The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-29 00:00:00

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LONDON, FRIDAY, JAN. 29.

WE are no advocates for war, and hold the anima
ratio mum in the full abhorrence which Lord
STANLEY asserts to be the universal feeling. We
think it hard, nevertheless, to have to pay some of
the severest penalties of war, while we are profess-
edly at peace. When all Europe was banded against
us. we knew how to keep the enemy off our shores.
We protected our allies and commanded the respect
of our enemies. We are now serving as the treasury
of those who are thwarting our policy to serve their
own ends, and are forced to sacrifice friendships in
order to pacify undisguised aggressors.
The abandonment of Cracow throws a whole popu-
lation of brave and enduring soldiers into the arms of
the moat restless power in Europe. Hopeless in
appealing to the West, the
.Poles will try to make
terms with the eastern despots. Warned by the
example of the Poles, the other nations of Europe will
suppress, for years, their longing after liberty, and
will struggle on in their unhealthy social condition,
not formidable, perhaps, as rivals, but useless as
friends. Italy is, for the moment, foremost in the
march of progress. The Austrian Cabinet is avow-
edly menacing in its behaviour towards Sardinia, and
covertly so in its relations to the Pope. Switzerland
has received notice of an intention on the part of the
despotic powers to control the internal policy of the
federation.
The tone that prevails in the press of Germany,
supposed to be under Austrian influence, when spesk-
, ing of tho claim of France to a voice in the leading
questions of European policy, is threatening. The
French opposition papers are Rot slow in pointing out
the fact, as well as the possible consequences, when a
less versatile minister than M. GUIZOT shall assume
the guidance of the French councils. In all these
squabbles, important or insignificant, it seems we can
do nothing but supply gold to renew the exhausted
coffers, and still more waning credit, of those who are
daily insulting us.
The gold in the coffers of the Bank of England is a
brilliant testimony to the skill of our manufacturers and
our merchants during a season of unexampled com-
petition. For more than thirty years all Europe has
had equal advantages with ourselves in the race of
xoduction. If we take the operation of our corn- I
laws into account, our producers have had odds
against them ; and yet is the bullion in the Bank
cellars a proof of the number of foreign buyers which
their enterprise and skill have commanded. In the
same month in which France endangers the peace of
Europe by violating the compact most essential to
its preservation, the Bank of France is compelled to
seek aid from this fund. We are no fnends of
metallic hoards, and deem that money was invented for
circulation. Still, we are firmly of opinion that those
who seek, at our hands, the benefits of peace and
friendship, should acknowledge that they are bound
to maintain a state of things that may one day enable
them to repay the obligation. Speaking as mer-
cantile calculators, our gold would sell dearer to
France, were we at open war, than it probably has
cost our neighbours on the present terms of a dubious
alliance.
The powers that committed the aggression upon
Cracow, which has been so vehemently denounced in
the parliaments, both of France and England,
aro no better circumstanced with regard to their
finances than France. They have each less of
hoarded bullion, and their credit is far more
limited than that which France can exert.
Yet have they ventured on the reckless policy of
states that have nothing to hope from peace, and
nothing to fear from the ravages of war' Prussia,
whose finances under the reign of the late kin
attained a wonderfully flourishing condition, has been
obliged to attempt a mode of raising funds that baa
shaken public confidence to its foundation. To avoid
coming into the market with a direct proposal far a
loan, the dormant establishment of the Royal Beek
of Berlin has been revived and empowered to patine
notes. The German papers now tell us that the
propriety of reducing the rate of discount was se-
nonsly discussed at this bank last week, in the face
of the advance of discounts in Paris and London.
This affords some criterion of the anxiety shown in
Prussia by the mercantile world to take the new notes.
We may venture, without any claim to peculiar inspi-
ration, to predict that if the Prussian King would
renounce his oriental connexions, and take the place

