The Express.
London, England, 1848-01-06 00:00:00

ght opprog.

MAILS
mails for Vigo, Oporto, Li.bon, Madeira, Cadiz, and Mrs.ltal
will be made up on the morning of the 7th January.
The overlend closed mills, rim Marseille., to the Merlittrranden
Fgypt, Aden, Colon, India, liens Kong, he., will be maile up on Um
evening of the 7th January.
The mail, for linttnh North Animist, Berard., and the Unites
States, will be made up on the evening of the 14th January.
The West India Mail., excluding Bermuda, Nadeau, Ravenaa,
Honduras, New Orleans, Very Crux, Tampico, and Porto Rico, and
Including thaw for Madeira, Jacniel, Cwthagena. sante Martha,
Chafe., Pattern., West Cosa of South Amcor.. and 01. Joan-d•-
Nicaragua, will be mods up on the evening of the 17th January.
The overland uvula taw Malta, Oreece, the I.lcoi Wands
rgept, Aden, Ceylon. India,' lung-Kong, and China, via Southampton,
will be made up on the mornine of the 20th January.
The mails foe New South Wale', Van Diemen'. Land, and New
Zealand will be made up on the evening of the 314 January.
The mail, for the Rodeo, the River Plate, Monte View, Pernam•
bum, Bahia, Madeira. and !Plena, Ayres, will be made up on Us
ming onku 4th February.

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TO CORIIISPONDKOTI.
1.41•41 F.tpook. Lesion ...slut papor. mast
.I•••arls.osea.l., Toe lifelorl. Ole day of publisation.

DIEM WATER AT LONDON 1111 JON.
N.e—Eio•Ylf. ire Is After..o, it =IA P. 4 I.
TANIoaas•—IANoNNLO pea ADA•easA asi• peat I.

LONDON, THURSDAY, JAN. G.

THE revenue returns for the financial year and
quarter which terminated yesterday, though not
more unfavourable than was anticipated, afford matter
for grave reflection, and to public men a motive for
active and intelligent consideration.
The decrease on the year as compared with 1846
is 2,217,4341. ; the decrease on the corresponding
quarter, 1,133,3131. This is the result when China
money, imprest and other monies, and repayments of
advances, are taken into account. The decrease for
the year on the items of ordinary revenue is
1,261,2531.; for the quarter, 937,8741.
These figures show that, as near as may be, one
half of the falling off in the revenue of the whole
year has taken place during the last quarter. Of the
total decrease in the ordinary revenue of the year,
considerably more than one-half (790,50-1/.), has oc-
curred in the excise collections. And of the total
decrease shown by the excise returns, nearly
one-hal: (:361,272/.) is attributable to the last quarter.
These figures show that the privations which the
recent great derangemeets in trade could not fail to
occasion are now being felt to a greater extent than
they have formerly been. They tell a tale of severe
suffering among the lower classes, and the less
wealthy of the middle classes; for it must be remem-
bered that the slight increase in the income-tax re-
turns must have been obtained by inertias, d strin-
gency in levying that impost, which falls most se-
verely on the last mentioned portion of the com-
munity.
The falling off in the customs returns is less than
might have been expected on the whole year: only
283,367/. This is about one-sixtieth of the total re-
ceipts from customs in the year 18111, whereas the
decrease in the excise is little less than one-sixteenth
of the total receipts from that source in the same
year. In one respect there is a pretty exact parity in
the returns of the customs and excise. In both, the
returns for the two first quarters of the year 1847 are
in excess of the returns for the eerresp:tn•'.ing quar-
ters of 18-16 ; in both, the decrease in the third quarter
of 1847 as compared with the corresponding quarter of
the preceding year is greater than that in the last
quarter. The variation in the returns of 1816 from
those of 1813 was scarcely perceptible. This indicates
that, as was to be expected, the full permute of our
embarrassments has only come to be felt considerably
later than their existence was known or apprehended ;
and (what is more consoling) that the slight revival
of the last quarter gives room to hope that the worst
hour has passed.
The inconsiderable decrease in the customs for the
year—it might almost be called an intr. atm when we
reflect that last year the duties on grain
yielded upwards of 600,0001, and that this
year it has been imported fre:, cf duty—
and the diminished decrease in the last fouler, would
seem further to indicate that panic had no inconsi-
derable share in creating these suspensions of em-
ployment shown by the large decrease in the excise
receipts, the best index of the diminution of consump-
tion. It is warrantable to infer from this that, notwith-
standing the great trials we have had to pass through,
our real wealth—oar memo; of prosecuting industrial
and speculative enterprise—have not been dimin-
ished to the extent that was at one time appre•
hended. This conclusion is strengthened by the state
of other items of the ordinary revenue. In stamps
there is, with a falling-off in the last quarter, a slight
increase in the year ; in taxes, the property-tax, and
the post office, a alight increase, both in the year and
the quarter. Severely though many individuals
have felt the pressure of the times, the national
energy and enterprise are hale and undiminished.
The two main suggestions of these returns we are
anxious to impress deeply on the minds of our
readers. Their general aspect indicates undiminished
elasticity in the national resources, and an apparent
abatement of the pressure. The great reduction in
the excise receipts for the two last quarters, and
in the stamps, indicates diminished activity in some
employments, and great privation among the less
wealthy classes, extending upwards considerably be-
yond the mere working classes. The present is a time
for the exercise of a judicious charity, in the confident
reliance that our country will weather this storm as
it has so many others, but with a prudent avoidance
of too sanguine expectations that its end is immedi-
ately at hand.
There is one other lesson that ought to be laid to
heart. The year's revenue, which in 1810 was rather
more than fifty millions, is this year little more than
forty eight millions. The annual charge for the na-
tional debt amounts to about twenty-eight millions. The
decrease of twomillions in this year's receipts, therefore,
in so far as the portion of the revenue free to be disposed
of for the purposes of administrative government is
concerned, goes to reduce an income of twenty-two mil-
lions to twenty millions. This consideration points
to a revision of taxation as preferable to mere reduc-
tion ; but it is conclusive against the throwing away
of money on new fortifications and augmented armies
in a time of profound peace, to soothe hypochondriac
alarmist+, or allow military enthusiasts to ride their
professional hobby.

