The Express.
London, England, 1846-10-22 00:00:00

TAB,• EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 22, 1846.

Now reedy, New Edition ft-wised and enlarged. eloth es. 6.1.
RURAL CHEMISTRY : an Elementary Introduc-
tion to the Study of the Science. in its Relation to Agricul ore.
rr 7:num.° SOLLT. LILA, F.L.A, TWA-, lion. Member of the Borg
Aviculture] Society, EnglOWL—lismorre
Chapter I.—Objeste a ditsatarr—Allsity—Nature of Combination
end decompo.ition—Tie elweeseit•—fles air, its PoVernes sal com-
position—Oxygen and ni resulted' combustion—
Ouhunic acid Ku. —Water, WA eleam—Effects of fruet—Latent
hest—Composltice all
Chapter il.—Cseiwn. lie ligrow--Colsontboutlon
end dec iy—Carbowie— via 42 mama lb_tomsd'in,
fermented/et, ire.—Natwn Wield blibigum.
an damps, coal gies--Oewlgenwas A iellift—ollibibrallekts—
gCarbonic odde—Nitres eseehlmul Ida Ityie=476.6,smeenia
Nitric act—Nit add,
__,_.._._ e.d.....,...e5rw11ik Inid—lodine,

surpasses —rmipairsods.
BrOMillC—PhahOnflie ihillphOrte aid•
Chapter lIL-Bags--Akidia•-. 1:0_._111•Us Ito 111”1"1.1-Cadglude
and nitrate of .ammawOW-igesa. coiataan sat. sulpha* ear.
Donate and ailXiltetat ;-whi---Aatigawas imrsionste, sulphas, mud
riale- and Phospheats-na alkallma asatha-Liame, Its nature sad pro.
yenta-Carbonate, us,
tilne-Maawsia, its
CS/bollllte, %1119111140. arolial% awl
Chapter 11%-lire/wag-I propertim-Alum, Silica, or
glide acid-Silieataa .1 potash and vela - Glees-Silicates in the soil,
In
plants-The metal., their oxides and setts-Iron, itd mideo-Pyritos
-Sulphate of Iron, or green vita4.l-.o°ld -Silver-Mercury-Copper
-Zinc -Tin -NI anintriew -I.e id-Metall le alloys.
Chapter V.-Ora-mg matter-Vegetable sutatandw-Lignin, or
woody flbee-March, varieties of starch-Gum, soluble and insoluble
--flora -Cane, and grape taw-Gluten, albumen, caseine,legumine,
fibrin, gliadine-Chemical chang“-Ferment.,t -Spirit of wine-
Vractable acids-Vinegar, citric, tartaric, malic and oxalic acids
01..5, resins, gum resins, and co:ouring matterd-Inorganio consti-
tuents of plants-Animal substanoes-Albumen-Fibrin-Itioad, and
muscle-Oscine, milk, and cheese-Gelatine-Fat- hones, teeth,
born, he.-Protein, food of animals-Iligestin-Respiration-Cireu.
WWI of the blood-Crine.
Chapter Vi.-The food of plants--
n derived from the
air--sources of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon--Stertances
derived from the soil--Sources of earthy. substances- Compasitice of
soda, their formation-Deoompcsitien of silicates-Mechanical @true-
tare of soils-The saline constituents of 1,316--Orpulic matters in
soda, humus, hunde acid, their use in doils-Germination, malting-
Moigure, air, and warmth-Influence of light --(Ace of the
Boots-Formation of of organic matter -Flowers, fruit, acc&-Organie.
and organised matter-Vitality Of embrvo-Nature
of plant of seedson the -Earthy
subetances in plants -Effects of climate -.\ction s Mr.
Chapter V 11.-lieteriorstion of soda, it. catwe -Mode,. of mainrotain-
ing the fertility of the soil-Theory of fallowing-Rotation of c
Ammalps-
Subsoil pioughing-Draining-Manure-Orgunie manure --
manure; coot:tins nitrogen-Results of putrefaction-Sulphuretted
hydrogen--Ince of manure-Liquid manure-Animal excrementa,
guano-Modes of afltaing ammonia, by acids, by impauna Bar.-gilang
manures-Woof, rags, olla-Bones -§uperphosphate of lime-Vege-
table manures -aadrdust. eroweed Green munurea-hricat
Inorganic munuree-Litne, chalk, marl, shell, sand-Gypsuin-Phos-
=h of lime-Agars-Burnt day -Soot,sala-Balt and tiros.
charcoal-1-odg liquor-
-Alkaline salts-Nitrates, common
Chapter VIII.-Compositiou of particular crom-Commaition of
Wheat-Barley-Oats-Rye- Maine- Rice- Buckwheat- Ltureed-
Hempoord--01-weds- Beane- Per-Lentils-Vetches- Potatoes-
Ba
Batatas. Jerusalem ArUeboios-Oxalis -Cabbage-Tannins- wl
- ' - emnposition

