The Express.
London, England, 1849-10-24 00:00:00

OUTGOING MAILS.

The mails Via Marseilles, to the Mediterranean, Egypt,
Ceylon, India, Hong-Kong, &c., will be made up this
evening, October 24.
The mails for British North America and the United
States will be made up on the evening of Oct. 26.
The next mails for Lisbon, Spain, and Gibraltar will be
made up on Oct. 27.
The West India Mail', including Bermuda, Havana,
Num, Honduras, New Orleans, sad Mexico, and excluding
those ter Madeira, St. Juan-de-Nicaragua, New Granada,
sad Peru, will be made up on Nov. 2.
The nails for Madeira, the Brazils, and Buena Ayres,
will be made up on Nov. 6.
The mails fie Gibraltar, Malta, Greeoe, duo lonian Islands,
Elflpt, Ceylon, India, and Clint, vid Southampton, will
be made up on the morning of Nov. 20,

ETON WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Two thy —NionAsg. itt. Ye. Menace. 7b. lls.
To-meow—Xoeslag, 7k. 46a.... ..... ADeraeoll. 8 IL 27 0-

LONDON, WEDNESD.AT, OCTOBER 24.

Tux model sovereign of the tory party and the tory
press, he whose cause excited so deeply the sym-
pathies and called forth the support of the noses, of
Lord STANLEY, and Lord ABBRDEEN—he who we
were told had the most benign and liberal intentions
towards the very Sicilians, if Lord PALMERSTON
would not interfere with him—this sovereign reigns
in the plenitude of power over Naples and over
Sicily. The people are submissive—the military are
faithful There is not a breath to awaken the suspi-
cions of the court, and not a corner of Europe in
which bayonets have not extinguished every spark of
liberalism.

The model sovereign, however, cannot rest. To
have annulled the constitution, and proscribed all,
even the moderates, who took part in it, does not
satisfy FERDINAND. He is pursued by the remorse
and the suspicion of Tanana. Having sufficiently
crushed and humbled the middle and lower class of
liberals, his inveteracy is now directed against the
nobkase. And power has been given to the police
prefect to arrest and proscribe almost every man
possessed of lauded property or ancient name. One
prince, of whom the police wove in search, saved him-
self by the intervention of the Russian ambassador!
There ir, indeed, no more remarkable fact than
that, whilst the successful insurgents of 1848 every-
where respected the aristocracy, and intrusted them
with power, the re-actionists of 1849 have universally
adopted as their policy the destruction of the same
noLksse. It is not merely the King of NAPLES that
adopts this Tiberian policy both in Sicily and in Naples.
It is the Pope, it is Tuscany, it is Austria and Prussia.
We seed scarcely repeat that the Sicilian and Hun-
garian insurrections wore both begun in behalf of
aristocratic rights and of constitutions founded on
them ; and that by the crushing of those two revolu-
tions have been destroyed throughout Europe every
chance and verige of a House of Lords like our own.
Austrian policy has been all along to destroy its
noblesse. And if METTERNICH caused the Gallician
landed proprietors to be murdered by their tenantry,
SCRWARZENBERO and HAYNAU are following it up
worthily by splitting up Hungary into municipalities
and handing over every local authority to such of the
humbler class as will kiss the foot of the imperial go-
vernment. The upper chambers or senate, of Proemial
and of Austria, we need not say, are mere functionary
nominees. There is not one of the absolutist courts of
Europe which durst trust power to the national
noblesse. And in fact the work of its extirpation is
now carrying on by the military rulers of Europe
with just as much inveteracy as was done by the
people of France in 1792. There are no fiercer red
republicans in the tendency of their acts than the
King of NAPLES and Marshal HATSAU.
We mention this to show how utterly baseless and
unsold is the present reaction towards despotism.
That the deplorable excesses and follies of 1848
might have been taken advantage of by sovereigns
to re-build their power, and on very firm foundations,
is very evident. Had the military conquerors
been moderate in their victory, constitutional in their
ideas, could they have deigned to rally to their
thrones the alarmed middle classes and the circum-
spect moderate party, and given t•i their propertied
noble and aristocratic class that standing and influ-
ence in politics which they naturally enjoyed in the'
social scale, they might all and each have
erected thrones, capable, like that of England, of
defying democracy for centuries. The King of
NAPLES had in Sicily the materials and the pattern.
The Emperor of AUSTRIA had in Hungary a consti-
tution, around which the Hungarians would have
died to a man in defence of the House of HAPSBURG.
Poor BATRYANY, so lately sacrificed, came to
offer it. And for that he perished, and the
throne of the HArsnußcs in Hungary pe-
rished with him. The Austrians may encamp there
for any length of time, and the Russians may from
time to time picket their steeds on the plains of Hun-
gary, but build or found anything in that country,
no one can. Centuries of disaffection and rancour are
sown there. From Danzig to Belgrade extends
henceforth one huge Ireland in the east of Europe,
which no conciliation can pacify, and no terrorism
crush.

