The Express.
London, England, 1847-09-07 00:00:00

IRELAND.

Dastur, &err. 5.
Ever and anon we find amidst the ill-digested pro-
ceedings of guardians of the poor and the reclama-
dons of country gentlemen indications that the recent
legislation for this country is producing good effects.
The gentry seem each day more alive to the neces-
sity of exertion, and their example will have
its influence upon the people. We do not
always find, indeed, that the suggestions of
the upper classes are very practicable, but they
show progress, and give proof that the social condi-
tion of the country must rapidly amend under the
operation of the newly-awakened energy of the
people, and the experience which time unfailingly
affords.i Many of the boards of guardians are en-
couraging manufacturers of rude and coarse fabrics as
a means of affording employment, and a project was
broached a few days since to a board of guardians in
South Tipperary, which, however impracticable,
proves that the spirit of enterprise in industrial pur-
suits is active amongst those bodies. A Mr. O'Brien
proposed at Clogheen union that the work-
housoi should be turned into factories, and
that advances should be made from the im-
perial treasury to set them going, the paupers
to become the factory labourers, and the produce to
repay the treasury for the advances after the wages
of the workmen were discharged. Thbi project would
not, I apprehend, meet much favour in the manufac-
turing districts of England, nor from any of the
Queen's ministers.

The guardians of the five unions comprised in
South Tipperary met on Wednesday by arrangement,
in Clonmel, and the tenor of their deliberations seems to
have been sufficiently gloomy. They say they are
unable to afford adequate employment, because of
the non-payment of rents; that the rates in very
many instances amount to 7s. 6d. in the pound
on the valuation • that they expect in Tippe-
rary union 12,000 claimants for relief—a ma-1
nifest exaggeration, I should say ; that the '
other unions will add great numbers to this ;
and finally they say, that if the county-rates for
works undertaken in 1846, for the temporary relief,
and the poor-rate for oat-door relief be collected in the
present year, the whole produce of the land will be
swept away, and the owners and occupiers totally
incapacitated from employing labourers. This is
rather an unflattering picture, and, what is not a
little strange, the gentlemen assembled suggested no
means of bettering their prospects.
The number of applications for grants under the
Improvement of Land (Ireland) Bill already amounts
to 520, and the grants prayed for to 900,000/. In
Galway, only two landlords have yet applied—Mr.
John Lambert, for 1,2001., and Mr. J. A. O'Neill,
for 6,4001.

The mortality in Galway workhonee for the wt
year over-topped 1,000. In the neighbouring divi-
Biotin of Oranmore and Balling county there have been
not less than 967 in the same time.

Msrstmotiv.—A FROLIC or FORTUNIL—A young gentle-
man but a few weeks of age, and hitherto a total alien to the
graces of the blind goddess Fortune, will this month lead to
the altar the richest heiress in Ireland. The lady is now in
her 33rd year, and hu been for several years known in the
literary world. The fortunate youth was seeking a com-
mission in some regiment on foreign service, when dame
Venus demandei him of Mars fee the home department; and
ere this month shall be ended, he may ride twenty-five miles
in a straight line on the lands to be bestowed on him. These
possessions devolved on the lady by the demise of her father,
• western M.P., in April lot.
SCOTLAND.

EDINBEROII, SEPT. 4.
Fever is rather on the increase in the Edinburgh
infirmary, the average of new applicants being thirty
per diem.
There has been more bad weather in the north of
Scotland. The Aberdeen Banner says :—" A strong
gale from the north visited us yesterday morning,
and has continued with violence throughout the day. ,
We fear that this will be felt severely by the herring
fishermen on the coast. Two boats belonging to
Peterhead found refuge early in the day in our har-
bour, after having lost their nets, and several boats in
the distance were seen struggling for the land. They
are supposed to have drifted to Stonehaven. At five,
p.m., the Lord Reidhaven, Smith, of Portsoy, from
Wemyss, with a general cargo, in making for the
harbour, with the assistance of the tug, broke loose,
owing to the heavy swell near the bar. She was
driven ashore south of the breakwater, where she
now lies in a dangerous position. The crew were
rescued by ropes, through the strenuous exertions of
the pilots.
The discussions about the disposal of the balances
of the funds of the Central Highland Destitution
Board, by lowland purists, has been rather premature.
At a meeting of the Free Synod of Argyle, held the
other day, Dr. Mackay, of Dunoon, and other minis-
ters personally cognizant of the actual state of the
Highlands, state that they anticipate a severe winter
for the people. The board would therefore do well
to see to the truth of these statements before being
induced to part with the funds in their possession.