to which he is called as sovereign of a highly culti-
vated nation amongst the leaders of civilisation in
Europe, his notes would find their way into circula-
tion without a premium. As things now stand, it is
in the power of either France or England to paralyse
all the efforts making to keep up credit iu Prussia.
We mentioned some time back the financial opera-
tions of the court of St. Petersburg. The command
is red ihe Bank of Warsaw to foreclosi the mort-
gages on the estates of the Polish proprietors was an
experiment not unlike the Emperor's attempt to mai
a half-frozen river on the ice. Where there is nothing
solid to tread on, even the Czar must expect to fan
like other men. The Polish lords are non to receive
notes to enable them to pay off their ineunibrancea.
The value of those notes would be severely tested if
la Queen's messenger appeared in a frigate off Cron-
atedt to inquire after the fate of Cracow.
With regard to Austria, the declining powers of
her leading statesmen are singularly revealed in
the scrape, into which she has been led. With
scarcely power to support the dignity of its
centralized authority at home, the govern-
meat has been seduced into an act of agree-
@ion which might almost break up the empire.
Hungary, Bohemia, and Lombardy have grown up to
independent states, that have long scarech done more
than acquiesce in the preponderance of the Germanic
element that Vienna represents. The slightest symp-
tom of disaffection in any province necessitates an
augmentation of the army in all the provinces. The
Gallician tragedy was aggravated by the anxiety of
revolt in other parts of this sensitive body politic.
The expenses thus incurred, added to the shaken state
of public credit, make a loan inevitable. lint Baron
'WT116(.111(.1) is said to be difficult to treat with. He sake
for good security. This is natural enough, and rumour
says that the government intends to comply with the
request. Rut here the said rumour puts on so fright-
ful an appearance, that even the Baron would be
startled if the fiction were to prove a reality. We
must report what we have heard for two reasons.
We are bound to give warning to all whom it way
concern, awl we are not responsible for mere reports.
Our information is to the purport that the 'states and
other endowments of the pious and charitable institu-
tions of Lombardy and Venice are to be kequestrated
for the use of the state. Debentures, bearing interest,
are to be given to the Italians in lien of the munificent
donations of their fathers. Our readers will not expect
us here to discussthe merits of such a mode of proceed-
ing. We would only point to the critical aspect of
the period when it is proposed, if proposed it be. Ow
object is to show that we are somewhat unfairly en-
tangled in our relations of peace and amity, if it be
the intention of the continental powers to continue
their present aggressive policy. Trade has been
paralysed, credit unhinged, and general alarm excited
since France, by threatening the independence of
Spain. afforded an excuse to the northern powers to
annihilate the last fragment of the independence
of Poland. Two questions of some import-
ance suggest themselves on a review os
present circumstances. The first regards the nature
of the security on which it is advisable to advance
bullion to France to pay off debts in Algiers and
perhaps in Spain. The second question is, whether,
we could not by proper management obtain from our
own colonies or from Ireland many of those products
for which we are sending gold to St. Petersburg, on
account of the check which the apprehension of war
has given to our exports to Germany.

