The Express.
London, England, 1848-12-06 00:00:00

DCE4l3,A)i.qtl

iii—ift.„
theterihumbeen
s-makers,
hardened,
an
being accustomed to competition. Already we see industriously engaged in carrying
warpeconslife will mainly depenu ; but all arc alike actively tied
convictions
the change commencing in the Antilles, though it is into effect. Now it is not that the ministers of religion
il a. coon
ita as the
eh their
nest, constitution public
public and private capacity sad his T
not yet perceptible in the old-established houses of in the present day arc wanting, individually or na n
large capital in London. body, either in the zeal or energy requisite for el*
The Jamaica Morning Journal, on receipt of the bling them to compete with the difficulties and labours
news that the Sugar Bodes Bill had passed, thus with which the edam'ion of the lower chases
commented on the declaration of the proprietors fraught—it is that among all religious communities
that noires more protection was conceded, they must there is not only so much jealousy of each other as to.
cease to cultivate their estates : prevent any combination of those efforts which they
Will another effort be made to manufacture sugar under ere all using by the same means end for the same-
present circumstance,, or will that article cease to !)110lar end, but that in the separate parties andth
principal staple, and only be produced in particular district sects then.
salves there is that complete want of
or favoured localities? As no farmer in England wo,uld grow internal govern.
wheat on inferior soils, prime being non-remunerative, so nomeatand ' • that
organisation renders it utterly inmate
one in the West Inditwought, considering the present price of sible, however great their zeal may be, for them to
su,ar,to grow it on estates which, owing tee thir distance from carry out any general scheme, much less one fraught
theshipping place, the state of the roads, th hilliness of the with so many difficulties as the present. In the fraught
lands or oth-r circumstance a, are not likely to yield an adequate tidied church, which certainly of all religious"tab.
rent or return, after payment of expensee. The threat of aban- the corn.
donment i listhe rto lord to induce ministers to yield to the re- munities is that which has the best means of enforcing
commendation or wishes of the West India body,. must now order among its servants, there is at present a perfect
be carried out. Prudence dictates that properties. such as anarchy of opinions and practices. How can
we have alluded to, should at once be abandoned. It may be bishop possibly carry out a system of educati '4
vexatious to their owners to be compelled to throw them up,
his diocese, when he cannot enforce the ate r" in
but it is better to do this than to waste money in unremune- Minns
rating cultivation. And this being determined upon, or
of the rubric: of his own church ? How can the
rendered imperative, the question arises—will the crop of dissenters, or any one of the various denominations
the island be necessarily reduced, or will lestsugar be into which they are divided, realise any general
grown and manufactured than is at pre sent, er has been for plan for the education of the children of their
some time put? Many will reply in the affirmative. In- ocks, when the very first principle of their '
deed, diminished production is regarded by some as syno- constitu.
, ous with abandoned estates. The immediate effect of lion as a reli ious soviet the g y, isfreedom of each con.
nthemal gontneut of a great many estates no doubt will gregation from all external control? And, without
be to reduce the quantity of sugar usually pro- system, it never can be possible to effect the instruc.
duced. But this need not he the case for any length bon of some millions of children. Any one who will
of time, nor will it he if the remaining estates can grow read the reports
of
h
at a profit. Notwirhalanding the positive opinion which
has the inspectors of sc
noI ai pa b.
been expressed both in the Colony and Mother Country, on . ,
lisped by the Committee of Education of the Pei")
the eof an extensive tab ,ndonment of estates, we t ouncii, will tee that all the present exertions, as coo.
hold that the exports of sugar need not, and after a time treated with the object to be effected, arc a failure,
wilts t, be les. than they have been. In this, as in other We might as well attempt to govern a school without
caw*, the business will be carried on by these who find it ahead master or any general rules for
fitalde and as long as it continues so. The estatesits menage.
