The Express.
London, England, 1848-04-21 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, APRIL 21, 1848.

opportune time to abet the neoessity of ridding the
land of its shackles, and restoring a "free trade"
in that prime commodity. At this the high Tory and
aristocratic prejudices of the new Morning Chronicle
bristle up.- It stretches forth its hand most
solemnly and protectively over the soil, and says to
the English peasant and the English farmer—" This
soil is not for thee. We must have a permanent aris-
tocracy, and the monopoly of the land is indispen-
sable to it ; therefore, if you want to procure land, or
to buy it, or to spend capital in improving it, go to the
colonies—there are waste lands at the Antipodes, go,
my respected John Bull, and cultivate New Zealand
or Australia. But here in Britain lies the sacred soil
of an aristocracy, and thou must not even covet the
possession, much less hope for it."
Whilst writing in this ludicrously extravagant
vein of toryism, and of toryism fitter really for the
reign of Ecizaaniu than of Queen VICTORIA, the
Morning Chronicle pretends to be a liberal organ,
nay, of such exquisite liberalism, that it pooh poohe
Lord JouN RUMELL and his colleagues, and accuses
them of doing nothing. The press of England does
certainly disgrace itself by an immense amount of
hypocrisy and tomfoolery. But that of the Morning
Chronicle really passes all the bounds of credibility
and shame. Lord LINCOLN himself must be ashamed
of so preposterous a help.

Chronicle.
This amphibious journal, after having demanded
for itself and for the present 150,000 electors of the
empire, at interminable period to be spent, in reflection,
and in doing nothing, has the consiste-acy to indite a
diatribr against the House of Commons and the mi-
nistry for following its own recipe. "The home has
done nothing, because nothing 'has been given it to
do," How are either government or minister to do
anything when the press sets up a pa-
nic cry, and frightens the timid into the belief
that they were to have been swallowed up on a certain
morning by revolution, had not consummate wisdom
saved them. Government doing nothing ! Why,
have not Times and Chronicle been telling us ever
since, that ministers saved the country a d triumphed
over faction on the 10th of April? NVe may depend
upon it that when a goverment undertakes to save a
country by the army and the police, the necessary
concomitant is legislation to repress, to intimidate,
and to gag. The one is the completion of the other.
And when we find a minister's two hands occupied,
the one with a constable's staff, the other with a mar-
shal's baton, we may reckon on there being little of
either time or inclination for doing anything beyond
the wielding these symbols of power.
The aronich, however, is valiant, and would "do
something." It would extend, not the franchise, but
the income tax, to the poorer classes. There should
be no limit of 1501. It adopts Mr. BAIMAGeb doc--
1 trine, that the rich should pay no more for protec-
tion than the poor, and that small men and small
fortunes should be crashed, and mulcted, and taxed,
`whilst any heavier burdens on the rich should be
avoided as dangerous and subversive. Oh ! rare
Monis!, Chronicle, liberal Morning Chronicle! you
have left not merely radicalism and whiggism, but
even Peelism far behind. Lord LINCOLN would
disown you ; Mr. Balsices alone could be flattered by
the support of such an organ.
Some of the most generous inklings of the old Morn-
Mg Chronwle were for throwing open the land to the
economy and the industry of the moderately wealthy.
' Mr. POWLETT Senora has come forward at the present

WE return to our military sage of the Quarterly,
with a view to ventilating, with his assistance, the
questions of the efficiency and cost of our artillery.
Our readers will remember that on this head he ar-
gues for increasing the strength and efficiency of the
artillery corps in order to effect reductions in the
cavalry and infantry. He certainly succeeds in de-
monstrating that troops of the line are now employed
where artillery would be more efficient.
successful is his demonstration that much of the money
lavished upon the royal regiment of artillery as at
present constituted is shameful waste. We are in-
clined to agree with him that an augmentation
of the artillery regiment is advisable, provided
it be accompanied with a large reduction in the
troops of the line ; but we think we are in a condition
Ito show that the augmentation he asks for is
excessive.
