The Express.
London, England, 1847-03-24 00:00:00

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

The AdVeitilhig DA[1:11418;;nd EXPRESS', "
Wm teen REWIND how 90, FLEET-STREET, to No. 10,
1101:191:11,131-11TRENT, PLEET-NlSEET,sontignous to the Printing
and Publishing Moss.
Advert sisnoub (Mended for no antra*, Landes evening paper,
oust be st W Mier by Two o'ciock a the day d ysibliestion.

MOH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE.
Tors DAT —lllandair, 22 We. p 7 ; Afterzoon, 32 ann. pot 7
To-Monson—llornlng, 29 min. peat I ; Afternoon, 12 ans. put 9.

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24.
THERE is no class so entirely unrepresented in par-
liament as the tenant-farmers. The yeomanry of
England, the rural capitalists of Great Britain, are, if
we may judge from the action of parliament, altoge-
ther without political influence in the state. Their
peculiar interests are unheeded, their special difficul-
ties are unnoticed, their grievances, if they have any,
do not even find a voice to state them in the House
of Commons. And have they no grievances? Are
they living under the constant sense of insecurity P
In England, the tenant-fanner, generally holding his
farm from year to year, may at any time have a sen-
tence of confiscation passed against him by his land-
lord. In order to live andyay his rent, he is obliged
ta farm better, that is, to invest more capital in the
operations of husbandry, than, as a prudent man, he '
ought to do under a yearly holding, and in conse-
quence
he is always at his landlord's mercy. This '
is the true cause of the utter want of personal
and political independence with which Eng-
lish farmers have been, not unjustly, re-
proached. Men employing large capitals, active
intelligent men of business, are driven to the poll to
vote for their landlords' nominee with as little diffi-
culty as the poorer classes of farmers. Apart from
the delusions about the corn-laws, which, until re-
cently, acted upon the minds of farmers, the real
source of landlord political influence is this power
of confiscation, which the owners of the soil
over their tenants. This has arisen
F=l combination of causes, which, to elucidate
now, would lead us far from our immediate
object, which is to show to the public and the agri-
cultural community somewhat of the spirit which
animates the " farmers' friends," frem the way in
which the " Tenant Right" Bill has been dealt with in
select committee. Perhaps nothing could more com-
pletely prove the awkward position in which the
tenant-farmers of England, who farm moderately well,
find themselves, than the eagerness with which they
have joined in demanding from parliament the legal
recognition of the tenants' right to be paid for im-
provements. They know perfectly well that they are
seeking, at the hands of a parliament of landlords,
concessions which their prejudices, and a narrow view
of their own interests, disincline them to make. The
tenants trust only to the sympathy with industry
which does exist in parliament, though not amongst
the " farmers friends," and the operation of public
opinion upon the landocracy, for some modicum of
justice. How slender is the plank on which they
rely let the following notes on the " Tenant Right" bill
testify.
We remarked on a former occasion that if this bill
had been carried in all its integrity, its main per-
manent effect would have been to induce tenants to
continue their ordinary aurae of good farming until
the end of their periods of occupation, by giving theta
a right to be paid for acts and outlays in 'husbandry,
of which the fruits could not be reaped during their
own occupations. This would have been a benefit to
all parties. It would have kept up the fertility of
land to a standard somewhat higher than is at present
usaaL But such tenant-rights would havebeen no sub-
stitutes for leases. It is not the repayment
of his mere outlay which can compensate the farmer
for the unexpected dispossession of his farm. It is
the recovery of his capital with a profit, a process
from the nature of the business, the work of several,
often many, years, for which the farmer looks, and to
which he is entitled. Nothing but a long lease can
afford hint that eecurity. of possession which is neces-
sary for profitable farming.
Now the scheme of the Tenant Right bill as origi-
nally introduced was, that an immediate right wasoon-
ferred upon the actual occupiers of land to be paid for
certain unexhausted and permanent improvements.
Buildings, mad-making, and some other of the more
costly permanent improvements, were not to be paid
for unless the landlord had previously agreed, in
writing, to the plan. There was, however, this ex-
ception that tenants who should erect build-
ings upon the land without their landlords' consent,
might remove such buildings at any time within three
months after the determination of their tenancies ;
and these points constituted the whole value of the
measure. Fine, by conferring upon all tenants an
immediate right to be paid for improvements, a check
was at once pot upon the capricious and arbitrary
exercise of landlord power, inasmuch as the good
tenant could not be turned out without payment for
improvements which in many cases would amount to
considerable rum. Such payment, whether made
by the landlord or an in-coming tenant, would operate
to the same end, for though the landlord might easily
obtains tenant to succeed a good farmer suddenly dis-
possessed, he would notfind it so easy to meet with a
new tenant, who, under such circumstances, would
pay a considerable valuation. So the power proposed
to be given to the tenant, of removing buildings put
up without the landlord's consent, must, in nine cases
out of ten, have secured to the tenant some sub-
stantial payment for such building. When once
erected, they would have been paid for. Had these,
which may be called the principles of the measure,
been allowed to pass into law, the farmers would have
obtained some present security for their capital.
There would have been a barrier, though not a very
strong one, raised against capricious confiscation.
From the bill, as amended by the select committee,
all this has been carefully excluded. It will be
simply inoperative. The tenant right it affords will
be the shadow of a shade—a name, and nothing else. ,
And an omission from the preamble, of the words "
" for the better security of farmers," which occurs
in the amended bill, marks plainly the
spirit of the select committee. Then, by
the amended bill " every tenant holding for any term
of years rommenting after the passing If the art, and
every tenant under any yearly holding on the deter- I.
mination of his tenancy," is to be entitled to receive
compensation for outlays incurred "after the passing
of the act." These improvements are classed under three
heads, namely, "Temporary improvement by the
purchase of artificial manure, or the purchase of
oil-cake or linseed for cattle or sheep; or in
durable improvement, by draining, marling, chalk-
ing, claying, or otherwise emending the soil ; or
permanent improvement, by forming or constructing
new fences, water meadows, road", or suitable build--
hies ;" and the next clause declares that no tenant
shall be paid for any durable or permanent improve-
ments •• unless he shall furnish beforehand to his
landlord, a statement, in writing, of the work to be
done, and the estimated cost thereof, and unless the
landlord shall agree in writing to the e.rerution of
suds work." Here, then, tin- select committee
of equine have nipped in the bud the dan-
gerous project of giving to the tenant-
farmers some security for retaining their own

