The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-05 00:00:00

PROVINCIAL.

The recent severe weather has pressed heavily upon
the poor in various pirts of England, mid the local pap, rs
contain an unusual number of cases of suffering and death
induced by want of sufficient fool and clothing. One or
two eases have recently been reported, including that of a
woman iu Worcestershire, who gave birth to a child, which
afterwards died iu a wrete.ed house, containing neither
bedstead, bedding, food, or fire, wire she herself was at the
time almost naked, having but one miserable garment t
wear though the thermometer was !ow freezing point.
Another instance of similar suffering has been men
Coned as having occurred at Hui% where a poor boy's
death was liastencd, if not induced, by want of food and
warmth. The country pipers of Saturday afford several
additional instances of the tame melaricho:y character. An
inquest has been held at Stockport upon the body of James
Sbaweross, aged 40, who lived alone in "a inisersthle-looking
hovel called a cellar dwelling," and who having been out o
employment some time, sickened and died last week under
the influence of want and cold. The same town affords nu-
merous other instances of destitition, and a requisition has
been presented to the mayor, making him to call a meeting
of the inhabitants to ea:midis the beet means of alleviating
the prevalent distress "so greatly aggravated by. the intro-
duction of short time int, the milli:, and by the inclemency
of the season." The Manchester Courier reports another
use of death from starvation. The sufferer wiui In Irish-
man, named Waters, aged 62, who lived in a miserable
hovel in the neighbourhood of Daw Bank, leaving a wife and
eeven children in a perishing condition, lacking the cow-
man nryssaries of life. Their dwelling was the picture of the
most abject wreicheylness and suffering, " destitute," as the
reporter says, "of everything but misery." The inquest,
which did not terminate until between seven and eight
o'clock at night, excited considerable sensation from the la-
mentable circumstances of the case. The first witness wis:
Catherine Watem, wit, of the deocased, who stated that her has.
bend and a family of serge children left county Mayo, Ireland, about
seven weeds aro, where they had occupied a small farm ; but is con-
seequenee of the failure of ..he potatoe crop, they were obliged to come
to tneland, having then only MK m marry. They had lived upon
that farm eighteen yeses. The arm of 10s. ma expended for the pas-
sage front Drogheda to Liverpool, and they were nine dem incoming.
They Waved in Liverpool a fortnigbt without making application kw
relief. 'Thence they went to Preens, where they slept a night; so-
other at Warrington, remaining two nighm In that town. They awe
to Stockport a month ago, and lodged at Michael Iturken, in Swan.
court, Cheater-gate, about a fortnight, until be woe sold up for rent.
The bailiffs wind a new blanket, three sheets, and a holster belongtng
to her husburL
A few days sunk them to complete destitution, and the
fear of being sett back to Ireland prevented the wife from
acquainting the relieving officer with the lull extent of their
misery.
John Flannigan (another witness) said he lodged next door to
where deeesecd lived. TM morning deceased died he came to wit-
ness early fora drink of water, and he gave it to hint. Deceased
then went back. Shortly afterwards a cry was heard from /leaky'.
house, end on going tither he found deemed dying, with hie wire
sod children crying over him. Ile died Lt nine o'clock.—Mr. Medd,
noniron, sated, he went to the bowie where the body of &collard
Lay. He found the body in a room upataiis, in which there
wan not a Muffle article of furniture. It lay upon the bore
floor, and wan covered with a wane cloth. The rest of
the house presented an equally wretched appearance, being
badly velitihited, very damp, and very unwholesome. The body was
much emaciated The imunliete cause of death wan congestion and
etTualon of the brain. It was a case of serous or atomic apoplexy—
that is, apoplexy from debility. It did not appear that any active
disease had been ping on to account for this emaciation. Want o
food and warmth would account for this emaciation. The jury re-
tunwd a verdict of "Died of serous apoplexy, caused by want o
food and warmth."
Another picture of distress is described in the Preston
Guardian:
The Labouring claws of Chorley are at this imam, through the
stagnation of trade in every branch, in a more dintimord condition
than has been the case within the last three years. The block-printers
and hand-loan wearers in particular rarer more than any other clam
from want of employment As regards the former, for the last fifteen
weeks there has been • complete failure of work in their department
at the works in Chorley and the neighbourhood, with the exception of
giekacre, where for a few weeks a little block-minting has been exe-
cuted. The Christmas holidays of these poor people have, therefore,
been the rewire of merry.
Lencashire does not monopolise the misery. An inquest
held on Wednesday is reported in the Bristol Mercury.
It was to enquire into the cause of death of one Mary Old.
It appeared, from the evidence, that she had often been a whole day
without a morsel of toed. she had mown weaker and weaker, me
that, at last, she used to fall down is attempting to walk. Lest alma-
day week application for triter for bee wio made to the relieving
ofbeer of her parish, sad he row her, and offered to take her into
the boom He came twice to fetch her, but she would not go, m
said Smith (a man with whom she lived) had persuaded her not to do
so, es eke would get better. On Sunday night Met the relieving oftl-
cer was again applied to, and the parish surgeon was sent to her, and
gone her medicines; and the relieving Mbar sent her brandy and
arrowroot. The arairtaace, however, came too late, as she died at
half-post nine o'clock next morning. The Jury returned a venlist of
" Died from want of nouriahment"
One other use may be added. It occurred at Broadheath,
in Worcestershire, where an inquest was last week held on
the body of Elisabeth Sefton, aged 66, who was found dead
on Sunday se'nnight by the side of an unfrequeuted road. On
a post mortem examination there was nothing but a little
watery fluid found in her stomach. The jury returned the
following verdict That the deceased was found dead,
having, it is supposed, lost her way, and owing to the in-
clemency of the weather she was frozen to death."