Let it be recollected that this total abolition of aris-
tocratic power has taken place within the last cen-
tury, and has been quite as actively pursued and
achieved by absolute monarchs as by republican
assemblies. Everywhere has the official noblesse
superseded the hereditary caste. And the conse-
quence is, that the monarchs and their courts have
literally no class to lean upon but the army. This is
theirs for a time. But how long will it be so? The
armies of Austria, Prussia, and France, beaten,
bearded, and insulted by the democrats in their first
foolish saturnalia of triumph, have taken revenge, but
more from pique than principle. In these large
armies raised from the lower class by conscription,
'he interests of the soldiers and the officers are dia-
metrically opposed. This they have not yet dis-
covered. Bat that it will be discovered, and
th►t it will be as infinitely more difficult
to make sure of the sentiments and affections of
500,000 soldiers, than those of three millions of indus-
trious men, is a truth of which none need doubt.
Let us contemplate the painful embarrassments of
the Pope, who cannot trust any one class of his sub-
jects. Whoever will tarn to the first part of the
correspondence on the affairs of Italy will find the
opinion of an eminent statesman on the affairs of
Rome:

In the feudal and old times, says he, the Roman govern.
ment was conducted by Roman princes and nobles, nor was
it till the re►toration of Pius the Seventh that the extension
of the system of clerical government had been withdrawn.
_ _

In fact, what the Pope is contending for, and the
French sanctioning, is an extremely modern kind of
papal despotism, similar to what has grown up in
Germany and Russia on the ruins of the lay aris-
tocracy.
It may be said that we, of all others, ought not to
object to this general extirpation of the aristocratic
element; and, certainly, were we capable of the
malignant pleasure of enjoying the discomfiture of a
class which is too overweening and monopolist with
us, we could gratify such a sentiment. We are far,
however, from being hostile to a due apportion-
ment of the aristocratic element, which
we do not want to obliterate from either
the social or the political sphere. On the contrary,
we think that a most salutary use might be made of
it in those countries passing from despotism to consti-
tutionalism. We regret the destruction of the aristo-
cratic element, both in Sicily and in Hungary. We
regret it for the sake of peace and orderly progres-
sion, although such subversive policy on the part
of the tyrants of Vienna and Naples, and of their
bloodthirsty lieutenants and policemen, must
have the effect of advancing the cause and
the final success of democracy by several cen-
turies. The Kings of EUROPE might have
supported their thrones by a noblesse like that of Eng- I
land. They have preferred Imitating the Roman
emperor, and procuring for their dictatorial powers I
the sanction of bayonets. Iu so doing they have, in
our opinion, built upon the sand. Nor would we
give ten years' purchase for any monarchy on the
continent of Europe, M. MONTALEMBERT'S " Mothtr
of all Nations," as he calls the Pope, included.

