The Express.
London, England, 1853-01-28 00:00:00

RAILWAY DEPUTATION.

A deputation from the committee of negotiation
between the London and North Western and Great
Western Companies, appointed at an influential meeting
held in Liverpool, had the honour of an interview with the
Board of Trade on Wednesday last. The deputation (says
a correspondent) were assured that the government con-
sidered the subject of railway legislation as of imperial
megnitude, the importance of which could not be over-
stated. They were further given to understand that the
labours of the committee of the House of Commons, ap-
pointed by the late and strengthened by the present govern-
ment, would be devoted to an earnest consideration of this
momentous question, a satisfactory solution of which would
be most gratifying to the government, and that profiting
by the experience of the past, it was thought a course
might be devised which would, for the future, put an end
to ruinous contests between rival companies, having
to the interest of the shareholders and the public, Pe=
were in fact identical.

PRonTs Ox err Ausnumex

the month of May last, Mr. J. Wilson, an extensive boot
and shoe manufacturer in Bishopwearmouth, sent out 3201.
worth of boots and shoes to Australia, and last week Mr.
Wilson was gratified by the receipt of a cheque upon the
Australian Bank for the handsome sum of 9251. The boots
and shoes had sold readily, and realised the above enormous
profits. Mr. Wilson has sent out a still larger stock for the
same market—Cheltenham k.:zaminer.

PEACE CONGRESS AT MANCIIESTEIL

The Peace Conference, composed of gentlemen
associated for the purposes of promoting international ar-
bitration and peace, assembled at Manchester yesterday.
The first meeting took place at the Corn Exchange, at 11
in the morning, when probably nearly 1,000 perilous (in-
cluding a few Lilies), were present. Among the gentle-
men on the platform were Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P.;
John Bright, Esq., M.P. ; Charles 'Lindley, Esq , M.P. ;
Joseph Brotherton, Esq., M.P. ; Joseph Sturge, EN. ;
George Hadfield, EN., M.P. ; and J. B. Smith, Esq.
GEOW3IS Wit-sox, Esq., was elected president, and tofit
the chair. It was stated that dOO members of the Society
for Promoting International Arbitration and Peace had
promised to attend the Conference, most of whom wrro

_
now present.
The CHAIRMAN said the only subject of regret to him in
the arrangements of the committee of management was that
they should have elected him as their president. (No, no.)
They were met to-day as the friends of international-arbitra-
tion and peace, to confer together. No doubt they hadex-
perienced, as he had dome, that these words represented to
many nothing more nor less than that which was specula-
tive and impracticable. They could scarcely speak to many
on the subject—they could scarcely inform them that they
knew this must be the work of time, and the gradual pro-
gress of public opinion—they could scarcely tell them that
they freely admitted that there were difficulties iu the
way, for they would dispose of all that they
*Quid say by refusing to hear the smallest rea•
sons urged on the part of the friends of peace fur the cir-
lation of their opinioLs, and they were treated at once
as men who had got hold of an impracticable and
dogmatical scheme, which could never contribute in the
smallest degree to the interests of the country at large. Ile
regretted that this was by no means an exceptional or solitary
case. lie thought the members of the l'cace Society had
experienced at their carious meetings, not only ia England,
but in France and other places abroad, occasionally and
periodically, explosions of opinion, explosions of public
indignation, because they ventured to meet and ra-
tionally discuss those principles which should guide their
operations for the future. It was true that, in the abstract,
to the objects which they were seeking, nu rational man at
the present time offered the slightest objection. Let them
inquire in any circle they liked, civil or military, whether
they were in favour of the objects they were now seeking
—whether they were in favour of a state of war, with
all its attendant horrors and disorders on the one hand—
whether they preferred that instead of a state of peace,with
all its advantages and social effects, and there was not one

