The Express.
London, England, 1846-09-14 00:00:00

mats ouneoted with the army; and the ftramo tad min-
ishmint of these Isiah ollenthes may be Weft trased.to the
bashes mew and intsgritp with whisk be
busrf=
duty in the examination of the amounts, wi
szMence Midnst them. It is suspected that imetiter change
la prospect is the removal of Max Pasha ham the pooh
Minister of Pinanee.• Far be has been eaddesslyeeked
a sickness, which, in uses absence of graveffisel symptoms,
is supposed to be thelunt of smiliedy whisk always
see inn
to lay up a Tositisk saipistuabost • week before
The official changes I have mentioned above seem to be
connected with the absence of the Capitan Pasha, who, as
an old enemy of Rise and ally of Reahid's, is supposed to
have been purposely •meit away with the fleet by the in-
trigues of the latter, to give fair play to his macination.
I mentioned in it'lateUm that an American missionary
and physician had had his house broken into by a snob at
Erzeroum. His name is Dr. Smith. He has resided there
two years- during which time he has distributed bibles and
treats in Turkish and Armenian, throughout the whole pro-
viace. The muse of the riot is variously stated. But the
following is the account which appears the most deserving of
credit. The Armenian bishop was desirous of hearing from
Dr. Smith what was the number of Armenian converts to
Protestantism in those parts; and perhaps of expostulating
with the missionary upon his attempts to unsettle the creed
of the Armenians. An interview accordingly took place at
the bishop's house. But Dr. Smith's answers gave the
bishop m little satisfaction, that the latter dismissed his visi-
tant rather unceremoniously. The Armenians supposing
their prelate bad been insulted went together in a mob to the
house of Dr. Smith, who fortunately was absent at the time,
and breaking in did as much damage uthey oould. Dr. Smith
appealed to the British Consul, Mr. Brant, for protection. And
Mr. Wellesley, upon the Consul's representation of the facts,
has applied to the Porte for reparation. Resbid Puha is
said to have taken a view of the case less favourable to the
missionaries than might have been expected from his
declared liberality in matters of religion. Ho insists upon
the recall of Dr. Smith from Erzeroum, and discountenances
in the most positive manner all proselytism in that quarter.
Mr. Wellesley seems disposed to support Dr. Smith in the
right which he claims to stay, having received favourable
accounts of his character, not only from our consul, but also
from Colonel Williams and Mr. Redhouse, the English
commissioner and interpreter at the conferences. Mr.
Browne, the first dragomen of the American sabossr, Isar
proceeded to Erzeroum to inquire into this roam No
doubt the apparent contradiction to Rabid rubes usual
liberality arises from the present extremely disturbed date of
Erseroum, and the expediency of removing as many new
elements of discord as possible.
All tke populations of that part of Asia hang in • wild state
of loose dependence upon the Porte, and are continually
breaking out into rebellion. But the Armenians, in putt-
cular, are animated by the feeling of their having formerly
been the independent possessors of the soil ; and have always
cherished the notion of restoring the nationality and freedom
of their race. It is said that troops to the amount of 6,000, I
whose fidelity was distrusted, have been replaced at Erre-
roum by the same number drawn in equal portions from the
armies of Syria and Anatolia. I have heard that troops to
the amount of 20,000 are to be concentrated in Kurdistan, '
for the total reduction to obedience of that unquiet province.
The operations of Omar Pacha, in Lazestan, have been per-
fectly successful, and the rebel Kear Husum, who headed
the insurrection, has been taken prisoner. The army in
Kurdistan is to be under the command of Ismail Puha.
The Turkish fleet sailed on Thursday the 20th, under the
command of the Capitan-Pacha. The Sultan visited the
Turkish admiral's flag-ship on the 18th, and that high officer
took leave of him the some evening.
The cholera has broken out with great violence in Persia.
The latest amounts that have arrived from that quarter re-
preempt the Shah's son as having fallen a victim to that
dreadful disease. Teheran is mid to be deserted.

FRANCE.—AVOWAL OF FREE-TRADE PRINCIPL?...
we TER MINISTERIAL PATEL—The Debate of the 9th
inst. has at last spoken out on the subject of free-trade.