One instance of lavish expenditure upon mere show
is caustically pointed out in the following passage :
We have no fault to find with the Royal Regiment as re-
gards the general seal and intelligence of the officers or the
men; and being old enough to remember how their fathers
bore themselves in the field, we are confident that, whenever
the opportunity shall occur, they in like manner will make
the most of it. But having censured the actual organisation
of the corps, we cannot screple to support the correemem of
our opinion, even though in so doing we blame by implica-
tion the authorities respoasible. At the same time let us do
I justice to all parties. There is a branch of this arm, which,
though it moot boast of having at hand every minute ar-
t title of equipment that would be required in case of war,
may still sustain a comparison with any similar body in the
world. Whatever may be the neglect of the field batteries,
and the companies employed in garrison duty, the gentlemen
at the Ordnance-office take care of the horse-artillery. But
it unfortvnately ha; pens, that except in the prosecution of
an active campaign, a horse-artillery, in the proper sense of
that term, is the sort of artillery which we can best do with-
out. And if is still more unlucky that, in point of expense,
it costa very n early twice as much m any similar amount of
men, guns, anhorses, in the service. Moreover, the details
of its drill differ, at least is essentials, so little from those of
the field-botteries, that by the simple process of giving to the
latter mounted pitmen and lighter guns you might convert
each of them into a troop of horse.artillery in a day. We are
constrained, therefore, while giving all praise to the beauty
and efficiency of the horwartillery, to express our opinion,
that this country has no need, in peace, of any such costly
soncern ; and that the .soonee it is merged into the general
body of the corps the better.
The remedy proposed for this abuse is the suppiss-
abort of the horec-artillery. "There ehould be raised
no such distinct force during peace as a home-artil-
lery; but the field batteries should be put forthwith
upon a proper footing, and all the men and officers so
exercised with their guns, at their stables and in
every other respect, so that, in the hour of need, by a
mere change of pieces and a supply of horses where-
with to mount the gunners, the requisite number
of batteries might be rendered fit to act '
with cavalry ; in other words to do the didy
which is not dime at all, though in ease of need it my-
buinly could he done by our seven troops of horse
artillery." The horse artillery numbers apparently
about 1,000 men : the field-batteries are 30 in
number, with nominally 100 men to each, bat they
are never full. Of the large addition to the artil-
lery t orps, asked by the writer in the Quarterly, 1
nothing gess to the field batteries, for he estimates
the requisite strength of the field or light artillery re-
quired at 2,500 men. In short, the 37,2191. per annreni
which the horse artillery costs under the present
system is, in the opinion of an experienced soldier,
only so much thrown away on a toy er gimcrack of 1
the Board of Ordnance. This it is to have a Hussar
officer at the head of that board—foe the horse
artillery is the exact counterpart of these fantastic-
ally dressed regiments.
Another source of uncalled-for expenditure in the
artillery is the enormous excess of officers :
Our battalion, of artillery are at present officered respec.
Lively by one colonel-commandant, who is always a general,
two colonels, four lieutenant-colonels, ten first captains,
ten second captains, twenty first-lieutenants, and, if fully .
appointed, ten second lieutenants. It seldom happens,
however—indeed it never has happened ice the last twenty
years—that the regiment has been full ; and the estimates.
accordingly preside for no more than five second lieutensuits
to each battalion. We should propose, in time of peace, to
substitute for these per battalion—one colonel-commandant,
one colonel, two lieutenanteolonels, ten captains, twenty
first lieutenants, and four second lieutenants, if any. lAA's-
ing the second-lieutenants at the reduced scale, this will
42 officers,
irodZifentioienthtley
.presentaf estimate,ic.r according
battalion
al.
vow,
per battalion 38 otticen, liable to a like addition. °Seem
that the reductions which we propose are in the ranks
which receive the largest amount of pay; and that not one
individual now in the service would suffer.
We confess we do not see the use of two lieutenant-
colonels, and have our doubts as to the necessity of
keeping. four second-lieutenants as a ce,rps de rNerre.
But let that pass. Here we have a professional
writer admitting that 52 officers are constantly borne
on the estimates, and 37 insisted upon in theory as
required for regimental completen can, where alt are
amply sufficient. In every hatted; on of artillery there
ere fourteen useless officers, and. these " in the ranks
tehich receise the largest ammo, tor pay." So, on the
assumption that the Royal Regiment of Artillery
ought to be continued at its present strength, its ex-'
pewees might be diminishee'e by the seven troops of
horse artillery, and by at least fourteen officers in
every one of its ten battalions.
