The Express.
London, England, 1846-12-15 00:00:00

When the farmer would not listen to this doctrine of
nsitse and thine, he went to the landlord and asked
him whether he could not do better with the land I
than use it to annoy him. The answer, as we know,
was given much in the same old-fashioned hearty,
style: " I don't know, but 11l try," was the reply of
the sensible amongst the English landlords. Under
this feeling the corn laws were abolished.
Strange as it may seem, Ireland, without hav-
ing much puzzled itself with the theories of eco-
nomists, has, in its own way, tried the same ex-
periment. The high prices of food, combined with
the singular powers of abstinence for which the Irish
peasant has ever been famed, have ultimately caused
all the labour of the country to merge into agricul-
ture. Consequently, the history of Irish industry
has been from trade with France, with England, with
Germany, from ship-building, from linen, silken, and
woollen manufactures, to a gradual extinction of
nearly all these sources of wealth, Atthe same time,
the food of the people has retrograded from grain to
potatoes.
Now, to regain the position that they have lost, to
recover what they have retrograded, it is not to agri-
culture the Irish should look; nor to increased agri-
cultural production, for exportation and rent. In-
stead of half a million a month spent upon roads
and drainage, let the millions be poured into those
enterprises which Sir ROBERT KANE has so mi-
nutely and prophetically pointed out. And let
the rising generation of Irish have some other
alternative than turning con-acre with his
spade. A poor-law will not guide upper or lower
classes to this; nor can squireens and country gentle-
men conduct such a social reformation. But they
should willingly endure taxation for such purposes;
for these, if carried out, would add ten times more
value and power of production to their land than all
the drainage that the wildest county juries could
present.

TIIE letter relating to the parochial schoolmasters
of Scotland which we published on Tuesday last, has
elicited some controversial remarks from another
Scotch conespondent whose communication appears
in to-day's paper. We suspect that the substi-
tution of the word " district," or "local," for " paro-
chial" schools or teachers, would remove much of the
apparent difference of opinion between our corres-
pondents.
When the parochial school system of Scotland was
first devised, the Established Church was the church
of the whole people to an extent that it is not now,
and never can be again. No system of education
could, in the then state of public opinion in Scotland,
have been established, the control of which was not
vested in the local church courts. The breaking up
of the Presbyterian body into the various commu-
nions of the Secession, Relief and Free Church (not to
mention less numerous sects); the increased numbers
and political power of the Roman Catholic and Epis•
copalian bodies; and, more important still, the growth
of a party which would emancipate secular instruc-
tion from clerical control, renders it impossible (even
if it could be desirable) to keep the schools of Scot-
land under the exclusive control of the Established
Church courts. The old system of parochial schools
in Scotland belongs to the past. But it does not,
therefore, follow that the whole existing machinery of
local schools and local surveillance must be swept
away, and an entirely new system substituted in their
place.
In 1834, we are reminded by our correspondent
whose strictures we this day publish, there were in
Scotland 1,047 parochial, and 3,995 non-parochial
schools. But, on referring to a Report by the In-
spector of Schools in Scotland (which appears in the
second volume of the Minutes of the Committee of
Education for 1845, recently published), on the state
of education in four principal midland counties of
Scotland, we find some information that materially
modifies the conclusions to which this statement would
seem to lead. Of 166 schools " usually visited
by the Presbytery of the bounds," to which this
report relates, only 64 were parochial schools,
properly so called ; 63 were schools endowed by pri-
vate gift; and 39 were unaided adventures of the
teachers. Mr. GORDON (the Inspector of Schools for
Scotland) remarks that the four counties may be con-
sidered to represent pretty fairly the general condition
in respect of education and the means of education of
the other lowland counties of Scotland. It would
appear from this that for every 64 parochial schoois
there are 102 non-parochial schools which have volun-
tarily and permanently placed themselves under the
same surveillance and control as the parochial schools.
We must, therefore, in order to ascertain the compara-
tive number of schools in Scotland which are pre-
pared to submit to such superintendence, add a pro-
portionate number to the 1,047 parochial, and deduct
it from the 3,995 non-parochial schools. This will
give us 2,715, which have been accustomed to be
regularly inspected by the local church courts, and
1,327 which have rejected such interference.
