The Express.
London, England, 1848-09-19 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 19, 1848.

Id. : tam veal. mu 111-aasi eau Mcaupah, agar•
:rawla Ur duasetima by ars i•• elated sack a mslaaslaily
pat& Lad

. :
THE NAVY ESTIMATES FOR 1848-9.
When mail/tad before the outansittas on tray_
,
army. sad musses mamma, Mr. Ward froahly rosined
that tee first vote (the wages et asanese) ia tais asvy ae i.
motes to the current year has bola sad
that this has Liman to sonseq•saos of a initial, an to-
ward* meth of sedleatieg desk mein whisk ise emit
is
*nag *obit sin es, rem. We *vise attend*
this kr two name: bemuse it Is • seen* of the
=atet=elieMsed meaner Is whisk leaden habi.
in oat goversemat cases sad en; ba-
sses, It dem lied the nen ed espenditare owe inseam
must this year be patter *as Wahine ken yet mined
to. The attempts of goverment to soused the red amnia
of the delh!esey us the want feature of their fear times
altered budget. Mr. Ward's evidence OM 118114-
mated amovat of seamen% wages wee as follows
ekairman.—Upon what ben are the waves dense= ad-
ealated ? Tt • were ot the anus were itainLited Rpm a
basis whisk was iced, I believe, by Sir Jaime Graham when
tie wee Fir* Lord of the Ainiralty, sad which was founded
upon the onset payments made to toe whole a the odious
and crews of the ship is swassissioa on the 14 at January
in Eel year. That rile, alter having been observed for
sow years, was egg unwisely and very isaketenataly, I
dissoatinaed. It was Lead that it pee a Gene*
Imerelle—an avenge 01961. is. lid. per sea.
Mr. Havar.—At what data wae that ? The rule was esta-
blished is 18M, by Sir James Graham, and it was lend,
after four or Ave years' trial, that it gave an average of
361. 3s. 11d, per man, which bring takes upon the whole of
the men voted, was suliciat to cover the whole evens of
the reliefs, sad in a succoring of yams to leave a consider-
able surplus epos the whole amber. Subseqeent
tuitions Lad fallen into the mistake of taking that average as
a thing which might be relied spas, and had dissoatianed
the application of the origisal rids.
Mr Y. T. &deg.—Won wee it diniontined ? Mhos bees
distostinned for the last six or seven years. In the insa-
ne., from the greater introduaskin of none and the eaten-
doe of the steam navy, the average per area had gess on
altering la • most material ratio, from the greater number
of higher paid men, of stokers newt,.and sass requiring
a certain amount of education, tannin the mann and
crews of steamships ; and the Use average, as we sow dis-
cover, having been forced to consider the ',Aped very dangly
lately, is, instead of MK 3s. 114. per son, 381. M. 3d. per
man ; the consequence of this is, that instead of having a
surplus upon the Vote No. 1 to sorer our relief., wax*
alwayscomprissabout 2,000 men more in the course 01 the year
borne than voted, you have no proviiin for reliefs, and you
have an nasal deficit, and this has been forced upon us by
the deficit whisk occurred in 1817-48.
Chainean.—Do the conunitue understand you to Olen,
that in onsequesee of requiring persons qualified to sat in
Unman, the avert** his been altered ? The avenge Las
b. en altered from M. 3.. lid., which was the avenge
given by several successive years of trial of the rale laid
down by Sir James Grabs* to 381. 13s. &I. per as..