pro ,
produce sugar at a ment, leaving the different ushers to adopt what mode
which, in the new order of things, an
instructionthey • ht •
profit, will tinue to cultivate it, and will increase their of might think best, and to determine
cultivation. In so far as the island is concerned, it can make what amouut of industry and ability each should bring
not the least difference whether the sugar exported is grown . to the execution of his duty, as to leave the different
upon a few or upon many properties, and as large ones are schools throughout the kingdom entirely to be depend.
comparatively less expensive than small, the economy of the
former will ant on the temper, inclination,and capacity of
recommend them to capitalists. The profit of
tux•r growing is derived, generally speaking, by parties out under whose care they are placed. In both instances
'of the. island, and whether it be divided among a few, the same argument, "Do not interfere lest you damp
or a great mall, is of no consequence to the resident in- their own exertions," would apply. In both instances
habitants. many cases would occur of individual ability and
The writer, an intelligent and practical resident, energy effecting much. But no one will doubt the '1
does not merely declare his belief that the quantity of one instance at least such a proceeding would
sugar produced in Jamaica "need not and will not" be
absurd—why not in the other ? If bye
be diminished in consequence of protection being tem be requisite to regulate a thou-sad
withdrawn. He assigns his reasons for holding that scholars, it is equally necessary to regulate a thou-
opinion : sand schools. System cannot exist without power to
Tie money which is spent and circulates in the island,
enforce it • and no such power can emanate but from
and from which these latter derive benefit, is that expended
in the production of the article. It, therefore a given ' The education ofthe
the state.
amount is !mid fur producing a given quantity of. sugar, it the proper meaning of the word, aid a national
matters not if that amount is paid by one dozen or one hun- system of education by law ace almost elect.
deed aunts. S 0 with regar I to labour. If fifty thousand n,mous terms. But, as we have already said, the
labourers are required to produce as many or twice as many '
time for each a measure has not yet arrived, and we
tons of sugar, it makes no differoneL whether they are em.
estates, because, the price of cannot but think that it were. best for the church to
pinyed on one or five hundred
labour being the same, the amount paid to the labourers will abstain from coming to any difference with the state
also be the same, whether the estates be few or many. The on a subject which the latter has the power, and pro-
same'pheervatiou holdigoodlin respect to plantation storee,these bably the inclination, to settle in a manner far more
being in proportion to the quantity of produce male, and displeasing than that at present odopted, and for the
not the number of properties. Tne tc macenical production
id sugar can bent be attained by the available labour of the state also, if possible, to avoid mooting a cote
island being bestowed on the best lands. This must be %hick at' present it will have serious difficulties in
the case sooner or lister, and the abandonment of unfavour- settling in a satisfactory and permanent manner.
ably situated properties will he rapid or otherwise, in pro-
portion as the prices of sugar are unremunerative or satisfac- --
tory. twee will occur, and we should expect them, of
estates in the same pariah being some of them abandoned,
whilst the cultivation of others is extended. The planter's
success in the race of competition with foreign rivals will de-
pend upon his cultivating only the best lands and in the best
manner. II this is dime we have no fear, notwithstanding
the boated command of labour on the part of the latter.
What, then, will the proprietors t'o ? Will they abandon ?
This course of procedure, so loudly declared inevitable for
some time past, may yet prove the vary best that noted be
Pursued for the island. The dead weights got rid of, Mere
will be more labour for the better Watts, and a prospect of
the profitable investment of capital.
Without professing to coincide in all the de-
tails of these views, we are convinced that
the general conclusion arrive d at by the writer
is sound and unasailable. Individuals who persist in
doing business, after protection has been withdrawn,
as they did when protected, must of necessity go to
the wall. But this will be their own fault, and, if
they are so obstinate, others will reap the benefit of
conforming themeelves to changed circumstances. The
sugar colonies are in no real danger, though indivi-
duals may be; and, ere long, sugar-making will be
found, like cotton manufacture, to be a more healthy
and lucrative pursuit with free-trade than under
protection.

