The Express.
London, England, 1847-11-04 00:00:00

ght erpreoo.

The Malls for the Braila, the River Plate, Monte Video, Pernsm.
.h=gßii!lata.M4agneispoty,eanmilrlthenos Ayres, will be made up on the
The overload closed math, via Marseilles, to tie Mediterranean.
=Aden, Nylon, Haig Kong, he., vrill be made up on the
of the tth No•.
The malls for Vigo. Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Cadiz, aid Gibraltar
will be made up on the morning of the 3th November.
The West India Math, excluding Bermuda, Namely Havana,
Honduras, New Orleans, Vera Cruz, Tampico, and Porto Rico, and
including thine for Isernel, thrthagens, Bente Haethe, ClaMtree,
Panama, Went Coast of South America, and St. Juan-de-Nioueiren,
will be made op on the morning of the 10th Inst.
The overlan4 mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Oreeee, the lonlan Islands,
?gent, Aden, Ceylon, India, Ilong-Kong, and China, Ms Southampton,
will Le made up on the meriting of the 20th November.
'Me WSW. for New South Wales, Van Diemen's Laud. sad New
Lamed will he made op on the evening of the 30th November.

TO CORIZSPONDENTII.
': kOdrydaymode holdaded Or Th. Swam. L. fool., . lIIM IN
000 0.00 ID DOMMOMOM by TT• Waled! ad Ow day pablidellsa.

111011 WATTS AT LONDON.IIIIIIOOII.
Tun DA T—ll•esies. AA...AO. WA 0001 TA
TeJl•••••—Plentlag. Il AI. ma 00 Allamsaca. 36 We. pax OA

LONDON, THURSDAY, NO V. 4.

every new scheme that was started in opposition to
one already established, on the mere ground of their
faith in some abstract principle of " competition,"
the value of which as applied to cases of this
nature they could not be persuaded to doubt, strong
as they were in reliance on the formulae of a creed
they had learned by rote. A third class had
crotchets, partial ities—and some have added interesta
in favour of the broad gauge; and by encouraging
its extension not only rendered the whole railway
system more complicated, and set some of its chief
interests at loggerheads, but directly caused the con-
struction, in several cases, of two lines, where, but for
this rivalry, nobody would have thought perhaps of
making even one. The effect of all these tendencies
was not merely felt in the scheme immediately set
forth; the then extant companies, seeing their exist-
ence threatened in this manner, made efforts in self-
defence, necessarily creating a new class of projects.
They would have been glad, in many quarters, to have
seen no new line made at all; but were resolved, if one
must be made, to have a share in the business, which
was to be supported at the expense of their former
works. For such extensions and branches there thca
arose a scramble between neighbouring companies,
each increasing its works beyond its desires, in order
to keep pace with its rivals; and thus a large pro-
portion of those liabilities that are now most heavily
pressing on the railway body became imposed by the
direct and indirect operation of tendencies that arose
not in that body itself, but in various sections of the
legislature. These old companies, indeed, took
pains enough some time since to point out the
evil of letting them loose on the system :
arguments enough were adduced to show that
a railway was not quite like a grocer's shop, that
could be set up or removed at pleasure, or according
to " demand ;" that " competition," with items counted
by millions, was not likely to be a very natural pro-
cess; and that no efforts that could possibly arise
from rivalry, always tending to subside into combi-
nations, could repay the country for the waste-
ful process of spending three millions, to accomplish,
by two lines, what could, for all useful purposes, be
done by a single one, for half that charge. These
suggestions were scouted at the time by public men,
as interested arguments of " monopoly." The conse-
quence of neglecting them may be seen in a full half
of those very new works, the existence of which is
now complained of by many who must be regarded
as their true authors. In one class of competition,
that, namely, between the national and the broad
gauge, the mischief is far from having yet come to an
end ; and we shall therefore return to thin before long,
as it is the most immediately practical part of the
subject.
The Manchester Chamber leave much, in vague
terms, to the "wisdom" of Mr. Svntrry and his col-
leagues. What they expressly advise is an extension
of the time fixed in railway acts for completing the
works. This might be easily granted, and would
allow in many cases of the voluntary adjournment of
several plans that it might not be easy for any arbi-
trary influence to choose with discretion. It may be,
however, that, by the time parliament shall have as-
sembled, the cry will have changed its tone ; and
instead of the chorus against calls, we may hear a
concert of lamentations over the consequences of stop-
ping works, from which the labourers are now begin-
ning to be discharged—as we foretold they must be—
in numbers too large to be regarded with much com-
placency.

