The Express.
London, England, 1847-03-15 00:00:00

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LONDON, MONDAY, MARCH 15.

DID the St. George's Channel not exist, or were
there any hopes of bridging it over completely in a
material or a moral sense, we might, perhaps, be
tempted to go akng with Mr. ROEBUCK, Lord
BROUGHAM, and the Mum in taking a Bing at the
Irish. Nations have broad backs, and a certain degree
of flagellation, though it hurt, yet is so far from
harming, that it is at times almost as salutary as
of a similar kind to children. Neither
it demand say superlative degree of talent in the
lagellator; nor is it necessary that each lash should
be more than tipped with truth. Mrs. Taouara's
book had a very great and good effect on the Ameri-
cans. The Times may hope to lsah the Irish into in-
dustry by its diurnal scourge. And Lord Baouonam,
no doubt, by martyriong Irish lords, and driving poor
Lord Davos out of self n, is by no reams
gratifying mere spleen. who holds that criminals
ought to be reformed, not punished, cannot think of
trading the Ia mere 'rarely.
bat the legislative anion of England and Ireland is
&sr all not half a century old, and the events of that
half century have not allowed the sutures of that
. union to be very closely knitted. Latterly we have
. been engaged rather in loosening and detaching old
links, than in providing new. The landlord and the
• Protestant party in Ireland were once the great chain
by which we anchored. We have weakened, if not
; broken, it. The democracy we have neither won nor
• saneifisted. And the middle classes, though they
WO peace, and dread the disunion that mi t cause
MIMI bees& in it, love not Englan . all
taileires raft to Ireland, therefore, the first
Barlisst is, will they strengthen the links
the countries? will they make' the
team ens I, In remedying the misery, which
siergamml he he the chief cause of amontent,
detillse eat tb sem time inspire a sense dr gratitude,
sifjnilea, elf unbesi dependence and in between
=sod Weed P Or, on the , are we
MUM bees with the t large dole
• erabsrity, suldblessil by the cent oar
sepreitam and SW FM, telling Bile Irishl7. :ate
3.1 they are to impact, Nelinanbe poor prey en the
debt the fatma, the rich defied themselves settee
all MAYA Ilegland will
Phenceforth content herself
till Sella elgoverning
New, we must nay, and we do it with pain, that
we do not think the union between England and
Ireland so very solid and secure, as not to be affected
by neseinrea es vital and grave as those new in
seetemplation. If force alone were to decide such a
emotion, so doubt oar relative might is g and
eau, skill greets than ever. But the people at Bog-
Lad' e abide be seereebt, and the spirit ot the
times will net talent* ersereson. As the penidunent
of death isexpring, because juries can no longer be
heed toaws7d if. so the rule of Ireland, or st any
sheer eosatry; by insurrection bills and armies, will
no limier bed imejaritiss to vote powers or fusels. It

were wise, therefore not only to inquire if the men-'
SUMS which we propose are such as to consolidate the
union between '4ie countries, but to see that the mode
of executin4 these measures, nay, of supporting
them by rogument, be calculated to produce the same
I effect.
We can perfectly understand the outcry of a liberal
party in England against the predominance of land-
lord", and all the prejudices and privileges which the
landlord party sn . port. The English landed aris-
tocracy form a •. y which cannot be destroyed, and
which, legislate against them or abuse them as one
will, will survive and reign ; and, whether they
reign or fall, there is a commercial clue, wealthy ,
numerous, enlightened, to combat their impremavi,
or take their places whenever they may yield thee,
In Ireland, as yet, there is no such oommv rcial
class, except in one or two centres. Sweep the land-
lords from the face of Ireland, and the ariat ocracy,
that you will find in its stead, will be that of
the priesthood, not the hierarchy of the e established
church, which of course departs with '.he squire-
archy, but the priesthood of the s'.: millions.
This vein of argument we slier' follow up
no farther than to say to Englishne'm and English
liberals, " Don't crush the Irish lan4:mrd ; don't anni-
hilate him ; for you may want him.. Don't enact a
sweeping poor-law in districts Vetere the numbers of
the poor could at up the rent of the land in a week.
Don't argue from all Irele.nd to a part of Ireland,
and insist that because E. einater exports corn, and
Connaught harvest-reaper a, both shall stay at home,
and the western pauper shall devour the eastern
rent."
Government, howev,er, is by the new bill to take
the onus and the arli.trage of this. We doubt much
whether it will ever be able to bring a poor-law, ex-
tending to the able-bodied into operation throughout
Ireland, without levying a national poor-rate
throughout, and boldly telling the east and north
that it must contribute to relieve the poverty of more
remote regions. This, however, is a serious measure,
open to a host of most weighty objections, not the
lead of which is,—why should one part of Ireland
be bound to support another, more than England is?
Is Ireland to be packed off, and considered a separate
empire with regard to its poor, and a joint empire
with regard to its revenue? The Union is singularly
shaken by such arguments. But to such arguments
must we come, ere all the difficulties of this great
question be solved.
As is natural enough, we are to begin with the
very opposite extreme. Sir WINSTON BARRON is
to move to-night, that every gentleman should take
care of his own estate and the poor on it, letting
others fare as they list. This would condemn a mil-
lion or two of "nobody's children" to etarvation.
From this the consideration will go to the townland,
the electoral district, the union—all unsatisfactory—
each with its peculiar evil. These, however, we shall
have, day by day, the opportunity of discussing.

