The Express.
London, England, 1847-07-13 00:00:00

EU:MON INTELLIGENCE.

Assnot ea.—A conespondent states that many of the ie.
habitants of this small borough (it contains only 242 regis-
tered voter) have been delighted at the great liberality of
one of the candidates, he rewiring employment for voters,
getting their sons into situations of ooniiderable profit, pur-
chasing of horse-dealers at muds above the market price,
and giving gipny parties, where barrels of beer and every-
thing good and estoble are lavished with an unsparing hand."
ERUTBURCIL—Mr. Cowan has declined standing, and the
Excise Association are in treaty with several parties in
England.
rLor,r,—With the view of posing the youthful earidi-
, elates, the Elgin elect es have asked Messrs. Duff and Ban-
nerman to appear at a general meeting, in order that the
more critical electors may have a public diet of catechising.
Farkiisx. BUROHS.—Ia reply is the request of his con-
stituents, Lord Lincoln haeonsentell to be again returned.
GLOUCESTER (CITY). —.mi. city (says a correspondent) is
warning all the characteristics of a violent political straggle.
Lampoons, of the most vituperative character, are daily is.
sued, and a portion of the s' worthy and independent" elect
tors are anxiously awaiting the arrival of the halcyon days
of " beer,bacon, and bribes." People arc already speculating
on the probable value of votes, and all panics* are energetic
on behalf of their respective candidates. The friends of Mr.
Henry Thomas Hope consider his election secure, and the
friends of Capt. Berkeley and Mr. W. P. Prior are equally
sanguine. The two latter have coalesced.
LASSIIETH.—Last evening Mr. C. Pearson attended a
meeting at the Horns, Kennington, to explain his political
sentiments. In a lengthy address he advocated the extension
of the suffrage, vote by ballot, the repeal of the window tax,
and repeal of the duty on fire insurance. A resolution was
carried declaring Mr. Pearson to he a fit and proper person
to represent Lambeth. A Mr. Leaver woo yesterday declared
a candidate on the conservative interest for this:borongh.
LIVERPOOL.—Mr. Cardwell arrived at Liverpool yester-
day; his address is to appear this morning. Lord John
Manners is yet in tie field, but it is said that Sir D. Mack-
worth will retire. Sir H. Douglas has declined to stand
again, and u Sir T. Birch is safe the contest will be between
Lord J. Manners and Mr. Cardwell.

OLDHAM.—On Saturday evening there sons a demonstra-
tion of Messrs. Fielden and Cobbeti's friends. There was a
very extensive procession, with no less then eight bands of
music, General Johnson' the retiring member, being pre-
sent, and Mr. John Fielden, who stands for re-election.
Mr. Cobbett was not present. After the party had shown
their strength in this manner, they forme 1 thernselvis into
a compact body in a large open area behind the Albion Inn,
where General Johnson delivered a farewell address, and
then Mr. Fielden spoke at considerable length. In the
course of his speech he reiterated no less than ten times
his determination not to sit again for the borough, even if
re-elected, unless the electors also returned Mr. John
Cobbett as his colleague. A vote of thanks was given to
General Johnson and Mr. Fielden for past services, and, on
the questions being put, that Mr. Fielden and Mr. Cobbett
were fit men to become the future representatives of the
borough, the motions were carried—in favour of the former
unanimously, and in favour of Mr. Cobbett with only abut
30 dissentients.

Root ewes.—Meurr. Bodkin and Deo ;las here aid -used
the electors.

ROXBUROHSKIIIII.—The on dig still is strong, in certain
quarters, that Mr. Balfour will contest this county with Mr.
Scam (EAse).—la reply to inquiries from a number
of electors, M•aers. Locke and King have declared them-
selves ready to oppose any measure for the endowment of the
Roman catholic clergy.
TEWKESBVRY.—In addition to the candidates already
named. Mr. James Atkinson, of Birmingham, has announced
himself a candidate in the independent interest.
WIGTOWN BURGH,—SII J. M'Taggart Ins issued his
address, and is again to stand.

IRELAND.
DVPILIN, JULY 11.
We have, as yet, no reason to complain of the
prospects of the coming harvest. All goes on cheerily,
and we are almost on the confines of abundance. The
excessive heats of the close of June had been relieved
by the most delightful rain, whose stimulating effects
of all sorts of cereal and vegetable growth are appa-
rent, more particularly the latter, which have improved
wonderfully within the past week. On ten days
from the present the blight commenced last year, and
if we pass over the corresponding day in this year,
the chances of perfect escape are all in our favour.
The town-council of Limerick have been warming
themselves into a fury these dog-days, by a discussion
of what Young Ireland calls "the pledges." That
body has propounded certain resolutions, which it
insists on putting to every candidate for municipal
and legislatorial honours. the obligation is that the
parties will neither ask for, nor accept for themselves,
or recommend others for places under any ministry
which shall not advocate repeal. The Old Inlanders
are not willing to give up their chance of the good
things, and will not bolt the pledge. The Limerick
town-council rejected the pledge by a majority of one.