BAD laws and vicious customs operate injuriorsly
on the morals of the classes they affect, yet individuals
so affected are often unconscious of the evil. Now it
is agreed, almost universally, that the laws which
govern the relations of landlord and tenant in Eng-
land are bad, and that the customs by which hus-
bandry is incumbered are extremely vicious; vet not
a few landowners who have been converted by the cys-
t( in into petty tyrants are altogether unconscious of
the light in which they stand before the world. Men
who are ready to claim the character of kind and con-
siderate landlords do, yet without knowing it, and of
course altogether unwittingly, occasi ,nally perpetrate
the most grievous acts of injustice.
The movement recently made by the English tenant
farmers for some legislative enactment of tenant-right,
as our readers well know, finds but small favour in
the eyes of the landed proprietors, and no little irrita-
tion has on various occasions been expressed by them
at the progress of tint movement. Doubts, too,
have been expressed whether the particular form
of relief sought by the farmers would afford
them that measure of security without which agri-
culture cannot be profitably, or indeed, safely carried
on. But of the fact that husbandry, as now actually
practised by the better classes of tenant farmers in
England under yearly holdings, is a business of un-
certainty and peril, there is no doubt. The possible
opening for injustice, where landlords have the abso-
lute and legal power to confiscate a large portion of
their tenants' capitals, has now been made too widely
and plainly manifest to the farming classes for them
again to become content under the existing state of
things. It is creditable to the English landowners
that the instances of actual exercise of this harsh legal
power are comparatively rare ; but still they
occur with sufficient frequency to show to the ,
farming capitalists the perilous insecurity of
their position. We lately quoted from a speech
made at the East Kent Farmers' Club, a rose
of the sort, in which the tenant of a farm in
Hertfordshire, belonging to Col. BIETHORP, was
stated to have been compelled to leave his farm under
circumstances of some oppression. That quotation,
and the remarks we founded upon it, appear to have
been shown to Col. Stianoltr —for lie says in his
letter that iizt never looks into this journal—who,
thereupon, addressed a letter to a morning contem-
porary, in which he says, "that the paragraph, as
far as the calumny is kvelled against myself, is a
tissue of gross falsehoods, evidently gm; up or fabri-