THE opponents of the government plan of education
seem resolved to compensate by their activity, and by
something more, which we shall not characterise, for
the nullity of their real objections.
We are sorry to see the representatives of so
respectable a body as the Wesleyan association con-
descend to employ a very gross misrepresentation as
the means of getting up a petition to Parliament.
This is so fully exposed in a letter of Mr. &write-
WORTH to the Rev. ROBERT ECKETT, given in another
column, that we shall content ourselves with thus
mentioning it.
These misrepresentations have been adopted by the
central general committee in its objections to the
government measure, which stir Dissenters by the
announcement that " they are, as tax-payers, to oon-
tribute to the support of Church of England wheels
without receiving an equivalent of their own, con-
ferring on the pupils and masters of Church of
England schools advantages denied to the pupils and
masters of Dissenting schools." The objections then
to represent schools and masters as under
proceed to
of inspectors appointed by the bishops,
and not responsible to parliament.
We are very sorry to be obliged to say that all this
I one tissue of untruth. Dissenters may claim just
the suns boons for their schools as Churchmen, and
the reports which are to sanction such grants are to
proceed from inspectors, who will have nothing to do
with the Established Church, but who, on the
contrary, will be submitted for the approbation
d the British and Foreign School Society.
Dissenters have but to display activity, contribute
wealth, and cultivate learning, in the same proportion
as the Church of England, to enjoy an equal degree
of advantage. From a letter which we also pub-
lish, it will be seen that the advantages held out to
preceptors reared in normal schools will be extended
to the existing class of teachers.
Throughout this controversy, we are greatly. struck
by the complete similarity of the war which is now
raised here, and that which was so injurionsly, but
fruitlessly, waged against the Board of National Edu-
cation in Ireland. When that board was instituted,
the leaders of the Kildare-place Society, as strongly
attached to their schools as the Dissenters in the pre-
lad OM to theirs, adopted the very course now pur-
sued. They resolved to seek no aid from the board,
bet to allow the national schools to fall into the hands
at the priests, and then to take advantage of the earn-
ed results of their own ladies by denouncing the
salismai system as Popish. A manifesto was of
mares prepared, very similar to that which has been
booed by the general committee ; it enumerated every
evil result that could by the most remote possibility
follow from the grossest perversion and abuse of
the Rational system, and set them forth as its natural
and necessary consequences. This document, attri-
buted to the pen of the Rev. Br. Daly, since Bishop
of Cashel, was published in the Christian Examiner,
and was held to preclude the necessity of all further
argument. " Have you read the Christian Examiner r
said Lady OSBORNE, in her evidence before the House
of Lords, " was the only reply made, when I pointed
out the beneficial results of the schools which I had
established in connexion with the board ; so that I
began to imagine that Ireland was a country in which
reviewers were employed to think for the people."
Education was, however, a national want in Ireland,
and the board persevered in spite of opposition. Its
opponents were unscrupulous in their means of party
warfare ; their motto was Calumniare fortiter,
adluerebit aliquid : or, as our homely proverb has it,
" Throw mud enough, and some of it will stick."
They were for a season very successful ; such, indeed,
was the delusion they produced, that in many parts of
Ulster the Protestants began to form gun-clubs to de-
fend the Bible. Every idle report of those who recorded
" not what they saw, but what they wished to see,"
was faithfully treasured, and when the accumulated
nuns seemed strong enough to so .rt a case, an
appeal was made to parliament. e inquiry for
which they asked was granted, and never did a
case so signally and ludicrously break down. In the
Lords, the Bishop of Exrraa made a feeble effort to
proems a censure of the national system, but in
the Commons no one could be found to hazard a
similar attempt. The board, on the contrary, was
so slmagthened by the attack, that the parliamentary
was immediately raised, and a large body of the
• and Episcopal clergymen who had been
its opponents, became its ardent supporters.
But, during the period of contest, many schools had
been founded, and many local committees appointed,
from which the Protestant clergymen found themselves
mlf-excluded, without being able to see any easy
isnis of retrieving their error. Some frankly went
to the schools, confessed that they had acted on mis-
taken views, and were at once admitted to a share in
the management ; others, yielding to a natural reluc-
tance to make such an avowal in the midst of neigh-
bours, remain perfectly wave. But the injury
which the ultra-Protestants did to their own
came by such a course of proceeding, goes beyond
mere exclusion from management. So long as
their manifesto enlisted the passions of party in
their favour, there were landlords who would
not give ground on any terms for the erection of
schools; and hence a very great number of the
schools were unavoidably built on the only available
ground—the chapel-yard, or other localities previously
acquired for catholic purposes. The result has un-
doubtedly been, that undue preponderance in Irish
education has for the time been gained by the
Rotnish priesthood; but this preponderance was not
of their own seeking—it was thrown upon them by
the opponents whom the passions of party rendered
blind to consequences.

Were the niajority of En6lish dissenters now to
follow the factious counsel given them, it would lead
to similar results, that is, to a strengthening of the
power of the established church over education. We
by no means pretend to say that the government scheme
is the beet imaginable : bet it as the only chance

TUB

• it
7.4"-to-thT .411140atiff the ramie
po•
or. Dieseetfre and churchmen may go hand in 1
hand tzt tow"; lead their rivalry shay prod are the beat i
effects, in brir4fing the entire mans of youth into the
circle of edr..mtion. But, in rural and remote districts,
the Chur..h of England and its clergy can alone do
this foe these many years. And we are strongly for
giving them-the power and the means.
;We call oa dissenters earnestly
.to look at the
ef.fects of the opposition to the ministerial measures
'of education in Ireland. The state proffers equal ad-
vantages to the church and to dissent : if churchmen
profit by those advantages while sections of dissenters
spurn them, those dissidents will find themselves
Riving a more decided superiority to the church than
it could obtain by any. other means. Education
is felt to be a national want, and, in spite
of the most active minority, that want must
be supplied. The English government must re-
cognise as a duty that which is accepted as a
dutyjxl:,ty every other civilised state under heaven
theperformance of that duty may be impeded, may
be elayed, may be resisted—but it cannot ultimately
be prevented. In all sincerity we tell those who
have signed the manifesto that the evils they predict
can only arias from the course of conduct which they
seem resolved to pursue, and we implore of them to
pause before they commit themselves to a:policy
which can only injure the cause they are most anxious
to serve.

