The Express.
London, England, 1851-09-24 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 24, 1851.

EPISCOPAL ORDINATION.
TIIE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY AND MR.

Tho followin .g correspondence between the Rev.
W. Palmer and the Archbishop of Canterbury has been
published :
Whitehurth Canonicorum, Sept. 17, 1861.
"M) Lord Archbishop,—llas ing seen in the public
journals a letter addressed b 7 your grace to Mr. Oawthorne,
end being under the impression that the purpose and mean-
' ing of that communication has been in some degree misun-
eh. rstood, I venture most respectfully to inquire of your grace,
first, whether the letter in question is to be considered as an
official and authoritative document, or os an informal ex-
pression of private opinion; and, secondly, whether it was
your grace's intention in that letter to state that the bishops
and clergy of the church, of England generally are of
opinion that episcopal ordination is simply non-essential to
the validity of orders, in which case it might be dispensed
with amongst ourselves ; or whether your grace meant to
include in the majority of which you spoke those who
would be reluctant to pronounce positively on the invalidity
of all ordinations to the ministy performed in foreign parts,
where episcopal ordinations could not be obtained, though
they would not consent that such ordinations should be in-
troduced into the church of England, or recognised as con-
veying power to officiate in that church.
" I have the honour to be,
" My Lord Archbishop,
" Your very humble servant in Christ,
" Wm. PaLmEn.

" His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury."
" Addington, Sept. 19, 1841.
" Reverend Sir,—A letter to me in a spirit of Christian
candour would be entitled to attention, independently of
the advantage which it derives when contrasted with other
notices which have been taken of the communication frau-
dulently obtained from me by Mr. Gawthorne.
" In regard to that communication, I take the opportu-
nity of mentioning that it is nut unusual for me to receive
inquiries from persons unknown to me respecting matters
concnected with the church, to which I consider myself
bound to reply when there appears no ground for suspecting
the motive of the writer. Mr. Gawthorne's letter came to

.
me as one of these, and whether concocted by himself, or
with the assistance of others, I cannot think that it was
otherwise than cleverly composed, or that it contained
anything to excite suspicion.
" My answer was expressed in a manner which I certainly
should mt have adopted, in au authoritative or official
document :' or if I had believed that I was smiting any other
than a rivate letter. Still, inferences halm been drawn
from it, for which it furnishes no ground whatever. Other-
wise, it would be impo.sible that you should ask me whether
' it was my intention to state, that I myself, or the majority
of our clergy, look upon episcopal ordination as non-essen•
tial to the validity of orders, so that:it might be dispensed
with among ourselves,' or so' that any others than those
episcopally ordained could have power to officiate in our
church.' Ihis was no part of Mr. Gawthurne's inquiry—his
inquiry was, whether in 'my opinion, or that of the majority
of my brethren, these foreign clergymen were not truly
pastors of the church of Christ, but were to be considered
as mere laymen.' This I thought equivalent to the question
whether we held that no person, in any country, or under
any circumstances, could he entitles! to minister iu the
church of Christ, except through the imposition of episcopal
hands.
" I replied that I imagined this to be as far as possible
from the general opinion, either among our bishops or
clergy. I knew that neither our articles nor our tortnu-
larici maintained such an opinion. I knew that many of
our eminent divines had disclaimed such an opinion ; and I
knew that such en opinion, if pursued to its consequences,
would amount to d, airing that no valid sacrament or other
ministerial act had ever been performed, except under an
episcopal form of government. And therefore I could nut
believe, and I still do nut believe, that many of our clergy
would venture seriously to maintain such an opinion.
"To be convinces! that episcopal government, and there-
fore that episcopal ordination, is most agreeable to Scrip-
ture, most in accordance with primitive practice, and itself
the ' more excellent way,' is perfectly consistent with the
judgment of Hooker, that the lineal descent of power by
apostolic sucet•ssion is not, in certain casts, to be urged ab-
solutely, and without any possible exception.—llook vii.,
chap. 11T. See also boccie ini., chap. xi.
" Unable as I am to account for the misrepresentation to
which I have been subjected, I ant glad to find so proper an
opportunity of correcting them as your letter affords.
"And I remain, reverend sir, your faithful servant,
J. IL CANTVIII."

