The Express.
London, England, 1847-09-20 00:00:00

gh, 11n$%.

teenth. Intelligent and humane men, considering
this, have set themselves to work to stem this tide of
degradation and disease which flows on parallel with
that of improvement and civilisation. The Society for
the Improvement of the Labouring Classes, to
which the Labourers' Friend Society is united,
has employed itself in the erection of model
dwellings for the poor, adapted to the wants alike of
the single and the married. We had lately an oppor-
tunity of examining most of these buildings. For
single men and boys there are, we believe, three in
London : one in George-street, Bloomsbury, one in
Charles-street, Drury-lane, and one in Bethnal-green.
Oar description applies only to the first of these ; the
others we have not seen. George-street, Bloomsbury,
was one of the most notorious districts in London. It
bordered the Rookery. Its houses were old, decay-
ing, stuffed like burrows with filthy and abandoned
lite. The streets branching from it were pestilential,
and filled with the liquid filth which overflowed privy
and cesspool. At the doors the infrequent passenger
saw young girls almost naked, squatted like
savages, bandying foul jests and fouler abuse ; the
children pale and wolfish, paddling in the mud about
them ' • the young men and boys, with that ineffable
brand of the low London thief smoking at the
windows, or lounging lazily against the greasy walls,
till the dusk took them to their prowling depredations.
With all this was mixed up much industrious and
honest poverty, suffering within body and mind all
the effects of that contaminating neighbourhood.
This was thespot chosen for a model lodging-house,
capable of accommodating 120 single inmates at an
expense of 2s. 4d. weekly, or 4d. a night. This house,
however, only admits weekly lodgers. When we saw
it, some ten or twelve beds were unoccupied. The
accommodations are clean, decent, and sufficient to
, ensure all necessary privacy. The beds are in cabins,
arranged along corridors, much like those of Green-
wich and Chelsea Hospitals • the partitions between
the cabins not reaching within several feet of the ceil-
ing, so as to ensure a freer circulation of air. On
each corridor is a washing place well supplied with
water. The inmates have the use of a comfortable
common room, furnished with substantial oak tables
and settles, and with a good fire, as well as of a
kitchen for cooking, all the crockery and implements
required being supplied by the establishment, and
each man having under his own key a cupboard for
his victuals. There is a wash-house attached to the
kitchen, with storeheunes. The ventilation of the
whole building is perfect, and the utmost cleanliness
prevails. A library is in process of formation for the
use of the lodgers, and the common room, when we
saw it, seemed well provided with newspapers. Op-
posite to this building stands a range of lodging-
houses on the old system, ditty, unventilated, over-
crowded, and indecent. In the new building, poverty
may maintain its self-respect. There is nothing that
even a decayed gentleman might not gladly avail
himself of. And all this is provided for 4d. a night,
a sum which we are assured is sufficient to pay a fair
per centage on the outlay.
The same society has built a street of model-houses
Ibr women and families, near Pakenham-street, be-
tween Gray's-inn-road and the Lower-road, Penton-
ville. The following is the description of the
committees, and we can answer for its correctness
from personal observation :
In the arrangement of these houses, the object has been
to combine every point essential to the health, comfort, and
moral habits of the industrious clauses and their families,
reference being had to the recommendations of the Health of
Towne Commission, particularly with respect to ventilation,
drainage, and an ample supply of water. The houses are of
three different classes, and designed to accommodate in the
whole twenty-three families and thirty single persons-1.
Nine of the familiesoecupy each an entire house, with a Habig-
r ,om on the ground floor, having an enclosed recces or
closet large enough to receive beds for the youths of the family,
two bed-rooms on the upper floor, and a smel yard at the
hack : these houses are let at a rent of sin shillings per week.
2. The remaining fourteen families are distributed in seven
houses, each family occupyirg a floor of two rooms, with all
requisite conveniences; and as the apartments on the upper
floor are approached through an outer door distinct from
that belonging to the lower floor, their respective occupants
are thus kept entirely separate, and each floor is virtually a
distinct dwelling. The tent paid by each family is three
shillings and sixpence per week. A mash-house, with dry-
ing ground, is provided for the occasional use of the tenants
of these houses at a small charge.-3. The centre building