LORD BROUGHAM has published a "Letter to Lord
Lyndhurst on criminal police and national educa-
tion," which consists for the moat part of harmless
generalities and common-places, mixed up with a
due proportion of the autobiographical matter which
so agreeably distinguishes all the writer's composi-
tions. We "do not observe any part of the pamphlet
which bears on criminal police, unless that term is
applied to the trial of prisoners or to the treatment
of convicts, nor is there anything new or striking in
the theory of crime and punishment which it con-
tains. Lord BROUGHAM holds that, although he has
done much to improve the criminal code, there is still
roam for improvement, but that his exertions in
the cause of education would have the strongest
tendency to diminish crime, if their success were
not delayed by the neglect of successive govern-
ments, and by the influence of sectarian jealousies.
We do not grudge Lord BROUGHAM the jest coin.
placency which he feels in the recollection of his forty
years' exertions in favour of education, nor even the
somewhat exaggerated estimate which he forms of his
services to criminal jurisprudence ; but we regret that
he has on the present occasion done little towards
elucidating the theory of crime or the practice of
punishment, beyond enunciating a few propositions,
which are at the same time hackneyed and disputable.
In adopting the modern phraseology, which speaks
of crime as a disease of which punishment is the
proper cure, Lord BROUGHAM assumes that punish.
ment can only be justified on two grounds, either as an
example to others, or for the reformation of the
offender. Experience, he thinks, has shown that it
fails as a warming, and he would therefore hence-
forth adapt it exclusively to the purposes of reforma-
tion and cure. It migkt be objected by a captious
opponent that, as punishment has much more dis-
tinctly and universally failed as a mode of reformation
than as an example, the more natural inference would
be that punishment should be given up altogether.
If it is useless as an example, which Lord BaouollAM
assumes, and almost always insufficient to produce
reformation, as experience teaches, and if there is no
other ground on which punishment can be justified,
then the sooner our jails are pulled down and our
courts shut up, the better.
It must be confessed that popular opinion to some
extent concurs with Lord BROUGHAM. It is generally
assumed that pain is inflicted on a criminal either by
way of warning to others, which would be flagrantly
unjust to the sufferer if it were the sole justification of
the punishment, or for his own ultimate benefit,
though neither be nor any one else really thinks that
it will be for his good. But here we are speaking
only of opinion as expressed in writing or in talk.
Popular feeling and common sense comes to very
different conclusions ; and Lord BROUGHAM, as a
philosopher, would do well to watch more carefully
the instinctive judgment which men form in particular
cases, and to be slower in adopting the vague general
propositions with which they content themselves.
The first thought of a plain, right-minded man, on
hearing that a great culprit is convicted, is not that
society will be protected, or the delinquent improved,
but that "it serves him right."

The saying that revenge is a wild kind of justice,
has deservedly passed into a proverb. We would '
suggest to Lord BROUGHAM, as an addition to his '
theory of punishment, that the converse of the pro-
position may not be without meaning, that justice is '
a regulated species of revenge. It is, or ought to be,
the practical expression of all that is just, and '
exempt from personal feeling in the indignation felt 1
by the injured party. Forbidden in civilized society
to avenge himself, he is entitled to be avenged by the '
law, and not he only, but every one who feels a
rightful anger at the unlawful act of the offender.
That this consecrated revenge, this pursuit of
justice for the sake of justice, is the historical origin
of punishment, and the universally recognised prin-
ciple of it among all nations who have not yet
learned to invent theories to fit their prac-
tice, we might prove by experience extending
from the time of Moses to that of Judge LYNCH.
We are not, however, concerned so much to prove
our position as to appeal to common feeling for its
truth. It is not so practically unimportant as many
suppose to form a right notion of the principle which
justifies punishment. The barbarous and indiscrimi-
nate severity of our old criminal code was founded on
the exclusive attention paid to the effect of punish•
ment as a warning. The gallows by no means
expressed the degree of indignation which the public
felt against shop-lifters or forgery : the infliction was
felt to be out of all proportion to the moral guilt ; but
it was thought that shop-lifters must, at any expense,
be terrified, and it was known that nothing is so terri-
ble as death. Property must be protected, said one
judge ; theft is increasing, said another ; and circuit
after circuit scores of miserable victims were put to
death, because a false theory was fashionable, and
crime was thought to be punishable not on its own
account, bat for the purpose of obtaining some colla-
teral benefit. The reformation of the offender was
put wholly out of the question even when it was not,
as in capital cases, rendered impossible.
The changes which have taken place in oar criminal
legislation have brought the administration of justice
more into harmony with natural feeling. There are
still grave anomalies and wide exceptions ; but the
object of deterring future criminals is no longer
exclusively regarded. The criminal himself is held
to have a claim to justice, to exemption from suffer-
ing beyond what he has deserved, and, if pos-
sible, even to the means of improvement. There
seems, however, some danger of our falling on the
other horn of the false dilemma which we have men-
tioned, of forgetting both the duty of satisfying jus-
tice, and the propriety of deterring future offenders iu
an exclusive attention to the object of reforming the
criminal.
In this case, as in the other, the error consists in
confounding one of the collateral objects of punish-
ment with its original principle. Punishment should
be contrived to deter crime as far as is consistent
with justice to the offender: but, as a general
rale, even for example excessive severity should be
avoided. Punishment, again, should be adapted
to the reformation of the offender ; but it must
be remembered that it is not for the sake of
the offender only or primarily that it is instituted.
Reformation is a benefit to the party reformed, and
criminals have no more right to claim it from the
state than any of the unconvicted but vicious indivi-
duals who remain at large. The duty of reforming
convicts is imposed on the state as a consequence of
its absolute power over them. It is wrong to neglect
such an opportunity of doing good, but it is not for
the purpose of creating the opportunity that criminals
are subjected to absolute control.
In one sense crime may be called a disease, but the
absurd consequences which may arise firers carrying
the illustration too far, and treating a prison as strictly
analogous to an hospital is shown by& proposalof Lord
BROUGHAM'S that all prisoners should be sentenced
to imprisonment—not for a definite period, but till
they are cured. Now, in strictness, no criminal can
be said to be cured till he is made a perfectly virtuous
character, very much superior to those who legislate
for him or them who sentence him. But supposing a
lower standard of convalescence to be established,
how is it to be tested, and who are to decide
upon it ? The occupation of the St. Simonian bier-