THE GREAT EXHIBITION.

The weather, which in its present aspect realises !
all we read of the peculiarsolluess and comfort of the Indian '
summer, continues to attract daily increasing crowds to the
Crystal Palace. Upwards of 60,000 persons passed the
barriers yesterday, and comfortably filled every nook and
corner of the vast edifice. A peculiarity in the attendance
now begins to develop itself, which was not perceptible in
the early days of the Exhibition. While the throng of om-
nibuses and cabs continues as dense as ever, the tide of
pedestrians swells daily, so as to render the thoroughfares
nearly impassable to any one who attempts to breast the
current. There can be no doubt but that the London
tradesmen and mechanics now begin to flock thitherwards
in right earnest. There were immense numbers of
them, with their families, among the visitors yes
tenlay, and the number of babies in anus was
such as to render all fears for the consequences
of the emigration drain quite superfluous. A
universal squall pervaded the interior throughout the day,
blending curiously enough with the tremendous groaning of
Gray and Davidson's organ, the perfor.nance upon which is
looked upon as a common enemy by all the exhibitors whose
hard fate has located them in its dreaded vicinity. The
solemn peal of the organ is a very good thing in its way,
when employed in giving voice to appropriate music, but
when a gentleman employs himself from morning till night
in playing " Poor Old Ned," and similar appropriate selec-
tions of organ music, in a gamut of thunder, the ear is
deafened, and the taste outraged by the desecration. Seve-
ral exhibitors have complained of the nuisance, and one
person whose duties place him in the hottest of the fire, has
actually been mice sr twice invalided in consequence. A
specimen of the lengths to which human folly will go was
exhibited in a lithographel drawing of the aerial pontoon
bridge, which the projector circulated and gravely
tendered as an ocular proof of the soundness of
his invention, and certainly its appearance was cal-
culated to disperse at once any doubts which might
still have linge.ced in the minds of scientific men on the
subject. But the fact is that, although hitherto overlooked
in the presence of more substantial nttractione, a large por-
tion of the Exhibition consists of models not a whit more
rational in conception than the aerial bridge; aerial loco-
motives that won't steer, immenie collections of wheels that
won't turn, and models of machinery for various purpeses
that display an entire ignorance of the first principles of
mechanics. One great good that the Exhibition has done
has been to explode the notion that an immense amount of
unnoticed talent lies buried in the various towns and vil-
lages of England. We indict ewe arc safe in asserting that
not a single new principle, not a single novel application
of an old one has been brought to light, in the thousand
and one models which have been sent in by work-
ing men and amateur mechanics. On the contrary,
they exhibit the most whimsical conceits and pue-
rile contrivances, aud must have coot a melan-
choly waste of time which would have been prevented
by a little elementary education. In this point of view
the collection is instructive, and may well occupy one of the
closing days of the season. The quota of schools was rather
Isee, and comprised the St. Matthew's, Denmark-hill, 39
National, Stockwell, 38 boys, 36 girls; Crown-street
'fish, 24 boy; Harlow, Essex, 26 girls and boys; Ken-
sell-green National, 32 boys; $;. John's (versants), 22
beers; Barnard and Fawbert's, Barlow, Essex, 87 boys
and girls ; St. John's Wood, Roman Catholic, 24 boys,;
Southampton National, 24 boys. Amongst the general
visitors the only group requiring particular notice was the
Chinese family from Albert-gate, who appeared in full cos-
tume, and had quite as many admirers as the Koh-i-noor.
Another point of attraction was a large board which the
executive committee had caused to lit placed at the southern
entrance, and noon which was displayed in large conspi-
cuous figures the number of visitors for each day of
Ws week, and fur every successive hour of the day. Its
utility soon became apparent to the various officials, who
were saved the trouble of telling everyone who went out
the exact figure up to his or her departure. The arrange-
ments for the final closing of the Exhibition become of
maitre interest as the day fixed for the purpose approaches.
We believe that, as they Stand at present, the 11th, which
falls on Saturday, will fie no otherwise distinguished than
by au absolute prohibition of invalid chairs, and the open-
Mir of the doors at 9 o'clock, instead of 12, as at present.
Tb• evening. closing will be final as regards the public,
end on the following Wednesday Prince Albert will attend
M distribute the medals, and to take his leave of the exhi-
bitors and jurors. This, we believe, will comprehend the
satire closing ceremonial. The police numbers were 60,382,
"sad the receipts, 2,8591.75.
The following shows the temperature yesterday, as
recorded by Mr. Bennett's thermometers, being the mean
result of 100 readings ;-10 o'clock, ,as; 12 o'clock, 63;
2 o'clock, 64 ; 4 o'clock, 1111; 6 o'clock, 67. :them tempe-
rature, 61.4.