The French government have hitherto manifested only a
passive acquiescence in the development of the principles of
commercial liberty, but from the article in the De;bale it
may be inferred that ministers will henceforward give a posi
tire impulse to their extension. We quote the opening pas-
sages of the article, which extends over five columns. " The
question of free-trade is now fairly placed before all the
states of Europe, by virtue of the example very recently
given by a great nation, where, however, the protective
had the support, generally all powerful, of
reilitem aristocracy. An association whose importance none
can dissimulate, is taking steps to reproduce amongst us,
as well as it can, the efforts of the English League. What fel
the course necessary to adopt ? Is the principle which tri-
umphed in England equally true on this side the straitstl
Do reason, propriety, and the decided determination on the
part of the government, and in the ranks of the pet" W
whom the elections have given so brilliant • victory, not to 1
give a shock to the country (by innovations), permit us to
hope for the immediate application of this principle to a
certain extent in France. This is a question which it is
desirable to examine with calmness, and we purpose. to do
so at some length. Free trade presents itself, it is ad-
mitted even by its adversaries, under a brilliant aspect. It
would have the inappreciable advantage of ensuring the peace
of the world, which is the greatest bleating of civilisation,
the surest guarantee that can be given for liberty ; it would
furnish every one with the means of exercising his industrial
faculties entirely according to his will and to their full ex-
tent, of procuring every object at the lowest possible rate,
and of selling the fruits of his labour in the market which '
offers the best price for them. From liberality and humanity
one is disposed to love free-trade. On the other side, how-
ever, the protective system counts its partisans at the present
day, not only amongst those whose fortunes we may believe are
made by it, but amongst men who are evidently quite disin-
terested in the discussion. Certain great interests declare
that the question of the maintenance or the destruction of
the protective system is with them a question of life and
death. It is even impossible to conceal from ourselves that
certain industries, whose great value none can contest, have
flourished by means of this system, and, thanks to it, have
arrived at a great degree of prosperity. We do not hesi-
tate to say that our choice is made. We are advocated for
free trade, in the sense that we consider it an object which
ought to be attained gradually, and by constantly approach-
ing towards it as far as circumstances will permit. The
protective system, interpreted by prohibition, for it is always
in that sense that the term is used, may be very favourable
to a particular branch of industry specially protected while
in its infancy, but once that a country has taken great strides
in a manufacturing career, the system, it will be seen, be-
comes injurious ; it arrests the progress of the arts which it
pretends to protect, and which often believe themselves
efficaciously protected; it opposes the natural order of
things, in causing prohibition by way of reprisals against
foreign countries, and in impeding by restrictions and
augmentations in the price of the raw material at
home, those branches of manufactures in which the
country succeeds the best. It gives a bad direction to na-
tional capital, and maintains an artificial and burdensome
state of things by creating factitious industries which live as
in a hot-house, and do not produce results equivalent to the
labour they absorb. It institutes and tends to perpetuate in-
equalities when the law has wished to give to every citizen
equal facilities. The great majority of those who support it
are led astray by prejudices and by false calculations. They
have not correctly estimated and placed in parallel what it
costs and what it produces, not only to the state and to the
country, but to themselves. They only see the apparent
profits, and deceive themselves as to the charges. The pre-
sent moment offers, for the organization of international ex-
changes on a more liberal footing, conditions extremely,
favourable, and which may perhaps never be again found, if
not now taken advantage of.
AWARDING OF PRIZES BT THE FRENCH ACADEMY.
—The Academie Fransaise on Thursday held its annual
public sitting, M. Viennet in the chair, for the distribution
of the prizes of Eloquence and History, and those of Virtue
and Morals, founded by M. de Monthyon. M. Villemain
read the report on the literary prizes, and was much
olauded. He was followed by ltd. Ancelot, who read the
E ede Turgot, by M. Baudrillart, which gained the prize
f loquence. M. N'iennet read hie report on the prizes of
Virtue and Morals. It was a splendid production, and was
greatly applauded. The prizes were then announced—For
acts of virtue and morality, 4000 fr. to M. Miller, the master
boot-maker, of the sth Chewers ; 3000 fr. to Pierre Retel,
a mason ; 1000 fr. to Catherine Queron • 2000 fr. to a person
named Lucas and his wife ; three medals of 1000 fr. each to
different persons ; ten medals of 500 fr. each, to persons in
different parts of France ; a medal of 3000 fr. to M. Idarbeieu,
for a work on the means of diminishing the misery of the
poor ; a medal of 3000 fr. to Mlle. Csrpentier, fur a work on
the Sallee d'A.sile ; a medal of 2000 fr. to M. Leon Feug?re,
fora work on the life of Etienne de la Boetie ; and a medal
of 2000 fr. to M. Geruzez, for a work on literary history.
SUICIDE OF A GERMAN POET AT PARIS.—About
a month ago, a man was found in the Bois de Boulogne,
baring committed suicide, but it has only just been ascer-
tained that he was a native of Berlin, named Kaufman. He
was a distinguished poet, who had translated into German
the plays of Shakespeare and the poems of Burns. He left
his own country in 1841, upon the recommendation of the
celebrated pianist, Liszt, and at Paris became affianced to a
young German lady. She, however, died suddenly, and her
loss rendered life insupportable to him. Only
.two days
before the fatal act, he had accepted the appointment of
tutor in • high family in Paris, with a salary of 2,000 fr.,
besides his board and lodging. Among his papers were found
two plays in manuscript and the commencement of a trans-
lation of Dante's " Divine Comedia."
ITALY.—ROME, SEPT. I.—H. It. H. the Prince de
Joinville has already left. His first intention was to remain
till the 6th ; but as his presence at Rome caused some sen-
sation, and a demonstration in his favour was projected by
the young Romans, he thought it advisable to leave sooner.
On the 30th August, at noon, H.R.H. was admitted to an
audience of the Pope, who seemed greatly rejoiced to see
him, and spoke in terms of the greatest sympathy for the
King and Queen of the French. In the evening the Prince
dined ct the Embassy, in company of many noble Romans,
among others Cardinal Gizzi. The Prince left on the Sunday
evening for Naples by land. A number of his officers re-
mained at Rome to see the "lions."—Letters from Genoa
state that great preparations are being made at that city for
the opening of the Italian scientific congress on the 14th
inst. Deputations from the University of Bologna, the
Academies of Rome and other Italian states, will attend the
congress. The statue to the memory of Christopher Colum-
bus is to be inaugurated during the stay of the congress, as
also the anniversary of the expulsion of the Austrians from
Genoa, by the Genoese, in 1746. The king of Sardinia has
left his palace of Racconigi to be present at the manoeuvres
of the camp near Turin. The number of Piedmontese
troops assembled this year is 26,000, nearly double the num-
ber usually collected. Austria, always on the alert, has
ordered troops to advance towards the Sardinian frontier.
GERMANY.—AII the Prussian troops of the Rhenish
provinces are assembled at the present moment in the neigh-