'GI, MARCH. 15, 1847.

archy, which ie to place every man in the occupation 1
and condition best 'suited to hia character, wield
lie scarcely more difficult than the function of the
inspector who would have the ~ower of retaining or
dismissing the sheep-stealer liatient : "If he be re-
formed, I finally demand least right we have to con-
tinue his imprisonment or.. hour, unless for the sake
of the example afforded by his suffering--a reason
the weakness of which I have really, I think, suffi-
ciently proved." 'PLO same right, we should reply,
which we had to imprison him at first—because he
deserved it—becr.use it " served him right ;" but sup-
posing Lord BROCGRAM'S theory to be correct, we
again ask, what are the symptoms bytwhich his diag-
nosis would decide on the perfect reform of an old
receiver of stolen goods ?
With respect to children, we fully agree that re-
formation should be the primary purpose of their
imprisonment. Against their offences society has no
right to feel indignant. It should rather take ad-
vantage of the opportunity of their having broken
the law to fulfil the parental duty which has been
neglected. To grown men the state cannot under-
take to act as a parent ; but for the security of society,
and from the duty attached to the exercise of abeolute
power, it is bound to reform them if possible. It is
at least bound to secure them from additional tempta-
tion to crime ; and we hope the present government
plans may tend to farther this desirable object.

ous attention has been celled to a circular issued
by Mr. TIDD Pit Arr, officially, to the trustees of
Savings Banks. One of the judges is reported to have
said, that a great many people, who lodge their money
in savings banks, would be rather astonished to learn
that by not claiming it for six years they might be
barred by the statute of limitations from any right to
claim it at all. On this Mr. TIDD PRATT refers to
the act by which the trustees may (and we know they
always do) add the interest of each depositor to kis
principal as it becomes due, that it may thencefor-
ward be principal, and bear interest, as if it had been
actually paid to the depositor, and by him repaid to
the bank. From this the learned barrister argues
that the statute of limitations does not apply to such
deposits.
This consequence is purely inferential, and it is
arguable on the other side that the legislature only
intended to give to the depositors that absolute right
to compound interest, which other creditors can only
get by looking, after their accounts term by term.
But, whichever way it may be, the depositors have a
much better security than any construction of an act
of parliament. We all know how little confidence
lawyers put upon an interpretation, until a case has
decided it. Every depositor may be assured that
the Savings Banks are, as they ought to be, peculiar
favourites of the legislature, which really appropri-
ates many thousands a year for their encouragement.
If there were the slightest appearance of any case of
hardship arising out of the action of the existing law,
every_ one most feel confident that a new enactment
would soon set the matter right.

We have received our Paris express of Saturday.
The unusual occurrence at this season of the year
of a heavy fall of snow, preceded by several days of
severe frost, took place in Perils on Friday, on the
night of which day, the streets and roads were covered
with snow to the depth of several inches. On Friday
morning, the thermometer of Fahrenheit stood at
18 deg., or 14 degrees below freezing point. During
the day it did nrise above 25 deg. In the evening,
the wind changed and the thaw commenced, which
became rapid and complete on Saturday, when the
snow disappeared.
All the southern mails were due up to a late hour
on Friday in Paris, owing to the roads being ob-
structed by snow. In the neighbourhood of Mont-
pellier the snow was reported to be above a foot deep.
The anxiety on the 'object of subsistence still in-
creases. The municipal authorities of the ports have
been directed to enquire into and report the number
and magnitude of the arrivals expected, those in the
western ports being supposed to be delayed by easterly
winds which have now prevailed so long. The Mayor
of Havre has published a statement of the supplies of
grain and flour, of the speedy arrival of which the
mercantile houses of that port have been advised.
From the United States 45,000 barrels of flour, and
7,000 quarters of wheat are expected ; and from Den-
mark and Hamburg 20 ships laden with wheat,
besides 30 bound for Rouen ; from St. Petersburg
and the Baltic 180,000 tons of wheat ; and from Mar-
seilles 30 vessels with wheat.

-
The committee of the Chamber has reported in
favour of the project of law, authorising the govern-
ment to grant the use of four large steamers to a pri-
vate company to ply between Havre and New York,
the company engaging to carry the mails free of
expense.
M. Martin (du Nord), keeper of the seals, and
minister of public worship, died on Friday morning,
from an attack of paralysis, under which he has been
for some time suffering. This event was officially
announced by the President to the Chamber on
Friday.
The arrival of Queen Christina was expected in
Paris on Sunday.

The Spanish mail, with letters and journals from
Madrid of the 7th, was received in Fans on Friday.
Another ministerial crisis had taken place. The
ministry had resigned in a body on the 6th, and on
the 7th the Queen had not yet made any communi-
cation to the cabinet. The mail of the Bth, which
was due in Paris on Saturday morning, was clause-
quently looked for with some curiosity, but the courier
from Bordeaux arrived without the Madrid beg.
The apparent occasion of the present crisis has
been the removal or resignation of General Breton as
Captain-General of Catalonia. The ministry desired
his removal, but the Queen refused at first to sign the
order. On further persuasion, she appeared disposed
to yield, but when the ministry propoeed for the
vacant post General Don Manuel Concha, a leader of
the puritan party, the Queen peremptorily refused.
The ministry having persisted, her Majesty said she
would take time to consider of it.

The journals of different parties disagree in their
reports of the circumstances. According to the
Heraldo, the proposal is to dismiss General Breton,
and to accept the resignation of General Graft, Minis-
ter of War, the former to be replaced by General
Pavia, and the latter by General Manso.
It was reported that communications had taken
place between General Narvaez and M. Mon, between
whom a reconciliation bad been effected.

El Heraldo publishes a communication, addressed
to the Cortee by Don Enrique, dated Toulon. In this
document the prince complains bitterly of the undue
severity with which he has been treated, in being
compelled to leave Spain, and of the opposition which
has been made to his marriage.