MORE ABOUT SHUTTING AGA UW AYE. —A party consist-
ing of five individuals being desirous of visiting the grounds
at Itoslin (says the S.otsman) made application at the proper
quarter for • card of admission. In answer, they were
simply informed that no card of admission was necessary, the
grounds being open to the public every Wednesday. Relying
upon this authoritative information they proceeded to Rodin,
and after having seen the chapel, &c., walked down through
Rodin wood, having ordered their conveyance to go round to
meet them at Hawthomden. They had not gone far, how-
ever, when their progress was stopped by a wall and a locked
door. A boy in care of the door informed them that only
parties coming from Ilawthornden were allowed to pleas
through the door, while parties proceeding thither could not
be permitted to pass through. This seemingly preposterous
arrangement startled the travellers, and the prospect of being
obliged to retrace their steps, and walk by the road to Haw-
thorndmi, a distance of seven or eight miles, was by no MOMS
• pleasant one, eipecislly as there were several ladies in
the party. The gentlemen accordingly began to look about
(or some responsible person to whom they might state the
circumstances, and if possible obtain permission to pass.
For this purpose one of them (an English gentleman on a
visit in Edinburgh) mounted on the top of the wall, in
coming dawn from which he unfortunately fell and broke
his leg. Although it might not perhaps be just to attribute
this distressing occurrence directly to the apparently capri-
cious regulations at present in force at the place where it
occurred, it is certainly not too much to expect that these regu-
lations should at least be fully explained to intending visitors,
in order that they may be enabled to make their arrange.
ments accordingly, and not be permitted to run the risk of
broken limbs in visiting the carefully protected scenery at
Radio.

PROVINCIAL.
__LANCASHIRE

REDUCTION OF W AoEB.—The whole of the mill-
owners in the neighbourhood of Morley, numbering wren-
teen firms, have determined to reduce the wages of the
operative spinners ten per cent. The manufacturers made
known their determination on Friday evening, when the
following notice was posted up in each mil/ :—" Notice.—
On and after the 17th September instant a reduction of ten
per cent. wiU take place in the wages of the spinners in ear
employ. September 3, 1847." This step is expected to lead
to a general reduction.
JENNY LIND AT THE MANUFACTURING &STA-
BLISHMENTe.—Last week Jenny Lind paid several visits to
the Manchester institutions and places manufacture. She
first proceeded to the phrenological gallery in Lower Ring-
street, and spent some time in examining the collection of
busts. As might be expected, she contemplated with the
deepest interest the cuts of the celebrated musical composers
and artistes, and manifested considerable emotion while re-
garding the casts of Carl Maria Von Weber and of Malibran.
Accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Sails Schwabe, she next visited
the cotton mill of Messrs. Birley and Co., and saw all the pre-
emies of the manufacture of cotton, from the conversion of the
raw material, just as Imported, into thread, and into calico,
finished and packed for exportation. She was very much
pleased with the accumulated ingenuity with which a thou-
sand inventions and adaptations are combined to accelerate
and perfect these manufacturing prooesste. The party next
visited the Atlas Works of Meson. Sharp, Brothers, and Co.,
and here Jenny Lind was much struck by the gigantic
power which pierces and clips thick sheets of iron as if they
were mere pasteboard cards. In the evening of Tuesday,
the members of the German Liedertajel, resident in Man-
chester, serenaded the charming eastalriee at the house of
her host. Up tb this time she was in her usual health, but the
next morning found herself suffering from indisposition.
The repose of Wednesday and the greater part of Thursday
restored her to her usual state of health, sad she sang with no
diminution of her accustomed power, no lack of that charm-
ing vivacity which is so fascinating in her portrayal of the
martial maid, Maria. She was much gratified with her re-
ception by the audience on each successive night of her per-
formance, and has more than once expressed her gratification
on this subject. On Friday she visited, with her host and
hostess, the print works of Messrs. Salim Schwabe and Co.,
at Rhodes, and was mush interested in watching tits various
processes of calico printing.
ANOTHER SUGOEETION FOR LANDLORD 6 AND
I Tniteurs may be found In the following description given