man with whom they could converse who would not at once
give them a clear response in the negative. But if they
asked him to go one step further, to join with them in pro-
moting that state of affairs of which he approved as much
as they did, if they asked him to essist them, so that by
temperate, and practical, and judicious mesas, and by the
force of reason, and through the instrumentality of religious
doctrines and precepts they might change the current of
opinion, so that they might try whether this state of things,
of which he complained as much as they did, might not be
brought to a conclusion ; then they were saluted at once with
the charges that, of all men, and at all times, they were the
most impracticable men on the face of the earth, while they
were endangering the stability of the best institutions of the
country (cheers and laughter) ; and that their meetings
were neither more nor leas than direct and special invita-
tions to some foreign powers—and which their opponents
would not name—(laughter)—to come across to this great
country, and seize and take possession of a population of
twenty-six millions of people, protected by a navy the most
costly and the largest in the world, and officered by men,
and under the control, and direeti u, and management of
men who had no association or connexion w ith the members
of the Peace Society. (lle.r, hear.) Against such broad
and sweeping charges they should not ;vop to make much
reply. They had to all these men who haa misjudged
them, he believed, directed a most sufficient answer. What-
ever might be the *pinion of those distinguished leaders of
the Peace Society on the abstract merits of aggressive or
defensive warfare, they had uniformly shown a desire to
co-operate with everyone who sought by temperate and
proper means to change that system of which they all com-
plained and which was confessedly and avowedly, as they ex-
perienced to their coat at different times, totally inadequate
for the purposes in hand. On such grounds and with such
view, he had the greatest pleasure in tendering his indivi-
dual co-operation and thanks to the gentlemen who had
with such wisdom and tact conducted their proceedings up
to the present moment. (Cheers.) He thought they ought
to receive, as he hoped they would receive, in this town
and elsewhere, an extensive co-operation from every man,
of every political hue or party, who desired the national
welfare and the public good. IVbether they succeeded or
not amongst them, he thought they had some special claims
upon those who were a numerous body, a reflective body in
Manchester, in Liverpool, and in Edinburgh—he meant the
financial reformers. To a certain extent they might be
said to have been cooperating with them for one common
object; whilst the friends of peace had been teaching the
highest doctrines of peace, the financial reformer had been
investigating the social evils of the present system. It might
be a matter of speculation to the world, it might be a matter
of speculation to many, whether we were in danger more or
less of foreign invasion, but the financial reformer replied, it
could be no matter of speculation to the country, when he
told them that since 1815, during a time of tranquillity and
peace, without estimating one farthing contributed for the
payment of the interest of the national debt, incurred for
former wars, they had paid, out of the earnings and in-
dustry of this country, no lea than 550,000,0001. sterling,
which was equal to two thirds of their national debt; and
that during the time they had paid this money, they were
assured, year by year, in royal speeches, that this country
was receiving the assurances, he believed that was the term,
the most satisfactory and peaceful assurances from all part:
of the world. (Hear, hear.) But the financial reformer
addressed the members of the Peace Society, and said
0 Pursue your excellent career, instructing the people in the
highest objects of humanity, whilst I am determined to pur-
sue my investigations, so that I shall trace the current of this
expenditure, and see whether the application has been made
precisely for the purposes, for which this large expen.ature
has been obtained.' For that purpose, he said, he took in
his hand a return made to the House of Commons in the
year 1818, and he took that because, although it might not
legit his purpose as well as some other returns, it gave a fuller
laceount of those things which he wished to quote. At that
time, when this country was threatened with an invasion as
tearful, under the late King of France, as it was at the present
thine,when the alarm was excited through the letters signed
" P." in the London papers, and through the letter of the
quiet and estimable nobleman who was not an alarmist in
that district, which were held forth to the world as a posi-
tive proof that very early they might expect war—at that
time a return was moved for, which came before the House
of Commons. "The financial reformers took that return,
sad said that at that time our army consisted of 138,769
mew. It was not much less now. The commissioned
caws were 5,995 men. What were the officers doing at
that particular time, when all the country was alarmed
Iron the fear of foreign invasion ? He said he found
on half pay, doing nothing, out of the 5,995, 3,516 ; on
full pay, assisting the half-pays in doing nothing—
ragghter)-306, making a total of 3,8.52 absolutely
nothing, leaving 2,143 as sufficient to do all the
duties of the country ; and it had been stated, that from
them 2,143 the' might make a very considerable reduction
for men who never did any duty whatever, and then they
got the whole of the staff of officers deemed requisite at
that period for the protection of this country. At that time
they had the confirmation of the opinion of Mr. Bernal Os-
borne, M.P., who was an authority in these matters, who said
that at that time they had more general and field officers
for their 138,000 men than the French had for their army
of 400,000 men, including the staff of the national guards;
'and that he was prepared to submit a plan by which, through
esneentrating these officers, they could procure greater
officering, at a saving of 570;0001. per annum to the nation,
Bo far, for the army ; and what was the state of the navy,
asked the financial reformer ? He took the same return,
made in the same year, and he found that the provision for
the navy, against this French invasion, had quite as large a
stock of admirals as he could desire. At that time there
were 207 admirals, receiving a sum annually amounting to
126,2351.; and out of these, there were, retired on full pay,
48 ; reserved and able for duty but doing nothing, 145;
these were rceiving annually 74,7701. ; and there were on
duty, and discharging the services for which the govern-
ment appointed them, and which the government muss
think could be discharged in their hands, or they. would
have made an addition to the number discharging that
duty, only fourteen. (A laugh.) So that out of 207 ad-
petals at that time, all the services which could be ren-
dered by that large staff to the country, consisted of the
services which could be rendered by fourteen! The pay-
ment which the country made annually to these 14 for the
services actually rendered, wee 29,5651., but the payment
made to those who had retired, and those who were doing
nothing, year by year, was 96,6701., out of the gross pay-
ment of 124,0001. (Hear, hear.) That system ran through
all the service ; take the next gradation, the captains.
The captains is the service at that time amounted to 232 ;
of whom those who were unemployed were IH, and
the employed were 81. The number of commander were
1,129; of whom them were unemployed 1,014, sad em-
ployed 115. The number of lieutenants was 2,074 ; and of
these 1,454 were unemployed, and the employed were only 620.
If now we added to these numbers the admirals, we should
therefore find that, out of 3,642 officers in the navy, 2,812
were unemployed, and only 800 were in employment. It
should be stated, that out of the 2,812 there were 533 who
had retired; but the number of officers who were able for
duty, and yet doing nothing, on half-pay, was 2,299,
against the 800 only that were doing positive duty. (Hear,
bear.) The payment made, in the whole, for those who
VIM doing nothing was 223,9371., which, added to the
Ober stun of 455,3911., made up a total of 679,3281. And
agitate of the navy now, at the present time, presented
la- differeat features from these ; for he believed there
nom now ten admirals employed out of a number
of 206. The same remarks would apply to the
ships. In the year 1848 we had 671 ships, in-
cluding steamers, in this country ; and out of these
only 252 which were in commission, or required menially
to do the business of the country. Of these 671 ships, there
were 174 which were steamers, and :17 steamers were then
building ; and the remainder of the ships not in commission,
to the number of 419, were laid up in ordinary ; they were
rotting and doing nothing. (Hear, hear.) Of the 2.52 ships
which were in commission, 233 ships were at different
stations throughout the world ; and as we had twenty-four
ships on the coast of Brasil, and in the Pacific, and twenty-
font ships on the west coast of Africa, and 24 or 25 ships
in the Mediterranean, making 72; the financial reformer
reluctantly asked the question, whether it would not be
politic, with these views of invasion, to bring home some
of those vessels, in case of need, to protect the country,
which was said to be danger—rather than to alarm us con-
tinually, for the purpose of the government putting their