TUE Commissioners for the male of Incumbered
Estates in Ireland hold their first court to-day. The
court is in every scribe an important one. For those
whose interests are at stake, whether as inheritors of
over•burthened property, or as incumbrauces thereon,
the course of proceeding which will this day be
initiated is of the deepest moment. Tney hare long
been clinging with desperate tenacity to a wreck—

muffling with one another, like drowning
with a drowning crew. After many delusive signals
this life-boat at last approaches. Will it carry thee,
safely ashore? And it not all, how many of them?
or how few ?
Still more weighty are the considerations that me
suggested by the nature of the change which may (oe
may not) be effected through the intervention of mit
new tribunal, in the relations that subsist betermi
the proprietory and the tenantry of the te—cis
which shall be sold. Professedly it hat been
for the sake of the latter that acmes,
dented and unparalleled powers have been vested in
the commission constituted for the spatial facilitation
of transfers by the act of last sew.oon. While the
owners of the soil were fugitives for debt, sad eh.
ceiver of the Court of Chancery appointed R. the it.
staice of a creditor was the only person with whom
the occupier came in contact, it was manifestly hope.
lees to expect that any sense of security or motive to
improvement could spring up in the teem,.
mind. The receiver bad no discretion, but was com-
pelled to exact as much and as quickly as was onus
from the occupier. No respect was felt for him, fat
he showed none. No effort was made to meet his de.
mends, and the rent, in nine cases out of ten, soon feu
into irrecoverable arrear. Then followed litigation
and eviction, with all their attecdent evils. Sunti
was the chronic state, bad and baneful enough, when
the potato blight fell upon the land, and aggro,
voted this, like so many other sources of
misery, a hundred fold. The condition et
incumbered properties became wholly importable.
No grants from the treasury, no rates under the
whl le i ng
act apse
passed, and that a special o,:mmission of sales baa
been soostituted.
i
poor law, were found sufficient to stem the fbcd of
desolation. To rescue the fee-simple of the soil from
' helpless and bankrupt hands was felt to be iudispeu.
sableit;
ant: tihtewreikssetuso populationeogfectthethis
change t
" dwelling
te:

In what manner the individuals who have ben
appointed will discharge the duties in question ties
alone can tell. We regret that, collectively, they
should bring to the performance of their arduous tusk
so little of the prestige that belongs to peculiar expe-
rience or pre-eminent ability. The chief of the
court, were his attention not divided by his ordi-
nary duties as a judge of the Exchequer, would
doubtless effurd much assistance by his intimate
knowledge of the details incident to money dealing
with landed property in Ireland—a knowkdge iadie
pensable to the right understanding of the complex
claims which must be weighed and adjudicated upon,
and which Baron RICHARDS has had the opportunity
of acquiring during ten years' occupancy of a seat CO
the bench, in addition to a still longer period of fall
business at the bar. But when on either side
the public Fee placed men who have not proved
a claim to be associated in such a difficult and dignified
a trust, it is not wonderful that the early proceed.
logs of the new tribunal should be watched with
more curiosity than confidence, and that men should
await its decisions with anxiety.
Nor does the only public step the commisiimen
have taken previous to their formal inauguration ale
court, tend to allay misgivings. The " General rale
and orders" published within the last few days under
their official sanction, so far as they afford any cloe to
the future course likely to be pursued, donot certainly
tend to create a very exalted notion of the superiority
of the new system for the disposal of property, sad
the distribution of its price, over the system log
established. As a code of procedure it is little
else than another edition of equity rules, sad
that an indifferent one. It is somewhat
shorter, forasmuch as many points are wholly omitted
which practically cannot be overlooked, and it reads
somewhat more like an ordinary composition, became
the laconic precision which the wisdom of sweet,,
judges of eminence has elaborated, has been departed
from. It is said, that crude and incomplete as this
body of " general orders" now appears, it owes nets
little to the critical care with which it was revised by
the Irish Privy Council, to whom it was formally
submitted previous to publication. However this
may be, we venture to prognosticate, that h&c,
many months, the rash abbreviators will find it tape
dient to plagiarise still further from the &spied
"orders in Chancery ;" and to explain and amend, by
the interpolation of many neglected passages, the
plausible but vague resolutions to which they haw
come.