Potato—Carrot—vartam--te0em—.........
of particular manuree—Cow's urine—Horse clung-IV+ dung
Human excrement—Urine—Boom of Oxen—Cots,—lioreee—P*•—
Farmyard dung—Guaoo—Wwd asbee—Litiviatod aabee—Peat ankles
—Kelp.
Publiabed at the save 01 Tea " 0•102311:111 CIIZONICLa, arm
ea umeLTOILIIL 4:l4eneele 4 uprar HienetonAlveet. Creent-muelen.

Alz fr_ i greISIS•

MAILS.

The overland cloned mails, via Marseilles,
will be made up oes, to the Mediterranean,
the
Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, India, Hong-Kong, n
evening of the 2ich October.
The mails for Curunna, Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Cadiz, and
Gibraltar, will be made up on the morning of the 27th October.
The mail+ for New South Wales, Van Ineman's Land, will be made
up on the slat October.
The West Duni mails, Including those for Mexico, Gondola., and
Havana, will be made up on the morning of the 2nd November.
Ttr! tiverlurt mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, the lonian lolanda,
Aden. Cevine, India, Hong-Kong, and China, rtestioutuampton,
:rtt: made up on the morning of the 3rd November.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
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anonyinuudy ; but those who choose to address on In confidence will
ltnd their coutlikince respected. NEITHER CA N WE UNDERTAKE
TO REIT RN ANY MANUSCRIPTS WHATEVER.
•••• Advertisements intended for The Erpreu, Landon evening paper,
must be at the °Mee by Two o'clock on the day of publication.

lITOII WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE.
Tins DAY. Mornins, 49 min. put 2 ; Afternoon, min. put 3.
TO4IIOIIWW.—Mot wag, 21 min. put 3; Afternoon, 39 min. put 3.

LONDON, THURSDAY, OCT. 22.

