The Express.
London, England, 1853-10-28 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 2R, 1853.

int ervirtoo.

in the more nogurationable freedom of their indivi-
dual men. How the children of " the Oesew Powers"

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

will laugh to scorn the assumptions of Rarepean
despots ! Already the Church of Rome beetle to
discover that its laity, even seldie they semairits its
communion, learn to assert a strange latitude of pri-
vate judgment when transplanted to Amerlea. The
butte will be found to be the cue in Australis. Eng-
land and America are doing much to develop the
commercial resources of the Pacific and its surround-
ing lands, and wherever English and American trade
has penetrated, the English and American energy
and love of liberty are rare to follow. Id this
growth and closer union of nations using the English
tongue rest the best hopes of the world's future pros-
petity, freedom, and progress.

1110"1 lifinbcoa 01" ibs "7cod taTein;tie sta. ernstsirs
flf"Offarue." wiry Iturisy sad Ynday d4kt, was
Ps&
Adie-tvisaoralattaded for Ilse Esprefia,*L.-taf a Emord pato*.
to. • 4,0,114 IP, Ifouvon•-auvet, by Too on the
day of pub:kitbag.

111011 WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
fltl• I)&7—Morels', lOC Is, I :C. .Sen.
Ilmoomumw—Morals', 1111.11ka.... 0..

LONDON, FRIDAY. OCTODER 28.

At*?•TRALIA has—practically--been brought nearer
to England than ever. Yesterday tver,ing the
electric telegraph from Plymouth announced the
arrival there of the good screw steamship Argo,
from Port Phillip, in 61 days' The Argo left Port
Phillip on the 24th of August, rounded Cape Horn
on the 17th of September, crossed the line on the
7th of October, and reached Plymouth on the
27th, thus beating the Overland Australian Mail.
The important* of this intelligence consists in the fact
that the Argo has dune on this occasion what
good strew steamers can and will perform regularly
in future. A screw steamer has made the voyage
how Australia to England in about half the time
that toed to be occupied in the passage. That is
much; but tar more is it to consider that hence-
forth this will be the normal period of
trar sit for letters, newspapers, passengers,
and at haat that class of geode whose value bears a
tolerably high proportion to their bulk. A sailing
vessel is to a great extent at the mercy of winds and
currents; a paddle steamer can only put teeth its
full pow( re w hen the wind is in one direction ; but
by the combined use of sails and the screw, a vessel
may keep at her highest average speed while the
wind blows from thirty points out of the thirty-two.
There can be no doubt that the sagacious company
which owns the Argo will use every exertion to
employ such vessels and adopt such arrangements as
will ensure uniformity to their high speed passages,
and punctuality in their observance of the times of
departure and arrival ; for only by this means can they
realise the rich prospect of remuneration for their well.
regulated spirit of enterprise that lies before them.
The importance of this increased speed and regu-
larity in our communication with Australia cannot
be exaggerated. A venerable seaman of our acquaint-
ance, yet ells e, has told us that, when a " Middy,"
leaning one .'ay over the bulwarks of his ship at
Portsmouth, he saw a small squadron pan. It was
that which carried on board the first batch of con-
victs sent to Botany Bay. His Captain, who was
waking the quarter-deck, approached, and,
touching him on the shoulder, said : "Mark these
vessels well, and remember them : they are
going to lay the foundation of a great
empire." Forty years ago—perhaps thirty—
the certainty of the fulfilment of this prophecy
might appear problematical ; but who can doubt now
that it will be fulfilled to the letter ? The boy,
whose astonishment at the strange and startling in-
timation made him remember the words, has sur-
vived to ice our settlements in the great Australian
continent attain to such development and prosperity
as render it certain that there will be in time
another United States, of English race, at the Anti-
podes, whose friendship and commerce will be equally
important to Gnat Britain with the United States
of the northern American continent.

RUSSIA AND TURKEY.

