The Express.
London, England, 1847-12-13 00:00:00

EMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA.

A meeting of members of both houses of parliament,
gentlemen from New South Wales, and gentlemen connected
with the north of Ireland and Scotland, was held at No. 8,
Waterloo-place, on Saturday, to devise the moat efficient
means of supplying the wants of the Australian colonies, so
far as regards labour, by encouraging in every possible
manner the emigration of small farmers and labourers from
the north of Ireland and Scotland—classes amonz whom
great destitution prevails at present. The Hon. F. Scott,
M.P., parliamentary agent for New South Wales, was Is
the chair. Amoag the nobleman and gentlemen present
were : Lord Farnham ; Colonel Matheson, M.P. ; Sir Edw.
MHagkunt, Hart., 11. P. ; Sir Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor.
General of Austraa ; Hon. James Hewitt, M.P. ; Richard
8. Bourke, Esq., M.P. ; John Boyd, Esq., M.P. ; Sir Wm.
Verner, Bort, M.P. ' • Sir Robert Ferguson, Bert., M.P. ;
Mark Boyd, Esq. ; Hammel de Cuero, Esq. ; John Con-
nell, Esq. ; Capt. Hamilton, R.N. ; Samuel Browning,
Esq.; Adam Duff Esq.; D. Q Henriques, Esq. ; J. Monte- '
Sore, Ea/. ; Charles Balfour, Esq. ; Montgomery Martin,
Esq. ; John Evans, Esq., Sec. ric.
The CHAIRMAN, after minouncing the object of the sleet-
ing, adverted to the great importance in the present state of
our exports and imports to encourage the growth of markets
for tie latter by colonisation,. He next posited out the Ml-
vestamsoffered by emigration to the colonise,. as a means of
distributing more equally over the imperial territory the
population concentrated to overcrowding within these
islands. He showed how the inadequate staff of the oolo-
nisl-office, by not attending to this distribution, allowed the
colonies newest at hand to be rennharged with imetigrants.
while the mere remote were suffering for want of settfielent
lands. We lad too large en empire, and too man a staff
to manage it. During the last twenty years, out of one mil-
lion and a half of emigrants, nine-tenths, or ninety-five per
mut., had fountleheir way into Norsk and South America—
not one-tenth had gone to other colonies, and net one tenth
to the Australian avionics. What was the consequence ?
Canada was getting too crowded, chips of emigrants had
been sent back from St. John's, previsions having been
provided fur them, end Canada would beeome ere long like
Ireland. During the last few months, whilst 3,000 or 4,090
I had gone to America, not more than a few hundreds had
' gone to Australia. He blamed the Cohnial-office for not
grappling with great principies—(hear, Lear)—for acting
upon old principles whilst rearms of the potpie were famish-
ing, and whilst there was plenty of labour and food for them
elsewhere. He understood that the colony had paid off the
government debt, and that nearly a hundred thousand
pounds was applicable, arising from the land already let, for
the promotion of emigration. He understood that 5,000
emigrate were about to leave the country neat year ; but
the number might be doubled if the government adopted a
proper coarse. He considered that a person who had a little
money, end who wished to emigrate, should be afforded the
means of doing so, the money being divided between him-
self, his parish, and the colony. He called upon them not to
separate without coming to a resolution to promote the ob-
ject of the meeting in every way in their power. (Hear.)
Mr. ARCHIBALD BOYD (en extensive stockholder in
New South Wales, and deputed by numerous country
meetings to urge the claims of the colony. in the mother
country, and also from his extensive connexions with Scot-
land intimately acquainted with the circumstances of its
agricultural districts) next rose to move the first resolution.
I It was as fellows:
That the colony of Australia, from the salubrity of its climate, the
I demand for labour that now exists, and is likely to increase, the
dance of Food for the rapport of the labourer, and its other advas.
tam boob social and phydeal,offerwin the °pinioned this meeting, an
admirable outlet for emigration.
I Mr. Boyd said he had considerable experience in the colony,
land perhaps was as intimately acquainted with its resources
ea any man. He employed 70 shepherds, and they generally
received 251. a year—some as much as 301., besides house,
garden, 10Ibe. of fresh meat per week, 101 M. of dour, 21be.
sugar, and lib. of tea; and where their wives and children
could work they received half my and half rations. So little
was the demand for sheep, and so difficult was it to get per-
sons to tend them, that vast numbers of them were melted
into tallow. They had even been compelled to get natives
from the Hebrides, and upwards of 1,000 Polynesian merges
per month to tend their flocks ; they were compelled to
employ heathens and savages, whilst their Christian
brethren here were dying of iteger. The land was
sufficient to afford stock for 3,000,000 sheep and
2,000,000 of cattle. Why they could feed half the population
of Ireland and Scotland. The hon. gentleman entered into
interesting details with respect to the resource+ of the coun-
try. Flour was 71. or 81. per ton. The Colonisation Company
were now sending out three ships per month, and the cost of
a nt was 11. ; but he need not tell them that the
104796008a1 alluded to was but as u drop of water in the huck,t
—not sufficient for the wants of the colony, and not sufficient
for their exigencies. He contended that the members of the
northeast of Ireland had strong claims upon the govern-
ment to aid in a vastly increased scheme of emigration. The
colony now took only from 51. tell. per head of British mann-
(octaves, showing how much greater that demand would be
if it was more thickly populated ; it was calculated that the
entire cost of each emigrant's transit was 151., which was
covered in three years. Whatever the government advanced
the colony would advance another half. 50,0001. was last
year rafted to relieve distress in Scotland, and as it had not
yet been expended, he would suggest that it should be de-
voted to emigration from Scotland, as no doubt the colony
would subscribe the other half. (Near.)
