The Express.
London, England, 1847-07-02 00:00:00

SOVEREIGN LIFE
No. 6, Ili. JAMB
Ri A, W)O,A.a. Henniker. But.
a lion.l Cabika. Esq., M.P.

£SURANCE COMPANY,
3-BTIiEET. LONDON.
Henry Po Pop.
Claude k;•Dhard eott.

DleletTote. .
Tote-
Ca•IIIIIAS—LIaat..CoI. Lord AYHem Lnnox.
Parr? T.CII C. Wafter, Kat.,M
John Addams.% Hee. IL D. (Tex Varebrother. Hod_ Aid.
N. haterd, }.0.. Tonoh Eel.
Philip P. Myth. Eq., John Gardiner, Eat
Henry vinedwood, Lel.. M.P. Aaron Asher Golds:mid F:•*.p.
Juno. (,rentehael. Deer Henry Wllliam Pennell. hen.
A:annoy* on the lire. perons in erery station of life and every
pert Of the world, emitted on ft plan which combine* the utmost amount
of bevel to the families of the iletkired at death, with vary attainable
egrantage during life, ulna the system of Me assurance is capable of
effunling.
Per-ons whiling to borrow money to enable them to complete the intr.
ehme of property, Ix dedring to pay off existing dame thereon, can, by
...ring with this
company, obtain the advance of the foil amount of
me policy. retayable by histahnenu. extended over a period of years, on
the advaulaceous teems explained In the prospectu,
In cow the .terms
dim during the Urnitol number of tear. agreed
will not leave hie property encumbered with a dolt; but, on
thetNeitrary. repo,entative* ho entitled re
the amount
second by thy policy. after deduetlex thy .too. then remnining untold
tt, be may. at. any time. &inkiest° the payment of the nolllf mill re-
r..irnofunleol on (al....maid, lona., and continue the pulley, if ho
phew, dine ordinary tife
Immediat Around.. and Liolornueuu granted at very favourable
leefermd Armonl *. to commence et any specified a.m. emoted either
with or 1010.111 retitru of the pnooluiu.. to case the av M e hied NV
annuity to to Continent": I. out Mtathecl. tha, A person, actd
nay +roue sa annuity of Xje on attaining the nee of 60, at the Nike,
log rater:

a'•aru rasmnr ‘ll7ll ♦ND lIITROCT amrray. 1,1 cum or DighTlV.

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£l3 11.• I.

£l4 100. 3d.

-41 ).Z-1 u.T.

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ELECTORAL lIISTORY OF ENGLAND.
DEVONSHIRE.

Devonshire, on &cursory consideration of itsconnexion
with the government, from happening to possess one of the
most important and extensive stations of our naval strength
and power, may seem, like Kent and Rants, obnoxioue to the
suspicion of having a biassed, subservient, and corrupt con-
stituency of county electors. The notion, however, were as
chimerical as it would be unjust. We reserve the proof of
this proposition to our return ,of the results of elections for
Devon since the passing of the Reform Bill.
Devonshire, one of the most interesting, picturesque, and
important of our maritime counties, is bounded on the north
and north-west by the Bristol Channel; on the north-east
by Somersetadire ; oa the east by Dursetshire ; on
the south-east and south by the English Channel,
and on the west by Cornwall, from which it is separated,
throughout a large part of its bordi •, by the river Tamar.
The length of the county, from nor .h to south, is about 71
miles; its breadth, from west to east, about 68. These are
its extreme measurements. The whale area of Devon is,

