The Express.
London, England, 1851-08-18 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 18, 1851.

time...-. After alaghf of three ix.ntalies Spkin awoke
at the thunders of the Treach revolution. She un-
derstood the new idea. Without overturning royalty,
which was still protected by old associations, she
enchained it in the constitution of 1812. If, after-
wanks, like France herself, she suffered a reaction,
accomplished not by any continuous movement, but
by those necessary oscillations which belong to
human affairs, this partial return towards the past
has only served to give her a useful, perhaps a neces-
sary lesson. The shamelessness of the throne has
displayed the naked vices of the institution itself—
the pUblic conscience has ceased to believe in a power
which has become an insult to the justice of God
and the patience of man.
The concluding heads are devoted to general con-
siderations and developments of their social and fra-
ternal theories. The socialism which they advocate
is not that adventurous, impracticable, erroneous, and
contradictory socialism, which has been inevitably
put forward in the infancy of the theory. But to
attain the socialism which they desire, nght is not
sufficient. To the right, which protects the indivi-
dual, they must join the principle of duty which
guides him. They interpret liberty and equality to
mean right, but fraternity means duty. From these
three spring order, the condition of social life. The
three forms of this condition are religion, family, pro-
perty. Perverting the expressions of some solitary.
dreamers by an unwarrantable use of some senseless
paradoxes, people have pretended that those grand
and eternal laws were attacked by republican so-
cialists. On the contrary, it is they who defendthem
against monarchists. Their religion, they say, is not a
religion of persecution, hatred, or intolerance;
not a religion which fears science, encourages igno-
rance, and leans upon absurd superstitions. Their
religion is that tie which binds men to God and to
each other. Their ideas of family are not those of
monarchs who have enslaved man, of feudal lords
who attach families to the glebe of Louis XIV., who
snatched protestant children from their parents
under pretence of religion, or of the Emperor
Nicholas, who in these days seizes upon flocks of
children in their domestic 'hearths and sends them
like cattle to work and to propagate in his colonies.
They wish to sec the family holy;freely, formed by the
impulse of pure affection, exempt from all profana-
tion and from all those temptations which are en-
gendered by misery. They wish to see the wants of
the body being satisfied, the mind fed, and the light
of instruction penetrating the poor cottage as well
as the splendid mansion. The rights of pro-
perty, they contend, invaded by the French
kings, were conquered by the revolution of
'B9. The aim of their efforts is to affirm and
develop the principle which consecrates property, at
the same time that they extend the efficacious enjoy:
mcnt of it. Acknowledging that property has its
origin, its only legitimate origin, in labour, they
neither examine nor discuss the past ; they respect
every acquired possession, asking only that for the
future every one may reap what he sows, may work
for himself and not for others, and may thus, creating
property
for himself, realize one of the conditions of
perfect freedom, liberty, that essential attribute of a
moral being.
In conclusion, they say that nothing will divert
them from their object, which is to promote a uni-
versal union of nations, upon the triple basis of
liberty, cituality, and fraternity.
• M. Sibour, the Archbishop of Paris, is
under the ban of the ultramontane church, on ac-
count of his liberal opinions. The Pope's Nuncio
lately gave a grand dinner, studiously omitting to
invite the archbishop. Cardinal Franzoni, of Turin,
declined to call upon him, and many of the aristo-
cratic inhabitants of the Faubourg St. Germain have
withdrawn the charitable contributions which were
accustomed to pass through his hands.
The Prefect of the Haute Marne has suspended the
Mayor of Bonneeourt, fur declining to post up the
speech of the President at I'uitiers in his district.
His assistant, who was ordered by the prefect to
perform the mayor's duties, has refused to undertake
them. The mayor alleges that the order to post the
speech was not mum official one to which he was legally
hound to attend, and he felt justified in not obeying
it at the expense of the inhabitants of his commune.
The President of the Republic has dissolved the
council of arrondissement of Limoges, for having in
their sitting of the sth August expressed a wish that
the constitution might in future be carried into full
effect, and that the laws contrary to the constitu-
tion, particularly the laws respecting public meet-
ings and the laws upon the liberty of the press,
might be repealed or modified.

UNITED STATES.