capital. Nor is it necessary to go further into the
subsequent alterations of the amended bill, which. are
wholly controlled and governed by the clause ae have I
just quoted. What is the use of an act of parliament
to authorise payment for improvements of which the
tenant is to furnish a plan and estimate, and the land-
lord to agree in writing to their execution, before
they are undertaken 2 In truth, this is only a mode of
getting rid of the measure by a side-wind, acd no
farmer will fail to appreciate, and we trust at the
next election remember, this effort by a select com-
mittee of his high-professing political friends.

Iv Colonel SIBTHORP had the management of the
world—had the authority to stay the current of the
time and the progress of all things—then perhaps,
the army might nut be that institution, which would
suffer most sr remain most inefficient. The plan of
having and encouraging a large, pauper, outcast class,
of knocking down the able-bodied, and pressing them
on board a ship in one case, making them drunk and
tricking them into enlistment in another : all this
was very dashing and very ingenious. There was in
it both the sublime and beautiful of the mock-heroic,
such as novelists both of the past and present gene-
rations were wont to ask us to admire.
These fellows, too, made capital soldiers; and we
fear that much of the ideal recklessness and hardi-
hood of our tars proceeded from this origin, of which
their whole character smacked. Our military and
naval system was, in fact, one which absorbed the
very worst, the outcast of the population, and con-
verted them into what was most admired and
heroic, especially when seen at a distance. The re-
sult was really very satisfactory ; and, in war-time,
, afforded us neither leisure nor occasion for complaint.
But peace has made us toe intimate with the de-
tails of a soldier's life :—the privations, the corruption,
the cat-o'-nine-tails, the idle cruelty of the martinet,
the unfortunate dare-devil of a soldier, who has to
show his frowardness, not against a foe, but in com-
bating the dull discipline that awes and maims, but
which cannot cure or reform him.
Moral reformers have accordingly set to work with
the army and navy. Grog has been exploded, for
coffee : INCLEDON'S songs, for Sunday tracts. The
schoolmaster has been forced into the barrack, and
the wielder of the lash pelted out of it. Regimental
service is no longer a career for the dare-devil recruit.
He is taken too good care of : he lives too long. In-
stead of forgetting the lash, except in what is news-
, airy to escape it, be finds the public outside the bar-
rack-walls sympathising with him • and the many-
'tongued press takes his part. He becomes an object of
interest. In such a state of things, farewell disci-
Ono ; good-bye submission. The dare-devils will no
longer do for the army, nor any discipline suffice for
them.

It is not, therefore, Earl GREY, or Mr. Fox MAIILE,
who have come to make innovskons in our military
system. But the whole scratietdand habits of thought
of civil society being , military society
obliged to conform itself to age. The public will
not tolerate the old military rigine, which was the
recruital of its scape-graces. Although perhaps it was
the most economical mode. But it seems that we must
have recourse to a more expensive and more decorous
one. Government is enjoined to employ better mate-
rials ;to take the respectable farmer boy to be a sol-
dier, instead of his runaway comrade, and at the same
time to treat him better. _ _ .

There is, however, one great defect both in the de-
sires of the public, and the intentions of the govern-
ment. In order to effect the change proposed, it
would be necessary tope the soldier better. But no
--economy forbids this. We are to go to all kinds
of collateral expenses ; teaching, retiring pensions,
shortened term of enlistment ; whereas, the simplest,
and truest, and only way of effectually, and at once,
enticing a more respectable class to enter the navy
and army, vie., giving them a salary more propor-
tionate to the level of the young and active labourer's
wages :—this is sot attempted. And without this, we
predict, all attempts to raise the class which enlist in
either service will fail.
The shortening of the time of enlistment is, in
peace, a reform inevitable, to be preserved indeed
in war, but to be counteracted by inducements to re-
enlist, such as Sir DE LACY EVANS tells us invariably
act in India. At the same time, we must bear in mind
that what is now attempted is a kind of middle
course between two very opposite systems, which
cannot attain all of the advantages of either. One
system is that which we have described, the making
soldiers of the outcasts of the population, officering
them with some of the gentry and aristocracy, and
leaving the existing gulf between the soldier and
the officer. This is a system which has worked well,
bat which, in the progressive state of our society,
will never work so well again : and we are wisely
getting out of it.
But at the mane time we cannot go the length
of the opposite system, and make the army a
profession in which he who enters the lowest grade
has every fair chance of attaining the highest.
This one incentive, expressed in the proverb, that
every French conscript carries the Woo of a marshal
in his knapsack, is alone an incentive sufficient to
prompt the military-spirited of all or any class to
enlist. Our soci l system and ideas nowise admit'
of this, and we must remain, as at present, between'
the two, and much nearer the old English than the
modern French system.
If the two systems differ diametrically in the com-
position and discipline, as well as in the spring and
impulse which govern the soldier, they are no less
different in their provision for actual war. Our own old
system of enlisting all the dare-devils of the country,
would, one should think, be beet for offensive war; the
French system, of enrolling citizens by lot, the best
for defence. Yet our armies have been most suc-
cessful on the defensive ; the French most:successfid
on the offensive.
Fortunately, we have never had experience of these
wars in which the defensive system is the most vital,
viz., those carried on in our own territory. There,
the French and Prussian systems have the immense
advantage of making every man a soldier, every vil-
lage a corps, and endowing every third or fourth
respectable farmer with the qualities and the science
of an officer. Let oar period of enlistment be as short
as wepleaae—our system of retired service and pension
as complete as passible—we shall never reach the per-
fection of the Prussian or the French defensive force.
Drilling we detest; playing at soldiers we contemn ;
and nothing but the presence of an enemy will ever
make the dower of the English nation submit to the
requisite training for military defence. Ours, there-
fore, can be, at best, but a mongrel and imperfect
system, as far as the soldier, the personnel, is con-
cerned. This should, therefore, induce us to spare
neither effort nor expense in the erection of the
necessary bulwarks and fortifications, which might
enable us to hold at bay an invading enemy for a
time, until our population became trained to the
sacred duty of never allowing an enemy to rest on
British ground, till he reposed in death.