by the Manchester Examiner, of a visit to the farm of Mr.
Skirving, at Walton, near Liverpool. The writer says:
" Perhaps we could not see in all England better than in the
perish of Walton the good effect of agriculture being libe-
rated from legal bondage and traditional restrictions, and the
bad effect of its being retained in legal bondage and tradi-
tional restrictions. Some of the best farming in the kingdom
may be seen there and some which, if not so bad as the
wont in the kingdom, is bad enough. The good is not old :
it is the result of the enterprising spirit of commercial
Liverpool forcing itself into the antiquated agriculture
of Lancashire. Six or seven years is the date of its
improvement it arose in this way :—A merchant of
Liverpool was the owner of some farms in Walton
parish, and one of them, about seven years ago, was
to let. A gentleman skilled in the cultivation of land, and
d of capital, offered to take it on condition of getting
ft°,77ase. The landlord was sensible that no tenant could
farm well without a lease, and was willing to grant one; he
was pleased with the prospect of haring such a tenant ; and
said he hoped the farm would, before long, become one of
example to everybody who might see it. Oa a certain day
appointed the tenant and landlord met at the office of the
lawyer at Liverpool, who had the lease written out in the
usual form ef such documents. A conversation ensued upon
it to this effect: —Tenant (reading it) : What is this? Do
you expect me to sign this ?—Lawyer Of course ; it
must be signed, else it is not a lease.—Landlord :
What is the matter with it ? Did you nut say
that you could only occupy the farm and do the im-
provements with a lease ?—Tenant : Yes ; but this prevent*
me from doing anything ; it binds me hand and foot not to
improve the farm. lam not, according to this, to plough,
but as this gentleman (the lawyer) directs me to plough. I
am only to put Manure on the land as directed by him.
Pray, ear (to the lawyer), are you an agriculturist?—Lawyer:
No, I am not ; I do not profess to be : I only draw up the
lease, and made it a copy of the old leases on the estate.—
Tenant : The old leases on the estate ? Is Liverpool a
This
was when a poor village in the parish of
c0•,,,P.5t00 f
nlease is a copy of those which are as old as the
village days of Liverpool. If commerce is to have liberty to
extend itself, why should not agriculture have the same li-
berty?—Landlord: What do you objectto in the lease ? I am
desirous to meet your wishes and defer to your opinions; [or
I wish the farm to be improved by your judgment and
science—Tenant : I object to every part of it, ease that
which binds me to pay a certain rent at certain periods of
time ; beyond that you should not seek to control me in
any way ; beyond that I shall not be bound.—Landlord :
Will you nut be bound to put a certain quantity of manure
on the farm every year, as herein specified ; how can yon
improve the farm if you do not manure it ?—Lawyer That
being the case you can have no objection to sign the obligation
which only binds you to the lesser quentity. Tenant—But
I shall not submit to be bound at all. If you let a shop
to a baker, you do not bind him to sell loaves and
not biscuits, to make his loaves of a certain shape'
or to bake at certain times. If I take a farm I shall
plough it when I please, how I please, and sow on it what I
find to be most profitable. How am I to put manure on the land
and improve it all, if I am not to be allowed to plough it all?
—Lawyer: You are to top dress it, of course; you are to lay
the manure on u'a top dressing.—Tenant : As a top dress-
ing? What benefit is that to a farm? What benefit would
it be to you, sir, if we were to take your dinner and ruh it
over your body outside of your great coat, instead of letting
you follow your natural desire to eat it ? Besides, lam ex-
pected to drain the land, and I can do nothing with it with-
out draining it. How am Ito do that, if lam not tobreak it up ?
—Landlord : Hold there, say no mere: take the farm on your
own conditions ; draw up a lease yourself, and I will sign it.
—The tenant did so; and instead of rolls of parchment arid
a redundancy of words and legal network, it consisted of
about six lines. He has had the farm six years under crop.
It had almost everything which is unsightly and unprofit-
able upon it when he took it—stagnant ditches, cumbrous
masses of bushes running zigzag, with the ditches on each
aide for fences. The inclosures were small and irregular;
foulness grew up everywhere, a good crop grew nowhere.
Now, there are large and evenly-shaped fields ' • not a weed is
seen ; turnips, wurzel, and potatoes grow in the fields as if
every field was cared for by a gardener. While the crops of
wheat, the ears shot and in bloom, promie, should the
weather be favourable, not less than seven quarters per
statute acre. One field of hay endeared on Thursday last.
On Friday last it was ploughed by seven ploughs, and the
Name evening sown with turnip seed, which is already
above ground, and will produce a heavy crop of turnip',
by the aid of a sprinkling of guano on the tint moist day.
Such is a glimpse of Mr. Skirving's farm and style of
farming. Some of those who occupy land near him, and
who are the tenants of landlords less just and considerate
than his landlord, are struggling with foul weeds, feeble
crops, and rents which are too high for them, though, I
believe, lower in amount than he pays. I saw same of their
foul meadows, which they are bound by the legal traditions
older than the village days of Liverpool, net to break up
and purify and fertilise, yielding to the scythes of the
mower. crops of hay, of which it was difficult to say whether
grass or foul weeds, docks, thistles, and such like predomi-
nated. They do not hold on lease, but they have all the
absurd covenants in their annual agreements which are coin-
moo to leases. No man of capital will have anything to do
with land on such conditions; consequently, the tenants
are, in moat cases, men who cannot carry on their farming
operations but at a las of profit to themselves, at a loss of
rent to their lanillercts, and at a grievous loss of food to the
nation."