Capt. HAMILTON, R.N., who bad also resided acme time
in the colony as a stockholder, corroborated the statements
of Mr. Boyd, and seconded the motion, which was also
supported by Mr. Montgomery Martin.
Mr. J. MONTETIORE said several of his miners had con-
sented to go out to the colony, but he had been told they
could not go by the commissioner, as " miners "were not ret
down in their instructions. He trusted the chairman would
do his beet to have this defect remedied.
Lord Fanetnest moved the second resolution, which was
couched in them words :
That this meeting will do its utmcet to urge upon her ifeleety's
government the propriety of giving pecuniary easiMance in aid of en
ender: tics to the colony, on a large wale, being deeply improved
with the conviation that the relief that would be thus afforded to the
distress In Ireland and Scotland, white it wou:d enure a comfortable
provision for the emigrant. tbernselven,could sot fall to the founda-
tion et wealth and prosperity in an important part of her Majesty's
domitiions, the benefit of which the mother country would ultimately
resfhe motion was seconded by Dr. BOYD, M.P. for Cole-
raine.
The third and last resolution was moved by Sir E.
IH'NACIHTIN, Bart , M.P. for Antrim, and seconded by It.
S. Bonaire, Esq.' M.P. for Kildare. It was as follows:
That this meeting feel confident that the colony itself will literally
contribute to any measure pecunntry ail which tho government
of this counay may sanction.

SANITARY REFORM.
A public meeting in furtherance of the GUM of
unitary reform, convened by the Health of Towns Associa-
tion, was held on Saturday, at the Honorer square Rooms.
The Marquis of Norrnanby, the president of the association,
was in the chair. The meeting was well attended, and was
somewhat remarkable for the number of ladies present. On
the platform, besides the noble chairman, were Earl For-
tucue ; Lord Ashley, M.P. ; Viscount Ebrington, M.P. ;
Viscount logestre, M.P. ; the 'Right Hon. E. Ellice, Id P. ;
the Earl of Mulgrave ; the Hon. E. P. Bouverie, M.P.; Mr.
Cardwell, M.P. ; Mr. Mackinnon, M.P. ; Mr. Ewart, ;
Mr. R. Palmer, M.P. ; Mr. J. Parker, M.P. ; Mr. Tufnell,
; Sir T. Birch, M.P. ; Mr. Suffield, M.P. ; Dr.
Bowring, M.P. ,• Mr. Baines, hf.P..;_ the Hon. F. Byag ;
M.P. ; Mr. W. Gibson Craig, M.P. ;
Mr. Adair, M.P. ; Mr. Blaney, M.P. ; General. Turner,
M.P.; Mr. Heywood,
Mr. C. P. Orenfell, M.P. ; C. W. Greufell, Esq. ; Bir Isaac
amid, Esq.; the Rev. Dr. Warren ; ev M r. Lgnrin;
Lyon Goldsmid, Bart. ; Dr. Guy ; Dr. Aldui ; F. L. Gold.
Mr. Alderman Salomon' ; Dr. S the R.
outhwood Smitusih; Dr.
Watson, of Liverpool; Mr. R. D. Granger, F.R.S.; the Res.
J. Clay • Mr. Aulabrook ; Mr. Lindley ; Mr. C. Coc'exege,
and numerous other members of the Health of Terme ulna
other amociatioes for the promotion of sanitary lam ,yeweleg.
Previous to opening the business of the raer.,l.• w. the
secretary, by direction of the noble chairman, y eat &• fa•
lowing list of noblemen and gentlemen, from *whom lettere
had been received expressive of their entire syr era, in the
object' of the meeting, and their regret at not being elite to
attend Lord John Russell, M.P. the Doh
.e of Became&
Lord Shelburne, the Bishop of Norwich. Lord hforeeth`
M.P., Sir B. Hall, Sir W. Clay, ' p
Ward, M.P., Mr. J. Walter, M.P., -Ws .c."Leehiegtee:
M.P., Mr. Bright, M.P., M. Grei, Mr. Greene,
M.P., Mr. G. Thompson:M.P., the ra. Co M.P
Mr. Brown, M.P., Mr. Marshall, 'A.P.. Mr.traeirie"
M.P., Mr. Broadley, M.P., Mr. Beerestee'p nd
several other gentlemen connected with the eteepeils and
senThtinge Cmltyaidflitaltowyothuernnorouticcsau'i.
the various provincial towns.