A HINT Fart DRI:OOIsTS.—SUICIDE PRITENTFII.—A few
evenings ago a young woman went to the shop of Mr.
Fingland, chemist, ih'avertree, and asked for a pennyworth
of arsenic, saying her mistress wanted is poison rats. Mr.
Fingland, though he knew the young woman, refused to
sell arsenic to her unless she brought a witness. About two
hours afterwards she returned, having a witness with her,
but the chemist thinking he observed something unusual in
the girl's countenance, folded • little tartar emetic in
three separate papers, and marked each, "Arsenic ;
poison." Shortly afterwards Mr. Fingland heard that the
girl had been ill, upon N% loch he called upon her, when

he learned, in reply to his questions, that she had
called at a shop in Livereo el, accompanied by a witness,
and purchased a pennyworth of arsenic, which she deter-
mined to take, in eamseque nee of berv'ng quarrelled with her
mistress. Finding that she had not procured enough to
destroy her, she called at Mr. Fingland's slop, and obteir.ed
what ale believed to be another prnnywurth. She mel-
lowed the 'ramie wltirh she purchased at Liverp ml, end
finding that it gave her horrible agony, she mixed that
which she had purchased from Mr. Freeland in water, and
swallowed it also, belies ing that it would speedily terminate
her s etferines. It did so, but in a very different method
from what she anticipated. The dose being very pee erful,
brought on violent vomiting, and thus saved her life. Site
is now doing well.
ire SARAH Seens.—The trials of this tine @Lip barn
beeu looked forward to with great interest, she king the
largest vessel i.. which the principle of auxiliary steam-puma
has been fairly tested. Messrs. Sands and Co. are the
largest owners, sad she is commanded by Captain W. C.
Thompson, late of the Stephen Whitney, also above owner,
and for tweuty-five years commanding vessel, from New
York. She was Melt from the designs of Mr. Grantham, of
this town, tereethiug engineer, who hes had considerable te-
pee knee in this description of veneer I; he also superiunmeled
her construction, assisted by Capt. Thompson. The repot-
Sons of the Sarah sands arc as follow:—Builders' nee metre-
ment, 1,000 tote ; new measurement. 1,300 tons; les gth of
keel, ISt feet; length user all, about 215 feet ; &am, Z.: feet;
depta of main deck, 19 feet 6 inches; height or spar (leek,
7 feet 6 inches. She is barguerigged, with the attention
of a low mast Pvtvarf , making four ma is in all. She M
clenches. built. and double rivetted, has a clipper-how, and
a handsome billet-head, but, not having the broad flan: he at
the Lows for which the American Teasels are distiuguished,
she loses sereethiug of their bold appearance tecearel.
The broad bow has, hoeever, been found to possess e :iamb
vantages when going head to wind. The engines have
cylinders fifty instals diameter, and three feet stroke,
• nominal power 200 horses, and capable of working much
higher, cud are made on the oscillating prin:iple, con-
nected direct to the propeller shaft without spur-wheels,
an arrangement patented by Mr. Grantham, and applee el
by him to several yew!, with great terries. Her bunkers
will contain 300 tuns of coals, having room for stowing about
1,000 tons of cargo. Her screw is le feet diameter, has for r
arms, and is on a plan patented by Mr. Wo ederoft. of Mae-
