The Express.
London, England, 1851-09-27 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS; SATURDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 27. 1851.

direct control, and who, tbatt# !giber inclined to
moderate, not to say conservative views, are by no
means disposed to sulimit to that kind of domination
at present maintained, socially and politically, in the
rural districts by the landed gentry.
Then, thm:gh the farmers are much under the in-
fluence of '.heir landlords, they know well enough
that they are made the tools with which the land-
owners work out their own objects, and that in
vt..ry many important particulars the interests
and objects of the landlord class and the
tenant farmer class are directly in opposition
to each other. Then, again, there is a good deal
of sturdy independence amongst the superior
class of farmers, which the territorial interest
has only retained on its aide by creating and keeping
izalthe agricultural mind the greatest possible
on the subject of free-trade. No one, who
has noticed all that has passed in parliament, or
what has been admitted by politicians of all parties
during the present autumn, can have the slightest
doubt that the political landowners have utterly
abandoned every hope or expectation of reversing
the free-trade policy. They know that if they could
form a government to-morrow they must persist iu
and carry out that policy. Why then do they palter
with the still lingering hopes of the farmers
for restored prutectiou? Why. do they still
deal in ambiguous phrases in reference to
duties on corn and cattle? Why do they
make use of such Rut Vast WINKLE politicians
to fiht their county battles as Sir &vant, LYTTON?
Solely and simply becau-e they know and feel that
this protection question is the last link which binds
to their interest that section of the farmers not fall-
ing under their direct influence, who cannot be
whipped up to the poll by the landlords' agents.
And if the really independent middle classes of the
counties be enfranchised, it will soon be found that
more and more of the farmers, encouraged by the
support of men of their own station, will take an in-
dependent course in county elections.
Thus at the next general election wo shall see and
hear a great display of protectionist candidates and
protectionist principles in county contests solely for
the purpose of catching the farmers, whose allegiance
to the landocracy (alwajs saving that allegiance
which is maintained by apprehensions of notice to
quit) hangs somewhat loosely at present.
It is in pursuance of this policy that the Marquis
of SAtisnr Mt and his clique have brought out Sir
Enwstur Lvrtox for Ilertfurdshire, and if we may
judge fran what took place at the local agricultural
meeting the other day, where Sir HOWARD presided,
it seems by no means impossible that the manceuvre
may not prove very successful. Unless the landlords
can carry the county by mere force, with their own
unaided forces of tunes and dependent tenant farmers,
which is not likdv, wo question whether Sir
EDWARD LYTTON Will not prove an awkward candi-
date to carr l'oesibly Ins adoption by the tory
clique may be matter of bargain and sale ; perhaps,
like Sir armee NiEUX, he may have subscribed his
five or ten thousand pounds to the tory fund, and so
bought the support he is to receive from the party ;
if so, and they have taken his money, they must do
the best they can for him. But, if Sir EDWARD has
been adoptid, because he was once a pros,' sing ,
liberal, and because his protectionist politics are I
likely to secure the farruers, such of them we
mean as have a will of their own, it is, to say the
least, doubtful whether the territorial magnates of
Ilertfordshire have not made a grand mistake.
Sir Enwsuo's notions are so far-fetched, and his
method of elucidating them so roundabout and
wordy, that the result would scarcely repay the time
and space occupied in their exposure. Ile talked
much about what farmers had done by energy
and improvement, lauded their skill and intelli-
gence, hinted they had had injustice done to them
by the repeal of the corn laws, and which—politics
being excluded—he paraphral as " the continu-
ance of the present expenment," but dropped not a
syllable on the reciprocal duties of landlords towards
tenants, or of the heavy burdens landlordism imposes
on the tenant farmers of this country. It was an
elaborate essay on the state of English husbandry,
,all notice of the part played by the landlords being
omitted.
These things did not escape the notice of some of
the shrewder farmers present, for after a few
complimentary speeches from some minor squires,
Mr. teican, on whose land the ploughing match
had taken place, was called upon to respond to " his
health." In so doing, he somewhat ironically com-
plained that their "eloquent chairman had nut ad-
dressed a practical speech to the assembled farmers,"
and that the gentlemen who had spoken had not
suggested some practical remedies fur the difficul-
ties in %%Lich the farmers were placed;" and then he
went on to say "that the burihen thrown on the
county rates by the administration of the game
laws--than which laws there could be no more
fruitful source of rural depravity—required readjust-
ment. Ile saw several magistrates for the county
present, and lie boldly called upon them not to en-
force the game laws with the utmost rigour, because
these laws were laws which were made by the land-
lords themselves, and for themselves." And every
pause in this brief but telling speech was marked
with " loud, vehement, nod renewed cheering;" not
merely did the remarks about game laws go home to
Sir Enwaito and the other squires who had spoken,
but the sentiment had a much wider and more
general application to the acts and deeds of the
county squirearchy. Now this meeting may be
taken as Sir Euwatin I.YrrON'S (Mutt as a county
candidate, and this incident may be taken as an
omen of what he will have to encounter in that
character.