t masaiyd—beGennec.rytlemen, inthpurel
should explain, in the first hie eine, hew it i, tint amattendance here to-day. Lf•in
sviug 'been summoned to this
Lint= et the commennomw at of a new parliament, which
Y requires the PM' *anal attendance of each of its
it gave me great plueur e, before returning to the sphere of
members previous to mete ring upon its legislative functions,
my habitual duties, to be enabled, in compliance with
the wishes of the committee of the Health of Towns
• Association,of wht
.ch I have the honour to be the president,
and other thetlur,uished friends of the mum of annimri

brawl of the legislature of whputich
form, to oonaent to take the chair at this meetTheig (
nlelmecat,mbamt'atbellssesil
has so often been my lot to address and ogee
to meetings of venous descriptions, as weer
prominent iii-,2ortance of the eline which I am here'C'
sent to your attention, that under fddiharY circus Prs's
might ha,. rested satisfied with merely iZtridueieg the m)
jest to your notice, and then leaving the cue en its
merits in your hands. But at this moment I feel that there
are peculiar circumstances prevailing. The not unit mil
alarm which certain indications connected with the :thighT
health have occasioned, cannot he altogether unrolegha ;lit
something like self-reproach for
time I think the present state of feeling does in the war
afford hopes of a more substantial character for the
than we have hitherto been enabled to indulge in. Witte
the last few days a report has been presented to the ',—
ties and the public from a commission which was appomsm—
since I last addressed the committee of the Health of Tose
Association last summer, containing recommendatiore Oa
precise and practical character, and it is my duty te add tat
promptly and vigorously has the executive repented to
t,
appeal made to them in that report. To many whom I bah
now the honour to address the report may not be -
der
In its details es it is to me, but all who may have semi it
lam sure, be eonvineed that on the long-vexed quer:Leal
the sewerage of this metropolis, a mass of valitea • -
Lion of a practical and scientific nature has bees
whicjt must have a great and immediate beneficialetet
the heaith of the people. Connected with this, ham";
es
there is another and painful consideradon. At this et;
we are threatened with certainly more than a ponibls
tion of that disease which is the great pestilential
eii
this age, and should it unfortunately come upon mr2ighe
' us as unprepared to meet it as we were fiPeen person,
when, for the feat time, Europe became affiieted wit► if
=cc. Experience on this subject has been in tea ;
'on has been collected but to be thrown aside, the
meet' easy and obvious precautions—precautions us* k
ibmodus would act as improvements to the iteneemt
end &eon as a preventative should the dreaded diseasesTA
ewer amongst as, have been entirely neglected. It ht
bus stated (ou the authority of reports framed upon them
prince of the previous visitation, and which caw Imeed
the reach of controversy), that wheresoever endemie drenie
pigeons, the predisposition to this visitation is mom Is is
dreaded. Fifteen years have elapsed since that time, mg
yet nothing has been done. (Hoar, hear.) It is now Una
' more than half the intermediate time between the he vises.
lion of the cholera and the present time, when the repoet
a committee of the House of Commons, presided owe by ai
hon. friend of mine, who has always been a consistent car
zealous advocate for sanitary reform, first drew my stondiee
to the subject, and in that report, amongst many other rem.
sons for directing the attention of parliamenteni the gams,
went to the important subject of the public =
cholera, which up to that time bud been only en
epidemic, was pressed upon the notice of the pubis, I
ca
that time held an official position, which made it switry
for roe to call the attention of the governm. et esdtheargis.
lature to the subject ; end I remember that I used agiesey
argument amongst others wt.en addressing a politUse caw
bly which had no very grail sympathy with outgoes...at
i During the last days of Lord Melbourne's admioistietim I
was enabled twice to peas a modified measure of sanitary re.
form, which, however defective in some of its details, was,
re all events, seicelated to &freed some remedy to the esistmg
Mi. I met, In regard to that measure, in the Home
of Lords, the utmost sympathy and assistesee
frost my political opponents, and from none mere
thee from the Illustrious dudes who at that tam
headed the largest political party in the country. I mention
this or show that in referring to the delay in legislating epos
thetr:deirenffteuretqcunoeltitresu.",;nsleainichmdpuealadteoingpblo:wmgithet:thatne:shuoibagehec.,tir,lhauzi
apthiwunserueiedatrso
opinion, was most likely to lead to a INtiefietory conclusion.
But at the lime I speak. of I certainly did object to the ap-
pointment of a commons, by which all practical measures
must be delisyed for three years. And while I cannot over-
estimate the practical result of that commission as regards
the valuable reformation it be. produced, I still am of opiates
that it would hive been better that that commiasien should
have proceeded with its inquiries as an adjunct, as it were,
to immediate legislation ; end that it was a great misfortune
that by its appointment practical measures should have been
delayed. This being the history of the delay which has
occurred in carrylier out sanitary reform, we ark the ques-
tion, how comet it that upon a subjitt that comes home to
every man's bosom—to his hearth, and to his fareily—popu-
lar agitation has never been excited ? To me this ha matter
of astonishment. (Hear.) Popular agitation has of late
years pursued many useful objects. It has opposed itself to,
and succeeded in shaking, many strong prejudices; it has
conflicted with many long-established interests. Sometimes
it has monopolized the boards of deserted theatres; then it
has thronged places of amusement like that in which we are
now assembled; but strange to say never did popolar agita-
tion daring those years mingle its cry with the feeble groan
which issues from the fever ward of the crowded hospital.
The Health of Towns Association, however, composed as it
was of persons of all political parties, and entirely uncon-
nected with all such distinctions, still went on pursuing its
career despite indifference or contempt. I remember we
were told—l do not now recollect by whom,—on the esta-
blishment of our association, that the people asked us for
breed and we gave them a stone. This was not then, nor
was it now, Oust taunt or an accurate figure of speech, for
what we seek is to save a struggling population from being
entirely crushed under that enormous accumulation of stone
and brads which has grown up over the length and breadth
of this land. (Hear, hear.) Such is our object, and our
hope is to secure to the people that they should not at all
Sweats gaffer entire deprivation of that first universal bless-
isw of a bountiful Providence, the pure air of heaven.