pads into (Chap ople's pockets, with the threat of foreign
-in,„„,.? rs.) Well, .if the peace conference bad
rd.:deems on the financial reformer, they had eve.
ere ',sr elating on the.support *red co-operation of the free
gilder What, it might be said, could any free trader be
1-iid who woe not in favour of the doctrine* and the prin.
c'i'of the Peace Society ? Why, he might say, for fifteen
n;,,r. I nave been employed in removing all thaw obstacles
• harrd re which might impede the oust friendly and be-
e iitereourse between all the nations of the earth.
) On tell me. that I cannot appreciate the doe-
trine- et fence Association ? Why, be might say, you
t when all the world were alarmed at the sight
snipping, the free trader called out loudly that the
bi▪ d
way to matt the.inereme of foreign shipping will by re-
le,sht.g your navigation law,. (Cheers.) We might ask the
fr.••::vier it he fed any particular fear as to the arrival of
the t tench Hest ; and he would say, " No ; that he was far
were interested in the arrival of French wheat." (Cheers and
imizhict.) We might ask him whether he was willing that
we eingid spend our money, foolishly, as he believed, in
*nits., tortificatiens and batteries ; and be would tell us to
ewe that money, and to build docks, and warehouses, and
ficvies—not only in Liverpool, and Bristol, and Glasgow,
but thruu4lmut all parts of England, especially Lancashire
sad Wait Riding of Yorkshire. (Cheers) If we asked
thß free-trader whether he did not think there was some
dander of a tlas.ut trance, or of some quarrel, betwe.n our
wesssaileir anti stone foreign court, he would put his
yap di in his pocket, and say that Mr. Brown, the mer-
d, Will the twat ambassador that he knew, for that
merit cot was busy at work establishing new house* for the
eeportation dour goods in all parts of the globe; and he
reluiced •h:nt ter he heard of a new house opened by
fonighers in this Colatry, as well as whenever a new hesise
i
was opened by Englishmen n other countries. He would
word ea.'. of these as another of the great links in the
choirs of al "..sation ; and he, the free-trader, would ask the
frielidt of peace to assist him, so that the merchant should
have undisturbed typortUalty to ,continue these great ef-
fort. o 1 ciacli,ttion. (Cheers) The free-trader, then,
ouidd tell the idembers of the Peace Society that to these
widtbaats, sad to this intercommunication passing through
these hw.d., the Peace Society must look as the great
grew' arm of their strength, and as the source of security
and preep,rity to the notion. If, then, the Peace
Cenls reece might be the means, as he hoped
en.,w the bottom of his heart they would, of uniting
mote el.e.ely those who by different means had been Ira-
ielhog on the same road—then, notwithstanding the &b-
--eetle(' of some of the distinguishing features, which this con-
!emcee exhibited in comparison with some which they
meet have attended, he should believe the had contri-
buted by the*, perhaps more then. by any of the it previous
to
to vary those objects which all must approve, and
to dvdten their labour by a number of years. (Much
(bestow)
he Sacks-ram' (Mr. Stokes) announced that their
esteensid 'Strad, Mr. Coden had been employing his
kniat boars, daring the rectal, in writing a pamphlet—
ehnot a ',dame—which in nis (the secretary's) bumble
jadsment was calculated to produce a very deep and salu-
tary implosion upon the public mind in this country. It
was called "Seventeen-ninety-three and Eighteen-fifty,"
and slugs parcel of them would he offered at the doors to
members of the conference, at the price of one shilling. In
addition to the ;AO names that bad been sent in of gentle-
men careen d to be present from various parts of the coun-
try, 3/11/ which represented almost every considerable town
sad city in the United Kingdom, he had received comeau-
ens:ions 'Tom about 300 or 400 gentlemen, giving in their
tel and radial adhesion to the objects of the conference,
although unable to be present. The following letters formed
p..zt Q 8 the batch:—
Norton Hall, Lincoln, 19th January, 1853.
Dear Sir,—ln answer to your letter of the 19th instant,
lam wiry to inform you that my engagements will not
'sae it possible for me to be Dresent at the conference et
the friends of peace, at Manchester, on the 27th and MY
of tms mouth. I need not, I trust, add, that few object*
Ma seem hi me of greater importance than the maiutenaaMi
sad ',Mardian of peace among all nations; and that I shall
always endeavour earnestly to aid in advancing so eacelamt
a cause.-1 am, dear sir, meet truly yours,
To Henry 'diehard Esq.
Paris, Jan. 18, 1854.
Sir.-1 have received the letter in which you inform me
that a conference of the friends of peace will be held in
Manchester on the 27th and 29th of January. I regret the
more earnestly my inability is be present, bemuse 1 think
I shosid have 'spewed the unanimous opinion of indent-
trial Fiance in saying that never has it better compre-
hended than now that the durable maintenance of peace
well he the inevitable ...establishment of liberty by the

,
proem. of civilisation and the exchange of ideas ; also,
that it does not at all understand the preparations and ar-
-1171M11:10 of the English government—arrangaments and
pripira ins that am without an aim, unless they have some
other than the absurd supposition of a disembarkation
without of Receive, sir, and convey to the confer-
ence, the new and constant expression of my fraternal sen-
timents. Bulls. DI OULUILDIN.

