The Express.
London, England, 1862-12-26 00:00:00

[E4tampel, I#. Additioesq

2'HI ATLANTIC ITLEGRAPH SURVEY. the chart whifit arouroneehs it."ll the Rifugliti s.
gothic of the present month, it will be seen thsti*lgn
The following is the preliminary natioe of the I the Ides at AMC, at the entrance of Galway Bey,
or and Morgsaie objects sheakted ham the ineadiage of there runs out, doe welt for the distance of 160 mail
HAL& Porcupine off the west cord of belated, by Bialmer or more, • gently ends** am bottom or terrace, having
Wit Bing. Q°°°e° Clonefie, sad QUM'S Yak in no PIKO as iaclimOte sairealag that of so Miami
amity ill Ireland beech. Throughout the Mine eitent of this tenor the
duifielint time has not *peg* *l* me to mats a &Pe of o,oloollyetsla lama 100 isthmus, and rarely eu.
astailogospos co ehs essiegiodOmmohish the kosch *eh 200 fathoms. 'Nett '
wad iiminatim the
ma.imow the Adimmor ammimps, se, Mite boom, Mass is mere Matted than ehewhern imp* its *Me
ghee in gity hands ha mash** I. Met. bowers. to..ehte,loeteg *.too 13.4 ""did blab. eh" is IS
lase the „vat pr paredfr pm. ",the„pm, of thin NOM or shallowest part 14 hail. an them 02 fathom
idiom oh preset =awls I imp,. Oda( ame beim the surface of the ocean. This eirratioa, which Mr.
wary of the moults of ally investigations aa far s• they lone .1110firt his named the PornePiee Bank, aPPieni mita
beou sendneled. " • *ma the parallel of Caahla Bay ea the south is that' el
. I
The greatee4 depth at which seediness lave beim ehtifinad I "'delta°, off aimeeette, cet the nestle.
is 1,150 fathom* The madingie hoc this aad handifillo t al* weeteroMmifi edge el the tom* about fifteen ter
—up **IMO orhO fathom—omits meenalelly of *sea* !AMA, mike bow tM ehullegfeld lieft at the IPwicyfishel
kind of micreseopic °wakens *lady made Mon b y j Aar. there in emptied with the 'r"- lam skew teim-
Bailey, Bulgy. Wallin!), and Mars. Ideside a pillle into deep water, whisk, howore4 in
The marvelisie prolamine of Feraminikes and other ' net is in renlit* hag only shoot 700 bAballa fa tot maw.
minute structines, mortis( at the bottom .1 the AIM* The gletteid depth attained in the Pert shod he kt APO
•
shows that over a van portion of the Mewls* area (eva. ribMtelens
raging Mai two an.. in depth), *own as the a islegraph f Sethi Was maps appended to " Ifearfli Quo.
platens" whisk apposes* stretches unintemateddy hem porky at tie 8.0 at 11) oat to wolaanr*
the lithkwest asst of behead to Cape Bans I. Mangle Bea there em usaanda ha bei=foleiiiiinii
had, 41016 as bin fermi ethane= *mks inahotais i the aseeBsl et•Oalwar-aa bet' stolliaor
tai summon limegatieea, whim mariy all the el gradgelly °satiated dons to what is teamed the " tab.
Um deposits are sabre the Maoism cd Lai P*o PI •4•••," a Tut auhreerfite plain eadialfig than
Boraminlion: or the finely levigated debris st their sheik ' eH the way to the Bauki of Newfoundland, with 5 psetkg
it is evident that maim of the deep Atha* sea- I uniform depth of about 1,700 fathoms, or two ale*
bed is ass cot fosse ef the mime ossegeo in a living If the telegraph cable were laid down on the mg*
state, whom ofilos it in to clear the wales of the mail of ' sketched, oxameseing at some point between flail
all the mineral and organic impurities which are ever sad the town of Galway, and Wavering the terrsoejiml

