The Express.
London, England, 1846-10-06 00:00:00

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LONDON, TUESDAY, OCT. 6.

TuE Repeal Association has put forth an address
urging on tire people of Ireland the duties of " patietws
and peace, avoidance of crirne,confidence in Almighty
God, and resignation to his holy will." The Associa-
tion is bound to exert what authority it possesses for
the repression of all disposition to outrage and riot.
We trust that this address may work, with the exer-
tions of the clergy, the strenuous relief efforts, the
military precautions of the government, the con-
cessions of the landlords, and the exhortations of the
press, to prevent any recurrence of such scenes as
those of Dungarvan.
An attempt is in progress to procure from Govern-
ment advances in aid of those Irish railway companies
which can offer satisfactory security for such loans.
A meeting fur the purpose of forwarding this scheme,
was held at Dublin on Friday last, the Lord Mayor
in the chair. The speakers urged the obvious
arguments in favour of the proposed advances.
But they were very seasonably reminded, by a
Mr. SMITH, that it was very improbable that
government would make any such advances as were
required without the authority of parliament, and
that a delay of many months, probably, would inter-
vene before such grants could be made, even if the
demand w, re complied with. In the mean time,
Mr. SMITH pointed out how the baronial sessions
might be made available, in many cases, for a similar
purpose, by presenting such railway works as came
under the provisions of the act, instead of ordinary
roads. This scheme might be carried out within
three weeks or a month. Mr. SMITH'S suggestion
was not opposed, nor his reasons combated, by any
one prescat. But it was intimated to him that his
proposal could not be adopted without embarrassing
the proceedings. It was accordingly not pressed by
its originator, although decidedly the most business-
like proposition submitted to the meeting.
Presentments have been made of the earth work
of some railways already, and we believe (though
not quite so confidently) that in one instance they
have been commenced. This illustrates what we
have already insisted on, that the public works, under
the Labour Rate Act, are by no means necessarily
confined to roads. All works of a public character,
as opposed to those which in their primary
and direct effect benefit private properties, may
be presented to the Board of Works under that
statute. We have pointed out those of public sewer-
age, and drainage improvements ; repairs of chapels,
infirmaries, barracks, and other public buildings.
Such cases occur in yesterday's report for Fermoy,
where 6001. was allowed for building a Roman Catho-
lic chapel ; and for Clare, where (at Drumcliff) 3,000!.
was voted for furnishing a similar edifice, and 308/.
for a wall round it, only three magistrates dissenting.
At the same sessions, Mr. FITZGERALD moved the
appropriation of 16,000!. for the embanking the Ennis
and Limerick railway through the baronies of Islands
and Bunratty. The sum was voted unanimously.
It remains to be seen if it will be confirmed
by the Board of Works. That body has been
dealing with the presentments in a style calculated
to allay the fears inspired by their large amounts, u
compared with the rentals of the districts, which they
in many cases actually doubled. Thus they have cut
down an outlay of 32,2331., voted by one division of
the barony of Carbery, to 7,223/. In another case
33,880/. was voted by the sessions, but the Board
ratified only 3,380/.
These cases illustrate strikingly that recklessness
which is commonly, and too often justly, attributed
to the Irish landholder. The same improvidence with
which he runs into debt for means of self-indulgence,
is shown in contracting obligations for the relief of
others. This very extravagance makes us somewhat
of the clamour against the Labour Rate Act.
reproductive works have been found, if,
accepting every scheme presented, the
magistrates and eess-payers had exercised their duty
selection, and spared the Board of Works the
)le of these wholesale reductions ? The super-
; labour they might have obtained employment
ith the aid of advances under the Drainage Act ;
. have worked the two measures together, instead
attempting to swamp both by confounding their
and provisions. Great complaints are made
low wages paid on the public works. The

obvious remedy is to put the men on task-work ; pre-
viously ascertaining the expense of a labourer's main-
tenance as a minimum, and the fair,mount of an average
day's work. Yet the accounts frr,m quarters where this
fair and unobjectionable method has been tried afford
but little encouragement, if Government were to be
deterred by disappointmet.it at the threshhold. Thus
the labourers employed ;.it the drainage of the Owna-
buy River, in the district of Ballinhassig, county
Cork, struck work because they were paid not by the
day, but by task. At the rate assigned, it is asserted
that they would very shortly have been earning is. 6d.
per day, when they had overcome their prejudices
sufficiently to use the tools provided for them.
Those who refused to join in the strike,
and continued at work, were declared by
Mr. MOLONY, a magietra'e, to be earning
from 14d. to lid. a-day. On the representation of
the priest to the officers of the works, arrangements
were made for the return of the misguided people to
their labour.
There is the same species of irrationality in such
proceedings as was shown last. year, when workmen
left the great Shannon works, and ls. 6d. to la. Bd.
a-day wages, to work on the public works at Is. The
only person, apparently, to deal with these extraordi-
nary men, is their priest. He understands them,
and they have confidence in him. With the
ignorance of savages as to the nature and rela-
tions to themselves of a Government, and much of
duplicity of serfs, they have a large element of affec-
tionate docility which renders them, even in this
trying time of starvation, tractable to the priest,
always their best, often their only friend. It is well
that the present Government possesses so much of the
confidence of this most important body. Without
their aid, the work of relief, so trying now, must
have been well-nigh hopeless.
A deputation of landlords, as suggested by Mr.
O'CoxsELL, is to meet in Dublin. We agree with
Lord LUCAS that the meeting can serve no useful per-
peso.
The landlord's post just now is on his property.
Each district has its own distress, and its own means
of meeting it. In marshalling these, is the land-
owner's best present employment and paramount
duty. Those on whom the burden of relief falls,
require all the strength and aid that the presence of
the landed gentry alone can give. If, while their
tenantry are starving, these gentlemen are fomenting
their private, or even their class grievances in Dublin,
they may look for a more hopeless sea of difficulties
to beset them on their return to their estates.
If they are wise, they will not leave the latter. They
will find ample employment in co-operating
with the public authorities where works are to be
carried on under the Labour-rate Act, or in organising
the industry of the peasantry on their own land,
where a surplus of unemployed labour may be left.
The drainage of Ballyteigne Lough, in Wexford,
is to be commenced at once, on condition that one-
fortieth of the land reclaimed be allotted to the
Crown. The ready assent of the Admiralty and
Woods and Forests to this great operation will, we
hope, show that there is no such irrational pre-
ference as has been attributed to Govern-
ment, of unproductive over reproductive works,
when these latter are of a public nature.
In the few cases where no such works can be found,
we have no doubt that on proper and certified com-
munication of the fact, arrangements would be
acceded to for employing labour on the land, under
stringent conditions. We cannot help thinking that
by a little salutary straining, the terms of the Labour-
rate Act might be made to cover such cases. Any
latitude of interpretation, at all consistent with honest
construction, should be allowed, rather than money be
expended in a really unproductive way. At the
same time it is perfectly clear that nothing like
proper precaution is employed in the selection of
presentment works. All the official aid that the
executive can command, must be called in, to make
certain that there is a positive want of scope for
remunerative public works, before labour is thrown
into channels which, while they certainly diffuse
plenty among the peasantry, and enrich the country
at large, do vet, in their permanent effect, deposit
more than a clue proportion of their golden sand in
the pocket of the proprietor. That they do this, how-
ever, is by no means a conclusive argument in all
cases against such an employment of government ad-
vances. It should only operate to postpone such ap-
plications of them, tyeteris pm-Thus, to those on works
whose ultimate as well as immediate benefits, instead
of being confined to individuals, are diffused through-
' oat communities.

