The Express.
London, England, 1847-09-08 00:00:00

be Court.

ARDWERIXIE, SEPT. s.—Viscount Palmerston has
imcceeded Earl Grey as Secretary of State in attendance
upon her Majesty. The Marchioness of Douro has suc-
ceeded Viscountess Jocelyn as Lady in Waiting on her
Majesty. Her Majesty and the Prince, with the members of
the royal household, attended the performance of divine ter-
Tice at Ardverikie.

The Rev. E. Reed had an interview with Sir G.
Grey yesterday at the Home-office.

Poirrsmorra, Sarr. 7.—The Queen Dowager came
over this morning from Ryde in the Lightning steamer,
landed at the dockyard, and visited the Admiralty House.
Her Majesty then craned to Clarence-yard, where the united
bands of the 43rd and 52nd Regimenti, and Royal Marines,
played a march in presence of her Mejesty and afterwards
as overture. The Royal Marines furnished the guard of
honour, and Lord F. Fitaclarence, together with the prin-
cipal naval and military authorities, were in waiting to re-
ceive her Majesty, who, after the concert was finished, de-
parted by the South-Western Railway to London.
Down, SEPT. 7.—lt is confidently stated that the
Queen Dowager has made a purchase of fiat Cowes Castle,
which was formerly the property of John Nub, Req.,
architect to George IV. It is situated close to Osborne-
home.

(Prom last night's Gazette.)
MASTER OF THE HORSE'S OFFICE, ACO. 27.—The
Queen Au appointed the Hon. A. H Crofton to be Page of
Honour to her Majesty, vioe Byng.

BLOCKADE OF ALBANIA.—Last night's London
Casette publishes a note raised by Lord Cowley., our am-
bassador in Milroy, from the Turkult Warta for Foreign
Alas, whir th• following is a copy :
Iran isdlnet numbers bar hem ant drsbeass sad carat
ships el yr, Minn ass Irwin
hew bus
es straint at
alts- Iley,saybds Win's Mk Ur bin mg=
drys nerd dad fli andlins isle wink erns
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by the ItandL It la sissisruy M dab tap dr, that
as the ogredrarlinenis a main de-
mi% Ink Oses =dank ea wintrialtig Os 11 es all
lon. It Innis ditendasi to awn s Is ba lithed by •
the ilia enured India risen Mann to swan, deter
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to Se nrint nods trlarstruntystr sear . la odor nit they
ray set Mbud utak Mg Inds id des isplarlia t as
win stow dein
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be nona- to le near* silmst bed*
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nib dam istrrai wink puldbital to auk *ay
b. rand is womb rondo a liana an wary-
whin tented it yes id" nisa sides bi r art, gat
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dot Is pre* tbst nisibist lIMMiII trait sny sot
bin km anima lobe So odd Mimi it Or abldblison
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Ml= Pink* bs eltennediter Meitagh• , •
dik ens tbst le say, Sin Si
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Augur ISO).

THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 8, 1847.