(Cheers.) We know when messes of men are congregated
together for the purposes of labour some sacrifices must be
made in this respect ; but what we ask is that the same care
should be extended to the living as is applied to the 'Rani-
mate agents employed in the productions of the country,
and that man, who becomes a part of the great productive
machine, should not be neglected, while every single belie-
mate piece of that machine is cared for. (Hear, hear.) I
am happy to find that this question has made great progress
of late. During the last few days, since it was announced
that I should probably be enabled to take the chair at this
meeting, I have received not only letters from various quar-
ters, but numerate publications from local bodies, contain-
ing the remits of inquiries instituted by them, which
prove to me the increased interest the subject
excites in the public mind. I purpose to select
one or two circumstances from the mare of information
which I have received, to submit to this meeting. I have
received, amongst others, within the lest two days, a report
published under the authority of the town council of the
borough of Sheffield, a report which in many respects is
most valuable ; and putting aside sentiment and sympathy,
it will be consolatory to those who have long laboured in this
cause, to see how men of business now begin to regard it in
• pecuniary point of view. In the lest sheet of this report
it is estimated that the annual loss by preventable disease
(that is, by sickness and dead. arising from causes which,
under efficient sanitary regulations, might be prevented) in
skilled and unskilled labour, is, in the West Riding of York.
shire, not less than one million and a half sterling. This
loss, be it remembered, is ins population of about 1,100,000.
In point of fact, therefore, you may take it es • dead loss of
about 275. a year on each person. Iwith to refer to a point
connected with a question to which I have often drawn at-
tendon, but which I do not intend to enter upon now, I
mean the abuse of burial grounds. Upon this subject I yes-
terday received a letter from the Rev. Mr. Clay, of Preston,
an old and able friend of sanitary reform, expressing his
great regret at being unable to attend here to-day., and ia-
trusting me with some important factswhich he deans to be
conveyed to the meeting. It appears that during my ab-
sence from England last session, a bill was passed
for the purpose of diminishing the great evil aris-
ing from the insurance of infantine lives, end
in that bill it wee provided that insurances
should not in future be effected on lives under six years old.
Mr. Clay, in his letter, tails ms that, whether it be that thin
act is understood to apply only to future societies and future
lives, or some other cause, it is in Lancashire all bat inope-
rative. You are aware of the frightful examples we ham
had of the evils of this custom. Lest year I think it was—at
the York assizes a father was tried (or the murder of his
child ; and on the trial it wee proved that the murder was
committed for the sake of SOs. he was to obtain bona •
burial society on the child's death, and one witness mom
that the father had said in his hearing that he had soother
child whose death would bring him 50e.; and twoothers
who, when they died, would bring him 61. a piece. eat the
last assizes for the same county, a woman was tried for the
murder of her two children, and an cause could be wiped
for the commission of the crime but the desire to appropriate
the money mining from a bariat society at their deaths.
Again, in Werriegton, since the hot arises, • weeper% in.
quest has retursed • verdict et wilful murder against a we'
man for the murder of her husband, it being moved that she
had received 201. from burial societies since -his death. Is
the town of Preston, which has a population of about
80,000, bar. Clay says the insurances is these burial
societies. amount to 49,000; and he mentions two important
facts as to that town, viz., that while the deaths
sp.kamongstro.t yoTrencLechildrecties,
fora am
hoauynet
notot
01.50
letter
wetithllti4
only thirteen per ems'. havethe benefitof medical attendance.
Testy the least of lb these facts exhibit gross neglect and ill.
alitentien. In conclusion I would wish to remind yen that
during the discussion of this subjeat certain truisms have
bean established—truisms which have been often repeste

sad never contradicted, and width every sanitaxy raw.—
should bear in mind whenever he is questioned as to the
inanity for legislative manure& The int it that in WW2
population', as compared with country populations, taking
the most frorourably situated towns as well as those which
are the least favourable, and including all rants and damn
Inudding within them, the deaths average 1 in 36, while in
lin country districts they are 1 in 55—the avenge of Eng-
! had, = the two together, being I in 46. Another
point, heribeen often repeated and never ontredicted
la the Manna in the value of life as between the town and
=darrhotis : as, for instance, the value of life in
is worth joA twice as much as the value of kit'
I ha der. (Hear, hear.) It is also a fact, Tell
karma at the Horse Guards, that the regiments raised
het the egricultural districts last twice as long
es isms Weed from the large towns, and that there are twin
the nensher of recruits rejected as being unfit for service
Ibis rs seeaufacturing towns as compared with those who
UM ilia Ow purer air of the country. (User, h°"3
Then nes important facts to be borne in mind. Acal..l
had la the perish of St. Saviour, Southwark, witioti
romp ft. ma unhealthy in the metropolis, that On Pro-
peetleente vehie of l ire in the several classes is 47 tn the
=, whose habitations are more roomy, les. crowded,
drained and ventilated than thoee of their peen!
selpbbears, 25 in the tradesmen, 22 in the artisan, and in
the unto lower classes, those who are driven to seek refill,
in the close crowd'', undrained, pent-up hovels tm
courts and alley", it II only 15—(hear, hear)--en enoous
dispropution, and which, from tht tuts Odom oil Dare

seem reason to believe might be prevented. There are
awl topics connected with the subject which, were it not
that! keen there are several gentlemen in the room who
will have to speak upon the resolutions which will be sub-
woad to you, I might be tempted to refer to. I could say
"whin reference to the water monopoly, and upon the tie.