WE have received a letter from a Native of Schles-
wig-Holstein, complaining of the view which we
have taken of the question of these duchies, denying
some of the facts alleged, and stating the grievances
of the Holsteiners. The writer asserts that the Zoll-
verein or its interests have not excited the people of
the duchies to shake off the Danish yoke, but that the
provocations of the Danes have alone produced this
feeling; there existing at Copenhagen a kind of pro-
paganda for extending the Danish language, spirit,
and nationality over the kingdom. The writer then
enumerates the particular grievances of the Holstein-
ers. One was the attempt to assimilate the coin in
all the provinces of Denmark, and to make Danish
money a legal tender in Schleswig and Holstein.
Such an arrangement was peculiarly annoying to
the Holsteiners, whose whole trade was carried on
with Hamburg and with Lubeck, who strenu-
ously resisted the introduction of Danish coin. The
suppression of the military school in Schleswig; the
giving of commissions in the Force of the duchies to
Danes ; and the almost exclusive filling of places in
the navy by Danes ; were the sore to the native
pride of the Holsteiners. When to this were added
the establishment of a professorship of the Danish
_ _

language at Kid, the publication of Danish books,
and establishment of circulating libraries by the
Danish propaganda, the llolsteincrs could no longer
resist the fear that their German nationality was
menaced. And this sentiment, not the incitement of
either the Zollverein or of German professors, has led
to the resistance of the duchies against the Danes
and their king.
Such is the substance of our remonstrant's let-
ter, of which no doubt several of the grounds
and grievances are just. With others, we cannot sym-
pathise. There exists in Denmark, as now in almost
every country in Europe, an ardent worship of old
nationality : evinced in the cultivation of the national
tongue, and the exhuming of its old literature, his-
tory, and renown. No doubt this antiquarian and
pedantic mania may be perverted, and even swell
into a little tyranny ; but it is not one of those
grave causes which justify rebellion. Universities in
these countries are generally the schools of officials,
and it is very proper that the officials of a kingdom
should speak its two languages. We therefore highly
approve of professorships of the Danish tongue. In
the struggle of the two languages the Danish dialect
may be obliterated, owing to the insignificance of
its population ; the German cannot. When people
speaking the wide-spread German tongue express
their fear of the Danish, we must say it sem ewhat
reminds us of the complaints made by the wolf
against the lamb.
Then comes the money grievance, which is, after
all, a small one, and by no means a sufficient cause
for raising the standard of separation and rebellion,
and breaking up an old monarchy that has existed
for centuries. The Irish have nearly the same com-
plaints against the English as the Holsteiners against
the Danes, exeept that these complaints have ten
times greater force and gravity on the part of the
Irish. The Irish have lost what the llolsteiners are
in no danger of losing; their nationality and tongue ;
and they have suffered all the disadvantages which
infallibly befall the province which, by the fortune of
arms, or feudal arrangements, or natural position, be-
comes attached to a more important province with a
befitting capital. But has Ireland bettered herself

THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 6, 1846.