on the east side will accommodate thirty widows or females
of advanced age, each having a room with the use of a
wash-house common to them all. The rent paid for
each room is one shilling and sixivnee per week.
The cost of these buildings, erected under contract in a
substantial manner, warrants the committee in the confident
belief that, whilst securing a remunerating rate of interest
ea the outlay, they afford to the occupants accommodations
et a very superior description to those at present attainable
by the labouring classes, and that at a lower rent than is
Now commonly paid. The committee hope and believe, also,
diet the detailed statement which they are prepared to lay
before the public (showing a return of 6 per cent. net on the
cost of the buildings, and of 41 per cent. on the cost of the
land, held on lease for 99 years) will encourege many. bene-
volent individuals to promote the erection in their own
neighbourhood of similar dwellings, and thereby conduce to
the moral as well as the physical welfare of a large class of
their poorer brethren, who at present have not the opportu-
nity of bringing up their families with a due regard even to
the decencies of life, and are thus placed in circumstances
tending greatly to counteract the influence of all religious
instruction.
Of both of these establishments the class for which
they were intended have eagerly and thankfully
availed themselves. It has required neither force nor
persuasion to induce them to occupy cleaner, sweeter,
and more commodious dwellings, as many prophetic
"practical men" declared it would. An establish-
ment with less ambitious aims and less costly appli-
ances than either of the above described, has been
founded in Glasshouse-yard, East Smithfield, near
the London Docks. This is a lodging-house for both
sexes, where, for 2d., I id., or Id., a bed is provided
Ifor the night, with a common room attached, and a
kitchen, in which clean and wholesome provisions are
furnished at a moderate rate, and where the inmates
may cook their own victuals. This is rather a place
for providing the very poor with clean and well-
ventilated sleeping accommodation than a lodging-
house properly so called. There is something rather
appalling in the close-packed rows of partitions which
11 separate the scanty beds, and the whole place is re-
dolent of that grim and naked poverty which does not
show itself in George-street. The Glasshouse-yard
house is frequented by the poor who live by the pre-
carious employment of the docks, and the crowds who
pour into the east of London in search of work. Here
they sire at least secured from indecency and outrage,
and warmly and wholesomely housed, while their
efforts to obtain employment are aided if they conduct
themselves with propriety. But the establishment
must be considered rather as a step intermediate be-
tween the refuge for the destitute and the model
lodging-house above described than as competing
with the latter. It is under the management of a
committee—the same, we believe, to which the poor
owe the original baths and wash-houses in Glass-
house-yard.
An examination of these model buildings suggests
the question why, in the improvements which are
going on in almost every part of the metropolis, it is
not insisted on that accommodation should be provided
for the class whom the improvements are certain to
displace? We must put our poor somewhere.
The alternative before us is whether their degrada-
tion, moral and physical, is to be perpetuated by
allowing them to crowd to the already overcrowded
quarters which their brethren occupy, or the first and
indispensable step taken for their advancement by
providing them with wholesome, clean, and commo-
dious dwellings. AU that the government can do in
the matter is to enforce the observance of certain con-
ditions on the builders of small tenements, and to re-
quire that a quarter of such small tenements should
be preserved in laying out new streets through the
districts hitherto inhabited by the very poor.
With such a condition annexed, the changes now
going on would be real blessings to the community.
We should hail the purer air, the more perfect sewer-
age, the statelier shop and more pretensious
when we knew that from the benefit of all this the
very poor were not excluded.
Without this condition these alterations destroy on
the one hand the good they effect on the idler. For
every squalid house thrown down there is an equally
squalid house receiving new inhabitants elsewhere;
for every foot of improved sewerage there is a
counterbalancing increase of impurity; for every
mod:qui of sweeter air won there is a fresh taint
imparter; to an already intolerable atmosphere. What
we withdrew from the bottom of the mass of human
misery we add on to tho top. The sum total remains
the same, with a mere difference of distribution.
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LONDON, MONDAY, SEPT. 20.