ONE of the worst and most distressing symptoms
of the time is what appears to be the permanent
fixing of the rate of interest for money at from eight
to nine per cent. Had any power shifted the axis of
the globe, so as to bring the polar region into the
torrid zone, and subject Africa to a Nova Zemblan
clime, the change would be scarcely greater or more
astounding than the revolution in credit and in
capital, which has assimilated the use and
profit of money in England to what it
may be in Sicily or Turkey. The whole of the mer-
cantile transactions of this country must be totally
dislocated and deranged. Trade must cease, produc-
tion stop, whilst the public revenae cannot fail to
suffer the same collapse as private income, and the
panic of the commercial world be followed by a
crisis of the political.
If the distress and rain of such a total change
merely affected the magnates, it would certainly be
the subject of deep anxiety and regret, but would
not amount to a syncope of the whole industry of the
nation, such as now threatens. The bullionist will say,
why has industry based itself exclusively on credit?
Why will men trade altogether on borrowed money ?
The answer is, the division of labour and the progress
of civilisation itself ordain this, that one class
should trade in money, and another apply it. And
when this is so fully carried out that money itself is
unneeded, and altogether superseded by credit, per-
fection is obtained. What said Mr. HORNER, the prince
of the bullionists ? " Whenever a system of credit has
been long established to a great extent, there cannot
be a more unequivocal proof both of the solidity of
the national capital, and of the prudence and skill
with which it is employed."
Credit, however, has its dangers, especially where
it extends over a large surface, and ramifies to a
great extent, whilst the source from which it flows
and the power, which roles it, is to be found in a
narrow centre. One of the great causes of the pre-
sent universality of distress, and of the production of
that distress, has been in fact the centralisation of
credit. Had credit remained more local, more
circumscribed, more guarded and enlightened by local
knowledge, sympathies, necessities, and connexions,
the general paralysis, which now affects it, would have
been impossible. And we would not have our mines
undrained and oar steam furnaces cold, merely be-
cause it pleased London capitalists to sink their
money in the Mauritius. The legislation of Sir It.
PEEL, however, and of the parliament which followed
him, has been to centralise credit, and to arrange it
in a kind of hierarchy with the Bank of England at
the head, this Bank forced to be an open sewer for'
gold to run into in prosperous times, to be eased of
which it forced the monied magnates to take its notes
at low interest; these in turn forcing credit into every
provincial vein or national speculation, and these
failing, shovelling it abroad for visionary trade or
decennial returns.