by rebellion P Would she have bettered herself by a
successful straggle for separation? And is she not
ins far better path, now that by peaceable means she
is conquering, and will possess, equal rights ?
But the question is one thing, ea .eriginated.with
the Holsteiners themselves, who have but petty
griewinces to allege, anti eery small provincial jea-
lousy to stir them ;—it is another, when taken up by
the Germans themselves, from motives of terri-
torial, or commercial, or political aggrandisement.
Our remonstrant declares that the Zollverein, or
anything connected with German interests, has
nothing to do with Holstein's discontent ; and that
even German professors have not fanned it with their
learning. We beg, upon this point, to differ alto-
gether with the native of Schleswig-Holstein, and to
maintain our own opinion as correct. The addresses
of the Germans, and the replies of their sovereigns, are
all calculated to stir up the Holsteincrs against the
King of DENMARK. There is not a despot in Ger-
many who does not think it fitting to earn popularity,
and succeed in obtaining it, by a fling at Denmark.
Now really, before the Germans should be so
greedy and desirous to drag Schleswig and Holstein
into their community, they ought first to consider
what is the nature of their dtsta condition and go-
vernment. It is that of the most unmitigated
despotism : without freedom of the press, freedom
of the person, constitutional guarantees, or an
attribute of political civilisation. Other countries
may improve, may reform, may progress. But no
portion of Germany can: for if any one member of the
German Confederation should make so bold as to
establish a free constitution and a free press, his bro-
ther despots and the German Diet would denounce him,
would extinguish his liberal efforts, and would pro-
bably occupy his territories by a contingent. Were a
liberal king to succeed to the throne of Denmark, he
might give a truly representative government to Jut-
land and to Schleswig ; but if Schleswig is to be
German, he durst not; for Schleswig would be linked
with that dead body called the German Confedera-
tion, in which armed despots sit, and into any part of
which they forbid any FRANKENSTEIN to infuse one
spark of life.
When the Germans, therefore, invite Schleswig and
Holstein to belong to them, they are like the prisoner
who invites another to share his straw and fetters.
Professor DAHLMAN is a leader of the Holstein-
Schleswig resistance. Suppose he succeeded, and
tore away these duchies from Denmark and gave
them to Germany ;--they would no doubt fall under a
regime similar to the neighbouring provinces of Ger-
many ; Hanover, for example, where they touch.
What a gain were here ! to be transferred from
CHRISTIAN THE EIGHTH, an enlightened sovereign,
friend of the arts and of literature, and no enemy of
freedom, to King ERNEST OF HA.NOVER, who abolished
her constitution, gagged her press, and kicked her
professors, M. DAIILMAN amongst others, out of
Gottingen. The idea of the inhabitants and
natives of such a country as Hanover inviting
other countries to join their confederation, is a
capital joke. That professors who could not defend
their own liberties and rights in Hanover, should
undertake a crusade, not against King ERNEST, but
against the King of DENMARK, is a piece of prepos-
terous pedantry which deserves the scourge—at least
of satire.
We wrote and published our opinions on the ques-
tion long before we met and perused M. Tnonss's
able article on the subject in the Rerue des Deer
Mmdes. M. THOMAS has evidently studied the
subject profoundly, and consulted every testimony.
We are glad to find that we agree in every tittle
with that impartial and enlightened French-
man. We join with him in the admission of
certain grievances on the part of the Holateiners,
which they have a right to see remedied; but also in
the opinion that the independence of the Baltic, and
of the Scandinavian countries, demands that the
ancient monarchy of Denmark should be kept
entire. Germany has aided to dismember Poland,
by its kings grasping Posen and Galicia. Let
it not add to that crime by the dismemberment of
Denmark ; its integrity is more important than the
German a»mer-propre of the inhabitants of Kiel.
We cannot close without referring to the ad-
dress of Count NloLe e the other day, on opening
the new government of Schleswig-Holstein, in which
he fully states the principles of his government. These
are, to respect the independence of the duchies, as far
as compatible with their allegiance to the King.
He hints that the only guarantee of keeping Schleswig
and Holstein together is precisely that of their alle-
giance to the same sovereign. He admits the double
nationality of Schleswig; sonic of the parishes and
schools of which are Danish, some German. But to
respect both equally, he declares to be the duty of
every functionary, and the order of the King.

PROMISING mines of copper, and more recently of
gold, h tying been opened in South Australia, a reserved
claim of royalty in these ar.d all other minerals has
been made in the name of the late Government, after
the laudable fashion of the middle ages, and of Spain in
the beginniag of the 16th centgry. The claim is at once
extravagant and mischievous. In naked terms, it is
the imposition by Government of a heavy tax on
enterprise, and the demand of a share of the profits
of a capital which is not its own.
The claim of a seig,norage in Europe is an affair of
barbarous firms. This kind of property in the crown
was the creature of violence and confiscation. It
could have had no other origin, for this plain reason,
that, had the claim been coeval with the enterprise,
the property on which it was founded never would
have come into existence. With such a drag on it, it
could never have been established in those rude times.

Royalty in mines, in our day, is a claim utterly
inconsistent with good government and justice. If the
Government persist in making it in South Australia,
mining industry will either dwindle or perish. The
injustice by which it suffers will, at the same time,
be quite sure to be defeated, and when defeated ex-
posed. We will venture to predict, that all that
any Government could ever get by such proposed
extortion, would not pay the cost of the paper
required in contesting its supposed right. The
scheme is, in a word, a very effective one as a
barrier to prosperity, and as a means of embroiling
the Colonial-office with the colony, and keeping both
in hot water pemling its duration ; but assuredly
effective for no good purpose. It is very curious to
observe that, in the case of the gold mine especially,
the Government that makes this perpetual claim for
royalty, had already received in ready money a most
extravagant price for the land-sl. Bs. per acre, which
is twenty-seven-fold the price of the best government
land in the United States.

It is hardly necessary to add that the resuscitation
of a seignorage question for a British Colony in the
middle of the nineteenth century, originated in the
cinquecento soul of Lord STAN LET; a man who, as a
statesman, had better not have been born after the
sixteenth century. His successor, a lord of a different
stamp, will, we hope and believe, set this matter
right, and abate the nuisance.

. -

ram t,..st they were for loag Most mmmislog, btlikriV tate gone
intedy. know another excellent who to,hti_ave
acres to any man who won't' ralss them and elear the bull. In the
high, evrantry, where last year the kw was tailing, they are this
year es bad as In the low 'moan).
_The oats, however, in the high
country are very good, but the breadth of land scant on these dis-
tricts is comparatively so Inconsiderable, that this can have no per-
ceptilde effect In obeli, it is my confident belief that tr,t for the
last twenty years, taking into account the breadth of land under
cultivation, has there been as small an
_aggreK to yield of a;zriasiltural
produce. No doubt wages are Woh, especially of masons,
carpenter% and all oat-door labourers generally, from the
enormous railway expenditure, and erection of furnace.% houses
foe Iron workers, fu. There are other classes of labourers how-
ever whew wages have not been raised in proportion to the increase
of the priori of provisions, who will suffer severely horn the height
they may attain without a large foreign supply; and if cotton keeps
up weavers and all dependent on working up this great staple must
be in great difficulties."