FRANCE. —M. limas Lorna.— LIBEL. —On
Friday, in the Tribunal Correetiotusel, M. Jules Janin
brought forward his charge of libel against Messrs. Lepon-
twin, Laurent, Pooch, sad Laboullays, the respective edi-
tors of the journals Le Corsaire-Satan, La Frame Thai-
Irak, and Li Fred de France. M. Janin was not named
is the said libel, but was plainly pointed oat by the so/wi-
ener re. orifices +nerd," which was the title of a feuilleton
U. Janin on the ocration of his marriage.
eriba si by 11
attacked the private life of the prosecutor.
The to aorissiaed the first-named editor to eight
months' imprinnassat sad • fine of 1,600 francs ; the se-
soad to six naordes' lapthassawa, and a fine of 1,000 franca ;
the third to gig mortise imgraent, and a fine of 1,000

francs ; and the fourth to tn... MOO& ill44lllllllllllak ind
• fine of 600 francs. Besides this, these gestimen sotto pay
to M. mania, in compensation, the following soma ;—Laurent
and Lepont:evin, together, 10,000 franca ; Punch, 2,000
francs ; and Laboullaye 000 fiance. And this judgment
is to be inserted in the jOurnals condemned, and also in four
Parisian and two provincial Journals as directed by M. Janin,
at the expense of the defendants.

SPAIN.—A leroer from the fmmtiera of Catalonia
to the 'name BerflaM, dated ilk lissa, " AU
doubts are now at in end • the Corlista entertain serious
thoughts of again Wing die elanderd of civil war. Some
important derraie thereihre be shortly expected,
wash has been snly de account of the rigours of
the sewn awl of the snow in the mountain/. I
as inbea yea as good walkway that the Carlin chide
have *aided that their lLwoaltell all be dressed alike in
b allemelenned toilet Wevrien, and grey beaver
caps. masks of dews hive already become an object
of commerce in Cariagesorad wall-haewn firm has entered
into an agreement to fosnielt a begs weber of these ar-
ticle. I only =entices these bale be peeve to you that I
do not speak at hazard when I say that some great move-
ment will shortly take place. The =p ow gone to by the
Carling leads to the supposition that they have funds, sad
the adoption of a uniform would seem to denote that they
intend openly taking the field."
HANOVER, MARCH S.—TREATT WITH THE UNITED
STATIS.—The Hanoverian government has just communi-
cated to the Chambers a treaty of commerce and navigation
concluded with the United States. It will probably be pub-

lished during the week. In 1840 Hanover concluded a similar
treaty with the United States, but • few years' experience
proved its inefficiency, and rendered anew treaty indispensable
But what has most contributed to the conclusion of the present
treaty, is the establishment of a regular line of steamers be-
tween New York and the LowerWeser. The government of
the United States having, in 1848, notified its intention of
establishing a line of communication between New York and
some point on the continent, different states endeavoured to
procure this advantage for themselves, and Ham and An-
twerp entered into competition with Bremen. Antwerp
especially had in her favour that she exacted no transit
duties, and thin American goods could be sent from that
part in every direction. This caused the Hanoverian go-
vernment to reflect. It was important, if only on asemmt of
the railways, to make the lower Weser the terminus of a
steam communication, and to make the communication be-
tween Germany and America pan through Hanover. The
government having been already authorised by. the
Chaa-
been, in 1844, to reduce certain duties in the tariff, if MOW
wiry, began by reducing the duty on American prodostissa,
opsaislly on raw cotton, which is now only 12 pimaings, sr
shwa lid. per quintal. The transit duty's lams hasidos
lama redamod. But the mad important feature of this treaty
Istia similisa of • German port on the continent for tram.
ado* ormionicetion.
MADEIRA.—A correspondent, writing from Fun-
chal, 30th Jan., announces the arrival at that port of
the Forth steamer, after a far from agreeable passage.
" Among the passengers brought out by the Forth," he says,
" are Mr. M' urge, British Consul at Gemara', Hayti; Mon-
sieur Broniard, a French officer of Engineers, who is sent out
by a French company to explore and report upon the mineral
resources of the country lying in the neighbourhood of the
projected canal across' the Isthmus of Panama ; and two Eng-
lish gentlemen, who are proceeding to Guatemala, to take
plans of some mines recently discovered there."
RUSSIA.—TtiE CAUCASUS.—It is said that the
power of Chamil Bey is on the increase. Cireassia, instead
of declining the unequal struggle in which she has been
engaged for so many years, appears on the contrary to find
new resources in the courage and the alliance of the sur-
rounding tribes. The Caucasus has become the refuge and
the rampart of all the mountaineers who defeai their ancient
Mortise ; sad sash is the general confidence in the future,
eat this 'military leader is already considered as the founder
of a monarchy. around which the populations of Georgia,
Armenia, and Inghestan, are to be grouped. His batteries
of artillery are numerous and eomplete, and each pies is a
trophy which has cost the enemy dear. Murtilman enthusiasm
surrounds him with • religious respect; but he, with an ele-
vated end tolerant spirit, leaves to all his soldiers, as well as
to the populations under his authority, the free and full
exercise of their worship. Liberty in this respect contrasts
so advantageously for him with the religious despotism of
the Russian government, that it has gained him the sym-
pathies of the Christians persecuted by the official church of
lb* emperor.
-. •

AMERICA.—PHOGRZBi OF TEMPERANCE.—It is
estimated that not fewer than 800,000 persons in the United
States have joined and belong to temperance societies, and a
great number besides abstain from intoxicating drinks who
do not belong to any society, Out of this immense army of
water drinkers there are probably 100,000 persons who, pre-
vious to their reformation, did not obtain a suit of new
clothes once in three years, and whose families were equally
ill clad, but who now get one or two suits• year, hats, shoes,
nockings, and shirts, in a like proportion, and whose wives
and children have likewise experienced the same advantages
and improvement in their comforts and appearances. It is
not an unfair calculation to say that 4,000,000 dollars a year
are now spent in clothing which formerly went into the
pockets of distillers, brewers, tavern keepers, and conductor,
of dram chops; and it is to be hoped the amount will be
doubled, trebled, or quadrupled, before many more years have
passed away. In this point of view alone it deserves the
adhesion and support of every good man and woman; but,
if we add the diminution of crime, the blessings of health and
moral elevation, it presents an almost overwhelming import-
ance to society, whether in Europe,Asia, or Amenca.—Phi-
lode4elia eorreeponeknt of the " Beonomst."

