The Express.
London, England, 1848-12-25 00:00:00

GERMANY.

AUSTRIA.—We have said that Field-Marshal the
Prince Windischaratz commenced, on the 18th, a
general reeennoisanee from his camps at Brack, on
the Leither and Prellenkirches.
He t atc nded his troops, consisting of the let corps
or tix alloy and the rtservo corps, on ali sides, and

sillered the Magyars battle, which they refused to
take, bat retired on all points. The defence of two
villages was indeed attempted, but it was gtv:m up
after a smartish cannonade from the imperial art:!-

lery,
From the army bulletins we extract the following
additiokal particulars: Oa the 18th, a detachment
of troops took by storm the little town of Volk&
Broderstioef (where 28 Magyar moldier', including
two officers, were captured), and then marched to
Klingeubach. The Magyar troops who retired before
Windischgrats, fell hick on Wit:Winn. On the
night of the 18th, the head-quarters of the Ban of
Croatia wet. at the Oisimer larm-house, near Alten-
burg. He bad previously driven the left flank of the
Magyars beyond Znrcdorf, in the direction of the
Neusidler Lake. On the 17th, the second army corps
(under Lieut. Field-Marshal Wehaer) were to cross
the March, attack Neudorf, and advance over the
heights towards Freiburg, whilst the main body ad-
vanced along the right bank of the Dariuhe towards

Eugenau.
According to the SeAksische Zeitung (Breslau), a
courier had arrived in Vienna at noon on the 18th,
bringieg the intelligence that Freeburg had been
taken (or rather had quietly surrendered) late on the
previous night. It appears that Jellachich was at one
time in great danger of being taken prisoner, and that
he owed his safety to the fleetuens of his hor,e. It was
reported in Vienna that Gene. Mows and Rem (in the
Hungarian service) had been hanged in Pesth because
they bad formed a coesoiracy against Kossuth. It
must be remai ked here that all the accounts respecting
the state of affairs in Hungary are no, moray derived
from quarters hostile to the Magyars. These accounts,
therefore, must be received with caution; but on the
whole it must be admitted th.t their prospects are
had, and that it is all bat impossible that Pest h can hold
out long against the vast force which will shortly in-
vest it. The probability is that it will be in the
hands of the imperialists before the end of the year.
Letters from Agratn, of the 12th, state that Pestb
jourosls of the Bth assert that the Hungarian Diet
has denounced as traitors all persons who acknowledge
the new Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary.
The Journal of Austrian Lloyd's, the organ of
C ,nut Stadiun, evinces great hostility to the Bank of
Vienna. This establishment has, it is true, many
vulnerable points ; but it is strongly suspected that
this sudden burst of anger has been occasioned by
the refusal of the bank directors to meet the finan'ial