EVERT one must have remarked the favourable
sensation made in the Hew of Commons when Lord
JOHN Ressem. announced the extension of the Irish
Poor Law. The general feeling was not so much a
conviction of the worth or perfection of such a law,
as that not other law was at all likely to seize and
bind the a ippery limbs of the Irish landlords. The
wholesale and stringent way of making the property
of Ireland support its poverty was evidently to
decree a poor law. We do not think this either
sufficient or efficient. For Irish property is not
able, in its ignorance, and passiveness, and em-
barrassments, to pull up Irish poverty to it. On the
contrary, tying them together may enable the
poverty to pull down the property with it, and drown
both in a common grave. fo avoid thle, it will be
requisite to teach Irish property how to deul with the
poverty dependent upon it, so as to improve, and
cherish, and elevate it. The permanent measures for
Irish relief arc no doubt intended to do this; and
on their success depends much of the success of an
Irish poor law.
We yesterday published the clauses of the bill
about to be propoted. Their nature, however, has
been long known. They are, first of all, to render the
support of the infirm imperative on the overseer or
guardian. As to the able-bodied and unemployed poor,
the Lord-Lieutenant, or the persons charged with the
administration of the poor law under him, may ens-
power any district to give out-door relief to such as are
within it. Wise and charitable as this may be u a
temporary measure, its permanence may lead to many
difficulties.
In Ireland, the whole labouring population is
out of employ in the intervals between preparing the
ground fur seed and harvest-time. All Ireland.
therefore, may demand of the guardians of the poor
to feed them ; and thus in any year, as much as in
1846, the knowledge that they are entitled to and
may ask for public support, will have its effect on the
peasantry. They will ask. None of them have
house, or cow, or furniture, or aught to distinguish
them from paupers. Will the workhouse test deter f
Can a dietary be invented lower than the potato-meel
of the Irish peasant? If the other stringent portion of
the workhouse—the immuring the whole family—be
insisted on. a very small portion of the population
will soon fill any workhouse.
Then, in addition to the straggles and manceuvre
of the peasantry, will come the struggles and
manotuvres of the Irish landlord. It will at ones
be perceived by both, that the great Poor Law power
is wielded by the Lord-Lieutenant, or by the chief
immediately subordinate to him. It is, therefore, es
the government of Ireland that the landlord will ap-
peal for lenient treatment ; and it is against te
government that he will be incensed, if the , r law
be enforced. For the enforcement is not a ...lately
ordained by the law. It is altogether at the will el
the Poor Law Commieion in Ireland and d
the Lord-Lieutenant. Whoever will reflect upon
what has passed in Ireland during the last tans
months, must eee that this law, which does not decree
the execution of a poor law, but leaves it to an Irish
government to enforce or relax in particular district,
will have the effect of placing the Irish government and
the Irish peasantry and gentry in such relative posi-
tions, as that the government must be overborne. We
admit the disadvantages and difficulties of governee
Ireland from England. But we do also percale
most tremendous difficulties in the way of admit's-
tering an Irish poor law by arbitrary and fiethe
authority, placed in Ireland.
A Poor Law for Ireland will, however, be perse-
vered in and extended. The short end of that wedge
has been introduced, and, as parliament Kee nothing
else, in the way of an effectual and universal re-
medy, to hammer at, it will drive that wedge
.wilk
energy and good will, allowing even all the duce
panmes and awkward effects to accrue, with the
hope of applying special remedies to them, and the
doctoring Ireland into something like England. We de
not think that a Poor Law fully curried out is at preset
applicable in the districts of Ireland where remanent
most called for. And we are afraid that Ireland
ought to be first prepared, by very radical reforms,
for the establishment of a Poor Law. But the expe-
riment will soon work out itself, and as full power
is left to the Irish government to suspend or enforce
the full principle, the experiment can be made with-
out rigour. The only fear is, that no Irish govern-
meet will be strong enough to enforce it impartially,
end that the very possession and exercise of such
power by the government may tempt en " Irish
party" to coquet with repeal, and play a hundred
pranks to thwart the purposes of ministers.
These reasons, however, will not weigh with the
House of Commons. That house, which makes mi-
nisters weak, and expects them to be strong, will
gladly confer the powers demanded by these see,
and give its good wishes for their being strenuously
and successfully acted on. The difficulties will be is
the execution ; and if the operation of such laws te
obstructed at once by the insidious enmity of the Irish
landlords, and by the never-failing attacks of the re•
peelers, it will prove but a new torch of discord throws
amongst the many already flaming. Mr. SMITH O'Beine
cannot indeed but support a plan, which he was al-
most the first to propose . But " old Ireland " beta
a Poor Law, and .Mr. O'CONNELL, we suppose • oil
continue to thunder against a .ncasure, which he de-
nounced from the first as "calculated to destroy the
remunerative qualities of Irish poverty."

