The Express.
London, England, 1846-09-18 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTENISITR-1k 1846.

2

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„OUNTHY NEWS AGENTS. ” THE
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art
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T
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In
agewnsr In whows^or IL In per quarter credit• THE DAILY
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at 14a. per eplartaTemadagt.inietnallea 'pal I.on Weekly and other
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LONDON EVENING PAPER, THE
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1191. NI. per ;muter, oa • emcee COPY wo.t. II roaw•wea
ILIONIABOII 'OS Tin= PORASI 'TAJO'S.

Mr. HUDSON contends that if he is bound to (Mut:.
vey passengers at a lower rate, the Times' proprietary
is bound to furnish its customers with a cheaper
paper. In proof that the thing can be done, Mr.
Humor; quotes the instance of the Daily News.
The Times of yesterday comments on the illustration.
" There is no field whatever in which there is so much
competition, and that of so desperate and ruinous a charac-
ter, as that of the public press. Every month—nay, every_
week—produces a new campctitOr. Mr. Hudson himself
proves it. He instance% a newspaper which prams' to give
all that is expected from a daily morning paper at half the
price. He does more than instance it. He wishes " a chap
Cpper" success, though it is a matter of the simplest calcu-
on, of which Mr. Hudson must be aware, that the degree
of cheapness he desires and indicates by the example he has
selected, is absolutely incompatible, we do not say with a
fair profit, but even with solvency, unless the unavoidable
deficit of the pecuniary speculation should be made up in
some very peculiar and anomalous way. It may pay,
perhaps, with a certain sort of management, to distribute a
newspaper gratis ; but, when the puhlie does not pay, there
must be another paymaster somewhere."

We thank the Times for that characteristic courtesy
which throws the veil of the anonymous over this
melancholy picture. " I will not mention the gentle-
man's name," said SHERIDAN, after bringing a charge
of peculation against Prrr, " because he is now
Chancellor of the Exchequer." The Times drops
our designation, because we are the only morning
paper published at half-price. We are not quite
satisfied, however, with the description given of us.
We not only "profess to give all that is expected from
a daily morning paper at half the price" but we give it.
The Times itself has not been too proud to appropriate
occasional information from our columns. We have some
recollection of early India Mails, furnished in a half-
price edition ; of important public papers anticipated
in a half-prise contemporary ; of full-price expresses,
outstripped by half-priett agency. We do not allude
to these things boastfully; but to show that something
may be done, as well as professed, at " half-price."
We have also to thank the Times for a very preg-
nant warning of the effects we may anticipate from
perseverance in our half-price system. It is, we are
assured, " absolutely incompatible, we do not say with
a fair profit, but even ivith solvency, unless the un-
avoidable deficit of the pecuniary speculation should
be made ap in some very peculiar and anomalous way."
Of course this is a warning, and not an insinuation.
The writer is trumpeting a palpable fact to us ; not
whispering a secret to the public. The assurance
is meant to check our imprudence, not to damage our
credit. We are grateful for the intention. But the
Times may be at ease. We have no fears on the
score of solvency. We not only intend to serve the
public, but to serve ourselves, by our reduction in
price. We do not pretend to vie with the Times in
public spirit. We did calculate the cost be-
fore embarking in the speculation ; contemptible
as such a coarse may appear when newspapers are
judged by that standard of high disinterestedness
to which the Times can so properly appeal. The
projectors of this half-priced paper am not madmen
nor knaves. Its proprietors have solid interests at
stake. They have not hitherto gone on the principle
of originating speculations " absolutely incompatible
with solvency." Their means of insuring solvency
may appear " anomalous" to the Times, but, we
hope, are not " peculiar" to the:Daily News.
They resolve themselves into the old economic princi-
ple of increasing profit by lowering price, and so enlarg-
ing demand. Low prices bring wide circulation. A wide
circulation is accompanied by advertisements. Does
not the Times know this ? Its " unless" in the sentence
we have repeated drags forth a conscious" malefactor"
in the sentence that follows. "It may pay, perhaps,
with a certain sort of management, to distribute a
paper gratis; but, when the public does not pay, there
must be another paymaster somewhere." Why, the
Times knows that such papers exist, and are profit-
able; and how much the better should it know that,
where a paper is not given away, but sold, and sold
at a price which yields a profit on the material
outlay of every single copy, the facilities of like
success are more abundantly in reach. Did
it desire further information on this head, we
might probably have ventured to refer it to its
own supplements. Mr. HUDSON seems to think them,
by the way, rather extravagant " paymasters." He
complains of exorbitant advertisement charges. He
has aot extended his speculations to that of a cheap
daily paper, or he might have had to complain of
advertisements absolutely excluded, and the money
(though already taken) unceremoniously returned.

But the competition in this field, though the Times
affects to think that every week brings forth some
rival (every half century would be nearer the mark),
does not tempt even such enterprise as that of Mr.
HUDSON. To achieve what we have aimed at, and
the success we have attained, requires something
more than the lowering of price. Excellence and
attractiveness of another kind must accompany it.
For this we are content to appeal quietly but con-
fidently to our brief past.
Perhaps our notion of the means to newspaper suc-
cess may, in some degree, differ from that of the
Times. A widely established staff of commercial and
political correspondents; an able editorial phalanx;
a well practised parliamentary corps; active couriers;
well organized expresses; clearly printed and well
arranged columns; all these are obvious sources of
circulation and profit. But there are others, less
apparent but as weighty. Such are, a well defined
apprehension of principles ; an honest determination
to speak the truth, with as little 'sense of fear, as of
pique, prejudice, or personality ; a consistency mea-
sured not by parties, but by the truths which par-
ties imperfectly embody; an independence of private
and oblique influence ; and an abstinence from all viru-
lence in attack and all unfair imputation in reply.
These are qualities which cost nothing, but the
absence of them is sometimes inconveniently felt. They
are not included in the schedule of a newspaper's
expenses, but in the long run they tell upon its for-
tunes. It has been our object to unite both classes of
appliances; and hitherto we have not found the public
slow to recognise or respond to our effort. Response
and recognition have been beyond our most daring
anticipations. We count by thousands where we
formerly counted by hundreds. We again assure the
Times, with thanks for its well-meant warning, that
on the ground of " solvency" there is no occasion to be
apprehensive for our interests.