Ir has taken almost half a century to let down the
old dominant class of the Irish aristocracy and landed
proprietorship to the great level of common justice,
equality, and usefulness. To what a height must
that ascendancy have been raised when so many
measures, so many debates, so much effort and time
were requisite to undo what the sword, and centuries
of legislation based on the right of the sword, had
done.
Had it been attempted suddenly or at once, not all
the power of England would have sufficed without
convulsion. But indeed no hostile party went to
work with either astuteness or foresight to undermine
the dominant oligarchy in Ireland. They undertook
that task themselves. Seduced by the attractions and
the pride of electoral power and claims, they allowed
and encouraged tho labouring classes to spread root
and multiply upon the soil, till they became formida-
ble from their number and their wants.
Where there are numbers they must be conciliated.
Had the wrongs and the wants of the poor Irish been
fairly represented and honestly stated at first, the one
would have been righted, the other supplied.
But the interested champions of the poor thought
more of themselves than of their clients, and declared
that the sufferings of the indigent cottier were not in
his stomach, but his feelings—in his sense not of
hunger and physical privation, but of moral injustice.
The commiserating state listened to the lawyers,
opened parliament to the talkers, instead of providing
food and employ for the crowd whose voices were the
breath of the talker's perorations. Liberalism ap-
plauded on both sides of the channel. A dozen
successive administrations went on doctoring and
salving the moral ills of Ireland, giving scarcely a
scruple of either food or medicine to the physical
wants, until there were no more moral sores to salve,
and yet whilst the amount of misery and discontent
remained unabated.
For a year or two the system of moral quackery
for Ireland has now gone out of fashion. Even Sir
ROBERT PEEL, who placed such faith in it that his
last dream was, that if he could tickle the catholic
priests into good humour he could quietly rule all Ire-
land—even Sir ROBERT has abated of his faith in moral
treatment. And after years thrown away on prelimi-
naries, and in the idle study of diagnostics, we have at
length arrived at the actual palping and treatment of
physical evil. We do not know that it was the
wisdom of this or that particular minister which led
to this. It was rather the dire necessity of last year's
famine. We are at last face to face with the true,
staring, prominent ill of Ireland.
That ill is a pure, naked, physical one: it is want,
the want of millions. For this has been instantly
provided the most simple, most natural, most Christian
of laws —that the property of the country must relieve
the poverty of it. On the execution of this law de-
pends the future position of Ireland. If it fail, all
Ms. No politician can propose, as more than a
wordy paradox, that one country shall live perma-
nently on the charity of another. If a country cannot
suffice for its own existence, a revolution in property
and social organisation becomes inevitable. The upper
classes of Irish, therefore, instead of thwarting and
denouncing the great experiment, had better lend
their efforts to work it and 'carry it oat, for its
failure can prove no other than their final condemnation.
Of all liberal journals, we have been that, we be-
lieve, moat favourable to the Irish proprietary, most
averse to the wholesale, vulgar, electioneering clamour
directed against them. No class of any country can
be swept sway without leaving that couxtry maimed
and enfeebled. Nor is there any class more necessary
than that which fortune has endowed with leisure
and independence, and which should endow itself with
intelligence, humanity, and activity to perform the
provident, and fostering, and guiding part of a national
aristocracy. We cannot but be aware that the proprietary
clam in Ireland is that most truly and rationally attached
to English connexion, to thglory and greatness of a
common country. Nothing, therefore, would seem more
deplorable to us than a permanent antagonism between
the Irish proprietary and the government of the United
Kingdom—an antagonism, we are confident, that
nothing could give rise to, or continue, but errors and
passions on the part of that proprietary.
The present is an important moment in the history
of Ireland. The question of repeal or no re-
peal is coming to a decision, not from the
brawliogs of the political schoolboys of Asso-
ciation or Confederation, but in the great expe-
riment which England 114 making of forcing Irish
property to provide fitly for Irish poverty. -In that
great and difficult task, England can aid, will aid,
and has aided, not merely by her powers of govern-
ment, but by her resources and generosity. If the
Irish proprietary prefer being coerced by Irish anarchy
to perform that duty, instead of being brought to it
by the mild firmness of English rule, they may pro-
bably indulge their choice. But one thing is certain,
namely, that the poor of Ireland must be provided for,
and provided henceforth with more than potatoes,
and that too from Irish resources, and no other.