The truth in, we are afraid lest the salutary action
of the Incumbered Estates Act may be frustrated in
a great degree by unwise precipitancy in the com-
mencement. There will be no want of applicants for
decrees to sell. Neither, if proper means be take,
will there be any want of persons able and willing to
buy. We discard all the doubts that have been tot
lured up on this point as the illusions of mere toa
ranee of the true state of things existing in Ireland.
But we confess we look with no inconsiderable ap-
prehension at the consequences that must inevitably
ensue, if in an a' tempt to make a great show of work
at starting,the Commissioners should suddenly ffingsa
inordinate amount of landed property on the market,
and force sales at prices thus fictitiously depressed.
We know what the immediate elect of ouch
an inconsiderate course must be, in depreciating
all property of a similar kind, and it riquirss
but little reflection to perceive that its evilly
direct and unavoidable consequence must be, tbs
absolute spoliation and ruin of all those creditors
whose liens are subsequent to the petitioning mod.
gages. The first case that arises in which, through
carelessness or mismanagement, an estate is sold far
much lees than it might otherwise have been made to
bring, and that a host of minor creditors ate thereby
robbed of their several investments, such a cry will
be heard as it will be wholly impossible to neglect,
and in appeasing which the difficulty will be rate(
avoiding the opposite extreme.

NEW YORK, Oct 9.
Among the states cut out of the wilderness by the
axe of the woodman, Ohio is still the most remark-
able. In Europe you have no idea of this proves
from forests to towns and cities within the remem-
brance of even young inhabitants, and we have eci
way of making you understand it. Even a personal
knowledge, such as a traveller may acquire, is not
enough. For when he finds a beautiful town, Ilk',
Cincinnati, for examplo, in the course of his tour, he
very naturally compares it with some European city,
moulded down into what it is by the compression and
solidification of centuries. If, on the other hand, he
would compare it, or was able to compare it, with
what it was in its inception, he would come to very
different conclusions. To expect the refinement of
courts in society not yet amalgamated is rap cling
too much ; and It so bap, ens that moat of those who
have sat themselves up as judges know really as little
about it u those whose want of refinement they cow
demn. Nor is this all. The constant influx of foreigner,
from all parte of the world, who almost on their
arrival put on the air and manner of native citizens,
and generally assume much more, has a tend( r.cy to
keep back all approaches to uniformity, which the
Anglo-Saxons so instinctively cherish. We, there-
fore, are kept by this influx almost in the store of
colonies, or, at least, such of the states are as r.ceive
this efflux of European emigration. In the e ty of
New York there are whole streets filled with German
shops, boarding-houses, and inns. It is perfectly
surprising to witness the extent of their footehi,ld:
In Ohio this extensive emigration has unquestion-
ably retarded the progress of society, while it hes
essentially contributed to its political, agriculturele
and mechanical power. Every where, however,
throughout the United States, are to be found large
numbers of circles of refined, intellectual, and eiccom-
plished people, fitted to enjoy and actually enjopog
the pleasuresof the highest degrees of civilization, and
these are constantly increasing, by the combined effects
of education and wealth. The stateof Ohio was the first
settled in the territory ceded by Virginia to the
general government, and it began its career of state
sovereignty in 1802. Its territory consists of an area
of 25,756,960 acres, about two-thirds that of Eliglsud
and %ales. Its soil is fertile, and the highest huh
may be cultivated to their very summits.
It suffered immensely. however, by the opervioni
of land speculators, who profited by the distress of
the small putchasers. A knowledge of this hes had
a great eff-ct in modifying our laws in relati in to
western lands, it being our policy to encourage Pin'
chases by actual settlers of even small means, than !.°
Permit capitalists to engross large tracts as they did
in Ohio.
'inc first eff irt at the construction of pubre works
was made in 1825, when the National Road was com-
menced. On the same day the first ground was
broken on the route of the Ohio Canal, and the pre'
senee of De Witt Clinton gave hope and ircen,ive to
its friends. He was specially invited to attend, and