ing into them.
Dried specimens of deep sea "ooze" procured from
1,500 to 1,750 fathoms off the west omit of bused boar
a striking reeeratianee to the roe of a fish, owing to their
containing myriads of Globigerina and Orbelina. This
circumstance led me to suspect that roe-stone or oolitic
limestone, instead of being, as is generally conceived, a
concretionary deposit, is a purely foramiciferous forma-
tion. In prosecuting my investigations on this point,
although I havefailed to detect soy well-defined specimens
of Globigerins in colt* I have been rewarded by discover-
ing that it consists eassentially of an allied monothalamoas
genus. Having carefully examined type spat-imam of oar-
. .

sailed, then is pod reason to believe that it woodmen se
a bottom sigelarly free from impediammts. Far tie led
100 miles the bottom consiate of COlellllolll mod mil the
finest sand, charged for the must part with pelythalemose
Foraminifers. In the shallow portion of the terrace kerning
the Porcupine built, the bottom midst. of fine and earrieli
Pavel, with an abandon* of she& of various kin& On
the slope which anesmie to the taints" plateau the bot-
tom. 000114 eseentlally of mmothaleaseue Foraminifers
and I have no doubt that the make agents organisms and
their debris cum spread over the satire plateau, fens* a
deposit so soft and oozy, that a able would readily sink
into it.

boniferous, pen fan, and jimmies oolitic lirnestoees, respell-
lively from 11drinderry in Kildare, Sunderland in Durham,
and the Isle of Portland, 1 have no hesitation in staling
that they atheist for the most part of an organism identical
with, or allied to, Orbulina universe.
Although perforating mollusks are living at greet
depths,l do not think there are any grounds for appre-
hending thatthey would bore into • telegraph cable. I
am also inclined to believe that there is little chance of a
cable getting injured if laid down on foramisiferous bot-
toms ; as in such places vital and chemical actions appear to
be going on so unceasingly and copiously, that • cable thus
circumstanced could not but become covered in the course
of a few years with organic accumulations.
The survey has bean fothanate in bringing to light moms
interesting facts in naiercecopie life. It has also made
known some species of shells and other animals new to the
British Fauna ; besides extending our knowledge of the
habitats of certain nue species.
Rising not over suddenly out of the " telegraph Plata= 4
to within 85 fathoms of the surface of the ocean, at the I
distance of 120 miles from the south coast of Galway, and
forming the most westerly " " on the Irish meat,
occurs the newly-discovered "Porcupine Bank." It oon-
sista of siliceous and and coarsish gravel, the latter chiefly
composed of sub-angularpieces of granular quartzite (? meta-
morphic), granite, thloritic quarts, fro.; along with which
occur considerable quantities of the debris of Nullipores,
shells, and other organisms. The larger rock-pieces, some of
which are three or four inches in diameter, have often adher-
-1 ing to them fresh specimens of Trasoatulins and various
genera of Bryrreoa ; occasionally they bear specimens of
Crania anomala. In most cams the living objects are
attached only to the sides, or upper surface of the stones,
which shows that the water at the comparatively incon-
siderable depth where they live is not much affected by
storms and other disturbing agents. A number of fishes
was procured by the dredge on this bank in about eighty
fathoms water : one • species of Peett•, allied to the
" whiff " ; another a species of Sebastss, allied to the
Norwegian haddock ; both appear to be unrecorded as
British.• There were also brought up by the dredge
from the depth of • hundred fathoms Pilidicm folviun,
Limatula subauricukta, Scissarella crispata, Lode
pypicea, Ares raridentata, and other shells, numbering
in all nearly fifty pieces; besides sponges, star-fishes, see,-
urchins, tie. The same prolific, Lank yielded in abundance
a large hermit crab, specimens of which were obtained
tenantiog one of the rarest British shells, &minim ovum-
There also came up in the dredge a specimen of
Litoriee litorea, which, notwithstanding its insignifi-
cance, requires to be mentioned. The specimen is an
adult one ; and, though broken, it has • fresh appearance.
and retains interiorly its characteristic polish. Bow has
this shell, which only lives between ordinary tide-marks,
sod feeds on the Films peculiar to this tract, got into
80 or 90 fathoms water, and at the distance of 120 miles
from the shore ? It may have been swallowed by a cod or
some other fish, and carried thither ; it may have got en-
tangled in the root, of • seaweed, which afterwards floated
out into deep water; or it may have been taken out there by
some vessel, and swept overboard.