111 bora' t 4hen
the eitstikg
d Ireland nthjealMily
,t 0 srMr. BlIOULT:
that dil)ed
church ought to be Mil wtdriiler
possessed, instead of de 60,it
0001. a year
more for onlonial bishoprics, which surely it is for the
colonists to demand and to pay if they desire it.
What liberal church of England mu does not may the
same thing P Where is the principle of dissent or
discord here P Nowhere; save in the malignant mss.
reirrWiens of the Times.
army is another sore point Mr. BRIGHT and
Sir CULLING EARDLIST are for the reduction of mili-
tary expenditure, and think ten millions far too much
to be spent in a time of profound peace to keep up
armies to gendarme Ireland and the colonies.
Agebot this the Times sets up the old panic-monger-
lag bowl of a French invaid n.
A French invasion! We really thought that hum-
bug pretty. well out of late. We thought that its
great originator, Mr. Place, had long since followed
it to the grave, and that the facetious Punch had de-
signed its mausoleum and written ita epitaph. What
an idea for the Times of November, 1848, to get
astride of its old spavined battle-horse of French inva-
sion, which could scarcely stand on its legs a twelve-
month ago, and which it resuscitates in order to
mount and run tilt at JOHN Ilitainv! Alas, poor
limes! if you are driven to the stale trick of seek-
ing to terrify Yorkshiremen with the bugbear of •
French invasion, there can be but little hope for you
or fur your party.

Tnoton some little delay hu certainly occurred in
the nomination of a liberal candidate for the borough
of Liskeard, it has, we learn, arisen from the deter-
mination of the leading liberals therein to have a suc-
cessor worthy of the member they have lost, and not
' from any cause likely to assist the return of a tory.
For 17 years Mr. CHARLES BULLER represented this
borough without cost, it might almost be added with-
out trouble, to himself ; and its liberals seek for an-
other such man, with whom to renew the affectionate
connexion they so long maintained with their de-
parted friend. They naturally turned at first to
Mr. MACAULAY, but that gentleman has, for
the present at least, given up all thought of re.enter-
iog tho House of Commons. Mr. HAW EX they found,
of course, unwilling to break with Kinsale, which
gave him its confidence in an emergency of his public
life ; whilst Mr. WALTER CDUL4ON'ti important
public duties have prevented an acceptance of a seat
which would in him have given to the House of Com-
mons one of the soundest of our political economists
and the most scientific of our legislators. Other ex-
cellent names were under consideration, and Mr.
CROWDER, we believe, has been pitched upon.
Meanwhile Mr. Keetweat, • tory who has been
repeatedly defeated at Liskeard, and who had just
previously abandoned his pretensions to the represen-
tation of Swath Devon, has renewed his solicitations
to the constituency. From a IleLLen to a KEK MICH
r the descent would be great indeed too great, it is
to be hoped, for the electors of Liskeard to take any
such suicidal leap. They, who returned ore of the
most accomplished and amiable members of the liberal
party to parliament for seventeen years uninterrupt-
i tally, ere not likely to replace him by now sending
there a pair of top-boots and leather breeches.

FRANCE.

Tits monthly circulars from the manufacturing dis-
tricts explain and confirm the murmurs of better
Lope that of late have reached us from that quarter.
" The great improvement in the demand for gorxis
and yarns at Manchester," say the Messrs. ',trite.-
DALY. (and others speak the same language), " which
took place at the close of last month, has not since re-
ceived any check." "There has been a considerable
increase in the amount of business during the past
month." "The cotton manufacturers arc fully em
played, and November, usually a dull month for
orders, has been one of great activity." " There
is more disposition to enter into transactions
and a more cheerful feeling regarding the future."