In serving ourselves we believe we serve the public.
Why should newspapers be exempt from the law
which says that advancing civilization shall be
marked by an increase in the power, and a reduction
in the expense of production? High price creates
virtual monopoly. There are five high-priced morn-
ing newspapers. For the man who cannot pay the
price, the exclusion from a daily journal is as com-
plete as any monopoly can effect. Then comes the
half-price paper ; without any absurd profession of
eelf-sacrifice, but with the belief that what is for the
interests of the many, is always, by wisest provision,
for the interests of the one. It affirms the principle that
newspapers are for the people and not for a class. It
protests against the worst of practical monopolies.
It appeals to wide and honourable competition in the
public service. It relies for profit, not on the wealth
of the few, but on the interest and sympathy of
the many. Like railway locomotion, it aims at
transforming a luxury into a necessary of life. Like
that, too, we of the Daily News have striven to
lower the cost without lowering the quality. Our
carriage ran on the fivepenny road before we trans-
ferred it to the twopenny-halfpenny rail ; it com-
peted with the old stagers, and was found worth
double what we now charge for it. There are no
Hudsonian savings in our machinery, to which the
reader can point and say, " We take our change
out of that." Let Mr. HUDSON trust our
experience. " He does not want the 7itnes to reduce
their paper to twopenoe-halfpenny." We do. Our
hope is, to pull them all down to a people's price.
Therefore, we repeat, our price and our profit are a
principle. Newspapers for Me many, is our motto.
The cheapening of newspapers belongs to that great

orseirdl rteoftleiriat>whieh inetafiew Steam-,
Ilaslw!syst.gdd a Pert Poaktge. IE partakes of their
brasfievnt aiMateihltri 19hatever the •opiaiogs'
of Atom by whom the first advance is niade, -the fact
of that advance is an act of homage to the rights,. of,
advantage to this *meets, !I'M of 00-oparatioo.in the
progress of** misamfity.4--Daily News.
-

Tar island of Ceylon was.wrested from the Dutch
in 1796, and permanently ceded to the English at the
peace of Amiens. It has been a British possession for
half a century. Yet during the whole of that long
period, its masters have never found time to intro-
duce a rational and equitable system of taxation.
The methods of taxation introduced by the Dutch and
the King of KANDY have been prorisionally retained.
Ceylon has been kept fifty years under an interim
system of finance administration ; a system which
engrafts upon all that is arbitrary and oppressive in
the exactions of indigenous despotism, all that is
cramping to industry and enterprise in the old Dutch
theory of commercial politics.
The public income of Ceylon for 1844 was £444,318,
or nearly half a million. Nearly one half of this sum
is made up of the following items :
- - -

Export Duty on Cinnamon £53,197
Tax upon rice farms
Duty on impoatisd eiee
Land Customs (duties levied upon goods at ferries
and bridges)
Salt monopoly 41,898

Cinnamon is the staple produce of the island; the
export duty payable on it amounts to about 75 per
cent. of its value. Rice is the staple food of all
classes, the sole food of the poorer classes, yet every
native who puts a plough into the ground to grow
rice is taxed; and on every bushel of rice imported
from the coast of India (where it costs from 2s. to
2s. 6d. a bushel), a tax of 7d. is levied on landing.
The "paddy tax" varied originally in different
localities, and in different circumstances, from
one-half to one-fourth, one-filth, one-tenth, or
one-fourteenth of the produce. Till 1828 it
was levied by an annual assessment of the
crop of each harvest; since that year the assessment
has, in most districts, been commuted for an annual
payment of a given quantity of grain. This change
was only gradually introduced, and is not yet
uni-
versally adopted. The tax is not only injudicious
in respect of its incidence, but arbitrarily and irregu-
larly apportioned.
Not contented with discouraging the produc-
tion of food, and increasing its price, govern-
ment has established a monopoly in its own favour
of the principal condiment used along with it. The
I insipid pabulum, rice, notoriously requires a larger
average admixture of salt than most other kinds of
food. Government monopolises the manufacture of
salt, which costs it 3d. per bushel, as delivered by
the makers, and is retailed by it at 2s. 6d. a bushel.
No salt can be imported except under special license
from the governor. It is penal to scrape up the
natural salt from the sea shore, lest it should inter-
fere with the tribute. Then, as if it were not enough
to discourage the staple produce of the island by exces-
sive taxation, and to make food scarce and dear by
the same process, the financial system of Ceylon
appears to have been framed with a view to obstruct
and repress internal intercourse. Exorbitant " cus-
toms" are levied at all bridges and ferries, and the
proceeds applied (at least until very lately, and not
even now necessarily) to the maintenance of roads.
The system of exacting heavy tolls at all ferries and
halting places, the worst abuse of the feudal age in
Europe, still prevails in Abyssinia and Persia; but
the only country subject to a Christian and civilised
power, in which we are aware of its being kept up
in this age, is the English colony of Ceylon.
The remaining items of the Ceylon budget are
scarcely so bad as those we have enumerated ; but
there is scarcely one of them which may not be
objected to in respect of its tending to discourage and
repress productive industry. Looking, however, only
to those which have been passed in review, is it not dis-
creditable to the British government that fifty years
have been allowed to elapse without any attempt to
improve a system of taxation, which takes money for
permission to grow the labourer's food, which compels
the labourer to buy at a monopoly price from govern-
ment that salt without which his food is unpalatable and
but half-nourishing, and which exacts duties on the
staple produce of the island, and on all internal truffle,
so heavy as to have almost the appearance of fining the
producers and merchants for being industrious and enter-
prising? But it is too weak an expression to say that
the British government has not attempted to amend
the faulty system it found in operation. If the
Dutch exacted heavy "land customs," they applied
them to the construction and maintenance of canals