who have grown rich in the midst of starvation. Instead of the
subdivision of land in Belgium having produced the distress
there, a more general sabdisision would have prevented the
recent famine throughout western Europe, by eatiaingfiore
grain to be grown, and thus rendering the producer aide-
pendent of the monopolist and the artificial market price.
Yon are mistaken in supposing that the object of the Na-
tional Land Company is " to apply the savings of the poorer
classes to the object of establishing a portion of therm on the
soil as owners." Every member is eligible for the ballot so
soon aa he has paid in full for his shares; and every member
will eventually be located on the land. It is calculated that
in no case will a shareholder wait more than five years for
his allotment; but this is only an approximation to the
actual period, as much mast depend on the deposits paid into
the National Land and Labour Bank, thrcugh the medium
of which the money expended in land and houses, &c., will
be reproduced, the
eproperty of the company being security
to the deed
;son. sae interest or the deposits will be paia
out of the interest payable to the company by the anode's,
the company paying 3i per cent. and receiving 5 per cent.
The money thus advanced by the depositors upon the com-
pany's property will be invested in more land, &c., and these
operations will be continued until the objects of the company
are accomplished. The original capital of the company will
then be equitably divided among the members.
Your assurance that the allottees will have " stareation
before them if they fail in their speculation " is certainly cal-
culated to damp the ardour of those who have taken a view
of the subject as superficial se your own : numbers have
joined our ranks who had before them, if not absolute star-
vation, the most abject destitution. There is one man at
O'Connorville who a few months ago was an inmate of the
pauper's handle at Nottingham ; to such a man his comfort-
able, clean, ventilated cottage, and two acres of land, is a
veritable paradise! I visited O'Connorville on Whit Mon-
day, and on that estate, on the Saturday evening previous, a
four-acre allotment had been sold for 781., subject to the
conditions under which it was held by the original allottee.
There, instead of starvation, was a sum of money which
perhaps nine out of ten on the estate had never seen in their
lives before. The fear of poverty, and even starvation,
would equally apply to failure in any other pursuit, either as
• master or a labourer. Oh, sir! there are thousands
throughout the length and breadth of this country, called
ironically "happy England"—thousands of small tradesmen
trembling on the verge of bankruptcy—thonsandeof working
men toiling incessantly in hopeless and irredeemable misery
—who would gladly exchange their unhappy lota for the
prospective starvation with which you seek to scare them
from their only hope of salvation.
The fact that the land system "involves an entire change
in the habits and career" of the members is, to my mind,
no objection. But is this thought of when "the
Sheffield cutler or the Nottingham framework knit-
ter " is sent to cultivate the woods and wastes
of Australia or New Zealand ?—or when paupers are
transported as they have been, and landed at Hobart-town
in a state of destitution, penniless and friendless, in a strange
country ? How often is it, sir that the factory operative
becomes " a householder in the suburb where he lodges,
or • master instead of a 'journeyman " ? Is it not impos-
sible that, by his mere industry, the handloom weaver or
the framework knitter should ever succeed in so far achiev-
ing his independence 1 Would it not be far better for him,
morally as well as physically, that be should become " a
tiller of the ground, and leave for ever the trade which he
understands," but which will barely keep him from falling
into utter destitution, " and the town life in which he has
been brought up," but which to thew acquainted with large
manufacturing towns is only a synonyms for filth, wretched-
ness, and moral and physical malaria ? Who would heei
tate in his choice between the dark, dirty, ill-ventilated, and
unchained streets and typhus-generating courts of the manu-
facturing towns over which the fever cloud hangs continually
like the demon of pestilence, and the clear, well.ventilated
cottages, each standing in its own smiling garden—between
the condition of the factory worker, toiling amid the steam
and "devil's dust" of the infernal rattle-boxes of Man-
chester, in hie unnatural competition with those monsters
of iron and brass and wood which are destined to redeem
humanity from the serfdom of soil and misery to which
their present application condemns so many thousands, and
that of the independent freeman, standing amid his own
corn and his own fruit trees, his own pigs, cows, and poultry,
and toiling, not to earich a master, but to provide the com-
forts of life for himself and family ?
Your observation, that the interest payable by the
allottees to the company might as well be paid under the
name of rent, is uncalled for, if you are sincere in a previous
remark, that no contingent political changes would induce
you to discourage or oppose the design, if you thought the
result would peeve beneficial to the working-classes. If the
interest was charged as rent, the allotments would become
leaseholds instead of freeholds, and the political influence of
the society would be sacrificed. With regard to the schools,
though I foresee a difficulty in carrying out the designs of
the directors as at present contemplated, yet I am firmly
impressed with their desirability, nor do I fear that the
allottees will " see the children of their neighbours better
taught than their own at the parish school." You are pro-
bably not aware that, prior to the erection of the school-
house at O'Connorville, surrounded as the estate it by those
of the clergy and aristocracy, including the Earl of Essex
and Lord Robert Grosvenor, there was no school of any kind
within a circle of several miles ?

