The Express.
London, England, 1849-08-24 00:00:00

GERMANY.

AUSTRIA.—Dates from Vienna are to Aegnat 19.
There was no further news, official or ottierwis
clearing up the great event of the day ; tut thero was
much said in pot:toil circles cumerning the astute-
ness of Patkewite.e. The heroes of the day seem at
prevent to be Haynau and Kossuth. And the won-
derful march of Gorgey is of course the theme of uni-
versal admiration; but the myerery of his cubmis-
sion is beyond scrutiny, and time alone can reveal it.
The Wiener Zeitung contains the following:
" According to a telegraphic despatch of ilia ex-
cel'eccy Baron Haynie, the fortress of Arad has
submitted, and was on the IGth occupied by cur
victorious troops."
Austria has obtained that the navigation of the Po
shad henceforward ba free. This is a step towards
, that c)mmercial system which Austria has been en-
deavouring for some time to inaugurate in Italy.

emperor desired to crush, would now be the supporter
of the new, to whom it would lend every assistance,
not only in council but in money—a commodity tow
very mate inched in the presideurscoff,ra. It is not
in the province of a Paris correspot&nt to judge
what the result of all this would be noon England ;
but many politicians here see iu the distance a re-
inewal of the Continental blockade of 1812.

BOURRIt.

PAWS, Aso. ZS. tee
Meow. Opening 'Hlibmst. Lowest Ciasiag.
PT Cent& U M 70 ;54 70 34 as m
S Per ceing—,—.. Mse B 9 73 89 83 83 30 69 33
S do. New um. 91
oe per 9
4 per .......
I. 99
90n $9

- - -- .
Exclave on bads. :. 80 days, 25 10; 90 d..ys, 23 30.
Belgian.% 180 96 Wasp Naples Rental . Money.
Do. 5, I$U ..... 98 „ Roma: linn
Do. 44
lb. 21
111
Bo and t elo
leleans, 782 50; Paris sad Rouen. 527 r'o ;
!tomes sac Baste, 216 23: Avignon and Ilsraellies, 123 ; titrasbo,r:
and Bade, 102 SO ; Centre (Vinson), • lbedesua. 395 75 ;
Nor*, C 1 53; Paris and Strasbourg, 333 73; Touts sea Nantes,
303 73; liontereau and Troyes, —; l'or,:e.:•tx aid La Testy, —.

