The Express.
London, England, 1848-09-14 00:00:00

Vie OrprefiL

MAILS.
1116 Be 6 MR Mtlrk Mark Awoke. of Ms mesa NNW
Isel be kik sp Mkt *waft. el Ms Mk 11•01.
The sae kr Slip, Masa. Mrikkt. Orkt. of COMM
▪ be male I. us Ss or =
lbs Wag Mk Wm"
Moak" lirk Orakaillites Orr. llterls% of raft Z
kirks. err Ar Marks. Jormt. Sorra Moak
ationst Itakka Was Oret ar Sark a.. sad St. Nisi-
be amduk ratio wasslag kr 5*
The steelmt stir kr allsiller. lisllkOrsere. Or lam Mak.
Ws, kirk Oryks,
tomlbosArks, mai Mks. Seekkkr-
Isk ir mat ryas the bs el OA 11.1.
The ~kW dent stab. ski BknoMis. Is Ss lkilltertesta.
Wosae. lisetaws, M., di le aide 11. Wr
.the kit
mais kr New Oak WYNN Yo Olorialt Lodi. rot kw
Inks& IA is orb up Gs kr maks et the Nat Sigtsktor.
Ifs
kr
alb kr kr Mkt art ett. Altin rotlleitks vel to nob
kr as rreski Ode Nth Sk
/be mike kir kr lids. the Him rats, NOM Mk Pawn,
*Makin. llsrstr Pm MN to mks sit kg as
=klbmet 40 OR
araa"

•lON Ware AT 1041100 N BAIDr.
ttea..." lINA. PM Ii a11M1114119 Mialt 1.

