The Express.
London, England, 1847-11-11 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 11, 1847.

nnessidenly communication with strangera—of the other
eel, too ?
(We have received a letter, protiting against Mrs. S. F.
Reynolds' work. of " Gretna Green' being included in the
list of popular works described as marked by " looseness,
warmth of colouring. in criminal scenes, and the false glow
east around guilty indulgence." We must admit that
Oracle Green" does not merit this; and that, whatever
iu faults, it certainly contains nothing derogatory to the
character or delicacy of a lady writer.]

SANITARY LAW.
Sir, —I trust that you will render me justice in
reference to my professional conduct in the cases of Mr. M.
Body and Mr. J. Ellis. These were cases of the removal of
nuisances arising in the Lambeth police-court, and upon
which eases you commented.
As to Mr. Body, the nuisance consisted of a circular or
oval pit, about 34 feet diameter and a considerable depth,
filled principally with soil, disguised to some extent by an
admixture with it of other matter or manure. The quantity
contained in such pit was sworn before the magistrate to be
epwards of 200 cart loads. The neighbourhood in which
this most obnoxious and pernicious accumulation of matter
was deposited is a densely-populated one. This tainted and
polluted spot having given rise to the remonstrances of some
of the neighbours, at length application was made tome, as the
solicitor to the looardof guardians of St. Mary Newington, for
my interference, but 1 referred the gentleman to the board of
guardians. An application was made accordingly, and the
board in guardians directed their clerk to request the state-
ment or removal of the nuisance. No attention whatever
was paid to this application. The board of guardians, for
the hrst time, was driven to enforce the provisions of the
statute of 9 and 10 Viet., e. 96, and expecting that every
obstacle would be presented by the offending party, in-
structed solicitor to take the necessary steps for the re-
moval of the nuisance under the act of parliament. This
resolution was received by me on the 3rd day of April lot.
I immediately informed defendant that I had been
so instructed, and urged the necessity of his removal
of the nuisance on the score of saving expense
and otherwise. No attention whatever was paid to
this letter, and after having waited as long as 1 con-
sidered myself justified in doing, I, on the 30th day of
April, laid eu information before the magistrate and obtained
a summons theresa. The period, therefore, of twenty-seven
days elapsed between the delivery of nay application to the
defendant and laying the information before the magistrate.
The defendant, on appearing to the summons by his soli-
citor, pressed for an adjournment of the case, which the
magistrate declined to accede to, and after the examination
of witnesses, his worship made an order for the re-
moval of the nuisance within forty-eight hours, with costs.
This order was forthwith drawn up and served upon the de-
fendant, and obedience thereto required, and notwithrtand-
in," every step that could be leniently pursued for the oh-
taming the removal of tee nuisance, such order was not
finally complied with until the 19th day of May.
The cue of Mr. Ellis differs only in the greater extent of
forbearance showu by me, anA the more determined and
resolute manner in which the elfforcement of the order was
resisted. These facts were brought by me before the magis-
trate, who directed a sergeant ef police to be in attendance
with a proper force to protect the partite during the perform-
ance of their duty. With reference to myself, I exercised
evert forbearance, kindness, and courtesy throughout both
proceedings ; and so to my costs, to show that they are not
otherwise than fair and usual, I have had them taxed by the
officer named in the act of parliament for taxing solicitors'
bills, viz., the clerk of the peace, and that gentleman has
only thought proper to reduce them by ss.
As to the policy of creating such delinquents leniently, it
may be remarked that the endeavours made to procure the
removal of those nuisances without expense, and the resist-
ance offered from first to last by the defendants, were care-
fully brought to the attention of the worthy magistrate.
The result of such policy is made to appear in the com-
mencement by the defendant Ellis of a similar nuisance on
the same spot within 21 hours after the removal of the last
portion of the former nuisance, and it now remains a rank
collection of filth, breeding, as it must necessarily do, con-
tagion and disease in the neighbourhood.
