The Express.
London, England, 1862-10-23 00:00:00

AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY.
(From the Mark-lane Rippers.)

• .
The Ottoman empire includes within its bounda-
ries some of the fairest and most fertile portions of the
world, and comprises some of the earliest and most cele-
brated seats of learning and civilisation. The total area of
the empire, including the tributary provinces, is estimated
at 1,836,478 square miles, and the population of the several
grand divisions in Europe, Asia, and Africa at 35,350,080.
The revenue of the present year is set down at 14,432,960/.,
which will give an excess over expenditure of about
898,4821. The paper money in circulatioo and the floating
debt are estimated at 18,'284,800/. Of this sum f,000,000/.
is to be paid off with the proceeds of the new foreign and
borne loans, leaving a balance of 12,284,800/. to be con-
verted into a consolidated stock.

The land tenures in Turkey are four in number-1. crown
lands, forming by far the largest portion of the territory of
the Sultan, are held direct from him, and his government
grants the right to cultivate an unoccupied tract on the pay-
ment of certain fees, which of course vary in proportion to
its value-2, the vacouf or pima foundations-3, crown
grants-4, freehold property. The landlord seldom cultivates
the soil himself, but lets it out to fermata, who, being poor
villagers, look to the owner for the necessary supply of firm.
Mg stock. Throughout the greater part of the empire the soil
andclimate permit of the almost inexhaustible production,
in excess of the wants of the inhabitants, of those ordi-
nary raw materials which form everywhere the great staples
of food and manufacture. Crain, wool, cotton, hemp,
hides, tallow, and timber, are everywhere produced in
abundance ; while in addition to these ordinary products,
Turkey yields in profusion those rarer articles of merchan-
dies, such as drugs, dye', gums, fruit, vegetables, oils, silk,
sugar, and tobacco, which can only be abundantly and pro-
fitably produced wider conditions of special advantage of
climate and geographical position.
From the earliest times the fertility of the soil has been
remarkable. In the days of llerodotus, it was so admirably
adapted for corn, that it never produced less than two-
hundred fold, and, in seasons particularly favourable, it
sometimes amounted to three hundred. "The ear of wheat,
as well as the barley," he says, "is four digits broad.
But the immense height to which the ceuchens and seas.
mum stalks grow, although I have witnessed it myself, I
dare not mention, lest those who have not visited the
country should disbelieve my report."
At the present day the soil is not less fruitful, for there
are some places in EUropean Turkey where two grain crops
are obtained in the year. For example, in the district of
Charshumba, about eighteen hours distant from Balmier,
barley is sown in September and cut in May. Indian corn
is then planted, which is gathered in the September fol-
lowing. The annual produce of corn in Asia Minor is
estimated at 254 million bushels. In 1860 Turkey ex-
ported to Great Britain 164,000 quarters of wheat, 60118
of barley, 916,673 of maize, and 28.008 quarters of other
kinds of grain, of the aggregate value of 3,080,0001., and
to France grain of the value of 600,0001. This was ex-
clusive of the exports of the dependencies of Egypt, Tripoli,
and

The wools of Roumelia (Turkey in Europe) are held in
very high estimation. They usually contain 60 parts at
white, 20 of fine black first quality, and 20 of grey second
quality. Macedonia. Theraly, and Albenia, produce about
6,600,00011 m. of wool, of which 2,200,0001ba. are exported by
&lonics, and 1,000,0001bn. by the port of Volo, in Themaly.
That part of Bulgaria bordering on the Danube, called the
Dobrutscha, contains abundant pasturage, and produces
annually about 4,200,0001 be. Thrace does not poises
pasturage@ as rich u those of Bulgaria and Macedonia ;
nevertheless, the production of that province is esti-
mated at 6,000,0001 W., of which two-thirds are exported,
and one-third used for home consumption. It is impossible
to arrive at a satisfactory valuation of the amount of wool
produced in Asia Minor. The most important market for
that article is Smyrna, from whence are exported
7,200,00011 m, of which one-half gnu to the United States
and the other to France and England. The province of
Konrad furnishes about 7,000,000 lbs., and Csramania,
which extends along the coast from the Gulf Satalia to the
Gulf of Alexandretta, and inland to the neighbourhood
of Angora and Sivas, produce 600,000 lbs., containing
one part of white and three mute of black and grey.
Syria produces a considerable quantity of wool, but it
is difficult to obtain any reliable statistics upon the subject.
The wools .of Upper Asia, comprising thou of Kurdistan
and the provinces bordering on the Black Sea, are shipped
at the ports of Trebizoud and &memo, but no returns are
available.

TiePiovine* of Angora, famous for the silky Beres of it/
gotta, exports about 7,000,0001b5. of wool or hair by the
ports of Smyrna, &meson, and Constantinople. The average
shipments of wool from Turkey to Great Braun are over
3,500,0001b5., and to France nearly three times that quantity.
Tobacco is cultivated in every part of Turkey where the
elevation of the temperature admits of its production. The
annual production in Macedonia is estimated at 100,000
bales ; of which 40,000 are consumed in European Turkey,
80,000 exported to Egypt, 10,000 to Barbary, and 20,000 to
Italy. Magnesia, Pergamos, and &moon, in Asia Minor,
produce tobacco of excellent quality, but that cultivated in
the district of Latakia (Syria) is the most esteemed. The
consumption of tobacco by the native population is enor-
mous; nevertheless the exportation continues annually to
increase. The shipments to Great Britain and France ave-
rage 1 j million pounds.
Madder,which is exported to the value of half &million ster-
ling, is principally cultivated in Asia Minor and Syria. From
Valonia the acorn cups of an oak used for tanning are ex-
ported to the value of 300,0004 With due attention to
the culture of the tree, Turkey is capable of prodpuescioni
valonia to almost any extent. Yellow berries (buckthorn
and galls for dyeing, olive oil, raisins. and figs, n
and boxwood, lamb skins and silk, are some of the other
added to.industrial products of Turkey, andthe list is daily being
Turkey is one of the best customers we have for our pro-
' duos and manufactures, and she takes from us as much as
Francs does. The value of the importsand exports between
Turkey and Great Britain is now about 12,000,0001. It is
estimated that the annual trade of Turkey with foreign
countries amounts at present to 48,000,0004 (ofwhich Egg-
land sod France carry on nearly one half), and that between
the provinces to 20,000,0001., giving a total of 68,000,0001.
per 1111011111.

SOUTH WALES RAILWAY.—The eogioeer of the
lioe, as wall as the chairman of the board of director, the
secretary, and Mr. Scott Russell, bare receotly visited the
terminus at Noyland, Milford Haven. It is supposed this
has retortion tn the npening of the now line between the
Johnson station and the tore of lidford.

The Confederate steamer Nashville, which escaped
from the Tuscarora at Easthampton, in England, in penned
in Ouches River, with no chance of escape; her chief officer
has been taken prisoner.—Apiericon paper.
In the Austrian war budget, now under con-
sideration, there is one item in which rats and mice are
especially interested, u a sum of 2,500 fr. is demanded for
the feeding of cats to be kept in the victualling magasinee
of 'the army.