Turning to the educational returns for Scotland,
published by order of the House of Commons, in
1841, we find among the non-parochial schools,
which are periodically inspected by members of the
Church Courts " of the bounds," such institutions as
the seminaries at Dundee, the Perth Academy, the
academies of Ayr, Irvine, and Annan, the schools of
Dumfries, and others of the first-class establishments
for general education. It is not merely the poorer
class of parochial schools, it is fhe borough schools as
well—the intermediate seminaries between mere
elementary. schools and universities, that have recog-
nised the visitorial powers of the Church Courts.
There is another circumstance connected with this
recognition of the visitorial powers of the local Church
Courts on the part of the higher seminaries which is
not without its importance. In the periodical examina-
tions of these institutions, the clergy have bees accus-
tomed to find themselves associated with the magis-
trates of the burghs, or the founders and patrons of the
academies. Local civil authorities have established by
prescription, in regard to these institutions, a co-ordi.-
nate power of superintendence with the local eccle-
siastical authorities. Here, then, an opening appears
already to have been made for a natural extension of
the old national system of local school support and
superintendence, to an adaptation of its most valuable
features to the altered balance of powers in modern

ia, .1846

rians, called the Khozani, who had hitherto escaped
the savage fury of the Kurdish chief, have been his
last victims. Bedherhan Bey demanded 25,000 sheep
of the dunga, or head shepherd of the Khozani. The
dunga, in the hope of inducing him to moderate his
demand, repaired to the Kurdish camp, and offered
half the number. Bederhan Bey, so far from accept-
ing the proposition, had the dunga seized and flung
down a precipice ; then, with the bleeding and mangled
body borne before him, he marched into the territory
of the Khozani. In a few days the whole country
was laid waste with fire and sword. Sixty-seven villages
were pillaged and then burnt. At place
ld called
Is" habour he murdered 800 pTI. ersons is n blood.
e most horrible cruelties were every where perpe-
trat.-d by these monsters, IV.ar Johannah, the second
patrio-ch, was impaled alive. Several Nestorituis,
icularly the priests, had oil poured over their
ies, and were then roasted bei-ore a slow fire, I midst
the jeers and wevAge yells of their, `ermellters•
tai have been the
The unfortunate people of Khoz.
victims of every horror that men, hen abandon
anding
themselves to the frenzy of the fl.
'met the
r nor sex
age
foulest passions, can perpetrate. Neith, and
-
was spared of those who supplicated for mercy,
those who stood on their defence, the t.
same. The fertile disttict, where forme 19 ra, zed
ite was the
the numerous flocks of the Khozani, is no a aeg.
late waste. Their villages are now smelt udetmi
ruins ; and where there was once a harmle. '9, and
active population, there is now the silence of , l•
eatm
Bedherhan Bey, whose hands are red with a
sand murders, after having completed his worl of
desolation, is gone with his savage horde eksewhi. re.
The Kurdish chief took with him 40,000 sheep, b
longing to the Khozani, as part of the provision fo. "
his troops during the winter.
111-feeling seems to be daily growing stronger be-
tween the Porte and the Persian Government. The
tenor of the notes sent a few days since to the
British and Russian representatives by the Turkish
ministry ote the subject of the conferences of Erzeroum,
shows a most hostile feeling towards Persia. These
notes attribute to the quibbling character of the
Persian government the rejection of the treaty which
had lately been drawn up for the settlement of the
frontier question. It was on the basis flirnished by
the Persian government that this treaty was drawn
up at the Porte, but it has been rejected by the
Persian Plenipotentiary, because by an unaccountable
error Mohamarah had been called an island. Tho
Porte seems to blame the representatives of the me-
diating powers for not preventing the unjust delays
which Persia opposes to the settlement of this inter-
minable question. Every concession, consistent with
its dignity, was made by the Turkish government.