The operation of Russia on the French funds still
engrossed the attention of all parties in Paris on
Monday. It is well understood that the proceeding
has not been, strictly speaking, en act of the Russian
cabinet, nor are the funds to come from the Russian
treasury. Whatever may be its tendencies or conse-
quences in a political, financial, or commercial sense,
it is technically a purchase effected by the Emperor
Nicholas in his personal character, and by means of
his personal funds from the company of the Bank of
France. It is true that it has been somewhat ostenta-
tiously invested with diplomatic and political forms,
inasmuch as the proposition to the Bank was ordered
to be made through the intervention of the French
Minister of Foreign Affairs. Nothing would have
been more easy than to have realised the transaction
through the mere intervention of bankers.
A discussion has arisen as to the real initiative of
the proceeding. Ostensibly, it was first proposed by
the Emperor on his own mere motion, the motive
assigned being a desire to assist the Bank of France
in a difficult financial emergency. It has, however,
been asserted in more than one quarter that the pro-
position in reality origiaated in Paris, and, according
to some, from a high personage there. This, however.
has been authoritatively dented by LI Presse, the
'organ of Russia in Paris ; but of the secret history of
this transaction it is evident that a general ignorance
prevails.
Some well-informed persons pretend that it is M.
d'Argout, who showed himself puectilions on the
terms to be employed, having received instructions to
that effect from a high quarter. The Emperor, in
fact, whilst he expressed such kindly feelings for
France, and for the Bank, did not say one word about
the court. It seemed as if he only sought the grati-
tude of the cemmerce of France and the nation.

Wounded pride is said to have been the result; and,
instead of regarding this step of Russia as a proof of
goodwill, an intention has been hinted at, on the
part of the Emperor, to draw a line of distinction be-
tween the court and the nation. Thus, displeasure,
instead of gratitude, is felt towards the Emperor for
the step he has taken.
It has been announced in the German journals that
M. Gnizot is to make a visit in May to the waters of
Homburg, for repose after the toils of the acasios.
The same epoch, it appears, has been seleoted by
Prince Metternich for a visit to his chateau at Johan-
nisberg, in the same neighbourhood.
La Presse, between which and the Dads, though
both ministerial, there is now open war, gave on
Monday an elaborate article on the question of inter-
national alliances. According to this journal,
France has to choose between four situations—
first, an alliance with England, which, according
to that journal, can only be maintained by
constant humiliation and the entire sacrifice of
the national interests; secondly, an alliance with
the secondary states, which in the best view of it,
would place Prance as a secondary European
power, secondary in its maritime rank to England,
and in its continental rank to Russia; thirdly, iso-
lation, which would in fact be an armed peace,
and ultimately lead to decadence ; fourthly, an
alliance with Russia, which, according to La Presse,
would be attended with every conceivable national
advantage, placing France in the very first rank of
European powers, both as a maritime and a conti-
nental state, and leading, even according to La Trestle,
to the reconstitution of Polish nationality.
The popular agitation in the provinces, arising from
the dearness of provisions, beoomea more and more
extended. Every, part of the country has in turn
become the victim of the fatal improvidence of the
government. The flattering representation given by
the minister of commerce and agriculture last autumn,
the couleur de rose which that functionary, in his now
notorious circular, threw over the situation, has been
attended with effects fatal to the well-being of the
people. Commerce, prompted by those instincts which
impending emergencies seldom fail to awaken,
had a foreboding of the coming evil. Large
mercantile concerns did actually put themselves then
in communication with the Cabinet, to which they
imparted their convictions of the deficiency of the
harvest, the approaching scarcity, and of the expe-
diency of providing for the emergency by timely
orders for foreign supplies, which they expressed
their willingness to undertake on their own account.
To this the minister replied by the most confident
assurances of the groundlessness of their apprehen-
sions, the sufficiency of the harvest, and the inutility
and inexpediency of ordering foreign supplies.
Commerce was thus lulled into a slumber of inac-
tivity. The winter came on, the Baltic, the Black
Sea, and the American rivers were closed, and the
population of France left exposed to all the horrors
of a scarcity of that article which constitutes nearly
their whole subsistence. The mails from all quar-
ters bring daily reports of the violences to which
the people are impelled by want. Waggons of
grain are arrested on the roads, boats are stopped
on the canals, and their contents either pillaged or
compulsorily sold at prices named by their buyers.
Hunger and ignorance preclude the reflection that
such proceedings must aggravate the evil.
Advises were received in Paris that Lord Palmer-
ston had again urged the cabinets of Vienna and St.
Petersburg to make a formal declaration reapeeting
the marriage of the Duke and Duchess of Montpen-
sier, and that it was probable that the cabinet of
Vienna would speedily comply with this request, and
that Russia would adhere to it.