And so forth. P. rhaps the most pleasing items of
intelligence are : " The most striking feature of the
month is the immense imports of grain and other
breadstuff', particularly from America ;" and " it
must nut be overlooked that the arrivals of specie
have been almost OD a par with these of corn." No
one can have noted the steady and rapid increase in
the importation of articles of food—core, cattle, sugar,
coffee, Sec.—since the revision of the tariff, without
feeling convinced that this cuuntry is on the eve of be-
coming permanently a land in which the means of
sustenance are more cheap and abundant than almost We were glad to hear that the Archbishop of CAN.
any other. For this we will have to thank free trade. TEBBURY, as president of the National Society, is
Reverting to the improved appearances in disposed to adopt a conciliatory tone towards the
the manufacturing counties, it is impossible to Committee of Council on Education in reference to
avoid remarking that there districts have indeed the matters at present in dispute between these two
been severely tried. First came the railway bodies—not that by any means we therefore conclude
mania, diverting capital from legitimate speculation; that the question will be amicably settled. There is
next followed the r. vulsion of the money market con- a large clue among the clergy (the chief supporters
sequent upon the panic which ensued ; close upon the of this society) who, though professing opinions that
heels of that came famine, deranging more or has all ought to render them above all others the most
mercantile operations by the enormous disproportion respectful and submissive to their Primate, will be
of food imports that were needed; and scarcely had it precisely those likely, on the present occasion, to set
ceased when the contiuental revolutions broke out, their own private judgment in opposition to his. But
pan! sing the markets of all the disturbed countries. the example thus set by the archbishop can not fail
The falling off in our total exports has, in consequence to influence the minds of the more calmly think-
ot this protracted period of depression, been enough to tog members of the clerical body. The pre-
make the most sanguine look grave. The declared sent system (we had almost said the present want
value of all enumerated exports during the fleet ten of system) adopted by the state in connexion with the
months of 1846 was 43,416,7701.; during the first established church; and the various denominations of
ten months of 1848 it has been only 38,033,4261. dissenters, for educating the people, is indeed not only
We are not going to waste time in arguments to absurdly inadequate tothc prodigious task it has under-
show that with this state of affairs free trade has had taken, but is grounded on plans so defective, and
nothing to do. Under any system of commercial principles so erroneous, as to render it utterly inca-
policy a period of bubble excitement, followed in sue- pubic, of being made available for that pur-
cession by a famine and by revolutions in one-third of pose ' • and we must confess that at times we have
the countries with which we deal, could not fail to been malicious enough to rejoice at the di-agreements
affect detrimentally the state of our trade. It may arising between the church and state on this
suit the mouth-pieces of a party which uses subject, in hopes that, by bringing matters at once to
protection even more as a shibboleth than as a a crisis of confusion, it might lay the whole matter
rallying cry, to pile up sophisms more inge- open for a full and proper re-arrangement.
nious than candid, upon the effects of these die- But a moment's consideration at once dispelled all
turbing influences, to discredit free trade, but be- feelings that would lead us to seek for the advance-
yond the narrow circle of their admiring partisans, no meat of our own political views by the discord and
one heeds them. The country at large has made up open collision of interests so powerful as for a time at
its mind in favour of free-trade: the question is no least seriously to compromise the peace of society,and
longer an open one. The language adopted by poll- frustrate much good that might otherwise be done.
ticians of the Hermon class, when addressing con- Besides, however strong our opinion may be as to the
etituencies, shows this. The moat ingenious argu- necessity of a general scheme of national education
ments in favour of protection are on a par with the by the government, and however settled oar convic-
arguments one sometimes hears maintained, to prove tion is that it must sooner or later be carried into
that JAMES IL was a misunderstood and ill-used effect, we cannot but think that the feelings red
sovereign. They have no bearing upon real life and opinions of the public are not as yet sufficiently ripe cos correspondent writes :
its perplexities. They are not worth a confutation. to demand it with that earnestness and resolution ROME, Nov. 24.