and ferries, which under the British have been
allowed to fall into disrepair. If the native
governments exacted heavy tributes from the
peasants who grew rice, they in return con-
structed tanks and artificial channels of irrigation,
which even as ruins, amid the solitude of once fertile
fields relapsed into forests, by their magnificence
awaken a blush in the European visitor, who reflects
that his eirilised rulers have allowed to vanish from
remembrance the benevolent structures of those indi-
genous sovereigns they affect to look down upon.
Native rulers taxed only lands continually irrigated :
the English government, by its tax on "fine grains,"
extends its extortions to lands which cannot be irri-
gated, or do not need irrigation.
We rejoice to learn, by the most recent intelligence
from Ceylon, that there is at length a fair chance of
the work of reform being begun. The government
has at last become ashamed of taxing food grown on
the island and food imported from abroad ; of taxing
cinnamon near 75 per cent. on its value, and
salt 1,000 per cent. The principal labour in this
Herculean enterprise will devolve upon the new Secre-
tary, Sir JAMES EMERSON TENNENT. It is a noble
though a difficult task that is assigned him. No half-
measure will avail. He has to expunge an old, absurd,
and corrupt code of taxation, and substitute a rational
I and equitable one in its place. We shall watch with
interest the progress of the experiment.

We have received by express the Paris journals of
Wednesday, with our usual correspondence.
A royal ordonnanee of the 11th instant confirms
the promotion we have already announced of the Duke
de Montpensier to the rank of major-general of
artillery.
The prices of bread for the second fortnight of
September, in Paris, are fixed as follows :—First
quality, 41 centimes per kilogramme, about 2d. per
lb. ; second quality, 34 centimes per kilogramme,
about lid. per lb.
Two engineers, Messrs. Bineau and Pierrard have
just been appointed by the government as permanent
inspectors of the locomotives and wagons of the
Great Northern Railway. It will be also their duty
to report on the general management of the railway,
and on accidents and delays.
Lord Ashburton arrived at Cherbourg on Thursday.
The prefect of naval affairs assigned an officer to his
Lordship, who accompanied him in his visit over the
dock-yard and establishment of that port.
" The Marquis of Normanby," says Le Siiele "has
presented to the French Secretary for Foreign Affairs
a note from Lord Palmerston, to press upon him the
alternative of relinquishing the port of Mayotte, oppo-
site to Madagascar, or of allowing the British govern-
ment to take permanent possession of Diego Suarez.
The English Ambassador has also desired to know
what were thedesigns of France on Madagascar. The
Government papers suppress the fact that the French
ministry will give their consent to the occupation of
Diego Suarez by the English, and even the rights of the
sovereignty of Fraam in Madagascar as an equivalent
for the consent of the British cabinet to the marriage
of the Dac de Mentpossier with the Spanish Infanta
Louisa."

The following is from the Slick :
" A report was lately prevalent that the English had
taken possession of the Bay of Viggo Suarez. We ob-
served on that occasion that this report, coming from
Pondicherry, was probably only the echo of some news
which had been circulated at Bourbon. We aro now
better informed on the subject. The Foreign-office
has signified to our Cabinet that it must evacuate

moult to
is ospi

king% Briohi set-
,the Il.arvis of
note in% which

alti,a demand is made with much Wiese, but in a
most pres..ing manner. Lord Pldreeriton demands a speedy
answer, England not wishing to remain in doubt as to the
intentions of Primer respecting Madagascar. It it useless to
observe that the directing authority has been much annoyed,
and *Ten hut, at this note, which has disturbed the triumph
of the grand-policy in Spain. Nevertheless, he quickly re-
ct.vered from his alarm It was not known what present
could be offered to England as an equivalent for the mar-
riage of the Duke de Montpensier. Diego-Suarez will be
quietly surrendered, together with the rights of the sove-
reignty of France over Madagascar. We shall engage, more-
over, not to pursue Abd-el-Kader into Morocco. But can
we pay too dearly for the good feeling of England and the
honour of counting an Infanta amongst the daughter-in-laws
of the King of the French ?
La Prase, after animadverting upon the opposition
papers, French and Spanish, for their declamations
against the projected marriage of the Due de Mont-
penmer and the Infanta, adds the following :
" Still it must be allowed that there are serious difficulties,
grave objections in all that has been said and all that may
occur in this matter. The two governments must have re-
fleeted ou them, and have duly weighed them, before they
acted. Opinion requires to be informed, and we may possibly
take this task upon ourselves; but we can at this moment
assert that there is nothing in the question, considered either
in its interior bearings or its European relations, which
should prevent the Infanta's marriage ; and certainly no in-
ternational complication to be apprehended. The matter
will, therefore, take its course in spite of all evil comments
and loud menaces, and the sooner the better."
The Constitutionel says

It has been mentioned- that Prince Louis Napoleon had
a•rived at Ostend, where he was to wait for authority to
proceed to Italy. His sojourn in Belgium has not been of
1 ing duration; he arrived on the sth and again left on the
11th for Dover, and it is in England that he will receive the
answer to the demand made by him to the Tuscan govern-
ment. The prince travels under the name of Count de
Starbay." . - .