The following communication from a gentleman
whose business compels him to watch narrowly the
flow and ebb of prosperity in his district, is interest-
ing. We would invite attention particularly to the
last sentence. It relates to the county of Ayr, in
Scotland :
Having, as Ls my general custom, inquired of our moat Intelli-
gent farmers respecting the probable yield of agricultural produce of
every kind, I believe the conclusions I have arrived at will be found
sear the truth. The result, on the whole, is sufficiently alarming;
and unless large supplies can be obtained from America, prices must
rise enormously ; for I do not believe we have of grain crops within
one quarter of an average. The turnips are the worst crop for many
years; the beans very &ficient, and the potatoes a total failure. All
may not have the disease, or be rotten; but such a thing as a ripe
potato is not to be seen. I have given them up entirely, for when
boiled, they are merely a yellow solid lump, that must be most unwhole-
some. But even in that state the quantity is trifling. One farmer, who has
a fine farm, told me he had twenty-four acres, and that front what
he had already raised, there was not one in ten mot dimwit!; and I
believe this to be generally the case. Ilia seed potatoes were beauti-
ful, hating got them from Isla, where there was tau year no die.

and t
any

This last observation is a particular application of
the general remarks ws yesterday offered, on the
possible consequences of the continued high price of
cotton. These consequences will not be felt in the
manufacturing districts alone. The hand-loom wea-
vers, employed by houses in the great manufacturing
towns, area numerous class in the agricultural districts.
Even in the best of times, the unequal struggle they
continue to wage against the power-looms, keeps
them constantly on the brink of destitution ; and they
are, to skilled artisans in general, what the
poor Irish agricultural labourers are to the better-
fed farm servants of a rich and highly cultivated
district. Any check given to the cotton manu- '
facture will send the whole of this suffering class to
swell the aggregate of the year's destitution. Such
an event would render the condition of Down,
Antrim, Londonderry, and Armagh, and of the
Western Highlands of Scotland, worse than it is ;
would create a large amount of destitution in the
districts of Scotland yet untouched by scarcity ; and
I would be severely felt in many districts of England.
This is a contingency, the possibility of which ought
not to be overlooked amid our care for the already
suffering districts. It is mainly the employment
upon railways, and upon the trades and manufac-
tures called into activity by the construction of
railways, that keeps up the rate of wages at
present. But the progress of railways—a medium of
traffic—must be dependent on the prosperity of the
general trade of the cluntry. In the cotton districts
the high price of food at home and abroad has
checked demand. In Yorkshire most staple articles
of our woollen manufacture declined in price during
last month.

In making provision for the distressed districts, the
possible calls upon us nearer home before next har-
vest ought not to be forgotten. Our best prospect is
in the near approach of the period when the new
American Tariff comes into operation. The Americans
are in a condition to take largely from us, since we
have imported and are importing largely of their
produce. Their manufacturers must have realised
large profits under their protecting system, for already
we hear the prices of Lowell-mills cotton goods have
fallen 15 per cent. This fact alone is a tolerable
guarantee for a permanent and to both countries
profitable exchange of the manufactures of England
for the bread-stuffs of America. If this traffic had
not been thrown open, what would have been our
prospects at this moment ?

Our Paris correspondence, and the journals of Sun-
day, have reached us by express.
Criminal informations had been laid against the
rioters apprehended in the Faubourg St. Antoine, 60
in number. The Debars, in an article on the subject,
endeavours to show that France is noways exposed
to a failure in the crops. It propounds the singular
theory, " that what took place at the doors of certain
bakers proves nothing;" and that the disturbances
were not caused by ant- deficiency in the supplies.
The fact of the rise of the price of bread shows clearly,
however, that such a deficiency does exist ; and there
is no other cause to which the riots can be attributed.
The same journal characterises the article of M. dc
Lamartinc (which will be found in another part of
our columns) as a mixture of excellent ideas and great
blunders.
Government has just prescribed a new mode of
taking the average prices of flour sold in the Paris
market, to prevent the frauds so loudly complained
of, and which consisted in making fictitious wiles of
the same lot at different times. This will be pre-
vented in future. .

The affair of the marriage is pretty nearly worn
out by the Paris press, and we do not find that an
answer has as yet been returned by M. Guizot to the
note of Lord Normanby. All Carlist refu7ee, s now
on the frontiers of France have been ()nitre(' into the
interior of the departments, there to be subjected to a
most rigid surveillance.
Notwithstanding the engagements lately entered
into by the French administration, the English mail
continues to be delivered very late in Pans,—later
by at least four hours than before the establishment
of the Northern Railway.
Some appointments and promotions have just taken
place in ttie French consulates. M. Pechon, Consul-
General at Monte Video, goes to Smyrna; M. le
Comte de Raty Menton is appointed Consul at
Calcutta.
The Infant Don Juan Maria, son of Don Carlos,
born March 13, 1822, will, it now seems arranged,
marry the Arch-Duchess Marie Beatrix D'Este, born
February 13, 1824. The D'Este family is one of the
richest in Europe. The I)ukes Martian and Ferdi-
nand D'Este, uncles of the young Arch-Duchess,
have between them a fortune of a hundred millions of
florins (ten millions sterling).
- -

A large party, comprising all the members of the
royal family, in Paris, including the voungerbrancbes
and the Queen of Belgians, we on 'Friday to visit a
part of the fortifications, • favourite resort of King
Louis Philippe. The visit lasted three hours.
The following is an extract from the article pub-
lished by M. de Lamar:ine, relative to the corn
question in France. After observing that the scarcity
of corn is owing to the want of foresight shown by
government in not making abundant stores in times of
plenty to meet the increased demand in time of
famine, the writer goes on to say :
" The government has a duty to fulfil, and on this point
we differ completely from the opinion of those diplomatic
persons who rec mimend tardy and slow remedies for these
maladies, the symptoms of which are beginning to manifest
themselves in the internal commerce of the country, and as
regards the free circulation of corn. That duty is to main-
tam at every price the inviolability of private transactions
between the buyer and seller, the inviolability of home, and
the granary of the citizen, the freedom of circulation, the
safety and supply of the market. Doubtless we know as
well as everybody else, that hungry men are not to be fed
with the point of the bayonet ; that there is no appeal of the
people more deserving of compassion, of tolerance, we may
say, almo-t of respect, than the cries of men, women, and
children calling aloud for bread, and be-ceehing that there
may not be allowed to be carried away from their districts,
their mills, and their suburbs, that corn which they regard
as the staple of their existence! But if those loud demands
are to be treated with compassion and respect, it is not
the leas true that they must be met with energy and
promptitude, to show, from the first, that the public
force is not to be domineered over by individual outbreaks.
To display a general and universal power at once is the
means to prevent its being called into action. To protect
the whole people against the folly and arbitrary aggressions
of a disordesly rabble will not irritate it, but rather reassure
it. As long as the law is respected, it is its duty to confine
itself to wise and wholesome counsel ; but when it is at-
tacked by armed force, it is its duty to repel force by force.
By defending itself it defends every good citizen. There is
no circumstance where a government, no matter what its
form, may more legitimately, and with greater benefit, em-
ploy the defensive weapons placed within its reach by the
law, than when the free traffic and circulation of alimentary
provision are threatened by sedition, no longer excusable
and of the most dangerous nature. This is not a '
question of opinion, of policy, of the ministry, or of the op-
position ; it is not even a question of property ; it is a vital
question of life and death which concerns all, and the people
in particular. No corn to be had, no bread for any one, are
the immediate consequences of such outbreaks. The stop-
ping of provisions on the highway, the pillage of a market,
popular summons to the farmers not to sell out of the dis-
trict, to the merchants not to buy ; to carriers and bargemen
not to convey, create at once a food panic. The anxious far-
mer closes his granary doors, the tradesman stops his com-
merce and does not fulfil his promised engagements ; the
canals and highways are in a stem of blockade; the
people rush to the market, the market is empty ; the voice
of hunger is raised; the panic gives it additional strength,
disorders commence, blood flows, corn is kept back the more,
and the people die of hunger within reach of abundant pro-
visions which the panic has kept back. Such is the work of
those seditious, originated by hunger, or rather by the fear
of it; such are the immediate results of that atrocious
federalism of those districts who by armed force endeavour
to prohibit the exportation of corn from their communes,
and its circulation on the highways. What would those
districts say if each neighbouring bailiwick followed the
example of so absurd and egotistical a system of blockade,
and cast the same interdict on the exportation and circula-
tion of other articles equally necessary as corn, such as coal,
wood, salt, or meat ? What would become of the entire land ?
' A mutual system of blockade would be established, and each