cated for purpose, that I consider will be sufficiently
apparent to all well-thinking men without the
necessity of any comment on my own part" The
vehemence of the imputation of " falsehood" and
" fabrication" against another, contrasts rather un
pleasantly with the self-satisfied abstinence from all
explanation of the why and the wherefore the op-
pugned statement is false, on the part of the writer of
this letter. Colonel Siternoar must, however, be one
of those landlords who are unconscious of acting un-
justly towards their tenants, for he says " I sever let
a farm in my life ; all matters relating to the manage-
ment of estates have been carried on hitherto
' by. prac.ical, and I hope honourable and liberal-
minded persons, themselves farmers and tenants;
and I am not aware that at the present
time, and I may say for years, amongst
a pretty numerous tenantry, 'early or tenant
at will, I have had one between whom and
myself the best feeling and understanding has not
existed, with the single exception of the individual
alluded to in this venomous attack en myself, with
regard to whom I have been entirely guided, and
shall continue so to be in my conduct, by the advice
and assistance of those in whom, from their experience
and proper feeling, I place every confidence." Now
all this vague profession of " the best feeling and un-
derstanding" with tenants, is not inconsistent with
great practical harshness produced by the exercise of
the landlord's strictly legal rights. Col. SIDSHOIir'S
intentions may be kind, but the law must be bad
which has so much misinterpreted his intentions
as exemplified in the case of Mr. Griihtnos.
As this case has been the subject of much remark in
Hertfordshire, and, notwithsianding the gallant
colonel's general imputation of falsehood, will pro-
bably be often cited as an instanse of the hazard of
yearly tenancies, and as a fresh illustration of the old
distich, that
Ile %rho hareem may sit ;
Ile wth improves must tilt ;
it may not be amiss to state some of the facts
about which there is no dispute.
Mr. (limns:Gs, of South Minims, Berta, occupied
previously to Michaelmas last, for many years, a con-
siderable farm, of which a Mr. Casanayou was
tenant for life. The farm consists of heavy land, of
which a large part is in permanent pasture, from
whence much hay has always been sent to
the London market. Most of the land in the same
district is used for hay farming, the tenants depending
for manure solely upon that brought back from Lon-
don. Not so Mr. GinniNris ; he made and sold, it is
true, much hay, but lie also kept great numbers of
cattle, sheep, and pigs, and thus he not only had the
manure brought back as a hey farmer from London,
but also an immense quantity made by his stock upon
the farm. In a word, he iv notorious in the district as
one of its very best farmers. His farm has been in a
constant state of progressive improvement ever since
he has occupied it. Ile has drained extensively, and
the abundance of his crops of both grass and grain
, show that he has not dealt as a niggard with his
land. Within the last two years, GiihiiNhs, noticing
the failing health of his landlord, and aware
that he had by his iinprovements created a
beneficial interest in the farm, which might
legally be taken from him by the succeeding
landlord, applied to the future landlord, Colonel
Snafu-me, for a lease. This was refused, and some
indignation expressed at the request, as being a sort
of imputation on the Colonel's honour. lie never
tnrued out a tenant, and his own coachnym was
appealed to to testify to the truth of that assertion.
Could Mr. GIDDINGS he otherwise than satisfied ?

Early in 1847 Mr. CisasasYtia died, and Colone
SIBTIIONP breams landlord in his stead. Before
Lady-day a notice to quit at Michaelmas was served
upon GIDDINGS; ho sought—probably from those by
whose advice the Colonel was guided—the reason,
and was told there was no iutention to turn
him out of the farm. He was again satisfied.
Abont the middle of August last, however,
he was informed that if he intended to con-
tinue to hold his farm after the then following
Michaelmas, he must pay an addition to his rent of
about 20 per cent., brink up forthwith a large portion
of the pasture ground, and be restricted from selling
hay or straw from the farm upon any terms. This
wits such a complete and sudden change of system,
and was conceived by Mr. atinfirccs to be so onerous,
that he determined to give up the farm, though he
would thereby sacrifice and lose a large amount of
capital which had been invested in the laud. The
sacrifice has now been made, the loss sustained, of
which Col. Siwritofir ani his new tenant enjoy the
benefit.