loggerheads, and the Turkish fleet was drunk. You cannot
bring gunpowder together so safely as to make it rltogether
innocent. There will be a spark; you cannot stop it. Men
are not formed so as to be fully equipped with all the mud- 1
tioas of war, and to stand members of the Peace Society.
(Laughter.) Sir, what a state of things the world seems to
be in. Europe stands, surely, at the head of the Christian
world. We are all, or nearly all, professed Chri.tians in
Europe. How comes it to peso that the bitterest wars that
ever visited the world are in Europe ? How comes it to
pass that by some means or other more warlike proceedings,
more bitter feuds exist iu Christian communities than in any
other part of the world ? We go to war with all the re-
finements, and all the arts and sciences, to destroy Ms
I another whenever we begin. (Hear, hear.) Sir, it is en
astounding fact, mentioned by my moot honoured and
honourable friend the member for the West Riding, in his
excellent pamphlet, which I trust there is not a gentleman
here will remain long without reading, in the reference he
makes to the account of Baron Von Reden, that one half of
the male adult population in Europe capable and of age to
bear arms, is actually under arms,—in Europe, in Christian
Europe. I believe lam within compass--I had it from very
high authority, a gentleman now present—there are four
millions of soldiers in Europe. Who maintains them ?
Tne parties that they pretend to protect; the feeble, the
weak, the distressed, the industrious, maintain that amount
of men in idleness and wantonness, and in everything that
is to he regretted. Soldiers are not pioneers of morals;
and therefore it is a most suitable call that is made now.
Let us lay aside our party distinctions,—Protestant, or
Catholic, or Presbyterian, or Calvinist, or Armenian, or any-
thing else,—let us lay aside these distinctions, and put forth
the noble principles of the Stamen on the Mount, which
contains an amount of moral worth, and influence enough
to enlighten and to save all mankind. (Applause.) Four
millions of soldiers in the thirty-eighth year of the peace of
Europe ! Gentlemen, let it not be supposed that that is a
trifle. 1 find myself at a period of life in which I talk
like an old man of facts that have occurred in my expe-
rience, and that ate still very fresh in my recollection.
There are not very many present who recollect much about
the late war. l.recollect a good deal about it ; I hope I
shall never see British society excited to that state
in whisk they were when I came into the world, and when
I came up to manhood. You have no idea of the state of
feeling at that time. My honoured ancestors were scouted
in the streets for saying far less than my honoured friend,
the member for the Wert Riding, says about the causes of
war. He moved: " That it is the special and sslemn duty of
all ministers of religion, parents, instructors of youth, and
conductors of the public press, to employ their great in-
fluence in the diffusion of pacific principles and sentiments,
and in eradicating from the minds of men those hereditary
animosities, and political and commercial jealousies, which
have been so often the cause of disastrous wars."

Kennington, January 17th, 1853.
Ihu Sir,—Most happy should I be to be able to attend
the congrme at Manchester, but ill health unfortunately
still privents me. How f tly I wish it success, need
sot, !think, be said by its faithful friend, LEIGH HUNT.
Mansion-house, January 18th, 1853.
Sir,—l am requested by the Lord Mayor to say, that be
is much interested in the cause of peace, but that his es-
gagementsas chief magistrate forbid his accepting th• in-
vagina of the committee to attend the congress at Man-
thester.—l am, sir, your very obedient servant.
Het. H. Richard. C. EDWARDS.

The Rev. W. AIIPINALL, of Liverpool, seconded the I
resolution. He was more accustomed to speak from a text
in the pulpit than at a public meeting, and he conceived that
he had a most excellent teat in the peace movement. He
asked them to come with him in imagination to the plaius
of Bethlehem, and hear the glorious message given by the
angelic host when our Saviour wu born—" Peace on earth,
good will to men.'"f That might be termed the very key-
note of this movement. The Peace Society was calculated
to disseminate abroad the principles of peace, and he I
claimed as the very foremost among its advocates all minis
ten of the gospel. He did not say that in the days of the
Redeemer and his disciples Peace Societies were established
as in our day, but he did say that the precepts of our Lord
and Saviour were peace principles. (Hear, hesr.) Most
of the sermons preached by the Redeemer were peace see.
mons. Did he not say to Peter, " Put up thy sword ;" and
did he not further add, "Those that take the sword shall
II perish by the sword." (Hear, hear.) And did he not find
that the apostles propagated principles of universal peace
We found all the duties enjoined by the gospel are founded
upon peace. It was true we found the weapons of war
alluded to—the shield of the sword—but we were told
these were carnal weapons ; and it was clearly prophesied
that the time should come when war should be known no

more—when men would beat their moult into plough-
shares, and their spears into pruning hooks. It was true
the Peace Society had not yet made great progress; but
what, though there were ddliculties in the way—that their
path was not a path of roses, and that their society was
scoffed at by the world—were they not charged by the
word of Ood sot to be doing of small things ? The commer-
cial and political aspect. of the question would be spoken to
by gentlemen engaged in commerce and members of par-
liament, and he would therefore confine himself to the bib
heal and gospel aspect of the question ; and he believed in
this view of it, that it was the duty of all men, high or low,
to promote their principles. But if it we, the duty of all
men, it wu the duty more emphatically of ministers of the
gospel to take this course. (Hear, heal% They had the
commands of their Lord and Muter for their war-
ranty, and the pulpit was a mighty engine for
the promotion of such principles. (Hear, hear.)
But if the pulpit was a mighty engine for this
object, the press was also a mighty power ; and
the rev. gentleman appealed to the press not to
burke their meetings, but to aid them in their excellent
work. He would remind them of the language of Riche-
lieu, who held up a pen as the sword with which be con-
quered. He called upon parents and the teachers of youth
to instil these principles as early as possible in the minds of
A. rising generation. (Applause.)