COLONIAL
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.—We have received
papers from Cape Town to the 9th of January (inclusive).
The South African Advertiser of that date contains the fol-
lowing : " The latest news from the frontier are to the effect
that a division of the force., commanded by the governor in
perion,.has marched for Creili's country for the purpose of
seizing, in the territories of that chief, 20,000 head of cattle
due to the colony,. either as cattle actually carried off by the
hostile chiefs during the war, or equivalents for such cattle
known to have been placed there for safety, and also for the
purpose of subjugating the refractory chief Pato. The
troops were moving over the Kei, in three divisions, and are
said to be well equipped, and supplied with everything re.
quired in inch aserviee." The same papermentions rumours
that Col. Somerset was indisposed, and that dysentery had
appeared among the troops. It was thought that Pato had
been entrapped in a kloof on the west bank of the Kei,
Krell having refused to let him enter his country. Some of
'
the Cape merchants have joined together, and intend este-
blfihinga trading station at the month of the river Umrum-
rooboo, in order to open mercantile intercourse with the in-
terior tribes. The accounts:from the Zoolah country state,
that Panda was about to take the field against the Ames-
wans, who had entered his territory for the purpose of
plunder. Having given refuge to a British missionary and
his family, driven from their home by his enemies, he had
laid the whole case before the lieutenant-governor, asking
protection for his country and people during his absence with
his army. His nieesengers who waited en the British autho-
rities received an assenting reply, and his good faith and con-
duct were eulogised.
The Graham's Torn Journal states, that many of the
frontier inhabitants intend retiring from exposed districta
and, in some cases, from the colony altogether, selecting u
the scene of their future settlement one or other of the
Australian colonies.

(From the South African Commercial Advertiser, Jan. 6.)
The state of the country within the ancient border, now
delivered in a great measure from the inroads or marauding
parties of the enemy, is at present very little understood
et least at this dinettes. Private letters throw scarcely any
light nun It, sad governisset b istirely silent. There can.
a A but be math mann' g and dietress, not so much amongst
the " poor." who readily find employment at good wages,
nor assonet Indere of any descripuon, as business is be-
aming lay more active, and certainly not lees lucra-
tive than in thaw of peso, ; nor amongst mechanics ;
are, ha ghat. lIMOIX any clam accustomed to live by
sorviss this COMM by the distribution of the nee...s-
ada and luxuries of life ; the distress must be chiefly
amengst the producers, the farmers= whose herds and flocks
sod mops and houses the whole farce of the enemy's de-
famers powers fell in the first butanes. These, by their
golden in a new country, the most respectable class of the
orseminnfty, may be at this moment, in hundreds, at the
veep boars of the scale, distressed and helpless. The
bowie of relief, the liberality of resentment, and the noble
=Pagof their fellow-colonists, have carried the " poor"
errvan comfortably, over the dark season of invasion.
Mereisents, traders, and dealers of all sorts, carriers, me-
eludes mad the like, have taken, and will continue to take,
good care of themselves. They have not been outwitted by
the commissariat. The former class would feel it the
greatest of all misfortunes to be compelled to approach the
board of charity ; but with the spirit and poddes el in-
dependent men, they are, for the time, is as but
favourable of all imaginable situations. The
and means of production have been swept al or
They have neither sheep, cattle, hones, nor tonit-men..
least unfortunate are crippled in all thus reepeaa. sod
many are wholly disarmed. To the restuation 0 *kale
in the first place should the whole energy el sovernsmst be
directed ; to their restoration, that is, to malls good to thins
the direct losses sustained by the prunes of a foreign
enemy within the colony.
Thb compensation, as far as it is practicable, is to be taken
out of Kaffirlud. The Kaffirs are in the same position as
the Chinese were in the recent war. They provoked hots:
tilities, they destroyed or. seized private property, and
they must, as far as they are able, pay for bea. The
charges of the war, on the part of governesent,
one claim ; the private property seized or
forms another. Privet* claims, however, 'innTh
be satisfied, wthe public, through itsrignseinifileet,
the government, have the charge of print*
within its territory, or under its flag, as
enemies. Governments the grand Manna
people, to which every individual pays an annual
under the name of taxes. This may sot smug ftS
printed form. It may sot be set deal is any sat
emit ; but it is in the apish M awe ewe= lam
and it forms the tint artide of raided ammo
sense. That such *5 Or her lilkeisfes
ministers may be inferred the apgdatmat of
Sir Henry Pottinger to be governor and COMOIONION,
for winding up the war. He did this very thing
in China. He made them pay for the private
they had seized and destroyed, and them prew ar=
of costs incurred for conducting the case to judgmeat and
execution. In the present case the ball of cost, whisk Is
understood to be rather heavy, will probably be laid aside
for a timg, or at least till the private claims are satisfied.
It is with this view, amongst others, that Sir Pseegrioe
Maitland has now stepped over the Kei. He wants back
20,000 bead of cattle for the farmers, or more, but certainly
not less. About this number, or mmo' may have been
already recovered, or rather taken from the Heirs and
Tambookies, its the course of the war, some of which are dis-
tributed amongst the sufferers. Br the way, where are the
Kaffir horses t They were said to have exhibited a formid-
able cavalry:at the commencement of the quarrel. Very few
of them have been killed or captured, yet of late nothing is
heard of them. A great number ot solanial banes were also
carried of daring the war. Thins wQ nat, Mums, be lost
sight of. Besides their valise to the eelets, they are in-
strument; of war in the heads of the Kea* who NSW be
considered disarmed as lose se they are iseested. • •
The commissariat is sail te be new is • ant easiest
Ovate on the frontier. The miss sad beeseh.hat apaidly
the mules mint from this Obi of the achy, hew hem
signal senile, not only for dm& art oushis, WI far
offensive operations in the 611 AL T aterisr, k seldsh wad
unknown to the Kaffirs; aid upss• see coariat, whoa •
strong body of them were midi, down upon a tram et
I waggons, one of the mules of the party, by occident or Lk..
stint, opened hie mouth and littered that peculiar woke,
which the poet Cowper supposes may farm ISO of the pa-
nithreenta of wicked souls in the next wed& The:e
turned and fled u if five hundred lions hod boos et=
heels.
This service hat not yet been acknowledeureitany aloha
dispatch ; hat it rests on a pretty breed aping*
intelligence. If true, it illustrates the eredibalty alf Hero-
dotua, who relates how an army of deythiene was pt to
flight by the braying of an w.