chester. She has watertight compartment., and lower,
marl,, and spar decks. The following parties have been em-
ployed in her conetruetoe : Vest I built by blesses. James
Hodgson and Co. ; engines by ?dens. Bury, Curtis, and
Kcnuedy ; the cabins by Messrs. Humble end Milerest ; the
decorations by Mr. Hail; the furniture by Mr. Blain ; and
the paintings by Messrs. Jensen and &Midge. Every or.e
seems to have performed his part exceedingly credit 'Ay, and.
we believe, to the perfect satisfaction of the owners. Her
cabins are considered by all who have seen the re to be
much superior to anything yet produced in Liverpool,
leaving the celebrated New York liners far behind, both in
arrangement sod magnificence. Instead of the tom , narrow
cabins generals adopte 1, with sleeping roams on e ecla sk ce,
the forward end in the Sarah Sandi is the full width of the
shies, forming two long Tetra-es, which are Otte.! up in
excellent tote. This armee< tarot admits of three rows of
alining tables, capable of atfo:ding ample room for nearly
70 passengers; while in the daytime, the :side tables with
their fine sofas, will form the favourite lounging placer.
The eguipmenta of the vessel generally are of the n oat nee
perb description, no expense being spared in any port. Tito
Sarah San Is was taken salt of dock on Tuesday fur a private
trial, Messrs. Sands, Ripley, l'ace, M'Tear, Grantham,
and others being oar board. On Wednesd ry she again
started, in light ballast trim, having oa board Mr.
Atherton, an engineer from Woolwich, sent expressly by
tier Admiralty to witness the trials. At the Bell Buoy Mr.
Atherton and Mr. Grantham lett her, and returned in a
steamer; after which she proceeded to sea, with Captain
Thomson and Captain Nicholson, Mr. Grantham's super-
iutendent. The foggy weather was very unfavourable for the
trial; but an appertunity occurred of testing her sailing
qualities when near Holyhead. She remained out three
days, and returned on triday last, to take in a cargo fur
New York, for which place she starts on the 18th instant.
rise following account of her performances may be: relied
ripen, being taken front the log and from the testimony of
the various parties who witnessed them. tier draught of
seater was 15 feet 4 inches aft, and 13 feet 10 inches for-
ward. The ateani averaged about 5 lb. pressure instead of
14 lb., as intended, a detect which will easily be ren.cdied.
It does out appear ever to have exceeded 6 ,lb. The c 'gine+
made generally 30 revolutiens, 180 feet per minute f r the
piston, or 40 feet less than the usual standard. Wilt full
steam the speed of the engines will be 35 to 40 revolutions.
The speed of the vessel ueder steam alone, and with 30
revolutions, was full eight knots, and, (Cr a short time,
when the steam-pressure was its best, the revolutions
rescued 111, and the vessel rather exceeded nine knots.
When Mr. Atherton was on board her, she ran from the
Rock Lighthouse to the Bell Buoy in bb minutes, altiesugh
obstructed by a large fleet of tenets inward bound. Under
canvass she performed most admirably, being remit ',ably
stiff and manageable. 'I he following remarks appear ic. the
notes that were made during the passage :—" foe pilot eats
he would never wish to be in a stiffer vessel as she mould
roll to a ind sward." " The idea that the ship would• be tender
is all nonsense."—Lieerpool