Game preserving, be it borne in mind, forms
a serious obstacle to profitable farming in Hert-
fordshire, and one of the present members, Sir
HENRI* MEUX, is a rigid game preserver. With two
such candidates on hts hands, and his own well-
earned unpopularity. Lord SALISBURY, despite the
farmers' fears of free-trade, will find it difficult to
force his three nominees on Hertfordshire, if all sec-
tions of liberals at in concert and with energy and
judgment.

operations at the Paris bank being about of a mil-
lion more, and those in the departmental banks a
million less ; the amoant of the former is 34604,669 fr.,
and of the latter 60,590,568 fr. On the side of the
liabilities, the notes in circulation Atm an in-
crease of 161, millions in Paris, and a falling-
off of somewhat more than half a million .n the pro-
vinces. The account-current of the Treasury has
declined 30 millions, employed in payirg the half-
year's interest on the Five per Cents., tae present
amount being 96,957,431 f. Private accounts-current
have increased in Paris 14 millions, and fallen off in
the branch banks 21 millions ; the amcuut of the
former being 118,280,395 E, and of tho latter
29,104,848 f. The whole amount of the metallic re-
serve at present is
_625 millions, to 337 millions of
notes in circulation.

The accounts from the wine districts ii the south
of France are far from satisfactory. It loos not ap-
pear that the blight has been general, tut the long.
continued draught will, it is said, cau.st a great di-
minution In the quantity of wine as compared with
average crops.
At the Bourse the Fives fell 10e., closing at 92.5,
and the Threes fell 45c., and closed at 56.10. The
Northern Railway fell 2.00, the Strasbourg sfr., and
Versailles (left bank) 1.23. The otter lines are
without variation. _ .

An experiment is being now made at tho station
of Chellcs, on the Strasbourg railway, of an ingeni-
ous piece of mechanism, for receiving and depositing
letter-bags without stopping the trains.

ITALY.

TUSCANY.

The Grand Puke of left Florence for
Monza on the 21st. During hie absence, hie cabinet
is entrusted with full powers to carry on the govern-
meat.

LOMBARDY.

The Opinion,' of Turin, in giving an account of
the various festivities with which the Emperor has
been greeted in his progress through Lombardy,
states that, on the 18th, a master bricklayer, named
Ogionui, who had contracted for the illuminations
with the municipality of Monza, was stilettoed in
that town, and died a few hours afterwards.

The Milan Gazette gives a detailed account of the
Emperor's triumphal entrance into that capital on
the 21st. His Majesty first reviewed the troops on
the Campo di Marte, and afterwards proceeded to
the cathedral, where the Te ]A ruin was sung. The
official paper adds that the bchavionr of the people
was modest and satisfactory.

GERMANY.

KOSSL'TII AND HIS COMPANIONS HUNG
IN EFFIGY.

VIENNA, SEPT. 23.