With regard to the bottom, near the landing places, I can
only speak of that on this side of the Atlantic. Between
the North Isle of Arran and the Galway coast there is
" foul ground." The rocks. *dear from those on the
adjacent land, are evidently rooadsd hammocks and
detached blocks of mynahs, and granite, with lathes'
wore down by the action of geologically-seeker* field
toe and other glacial agenta, such as now prevail la Omer
load aid Alpine regions. Instead of twos dengsroes to •
cable, provided it had the ordinary protective towing,
these submarine rocks would probably perm* eihraullegeoas,
inasmuch as they would prinent trearliag aad We firidag,
as well aa the anchoring of skips where they prevnit.
It is quite possible in laying down the odds to avoid the
Porcupine Bank, which, as I have already sided, dose woe
extend south of the parallel of Guide Bay ; but if it
should be carried over this bank, no fears need be enter-
tained of the effects of the heavy NY which chersoterise
an Atlantic storm, because, as shows in my 'Preliminary
Notice," the smallest stones oomarrieg on flisorfaos exhibit
appearances of beteg as little disturbed as if they were at
the bottom of • lake. On the other bawd, • buoy might be
permanently placed on this bank, is proximity to the
cable, to indicate where the latter could be found in nee of
accideat ; by this means, the repairing of injuries (which I
cannot but conceive would be of vary rare occurrence), ans.
Wined on this side of the Atlantic, would be materially
expedited.
I may, is passing, remark that the Porcupine Bank is an
importaat feature in &roar ci looking Galway en Atlantis
packet station. In being the most westerly Led-fall ow the
coast of Ireland, it will enable steamers, during a fog or
cloudy weather, to obtain, by souodings, an early intimation
of their approach to land, while, both on the north and on
the south, no such advantage exists, because the outer edge
of the bundred.fathoms' terrace, of which the bank is an
outlier, trends rapidly towards th• land, approaching it to
within only • distance of from 25 to 50 miles.
If we now refer to the Atlantis sea-bed off the coast of
Berry, it will be found to present features of a different
character. Beginning at the coat—ay, near Valentin—
the bottom slopes down somewhat suddenly to
the depth of 525 fathoms ; it next rises again, apparently
at the same acgle, till it reaches a level varying from 196
to 230 fathoms below the surface ci the omen, and where
it forms • submarine ridge about 25 miles in width, 140
miles from laud, and tenuinatiog southward ow the parallel
of Cape Clear. This ridge, which is evidently a tongue or
southern extension of the deepest portion of the terrace
lying off Galway, declines rapidly—that is, on its western
side—to a depth of from 1.500 to 1,700 fathoms. Further
out, the bottom sinks to 2,040 fathoms. Now'
if we refer to Manry's map, it will be seen
that the last mentioned woad*, by proesedieg to
the south, makes that part of the sea-bed, whine ft
was obtained, a portimi of the great three-mikadeep sub-
marine valley, which runs down to the Cape Verd Islands
on the coast of Africa, and which, according to authority
cited, actually attains nearly its maximum depth—viz.,
2,675 fathoms—somewhere off the south-east coast of
Kerry.