Sir J. Graham—ls there any atemarandeua ts minute of
record at the Admiralty of the rate at whisk the rule ot
361. 3s. 114. was deported ? I do not believe thin ;
we took the avenge, which we found established by the
practice when we case in, and we have only very neestly
become awns that that average is no longer to be relied
apes.—Have the estimates sow at the table fee 1848.49,
bees founded on the datum of NU. 31. 11d., which you late
ascertained to be inanarate, se oa the datum of 381.195. 34.,
whisk you have asokrtalaad to be the tree av rage ? They
an founded upon the wroag average, becomes the taste were
sot at the time forced epee our attendee : this inquiry bad
sot takes' pine, the remelt of which I have bean
eh* to the conunittee, till after the admata were
priated.—Then the estimate for wages far the year about to
amasses, from the let of April, 1848, to the let of April,
ISM tree 'number of area bang seamed to be the number
voteilicis inallideet in the proportion of 361. 9s. 114. to
361 1 33. man ? Yes, have reason to same. that it
is, sad that to the estimate caa only be set, either
by • redunias in the number of men employed,
or by lab* pest wire that the unsay shall be kept within
the aloft ouspows.—U the proper kia should be in-
sallaint the isnitable east will -be that on the la April,
teis. dm gam Med will hen bees ***Meisel to sever the
earwig or dasaniabse of me voted ? Yes: I stated the
lams is the bee Ike ether sight as sees es they tome to my
own haiewlsdpe, blear I nit an it would be disbar anus
when I was ached E 2 the assess of 1847-48, a gnat
portico of whin dna the same cause, it I were
to snood *sin bed In to that anon and whisk
wend mahsldy Ind In a dean weak in toe year *nut to
cosatemes.— relknese to the sanest year, what is the
nine the +nag &tau epee the wages VOW? for the un-
rest year P—There is ao doubt that there will be a nay
oetidosble noels apes No. 1; it is lasvltabie.
, Who is the number eines as bane sestrasted wish the
saber se men voted ? The somber of isse bane behest
4,000 more thaa the masher of nes vend at this omen ;
that I nee stated to the house the other sign he the debate
upset the nesse of 1110.48, an I put in a*" of the number
, of skips now in meaies ordain base, orseprislag sourl
6,000 mon, which skips haven bees detain& he broad theiyr
pamper WIN teen *suss whisk have pmeated the air*
trial 41101111411( with the orders mot on.
Cluirmaii-41kat was the slumber voted whisk ho been
exceed
by 4,000 ant The number voted last year was
.apo,

air J. Grabent.—And 2,000 boys ? Yea—Takla, the sea-
saws sod boys tsgethsr, there rat the present monad astara shoat 4,000 Tee.—TMs, though the ultimata
effect Insist be to reduce the expenditure, the immediate
t Beet would be to throw as leoreased sharp spas the sera
&lost to be voted for the sanest year? It would.—Aad pen
tango it would increase the sialleleney of the sera voted ?
Certainly.—Co what extent would it have that Beet?
can beat answer that question by saying what has
actually .warred during the prima year whoa Is
gins of a very large mess of men boss. then
has beau an equally lumina noels be the numberi
of ship paid off. The average number of nes geld a
Is 1844,1816 sod 1840, was 24,809, giving an enrage for
radii el the three years of 8,280; la the year 18418, we bad
paid en the Slat Jaws" 18,188 ma, and we aspect
to pay the 31at of Milli 1,400 nom making 14,693
ma paid in the mem of die 11111111114 14111111144 year; so
that we have paid of 6,934 uses monk this year than upon
the somas of the three know years, but, of cause upon a
moat aessetat sash as this le it will be as additioial ewe
at eaoaidrabl. exotic —What was the snows la the number

M ems sad boys borne matraited with the number of seen
voted when you ems to the Admiralty ? I am spaskiag
from memory. I bare not the papers here ; but it
was about 2300 on the 9th of Jain 1846 ; ships
were then rampleting thuidr ts, which raked
that nuns to about 3,000.—N the auseier
paid off is the .our of the present year, theme new
steads about 4,000? Yes; there bong 22 vowels under
eiders ticwith essapiemente of 6,0'0 men, same of
which have been detained in New Zealand, others in Chine,
others at at Cape, sad a atesidarehle weber at Rio de la
Plata. The mother saw IMO bores than voted includes
almost all the oath st the prieelpal stations. It so happens
that the ink* are sewing sae another, both at the Peelle,
at the W. et Luke% at Bombay Nation, and at New Zen.