Now, sir, I do not fear but that had you known
these facts at the time of your publication upon
this matter ; had you been aware of the extent of
the offence committed by the defendants ; of their per-
levering and obstinate resistance to abate the nuisances;
of the pains, lenity, and forbearance exhibited by me to
obtain the removal without legal interference, and subse-
quently without resorting to forcible measures ; had you
considered the special pleading niceties and precautions
necessary to be observed in enforcing legal rights of any
kind whatever before magistrates, and, above all, had you
been acquainted with the aggravated offence of the defend-
ant by setting the law at defiance, and of renewing the
offence on the instant of its cessation, I am quite sure my
present address to you would have been unnecessary. Perhaps
you will forgive me for conveying to you my unmitigated
detestation of the vexatious and irrational course of
proceeding that is so often displayed before our tribunals of
justice, whether it be the enforcing an act ef parliament for
the simple removal of a nuisance, the ascertainment of such
a question as in what parish is the settlement of a pauper,
what sum is due by one partner to another ; or the myste-
rious framework of much belonging to legal pleadings and
criminal indictments, not to mention twenty other matters.
And I would say, " reform it altogether ;" and the time
must come when the folly, absurdity, and ruin of such legis-
lation and legal procedure must be scattered to the winds.
The subject launches me into a " sea of trouble," and I must
not trespass now in extending ray remarks ; but be sound,
a parish solicitor as 1 am, if I had the means to use the
pruning-hook, I should not be found to resemble " the poor
cat i' the adage, letting I dare not wait upon I would."—
GEDYZ, 14, eleorgestrett, Mansion house.

THE AMERICAN LECTURER.
MR. EMERSON LECTURED at the Manchester Mecha-
nics' Institution on Monday. Ills subject was " Eloquence."
Ile said Every man is eloquent once in his life, but we boil
at different degrees of the thermometer. One man is brought
to the boiling point by the excitement of conversation ; an-
other requires the caloric of large meetings and public de-
bates; a third, an antagonist, or a great indignation; a
fourth, a revolution ; and a fifth, nothing less than the
grandeur of absolute ideas, and the splendours of heaven and
of hell. At modern meetings, the speakers are like patient*
inhaling nitrous oxide—each in turn exhibits similar symp-
toms ; redoes in the face, increased volubility, violent gesti-
culation, the oddest attitudes, occasional stamping, an alarm-
ing loss of perception of the passage of time and of the suf-
fering of the audience. Of all musical instruments on
which men play, a popular assembly is that which has the
greatest compass and variety, and out of which, by genius
and study, the most wonderful effects can be produce&
The highest bribes of human society are at the feet of the
successful orator. There is no prosperity so high, but two or
three words will make the man sad ; there is no calamity
that right words will not begin to redress. Eloquence is a
power of many degrees, and requiring in an orator great
range of gifts. The audience is the constant meter of the
orator. There are many audiences in every public assembly ;
anything comic or coarse rinds sympathy amongst the boys,
till the audience seems wholly of them ; graver and loftier
sentiments touch a new audience ; they reach the elders ,•
the boys seem asleep, and it is only the men who hear and
approve. Utter a noble sentiment, and the attention
deepens; there is a third though smaller audience; the
auditors of the fun and fact and understanding are all silent;
but there is in every assembly something excellent, a cape,
city of virtue, a readiness to be beatified, a tablet for every
line the orator can inscribe, though he should mount to the
highest levels of thought and emotion. All these several
audiences who successively appear are really composed
of the same persons; sometimes the same persons will
take an active part with each in turn. This draws us to
consider the successive stages of oratory. Perhaps the lowest
quality of the art, but one on many occasions of the first
importance, is a certain robust and radiant physical health—
great volumes of animal heat. In the cold thinness of a
morning audience, mere energy and mellowness is then
inestimable; wisdom and learning would be harsh and un-
welcome compared with a substantial man, who is quite a
house-warming. Ido not rate this animal life very high ;
yet, as we must be fed and warmed before we can do any
work well, so is this necessary. Climate and race have a
good deal to do with it. [After a variety of historical and
mythical illustrations of the fascination of eloquence over the
child and the elder, the savage and the sage, the lecturer
said] There are all degrees of this power, from the glib
tongue and coal self-possession of the salesman, overpowering
the prudence of housekeepers of bath sexes, and that of the
clever lawyer, which has been well named " the gift of the
gab ;" but these must not be confounded with eloquence.
Eloquence is attractive from the magic of personal amen-
dsney ; rare, because it requires many gifts and qualities;
intellect well organised, and above all good fortune in the
cause. What we really wish to see is a man who
is a match for events, and equal to any exigency.
[After citing Julius Cesar and Napoleon as exam-
ples of this power of personal ascendancy, the lecturer
continued.] Some men imagine that no one could sway
them; they defy every one and any one; but they are
thinking of men of different turn of mind from themselves.
