The Express.
London, England, 1846-12-10 00:00:00

;02

No. 87.] LONDON, THURSDkY EVENING, DEC. 10, 184. 13d.

British Minister, in order to convince Lim of the
direct intervention of the Spanish government in
furnishing arms, clothes, shoes, mad ammunition to
Donna Maria's troops. The letters, however, did not
reach their destination. _ _

Count Tojal, arrived here on the 26th ; on Saturday I
the 28th, he had an interview with her Majesty, when
his excellency was so unfortunate as to give umbrage
by some of the suggestions or hints that he threw out
respecting the course most advisable to be pursued in
the present juncture. The result was, that the count
quitted the palace under somewhat unfavourable

A gentleman who recently came from Madrid by
way of Elves reports that the whole country between
that town and the vicinity of Leyria is favourably
disposed towards Count Bomfin' and his colleagues.
The Alemtejo has been left entirely to itself, and the
whole foree of the government appears now to be con-
centrating itself at Cartaxo, which place Schwalback
may have reached by this time, as he passed the
Tagus on Saturday.
Two deserters, young men who had been promoted
by Das Antes from the ranks of serjeant to the com-
mands of lieutenants, deserted from Santarem on
Thursday, and reached Cattaxo in the evening.

The Gazette of Hanover, announces officially, at
length, the completion of the loan which has been so
long talked of as being in course of negotiation.
Four banking houses have consented and agreed
to make a loan to the government of four
millions of thalers at live per cent. for the
construction of railways. The went ail►•
issue bonds, with coupons attached, payable
to bearer in pistoles, or in pounds sterling,
the first at 5,900 rix-dollars, the seconkat £5OO
sterling. The interest will be paid on the 4th of
July and the 2nd of January, at Hanover, or in
the public treasury, and also at Hamburg, Berlin,
Bremen, Frankfort, and London. The redemption
will be affected at the rate of 11 per cent yearly of the
sum borrowed. Until the Ist of January, 1832, the
redemption fund will be employed in the purchase of
bonds. From that epoch the bonds will be retired
from circulation by the declaration of the drawings,
and the redemption will be made at the nominal
prices. Until the Ist of January, 1835, the redemp-
tion fund will be augmented by 1;i per cent. After-
wards, the increase of the funds relating to this
object will be limited. This notice is signed by four
ministers.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF
ENGLAND.
The first of two lectures intended to convey an
elementary demonstration of the substances which enter into
the composition of plants and soils, was delivered last even-
big before the members of this society, at the theatre of the
Polytechnic Institution, by Dr. John Ryan, professor of
chemistry in that establishment. His Grace the Duke of
Richmond occupied the chair, and was supported by several
distinguished noblemen and gentlemen of high standing in
the scientific world'
Dr. RYAN said :—My lords and gentlemen , I have been
requested to confine myself, in the lectures I am about
to deliver before this society, to the illustration merely
of the elementary principles of chemistry in con-
necti. n with ogre ilture —to explain. in fact, the
nature of the various bodies which enter into the
composition of plants and soils, avoiding all higher
speculations connected with the physiology of vegetation. II
1 understand my instructiena aright, I am to teach you else-
mistry and not farming ; and that I am to address myself to
you this evening us if) on were perfectly ignorant even of
the first great principles of the science. I must have this
privilege, or I cannot with comfort to myself treat the subject
in so purely an elementary manner, knowing, as I do, that
among the members of this society there are so many distin-
guished for their high attainments in science. I hope this
explanation of my position will also be a sufficient answer to
the numerous letsers I have received fiem members of the
society, filled with practical suggestionsof great importaneein
themselves, but totally inconsistent with the avowed objects
of my lecture. 1.1 proceeding, then, with the subject chosen
tlir me, I must, first of all, call your attention to the division
of matter into two sreat classes—elements and component
bodies. An element is matter in its most simple condition—
a substance that cannot suffer decomposition or analysis.
A compound substance is one consiating of two or many
Cements, and which, therefore, m icy b.: decomposed. Iron,
in the metallic state, is an element, but oxide, or rust of
iron, is a compound, and may be resolved into two ele-
ments, iron and oxygen. The chemist is acquainted with
55 or 56 simple or elementary bodies, each of which has the
power of combining with certain others, so as to form new
kinds of matter called compounds In fact, the 55 clement'
are the alphabet of the science of chemistry ; and, ns in the
construction of a language we require an alphabet, and as
in the construction of a word certain letters of the alphabet
wordbrought together, so in the formation of the chemical
or compound certain combinations of elementary
matter must cesur. Before, however, such union can take