soaKstn KZ.
FATAL AFFRAT.—On Saturday night last, a quart Si took
place between U. Webster, the landlord of the Malt "Alma
inn, at Artstley, near Leeds, and his father-in-law, ant
person named Gelder, residing in the same town, and it troor
of the public-house kept by Webster. It seem. that C, kiss
resided close by the public-house, which he often
and with respect to the management of which he (nylon, 'l7
very officiously interfered. 'lO such an extent had too a u•
noyance increased, that Web .ter had resolved upon quitting
the house, and bad agreed with a person to succeed Jim as
tenant. When Gelder went into the house on Saturday
evening, Webster told him of what he bad done, upon u hisla
the old man intimated that he might not accept the new
comer as a tenant. High words ensued, followed by some
seutti.ng, and ,:uring the affray fielder struck Webster on
the hi ad with a poker, which caused his death a few minutes
afterwaels. A coroner's inquest was sitting when our disi
patch was sent off yesterday from Li eds.
OLOUCFSTERSIIIKLL

.....
AXOTII ER FATAL MINE Ace:tut:NT occurred last wet k In
the Edson Pit, Forest of Dean. It appeared, from the evi-
dence adduced at the ir.quest on Fr:clay last, that a number
of workmen were in some carriages which run upon a tram-
way in the works, when one of the vehicles "jumped off the
rails," and striking against a post which supported an under-
mined portion of cliff, about three tons of marl-rock fell
on the last tram, and crushed one labourer to death and
lamentably injured another. A witness said, " It was c osdle.
light We were all aware that there was a broken pl..te at
the spot, but it being on the road for the empties, it wus not
much noticed." A verdict of Accidental death closed the
inquiry •; but such a decision does not remove the impression
which a perusal of the case induces. The existence of a
broken plate on a spot where the overhanging rocks were
merely supported by wooden posts, supplies another in.t.ince
of the reckless manner in which unnecessary dangers are
allowed to exist in these underground scenes of industry.
WORCESTERsIIIIiE.

TOLLS ARE Now LEVIED ON THE RIVER SEVERN. This
is done ucder the authority of the Navigation Improvement
Commission, who met on Thursday last to decide upon this
step. It was then reported by Mr. Cubitt that the improve-
ments were completed, and a six feet depth of water se-
cured in the river at all times of the year. This state went
was disbelieved by some of the gentlemen present. Mr.
Dowdeswell, M.P., said that a professional man had called
upon him, requesting him, if not to oppose the taking of
toll, at least to protest that the commissioners had not ful-
MIA their agreement, as iit the dry summer season there
was not the required depth of water in the river Severn,
whilst the river Avon had been rendered unnavigable in
consequence of the improvements of the Severn having
lowered the bed of that river, and drawn off the water of
the Avon. It was impossible for him, from want of
time, to verify that statement in the manner be could
wish; but he might mention that a large meeting
had been held at Tewkesbury, consisting of persons inter-
ested in the carrying trade, and who had come to the
unanimous decision to controvert the statement in Mr.
Cubitt's report ; and they denied that a sufiicient quantity
of water had been insured for the navigation of the river in
the summer. They also insisted that it was impossible for
any engineer to say what would be the summer depth of
water en the river.—Mr. T. Sturge, of Gloucester, said no
man would be more ready to support the works, if he were
satisfied they would be carried out; but from what he had
beard to-day and before, he did not believe they yet had
been. He maintained that it was out of the power of Mr.
Cubitt to decide in the winter reason what would be the
depth of water in the summer, and he understood that
nothing whatever had been done to make the Avon navi-
gable. The commissioners were called upon to declare that
the works were completed; but this it was impossible for
them to do either in legal sense or in common sense. He
should, therefore, move that the meeting be adjourned.—
The commissioners, however, succeeded in passing their
resolutions levying a toll upon all vessels navigating the
Severn.