y arbitration, the work et a tribunal appointed by common
o ...sent, and sacred by eimnon respect. (Hear, hear ) Do
the individual members of any Mien desire that its tribu-
nals should be set aside, aad that their quarrels among tt em-
'elves shoule thenceforward be settled by a recourse to arm".
by an appeal to mere muscular strength, to brute enrage?
(H-are heat) Surely not. No; we all venerate the tribu-
dais of cur countries ; we wish them to continue ; we should
tremble should they by any convulsion be ovo elrown or
even menaced. (Cheers.) In our civil affairs, in our
private differences, we all have recourse to arbitration, and
find arbitration to produce the:desired result; this is a test of
the intrinsic merit and velue of arbitration, and we say
amply thie : let us enlarge the principle, and apply to teatime
that which has been so universally and so successfully ap-
plied to the individuals of whom nations are composed.
(Hear, hear.) Arberation is the common cause of mem-
kind : it is tee crawse pointed out by the great Creator of as
all, who manifestly cleaved not man to be a warlike being.
(Hear, hear) Had he designed man to be a destructive ani-
mal he would have given hi-a the claws of the lion, the teeth
ot tne tiger. (Hear, he ar.) But, as it is. we cannot war, in
the ordinary sense of the term till we apply to the struggle
artificial means, artificial skill, artificial weapons, (Hear,
hear.) Therefore, when we go to war, we not only war
with one another. but we war with our great Creator.
(Meer. hear.) He made of one Hood all tee nations of
mu, designing us to dwell together in harmony en the
brood and beautiful face of the earth as brethren, cherishing
and cherished. and not, as wild bees's, in antagonism.
(Cheers.) This great peace question—this great constitu-
tional question—has been taken up by acme persons in a
certain point of view, as though tem* who go the whole
omelet in i; were resolved to admit no nancifiestion. and
ra her to give up the principle than to listen to any modifiem
tem in cteers of the details. I myself as for poem., in the
fullest amen of the word; I go the whole length of peace; I
could not tight, whether I were able or not ; I would
rasher see a7biirivion take a wroeg course in any particular
instance; I would ictinittly rather have it decided ageingt
mysilt, in my own cue, than be milled upon to fight with
the weektre adversary that might be prevented to me.
(Hear, hear) Yet, at the same time, there are many pee-
CMS who cannot at present go with me this length, many
who look forward to the wakening of public fit+ iota to effect
tee ultimate triumph of the principle, but who cannot now
eenimit themselves to it fully, cot and out, in ail its bearings.
Wt.at are we to do with them friends ? Are we to say that,
because they will not go the whole way with us just now,
they shall not stir an inch with min the right pith. Wrul 1
this he a proper emaree—• kind course? No ; let us rash r
welcome them with ns the full distance they will go with us
SW. and rely upon the plearantness of the road,
as it dovelepe hull; to induce them by-and-by to
seempary us throughout. (Hear, hear.) Let there
bo divainn of (*elm among ue so far as
we walk Weather. In e Juddering this question we wish to
contain-r it wholly god entirely upon the btoad basis of a war
qu •stion, and not as one reit: log to this or to that particular
u dice). (War, hear.) We know that Europe boa again
and sateen been lit up with the hideous flame of war, but
we wi,dt to taken...am of the illustrations of our principle or of
our views or proceedines from any particular war or wen.
It is net n assure to ge Joao asingle detail, or refer to a
rini,le battle • v. is quite sufficient tie know that great masses
o• mankled iave .ived hated and hating ins another ; that
war has from home to home spread is devastation through-
out the notions of the world; we desire rot to point to any
..flicuter ha ion nr use that would create and 1. ave Ice.,ng•
nt a nevi •11 el kind in any man's mind, or nreuse the aseocit-
,i. ut: of tae icier' or patriot. (Clem.) The question
le a peace qu•stion here as well as on the fi ild. We no
eerie eta -es to create a einfliet of einholen than we desire a
cmtint oeermes Our obj' et is to take po ace al it is, and o
prom to its a :tension to the utmost possiele carte. Moat
Fled aed Brat tel are we to find France and Belgians eoined
wit!, us in to' no his work. telteers.) Your t•o capitals
have now en•ertuitied with hoop:table welcome them niters
of thin toot. ty: meat certain are we th et the capital o'
' Berland will hold cut a hand of welcome tot less
creme (Cleve.) The peace men of England
I are bi.unel to s.'ve you a hearty welcome; we pubaely
ie. epe onto lees to it—(olutere) —and we trust that when the.
time shall e me you will e 'diary tempt tee ineitstie n.
(Chem) L t the peace principle, then, ha recorded as cur
r. wawa staisda•-1; let us e!e.ve to it with nil our hearty,
dote earned to retry it. through to Its peaceful victory. It
pleases me meet to see, the reaire,eutaiives of so many na-
eons coal clod here together on the work of brotherly anion
—(ebeer )—aad it is of good auspice to luck round on these
ft ins oft • • natiarr, net raised ago na each oast?, but en.
twined i t ken or mutual kineuese, peace, seal Inlet, em-
blematic of that common friendship which hero and elm-
' where binds togi th r the tree friends of pram in all the
lands which these colours picture forth. (Caters.) I will
rot occupy more of your time. (Chan.) lf, sir, I could
command the French language as you command
)—I should have hum meat Out to have addressed
my Perna brethren in the it own language, and would he ye
txprees'd, OS I now do in soy own tongue, the delight I feel
to see the tee greitest nations in the world, aided by other',
err at, but net quite PO great, the great awl the amsll, the
old aid she young, the weekend tee powerful, the r ch and
the poor, the ft tees of the sea and of the land, giving the
aid of mors'o, of edetration, and science, to the advancement
of peace, r f newel., and of eiviltrei on.
Yr. SIMIAN? old—The object of the friends of peace woo,
as he iiieleretond the subject, not m' rely the abolishment of
war, but to eetbstituse In its place immures better adapted to
secure the ends prafestedle emelt by a result to war, to wit,
j am rg mai was. War has no tendency to eeive this
nigh end, and should therefore be whohy sassed° rs a means
of aejusting goes ions in difference between nations. The
gr.rd question h•fore the eugress is, what are the measures
elfish we, as a pace conerem, Ain recommend to the atten-
thou of netons as beet oplapted to a cure the ends of justice,
and thus constitute a sur'• basis for permanent and universal
peace. The resolution meter eoneid,rammm recommends ye-
ti-ration as the measuie which nazi n,' stall adopt for ob-
taining the ends under consideration. Arbitration is ame a-
sure hoer itely preferahlt to war, and would thence roe-ive
is he arty commendation should the resolu•inn under creel
iteration be adopted by this congress. Still there were, in
Lis view, objections of fundamental importance against *obi
teatime as the permanent and exclusive means of securing
peace among nations. He would beg leave, on his own re-
pot sihility exclusisely, and without committing at all any
of It's American assoctatee in furor or twee st any i-etiment
1 e might express, to allude to some of them objections. •
Should any two nations assent to this measure as the memo
of adjusting any question in difference between them, the
executive depart n •et of the eneerom nt to whom the quoit.
tion is ref. reed wiil of curse be 'attend as the tribunal of
adjudication in the case. This always has been the tribunal
selected, and from the nature of the relations of eoveniments
to each other always will be. The dierity of the govern.
meets at issue, as well as of that reelected as the arbitrator,
would he compromised by any departure from this principle.
From the nature of its functions the executive is, of all other
departments of government, b- at qualifi-d to realise
in Ira adjudications the only idea to be realised in
the circumstances mimeo d to exist—the idea of justice
among Amore. The judiciary is the only department of
government that represents this idea, and that is, from the
nature of its high functions, opal fled to do it. A tribunal
equ violent to a judiciary, end having for its exclusive ends
the realisation ot the idea of justice in its decisions, must be
elected by the governments of the civilised world as the tri-
bunal of sppeel for the adjustment of questiena in differ-
ence between them. if they would lay a sure foundation for
permanent p ace mew; then:raves. The exectoive, on the
other heed, is, and must be, chiefly controlled by other ideas
then of finance cod of national policy. It would naturally :
he controlled by these ideas in its adjudication!, rather than
by the been which, in the circumstances, ought to exclude all
others—the idea ofiustiee. In i s relations to foreign powers,
it is the treaty-meking and treaty-executing power. Such
relations are sit 'lecher unfavourable to adjudication upon
our exclusive principle of the idea of justice. If the go-
vernment @Arend es the tribunal of adjudication was at the
time contemplating, as it might very probably be, the forma-
tion of an important treaty with one of the parties con-
cerned, would it not be very air inely tempted, to say the
lewd, to avoid giving offence to that party. even though
justice should require it? Can we rationally hope that
justice and peace, having an only sure basis fer permanence,
can b t teciered by resort to a tribunal which, from the nature of
its functions and relation., must be subject to such influ-
ences? Against the executive department of p evernment
else, foreign pewee. if it exist at all, exists more than
against all ethers. This, from the nature of its functions
and &idiom., must be the eau. This is a well knorsn and
undeniable fact. It is the department, then, of all otters,
least adapted to secure the respect of nations in its adjude-
esti- es when made, or confidence in it, as adapted
to realise, as a tribunal of appeal, the ends of justice among
nations. Such, he concluded, were some of the objections
existing in bin mind against the principles of arbitration,
excepting in • form in which some permanent tribunal of
appeal shall be erected by the nations entering into a come
pact for permanent and universal peace among themselves—
a tribunal whose exclusive functions shall be to adjust ques-
tions in difference between such nations in harmony with
the idea of justice.
Mr. N. VINCENT, wag received with loud cheering. I
He Reid—l am so or rwhe loud by this munifieent demon- I
goalie's, that I should not have venture-I to Wrens you at
this time had I not felt the importance of calling upon yes
to adhere closely to the resolution under di-auction. (Chun.)
But I caerot resist the opportunity of congratulatieg yen
open this demonstration in favour of peace, held in the midst
of civilised France. and is the noble city where influence is
telt in all parts of Europe. (Churn) And it is well we are
her- —we who area portion of the old Siam race—to blend
our jellesnees with France in the noble effort now masking
to diffuse pecific principles throughout the world. (Hear,
hear.) This Congress represents two powerful parties—
those who, like myself, hold that war, under all cireum-
stone. 14 is opp-sed to Ceristianity, and thou who, from
commercial, economical, and political raison', and from
motives of general philanthropy, regard it as the greatest
social muse that can afflict the nations. (Cheep.) We wish
to gather the moral and intellectual influence of these two
parties and direct it into practical movements it favour of
our noble principles. (Cheers.) The arbitration question
is now before you, and I regard it as a proposition that may
be safely adopted by this congress; and i caution you against