A man who thinks in the same direction as myself, but sees
further ; who has tastes like mine, but greater power ; will
rule me any day, and make me love my ruler. This conse-
quence of personal weight enters into every consideration of
the power of oratnrs, and constitutes the key to all public
speaking. In a public assembly, if the talent for speaking
exists, but without strong personality, then there are good
speakers who express the will of the audience ; but if there
be strong personality in the orator, the audience listen as
pupils to their preceptor. It would be entertaining to reckon
up the splendid weapons that went to the equipment of De-
mosthenes, _Esehines, Demades, Fox. Pitt, and Mirabeau ;
but at present I can only allude to the foremast of these.
First, then, the orator most be a substantial person ; then
the first et hie special weapons is, doubt:as, power of
statement—to have the fact, and to know how to tell
it. Next, is that method or power of arrangement which
constitutes the genius or efficiency of all remark-
able men. Such a power was manifestly that of
Edmund Burke; and of this genius we have had
some brilliant examples in the political and legal
men of both hemispheres. Next to this is the power
of imagery. Nothing so works on the human mind, barb a-
nus or civilised, as a new symbol. The power of dealing'
with facts, of illuminating theta, of sinking them, by rich-
cule or divetsion of mind, rapid generalisation, humour,
wit, and pathos, all these aro keys which the orator holds ;
yet these foreign gifts are not eloquence, and do often hinder
a man from the attainment of it. To come to the heart of
the mystery, the truly eloquent is, a sane man with power
to communicate his sanity. Arm a man with all the talents
just enumerated, so potent and so charming, and he has
equal power to tamers and mislead, as to instruct and guide
you. A spectacle wo me go round the world to see is a
man who, in the proem-at:on of great designs, has absolute

command of the means of representing his ideas, keeps the
grasp of a lion on his materials, and the eye of eking to dis-
pose them aright, never for an instant light minded or in-
sane. But, in the great triumph of the orator, we must
have something more ; we must have a certain reinforcing
of the man from the events, so as to have the double force of
reason and of destiny. The eloquent man is not he who has
beautiful speech, but he who is inwardly and des.
perately drunk with a certain belief, agitating and
tearing him, perhaps almost bereaving him of the
power of articulation. Then it rushes from him,
in 'short abrupt screams, in torrents of meaning;
the possession of his mind by the subject is so entire,
that it ensures an ardour of expression which is the ardour
of nature itself—and so is the ardour of the greatest force,
and inimitable by any art. Add to this a certain regnant
calmness', which, in all the tumult, never utters a premature
syllable, avid keeps the secret of his means and method—and
the orator stands before the people, sea demoniacal power,
to whose miracles they have no key. Eloquence must first
be the plainest narrative or statement ; afterwards it may
warm itself until it exhales symbols of every kind, and speaks
only through the most poetic forms ; but at first and last it
must still be at bottom, a statement of facts. All audiences
soon ask, " What is he drising at ?" and if this man does
not stand for any thing, he will be deserted. If you would
correct my false view of facts, hold up the same facts in the
true order of thought, and I can never go back. The power
of Chatham, Pericles, Luther, nets on this strength of
character. Eloquence is always dying out of famous
places, and appearing in corners. In America, our city
halls and senate houses are getting a little exclusive, but
our stormy parties and fanaticism are likely to yield us the
most affecting examples of this strength. John Baptists and
hermit Peters will not be hushed from describing the slavery,
luxury, and sensuality of this long-suffering time; and this
stormy fanaticism will not cease to furnish us with men not
to be slighted, insulted, intimidated, or mobbed, because,
like John Knox, such a man is more mob than the mob.
The picture is local, but the moral is universal. Wherever
it appears, fresh from the heart of nature, the spectacle of
this power should not be lost on the youth who aspires to
form himself to this noblest of arta. Let him lay the founda-
tion not on popular arts, but on character and honesty ;
let the sun look on nothing nobler than he ; let him speak
for the right; let him not borrow the language of idle
gentlemen and scholars, much less that of sensualists,
absorbed in money or appetite ; but let him communi-
cate every secret of strength and good-will communi-
cated to his own heart, to animate men to better hopes ;
let him speak for the absent, defend the friendless and de-
famed, the poor, the 'lave, the prisoner, and the lost. Let him
look upon opposition as opportunity . he is one who cannot
be defeated or put down. Let him feel that it is not the
people who are in fault, for not being convinced, but he who
cannot convince them. He has not only to neutralise their
opposition—that were a small thing—but to convert them
into apostles and publishers of the same wisdom. The
highest platform of eloquent* is of course the moral senti-
ment ; the great triumphs of the art are reserved for the
announcement of the simple sentiments and affections of
the total. As soon as one acts for large masses, the moral
element will and must be allowed free utterance. His
(the lecturer's) design in these unfinished sketches,
was to show that eloquence, like every other art,
rests on laws the most exact and deteiminate that
it readily binds itself to the human mind, and then
may well stand as an exponent of all that is grand and
immortal therein ; that, if it does not so become an instru-
ment, but aspires to be somewhat of itself, and gloats on
ostentation and egotism, it is false and foolish ; that it is, in
its right exercise, an elastic, and, as yet, unexhausted power
and that it is the height and perfection of the gift of speech.