'The augmentation which the -writer in the Qater-
terly thinks necessary in the artillery force is a large
one. He would double it. This increase appears to
us outrageous. It is advocated : first, on the ground
that artillerymen cannot be improvised; secondly,
that although (as we have seen) the actual numbers o.
the field or light artillery are assumed to be pretty
near the mark, the numbers remaining for garrison PARIS, THURSDAY,
national 11 A.M.
duty. are inadequate. We shall examine both This being the day for the great festival,
positions. towards eight o'clock the line of the Boulevards pre
a spectacle of great animation. The legions of
There can be no doubt that a good gunner is much
more difficult to manufacture out of the raw material the infantry of the national guard were seen marching
than either a good foot or cavalry eoldier. But it is to take up the positions respectively assigned to them
only in the heavy
.artillery, or the gunners for garri- between the Bastille and the Madeleine. The cavalry
son duty, that an increase is asked. Now, what says of the same civic troops also moved in squadrons
our authority himself ? in different directions. Front time to time a
No doubt you 'nay in six weeks time teach any man, who coirocnt of the line marched along the centre of the
is not deficient in common intellect, how to week, sponge, Boulevards beaded by its band playing the national
load, lay, and tire a garrison gun. But these operations,
a.s This was invariably the signal or enthusiastic
though individually and collectively of vast importance, do f
not make him an artillerist. The first accident that occurs— cheering from the national guards on either side, which
the first shot that strikes his carriage or his rammer—renders was dulyreeponded to and acknowledged by the regular
him powerless. lie could not fit on a new wheel, were you troops. 'lle guard mobile, notyet provided with uniform,
to hand it to him ; he would not know how to make shift and therefore presenting a singular appearance of a
with any other tool or implement than that which his drill-
body of armed Operatives, appeared from time to
master has taught him to handle. As to dealing with a
touch-hole somewhat run, or throwing hot iliot, or keeping time. Cheers were likewise interchanged between
his powder clear of sparks, his first attempt in either of these these and the national guards and regular troops
branches of art would probable end in such au explosion GA
must not only silence his gun hut himself too, and many of ms
l pectively.
owards 10 o'clock the entire line of the Boule-
his comrades. Observe that we do not apply this reasoning,
yr.a.rels, the Place de la Concorde, and the Champs
at least in its extreme sense, to [nose poitious of the dock-
yard battalions which are drilled by order of the government El sees presented such a spectacle as has been
to act as artillery. The arti-aus in these establishments are, the lot of few ever to have witnessed. The vast area
for the most part, men of much more intelligence than we just mentioned, in its centre roadway, was literally
find in the ranks either of the line or of the marines. It is filled with armed men. The national guard exhibited
comparatively easy to initiate them into mysteries which are .
tne stranest. motley appearance ; not. above half
just as mysterious to soldiers of the line after six weeks of
explanation as they were at the beginning. Indeed, of the their number uniform—some worn blouses, others
dockyard artillerists very many being wheelwrights, block- coats, cloaks, and vestments of every variety of fashion
makers, aerates. and sail-makers by trade, possess the full and colour. The strangest confusion of classes was also
amount of theoretical knowledge which is required to make obeervable. Individuals who from their bearing and
good gunners before they take their places en the platform
costume belonged evidently to the more affluent
at all, and need no more than to be shown how to apply it
to the implements before them. But in what way and degree classes were seen bearing muskes beside men in
would these b mations he fouild sirviceable in case of need ? blouses, porters, messengers, and guards i•.l uniform.
They form an admirable protection to important posts In some cases the more provident of the guards had
against surprise. We may, now that they are well advanced a loaf stuck upon their bayonets.
in discipline, look upon our principal dockyards es placed At the moment I now write and ant dos-
beyond the risk of being taken by a coup de-main. But .
if we count upon the support of these battalions for more log ta7 despatches the extraordi.eary spectacle
than this, we must make up our minds to let our usual pre- I have just described is presented antler the windows.
parations sand still. The centre road of the Boulevrard is a forest of
It is admittel. ;e. the first place, that the ercasional bayonets, and the side-walks are oceans of heads.
training recti,kd by the dockyard battalions, is sofa- Front station to station along the line are placed the

FRANC:'.

cient to make them good gunners. It is admitted bands of the different regiments, which play patriotic
that men trained to certain mechanical trades can be airs. Now and then, when &general officer is recog-
much more rapidly cenverted into efficient artillery- raised, an enthusiastic shout is set up, and " Vive Is
men than mere unskilled labourers. This is not ligne !" everywhere heard.
only the case with the heavy or garrison gunner. Such is the state of thin at
Boulevardsthe moment lon
tleho.