The American mail steamer Atlantic,Capt. West,
arrived at Liverpool yesterday morning at 3 o'clock
with 52 passengers and 110,000 dollars in specie.
She left New York on the 6th at noon, so that her
voyage has occupied about 10 days 10 hours, a re-
markably good run. She arrived out at New York
on Sunday, the 3rd, at 6 o'clock, making the voyage
in 10 days 18 hours.
The royal mail steamer Niagara arrived at :Cew
York on Thursday, July 31, at 41 o'clock p.m., after
passage of over 12 days.
The steamer Europa arrived at Halifax at a quarter
past 8 o'clock on Monday morning, Aug. 4, and at
Boston on Tuesday afternoon, Aug. 5, between 5 and 6
o'clock. Grtat despatch was used to enable the At-
lantic to sail from New York on her appointed day.
Between Monday morning and Wednesday noon she
discharged the 700 tons which she brought from
Europe, every package being landed at 6 o'clock,
' and within the same space of time taking in 600 tons
of her coal.
The America, of Cunard's line, sails at the same
hour from Boston, and there will be an unusually
fair opportunity of testing the relative speed of the
two ships, the weather being the same, and Boston
being about 21 hours sail nearer than New York is
to Liverpool. This is of course without making any
allowance for calling and detention at Halifax.
In the list of the passengers of the Atlantic, is
George Collyer, the celebrated yacht and steamboat
builder, who goes out to witness the racing of the
yacht America, at the Exhibition of the World's
Fair.

Great excitement prevails at the south on account
of the Cuban insurrection. Several volunteers have
left Savannah for Cardenas. One thousand men
have sailed from New Orleans for the same destina-
tion. Two steamers have been purchased by the
Cubans and their friends in New Orleans, where it,
is currently believed that they will obtain possession
of the island in the present struggle. A large num-
ber of persons in Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and
other southern states, are preparing. to give their
personal aid to the Cuban revolutionists. We learn
from Cincinnati that large bodies of young men in
that vicinity are waiting for an opportunity to join
the some standard. The President exerts the utmost
vigilance for the prevention of any overt acts on the
part of the Americans against the government of
Spain, but the zeal of private adventurers cannot be
repressed by the action of public authorities.
An enthusiastic meeting was held at 13anks's
Arcade, New Oilcans, on the 26th ult., to express
sympathy with the movements for independence in
Cuba. Captain James Stockton presided. The de-
claration of the patriots was read, and Judge Walker
addressed the assemblage. A committee of ten was
appointed, under the name of the " Committee for the
Promotion of Cuban Liberty," to collect contributions
in aid of the revolutionists.

Our correspondent writes as follows:
NEW YORK, Aro. 6.
We learn by telegraph from New Orleans that
another tire gas taken place at San Francisco, by
which ten squares of buildings have been destroyed,
and with them three millions of dollars worth of
property. This catastrophe was unfortunately made
more disastrous by the loss of several valuable lives.
This mistbrtune is to be attributed to incendiaries,
some of whom have been caught, and will meet with
summary justice. Strange as it may seem, the inha-
bitants were rebuilding the burned districts with the
same alacrity they have always shown. The effect
of this tire will however be to increase the stringency-
of our money market here, and produce the failure of
manv houses connected with the California trade.
The news from Cuba continues to have interest.
All our intelligence from the island, except that by
the way of Havana, is very positive as to the fact of
a very extensive insurrection having taken place.
The New Orleans papers insist that Trinidad and
Villa Clara have declared against the government.
On the night of the 21ith ult. a large body of men
lett that city for Cuba; and yesterday, and on the
Ist of August, the steamers Pamper° and Cincinnati,
the former with General Lopez on board, sailed with
men and munitions of war for the island. A mass
meeting of the friends of Cuba wits held, at which it
was resolved to aid the revolutionists, at all hazards.
The following is extracted from a letter written by a
patriot at Santa Bac°, bearing date the 21st July:
In haste and high spirits I pen a few lines descriptive
of the state of affairs iu the mountains of this locality, and
send the same by a patriot who is entrusted to transact I
some business at Key West of the utmost importance. The
unintser of patriots now in arms are at least 2,500 strong, ,
and occupy a range of precipitous fortresses, extending to
Moron, a distance of 170 miles, so defended of old by na-
ture and now by arms so to he considered impregnable.
One hundred and eighty-four out of a force of
four hundred government troops sent to dislodge
the insurgents, have joined freedom's flag, and re-
cruits
arc being added daily to the sacred standard.
A strong military force is stationed at Villa Clara, fur
the objeci of letting none from Ilavana, Matanzas, or Car-
denas, hold communication with the rebels. The revolu-
tionists arc not in the least alarmed, and swear never to
ground their arms but in victory or death. They are in
daily expectation of an auxiliary force of at least 1,000 men
from the plantations er elsewhere, and then descend and
advance to make a houra on Ilavana. The number of ves-
sels hovering about the island is immense, particularly in
the vicinity of the Isle of Pines and at Mataguetta, near
the north-cast end of the island. Nu natives are permitted
to leave the bland at present, so we arc informed here ; and
the strictest injunctions have been issued to the officers of
excise to examine all merchandise being shipped for the
United States with the greatest assiduity, and permit no
gold or silver coin, plate, or gold lace, to leave the island.
'fo Span", in Spanish vessels, all are permitted to send their
treasure, and for the same will receive the governor's ac-
knowledgment, with interest of 3 per cent. Crops in this
region look well, and for health the mountain breeze incom-
parable.