He hoped every generous youth, ambitious to serve man by
his talents, would see that it was a universal power, and that
its great masters, while they valued every help to its attain-
ment, yet never permitted their finest talents to appear for
show, but were grave men, who preferred their integrity to
their talent, and who set that object for which they toiled,
whether their country, or its laws, or a reformation, or
liberty of speech or of the press, or letters, or morals, as
above the whole world, and above themselves also.

IRELAND.
Dermrs, Nov. 9.
The meeting of the Irish Council to-day was looked
forward to with come interest, as it was announced
that the hon. member for Rochdale would be present
to define the nature of northern tenant-right, and to
ark the meeting to affirm the principle of that right,
and urge its extension to the whole of Ireland. The
question appears to have excited considerable alarm
on the part of the landlords, who thought perhaps the
beet way, though it was the least valorous, was to
remain away from the meeting, and thus abstract
from the importance of a deliberation they could not
sway. Accordingly the meeting was not at any time
crowded, and the attendance of the landlords was
particularly scanty. Hence it was that Mr. Fer-
guson, in the course of his address in opposition to
Mr. Mitchel's amendment, threatened the landowners
that he and the other landless gentlemen would leave
them to their fate. A threat which called forth Mr.
Geoffrey Browne, who seconded the resolution pro-
posed by Lord Milltown, who accounted for the ab-
sence of the gentry by stating that they did not like
the excited expectations which such a discussion was
likely to create, upon a subject which they did not
think was likely to be adjusted.
Mr. Sharman Crawford commenced his statement,
therefole, under discouraging circumstances. But
the clearness and honesty of his propositions and the
veasonableness of his arguments soon made a visible
impression. His case seems to be shortly this. In
Ireland the improvement of the land by draining,
planting, building, &c., is all effected at the
coat of the tenant. He contends that while
such a practice exists the tenant creates in the land,
by his investments in improvements, a permanent
property beyond the right to a maintenance there-
from of which the landlord hart no right to deprive
him, and on which the landlord can have no claim ;
that this property is perfectly distinct from the land-
lord's claim to the fee;; and this distinct property thus
created by labour, capital, and industry, Mr. Craw-
ford calls tenant-right. Where the improvements are
made at the landlord's expense he admits that no claim
of tenant-right can arise. Mr. Crawford's address
made a considerable impression on the landlords
present, as one of them declared, and it will probably
be a means of bringing to some conclusive arrange-
ment the much-vexed question of land tenure in this
country.
The Care Journal states directions have been for-
warded by the government to the surveyors of coun-
ties to furnish estimates of the unfinished works in
their respective counties, with a view to their comple-
tion at the public charge. The statement, however,
is too broad. The works so to be undertaken will in
all probability be limited to such as may be of unques-
tioned utility as local communications. The comple-
tion ef all unfinished works is too general. Some
will be left to grand juries and local exertions.
The mode of giving compensation for damages
under the Labour-rate Act is about to undergo a
change. Heretofore the Board of Works awarded
fourteen years' compensation to the tenant, and seven
to the landlord, on the supposition that the occupier
would continue to pay the same rent as when the
compensation was awarded, and that he should de-
mand no reduction in the rent on the plea of damage
done by the board. This was the original plan ;
but the proposed change substitutes a different
and inequitable system, for the proprietor is to
receive the whole compensation, and the occupier
nothing'! The landlords, it is inferred by the board,
will male a proportionate reduction in the rent; but
their condition absolutely negatives such a hope. All
will go to the landlord, and nothing to the occupier.
The operations of the board are much facilitated by
the contemplated change, but the farmers are not
likely to look with satisfaction on an act which trans-
fers their compensation to the proprietors.