SEA-BORNE LETTERA.—It is known that the atten-
tion of the government has, for some time past, been
directed to the consideration of rendering the steam-
ships employed in the conveyance of ses-borro letters,
available to the continental nations, and, generally, to the
whole world ; and the more complete and perfe, t the ar-
rangements for this object can be made, the more fully will
a great Rol useful purpose be accomplished. It is urged that
Southampton is now the chief port for the outfit, depar-
ture, and arrival, of the correspondence with the East and
West Indies, Central America, the south of Europe. the
Levant, and other parts, but the means have n 4.: yet been
fully developed (Cr effecting the cheapest, quiekeet, and, in
point of time, the fairest, that is to say, the nearest approxi-
mation to a simultaneous circulation. As this service is at
present 'conducted, an enormous and increasing mass of
letters, newspapers, and other forms of postal communica-
tion, is, on the one hand, collected at the General Post offic•
in London, and then forwarded to Southampton for embark-
ation ; and on the other hand, upon arrival, seaward, at
Southampton, is transmitted to London for general distribu-
tion. A letter addressed to Southampton is now sent to
London, and then travels back to its address; and letters
addressed to London are opened and perhaps answereei
before the accompanying correspondence can resell Bristei,
Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Hull, Glasgow, sod
other commercial cities and towns. Upon these data one
advocate for making Southampton the seat of a chief office
fur seaborne letters, says :
In :hese days of enlarged and increasing commerce, and of unex-
ampled activity, such an sdraniuge enjoyed by one locality over
another is by no means trilling. It most be admitted that so fu as
may be practicable, the delivery of letters should be simultaneous
throughout the tandem, and this consideration alone I. sufficient to
show that, neither London nor Liverpool, nor Indeed any but a chan-
nel port, is the locality Stud for the management of a Loge propor-
tion of the ma-borne corteapondence. *opposing Pootbampton to be
hat port, and the letteis to be sorted there, they tolght, upon the

completion of the Southampton connecting links it railway, Rasing.
stoke to Reading, and Oxford to Rugby (to he effected in the course of
neat taimme., reach London, iiri.tol, 111,11mth.
Liverpool, ,r di , Glasgow and Edinburgh, with the nearewt Prsetigal
approach to equality, with regard to time; and if despatched by
an evening train, would, at most of those cities and towns, be
received at the same hour; whit,t, with regard to Patin, MVP!,
and other principal places in France, Southampton would he the
mast proximate point. On these grounds, it is submitted, that the
postal arrangements of this cmintry, an to sea-borne eorrespondehee,
admit of and require further changes, and that the object of her Ils-
Jeac)'s government, in the direction of that great branch of the public
service, would be materially omitted and promoted by the transfer
to S.uthampton of the management, in its details, of the sesta:wee
oorrispuudence now passing to and from that text, through
London. This sobject is now professed to the refle.tion of
the commercial community, as involving many considerations
of importance to them, and with regard to which, each will
boat kn how to 'sprees and support its own view of the question.
DEVONSIIIRE.
STAIR or EDT:CATO/S.—A county conference, chisdy
of Congregational Dissenters, has been held, at which
E. Divett, Esq., M.l'., J. fleathcoat, Esq., M.P., and nu-
merous ministers and others attended. Mr. Dunn, the
secretary of the British and Foreign School Society, was
present. An excellent spirit prevailed ; and it was resolved
to final a county organisation for educational purposes, and
to raise the sum of 6,0001. for promoting the erection of new
schools.