schemes of the needy cabinet. Meantime paper
money is becoming almost worthless, corn of any kind
extremely scarce, and misery more prevalent.
A ministerial crisis was spoken of. Kraus, the
Miniteer of Finance, had, according to accounts re-
ceived at Vienna, resigned to make room for Stadion,
Schmerling, the late minister at Frankfurt, taking the
Ministry of the Interior.
A woman has been found murdered in her bed, in
consequence, it is given out, for having denounced a
relative 'o the public authorities; and a ya,er was
shot on the 17th for discharging his piece at his
superior officer, just as his regiment was leaving its
quarters.
Count Stadion has set on foot a popular journal,
from which the best efforts are anticipated in giving
the minds of the town classes a more wholesome
direction ' • and the government has acquired golden
opinions by promulgating a very liberal communal
law.
According to the latest intell'gence from Gallicia,
the fostered animosity between the Polish and Luthe-
nian races is more violent than ever. It is now clear
tnat the Austrian government rely upon the latter for
doing—in case of another Polish insurrection—the
sanguinary work which the Gailiciaa peasants some
time ago performed, and now bitterly regret.
PRUSSIA.—We have letters and journals from
Berlin up to the 22nd inst.
The Prenuielie Staals-Anzeiyer, of the 21st, pub-
lishes the law respecting the entire or partial aboli-
tion of feudal dues and certain other burdens on land.
There will be a conference in Berlin, on the 15. h
proximo, of teachers deputed from the communal
schools, gymnasia, colleges, and universities of the
kingdom, with the view of aiding ministers in pre-
paring a good law on education.
The state of siege will be raised before the begin-
ning of the elections, but not until a provisional law
has appestat. for repressing the abuses of the liberty
of the press and the right of association.
In consequence of the octroi of the constitution, the
Russian envoy at the court of Berlin has been charged
to send a note to the Prussian cah'net, which con•
tains a detail of the dangers to which the King of
Prussia exposes himself th•reby, declaring that Russia
can no longer give his Prussian majesty any aid
against his revolutionary subjects.
According to the "lithographic intelligence," a
sudden change has come over the political spirit of
Wurtemberg and the majority of the small German
states, and they axe more favourable to the election of
the King of Prussia as Emperor of Germany.
Some of the conservative journals are clamouring for
the total dissolution of the civic guard throughout
the kingdom.

FINANCIAL STATE OF EUROPE.
(From the Breeds Nation.)
No one can doubt that the economical and financial
position of Europe has been in a great degree the cause of
the late convulsions which have occurred—equally in those
equi,tries in which political causes have produced the revolu-
tions, as in those in which apparent tranquillity now exists.
A coup. d'aril, therefore, at the general financial state of Eu-
rope would be a criterion for measuring the interests of the
crisis and its probable results. That part of the charge
which is now most oop-essive generally on the people is the
debt c lusted ny the long wars into which the various countries
have entered during and since the reign of Louis XIV., and
especially at the commencement of the present century, and
the expense and maintenance of the permanent armaments
which halm not only absorbed an infinitely large portion of
the productive labour of the people, but have occupied the
labour itself of a lute portion of most efficient and healthy
claws of the community.
The debts of the various countries of Europe may be thus
clamed in roared numbers:
Great Britain £840,000,000
France
Holland 160,000,000
Russia and Maud
Spain
Austria
Prowls
Portugal. 33.000,000
Belfiusa .. __........»». 23,00,000
Demist
Melly .
Papal esealwins. 13,00,000
BMA
600,000
Preeddert 1,000.000
1,400,00
/1,715,000,009
Debts not enumerated 213,000,000

12,000,000,000
Requiring an 'mina provision to the extent of
100,000,00 W. for interest, in addition to at least 20 to 26
million pounds for expenses of collection, administra-
tion, Ac.
In addition to this change, already sufficiently large (when
it is remembered that the labour alone of the people can
produce the means of paying it), is to be placed the cost of
the permanent armaments and their incidental expenses.
The smallest estimate of the permanent armies now em-
ployed in the various states of Europe is about 2,800.0 a,
kept up for the prerection as well on the land as at sea, of the
several existing governments, feeding, clothing, equipping,
arming, and pa)inst such a anmtwr o? men, as well
as arsenal', fortifications, ships, and all the concomitant ex-
bediture, according to the several official document", cannot
leas than an annual charge of 120,000,0001. ; and suppose
that each man so employed could, in agricultural or other
labour earn a sum of Is. 13d. per day, the total sum of money
thus totally lest to the public weal, and which ought, con-
sequently, to be charged to joint expenditure, cannot be
fairly stated at much leas than W 0,000,0001. per annum. And
again the char.'s, already heavy enough, attendant on the
administration of government', the numerous einecares and
pensions granted from the productive resources of the people,
and which cannot be estimated at less than 26,000,0001. a
year, and we shall then have some notion of the causes
which prevent the labourer from deriving that recompence
fi om his w Ark, to which, under other circumstances, he might
be justly entitled.
And if, even in addition to all this, we add the innumerable
mass of idlers of all aorta, and persona of every description,
who earn nothing by any effort of mind or body towards
their own subsistence, and therefore live on the work of
others, then we shall cease to feel surprised that in spite of
all c ,mbinatior aof governments, of the efforts of economists
and philanthropist*, the 'workman becomes from time to
time more impoverished, and the pauperism continues to
increase in its intensity throughout Europe.
The population of Europe is about 2,50 million of souls ;
armaments of all kinds, including police, eke., 2,800,000;
various employers of government, 2,000,000; idlers end un-
producing claws, 20,000,000. Is it not evident that this
charge is too heavy for the population—that government
and police coat too much—that permanent armaments, paid,
clothed, lodged, fed, and armed by the people, tend greatly
to perpetuate the system. And does not all this show
clearly that any late revolutions are bat sea feather in the
balance se the cause of the existing distress throughout
Europe, whilr. the attention of all governments, if they wish
to attaia quiet and tranquillity, should be directed to the
reform of the wasteful expenditure and ruinous system of
pre.ent management, and to endeavour to place within
reach of the labourer a gr, star share of the produce of the