RALAIIINE.—BRITISH ASSOCIATION.—STATISTICAL SEC-
attration has been directed to your report
of the paper read to the statistical section of the British As-
sociation at Oxford, June 25, by the Rev. E. It. Larks., on
the results of a scheme for improving the condition of Irish
labourers, tried at Italahine in the county of Com ; and
observe that "considerable interest was excited, and conse-
quently some discussion ;" that Coloarl Sykes objects to the
plan as " being too much like the truck system ;" and Pro-
fessor Hancock also objects to it, because ho thinks "it is
opposed to the true principles of political economy, and de-
stroys the relations of landlord, farmer, and labourer." Front
the position I held in relation to the association, having
been engaged by Mr. Vandeleur to go to Ireland, for
the purpose of organising the colony, and having drawn up
the regulations for its government, and superintended the
operations of the rules of the committee during the whole
period of its existence, I am prepared to prove that these
gentlemen have quite misapprehended the principles on
which the colony was founded, and are unacquainted with
the rules that governed the committee in the management of
the funds of the society. In the " truck system" the pur-
chaser has no power to regulate the quality or the price of
the articles he is compelled to purchase, whilst at Helaine
the committee ordered the purchase of every requisite, regu
lated the sum to be given, and fixed the price of every article
that was sold to themselves and the rest of the members, and
it was an invariable rule to sell all articles in the store at the
cost price By application to me, as secretary to the asso-
ciation, the labour notes could, at any time, be converted
into cash for the purchase of articles not sold in the colony.
But if no labour were done, no labour notes were issued,
and, consequently, "No work no pay." Let it be
remembered that Mr. Vandeleur had made several
attempts to govern and improve the people upon his
estates from the famine season of 1822 to that awful
feign of terror and disorder under " Terry Alt " and " Lady
Clare," in the years 1831-2 ; and this he had endeavoured to
accomplish on what the professor calls " the true principles of
political economy," as the system of landlord, farmer, and
labourer existed in all their plenitude and power; and Mr.
Vandeleur was the most scientific agriculturist and the best
practical farmer in the county. Yet life and property were
insecure, and, in several places, cattle were turned off
grazing lands on to the high-roads, and the walled fences
destroyed. The whole of the county of Clue was declared,
by the proclamation set forth by the lord.lieutenaat, on the
lOth of May, 1831, "to be in a state of disturbance, re-
quiring extraordinary establishments of police," and placed
under the " Peace Preservation Act." The Terry Alta put
a complete stop to Mr. Vandeleur's benevolent and en-
lightened efforts to establish a weaving factory, a ftax-scutch-
ing mill, and bleaching works. The " Lady Clare boys "
paid repeated visits to Helaine, circulated dark rumours of
vengeance towards the agents whom Mr. Vandeleur em-
ployed, and, as was apprehended, his steward was murdered
an open day. The writer, a stranger and a Sassenach, was
struck behind the head with a stone when returning one
evening from Mr. V.'s house, and held his own life not worth
a week's purchase, whilst the vaunted system of " landlord,
farmer, and labourer" existed in all its antagonistic relations.
The system we introduced at Helaine was an entire no-
velty; no similar plan had ever been adopted in this or any
other country. It was objected to by all parties, as contrary
to the " accepted principles of political economy." It was
opposed by Mr. Vandeleur's family, and ridiculed by his
friends. The writer paid a pecuniary penalty for joining him
in opposition to the wishes of his own relatives, who dreaded
the lawless excitement that then existed, and finally the
plan was viewed with great suspicion by the very par-
ties whom it was intended to benefit. It is true that
some prudence, firmness, and decision was necessary at
the outset; yet, strange as it may seem, within two
months the colony was in a complete and satisfactory
working order, the labourers did more work than they had
ever done before when employed as day-labourers, and
several of them had resided all their lives at Hatable or its
neighbourhood. All this was accomplished by the adoption
of pimple practical arrangements in accordance with the
physical and moral nature of man, and calculated and in-
tended to give a new direction to those feelings which had
been in constant antagonism in times past, but which now
promoted the comfort and happiness of the people, and at
the same time contributed towards the success of the colony.
The interests of the farmer and the labourer were the same,
for both were united in one, whilst the interests of the land-
lord were identical with the members of the association.
The regulations were adapted to the people, time, and
place, and calculated to promote self.reliance, industry, and
mutual confidence ; and hence these poor disorderly
and unmanageable peasantry became peaceable, sabot
dinate, comfortable, and comparatively independent. . We
had many visitors, and the Improved physical condition
wasa theme of general observation ; their mural aspect
was greatly changed, whilst they became the willing assist-
ants towards their own redemption from poverty, ignorance,
filth, vice, and misery. And yet the principles of political
economy were carried out in paying them in wages for their
labour, at the same rate only as when employed formerly as
farm.labourers, by Mr. V. and others, but with this differ-
ence, that their associated homes, and efforts in combined
production, expenditure, and economical modes of distribu-
tion, wider their own management, enabled them to realise
a gatatar amosal of physical comfort than they bad era be-