Before General Lopez left New Orleans. he made
a speech at the meeting to which I have alluded. At
the conclusion of this speech three tremendous cheers'
were given for Lopez.
A'peripatetic Irish lecturer recently delivered an
oration before one of the societies of Hamilton Col-
loge in this state, in which ho attempted to prove
I that we were not Anglo-Saxons, but Celts. Among
other things he asserted that, numerically, the people
of the United States were catholics. The following
table, however, contradicts the assertion. There are
communicants : of Catholics, 1,231,300 ; of Metho-
dists, 1,215,069; of Presbyterians, 594,083; of Uni-
versalists, 325,000; of Episcopalians, 67,550; of
Unitarians, 33,000; of Baptiste, 1,215,629; of Friends
or Quakers, 50,000 ; total of I'rotestants, 3,500,329 ;
total of Catholics, 1,231,300; Protestant majority,
2,269,029. There are 23,000,000 of people in the
United States. The Catholics claim 3,000,000, leaving
20,000,000 to all other denominations. It is safe to
say that 12,000,000 are truly Protestant.
From Toronto we have dates to the 31st July,
which state that an attempt was made in the colonial
assembly to throw open the navigation of the St.
Lawrence to all nations, but the government party
refused its assent until an equivalent could be ob-
tained from the United States.

The mails this morning bring nothing interesting,
except a report from the south that the Cuban in-
vaders have a rendezvous on a small island, among
the " Gardens," where they arc receiving supplies
and additional forces.

Our weather has been agreeably cool for some
weeks past, and the health of the city has much im-
proved.
The two steamers from Chagres overdue have not
arrived. Thee are rumours afloat that the govern-
ment of Nicaragua has revoked its grant of the
right of way by the San Juan, formerly given to
Messrs. Vanderhilt and others. Mr. Vanderhilt
and Mr. White went out suddenly last month to San
Juan, and no doubt for the purpose of ascertaining
the facts. Mr. White's name has often appeared in
my letters as the great advocate of this project.

ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICA.
LIVERPOOL, SUNDAY, 10 s.m.
The British and royal mail steam-ship America
has just arrived from Boston and Halifax. She
brings 43 passengers, and 30,000 dole. in specie.
The advices from New York are brought down to
the ith instant, by electric telegraph via Halifax.
These are confined to commercial reports, with the
' exception of another arrival from California, bring-
ing two millions of dollars of gold dust. The
accounts from the mines was as encouraging as ever.
In cotton there was no alteration in price, but
there was an increased disposition to buy.
Flour and grain were dull, at Tuesday's quo-
tations.
Money was more plentiful, and the market for
stocks and securities better.

• [For market see last page.]

CANADA.

TORONTO, Aro. 2.