follows

disguising the difficulties that we may or may not have to
contend with in the present state of public opinion. It is
because we have to contend with difficulties that we are
here. (Chars.) Mr. Vincent then went on to show that
difficulties in the way of arbitration would vanish it govern-
ments set themselves to wok to give effect to the growing
public opini 'en in its favour. We want to strengthen this
opinion. to guide and dirt& it; and we say that arbitration
, is more Christian, more politic, and more economical than
war. War never settles a quarrel. It complicates difficul-
ties, increases crausion,'creates unholy pass.ocs, it fluencth
national prejudices, and al ways retards rub. r than fleetest;
the re•e-tablishment of order. (Cheers) I appeal to the
distinguished orators and statesmen around me whether war
ever settled a roared Arbitration must be resorted to he.
fore peer cam reign, and we propose that arbitration should
preesde the war, not f flaw it. (Loud cheers.) I rajoice in
the growth of opinion in its favour. Iu the Na-
tional Assembly of France, and in the Pnrisian
press voices are already raised in oar favour. (Cheers.) In
the parltement of England our distinguished country m. e,
Richard Cobden—(great cheering)—hie ahead; to troduced a
preposition that was not only favourably reeeiv d, hut
which commanded the respect of our reigning ministry—
(cheera)—and this opinion will grow. I may say, in a thise
roughly unseeterian spiel., that the great moralities of the
Christian reliiion are at its root. The belief in human
brotherhood and the kindly virtues of religion aid UP. All
material inflionees are with us. Education, that civilises
and refines, is with us. Trade end commerce are our
friends; for they teach naticns their tou.ual dependence
upon each other. (Cheers.) Every discovery in Beira' cc is
our friend ; that steam engine that brought us from Lon-
don to Paris in one day is the friend of universal peace;
for the intercourse of she nations is fatal to the resign of
violence and wrong. (Loud cheers.) Mr. V meat went on
powerfully to ettlurce the value of the peace movement,
and concluded by saying—Take courage! we shell con-
quer! Through the power of our glorious ptinciples we
shall outlive the cry " Lit, plan," and prove that nu:hing
can be I:toy:thin that is band upon the etern,l lee a of aut
i and upon I°. progressive chatact viatica of one com :non
race. (Mr. Vincent art down amid loud apoleuse.)
Cries here erase for Mr. Cubit°, which belt g perdsted in,
. . . . — _

The CHAIRMAN rose, and stated that, I:Wer the
speaker, the meeting would crate to a Tots cn the first reso-
lution. The in it day, Mr. Cobden' M. Eunle de G.rartlin.
Btatiat. tel mkt re, would speak.
M. OUTARD then read a speech in favour of the resolve
tin.

..... .
The CHAIRMAN—Mr. Cobilin wishes to make a simple
observation. (Great mirks of curiosity.)
Mr. COBDEN, M I'., then came forward, and wasreceived
with immense ch. trims. He said (in French) that he wished
to make a tingle remark on the objection of Mr. Mahan, the
American gentlem.n, who had addressed the auemtly. He
should, however. reply in English, as ha was wet anxious
that the Americans present should Lear what he had to re-
remark. The hurourahle grntleman;then went t.• ley,
in E-gliah, that with respect to the objection ma.t.. by
Mr. Itishan to orhitra i u, on account of the diffoul.y
of the details, and his itroposal that a great &entre inn
s niety, is it were, should be formed beforehand, to decide
whatever questions of dispute might afire, Mr. Mahan ..id
not of j: ct to arbitration itself ; be fully admi.t.sl that it was
p e rroble to war ;no objet to arbitration in the ;attires*
wu therefore made by the rev. gentleman . Now hi (Hr.
Cubdes) was of opintm that it would he better I. 4 to haws
an arbitration congress or atciety appointed beh rattail,. It
would be better, he thcught, thlt the oec.sion eh 'aid ha
waited for, so that arbitrators should be selected to suit es. h
particular raw—that if a aisputc arose ou a p...;nt of n.i:ttary
etiquette, a general or uomiral might he selects d, and if en a
ennmercial matter a merchant. For his par. he caw no
difficulty whatever ill arbitration, and he was atialous to
hire this shirt reply to his AMt titan friettl, th..t when :he
report of the proceedings were publish, d, it might net be
off.ught that any watt Ut coultsey or r. spent l en
ered in the otjeetim which had been briught b
bur-
ward. (Hear,
The fl,st resolution was then pat to the vote and adopted
r unanimnu ly.
Tee sitting then tertnin tted.

SECOND SESSION.—THIMSDAY.
W. V. lICOO, oa Gemming the chair at 12 o'clork, an-
non. ced that the society h.d remised, by the hat,ds of M.
Bodsnstadt, o‘ormunications from Berlin, Breslau, La die
hero, Cassel, Dantsic, end ono' her Okras a totter), the Lame
of which we did not coll..rt, expressive of t"e cure. it sym-
pathy entertained in then various towns, by large bodies of
pt rsons, with the objtct of the society.
On the motion of the CHAIRMAN, the thanks of the meet.
log were voted by aeclama.lon to tl.e towcs which had
forwarded this exoremion of sympathy.
K. COQUBREL anaoune.d that the mi +ler of riddle
works had ordered all the pubic palaces in and about Pais,
and all the public buildings, to be thrown tp.n grstuito
to the members of the Congress, simply an snowing thur

. .
blue end of adoi•sion. (Auplauut.)
On the prqtraition of U. the I....inks of the
steeling were Krr. it by acclamation to the toi'hittcr of public
works (M. Laerooe) for this stark of enuaith ration.
The PianitiENT announced that three pets gallons had

b•Pn placed on the table. The tint wu feels id. Guerin, u

" The Congrew will invite all g .vermaints to proclaim the
nrineirle of the ineetwndenee of na•ilnalrties, and esta I it to
be respected by all means In their power."
The see. ne.l,y M. V. sin, woe on lullowf :
"AU governmeote will be incited not to jots evens in the
internal aff*lra of nation."