Simultaneous almost with the arrival of Kossuth
and his companions on English soil, the Austrian
government displays at Pestle. in the most glaring
colours, the fate which English sympathy, pertina-
cious and prompt, and Turkish good faith, have suc-
ceeded in saving them from. Yesterday morning
curly the names and effigies of the Hungarian fugi-
tives were publicly executed by hanging them in the
market-place of l'esth, with all the dreadful solem-
nities which accompany the execution of a human
being. Disappointed in their passionate desire to
wreak the most frightful vengeance on the head of
Kossuth and his friends, the Austrian government
has hung them in effigy. The Mirror of Pestle re-
ports the fact in the simple terms which a state of
siege permits. The military were drawn out and
formed into a square, within which there appeared
the usual gallows. The otlicer in command
read the sentence of the court-martial, ac-
cording to which the following persons were sen-
tenced to death in effigy, having been tried
is contumacion (Anglice, while fugitives from jus-
tice), and found guilty of high treason. The sentence
having been read-,: the hangman was ordered to do
his duty, which ho did by hanging up a string of
black boards, on which the names of the sentenced
criminals were written, as follows :—Paul Almasy,
Julius G. Andrasy, J. Balogh de Galantha, Count
Casimer Batthyanyi, Eugene Beothy, Ludwig Csch
(Csernatoni), Stephen Gorove, Richard Guyon, Esq.;
Paul Hainik, Francis Hamann, Michael Horwatli,
Daniel Iran) i, Baron N. Josika, George Kmethy,
Karl Kornis, Ludwig Kossuth, Johann Ludwig,
Ladislaus Madams', Baron Y. Najthenyi, .Moritz
Merle, Lazar Messaros, Jos. Orosshcgyi, Moritz
Perezel, Nicolaus Perezel, Nicolaus Peky, Johann
ltakuczv, Julius Sarosy, Anton Semogyi, Baron L.
Splenyi, Baron E. M. Stein, Bartholomeus Szemere,
Samuel Sonntagh, Michael 'fareszes, Count Teleki,
A. Von I ieggenfeld, and S. Mikovieh.
Of course the military were indispensable; other-
wise the populace would instantly have torn down
the boards and hung the hangman and his com-
manding officer in their place.
Some moths ago the government introduced into
Hungary a tax upon all articles of food consumed in
the towns and large villages, and in order to have
this tax regularly levied and to prevent imposition,
a small army of tax-gatherers was created, whose
duty it was to levy the tax on tho articles, in ques-
tion upon their passing the gates of each town or
village. So little acquainted with the condition of
the people of Ilungary and their wants has the mi-
nistry proved itself to be, that they have been com-
pelled to recall their tax-gatherers and abandon the
tax altogether, because it was found to create greater
expenses titan the sums it produced. The fore-
thought, calculation, and knowledge of the authori-
ties most assuredly deserves commendation.
Private accounts from Italy contain full confirma-
tion of the total failure of the officially got up re-
joicings to welcome the Emperor. In every one of
the larger cities through which the Emperor passed
the severest orders were issued to the inhabitants to
decorate their houses during the:day, and to illumi-
nate them at night. Fear of imprisonment, or per-
haps still worse, compelled the people to do what
they were ordered, and lights in the windows, and
green boughs and flags on the houses, were not want-
mg ; but in every town, or even village, the rejoic-
ings went no further. Police representations of
exaggerated loyalty were of course not wanting, bat
in Milan the majority of the population left the town
for the whole time the Emperor was present, leaving
to their servants the ungracious task of illuminating
to welcome a despised and hated monarch. Such
conduct will not be allowed to pass unpunished by
the police, and anticipate having to report shortly
that fresh persecutions have begun. In Verona a
tombola was arranged by the police, for which free
tickets were distributed, but, notwithstanding, the
theatre remained half empty, a fact which speaks
volumes when the love of gambling of the lower
orders in Italy is taken into consideration.
It is stated in several of the papers that the head
of the Vienna police, Ritter Weiss, is to be placed at
the head of the central federal police of Germany,
which the Diet at Frankfort has resolved on organ-
, ising. This person, I cannot call him a gentleman,
has played a most notorious part in the persecutions
which have been instituted in the metropolis since
the October revolution. At the head of the worst
secret police in Europe, with the exception of the
Prussian, he seems really to have deserved his post.
He is without exception the worst of the bad. His
private character is stained by acts which, in other
countries, where laws exist and are respected, would
have been punished by lengthened imprisonments.
It is not very long since he was the subject of a
criminal investigation, for having feloniously attacked
a young woman, an accusation which is said to
have been quashed by money. He is hated
by his inferiors, who certainly cannot be
considered men of :character, but who are still ps-
sessed of sufficient honest feeling to be shocked at
the atrocious manner in which he instructs them to
proceed. In his former days he has been known to
denounce individuals for acts or words pronounced
by them while he was their guest, and he is not
ashamed to boast of his success or to instruct his
inferiors to follow his example. His official career
has been one series of failures. The accusations
which he and his tools have fornished to the courts
martial, and their evidence thereon have been in nine
eases out of ten proved to be lies; innocent men have
been:seized by his mistakes and made to suffer punish-
ment for offences the real authors of which all his
cunning and trickery could not discover. Any per-
son connected with the court or government need
but name an obnoxious individual, and Chevalier
Weiss pounced upon him and secured him as safely
as lettres rh cachet formerly secured individuals in
the &stile. Fifty thousand political offenders,