Many of the mysteries of field gunnery. "to The myriads which fill the
._.
use a gin, knot a rope, construct a bridge, and point of marching for the Pamere de l'Etoile, at the,
lay a platform," or to "sling and move heavy ordnance, remote end of the amps Elysees, where the Provi-
pass it up a hill and down a declivity," would be simple farina Government await them to go through the'
to the apprehension of many artisans. The essential ceremony of delivering their colours.
parts of the theory and practice of the mechanical In my despatches of the afternoon I will complete'
powers are well known to many of the labouring this report. I
classes, of whom fresh supplies are constantly The Mcmiteur of this morning contains apr °clam ,
being trained, who, from the difficulty of finding tion by the Provisional Government, of which we sub- 1
employment, would be glad to grasp ant the offered join
the substance.
lib.
good pay of the artillery corps. We dwell upon
this, not as contradicting, but only as modifying ,Irrivief he and
for the citizens a right. The repuhrelicutiviese aby libertyyy— dis ion. The clubs
governmentortp bils n
pleased to see citizens assemble to die-
the conclusions of the writer in question—as tending cue. he highest questions of polities. The government pro-
to show that his estimate of the necessities of a peace
tects the clubs. But that liberty may have its fruits, beware
establishment is exaggerated. I
of giving cause of elarm, remember that alarm gives rise to ,
If fre discussion may right I
Next as to the garrisons. He asks for nineteen MIMI revutionary re-action. .
battalions of heavy artillery of nine hundred and fifty poinh arms in our hands beau
danger, it be.
c°
men each. These he would distribute as follows: "Nine moste inviolable conquests of the revolution, armed clubs may
trm
an oppression. If the liberty of the clubs is one of the I
battalions should be kept at home. Portsmouth and
to one battalion about civil war.
compromise that liberty, cseite the worst passions, and bring
Plymouth would give quarters
each. A third might be distributed among Jersey, It then interdicts the clubs from being armed dar-
Guernsey., and Alderney. A fourth, having its bead- ing their deliberations.
quarters in Dover, would supply the whole Kentish
We have received the Madrid mails of the 15th,
and Sussex coasts ; and a fifth in Edinburgh castle do
and are enabled to supply what we can guarantee as
a similar service to all Scotland. Ireland would pro-
a correct report of the communications lately inter-
bably require two battalions ; thus leaving for Vifo I- Mr. Bulwer and the Spanish Minister of
wick, the Thames, the Medway, and the east coast changed
.. by
e oreign Affairs, which have already produced so
four battalions, with the provisional battali formed
n service.; wide a breach between the Madrid cabinet and our
out of the depot companies of those on foreignrepresentative and which seem likely to produce
This, according to our arithmetic, is eleven battalion
at leant some coolness between the governments.
instead of nine. Waiving, however, this con-
It seems that the communication of Mr. Bulwer
sideration let us see where reductions may be
had a tone as far as possible removed from dictation.
made. O'er author forgets his admission respect-
It was the representation of a friendly power, made
ing the efficiency of the dockyard battalions as
in a friendly spirit, and was accompanied by an
gunners; and he entirely leaves out of account
extract from a despatch of Lord Palmerston, written
the increased facility for transporting stores, oral- before the insurrection and proscription had bees
1 nance, and men rapidly from place to place. On the
known in London.
strength of these over-looked items, we would suggest
The minister on receiving this communication held
that three battalions might be found amply sufficient for
a cabinet council. The wrath of Narraez was un-
Portsmouth, Plymouth, the Channel Islands, and
bo_:uthnden.d, add the answer resolved on was in harmony
Dover, with its dependencies ; that the Edinburgh
battalion might supply not only the rest of Scotland ''"
Instead of justifying their conduct, government
but the north of England as far as the Humber (in-
referred to the miseries of Ireland and denounced is
elusive) ; that as the provisional battalion is admitted
unmeasured language what they called British inter-
to be sufficient for Woolwich, two battalions would be
ference in their domestic concern!, advised England
enough for the Thames, Medway, and the east coast
to mind its own business, for that it would have
south of the Humber ; and that the two battalions for
enough to do with the chartists and repealer!.