Commissioners were sent from Constantinople to
Bagdad, where it was agreed that they should meet
the commissioners of the Shah, and a joint survey be
made of the ground in dispute. During three years
the Turkish commissioners waited at the place ap- ,
pointed, but those from Persia never came. " Out of
compliment," says the note above mentioned, " to the
mediating powers, the Porte grants a further delay
of three months, in which time the government of the
Shah will be able to send a new commissioner to

Bagdad."
In consequence of the report made by Major
Rawlinson, the British Consul at Bagdad, upon the
geography of the territory in dispute, Mr. Wellesley
has determined on supporting the Persian view of the
matter. It is easy to understand the object of Russia
in keeping this question open, but it is scarcely a wise
policy on the part of England to permit a rupture be-
tween Persia and Turkey, because it is doubted
whether Mohamarah be the name of an island or not.
As if bent on trying the patience of the Turkish
government to the last extremity, Persia has just
sent in a claim to the l'orte for 6,000,000 of piastres,
which were advanced by the Shah to Ressoul Pasha of
Revandouz ! Here is an open avowal on the part of the
Shah of having furnished money to the rebel Psalm of
Revandouz, and the Porte is now peremptorily called
upon by the Persian governmentto discharge this debt.
You will remember that Ressoul Pasha, after his de-
feat, took refuge in the Persian territory, where he
still remains. The refusal of the cabinet of Teheran
to give him up to the Turkish authorities, was also
the cause of a good d.s.l of altercation between the
two governments. It is not to be supposed that the
Porte will submit quietly to a succession of vexations
of this nature. Notwithstanding the frightful state
of disorder which exists along the whole of the fron-
tier, from Tchurouksu, in Georgia, to the Persian
, Gulf, the Shah would still find Turkey a most for-
midable enemy. It would be easy to turn that spirit
of insubordination which displays itself in massacre
and pillage into the channel of legitimate war ; and
the chiefs who are now in arms against the Porte
would possibly become its most useful allies.
A dreadful fire lately broke out in Salonica, which
consumed nearly the entire of the quarter inhabited
by the Jews. Ten thousand of these poor people are
said to be now without food and shelter. A subscrip-
tion has been set on foot, and a considerable sum has
been already collected for the relief of the sufferers.

FRANCE.—THE BEY OF TUNIS.—The presence of
the Bey of Tunis at Paris, says La l'rease, seems to have seri-
ously eocupied the attention of Lord Palmerston,notwithstand-
ing that his time was so inn eh taken up with the Duke of Mont-
peusier's marriage and the locorporation of Cracow. England
is very sensible on any subject relative to the Mediterranean,
and the Bey of Tunis, a neighbour of England and an ally
of France, would have been seen with great pleasure at the
Court of Queen Victoria, where an attempt would have been
made to tear him away from the exclusive patronage of
France. But an obstacle presented itself. The Bey had
scarcely set his foot on French ground when he was treated
as al sovereign prince, and England, who does not acknow-
ledge him as such, and regards him as a vassal of the Porte,
would not receive him at Court, unless presented by the
Turkish ambassador. Lord Normanby was, therefore,
directed to negotiate this weighty matter with M. Raffo
minister of the Bey, awl he is said to have intimated
to that persoaage that it was in his makter's interest not to
be too difficult as regarded Great Britain, that as yet the
Bey had been equally well inclined towards all nations, but
that he seemed now on the point of departing from that line
of policy, by throwing himself entirely into the area of
France, which would be clearly proved if he declined pre-
welling to England on the conditions proposed.. The Bey
not being oonvineed by all that reasoning that ha ought to
renounce his prerogatives as a sovereign prince, intimated to I
Lord Nortaanby, through his minister, M. Rage, that he
refused to comply. Lord Palmerston did not relinquish the
cause as. lost, and sent a despatch to be read to M. Raffo,
stating that if the Bey proceeded to London. he would be
most cerdially received, but that the British Cabinet had
duties to attend to, and certain obligations which prevented
it from admitting that Prince into the Queen's presence
unlesitypreseneed by the Turkish Ambassador. The Bey was
to take into eawideration that he had other neighbours as
well as Algona, and that he was not to eel solely under that
point of new. This second attempt vracequally nnsuccesa-
fuL The Bey persisted belie resolution. It has even been
announced that he leaves Paris on the 15th for Tunis, to
witch plate M. Legacy,. Consul-Genarel, is to accompany
Lim.