S.
.1.,

The name of Lord Palmerston occurs in every 1
line of the French journals of Wednesday, which we '
received by private hand—his lordship's name coupled
with the most strange arguments and still stranger
anecdotes. One is so less than the details of a per-
sonal altercation between her Majesty and her foreign
secretary on the subject of a cock-and-bull story from
Lisbon. The valae of the arguments may be judged
from that of the facts.
It was announced that M. Guizot's answer to
Lord Palmerston's last despatch, had been sent to
London. For sonic reason or other, a discussion on
the Spanish marriages was expected to take place in
the House of Commons to-day (Friday). Couriers
were in waiting to convey the reasonings and dis-
closures, so that M. Guizot might refute them in his
speech on Monday. The French cannot believe that
we are thinking more of Irish distress than of either
Spanish marriages or French susceptibility.
The project of address was read in the Chamber of
Deputies on Tuesday. The following is the para-
graph respecting Cracow :
An unexpected event has altered the state of things
founded in Europe by the last treaty of Vienna. The re-
public of Cracow, a neutral and independent state. bas been
incorporated in the empire of Austria. France sincerely
desires that the independence of States be r.spected, and that
those engagements should be maintained, which no power
eau break through, without, at the same time, liberating all
others from similar engagements."
The last phrase of the project is highly compli-
mentary to his Majesty and the present ministry.
After the reading of the address, the War Minister
demanded a credit of four millions and a half of
francs for the purpose of augmenting the army, so as
to reinforce the garrison of the interior, and restrain
the people from pillage.
The P.dis Bourse was exceedingly agitated. At
first the funds and railway shares rose in consequence
of the rise in the English consols ; but subsequently
a number of rumours spread and disturbed the mar-
ket, which closed at the following prices :—Three per
Cents., 100, 77, 60, for the account. Five per Cents.,
100, 117, 50, for the account. Orleans Railway, 1215 ;
Rouen, 873, 75; Havre. 680; Great Northern, 606,
23 ; and Bordeaux, 537, 50.
The Madrid mail, of the 22nd, had not reached on
the departure of our express, and there is conse-
quently no news relative to the state of the ministe-
rial crisis in Spain.

CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES.—TuEsDAT, JAN. N.
The President read the address, in reply to the
royal speech, of which the following are the most ina-
portaut particulars :
Sire,—The first wish of your Majesty is also our first duty.
We will join our efforts to yours, we will lend our full con-
currence to your government, to alleviate the sufferings
which we deplore with you. May order be everywhere
maintained and property respected; may government guaran-
tee liberty of transactions and the circulation of subsistence ;
let labour, the moat efficacious of all help, be largely distri-
buted. Let us address ourselves likewise to private benevo-
lence, let us stimulate its zeal, and come to its aid by a good
empl..yment of the public money, and we shall have lessened
as much as possible those severe trials which vre:gh on the
country. The relations of your Majesty with all foreign
powers give you the firm assurance that the race of the
world is assured. We rejoice at it with you. } ranee, which
has shared your sorrows as a father, is happy to associate
itself with those consolations which Providence sends you.
The marriage of your beloved son the Duke of Montpensier
with your beloved niece the Infanta Luisa Fernando, at the
same time that it completes the satisfaction reserved to your
family, is accepted by us as a new pledge between France
and Spain of those good and intimate relations established
for so many years, the m sinteuance of which was of so much
importance to the prosperity and safety of the two states.
You have good reason to hope that the affairs of La Plata
will not fail soon to be regivated conformably to the views
of your government in concert with that of the Queen of
Great Britain ; the just reclamations of our commerce whose
relations in those parts have so long been suffering, make us
express a wish that those hopes may he speedily fulfilled.
Your Majesty has concluded a treaty of navigation with the
Emperor of Russia. The Chamber (tonsil upon to deliberate
on the financiel dispositions of that treaty, will examine
with interest a convention which by a just reciprocity in our
maritime relations with that empire, ought so guarantee to
as all those advantages which it imports us to preserve.
An unexpected event has altered the state of things founded
in Europe by the lost treaty of Vienna. The republic of
Cracow, an independent and neutral state, has been incor-
porated with the Au,trian empire. France sincerely desires
to respect the independence of states, and the maintenance
of engagements, which it is not in the power of any mate to
discard without, at the same time, delivering the other states
from the obligation of keeping them. By protesting against
this violation of treaties—a new attempt against the ancient
Polish nationality—your Majesty has fulfilled an imperious
duty, and replied to the just emotion of the public feeling.
Ilte discussion will commence on Monday.