IT is well that the landlords of Ireland should be
awake to the fact that the present crisis is their
Philippi. The battle between Irish capital and Irish
labour must be fought out somehow or other. The
imperial Legislature is willing, as in duty bound, to
strengthen the hands of local activity and benevolence.
It recognises the awfulness of the crisis, and holds out
its aid to forward the altered system which must
inevitably grow out of the present suffering. If those
who hold the fee simple of the soil are backward or
incapable, the Legislature has two alternatives. It
may, after doing its beet, leave the sufferers to their
fate ; or it m iy usurp the functions which their natural
supporters and protectors prove themselves inadequate
to fulfil. Public opinion in England would more
heartily support the executive in the latter course than
excuse it for taking the former.
We express no opinion in favour of any panacea
that has been suggested for the present suffering.
Each has something that may be urged in its favour
respectively. But that any would prove in itself
effectual, we see no reason to hope. Good may grow
out of the discus=sion which each provokes as it ap-
pears. The description of the mischief calls forth
not only the prew:ription of the would-be regenerator,
but the justification or excuse of the indignant land-
lord. The three statements of wrong, remedy, and
reason should be taken together, and, so used, may
bring to light something which gives due weight to
all, and educes measures more comprehensive than
would follow from a consideration of any of the three
separately.
Take, for instance, the proposed fixity of tenure.
The advocate for this maintains that the wrong is in
the insecurity of a system which, by allowing the
landlord to raise the rent at pleasure, dis-
inclines the tenant to invest capital in im-
provements of which he cannot hope to reap the
profit. Hence follow slovenly cultivation, and a pro-
duce insufficient to feed a rapidly increasing popula-
tion. The remedy suggested is to give the tenant a
permanent interest in the soil, by an operation vary-
ing in the hands of different advocates of the scheme.
The landlord calls all such plans confiscation or
robbery. He confesses that the soil is ill cultivated,
but attributes this to the sub-letting system, which
was introduced under long leases, granted by his pre-
decessors, and which he had no means of preventing,
and can only remove by wholesale ejectment, against
which humanity and self-preservation alike protest.
He does not consider the awful law of human
responsibility, "the fathers have eaten sour
grapes and the children's teeth are set on edge."
Consequences are not co-extensive with con-
duct. It may be true that the blame rests with
his forefathers. It in nowise follows that the suffer-
ing may not fall upon him. The diseases of a profli-
gate father are transmitted to his innocent children.
The neglect of an improvident landlord may be visited
upon his representative even in the third generation. '
It is the duty of the Legislature to readjust the balance
no matter when disturbed. It is no doubt its duty,
at the same time, to stave off, as far as it can, the mis-
chief resulting to those personally free from blame.
It acted on this principle in the negro emancipation.
All the pleas urged by the Irish landlord might have
been, and were, put forward by the West India
planter. The Government boldly and justly disre-
garded them, and obeyed the voice at once of duty
and enlightened policy.
We do not mean to assert that there is any
apparent intention of their taking an analogous step
in Ireland. But we maintain that if they did, they
would be justifiable on the highest and most unassail-
able grounds.
Mischiefs done must be repaired. It is better that
they should be repaired by private efforts than by
public interference. But repaired they must be, and
the recurrence of them prevented. The Irish landlord
must show himself cognisant of the causes of present
misery, as well as acutely sensible of its intensity, and
benevolently ready to relieve it. The experience of
the last two years seals the question of Ireland's
future dependence on the potato ground. The pro-
prietor of the soil has not only to avert the conse-
quences of blight, but to pave the way for relieving
the country in future from its miserable trust in one,
and that the poorest, description of human food. He
must show himself capable of doing this, simply
because it must be done. His continuance in his
present position depends on his exhibiting such
capability.
The imperial treasury cannot be subjected to con-
stantly-recurring claims to meet Irish distress. It
may be said that the Legislature is to blame for Irish
misery, and should, on our own showing, bear the
consequences of it. But the Legislature represents or

should represent the national intelligence of the time.
It will, it must repair the consequences of its previous
injustice and folly in Ireland. It will do so by the
aid and agency of the Irish landholders, if they will
perform their part of the duty. It must do so with-
out them, if they refuse; or prove themselves not only
unable to act, but determined to mar and neutralise
the action of Government.
These considerations should be present to all Irish
landed proprietors in their presentment sessions, on
their estates, in their relief committee-rooms. They
must no longer lie like the ploughman of the fable,
with the cart in the quagmire, supinely calling on
JUPITER to help them. They must put their own
shoulders to the wheel, or JUPITER will certainly re-
lieve them of their trouble by taking the conduct and
ownership of the vehicle into his own hands. Deplo-
rable as such a necessity must prove to the few, their
sufferings would fairly be postponed to the good of
the many.
In this position of affairs, it is obviously the duty
of all intelligent Irish proprietors to grasp earnestly
at all government helps. Jobbery will, of a cer-
tainty, be fatal to the jobber. The time for jobbing
is post. England has been, for the first time in her
national history, awakened to the real misery of the
sister country. She protests against its continuation.
The duty of the Irish proprietors as a body is clear.
They are bound in the first place to provide employ-
ment. No matter what proportion the expenses of
employment may bear to their rentals, they must
find it. But this done, let them, for their own sakes,
in townships, in baronies, in counties, in provinces,
discover and declare the evils, if such there be, which
incapacitate them from applying permanent remedies
to Irish ills ; and demand, firmly and temperately,
from Government, legal machinery for ridding them-
selves of these impediments to real improvements.
If the laws which shackle the transmission of landed
property be too cumbrous, let them insist on the sim-
plification of those laws ; if life be insecure, let them
insist on means for its protection; if political inequa-
lities keep alive feud and bitterness, let them combine
for their removal ; if there be unoccupied and waste
lands capable of affording sustenance to the increas-
ing population, let them Zake steps for bringing these
into a fit state for that purpose.
Their hardest task will be to convince the intolerant,
the light-minded, the ignobly mean of their own
body, that this is a crisis which involves, not only
their well-being, but their existence in their present
position of landholders. These burdens of the soil
must be taught, that, if they will not do their ap-
pointed work of duty, the State will, do it for them.
Once awaken this class to co-operation, which can
only be done through their selfish fears, and Ireland
may be saved through the aid of her own sons.
Comply with the inertness, flatter the prejudices,
acquiesce in the policy of this suicidal race, and you
involve yourselves in the ruin that they draw dowl
upon their order.
The " lie" of Ireland has come to the solid ground
of starvation. It can go no further. It must be
turned into a truth, or cease to exist altogether. It
is true your work is a formidable one. The more
reason for girding up your loins to begin it. Every
year it remains unperformed, adds mountains to the
weight of it. Once set a-going, it diminishes itself ;
like the slave's bread-basket on tha march, which was
the heaviest when the train set out, but the lightest
before the journey was accomplished.