The Dublin Improvement Bill, for whose revival in
the ensuing session the town clerk has issued fresh
notice, has just received a severe check in the Queen's
Bench. The corporation resolved by various orders that
the expellees of the prosecution of the bill should bede-
frayed out of the borough fund. This was considered
an illegal appropriation of the public money, and a
Mr. Bothwell, representing pro tern. a preservative
or conservative society of reluctant citizens, obtained
a conditional order last June for a writ of certiorari
to remove the orders of the corporation into the
Queen's Bench. The rule was made absolute yester-
day, notwithstanding the resistance of the Attorney-
General, the Chief Justice observing that the case of
the prosecutor, if established, was prinui facie a
breach of trust. The rule only goes to the extent of
investigating the legality of the orders of the corpora-
-1 tion, but from the tone of the discussion, and the
°biter dicta of the court, the coming event has pro-
jected its shadow into the preeent. Judge Perrin,
the parent of all our municipalities, ominously enough
was silent
At a meeting of the Royal Irish Academy last
night, Dr. Lloyd stated an interesting fact with re-
ference to the late Profeasor M'Cullagh, namely, that
1 he had discovered a problem of great difficulty, the
solution of which the professor had completed to his
satisfaction before his death. He could not Answer for
th; completeness of the calculations through which the
ramilt had been arrived at, from the habits of tiie pro-
blem-, who calculated on slates and loose fragments of
paper. Dr. Lloyd corroborated my statement oo
Sunday, that the commencement of a paper for the '
transactions of the academy had been found ; but the
doctor did not acquaint the society with the general
result of the investigation in the professor's chambers.

MELANCHOLY ACCIDENT.—As Mrs. French, of File-
williamaquare, was driving on her outside ear down Upper
Mount-street, about one o'clock to-day, she fell off and was
killed on the spat. The horse was going at a rapid pace,
and it is supposed that the lady was thrown from the car by
a sudden jolt, and consequently no blame can be attached to
any party. Mrs. French was sister of the late Sir Edward
O'Brien, and had attained her 75th year.
COURT OF CHANCERY.THIS DAY.)--The following
gentlemen were this day called to the bar, having pre-
viously taken the necessary eathi.—Richard Aug. Henry
Cavendish, Esq., third son of the Hon. Frederick Cavendish,
Caatlebar, county Mayo; Henry Loftus Tottenham, Esq.,
fourth son of Henry Loftin., late of MacMurrough, county
Wexford, Esq. ; *George Smith, Esq., eldest son of John
Smith, Stonevicw, county Dublin, Esq., deceased; Henry
Dix Hutton, only son of Henry Hutton. Baldoyle,
county Dublin, Eel.; Thomas Hayden, Esq., eldest
son of the Rev. John Hayden, lidaloo Glebe, county
Londonderry ; Thomas Frederick Wright, Esq., third
eon of Richard Wright, Pembroke-Place, Dublin, Rol.;
*William O'Donnell, Esq., eldest son of Michael O'Don-
nell, Clareville, county Clare, Esq. ; Robert Wm. Morris-
On, En , eldest eon of Robert Merrieson, Shanakill, county
Cork, Esq. ; James Ferrier Parker, Esq., eldest son of
Alexander Parker, Rathmines, county Dublin, Esq.;
*Robert Walsh, Rig., eldest eon of Michael Walsh, Mount
Michael, county Dublin, Esq.; Philip Dixon Hall Ilarly,
eldest son of P. D. Hardy, Greenfield, county Dabliu, Esq.;
John Hatchell, Esq., eldest son of John Hatchell, Merrion.
square, Dublin, Esq., Q.C. ; John Charles White, Esq.,
eldest sonof Edward White, late of Gardiner's-place, Dub-
lin, Esq., RN., deceased; George Foley, F.sq., only son of
Rev. W. Foley, Rathmines, clerk; *Daniel James O'Connell,
Esq., second eon of James O'Co:Inell, Lakeview, county
Kerry, Esq.—[Thor marked (s) aro Roman Catholics.]
STATE OF ROBCOMMON.—A letter from S.rokestoa n states
that two men, charged with the murder of Major Mahon,
have been arrested, and are now lying in Roscommon gaol
for further examination, evidence having been already
elicited which affords strong suspicion of both prisoners being
implicated in the transaction. The county, it is added,
is in a frightful state ; no man's life is worth a
pin's purchase. Not twelve, but nearly as many
more names, have been placed on the doomed list; and,
amongst others, that of a lady who lately had the temerity
to distrain upon some tenants who would neither pay rents
nor give up possession of the land. The towns and villages
are filled with strangers—idle-looking ruffians, who lounge
about all day, do no work, and yet, by some mysterious
means, have no appearance of lacking either food or rain-
meat. The military and police are completely footsore with
the weight of duty imposed upon them.