You next say : " Whatever they can spare to subscribe is
their own to keep; and the money which would buy estates
for all, or for many of them, would, in any form, render them
independent" I have already explained how the estates
will be made reproductive through the agency of the Na-
tional Land and Labour Bank ; but I most beg to dissent
from the principle that the capital of the company would in
any form render the members independent. Suppose it was
in shares of a bubble railway company, in dishonoured bills
of an ariatomatic swindler, or invested in an undertaking in
which there wee more loss than profits. In no shape has
property so much real value as when it exists in the form of

Iniust confess that I was surprised at the remarks which
you offer as a consolation to alarmist politicians, and the
opinion therein expressed that, in the event. of complete
success, " The new landholders would find that they were
further than ever from acquiring the political power which
they seek." I cannot sufficiently admire the candour with
which you acknowledge that you hardly expect a chartist to
entertain this consideration ; for you may rest assured that
the democratic freeholders of the land Company will possess
the same advocates and the same organisation when on the
land as they have now, rendered doubly formidable from the
acquisition of the franchise.
" With all these doubts and objections we are not hostile
to the principle which the Land Company professes." This
avowal and the tenor of your remarks upon " the various
attempts of the communists and socialists to occupy
land in common," an experiment which you justly remark
" has never been fairly tried," are indications of the pro-
gress which correct ideas of social economy have made in
your mind, notwithstanding your present strictures on the
plans of the Land Company ; and I doubt not you will ere
long be found among the most prominent of the talented ad-
vocate' of those principles which alone can redeem suffering
humanity from the social evils which bang as a dead weight
at the wheels of progression. The co-operative principle
will do more than buy land and build cottages ; it is destined
to build workshops and factories in which machinery shall
work for man, instead of against him, and become his ter-
'rant instead of his master, and in which its rational app.
cation will produce the greatest benefits for all. Instead of
capitalists and labourers existing as classes having interests
opposed to each other, we shall have labouring capitalists—
a novelty in political economy which I beg to recommend to
your attentive condderation. T. FROST.
Croydon, Aug. 31.

SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS—DRAINAGE.
Sir,—You have repeatedly advocated an alteration
in our arrangements of drainage, which it is to be hoped will
assist to induce the development of that national spirit and
co-operation which are quite indispensable for effecting the
object which is so much desired by all who take an interest
in our common welfare. The present time appears well
adapted for a calm inquiry into the real position of the
metropolis.
When " sanitary improvements" are spoken of, en con-
nexion with " drainage," it is commonly considered to mean
that all refuse is to be washed out of the canna and dwell-
ings of the working classes. In accordance with this pre-
vailing opinion, the 32nd section of the Towns Improve-
ment Bill proposed to enforce proper house drainage. But
to obviate the evils so deservedly complained of, it m neces-
sary to have sewers adapted to remove an increased quantity
of heavy refuse into a receptacle, to which it is safe and
advisable to convey it.
The Thames is the common sewer of the metropolis.
Whilst the tide rises, the refuse is running out of the sewers
up the river, until all egress ia Mopped. As the refuse after-
wards flows down the weer it i/ met by the fresh tide, and
thus is carried backwards and forwards within a few miles of
London. The injury done to the Thames water may be
judged of by the fact that the New River Company have
a large pumping engine at Broken-wharf and a main pipe
into Cheapade (to be used in case of fire), but the water is
not considered good enough even for the streets. The
Southwark water-works found that water taken near
London-bridge occasionally deposited three inches of mud in
water-butts in a week. Smoking their supply at Batterseathere is about fifteen inches of mud deposited in their reservoirs
in a year. The water from the Lea forms scarcely any deposit,
it being almost perfectly clear. With the exception of the
New River Company, and the East London Waterworks,
the metropolis is entirely supplied with Thames water, and
therefore it is a moot important question, whether the refuse
which It reeelves is injurious or not. The state of the
Thames and its banks certainly sensed much alarm in 1832,
when the cholera visited Lash" and many of the worst
eases occurred near the river.
The quantity of miss which annually runs into
Thames, Se esti. ea 100 millions of tons. In one
sewer, where the ran el wally always sufficient to ketep it
clear from deposit, the properties of animal and vegetable
decomposed matter, artr, sat tram roads, has been found to
be 1 in 80. In aneeker sada ewer, it has been found to be
lin 66. At this rate, there is from 1,250,000 tons to 1,600,000
tons of refuse polluting the Thome annually. This arises
from the mem drainage, astwisisaamilm in-
brims :Mallen of rah. is sewledA Ml=themel t
wild re Alm drably* will ask be mathreed
now that pubis semstiser is me begamily drawn to the sab:
Jen by the Irresmeabie deb le anis Mg alleys; but a drain
em asaalsetleg whir a sewer at a hither levels in Long-
' esee, ie seek ea inessemat wry te ear whole
=of driabar the staftessio, fir all the sewers are
by the skim *Me Me.- Nary iseelithe am seder
bighireissigark,
_sad same sly fear we foe ibei elm b.
A dews' sedrftersd twelve ilet amp is timbre very OW
sidwahly under bigisswaler.ersals. mod Ow the largest part of
sea day the beings Is imolai er elle= by
the essammi sewer the than
the ewers which et
are 117111122 ides. mod
evideat that it would nut be Bali to envoy all