district would die of want and in misery for refusing that
interchange of the supports of life, the free circulation of
which constitutes the lire and the prosperity of all ! I blush
to be obliged to reason on such evident matters; but when
words suffice not, it is time to act, fur public ivied sense is
embodied in the law, and in the power which the Govern-
ment lends to the law in urgent cases. It is for the exercise
of that legal power applied to the suppression of popular
outbreaks, that we deplore at the present moment the bad
organisation of the national guard, that mutual armed power
which only touched the people by the hands of the people
themselves."

Our Madrid correspondence and papers of the
29th ult. have come to hand. _ _ .

--.—
A squabble took place in the Senate, of the 28th,
between General Jerrano and Senor Pidal, the former
accusing the latter of having formerly voted against
the Miraflores Ministry, and Fidel replying that it
was on an affair of internal management, and not on a
political question that he voted against the Miraflores
Cabinet

When the Senate assembled on the 29th, there was
a long debate on the subject of the collection of the
taxes by the Government. General Jerrano attacked
the Government, and the various questions of the
day. The I)ac de Valencia defended the Cabinet
and their proceedings, and the debate was then
adjourned.
El Tiempo remarks : " The interests of Europe and
treaties require one thing, and that is that the Crowns
of Spain and France never encircle the same brow.
The marriage of the Infanta with the Due de Mont-
pettier ought never to combine them. If, I ereafter,
by a complication of circumstances, of which there
are but few examples in the history of the world, the
case provided for by the treaties should occur, the
possessor of the two crowns would be under the
necessity of renouncing one of them, and Europe
would find, in the treaty of Utrecht, the right of com-
pelling such a decision. But if there be nothing to
fear if the treaties of Utrecht are abolished, the inte-
rest which dictated them, would suffice to give to the
various powers the right of making the principle
established by them respected; and the interests and,
we will add, the opinions of the free people of our
time, whose destinies Europe thus settled, are suffi-
cient to assure for ever the separation of the two
States. Thus Europe would not have to interfere."

FRANCE-CORN FIRES, AND FREE TRADE.--
li Sir,—The British advocates of free trade all over the world have just
now a field worthy of the cause scram the channel. It is an oppor.
tunity to enlighten the French people on a subject of deep interest to
Frenchmen; and upon which, whit: they feel deeply, yet they are at
this moment running wild In a perfectly deluded spirit of rancour
' against England on a dry question of trade. Bread is rising in France
at an alarming rate—one.twelfth in the month of September—which
rate of rising has born exceeded onlyerace before in the last 30 ye 'm—
end never in that period has bread been within three-fourtke of the
present price. At the Fame time, the pros,act of farm employment
this winter is bad, bream* the fine weather has hastened the harvest,
and the ground Is in excellent order for early ploughing and sowing.
The railroads will do much for the labourer; but many must be in
great distress. This is seen by every body; and the positive present
suffering of numbers has added a new and dangerous motive for the
frequent fires raging in half the departments of France. In one
extensive district in Burgundy a succession of firm before the harvest
filled the country with extreme alarm, and they were attributed to the
most extraordinary motives. It has even been averted that rival
insurance companies employed the incendiaries, In order to ruin each
other; and more than one company hat, mopped its operations—lf not
its payments. Strong suspicions are entertained that political motives
led to thew scandalous acts; and these suspicions point at alt the con-
tending parties according so indis'idualn who repeat them are them-
selves politically dispseed. Whatever may be the cause of the fires in
Burgundy, the fact in unquestionable that many parishes there were
lately in a state little better than those of the Palatinate when
destroyed by lords the XtVth, and much worse than the south of
I England in 11130. This occurred before the bad harvest was antici-
paned. fiance the corn is got in, and the bread is dearer, similar fires
see blazing, night after night, in every direction. In two small
parishes near Blois, five farms were set fire to in one Watt, as wit.
nesoed by the writer of this notice. This was on the lath of
September, and no better cause of the calamity has yet been
made out than the madness of a soldier lately returned
from Algiers, who oars, he did the mischief, and who is un-
doubtedly insane. At the game time, in some of then *Mowing
towns, the authorities are threatened with fires if they do not rend
away the cornalecers from the public market; ; and a serious show
has been matte in one town to execute the threat. It is right to state
that respectable men look upon the alarm as unfounded ; but it Is cer-
tain that the popular cry ia, France will be starved in order to send
cheap bread to England.', Mere then arises an excellent occasion for
pointing out a popular error. The French are intelligent and quick ;
but wonderfully ignorant (that Is the word) in matters of trade.
When addreased, however, properly, they will listen to reason ; and
if not left to the crafty and powerfid protectionists, who arc making
great offarte to stifle the truth, they will be free-traders to a man.
The economists, who received Mr. Cutelen so well in Paris in August,
are neither popular, nor powerful. Respectable as they are, some.
thing far more effectual than they are able to accomplish ought to be
dune immediately to enlighten all France on this head, during the
present crisis. The evidence Is complete to chow that the popular
notion in to the export of wheat to England having caused its pence to
rime in France, is a gross error. During thirty years the trade in
wheat between the two countries has been theigntheant ; except in
four yearn, viz., 1831, 1839, 1811, and 1842 ; and then not very great.
In eleven of the last thirty yeam, no wheat at all came to on from
France. In fourteen of these years more was exported to Frame from
England than the other way. In two years art the thirty there was
no corn trade either way. in the four above mentioned veara, in
which the export of wheat from France to England inn considerable,
it never exceeded 1-raith part of the whole consumption of France, and
In one year of the four it did not reach I.2Mith of that eumumprinn ;
and what is happening now differs little from that. 'raking the
month of September for a ground, the general rule in France is,
for wheat to fall In price by the end of that month; and,
in three of the fuer years also of considerable export to
England, it fell in that month, PS well an In other years.
In Pill. the only year of the four in which the price nee in aep-
tember, the rate o( rising was ronwthing greater than in this year of
18ln ; but the harvest being gaol hi Bill, the price was moderate
even then. In all the lam thirty years, the price Ines fluctuated, from
lees than half the present price at which it stood in 1819 when only
tint quer tens came to England, through every mop of the scale to the
highest in 1844, when 19,000 quartets, at a price of about four-fifths
of the present rate of Iti4G. These fluctuations bear na proportion at
all to the amount of the exports and imports; from which fact, an well
se from the smallness of those amounts generally, it in manifest that
other causes have affected the markets in France, not the trade with
Engthnd. In the present year, the rise during September bas been
great, and it is going on. The price is already such, that a manufac-
turing lisbuther with three children where I ant writing, near Blois,
In France, spends, more in bread than his wages amount to. The
cause is char. There has been almost a failure in rye, burley, and
oats, which many use for bread. The potatoes and other vegetables are
either bad, or few. The wheat, although good, is a short emit. To
talk of the export of corn to England as an evil to France just now,as
the thine of INC in the price of bread, is an absunlity which nly
requires rigorous exposure to be given up. But if it be not exposed
vigorously, It will do greet mischief. Active discussion is the only way
of exposing it Colonel Thimpron's anti-corn pamphlet, published
some 'cars in French and English in the IV...animater Recker, under
the title of Coate-EwpArle, should be sent al over France. It to
written in an excellent style, and it might easily be followed up by
similar pamphlets, adapted to the present state of facts. Its prin-
ciples are eternal.—As Esouoit MAIMNT In IFIZANC/1.