Rumours were current at Madrid on the 17th that
M. Pacheco had been consulted by the Queen on the
state of affairs. According to one rumour, that deputy
was engaged in forming a cabinet, the members of
which were mentioned by name as follows : President
of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mar-
quis de Miratiores ; Minister of Justice, M. Pacheco ;
Minister of the Interior, M. Arra:tale ; Minister of
Finance, Manuel Bettrsm de Lye ; Minister of Public
Instruction, M. Reynoso or M. Salamanca ; War,
Jose de la Concha; Marine, General Roe de Olen°.

It was observedthat M. Pacheco did not attend the
Chambers. General Serrano wu still in Madrid, but
it was said, incognito, although, according to another
statement, he had presented himself at the palace in
full uniform, seeking an audience of the Queen. The
government had taken no steps against him. Several
new senators had been named. On the 12th
all was tranquil at Pampeluna ; the Captain-General
had made a tour of the provinces. The Basque pro-
vinces were also quiet. The ministry had demanded
of congress a vote of general confidence, which it
obtained.

Advioes from Bucharest, of the 23th ult., bring
intelligence of the highest interest. It appears that
the general assembly of Walachia had adopted, on the
23d, a project of law of the highest importance, in
virtue of which 14,000 families, and 60,000 Bohemian
slaves belonging to the state, to the clergy, and to all
the public establishments, have been emancipated.
This magnificent act of philanthropy is ascribed to
Prince Bibesoo, the hospodar of Walachia, who took
the initiative, and to the general provincial assembly,
by which the measure was unanimously voted. After
' a debate, in which the most noble sentiments were
expressed in favour of the emancipation of the lower
classes, the heads of the church, notwithstanding the
opposition which the law encountered on the part of
the clergy , addressed an eloquent discourse to the as-
sembled boyards, to induce them to follow his example.
The only remains of slavery now in Walachia are
aboat 48,000 individuals, who are private property.
The hospodar, Prince Bibesco, the day following
these proceedings, gave his formal !sanction to the
project of law, and addressed a rescript to the
General Assembly, expressing his satisfaction at the
result. He thanled also the head of the church and
the members of the assembly for having passed a law
which, as he said, the spirit of the age and the pro-
gress of civilization had so long demanded. "This
day," concluded the Prince, " will constitute an epoch
in the annals of Walachia."

ROME, M►Rcot 13.
For the last few days rumours of all kinds have
been afloat respecting a serious misunderstanding be-
tween the Austrian ambassador and our government.
It appears that positively the envoy of Austria has
gone as far as to demand his passports, which the
Pope has ordered to be placed at his disposal at his
earliest convenience. Much joy is expressed in every
circle of society at this rupture, and an incubus seems
to have been taken off the whole social body. It is
added that the recent conspiracy at Ancona had
something to do with the affair, and also that a
formal demand had been made by our government to
the effect that the foreign garrison which now oc-
cupies Ferrara should be forthwith withdrawn, no
necessity existing for its continuance ; but, quite the
contrary, a regular quarrel is inevitable, and the
sooner matters come to a crisis the better.

We have nothing. of a more striking character to
report. Our sovereqn has brought back the days of
the great and good Haroon el Reschid, and goes
about incognito investigating abuses and relieving
distress. A paragraph in the Roman Adrertiser
gives an account of a visit p 'd to the " Ragged
Schools" of Rome, originally founded by some
pious laymen, and which the clergy have sines
taken in hand. Would that all the unoccupied
friars of Rome (amounting to 800) had the grace
to employ their leisure in imparting instruction
to the ignorant multitudes of children by whom they
are surrounded. .

There was found yesterday (what is an exceedingly
rare occurrence here) the dead body of a drunkea
vagabond in the classic basin of the Fontana Treri,
which is the water used by the select classes of
Roman citizens. Much horror is felt by delicate
persons at the unheard-of circumstance. Possibly it
may have been a victim of revenge or jealousy, but
as we have no Witkley here to coronise the corpse,
the mystery must remain unrevealed.
Not a little disgust has been felt in ecclesiastical
I circles on receipt of the last lenten pastoral of Dr.
WHale,dated Feb. hi, contraated, as it neceasari:v is.
with the mild and considerate tone of similar official
documents here. It appears that be inveighs amid
Irish famine against the " soup establishments with
which this country is about to be inun-
dated •" talks about " breaking down the
fences of discipline!" and sapiently adds that
this soup, without affording sufficient nutriment, has
just as much of the juice of meat as would tlll the
poor with axwottsx!" An Indian fakir on the banks
of the Ganges might be supposed to howl forth
such ravings, not a Christian teacher. Lag year, it is
I well remembered here, that the same individual

ascribed, in his lenten address, the potato rot to the
bill for endowing provincial academies for the middk
classes.
A new journal has appealed this week, dedicated
to medical science ; it is called, somewhat quaintly,
L'Esculapio del Terere. I see you have copied from
the Presse an account of Don Miguel's escape, aided
by an EnylisA Colonel B ••• ! There has been no
English colonel here to answer that indefinite de.
scription. Colonel Banbury is innocent of the soft
impeachment, and the French, apparently, mut
needs have John Bull's finger in every dirty pie.
Oar English steamer, the Peninsular Company,
Tiger, was ran foul of the other dey on the Twat
coast by one of the French government ships. No
person injured however.