LONDON, THIIRSDA Y. SEPT. 14.
Tan • dangerous slams" in every community may
is teem' be said to be the dame who are them-
salves is danger. They leek secure or adequate
mans of eubsistestes. They possess either no pro-
perty at all, oe so little that they live is Emily fear of
seeing it consume away in the inexorable amends of
present want. They weld litre by labeler If they bed
it, if they could do it, if them were any ems to
hope that to-morrow work would be eau es yester-
day, if not more abundant. But where multitudes
stand all the day beeves no man will hire them, and
where there is no tangible, proximate prospect of
their hint employed—where such even as have work
far to think how soon it may OWN and ditmaine,
and have no reasonable cause to hope that any alter-
native of toil Mete for them—then are to be found
dangerous Glasses —classes wavering on the brink of
social or political densoralliatioa—beands fit and
ready for the burning whenever accident or mischief
Mall kindle the flame.
Twee se in Paris, and no heed was tab= in time;
'tis so in Ireland, and ,ball we take no =Moho% in-
t, or timely heed P We wonder at the want
of foresight and precaution in the government of
Louis Pima's, and marvel that among parties and
politrians thee, was confessedly so little appreciation
of the depth and proximity of the danger in which
society itself was well-nigh engulfed. Yet what was
their fatuity compared to ours ? The unemployed of
Paris *ere numerous, but still they could with com-
parative ease be numbered. They were unquestion-
ably formidable, but aloe set fairly in array against
the nation at large, they were not for a moment to be
hared. By an effort they might at any time have
been absorbed or got rid of, if not in one way, then in
another. Far from being identified in sympathies or
wants or numbers with the nation at large, they were
ix fact too such the opposite in all respects of this,
to be regarded with a wise or vigilant apprehension.
Clearly the maim were on the other side of the
qesedon,—undeniably on the side of law, pro-
perty, and order,—widoubtedly determined to
amain so,—manifestly posessied with the be-
lief that it wis their interest so to do.
Political end social theories of futon and
improvement may have widely pre *ed ; bet M.
LAY/AMIE himself confesses in his &bilges retro-
ant of the last six mouths, that • the revolution of
February took every body by surprise." The wale
of France may or may not be republimag i bat as-
sumedly they are not anarchists, or mensionists, nor
were they seer inclined to risk the stability of order,
credit, pease, or individual freedom in a sanguinary
struggle Ise any agnate change. Property in Frame
is too equably dittoed for that. The sense of pro-
perty inspires and actuates millions of the people.
They like theoretic liberty very well; bat they love
practical liberty of work, of thrift. of aseassalation, of
investment, of opinion, of expression, of existence,
still more. The majority returned by universal suf-
frage to the National Assembly attest this truth.
Had it been otherwise the unemployed mob of Paris
would ere this have sumesded -in prosbhaing the red
republic—which, being interpreted, means battle,
plunder, and sodden death.
Happily for France, however, bee "dangerous
climes " are comparatively few ; and though their ie-
ratio& in the moist of Paris has =et the nation many
weeks and months of social and tommeretal natio-
tics, lose, sorrow, and humiliation, the end cd the evil
draws 'sanitarily nigh, and the indignant, resolute,
and reasonable will of the muss of the French people
has already signified that the aupalioa of the °ca-
lms minority shall no longer be. For that the
usurpers are a minority, and a smell minority, is
plain ; and sooner than Gerard such a hideous chance
spin, the propertied and industrious =gorily are
willing to take upon themselves the paaabi and
burden of a stated provision for the a reM.-bthed poor
—the wisest, noblest, and most virtuous resolution
which a great people ever adopted.
What a contrast doss the mate of things in Ireland
present in every particular l Property there is a
monopoly, made such and kept suck by law. In its
possession, use, or enjoyment, the mans of the
population have neither part nor share. The
enormous majority of the people poems no pro-
=all, or pewees it surreptitiously and
y. One-half of the able-bodied are with-
out employment, useful, or melees, or of any kind.
These are oar "dangerous climes "—raillions in
amber—one-half the people of the land. And what
do we from day to day and from year to year toward,
a mitigation of that fearful mass of misery, towards a
reduction of that fearful man of dieter, towards a
dimimition of that fearful weight of national re-
proach P In effect—nothing. From sire to son we
have seen it grow, and dens towards km
mainly or wisely dealing with it. new and
that our
and h
goveram
ve ents have lehanzaliatsba redone`
go
and after expenimpeder
given us a printed reiteration lan hie =r of
what we knew before; and lasit pesiedied
awe over, they have 'upraised the thresibese bepe
that good may result from a better empoehmks of
the evil, and we have at their bidding gem to deep
upon the subject 'once again. Bat as hr any smione
attempt to grapple with the evil, nobody and no
ham yet been found earnest or honest stoat to
attempt it.
Let us not be told of the poor law Ns a suMeisat
remedy for the ills of Ireland. The slea,,aw is ex-
cellent for ite purpose—that purpose to
for a minority when out of Milk or auto
prevent them from booosgq a ohs peammsetly den-
ims& to the pease and wdlkrs of seelity. But the
crciof a poor law is se to pr dole either work err
fisor a ntej•wity of the pp odes In a brill
e a well organised peer law may do much;
bat then most be an smsati,, and it must be
brief. To place the weight of hanger
end labour
aeon,
it pormimmily, ie to preclude
wilE: all ty of Its warldnes, at indeed of its
at all, as a memo of '. A ship cannot
be long afloat by dint of pumping. To keep
. hewn water pimps as of use, and upon coca-
mks of a sadden leak time any be gained by their
mistimes. Bet mere pumping will never do for any
length of time. The short IS too great, and the result
somparatively too Whig
If the spars hands of belied are to be kept from
shale they must be ma to ash' and productive
work. If that work be sot found for them in their
own country, then it mast be sought for them in some
ether. Work enough at Inns woes persuaded time
would be, were the use of hind made free, and labour
ea land sumned its jest and natural rewenL BM
until the day shall dawn when a Hose of Lanai
dill seemed Urals the bondage wherein fp
ha le WOW to concede to/sheer ea Lad
le the higeoved value whisk it bee impoitei
en ma see se way of escape for the
hind km hater, and no shins oftrlqre.
Bevel hes
_thell et their preenee, so a
large and edgel ff net wholly eelkafaining,
scheme d ',stems* sifpnahn.