A very numerous meeting of the partisans of free-
trade took place at Marseilles on the 11th. It was
resolved that an association shall be formed, having
for object " to promote by all legal means the reform
of the tariffs of customs, the suppression of all restric-
tions on foreign or home trade, and the progressive
modification of the prohibitive and protective laws up
to their total abolition." Before the meeting separated
a provisional committee, consisting of some of the
most eminent merchants, with M. Luce, the Presi-
dent of the Chamber of Commerce, as their president,
was appointed.
The following, from the France, relates to the
letters of M. Courby de Cognord, a prisoner in the
hands of Abd-el-Kader ;
" We have published the letter in which Commandant
Courby de Cognord, a prisoner of Abd-el-Kader, points out
the misery of his long captivity. Detained for II months
under the tents of the Emir, piteously dragged about with
his companions in misfortune in the suite of the Deira,
M. Courby de Cognord in vain demands of the government
of his country that it will deign to put an end to their cruel
situation. We could have comprehended the conduct of
the Minister of War in leaving our unfortunate countrymen
in the power of the Emir, if their deliverance would have
imposed on us sacrifices incompatible with the dignity and
honour of the country. But what we cannot admit is, that
their release should be still delayed, when the only thing
required to effec it is the simple exchange of some insigni-
ficant pr.soners. Alxl-el•Kader only demands the re-
lease of some Arabs, and at that price he will restore to us
M. Courby de Cognord and his unfortunate companions. It
is, in truth, necessary to call to mind all the negligence with
which affairs have been conducted in Africa for some years
—all the indolence of the military dictatorship which rules
that country—in order to account for conduct so careless
and so inhuman. But whardoes this concern the Minister
of War? He confides Algeria to Marshal Buguesal, who in
return confides in no one, and thinks he has done enough
when he puffed up his overweening vanity by some new
fruitless expedition. This state of things becomes intolera-
ble. It is already too long since Marshal Bugeaud has
Limited the colony in the true style of Louis XIV., and has ,
said to himself' L'Afrique, rest a It is in fact time
that this conquest should become French greund, that the
mother country should have its eyes on it, and make its
beneficial influence more felt there. After the reign of the
unintelligent sabre the reign of humanity should, it appears
to us, commence in Atrica, and we think that our power
would lose nothing by it."
We have received the Alg'ers journals to the 10th
inclusively. The following is from the Moniteur
Algelrien of that day :
" We stated in our last that Lieut.-General Bodeen had
left Constantin& on the 21st ult., for the purpose of chastising
the tribe amongst whom was committed the murder of the
Kaid Lackhal, one of our best servants. The last mail from
the Easthas brought us an aecountof the results of this short
expedition. The principal persons of the tribe of the Beni-
Ketits have been arrested, and a fine of 55,000 f. has been
inflicted •n the tribe. A fraction of the Beni-Soughals,
who, contrary to orders, had given an asylum to the Beni-
Ketits, and had received their flocks and herds in order to
conceal them from us, have been severely punished. An
investigation has been commenced with a view to discover
the authors of the murder, and give them up to justice."
The same journal gives an account of a fine having
been inflicted by the Commandant of Biskra upon a
tribe which had clandestinely received some Arabs
who had sought to evade the authority of the French.
The state of Algeria generally is described as tran-
quil, and nothing is said to corroborate the rumours
about new and important demonstrations by Abd-el-
Kader.
All the journals which appear in Algeria are one
after the other compelled to suspend their publication.
The editor of the Cottrrier d'Afrique announces that
he has received an order to go each evening of his
publication to the Directeur of the Interior to submit
to him his number proposed for next day's issue. Of
the first number submitted to this censorship the five
first articles have been cancelled, and in consequence
M. Bastide, the principal editor, has declared that he
prefers not publishing, and thus his number of the 6th
inst. is the last until the long promised ordonnance
respecting the press shall appear.

Our journals and correspondence of the II th inst.,
from Madrid, have duly come to hand. The Eco del
Cowed° of that date devotes a leader to comments
on the notes addressed by the British Ambassador to
the Spanish Cabinet. This article is broken off in
different places by blanks, and the Eco explains, in a
note at the end, that this number having been seized
by the authorities they were compelled, in order to I
appear at all, to omit all that had been erased by the
pen of the political chief. The principal paragraphs
of this article are, in substance, that the two notes of
Mr. Bulwer were both very energetic, but particularly
the second, which is very significative, if, indeed,
it do not pass the bounds or courtesy due to the
Spanish nation. The Eng!ish Ambassador considers
that in this affair there has not been sufficient respect
paid to national influences, and puts his veto against
the union with the Duc de Montpensier, " and as
we have already said," concludes the Eco, " all the
world knows the meaning of the veto of England."
A letter from Madrid states, on the other hand, that
Mr. Bulwer is still without instructions from his

Government, and it is said that England has no in-
tention of opposing the views of Spain and France.
Mr. Bulwer had, however, despatched a third note to
Senor Istaritz, which contained merely general obser-
vations, dictated by his own sense of duty. It is
supposed that this will be the last note M. bitaritz will
have from the British ambassador on this point,unleas
he receive further instructions from his Government.

The French Ambassador sent on the 10th inst. to
the President of the Council the official documents
relative to the marriage of the Infanta with the Duke
de Montpensier. It was still reported that the two-
fold union would be celebrated on the 10th of Oct.
By a decree of her Majesty, henceforth the army of
reserve is to consist of stxteen regiments, of three
batallions each, with an additional batallion to those
regiments quartered in the Balearic Isles.
The corps and companies of the Veterans are dis-
banded.

El Espanol quotes a letter from Catalonia, stating
that a band of 300 men, inhabitants of the country,
bad appeared in the environs of Solsana, who, under
the command of Tristany, were awaiting reinforce-
ments. The soi-disant Colonel Pitxot, with 140 men,
had already plundered several villages. At Iscona
one Galeera, at the head of 80 men, had proclaimed
Carlos VI., and several other villages were said to be
on the point of rising.
A letter from Cervera, dated the 7th instant, says
there was "a report that some Spanish Carlists,
imitation of the Miguelites of Portugal, had taken
up arms, but that any such crusade would be ridi-
culous, as the Carlists were not in a condition to
effect anything, and they knew it. The letter adds
that the Cure of Viacom had assumed the rank of
colonel, having thirty men under his orders. In Lower
Aragon three parties had been formed. At Palos
there had been a meeting of priests, but their consul-
tations had been about anything but the interests of
religion. A great number of Carlist officers are
expected from France to open the campaign.

MADRID, Barr. 10. 1
Spanish parties and Spanish organs hare done their
utmost in the way of ',Training opinion on the marriage of
the Infanta. You are aware that the Progreseistas have pub-
lished a declaration approving of the Queen's marriage to
the Duke of Cadiz, but protesung against that of the Queen's

sister to a French prince. They give their whole support to
a marriage between the Infanta and Don Enrique.
The Progressista opposition is, however, but that of
opinion. A lifoderado opposition to the marriage has also
come forward, repreeenttd by the Espanol as its organ. This
paper has brought forward the treaty of Utrecht, and the
renunciation of the house of Orleans to the throne of Bpain
contained in that treaty. This once admitted (and it cannot
be denied), there comes the 17th article of the constitution,
forbidding any prince, excluded by law from the succession to
the throne, occupying that throne by. marrying the heiress or
occupant. The Duc de Montpenster is thus formally ex-
cluded.