VENOMOUS SNAKES.—A few days since a gentle-
man staying at Matlock Bath, who is partial to entomological
pursuit., was pursuing his favourite amusement on the Teas-
ley Moors, when he captured a large viper, believing it to be
only a common harmless snake. The reptile did not attempt
to bite at the time it was taken ; but some time afterwards,
on the box containing it being opened, it bit him severely on
the finger. His hand instantly commenced swelling, and he
felt sick and faint, and was at length most fortunately
discovered (lying under a wall in a state of great pros-
tration of strength) by Mr. Nuttall, and Mr. Else,
overseer of Matlock. The former gentleman ordered his gig
immediately, and conveyed the sufferer home, where, under
medical attendance, the patient in a few days recovered. A
correspondent of the Derby paper, who for years was in the
habit of catching these dangerous reptiles, sad who bas
himself been bitten by one, says that, on tbe moors and other
places where they are commonly met with, the safest way
is not ea any account to attempt to meddle with them, soon
being discovered, they will invariably glide off hersalessly
into some near retreat, if permitted to do so. The viper,
when the skin has been recently sloughed, is frequently—as
in the ease above related—mistaken for the common snake,
but there is one distinguishing mark which is
infallible, via., that the harmless reptile has in-
variably a broad well thfined yellow or orange
coloured ring round the throat, end in the viper this is want.
fog. The latter named reptile is seldom seen more than IS
or 20 inches long, and is nearly of a thickness from the head
to the vent, from whence it suddenly tapers off to a point,
whilethe common snake will attain the length of four or
even five feet, and is of a beautifully tapering form through-
out. It may be added, that the viper is most commonly
met with in elevated and dry situations, while the snake
generally chooses low marshy ground near water for its
habitation; but, notwithstanding the marks and localities
named, it is possible to take the one species for the other,
especially when seen, as they often are, in rapid motion.