The practical lesson read by the reverses of the which will alone be able to ensure racism against the "By the anxiety visible in every lace this morning,
last two or three years, is the tendency of free-trade formidable opposition that will be railed- It is not it was evident that something had occurred during
to impart a healthy and robust character to menu- that the established church alone would lend a power- the night, and the incredible fact of the Pope baring
(sewing and commercial pursuits. The depression ful combination to withstand what it would look upon fled incognito from the Quirinal wasteurriedlyll
in trade which has been sapping this country for a as fatal to the influence which it at present exercises by municated by every passing acquor. Some my
tance. a
series of years has fallen most severely on the menu- almost an exclusive right over the education of its accompanied by the Spanish ambassad
texturing districts. Of the 5,362,3441., by which the members. Every class of dissenters as well as he goes, like St. Paul, to Malta, to shake there from
em•ta :of the first ten months of 1848 are less in churchmen would view the forcible interference of the his arm the viper of a liberal ministry ; others think
• ee than those of the first ten months of 1846, no state in such matters with jealousy and distrust, and him bound for the sacred summit of Monte Cassino, 01,
less than 3,364,6021. are attributable to the decrease would not fail to stigmatise them as measures that which I spoke in me_ yesterday's communication, and
in the exports of cotton manufactures and yarn. musthendtoundennineallreliEleusprincipleswhaterer• that he will land at Bane or Mole di Gaet lest.ads
This amount token .in connexion with the length of Not that we think that any amount of combination of ship anchored at Puteoli (Puzzoli). He on bir
time for which the depression has continued may sectarian spirit with episcopal exclusiveness, or any table a note for the minister Galletti—tl go from
enable those least familiar with such matters to form love of load or conventional authority, will be able Rome, recommending to you and your colleagues the
some estimate of the ordeal to which our cotton ma ultimately to withstand that public feeling which is maintenance of public tranquillity.' Rome is yet
nnfacturers and spinners have been subjected. We now gradually arising on every side in favour of an quiet, but the drums are heard in various direction%
believe that the average monthly losses of any house adequate system of temporal as well as religious in- and the civic guard is being mustered. YestesWl
of mark in the cotton districts for a considerable 'traction. Pope had told his new prime minister that he Man
time back are not over-estimated at thousands. The history of the last few yen. of this every confidence in him, reply to an offer oar
How sound and healthy, then, must that business be country and of the last few months of the other part of Mamiani to resign power into his hands' if
—how real its capital—how judiciously calculated its nations of Europe, shows the inevitable necessity of he was not fully and spontaneously accredited by tw
outgoings and incomings—that has survived such a all class privileges being surrendered, whenever the monarch. The bark of Peter is now the quarter'
protracted trial, and is now ready to take advantage general interest of the community demands it ; deck of a French steamer."
of the first return of prosperity ! and the monopoly which the pastors of religion The sitting of the council of deputies of the 24th
Contrast the uncomplaining endurance of this ma- have so long held and still hold in all matters of was opened with fifty-one deputies present Minister
nufacture, which owes nothing to protection, which education must fall whenever the public demand it. Mamiam was in his place. The Minister of tne
has sprung into existence and attain, d its actual co- But we do not see that there is as yet what may be Interior read the Pope's letter, declaring he would
lame growth in the field of competition, with that fairly called a demand by the public for a general keep it as a new though superfluous f
twee_ of the
nurse-child of protection, the sugar manufacture of system of national education. There is no doubt legitimacy of the ministry. The chamber declared
our Antilles. While the market for cotton goods among all the thinking class of the community, ex- itself in permanence, and divided itself into three
.
his been cramped and narrowed, the market cept then: connected with the present state of things, committeess, destined to relieve one another during 1°,e
.
for sugars has been steadily increasing. The a conviction of its necessity and a desire to see it car- sitting. A...commission was named to draw up ano
total amount of unrefined sugar entered for Med bate effect ; and throughout society there ia a
sitting to the Roman people. At half-past tw the_
home consumption during the first ten months of general impression of the advisability of such a men- terminated. At four o'clock the capitsls2!