Already the wool of Australia supplies a moiety
of our English manufacturers. Ere long Australia
will be as important to our woollen textile manufac-
turers as the United States are to those of cotton. The
gold of Australia is only second in importance, if it is
second, to that of California; and as yet the capabi-
lities of Australia can scarcely be said to have been
tested. The great northern table land within or
immediately adjoining the tropics has only had a
flying view taken of its uttermost border, and is full
of promise for the agriculturist. New Zealand will
belong to the Australian group of states, and
from its position and its superiority in rise to
all the other island groups that stud the
Pacific must exercise a predominating influence over
their future destiny. Rich in internal products, the
Australian States will be further enriched by the
commerce of the Pacific, the trade with the Spanish
Republics in South America, and the English Re-
public in North America, with Siberia, Japan, China.
and the Eastern Archipelago. The English race
that has struck root in Australia were warrant
enough for such a prophecy ; the English self-reliance,
daringly adventurous spirit of discovery and inven-
tion, and indomitable perseverance it has already
manifested, render its future as certain as if the time
had already coos round.
It is an irresistible human instinct which impels
men, when arrived at maturity, to leave the paternal
hearth and establish a home of their own. It is with
nations and with states as with men. The Anglo-
Australians prove themselves true Englishmen by
being as fondly and devotedly attached to self-govern-
ment, as ambitions of independence, as the citizens of
Great Britain ow America. Every step taken by this
tannery in the development of Australian resources— '
each for example as the achievement of the Ge-
neral Screw Steam-ship Company which we
have been chronicling—accelerates the advent of

the time when Australia will take its place on the
roll of independent nations, alongside of the parent
British State, and the fraternal American State. It
is for the interest of this country and of the world
that that time should arrive as speedily as possible.
Then will indeed be realised the somewhat prema-
ture boast of CANNING, that • new world has been
called into existence to redress the deranged poli-
tical balance of the old. When we look
back to the struggles of Venetians, Genoese,
Pisans, and so forth, how pigmy they look
beside the mightier struggles of nations like
England, France, and the other great eontinen-
tal powers, in our own days and the days of our
fathers. And equally inconsiderable will the
struggles of empires, a multiplicity of which could
find room in the smallest quarter of the globe, look
hereafter in comparison with the great interests
agitated among the powers of kindred race which
will sway the destinies of both Americas, Australia,
Hindostan, further Asia, and the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans and islands.

Our English statesmen allow the cameras of the
little old European continent to occupy a most dis-
proportionate apace in their imaginations. The day
of Europe is past—for a time at least—for we believe
not in the ultimate death of nations. The peoples of
the continent are at the feet of unworthy despots,
whom they are yet too feeble to cast off. Long and 1
protracted will be the throes by which the regenera-
tion of European society is wrought out; and even
when that takes place, Europe, alongside of the'
Ocean Powers—of Great Britain, Anglo-America,
and Anglo-Australia—will never again be the
same exclusively important and dominant Europe
that it once was. England has interests to
assert in the Old World, and loth should we
be to think they were neglected; but Eng-
land's future greatness and happiness will depend
upon the rank she is able to hold in the new political
world outside of Europe. The material interests of
the great states of English race will far out-measure
the material interests of the old states of continental
Europe. But an infinitely more valuable distinction,
will be the superiority of the new system of states
in the wisdom of its axial and civil theories—

one of its divisions. It appears that the Turks pro-
tect themselves on the Bulgarian bank, and keep
watch with great vigilance. All along the bank
there are posts and sentinels or videttes, with near
them a pole, from 15 or. 18 feet high, surrounded
with straw or rashes steeped in tar, and distilled to
be set on fire in case of alarm. The fires would be
lighted in the event ofaatmovement of the Russians,
and the signal would spread rapidly on all the line.,
The videttes shelter themselves under a covering of
branches, holding their horses by the bridle, and with
their lances stuck up before them. All these videttes
belong to the regular cavalry. Besides the poets and
the videttes of the bank, there are others on the road,
having also signals prepared. This system of vigi-
lance (says the correspondent) is very well regulated,
and things appear to be on a very good footing st
Rutschuk.

