The Express.
London, England, 1847-08-26 00:00:00

SUGAR CULTIVATION IN JAVA.

At the time the augur duties were under discua-
sion, moat exaggerated notions were entertained of the
capabilities of Java for the production of sugar. The free
traders seeking to allure the consumer class, and the pro-
tectionists seeking to terrify the producing claw, vied with
each other in glowing pictures of the fertility of Java, its
immense population, the cheapness of wages, and the con-
sequent unlimited extension of which its sugar production
was capable. The following account of the sugar cultiva-
tion of Java, by &gentleman intimately acquainted with the
eastern portion, the less known portion of the island, may
dispel illusions on both sides. It will, moreover, be wel-
come to the political economist as indicating what effect Java
is likely to have permanently on the auger market of the
world ; and to parties connected with our sugar colonies who
may derive some not unprofitable practical hints from it.
In the Sourabeya residency the different sogar mills that have con.
tracts with government have from 100 to 173 junks each.
A pink ,ntains 4 boom.
A bouw
A rood l2 hind.. ket.
A Rhyntand foot
Therefore one Mum is rather more than 11 English acre.
The government plant and take care of the canes ; they commence
planting generally in the month of July, and finish by the 15th Sep.
tember. The canes In this residency are planted at 3 feet by 11 foot
apart, but in Passer.. and Proingo at 3 feet by 2 feet. In Sour.
ahoyr one cune-ehootonly is planted, in Paean.. and Probulingo
they plant two transversely. In the month of May the cones are taxed
to first. second, and third sorts. The first sort calculated to prod.,
23 incubi sugar per bouw ; the second, 20 ; the tWrd, 13. The tax Is
si copper rupees per Mete, thus calculated. If the sugar fabricant
cannot agree with the government servant appointed to tax the moos,
the matter is Fettled by at bittatioa. A bouts of good ease ought to
give 8,000 to 9,000 boodles of 23 can each, and *book II picots of
sager; very superior cants have given 33 to 40 *Wiper honw, and
by ming the vacuum process in the fabrication ass 10 pleas have
bar obtained. Good canes are m nerally about sight or nine feel
km, containing more saccharine maser than area of a grester
length. There are now only two kinds of one noted in lava • lot,
tit. white cane 2nd. the Japan cane. The know is Fanny
phmitd in light, the totter in heavy cella : the War Sewers wino
WA but net the Former. Otaheite ems was tried, hug found tel to
easwer. The canes are planted generally at s rilatawee of not more
than three mile. from the mill, but there arc Ineteseas in which the
ones an eight rude* distant. This Is only where the population Is
this. ("the ggrrouuund Y Ls vicinity pm. In mat warms the go-
Momat sadertatea Mat OM at • greater anew than three
Ream
In Sourabayi they pint own omens, ad rise tho ant, every
year also sty. fterronsa Minya, boar, they plant
age
we
year am and two ynn riso, the grown an binges much ba-
the Mir nods se by In bras. siamiss ones
Cristrirdeptlbyiar ohndrien, osi bnnio is
ad e Imo-
verlibed by Sot groom bet bonne Se swan of mpg ninon
from missed ism was is la lisilhan *Mikan emskons.
Ia So midisola et son Proliange the mos son
ta• mon Nam Om lewd gentaim Tin wham tem
iiih at ilomboos by Se deem whisk pmente
the sale none' nits dig my, on ommanity Muni be bar-
=the pony lige on Minna is inky so In theiwoodeer
TM am men boin ampubed Ikon the hike at
tin mom nth. imisonar, nil a doh pr Innis Wound by
Ina M Mtn( So err nil knobs thm Ma Imam Ike wino
or weibpsons, in (I. • impegoll to win) by So peas
amt. Pre tbe aim hoot the Idd le Sip ail thersepz
NAM isaireets wit swim at the ben
ointrait year, min than Inn 11 to dila pa bras, award-
bjere tgrearr7tt tco
thtl:eleryie VaillgaV4l6.=
Main So Moroi Minn of the .fiirsaingeni mil be
onnimmi i=voftes&withaol etas go-