.
The Hey. G. W. CONDEZ, of Leeds, supported the reso-
lution.

Iha resolution was carried.
_ _

The It;,.l;ii; lisaXi;,Of London, moved the second
resolution, which was as follows : " That as an appeal to the ,
sword can, settle no question, on any principle of equity ,
and right, it is the duty of governments to enter ,
into treaties on behalf of the nations they respee-
tively represent, binding the parties to refer to the
decision of competent and impartial arbitrators such •
differences arising between them as cannot be ;
otherwise amicably adjusted, and to abide such decision." ,
Mr. BiltollT, M.P., was received with greet Cheering. i
He said, I have been requested to address the meeting, ,
which will be held tomorrow night in the Free Trade
Hall ; and, therefore, I came into this room without the 1
slightest intention of making a single observation this morn- ,
ing.. But I am quite willing to second the motion which
has Just been proposed, and which I need not read again. ,
It refers generally to the point of arbitration, and urges .
that arbitration should be used by government for the ,
settle:lmA of national disputes, instead of having mourn ,
to the present most unsatisfactory and most brutal system ,
of the sword, and of military armaments. (Cheers.) Now, ,
the first thing that strikes me in reading the moieties is, ,
that it is so exceediogly reasonable that everybody will say
it is • very good thing if you can only do it. But on this ,
question, as on many others, I find that some of the most ,
lanempserable of our opponeats are just those who ,
agree with us in the abstract, who say that
the principle is very good if the world were
ready for it; and they approve of it wonderfully at a dis-
Mee, but you cannot get them to lift a band for the pur-
pose of bringing it any nearer. Now, the resolution states,
that this is admitted by everybody; for it says that " an
3goal to the sword can sinks no questies on any principle
heirsad right ;•• and that may be taken tor granted,
lestos no man supposes for a moment, that at the
teruloodon of a war, the general result and settlement.
wham/ it may be, his any kind iff reference whatever to
the sil
ks wee or to the jud et o the matter whisk
in dis;eite. I sespeet. that if • man, mon
in the of this emmitry, ea ef gay matey, were to
lavedirlea MOM eat or while mimeo masts have
spewog—if be wove mutely to dela these es am-
reedy es it geoid be dose, from the to one and
dewed= Midi pawed mines goommals, before
these wan Woke oat—sad Nom, it be were to
bring before the reader those thlies which were
smiled, in ems mbar, at the ended= of the
war—be wadi A= almost invariably that *gee was
no id= or rendes whatever between the Waning crab
the miles or this meat amismohely Mime. (Cheers.)
The bet is. that the Minima ie with the care=' sad the
Mag. mil. haw tee Om lade seemed he jug-
tin Ommemmisse. Miens, sad mss, may go es prayers
berm the beflie ; bat we have ao antheity whatever be
believiosthel, with regard to the bellies of modern Mos,
sad of asthma nations, there is say partimalar interferes=
of Plodders' ea behalf of what is jot sad right. We
ge molly AM the malt to Espied apes the magnitude of
die throes, the dissiglise of the ass, mal the skill sal
:t*::of the osomedsrs. Now, we are taking a ,
~. me the mid " erbitratie4teem,"
which is applied to
the ambling system. We stow hear sew 'r 'rhea of "the
Mammal el the sword." BO it appears tome the the
aibitratima we now have is of the elasediet mail most us-
eatidasZassot. Our obligators amemmth I WA, by •
bee been laid berm the Glaiiirails, MD soma-
= ewer taro hundred those= 1.1611-4 most =imbibe-
tory amber *decide aria *idolise of gay quad= Bat
this "atm of aohltratisa 'whoa also szleadve Mem*
—ip le the amber er NO orOblast with ammo
—gdirimporthe by Me diesivadyeakeewa mad hoomeable
--expeadillase mem mismeas Sea way other amiss. same
before sr dose, bee seer soothed purely gra these
=Anore= thesegloat theeseatry—gail
y the abeleasema sad
=eh=Odessa ea all beads by the rodeos of
Aroma AM in the Mod ormetha of
this erten of otilselime we have tense sad death spread
over whole strew. a= 'Misled epee theimeadn, and it
may be millos Omer aim ambito. (Applause.) Well,
Mo. SO elealleg MONO= thet we now have, tne
selthiatiss ef the mod. Mars an expenditure
of these states' milises Ming per gams. I
Wok SO if we Nth one all the Mk= of all
seem, or of all mans is ad times, we shell not be
able to thew= any ems la whisk
three is lom or mason
seam, lom er reason, ism 4 Mt mapethstha of miy raids*
geed sloth dm is the memo whisk tads Miss end NM
melbas limit* the immlainemse of these net ammels,
ile NNW taws dings with_ b the armaments themselves
are sow keg= iemedy to settle. (Cheers.) Well,
1 so the, Ilb are pretty need agreed with our enemas.
We have cot IS IldwiPli./ .1° arm this
reeduthe pee& we have then who utak we are Mr
peeetbable le peeping whoa Is impetellie. The garden
eat le Mews this COOlheiMM6 OS Me reselaties, really
mom es he, whether it is poisible to mile fee
. whim.' we grepose, andrisommad ine ger oreaMysmain
the mid ) Well, I bane It wadi be wry le skewthat
a pot may Shame have bees nibs—sal whisk all man
awe be hoe bees adwarable ihatgeo—aa4 whisk asst
in
sae Wink amid to be chews that were abaiwlely
ingeollie. Awl ftwaite.es tie wad of past =peeing%
we aye wet to be diverted nem our °hint. Then
ie a seethe ef warfare width is sew
duelli. happily, nearly el-
dest* this sentry— mew. Mt et ng. It quite
[ in kw way saa to tun bah to a newspaper, if he
1 is artawmM Mesh le dud eye et a hundred years ego, or
to read the menspeadenee of politicians living et any time
, is the last mho, ; sad eigesMy, it is insensible to learn
anything of the habits of oar essatrymen over Bt. Gene'