Tim memorial of the Manchester Chamber of Com-
merce to the Board in Whitehall, on the subject of
railway calls and liabilities, is at once more cautious
in alleging causes, and more moderate in suggesting
measures to remove the supposed effect of such causes,
than were the resolutions of that meeting of Manches-
ter manufactarers and merchants on which we had
to comment some weeks since. There is something
of retrospect in the address of the chamber which is
not wholly without truth; and the only means which
it distinctly mentions, as applicable to present relief,
are of a kind that may be useful in many cases, and
never can do much injury. The recurrence to past
events in legislation may indeed seem to be a fruitless
care, when the mischief arising from its mistakes are
already done;—and especially when the very conse-
quences of its former want of prudence render it un-
likely that parliament will again, for some time to
come at least, have an opportunity of committing
similar errors on so large a scale. The appli-
cations for new lines in the coming session
will hardly be many ;—and the repetition of
influences to which a great extent of the lines
passed in former sessions clearly owed their origin,
will be prevented by mere want of fresh subjects to
act upon. Still there are some matters that can
hardly fail to come pretty early before the new par-
liament, in which the principles that prevailed in the
last will again be apt to come under discussion ; so
that it may not be wholly superfluous to point out in
what respect " the recent course of legislation in
reference to railway affairs," which the Manchester
Chamber of Commerce not quite untruly describes as
wanting " in that judicious or comprehensive cha-
racter which so important a subject requires," wa•
really defective.
Nil'ken the extensive schemes of the railway interest
are made a ground of complaint in many quarters, is
is proper to remember to what cause a considerable
wit of those schemes may be justly ascribed.
This cause will be found, not in the body
itself, but in that agreement between two er
three classes of public men, each actuated,
indeed, by different views, but coinciding in
the result of their actions, which promoted the
multiplication of railways on various grounds of
" competition." At the head of one of these classes
stood Sir ROBERT PEEL, who gave an immense
new projects of the most expensive and
- description by his public dicta in favour
" There were others who supported

This is the action of the state bank, the great
central pump of credit in prosperous times, to fill
every channel with its copious streams. Then, in ad-
verse times, or at the slightest symptom of adversity,
the great central machine is compelled by law to
turn its powers immediately to absorption. For
a long time, indeed, it continues to respect
the great reservoir of the money magnates; but all
the smaller, and more local, and more legitimate pools
of credit it sucks dry—and all this to carry out some
theory about the foreign exchanges.
How far the centralisation of credit might be use-
ful, and be purged of its pernicious effects, were the
principle of currency better understood, we know not.
But in the present state of knowledge, when
statesmen are utterly ignorant of the amount,
the requisites, the demands, or the superfluity
of a currency, this powerful centralization, working
in the dark, is a monstrous and unmitigated evil.
What do we hear at present from Glasgow, and even
from Ireland ? That throughout all the pressure the
banks have never refused discount, and that the pres-
sure, however universally felt, has still been neutralised
and prevented from producing ruin by the employ-
ment of local knowledge, local sympathies, and accom-
modation loans, based not on the state of the general
money market alone, but also on the wants of the loca-
lity and the true returns of its industry. Glasgow
owes these advantages to decentralisation. The dis-
tress of Manchester and Liverpool has been immensely
increased by their dependence for credit upon a
distant and distinct community.
The repeal of the bill of 1844 would remedy much
of this evil. The centralised power of the Bank has
been the cause of these terrible fluctuations of credit
which some theorists will misrepresent as now the
poverty, now the wealth, of the country. In
reality, the riches and revenue of the country are
the same at the two epochs. The difference lies
in the treatment of those riches and revenues
by the ruling powers.
It is said that a despotic government is best,
provided it is endowed with absolute wisdom.
So is centralisation admirable, if it have know-
ledge. But a blind despot, or an ignorant and
vacillating centralised power is the most cruel
and nefarious infliction that can be imposed upon
man. In their monetary laws, the executive and the
legislature are as ignorant as ARISTOTLE was of
physics. Both are still groping their way. And
their mistake is to have centralised power and di-
rection, without being sure of any principle, or
aware of any consequence.

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVE\ING, NOVEMBER 4, 1847.

None of the French journals appeared on Tuesday,
in consequence of the general festival of All Saints on
➢fonday. The importance of the news from Switzer-
land, however, brought out an extraordinary supple-
ment of the Mbats. We give elsewhere this, together
with other intelligence from what must now be re-
garded as the theatre of civil war.
Count Bresson arrived at Naples on the 23rd.
The King and Queen of the Belgians are si,ill at St.
Cloud.