TILE NEW THEATRE IN PAltilti—A new plan is nit
present employed in the TheAtre pntpensior for the pur
pose of drying the mason-work, so as to enable the opening
to take Otos at the• end of tha. month, ea orignally so,
nounzed. The moisture is draws front the inwle to the
exterior by means of a powerful warming apparatus, which
is found to succeed, perfectly. 'When the eentractor firshpro-
posed his plan he vrai asked tv.give proof of its efficacy in
the prince's box. This being ilone, the part of the well was
demolished, and A could be seen that everything was per-
fectly dry through and through. A contract was then
catered into with him. Unit or five apparatuses are now it
work, and the whole theatre 'will be dry in a week„

------ --__
plaintiff and defendant, the court declared itaelfineoropete.
to interfere, the parties being both English. We extesaili;
following front the decision of the Tribunal, as "'.
by the president.—" If the French tribunals pa tik.
cognisance, as between foreigners, of certain urgent
-r
and
.provisional affairs, yet as this is only i ful,
which they are at liberty to use or not, and as in tii;
present cause the plaintiff and the defendant are bath
English, and the question is besides the appreciation af n
will governed by the laws of England, it is not a aye
which the tribunal can enter upon the affair. That -;,
Csillet, who has come forward with the plaintiff, withaa,
having any quality to authorise his doing so, cannot plead 4
his favour Article 14 of the civil code, inasmuch as he is Im'
able to show that any convention existed between him asi
the defendant, the tribunal declares itself incompetent, nn
condemns the plaintiff and Caillet to pay the costs."
DISCOVERY OF ROMAN POTTERY.—A few day,
ago, were discovered at Audeuge, in the Gironde, screen
Roman yeses, in a broken state, and the bust of a statue al
white marble of exquisite workmanship, and some pans of
which are in a good state of preservation.
THE REPUBLIC OF ANDORRE.—In a deep ~,,
retired valley of the Pyrenees exists the small independent
state of Andorre, under the joint protection of Prince lad
Spain. It has laws by prescription, which are administered
by two judges, one French, the other Spanish. This little
Republic comprises fifty-four villages, with a pnpulatioa „I
about 12,000 inhabitants, living nn the produce of the flock,
and herds, their chief wealth. When Napoleon crosseg,
Pyrenees, on his way into Spain, he stopped at An
the capital, and promised to contet on the It-public a written
code code of laws. But this promise concurrent political met,
prevented him from performing. Tae inhabitants hays,
length framed a code for themselves, and it was pyme,
gated last month at the chief town. It is of the great,
simplicity, comprising all its enactment., civil and criminal
in 100 articles only. Murder is a crime extremely ese, n
this little state, and, when sentence of death is pronounced
it cannot be executed until it is confirmed by a general a.
. sembly of representatives of the villages convoked at an.
dorre. The moth of execution is consistent with the anus
of the people. At a short distance from the road into est,
lonia is a tremen.lous precipice, the bottom of which al i„,
of man can discover. The criminal, with his eyes betted,
led to the edge, and, in the presence of all who wilt I
it ttend, is thrown over by the executioner.
TILE STRIKE AT LYONS.—The C'ourrier of Lyma
oft he 9th, stabs that, with the exception of • very it,
„„, ber, the silk-dyers of that place have not retarget:,
n-
although they already see that they have ern
work, . •. •
fooliA ly in striur g. They cannot, they say, give way, bm,
ray their engagement, and being under the tensi
Its made against such persons as should relate
tbhoeunthdre

:,.thTe
hgrnipesiefthisi mtaho:
wit
itt ZANY.—The German journals muting[
tugsburg Gazette of the 6th inst. makes leg
give long e rtieles on the incorporation of Cracow. tide*
title, 4, An, other word on Cracow, in a German pied
view," the ...
lowing rem,* ka : "If we enter into the polemic ,m*Piis
nationality in such manner as has been practised for the ie
sixteen years, 1
os of every ether, to effect a social eta
yyocauPuonigesFwforrilthea:kgyid
t is evident enough that the 'violent Ingee,
of partici, ii et, rely. the least efficient advocate forPlei.