Hoerr= aommaie mliAtesible the asetalts to
width from the Wm, it awe We speed= the new
poor law was imemeatip oapimai, ISt ailmaisbaime
sad whairete id far souseigasur pleat aria-
Mot in its !rover, width
pant to, and width deaddele MINI a ask=
its admen is the mos de arposiod people- The
wow mownW proved ea eseastalud ems. In fem.
years Ram the peening of the Poor Law Amendment
Stet the poor rates had fallen nearly 40 per cent. In
the year lading Lady-day, 1834, the last of the old
WWI, the money levied by esemment in aid of
poor rate, easonated to 8,138,079/. For the year sod-

int Lady-day, 1638, it snouted only to
In her years, daring whisk the new s,
patially ease late operating, hen midis
bms saved to the manse, the degrease in ,
upwards of three useltisees. Seldom
tcry el Mak= had a determined effort to e.
hem bled eve se greed a goals, and orowned wt,
rapid wags.. Mad the triumvirate of deamiesil
Hens berme than homers a little more sod
beam aMk leer dogged and seb/Mary : a isle'
bp with the bed entimeition Am is se wig to
obi lizlk beg= sot bun boa Mira le
=Heir d w the
me of whisk was =y end se dab,
fleposeited. The sm_ut d indivihmi lam
bg that regalia ken so it as
alike mew was known to her, sad elm=
The sand were reread is Wee beam
tompeled in sadlossat, awl biassed Is all
the world. Ned the poor-law commheismere
est slides the high brae so desperately, had they
weds ordinary snows's, he the doubts and aiggia
guardians, instead of snubbing them 'clef
like stupid rid refiseroey schoolboys, bed
capered their seleatifie rigour with a moderate
alley attest end eseresey, there is no saybig what
net they might evy We wi
ds= th the
geatiemen. The mailrooms mad imponie:22
made of pareeldel extravagance mold not bat admit
that there wee NMI ease ta a system which lemma
W beams of the country to the tune of three Wi-
liam year.
Unfortunately the tide of economy turned at the
ad of the berth yew. A variety of ceases con-
curred to bring this about. The price of wheat ex-
ceeded the average of the preseduig four years by
more than twenty shillings a gearter: The markp
let the poor increased is the gamer s a greater pro-
' portion. 8o did the cempesise of their ponces
and the slamsn of all whe fires wham, make
were hostile to the new kw. The auteerals et
sweet House were obliged to give way—ls admit
hers sad there • parti.l relaxation of their system.
A her years' mutest bed shupseed the wits of their
be ; sad the poor, who had been at first taken
opponents
the perm of the new law, began to make
good their p union, and reconquer at least some pr-
om of the shelter sad indulgence which the old law
afforded. Outdoor relief, which was to have been
annihilated, soon won a recognition as an indispensa-
ble item in the system which had been contrived for
its extinction. Daring four or five years of prospe-
rity and plenty the saving of the new system had
best amain ; but when wheat rose 14s. a quarter,
mot oily were its expenses increased, bat its character
tly changed. The first shock of seacity, the
Caellamxtera pressure. which it escoontered, proved the
test of its inefficiency in the only respect in which
its advantages bad hitherto been unimpagned. In
1839 the poor rates amounted to 5,887,0781. In 1840
they exceeded six millions. Oteduslly rising, in
1843 they exceeded seen millions, at which amount
they have been pretty stationary ever since. The
=of the old law was, no doubt, only one of its
Bat, as far as expense is concerned, the new
=m is now only about a million a year cheaper
16e old one was when it was put am end to.
Whet the charge of the latter might have ries to