A report of the last effort to cone to an amicable
arrangement made by the deputies of the cantons was
received in Paris, and appeared in an extraordinary
edition of the Journal des Mails published on Tues-
day, notwithstanding a previous notice that the pub-
lication of that journal would be suspended, like all
the other Paris papers, in consequence of the holiday
of All Saints on Monday. The following is, in
substance, the report given by the D;bals. In esti-
mating it, however, it is necessary to take into account
that the journal of M. Guizot and the correspondent
from whom it receives its information are declared
and unmeasured partisans of the Sonderbund.
M. Savarin, the deputy of the half canton of
convoked, on the evening of the 21th, at
the Falcon Hotel, MM. Bernard Meyer, Fournier,
Bossard, Muller, Neat (deputy of St. Gall), and
Boeshenstein (of Schaffhausen). M. Nccft sug-
gested, as a means of compromise, that it be offered
to refer the question of the expulsion of thelesuits to
the Pope. M. B. Meyer acceded to this, on the part
of the Sonderbund. 'I he parties thereupon agreed to
demand the adjournment of the diet from the 28th to
the 29th, to give time for negotiating on this basis,
and the parties separated, in the full hope of an ami-
cable arrangement. The next day (the 28th) deputies
of the league again repaired to the hotel of M. Ber-
nard Meyer, where they were met by MM. Nccft,
Munzinger, Furrer, and Kern. The deputy of
Lucerne renewed, in the nano of the Sonderbund, the
proposition of M. Nceft. M. Munzinger objected
that the arbitration of the Pope would not be accepted
by the protestant cantons. M. Furrer observed that
the diet could only go so far as to consent that the
seven cantons should send a deputation to Rome to
solicit his Holiness to recall the Jesuits. M. Bernard
:Meyer replied that each a measure would be superfluous,
as the cantons had already the power of removing them.
He asked what guarantee the majority would offer
for the independence of the cantonal sovereignty, if
the Jesuits were dismissed as required ? To this no
reply was given. M. Meyer then again proposed
that a negotiation should be opened with the diet,
based upon the propositionsof a reference to the Pope,
but without laying down such reference as an ulti-
matum, and that in the meantime both parties should
disband their troops. To this M. Furrer demurred
on the part of the diet, adding that the diet
had no proposition to make, but merely desired
to hear what the deputies of the league haff to pro-
pose. On this, M. Bernard Meyer rose and said :
"It only remains for us to depart. Your plan is evi-
dent, and we will not consent to be rendered accom-
plices to it. You answer for nothing ; pledge your-
selves
to nothing. Your only purpose in negotiating
is to gain time, to concentrate your forces ; and, when
Ithey are ready, they will fall upon us and crush us.
We must not play such a game." The deputies there-
upon rose, and separated. The next day (the 29th)
they attended the meeting of the diet, where they
renewed the same propositions, which were formally
put to the vote and rejected. The deputy of
Lucerne then read to the diet, in the name of the
seven cantons, a solemn declaration, defending
the conduct which they pursued, after which all
the deputies of the Sonderbund rose together,
left the assembly, and immediatelyafterwards quitted
Berne for their respective cantons. A great crowd
had assembled before the hotel of the deputies of
Lucerne to witness their departure, but there was
no manifestation of any kind. They left amid pro-
found silence.

All civil processes in the cantons of Vaud and
Berne are suspended.
The legislative body of Neufchatel, which met on
the 29th, decided that the troops of that canton should
not march against the Sonderbund, by a vote of 73
I against 12. We have already mentioned that the
N orort has announced that, in such a contingency,
the federal troops should occupy that canton. At the
meeting of the diet held on the 29th, it was decided
that tkus question should be referred to the committee
on the Sonderbund.
Since the above was written, we have received the
Berne journals of the 31st, which in the main confirm
the facts above stated. The propositions of the
Ideputies of the league were treated as mere delusions
and snares. " What deliberative assembly," asks
L'Helretie,"in Europe or in America would consent
to submit its decisions to the judgment of the Pope,
or of any other foreign power?" L'Helretie an-
nounces that the diet would be satisfied if the cantons
of the league would consent to dismiss the Jesuits from
the directoral canton of Lucerne, and dissolve the
Sonderband. The establishment. and consequent
predominant influence of ' the Jesuits in Lucerne,
would have the effect of throwing the execu-
tive government of the Swiss confederation
virtually into the hands of the reverend fathers for
two years in every six ; that is to say, during the
turn of Lucerne to become the seat of the federal
legislature.
Advice. from Geneva to the 30th say that a courier
had arrived there from the federal government, with
orders to call out the whole military contingent.
Three battalions of infantry, and a battalion of care-
bineers, with some artillery of the Valaisians, had
occupied St. Maurice and the Lower Valais. The
canton of Vaud had 12,000 men under arms, distri-
buted between Vevay, Aigle, Monion, Lucens, Pay-
erne, and Avenches.