his predictions on that oraltaion have been more 'hen
taltillel The Ohio Cs.oal and its branches furnish
boat navirstion to the extent of 334 miles. Th.
Miami Caul and branch extend 66 mile.. These
canals are admi•.ably constructed, and have been of
rest service to the state, although their aggregate
net revenue has not as yet amounted to six per cent.
It is on the same principle precisely that Broadway,
though it produces no revenue to the City of New
York, is nevertheless of incalculable value and im-
portance to its general interests. Indeed this prin.
though acted on everywhere, does not seem to
be considered in public improvements such as railways
and canals.
la 1832 a large number of railways was incor-
porated in Ohio, and in 1836 and 1837 the legislature
weed an act, by which it was agreed that whenever
half the stock of a turnpike company or two-thirds of
a canal was taken up by individuals, the state would
furnish the balance. 'Twenty-six turnpike companies,
four railways, and two canals, were commenced
under this provision of the law. State works were
also commenced at this time, of a very extensive da-
nder, ...legated to wet about eight and a half
millions of dollars. These were the extension of the
Miami Canal, the Wabash and Erie, the Wei-
bel:ling. the Vernon, Mohican, the Warren County,
tlib Hocking, the Muskingum river improvement, and
the Maumee road. All these are completed.

When Ohio commenced her system of internal im-
provements, she established a corresponding system
of taxation, and this sound measure, which is quite
characteristic of our state legislation, and is not
foi.nded on any European precedent, kept op (and de-
servedly) the credit of the state. The pressers of
1839 and 1840, and the suspension of the banks, of
course, affected Ohio. She had to decide between a
lose of her credit, and a loss of per public works, or to
make sacriSoes to sustain them. Tier citisens did not
hesitate as to what course they should parses. The
legislature authorised money to be borrowed, cost
what it might, Shylock sharpened his knife,
foreign creditors were clamorous at the embarrassed
state, and some of the British press gloated over the
rain at band. Thu bankers who could lend to
monarchies that never ray, yowled at those repabli-
sans who made every attempt to pay, but Ohio rose
triumphantly above her misfortunes. She has learned
a lesson, as we all have, never more to trust our-
selves to foreign capitalists. If they choose to bay
our stocks, very well, bat we wll create no more for
them. Without going into some very interesting
particulars, which show the willingness of the people
of Ohio to be taxed for the payment of their debts,
and the extraordinary promptness they have shown
in paying them, it is only necessary now to add that
the debts of the state are now at their limit, and are,
in fact, decreasing, and that the present resources of
the state, which are not near their limit, but are
increasing, are, nevertheless, ample for their liquida-
tion and paymeat.
The steam-ship Panama arrived at Panama on the
22nd of Sept., with dates from San Francisco t• the
first of that month. She brought down 132 passen-
gers to the Isthmus, and half a million in gold duet.
The greatest part of this amount is arrived in theßra-
pits City. By these arrivals we learn that the steam-
ersUaloosn and Senator have reached Panama safely.
The convention for forming a constitution for the
state of California met at Monterey on the 31st oil
August. It is stated that the members of the con-
vention are generally men of intelligence and
integrity: A letter from San Francisco states that •
constitution will be formed, sad members of a legisla-
ture be elected under it by the Ist of November.
_ .

The Hon. Thomas Butler King, of Georgia, was
dangerously ill at San Francisco, of bilious fever, and
his recovery was considered very doubtful.
lieut. Beale, bearer of despatches from the govern-
meat at Washington, had arrived at San Francisco,
and proceeded immediately to the head-quarters of
General Parader F. Smith. General Smith had gone
upon an expedition to the mountains. Gt neral Ben-
net Riley was at Monterey at the last accounts, and
his health had greatly improved. Colonel Fremont
was at Monterey.
The United States ship Ohio, Commodore Jones ;
the Warren, Cont. Long; and the frigate Savannah,
Captain Voorhies, were at San Francisco. The Ohio
was to be relieved by the Savannah, and would sail
for Boston, via Valparaiso, on the 11th of September.
Commcdore Jones was to remain in command of the
Pacific squadron. The ship Minor had arrived at
San Francisco, in 120 days, from New York.
The Vice-Cooed of the United States at the Sand-
wich ls!ands, died at San Francisco on the 26th of

August.
A young gentleman who returned this morning
from Panama' informs me that he came across to
Cruces in six hours on a mule. This was remarkably
quick. The rainy season wu quite over, and tang-
partition across the isthmus was tolerably easy.
On the whole, we come to the conclusion, that vast
amounts of gold aro to be found in California, but
that vast amounts of labour must be expended to
obtain it.