the majority, named by Chevalier Weiss, fill
the penal companies (Straf Compagnien) of the
Austrian army. The prisons were full of his victims,
and under the present anarchical maladministration
of what is called justice hundreds of innocent men
wait in crowded cells, month after month, until it
shall please the authorities and Chevalier Weiss to
place them at the bar of some tribunal or other.
Such is the individual who, it ismported, is to un-
dertake the administration of the police affairs of the
confederation. If the report be true, the imprison-
Ment and trials of 1830 will bo nothing to those
which will ensue upon his taking office. No one
will be safe.
The police force of London bears a high character
for probity and honesty. Since I have been in
Vienna I have heard it very strongly asserted that
individuals connected with it have made themselves
subservient to the purposes of the Austrian govern-
ment, in a way that reflects discredit upon thG
whole. Your readers may perhaps recollect that not
long ago a case of forgery of Austrian bank notes was
heard at the Mansion-house or Guildhall police-court,
and that statements were made during its progress
to the effect that a systematic forgery of Austrian
paper money was in operation in England. The
detective police who were employed upon the case
in question are understood to be still engaged in the
prosecution of inquiries at the instance of the Aus-
trian government. Their unsuccessful efforts have
hitherto been well rewarded, and promises of further
reward have not been lavished without a purpose,
for4nothing is easier to detective constables than,
while hunting after hank-notes presses, to hunt
up the dwellings of Austrian refugees and
to report their proceedings to the Austrian embassy
In plain words, the police of England are accused
here of [taking Austrian money to be spies on poli-
tical refugees, upon pretence of searching after forgers.
I do nut make the assertion myself; but so long ns
the present character of the English police force is
allowed to exist by parliament, I must maintain that
they ought not to he allowed to be at the beck and
call of foreign despotic governments upon any pre-
tence whatever. I [may also mention that several of
these said refugees are nothing better than police
spies.
Metternich has delayed his arrival in Vienna. The
great age and weakened constitution of the ancient
minister have compelled him to travel much slower
than was intended. A telegraphic message, received
yesterday, announces that ho will arrive to-day,
towards evening.
PRUSSIA.

The Cologne journals state that a prosecution has
been commenced against six of the municipal coun-
cillors in that city, for having, in a discussion as to
whether an address should be presented to the King,
attacked the government. They add that the burgo-
master has been reprimanded for having allowed
them to continue speaking.
BERLIN SEPT. 24.
_ .