The Irish proprietary have now to choose between
the agrarian law, that must accompany repeal, and
which would sweep their class and creed from the
surface of the island, or that substitute for it, and an-
tidote to it, which the poor-law holds out—the poor-
law, administered by the wise and considerate hands
by which it is now wielded and directed. The recent
offers and compromises of the Irish poor-law commis-
sion fully prove this. The rejection of these by Irish
boards of guardians, or meetings of Irish country
gentlemen, is nothing short of suicide and madness.

WHILE so much remains to do for increasing the
comfort and cleanliness of the poor and their dwell-
ings, it is pleasant to think that something has also
been done for the attainment of these objects. The
task of the journalist is more often to awaken public
attention to evils, than to record the attempts that
have been made to meet them. He must devote him-
self rather to stimulating supineness, overthrowing
prejudice, and informing Ignorance, than to celebrat-
ing the partial triumphs of benevolence and active
knowledge.

With the sanitary question, especially when mis-
chiefs call so loudly for relief, and relief is so slow of
coming, there are very few points on which the day-
by-day recorder of events can rejoice himself or con-
gratulate his readers. Even here, however, all is not
barren in the wide field that spreads itself before the
improver. Something has been done, despite the
apathy of same local authorities, an the opposition of
others.
We are glad to turn from our less welcome task of
cataloguing the causes and effects of filth, discomfort,
and disease inthe dwellings of the poor, to that of point-
ing out what is being done to
.provide them with in-
creased means ofpersonal cleanliness, and a more whole-
some and decent class of habitations. It seems, now-a-
days, an admitted axiom, that moral and physical degas.
dation have snore than an accidental bond of union. The
filth of London, the fever of London, and the crime of
London, huddle in the same hideous nooks and alleys.
The eo-called improvements, whilst they oust this
terrible trinity from one district, drive it to double its
fatal effects in another. The poor labourer, the low
prostitute, and the thief, routed together fro Blooms-
are foroed upon Southwark or WhitecTrapel. As
London shows fairer houses and wider streets in

quarters hitherto squalid and infectious, the nests ...
filtVpoverty, and lawlessness which remain become
mere and more densely crammed. Much as the Lon-
don of k 847 excels the London of 1800 in cleanliness,
statelitsies, and convenience, there are quarters in it
the nineteenth century has made no improve-
if even it have nos Allen below the seven-

WE congratulate cur Belgian neighbours sincerely
on the congress which they have invited to discuss
the merits of the various trading systems now pre-
scribed by the governments of Europe. A general
discussion on the principles of trade in the abstract
must assume this shape, if it is to be of practical use ;

THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 20, 1847.

Brigeaud has been asked whether he would cosneest to com-
mand the expedition to Morocco, in the event of such a
measure being decided on.
The Cburrier Franpis says:—
It is stated that a division of three Austrian men-of-war
has quitted Trieste to cruise in the Adriatic. Oa the 7th
these 'Noels were in sight of Ancona. They remained
there several hours in observation, and then continued their
course towards the Gulf of Tarento.