essisty of considering water when we are providing for the
hoalth of the community as great a nee.e teary of life as bread.
jaws.) I might refer to the report I have received from
irjoffield to show the great improvement and economy that
ham been etfeeted them since the time—only a few years
whes water was obliged to be brought by hand to every
hotly ; but even now there is, as I understaud, a proposal
by which the difference in the met of supplying each 1,000
of water, as compared with the charge now made by
water company of Sheffield, will be as Id. to 6d. (-Hear,
besa,) I Bel very great difficulty in dealing with any point
which involve, consideration's of revenue ; but 1 may never-
theless be permitted to express a hop that some such
arrangement may be made with reference to the window-tax
—(lond and repeated cheers)—as shall secure to the very
lowmt classes, in their hours of misery and sadness, and In
the poverty of their dwellings, the solaee of a glimmering of
pods light. (Cheers.) Thoe who have seen the total ab-
leate, as I have, of due o'ol Won for light and air in the
dwellings of the pow of this metropolis, know the difference
of countenance exhibited by those who are huddled together
batik, close, dirty rooms as comper d with those who can
obtain the light of the sun and the free air of heaven.
(gear, hear.) I trust that that public attention which has
latterly marked the progress of this question will be ex.',
tended by meetings such as this to all parts of the country,
sad that you will be able to give that moral support to—l
sat rare I am justified in sayi.ig—a willing government in
bringing for earl and carrying through strong and compre-
beanie measures of legislahou, which shall at last overbear
that opposition which, in its nature and amount, is truly
contemptible. If you do that you will have the satisfaction
of looking forward to as improv,d state of things ; and
viewing this question patriotically and c nnprehensively, you
will add to that which is the best foundation of our national
strength, the vigour of a thriving population—(hear, hear)
—and restore to the working classes at least a prospect of
what used to be the boast of this ouuatry, the modest com-
forts of an English home ; and so far as depends on the re-
pnf the counteractiou of all these noxious istluences,
will secure to the rich and txte:al to the poor that first
of worldly blessings, the healthy condition of mind and body,
lbw MOM Jana in cutpore sa..o, without which no luxury
eta be enjoyed, and with which there is hardly any pries-
tics which may not be es dared. Toe noble marquis apo-
logised for having so far occupied the attention of the
iliselsog. and resumed his seat amid the cheers of all

preeen Lord i.
ASKIAIT, who was received with loud and general
clearing, moved the second resolution :
That the vast amount of disease always prevailing, greatly, aug-
mented during the pan soot pre ant years, and likely to be Mail fur-
tMe increased by the visitatl.l of the cholera—and proved by seiner
ire government commissions, as well es by recent local investigs.
tins, to exist in every part of the empire, m connexion with cameo
admitting of removal—renders it imperative that sanitary legislation
Mould br immediate, and as univeraal as the evils it seeks to remedy..
Dr. GUY said he should not lave come forward in so
early a stage of the proceedings as the seconder of the first
resolution, but that -being a medical man, he could enforce
that resolution with some facts end figures of considerable
importance. Ile believed that in the present age no case
meld lye argued effectually without the use of figures, and,
therefore, he would lay before them a few facts and figures
illustrative of the state of the public health, merely pre-
mising that be based his calculations on an average the most'
moderate risible. He would take an average of human
life below that of the registrar-general. and he would tall
them the result of his observations. The system of regis-
tration had been in force about nine years, and in the
healthiest year the number of deals in England and Wales
above what he considered a lair and moderate standard,
say two in a hundred of the population, was 23,000. Peg
the return of the United Kingdom, allowing the epee MP.
the number of deaths above a natural standard, wield be
43,000. (Hear, hear.) 'Take again an average of *ems
years, 1841 being the middle year, and testing the ma=
by the same moderate standard, an lens of 30,000
be friend. for England and Wales, and 51,000 for the United
Kingdom. Now, it had been estimated tnat for every on.
necessary death there were 28 casts of unnecessary sick-
ness. Exception might be taken to that estimate as exagge-
rated, but take 20 ca-es of =memory sickness for each un-
necessary death, and that would give in the healthiest
year an amount of no less than half a million,
and on an average of seven year., an amount considerably
exceeding one million cases of unnecessary sickness annually.
(Hear, hear.) In the case of the metropolis, the annual
waste of human life was 10,000: and the eases of unnecessary
sickness 2.50.000. In his opinion these facts fully justified
the first clause of the resolution. (Hear, hear.) With
respect to the second, insisting on the imperative necessity
of sanitary legislation, he would merely take the figures of
the registrar-general. It appeared that, taking 116 districts
of England and Wales. there occurred in the year ending
September, 1843, 161,000 deaths ; in 1844, 167,000; in 1845,
171,000 ; in 1846, 178,000 ; and in 1847, 210,000 ; being a
difference between 1843 and 1847 of no lees than 50,000
deaths. (Hear, hear.) They were beginning to hope that
this fearful mortality woe abating, the number of deaths
for the last quarter being somewhat less than that of the
corresponding quarter in 1846, but scarcely had they cons.
menced their congratulations when the influenza made its
appearance, and in the week before last took away. 700 per.
eons above the average. (Hear) Last week it had increased
to 1,400, being no lees than double the usual mortality.