it It had continued for Mom years longer we do not
endretake to calculate.
Ivrea this benefit, of a million saved pee annum, is
were than can be warranted as what we may actually
megratalate ourselves upon. In the year ending Ludy-
deg, 1847, the amount levied was 7,117,3621. More
dna that we osunot vouch for. What the poor rate
asseated to in the year ending last March we Ste%
know until next spring. And what the poor rate of
the current year will come to we may pmeibly get
some ancarate account ol before the clues of the year
1860. This is, we think, a tardiness of which the
nubile bee a night to complain. We admit it may not
beat may matter to get is perfect and prompt returns
of the intone of sons 700 among and atmanionised
prides. Still, we think, a complete seem at of the
rases levied in each year might be laid before perils.
meat a little some don fifteen or tigldees months
after its termination. The partial returns which the
emesehelemere have been Mt the habit of =king at
mime periods are perfectly makes as coy guide to,
IV 000 04 the general expenses of the
The burden at the poor rate has fur 7:11:
six years been kept pretty close to an average of
a little more than seven millions. Less than that we
ma hardly expect it to be. Bet it would be dreadful
It, limier the Femme et the preve,liox distrem, it
goo to the level at 1834. For all expenses* goes to
gestre that charges like the poor-rate do not diminish
treersers so much as they inerrant in bad ones.
level they reach they have a fearful ten-
to to. New departments ere likely to
be nadir the control of the poor-law board,
sew institutions established for local purposes, the
expense of which will be partially or entirely de frayed
out of the poor-rates. No doubt the expense of each
improvements en our local government—supposing
them to be improvements—must come out of the
pocket of the people in some shape or another.
Still care ought to be taken not to admit
into the poor4aw account say expmees not strictly
and said] imereed for the benefit of the destitute
poor The eansainary charges oa thi
teesoar.rate
have' been reedy bermord by seta in late
years. The Abele years. these acts have in them-
selves met bauldel bat when attempts are made
le add to suoir. we think the question may
remona* desteil, whether the same paid under
litemion Act.
lt:spietration Act,
aid •• of throe towards the
aunty or rate, and polies together
with ell elsegre a cognate character, which the
•lownsimis is hod administration or salary re-
m isg reader neeemory, would not he more
in a rate, levied separately, smd
=l7differrat appellation from that of the per-
ste.
The augmentation from extra charges es the rates
is perhaps, ate all. more mint than rat, owing
M shamans la the mess t ing the amounts, by
vide variamilsoe Aims* lmpa together are sew
bet sipparste► ml ink increase hes been, es de
min ammo vas after the introduction of the new
quissOis de sow directly spent on the relief of the
veer. 1897, she/oar in which the poor law ex-
penditure yes at he lowest figure, the cost of Me
• relief of the peer sly' was at th'e rate of to. 101.
per head ce the pralillon of 1831. In 1647, the lest
year of whisk we lave returns, it was Gs. 811. per
had on the perdition of 1841, being a direct gnaws
of emormath. This rise has been pretty general over
the Mae kingdom, there being an imatage in 44
counties oat if 11, and a small decrease in only 8.
We are still, owner, or were in 1848-7, a good way
below the level of 1884, when the charge on the por-
k/Asa was 9• td. per had.
We annex a miasma of poor-law income sad
-'tare from 1834 to 1847 :