THERE is one passage in Dr. CHALMERS'S address
on education, religious and secular, lately delivered in
Edinburgh, and to which we adverted yesterday,
that will be read with a melancholy interest :

, -
"There in one thing personal to myself which I beg leave to state,
and that is, that I am under the physical necessity of declining to
make any public appearances in all time coming. This in about the
last time that I will ever address suck an assembly. My reason for
dating this Is, that the moment it was heard that I was going to
address a meeting in this place, many proposals were made to me to
, address meetings elsewhere. I have been requested to repeat the
lecture to a meeting to be held in the Leith Mechanic: Institution. I
hope It will be understood that I have not phrisieil strength to
address assemblages here and there. no the task Unfits and unnerves
me to? work for days after. This is the last time I will address any
meeting beyond the limits of the West Port, which I regard as my
peculiar province."
Such intimations, however much in the ordinary
course of events, nay, however looked for, always
come with something of a shock when made at
last. 1)r. CIIALMERS'S life has been one of intense
labour; much of it in the public view; but the
far greater part of it unknown, and inconceivable ex-
cept by the communities who have been the object
of his care, and the most kindred spirits among his
fellow-labourers. And this, which he declares to be
almost his last public appearance, is perhaps the
greatest, the most impressive, the most effective of
them all.

The most marked characteristics of Dr. CHALMERS
are expansive benevolence, an intense craving
for active employment, and unequalled tenacity of
purpose. If not always a subtle, or strictly
accurate, he is a powerful and close reasoner.
Without so much imagination as he at one time
got credit for, without much play of fancy or spon-
taneous variety of imagery, his elevated and impas-
sioned tone of character, while beating about in
search of language adequate to convey his ideas,
habitually breaks out into bold and striking meta-
phor. But with him discourse has ever been
subservient to some practical end to be attained.
His Christian and Civic Economy had less of appa-
rent floweriness than his Astronomical Discourses;
his later published sermons less still. His recent
discourse on education, without any appearance of
constraint or affectation, is plain, even to homeliness.
Bat, for that intense earnestness of purpose and play
of illustration, which are the soul of eloquence, it is
unsurpassed by any discourse he ever delivered.
And its object—to raise the poor and ignorant in
the scale of humanity, by developing their reasoning
and religious instincts—is the same he laboured to
promote by the machinery described in his Christian
and Ciric Economy ; and the machinery itself is
the same. _ _

Dr. CHALMERS has sometimes been accused of in-
consistency. To those who look no deeper than the
surface, there is matter in his career to render
each an accusation plausible. At his outset he courted
the Evangelical Dissenters; in the voluntary contro-
versy he was one of their most powerful opponents ;
at one time, in his zeal for Establishments, he lectured
in London under the patronage of bishops, a passage
from the Book of Common Prayer having been pre-
viously read; and latterly he seceded from the Scotch
Established Church on an extreme point of Presby-
terian discipline. But the discourse which has
prompted these remarks is a key to all such seeming
contradictions. Alluding to the Evangelical Alliance,
he expressed a wish that its members in Edinburgh
would set practically to work in combination, to promote
the religious and general education of the inhabitants.