soil which he e
share in the
countries.

es, and to producers of

all bon.---;
I thsi,

THE BOTITHAIIIPTON PORTION or nig liAl.P.—The Indus, Capt. B,y, arrived at
,th,
with tor Southampton pti oecal of the lia rani morning. fih• left Malts the liith innit.d , led dikii7
the 18th. The Puha, which left Southampton
unlit% II ninsular mail on the 7th, had Lot fitimi
arrived at .
the Indus left. or

Ebz alfuulci
WINDSOR, BUNDA7.—This morning bar xt....•
Prins Albert, and the Iftelv6 Pn4 geri'lemen of tht,Af
household snowed divine wrviee in the chat* st w
Castle.
441
_
The Earl and Cow:dent Grey left town on NL
for Doncasterl, and will afterwards proceed to 110%0
Nortkumberand.
As
The General Board of Ileal*h had a meetisde
Saturday at 0 wydyr-hous. , Whitehall.
Despatches were sent off on SMOrdif Etliz
from tfie Coloniml.cfllee for the Governors of Cepa
Hong Kong, and also for the (I ,ver,or of Melts.
COLONIAL APPOINTYr.NTS.—Jae. Coeklunne,
is appointed stipendiary tosai,tra.e in th... Um,
Hare, Erg., is appointed cl.rk in the. treasurer's 4,4
Kong.

TILE CITY WARDNIOTES.
On Saturday n.e elections for common
of the contested words closed The .seeessisi Zit
FAHIHNODON WITHOUT ...re: Mays.
Obbard, Teylor, Barnard, Walter, Ishersne4,
Fox, Edkina, '!arner, Hod.gat, Ar•d-rton, Bites, Ins,
Vas, Mr. Fowler having be.n rek.cted. The riesshentta%
far CHIPPLEGATE WITHIN were : ?dewr-. dark ID
Brew, Horde, Br ,wn, Ltrt. 13.nnoch, D-ear, and Cs*ll
Wilson wee not return In POKTSTOKIN: 16-111.1,46%
Cloi•tie, Parker, Ju su.n, Duitu.l, tab!
and Thomson, were elected; Mr We. was AA
The electors of CASTLE BATSAND chore
(Deputy), Hop e, BAt4v. Evre', Meng-rids. Ado.
Carlin, sad Barber. NL wan r.j curl. The
ehusen lor COM/WAIN' 44' were: Mesasfoti
Croucher, Joyce, Taylur, Tress, and Click; Mr. Loab
not successful.