wning& Ish) h •
_dray Minn by
tekkonte who Weill oniiirts;7lkin try fteeof Sto. Daily
oodles an elliged von hen ,mina la tio monis to di In
onsing. Pie debiagort thilly resolve Ingle visa
Mae lets nasoallfs no era of cylinder., and U will mugged with
z eiza
twwhin is tbe My motive power toed in Java) an with good
inianignint, will take
ooffest 7
raoost or
iog
JeB,ooOebamilio etmass
Se anntor him. Bonds, kis llos the
irlust nine Moms mod elms anon la mmy we r
bane&
win as, la eh a. seams with priermai& admen so erode
to the lieleinna in Jemmy sad a Swim Mum he Ano, sad alas
_ tha Melo nip iallearti • gad seillmen Mos Sm,
QUEEN'S COLLEGE, BIRMINGHAM. The bell mat Is Mtn to donor tho vigor be min Is the go-
vienonid ; sad ray stele rate of Si mess vs Mil be tlisi he
Yesterday the annual meeting was held in the deSfilll, as a tarn payment (a the ism 14 beerier, be dawn
theatre of the college, in connexion with the institution. at Ima ham the basalt, mbisit his ani•Vii. Inn rinn& 01 pees
Birmingham—Lord Lyttelton, the principal, presided.—The =l,O Ms als oat Wig Mon Walls ISM of Imo
annual report of the council was read by Dr. W. S. Cox In mg
m Sionionnos oloonling
to egreenint he the ingessi, sod assonhog 61 'MEIN kr Ids gags.
the Dein of the Faculty. It set forth—that a spirit of zeal and m rates le tbout disid wen
application had pervaded the students, and, in proof of this, 12 copper rupees nine oispeter white" called No. la.
referred to the matriculation list of the University of 10 Irene No. W.
London, where four students had presented themselves in No. 12.
July last, and had all passed. A subsequent paragraph con- 0 bald
__eity.
taMed the following :—" The first question which came Alt r th•
buawd ft,""'hire.kethrongs."4hielltmiY..."iwa
emb.dh,e " "Is `rni
eartrocted all:
under the consideration of your council was the following buido mu." Y ais rnwsd de"
communication addressed to the Dean of the Faculty by the the . The Iggie. d =1•10111111. lain nnly
Regietrar of the University of Landon : Mar Wog al eosin a Ss oil aims g -
14tios having been glen by small ra t the senate of the ant. ht opt pmt. Anse the is bend to a mein am
'entity of has Wooden to sahib le flea aoreld.i.,. of the ......1701"..,_1111110pony
is Mika ma sawn to
ute
...Verne of nognigna tin all candidates for the B.A. granuae IVO./ OM 89‘. It is Sin pedowall
•..8 ors sled 41818 r hi an of Ss books of the Pentateuch in different win, own Wawa Sm. It When
shall
Saris, or In sae at the bar or the Acts of turned out Sae pen in to the Inns an rag a 18so ewe
the in Ss originl ales is History; exposure to the gm, whisk le pond end
64 "HI tsars le this nonlaseloa klissitssiiiVess bead. est to thadlilatimit womparta, le he Wm the
gowinnist
Sinn L a bead of mien in elide be wash- dam TY Edina Midi rte Ana Unpin waging Ihe
adds 162: min of net fewer Ms In perms. TM the na- is In a agora% sot of pne, espy Mtn! tem nls
be unman wholly on a. That el end =MI win as in
ear. • Insisin an own odionlo neatly
for the mad of anklialos se to whil the want be nobs wil sad fm, aim* apnea On
rhihrible= et sandmen w Uat no ossasepi. be =Lae ma and sibs dromilems. It, Ike linsimithile
demos' se Mime It hen raising mo at at Om nand In lark rib. bank ban wok Man sin
lent haw oat of no el am. 4. 'That am of Us tied in= drUelb=ths Win al say mensal' In
Ina io it a geolnisdnonsier; mg Sot is soneine is pug as to • • sot he or re So tros jinn
expronon et /AO= ban an NW pit at My wog. Issilles in vii Inn Is sea Inwood, vrk r fe sory sopmeho.
OQ
♦ 15•1 !phial we Ile bergs ink ig•difnes, on in Us pair yr on of spa to lbe Whin any be
pi4r........1.1.80,11i0tem5ds bin So
anted
Ist; with allasisiss
rap.
reimpo--=el.lem the or=w7ll; aid
as
ihs
es .617
UeNso of wine Us 011Pailmen, esd Sit Us onags& luirwr ••• ••••171.
blinALliatiorsign as Ihe in& be Awn to
nem • ode et the yips he panz_g. Ma no
Illrear inedgfklifink Off Orr ennuis M "I"" 1.1. the