Zbt eoun.
The Queen and Prince Albert, accompanied by eglA
Princess Royal, took a drive to Newport, on Friday aftet
noon, in a carriage and four. On Saturday, her Maims,
and her royal consort drove out in an open Larriage; t‘
Prince driving. The royal children took their usual airings
on Saturday, and yesterday morning went to the sea hawk
Her Majesty and Prince Albert, and the ladies and geed&
men of the royal suite, attended divine service yesterday
morning in Whippingitam Church.
H.H.H. the Duchess of Kent attended divine service
yesterd•p morning, in the Chapel Royal, St. James's.
H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge visited Christ's
Hospital School yesterday afternoon.
H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent honoured the Itali4
Opera with her presence on Saturday evening.

A Cabinet Council was held it three o'clock oia
Saturday afternoon, at the Foreign-office. It wa• attended by
Lord J. Russell, the Lord Chancellor, the Marquis of LW-
downe, the Earl of M into, Sir G. Grey, Viscount Palomino',
Earl Grey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir J. Hob.
home, Earl Auckland, Lord Campbell, Viscount Morpeffi,
the Earl of Clarendon, the Marquis of Cliutricarde, Gs
Right Hon. T. B. Macaulay., and the Hitch' flan. N.
Labouchere. The council sat an hour and a half.
A deputation, consisting of Mr. B. Hawes,
Mr. Coward, Mr. Akerman, and Mr. Grey, had minimiser
with the Right Hon. R. Strutt on Saturday, at the offiee 6f
the Commission, ra of Railways, in Great Georgestreet. ,
Plumptre, M.P., and Mr. Rodwell, had an interview
the Chancellor of the Exchequer on Saturday, at his
residence, in Downing-atreet. A deputation, consisting at
Mr. Masterman, M.P. ; Mr. Pattison, M.P.; Mr.
M.P. ; Mr. Atcheson, Mr. Jones, Mr. Phillips, Mr.
Huns, Mr. Saunders, and City Remembrancer, had an .
view with Lord John Russell on Saturday, at his official
sidence in Downing-street. Lord Hewden had an intaniew
with the Earl of Clarendon on Saturday, at th.., officeohltia
Board of Trade. Mr. Macterman, M.P., had an interview
on Saturday with the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Mr.
William Evans, M.P., had an interview on Saturday wtilt
the Right Hon. E. Strati.
Despatches from the Governer of New South Wale
were received on Saturday at the Colonial-office.
The Duke of Wellington attended the early service
yesterday in the Chapel Royal, St. James's.

VISIT OF THE DUCHESS OP KENT TO GERMANY.—
ruieS
The Duchene( Kent is expected to leave England early
the spring for the continent; proceeding brit to B
on a visit to her brother, the King of theßelgians,
thence to Germany, to pay a visit of some two or three
months' duration to her Royal highness's relstives at Sae
Cobourg and Saxe Gotha, and en some other of the German
states. It is stated that H.R.H. will prob.hiv take Poi
en route to this country from Germany, and that the Duchess
will be the guest of his Majesty Louie Philippe, at the Tuge.
ries, during her short stay in the French capital.