NEW POSTAL ARRANT ENIENTS WITH FILSECE—.%
Marquis of Clanricarde. the P.,st.nueter•Georesl, Fins
tare ed from Paris, where his has been for
pose of arranving the mode in which the postal clam
tiOne between the two countries should be anklet*
the t xpiration of this mewl', at which period Map,"
convention will terminate. To'- French env.nunent
themselves unable to perf .ren the nail service Tutu%
Dover and B iutsgne by tht it psrkete; but, as it e,g,lh
unjust towards the Britoil. agreement and to /mews*,
tit imprint upon themeElnaively the greats r delete, lau,
and nip( nee of that route, it is intended to despatch "gki;
day and night mails to Frans esd Celan, sae a,
15th of next month. The mail despetened frog pus
in the evening` will reach London rust as quickly a hi,
tofore. notwithst tiding the cluinge ear route; bat is is,"
feared that there will be a delay of at least nee hour is ea
arrival at Paris of the night mail from London. Thiseil
doubtless be a serious inccnvenienee to the commercial**
inanity of that metropolis, but the blame must to ,„,„,y,
French government. During his stay in Paw W "g"
marquis bad see. cal interviews with the 44,kaj
ties of France, and discussed with them the 'sodas" d
reducing the present rates of pocket Oa the leren peals
between the two countries. ibis subject is still nada (14,
sieeration, but there is every rev on to believe the the Deg
offers made by her Msjr.tv'a Pommaster•Genenl
accepted by the French government, althansh, a dl
Miniver of Finance had not then been appointed, it rags
possible to ascertain positively that the vi-ws of al rotas
merit were satisfactory to that of France. At pmmt ty
cost of a letter to or from France, if it is paid in this cooly
is teupenee, of which fivepence goes to each Potefet
This rate is obviously too high when compared with th
inland rate of England, and with that of %woman, eta
will be the inland rate of France on and alter ths lea
January.—Observer.
THE CITY GAS BILL.—Mr. Deputy Harrime
amendment, condemnatory of cheap gas, which image
at the previous Court +1 Commissi. aces of Sewers, by sal
jority of one, was resent', d on Saturday by a siceilu sqr
rity, to evenly are pszties ranged tor and against noise
parliament for powers to procure gas at a cheap rye. 11
bill having been thus again br.ught forward, its clansmen
then gone through seriatim, and alterations were goys
(also by a majoril of one), to the effect of linitold
power of the cocomi,sion.rri to borrow to the smut
100,0001. instead of 500,0001., and of meatier they fro
possessing the power of purchasing the gas works and is
compulsorily of the existing compan:es, and of mikapi
themselves for the supply of the city. Toe bill is thud