Copper 7.25

Now, 7.25 copper rupees are 6.04 direr guilders, and as a picul is
equal to In pounds English. the mat of the sagas per eat. will be
4.96 guilders. ce la. sterling. Ilils does not include interest of
money on the eon of the establishment, but teener that, I per O.
will be an mapiealleiwance. The present governor finding that the
dolts were pot of proper standanl weight, has celled duds dubs, dad
re-ieseed them at 160 dolts to tbedlver guilder, car guilder reerpteeen.
Of worm In settlements with tebrieante, they are paid at this nide;
therefore if a Otheicant has to receive 1,390 rupees, he Is paid
either 1,603 dots, or 1,000 reeepteeen, as be
Nether mem-cane nor any other produce can now be mach In-
creased to Java; the populatim being fully employed, and Nudged=
of adlikind can only be augmented in the same ratio with the thereon
of population. The great Merton of late years In the production of
sugar and Indigo, may be attributed to the cultivation of them articles
bang found mere profitable than that of rice. Hence the rice-ilehis
have been timed for the planting of auger and Indigo, until the present
crop of rice is barely sufficient to supply the native consumption. It
must net, however, be but sight of, that the mode of planting and
more especially the frothing of the ground is much better understood
and attended to now item formerly. The per unease allowed to
European Menservants, and native chiefs, has done a wonderful deal
of good in that respect. In most inetancen the same measurement of
laud produces one-third more sugar than it did ten years ago. The
great secret is ploughing fOe round well, which being den:, with a
etch aileviala* like that of Jam, no manure whatever Is required
2;:yoad that el the ashes derived from burning the stubble on the
ground. As earn are now never rattooned, they are invariably
pulled up by the rooky which are me ely cleaned with a knife. The
cultivation of wow sod meet are perfectly independent of one
another, ma seem meet be planted to any advantage much below
1,200 feet abenedge no, God at that height the temperature and
moisture as spirt tio growth of the sugar cane. Sugar and indigo
are planted en ea moo inwription of ground, and as the cultivation
of one at anytime is dierr24
.. that of the other may be Jammed.

100 collies .. 1 pteul.
1 Jaya picul 123 I. Dutch.
123 lbs. Dutch. 1361W. Y.nglugs nearly.
30 picots —.—......- ....... 1 Bow ahoy& coyang.
28 „
27 „
There notes were furnished by a gentleman resident in the
eastern part of Java to Mr. Jukes, and appears in that gen-
tleman's narrative of the exploring voyage of 11.M.8. Fly.

STATE OF THE IRISH EMIGRANTS IN
CANADA.