ALEPPO, Fan. 8, 181.7
After riding for 29 days upon a jaded variety of
Tartan' hacks from Bagdad I am enabled to affix the
above date in a neat cell of the Franciscan convent preee
Mosul I weed through Djezireh, Diarbekir, and Orfa. Nee
much newt stirring, anywhere. Bederhan Bev was at We
made at Derghileh some five hours from Djezireh. Me
received a message from him inviting us to his retreat ; het
conceiving that the acceptance of his hospitality would be by
him perhapeconetrued into countenancing his crimes. we re.
strained our curiosity to see the lion in hie den and passed on.
The border villages of his dominions seemed not in a very safe
state for travallem The inhabitants openly proclaimed that
they were in rebellion against the padishah ; and seemed
longing to begin a little work in the shape of plunder. At
Babel, our first stage from Djezireh, the were importunate,
uncivil, and saucy ; and seemed diepoeed to get up a row for
the purpose of rifting our baggage, which they regarded with
most wolfish eyes. Halfway' between Niatbin and Merdin
we visited the ruined city of Dora, which lies in a hollow of
the hills and reminds one, with its mauve masonry, of the
Coliseum, and the noblest ruins of imperial Rome. At
Nisibin we found 300 Arnaouts, stationed there to in,
tereept such fugitive Kurd, as were abandoning the alleges
and tents of the plain to join Bederban Bey. At some boats
from this place we fell in with a party of 12 K urds, well•
armed and mounted, who were transferring their property
and allegiance in this way. We were fortunately accommo
nied by a guard of Arnaouts, the chief of whom instantly
rode up to the Kurd horsemen, according to his own lament,
to question them as to their movements. They pointed to
their black tents upon the slope of the hills, sad the Amino,
with a fierce satisfaction in his hungry features, and griming'
like an animal of prey, informed us that to-morrow heehoula
set upon those fellows and plunder them. Such is the pollee
of Asia. Presently alter we passed a beep of fresh earth by
the road-side, which the same Arnaout told us was the grave
of an Arab who had been shot two days before in a skirmish
with him and hie men, and, pointing at a dog that was '
kicking up the loose soil with his heels, he bunt into a hoarse
savage laugh. Between Hardin and Diarbekir the weather
WY extremely severe. The thermometer sank to 12 deg. Fehr.,
a temperature that we had to endure more or less till we
reached the Euphrates, where a sudden summery change
seemed to fall at trace upon the clime. The snow which had
laid deep upon the stony ground, effacing the narrow track,
and detaining the Tartar who brought the poet from Aleppo,
, suddenly vanished; and the transition from Mesopotamia
into Syria seemed like crossing over from one 'neon into
another. As we came from regions infected with the chokes
we were not permitted to enter at the gate of Diarbekir till
a pot of embers, smoking with unsavoury irprinklinge of some
mysterious substance, had been swung towards our stirrups
by a Nina soldier. By his awkward smile he messed
ashamed of his funagatory function, and excused an open:ties
which he appeared to think highly absurd, by its being the
order of the pad shah. At the horse of the good old Chat.
dean merchant, Hodjah Bsdixish, upon whom hospitality as
were again quartered, we met two medical commusionen sent
1 by the Porte to distribute medicines in places visited by the
cholera. One of these practitioners was a Pole, and the other
a young Turk, who had just passed his examination, and ob.
tanned his diploma at the medicel school of Oalatfreera.
I They had travelled upon their mission, which, to be of the
least use, required the greatest dispatch, at a snail-pan, in
company with a caravan from Samsoun. This delay, added
to their detention at Samsoun, during fifteen days, in eons*. 1
quence of having left the medicine-cheat behind at Constan. '
(ample made the medical commissioners take nearly two
month; to reach Diarbekir. We told them, to their great
surprise, that no case of cholera had occurred at Bagdad for
two months, nor at Mosul for nearly the same time, and that
we had not found it anywhere else. This intimation they
seemed to receive with much satisfaction . as they admitted
that all their medicines were confined to the contents of a
small chest, and that they were in a much better conditica
to make a report upon the subject than to deal with the
disease itself. We were pleased at having reassured the
apprehensive minds of the commissioners with regard to the
nature of the task they had before them, and wished them
good speed upon their way. Seriously, this diverting ce
melancholy little commission is • very fair sample of the
Porte's improved administration, and of the scale and style
in which it apes the features of European government..
Between Diarbekir and Orfa we saw, as we rode along the
be-snowed foot of the Taurus, nothing in the shape of h ulnae t.
creatures and habitations but those wild shepherds, the
Yenrachs, and a few Kurdish villages. The Yeuruchs live
in tents like the Turkmaas and Kurds, but 'peek • language
of their own, and seem to form a race distinct from either.
At the villages there iavariably took place a squabble be-
tween our guards and the villagers, who complained meetly
of the vexatious burden of having to feed and lodge them.
But they seemed not in the least afraid to speak nut their
minds, and nearly always refused to receive the guards till
we had paid foe lodging and food for them and their
horses. I saw instances in which the villagers re-
fused to tall barley for the hones, when the guards'
brought money in their hands. In other wee,
they doled out the provender in such a niggardly style,
that the guard. exasperated at expending more than his age
daily pay to procure a few handfuls of barley for his lone,
burst out in torrents of abuse. This, in one case, was an-
swered by a blow on the part of the villager, and we had ne
email difficulty in appeasing the tumult which arose out of
this quarrel. No doubt this is a great improvement upon
the Jellies:try system under which the people lay at the
mercy of a recklem soldiery, and were plundered by them at
pleasure. But the fact is, that under the present system the
villages are ruined, and the irregular cavalry that conatitota
the road police are starved. The villages are ruined partly
by the usury of the land proprietors, and partly by the es-
actions of the government. The ayan or landlord leads, at
seed time, to the cultivator, to be repaid the double of his
loan at harvest. This is clearing cent. per cent. is
three or four months. Tuxes eat up the re-
mainder of the husbandman's substance. Thus the
villagers may be said to be ruined yearly, and yeerij
set up again to work for the profit of the ann. The vil-
lagers remain for life his slaves and debtors—a (codifies
little better than that of serfs, who are at least well fed.
Now, the djebe:li, haiteh, or hone-policeman, who is not to
pebenloosabkrie upoandn "sena
' things, has an allowance of 40 piastres a month, less than 3d.
im.erebleleeepthrsoonr inincuthbose,
pb.ut untasste.indie.of
a day ; that is, to keep himself and horse. He underlies&
from his employers that he is to get himself and hie hone
fed and lodged gratis by the villagers. But this is a sent
understanding which no one dares to enforce with absolute
violence. The villagers resist the imposition because it I
not accompanied, as it ought to be. by an exemption from
other burdens. They resist also from pure exhaustios.
Finding their resistance ropected, they grow more
resolute in opposition, and now at least they bans
it all their own way ; while the repulsed irregulars, nonmed
.
apart with their hones bridles
under their arms vent thew
.
hungry ill humour to the winds, and curse equally the is-
hospitable villagers and the delusive pasha. Thus a body
of men whom Ibrahim l'asha, during his occupation d
Syria, fouad among the most effective of his troops,
titularly in protecting the Desert frontier against
Bedouins, has become worse than useless, being much mote
ir.
1
imire
presentri or villagers.
to turn robbers themselves than to pro-
Left eithear