%WI
answaid
w=4;

y_r • ply. rj

Taal
garedial

1;i sad 41211
=so draw.

cwt.,
foot , the que.--__„
6,000 het, and the pp
se
In 1847, when the i'llurgdtabeen* tithes off,
the quell ty was very sisal o.proved, the mange
pries per foot 4s. to Si., the quantity sold ppera weak
abest-70,000 het, and the supply very inadegsate to
the imam&
In 1884, when the melee duty was 60e. par cwt,l
the estimated number of hands directly and indirectly
in the mentifectere wee about 2,600, the
eciv7ptiiiinvested in it about 260,0001. In 1147, when
the duty had been taken off, the number of hands was
about 12,000, the capital about 1,000,0001.
No comment is required on the tendency of these
fasts to show how mask the manufacture was be...
fited by the redestioa of excise duties; how nasal
more it has been United by entire cmsealpatiss
from the trammels of the mein.
Sian 1846 Sarno plate glass ham been allowed be
be impaled he* et duty. In July, 1847, Led
13110101 BEIM= andertook to prove (in
meat) that the removal of the glue duties had ?till;
fallen. He stated that the declared value of glass
exported is the first five menthe 011845 was 218,83014.
in the first an months of 1846, only 121,7191.
Bat his lordship omitted to state en important explswl
=Wry fact pointed oat losr Mr. HOWARD: " It was be
Ant five months 1845 that the duty wee
remitted, and during that particular period the maws
and dealers exported enormous quantities et way
description, not on account of increued demand from
abroad, but for the express purpose of obtaining the
large dawbaoks (amounting to bounties) which was
then, for the last time, allowed by the excise." Seek
an omission on the part of the hero of the "'appeaed
dlirtwas really "too bad.*
et is that an official return (dated 6th Mq,
1848), printed by order of the House of (isestessi
shows the total amount of foreign plate glass entered
for consumption in England to have been 99,841 feet.
This is at the rate of 1,920 feet per week. The
number of feet of English make sold per week during
that time being 70,000, while in 1845 it was only
23,000. The importation, instead of causing a de-
placement of English labour, has by stimulating com-
petition improved quality and lowered price, and by
thus increasing consumption, caused more English
labour to be employed.
The state of the exports, as shown by the return
already referred to, is equally satisfactory. The ex-
ports of English glass in 1847 exceeded those of 1846,
in flint glass, by 20 per cent, in common window-
glass, by 42 per cent. •, in honks, by 6 per cent.; in
looking-glasses by 49 per cent. ; and in plate glass,
by 110 jar oent. Well may Mr. HOWARD remark,
"Linking at the unexampled commercial difficulties
of 1847, this increase is almost incredible."
Two facts relative to the trade in plate glass stated
by Mr. HOWARD have a bearing upon these general
results too important to be omitted. Of two agencies
established here exclusively for the 'ale of foreign
plate glue, one has been compelled to relinquish the
sale of it simply from inability to withstand British
competition. There was no English plate gla•s ex.
ported to the United States in 1846; in 1847 the
exports of English plate glass to the United States
equalled in amount the exports to all the world in
1646.
Hew then are we to amount for complaints male
both in and oat of parliament that British intonate
have suffered tans the remission of the glass duties t
Mr. 'lowan) throws some light on this lessdes t
" In 1845, when the excise duty. was remitted, the
English =has reduced the price of small plates
(which foreigners could sot afford to send here at all)
to a fair and equitable scale, but the large plates
(which, paradoxical as it may appear, cost less per
foot than the small ones) were kept up at the pores-
amble rates quoted above. Our neighbours, the
French and Belgians, attracted and encouraged by
the simplicity which this invited them here, under
cover of our excessive prime, accordingly rought
over and sold their larger fabrics at enormous profits,
whilst our manufacturers, realising Mill greater
advantages, and supported by an immense demand,
refund to modify this extraordinary tariff, although
fie mesifeet injustice to the public, and direct ten-
ants, to injure the very interest it was intended to
love bra elmeet universally condemned as
of akeorety."
Lebow asses direstly and indirectly nearly 80 per
cent of the nest d plate glass. The raw material is
nearly all Rag reduce. In short, it is a natural
manufacture. As web it was depressed by heavy
tsciss duties, sad not relieved by protection from
foreign anapelitioa. Sines it has been emancipated
both from the oppressive and the protective influences
of aerial regulations, it has daily grown in strength and
pecapseity, in defiance of competition. It is only
under sash a oysters that branches of industry natural
to a country can flourish, and it is only such branches
of industry that are really advantageous tea nation.