. .
At the depth of 340 fathom• the sounding machine
brought up orbulo-glebigerinous mud containing (l feat)
specimens of • Pecten, an Arca, and • Peetutanlua,
which appear to be new to the British seas; also sped-

Unfortunately, the soundings north of the parallel of
Valentin, sod nenr the meridian we are sow in, are not
sufficiently known, but from the rise of the bottom, se in•
dictated by the two last-mentioned souediags, it la to be

meos of Trochum millegranns in the same condition. A
perfectly fresh specimen of a Cochlodesma, hitherto unre-
corded u British, was brought up front the depth of a
thousand fathoms, and at the distance of a hundred miles
west of Cape Clear. But the most unexpected fact in this
record of deep-sea life is my finding Disci= (Orbicula) in

swipes ted that the three-miles-deep valley gradually rime
up to the two miles-deep telegraph plateau, somewhere
on the parallel of Loop Head, in Clare. It may possibly
extend much farther north ; still, even in this ease, it
cannot but have lode its distinctive character, and become
reduced to a mere trough on the telegraphic plateau.

mud from 1,240 fathoms, taken in N. lat. 62.8, W. lon.
15.30, on the eastern aide of the great three-milee.deep
submarine valley which runs from the Cape Vent Islands,
on the coast of Afnoa, up to Kerry or further north, where
it rises into the two•miles•deep "telegraph plateau." 1.
Fragments of a branching coral (Caryophyllia) and a large.
spilled sea-urchin have also occurred to me from other
parts of the Irish Atlantic sea bed.
Too much credit cannot be awarded to Mr. Iloak7n and
the officers of the Porcupine for the real which they dis-
played in collecting and preserving the various objects I
have noticed. Their labours. it is well known, were fre-
quently conducted under the most adverse circumstances,
sod during a singular succession of unfavourable weather.
Nevertheless, the results of the survey, both as regards
geology and natural history, are highly valuable.
Belmont, near Galway.
0/3812VATIONS ON THE PIOPOSID TILICEAPH CO11111:21CA-

It will now be seen that a telegraphic cable running from
any part of Kerry most of necessity cross two valleys, the
eseteromost on., upwards of half a mile is depth, and the
westernmost, about three miles, before it reaches the tato-
graph platers. Nothing is known of the western side of
the deepest valley, but its eastern side appears to be some-
what steep, and it is to be feared, in some places rocky.
The specimen of Dimino, a shell which lives flied to stones,
rocks, and other objects, mentioned in my preliminary
notice as having been taken on the east Side of the valley,
at the depth of 1,240 fathoms, may be regarded as support-
ing this apprehension.
The difficulties attending this route, however, may very
possibly be overcome by carefully selecting the courts
where unfavourable circumstances least prevail, and allow-
ing sufficient length of cable to be payed out, so as it may
rest on every portion—not only elevations, but depressions
—of the irregularities of the sea-bed._

TION UTWUN INELAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. II YEO.
TENSOR WILLIAM KING.

In 000clumoo, I may remark that it appears to me that
the conditiots most favourable for a telegraph cable between

Having under examination the objects obtained front the
Irish Atlantic sea bed by her ItLijany's ship Porcupine, of
which a preliminary swine by myself appeared in the last
number of the Nautical Magazine., my attention has been
at the same time directed to the nature of the deep-ece
soundiegs on the west coast of ,Ireland, with reference to
the establishment of a telegraph connexion between this
country and Newfoundland.

thin country and Newfoundland area gentle, undulating in-
shore bottom, extending far into the Atlantic before &team-
ing any great depth, and its outer edge panning down to the
deep telegraph plateau by a not over rapid falL These eon.
claims can be found nowhere on the coasts of Ireland, ex-
empt off Galway, where also occurs the Porcupine Beak
the advantages of which bare already been stated.
Belmont, near Galway, Nov. is, 1862.