THE IRISH COUNCIL.
This body re-assembled to-day. At 12 o'clock there were
not half-a-dozen people present, and the attendance all day
continued thin.
Lord CLONCERRY again took the chair, on which a Mr.
FITZGIBBON, a merchant tailor, addressed the meeting,
reading his speech from a paper which he then handed to
the reporters. The principal point this speaker insisted
upon was a public valuation of the land, as • oasis on which
to fix the amount of rents. Mr. Fitzgibbon was equally
opposed to tenant-right and the present system—Mr. Dixon
subsequently addressed the meeting, after which
Mr. FERGUSON, one of the secretaries, opposed with great
vehemence Mr. Mitchel's motion. He said that tenant right
was an arbitrary custom not general through Ulster, existing
upon one estate and not on another. That it w 'As unjust to
enact it when it did not exist, as it was a transfer of property
from the landlord to the tenant ; that tenant-right, when it
was allowed, was based upon improvements ; and that com-
pensation for improvements was therefore a full equivalent
for it. He contended it had no foundation in the settlement
of Ulster, and he would resist it with arms in hie hands. He
complained of the absence of the landlords from the meeting,
and said they should be left to themselves.
Mr. S. CRAWFORD thought right to lay before the meet-
ing his views of the nature of tenant.right. If wrong views
were entertained--extreme views—what was the reason?
Because the landlords did not come forward to ask justice
for the tenant. He was decidedly of opinion that the tn.
nant-right of Ulster was founded on labour and industry.
He did not say it was not a right sometimes abused ; but
that was because it was not recognised by law. Tenant-
right was not only the value of labour and industry, but also
a claim to a permanent interest in the land, wising from the in-
creasedvalue of the land accruingfromthat labour and industry.
He read an extract from a petition from Londonderry agreed
to last year, which fully bore out this doctrine, and stated
that the parties to it were not only intelligent and upright
men, but who, having themselves land, would not put for.
ward any doctrine which would tend to injure property.
First, then, it appeared that the claim of tenant right was
according to them permanency of tenure at a fair
valuation. Secondly, the right to sell the possession
and improvements ; and, thirdly, if the landlord
shall resume, that he shall give the tenant the value of
his occupancy and interest, as if sold in the market.
He, Mr. Crawford, cronsislered the definition of tenant.right
to be this—that the tenant has a real property in the soil
equal to the amount of his beneficial interest after paying
the rent to the landlord, such rent being determined on a
fair valuation ; that he has a right to sell this property to
the highest bidder when his convenience requires him to do
so; and that if the landlord desires to resume the soil, such
landlord shall pay for the tenant's interest and improvements
at the same rate as an incoming tenant would do. That
the amount to be paid is determined by the value which •
solvent tenant would give for the same, according to the rate
of sale of such interests by custom in the district.
Mr. Crawford instanced a ease in which he had recently
estimated the value of tenant-right. A Mr. Derail pur-
chased, under the Marquis of Londonderry, a farm of 32
acres, the tenure being from year to year. In every
way ho expended on this land 913/., paying for the right of
the elbeupancy to the outgoing tenant 3001. Mr. Dalrall
relied that if the marquis were inclined to resume those
lands he would repay him the money, and if he desired to
leave, that he would be permitted to 'ell. The value of the
tenant-right allowed this man was 20 years' purchase, and
the railway company who took his land were satisfied. Mr.
Crawford then proceeded to show that the tenant-
right did not red-uce the value of the fee, for it sold at
• higher rate where tenant-right prevailed. It did
not prevent the landlord from raising his rent ; for, ea it was
based upon that proportion of the surplus value of the land,
after the expenses of cultivation, which was the fair property
of the tenant, no when the tenant increased that surplus by
his improvements, the landlord's portion would be properly
greater, and the tenant's proportion greater also. Each,
therefore, would be increasing quantities—neither destroying
or interfering with the other. Mr. Crawford said that when
the landlords made the improvements at their own expense,
the same claim to tenant-right could not exist. He was
cheered at the conclusion of his statement ; and Mr. Witsos,
• most improving landlord, declared his adhesion to the plan
he propounded.