BELGIUNI.—NAmux.-111:RDER IN A CM11301:-.
An event of a very melancholy nature is just rasa.
grossing subject of conversation en the salons. Os
day night, the young Count de Liederkeke, the reprolthlellith
of one of the noblest families of this country, enteral'
chapel, contiguous to his chateau, in the neighboodossllS
Namur, and, without any notice, fired at his two lithe,
who were engaged in their devotions. The eldest sister mg
dead on the Tot. The count then fired twice at the RIP
visor, and the second time wounded her mortally. The
miserable perpetrator of this double deed then hurried sways
vowing vengeance against other members of his family. It
is feared that he has destroyed himself, as he has not yet
bees found, and as his dog returned late at night to the
chateau without him. The bodies of the young countess'
were conveyed by the peasants to the chateau. It isolated
that the count was subject to tits of insanity, which had be
come more violent since the recent death of his parrots.
AUSTRIA. THE PEASANTS OF GALICIA.
MORTAL PRAANCIL—A letter from Lemberg, in a Gerona
paper, says .—As in Cracow and Posen, so here du, tbe
anniversary of the revolution boa been commemorated hi
offering up mason for those who fell during the disturbansts
The police have prudently abstained from interference with
these ceremonies, rightly supposing that they would plume,
harmlessly if not interrupted.
THE LEVANT.—Advises from the Levant were
received in Paris late on Sunday afternoon, with „thawed,
and letters from Corfu to the tad, Constantinople to the Mb
and Athens to the 10th. The Corfu Gazette, of the 2nd,
contains the speech of the Lord High Commissioner of the
lonian Isles on the opening of the state', with the reldl of
the assembly. These documents, however, are merely of
local interest. The journals and letterset= Connantinople
and Athens refer to the continued difference to.tWt`ell
frovernroeute of Greece and Turkey. The latter insists ea a
proper reparation and apology being made to M. Mosearas,
for the offence committed against him. It is required that
on his return to Athens, M. Weed obeli parsossnl
offer .:m this reparation in the name of the
court ft..l iuhiaet. A. month is a:lowed br :he
to the Orr- k Cabinet to reply to this, after which, if the re-
gatemen', of the Porte are not conceded, ell diplomatic re.
(idiom besween the stases will be suspends .1. At the
departure if :he mail the Greek fen vroment still maicifeeted
an oloitinata refusal. sad there appears no likelihood of sal
change of ,ietennination Letters from Constantinople
speak of the immense commensal movement produced thou
by the unesvmpls.el exportation of grain. Exchanges have
risen to s pout not veneered for ten years, those is Hot
land nod FrAire being at par. Every arrival from Loaded
and Paris brought considerable remittances in specie. TV
last French steamer brought a million in silver. It wth
calculated that the agricultural industry of Turkey hed
already received from Europe considerably above three tail`