Coleshill House, Highworth, Jan. 1, 1853.
Dear Sir,—lt will not be in my power to attend the i
gemer..l conference of the friends of international arbitra-
tion of peace, on the 27th Met., but I heartily wish success
to 0:c objects of it.—l am your obedient 'errant,
George Wilson, Esq. RADNOR.
Inner Temple, London, Jan. 19, 1853.
Dear Sir,—l regret that urgent professional hominess will
prevent my being present at the approaching pekes confer- '
ence at Manchester. Yon have, however, my full permis-
sion to enrol my humble name among the friends of inter-
natiosal arbitration.—Yours fsithfully,
Weisser DIOBT Savesona (M.P. Suaderland).
Ildinbumh, Dee. 28, 1862.
Sir,—l regret that Misdeed health Mll pet it set el my
power to attend the peen magmas. i MaaelawAse, ea the
27th and 28th January. I am MI snowed to have the
house after sunset, or to ap,ese at pulls meetings of any
kind for deliberation en Deimos I alesider it of much
important* that this sbeeld be held, beams the
present mast of ash,is Prima with the rapid bream
of the heath war steam navy, are 'Masi hello la the
minds of perms abeam the Pesos Beelety sake
wisely in wesbwiag the abets of goverssemele parable
the teems amble delham, should an Meek he mode trona
that quarter. They emitter the feet of the whole power of
that empire beim( massatested is the hands of a ruler who,
hitherto, hen helms every elheMles whke he MI soder
Mtn to his ewe eseebreesi, es greatly haelaiehkg the
inlieence 01141111111111_ ealissedea es • mom Madelipme.
It will be mist iligiebb that the 0110470111 amid mem oat
clearly the vim they tab of the present Mate of
and of Frame in is relation to England, sIPI
that they amid the esehty from that charge.—l
am, sir, your very obedient servent,
Henry Richard, Esq. °Joao' Cowes.
Stanhope Lodge, St. John's-weed, Dec. 25, 1852.
Ry her Sir —I regret that the mamas state of my owe
health will reader it impossible for me to attend the eon-
helms of the Mewls of peeve at lhaehester, is the 17th
mad NA of seat mesh. Dates yes desire a aide of ad-
belies to the great sad bet awn to which its Mean ere
to be Aevoted I beg to empress my whaled ettnehmeat to
thatof Zit 114
saw
rase IV slim:yaw
whir I g segabsesf the Pease issisq. at ebe Zest
as. alto reabeis that I streigat as the Mei'
heatleghease. is Plesgh.court, or war sieges yeas
sp to the proem dab that WI ems whisk
*ea the astierl and spiritual ripsms. eflegarak%
wasteful ezpaiditem 116 and Inerere,
m emlymegiai
the worst aim if Wires alters. aid a
maw hostility area et sedprel love end eglier,
asses these wham rarer es well an whose duty It is to
bee lei aegther, them is mese ergs formidable or par-
able. Ora the war quit is Great by OW inatitutioast
flebise, ea bump mil 'Se IS I. ell make of
Mk*. Is ihe dram That the noble
Mesa el the Pesos may mainse to abate the
Las of this war spirit till it shell be 11061111 out from
world at large, is the sincere prayer ef. your liftbfailf.
The Rev. Henry Richard. Jr. S. Bermulartalt.
(imam HADMILD, Req., lI.P. airfield. moved the
first moieties. He said—Tbe Meese if peelmill ibis
welkin geggistre bee been simmilbell tetit seam am
leelea reds ill Win =UMW 10 INO. I M elk begins%
ea wiped MG the Meads of posesothit aria toss.
or emir to de whit the tel the bolas. re-
quires at my WM. It is epos 'A-
eolis sad rebelled ritreeres to =Mit Wiesen
to reek this meterrelfasay minis whisk debt.
ft:ll7, Gs seller el war. (Hew, bas
lb smashes
Mee
Wise wiediVaLlitth hie see ill darn
sir
• well, sky mee ID is Is to
coarse they arm meld aithet W
liat my sole Get ell the Diploid saw peliertst
lad bees Miami mesa Or wail hell rebind gime
Int; s lattle move eel She week wed' be Mae. lie egm
mad led seseagliarl lig shim& New. Am Is gee psi
psi 19 ths may.
The wee yells me midge • Ilem*
==rebile sprigs. There- bed beat enamel state-
d ell, seigehelhd mespriles hem the Pope
of lm; meeede Get Leah Philipp, l• Ns* Sil "
I= lad le teeth he ARNIM, mthe amber fee
kames—• imelemse whim I Um thelwegie es"
*rem to inof trodsee, it I ree my, a sufkige le the geese
Rr. deter, the X.T. Tavkasekentriel
r2,llPoen!, 11 with Wee lei kis primi=ki mg)
`""119* del Mt sword la whh hie
.!rage la his Mai. .) There sew gamier
mess* se deg Gime ef Yams ; ad we ise mere afraid
of him then mere. la het, it mom sage asedier ammo
am sow " thick gm es, thet mime Mass to whim I
sippeihe—as aria= el respel, the he
Isesaef aseyeallie othealms et the people, the
ii"smegimiseee hewed ea is,. This twist, we sZewillitirt
eamil seem Then is as greater
_CCiesr le ag healibegiage. thon ieils kr 'Mimi
ulu le
b ever when we me all marl to the teeth.
liserabeats.) That ram sweat of iirlial4"")•
epee it ; and if two Melee semis are twen=ty
111.06 iither—at Cards mad Defer—they will have
Tee ma/ try to sly than mhos it is too late ; but
eOM' to ans the,
= Pei. latma llem It,
they will
of 't that
"Is the bake of Wellington imam breasted, land ro-
Mad_ . when the English and Turkish leer were 3
:4 nano—an untoward event hoppmed 1147:::

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENINI). JANUARY 28, 1853.