The thitd, by M. D'EICJITHAL, sons in these titian:
"The C menses will invite the governments of the United
States and the Ottoman Buspile to take tee necessary n.ea-
sores for minstituting the city of Jerusalem into a ueutr.i
pl ce, (men te ell kinds of wership."
Tee PRESIDE T, having read these proporilans, said
that they wend b. examined at a future period.
M.COQUEREL, pas or of the French Protestant church,
and a representative of the pecp!e, then spoke. Ile ceogra-
quieted the English and Americans. who bed made their
way from ell parts of the world so cheese France, n twith-
standing its being a military power, as *cradle of the move-
ment of universal peace. He admired their courazr, and
admitted that it was a quality not poeneised in such matters
by the French. They knew how to begin. but Of ver came
to an eat. Let them endeav cur to continuo in the path ;
let the seed be cultivated, for God will not do all himself,
and let a helping hand be given to the work. The need
would then spring up and flourish, and Franco would give
the example to tee world and a lesson of disarma-
ment. French 2.111,1 s had invented permanent arm's:. in
1139, under Chivies VII (he begged pardon for recalling
t` is reminiscence to Englishmen), and this had been a coin•
mencement of a general disermament Before permanent
armies were created every one wee a soldier, and war was
rot made by nation against nation, but by people against
people. It wail now necessary to disarm the armies, and
France should join the example to the precept by making
efforts to attain the result of a simultaneous and general die-
armement. \Vnat, after all, was a soldier or a cavalier ? A
man and a gun did not constitute a soldier. A man and his
horse did not constitute a soldier. Snovele, timeline, bastions,
did not constitute and engineer Instruction was the motive
Dower, and the time bed coma when soldier end citizen
ought to be educated equally well. Some certainly le .rest
more readily than others; that depended on human
activity; he did not fear to say that Frenchmen, of all peo-
ple, we re most quick in learning to be soldiers, and
numerous proofs of the feet cculd be adduced. Cm-
emuently, if the disarmament
suddenlyce( pted,
eat,
France peace spread, and that ea
war ass se,
France would be the first to fled its army again•
When it became necessary to destroy serfage and replace the
feudal system by legality, it was said that equality was Me-
Possible; end yet feudal tenure had loi en destroyed. The
French, who were so t mid of the equality of the citizens be-
fore the law had been combatted previous to 1793, and yet
equality had a reality. Were they not all free, thoush li-
berty had been combet'ed. In all nations there had been
times where it was considered Utopian to suppose that God
could be worshipped emending to the conse:ence of the faith-
ful, and it was thought that a privileged religion was neces
lam In order to deny that assertion (here M. Coquerel
looked on his right at a Roman Catholic priest sitting beside
him) he bad but to show, staying near him, a venerable es-
thetic infest. M. Coquerel concluded by saying that evi-
dently it. appeared that all things, before they were pro-
duced, were considered impossible ; but, when an object was
Christian, harden, and possible, it could be realised ; fee, if
it were eeherwine, min would no longer be men, and God no
longer Gin). ( Tres bins, tree lien.) M. Cnquerel eat down,
but not before shaking hands warmly with the Abbe De-
guerry, en act which elicited warm applause.
H. SoxiNo AR. vice-president of the Brussels Congress, fol-
lowed M. Coausnee, and woe himself followed by
IL. FRANCISQUE BOUVET, representative, vicepresi-
dent of the Brussels Congress, who said he entirely con-
curred in the propriety of disarmament, but he did not
admit that France phoult disarm before other nation'. The
dieerm.ene, t ,hold be simultaneous.
Mr. H. VINCENT then came forward and addressed the
meeting es follows : —M. President, ladies, and gentlemen,—
The proposition before the Congress involves the question
of a general diiarmament, and I rejoice to be able to give
this proposition my support, because I regard the ;treat
question of givirg efficacy to moral power, as contradistin-
guished front the reign of fore*, to be the grand design eddies
assembly. (Hear.) But I feel that in attempting to attain
this rest result we have to controvert not only the general
opinion of mankind but we have to run counter to the
general teaching of history, and to some of the crudest as-
sociations that have ever been thrown around the past life
of the satins,. But feeling that in the development of
the great moral principles of Christianity lies our
strength—feeling that in the diffusion of those moral pr;n-
ciples we have a certain guarantee for the ultimate trine-ph
of out cause—feeling that just in proportion as eivilisatim
spreads among mankind, and as intelligence diffuses itself
among the messes of the people, just in proration must
brut • force decline, I have confidence in the•future, and
believe that the grand idea inaugurated in 'this Coalmen will
one day reign en:rtme in the universal 'mart, and preside
over the legislation Mel nations. (C►.eers.) For, friends,
what is it that we do when we mar.itain the existence of
large armies in these great civilised countries ? We not only