boas eeneladed between la—
the limpseer ofagreed le t Austria. "Tie Wart von the
whir. 10.'1,4. be lest
them
permitene made by
the thrum' What ptnab wire-
eipsitheit bad Lot been able toer sissetsin up te ti
departure of the pest.
It was laid that the Poatillid government had
made overtures for the formation of a lieges to the
eourts of Turin nod Flo urea it we 'sported at
Turin that a dimes sifee the. thimbles was
signed, and would beitablithedth~ thenurable
fortuityth.
Blue e above was written we have received the
Florence correspondence of the Ilth. Osumi had
arrived with • deputation them Legissen, to concert
with the goverment the best means of mestablialt-
bg order-JR that
A city.
I loan hes been opened by the Provisional govern-
' meet of Venice of ten millions of Italian lines, to be
guaranteed by the ducal palace at Venice, its pie-
fens, &c. &a.
SICILY.—IIy the arrival of the steamer, La
Tonnerre, at Toulon, which left Naples on the 6th,
and the Toured, which has arrived at Marseilles
from Malta, having totiched,:at Naples on the la,
we have received a mass of correspondence, heft
which we celled further details of the events
which ootsurred at Messina. At the depart:NC
of the last advice* no decided advantage ap-
pears to have been obtained on either .side. A part
of the city had been already destroyed. The Mes-
siness, surprised at first, sustained much lass, but they
soon recovered their spirits, and took terrible re-
venge. A body of the Neapolitans, who had pene-
trated into the city on the Ist, and committed all
sorts of excesses, were forced to retire again into
the citadel, leaving • large number of killed and
wounded. The Swim lust a conaderable number,
and the people marched with their beads on bayonets
'brattish the struts of Messina. A steamer, which
left Messina on the 9rd, brings reports that the citadel
and town continued still to fire on each other, and it
was thought) the town would be reduced to ruins.
It was expected that the Neapolitan squadron
would attempt landing at different points of the
island.
A passenger on board the Tattered ear that on the
9rd, at six in the morning, Messina wu fired on by
18 gun boats, as well as by the citadel,
but that the town answered with such
spirit that the gun-boats were damaged and compelled
to retire. They then went to the Terra Nuova, where
I they threw a pest number of balls to clear the shore
of some batteries which were established there. The
Sicilians made feint of a retreat, having spiked their
guns,when the gun-boats landed 500 or 600 Swims, upon
whom the Sicilians turned with fury and massacred a
part, making prisoners of the rest. At the departure of
the Tancred, at half-past 2in the afternoon of the 3rd,
the advantage appeared to be on the side of the
Sicilians. Several houses were then burning in the
town. Tice shells passed so close over the British
and French ships moored in the port that they were
obliged to change their position. The Tamed towed
out several merchant vessels which were ax-
Cale fire. Most of the Neapolitan fleet
the
gees to Reggio. A frigate and five steamers
which bed remained entered the harbour to
joie in the combat, but were soon: forced to retire.
I The gin bests had taken shelter behind the citadeL
It was reported that the French and English ambas-
sadors at Turbo bad united in urging the suspension
of hostilities es the Neapolitan government.

THE '‘. PRESS THURSDAY L11109:NG, SEPTEMBER 14, 1848.
i ably to 6,1K3991. U,* 7 - "?6t.Ar. ,1 wed 014219, 04 . YrillMandesEtegillAvits 01'.. W"ldthis:Agetriallipat 42Wilffidid 1100"
Dew oyeton hed if,,,' . . ~.,--,,,..."1 '
usilliots etesflem lit ow -" ~ • ----
los"
She • h*th am mead woo the
ream ia tie
two. elmelt 09 ApPeruttly _vil
. Bidden I the &mead. lat Nth ' • . testy Iris moa pm - ' 001,6111440 wit" frm T°1414 mder "4
1 effort to eemesedee cwt, the quality wee impoved, the average Tato per Sept. 9, that Mr. Aberttreby, tho British ambueedor
id owned wilt each foot 10a to 12e. the quantity mold pm wok gloat .at that flit?
_had teleiv•A.-. ellkdel ieheutati_.2ll_ on the
:mint, et liesereet 6,000 het, sod tile 'apply **ovate to the imestl. prima 11126 fr.rl,l the 111Uning ~..__Ilf"AZ, end
•-t— A 1, ~1, •mibm•• Oka amiss waft had hies • seines om ma bees 0011113111 M between
.... utarnr,„"=: ~.