land.—Csa yea state what would be the soma which ought
to be voted on had No. 1, for this Number
ef seams sad boys, if the datum were ooreeted,
and Nosed of 361 Si. 11d. per man, It were
Bpi. Ifs. Id. per as., mad if the ewes of the
ausabers be... were reduced to 1,000 men ? Upoa 27,400
man at the rate voted, that I. 361. Ss. 11d., it would
be 996,4641. Upon 27,600 nth, if the nit established
by Sir JINNI Graham had been adhered to, and the actual
payment hod bees take. as the hens, "be vote would have
bees I,ol6,olll.osajdeg edifices*, of 70,6/41. upon the vote.
—Tim the empleymeth of 4,068 la men within the y, sr
would she eras*, a wry eseeihrehle addition to the mum
weed ? Is swill awe es whlitha bet Ise %Meg the
mess of ebb essmes, the Mimics was
always it ether imergis thewed, Hipp wee elest to
WM, hem SAM to MN ems ; thee hs* to all sailing
vemels.-1 Mid • MVOS of 1,000 men ; bat my 1,600
or 2,006, la poise so het, it would redeem the Creme to
that whhh you head k ? I have so deal* Mat 2,000 might
at say tilmelte avowed by the stel
be which the vote gave.—
What Whims ie year *miss to made to the vote
repeal ter 111116.4111, es seesset the right datum Doing
substituted for die smog the, it the seem of 4,000 me be
retarod to the earbomery margin T—About 70,0001. would
lOW ii; the pugettieme fa sadism vessels do not change
emertherebty. 'rhea helmet et the sus of 1.426,3801., the
mum whisk smith to be voted upon that head would be
1,600,0111111.,—Yee, I Mak 1,600.0001. would be required to
cover the seesseary is the WINO of the seat Iwo-
alai years hat these hats have breed themselves ups the
stupefies of the berth is emestrumee of the MIN over the
estimate el 1847.48 heels( been thelyesd, tad a great per-
sica of it bevies boss stud to tors spa that mem
Ia 6111 *,Benue. of 1847.48, we teak the average
whist bee bees talus hr the hot six pars,
sad which we sow diesever m thessarate. The datum,
=Uy a correct datum. would sever the full-pay of
sed Ewa et eh mho P Tee, it we. made a rule or
these wen yes seemilmis es the let of Jemmy is eve z
per the masher el 6r dime and their raises
sad the member otheMy nese. sad tho a!i:tV of
lIIMIIea, mod boys ot all maks, the wages composts
their sad eareethed smeglemests esthe let ot January
is oath year, *ea the assists of their pay mod ware it put
dews, sad having awe two limes with width to @Nortek'
the third, it is a simple rale of dim w..

- -
reads, lieheinal area af wheat. Tie Maga Mai the
*emit ad Maher Irefile IMO fiel•ferpOßl
water timbe, wide amid away a, he as might=
ankle Ills MOMS maim sal prenasel then home
dawn apes the Mat bat as It Aim hip ,see,
was mat lais them wa
wiad,
kIWISate we mime whoa their kelp was met
cad the ,rope were iset. It this elate was the fen
eemnapahem the stemingioe was istroknol t and by
Ns aid.* lamer may name le law wheal apes these
Mk bah will ee mei oedema mole eves mere
off M ram the
*ass, grand ; foe set gay
kale la d eme be theoer
w
seialmeas ry weath
• tea be adamant! hem thealwas.esse-in that is, is '
such e use Is mind be. pseariens than i sibutioas
giaally am hawed by nateee. It Ift_harever. te be re-
surbed that the grata whelk Me be the levels
en the eaten it bey mask haat the ram
✓ed avenge Mae kagdom,tho power respaired to skew alt
the siiens watais mall aspired with the breadth of
bad be be doeinal 1 the prelate= aides 16.124 gnaw/
*an hales power to 1.000 aThis gamma m, sad is soars
smear sonsidembly les. a, 80 sanl
away the mar noising elf the Mew gnaw* arm
as far as may be pm:balls prevent is km mantes down
into the marsh by means of the catch-water drains before-
mentiened, leaving the rain water alma to be dealt with
all mechanical power. As the Toothy of. rain felling 11
the great level of the Pens 'Odom sae& twenty as *rhea
and shout of tab quantity is carried off by swap°.