Before proceeding further, I feel it necessary to state
that, previously to entering on a consideration of the latter
subject I held no particular view in favour of any one
place for the eastern terminus of the cable. Indeed, I con.
fees to baring entertained considerable doubt as to the prac-
ticability of successfully carrying a cable actors the At-
lantic at all.
I also wish it to be widentood that .I am not writing
against any piece whatever, for I feel convinced that it will
be requisite ultimately to lay down two or snore telegraph
cables, and probably from different parts of the coast. It
beenmes my duty, however, on the present occasion to
show that Galway presents in many points of view claims
which particularly recommend it for selection as one of
the stations.
Look's( at Mr. Restyles valuable "Report on the
Deep Sea Smedley to the Westward of Ireland," and

BUPPLIMINTAIT •OIR.
Mr. Hoskyn preserved specimens of deep sea soundings i•
bottles containing spirits, by which means they have been
prevented from drying, and have retained their original nos-
sietency. Orbuloilobigerinous mud, thus preserved, has
quite the appearance of a thickish batter panto. To wbat
depth below its surface the deposit continues is •
pasty condition has not yet been ascertained. The " bull-
dog ma:hine," so successfully used on board her Majesty's
ship Porcupine, brought up large quantities of it ; we
may therefore conclude that the deposit was penetrated to
the depth of • few inches. Further, if we take into
consideration the enormous vertical pressure of
the ocean in deep places, it is difficult to
conceive otherwise than that water would be forted
to a considerable depth into the permeable mod,
forming the two miles-deep " telegraph plateau." Under
these conditions, we may fairly assume that, at least, its
surface mass is highly charged with water, and oecaequent}y
so soft that a body like a telepaph eabi. so•Y •eh romii
lour on it without being covered op.
The mud, consisting as it does of living s•d dead fors.

• Speefiesme of a pipe-lab were captured on the surface
of the 4141aptso
_201) saes wet of Galway. It appears to be
11###11# ####ooai bed u British.

+te z ][wary'. "Physical Geography of the Sea,"
plal.

C~4~

skim= *ilk Asa Sikh 'ahhelaufka ishoir, is digit,
as•spris 41*aae Akvikh.l4 k knurl MU
lialhosilispoilakhasts iworeassiikehr these agar
lehhvil,4bat 4kkikkhhe robs kwhatkik Altechik
ikk h Lash MO.* shbkot kid akar
eta w"• gam idea of the a*

at whisk 3seemidierwe ee multiply b • mie-
nsa to facts suptlisi by other living rbissla It
is wen Lee* by pow el the lower seatips et
*hash ere maresiliser reproductive. Nunn* ems
might to adduced, bat Nall be althea* for y purpose
simply tonoifoe•pe+is widsh calainoss =Wcis
alstais• stradeeal assmot. Darwin, al the sollmwity
d Lassa Welland, LW, eft* the ea* of • alp sta.
ties* ie the PI OwN, tie bottom ef which beau*
estrosted with •km of *eel two feet thick * teal sty
media He Mod* . sober raw ezpesimeate =At br
Alma IS 16 wart liwispreat, fres oblate* was
. .

maerialaad that poetises al ovea walabiag 10Ibs. mat to•
aimed four tat re haislttrail ateleal feet ia liestivtaabg
the abort span of At at wee soothe Cede Dareterr
.carat Reafe," p. 77 and WO flue mem star bear
tepted al good eselogkell pea& ie favour at the lad
that Parsrealcue, the home woo, of aPtioisill /Mr*
gmlitiPl7 •• • toolning tube- I?. •
WWI. IWFIAPOPIT*I4.4.O* WEVIO6II, -1111101.111