according to Arrowsmith, 2,580 square miles: according to
the population returns of 1831, it is 2,565, but the aggre-
gate area of all its 398 parishes gives 1,636,450 statute acres,
or about 2,557 square miles only. It is, in point of size, the
third of the English counties, being exceeded in this
respect by Yorkshire and Lincolnshire alone; and in point
of population the fourth, coming immediately after
Middlesex, Lancashire, and Yorkshire only. The coast line
of Devonshire may be estimated at from 155 to 160 miles in
length that is, about 60 miles on the Bristol channel, and
about 100 miles on the English channel. Among the waste
lands of Devonshire, the most extensive district is that of
Dartmoor, occupying upwards of 100,000 acres, including
the finest. It is not less than 22 miles from north to south,
by 15 miles in breadth from east to west. Grass land occu-
pies more than four-tifths of the soil under cultivation ; but
very tine crops of corn and potatoes arc raised in many parts
of Devonshire, notwithstanding the exceedingly hilly
bee of the country. Grass land being thus, however,
far more abundant in it than arable, it naturally
fellows that live stock and dairy produce, " eve-
Madly its peculiar luxury of cream, clouted," and its
universally diffused " cider." are its principal staples. But
it raises a well-known breed of red, and another of
"sheeted" cows, which find a ready market in every part of
the United Kingdom. Its sheep and its hogs are scarcely
less valuable elements of its rural economy. he consump-
tion of Dartmoor and Okehampton mutton in London alone,
Tatum to the county an enormous annual profit. These
agricultural statistics are not unimportant, seeing that they
sorry with them the explanation of the remarkable predo-
minance and superior consideration attending, in Devon-
shire, to property in land over every other species of pos-
session. " Of a surety," this influence is invariably felt most
remarkably in every election. In truth Devonshire, although
carrying on from a few good seaports a very fair foreign as
well as coasting trade in minerals, &c., and having the good
fortune to omens the noble arsenals and naval dockyards
constructed at Plymouth and Devonport, has scarcely any
manufactures to boast of. As an agricultural county, it
ranks the 24th on the list; as a manufacturing district, not
very high. It has, indeed, very considerable numbers of its
inhabitants employed in the glove and lace making trades,
in weaving, and wool stapling; and such fabrics as shallot:u,
kerseys, inferior broadcloths and serge.; but the amount of
business dove by them is but trifling in the aggregate.
It has many hands engaged in quarrying and mining,
for the fire-stone and valuable minerals which it possesses in
profusion. Devonshire disposes annually of a large stock of
copper, lead, lode-stone, some coal and fine tin. Having so
large a population, a proportinately largo community is em-
barked in various small retail trades. Thus of 101,911
families, in the returns of the year 1831, there were 35,505
engaged, exclusively, in agricultural occupations or labour;
3.3,339 in manufactures, mining works, trades and handicrafts
of all kinds; 33,067 in all other ways not comprehended
under either of the other classifications. There were 81,999
inhabited houses ; 4,220 uninhabited, and 1,381 in process of