He would merely add one fact from the recent report of the
sanitary commission, which ought to be in everybody's
hands. From 1845, through 1846, down to the present year,
what he would call our pet pestilence—typhus, had been
hameasiog year by year, week by week. day by day. This,
if figutes would prove anything, was final as to the justice
of the c ncluding portion of the resolution. One more re-
mark upon the subject of cholera. He was extremely
anxious not to create any unnecessary alarm on the subject,
but it was right to state that some clues had been actually
reported in the metropolis. (Hear, hear.) He was willing
to put the most favourable construction on this report, to
assume the possibility that the physicians might be sandshoe, ,
but what then ? The whole past history of the present
epidemic led to the conclusion that it was the precursor of
cholera. How were we prepared to meet it ? In fact, we
were wholly unprepared to meet this frightful enemy.
(Hear, hear.) The report of the commission to which he
had alluded pointed, however, to one consolatory fact,
namely, that the disease was not contagious, so that no one
need fear to attend hie friend or relation. (Hear, bear.) But
it also proved that the cholera track was the fever track
and the filth track ; that it was to be found in the same
spots, clinging to the same houses, and carrying off the same
elms of persons. (Hear.) This was amply borne out by evi-
dence from all parts of the country. In corroboration of this
he would state, that at the preliminary meeting held on the
previous day there were present two gentlemen, one from
Sheffield, and the other from Nottingham, who stated, in
almost the same words, that in both towns cholera haunted
the spots previously tainted by fever. (Neer, hear.) He
must also add, that during the part week the spots in the
metropolis which were notoriously unhealthy, had exhibited
the greatest mortality. Thus, the west London district ex-
hibited a mortality of 19 out of 40,000, while In the seat
there died 76 out of the same number. Hackney, a com-
paratively healthy district, lost 37, while St. George's-in-
the-East lost 82. He would merely, in conclusion, make one
observation with regard to fever. He had said that it was
our pet pestilence, and certainly if we loved it, we could not
have taken more pains to keep it among as, to nourish and
to extend it, than we had done. (Hear, hear.) We had
been told that wherever there was filth, there would be
found fever, and yet we had taken no more pains to remove
the filth, than if it were an actual blessing. (Hem, hear.)
Three quarters of a century since the prisons of this country
were visited by the benevolent Howard, and he protested
against their then condition in the same terms that they
(the Health ofTowne Association) now used in describing the
condition of the houses of England. He pointed out the in-
justice of adding to the necessary punishment of crime
the physical punishment of disease. The condition of the
primes was reformed, and what was then done for felons,
was new, three quarters of a century later, obliged to be
asked for for the free labourers of this country. Was not
this a mockery ? (Loud cries of " Hear, hear.) He said it
was a shams to the legislature that what three quarters of a
Century since was done for the prisoner was now withheld
from the industrious labourer and artisan. (Hear, hear.)
Was it not saying to the labouring man, " the only way In
which you can get air and light and clean water, is to com-
mit • crime and thus get into prison." (Hear, hear.) But
better times he trusted were approaching. Benevolent men
were applying sound commercial principles to the question,
and would assuredly find that the more healthy the commu-
nity the more economical would be its support. (Hear,
hear.) He had one thing more to say; every one who had
attacked an existing abuse with vigour, had been charged
with exagaeration. They had been charged with we
lion, but he was not greatly offended at the chargetiM
was not a matter so much for the intellect as for the
and where the feelings were concerned,
was at all times a more excusable error M.
difference. (Hear, hear.) But people were elline.l
how )beginning to believe them ; to believe dig
they were placed in bad circumstances for the security
of their own lives. Let any man read the popular literature
of the day, and they would me the authors bunting even
Into poetry on this all-absorbing topic. It was to be found
in the fashionable novels of Disraeli and in the everywhere
popular works of Charles Dickens, and, what was better still,
some were misting the cause not only with their pens but
their purses. Some writers might in their descriptions
evince the indifference of the artist. Not so Charles Dickens,
whe, not satisfied with writing on these matters, had helped
the cause by contributing out of the hard.won earnings of lin
ten the liberal sum of 101. to the association. (Loud cheers.)
Hating apologised for the length at which he had occupied
the attention of the sieetimg, Dr. Guy concluded by second-
ing the resolatiem, witch woe put and carried unanimously.
The Hon. 2. P. Magmedre, M.P., moved,
Ma Me Eralig ripe& loth lively satisfaction the earnest re-
se msmanion MINN in glr from the throne—the ex-
trema adonalisden et Mr advisers to renew the efforts
made by lorilthida lag ta forma WWWWI ot par-
lament, eat the puling isp Nam by the UP Chaneellor in re-
modelling the Nearopthis @armee Onnendeinnh
Mr. CARDWELL, seeded the resolution, and ob-
served, that by giving to the spoor In large town' the means
of practising cleanliness—which they could not in their pre-
*tint small and over-aowded dwellings—they would extend
to them the means of cultivating domestic attachments,
virtue, and religion.
The resolution was unanimously agreed to.
I •Mr. SRAM) ADAIR, next moved,
That all pan expertanoe, and the nature of the cue, enforce the ne.
comity of combining In any sanitary measure an efficient local ad-
ministration responsible to the rate-payers, with the superintendanos ,
If a government department dilly represented In parliament.
Mr. nuywoon, M.P., seconded the resolution, which wi:i
about being put from the chair, when the proceedings Imre
interrupted by crimef " Cochrane," proceeding NOR .!..oite
person at the lower cud of the room.