" If that were done, a more actual and eubstantial union would
already be begun among us, than if we had laid our hands to a basis of
doctrine consisting of twenty or thirty articles. I like the work to
come first, and the basis after. I look upon the element of love as an
element of life ; and if we engage in a common work, and thus recog-
nise one another's Christianity, we will not be long in finding out
what Christianity is."
- -

In the same spirit, speaking of promoting a sense
of religion, he had previously said :

" It is extremely provoking when people spend time in contra
verity about the ways. Take your way, and let me take mine. That
is the proper method of going to work. There are twenty ways, in
all of which good may be done. Well, then, let as betake ourselves to
our several ways. Let no take care that we have the guidance of
principle for our methods, and the resalts can be tested by the light of
experience. Why suppose that, while some of the starving High.
Linden in the Hebrides are perishing of hunger, we should fall into a
controversy about the method of providing food, whether it was better
that provisions should be transported to them in boats or ships."

Caring only for essentials, whenever Dr. OvumEßß
saw, or believed he saw, any one having the same
great ends in view, he has ever been ready to extend
the hand of fellowship to him, and co-operate with
him. Judging of others by himself, as all great men
are too apt to do, he may at times have awakened hopes
of " converting " him, in little minds incapable of con-
ceiving his large tolerance. But there has, from
first to last, been neither doubt nor wavering; and
in the ripe and mellow intellect of his old age, we
doubt not that many prelates, with whom he has come
in contact, share in the affectionate reverence with

which to his last:6s6.oam he spcnki of two vene-
rable balers et the Secession Chutch.
The great practical yalae of the discourse on educa-
tion consists in its efficacy as a stimulus to action
within a sphere corresponding to the powers
of each individual. lie illustrates admirably the
truth that the educated, the ruling class, must
not expect the ignorant to come to them for oda-
cation : they must in the first instance go among
those who need instruction, and urge them to receive
it. " The more the people are sunk in irreligion or
ignorance, the more careless they arc about eithet
knowledge ou the one hand, or religion on the other;',
and if we trust to a mere attractive power, and say,
here is an institute, the door of which is open, where
schooling may be had for your children, or where you
ray all hear divine service, it will turn out a miser-
able failure." The truth is, as the doctor remarks,
that these institutions are generally frequented by I
their founders ; by those who peed them least ; and
that, among the considerable number of that class, we
are apt to forget the far greater number who do not
come to them, but who need them. On this ground
he advocates what he calls the local or " territorial
system." " What I want is to send forth an influence
that will go to the very bottom of the scale
of society ; that will pervade all gradations and all
ranks. Now this I cannot do without the assump-
tion of a given district within certain limits.....
I do not like a scheme for the whole of Edinburgh.
I do not aspire to anything so magnificent, ask
so completely above the strength of my solitary arm.
I would rather overtake thoroughly a small under,
taking, than I would attempt a great undertaking
ha which I must completely fall short of anything
like satisfactory execution." He illustrates this princi-
ple by alluding to the very different degrees of swam
which have, as yet, attended the Ragged Schools et
London, where the teacher's labours are not confined
tea district, and his own school at the West Port.
°We began about two years ago. It was a very
ragged school at the outset, and I admit that we had
e very rough and raw material to deal with; bat I
have the happiness of saying, that at the end of two
years it is a ragged school no longer. Not because
the ragged have given place to the more decent, but
because the ragged children assembled in our schools,
and attended to by our agents, and signalising them-
selves by their acquisitions in knowledge, were made
the subject of a public once-a-year's examination, at
which the respectable classes of society were
invited to be present. All this operated with
a reflex influence on the feelings of the scholars
themselves, and on the feelings of the parents; and
the parents put forth an honourable exertion in the
way of clothing their children decently." But while
enforcing this concentration of individual exertion ca
such a limited space as merely human power may
effectually cultivate, Dr. CHALMERS hails with joy the
prospect of national co-operation to ensure agencies
like those he has described to every nook and corner
et the land : " There is at present a problem, or
question, which is exercising our legislators and ow
statesmen. They are going to devise something like
a method of education. All are becoming awake to
the subject. Our population have been miserably
neglected during the last half, or perhaps the whole at I
the last century, and the consequence has been that
they have fallen into such masses of irreligion and
ignorance as people had no conception of until thew
was instituted a statistical survey upon the subject."
It is in this spirit that the great task of national
education should be approached. In the spirit at
universal fellowship which is ready to co-operate with
all sincerely intent upon the same task ; in the spirit
of resolute personal exertion in a sphere commensu-
rate to one's own powers; in the spirit of thankfnl-
ness for the assistance that may be derived from the
extension of the great principle of organised co-opera-
tion. They who shrink from the term " state educa-
tion " allow themselves to be scared by a misconceived
phrase. "The State" or " the Government "is no
longer in this country opposed to " the subjects " or
"the people." The Government with us is the active
and intelligent portion of the community—is the
people. Promotion of education by the State means
its promotion by the organised people. The diffusion
of such a Catholic and comprehensive spirit, as inspires
Dr. CHALMERS, would render an organisation to this
end easy. In his writings he has thrown much light
upon the means of organising society for the diffusion
of instruction; by his practice he has shown how
much of individual local exertion is required to render
the organisation efficacious. In this experimental
course he has learned the practical wisdom with
which his last discourse is replete, and the simple
eloquence which gives it force. If it is to be his last,
it is worthy a man who will be better appreciated by
the generation which will look back to him, as having
had so large a share in giving form to its intellect
and character, than even by those contemporaries
whose love and veneration his earnest sincerity, un-
bounded cordiality, and playful unassuming cheerful-
ness, have so entirely gained.