ration and absorption, or the growth of plants, it is ohly is
'airtime eases dem two inches in depth require to be !Prows
Of by the engines In any one month—which amounts to cm
cubic foot and • half upon every square yard of Ind, or
7,260 cubic tea to the WO. The standard Mad accepted
nature of a hones power is 33,0001 be. raised one foot in a
minute, or 3,3001ke raised ten toot is the same time ; and u
a amble loot of water weighs 6211b5. and • gallon of water
lelbs., 11l a horse's power raise and discharge at a height
ut ten test 330 talus, or 62 B.loths ethic fest of water in a
siesta Cousequently this seminied ewes of 7,280 ethic
fest ut water fallen upon an erne of bad will be raised and
dienberged at an 'levities et 10 feet be ab nit 2 hours and
10 minutes. It the qumaity Oland he 1,000 acres of fen or
mush, with the upland waters elf banked out, the cane of
rain, *wording to the shave estimate. will mount to
7,626,000 cubic feet. • afasingine of 10 horse power will
throw Of this water in 232 keen, or in lose than 20 da s,
working 12 Onus • day ; and 1 have &mid *I calonlatkrn
fully supported in amities. Although the rata dote to any
given month mAy fall is. • few days, yet in sat* a ease the
;tread will absorb a wood deal of it, sad the drains must be
made of a eapesity large enough to mein and oaten the
rain ea it fails ; oda, in cases of timothy, the engine
osay be 11111,10 to work 20 loan a day instead ot 12, witil the
danger is pat I have genera' y caused the main drains
to be out 74 leet deep, and of width autecient to give them
the required caps ity to receive the rain water es it falls and
bring it down to the engine. In some inatioaces—when the
districts are satins/me sod their length urest—it has been
found requi.its to sake them somewhat deeper. In ell
mess where I have Maud it seesaw to me steam power, I
have applied soup-wkeele to nisi V,. water. Thee. scoop-
wheels somewhat resemble the undershot-wheel of a water-
fall ; but instead of bong turned by the iaipabe of the
water, they an need to lift It, and are kept be motion by
steam power. The tat• boards or Isale-boada of the wheels
are sada et wood, and tined to work be • trunk or track of
masonry ; and they are gaaaasliy made 6 het fa length—
that I. to my, they are Immerstd 6 feet Ii the water—and
their width or horisoatal dimensioa varies, with the power of
die engine sad the head of water to be overcome, from 20
inches to 6 feet. The wheel. track at the lower end com-
municates with the main drain, and the higher end with
the river—the water in the river being kept out by a piir
of pointing doors, like the lock gates of a canal, which
al when the engine CUM to work. The asses them
aelv.s ire mode of out iron, formed in parts, for conveni-
ence at tree oat. The flat-boaros are connected with the
cast iron part of the wheel by rata..s cloak stain, which are
stepped into sockets oast is the circumference date wheel to
revive them. There ere centrum toothed ailments bad
to the wheel, into which works Hit pinion upon the auk-
shalt of the engine. Was the bead of water in the liver
Or d. liveries drilla does sat, vay mach it is suflkient to
have one speed far the wheel; bat when the tile rive fa the
tier, it is desirable to have two speeds or powen of wheel
work—the one to be seed at low water, and the other m cra
powerful combination to art against the rising tide. Bat, le
as et ernes, it is not moan to nisi the water more than
three or Om hot Ligon then the surface of the land in-
teruisil to be denote—ad am that is sly anessery when
the rivers are full betwess their banks, from a coatimmee
of wet weather or fr.m tiLlenst Lode. la some instanem
of the height the water the the beim eiseted