The Cabinet, the Court,and Monsieur Brenton have laboured
to contravene this objection by their organs the Herald°, the
imparcia/, and the Popular. Their argument is, that the
Treaty of Utrecht does not exist, having been strangled by
Mr. Gladstone and the Tory ministry, and that even if it did
exist, it is not a political law. They deny that the Due de
Montpensier can ever be King of Spain, and insist that his
children can only become so, by right of their mother.
The Espanol replies by citing the law promulgated by
Philip the Fifth. For this monarch made the Treaty of
Utrecht a law of the kingdom. If it be not a political law,
nothing is. One of the most important points of the contro-
versy, as stated by the writer in the Espanol, who is an ex-
deputy to the Cortes, well known, is, that Austria's renun-
ciation of its rights and claims to the throne of Spain, are
especially based on the House of Orleans making the same
renunciation. Ihe marriage, therefore, of the Infanta at
once releases Austria from its renunciation, and re-opens
that struggle for the Peninsular crown, which deluged Spain
with foreign as well as native blood. The renunciation of
the house of Orleans is part of the Treaty of Utrecht. The
21st article declares: •

"That the sovereign of Great Britain is obliged to see
respected the stipulation contained in the act of renunciation
of the French provinces." Great Britain, therefore, has
constituted herself the guardian of Spanish independence
from French sovereigns. And the English tories of the last
century, the statesmen most attached to France, and most
confiding in her, were the very persons to draw up and in-
sist upon these clauses.
In despite of all this, M. Bresson, as you know, has re-
solved to push the marriage of the Infanta, and when he
is asked, why he does not shrink from outraging England,
his Excellency replies, that " war is impossible in the present
state of Europe ; that serious quarrel greater than a bouderie
between France and England is also impossible; and that
whosoever is first to propose and execute a thing, is sure to do
it, for prevention comes too late." Count Bresson represents
the different position and character of the two countries.
" England," he says, " dare not support a Cobourg. Frsnce
dares enforce the marriage of her Prince. From the neces-
sary timidity of the English Government, neither previous
resistance nor after vengeance is to be feared." We bear i.II
this in Madrid, and can only reply with denegations and
shrugs. If facts, on the part of England, do not disprove
it, such arguments and assertions will remain graven like
truth on men's minds.
_ _

I am sorry to say, that everything depends upon what
is done and said in London. If the Spaniards are abandoned
bi the English government, they will quietly submit to the
rench. The Cortes, you know, are those of Narvaez, de-
voted to the cabinet and the court. They represent not the
great Liberal party, nor yet half the Liberal party, which is
called the Moderado. They scarcely represent half the
lloderado park•. There are about thirty independent depu-
ties. M. Isturitz is not afraid of their vote. Still, from his
arbitrary habits, he will probably close their mouths by
closing the Cortes, after the announcements of the Royal
marriages are made, and thus not allowing either debate or
vote.

We look w'th some anxiety for news from London. The
English cabinet has been fully warned that if it did not con-
sent to support a Cobourg, the Spanish Queens would in-
stantly close with the offers, or rather submit to the dictates
of France, and that the Duc de Montpensier would marry
the Infanta at the same time that the Duke of Cadiz
espoused the Queen. Mr. Bulwer must have fully informed
his court of this. Though, without instruction, he forwarded
the first note of protest, of which I have procured and for-
wardeda copy. If all this have no effect, you may consider the
family compact as ipso facto restored, the Queen a cypher,
and her sister and her sister's ncwrclatious the only disposers
of the destinies of this country.

FREE TRADE LN FRANCE.
(From the Journal des DAGO.)