A medical weekly periodical published at Vienna,
gives some statements respecting the state of health
of the Turkish army on the Danube. The non-
European troops, and more particularly the men of
colour, suffer much from pleurisy, pulmonary affec-
tions, diarrhoea, and intermittent fever. The health
of the regiments from Itonmelia, Albania and Mace-
donia is satisfactory. The irregular troops, being the
worst clad and fed, are naturally most liable to fall
sick. There is no trace of cholera in the Turkish
camp. Excepting in Verna, Shumla, Widdin, and
Rutechuk, there are no regular hospitals, and as the
medical men in the camp are few and far between
the cure of the sick is left almost entirely to nature.
At Varna there is a chasseur battalion which has
been organised by M. Anglers after the model of the
Chasseura de Vincennes. This battalion, which is
composed entirely of active young men, will, if ne-
cessary, be employed in the talken.
_ _

Letters from Constantinople state that the Rus-
sians have formed an army of reserve at Redout
Kaleh, in Mingrelia, about 40 miles above the
Turkish port of Batonn, on the east coast of the
Black Sea. The army of Georgia, ordinarily con-
sisting of about 20,000 men, is under the command
of General I)olgornki. A force which it is alleged
consists of 20,000 men, has been landed at Point
Tschetchen, on Daghestan, and on the Caspian
Sea. As this force is to the north of the
Caucasus it may serve to give employment to
the chiefs of Daghestan, and perhaps of Cir-
cassia, but it would be extremely difficult to get it
across the Caucasus. The only passes worth notice
are those of Dariel and Derbent, by Baku. The
latter can never be relied on, and is peculiarly unsafe
at this season, on account of the mosatain torrents
which overflow it; the "former is exposed to the fall
of avalanches, and is at certain points so narrow that
a comparatively small body of men could defend it
against a large force. The Turks expect to be able
to blockade both Redout Kale and Sucham Kale. It
is computed that with all the Russian reinforcements
which have been sent to the Caucasus, the Russian
effective army, both north and south of the chain, will
fall short of 180,000 fighting men.
It is stated that General Guyon, who made so
brilliant a figure in the Hungarian war, has been
appointed to the army of Armenia ; and Safer Bey,
the celebrated Circassian chief, has been permitted
to rejoin his companions in arms, and to lead his
warlike tribes against the common enemy.
Letters from Tauris announce that the Shah of
Persia has dissolved the force which had been as-
sembled at Sultanieh, near the Turkish frontier.

the end proposed, namely, the maintenance of the
sovereign rights of the Sultan, the only sure basis
of the independence of the Ottoman Porte, and con-
eequantly of the European equilibrium.
" The Porte having thought from that time
that war alone was consistent with its dig-
-1 nity, the government of his Majesty the Em-
peror could not depart from the line of policy
traced out for himself from the commence-
ment. Then, as at the time when the Danubian
principalities were occupied, his Majesty concurred
in the views entertained by her Britannic Majesty's
government. The two cabinets ordered their squa-
drons to enter the Dardanelles, and by this time
they must be anchored in the Sea of Marmora.
"Peace is the permanent interest of nations. Pene-
trated with this idea, the Emperor, on the eve of
ascending the throne to which he was called by the
voice of the country, gave the solemn assurance
that he would concur with all his efforts in the
preservation of that peace of which Europe happily
enjoyed the benefit. But this peace would evidently
want one of it, essential conditions, if it were to
cease to have for its basis the equilibrium necessary
for the maintenance of the rights and the security
of the interests of all.
" Such are the considerations which decided the
sending the fleet from Toalon to Salamis, and from
Salamis to Besika. Such is the motive which will
direct the fleet at the new destination it has now
received; such is the object which the Emperor's
government will not lose sight of, until peace shell
be re-established upon the only foundations which
can make it profitable and lasting. Such an enter-
prise was worthy to unite the flags of the two great
Western Powers, and worthy to produce the splendid
spectacle of a perfect understanding between them
in action as in negotiation. If, on the other hand, the
governments who lent their aid to the two cabinets
in the conference of Vienna do not think it necessary
to associate themselves in the maritime demonstra-
tions made in an interest common to them with
France and England, the evidence of this same inte-
rest authorises us to believe that their neutrality
cannot be indifference. If the governments which
dispose of material means the fittest to influence the
march of events have thought fit to approach the
theatre of action, the co-operation of tho two other
cabinets cannot be lost for the negotiations which
shauld serve to facilitate the solution of the dif-
ference.