One of the most important bills of the session has
been under the consideration of the Legislative Assembly
during the past week ; this was the bill to increase the re-
presentation of the province. It was in effect lost, as a
vote of two-thirds is required by the constitutional act to
carry it, and the ministry required one of this number.
Out of a house of St there were 55 who voted for the bill.
I believe it is tho intention of the government to carry it
through and send it home.
It was proposed by the bill to increase the representation
of united Canada from 8.3 members to 150, which latter
number is very nearly the same as that of the two parlia-
ments of the separate provinces before the union, It seemed
to be admitted on all hands that an increase of the present
representation is necessary ; but great objections were urged
on the part of the minority to the govcrument scheme. The
Lower Canadian conservative British complain that while the
representation of Lower Canada is increased by 33 menders,
thirty-two of these are given to French Canadian consti-
tuencies; and they contend that the manifest object of this
is to "swamp" their influence. Upper Canada ermserva-
tives complained that the proposed division was exceedingly
unjust as far as they were concerned, and that some coun-
ties, which returned ministerial supporters, were to have
two members, while counties possessing larger populations,
but which returned conservatives, were only to have one
member. Mr. Hineks, on the part of the ministry, replied,
stating that the scheme was founded on a mixed basis of
territorial divisions and population, and that many of the
complaints urged might be remedied in committee. Again,
others objected to the general principles of the bill, on the
ground that it should have been founded entirely on popu-
lation. But this, it was urged by the ministry, would be
einga:t..a lsirc.lo:
impossible, if the union were to be maintained, as Lower
Canada must send as many representatives to the united
parliament as Upper Canada.
I believe the representation should be increased, and that
the actual representation was arranged by means of corrup-
tion, to suit a particular purpose, and does injustice to the
reform party of this province.
Another important measure has been before the house
during the past wick, and this aas a scheme for the union
of all the British North American provinces. It consisted
of a series of resolutions proposed by Mr. Merritt, late pre-
sident of the executive council, for the legalisation of a con-
vention of delegates from all the provinces to devise some
plan of union. The resolutions were negatived by a large
majority of .37 toll.
Mr. Mack*, the inspector-general, strongly deprecated any
plan of organic change in nor constitution, contending that
it could only he productive of the worst effects, and that
Canada was now in quite as prosperous a condition as any
of the neighbouring states, and only required peace to con-
tinue so. But, on the other band, it was urged that great
benefits might be expected to flow from union. It was
contended that it would consolidate our re•oure, s, make us
more powerful, and of more account in the eye of the ,
1 I
n.r.;;:',l:a'
almost everything
rsnee
thevb
eiesr,Lntletot
between
ntn.drgo,
themuii bit, tnc, Fmayrumobe loe: ,
very
forcer;dy t
p:,:toi
tnrth,
hab both
andt htnieaai thismo fe n
provincesc
otrsei.n,bl..,l:sli,u.
have
1
I I they
oa,t;that distant
gwhhaotuafltr,hfot
foreign
er
render
oinge:al7(lerthtretur
i,otheritou..rnyi
00. anfs
Lord
toEht.
entghrlacv:iiiitrl
provinces,h,.
y, unlessthaint
I il slisn now report,pro
and in this lie is no doubt right.
I believe the project for a union is favourably re-
garded in all the provinces, and that in time it will come i
about.

A resolution has been passed to refer the rectory question
to the judicial tribunals. This settles a great difficulty for
the ministry.
It is said that the present miuisterialists and the clear-grits
have agreed to patch up their differences, rather than let
the reins of power fall into the hands of the tones ; and I
believe there is truth in the report. It is also stated that
after the retirement of M. Lafontaine, the French will go
for the secularisation of the clergy reserves.
Comment:l/Lt.—There are no transactions of moment to
report, this being the dull ►eason. The crops arc pros-
perous. LAMBDA.

INDIA AND CHINA.

THE OVERLAND MAIL.

By our usual channel we have received in advance
of the India mail news front India and China, to the
following dates—Calcutta, July 2; Bombay, July 5;
Madras, July 9, and llong-Kong, June 23.
Our correspondent writes :
BOMBAY, Irv, 5.
The steamer Auckland starts to-day for Aden,
with a mail to meet the Calcutta steamer, which will
reach that port about the 25th, so this allows her
nineteen days for a voyage, which, in tine weather
generally occupies front seven to nine. It is to be
hoped she will be more fortunate than the Sesostris,
which left on the 7th ult., and which, finding she
could not manage the run to Men, made fur Point
de Guile, where she unfortunately arrived a day too
late for the Calcutta boat. The absurdity of em-
ploying steamers like her for mail purposes is now
more apparent than ever, and it is to be hoped they
will never again be so emvloyed during the monsoon.
There has been little of interest transpired during
the past ten days : what little there is is recorded in
the subjoined summary of the Bondsta Times of this
morning:—