and we see that the second meeting of the congress
has proposed to consider the question in this form.
Belgium is well situated, as a continental power,
for the seat of a congress on this subject. Tradition-
ally, both trade and manufactures have an almost
equal claim on the inclinations of the people of the
low countries, and their sympathies would now be
expressed more impartially if the system of protecting
duties had not of late years drawn more capital into
manufacturing than into trade. For this the Belgians
arc less to blame than their neighbours, whose nevi.
gation laws prevented their ships from obtainio' g
freights in manufacturing countries for the colonies,
and from bringing colonial produce to consuming
harbours on fair terms. But if these impediments
gave a bias to the investment of capital in Belgium,
the limited sphere which that country presented for
manufacturing industry rendered it likewise hazard-
ous
(at all events no remunerating undertaking) to
manufacture on a large scale.
Manufacturing, or production by the aid of
machinery, requires a command both of large capi-
tals and of extensive markets. Countries which
offer markets of considerable extent, such as
France, Spain, and Holland, with their colonies, and
Russia, find it still difficult to manufacture with suc-
oess from want of disposable concentrated capital.
Belgium posses.ses, proportionally, as ample resources
for manufacturing as England, but she is cut off from
the best markets. These best markets, out of Europe,
are the transatlantic states, and the Dutch and
English East India colonies. The impediment to
the direct American trade lies in the restriction im-
posed on return freights by the different European
states. At Calcutta, as at Batavia, the foreign manu-
facturer meets with a whole system of differential
duties, in addition to the limitations of navigation laws.
Within a year, differential duties have been for-
mally sanctioned by an order in council of Calcutta,
just as the principle was on the eve of being repu-
diated by the imperial parliament at London. 'the
linens of Courtesy, like the cottons of Ghent and the
carpets of Tournay, are subjected at our East Indian
ports to a differential duty of five per cent, over Eng-
lish wares if imported in English vessels, and to 15
per cent. additional duty if imported in foreign bot-
toms. Arms of all kinds, which rare manufactured
both cheaply and of excellent quality at Liege, are
prohibited both in Great Britain and in the colonies.
It is clear, therefore, that Belgium has everything to
hope from an adoption of the most comprehensive
system of international intercourse. By coming for-
ward in an open manner, and with decided proposals,
het ministers may exert a moral influence on this side
of the channel which cannot fail of producing mutual
benefit. Belgium is thus both well fitted to be
the seat of the present discussions, and to be the
first to try whatever may be suggested in them.
The progress of public opinion in Belgium
has of late been towards a conviction of the
inutility of protection to all parties. The clear- ,
sighted, both traders and manufacturers, see but
a limitation of markets, where the covetous and
short-sighted can perceive only supposed per-
sonal privileges. It is this progress which has
brought about the recent change of ministry, and we
look to the fact of assembling the present congress as
a proof of the minister's desire to go with public
opinion on this point. It is at the same time an in-
dication of his desire to obtain moral support, where
any other influence would be unavailing.
The names of many who propose taking an active
part is the discussions are well known as the repre-
sentatives of enlightened progress. M. ARRIVABENR,
long a martyr to the cause of liberty in Italy, has
added to the literature of his adopted country many
valuable contributions on political economy ; amongst
the rest, a digest of Mr. SENIOR'S Outline. Brussels
is well supplied with authorities on this subject, and
labours of the recently established statistical sec-
tion of the Ministry of the Interior, of which
M. QUETELET is Occident, have greatly contributed
to clear up many intricate questions both of a social
and a commercial nature.
With these we are glad to see joined so many
English names of eminence, such as those of BOW-
RING, ENTART, and Tuonesort—men who can at
once explain and refute tinge common-places, on
which the German disciples of LIST have been living
with such cheaply bought cred t beyond the Rhine.
France, too, hes sent its contingent of able and emi-
nent free-traders. And if the protectionists do not
make a better figure than they did in the general or
preliminary discussion, a severe blow will be dealt to
the cause, not less severe from being dealt with good
humour.

The Madrid mails of the 13th have brought the
intelligence of the completion of the cabinet by the
appointment of M. Goyeaa, Minister of Justice, to the
presidency, and M. Costezar to the ministry of foreign
affairs. This is considered as a further check by the
French party and the moderados, and is, of course,
ascribed to the influence exercised by Mr. Bulwer.
It was expected that the first question which would
engage the attention of the cabinr:.l. would be the
moral of General Narvaez from Spain. For details
wo refer to the letter of our correspondent.