The greatest age tis the revolution which makes lade
cause of Poland, .
according to its o• ".0 ideas. Such a polemic bas Mae*
foundation—names
majority, though led by see
dependence of th rat country, and the emu* i
practicably impossie de, desire of seeing that indepe,
1, young Italy, and the pal
ence re-established.
every country, w'ao feel sympathy for the nun l
Poland ; but rho .
aspirations and prond pea only seek to wage Ira acct
what they call the sawn nnuated order of things. Tin:
explain the existing aye
Germany, young
.Englans
Church, with set ant Poles. A. This is the only pointafe,,
in which the whale MOM vent mast be. regarded. 1%,
party, therefore,cannot admi 't the historical fact, that ate
the partition of Poland toes : place it was a dead ke
neither can it admit, with t he authors of the Hilton.:
Poland, before and after John t labiebki, and with a hula
others, that the Pales were en naiderable gainers by nes
corporation of Poland with three great rata; le
can they avow, whet in their , 'leacta they arc well eve
of, the impossibility of the re-gists blishraent of Poked No
independent state. All the an ertions of this petty.
founded on untruth. But it 01. Add not be ethane. I
Could they speak the truth ? Can we, Germans, dearth
the partition of Poland was to our ad vantage. Was licra
truly what it was stated to be, the bulwark of Gennr
towards the east? Or amid it bravos ',swell ? In sera.
strength it was not wanting, but its ins titutions premed:
from being anything else than a brio*. 1 into the very her,
of Germany. is it not a fact that loni . before in partite
Poland was under the influence of Russ 'a, that it reeene
its king from a Russian hand, and that t. le voice of feat I
was heard the loudest in the court, it the senate, sal I
in the assemblies ? Of the two evils, the p. 'llitinn of Poked :
or its entire absorption by Russia, the form, •ree amity*
lesser. Frederielnll. was right when he sa i'd "that tali
share be should have a corner stone of Gem .111." Wrall
Rtraia have been a loser by incorporating in bee antis
100,000 men, which, in a was against Prow is Of Anon
might have marched against thera, sr, iii e it pre-
sent they may be turned, against liaisiii •' A feet
equally well known, is the sympathy of th a *Wen
represratatives of ancient Polemd for Tome Fr. Ent 5- Bed
have proclaimed it so often, that we could not bra ha *bean
it. The Poles who left their country entered* di ore saps
into the service of the movement en France,. and wo Imola
its cause with indefatigable zeal. This is why del 'mi. • ead
noble peers make themselves the organs of tee m oat %Vint
and unfounded accusations against Germany.. If the raid
emigrants attained the end they any they have in view, the
re-establishment of Poland, Germany would be plated Be-
tween a cross-Hue. This may be a tlatterirg hotel* in
revolutionary party, which counts numerous. part*, .a-
Germany, but truly not for the true German, who lons tra
country. if we read the publications of the Polak organs,
reprinted evenin Germany, we find.them full of that God be'
praised harmless, but manifest hostility ; we findtherria the.
Berlin and Vienna have no future prospeeta "bee*
Germany as far as Bremen and the Italian needier nee
fall to Poland" as soon so it begins its new ante
Is this lane meant to lead. us in the dark a is
one true interguagests ? In a German point of view. we
cannot regar i as an evil that the Polish provinces Me
become Gerdmant , and not through Germany's teult: Ind
that the revolutionary party, France in parnculer Wass
yet succeeded. is erecting. a hostile power on oar mem
quarter. Tine* why we have reason to rejoice- at the in
corporation of Cracow. We rather prefer another Gerann
draw-bridge and another cornerstone on the Wanda, the
a swarm of pernicious revolutionists, backed by French in-
fluence, in our rear.