We admit the propriety of the protective system,
within those limits which reason may approve. When a
country finds that the time has come to organise its manufac-
tures, independently of those general encouragements which
are given to manufacturing industry by means of communi-
cation, credit, or appropriate teaching, it is yet lawful to
make exceptions in favour of some of the most important
manufactures; amongst these [Avows it is, we think, right
to comprise a tax to be paid by the consumers, they being
the whole world. This tax, in the shape of a custom duty,
should be, from the first, sufficiently moderate to prevent
foreign competition from taking away all stimulus to national
industry. It should also be but • temporary tax, and on
• decreasing scale. But nothing can justify a permanent,
absolute, and general prohibitive system. And yet such a
system is now in force in France, and it is one to which it is
pretended we must submit without hope of its relaxation.
fhe time has now come when our national industry has ac-
quired strength, when the manufacturers have acquired the
same degree of perfection as foreign ones, so that they are
enabled to produce the same goods and of the same quality
as those which are to be obtained from abroad. We will
take as an example the immense number of manufactories
which make tissues. With regard to woollen stuffs, we will
mention cloth, shawls, blankets, merinos, flannel and mous-
seline de laine. No country in the world can furnish
finer cloth than •Elbeuf and Sedan. Our manufacturers
do not produce those kinds which are sought after in
England, and they sell little abroad ; yet there is a trade
open of 24 millions ; but whoever wants • fine cloth coat
buys French cloth. In the manufacture of merinos, we cer-
tainly bear off the palm. The vast manufacture of Oaten
works better and cheaper, notwithstanding a quantity of
duties for which there are no drawbacks, than the Saxons,
the English, and the Belgians. The proof of this is that it
sells in foreign countries more than two-thirds of what it
manufactures. Blankets we sell abroad in considerable
numbers; and as to shawls our progress is so great that be-
tween 1836 and 1844 our exports have increased from 7 mil-
lions to more than 37 ; we arc surpassed by none in our flan-
nels ; and none can equal us in the manufacture of mous-
seline de 'sine which is an article of taste. With regard to
woollen thread, France may well compete with the foreigner,
for we know maze manufacturers in Paris and at Rheims who
sell their thread to English factories. And notwithstanding
all this, foreign cloth is prohibited; merino' prohibited ;
shawls, haberdashery, flannels, cashmeres, damasks, and
stuffs, all these are prohibited. Most of the woollen threads
are prohibited; those that are admitted are taxed 7f. 70c.
per kilog. Blankets pay a duty of 2f. 20c., that is, at least,
50 per cent. Is there common sense in such a thing ? With
regard to cotton, it is only sufficient to ask the manufactu-
rers of London, New York, and Calcutta, which is the nation
that most excels in the manufacture of painted cloth ? The
unanimous answer will be, France. The principal house in
Mulhsusen sell most of its manufacture of these abroad.
Now open the tariff, and you will see the same intempe-
rance of prohibition on these articles as on wool ; you
will find painted cloth, cotton cloths, whether
bleached or unbleached, muslin and borders, all prohibited.
An exception is made alone in favour of nankeen, which is
allowed to be imported at the high rate of 6f. Sc. per kil.;
but even then, it must come per French ship from India.
If it does not, it is prohibited. The tariff is equally severe
as regards cotton thread. Flax, in the manufacture of
which a complete revolution has recently taken place, is one
of the commodities on which we admit the duty ought still
to remain, for it has only recently been put on ; but it is
well known that the public is at present inundated
with prospectuses, in which it is shown that a
gain of 25 or 50 per cent. may be made even with
the duty ; and the thing which tends to prove
that these prospectuses are true is, that certain spinners
declare themselves ready to do without protection at once,
if they are given liberty of commerce, and especially the
right to buy their engines wherever they like. How can it
indeed be believed that we are so inferior to England in this
respect, when she is known to take here the stock which
they manufacture into goods ? Thus, for instance, the linens
which we buy in England have to go through • double
journey; first, in the state of raw flax, and then in the state
of thread or linen ? If on this point liberty is not possible at
present, it will be so in • short time. Silks have come to
a well-known perfection in France. Our manu-
facturers in Lyons require no protection, and yet the
duties of 14f. 40c., la 60c., 19f. 90c., and 34f. 10c.
per kilogramme are still kept up. Nor do we think
it is the French manufacturer who demands the main-
tenance of duty on cocoons and silk thread leaving France ;
it is a real detriment to national agriculture, which requires
the liberty of selling its silks in every part of the world as it
does its wine. This analysis relative to tissues which, taken
together, represent the greater part of manufacturing labour,
might be repeated with regard to all great industries in this
country, and we should always arrive at the same conclusion,
viz., that amongst the French producers those who are in-
tellgent and active manufacture as well and often better
than abroad, and perhaps more economically. They are
at this moment ready to compete with the foreigner
on free markets ; or, if they are not so, it is the
fault of the so-called protective system, which disturbs
the price and renders dear and expensive the material
which the manufacturer makes use of, obliging him then
to sell his produce at a higher price. Then their infe-
riority, far from being real, is only factitious, sad would
cease to exist if liberty of commerce were allowed. This
observation applies especially to the iron-founders. These
manufacturers will tell you that in one half of the
French forges the work is done with as much perfection
and economy as elsewhere. They will add that France
is better subdivided than England in its mineral produce,
and that these minerals are cheaper and better than in England.
They will grant that with regard to fuel, we have less re
sources than England; that many forges are worked with
wood firing, and that wood is a great item of expense ; but
they will affirm, at the same time, that we possess many in-
exhaustible mines, where coal can be obtained at the same
price as in England, and that, too, in the neighbourhood of
the minerals themselves. They will mention to you, amongst
others, the Berri and the Aveyron. They will show that the
dearness of the fuel is the result, in general, of the duty on
iron, because the wood and coal merchants regulate their
prices by that of the tariff on iron. Therefore the forge-masters,
making use of materials which they get from others, have no
no reason to resist liberty of commerce. The fuel would
soon fall to the price which it would fetch in the natural
order of things. We insist peculiarly on this point, that the
apparent interiority of some of our manufactures is a result of
the protective system, although we believe it not to be so. We
will mention one article which boars out our assertion—it is
common painted cloth, such as is made in Rouen. Leaving
aside Mulhattsen, and only taking Rouen into consideration,

•
would not the inferiority which Rouen supposes •
fixed in disappear, if it had the liberty of papa".
• woe price in England raw cotton, dyeing
and mat, and the iron with which the :sift IL/II
for cotton spinning is Asada 1 The only 44721
of price which supports Rouen in that peculiar WIZ!
------"-
not the result of natural circumstances. The ma -",•.
' the protective system. Make all these things as freeta4;
are so the English tariff, and Rouen will be able b)
with Manchester. For Rouen knows how to work :Zolt
Manchester—knows better the economy of material, 0,11,1_
more versed in the chemic arts; and if Rouen pap 4-_,4
tel a little dearer, in return it pays its workmen leas, "I`