only 61. or 71., and enabling one man and two boys
to make about 1,800 pipes per
day.
These were sold
at 20s. per thousand. For about 100/. or 130/. a
tilcry with one of these machines may be estab-
lished.

Since 1813 considerable improvements have been
made in draining-tile machines, so that the pipe-tiles
may now be produced at about 15s. per thousand.
In three years, namely by 1846, machines were
made capable of producing 20,000 tiles per day. The
various machines of the moat approved kinds are all
to be seen at the Exhibition. Ainslie's machine No.
5, class 9, is for moulding drainage pipes and tiles,
and bricks, and is shown with the model of a kiln;
while the Ainslie Brick and 'file Company show a
similar machine, with various specimens of their per-
fected goods.
Clayton (N0.:47) also has machinery and tools fur
the manufileture of drainage pipes, and for making
drains, with drawings of kilns, drying sheds, and
other requisites for a filmy. Brodie, from Airdrie,
Scotland. has a registered machine for the same pur-
po-es. The other exhibitors in this department we
observed were Jones (135), Grimslcy (136), Dean
(199), Goodwin (202), Seragg (228), and Whitehead
(239), and all of these are well worth the attentive
inspection of landowners, agriculturists, and manu-
facturers of tiles and bricks. The Earl of Ennis-
killen also exhibits some extremely well-made drain-
ing pipes and collars, draining tiles, and roofing and
flooring tiles, as well as a specimen of the clay from
which the goods were manufactured The prices at
which his lordship's tiles are sold are extremely
moderate, particularly as they are unusually light,
well burned, and hard. Indeed, so good is the
quality of the clay, that the deputy-chairman of the
Board of Works in Ireland has suggested that beds
of white potters clay are likely to be found in the
pits. and may be applied to the manufacture of the
common white earthenware. At the works the one
inch pipes melba. per thousand, at Enniskillen 125.,
and at Newry and Belfast 16s. The 11 inch pipes are
145., 155., and 21s. respectively, per milk, and
other sizes in proportion. At the late Exeter meeting
five of these machines were selected for Arial, and
the result was that in a trial of ten minutes White-
head's machine made 724 pipe tiles, one and a half
inehe in diameter and 131., inches in length, two
men and two boys bring employed; Clayton's ma-
chine made 539, also employing two men and two
boys ; Seragg's made 350, employing two men only :
a:r.l Williams's 180, employing one man and one
boy. Clayton's machine required least power to pro-
duce certain results, and on that ground received the
prize ; but the judges reported that Whitchead's
pipes were superior, and a much greater number
was produced in a given time. Probably., little can be
done beyond mere details in the further improvement
of these machines, and that pipe-tiles will scarcely
he made cheaper flan the present price of 15s.
per 1,000; though in many districts they are still
not to be bought for less than from 20s. to 235.
per 1,066 1) inch pipes. Modern experience has
proved that in order to secure effective drainage, the
drains should be laid four feet deep, and, on strong
land, not wider than 21 feet apart; thus requiring
1,700 pipes to the acre, with the coat of cutting and
laving. The expense of draining is still very for-
midable, seldoni less than 4/. to 5/. per acre. This
has naturally turned the attention of rural inventors
to the possibility of cutting the drains by, machinery.
Various implements have been tried for that purpose,
i roost of them proposing to cut out and remove the
soil to the required depth in somewhat the same way
ns it is now done by hand ; the immense power, how-
ever, required to work such machines, apart from
other practical difficulties which are serious, scent to
'preclude any hope of success in that direction.
A more promising machine for the purpose may be
seen (No. 28, class 9) in Mr. Fowlers draining
plough. The mole plough, of which this is an en-
largement, has long been used for draining pasture
land on clay soils at moderate depths, say 18 or 20
inches; but as the aperture made by the mole con-
sisted solely of a channel formed in the clay soil by
compression, its use was almost confined to uniform,
clays, and the drain was exposed to injury from the
action of water and air, and from vermin. The
depth of the drain, too, was insufficient. Mr. Fowler
has now invented a powerful implement of this sort
by means of which a channel may be made at any
depth down to five feet, the plough is worked with
ropes by a windlass or capstan, for applying either