ROME, JAN. 14.
Yesterday afternoon there was, as usual, an im-
mense concourse assembled in the great church of
St. Andrea della. Valle, to hear the Wednesday ser-
mon of Padre Ventura, gcreral of the Theatines, and
by far the most eloquent of our Roman orators. Some
delay ensued, when a taller and more majestic per-
sonage was observed to move through the crowd,
towards the pulpit; and soon the well-known and
well-beloved figure of the Sovereign stood recognisa-
ble by the gladdened multitude; and Pius IX. it
was who spoke. " Ills heart was so full with the
varied emotions resulting from the position he had
been placed in by Providence in their regard, that he
must give public utterance to what he felt; therefore
had he come to commune with his people
after the manner of olden days ; and first,
he would thank them with the warmest effusion
of heart for the transcendent manifestation of their
loyalty and devotion upon the Quirinal Hill at the
opening of the year, and at various times since the
dawn of his pontificate ; a revival of old Roman re-
verence for the chair of St. Peter, however now inade-
quately filled. The best return he could make would
be by a renewal of his efforts for their welfare, poli-
tical as well as religious ; for the latter especially as
immeasurably the nearer and dearer to his breast."
The Pope then went with the utmost simplicity and
manly good sense into the details of practical im-
provements which he desired to see earned oat in the
individual conduct of his hearers, touching on most
of the popular vices, and urging with all the fervour
of the ancient homilies a thorough moral reform in
his auditory. His address, which lasted scarce half
an hour, was of course listened to with breathless at-
tention; and then the usual evening service was re-
sumed. This occurrence was quite unlooked for;
though my previous letters must have prepared your
readers for something similar.
In the morning of yesterday, a meeting was held
(in the circular Hall of Sculpture at Vescovalis), of
British residents in Rome, for the purpose of collect-
ing funds for the destitute and starving Irish. The
assembly was sufficiently numerous, and the pro-
ceedings unanimous and cordial. Mr. Halford, the
Bristol banker, was in the chair, supported by Mr. S.
Gurney of London, Capt. Packenham, R.N., Col.
Bryan, Mr. Herbert of Macro's Abbey., Mr. Folliott,
of Fermanagh, Sir Francis Hopkins, Mr. Bruen, of
Carlow, and a respectable assemblage of our country-'
men. Mr. Whiteside, of the Irish bar, opened the
case, and made a powerful appeal; others followed,
and the rector of the Irish College, P. Cullen, by his
deputy, hinted at proceedings to be adopted by his
brother churchmen in Rome for rendering the collec-
tion .general through the city. Several hundreds
were subscribed, and a creditable sum will no doubt
be forthcoming.

i SPAIN.--A letter from Barcelona, of the 17th,
lap: " It appears that bands, calling themselves Carlists,
are scouring the country and stopping travellers. On some
occasions, not satisfied with taking away property, they
seize on the persons of those whom they stop, and require
ransom ; sometime., also, they are guilty of far more detest-
able crimes. They lately met with • grazier and his
daughter, driving some cattle ; they murdered the father,
and then wanted to seize on the girl ; but she made off, and
succeeded in getting away through the woods. Worn out
with fatigue, she at last took refuge in an isolated house. It
so happened that the men from whom she had fled came to
the seine bows a few hours after. They soon discovered that
the was in the place, and withdrawing to the next room,
they discussed what was to be done with her. After several
Preposition', one of them recommended to roast her in the
oven. This idea was approved of by the rest, and they made
their preparations for carrying it into effect. The young
gid, however, did not wait as long as they expected, for on
st their intention she jumped out of the window, and
made her way to a neighbouring hamlet, where she narrated
the circumstances connected with the murder of her father,
and her own escape."
ITALY.--ltou E.—To put an end to the frightful
increase of mondieity, the government has taken the wise mea-
sure of sending all foreign paupers away to their own countries.
Several carriages, filled with these mendicants, have been
sent to the frontier of Naples. Throe-fourths of the
in the streets were from the kingdom of the Two IS=
sure of finding relief from Roman charity, of which they
male a trade. The Pope hu bad an exact return made to
hint of the revenues and expenditure of all the house of re-
fuge and oth,r charitable institutions. It is said that many
Children. belonging to persons in the service of high and
wealthy fsmilies, are pared in these institutions without
!n7 plea of neccaNi ty. The Pope has put an end to this un-
Plu system, and appointed the funds of these inetitutious to
other legitimate ohjects.