Ireland is a war, not a peace establishment. On these Mr. Bulwer, entirely passing over the outrageous
grounds we would respectfully submit that seven bat-
petulance of this production, sent a second note, in
talions with the provisional battalion are amply suf.
which he stated that the parallel drawn between
Relent for home service. England and Spain did not exist, in fact ; that Spain
The proposed allotment for foreign service is ten
had never contributed to found the throne of
battalions of eight hundred and fifty men each (de-
Queen Victoria, or to prevent it from being
ducting the companies left at home.) Their proposed
Malts, helped
by civil war, nor had in any way
distribution is : Gibraltar, two battalions ; N helped to establish the British constitution, and
one; Corfu and its dependencies, one; Canada, one;
much less entered into a compact with the British
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, one; Bermuda, one ;
yhvoernment for the maintenance of that constitution.
the West Indies, one ; the Cape,one ; Ceylon, one —with grounds, then, upon which an absolute
three companies at Hong-Kong. With respect to one
reciprocal
panty
was sought to be established
of these battalions—that which is allotted to Corfu—
between the two governments, did not exist, and,
it is to be hoped that the country will not much
consequently, all reasoning drawn from such pie-
longer consent to be burdened by the task of governing
raises must fall to the ground. He, therefore, con-
s group of islands which the Holy Alliance not being
sidered that the answer returned to hie previous
able to make any use of persuaded the British govern-
note would not prove satisfactory to hie government.
ment to be at the expense of keeping in subjection. ii AUSUU, Amu. 15.—Three per Ceate. 21 cash; Vise per Cents.,
Even on the theory of those who think our import- isre paper; Passives, 4f . paper; Coupons, 9 paper ; Ark of St.
ance as a state dependent upon keeping garrisons in F,T003000, Parr 6100 (.0101 fhc). E.eionle on 60 days, 41 Palm'.
the Mediterranean, Gibraltar and Malta are quite By the Levant mail we have received the letters
sufficient: the lonian Islands are a mere incumbrance. of our correspondents at Malta of the 11th, Alex-
With regard to the Atlantic, Bermuda, with Halifax andria of the 29th nit, and Athena the 4th bust.
on the one hand and Nassau on the other, are sub- The Minister of the l'acha of Egypt, in conse-
clout to render us unassailable in that ocean. quence of the political events which had been
For mere purposes of local protection the West announced from Italy, France, and Austria, ad-
Indian and British North American colonies are dressed a circular to the consular body,
with occasional assistance adequate to their own de- dated Cairo the 20th ult., on the subject of
fence. The writer in the Quarterly himself pro- the manifestations which had taken place
poses that St. Helena should be defended by a among foreigners from these countries.
local artillery, and our Australian colonies and Our Athens letter says that a report was credited
settlements in the Pacific by the marine artillery, that the King had signed a general amnesty.
"till they, shall have grown old enough to
supply and pay their own artillery." The Cape
and the two clueters of colonies first named are
surely old enough for this purpose. Ceylon properly
belongs to our Indian establishment. These things
considered, it would appear that two battalions for
Gibraltar, one for Malta, with two for Ilalifax, Ber-
muda, and Nassau (or any of the West India islands
that might be deemed eligible), with a couple of com-
panies from the provisional battalion for Hong-Kong,
are quite as much as oar foreign service demands.
In abort, the Royal Artillery Regiment, by being
increased to 12 battalions of heavy artillery, with
2,500 light or field artillery, might, upon premises
admittedby the writer whom we have been following,
be, according to his notions, perfectly adequate to all
the yenta of this country. 'ibis increase of the force
might also, according to his views, be effected with a
positive reduction of the number of officers. The ten
battalion actually existing have 520 officers ; the
twelve battalions and the field artillery officered in the
proportion he recommends would require only 509. We
should at the same time be enabled to dispense with
that costly and useless toy, the horse artillery ;
with ten thousand troop& of the line, even
suppoeing we kept our army at its present
preposterous entire strength• and with much less if
we dispensed with the Balers kept in the colonies
simply to coerce the colonists, and in different parts
of this country to play the parts of policemen. The
actual force of the Royal Artillery is 11,395 men;
as we propose to increase it, it would be 13,900; and
by this increase of 2,500 artillerymen, of whom a
much less proportion would be officers than at present,
we should be able to dispense with some 10,000 troops
of the line.
Here is a present possible increase of army strength
and redaction of cost which a reform ministry could
not find out the means of effecting, suggested by a
soldier, and published by the Quarterly Review.
We need not say that our views of ultimate
possible retrenchment in our army expenditure go far
beyoiid this. We look to rational legislation for 'lre-
land to enable us to dispense with our garrison there.