FRANCE—STATE OF THE HARVEST. —gam
still entertained in France as to the abundance of this*'
harvest. Disturbances have taken place in the depan,..—"
of the Maine and Loire, and of the Deux-Sieift,
Minister of Commerce, in a circular which he addred:
fortnight since to the prefects, requesting an authenti
on the harvest, was most praiseworthy in his endea
Owingose
ccorn
potatoh toas crop t
Increased
ec
rivireaLf sl°r:'7l4—'7.4
calm the apprehensions of the people; but he went
into the opposite extreme when he declared, 1,,5.7
he had received sufficient information, that I*—"o,_
vest would be more abundant this year than 1)47
ministerial journal states that the harvest in
western and northern departments is inferior Is also
of last year, and may be compared to that or
that in a few departments in the north of France it
the least istlitahybe, uaptiariddanceot,..ef
the consumption, and that in the middle and southern
variousvvegince sctabitledissistthareri
time last year it was from 29 to 24 franca the hit-told%
aM
it is now from 26 to 32 francs, or an increase of frora ti
25 per cent. At Petrie the price of bread for the second sai.
night of September has been increased from 39 to 41,
times the kilogramme. At Rouen, and in the principal
of Normandy, it is the same. At Lille it is 42 centsa •
Lorraine and Anent it is 47; at Strasburgh S,i • tad
Nane_y 60 centimes. d
GERMANY.—RUMOURED MARRIAGE OF sgt
ARCHDUKE STEPHEN.—VIENNA, SEPT. B.—Count Maid
and Count Arnim are returned. The Grand-Duke kid*
will make a longer stay than was at first surmised. The"
some talk of a marriage between the Archduke Stephan*
a daughter of the Grand Duke. The Archduke Stepp"
the most enlightened of the Archdukes of Austria, saaa4
the head of the government of Bohemia. It will be ma*
bered that a marriage was formerly spoken of betweea
and the Grand-Duchess Olga, now Princess of Wunsch*
THE NEW PRUSSIAN CONSTITUTION.—BEIA
SEPT. 12.—The new constitution is ready, but it is nor,
thin whether it will be published on the 18th of Oessid
The government is greatly embarrassed with the state Mk
Rhenish provinces which offer great resistance to d
the advances of the government. The project of task**
two new ministerial journals in that province, the one pa
testant the other catholic, has been abandoned. M. &it
geman on his return from Cologne declared than la
useless to compete against the Cologne Gazette, wise
influence was increasing not only in the Rhenish prorisse,
but through all Germany ; but there is a talk, instead,
establishing a new semi-official journal at Berlin. lank,
eat towns societies are being formed to put a nil
to the principles of liberty; the town of Mead
has taken the lead in this respect. The goy*
ment, before convoking the states-general, wir
to create a counterpoise. At Berlin the haute sotiite
evidently on the qua oive, and the Camarillo itself, era
induced the late king to eake injudicious steps towards ths
Catholics on the Rhine provinces, is quiet. The gss
synod has left no trace of its existence ; such is not tie ka
with the association called " Gustavus Adolphus," then
ostensible head of which is the king. The last meeting •
this society was remarkable. Although it has not apparent)
a political tendency, yet nevertheless gives the means of
certainiag the state of things in Austria, Bavaria, say
Catholic Germany in general. Evers thing seems to le
taken in an evangelical point of view, so as to avoid aLdia
matical controversies. Ilia may explain the expider of
Dr. Rupp, and the protestation to which it gave rue.
DISTURBANCES AT GOTTINGEN.—RIots took plan
at Gottingen on the 4th and sth instant, owing to the di
missal of two students. The windows of the DinnOt
Police were smashed, and some arrests took place.
TIIE DANISH SUCCESSION.—The IVeser Gar.ette,i
the 11th instant, makes the following remarks on the seen
siin in the duchies :—" As yet nothing is officially knows al
regards the opinion of the English government in the sin
of succession ; but rumour says it is favourable to Denims
This is not the case with France. The intentions et the
King of Denmark, expressed in the letter patent, and whin
manifests his desire to solve the question during his lifeline,
by a decision of the four powers, found not only anent, bet
encouragement, at the Tuileries. The French govern ont
and the Tory ministry in England were long d
opinion that as the question of succession in Ds-
mark depended on an eventuality, it was an
open to political measures at the present molar,
but the King of the French, who dues not leave the main
management of foreign affairs to his minister, has long cos
aidered the Danish question as one of the most importantd
the age. This is why the French Minister at Copenhagen,
Baron Billing, had drawn up • precise document on the dot
ficult question of succession, and it is said that he ends
'oared to prove that after the extinction of the male lies
Denmark would lose the duchies, if energetic measures wet
not taken before that event took place. On the part of From
those measures were to consist in an arrangement eid •
the four powers, and, on the other side, to ear Is
agitation in the duchies' and attach their llama
to Denmark, the present King or his successor, on oohs
France counts much, was to give a constitution to the or
try. This plan was submitted to the English goverment
last year, but was not much liked ; at Paris, however, tle
plan was still adhered to, and to the mission of the Ink
Decal s to Copenhagen may be attributed in a great no
sure the sudden impulse or development given to this gem
on at the present moment. France has two reasons for
following this line of policy. On the one side to counter
balance the influence of Russia at Copenhagen, a pain
France never lost sight of since the preponderance of Rant
in the north, and secondly from reasons of internal policy.
In fact the fear lest the Danish question should be decided
by the three northern powers to the exclusion of France we
a subject of great deliberation, and was a main cause of car
certed measures between France and Denmark, and of the
Danish manifestation based upon that arrangement."
DENMARK.—ROYAL DECREE. Comsnacr,
SEPT. B.—The official Gazette of Copenhagen contains I
royal decree, dated sth Sept., Wyck, in the Island of Fair,
nominating Count de Moltke President of the Chancery
the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Laueuburg, in the
stead of Count Reventlow Criminil, resigned. The nomias
non caused great excitement. It is the first time since the
annexation of the duchies to the Crown of Denmark, that
Dane has occupied this poet, which comprises the grestse
Power in the administration of the duchies. The measure i
regarded even by the Danes as liable to cause serious di
minion. The funds fell considerably in consequence:4
letter from Elsinore of the 6th inst., states that wo Russia
war-steamers, on their way to Holland, have cast ander
here. A schooner is also expected, a present from Quo
Victoria to the Empress of Russia. The Russian squadme
is still cruising in the Bettie.
ITALY.—DISPENSATION FOR THE QUEEN Of
SPAIN.—ROPE, SEPT. B.—The Sovereign Pontiff was to sip
on the morning of the Bth instant, the necessary dispensatice
for the marriage of the Queen of Spain with her cousin tin
Infant D. Francisco de Awls. A courier extraordinary vs
to leave immediately with the dispensation for Madrid
where he would arrive probably on the 17th or 18th.
TIIE FETE OF THE NATiviTT.—A letter from Romt
of the same date says : " Never has the Ste of the Nativity
been celebrated with such pomp as it has been this yaL
For the last three days all the roads leading towards firs
were thronged with vehicles of every description, bringing
visitors to the capital to witness the triumph prepared kt
Pius IX. Last evening, after vespers, the city was illumi-
nated, and during the night a grand triumphal arch IN
erected, and opposite almost all the windows were sees
telinsparencies and inscriptions in honour of the Roll
Virgin and of the Pope. The inhabitants appeared emir
to outdo each other in seal, enthusiasm, and mason-
cence. The Corso was, in particular, an object of gnat
attraction, and presented a gorgeous spectacle which it is
impossible to describe. At nine o'clock a detachment of
dragoons cleared the streets of carriages, and in half an hoar
afterwards loud vivata announced the arrival of his
Rah
nen. As soon as the Pope entered the Corso a shown
of flowers and garlands fell on his carriage, and he on
saluted from all the windows with shouts of the warren
admiration. A troop of young men, bearing branches ed
olive trees, and preceded by a white banner, on which was
written the words, Janina et pax,' joined the cortiye
the Place du Quirinal, and preceded it on its route. DI
horses went at a walking pace, the Pope having signillai
his wish that they should not be taken from his earner.
His Holiness bowed to the assembled crowd, giving his
benediction with a tenderness full of calm and dignity, and
which was received by all near him on bended knee
Cardinals Ferretti and Faloonieri were in the carriage with
the Pope, but his Holiness alone passed under the triumphal'
arch. After hearing mass in the church of St. Mary, the.
Pope returned to the palace in the same order, and .al
the increased plaudits of the multitude. A short time salf
his return to the Quirinal he again appeared on the bel-
cony, and in the moat gracious manner thanked his ebildno
far the enthusiastic reception they had given him, which
was replied to by the louden acclamations.
RUSSIA.—.NAVIGATION OF THE VOLGA.—The
navigation of the Volga is of the utmost importance ?)
Russia. It has long been wished to have steam-bats
in
order to tow the large trailing vessels up the rivers. Aeon'
pall was formed for the purpose, but could not succeed to
solving the problem, in consequence of the rapidity of cm
rent and other obstacles, which impeded the opera
lions of the ordinary tow boats. At length ML.
Rontgen, director of the steam-boat manufactory _
Higenoord, near Rotterdam, undertook to build lot
this company a large boat capable of towing barges
of a particular form, laden with 2500 tons between Sam
and Rybinsk, a distance of about 1400 wersts, in 20days. it
case of the nonfulfilment of this stipulation, the expense it
the first voyage to be borne by the ship-builds.
In consequence of this arrangement ltontgen caused an inn
steam-boat to be built by the Dutch Steam Navigation Com
pry, according to a model of his own invention, of 250 It
oses
power, of 24 feet draught. This boat was taken to piecN
and so brought to Leibinak, where it was put together sipaiL
Is the month of April last the inhabitants of the banks raw
,
with astonishment two barges, of a singular shape, towed_
along by an iron steamer ; the barges wereeaclism4oo test
ling, and were each of 1,260 tons burden. The ste_
which is called the Volga, left Rybinsk on the dud of alay,
neon, at a season when the rivers much swollen by min ,F;
the current is uncommonly rapid, and besides this the ..
oad
'HU contrary ; nevertheless, it arrived at Samora in 161 dap
being 31 dayo less than the time agreed. In the usual Ma'