BUCKINI

The DUKE and ltt:;;;;;;liiie7c7:corsst base been
bestowing eresturecomforts on their poorer neighbours around
Woltou and Stowe. Two fat limas, with bread and a'.e,
have born given to the poor of Ashendon, Wolton, Kings-
wood, and Stowe. Gifts have twin presented to the poor of
some of the neighbouring parishes, and the Duchess has
given away a quantity of clothing.
A MALT-rxx MEETINO WEI held at Buckingham on
Saturday last. It consisted of members of the agricultural
association, and was convened by circular. Not more than
$0 persons were present. A resolution was passed—" That
it is not expedient to urge the repeal of the malt-tax at the
present time, that the agriculturist is unequally end un-
latey taxed, and that there are burthena with which he is
exclusively charged, the alteration of which, would be
more beneficial than a repeal of the malt-tax ; that the',
support of the poor should be borne by all able so to do, and
that such should be urged upon the government, iuetead of
a repeal of the malt-tax."

LITERATURE.
The German Zollverein, from 1834 to 1815. Ikealan, 1846.
We made use the other day of the valuable in-
formation contained in this work, and now return to
complete our gleaning. We then stated the immense
advantages which ha-,e accrued to Prussia and North
Germany from the opening up of the old provincial and
federal barriers and custom-houses.
There was more diplomacy than sound logic in
holding up the favourable result derived from a re-
moval of internal restrictions as an inducement to
Hanover and the Ilanse 'Amens to try what effect
restriction on external trade would produce. M.
Schmidt and the citizens of Bremen, Hamburg, and
Lubeck, do not, however, stand alone in their
doubts of the benefit to be drawn from such
am experiment The author of the pamphlet we
are considering, although in his text he ascribes the
prosperity of the States of the Zollverein to the finan-
cial system adopted by these states, has added in an
appendix his opinion upon what are called protecting
duties. From his remarks, we must infer that he
does not consider the present rates levied as exceeding
the necessary amount of a revenue tax. lie formally
rejects the notion of advantage accruing from protect-
ing duties to any party. The author's influential
position renders important this concession to, or rather
defence of, the wisdom of not restricting trade. Ile
finds his view of the preference to be given to mode-
rate dutiesjustified by the experience of the past, and
shows that the increased consumption that of late
years took place inyarn imported into the Zollverein,
wasin no way prejudicial to the general manufac-
turing prosperity of Germany. Th importations of
cotton yarn into the Zollverein were, in periods of
three years, 1834-1836, 273,722 cwts.; 1837-1839,
339,305 cwts. ; 1840-1842, 447,711 cwts. ; 18-13-1845,
457,589 cwts. Within the seine periods the quantity
of raw cotton imported increased from 120,532 cwts.
to 178,540 cots., 242,720 mils., and 304,634 cwts.
respectively, shoeing an increase of more than two
hundred and Wity per cent. At the same time the
wares exported did not decrease, while the German '
manufacturer obtained possession almost exclusively
of the home market. The number of looms at work for
cotton wares increased in Prussia alone from 39,324
to 48,540 between 1537 and 1840. It may be re-
marked that all additions made to the spinning power
of the Zollvcrein States is by the aid of machinery.
In the linen trade, where much dependence is still
placed on hand labour, the improvements made in Eng-
land show a greater effect produced than in the trade
of Germany. The importations of linen yarn were, in
the different periods, 1834-1836, 41,245 cwt.,. ; 1837-
1539,
39,375 evils.; 1840-1842, 40,213 ewts. ; 1843-
1815, 62,514 cwts. In the same periods the linen
wares exported were 108,987 cwts., 82,443 ewts.,
78,452 cwts., 59,137 cwts. Some, bat not much, allow-
ance is to be made in comparing these weights, for an
increased proportion of fine wares, as being the
branch in which hand-spinning can be best applied.
In its of the increased duties imposed on mixed
woollen and cotton goods, the imports increased fmm
12.851 cwta. in 1834-1836, to 34,813 ewts. in 1843-