The Marquis of NORMS/MT said he could WITS the
meeting that he was not at all unwilling to hear Mr. Coch-
rane, but, ifrermitted, he would state how matters actually
stood. (Cistern uproar and one or two cries for Cochrane.)
If gentlemen persistedi
n interrupting the business, other
meeernis most ohm's be taken. (This hint had a coast-
, astable effect in restoring tranquillity ) He wished to ex-
plain that certain arrangenstnta had been made bf. the com-
e. of the Health of Towns Association ; certain mole-
dons had been entrusted to certain persons, and he had no-
thing to do hut to carry out those arrangements. If the
gentleman would wait until the resolutions had been dia-
-1 posed of, he (the Marquis of Normanby) would wait to
hear him. (Loud chin.}—The resolution was then put and
armed to.
Lord ESSINGTON, M.P.,
That, ailhosidr greet meth= croi...e.t made by sanitary moth,
down
NZ the is mere the petite mind to tome
a th, awl neeel—whieh ea Mo
m,
betropeeleny the posewel. mach lowa= ersdastilarmids.
I AM that tile maim while it piglets Wit to ell the “Ilealth
d Tow= Amssietteo. Is the eftft vow asia ke their
valid sepeelelly ash wpwa the cher ere of the=
prelbedon exert their powerful Mien= IA birthstones of this
pesteSket.
Mr. Burwis. M.P., seconded the resolution, which was

carried unanimously.
Mr. BLANEY, M. P., moved:
That the thanks of this meeting be reapectintly tendered to the Most
blohla the Marque of Normanby, for his able and impartial conduct in
the chair, 111111 his valuable terviees to the causerie all ossitalone
Dr. SOUTHWOOD Suite, who was received with loud and
general cheering, came forward to second the resolution.
He said he had the greatest possible pleasure in seconding
this resolution, and in asking those present to give it their
cordial support. (Cheers.) From the first day of the ex-
istence of the Health of Towns Association down to the
present moment, through all its hopes and fears, in all its
efforts, whether suscessful or doomed to the dis-
couragement of temporary failure, their noble chairman
had been its constant and faithful supporter. (Laud cheers.)
Whether in office or out of office, whether in this country or
I abroad, he had always given it his counsel, and further, the
, authority naturally resulting from the sanction of • states.
man so distinguished for his benevolent sympathies. (Hear,
bear.) And what was still more, he had used all the influ-
epee of office to carry those sympathies into practical effect.
(Cheers.) He asked the meeting, therefore, to give cordial
expression to the gratitude which all must feel towards their
noble president. (Loud cheers, interrupted by persevering
cries foe " Cochrane," proceeding from some halt-dozen per
sons in different corners of the room.)
Mr. COCH RANI at length came forward, and was received
with loud cheers by his friends. He made • somewhat
rambling statement, the purport of which was, that he felt
hurt at having been overlooked in the arrangements for that
day's meeting.
The resolution was put and carried by acclamation ; after
which
The Marquis of NORMANDY returned thanks, at the same
time stating a fact which had come to his knowledge since
his entry into the room, and which be tkought was well
worthy of imitation. In the parish of St. Mary, White-
chapel, the trustees had by virtue of a late%ct appointed two
regularly qualified medical practitioners, under whose cer-
tificate any nuisance or accumulation of filth was immedi-
ately removed. (Hear, hear.)
The meeting then separated.

THE LATE MR. LIST:W.—From the poet-mortem
examination of the body of this celebrated surgeon, it ap-
pears that the cause of death was an aneurism of the aorta,
as large a. an orange, pressing on and running into the
trachea. The first alarming symptom occurred while Mr.
Liston was receiving patients ; and, when perfectly quiet,
he suddenly felt his mouth filled with fluid, and retinng into
hie dressing-room, he coughed up between thirty and forty
ounces of arterial blood. Drs. Watson sod Forbes attended
and examined the chest, but without detecting anything
morbid either in the lungs or circulation, and the deceased
was himself the first to suggest the formation clan aneurism;
but, in the absence of physical signs of such a lesion, a
favourable view was taken of the case. The remains of the
lamented gentleman will be interred this day, in the High-
gate Cemetery.
REPORT OF THE PAST HARVEST.—A report is pub-
lished in the Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette
of last Saturday from all parts of Great Britain, which pre-
sents as far as such returns—the first which have been
attempted—can exhibit, the useable produce of different
districts from the last harvest. The most important
point it elucidates, and tho one on which there is the
least liability to err, is the quality. In almost every case
the weight of grain per bushel is much greater this season
than it has been en the average of past years. To the unin-
structed it may appear to be merely a matter of 3 or 4 per
cent. importance, whether the bushel of wheat weighs
59 lbs. err 62 lbs. ; but this is because they do not know
the miller's report on the matter. An acre, producing
30 bushels of 59 lbs. wheat, yields less food than one pro-
ducing the same measure of wheat weighing 62 lbs. per
bushel, not merely by the difference of weight which the
respective bulks exhibit, but also by the quality of the article
with which the bushels are filled. Taking the two extreme
cases there given, we find that a bushel of wheat weighing
56 lbs. yields 461 lbs. of flour : while one weighing 62 lbs.
yields 531 lbs. The bran is not a proportionate loss ; it is
greater on the bushel of least weight.
FIRES.—IN HOLBORN.—A fire broke out at about
eleven o'clock on Saturday night on the premises of Mr. T.