Lots staling, yet the supplies of the country were still
ebullient, the only difficulty being the means of transporting
tee grain to the sea-ports. Every miens of carriage are
eillt,a. into requisition, and exorbitant prices are paid for
this serrice. immense quantities of grain are already
eccumulatea at linos. Varna, and the other Turkish
Darn. Letters front Athens, of the 10th, say, that the
breek government were determined to oppose the felons
of ye. Museums to Athens, and that Prince Metteruieh bad
instructed Count Stermer to inform the Diva.' that it ought
not to have opposed or reeisted the conciliatory advances of
the Greek cabinet.
PERU. MURDER OF Moss. WOsaRT. The
French government has received information from the
consul at Lima, of the assassination of M. D'Osery, who
went out on a journey of diteovery to South Am, rica with
• Castelaau. The expedition arrived it Lima in the
manner of 1816, ised after a stay of onme months there,
H.lB. D'Osere and Cutelneu sewirated for the purpose of
leaching the Amazon by different routes—the former em-
barking OD the Memnon, and the latter taking his roue by
L'Ucayale. They intended to meet at the confluence of these
river' M. D'Osery left Lima at the beginning of November,
aod hired a boat with four boatmen to descend the Maranon.
His friends bad warned him soraiost setting out on such a
journey alone; but he laughed at their fears. The day
after embarkation he was murdered by his boatmen in the
pm or JULIMIXO. The motive for this deed was, probably,
to yin possession of the traveller's property; but no
particulars of the event are given.
SANDWICH ISLANDS. The commercial and
general importance of the Sandwich Islands are steadily
meresing, and it is said that at Honolulu, there is at preseet
a good opening for one or two liberal Eng'ish merchants,
sad, it is added, for an intelligent straightforward lawyer.
CHINA.—The "Celestial" empire is not beyond the
reach of that very mundwie ineouvenienee—want of
money. The scarcity of silver money is so greet that very
great embameiment has arisen from that cause. Therevenue
has also most sensibly diminished. " Hitherto." writes a
wellinformed correspondent of the China Moil, " by far the
greater pert of the income of the state has been drawn from
taxes—not on the luxuries, bat on the actual necessaries of
life, such as rice, salt, and tea, with a very heavy land
rate, which bean down the small farmers, many of whom
have not more than half an acre of ground for the
support of themselves and their frmilies • so that the
part of the population who are least able to
afford it are thus made to bear the heaviest portion of the
expenem of the government. The peasantry now begin to
discover that they are unfairly taxed, and hence the opposi-
tion manifested in many districts to their collection, headed
in most instances by the most orderly and induatrions part of
the community, and which generally issues in the defeat and
disgrace of the collector. To ensure the gabelle en eilt, the
monopoly is !clout to merchants, who are generally the most
wealthy men in China. As the rent paid by them is high, and
the 'fakers:at, they are unable to sell the article for consump-
tion at a lower rate than from two to three hundred per cent.
above prime con. The enormous price demanded affords
secouregentent to smugglers, who, however, as long ea go-
vernment possessed, sufficient means, were tolerably well
kept under ; bat as its ability to do so is lessening every day,
the smugglers, who are on the increase, are enabled to under.
sell, and so ruin the merchants. Under such circumstances
the Rubella is fast dwindling down ; as a proof of which we
may mention that in 49 districts in Horan and Oanhwuy,
where the annual rent is 300,000 taels, the arrears amount
to 5,900,000 ; and in the region of Hwasenan several mil-
lions are still unpaid.

COLONIAL.
NEW SOUTH WALES.—By the Overland Mail
we have intelligence from this colony to Nov. 28, about two
months later than the last direct advices—another argument
for the establishment of steam communication. We have
been favoured with the following extract from a letter, received
by a respectable firm in the city, relating to the discovery of
a copper mine in the territory of New Seuth Wales. So
many copper-mines have been discovered of late, that our
era runs some risk of being called the Copper Age. Wel-
lington, the site of the mine, is on the western declivity of the
peat rnotuitnia range which intersects the colony—about
200 miles to the N. W. of Sydney.
A copper mine in a well-wooded district *a barn found (near Wel-
lington). A bill to work ft hag been obtained from the council, and a
company is being eatribliehed to carry cm the operations, and to smelt
it on the spot FApertmenta on a large male have teen made toprove
this practical* and profitable. There are about 2,000 tons of mean,
ore, yielding by rough furnace melting 16 per cent. Them rough
formers emelt aboat 4 cwt. copper a day.
Our files by this arrival being Incomplete offered little
news. Rain had fallen in great abundance, and the prices
of provisions had declined in consequence. Fat cattle
realised 33e. to Me. per head, and sheep for the butchers
to. 3d. to Se. per head. The wholesale price of beef was
under Id. per lb. The demand for labourers wes great, and
wages had airspeed; agricultural labourers and shepherds
were getting readily 251. to 281. per annum, with rations and
house-room. There were sad complaints of the difficulty of
obtaining shepherds to keep pace with the rapid increase of
flocks. The new clip of wool was being freely brought to
market. Owing to the lower rates current in England, the
flock-holders found difficulty in getting the prices they asked,
and it was believed a large quantity would he consigned