The great political movement in progress in Italy,
continues to occupy the attention of the public in all
parts of Europe. The only sources of reliable infor-
mation available from the Lombardo-Venetian and
Neapolitan states being private letters and such ad-
vices as ore received indirectly through the pontifical,
Tuscan, and Piedmontese journals, considerable delay
and much uncertainty attend the intelligence we re-
ceive. The official gazettes of Naples and Milan, con-
taining such statements only as their governments
respectively find it convenient to issue, are little to be
depended on Letters from Milan, of the 11th,
say that the popular movement which took place there
on the Bth and 9th, had been quelled by the armed
force. A notice had been posted in the city by the
authorities, on the 10th, warning all persons who re-
garded their personal safety to remain at home.
Patrols circulated through the streets on that day,
and in the evening several persons in the piazza Fon-
tana were wounded. These acts of violence of the
soldiers have been directed chiefly against unoffend-
ing and unarmed citizens. The worst offence charged
against any one was having cried " Viva Pio IX !"
On the Bth one man was killed and In persons were
wounded.
The popular demonstration of the Bth at Genoa
(which we have already reported) was renewed the
following day, when a body of citizens, amounting to
2,000, were headed by the Marquis George Dories.
The quarter Portoria, where the insurrection against
the Austrians broke oat in 1716, was illuminated. The
people, on this occasion, besides the usual loyal accla-
mations, uttered cries fin.. a national guard." What-
ever may have decided the authorities, which until
then were passive, the troops were then called out,
and a proclamation issued by the municipal autho-
rities, exhorting the people to be tranquil, alluding to
the Pope in terms of praise, and at the same time the
assemblage was dispersed, but without violence. A
letter from Genoa, of the 13th, says that the
popular celebration which had been designed
for the preceding day had been suspended, by order
of the govcrnment. This decision was attributed to
M. do la Margarita, who, though retired from office,
still exercised a sinister influence, and in part coun-
t teracted the liberal views of M. Villa Marina. No
' restraint however was imposed on the use of the
printing press so far as respected the printing of
hymns written in a style of the highest excitement
against the Austrians, and which were set to music
and sang in the streets.
At Florence the same outbursts of popular enthu-
siasm were sustained. The agitation having natu-
rally induced timid persons to draw their deposits from
the savings bank, the grand duke conceived the happy
idea of depositing there a large sum in his own
name. The national guard was everywhere
in process of organisation, and even before it
had yet received arms became instrumental in
maintaining the public tranquillity. A great public
solemnity was to have taken place on the 12th, at
which persons from all parts of the Tuscan states
I were to have assisted. The people, assembled in M-
I ferent quathers under banners, were to meet on the
'Piazza Pitti, in front of the grand ducal palace. The
lecclesiastics were to be formed into bodies. The
Tuscan women, led by the ladies of the Florentine
noblesse, were to form in troops, of which the Mar-
chese Ilartolomei-Gherardi, a lady of great personal
beauty, was to be the standard hearer. The grand
duke, with hie family, was to join the procession on
foot, and to proceed to the church of the Annunziata,
where aTe Down was to be celebrated. The grand
duke had nominated his eldest son the hereditary
prince generalissimo of the national guard.
Letters from Rome say that although the Austrians
at Ferrara are less exasperating, they nevertheless
give every intimation of an intention of permanently
occupying the city. Dissensions had broken out'
among them. A conflict took place between the
Tyrolese troops and the Hungarians ; the first crying
in favour of the Pope, the latter in favour of the
Emperor. Several were killed in this affair. Two
Tyrolese and one Hungarian were afterwards con-
demned to death.
Advices from Panne of the 6th announce tho arri-
val there of General Radetzky, the Austrian general.
Commandant Selig immediately waited upon him,
and bad a long interview. The general's presence at
Parma appears to be occasioned by the state of affairs
in Italy.
Letters from Naples of the 9th say that a reign of
terror has commenced there, and that every day sees
new victims consigned to the castle of St. Elmo.
The consternation is augmented by the report, gene-
rally credited, that the government will be supported
against the people by the French squadron lying
in the harbour. This persuasion is confirmed by
the fact that, in order to prove the hostility of
the French government to the friends of reform
and progress in Italy, the Neapolitan government
has caused extracts from the Journal des Debals, re-
lating to the affairs of Italy, to be translated, printed
in large numbers, and circulated gratuitously. Let-
ters from Calabria represent the insurgent forces
there as amounting to .5,000 or 6,000. Troops are
daily embarked at Naples for different points of Ca-
labna, the King superintending in person their
embarkation. The law of the suspect is revived
at Naples, and ruthlessly put in execution by the
minister of police, Delcarretto. Thus it appears that
all the hepes of reform that were entertaiaed respect-
ing the King of Naples are delusive.

We learn by letters from Vienna that, on the Bth
inst., the Pope's nuncio had a private audience of the
Emperor in presence of M. Metternich. It is weU
known that such audiences only take place at grave
, conj unctures.

MADRID, SEPT. 13.