IT was high time—and perhaps a little more—that
the late Governor of the Cape Colony should be
superseded. According to the last arrivals from the
Cape, the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, and
Sir ANDRIES STOCK ENSTROM, had concentrated their
forces in a mountainous district of Kaffirland. The
Kaffirs avoided a general engagement ; and in the
skirmishes which ozcurred. their loss was always
greater than ours. But the British forces were iso-
lated ; the Kaffirs were burning the grass in all
directions; the troop horses, deprived of forage, were
about to be sent back to the Fish River. Between
Fort Beaufort (in the rear of the forces invading
Kaffirland) and Graham's Town, nearly fifty
miles of frontier were entirely exposed. Through
this gap, innumerable bands of Kaffir marauders had
slipt into the colony. The convoys of cattle for
Fort Beaufort from the Tarka and from Somerset
had been intercepted by these bands, sometimes:fifty
miles within the colony, and driven across the fron-
tier. The cattle of the settlers and of the commissariat
were driven off with impunity from beneath the
walls of the fort. Again, between Graham's Town
and the Great Fish river, the whole country was
unsafe for travellers, even when in considerable num-
bers. Immediately before the despatch of the latest
intelligence, some of the sharpest fighting that had
occurred between the invaders and the burgher
troops had taken place in that quarter.
This was the state of affairs in the beginning of
August, the dead of winter in that latitude; and the
collective wisdom at the head of the isolated forces in
Kaffirland was understood to be entrenching a camp,
with a view to go into winter quarters there. In this
state of affairs the South African Commercial Adrer-
tiger—the unflinching advocate of Sir PEREGRINE
MAITLAND (or more properly of Sir ANDRIES STOCK-
ENSTROM)—tries to console the colonists after the fol-
lowing fashion :
"These most painful and hamming event% together with the
scarcity of proviaions and the growing distress, base cast a gloom over
the minds of men, which nothing but some decisive advantage, speedily
gained by wereoops,bvten or disperse. In the war of
1833, things also y gloomy just before its termination ;
and to strike the last w the troops were assembled on the same
spot, while the marauding parties of the enemy were carrying off
cattle and sheep all along the line from Vs'interberg to the sea. In
the latter end of August and beginning of September, eight months
from the commencement of the war, after the trace of the 14th of
August, and while negotiations were going on at Fort Wilshire, no
kw than 2,000 head of cattle, besides horses, were swept into Curse-
land. Among these were 200 heed of slaughter retie, the property
of a contractor, on their way from Cradock to Kat River. A large
herd of cattle was about the same time taken from a farm situated
west of the Kowie ; and 130 head were curried or from within four
miles of Graham's Town. At Burnt Kraal, four mike north of
Graham's Town, a large Bock of Merino sheep were driven oft; but
recovered on the 12th of September of that year. The peace was
announced in General Orders, dated 18th of Stptember ctere ty nine
months after the conenseneeinnot of hostilities.
- _ _