home.
HONG KONG.—Onr letters and papers from
this settlement are to the 31st of January. The China Mail
contains the official statements of revenue and expenditure
for the year 1846. The total revenue wee 27,0471. ; the total
expenditure, 60,3511. The increase in revenue over 1845
was 4,8041. ; the decrease in expenditure, 6,3751.; being an
improvement in the financial position of the former over the
latter year to the amount of 11,1791. In the revenue there
was an increase of 1,0461. from the police averment; of
2.6471. from licenses ; of 9211. from rents ; and a decrease of
1831. from fines. In the expenditure the principal saving
falls under the head of public works-9,2251. We agree with
the editor of the rhino Mail in thinking that, considering
the backward state of the roads, and that there is not a
church in the colony, this was precisely the department in
which no retrenchment ought to have been attempted. We
are not disposed to complain of an increased expenditure of
1,8121. in the judicial and police department (summing that
the residents have bad value in return); but we should like
to see some explanation of the additional charge of 7351. in the
revenue department. And we entirely coneur with the Chino
Mail, when it says: " We should prefer seeing the licensee
at zero, rather than the opium farm should exist another
year
ttruin the prospects of the colony." That progeny,
begotten by Bad Finance upon Cant, is, however, the editor
remarks," rapidly working its own destruction, for the pre-
sent farmer, though he pays 150 dollars per month less than
last year, finds it a profitless speculation, and has offered to
throw it up." A sensible petition from the Chinese shop-
kercete. against the opium farm, is printed (in translation),
in the ('hips Mail. The petitioners state that they " ewes
of their own accord to Hong Kong to trade;" that their
" small business" all depended upon opium ; and that when
the opium Mainess was put into the hands of one company,
prices rose, merchants ceased to come to the settlement, and
several shops were closed."
Tables are published in the same journal of the trade of
Shaaghae from Ist Jan.to 31st Dee., 1846. The silk exports
from that mart from Ist July to 31st Den, 1646, werele.s46
bales, against 10,952 during the corresponding period of
1845. The increase was marked in Tsatlee and Taves= ;
in Yuenfa and Sorts there was a slight falling off. The silk
shipped for London ix the last half of 1846 was 8,824 bales
ermine 5,409 during the same period of 1845 ; to Liverpool
n was 4,968 against 3,776 ; to Hong Kong, 754 mtaiasi 1,765.
From July 1 to Dec. 31, 1846, 7,71i...61711e. of tea wen ex.
ported in 25 noels, of which 19 to England, 5 t• America,
and Ito Sydney. In the corresponding period of 180.
there were exported 6,582,7471bn in 27 vowels, of which 21
to England. and 6 to America. The quantity of tea exported
to England in the latter half of 1846 exceeded that exported
in the corresponding period of 1846 by 332,8791b5. of
black, and 51,7361b5. of green tea. The American exports
during the latter half of 1846 showed en inerea'e over those
in the corresponding period of 1845 of 749,21216 e. black, and
649,6201 M. green. There were imported into Shane's* in
the course of the year 1846: grey sheeting,. 1.274.384 pieces ;
white do., 330.'2.53; grey twills, 15,765; white do.. 12,620 ;
grey rattans, 3.76.1 ; prints. 14.806; long ells. 17,760 ; earn-
lent, 5,361 ; woollens, 21,110; velvet, 2194; habit sloth,
2,425; blankets, 2,336 pairs; American drills, 96.759 pierces
do. shirtings, 11.820; with minor articles.
Advice' from Manilla to the 16th of January represented
the market as glutted; prices low, and sales difficult.
SINGAPORE—From this settlement oar dates
are to the 6th of February. The junks from China had
begun to arrive. It was too early in the season to admit of
an opinion being formed as to whether there would be any
great decrease in their numbers; but a considerable altera-
tion was observed in the value of their cargoes, the article,
brought by them Wing of lee value than in former seasons.
The official statement of receipts and disbarsements for 1846
was published in the beginning of February, and showed
total receipt.. 7.0831. ; total expenditure, 6,373/. H.M.S.
Iria arrived at Singapore. from Borneo, on the 19th of
January, with the news that the eland of Labuan had
been formally taken possession of in the name of the
British government on the 24th of December last. A
" about three timesthe size of the Singapore esplanade
having previously been cleared. the British leg was hoisted
on that day under salute of cannon brought on shore from
the Iris and Wolf, in the presence of many Malays feom
various quarters. Captain Mundy addressed a short speech
to the rhieh present to the effect that the British at Labuan
would exert themselves to suppress piracy and maintain a
geed understanding with the Sultan. The natives are said
to be exceedingly anxious to be allowed to settle in Labium.
Captain Gordon, of H.M.S. Wolf, died at Labuan of the
jungle fever, and a number of persons belonging to that
yowl and the Iris were suffering from sickness. Goths 14th
of Jan., Mr. Ilupe, a German missionary, was busy preparing
a house and chapel preparatory to commencing operatime
for converting the Dyske. The Amelia, a brig from Singe-
Fere, on an experimental trading voyage to Borneo. was at
Lenten to the 211th of December. The natives, assemhled
to elute', the taking possersen. purchased largely. By
their advice, the supercargo carried the residue of the stores
to Bruni, the capital of Borneo (20 miles from Labuan),
'there they were selling at 100 per cent. on the original "sit
Teel,- at *Batavia is reported es dull. From Penang it is
intimated that the intercourse with Keddah is scarcely on so
friendly a footing es it "sad to be, or as could be desired.
The allowance of 10,000 dollars per annum formerly made
to the royal family has been withheld, on the plea that the
rajah is en longer independent, but a mere representative '
Whet is that to us, if he can render us good services,
and if has doing so, or not, depend on the payment of the
salinity
CEYLON.—From this colony our dates are to the
16th of February. The Colombo 06vpver of the 15th states,
that the coffee crop in the tonne of , hipment had proved so
large, that the estates best prepared for hiking it off were
hardly able to cure it properly. It was feared that a coos,
demble quantity of native coffee had been rent on board is a

very damp condition. All ese,,eeses of coffe, were auaurrad
to require au assurance fro:. ship "gems that no cot he would
be received on board eteept in a thoroughly dry and sound
rendition. A leenrartal to the governor, in favour of the
Ceylon railway, eumeroutly signed by merchants, planteni,
landowner', and other inhabitants of Ceylon, has
been forwarded by this mail. It states, that with-
in the la,t ten years, three hund-ed coffee plantations
have been formed is the Central Province, of which one-
half are now coming into bearing. The means of transport
are inadequate, and the e,rst examinee. The railway. 74
miles in length, surmounting a summit level of 1,700 feet,
and presenting no engineering difficulties for the first 59
nailea from Colombo, would supply the deficiency. The
memorialists suggest that a guarantee might be given to
the holders of scrip, on the semnity of the inland revenue.
Previous to the British sway, there wee not even a road
from Colombo to Candy, The formation of the military
road hiei created, in the course of 25 years, a traffic exwed-
ing 120,0001. per annum; it is inferred %list the effect of a
railroad would be progortionally greater. The engineer of
the Ceylon Railway Company was to return in this packet
with a detailed repast as the