We look to an equitable colonial policy to enable us
to dispense with our garrisons in the colonies. We
look to reforms in Great Britain to enable us to re-
lis -e our soldiers from the iiksome and invidious duties
of policemen. And, lastly, we look to the consolida-
tion of petty states into large ones, and the develop-
ment of industry and commerce to diminish men's
fighting propensities. History gives proof that large
states are more cautious of involving themselves in
wars than petty ones ; and trade and commerce, if
they do not make men less quarrelsome, supply them
with ether means of spending the time and dissipating
ennui than fighting.

ITALY.—Lettera from Rome of the 11th, say
that M. Corbelli has left Rome for the head-quarters
of the combined army with a view of establishing
more strongly the league between the Italian
sovereigns.
The Patria, of Florence, of the 13th says :—The
Austrians retired within the line of the Mincio have
regained courage, and fight with fury. It is of no
use to deceive ourselves, the war will be long and
bloody. It is war to the death—a war of Spaniards
against the Moors, of Greeks against Turks.
The Patria contains a letter from Ferrara dated
the 11th, which says the affair under Mantua was
favourable to the Fiedmontese, and that the Austrians
lost 8,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners.

spoke decidedly to his royal father, and at—this
juncture succeeded in producing a decisive hope",
mon. King Ludwig will not go to Switzerland; fee
although guarantees would be given, his return umee
certain circumstances would be very problematical
HESSE CASSEL.—The government of the else.
torate has officially infotmed the states that t cow
missioner will be shortly sent to Denmark to infona
Prince William and Prince Frederic of Hesse Quad
that they must quit the Danish service. It is scarcely
nec
essary to add that the latter is the heir presarap,"
tivceestBoarje throne of Denmark and to the electorate of
Hesse Cassel.
BRUNSWICK.—It appears that the government
of Brunswick is making an effort to effect a junction
between the Stenerverein (Hanover and Oldenburg)
and the Zollverein. A conference it is thought wia
be shortly held in Brunswick. The ducal govern.
ment entertains also the hope that the free cities of
the north will enter the Zollverein.
BADEN.—We have news from CarlsruheMann.
heim of the 16th. We have already shown the abor.
tive attempts made to raise a republican movement
throughout Baden, Hesse, Nassau, Wurtemherg, and
in fact throughout the so-called Middle }thine die.
trict. The Baden government has requested the per.
mission of the second chamber to arrest one of its
members, the well-known Reciter, who has already .
assembled under arms a number of republicans. The
motion was to have been brought forward on the
)sth inst., but whether through fear of the govern.
ment, or through synipathy with Hecker, the mem.
bers did not assemble in sufficient numbers to
form a house. The motion was to have beer),
brought forward again yesterday. An order to ar.
rest Struve has already been issued by the grand
ducal government. Lieutenant-Oeneral Von Gagern,
formerly in the Dutch service, has been nominated
commander-in-chief of the Baden troops. Consider.
able excitement prevailed at Mannheim on the even-
ing of t'm 16th. Numerous crowds of persons
bled before the houses of Hecker and Struve (although
it was well known that both were absent), and loudly
cheered in honour of those two republicans. It may
be added here that Hecker is extremely popular in

NASSAU.—The troops have received orders to
march towards the French frontiers on the 23rd.
AUSTRIA.—The Vienna Gnat.lle,of the 13th, says
that the Minister of the Interior is occupied with the
project of a constitution, on which subject &liters,
tions have taken place between him and several de-
' puties from the provincial states. The constitution
is to be framed in the most liberal spirit, including as.
similation of political and civic rights without regard
to difference of creed, equality of all citizens before
the law, equal qualification of all citizens to
municipal and state employments, freedom of
opinions, persons, speech, and press, right of
petition and meeting, similar laws for all
classes, independence of justice, public and oral
trials by jury, and the principh• of the representa-
tion of the people, based on the constitution, with
two chambers, to meet every year, to possess a de-
ciding voice in legislation and taxation, and the right
of taking the initiative, and finally responsibility of
the ministry. The same journal states that it can
assert from the surest sources that the elections for
the German parliament will shortly take place.
The Austrian government has ordered the Jesuits
to quit Linz. This step has given considerable sa-
tisfaction even to the Homan catholic population. The
leaders of the republicans at Trent have been arrested.
The Cologne Gazette of the 19th says: " An en-
gagement between Hungary and Russia, on and re-
specting the deckles of the Danube, is considered in-
evitable. The independent liungarian government
seems resolved upon the speedy armament of the
people, and extensive warlike preparations. 300,000
fire-arms have already been ordered at Vienna."