1846 was 4,467,A301b5. ;in the corresponding months sure. But there cannot be said to be that general tranquil. The civic guard occupied the posts-
of 1847 it was 4,958,9791b5. ; and this year it has expression of public opinion in favour of it, or that perdu club was convoked for the evening. At five
been 5,287,8261b5. The quantity of British unrefined universal call for it that can justify its advocates in o'clock there was a meeting of journalists.
sugar entered for home consumption in each of these supposing that it could be carried against the vie- Lord Temple arrived at Rome on the 23rd ultlenbde
years has also been steadily increasing, and that the lent opposition that it would create. But if had an interview with Father Ventura, in whica
simply toe
than we find it is owing the time is not arrived, it is fest approaching. announced that he was the bearer of the ultimata
simply to the fact that our colonies have had no more It is not now a question, as it was some few years since. England and France concerning the Sicilian euestoli
to send us. Yet, with an increasing demand, the sugar- whether the poor are to be taught or not. All classes The articles, say the Italian papers, are nearly til°,e
makers are clamorous for increased and prolonged of society, all shades of religion, church and state, are proposed by Lord Minto, and not accepted by
protection ; while the cotton manufacturers, with a alike not merely alive to the justice and necessity of King of Naples, namely :—Sicily shall have a sets'
and
greatly restricted market, endure in silence, and work conferring on every man, however humble he may be, rate administration constitution, army,
on in confident expectation of better times. The same the advantages of an education, on the existence and the crown of Sicily 'shall be united to Naples. S
hopeful and uncomplaining pertinacity will cheese- extent of which his future good conduct both in his either of the parties refuse this ultimatum, the iPar
in

PARIS, MONDAY, 6 80 Lit„

A report has been circulated to-day that certain
indiscreet Bonapartists contemplate a movement to be
effected in the interim between the day ii the election
and the day on which the result of the scrutiny will
be declared, having for its object the instalment of
Prince Louis in the Tuileries, and his proclamation
as Emperor. This party conceive that a large portion
of the garrison would favour such a measure.
The friendsof each of the candidates have already been
in communication with t he leading men of the respective
parties for the formation of a cabinet in the event of
their success in the election. In ease of General Cs
vaignac's election, M. Marrast, it is said, would be
Vice-President, and M. Dufaure President of the
Council. Several names have been mentioned for the
ministries, among which is that of M. de Tocquerdle,
celebrated for his work on America, as Ilinister of
Public Instruction. If Prince Louis be elected it is
understood that M. Odillon Barret will be Vice-Presi.
dent of the republic; Marshal Bugeaud Minister of
War; and General Changarnier Commander of Pula
M. Thiers has been solicited, but has declined for the
present any office. M. Pass has been mentioned for
the Fino.ces, and M. Leon I- lumber for Public Works.
M. de Fallouts has &leo been offered the Portfclio of
Public Instruction.
The election for a representative in the Assembly
took place at Ajaccio on the 26th ult., when Prince
Louis Napoleon obtained 1,942 votes out of 2,107.
lie was also elected President of the Conncil-General
of Corsica.
Marshal Bugeand, who was expected in Paris, hes
resolved not to come until after the President hes
been proclaimed.
Since writing the above, I have learned that some
popular manifestations have taken place =tug the
operative classes, in consequence of the invitation
given to the Pope to come to Paris, very mach the
reverse of what was generally expected. The mea-
sure, instead of being popular, has, it seems, met
with the most unfavourable reception, the operative
classes declaring that the distress of the country was
already sufficiently severe, without having its re-
sources further diminished by the expenses which
would be entailed upon it by any suitable mainte-
nance for the Pope.
The Tordonnata of the 30th alt. says :—" By a tele-
graphic despatch received here Rear-Admiral Tri-
houart has orders to take the command of leveed
steam frigates, which are to go :to Marseilles to take
on board troops for Civita-Vecchia."
In the assembly to-day it was announced by the
President that a telegraphic despatch had been*.
ceived from Algiers, stating that the votes as to the
election of the president would be forwarded fres
Algiers on the 19th. so that they would arrive in
Paris on the 25th, before which day the proclamation
of the president could not therefore be made. There
was nothing else of any interest.
The Spanish mails have not arrived in Paristolisy,

ITALY