.t

formakilerens obeli mw leered otlimederivelkiempieinv
I roves esidisee eeeeirlogllb. owe* tie pritelpel blew
:milikvilsAit lime (I•6wein Mimed &proem., tied b pro-
porelmitodier eseseieml mien! lepedieuts)t How tido
efiostliosol le in leo it* pion derivation appease to be the
ONO, been soothot colemosew epee pomid, via, bisearboostir
of lime, erenmeole lie water which Avers dleimp into •
the sera ; or howl b stewards decomposed bpthe vital
*easy of meekterellog lbapbytak sod Fosmeelaifers,.
sod oat *everted *to the wham* el lime
al thdr ti tone or covesinp, age =blasts beyond.
my preps* purpose. The question for wiesidiestim* saw
maim** seluticos es sop*** 'applied to tbi Aibu
for its FOSSIIMAINS, MS they atm to irepteateees [noun= need
of emetics*/ nosphytes 1 sae no teases isMein 41*-
seirmatios as the per emetsso above give is streanthe
mean of *elms of waters from diffenot mean'
It may also be observed that the balsam of N. op
quires us to belie* that the fcesruisiferose life ol ehts deep
Mitotic is quite equal to the supply of calms** mite*
The; ecosadmiug tie* rivets are every rooms* savoy-
kg enormous quintiles of limo from the land bibs
' the wia, sod this onside emote are widely dilhelAr
over the Atlantic, we te67 •Iselotia that foesmaihrime •

organisms, e►erfwhere somirrias on ita deep am bad, snap..
prisUng this calcareous mattes as rapidly as it is suppliek,
These Ilvtag atoms evidently pip the ran importast,part
la our ems an the coral-forming soophybee in wanuerdati-
Jades ; and although the latter are labouring to shallower
depths, aid balding up the awe striking atolls aedfisteng
reefs, the tomer am mtvertheinse working spite aseSsimtlyt
in the abysses of the Alsatik cord forming an essemsualty
wide-sped caticereem depot& Ago on ages will 4► mar
mused Wars this deposit ma attain the thickness oft sane
of oeillmedose mamma : but assuredly it will be maimidly
inoremed dazing the abort WWII of a humus life.
Is tioneludoe, mike* ea all the considerations. which
have been sansei, I feel myself strongly supported in the
conviction, that a telepaph cable, if kid down sae the

orbalo-glohigerinone beitimit at the Atlantis, wW, after
the lapse of a few gum beams safficiently:careraiikup to
be protected from hey ordinary dangers.

• The two arraremerealoadilellibtertEr all it arioi
by Dr. 41=din a paper""hs haa receei'Lly publisbeadvanrwill
be explained ao soother OMPAIOII wlea, also, his other
raaoseks will be wads &

szarsritenoir
_OP RERJTABLI PROPERTY

19-adoiilir-D7

A depmbition from tee Zdiziburgb Chamber of.
Commerce had as theeniew on Tuesday with the Lied Ad-
v.:Mite at his Mamba% Parlimmet-equarm The Maltase
stated that the object of the chamber, in studied a depute-
ties, was to urge upon his lordship the desiraltimme of
simWyieg the registreaker of land rights, se es to gin the
pubbLlic the full bees& of those reforms in ormenacing
which hod bore effected within the last few years. Hr.
Gen; them Mind more in detail the change proposed. There
seemed. be said, so neemity far those local regiolors of ma-
sines and inhibition scattered over the musky, which
might, with advantage, be sepsreeded by one coastal re-
gister of lead richt.. The great want, however, every.
whereasw • sellthdexing register, such as exited is Ado- .
Lids sad Auckland—la the former place in be bed-ourtl-
ficates, and in the lather la her sees, untarreht, dm lb am.'
knowledged the great sad peneveting efforts at Os Setif;,
Advocate to make lead what it ought to be—en Mid* d
commerce, which should pees from hand to haida=.
other restriction thee them ascessary to prover*
and ensure safety of title; and urged his lerthddh gigs:
fittla legislative manure the work so
Other members of the deputation stated •
of the cumbrous sad sapeasive system still in me he OW
ening land. The Lord Advocate expressed his gib a•
Ups at reesiving the deputation, and hi sympathy
with the object they had in view. He said Im
was deeply imptessed with the desirableness ed
carrying oat that object. Its accomplishment wing.
however, by se mesas free from difficulty. He
wished very mob to carry the prolemioa with Wm i
in any changes he might propose. Since his Minden"
with the chamber two years ago be had appointed a few
mission to examine sad report on the subject. If
port were completed in time, be might be able to intreeitni
a bill next seems ; but much depend. d upon this, ninth
the legal and mercantile bodies would wish to sea the
report. The required arrangement., his lordship said, were
wither so simple nor so easy of accomplishment as might
spew ; at the same time, be was quite alive to the fm
penance of the object aimed at and the sonestioas ramie, .
sod, if properly supported, he would lose no tame in
with the eubjeet, A short oon venation ensued, in wdliiiiscihl
was suggested that the commissioners should be urged to
oomph:to their repeat without delay ; and the deputation
withdrew, gratified b 7 the kindness with which they had
been received, sad the interest manifested in the subject by
the Lord Advocate.