The Duke of Fries having definitively deelined on
Saturday night the seat offered to him in the cabinet,
the portfolio of state has been accepted by D. Modesto
Costazar, who took the ministenal oath yesterday.
I). Garcia Goyena, minister of grace and justice, has
been appointed president of the council. Both these
nominations appear in the Gazette of to-day. So that
after a fortnight's doubts, difficulties, and struggles,
the ministry is at last complete.
The new minister of state is chiefly known as
having been in more than one session the oldest mem-
ber or Presidente de Edad (father, as we should say)
of Congress. Although not distinguished by brilliant
talents, considerable wealth, or a high social position,
Senor Costazar is a respectable person, and will not
damage the ministry intrinsically by forming a mem-
ber of it. His career has been that of an
advocate. He has discharged his duties as a
judge and • magistrate in Cuenca, and other pro-
vincial towns satisfactorily, although without eclat.
Several years of his life have been spent in England,
and he speaks English fluently. Although he has
never been, I believe, member of any realised minis-
try, his name has more than once figured in the lists
of those which have died o their birth : and when
Christina had to make her retreat L-61-:. throu-'h
Valencia, in 1840, Costazar was one of the persons
she had appoiocd ir,inisters in her last moments of
I authority, but who never actually enjoyed that
dignity. Although poor, his obliging manners have
rendered him acceptable in the circle of notabilities,
and a certain effusion and good-nature have concili-
ated to him many adherents, whom he was incapable
of attaching to him by more powerful means. Iu
fact, the appointment is one without any political
import whatever; although Senor Costazsr's know-
ledge of England and tho English will, of course, give
a handle to the moderado opposition to come forward
with a new proof of the omnipotence of Mr. Bulwer.
The same opposition pretends that the most
pressing entreaties were employed to coax the Duke
of Fries into taking office. It is even said that tho
Queen used the expression " Te pinto," " I beg thee ;"
when the duke answered majestically, " Sovereigns,

madam, are not accustomed to beg, they command ;
but when they command impossibilities, they must !
not be displeased if they meet with disobedience."
The impossibilities are represented by the duke's ,
friends to have consisted in his acknowledging Sala-
mance. for his chief, and in forming a member of a
cabinet which had already taken such important steps
without consulting hiss and without mature delibera-
tion. But he was ready to form a cabinet of his own ,
if the Queen pleased. But the royal mind perhaps
considered that the co-operation of the Duke of Fries
might be bought too dearly, as it declined charging
him with this task. The Faro says that Salamanca
went on his knees to the duchess to procure her me-
diation. If all this be true, certainly Salamanca must
have been hard up for his supplemental colleague.
Who won?. suppose that the personage so strongly
supplicated is beset by such infirmities as mast dis-
qualify him from fulfilling the most ordinary duties,
such as extreme deafness, absence of mind, and weak-
ness of health ? Of ouch value is respectability to a
cabinet !
Senor Pacheco has addressed a letter to the Corrco,
in answer to the sarcasms of the Faro upon his ac-
ceptance of the embassy to Rome, and the charge of
avarice which that paper directs against him. The
ex-president denies that 22,000 dollars are to be
given to set him up ; and adds, that, by means of a
reform which occurred during his ministry, he will
only receive 90 instead of 120 reals per league for his
journey. There is something in this pompous state-
ment of the saving effected to the state of a dollar
and a half per league which will make the laugh go
yet harder against the conscientious puritan.
An engagement more considerable than usual has
taken place in Catalonia. On the oth, 130 rebels,
under the command of the cabecilla Marred, relying
on the strength of the positions they occupied near
Marlant, six leagues from Gerona, awaited the
attack of a column of troops commanded by Colonel
Rios. The troops charged with the bayonet, and the
insurgrats fled, leaving seventeen of their party dead
upon the field. On the part of the soldiers only one
was killed and seven wounded.
A statistical account of the Carlist forces makes
their numbers amount to nearly 4,003.
Some severe bush-fighting took place on the 4th
near Vich, with the band of Bognics, which amounted
to 200, the results of which were not known. The
commander of the troops, Latent, had ordered the
Alcalde of San Roy to be shot for misrepresenting the
number of the rebels to him.