Wells, carpenter and dealer in fixtures, 183, High Holborn.
The flames originated in the workshops at the rear of the
dwellieg-house, and in a few minutes penetrated the roof.
Numerous engines were shortly on the spot, but in spite of
an ample supply of water, it was not natal past one o'clock
that the fire was extinguished. Besides the damage Mr.
Wells' property has sustained several of the neighbouring
houses were much injured.—lts ST. °BORGES' IN THE
EAST.—This morning, shortly before one o'clock, a fire
broke out upon the premix' of Mr. Stebbier, linen-draper,
No. 3, Capel-street, St. George's, attended with the destine-
!ion of considerable property. A police-constable of the A
division hadhis attention drawn to some smoke issuing from
the fanlight over the door. He at once sprung his rattle to
'rouse the inmates, who had retired to rest ; but before they
' could be awakened the flames forced their way through the
upper part of the shutters. A large number of police were
speedily at the scene of the disaster, and two powerful en-
gines were quickly brought to the spot, and the firemen suc-
ceeded in confining the flames to the premises of Mr. Steb-
biog, although the adjoining house, in the occupation of Mr.
Thomas, a watchmaker, was much damaged by fire, water,
and hasty removals.

MR. COBDEN AT STOCKPORT.
A meeting was held on Friday night, at Stockport,
at which the electors of the borough were present, by invi-
tation, to receive their late representative, Mr. Cobden, now
member for the West Riding of Yorkshire, in order that the
honourable gentleman might take his leave of them, and ex •
plain the motives which had influenced him in resigning his
seat in favour of the West Riding. Mr. Alderman Boothroyd
presided.
Mr. COBDEN said—lt was my intention, so I expressed in
• letter to you, written at Dantzic, to have appeared before
you immediately on my return from the continent to thank
you for the honour you did me ; but on my return I found
myself unexpectedly returned for two constituencies. Now
I must contest that after I first found that I was
returned for the West Riding of Yorkshire, my own incli-
nation, indeed my own determination, was not to aempt that
honour ; but I found on my return home that the opinion of
my friends—the opinion of the electors of Stockport—(hear)
—public opinion in general, as far as could be ascertained,
had decided the question for me, and I found no alternative
but to elect to sit let the West Riding. Then, gentlemen,
finding that I had the painful choice to make between& sea
for the borough to which I was previously indebted for your
kindness and confidence, and another constituency, the hut !
est, most important, and moat wealthy, in
-the empire—having
that painful task thrust upon me, contrary to my own wiakes
and expectations, 1 then said the next best dint, to do is
this—to save that constituency which I cannot regemest
much as possible a protracted contest for my sncessetw.
was not out of any disrespect to you, gentlemen, nor to the
West Riding of Yorkshire, that I did not state for which sew
stitnency I would sit before the night before last in dee
House of Commons. I sedulously abstained, both in pablia
sad private, from stating to any one what my &Kiska
would be. In order to justify the step taken, and
he clear myself altogether from any charge of dia-
roopect because I have not qualified till the pre-
med moment, I will explain my views and send li
-
moats towards you. (Hear, hear.) Some people may
my the constituency of the borough of Stockport have'
pounds of censure, that I have run away from Stockport, in
order to make the stepping-stone of my ambition, and find a
krger and better constituency. Gentlemen, they chance me
*at know nothing at all of the advantages which • large coo-
t otttoency can give over a smaller one in the House of Com-
' nuns I say there is no advantage whatever to me in repea-
-1 ranting the West Riding of Yorkshire after representing
Stockport. Whatever I could do in parliament as the repre-
sentative of the West Riding, I believe I could do equally well
as the representative of Stockport. However, I am quite sure
of this, that I shall not find the constituency of the West
Riding of Yorkshire show more kindness or forbearance to-
wards me than I have found from the electors of this borough.
(Hear, hear.) When in the House of Commons, we are, I
may say, a perfect republic ; every man who enters the doors of
St. Stephen's is there on his own intrinsic merits, and what-
ever those merits may be, he will be judged of by them ; no
matter whether he sits for a county with 30,000 electors or
a small borough with merely 200 ; he will soon find his
level in the Horne of Commons. I-coneented to sit for the
West Riding, because when I returned home I found that I
had no alternative but to do so; and I tell you what I told
them in my address--had I been in England at the time they
proposed to put me in nomination, I should not have
oonsented to their doing so. (Hear, hear.) And now, gen-
tlemen, having made this explanation with regard to my own
personal feelings, I think you will not be satisfied unless I
address myself a little to other subjects of far more impor-
tance to the constituency. (Applause.) lam known only by
the electors of Stockport—l may say I was known at first,
and am known now mainly as the representative of a princi-
ple in parliament. (Hear.) It is to that principle I owe
whatever measure, of usefulness Inmy have been enabled to
effect, through your kindless and instrumentality in placing
me in the House of Commons. I speak of course of the
principle of free trade. Well, gentlemen, I will not disguise
the matter from you that we have,entered upon the "free-trade
experiment," as some people still call it under very trying
circumstances. It seems to me as if we had to go through a
sixths of martyrdom in order to test the faith of the men
wtio hive avowed themselves thorough-going
free-traders.
(Applause.) The question is,how many o us are prepared to
go through this ordeal, and still adhere to our principle, or
how many there are who will be found to have been merely
=timer birds--fair-weer
,item will not bear • gale or
morm—that ran to the Old pof monopoly whenerer