the fever-generating setaee from our courts Into the Thames,
and it is equally certain that its level, for a common re-
ceptable of refine, is very objectionable. Whilst the con-
tents of the sewers are in a stagnant state, a deposit settles
to the bottom, and what afterwards a' south wind blows into
them (at low water) the eftmeive small arising from drains
is almost intolerable, if pm*/ into a house shut up for the
night. A gentleman, who hes a eery *Mendes parish prise.
lice, says, very truly, "How the sewers can benefit the
health of the poor, living in courts and alleys, I sin at a loss
to imagine." 'lf every tenement is to have a communica-
tion with the sewers, you will create a greater nuisance, and
the house will be snore unhealthy than at present, arising
from the smell of the sewer." Dr. Rigby states that this is
not limited to the houses of the poor, but exist! also in some
of the recently-built houses is Hyde-park and in wealthy
districts.

The present sew„;:, when constructed, could not be in•
tended for the removal of heavy refuse before the Introduc-
tion of water-clooein, which became general is 1809. There
is to this day by no means a general connexion between the
latter and a sewer ; our house drainage is notoriously defec-
tive, and yet the refuse which does peas into the sewers is
only with much difilculty removed. Side entrances to
sewers, for attending to flushing apparatus, are made in
localities where they were formerly never needed, a,, for
example, along Gloswellatreet, Aldersgate.street, and lied-
crors-street. In the latter, men have been engaged for at
least four or five weeks in taking out a black deposit which
had accumulated. It is now beginning to be rather generally
admitted " that the existing state of sewers is the latent cause
of much disease and death." There cannot ►e the least doubt
of it in the world. A great " deal of active disease, which
creeps on gradually and insidiously, may be traced to that
cause."

The insufficient capacity of the sewers which commu-
nicate with the Thames is also a very serious obstacle to ex-
tended drainage. For example at present, when a heavy
rain takes place the lower partsof the houses in Holloway will
be filled with water, which has to soak into the earth. When
• sewer shall have been made, this water, with the house
drainage and refuse which may have accumulated, will swell
the floods which occasiona,ly come down so suddenly and
powerfully as to overcharge and endanger the City sewers,
even when • far smaller extent of drainage existed. With
the smaller quantitypasaing into them we find "the Bishops-
gate-street sewer at times overcharged and pourinu back the
upland waters." The Walbrook sewer was destroyed by
the same cause in 1821, and even the Fleet sewer has often
been surcharged. The channels for removing all the refuse
water from the metropolis into the Thames are as inade-
quate for this end as Old Fish-street-hill would now be for
the traffic of 1847, or the arches of old London-bridge for
the increased navigation of the river.
As public attention is so much directed to the importance
of sanitary regulations, it appears well to state the difficulty
which besets the question. Should you publish this letter, I
will furnish you with the different proposals which have been
made to meet the exigency of the case. It must be very
evident that something more is needed than a good supply of
water to wash all refuse from courts and alleys into our
sewers. Before a remedy can be devised the cause and
be character of the evil must known; and your powerful ad-
vocacy of so good a cause will, I trust, lead to the adoption
of such a plan as shall be found to be hest suited to effect the
thorough drainage of the metropolis. J. J. Monawooo.