The neglect so long prevalent of the state of the health
of Euroman troops in India is now beginning to give way :
the bulk of the Europeans in the Bengal army are now
quartered in the hill stations in the north-west provinces ;
barracks for the accommodation of a large body of Euro-

peans in the Madras presidency are to be'constriicted at the
expenditure of 30,00/. on the Neilgherries, at an elevation
of 7,000 feet above the sea; investigations are in progress at
Bombay to ascertain whether Paunchgunny or Pourunilliur,
at elevations of above 4,000, be the more suitable station,
or whether it might not be judicious to adopt both. The
expensive barracks built fur Europeans at Hydrabail and
&nide will hereafter rcnsain tenantless, and none but na-
tives be ever quartered away front the coast, unless in cases
of emergency. At Bombay the Culuba barracks, long
notable from their liability to fever, are to be aban-
doned, and quarters built on the fine airy ro-
mantic ridge of Chimhpoogly Hill, near Parell, six
miles from the Fort, and 200 feet above the sea close
by—the railway is on one side, the boat accommodation at
Sewree on the other. The ship I'hilomeno was lost on the
13th June in the liooghly, off Silver Tree Pagoda, and on
the 21st the ship Parsee Merchant was lost on the Eastern
Reef, off the mouth of the river ; the Chebar was lust on
the Bremaus Shoal, Batavia, on the 12th May. The mon-
soon at Bombay has been must favourable so far as it has
I gone ; 30 inches of rain have fallen in June, or nearly a
third beyond the average. In the interior it is still defi-
cient ; at Poona they have only as yet had three inches.
On the 22nd of June there was a violent burst of rain and
thunder on the hills ; the river at l'oona came down breast
high, roaring like a cataract, and four men who were at the
time crossing a low bridge or arched weir, always overflown
when the river is full, were swept away, and three of them
drowned. A violent storm occurred at Umritsur on the
16th, and at Wuzeerabad and I'eshawur on the following
day; the Reece was rising rapidly, and a general fall was
behoved to be at hand, and the rains are considered to have
fairly set in in the North West Provinces and all
over Lower Bengal. At Madras this is the middle of the
fair season, but a succession of heavy showers
have tended to mitigate the heat of the climate. At
Bombay the criminal sessions commence this forenoon; the
calendar is unusually heavy—amongst those comprised in it
is one murder, the perpetrator of which has confessed his
crime. The slwriffs tees are to be reduced by a half after
the close of the present year, and it is believed that the
offices of sheriff and deputy-sheriff will be comprised in
one, and conferred on the deputy as permanent sheriff here-
after. The Small Cause Court Act in force at Calcutta hal
been brought into operation at Bombay. There is no truth
in the rumour of the intended retirement of Sir Laurence
Peel from the Calcutta chief justiceship. A true bill at the
instance of Col. Mactier has been found against Mr. Lang,
barrister, late editor of the Mofassilite, for libel, in the
coarse of his defence of Jotce Persaud. A clue is said
to have been found for the incendiaries of the Arid;
and some hope is entertained that the murderer
of Lieutenant Johnson, of the Madras Cavalry, may
be discovered. Captain Fenner and the officers of the
Falkland have been tried by court martial for the loss of
that vessel, and fullyand honourably acquitted. The share-
holders of the Agra Bank, of the New Oriental Life In-
surance Company, and of the Calcutta Public Library,
have all resolved to register as Joint stock companies under
the new act, by which their affairs will come to be laid
periodically before the world, and they will have all the
benefits of chartered copartneries. The sub-treasurer at
Calcutta is about, it is said, to be appointed postmaster-
general on • salary of 4,0001. a year, with the designation
of Director-General. of Posts ; of course the new officer will,
like his predecessors, have to commence his apprenticeship
on entering on his work.

The rumoured retirement of the Chief Justice
of Bengal has been contradicted on demi-
official authority. Sir L. Peel has no intention
at all of giving up his appointment for the pre-
' sent. Major Herbert Ldwardcs, the hero of
Mooltan, has by this time entered on his
duties as Commissioner in the Jullundhur Doab.
The Mends and admirers of the gallant General
Sir W. It. Gilbert, at Calcutta, have resolved to pre-
sent him with a magnificent sword, in testimony of
their admiration of his conduct during the last Seikh
campaign. The subscription is open to all, the sum
of 1/. being all that any individual will be allowed
to contribute. One of the two Lascars recently tried
at Calcutta for burning the ship Ariel, has been con-
victed of the crime; sentence had not been passed.
An exchange of commands has been sanctioned be-
twixt Brigadiers W. If. Elliot, slst Foot, at Banga-
lore, and Brigadier H. It. Milner, 94th Foot, at Can-
nanore. Mr. Mills, the Calcutta chief magistrate, is
about to vacate that appointment for a commis-
sionership, and will probably be succeeded by Mr.
Elliott, of the civil service. A couple of dozen