VIENNA,. DEC. 3.—According to the Yurembag
Courier, Dembinski, the leader of the insurgents in the
Galician insurrection, has just been wrested at Lilly. the
the massacre of the Galician nobles et Lissa•Gure. he lied *-
Hungary and found a refuge with a Hungarian noble**.
He was endeavouring to reach some foreign had rams"
..sine arrested.
Russia and Prussia' have each appointed Oro
at Cracow,but none of dee German pewees have foliewelthear
examples,notwithetanding the wishes expressed by Auitru
Their declining to do *wiz regardel.by a German rural*
a tacit paotest against the incorporation. .
The P)7ussian Gamotte of this 4th stateathe esok,
in Berlin supposes that a war in. EU!' JpC w2l Elise o,,,t_T, 1
the Cracow affair. ' England,' says this joints', ,"'",... ,
not be so weak as to allow hurself to be againdelet.ir 1
France.'" Curiously enough, whilst an Enghth 10°"*" ,
pretends that the Wag of the Feench has demanded a eel !,
j
gross on. the affair of the marriage, the Berlin. oarn4-
of a congress as probable for the termiaation of tneCrico
affair by means of a convention, which want* all *to.:
meat and adds, i's If the Cabinet of the Tuileries tebrr:.
join,. it may retests to the iselation in which it has stid.'.
found itself."
GRAND DUCHY OF BADE[.—The change of wi
.t
try, which had been for sense time expected in Balmy;
takes. place. 'Else Minister of the Interior es tyPointt,.
eident of the Council of State, and is replae.ed by If.
RUSSIA.,—ST. PET3ILSBURO, Nov. 24.--The Igt;
period court still remains-le Zarskoji Selo. The Duels"._
Leuchtenbrag alone with, her children still remains tr.„7.
palace, whore she has been for a couple of WAS. a"
eonaort, the.duke, will not return from Munich till
__.,
of next munth. Two aouriers go regularly twice s7l
between this town and Vienna, to bring the intelligalt
the health of the Grand Duch** Maria Miehaelowass..,n
still continues of a very gloomy nature. The lad forci,
which vas receiveft, at Zarskop Selo on Friday, Oft,
slendenhopes of the recovery of the illastrious lade- a .
GrandiDucheas sheiald not survive, it is proba4 that ".
eourt,will pass the ensuing months* Zarakeji Selo. On 5.54 i
day tee Grand Duke Alexander, by particular &sir
emgerer, set out, for Vienna, in consequence of the 0774
illness of the Greed Duchess. Immediately on *
the military bulletin announcing the successes okLientf,,a
Count Bebuton in the Caucasus,, against Schnsyl• the erde
the insurgent*, his Majesty was.gracimuly pleeendr2;..
/
ho %atm
on that office,' the order of Saint George of . ~,,
Our latestintelligence from K.vonstadt of Friday, rest"
the harbour and the roadstead were blocked up r.
The post between Kranstadt and the capital hit
rupted low three days. From the commencement of tbal
to the Idath of the carrent menth,ls6o shies raid arrival
harboar of Kronavdt; anat.-AL hadsaile,l. Ilerethe .....„.
is still mild and dry ; the Neva is free `Joan
lee. r. gm-
Vine. of Ladombowever, there is a gooddeal of ice.. In
districts of one southern Provinces' esP‘cial4 ii
-L
Marinpol, Roston on the Don, an early severe neater r
in, after our cold autumn ; the roadsteads at Tagki,i,
rinpol, and the Don, at Roston, is covered with ii.7,=,-;
in fact, began to congeal as early EiS the cod f.u..,,,
Many yawls wit ich wanted to anchor in these
iliii
were compelled to sail to the newly founded nninuf . ti
Bereljunek. By an imperial ukase issued in the
._..iiit
September, an ordonnance of last year, fur an avd10517.1;.11
of the duties on ships and goods from foreign countn:, Ls;
not be applicable to those ooming under French col
jail
the porta in the Channel and the Atlantic. Nothing Mir
is yet published hero of the new commercial treeittn,
concluded at Faris, which rants mutual and very "
vileges to Prance and Russia.