I the esteed‘a been considerable. In Tinnivelly, Mr.
Hughes long cultivated Bourbon cotton • and Mr.
Finnic, is now established there. Dr. White'sacribes the.
superiority of cotton grown on the Coimbatone farad to the
suitable selection of the sowing season, and to the vall y par-
ticipating in the rains of both monsoons. From bOO to
1,000 lb+. of seed cotton have bees obtained from the New
Orleans seed, imported is 1840. This, he thinks, can be
landed at Liverpool, costing about 31d. a pound, as the ex-
penses of conveyance from Coimbatone to Cochin are not
more titan a id. per pound, and must be less from Tinni-
telly to Tuticonn. Be states that the Ryas only want
" purchasers and honest prices," and that a rise of only aid.
per pound in the local market would greatly extend the
culture of cotton. It is an important fact that the above I
cotton, eent to Liverpool to the extent of 34 bales, has tette
valued at 61d. a pound, and considered equal to " fair NOW
Orleans," which was selling at the same prem.
In the Southern Mahratta country, especially near
Dharwar, the culture has attained complete success under
Mr. Herter, the intelligent American planter. The natives,
encouraged by the government experiments, where they saw
that not only was more cotton produced per acre with New
Orleans seed, but a better price obtained for every pound of
mitten wool, even from the weavers in the interior, extended
their eulti Teflon last year to about 30,000 acres, and have
succeeded in cleaning this cotton by the improved saw gin;
so that some of the former year's crap, to the extent of 142
bales, has been valued at Liverpool at 6d. and 61d. tiers
the climate is considered by Mr. Mercer to be like that
of
America, and the seed he found returning to its
original Mexican character. He also states that there is
abundance of land fitted for cotton culture, which PAP from
8 to 14 annas per acre, and nothing is required but a regular
demand to have the country covered with cotton. The
It you sell their own cotton for 10 rupees a candy of 7841b5.,
which is about 1 ni, a lb. Their New Orleans cotton they
lave sold for 66 rupees the candy; a further expense of 16
Tepees was incurred in conveying it by land and water to
Bombay, making a total of 82 rupees. 207 boles of this
cotton were soli at Bombay onethe 20th of March lest, for
113 rupees per candy, and some for 120 rupees. At the
same time that some cotton from Breach cotton, cultivated
and cleaned in the same manner, sold for 125 rupees; and
42 bales grown by Mr. Blount, at Julgannt, for 132 moo&
Indian cotton is known to be possessed of certain psi
qualities, such as its colour, the readiness with which it hi=
eolour in dying, also swelling in the process of blemish.;
I both the latter effects are probably owing to its being gresla
in a comparatively dry climate. Such being the qualities of
Indian cotton, it might be expected that it would have been
imported in increasing, instead of, as is usually stated, in
annually decreasing quantities. Various causes have bun
I assigned for the decrease. Dr. Rolle considered them as
unsatisfactory and contradictory. 'The chief cause which
prevents the ready consumption of cotton in our manu-
factures is the dirty state in which it is sent to market. I
The cultivator picks his cotton carelessly enough, but he sells
it in a comparatively clean state to the Wakaria or middle
man, who wishing to increase the profits of his purchase does
so by increasing its weight, and meets a fall in price by a still
farther adulteration with inferior cotton, cotton in seed, seed,
fine sand, &c.
In considering the statistics of the cotton trade, Dr. Boyle
first referred to the great fall which had taken place in nes.
Thus the avenge prices for uplands American cotton for 14
year., from 1808 to 1821, was 151 d to 245., and for Indian or
Banda 13d. to 181 d., while fur the 14 years ending with
1811 the average prices of the former were bid. to 814., and
of the latter 34d. to 614. In 1845 the average price for the
American fell to about 4id. and even middling qualities
were sold its Liverpool for 31i., and fair Surats from 244. to
id. that /.1 for abut the same price which could be obtained
at Bombay.
With reference to the statement that a gradual dooronto
had taken place in the imports of Indian cotton, the anther
olosorad that this did not appear, if we took an average of
ivory five years, in order to get rid of the irregularities of
occasional and to obeerve only the influence of permanent
clauses. Thus the average imports of the five years previous
to 1825 were 39,597 bales; but in 1844 not less than 233,438
bales, though the average sunk to 185,119 in 1846, but will
doubt rise again during 1847.
But, in observing the imports of individual years, great
discrepancies were observed and clearly shown in the diagrams
which were exhibited; and in which, after the fashion of
meteorological tables, the average prices of both Indian and
of American cottons were given from tho year 1806 to 1846,
together with the imports of both for the tame years. la
these curves, distinguished by different colours, it was seen,
that as the quantities of the American imports had increased
to
the prices had decreased, with the exception of 1825, when
*la was a rapid increase, followed by as sudden a fall; and
=from 1833 to 1836. The imports of Indian cotton were
to have followed a different course. Thus, the high prime
of 1808 and 9 were [Ahmed by an arrival in 1810 of nearly
80,000 bales, having been only about 15,000 in 1808. So in
1818, about 250,000 bales were imported in consequence of
the high prices from 1814 to 1817, though the imports had
only been about 3,500 bales in 1816. Again, the high prices
of 1836 were accompanied with an import of nearly 220,000
bales, and the low prices of 1838 sunk the import to 102,000
bales. The only exceptions observable are during the
Chinese war, when a large import of Indian cotton took
place, as much as 274,000 hales, is 1841, but in that year the
exports of cotton nom Bombay to China were diafinished to
the extent of about 30 millions of pounds. '
It thus appears that the irrenitiarity of the trade is muck ,
more conspicuous than either increase or decrees., end theft
casual supplies in increased qualities are only .obtainable,
because immense quantities el cotton are always required far
the consumption of the natives themselves, and some
for export to China. If it were not for the great internal
consumption, no increased supply would ever be obtained
when sudden demands are made inconsequence of the sudden
rise in price of American cotton. It is this irregularity of
derided, accompanied with great uncertainty of price which
chiefly limits cultivation as well as more careful picking and
cleaning on the part of the Ryot, who, though requiring to
grow a certain quantity of cotton for his regular rotation of
crops, is often unwilling to do so from the uncertainty of a
purchaser ; while he can readily sell any quantity of grain
which he may grow. The littlecottan he does grow is generally
sold by advances to the village banker or Wakaria. For these
advances he pays from 24 to 30 per cent. of interest.
The English merchant at Bombay is unable to make any
arrangement with the cultivator, for he depends upon orders
and prices Irem this country ; and these, it is well known,
depend upon the American crops, the state of exchange, &c.
So that wenn an order does come, he buys what is in the
market, say of Bombay, without the cultivator being at all
benefited. Dr. Boyle concluded his observations by stating
, that, as the cultivation in the west and in central India was
I skillfully conducted by the natives, the cotton of good
quality, and the price moderate, it required only the invest-
ment of capital by those interested in the improvement and
extension of the cotton culture of India ; so that the cot-
ton, as grown, might at once be bought and cleaned by Mr.
Mercer's improved saw-gin. Great improvement would thus
certainly take place, and the Ryot be encouraged to increase
his cultivation, which he is everywhere ready to do, if a pur-
chaser can be found for his produce at fair prices. By such
means, Dr. Boyle was of opinion, that cotton enough might be
obtained from India to keep in check the price of American
cotton.