rendered almost nugatory.
CHOLERA.—Ten fresh cages were reported 101
Board of Health on Saturday as bavine occurred in Lai
and its vicinity, of which eight were Mtal. We ham fi
Portsmouth the deaths en board the convict ship at
Motherbank have been 3 in number, and there are at
CUSS on board. No new cases were reported on Satan
Four persons have been attacked at Berwick•upoo-Tie
two of whom died, and one has recovered. Frans Scotl
126 new ogee are reported, with GI deaths and 15 wove
Of these 87 took piece in Glasgow, out of which I
were 35 deaths.
EMIGRATION VERSUS STARVATION.—Sir,—I t
received the following statement from my brother, oho
been for some years a settler on the Darling Hassid
district of Moreton Bay, New South Wales, which pet
you may like to publish in your newspaper—. 1 hen
'1 wady arranged to boil down for their fat a flock el
wethers, 1,200 in number, the gross weight of which vi
about 62,0001 be. of meat, and would feed 100 peopl
twelve months, at the rate of 1211 n. per wadi each n
duel. I calculate these wetbers will realise 18,00016 e a
leaving a residue of 42,001i1b5. of animal matter, sad
' the nutritive portion, to be cant away;; people here say,
'there will be a curse on the land for this waste of the b
of Providence ; but I cannot look upon it in this light,
we do not boil our surplus stock it would have to be t
into the bush, and thug become the prey of the ink
(our great enemy), as we have neither labour to tea
people to est our flocks—Darling Downs, July, 1848"
3. Pirre, Dee. 23rd, 1848.
kilVD3Ores eatif COMPANT.—Sir,— It is now
understood that one of ttc first subjects which will co
for dissuasion in parliament next session will be a
for a committee of inquiry into the conduct sd
tration of the Hudson's Bay Company. Of this the
lords of Vancouver's Island. and the venerable died
days of yore of "seventy per cent. on a capital Sias
augmented" seem to be fully aware and not a lie
prehenaive, as they have just issued their "else," I
with no little ingenuity, end at no small mew,
well.known writer on colonial and statistical subject
this performarce it is unnecessary for me to
earl
observations, es a full and elaborate reply to it i
ready for publication I trust in a ow days. In the
time, as a remarkable and important circumstance
ference to the validity of the company's charter ol
granted by King Charles 11., in KM, I beg resp
to draw your attention to the following ca
the treaty of Ityswiek, concluded in September, 16
tween William 111. and Louis XIV. of France.. "
Commissioners shall be appointed on both sides to e
and determine the rights and pretensions which I
the said kings bath to the places situated in Bud's
but the possession of those places which were Win
French during the peace that preceded the Ww
and were retaken by the Bagliedi during this WI
be left to the French, by virtue of the !ongoing
The capitulation 17111116 by the Emig, Is on the sth
her, 1696, shall be observed, SCCOTaillit to its k
tenor; the merchandise therein mentioned shall be r
the governor of the fort taken there shall be set al
if it be not already done; the differences arisen
ing the execution of the odd cap.tulatiun and the
the goods these lost shall he adjudged end deters
the said commissioners," &e. The capitulation a
ferried to may be found in the second volume of
voix's "History of New France" The for' el
were the company's five factories, ell en the shores
son's Bay, and by this treaty tormally add &balm
'yer to France, thereby acknowleagiog and rail
claim that country had always male to the wholi
eon's Bay. The p: or Hudson's Bay Company
much as alluded to in the course of the who
This view of the extent of the French polemics
rica at this time is supported by MI the old Fr
corium of what was anciently termed La Bouvet!,
such u L'Escarbot, De la Potherie, La Halton, an
Toil, and more recently by Rayne, Bancroft, lea
chetle, and other modern authorities, from
inoontestibly that France claimed, and indeed to
able extent occupied, the territory at present Melia
the limits of the Hudson's Bay ompany's chute
fore that company was in existence. La Nouvell
therefore, as " belonging to the subjects of auothei
power" (see charter of the Hudson's Bay Comp!
' be expressly excepted out of the grant of King C
and would thus leave the Hudson s Bay company
to enjoy under their charter, and by the treaty o
that little was taken from do en. By the cession o
Bay and other territories of New France, under
of Utrecht, concluded in 1713, the right of Beim
Ito trade in the territories so ceded would folio
tional rights acquired by the " Kingdom end
Great Britain, under the twelfth article of than
enjoyed by the French Canadians previous to tl
The Hudson's Bay Company, however, by quiet
into the pomasion of the unoccupied country, 1
I been ceded to them, end by brandishing tin
charter in the face of all comers, and iodusti
fying the country at the same time, as min;
habitation, have from that time to this retail
disturbed possession of this immense territory,
right your readers, from the facts now fo
j lb
submitted to the public, will be able to uni
111BISTEIL.
To ASK AND TO HAVE.—AI an inquit
Thursday, before the Sheriff of Surrey, to award
lion to the firm of Brown, awclun. end Dunn,
Gravel lane, Southwark, for presidia required
poem of the London and South Western lisubirsy
extension to London-bridge, the claimant' I
pensation to the amount of 14,7424. 6s. 10d., am
returned a verdict for 1,3941. la.
THE BOARD OF ORDNANCE.—Sir,—As
hoped that much good may raise from tiosnoim

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