red to the flamers of etch individual coentry. He expatiated
farther on this theme by showing that the inhabitants ell
France. or of England, or Austria, Freesia, and other melee, I
ere equally taxed, awl he spywaled to his hearers to unarm
the truth of his mealtimes. He then made brief allusion '
unhappy Italy ar.d her late fond bed unfortunaton s e efforarts,
not to
Cheri, s Albert, and Pins I X , but his observatie
unungaryknown tand h *oleer mo ell o( our readies whoeympst hint with Italy.
Hoss w ere not °mitts 1. He thine:4lcl oast'
present, many of whom bad amenseled from every corner of
the world, to so-operate zealously an t vigorously in the
em.ss of universal peace. He saluted the name of Richard
Cobden with brief words of admiratior, and eppoeitely slid :
"Let a vast associatitn ashram the civil Sed werld ter the
wo.k of J eace, as it has already embraced Eogland." lie
iiscuosed abstract law and codes, and proceeded at some length
ea the farther consideration of the main subject, introeueing
remarks on the mettles' interest', on railways and their
whoeastoinfluence,en on tariffs and custom- ; the
whole of Me subsequent obeervations are so famhousesiliar to en ry
kind of liberty and mental advancement, and our columns
are so crowded with matter, that we are compelled to bring
this abstract of M. Avigdoes speech to a close, by thaoking
him for the noble sentiments he her given utterance to in
behalf of humanity at large.
The sitting was sdjeurned at the er.d of It. Avigdoe's
'reek.
Oa its mummies,
11. E. GIRARDIN addressed the =Wine. They were
eoldiere of peace, who differed from the soldiers of war in
this Warr ant particular, that they made war not fur the
purpose of a particular, but for the sake of a general and
remanent peace. They were the Crusaders of Peace, and
they must not give up the ho:y war until they had made the
governments of the world enter upon disarmament. The
Best thine to be done towards this object was to sheikh con-
seripticn and all compulsory military service. (Hear, hear.)
Standing armies, although they had long, had not always
existed; they were, in feet, a comparatively modern inven-
tion, and had attained in France their more marked increase
since the time of Henry IV. Their tendency was the mi.
way the penury of the na.ions among whom they were
tolerated. The nations must agitate for this great puepon,
as Richard Cobden had agitated for the repeal of tne corn
laws. (Hear, hear.) America was • proof that standing
armies were in no way essential to the prosperity of
a state. (Hear, hear.) Steadies, armies were the very
averse of an element of order—(hear, hcar)—and this was
not the fault of armies themselves, but of the institution
under which they masted. The introduction of railways bad
alone operated as a means of instable governments to begin
by reducing their stewing asmies. Nte wou:d armies pre-
clude revolution. Revolutions were to be prevented by good
and ec mamba' government, and ti.i9 species of government
was wholly lacono, cted with the maintenance of large
armies. Fools read: revolutions, and not the people.
(Applause.)
Mr. EWART, M.P., said that he spoke in French from
esteem for the preadult, his administration, and for Fronce.
He asked the patience of the meeting that he might be un-
derstood, and its indulgence that he might be toleroted.
(Hear.) As representing the commercial city of Elia-
burgh, it was especially in the name of commerce and of
industry that he got up to oppose and
scourge of nations. IThe reporter hers adds that as the
speaker talked French with great difficulty, it was with se
less difficulty that his speech was understood.)He concluded
by sayino that nations should form a holy alliance, and each
give their hand to the other.
M. BASTIAT, tepresentative of the people, would ask
the meeting not to tette this platform for en oratorical tri-
bane,snd would at once come to the question of disarmament.
It is not merely the tax • necessary for the maintenance et
great armies which constitute all the misery consequent
upon them, it is more especially the manner in which them
taxes are distributed. In his opinion, where • tax passed a
certain limit, it was no longer proportional. For a tan to be
nropor local it must be of • small amount, as in the Vented
States. It is necessary also to establish a tax upon articles of
consumption, but always upon articles of general COOPUtOp-
lion, lejusecc now a days, can no longer be disguised. 1,
as an economist. lave order, wanting which I believe it is
imocssible to have happiness, glory, or morality. (Rear,
hear.) But, in continuing the course we now purse, I
know not whither we tend. 1 believe that many premiers
have been made which are not realised; and in this way we
can never arrive at order, to effect which great eco-
many must be effected in the ministry, in the army, in the
nevy—in • word, in all which relates to armameuts
well know that the idea of disarmament is not very favour-
ably `words-. I know well that there is the ectioence
great words—elore and preponderance; but they cot to dote
only a vain objection, and to prove it I need only ask
whether the mural influence of a foreign army would be
ereater then that of the meeting I am now addreseing.
(Cheers.) I firmly believe that France will find great
henefit from this meeting cf men from all parts of the globe
for the acctmp igloo nt of a great mission and the snectss of
sulnion idea. The influence of France will not be
letsened with her army ; her influence will last while such
great French geniuses as Victor Hugo and M. do LIMIT-
:ice live. Let us seek justice, gentlemen, and the rest will
follow. (Applause.)
Mr. COBDEN nest spoke, in French. He was received
with loud demonstrations of favour, and addressed the =et-
g to the following effect: I join with all m heart
iu the wish expressed by some of the speakers that we
c •eld have one universal language. Nevertheless. I sin a
lit le afraid that there might be a dispute even among the
.ends of 1 este as to which of the thousand dialects of the
world ought to prevail, and that oceans of ink at least would
be shed before it were decided. (" Her, hear," and
laughter.) In the meantime, let every country. enjoy in
putts es own dictionary and grammar; and it es on this
pelacirle, recollecting that I am in the metropolis of
France, that I Fr, tar to throw myself upon the well-known
eIt•LOIS of a F-each audience, whibt I address to them a
t. w words in Wok. n French, rather than be guilty of an act
of foreign intervention even in the matter of language.
( blear, hear.) So much has been said and well saed, that I
do not feel it necessary to add a word to the general sego-
nt. nt, but I shall pet drao your attention for a moment to
the manner in which the governments of your country and
mine have suesseeted their standing armaments in mutual
rivalry and defiance of each other. (Her, her )
speak only of our navies and coast delete:et, for
we do not pretend to eater into competition with
Toe in respect to your army: Do not be alarmed, le
Vre silent ; I act not going to infringe unou the wise regula-
tie sof the congress, which forbid our 'dueling to the politics
n, toe day. (lieu., bear.) Unfortunately my grievance en-
' tends back to many years soilimplicates many, many minis-
tries in both countries, although your present goverment
mutt certainly be exempted from all responsibility in the
mattet• (Hear, hear.) During the pa-t thirteen y. erg,
you and we have c •nstantly been increasing our nevi's. I
adding to our vast 4, fences, enlarging our so se nals, building
new basins for steam vessels, and constructing fresh harbour.
of refuge. (Hear, hear.) No sooner is the keel of &tether
line of battle ship laid down in your dockyard', than 6 rth-
with (n.h hammers begin to resound at Poen:tout:l ; item
forge has inanely begun to work at Cherbourg when imme-
diately the spathe are seen to fly from fresh anvils at Ply-
ir.enth, and rice versa. The consequence has been that the
cast of our navies has been ir.cresset 60 per cent. in a time of
pence. (liter) My first objection to this is its supreme
lolly • for as both countries increase their strength in equal
pt pu'eth.n, neither party has gained anything by the opera-
lies—(her, hear)—the only result beicg a pure waste to the
natant cf the augmentation. tHear, hear.) My next oh
jeetion is to the extreme hymen's/ of this system ; for at the
very time that all thin increase of armament has been going
ea, our respective government' have been exchanging as-
suessees of mutual feelings of friendship and good-will.
(Hear, hear.) If these professions were made in sincerity
sad truth, when was the necessity for more shies of war
Slid more coast detester'. (Hear, hear.) An individual does
ant cover himself with armour in the presence of his friends,
indeed, he happens to be mad. (Hear, hoer, awl
laughter.) Bat my greatest objeetion to these vast arma-
ments is that they tend to excite dangerous animoidtles be-
tween the two nations, and to perpetuate tear, hatred, and
suspicion—Passions which find their gratification instinc-
tively in war. (Hear, hear.) And here is the great Vele'
Why the congress ?earn, in the terms of the
motion row before you, to bring the nations into
a system of disarmament (Hear.) Now how shall this
be accomplished? Why by teaching our respective govern-
ments this little srithmeticil problem, of which, in times
past, they seem to have been entirely ignorant, namely, that I
If both nation" are armed in a time of peace up to a certain
point, lay 6, they are not relatively stronger than if their
armaments stood at 3, and that they would be equally
strong relatively if they disarmed altogether. But you, the
tax-payers of France, will see that there is an immense dif-
ference to your pockets. Do not, however, let us deceive
ourselves with the idea that we shall easily succeed in teach-
ing this little arithmetical lesson to our governments. I
speak from long espsrience when I say, that no men are so
Melnik to testis as professional statesmen. They are so
devoted to routine, and so fortified in selforufficiency, that
they do not easily believe that any wisdom exists in she
radiates
world except that which (rem their burettes. Do
you agree, then, that they will listen readily to the advise
of this congress. On the contrary, they are at this moment
laughing at us, as Utopists, theorists, and dreamers. And
' yet I think the result of their system, in a financial point
of view, ought to make them mom modest. I ask the
governments of Europe, can you continue your pre
sent financial system for ten year. longer ? With
scarcely one exception they mutt°
pansoiftwistor
t:te
Is it, then. Utopian on the part of this congress
to amass their attention to the subject, gnat
gulf which yawns before them, to show that the danger of
financial rule, which they lose sight of, is far more lona-
neat than the risk of foreign attack,:which they so con.
stand y dread, and so diligently provide spinet. Even in
this, the lowest point of view, as a question men ly of finance,
you eland justified before the world for holding this con-
gress of nations. It is time that the people interfered, and
the governments of the world ought to tender you their
thanks for having by this fraternal shaking of bends across
the Atlantic and the Channel, facilitated that:peewees of dia-
armament which is called for alike upon every priuciyle of
humanity and sound policy.
At the request of an American delegate, the hon. member
then repeated the substance of his speech in English.
The resolution was then adopted with acedarnation.
The CHAIRMAN then announced that as the two next
resolutions were likely to create much interesting discussion,
the ememittes proposed to reserve them for to morrow, but
the stmerrees not beieg likely to have beyond one sitting
miskit was considered desirable to put to the meeting the
Itiwthi, sad 7th re *elution, before ity as ted.
atioes 6,6, and 7, were y sod
read
niepted. sad the meeting then separated.