ADELPHI THIATILL —.TWO very clever French
posturer, ad jugglers from Paris have been engaged by ➢fr.
Webster to add to the attractions of his pantoniime. They
gave the public a taste of their quality on Christmas-ova,
and were received very &worship. One adds to his extra-
ordinary powers es • contortionist a certain amount of quaint
fanteatio humour, sad their combined performance in a jug-
gling-trick with a muntrymmee hat was the devoted feat of
the kind we have ever witesood. This segagoosei is a
happy one foe the theatre at this seenou.
_ .

LOBB OF VIZ COLLIZI BRIO ELIZA.—Tbe brig .
Eliza, 220 tons. Goal laden, from North Shields for London,
foundered in the gale of the 21st in the North Sea. The
crew were Oohed up by a Norwegian bark and loaded at
Ostend, and from theses were sent over by the &timidly
mail packet to Dover, and were received about 12 o'clock
on Wednesday night at the Sailors' Home. In the midst of
their sorrows the hearts of throe destitute men were glad.
dewed yesterday by the sympathy and kindness shown to
them at the Homo. Siam Sunday lest the crews of Eve
wrecked vessels have found their way to this ltefnge.wbiok
ls open day and night for the reception of all destitute and
distressed seines of every nation.
Tar Tarnow or Locomorivir Bonnie. —The
Government inspector, Captain Tyler, ILL, has issued his
report consequent as the explosion of the engine Perseus at
Paddingtoo on the Bth ult., by which the lives of three •
men were mental. The remit of the investigation wu
the discover, of extensive corrosion near the line of riveta
at the bottom of the middle ring of the engine, and the
weakness produced thereby was doubtless the cense of the
explosion. The report concludes as follows ;—" The pee-
Dent explosion is a further proof that additional care and
attention are much required in the maintenance of the
steam boilers of locomotive awns... The common practice
of allowing them to run from four to seven years without
say interusl examination, and without eppl)Mg to them
any met which would discover weakness smiling from hidden
defects, is a most dangerous one. The locomotive
teodects on some railways are in the habit of employing
the simple, safe, and monomial test of by draulic present*
up to about 1110 lbs. to the moors inch, end they do so
judiciously ; but the greater number of locomotive superin-
tendents, mod three of some of the priocipal railways,
object to such a test OS being unnecessary sod undesirable.
If such a tan bed been applied to the pretest boiler a few
merle before It exploded, its weakness would no doubt
have bees dicey ery& Bat more frequett examinatiens
are also seceseary, at intervals ray of every three Teem sr
every 75,000 miles; and doting thoep a:mahatma any .
plate in which indieetiose al (anew are observed eodtt to
be at once replaced by a sew ess, ionised of being Wt fa
Its place for a further period of sacertain . It
in any 111111., llly eyiales, mast aamate to snow
ea emirs to ram OB 1611611111 sip. of Use Wis•
rise of the bona, as the Perseus had done, at full previewss.,
for severs years sad five iscagie, and for a duty q( mope