LOMBARDT.—A letter from Milan, of the 20th'
instant, state,that General Badetily had ordered 300 in-
fantry, accompanied by .OMC cavalry and artillery, to the
front ter' of the Canton of Tessin.
HOLLAND.—A letter from Amsterdam, of the
22nd instant, states, that nine towns of Holland have en-
gaged to subscribe 9,229,00011. (922,900/.), f r laying dry
the sea of Haarlem, so that the fulfilment of this much-
talked of enterprise may be regarded as certain. Amsterdam
has subscribed 5,1.59,0000. ; Rotterdam, 3,600,0000. ; La
Ha e, 29:1,00011. ; Utrecht, 104,00011. ; and five others,

THE HAGUE, JAN. 26.—The overland mail, which
has just arrived, brings us news from Batavia to the 26th of
December lase It appears that the government of India
intends to organise a regular communication by steam-boats,
between Singapore and Macassar, which cannot fail to he
very advantageous to that free port. In the evening el the
17th of November the block-house, No. 1, of the fortifications
of Semarang, which had served since 1834 as a powder
magazine for a private account, was struck by lightning
and blown up. It contained at the time 3,152 lb•. of gun-
powder. The neighbouring buildings sustained some injury.
Of the four native keepers on duty at the block-house,
two lost their lives, the other two were slightly wounded.
During the course of this year several arm d cruisers have
left Macassar to chastise the increasing insolence of the
pirates, and to protect commerce in those seas. All these
expeditions have been successful. Among others his Ma-
jesty's brig the Lunar, Capt. Braining, delivered three native
vessels, which were attacked by two pirogues, manned by
pirates. On another occasion four pirate vessels, thrown on
the coast and abandoned by their crews, were totally de-
stroyed by the fire of the Loner. One of the measures which
experience has shown to be necessary to suppress piracy in
those seas, would be to take possession of coasts
which serve as a refuge fur these pirates. The
principal points to be occupied are l'angerebeang,
Terang and Barie, situated on the north-east coast of Florio,
and placed under the authority of the Sultan of Bima. Saris
and ferang will be very soon occupied. In consequence of
the observations of the governor of Macassar, the Sultan of
Ilima has engaged to send to each of these two points
soldiers with artillery enough to repulse the pirates —.Dutch
paper, Jan. 27.
. -

. •
GERMANY.—At Berlin the speech of the King
of the French has made a great impression, by its firm
though cool phraseology concerning Cracow. General de
Boyen, Minister of War, is expected shortly to vacate his
office, on account of age. . . . s.

MENTZ.—Quarrels have arisen between the Pros- 1
thin and Austrian troops in the garrison of Mentz. An
Austrian and a Prussian soldier have died of their wounds,
and five Austrians and twenty Prussians remain in the hos-
pitals. The original quarrel was merely a public-house one;
but it has been found necessary to confine the troops in bar-
racks every evening at eight o'clock.
HUNGARY.—A letttr from Pesth says that, accord-
ing to a report laid before the Comitat of Zemplin, many
thousand persona will be exposed to the horrors of famine
during the next spring. Nevertheless the nobles of the
Comitat have rejected the proposition of an extra tax of
60,000 florin,, and have only accorded the !UM of 8,00011:
(8001.), the residue of the charitable fund of the nobles fur
the benefit of the destitute. _ _

BRE.SI,II.'.—On the 18th mt. some thieves broke
into the cabinet of mineralogy of the University of Breslau,
and carried away above two thousand objec te, among which
were all the precious stones and the minerals containing
gold, silver, plating, and copper.

POLAND.—The Frankfurt Post-Amt Ginetle, of
the 24th inst., says that the financial measures taken by the
Polish Bank, are connected with the protect of the incor-
poration of Poland with Russia, which has by no means
been abandoned. The incorporation, it is true, it says, is
not to be officially announced for a given time, as was
at first intended ; but it will be effected in so gradual and im-
perceptible a manner as scarcely to be noticed. The con-
centration of Russian troops on the frontier continues. The
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung re-states its assertion of the
presence of General Rudiger, with a large body of troop,
on the frontier, notwithstanding the contradiction given by

• 0
the official gazette of Craoow. The gendarme, who was
fired at by a person, under the name of Antoeni Balruski,
has died of the wound. Bartok', who has been arrested, is
supposed to be an emissary of the propa-ganda.
TURKEY. —We learn from Constantinople that
the sultan has begun to adopt the European practice of coos
mutation in some cases where the punishment of death has
been decreed. He has commuted to hard labour for life the
punishment of Keur-Hussein-Bey, chief of the rebels of the
district of Adjure, in the province of Trebioond, who was
brought prisoner to Constantinople by Hahl Paella, and
condemned todeatb.