ITALY.—GENOA, SEI'T. 28.—The scientific con-
gress holds its final sitting to-morrow. The ceremony of
laying the first stone of the monument to be erected in
honour of Christopher Columlmq, took place yesterday. On
the evening of the `.:4th, the learned assembly met in the
great hall of the ducal palace, to select the town for the
next and tenth meeting of the congress in 1848. Bologna
carried the day by 271 votes against 267.

GERMASTY.—RrsstAN FRONTIERS, SEPT. 16.
During the last visit of the Emperor of Russia to Warsaw, a
Polish deputation, among whom were some nobles of
Gal eis and Poland, waited on his Majesty. All agreed in
making the same proposals, namely, alluding to a general
brotherly union which should unite all the Sclavonian race
in opposition to Germany. The Emperor is said to have
rejected with evident disgust the unexpected proposal, and
especially to have said, in respect to the bond of brotherly
union, that it was quite new to him; for that he had indeed
heard of the hatred existing between the Russians and the
Poles, but never of any reciprocal affection. Affection had,
indeed, been manifested fur the Poles in full measure on the
part of the government, but that it had been of no avail ;
and, therefore, no alternative remained than to let justice
and rigour take the place of favour and indulgence.
FRAN KFORT, SEPT. 26.—A report is circulated
here that three journals, two published in Baden and one in
Saxony, will shortly be prohibited by a resolution of the
Diet.

BERLIN, SEPT. 28.—The Prussian Unirersal Gazette
takes the occasion, on publishing the resolution of the diet
relative to the letter patent of the King of Denmark, to
make the following remarks:—" The affair to which this
resolution relates has created universal interest. The sup-
position of a German state being about to run the risk of •
violation of it. rights, has excited a universal sentiment of
indignation in the whole of Germany, at the bare idea that
an illegal power was about to meddle in its affairs. The
diet answered this honourable sentiment, by affirming that
neither the Germanic confederacy nor the rights of a German
prince were running any such risk. This resolution will be
joyfully received by the real friends of Germany, as a proof
of the union which exists bnween the members of the con-
federacy. The confederacy, separated as it is from any
tendency to interfere with foreign rights, places full confi-
dence in the word of that member most interested in the
affair, declaring, at the same time, its determination to act,
in the affairs which concern it, as a power ought to do,
which has a right to look upon as its own, forty millions of
men of the same race, inhabiting the centre of Europe.
PEnTH, SEPT. 23.—According to accounts from the
' summer residence of the Archduke Palatin, he is in a very
precarious state of health, so that some apprehensions are
entertained. This indisposition occurs just at the moment
' when preparations are making fur the celebration of the
jubilee of the venerable Palatin.
DENMARK. COPENHAGEN, SEPT. 23. The
Danish government hu presented a bill to the states of
Roeskilde, tending to compel all the inhabitants to serve in
the army. The bill was adopted with some modifications.
Those towns ahich have been hitherto exempt from serving
intend opposing the bill, but it will no doubt be finally
adolited.
FLOES, SEPT. 16.—Those persons who reside near
the castle have been prohibited, under penalty of imori.on-
runt, from approaching the castle. Sixty Chasseurs from
Schleswig are on duty.
RUSSIA.—On the 23rd of August last the Czar
addressed tho following rescript to Prince Woronzow :
" The confidence I placed in you, justified by your inde-
fatigable zeal in the cause of the throne and the country,
has determined me to nominate you general-in-chief of the
army, with the privileges conferred upon you on the 12th of
February, 184.5, when you entered on your functions. You
are authorised to confer for acts of courage on the field of
battle, the rank of officer, up to that of captain exelusivel,
or &corresponding rank. You may also award the orders oft.
George and of Wlademir, fourth class, the order of St. Anne,
second, third, and fourth class; the.order of Stanislia, se-

fond and third class ; and swords and
ns sabres with het°,
able inscriptions. Mit often happens th it the lieneral .ia'
Chief cannot be present everywhere on the ficli et
can may occur when you may deem it right to seam.
pense some act o: courage to stimulate the zeal of the anise,
which has already given so many proofs of courage,l theme
fore sanction you to accord rewards to individuals ppizied
out to your attention by ycur Lieutenants, the order
of gt.
George
persona lf of the fourth
lly.—(Sig Signed) icuwas exce
N pted as that regents 6,14
your*. .
."