SCOTLAND.

EDINBURGH, Nov. 9.

The present position of the Hebrew chair in Edin-
burgh university is an example of the danger of not
making timely concession. In 1843, the present
Lord Advocate introduced a bill for the abolition of
Scotch university tests; but expressly exempted the
Hebrew chairs from its operation. At the time Sir
Robert Peel's ministry were contemplating the forma-
tion of the Irish colleges, tests being excluded, it
was understood that they would offer no cabinet op-
position to Mr. Rutherferd's measure; but, in the
interim, the general assembly of the established
church met ; and that body, by a majority of 248 to
11, resolved that the tests should be continued in all
their intolerance, so far as statute was concerned,
although, with the connivance of the church itself, the
tests had, so far as lay chairs were concerned, been
Tactically in abeyance for upwards of thirty years.
The Edinburgh Hebrew chair falls vacant; the town
council, as patrons, come to the conclusion that the
charge is literary, not ecclesiastical. In this view,
whether right or wrong, the Lord Ordinary
of the Court of Session supporta them, and,
in conformity with it, a dinenter is ap-
pointed just as dissenters have been appointed to
other lay chairs. His legal disability is, that he will
not subscribe a formula of attachment to the esta-
blished church—on that ground he is kept out, and
on that alone. But, says the Lord Provost of Edin-
burgh, insist on that, and we, the council, carry out
your principle, and eject episcopal as well as free
church professors. Driven to such a pass, legislation
must step in, as the country will not tolerate the ex-
pulsion of Christopher North, and the other noncon-
formist teachers of the leading university of the north,
who constitute no small portion of its glory and effi-
ciency. But, before parliamentary interference can
take place, there will be some warfare, and very likely
of an undignified kind. The secretary of the univer-
sity advertises Mr. Macdouall's introductory lecture
far the 19th, and the commencement of his classes for
the 22nd, and it is rumoured to-day that the Senates
is to apply for an interdict to prevent both arrange-
ments from taking place.
One of the district surgeons in Glasgow has pub-
lished an intelligent letter on the sanitary state of
that city. From January to October this gentleman
had 814 cases under his care, most of them being fever
patients. The deaths, where treated at home, were
53, but the hospital mortality is not given. Proceed-
ing to the general causes of the disease in his district,
Dr. Brown says:
Or. Eastern, my predecessor, explains, I think, very satisfactorily
(Olosoo,r Medical Jour., 1532) the muse why the village of Spring-
burn suffers 1,0 largely by epidemic di.eaaeu. "The soil upon which
it is built is extremely unhealthy, and peculiarly favourable for the
production of malarious diseases, It being low lying, damp, and
marshy, having but a few years ago been a complete bog, whgh, to
this day, has never been properly drained. The place ilia low mitt,.
rally, and the weavers' shops are still lower, beteg some feet below
the level of the read, in which show, always damp, bat at certain rea-
sons of the year more than usuallyao, the smear is obliged to
the greater part of the 21 hours." Since D. FAMOICP report, several
important changes have occurred; the general depressed Mats
of the handloom-weaving trade, and the increased demand for
workmen's houses, consequent upon the opening of the Edinburgh and
Gluagow Railway, many of the weavers. shops, and even lessstab
the ground tats have been on into dwelling-hanoar and
habited by Irish labourers ; • clam not at all diedingurshed ny either
personal cleanliness or economy in the management of their domeatte
affigh The wages of this clam average from 10s. to 18a. weekly, but
being wenerally of filthy and intemperate habits, and fund of over-
crowilins their houses with lodgers, it is not at all to be wondered at
that this Oliall should suffer sacraly from epidemic disease.

Dr. Brown then instances certain
particularly productive of disease :
Close. 267 end 275, Higie.eweet awe • arena an del Ingo Batten.
row. Of the 97 came of frewit marrow be Istritecre,4l Wow to
Ms three, of which four diet. ilds riati/Mi ft 1111111011OUROW MD he be
accounted for, by the fact Mat dr gegrise et the errs b IMO-
dirt ere built up
adorn mord the bark wail et the herr in Oh
ghee, the dutch tem which (the piper seA tbe
Abilleded compound me Thigh dry us hp, be wenn
mareether espeetally, weir. sits sosswals AA al-
.Mel wide.. et derallne% both petmel demotic,
with a hada" oreeterrdlnw et berm eght -bear The fe
an maple a sprintaloft IS het heinte,..lllnt
fever err ley bodubd yeti we the Ye Ise words at two
weeks ; end eta aerie the hear imendlegely mbar It. At tar date
the ore es Ned Set se chassis midi be got de aw.