" Somany circumstances united in favour of a cause
which is that of all Europe permit us to contemplate
eventualities with security, and to await the result
with confidence."
The firm, dignified, temnerate, clear, and compre-
hensive statement in the Moniteur, invests the
Eastern question with a new interest, and must arouse
those who may have hitherto remained apathetic, to
a sense of its vast importance. In this manifesto of
the French Emperor no word is to be found to coun-
tenance the frivolous arguments which irresponsible
writers, to serve a momentary purpose, have been
allowed to ventilate in the semi-official prints.
Instead of prating like the Constitutionnel about
" localised war," the official journal speaks of the
" character of universality" which," belonging to the
question from the beginning," was made plain to every
eye by the occupation of the Danubian Principalities
" contrary to the stipulations of treaties." In-
stead of adopting the miserable suggestion of
the Patrie that the fleets left Besika because
the weather would no longer allow them to
:auxin there, the Moniteur proclaims that the
fleets advanced to the Dardanelles because the Porte,
after rejecting the Vienna note—a rejection which,
after the interpretation put upon that note by the
cabinet of St. Petersburg, is approved of by France
and England—had declared war against Russia.
While the Pan*c affirms that the entrance of the
fleets into the sea of ?armors makes " no change in
the situation," the Moniteur solemnly announces the
fact as a " new phase" of the Turkish question, and
points to the splendid spectacle of the two Western
Powers now united in " action" as they have been
hitherto in " negotiation." And it is clear that the
action here ended to cannot be that conditional
and limited action which would consist
in preventing the Russians from advancing
upon Constantinople, or confining them be-
hind the line of the Balkans. The French govern-
ment lays down in unmistakeable terms that the
Sovereignty of the Sultan, the independence—and not
only the independence but the "integrity"—of the
Ottoman empire are essential to the maintenance of
the balance of power in Europe. That independence,
that "integrity," and consequently that balance of
power have all been attacked by the invasion of the
Principalities. France, acting in unison with Eng-
laud, now openly pronounces in favour of the injured
party and against the wrong-doer, and without as
yet declaring war against Russia, announces to the
world that the material forces of the two Powers
have been sent to the theatre of action, in order that
the peace of Europe, which Russia has disturbed,
may be " re-established" upon a sure basis. At
what precise moment, on what contingency,
or in what locality, the fleets are to act, it would be
obviously impolitic to declare, bat the object of the
" action" alluded to is evident from the context, and
Russia is fairly warned that the " material" forces of
France and England will not cease from action until
she withdraws from the invaded Turkish territory,
without her insolent demands having been complied
PARIS, TEIMIDAT EVINING.
with. If this object can be accomplished without
The following is the official °et"' in the ihninwr fighting so much the better. If Russia now, at the
on the 'abject of the Fasten crisis, from which I eleventh hour, will give way, the
war party," as
made some extracts yesterday: the friends of lrarkey are often most unjustly styled,
"As has been made known by official documents will be quite satisfied. But there is no escape for the
Czar from the dilemma in which his own folly and
recently published, the question which for several
oe has placed him. He must sustain "a moral
months has been open at Constantinople has just = a material defeat." In either case his power
entered into a new phase. The Porte considers that will be rendered lees dangerous to civilizatio oforsome
in the present state of things negotiations must be time to come. It is but too plain, however, that
renounced, and it seems no longer permissible to hope Napoleon 111. has but little expectation that it will
that a conflict can be prevented. A declaration of be possible to maintain peace. The article of the
• Moniteur says, in the outset, that " a conflict appears
war is no rare fact in the life of a people, and this is