COLONIAL.
CANADA.—INDUSTRIAL STATISTICi.--The 004.
dicta ElOnOntile presents us with some details of the tau,
lecturing resources of the colony, in an interesting
municated" article, headed—eoi

CAN DP,COMN A
importantCANADA inguiry, and more particularly soMANTTACTrUING since the chlbw
eap aaa,alt
has taken place In the commercial policy of Great Britain•
Ia now thrown upon her own resources, and if she grist., to
those resources must be developed. In No. 13 of the dens P"'"%__
touched slightly upon the manufactures of the Province a
, not oso—
the means then at hand to enter more largely into tba
We now propose to give some additional parj,,,ihn,
which it will be seen that Canada is not destitute et 2
means of entering extensively Into manufacture', and .
greatly enlarging the means of her prosperity. And the itnr.
we would notice is, the great water power which amid& Dt.„,...P*1
This is an important element in the great immures% at her —•••
and is an abundant compensation for the lose she experientat
absence of all coal beds within her boundaries. Mr. Lem; ot;" vyr
limed geologist, not yet having completed hie labours, we
now say whit untold wealth lies buried under the surface O•
earth ; but we do know, and have eyperienxii, the great rotor date
surface itself, In the magnitleent crops which it is yielding,
fore we can afford to watt awhile for the more full dell
our mineral wealth. We have, however, but to turn our attano,.....
Lake Superior, where copper ore is found in great an —v.
where the first steps are now being taken to open up tit,
there hare been di covered. But to return to the man 'lll
The cotton manufactory referred to in a previous number oil
in operation at Sherbrooke has been established about one nu
turns out about 1,000 yards per day. The one at (lushly trio
into operation tbe past year, and turns out about stm yard.
The fabrics from both of these rnanufactoris,, altianen
finish to those imported, are, neverthiliews, superior in utast din,
new and durablite, and are sold at about the came prim
woollen manufactory at Sherbrooke which hen, been itic,...Za
number of years; but, unfortunately, we have not been
obtain any statistics regarding it for our present number, h
bourg, Canada West, a woollen manufacture has leg
ifs
Pit
operation this SIMON which, when in full employ, is eante,,,,
work off near 5,000 yards of c'oth a week. About ta-7,411.
of wool is grown in the Newcastle district analialiATZai
amount, doubtless, might and will he quadrupled la a 6,„
Indeed, there are but few part. of Canada West where wad
not be produced toe large extent ; and in the Eastern Boon,ii=
of Canada East, tie fine grazing Lands there eight to pngto,.7
least, 1,300,0001 b. annually. The neighbouring et OOf
produces about 4,000,000 lbe. annually. We have three cools', mama
factories In Montreal where about 306 tons of hemp ere man
and the amount could be deal:4• d in ease of neut. 'l,, oae ouriT",„l
manufactories is attached machinery fur grinding and yaks
plaster of Paris for agricultural purposes, and fur stoma wad. whys
1 about 1000 tone per anntun are deposed of. Ilen,p surely co
' grown in Canada We/it, and we hope soon to hear that the st,
meat which has already been made at Niagara, roost successWi
growing hemp, will be rfollowed up in other favourable sections el*
I province.
There are three paper manufactories in Canada The az
important one is at Portrauf, about fortytive miles abut Rae*
It Is owned by the Mews. Miller of this city, who have meow
but recently about 10,0001. in enlarging the premises.
.Tney
facture printing, writing, and wrapping paper Morita, go
former. They estimate that they can turn out about rev tons time
annually. There is a manufactory at Cbandily in NU I.peratioa...l
another at St:instead, both of which together turn out about the sus
quantity of paper as the Portncuf mills. There are live or .4...
I mills in Canada West, of whose capacities we have no setters
motion. We think, however, that with these data they is sane*
mourance tlud, in a few years, Canada will be enabled to supply*
own demand, with the exception of the more costly quid:tied paw,
Ite most extensive manufactory, however, in 6inatLi are the
St. Maurice iron works, in the rear of Three Rivers. the iron era
found there is not only abundant, but is of the best de, tuition. Ile
hammered iron manufactured from it is quite equal to the ten
English iron ; and the etoves can from it are eon-Weird super.%
the best Scotch castings. Although we have no stausties at hat&
to guide us in our estimate,' of the amount of iron manubcturet
there, yet we know that many thousands of tons are num&
tamest out even under the very great disadvaater,
which the forges and blasts are worked. The
.system hither%
adopted and carried out there is of the most primal% e drachma;
but since a change is about taking place of proprietor-, we may mr
turally look fur an improved method being adapted, whereby a in&
larger amount of manufacture will be pruluced at a great redaction
in price. Some idea may be formed of the at igmtude of these sofa,
when we state that from 1200 to 1500 mouth,' arc dependent upon
them.

'lle Mara manufactory, noticed as established at St. John'a, butes
in (operation momething more than one year. It halo tiro fanner:6ond
can turn out IM half hazes of &sot a diy. Sand, wed in the mum.
facture of gluon, is said to be found in &build:wee at lilt:wham* tad
at VaudreuiL
_ .