This is obviously such a case as would have
been mitigated by a legal tenant. right. What
rendered this sudden change of systarn, apart
from its intrinsic advantages or disadvantages,
about which some difference of opinion exists, so
oppressive in Mr. Gririasri's case, was the fact that
lie had by him three or four years' stock of hay, for
which he had brought upon the farm year by year
the equivalent of manure, according to the course of
good husbandry in the district. Yet all this he was
coolly required to consume upon the farm. Now, if
this narrative is true—and it is that of the tenant, a
man of respectability and integrity—though possibly
the landlord, as well as the tenant, may be the vic-
tims of a vicious system, it assuredly affords no war-
rant for the vituperation of the irate landlord, and
certainly offers no tangible ground for his complacent
self-laudations.

The King and Queen, wit'i several members of the
royal family and their suite, left Paris at one in the
afternoon of Wednesday for Dreux, where the funeral
solemnities over the remains of Madame Adelaide
were to have been celebrated at noon yesterday
(Wednesday). 'the royal mourners arrived at Dreux
at seven in the evening. At four o'clock yesterday
morning the hearse, bearing the remains, attended by
the Dukes of Nemours and Montpensii r, and the
Prince de Joinville, and a name roue suite, left the
Tuileries for Dreux. The Princess de Joinville and
the Duchess de Moutpensier remained at the
Tuileries, and attended u funeral service performed in
the chapel of the chateau.
The Queen of the Ilel4ians arrived in Paris on
Tuesday evening, and left for Dreux immediately.
The King and royal family were expected at the
Tuileries last evening.
The business of the Chambers was suspended on
Tuesday.
The committee of the Chamber of Deputies on the
address have required the attendance of the ministers
to supply such explanations on the topics of the royal
speech as may be desired.
The quarrel between M. de Gerardin, editor of La
Presse, and M. do Morny, which gave occasion to a
challenge from the latter, has been satisfactorily
arranged by the seconds.
_

The arrangement under which the surrender of
Abd-el-Kader has been accepted by the Duke d'Au-
male is the subject of animated attacks in all the op-
position organs. The despatch of the duke announc-
ing his surrender, declares that, after being defeated
by the army of Morocco, he endeavoured to gain the
south by the country of Iteri-Snassen, but found
himself so surrounded by the troops of General
Lamorieh7Te, that escapo being impossible he was
compelled to surrender. But, it is immediately
added, that on arriving in France he is to be sent by
the government either to St. Jean d'Acre or
Alexandria. If this be a condition granted
as the terms of the surrender of the emir,
why, asks the opposition, was it granted, seeing that
the chief had no means of escape? Why was any
condition granted in such circumstances? or, if a
condition were given from a generous impulse, why a
condition so infinitely obji ctionable and dangerous as
this? The opposition then affirms that in Egypt or
Syria the chief will be infinitely more dangerous
than he was before his passage of the Moulonia.:But
if this has not been a condition of the surrender,
how has it come that the young Governor-General, in
his proclamation, has taken upon him to dictate to
the government what they are to do with the captive
chief These questions, and the development of the
views and arguments which arise from them, occupy
a large space in the journals of Wednesday.
It is hinted, however, that govt rnment intends to
disavow this condition of promise of the Duke
d'Aumale. M. Guizot being asked in the first bureau,
of which he is a member, whether it is the intention
' of the government to send Abd-el-Kader to Alex-
andria or St. Jean d'Acre, answered that the inser-
tion of the report of the Duke d'Aumale did not
imply any approbation of the arrangement concluded
by the prince with Abd-el-Kader. "On the prin-
ciple of the question," said M. Guizot, I reserve my
opinion. The government has not yet made up its
mind upon it." The opposition insists that if the
government refutes to ratify the engagement given

mr•i•Niwitwim..wwig.-
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whieh they wore about their persons. One Adrian()
Ferreira called upon General Cazal, who was present,
to put an end to such shameful conduct, but Cazal
allowed the people to do as they wished, and Ferreira
retired. Whilst this was taking place In the pit,
several caceteiros and soldiers of the municipal guard
ran through the passages to the boxes with bayonets
and daggers drawn, in pursuit of oue Vasco Guedes.
This gentleman, seeing himself pursued, took refuge
in the private box of his friend, Geronimo Carueiro
Giraldes, who being unable to defend him, he was
again obliged to seek another refuge. He then entered
a second private box which was occupied by strangers,
where his pursuers again attacked him, and he would
have been kill d had not the blow aimed at him been
warded off by one of the persona in the box. All
this happened in the public theatre, before the face of
several of the authorities, who allowed it to take place,
and pretended that they were unable to prevent it.