Our correspondent, writing from Brussels on the
lit instant, says : " The dissensions in the Belgian
cabinet have been removed for the present by his
Majesty giving at last his consent to tke dismissal of
M. d'Huart from his post of governor of Namur."

Advices have been received from Naples to the 25th.
According to a correspondent of the Nourellige of
Marseilles, writing under that date, the country con-
tinues in the same state of excitement, and is con-
trolled only by a system of terror. Secret presses
were in operation in spite of the vigilance of the
police. The government, not satisfied with the actual
rigour of the laws against printing, had appointed an
extraordinary commission of three persons, one of
whom was the Prefect of Police, to consider whether
these publications (which in fact are petitions to the
monarch for the removal of his present advisers)
could not be brought under the character of acts fa-
vouring insurrection, and thus their authors ren-
dered subject to capital punishment. The de-
cision of the committee upon this question.
wee not known on the 25th. General Landi had
excited still more disgust and horror at Messina, by
seizing a child, twelve years old, and attempting to
force from him, by torture and threats, information
respecting his master, who was one of those for whose'
murder a reward of 300 ducats had been offered.
The lieneral imagined that the child, who was a ser-
vant In the family of the proscribed, might have over-
heard, or otherwise learned, the place of retreat of his
unfortunate muster, who is a respectable manufacturer
at Messina.

The Augsburg Gazette gives the following:
All is not terminated in the affair of the cession of Lucca.
According to a calculation based upon the act of the congress
of Vienna, and on the state of things at the time of his taking
possession, the prince, on abdicating, has left a debt of
about three millions of ecudi. He asked whether it will
be Leopold 11. or Tuscany who will pay off this debt. It can
he remembered that at the time of the taking possession,
rauraotfnuNmabeLofneettemer; which
constituted
sectoularised the iutantter th:
that the mother of 'the ex-duke restored them to the &many.
Now the inhabitants of Lucca dispute this right, and it is
known the prince owes to the state the ues of these
estates. Ile will, in consequence, be obliged to relinquish
the revenues if he do not restore the estates.

The Patria of Florence, of the 26th ult., announces
the arrival, on the 22nd, at Gallitano, of the Mode-
nese troops, accompanied by Commissioner Azzi, who
soon after called upon the Tuscan Commissary Advo-
mite Bianchini, desiring him to give up to him the
possession of the place. Signor Bianchini refused,
alleging that he had received no orders from his go-
vernment. But on the evening of the same day Sig-
nor Azzi insisted, and took possession de facto. Sig-
nor Bianchini has protested against this act. Several
proclamations of the Modenese government were
posted up soon afterwards. The province of Fiviz-
zano has a surface of 05 square miles, 51 parishes,
and 16,000 inhabitants; the annual revenue is about
' 40,000f.—Florence was the scene of a disturbance
on the 25th. One Paolim, belonging to the old po-
lice, called abirri, and hated by the people on account
of former arbitrary acts, arrested a blind beggar,

Some persona who witnessed the arrest disapproved
of it ; the crowd increased and rescued the beggar.
The commissary of Santo Spirito, to appease the
people, had Paolini put into an open carriage and
taken to prison. But the news having spread, the
crowd became more dense, and Paolini was assaulted.
Other bodies of people attacked some guard-houses,
and burnt the furniture; at the old police-office, the
Bargello, several persons imprisoned for debt were
set at liberty. All this took place so suddenly that
the civic guard was not in time to prevent it ; that
body, however, soon interfered moat successfully, and
the tumult was quelled on all points in less than an
hour. The Marquis ktidolti, Minister of the Interior,
wrote a letter in the name of the Grand Duke to the
commander of the civic guard, on the 26th, in which
he passes the highest eulogium on the behaviour of
that body, notwithstanding the imperfect state of
their present organisation.