1845. The exports did not increase in the same pro-
portion. The woollens exported were in 1834-1836,
62,384 cwts., and in 1843-1843, 73,688 sots.
The importation of raw iron has rather kept
pace with the decline in price occasioned by
improvements in England than with the rates
of duty imposed. In 1837 the quantity imported
was 158,276 cwt.; in 1841, 986,373 cwt.; and
in 1843, 2,058,553 cwt. Bar iron and rails increased
from 175,386 cwt. in 1837, to 1,039,347 cwt. in 1843.
In 1845, when the imports of raw iron, in conse-
quence of the rise in price in England, fell to
427,185 cwt., the bar iron and rails increased to
1,033,938 cwt. Although the export of raw iron
doubled between 1840 and 1812, yet it was too insig-
nificant to affect the market, not averaging
60,000 cwt. annually. And, as the bar and sheet
iron exported did not show an increase, we may
assume that the large importations of 1843 and 1844
were devoted to domestic use, chiefly to the construc-
tion of the now railroads.
The author does not enter on the delicate question,
what advantage. the governments of Germany expect =
from throwing raiment; in the way of these and
other improvements, which so much depend upon the
price of iron. Nor does the author of the pamphlet'
eater upon the condition of the population as exhi-
bited in the consumption of articles of necessity or of
luxury. In order to complete our survey of the
results of the last twelve years for the greater part of
Germany, we add some particulars on this head from
a new work of M. Dietenci, the director of the Sta-
tistical Board at Berlin, the title of which may be
translated " Progress of the Prussian Nation."
In 1831, the population of Prussia was 12,780,745
souls. It had increased to 15,471,765 souls by the
end of 1843. The increase was 21 per cent. in 12
years, or 11 per cent per annum. This increased
population found means to provide for the following
increased consumption. In 1831, the consumption of
grain was estimated at 306 lbs. 2 oz. per head, con-
sisting of wheat 65 lbs. 54 oz., and rye 240 lbs. 1211
oz. In 1843, of 316 lbs. of grain, 78 lbs. 14; oz.
were calculated to be wheat, and 237 lbs. 13; oz. rye.
The quantity of grain produced in 1843 was estimated
to be 62,000,000 of scheffels, whereas, in 1831, but
40,000,000 were produced.
From careful investigation, the consumption of
meat was foubd to be 83 lbs. 10 oz. per head in 114
towns, in 1843. In the same towns the consumption
was, in 1831, but 75 lbs. 1; oz.
The consumption of beer is stated, in 1831, to have been
15 46 100 quarts per head ;in 1813 nos 15 19-100 quarts.
Spirits (whisky), 1831, 8 1-12 quarts ; 1843, but 6 93-100
quart,.
Wise, 24 quarts in 1831 ; in 1843 rather less than 2 quarts.
Tobacco, 3 1-3 lbs. per bead in 1831 ; 3 I.lolbs. in 1843.
Rice, in both years nearly the same, Ih. per head.
Sugar , 4 35-1001bs. in 1831 ; 1841., colonial, 4 23-1601b5.;
8 tmcle, -1001ba. ; beetroot sugar, 11b., or 5 36-1001 be. per
_head. Molasses are much used instead of butter.
Coffee, 2 297-1000 lbs. per head in 1631; in 1841,
2 53-100 lbs., increase about 10 per cent.
Salt, unaltered, about 17 lbs. per bead.
Woollen-wares, abcut one yard per head. The number
of sheep increased 4,484,277 head between 1831 and 1843.
Linen wares, 4 to 5 ells (21 to 3 yards) in 1843, probably
less than in 1831, owing to the inercused use of
Cotton goods, in 1831, 7 ells ; in 1813, 13 ells (9 yards)
per head.
Silk and silken stuff., 35.100 ells (1-5 yard) in 1843, some-
thing more then in 1841.
Front highly ingenious, and, coming from such
authority, most valuable calculations, 111. Dicterici
draws the following interesting conclusions : If we i
calculate the amount of the consumption of every
individual in Prussia in the year 1843, at the prices
of that year, the total price shows a cheapening on
the whole, as compared with the prices of 1831, of
4 2-5 per cent, and, as compared with 1806, of 13 1-3
per cent.
On the other hand, if we compare the small con-
sumption of 1806, at the then existing prices, with
the large consumption of 1813 at the reduced prices,
the increased earnings of each individual ought in
the latter year to equal 92 2-3 per cent.

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