4

f rte experienced or ozposlei abasy. The rent was paid
in fixed invariable quantities. and not in fluctuating money
prices, whilst the landlord 11111 certain of his rent, perfectly
satisfied with the results, was free from all anxiety as to his
returns and as to the safety of his property, which
Was now protected and preserved, although by
"
:he same motile it had previously been w 0... a."l
deetsoyea. vtinlay 160.3 the ewer tO decide' oetween the
" relations of 12thdlord, farmer, and labourer with all the
awful attendant consequences u eihitr:,ed in the past lad
present condition of Ireland ; and the active industry, order,
cleanliness, health, and contentnier':‘ of the people at Rale-
bine ; as to the best evidence of Yee application of the " true
principles of political economy." Let the item of human
happiness enter into the comparison, and there can be no
doubt as to the decision : and even in a pecuniary point alone,
Ireland and her landlords would gain immensely by uniting
the labourers in colonies similar to that at Ralahine.
Government would then have no more need to vote millions
of money to save the people from the horrors of famine, nor
would England be required to administer her periodical
charities alike destructive of self-respect, self-relia'ace,
prudence, and industry, the great requisites for the
elevation and independence of the Irish peasantry. We
have some faith in the doctrines of Adam Smith, but
should feel ashamed of the principles of political
economy, if this routine of periodical distress, famine,
and death, is all they can realise for the Irish labourers, who
are notoriously willing to work at starvation prices.
England is now paying the penalty for her past indif-
ference to the emdiison of the people, and Ireland has
become the source of her greatest anxiety. England is
paying eight millions to save from starvation the VOW= 01
the present workings of politiail ;economy, and has no clear
perception of the end of the chapter et difficulties. Somas
thing more than charity rations, poodles,
and emigration,
is necessary to settle the volitimil problem involved in the
present condition of Ireland. It is only requisite to act upon
enlightened and established primeples with respect to the
nature of man, his physical went. and his moral impulses,
to adopt the rules of political economy, and unite the Late
rests of the farmer and the labourer in the same person in
systematic colonies and make the interest of the latter iden-
tical with that of tie landlord; and in a comparatively short
time Ireland, with all her great natural resources, her rich soil,
her magnificast rivers, and the great capabilities of her people,
might own became one of the most peaceable, flourishing,
and happy portions of the British empire. To laud the ap-
plication of the principles of political economy, as applied to
the management of Irish labourers, would be like taking
some ragged rascal out of St. Giles's, and introducing him to
the court at St. James's as a specimen of the "true" Irish
gentleman. The keen eye of the porter would soon settle
his pretensions, by closing the door against his principles and
his practices; and, if political science has no sounder princi-
ples than her system of laisser Aire, illustrated in the condi-
tion of the Irish labourer, the sooner she emigrates, and the
present " relations of landlord, farmer, and labourer" can
be destroyed, the better it will be for all parties. The best
teat of true principles are the results that Row from their
applicati Ralahine was completely successful, but where
is Ireland now ? deep in the Stough of Despond, or the Bog
of Despair, supplicating Giant Great-heart to raise up her
and her children, and wipe away their sores and their tears,
and anxious to be led to a place of permanent rest and
security, where Famine can no more give trouble to her
long-tried suffering and weary spirit.—E. T. Clialo.
July 12.

SCOTLAND.
EDINBI3IOII, JULY 10.
In reference to sanitary movements by the Scotch,
the Wiytownshire Press pertinently asks:
What stir have they made!—ham they removed a single dunghgl
(that proverbial conoomitant of a Scotch dwelling),—have they
,;eared • single sewer,—have they introduced any more water to
cleanse their streets,—ham ttheey removed any churchyards, purified
any dwellings, provided or enforoed the use of any detergents., or
taken a ,ingle step to remove and prevent 10324911.141. those seism-
atoms which arise from distempered or putrefying bodies or sub.
stances, and which the heat of summer generates with prodigious
rapidity! Nothingotallthia has been attempted, even in Edinburgh."
And here the Picas quotes from the Daily News.
Apropos, to this matter the public baths in Montrose
have Tallier been a failure during the past year, the
rise in the price of provisions being described as the
cause ; but in a spirited town like Montrose the sub-
scriptions of the rich should be liberal enough to
allow baths to the poor at a nominal rate. What
have become of the Edinburgh baths?
The recent thunderstorm has been prevalent over
all Scotland, but fortunately no casualty of any con-
sequence has occurred. Near Montrose, the rain-gauge
indicated that 162 cents. fell in 20 hours, while in the
whole month of June there fell only 130 cents.
The anniversary of American independence was
celebrated in Glasgow this week by a dinner in the
Wellington Hotel, the American consul in the chair.
With good taste, the lord provost allowed the Ame-
rican seamen belonging to ships in port to parade the
streets preceded by the striped flag. Would Paris
allow the battle of Waterloo to be so celebrated ?