horse or steam power; and the exhibitors assured us
that by means of two horses a depth of four • feet
may be attained with case. The instrument has
such power that stones of considerable size arc
completely broken, so that the plough is applicable
to a wider range of soils than the uniform clays. 'lke
perfection of this invention, however, consists in the
plan by which the pipe tiles are drawn in after the
runner of the plough and remain placed in alto with
a precision greater than when placed by hand. The
contrivance by which this is effected is simple, and, we
should think, effectual. It has been recently shown at
work at Wormwood Scrubbs, and we understand its
performance is quite satisfactory. The cost of laying
drains with this machine at four feet deep is stated
to be 30s. per 1,000 feet, and of course at less depths
the cost is proportionally smaller.
Another machine exhibited which may for the pre-
sent be deemed experimental, and to point to the
probable future of hnglish husbandry, is Lord Wil-
loughby do Eresby's machinery for ploughing by
steam. Upon the level land and good working land
of his lordship's estate in Lincolnshire, where it has
been principally tried, its work is reported to have
been well done. Tho machinery employed consists
of a locomotive engine, weighing 3, tons, and of 26-
horse power. It has a double capstan attached,
removable when the engine is required for
other purposes. The engine moves across the
centre of the field on a light portable railway.; the
ploughs advance and recede on either side of the
railway, at right angles to it. The plough employed
consists of four ordinary, and the like number of sub-
soil ploughs, fixed in a frame ; and it is directed by a
person standing on a small platform attached to the
frame. Two such ploughs, ono on either side of the
railway, alternately advance and recede, the advanc-
ing plough working, the other idle, until it regains its
proper position for ploughing the next four furrows.
On the completion of the four furrows both ways,
the engine and side frames advance each three feet.
The ploughs are attached to an endless chain 150
yards in length ; and they can be detached at plea-
sure, or shifted from ono side of the chain to tho
other ; and they travel at the rate of five miles an
hour. Provision is made to prevent derangement
in use the ploughs strike against any impediment ;
and there is also a provision on the carriage for
tightening the chains at the fences, by which
the length may be varied forty feet, to suit irregu-
larly shaped fields. Should any further alteration
be necessary, it can easily be dune, as the chain is
made in thirty-feet lengths, one of which can be
added or taken out as required. The number of
ploughs or blades may be increased should it prove,
on further experience, desirable, for the full power of
the engine is not exerted with the four ploughs as
above described. It is estimated that this machi-
nery, with the power and arrangements described,
would perform the work usually done by sixteen
ploughs, driven by as many men, and drawn
by thirty-two horses. Requiring itself the at-
tendance of eight men, and a horse to
draw water for the engine, it would thus
save the labour of thirty-one horses and eight
men. Tho cost for coals is ss. a day. The cost of
the machinery altogether is about 5001. At present
this machinery is only calculated for the cultivation
of
fiat land, but should it stand the test of further
trials, and tome to have the ingenuity of our agri-
cultural implement makers and of our practical far-
mers applied to it, and be adapted to undulating
grounds, it is difficult to estimate the economical
value of the invention. The saving of horse labour
is one of the most important and difficult problems
in modern agriculture, and steam ploughing made
generally practicable seems the indispensable thing
required to effect any large saving of horse labour on
farms.
, The last machine we shalt notice is that which has
attracted such general notice amongst our farmers
during the last few months. We allude to the reaping
machine. Of this there are two different kinds in
the Exhibition. That which first demanded attens
n was M'Cormieh's. It is an American 'mids-
t, the use of which has been rapidly increeong
the United States, the inventor having sold no less
than 1,800 of them in that country last year. Such
machines have been casually mentioned by travellers,
inhn
,but bad not beep thought of practical importance
in this country, and had excited no interest here.
Few travellers are agriculturiats, or surely we should
have heard before of so obviously useful a machine.