everberthea the citizens with large sad oppressive Ma—
me not only stabartne the dspl .mecy ot gemnreence by
keeping in existence manes of men whoa interest. mast run
to some eat. at in a military direction--but we help to keep
alive the tension of war, sod t'
iodate the public Mud
with read military di.plays We put our faith in the
sword s the ultimate whereto' between swine and alttn.
We indoctrina e our young pelvis with the baneful rale-
hy • we Mame rya the ardent imaginations of women—
sop ,
Wee irellitletiOlts that ought to be centred around all that
is lovely, sod le•ly, sad ercess. (Cheers.) We talon*, I
I say, the ardent cationslami • the teadenst sad most I
lovely porte•n of the hums ram sail the earth is tepees:
mated with the bl oady philosophy, and until p. ore. sad
rulers are alike infected by the common ionuaty. Good
citizens must alter the pubic sen•iment. and try to impreg-
nate the seed with the holy spirit of our cowmen Chri--
flashy, to garland philosophy, literature, and poetry, and all
the holy &mate sr scissions around that grand cause aad
elett, the sienna diseases-tit of the cisilited world.
(Cheers.) And, frier de, do not tell me that I announce en
Utopias ides. What! is the brotherhood of humatrity
Utopia ? Is it Utopian to believe in the spirit of love ? Is
it Utopian In believe in the principles of oaths Is it
Utopian to tinier' in the spirit of cqeity ? Is it Utopias to
b lees is the spirit of coznanes ? le ft Utopian to believe
in the power of science ? to it Utopian to believe in the
power edueatioa ? (Hear.) I say, these things will
deanery the brute power • f the world. 'We are prm.eti log by
the pen and book against the bayonet. An ounce of ilea
leet shall be better than a pound of aloe (Cheers
ea
ebeuld
) Well,
then my wish is, in the Ant place, that
disarms.
y
meatthen,
to this peopesitios for a general
meet, became hitherto the nations and the
afe Rocca le
moots hays hays argued that it is necessary to mantai
the respective Isaias that than counterbalance the forge
that es stn in other ceentrise. Well, then, here we come
with a practical proposition ; we say to the goverazaat
of England—we ay to the governments of Europe—re-
dace the number of your armed men; enable a adffis
tional number of men to be engaged in the winks of re-
ductive tedium ; for remember an army is not only lids.
cher-Au heaves it inaances the public paeans with an
attachment to the detestable spirit of war, but every sol-
dier mintaitied, even aemeding to the policy of our
warlike statesmen, beyond what is absolutemuch laly
bournee :nary
ear the preeeratien of p see, so sub-
tracted from the u eel, healthy purer' of 'minstrel life.
(Hest.) Wheat, come the deba said texts of the world ?
Mae they not all cones from war? Tell me not of oar
Watery trophies. I nets gaze upon any in England
without lasing that they are standicg memento of the
folly of my countrymen. I long for the time
when when theta
traces of past folly may be effaced, and a mote
Colinas militates shall take their place. And I say,
dear triads, that our tint duty is, for the sake of the
over-bertbeeed and over-taxed people of the world, to re-
duce the number of our armed men. Ido not believe that
it is possible that you and the other Isaias can be maize
tainted in the condition of peace which ought to exist. unless
bath the governments and peoples with a tea', large,
catholic spirit of generosity, Embrace this peeped.. 1
lion of reducing the number of their armed men.
Friends, it is impossible to estimate the lose that the world
suffers because of the maintenance of the soldierly system.
It is not mer-ly the building of barracks and castles, it is
not merely the election of tortificatiens, it is sot mi rely the
eietkiag aad fading of the men engaged, it is the damage
done to trade and commerce that stokes us is the tenderest
place. Ard, 'endemic, it will indeed he glorious if this
mere% mats is the genera appl:cation to the govern-
ments of tarot* and if the storm that has lately threatened
the natioas should pass away, it will be one of the holiest
and grandest sail noblest dulese that can be alexia if the
reign of partial peace shall affirm and consolidate that peace
urn the Armor and mere eeduncg be sic by adopting the
reposition sew submitted for consideration. (Cheers.)
And, friends, we believe tkatlin England we have suds
large adverse .' in this dinetion ; toil I teat I may thy,
which I do with great defaults in the preeecce of the hen.
gentlemen who surround me, that if only Francs and Eng-
hull can combine on this great qnation, we may sit an ex
ample to the world that will be universally followed. (Loud
sheen.) Yes, we have faith in the generous seesitglity of
the French nation. (Haar) Ws have faith in the noble
civilizing muteness of this country; and this important
songfests is a pert that the civilised this...lie of
Path, thou at Asa who Lao thought upon this
great seb.scr, an willing not only to give us audience but to
ratify with their ardent applause the sentiments we ha.* tee
honour to propousd. (Cheers.) For the sake, throe of reli-
gion, for the sake of until order, for the sake et litany, for
the take of economy, for the Kit of trade and encouree. I
ask you to psis ale tesolut.tei with earnest entnesimen. A.. 4
it you ate charged with aevocatihg see thirg Umpian,
if
men come to you and goy, "Yon cam% succeed, you will
not succeed," why sat them, who can succeed until he Iris s
to succeed ? (Cheers.) W:mesnobteinaucc sc but tie me a
who deserves it by the rectitude of his principles and the
earticitems of his advecacy ? if we bold ri3Lt rieciples we
must succeed; item policy is in unison with these principles
we must succeed. I have Neu, in my own mazy, one dia•
tleguished gentleman, who is pewee the platform sii rrountit
by o.bers, who is *proof of what eau be dohs by the force of
pubic *pinion. (Cheers.) Nett I remind you that oar or
the giand.it economical and commereird movements
ever
accomplished in Engle). d was attend by the riser of the
book and the pen, by the earnest simplicity, the nobl.-
leaned zeal, of Helmet Cobden and his coil: yeses? (Loud
cheers.) And that,sentlemen, indicates the hour it is urn
tke world's clock. I trainees, gentlemen, that liner fund