The Preuudarhe Zeitung published yesterday a
very long De/Ascii/4A filling the whole paper, ad-
dressed by the Prussian government to the other
states of Germany, giving an account of the negotia-
tions which have terminated in the customs conven-
tion between Prussia and Hanover. There is a
lengthy statement, too, of former negotiations on the
subject, showing why they had not succeeded.
It was in 1841, on the occasion of Brunswick join-
ing the Zollverein, that Hanover and the Steuer-
vervin first made overtures to join it also. But their
propositions, which consisted chiefly in lowering du-
ties on several articles, and in the claim Hanover
made to a particular amount of customs revenue
(jortriptuna), was rejected by Prussia. The difference
ten years has made in the relative positions of the
parties is remarkable. At present Hanover requires
no reduction of duties, and her demand for a fixed
share of revenue on a higher scale than formerly is at
once acquiesced in. The reasons of this last conces-
sion are thus explained in the lienkselarift :
Ten years ago, the average revenue of the Steuerverein
was hardly as much as that of the Zollvercin, whereas, at
present, in the former, the increase of revenue, from 1517 to
185,.,, has been as much as 1 dollar 1 groschen a head for
the whole popu'ation, whilst in the Zollverein it has
amounted, from 1547 to 1819, only to 2;5 groselien, and in
1550 only to 23 grosehen. It is on this ground that Prussia
has yielded to the demand of Hanover for a customs in-
come whirls will exceed that at present realised in Hano-
ver, and which was only prospectively to be realised by a
higher taxation in certain articles, had this convention with
Prussia not taken place. The superior advantages of the
freer trade of the Steuerverin were also shown by a compa-
rative table of articles consumed in the Zoll vercin and
Sisiervereln in the years
1847-49. 1847-50.
Brandy
3.02 4.05
Rice
Southern fruits, and all
sorts of raw tobacco
Tea
0.57 • ... 3.41
Sugar and syrup 5.57 8.29
Thus the consumption in the Stuerverein in all the
articles which make up revenue is shown to be con-
siderably greater than that of t'te Zollverein, yet
though this effect has certainly arisen in a
great measure from the lower duties of the
Steuerverein states, there seems to be no
disposition, either on the Part of Hanover
or on the part of Prussia, to profit by the opportunity
the new treaty offers, to obtain a reduction of duties
in the Zullverein states. On the contrary, the
1), nkarheitt reasons at length that the increase of
ditties in the Steureverein territory can hsvc no ten-
denc -to diminish consumption, especially with re-
spec" to such articles as sugar, coffee, and tobacco,
which have become by habit necessary to the daily
life of the people.
It appears, therefore, pretty evident that though
this treaty may have the best effects on the commer-
cial and industrial world, not only in Germany hut
in foreign countries, the main object of the parties
to it (Prussia and Hanover) is not the advancement,
on enlightened motives, of the free trade principle,
but simply an augmentation of revenue; whilst there
seems to be really a disposition, despite experience,
to deal most kindly and tenderly, if not encoura-
gingly, with the protective system, both in doctriuo
and in practice.
This convention between Hanover and Prussia is
likely, it seems, to exercise sonic influence over the
fate of that innocent folly of the Germans, the
German fleet. Austria does not want this
miniature maritime force; Prussia had, since the
theory of a united imperial Germany has passed
away, lost the interest she formerly felt in it. And
as for a federal fleet, she totally repudiates the idea,
as it would place her, in all federal naval affairs, under
the command of Austria. There was therefore a
great perplexity as to what was to be done with this
mimic fleet. There was hardly room for it in the
museum, and there was a reluctant conviction on the
part of all that if it were to be kept up it would be
more as a "curiosity" than anything else. Now,
however, tho fancy, of Hanover and of the coast-
states to protect their commerce by a marine war
establishment has something like a big look,sby
Prussia's league with Hanover, and consequently
with seaport centres of commerce ; and a north sea
fleet, under Prussia's command, belonging jointly to
all these commercial provinces or cities, will have a
grand sound, and will not seem on paper so really
useless as it will be in fact. The .Kreutz Zeitung
gives one to understand at least that with this view
Prussia will advocate the maintenance of the few '
ships and gun-boats: which are called a fleet; and
j that ournal already speaks boastingly of the future
German navy, the very anticipation of which, it says,
so alarms the jealousies and the fears of England.
The negotiations of Count Bille Braise on the three
subjects of his mission—the evacuation of Holstein
by the Austrian troops, the respective relations of the
dnehiLs toone another and to Denmark, and the throne
succession question—proceed not, I am Informed very
rapidly. The Schleswig-Holstein affair is that which
chiefly embarrasses Prussia. The terms proposed in
Loudon in 1849, to which l'russia gave her adhesion,
ought, however, to simplify this matter. By these
, terms it was settled that Schleswig was to have a
legislative and administrative constitution, separate
both from that of Holstein and that of Denmark.
But then came the plan of May, 1830, that Schles-
wig and Holstein should have a joint-separate
assembly to represent interests common to both
duchies. To this scheme, of course, Prussia in-
clines, as it virtually unites the duchies, declaring,
nevertheless, the tt inseparable union between
Schleswig and Denmark;" but Denmark opposes this
duchies; and it appears that Prusgviusit,,h.heoti.
nocqsaual c
project, because it does not distinctly separate the
thedate
separation mi: t
tet
es uwoaron
tsl
hdh agreee sense,u ni
o settle-
mentntquestion
openni f
one for future determinatnoonolafeia‘v:to which postpone-
ment Denmark decidedly objects, though Prussia