to be inevitable. In that millet we, as has been
not the first time the same rivalries have come into seen, are prepared to take an active part. At all
collision on the same ground. The importance and events we stand pledged to see that the struggle
the nature of the interests involved in the which, but for our interference, is likely to be long
digwence, affecting, as perhaps they do, and terrible, shall end in one result—a result favor-
the other cabinets of Europe more directly able to our ally the Sultan. We wish for peace, and
aim at peace ; but the time has oome when Louis
dm France, are only additional reasons for Napoleon thinks it necessary to say that the eon-
regarding this new turn of affairs in the East with tinned peace of which be spoke at Bordeaux
equanimity. is not worth having if it can only be
"From the very commencement of the crisis his maintained by the sacrifice of the public
Imperial Majesty's Government appreciated its int- law of Europe. In contradistinction, there-
port. It felt that the integrity and independence of fore' to that undisturbed repose which
,he bad
hoped to secure to France when be said, L Empire
the Ottoman Empire were at stake, and that they c'est la Pain," he now looks forward to a prospeo.
could not be compromised without the balance of rive race, the result and the reward of a necessary
power, upon which the security of Europe depends, war. The style of the article in the Moniteur is very
being serious altered. The occupation of the Danubian much, and I think very justly admired: The sue-
provinces, contrary to the stipulations of treaties. cinct history of the question is given with singular
accuracy, the true points being brought into
speedily made apparent to the eyes of all that cues- strong relief in plain unpretending language.
rector of universality which belonged to the question It is scarcely to be doubted that the Emperor him-
from the beginning. self is the author of the composition. Although it has
"The cabinets of Europe were deeply moved by this mach fewer ambiguous expressions than are usually
found in documents of this kind,thereare not wanting
event. Great Britain had already co-operated with
us io maritime demonstrations, intended to show the ingenious critics, who pick out various phrases as
pregnant with mental reservation. Some, indeed,
interest she took, in common with us, in the inde- profess to see in the manifesto the strongest evidence
pendence of Turkey. The two governments found that the whole affair is peaceably arranged, for they
in those of Austria and Prussia a concurrence which say, " these brave words " would never be used if
gave to the negotiations, opened with the view of there were any chance of being called upon to re-
finding an amicable solution, the European character deem them'
this opinion. I believe the Emperor to be desirous
which it was fitting they should have. Thanks to of making—indeed it may to a great extent be said
this concert, created by the incontestable community of keeping up—a high character for straight forward-
of interests between them, the hope of ness and honest dealing with respect to foreign
pacific settlement was for some time cc. countries, and I cannot regard as admissible the
supposition that when the Mmtteur, in a
tertained. It will be remembered that this
unity of efforts produced a note in which theit can be to describe the situation
cabinets endeavoured, not without having many crisis
i like the present, at length breaks
sleese,
otherwise than it really is. It is this consideration
difficulties to get over, to award to each of the be.li- which gives so much importance, not only to what the
gercnts, or contending parties, the just part belong- 2lfoniteur now says, but to what it omits to say. You
ing to each in the matters in dispute. The inter- will obeerve that there is nothing to confirm the re-
proration given to this note by one of the parties port that some new note of the Four Powers was
speedily accepted, and not a word to show
Rely to be
caused it to be feared that the common work of the
1 that the government is in *on of any satisfac-
L conference of Vienna did not correctly express the tory assurances of neutrality from Austria or Prussia.
intention which had dictated it, and did not answer The language used respecting this point, is extremely