Channel in Ireland, without condos Ie the meimits that
the commonest matters of digests, which now nobody'
thinks of quarrelling about, were formerly made subjects of
this sort of arbitration, either by the sword or pistol. I
met with an old gentleman, only three or four months ag
when I was In Ireland, who described to me the system et
duelling which was in vogue when he was young. lie
told me that he had on several occasions beau second in duels,
and he said, although he felt that it was a most ferocious mad
wicked thing, yet he bad some satisfaction in believing that
having acted as second, er having been concerned in these
matters, he had been able, on many occasions, by the
hostility which he had to them, and the moral feeling he
had against them, to be successful in preventing the duels
which otherwise would have taken place. That is, the duels
which had taken place were the source of great discomfort
to him—those which he had been the means of preventing
were in some degree a compensation for the mischief which
had been committed. Well, but the system of duelling is
altogether changed. One of the last duels was, certainly,
one of the most successful in turning the whole system into
ridicule. Two members of the late parliament, with whom
I have a parliamentary acquaintance, contested a borough
in the south of England. They had a quarrel, I
suppose, about treating or bribery, or intimidation,
or some of those practices which take piece at
our elections so often; and it was thought necessary
to go into a neighbouring county to fight it out. I believe
they went in the same coach—(a laugh)—one inside, I
fancy, and one on the box ; and when they were just about
to fire, there was an immense alarm created by the spring-
ing up of a cock pheasaut—(a laugh)- and these men, who
could not agree to settle a dispute of this nature, but were
SO valorous that they must have recourse to arms, I believe,
upon a sudden, ran as fast as their legs could carry
them, sum.: eine, in this cock pheasant, a policeman.
(Laughter.) Now, I was delighted with that duel, and I WY
delighted with the letter which the cock pheasant wrote to
the Times immediately afterwards, because it covered the
whole thing with ridicule; and I said, I am much obliged
to those two gentlemen for what they have done, for I
think, after this, surely there is no man in England or
Ireland who will ever go out again to fight •
duel. (Hear.) Another thing, too, shows how opinion
has changed upon that point. I was, not very
long ago, in the shop of a goldsmith of London ; and I
heard there, what I have not the least reason to doubt—l
have a rfeet belief in the accuracy of what was told me—
that it is the commonest thing in the world now, if there is
to be a duel, that some friend of the parties, it may be un-
known to them, procures the pistols, and takes very good
care to be supplied with balls from the same place, which
arc made of a material which Signor Blitz, I believe,
has occasionally used in his exhibitions ; they.are something
like balls in appearance, and when they Ire put into the
pistol, and the ramrod goes down, they all go to dust, and
such duelling is a periectly innocent affair. (Laughter.)
Now, that is what duelling has come to; but it is but few
years since duelling was believed to be as indispensable fur
the settlement of private quarrels, and cause a gentleman to
be as gentlemanly in his conduct to another gentleman,as wars
are now believed to be indispensable between communities
and nations. (Hear, hear.) I believe in spite of all the
ridicule some parties bestow on this which we beFeve to be
reasonable and Christian, that the time will come, and
much faster than some believe, when war between nations
will be considered as brutal and idiotic as duelling is now
considered amongst all classes of the community. (Cheers.)
What is wanted is, that the change which has taken place
amongst us as individual' should take place amongst
communities and nations. Is it not possible to
form a public opinion in Europe as it is In
England, or in any county or town ? Of course the
labour will be ler greater, but then the object is greater,
and there are many labourers in the field, and what is now
done by tens and twelves may be done by hundreds and
millions. (Cheers.) To take a point in which the influence
of public opinion prevailed. After the Hungarian war,
certain of the patriotic leaders of the revolution took refuge
in Turkey; demands were made by Austria and Russia on
Turkey for those leaden,and should they have been given up,
we know to what end they would have been surrendered; bat
Turkey. did not give them up. It is the recognised policy
of all civilised nations that, although you may demand a
man who is a murderer er a robber, still no one nation has
a right to demand of another that any person Seeing frees
its power on political grounds shall be given up to the
avenging punishment of the government Ile has opposed.
Well, public opinion has settled that matter. It has been
felt that no man would be safe—that all political opposition
to governments, that all contest for political rights would
be at an end—if, when the contest was over, those who
failed should find no refuge in any other country. Every
man feeling that he might be liable at some time to the
consequences of such a system, it has been agreed
among the civilised governments of the world that that law
and that practice should exist. Well, there might be other
cases adduced, to show that public opinion has formed a
code of laws among nations; and from that I would erre
that, with regard to this point, a new principle now alums
to be introduced into that code of public opinion. (Cheers.)
Recently there was a case, and a very interesting ow,
which has been alluded to, in one sense, I had almost said
unkatomelely, which did not go to arbitration, hut
I heawasell night have gone to arbitration, the powergertieWly
Mot was is the wrong gave way. Yon recollect a dissessim,
Ltd y in the papers, about the Lobos Islands in the Faci-