'nu the ads lasted for math& ' Thus a epreetioa is solved
• of the highmt importance to the talent oemenerce of Russia,
mid no doubt ete long the number of vessels will be in-
creased, and the navigation of the greaten river in Europe
• will become far more active than was ever expected.
CENTRAL AMERICA.—TEE ISTHMUS OP PA-
itelea.—The cutting through of the Isthmus of Panama,
• vast interprise which would canoe a happy revolution in
the commercial movements of the globe, is
.exp• end to many
a
chances. Whenever it seems to have made step in advance,
some new incident wears and adjourns its execution. Thus,
at the present moment, we hear, on the one side, that the
agent of an Anglo-French company, who projected the plan,
has agreed on the principal conditions with the government
of New Grenada; and, on the other that the Isthmus
.is shortly to become the prey to civil war. General
Flores, tor a long time president of the republic of the
Equator, and who subsequently lost his power, is in
Spain, and is making great preparations to regain a footing.
He has enlisted a small army composed of zipaniards and
Irish, enrolled by his Aide-de-eamp, Colonel Wright. He
has equipped a small fleet, and is ready to sail from the
Peninsula. To reach the port of Guayaquil, at which point
the republic of the Equator touches the ocean, to avoid
doubling Cape Horn he has determined on crossing the
Isthmus of Panama. The government of New Grenada,
dependent on which arc the lands situated between Chagres
on the Atlantic, and Panama on the Pacific, has refused to
allow him a free passage, as otherwise it would excite the
hostility of the Equator, and rekindle the dissensions
between the different portions of the ancient re-
public of Columbia. Nevertheless General Flora
insists. He says that he is, and he seems to be, supported
by the Spanish government, which gives him great aesn-
nee*, and doubles the opposition of the government of New
Grenada. Such a state of things is pernicious to the pro-
ject of cutting through the Isthmus. Any European inter-
ference in those parts is not relished, even that of a simple
company of engineers; besides which, the government of
Grenada is occupied with the defence of the country. The
small resources which it might have disposed of for the ad-
vancement of the project will be absorbed by military pre-
parations. The plan of cutting through the Isthmus was
projected more than 20 years since. It was the tint thought
of Bolivar, after the independence of the Continent had been
proclaimed. About the same time William, King of the
Netherlands, entered into • treaty with the republic of
Central America for cutting through the Isthmus, near
Nicaragua. The revolution of 1830 put a stop to his plans.
Mexico caused the passage of the Isthmus of Tehuant; pee to
be surveyed. The surveys made by M. Garella between
Panama and Chagree, by order of the French Government,
had again called attention to the Isthmus, where the
distance between the two oceans is only seventy-six kilo-
metres, and the trump of war has now again pat a stop to
these recent plans. We can but deplore this unexpected
incident, from which no good can be derived."—Joureal des
Dibests.