Another version of the late irruption of Caucasian
tribes, led by Schamyl, is also to hand from Persia,
the last having been received via St. Petersburg. It
is stated that Schamyl led 20,000 mountaineers, and
attacked 25,000 Russians in garrison at Zakkataila.
The numbers on both sides are evidently exaggerated
as usual. The result, however, was clearly in favour
of the Caucasians ; the Russian commander was com-
pelled to send for reinforcements, after losing an
immense number of men, and—what Schamyl most
needs—guns. After a bloody battle, the moun-
taineers, observing the usual tactics, withdrew into
the unassailable natural fortreas in their rear.

The Berlin correspondent of the Cologne Gazette
writes on the 23rd that the English ambassador had
presented two projects of arrangements, which did
not appear to have any chance of success. One
of them proposes to submit the decision of the exist-
ing difference to the Great Powers, and in case of
the refusal of Russia, to a sovereign appointed to
arbitrate. The second declares that the Four Powers
give, by the interpretation of the Vienna note, •
complete guarantee to the Sultan that Russia shall not
draw from the acceptance of the note the conse-
quences apprehended by the Porte. It is most
likely that the writer has mistaken projects mooted
at an earlier stage of the Eastern question for new
propositions.
The Post Amp Gazette of Frankfort, under date of
Vienna, 24th, says:
Austria and Prussia have resolved to take advantage of
the time which is to elapse before the commencement of
hostilities to sake a lest attempt at conciliation with the
Dine and the cabinet of Bt. Petersburg. We may add
that France, England, Prussia, and Austria have, with
611111=011 accord, drawn up a new project of mediation.
Overtures have been made on this subject to the Turkish
ambassador, Arif Effendi. The ambassador replied that
his instroctions enabled him to declare to the conference,
on the part of the Sateen, that there would not be any
objection at Constantinople to aceept a diplomatic solution,
if the Ottoman Porte would not by so doing compromise its
independence end its sovereignty. The lame project was
cionununkated to Baron illeyendorff, who declared that his
instracticas did not enable tin to reply categorically, but
he promised to refer the matter to his wort. It is hoped
here that titeEnsperer Niehoiss wingless satisfactory reply,
because it is supposed with MOOR that tie Austrian cabi-
net would not have gives its onset to such a project if it
had thought that the Czar would retest it.

FRANCE.

guarded, the expressed hope that those powers will
concur in bringing about the result aimed at by
France and England, being based entirely upon the
argument that their own interest will urge them
so to do. The assertion at the beginning of the paper
assertion made not for the first time—that the
interests of France are " perhaps" less directly touched'
by the Turco-Russian difference than those of the
other cabinets of Europe will not escape the observa-
tion of diplomatists. There is something, too, worth
of special attention in the wording of the parpaph
which speaks of the understanding between France
' and England. It is said that when the Principalities
were occupied the Emperor's government found
itself in accordance with the government of her
Britannic Majesty, as it had done on a former
occasion. This is susceptible of the interpretation that
instead of the entente cordinle existing heartily until
the business is finished, there is room for a new
deliberation upon the entry into every " new phase"
of the question. This construction, howerer, may be
an over refinement. The concluding sentence, while
clearly pointing to the possibility of serious " even-
tualities," expresses a manly belief that the result
may be awaited with confidence, and encourages the
hope that the negotiations now Woken off may
hereafter be resumed with effect.

At the Bourse the only thing talked of was the
note in the Monitiur. A decided fall was expected,
but at the commencement of business, purchases for
the account to the extent of 250,000 f. rente (an
enormous sum) were what is called " discounted,"
that is to say, the buyers exercised the op-
tion of having the stock delivered immediately
instead of on the day of the settlement. Their
vendors having sold on speculation were compelled
to buy in the market, and thus a factitious rise was
produced. As soon as the effect of this operation was
over the prices receded, and the Threes closed at
72fr. 35c., being 30c. lower than yesterday.
A forged note for 100 fr. has been presented for
payment to the Bank of France.
Cardinal Wiseman hasjuat arrived at Marseilles on
his way to Greece.