es—islands in which there are deposits of a manure worth
an this countty many pounds a ton, and likely to be of
peat advantage to the Peruvian government. Attempts
were made to involve oar country in a squabble with the
Peruvian government with regard to the possession of those
Wands ; but the Foreign Minister I believe Lord Palmer-
Nen Ant, and Lord Malmesbury afterwards, declared that
we had ne right or title to them whatever; and, whether
they belonged to Peru or not, he was not the
person to settle ; but, as they did not belong
to us, we could have no pretence for going there.
Sat UN United States:for a moment took a different course,
and a minister of the United States—since then taken from
amengst them—a minister, perhaps, one of the most elo-
quent men, at any rate, that the United States ever pro-
dsced—Mr. Webster, took a different view from our fo
reign minister, and insisted upon it that those islands be-
longed to the United States ; and ships went off to those
isles under the impression that that which the American
Ifieeretary of State had declared to be the law would be
maintained by the forces of the United States. But what
was the result? There is a treaty between the powerful
nation of the United States and the comparatively feeble
aides of Pens, and that treaty has a distinct
dew to this effect, that whenever any matter
idea arise, any dispute between these two court-
Mite, it shall be at once referred to competent ma
Impardel persons to decide, and both nations bind thew
soles* wept the award. (Hear, hear.) Well, now, lost
at the edimatage to Peru In such a case as that. The wrap
of the United States could sweep from the seas the navy if
Peru. Peru gained immeasurably by having such a treaty
as that, provided it went to arbitration, and provided that
Porn was sight. The United States would gain, because,
limehstaialeenty, no meddling, selfish, grasping portion of
• meld drive our government to war. " There is
the treaty," Secretary of State might say, "I cannot send
aim of war to defend our assault upon the Lobes islands ;
It is a matter in dispute, and we must refer it to impartial
mesons ; it Is necessary for the character of a magnanimous
nation like ours, that whatever be the award, we must
positively abide by it." The question was not referred to
arbitration ; there was no award. The American govern-
ment—lt may be, knowing that there was that eame—it
may be, from further investigation—became eonviasel that
right was with the Peruvian government; and, therein*,
all that had been said by the American secretary woe
*nand, fresh instructions were_ gimp, and the claim of the
Peruvian government tO them Meads was at once freely,
fully admitted. Now, why shield we not all have
meek* the sem' an eat ? The other day, the
Timm fewimemer, I'M& I lain a very judicious and as
adulate& soaves in the tens with which it writes ea
almost every matter connected with the United States—l
wish he teas were as fair and as impartial with regard to
all ether intern (oh) die Them newspaper mem
mewling apes a dinner whisk hen emend bun sea ta
Hr. Ligenell, the Amselsen Weft% at slid
what ought to be done between Sag Mail end Annaba.; I
do set give the precise words, hat fie polo aminiag is,
that we should resolve never to ge Is war. that is
ly what we want to reselaiin Sae andiaglits morn-
ing.
(Applause.) But bow are yes to nook* Newer to
go to war with the United States ? Dem asp man
believe no points of difference will ever ado t Don't
we know there are pines' 1a the United Masse reckless
enough—so there is always a elms in this memtry—to got
up uneasiness and eseitement, and, if milies men to get
up war. But the geed on, the fats mem Sr moral
men, the Christine men, the lisdk of rasa la hob Mentries,
are in Omar of pease. (dpidenes.) n, should
not this peat majesty in WS isnetries *,
resin that we
will atm pe to war; that, as reptile the treelmnt of one
maths to the ether, we have no AM if endellag, or en-
join& er drageoning the United Males; air have they
say sage klea of us. We sin (ight, and so an they.
The resources of the two esnatries • may be said
Se he almost inexhaustible. The industry of the two ens-
dm, productive beyond all former example wan the ins
of the earth ; but thatizl measures thew annt or ar
mos whisk each country tdo to the ether—C, Mar,
i
bass," applause)—and only gime 'vs some ,
lien if the neesseity end the wisdom of doing that whir'
the Theo asseeemais, never to go to war with seek I
ether. (Ap.)_ Take the fisheries questies that hse
hady heanned. There was aas in Ont. What
was the Sant thing done ? People here wailed to know
hew many ships were going ; and in Amelia a apotrea
that was ordered to Japan Ism erallesmanded,
end • the skips were to go to the heds. wed
he OM of the ocean whale thus Moles
WM wiled on. But auisee we bed lead a
dim la seir treaty with the Untied • seek as the
has with Pezisidinst VOW net have been a
it sending silos t la Upland, not even
L."--11111.0Smese Owimihris,vouli written an article in
tom of sendiag dip if war
be
the first hing
wadi Mee has Ise wild be tobat republish in everythat
g=glad the atbitration clause in this treaty, and
ate sole matter to be discassed would be this, —Where
we find the men—who are the men—to whom both
wino will trust the decision of this question ? And
I Inset say_ for myself, that I believe there are
men in the 'United States, to whom alone—es I believe
these tea men in this country to whom aloes--bath
___shim Might commit the deaden upon a question ant-
is, both countries ; and I believe it would be decided m-
ond= that which was just to both of them. And there
are countries—Russians French, Prussians, Her-
shaft Stations—in fact, you hive all the world to choose
foams yen have all your great judges and great jurists,
year emilent men of every character in every country,
and ben these any nation having such an arrange-
ment es this might choose the men of foremost
mark in the world, who for intellect and for
moral qualities are unsurpassed, and who would stake their