FRANCE.—Psfas, SEPT. 18.—Mehemmed Ali-
Khan, ambassador of the Shah of Persia, arrived at Paris on
Friday. He is accompanied by his son, his son-in-law, and
a numerous retinue. This embassy has been five months
and a half on its journey. The new ambassador was received
at Orleans by M. Le Comte Alit Deegranges, first secretary,
interpreter of the King of the French, sent to meet him, to
compliment him, and to conduct him to the apartments pre-
pared for hint, Ilutel du Rhin, Place Vendome. Mina
Mehemmed Ali. Khan occupied, previous to his departure,
the poet of minister of the foreign department ; he still
remains the titular minister. He is now in the prime
of life, and the brilliant career he has run has been
less the result of his birth than of his talents, which are said
to be very remarkable. Nephew to AbudHassan.Khan,
ambassador extraordinary to France in ISIS, he then accom-
panied his uncle. He has since sung the reminiscences of
his journey and residence among us in verses which are in
high repute at the court of Persia, and which have not a lit-
tle contributed to the advantageous manner in which France
is considered in Persia.—D,lbats.
BAVARIA.—Musten, SEPT. 10.— LOLA NiONTES,
COUNTESS Or LANDSFELD.—The recent elevation of the
Senora Lola Monte, to the rank of countess is now well
known throughout all Europe, and yet, • most surprising
thing, the periodical papers of Bavaria do not mention it.
The act which confers on the Senora the title of countess
Sot appeared in foreign papers, and that was the reason why
it was generally believed that the whole concern was a joke.
More than one person declared that no individual was
obliged to consider the Senora as Countess of Landsfeld,
since the act which conferred this title had not appearral in
the official journals. All doubt is now removed. The offi-
cial paper has published the act ; but the censorship has fur-
bidden the reproduction of it in any other Bavarian paper.
It doubtless appears incredible that the official paper should
publish anything the reproduction of which could be pro-
hibited, but such is the truth. This measure is explained
by the dread of furnishing the people with a subject of con-
versation so very unfavourable to the court. The calculation
is erroneous; the public in general speaks on this subject in
terms of blame so very severe, that no journal could go
beyond them. It is only to be regretted that the ultra-
montanes should turn to their profit a discontent which
increases daily, notwithstanding some appearances to the
contrary, which had been remarked after a few insignificant
csneessions and vain promises. Everybody hopes a great deal
from the approaching assembling of the chambers.
The Cons/it/aim/net has the following letter from
Manich,loth inst.:—" The journals of to-day have published
a circum.tance which has caused great astonishment. The
reigning Queen his just conferred on the Countess de Lands-
feld (Lola Mentes) the insignia of the order of Maria Theresa,
a high distiaction, to which is attached the privilege of
appearing constantly and when she pleases at Court.
According to these journals, and as a consequence of this
favour conferred, the Countess de Lanisfeld will be presented
at court on the return of their Majesties to Munich."
ItUSSIA.—ST. PETERSBURG, SEPT. 3.—A letter
from this capital states that the Emperor of Russia had just
Jet out for the southern provinces. His tour was expected
to last about two months.
TURKEY.—CONSTANTINOPLE, AUG. 25.—The po-
sition of the grand vine, Reschid Pacha, says the Augsburg
Gazelle, is seriously endangered. It is pretended he has
infringed the religious custeme of the Mehometans. He had
attached to Ibis retinue a young physician called Pallologos,
and procured him very great practice. This physician paid
his addresses, with success, to the wife of Montan Effendi.
According to the laws of the Mussulmans, he ought to have
been condemned to death, and the wifo of Mantas thrown
into the Bosphorus ; but he was merely degraded, and sent
to Candia, and his accomplice exiled to Trebizond. The
enemies of Reschid Fiche have availed themselves of this
affair, in exaggerating it, so as to prove that Reschid Pacha
had violated the Mahometan laws and customs. His credit
has thus been weakened, and it is presumed he will be unable
' to stand the storm. Some persons have already named the
famous Kosrew for his successor.

SAILING OP TILE HIBERNIA.—This vessel, Capt.
Ryrie, sailed from Liverpool, yesterday, for Halifax and
Boston, with a full complement of passengers and a rich
cargo. She carried no specie.