MADRID,.Ocr..2B,

The Eeo attributes to Christina (or, which is the
same thing, to her friends) the design of proposing to
the government the capitalisation of the pension of
three millions of reale, which was voted to the Queen-
Mother by the Cortes. The Eeo assumes the capital
sought at the enormous sum of 00 millions, a figure
which it arrives at by the very. simple and original
improvement upon De Moivre s roles for calculating
the worth of annuities, of supposing the present
annuitant's life to be worth 30 years, and then multi-
plying the said 30 by the 3 millions annually re-
ceived. Now, continues the ingenious Eerr, supposel
this vast sum invested in the Three per Cents., which
are now at 27, a nominal capital of 333 millions
would be acquired, which would give nearly 10
millions in interest every year, that is three times as
much as Donna Maria Christina gets in yearly pay-
ment of her pension. This sum multiplied by 30
gives 300 millions, which, together with the capital,
make 390 millions, a pretty purse enough Ibr the
heirs of the Queen-Mother.
The fallacy upon which the Leos alarming calcu-
lations are based is too evident to need notice; never-
theless, if such a measure as the capitalisation in ques-
tion has been suggested to the present ministers,
which is not improbable, it behoves the nation to be
on the alert to scotch any job which may be set on
foot in consequence, either secretly, or under the
auspices of the Cortes. Meantime Christina might
consider herself lucky if she could sell her pension for
five years purchase, not to talk of thirty.
The Marquis of Miraflores has published a pam-
phlet upon the question of the succession to the crown
of Spain, agitated by England and France. in con-
sequence of the marriage of the Infanta Dona Luisa
Fernanda with the Duke of Montpensier. I may
return to this production in sonic future letter. One
of the marquis's positions is that the treaty of Utrecht
has been cancelled by the French revolution, rather
a curious opinion for an ea-premier to express, at
least in any country but Spain.
The hunt at the I'ardo came off without farther ac-
cident than Narvaez getting a tumble in attempting
an ambitious leap, for which the liberal gacetillas jibe
thegeneral unmercifully, giving no quarter to the fa!len
hero. All the ministers were present, besides 'Linn-
zares and others. A dinner of thirty covers was set
out in the palace of the Pardo.
The Duke of Baylen has been appointed captain of
the halberdiers, and the Marquis of Malpica Cabal-
lerizo, mayor.
The Ero says that Don Jose Menzibar Maez has
been appointed secretary of her Majesty, a post which
was understood some weeks ago to be suppressed.
The passage of the Ebro by a large body of the
Carlista had spread some alarm, the Maeztrazgo's
mountainous district affording impregnable holds.

A progresista paper gives out that Eapartero has
been appointed ambassador at London, and that a
letter has been sent to him by tho President of the
Council. Maroto's death at Santiago, in Chili, is re-
ported.