these mleeablr, nd, r Right be espered, several of them MK
while others, es moos ae were able le leave this den of pollution,
crawled awe?, Is all probaMitr to die la more giber pert of the city:
The backwardness o Scotland in joining the sani-
tary movement is indicated by the circumstance that
while the Journal of Public Health announces in its
first number, that it has correspondents in all the
leading towns in England, only three places in Scot-
land—Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Inverness—are named
for a like purpose. Aberdeen, and Anderston, Glas-
gow, have associations already formed, and
in towns such as Dundee, Perth, Inverness,
Paisley, .Montrose, many persons will
be found thoroughly alive to the Importance
of progress in this matter, provided steps are taken
to secure their co-operat on. One hopeful sign is that
an Edinburgh journal has commenced a weekly series
of articles called the " Scavenger," in which an ,
attempt is to be made to show, sanitarily, why fever
is so fatal in Edinburgh. Still the lukewarmness
that exists in the general mass is annoying as well as
irreconcileable with the known intelligence of the
population.
The association for the protection of public rights
of roadway in Scotland is proceeding about its busi-
ness with some earnestness of purpose: An office has
been opened for it in one of the principal streets, and
a staff of functionaries attached. The subscriptions
amount to upwards of 4001.

1 as being

FREE CHURCH COLLEMIL—It was formerly _
that Dr. Candlish was to succeed Dr. Chalmers as professor
of divinity in this seminary, but as the gentleman who was
to succeed Dr. Candlish as minister of St. Georges Free
Church has died suddenly, and as difficulty is anticipated in
getting another suitable successor, it is understood that Dr.
Candlish is temporarily, if not permanently, to give up the
professorship, and resume the orders of the pastoral office.
DEATH OP THE REV. ALEXANDER STEWART.—IHUIS-
Rence was received in Edinburgh, on Sunday, of the death
of the Rev. Alexander Stewart, of Cromarty, who had re-
ceived a call to succeed to the Re►. Dr. Candlish, in St.
George's Free Church, Edinburgh. The reverend gentle.
man died of brain fever, supposed to have been excited by
the prospect of translation. His congregation in Cremerty
having been deeply attached to him, there was every reason
to anticipate their opposition to his translation ; and, on the
other hand, it was expected that the St. George's congrega-
tion, in consequence of parting with Dr. Candlish, were very
likely to succeed in obtaining the man of their choice:—
Edinburgh l'aper.
SUICIDE OF A MINISTER OF THE CHURCH OF SCOT-
LAND.—The Rev. Mr. Nelson, formerly connected with the
relief body, but late pastor of the pawl sacra parish of
Patna, committed suicide on Thursday last. He had been
observed to be in low spirits for the last week or two ; but
that he would have put violent hands on himself never for
one moment occurred to the simple minded peasantry among
whom he was located. We (Daily Mail) have heard no
reason assigned for this dreadful act. Mr. Nelson had been
missing for a couple of days, and on the day mentioned was
discovered in a wood, near the village of Straiton, suspended
from a tree. The unfortunate gentleman had been dead
for a considerable time. He wu between forty and fifty
yearn of age.
GLASGOW MEAL MEETING —This assembly passed off
with great reins. The Lord Provost presided, and the at-
tendance was about 4,000. A committee was appointed to
take steps for the effectual suppression of meal adulteration ;
and the Lord Provost promised, if need were, to bring in a
parliamentary measure if necessary.
RECLAIMING FEMALE PRISONERS.—Mr. Sheriff June-
son, in moving that the annual grant of 401. to the Edin-
burgh Dean Bank Institution should be increased to 1001.,
raid that it possessed all the advantages of a house of refuge.
It cost altogether about 4001. a year, and within its walls
twenty or thirty juvenile delinquents were trained for ser-
vice so successfully, that there was always a great demand
for them as soon as they were ready to become domestic
servants. Since 1833, upwards of 100 females had been
reclaimed from vice and depravity, and many of them were
now faithful servants is respectable families. It was pro-
posed to erect another institution of the same kind in another
'part of the town, and seeing that only 2401. of the 8001.
received annually for SRN was given to charities by the
board, he hoped it would agree to vote 100!. for this most
useful purpose.—The motion was unanimously agreed to.