whatever impedunesta may lie in our way, the true policyol
the nation is to mingle their sy topsail. e, to mingle their in-
terests, to mingle their election., moil a fusion shall hike
place that shall end in premetiag the feats of all races
and ell teens. Not acted! We tart succeed; end they
who suppose we hove not couternida%d she difficulties
haw not the nom who have rola. atm this gnat cause.
(Applause.) We see the difficulties, and ere resolved to en-
counter them. We must, to do this, have the tte.. aid of
public opinion. (Rear, Iota) For adentand this: the
halt has not bun estindrely with governments; the people
have been o rang tad; LT, rly ape-a this, that the innate
must be writes, or the "overtone ots ',mid he right.
Premed en your mines, sad will have with yen Cie
sympathies 01 all enligetestel reetasasets, awell as et the
people.
U LES AV LODGE (a hankie at Nier) then rose end
spoke to th taloaing impact. Tit:speaker opened by claim-
ing the indulgence of tne mains asombled there (or pro-
snotiog the c-tociertioss week they had all at heart. Us
expreesed a ft or lest be should be deprived of their entire
approluatien, inatthach as he should pi o ,cure words not of
enure adagios, which be wished to De added to the mime(
resolutions already pro, used to them by their committee.
After preluding a few moments longer, he con-
tinned thus :—" Them his barn a question of teak
venal peace, as likewise of a 1 the quest, as whisk'
embnee the social movement. Ilse disown. n of the
theetetial phases of this gamine has prevailed over that'
one which geed(' have call d vs to mad the practical'
tide. It I. proposed to avoid the appeal to arm, a cistern
so brebaromi, condemned re well by zebra es by philosophy
and interest, by substituting tor it an arbitrament betwe-n
satkns7; cod the enstiosect a legislative system iS Wisp
prepared to regulate intemation.l relations, to which each
mate will have tl sehade tor the solution of those differences I
that la other times might have given birth to the necessity of a
war beat en two er 110111 of the.e states. But is this not rather
menacing our views too much to the impulse of the moment,
than preoccupying orinelycs in Inch a question mote with
the WWII of cau•ing a pacific mode rf solution to be accepted
lee the internatiftel ditlerecno, with the means of felider•
hag, i< not impassible at all events exceedingly ism, the
Muses of these ditherer as so pernicious to states? Is a ward
It seams to me, that before we seek the means that shall awe
bah war, we must persuade the inhatitants of all nations that
they ought to detest it. It is satisfactory to reflect that
this magnificent ask is not beyond human strength, and that
on those three broad buts of civilization, which are
ethics, instruction, end intent', we shall succeed is some
Dot distant day to rare up the work of fraternity and '
venal peace. The very greatest Mats, however, of some
men devoted to the weal of mankinl, cr of seas animal '
=nap, tuck as this one, this Congress of Peace, will early
bring about a most imperfect malt if the governments are
not resolved to second this happy impulse. This they am
oily do by striae' Milting= bring their sea Into how
may and accord with this aad enlace ides, whisk
we wish to raise at.d cause to transcend sag
men. The means of reseeding the various go-
memento to enter this path is to induce, not the
governors, but the governed, to entaft first. It would be a
had and delusive hope that we could bring to pass a general
disarmament, whether progressive or simultaneous, in then
states were we not first of all to **Anguish in the hearts of
the people the I rye of war. Thus, then I do notconceive
myself to be in error when I think that from among the
aeries of resolutions to which you are now devoting your
attention, we ought to attach arenas preferably to the
last, and that one relative to the political and economical
measures, that are to make different nations understand
how much it is their mutual Interest to live in peace." The
speaker then observed that it was not the minor states which
would reject this mode of terminating any contingent dif.
krenees, but the great powers. lie asked 1f it be possible to
commie. Reiland hoisting the olive breach instead of the
Sag of Trafalgar on her vessels, no logger armed with the
implements of destruction ? or France renouncing tea
glorious remembrance of Marengo, Warta, ad Austerlitz,
interdicting her children all serrations of victory ? and,
lastly, Austria aad Runia,brealuing the tanks of thetr serried
VtlaialleS maimed to the voluntary abdication of all their
immense mutt. lit [tuna on Europe. Such a realisation,
apparently impossible in the eyes of nearly every one, was
nevertheless preeible for tho great states,—alsolutelyessentia
indeed for the Wee states. The author then dwelt upon
the lot of the smaller powers, which is that of being forced
auxiliaries to the larger, and attsmptad to show that the latter
are really no (liner. in the said by conquest, however bril-
liant and delusive as to dm Imamodiats results. Alluding
to what eertsin pidlosogimpeo mil moralists have already
written nn the subject, he eluded te the after regrets of
even the most successful ea& 1.1110111164 ,as soon as
the lust of Las had been &Old sail The meeker
expatiated then en the disairsas onsognimors of war, who
thee foreign or internecine, sad Weigel ht the hope that
the advanced, or rather pre to, condition of
MIA would check the mamma if bud alunities. He
was of opinion that the Natitisa of premosats sad parties
would be forced to cede to the whirs el the righ, which
latter,sifesed ea a level with soh ether with to pall,
Oral ri mead aaimambosatosaad ,saa ear ,
greerlei ramm
liege el laselde g from the le• by
boa el one Alia a• that if essatthet. lmpries row reesslat
to ry : Bet we right to aid, that laseartoears Me
rate el ohs wipers. It IN abaft**
_lserabset that each
pe be iestergi to Ils tine Nivray. Nadine
110 hare war theregre Mbo wed he request hue the
=meat all advastsp by No dais shell meek sad that ao.
mar h sew no longer so tear& The led arks rewire I
Ihrigeberegutheithsimprioesibottheaethregb eery
WV M ailadve phlkips WO, era with re