The Lirerpool Journal publishes a communication
on this subject from Mr. Abraham, the editor of the Montreal
Casette. We can assure our readers that any statement
coming from that gentleman may be received as strictly ac-
curate : his love rif truth is equalled by his careful habits of
cautious inquiry :
Six priests belongiar to the seminary, and two who do
not belong to it, have fallen victims to pious zeal from con-
tagion caught in administering the rites of their religion to
the destitute emigrants in the sheds. A seventh seminarist
fell a victim this morning (July 23), making nine in all.
The seminary, who ore a peculiar chapter or corporation, an
1. offset of St. Sulpice of Paris, consists of twenty-two priests.
Three others are very ill—considered to be in extrensis—
among them a very popular and learned priest, of a noble
French family, the Rev. M. (or Count) Charbonet. Should
this gentleman unfortunately die, it is feared there will be
a serious movement among the French population, who are
much attached to their priests, and—though their co-reli-
gionists—consider the Irish as foreigners, and are indignant
at the invasion of poverty and pestilence, the latter now ex-
tending to all dusts. Five of the nuns have died, and
several others are dangerously ill. One protestant clergy-
man has died here, and one at Quebec. The mortality
among the medical men and laity, though considerable, has
not been in proportion. This is attributed, as respects the
nuns, to the menial offices which they charitably perform
about the persons of the sick ; and, as respects the priests,
to the clue contact with the breath of the dying in
receiving their confessions in crowded apartments.
If it continues at this rate—and there is no sign of its abate-
ment—there will soon not be a religious person left alive in
the city ; for all consider it an imperative duty to administer
the sacrament to the sick, who are buried at a rate varying
from thirty to :fifty a day. The number of sick in hospital,
and in the sheds, is rarely less than two thousand. It is re-
markable that this pestilence, which is very unifirm in its
character, seems to follow the Irish wherever they go. It is
described as a low typhoid fever, attended by diarrhcea, and,
in its worst stages, by blotches on the limbs, which most con-
sider to be petechite ; hut Dr. Macdonnell, an Irish prac-
titioner of mica experience, considers it to be a critical erup-
tion. The English, Scotch, and German emigrants, of which
latter we have great numbers, are, almost without exception,
free from it, and, having resources, proceed on their way; while
the Irish, equally without exception, throw themselves on
charity. Their attendants complain greatly of their apathy
and inattention to cleanliness. In general, the poor crea-
tures seem to have no courage or animal spirits left—nothing
but a blind unreasoning instinct to beg their way west.
All, even those who have paid cabin passnges, and have
ample means, apply to be forwarded at the public expense.
Many., though pretending poverty, and dying in the most
miserable manner, have large sums of money concealed on
their persons. On that of one person, a corpse in the sheds,
were found 3451. Smaller sums are very commonly found
One fact I can authenticate. A friend of mine was asked by •
1 poor wretch to give him some coppers to get • lodging, protest-
ing before God his utter destitution. He did give him some
money, and so did others, and a cart was got to remove him.
He died within ten minutes, and on his person were found 20
sovereigns. This mortality makes a corresponding number
of orphans, and their condition is most pitiable ; for, with
the exception of the religious ladies, now almost all laid up,
it is impossible to get trustworthy nurses. None much bet-
ter than outcasts or drunkards will accept the office. The
catholic bishop of Montreal, one day, removed about •
hundred to his own neighbourhood ; but five and twenty
of the poor cr. atures died on the road. The, pssish
clergy are exerting themselves ; and the name of the
Rey. Mr. Harper, priest of Three Rivers, who made
two journeys down to Quebec, a distance of over one
hundred miles, for the charitable purpose, deserves
honourable mention, in getting them adopted in
French families; and the habitants have shown a most
charitable disposition, and would do so to any extent, if they
could enrols,. But, unhappily, in so many instances have
they carried the fatal disease along with them, that it is now
equally difficult to find shelter either for orphans or adults.
One anecdote among many. A poor widow at Quebec took
pity on an Irish orphan, and took it home. It communicated
the fever to her, and she died, leaving herown seven children
orphans. The fever has penetrated to the most remote coun-
try parishes where emigrants had gone to join settled
relations, Of the sixty thousand immigrants landed
her, this year, few believe that one-half will sur-
vive the winter. There is no organised poor law
here ; and private and government charity will soon be ex-
hausted. There is very little demand for unskilled labour in
Canada. There is no spade husbandry. The season of
harvest is short, and they conic here too debilitated for that
work. Besides, the Irish know nothing of the use of the
two great implements here—the axe and the plough ; and
the women are totally ignorant of the domestic economy of
the country. For heaven's sake, if reason can do it, stop
this mad immigration, and do not aggravate it by fresh
hoods of misery. If they think to steal into the States by
the back door, they are mistaken. A few may get in fur-
tively, but not many ; nor will their condition be much im-
proved. When the first invasion came, Lake Champlain, the
high read to New York, was closed against them at once by the
Americans. As they proceed along the north coast of Lake
Ontario, they find the American ports on the opposite side
closed ; and so, I fear, they will as far as they go west. In
the meantime, they are literally strewing the route with
their corpses, of which the very interment, near the prin-
cipal depots, is in such numbers as to be dangerous to public
health. The compassion which thin miserable spectacle first
produced is now degenerating into fear and repugnance.
Toronto is full of the destitute ; and the Kingston sheds are
described as even in a more horrible condition than those
of Montreal. There positively wants the means in the
Iprovince to meet ouch an enormous influx of helpless persons.