THE MARQUIS OF NORTHAMPTON's CONVERS4,
stores.—On Saturday night the President of the Royal
i
Society had his third converse:none at his lordship's rem-
deuce n Piccadilly. As at the other reunions which UPS
preceded it, the attendance of fellows and mimbers of the
different literary and scientific societies was exceedinteg
numerous, for on this occasion not less than 600 individual
honoured the noble marquis by their company. In the several
saloons a variety of interesting scientific mels of recent in-
vention were submitted for inspection. Those which auricled
especial attention comprised the new electro-nammatio
telegraph, the invention of Meters. Non and Gam-
ble. A solitary wire is used instead of several,
and its simplicity is sivh that a person of or*.
nary intelligence may be able at once to make env*,
and communicate without any difficulty or mistake. The
telegraph can communicate by letters to spell a message, me
by figures referring to a signal book. The mechanical coa-
-1 struction of the apparatus is simple, and from not being
necessarily delicate snot liable to derangements that might
interfere.
otherwise The battery and two dial plates were
I displayed to illustrate the explanations of the inventors. A
I new apparatus for the inhaling of ether was exhibited by
Meows. Weiss, of the Strand. It consisted of a tubular reservoir
of brass about four inches in length and two inches in dime*,
furnished with four cells filled with sponge saturated with
ether, through each of which the air mimed previously to its
being inhaled, and thus compensating for the want of seem
contained in the more bulky apparatus. There
was also a very ingenious contrivance on the top, for alara•
lating the quantity and strength of the ether inhaled. The
inventor stated, that in the construction of the apparatus he
' hail also in view the necessity that existed for an inhaler he
the curative vapours, such as iodine, he., lied that that appa-
-1 ratus was calculated for that purpose by the application of
heat. Mr. J. W. Cochran exhibited a working model of his
new machine for cutting by the saw curved or bevilled
tim-
ber, more particularly adapted for ship building purposes.
The model exhibited was worked by hand, but the Lore
of the Admiralty have in the course of construction two
large machines for the dock-yard at Portsmouth, to be
worked by steam, as well as two self-acting machines dame
magnitude. On the table containing the Daguerreotype magi-
melts, we observed some new productions of N. Claude., being
portraits made on a larger scale than have been before at-
tempted. The expression of these portraits is superior to
those of a smaller size, and the details are less modified and
true to nature. Among the specimens was a photograph
of the skull of Bellingham, who assassinated the Lest
Hon. Spencer Percival. Mr. Cheverton brought a figure of
Mr. J. Foley's admired statue of " Innocence," in alabaster,
reduced by machine sculpture, &swell as some much admired
ivory busts of distinguished personages, and classical bee
reliefs in =Mature by the same mechanical process. The
reunion was in many respects the most agreeable of the
series.
VISCOUNTESS PALMERSTON'S AssEMEiLT.—r.
count and Viscountess Palmerston received the Duke and
Duchess of Bedford, the Marquis and Marchioness of Lane-
dowse, the Earl of Mint* and lady, and a distinguished
circle to dinner on Satarday last, at their mansion in Carl-
ton-gardens. Her ladyship, at a subsequent period of the
evening, opened her salons for the reception of a brilliant
circle of the caps diontatique and aristocracy.
On Saturday Lord Campbell gave a dinner at
Stratheden-house, to Lord John Russell, the Earl of Lin-
coln, the Earl of Harderieire, the Earl of Clarendon, Earl
Granville, Lord Stanley, Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Brougham,
Sir James Graham, General Fox, Mr. Lockhart, Mr.tin4 ine,
and Mr. Danvers.
The Right Hon. the Speaker of the Howse of Com-
mons had a parliamentary dinner on Saturday last at his
mansion, in Eatonequare.
The Master of the Buck Hounds and the Countess
Granville gave an elegant entertainment on Friday evening
to their Royal Highs:awes the Duke and Duchess of Cam-
bridge.
MARRIAGE IN HIGH LlPE.—Viscount Ebrinigten,
eldest son of the Earl Forteecue, was on Friday married 4a
Crane, Doraetshire, to Kiss Tamer, eldest daughter of las
Hon. Col. and Mrs. Dawson Tamer. After the ceremony,
which was attended by a large circle of relatives of beth
the noble and distinguished families, the noble pair kilt for
Dropnior.:.

CITY OF LONDON CORPORATION REFORM.
The committee of the whole court upon the car-
ration privileges assembled on Friday. The proceedues
testified a firm determination in the majority of the mem-
bers who constituted the meeting. to apply to parliameat for
a limited interference in reconstructing the civic gover-
ment. Mr. Richard Taylor was called to the chair. After
the minutes of the proceedings of the last meeting were rod,
the City Solicitor reported to the committee that he had NO-
witted the various questions propounded by it to the law
officers of the corporation, together with briefs ; that a Me•
rat wish was expressed by them for an enlargement of the
time given for consideration, on account of their ?brims
enements, and that the Recorder mentioned his judicial
obligations as likely to prevent him from deciding when he
shonld be able to Five his opinion. Some of the menthe"
said the Recorder s " when " meant " whether." Sir Pete
Laurie stated his impression to be, that the Recorder muse
inclined to answer at all. The City Solicitor aid that all the
other learned gentlemen had expressed their intention to
answer the questions fully. He suggested that the time
should be enlarged to the 12th of April, so that the other
avocations of tne officers might not interfere with the me-
sideration of the questions. The motion was unanimoesif
agreed to.—Mr. HOLT—In the mean time let tut prepares
bill for parliament. (Cries of " No, no.")
Mr. Bum believed they should be obliged 400Mitfy
to parliament; but they ought to apply with
and consistency, and hand in hand -
with the Court of
Aldermen. There was, as yet, no reference made to get
the authority to go to parliament ; but he hoped the Led
Mayor would all a court to give the authority to prepare a
bill.—Sir P. LAUMS said he was altogether against rig to
parliament. He WY not prepared for encountering_ Hen t
danger. Lord Brougham said to him yesterday, "
What
arc pot coming to us ?" (Laughter.) " No, thank
said he (Sir Peter), for he was of Palgnive's opinion think?
going to parliament the City would incur the guilt denied'.
—Mr. HALE said there was a time when he concurred
the opinion just expressed, hut be was now decidedly 110
going to parliament
Mr. APHOEST then moved " That the committee mere
a report to the Code of Common Council, that the weer
lion requires reform, which can only be effected by the aid
of parliament."
Mr. Howse supported the motion, and hoped that the
minion of parliament would not be allowed to pare without
bearing evidence to the sincerity of their long-tapered
feeling.
Mr. HALL WY convinced that the Court of Cisme
Council ought not to decide upon going to parliament sal
the *pinion' of counsel were known, and he impala
argue in the court upon the expediency of not made(
any application to parliament at all. (Hear.) It Ma
been raid that the Court of Aldermen intended to &WI!
that authority themselves. That was an error. The Wir*
men could not go to parliament, except as part end pared m„
the corporation, for they had in themselves no cares*
capecity. (Hear.)
Mr. ANDERTON was surprised at the bugaboo Jack+,
Lantern mention of parliament. (Laughter.) It wits like
the big words used to frighten babies, and produced a ere-
responding effect upon the great babies of the corporation.
He did not believe that government considered it to be that
interest to do the Corporation of London any mischief, or
that they ever contemplated any injurious interference
wink
the privileges of that body.
Alderman SIDEST agreed in thinking that some rotors
was necessary, but they ought to settle upon the points whist
required remedy, before they proceeded to parliament, eta
they ought to avail themselves of the ex nenoe and I
meat of the Court of Aldermen in diseoarmg the oaten esr
ooneideratlon.
Mr. HARTLEY contended that the act of Edward 111.,
eonarrnatcey of the privilege* of the corpontion, wag 15'

--P•

4