Professor Johnston, in his recently published " Notes
on North America," writing of an agricultural meet
ing at Syracuse, in the state of New York, thus refers
to reaping machines :

- 7
Of reaping machines there were several varieties on the
ground, (tad several arc actually in use in the Western
States. Hussey's, which I saw on the ground, was said to
cut 25 acme of wheat a day. My friend, Mr. Stevens, who
went round the yard with me assured me he had seen one
of them cut sixteen acres. M'Cormich's maehine, I sup-
pose, must be a good one, from the information here given
me that as many as fifteen hundred of them have been made
at Chicago in Illinois this last year, and sold fur cutting
wheat on the prairies of the north-wes.ern states. Of course
it is only on fiat lands that they can be advantageously
employed. But where labour is scarce, and the unwoodea
prairie plenty, the owner of a reaping and a threshing
machine may cultivate as much land as he can scratch with
the plough and sprinkle with seed. _ _

From the above quotation it would seem that
even so acute an agricultural observer as Professor
Johnston considered this implement rather as a con-
trivance adapted to the peculiar circumstances of
America, where labour is scarce, and to be adapted
even there only to certain situations. When, how-
ever, the machine came to be tried in this country—
and to Mr. Weld is due the merit of having it first
tried on his corn not yet ripe—it was found to be
likely to meet one of the most urgent wants of our
farmers. The getting in the harvest, always ex-
pensive, and often difficult, from the simultaneous
demand made for lunaspad this year been found to be
unusually expensive and difficult from the absence of
much of the Irish labour we used to obtain, and from
the full employment into which our own population
had got. Hence a reaping machine which promises
to save full one-half both of the cost and time
hitherto expended in harvesting the grain crops,
came to our farmers like a friend in need. Nir.
Mead's report of its performance was to the effect,
that it will act perfectly on level ground with a
standing crop, and will cut from ten to sixteen acres
a day; that the quantity cut depends more upon the
activity and strength of the man who has to remove
the corn by a rake from the platform on which it
fulls, it being hard work to remove one acre and a
quarter per hour; that open furrows and deep water
furrows presented a considerable impediment to the
machine's action. The American machine has a
kind •of reel or vane or paddle wheel, which
presses the corn towards the cutting part
of the implement, which is turned by the
action of the mechanism as the implement
is drawn on, and some persons apprehended that it
would heat out the grain, but this Mr. Mechi re-
ports not to be the MSC. Afterwards the same ma•
chine was tried on a farm at Farningham in Kent,
in the presence of a large party of fanners, who were
quite satisfied with its value. A third trial took
place on a farm of Mr. Mangles, M.P., near Guild-
ford, Surrey, which was attended by a numerous
and important party of landowners and tenant far-
mers. The ground on which the trial took place is
stated to be very strong and uneven, with deep fur-
rows, end but a slight crop, being, in fact, as bad a
piece of ground for the purpose as could have been
selected oa the farm. It had undergone no prepara-
tion for such a trial, by stone picking in the spring,
and so forth. All present agreed that, in spite of
all obstacles, the machine did its work admirably.
The time occupied m cutting an acre of wheat
was forty-four minutes, and the experiment was
admitted to be conclusive as to the great
amount of saving, both in time and money,
that would be effected by its introduction into gene-
ral use. It has since been tried on the farm belong-
ing to the Agricultural College at Cirencester, in
Gloucestershire, with equal suerces. The other
reaping machine in the Exhibition is that made by
Messrs. Garretts, of Liston Works, Suffolk, and rs