True ; but the experience of 1835 ought to have
taught the men now at the head of affairs to avoid
the errors and delays of that year. It does not neces-
sarily follow that, because the same blunders have
been made at the outset, the same talent and energy
will repair them at the close.
It was high time that a now governor should be
sent to succeed Sir PEREGRINE MAITLAND ; but is
an accomplished and successful diplomatist exactly

the character suited for the time and place? Though
a soldier by profession, Sir HENRY POTTINGER bus
for many years been almost exclusively engaged in
civil employments. Would not Sir HENRY Storm,
so intimately acquainted with the Kaffir' and their
country, and whose energetic promptitude brought
the war of 1835, with these very people, to a close so
soon alter he was called into action, have been a more
appropriate appointment?

EXPRESS FROM PARIS.
We have received the Path journals of Tuesday,
with our private correspondence.
The Anti-Free-trade Association, under the presi-
dency of M. Odier, peer of France, has applied to the
Minister of the Interior for authority to hold public
meetings.
The sums withdrawn from the Paris Savings'
Bank during the week ending Monday, October 19,
amount to 928,692 francs ; the new deposits to
698,23.5 francs.
Eight Spanish refugees (says le Droit) were
arrested at Lyons, when embarking on board the
steam-packets plying on the Rhone, on their way to
Spain. They had no passports, and had secretly left
the residences assigned to them.
The Marseilles mail of the 16th arrived in Paris
one day later than usual. There was a violent storm
on the evenings of the 17th and 18th, and the rising
of the Loire carried away the suspension bridges of
Saint-Just, d'Audrezieux, and Montroad. Several
houses were washed down, and it is said that many
persons perished at Andrezienx. The communication
was interrupted at Belbigny (on the road from Paris
to Marseilles) and the plain of Forez inundated.
II The municipal body of Le Mans has resolved that
tickets shall be given to the indigent, by means of
which the loaf of 6 killogrammes shall be only
charged 1 franc 60 centimes whilst the tax shall not
exceed 2 francs, and 1 franc 70 centimes if the tax
exceeds 2 francs. Reliance is placed ou voluntary
subscriptions to reimburse the bakers for the differ-
ence thus lost. The council, besides, intends to form
ateliers de charnel.
A very interesting discussion took plebe on Monday,
in the Academic, at Paris, as to whether a star seen
in 1831, by M. Watermann was, (as some persons
assert) the planet which M. Leverrier has discovered
by his analysis. MM. Arago, Leverrier, Poinsot,
and Libri took part in the conversation.
Pans, Ocr. 20.—C1ors Arlkentsqw, for money.—Fige per Centel.,
117 75; Four per Cents., 108 75; Three per Cents., 82 70; Shares of
the Bank, 3480; Bottle de Naples (Eothschild), 102 10; Roman loan,
1021 ; Belgian Five per Cents. (1840), 1901; Ditto, 1842, I'2; Ban.
don Runk Shares, 515. Exchange on London, 30 days, 25 621 ; three
mouths, 23 30. The Fire per Cents. closed fur the amount at 117 63;
the Throe per Cents. at 82 GO.
Lou',l Or-r. 20.—Cash tales: Orleans, 1,230; Rouen, 922 50;
Northern, 591 25; Fampoux, 400; Bordeaux, 538 75; Mignon, 891 25;
Strasburg. 496 23: Tours and Nantes, 502 30; Lyon, 520; Bade. 223 ;
Fecamp and Dieppe, 363; Versailles (R. 11.), 410; Versailles (LB), 275.