PUBLIC ROOM FOR STAFFORD: The theatre at
Stafford has been undergoing extensivo repairs and altera-
tions with tfie view of adapting it for various public pur-
poses besides its original one of dramatic representations. As
there were no fonds applicable to such an object, a number
of gentlemen, chiefiy members of the corporation, to
whom the theatre belongs, obtained a lease of the pre-
mises, and 'greed to advance the required amount, esti-
mated at 5001. As the work advanced, the building was
found to be so extensively dilapidated that a larger expen-
diture became necesaary. It is now found that about 7501.
will be required to finish the work. The subecribere have
held two meetings lately, at which they readved to inertiae
their original subscriptions. The second meeting, on Wed-
nesday last, was favoured with the presence of Mr. Alderman
Sidney, M.P., who liberally subscribed SO/. towards the
fund, and several other subscribers increased the amount of
their advances, on the understanding that the room is to be
fitted up less with a view to theatrical performances than for
lectures, meetings, &c. It has been suggested that the room
should be called " St. Martin's Hall," situated aa it is in St.
Martin's-street.

WINCHEsTER COLLEGE.—Now that public atten-
tion is aroused to the necessity of educating the people (says
the Hants Independent), and large grants are being paid for
that purpose from the public treasury, it becomes a question
deeply interesting, whether the large revenues of establish-
ments founded and endowed for the purpose of educatingthe
people, are expended in accordance with the object of their
creation. The recent strictures of the press, though perhaps
justified by the occasion which called them forth, do not
touch the point at issue between the public and those
who have the control of the funds of the Large and
wealthy charity, school called " Winchester College."
' That fagging' or flogging, is objectionable in schools
we believe. That the fast does not engender an inde-
pendent or forbearing spirit in the boys who endure it, nor
the latter make dunces clever or reclaim the vicious, will be
generally admitted. But if excessive fagging or excessive
punishment is practised at Winchester College, the boys
who are placed there have parents or friends sufficiently
Bich and influential to remedy the evil without the aid
d the public prem. It is of little consequence to the
el England whether the lion. Mr. H. has fagged
hours at cricket for Lord A., or if the Earl of
T. los cleaned shoes or scraped trenchers for the Marquis
of B. These matters may be safely left to the aris-
tocratic parents or guardians who have succeeded in
fastoning their eons
ached, founded
the people. The points
beefs of Winchester C'
people are really inter
of Wykeham found
*honer for the ed,
el obtaining it'
educated hem
; ere they the so.
via t Tldedly
fiff=tam
etetee
ef do endowment,
really applicable '
sedneatien ? AP
that
the
pager wk
•••••11 wawa
• lON /MOM
MI lip ma. r
Dui 111101111
re*.

funds
eadue:hea.tingrity,.
1:7
ihdceird and
endowed
The point' at lune beteri:n the pu.;"• • • the
lachester College—the queetigns • t.
neaficilYunindtearneitedd en
the education of those who •
g it? Secondly If he •' .• Vttat.:
nn the funds of the school of • '
he sons of wealthy—in
Chirdly Are the funds of • •1_,..•
..T6, • •
intended by the founder, • • :J
of management wholly at ♦ 4747.
.1. • 7.
Irment, and which leaves but
cable to the purpose of the ,
And, lastly: Have not the pub 'lr
_r
It in Winchester College, se well as ie _eCoves
t,C,
the
Le whole of the revenues shall be 'wren ed
ted
"w
hloh the respective nub • cres
m" ehaW intheti enVales," a of
.7 c•-:"......tuced
see in the rev _ •
is in the number of the
• to us to be the question -,,
"s.
c