somewhat different iu its arrangtment, dispensing
with the vanes for pressing the standing corn to-
wards the rutting kt:ives. }or the practical value
of this implement a great number of the leading
agriculturists of the district who have seen it, at
work vouch. The makers state that it will cut
wheat with great facility, and in a manner superior
to that reaped by hand. Two horses and two men,
or a man and a lad, will cut about an acre in the
hour, or perhaps a little more, where the crop is
not heavy. The corn is delivered in heaps of the
proper size to form a sheaf, and is evenly laid,
so that it can be tied up as easily as
if cut by the sickle. It is stated to be
very easy of management and not liable to get
out of repair, a must important point in any agricul-
tural implement, and especially so in such as reaping
machines. The man who manages it stands on a
small stage at the back of the left had side of the
machine behind the horses, and he rakes the corn as
cut off the p'atform by placing his rake on the stand-
ing. corn just as the cutters reach it, and that by one
action it is swept across the platform and delivered
on the ground ready fur tyeing. This has been de-
scribed to us by a man who has done it as not being
particularly hard work, requiring only a knack and
a steady attention; and we apprehend that the seve-
rity of this labour spoken of by Mr. I‘lcelti arose
rather from its newness than anything else. The
shape of the knives is such as to keep them in good
cutting condition. The corn is cut by a series of
triangular knives placed on a horizontal sliding
bar, intersecting or working between a like series
of iron tines, which are fixed to Ca wooden plat-
form provided to receive the corn as it falls.
These knives it is said will work for a whole

season without requiring to be sharpened.
Motion is communicated by means of a crank-
shaft worked by the revolution of tho travel-
ling wheel of the machine. As the implement pro-
ceeds in its work, the corn is received and cut be-
tween the knives and tines, and falls on the stage
merely by its own weight, and without any extrane-
ous pressure, from which it is raked off by the man
attending on the machine. It has been tried on
lands ploughed fiat as well as on stetches or ridges,
both lengthways and across the furrows, and in each
tho result has been deemed satisfactory. Six men
are required to follow the machine so as to tie up
the corn as it is cut. From 12 to 13 acres of wheat
a day can thus be cut by a pair of horses and eight
men, or seven men and a lad, and the same number
of persons would scarcely be able to accomplish the
same quantity in three days by manual labour. Al-
lowing for the extra horse labour and the cost and
wear of the machine, we think the saving of money
in reaping by machinery may be estimated at one-
half, and the saving of time at two-thirds. If the
agricultural part of the Great Exhibition had done
no more than bring the reaping machine into use,
it would have accomplished that which will be of
immense value to British husbandry, but in fact it
has given an enormous impulse to the use of good
implements and to agricultural machinery, as may
be tested by the numerous orders the machine-
makers have received. We should mention that a
groat medal has been most justly awarded to Weer-
nuek's reaping machine.
And now, having brought this our final notice of
the agricultural implements and machinery of the
Exhibition to a close, we may safely ask our non-
agricultural readers, and the visitors of the Exhibi-
tion, whether they had any notion that our rural in-
dustry was so much developed as they find it to be?
Did they imagine that so much ingenuity, skill, ca-
pital, and activity, as the agricultural department
indicates existed amongst the interest which its
.eudo friends has so long represented as helplessly
depending on legislative protection, and shrinking
from, and trembling at, competition with the compa-
ratively rude agriculture of other nations ? Who-
ever may have wandered into that department,
whether practical agriculturists or not, can scarcely
fail to have noticed the great variety, the ingenuity
and numbers of the articles there exhibited, or avoid
the reflection that such things must be made for no
unskilled hands, for no merely rude husbandman.
They are obviously the results of the requirements
of agneulturists,who combine "science with practice"
in connection with the use of much capital. And
these implementsege and machines, which are in the
greatest the produce of scientific researches,
e v efari:indae farmer.
who is at once an eminent scientific, and practical
g
ore
farmer, that of all those useful implements, and all
a7edt i practicallyd at
.Ihla leas b enmv very applied
r djm tools
andremarkedof mtre
bt British
' M r Puny,
that complete and elaborate rural machinery, scarcely
a single article was in existence twelve years ago.
Thus have our greatest improvements in husbandry
been coincident with the discovery by our foremast
husbandman, that nothing but self-reliance and im-
provement would bring them success.
That inquiry into "agricultural distress" which
took place in 1536, and then satisfied all rational
landowners that the days of protection were num-
bered, became the origin of that immense progress
which our agriculture has since made.