LUCERNE, Ocr. 29.
I write from the margin of one of the most pic-
turesque lakes in the world, and I find it difficult to
reconcile to my mind the painful fact that the demon
of bloodshed should be likely in a few days to tinge
its pellucid surface, and startle its peaceful echoes
with the roar of hostile artillery; and all for what?
Why, d propoe of a subtle corporation originating in
Spanish fanaticism, and totally foreign to the simple,
honest, and unsophisticated hearts of the Swiss
abirigines.
On leaving Berne, I found the road eriellonnje with
troops, mostly cavalry, and their appearance was
soldierlike, and their accoutrements in capital order.
On entering the canton of Lucerne, the contrast both
in the bearing and habiliments of the rebel forces was
very striking. They had a straggling, ragged, and
I woebegone semblance, and the officers seemed raw
unintelligent persons, with lacklustre eye and stolid
physiognomy. To make up for this unprepossessing
aspect of the men, each soldier wore a sprig of myrtle
or holly in his shako, which greenery I have since
learnt was blessed for the purpose by the clergy, and
no doubt will give courage to the defenders of what
is considered a sacred cause.
ev Khal ALIFTOV Tow IS IVY (Orme
Aorep 'Appobios Nal Apirnryetro.w.
On arriving at Iluttwill, I was informed that a
considerable encampment had been formed at Willis-
thal out of the regular line of road, and I forthwith
diverged from the beaten path to mingle among the
belligerents. I found about 3,000 men in the village,
and having got among the officers, by a liberal dis-
tribution of better cigars than they were used to
smoke, I elicited the fact, that they had entered very
reluctantly on this war, and had a firm conviction
that they would get the worst of it. One said that
in his battalion not five out of twenty knew why they
were going to fight at all, and the few that were
really in earnest were bent on fighting more from
sheer pugnacity than any regard for the reverend
objects of the contest. In fact, as one of them, more
wide awake than the rest, pleasantly remarked, the
question was one of loyalty to the government of the
country, or Loyola-1y to a set of strangers.
It is quite uncertain where the collision will take
place; and wherever it does, the spot will never be held
in proud recollection by the people who still point in
the map of Switzerland, with swelling hearts and
sparkling eyes, to the battle-fields of Sempach, Morat,
I and Mergarten, dyed with the blood of foreigners.
Some think (for the plan of campaign in the secret
mind of Gen. Dufour is quite a mystery) that the first
blow will be struck against Friburg, which, if effec-
tual, will be followed by the submission of Lucerne;
others say that a concentrated movement on this
town will be made, and that the forces of Zurich and
these of Berne, and &ileum, will converge on this de-
voted canton, wkile the Italian confederates of TtEliDO
and Lugano will pass St. Oothard and fall on it from
the rear. It is certain that there is felt great alarm
in the city: the Berne artillery is known to be well
appointed, and this place is commanded completely
by the circumambient hills, from which nothing is
easier than to fire the town and then

Matta label mural, ruit alto a culmine Troja 1
I must tell you that great diversity of opinion pre-
vails in every canton, as well on the Sonderbund side
of the question as that of the federal government. In
Friburg there is a strong minority in favour of the
central authority : and in Lucerne the gentry of the
eanton are quite at variance with the common people
who, under the guidance of the late Joseph Leu, a
kind of "liberator," got the upper hand and com-
pletely quashed the power of what would be called
the respectable and intelligent class. In Zurich there
are many partisans of the Jesuits and some few in
Soleure and Geneva, though public opinion in Swit-
zerland is overwhelming on the other side.
At Willisthal I was stopped by the authorities
and my passport demanded, which is unusual in
Switzerland. The Austrian ambassador's risa,which
I had procured from Zurich through Mr. Berries,
proved serviceable. I have been obliged to take out
a pertnis de sijottr from the municipal powers of this
, town, which has proclaimed vengeance against all
strangers who cannot show sufficient cause for fre-
quenting the city. The proclamation is dated the
19th wein menet Pen 19 tiltinntoßat) 1817, which
is a poetical form to express the month of October.
That month, among us, rhymes with sober, whereas
the Germans have connected it more naturally with
an allusion to Bacchus.

And so fare thee well, land of the brave and honest
Switzer'! When I look out, as I do now, on thy
glassy lake, fit to mirror the manly visage of free-
men, I can scarce fancy that so foul and ridiculous a
quarrel has sprung up among thy sons! I cross the
hills to Italy, where I shall meet men more refined,
but not more true. lam off for the sunny land, but
cannot depart without wishing thee once more well
out of thy troubles—and may Clod defend the right !

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