tide tom fleabag* by named OMNI ma Mit plea alp
during the ebb ; and ken, in ems of lesegismils=
the natural dninage requires themamas. of
power. I have slued that the main dais have patois,
been made 74 feet deep, or more in larger astride-at that
the water na., never rise higher than within 18 aim a II
feet of the who, of the ground? and the ladle or Seeitdmed
nip 6 feet below the water, Laving a foot below the dip of
the wheel, so that the water may run freely to it, and*
allow for the casual obstruction of weeds in the main del
—which it it be sudielently sapecioas and well-formed, all
bring down the water to*. engine with a descent of 3 ham
in a mile. Suppose, then, that the wheel dip 6 feet below
the surface of the water in the main Min, and that the
water in the river into which this water mast be raked end
din .harind has ha lev.l 6 feet above that In the dmia, the
wheel is such ease will be said to have 10 lees heed add*
aid ought to be made 28 or 30 het is dbasiese. I have
found it practicable to threw est the mar eitaisst a head if
10 feet, with a dip ef 6 sest,—llat is is y, 16 test head
end dip with • wheal 36 feet in diameter ; bat In maser
supine more rcently emoted I have made the wheel 40 hat
is diameter. The arias that drives that wheel is of 80.
lase power, sad is situated en the tea-mile bank tier
Littleport, in the lelis of Ely. The largest quantity of
water delivered by one engine is from Duping Fen, sear
Spalding. Tnis fen canine 23,000 acne, and is drained
by two steaminginse—one of 80 and on of 60-hearse
power. The 80-horse mine has a wheel of 28 lest In
diameter, with Hoot-beards or ladles measuring it by 6
feet, and moving with • mean velocity of 8 foot par N-
and. So that ate section of the stress, when the saga*
hesite fall dip, is 274 feet, aid the quantity discharged
pair second is 166 culls het—equal to more Shan 44 toss
of water in • second, or about ,16 200 to of water is an
hour. It was in the yea. 1836 that thee. two engines
were erected, aad at that dm the district was kept in a
half-eut nand state by the help of 44 wafting lead
at times being wholly under water. It now grew ens&
lent wheat—producing from 4 to 8 quartos to the ma.
In many distri-ts bad has been purchased at frees la. to
201. an acre by paeans who foresaw the earquesees of
the isprovemests, and whisk they could now sell at
from 601. to 701, an sae. This increase is value has
arisen not only from the lad Wag cleared he. the int,-
HAY effects of the water upon it, bat from the bo-
geyed system of cal:intim whim' it has enabled the
faracre to adopt. The fee lends in Canibridgeshbe and
in great pert of the nitighbouria. g counties are formed of
• eich blink earth, &Maim of deocuposed vegetable
setter, gaga, from 6 to 10 fest Mick, &lancet in some
places mush thicker, rattrap upon a bed of El=
containing clay, lime, and mod. When steam
was Ant latrocluord, it we. the prunes to pare the lead
and burn it; then to sow rapeseed, and to feed sheep
upon the green crop; after which wheat was sown. The
wheat grown upon this lead had • loig weak straw, aloft
bent sad nuke's, varying ears of corn of mall Me, ad
having bet a week and aosetala hilt by its net In the
black sea. Latterly, however, shashinieg Mama
greater light upon the opsrattem Ow asse
the practice to sink pete, at maw threesh the
bleed earth, and to bring up the Wee gash, wash is spread
upon the rodeos as a maim The straw—by this means
t king up an additional quality of ellez—bamme
strong, and not so tell ee foneedy, einybelfarger and heavier
,ern; and the miaare et der dice_ abetter hold to the
root., rendering the map lem Sada to be laid by the
wind end ; whilst the poem fa most luxuriant and
abundant,