SACRILEOZ.—A workman engaged at Hereford
Cathedral hen been apprehended and remanded, on a charp
of robbing the box placed in that edifies to motive the con-
Mibutione of *Mon towards the reiterations sow in program
1 them

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING. AUGUST 24 1849.

SECOND EDITION.

Coroner—Have any cenversatioe ;nosed between you and
any persons with reference to the deceased ?
Witneu—Yee.
Coroner—WiJa whom ?
Wheal—Manning and his wife.
Coroner—What was the nature of it.
Witness—One night I was sitting with Manning smoking
•wips. Manning asked me what drug would produce stops-
betties or partial intoxication, so aa to cause a men to put his
band to paper. Manning said his wife bad been to the
docks and se is Mr. O'Connor in a state of intoxication, that
she went home with him, and that hr had shown her his
will, and that be had made over ali or a considerab!e portion
of his property to her. There had been some differences
between tnem on account of some proceed-ngs which had
taken place in the County Court. Previously to the enu-
nciation about the will, Manning asked me which
nen a the skull was the most dangerous to in-
jun. I told him I believed under the left ear. On
another occasion he spoke of Rush, and asked me whether 1
thenght a murderer went to Heaven. I told him— No.
The conversation was generally of a quiet, civil character.
On another occasion he said that O'Connor was drunk at the
time when the will was mentioned to his (Manning's)
wife; he had been drinking brandy as a preventive
against the cholera. He proposed geting O'Connor
to his house and making him drunk. Ho said, o. You
frighten him well about the cholera, and p nuade
him to take Urge quantities of brandy " and he
hinted that be would put sense vupifying drug into the
brandy. Manning sail he hated O'Connor. fur he had sum-
moned him f.ir 30s. I recollect Manning asking me whether
I ever bad or fired an air-gun. He said he wished to know
what sort of thing it wee. I said I hsd not bad one, but I
had seen one find. He 'Plied me whether they made
any noise. I said "No." (Sensation.) The questions
errand to be put as a matter of ccnversation. I never
thought that he meant anything by them. He asked me
whether chloroform end laudanum had ever been employed
as a stupifyicg agent. On one occasion he said to me," For
GeV' sake, arty a foreigner ; she will be the ruin of
me" (meaning his wi'e).!
By a Juror—What cause bad you for leaving?
Witness_Manning was anxious for me to leave. Mrs.
Manning ale) appeared anxious. I asked how much my
bill was, and rho told me it was 31. Is. I did Oct know
ei,her of the Mennings before I went to lodge there.
Coroner—Did you ever see any hammer in the house ?
Witness—No, I have seen garden tools.
Conner—Did you ever atter speak to him about the
will ?

Wetness—No.
Coroner—Did he ask you the questions you have stated
before or after the e onversati•in about the will.
Witness—Alter wards.
A Juror—When you went with the Mannings to the de-
ceased's house, did Mrs. Manning appear to have the run of
the horde
Witness—T think en. I saw her go into his bedroom.
Coroner—Have you ever invited O'Connor to dine at
Milieu, plate ?
Witness—Yee. He was very friendly to me when I went
to his house, rod I rhersfure gave him an invitation to dine
with me.
A Juror.—How loner is it since pre left town?
Witness.—A fortnight last Monday.
Coroner.—Where did yuit reside atter you left Manning's.
Witner.—At Mr. tainoridge's, the broker, is Ber-
mondsey-square.
C ironer.—How came you gn there ?
Witness.—Manting re corium nded me.
A j uror.—When von asked Mr. O'Connor to dine, did they
ask you to do so ?—Witnass : Ye•.
C ,maser: Did you ever mo Mr. a*Cennor write ?—Witneu :
Yes; I should know I.ir writing.
The inquiry was still proceeding.

1