The Madrid papers of the 15th do not contain any
news of interest. The rejoicings were temporarily
suspended on this day, the anniversary of the execu-
tion of General Diego Leon, shot in 1841. The
amnesty was expected to appear in the next day's
Gareta. Several shocks of earthquake had been felt
in Murcia.
The Espectador states, from the frontiers of l'ortn-
gal, that the counter-revolution has caused great dis-
satisfaction at Campomayor and at Elves. A letter
from Badajoz, of the 10th, states that, on the morning
of that day a heavy firing was heard, and it was re-
ported that the people on the frontier had risen, and
demanded the revocation of the decrees of the Queen,
and the restoration of the constitution of 1820. It
was added that two officers of the garrison of Elves,
and one of the garrison of Campomayor, had been
killed in the movement, which was still going on.
A letter from Lisbon of the Bth inst. to the Herald()
says:—" We have been assured that Viscount de
Gada Baudeira Cesar de Vasconeellos, and the
Tribune Jose Esteban have taken refuge at San-
tarem, where they intend organising a plan
for resisting the orders of the Queen; some
movement will in all probability take place in
the provinces. Count de Thomar i, shortly expected
at Lisbon; his friends have offered to send a steamer
to Cadiz to bring him over. His presence will give
great courage to the Carlist party. A royal decree
has just been published dissolving the National
Guard. Lisbon is perfectly tranquil. Four hundred
soldiers have been sent to Santarem, all of them ani-
mated with the best spirit. The Duke of Terceira
leaves to-day for the northern provinces. Count Tojal
will, in all probability, be appointed minister of finance.
I&AD,UD Rms.., Oct. 15.-351.

PARIS, Orr. 19.
I have other particulars to add to those which I
have already sent to you on the subject of the harvest. The
Minister of Commerce has received the reports which he
required from the Prfeta. These reports substantially
announce that the wheat harvest is one-filth less than in
ordinary years; but that the superior yield of the grain
reduces the deficiency to a tenth. France consumes an-
nually sixty millions of hectolitres of wheat ; there is there-
fire wanting six millions of hectolitres, or the consumption
of thirty•six days. In 1832, the deficiency amounted only
to the quantity required for six-and.twenty days. At the
present time the import duty is reduced to tweuty.five cen-
times per hectolitre, and already there have been imports to
the extent of two millions of hectolitre*. It may
be observed that the deficiency in the crop in
France represents almost exactly the excess of the
harvest in the United States. The price of wheat, at the
Same time, is 13 francs per hectolitre at Odessa, so that there
is still enough to be had in that quarter. I have already
informed you that the rye harvest had almost universally
failed, and this is one of our chiefest resources. As a sct-off
the Indian corn and black wheat are abundant. The moun-
tainous districts and the southern departments have, there.
fore, their expected supplies. Chestnuts, also, which enter
largely into the staple of food of the peasants of Auvergne,
the Limousin, the district of Quercy, and the Cevennes, are
extremely abundant. Finally, I have no fear of a dearth ;
but the winter and spring are hard to get through, although
the Minister of Commerce affirms that we possess, in grain
and other alimentary food, a certain provision for thirteen
months. It is now necessary to inquire what is to become
of those countries which Providence has not fa-
voured with so good a harvest, without the inter-
vention of Free trade. Suppose the United States
and Russia prohibit the export of corn; suppose the industrial
policyof France finds imitators everywhere; where will they
find the corn of which they stand in need to feed their popu-
lation ? Free-trade, which is the best preservation against
famine, is no less necessary to preserve nations than indus-
trial liberty and routine. -The Ministry appears to be very
seriously occupied with the modification of the import tariffs.
I have already mentioned to you that the plan
which is undergoing consideration in the department
of commerce proposes to effect a slight reduction
on car-iron. I have just learnt that the Ministry
wishes to put on the air of effecting an extensive reform, and
that it will propose to the Chambers to suppress all prohibi-
tions, replacing them, it must be understood, by strict pro-
tective duties. Such a reform is, in fact, an ; but in
principle it will not be unimportant. It will be an avowal
of the iniquity that exists in a government suppressing free
trade—it will be a step made towards a better system; and
this step will lead to others. Moreover, the real struggle
will be directed against the duty on iron, which is not de-
fended by public opinion, and which the partisans of free
trade mean vigorously to attack. 0.