Leatherom article of great importance, is manufactured extem
sively throughout the province. There are two or three Lammas in
the vicinity of Montreal, which employ, severally, a capital of trail
12,0001. ta 15,000/.
Stores are being cast in almost all sections of the province, and
we hope to sec the time when we shall supple our own demand.
Nail Factories already exist to such an extent, that we do not requite
to import a single cut nail. Axes are manufactured 'emelt.; if not
to the full requirement of the province, we lure no doubt they
might be. Agrkultural implements, thus far, have but imperfectly
enraged the attention of the manufacturer, although we see so reason
why we should not make them as well U. our neighbours.
We cannot, however, at this time, go through with the entire list
of ;irides manufactured in the province; but, as we Mated at the
conunenecnient of this article, the time has come when we must um
what we ran do for ourselves. We cannot know the, until we ham
fairly tested our own capacities; and the sooner we do ro, the better
it will be for OS. That a large proportion of our wants can be sups
plied within ourselves, we have no reason to doubt nom the carmy
glance we hare taken of the subject ; and every shillin4 laid sea
manufactories which can be made to pay, without artificial measas
so much increase to the wealth of the province.
CURIOUB TRAIN OF EVIDENCE.— A report having
reached town last week that a murder had been com-
mitted at Varennes, A. Delisle, Esq., and Cul. Erman.
singer, the pollee magistrate, went to that place to investi-
gate the circumstance', and arrest the delinquent should the
story prove to be correct. Upon reaching the village sad
proceeding with their inquiry, they learnt the billowing par.
ticulars :—" On the 3rd of the month, two men, named
Noviau and Loiseau, had been riding together upon me
horse, and had encountered some man whom Nutisu be-
lieved to be an Irishman. They amused themselves by jeer-
ing this person for some time, until he became irritated, and
replied in the same style, upon which Loiseau dismounted
to thrash him. The assailed party then drew a kuite, with
which he stabbed Loiseau in the band, who remarked to
Noviau that his opponent was not only a very saucy but a
very dangerous fellow, adding that for all that he would
serve him out. The supposed Irishman had in the meantime
taken to his heels across the nearest fields, and Loisma
broke a cudgel from the nearest fence, pursued him out of
sight of Noviau, who remained on the horse, and gave him a
very severe beating. On returning, he had a cap ands
jacket, which he had taken from the beaten man, and told
his comrade that he bad paid him out. Noviau, however,
who represents himself as having been afraid to interfere
during the fight, fancied that the stranger had been actually
killed and afterwards buried, and this idea was confirmed by
no news haying been heard of him: hence the story and the
investigation. Upon Loiseau being arrested, he made a
voluntary statement of the facts as above detailed, but added
that the man whom he had beaten was not killed, but had
crawled away on all fours, and had dropped a bundle:
he said, too, that he had taken the Oat and jacket
to a Mr. Lalumiere, telling him that if he saw the
man to whom they belonged, he was to give them
up and ask what countryman he was. Lalumiere, upon being
sent for, produced the articles; and the bundle, which
Loiseau had seen dropped, was found by the proprietor of the
lend named Brunelle, and ascertained to contain church
plate. This immediately excited the suspicion that the man
beaten by Loiseau was the robber of Repentigny church, and
a messenger having been sent for the (icemen confined ea
that charge, lie was brought into Loiseau's presence, and
though in the company of several other men wan immediately
identified. Upon the hat and cap being shown to him, ha
said he knew them, and that they were his brother's. Be
also said that his brother had been beaten, and had now goes
to the Stater. The hat and coat were both of Germain mane-
facture; and in the pocket of the latter, another piece of gilt
silver was found."
BOATO ON AMERICAN CANALa.—Since the pas-
sage of the transit bill a good deal of interest has been inane
rested by Canadian shippers in reference to the operation of
our navigation laws upon British bottoms navigating oar
canals, and as our opinion has been asked in reference to it,
we would state, that at the present time there are several
British bottoms plying on our canal, and all that is necessary
to entitle the owner of such boats to this privilege is to con
form with the regulations established by the Canal BMA
now in force.—Buffalo Commercial Ado rtisf r.
POPULATION OF LOWER CANADA.—The Quebec Grt:elle
contains a table of the population of Loss er Canada, accord-
ing to the latest census, which exhibits the great preponder-
ance of the natives, and residents of French origin. the pro-
vince is 690,782. The number of natives of Canada, of
French origin, is 624,307; of British origin, 83,860; of Eng-
land, is 11,849 ; of the United States, 11,946 ; of Ireland,
43,982 ; of Scotland, 13,392.

LAW OF RESISTANCE TO LOCOMOTION. —At the
recent meeting of the British Association a paper was read
on this subject by Mr. Scott Russell, which, to those who
have nut studied the subject, must be curiously intending-
It is a natural supposition, that the greater the velocity of a
body in rapid motion (such as a railway train), the greater
the proportionate atmospheric and tractic resistance it has to
encounter; but the experiments of Mr. Russell and other,—
which have extended over six years, and have been made
upon various lines—completely overturn such a notion. It
is shown, for instance, that, while the resistance in pounds
per ton to a train travelling at the rate of thirty-one miles
per hour is as 23 30, the resistance at thirty-two miles per
hour is only as 1810 pounds per ton ; and, what is even more
surprising, the resistance at a speed of forty-five miles per
hour is as 21.70, or above two pounds per tun less than that
opposed to a train going at thirty- one miles per hour. The
amount of resistance at forty-one is nearly the same as that
at fifty-one miles per hour, or about 261 pound- per ton.
Although these figures are given as only an approximation to
correctness, yet similar proportions as to resistance to various
velocities are ascertained to be correct by a formula of calcu-
lation which produces, if not the mane figures, nearly the
same proportions.
TIIE PRINCE OF PRUSSIA AND TILE FREEMASONS.
—At the last meeting of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons, a
discussion took place upon the subject of an edict issued by
the hereditary Prince of Prussia, probiter of the freemasons
in that country, for the exclusion of Jews from the craft; and
an edict was carried to the effect that unl -s the Prince of
Prussia took steps to revoke the Prussian edict, the British
masonic representative at the Grand Lodge of Berlin would
be withdrawn, and the Prussian representative at the British
Grand Lodge would be desired to withdraw also. The feel-
ing upon this subject has been very strong amoi g the ma-
sons, owing to their universal spirit of tolerating all religious
accts.—Li/mercer.
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND PRODITE.—A vessel =iced
from Launceston at the port of Liverpool, named the Ben-
jamin Heape, having on 2,848 bags of wheat; and in
addition to a quantity of bark and gum, twenty logs of
mahogany, the production of the colony.

suspicions
Might not
instead of
magistrates
of selection
trouble of
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