formally "expresses her wish that the integrity of
the Danish monarchy should be maintained invio-
late." In this hitch the ncgociations on this point
at present, I am assured, remain ; on the other two
points I have learnt nothing distinct.
But an old report is being again revived and cir-
culated, that there is question of admitting Schleswig
and Denmark both into the Bund by way of settling
the various Danish and Duchy affairs. It is said
that the Prussian government earnestly advocates
this measure, that Denmark adopts it, and Russia is
not opposed to it. As the parties at variance, how-
ever, would stand exactly relatively in the same
position after entering the Bund as before, one
don't sco what difficulty would be removed by this
course. Indeed, I should not notice a rumour ad
highly improbable if it had not obtained somo cre-
dence here.

Ttz,i'reussischeZeitunoannounces that at Homburg
the " fundamental rights" have been formally
abolished, by a resolution or proclamation of the
Laudgrave of Hesse.
The Ober Pust Alla Zeitung says that the continental
powers have agreed simultaneously but separately to
address remonstrances to the English government on
the subject of the conspiracies hatched in London by
foreign fugitives against the peace and security of
all legitimate governments, and they will urgently-
demand that measures should be taken to put au
effectual stop to such proceedings, whereby all so-
ciety is endangered.
The common-council of the city. of Cologne have
determined to submit the following address to the
king in reference to the speeches of his Majesty and
of the Prince of Prussia in their late visits to that
city :

Most Illustrious and Mighty King ; Most Gracious King
and Master,—The words of displeasure which your majesty
in your late visit addressed to the city authorities have
filled the hearts of all loyal citizens with sorrow. With
deep devotion we venture to affirm that after the indelati•
gable efforts of the communal authorities to uphold the
laws, at a time when other protection was not to be found,
and the proofs they have given of attachment to your Ma-
jesty at the critical season alluded to, make them in their
true loyalty feel that the expression of your royal displea-
sure does not really apply to them.
Most Gracious King and Master,—For years long our
desires and our endeavours have been directed to make our
Prussian fatherland more inwardly united ; to strengthen
confidence and concord between all classes of the people and
all parts of the country ; to upheld law, right, and justice,
and thus to invigorate the state by the love and attachment
of all eit:zens ; and we can say with satisfaction that our city
and our province have never failed to manifest their loyalty
and firmness against the menaces of all enemies.
No, your Majesty, there exists no inimical feeling among
us, no attempt to sow discord, or to weaken the popular
attachment to princes, to the state, or to the laws; and if
this dishosition existed it would be among us quite impo-
tent. kor the present and for the future we place our hopes
on Prussia, and on the glorious uds.sion she has, we trust,
to fulfil. _ _

Conscious of them sentiments, the free expression of
which we regard as our bounden duty, we venture most
humbly to beseech your Majesty to give no credence to
those who caluminate us, because, clinging tenaciously to
right, we resist every perversion of law and every abuse of
lower, and within legal limits act fearlessly and free ac•
cording to our consciences.
Trusting in the magnanimous sentiments of your Ma-
jesty we dared nut delay this true slitemcnt of the patriotic
temper of our city, ninth now, as at all periods, and amid
every change, has shown itself as firm against seduction us
against violence. We subscribe ourselves with the deepest
veneration,
Your Majesty's most loyal and obedient subjects,
lime CuMNION COUNCIL or rue CITY Ur COLOGNE.
The Provincial Diet of the province of Prussia
was opened at Konigsberg on the 21st inst.