place, there must exist a peculiar affinity or relationship.
The letters L MN% ill not unite to form an intelligible
wcrd, conveying an idea ; so in the chemical alphabet there
are elements similarly situated. I now propose to consider
the nature of that law which thus disposes the chemical
union of bodies. It is called affinity or attraction. There is
a vast difference between this attraction here referred to
and that usually denominated physical attraction. In
the exercise of the last-mentioned power we have nothing
beyond an increase of bulk; two masses of clay unite
by physical attraction, and a larger mass results. ID the
exercise of chemical attraction, however, see have two or
more bodies uniting in definite proportions to form new mat
ter, or rather new descriptions of form of matter ; thus sul-
phur unites chemically with oxygen, and forms oil of vitriol
or sulphuric acid. ( Dr. Ryan here gave a number of interesting
examples of chemical affinity, showing, at the same time, the
importance of these laws in the process of chemical nnalysio.)
Ile then s yid, I shall now proceed to call your attention to
character+ and mutual combinations of the various elements
' which enter into the composition of soils and plants. The
substances of which plants and soils are composed are di-
vided into two parts, organic and inorganic. To-night I
shall confine myself principally to those elements which com-
bine to form the organic portions. These are oxygen, hydro-
gen, carbon, and nitrogen. It is astonishing in how
many forms these will unite, and how varied are the
products. Thus, as oxygen and hydrogen are the tale
ments of water, we find that substance, united with carbon
or charcoal, entering into the formation of earth, gum,
lignin, s..gar, vinegar, &c. Al these are compounds
of
water and charcoal, and yet how varied in their characters
and appearances. Here the learned doctor exemplified the
nature of the elementary constituents of organic matter, but
as his lectures afterwards became almost a continuous series
of experiments, it is scarcely possible to report it effectively.
The plan adopted by him, however, appeared to be most
judicious and instructive, of which the following is but a
brief' outline. Ile commenced first with oxygen—gave its
habits, and pointed out its respiration by plants. Ile then
passed on to the theories of combustion and decomposition,
the formation of acids and oxides. In speaking of hydro!
gen. he referred to it as a constituent of water, and showed
how it might be de:ected in vegetable matter. He then
touched upon the composition of water, and its influence on
vegetation. In speaking of carbon, the doctor pointed out
its varieties and its vaeions combinations—first, with oxygen,
and secondly, with hydrogen, forming with the first, car-
bonic oxide and carbonic arid, and, with the last, carbonated
hydrogen and the hydro-carbons. Under the head of
"nitrogen," he discussed the chemical constitution of the
atmosphere, and the various changes produced in it con-
tributing to vegetable life. He explained the combinations
between nitrogen and oxygen, such as nitric acid, and be-
tween nitrogen and hydrogen, producing ammonia, the sub-
stance from which plants principally obtain their nitrogen.
Indeed, in every part of his lecture it appeared to be the
learned professor's great anxiety to make himself fully un-
derstood by those hitherto ignorant of the science, and judg-
ing from the warm °polo% which frequently interrupted
hias he proceeded, his lecture gave the most unqualified
pleasure and satisfaction to all who heard him. Oa its
conclusion,
LOrd PORTMAN rose and thanked Dr. Ryan in the name of
the Royal Agricultural Society, for the able manner in
which he had made clear to their understandings matters
which, unexplained, were abstruse and most difficult to com•
rebend. Ile concluded by moving a voSe of thanks to the
learned professor.
The Duke of RICHMOND cordially seconded the motion,
and it having gained the unanimous approval of the assem-
bly, his grace signified the same to Dr. Ryan, who bowed and
withdrew.
To.night the 'Wee of the professor's second letter will
be the elements forming the inorganic portions of the plant
and soil.
The great improvement and enlargement of the theatre of
the institution affords ample accommodation for a large
audience, and the experiments and operations of the lec-
turer can be viewed with ease from the remotest corner.

SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW.
This exhibition was opened to the public at an ear
wholy
hour yesterday morning, and, if the number of visitors
passed through the gates during the day may be considered
any criterion, appears to have lost none of its popularity.
The Duke of Richmond president of the club, arrive at te
Bazaar about 10 o'clock,, and, together with several of the
stewards who were in attendance, went round the yard,
minutely examining the various classes. General Wempis,
who has the honour to officiate as farm•steward to the
Prince Consort, was also an early visitor. The gallant gene-
ral was warmly congratulated on his success in carrying
ofr so many prizes ; but, it should be added, persons were not
wanting who ventured to impugn the decision of the judges
in awarding the second prize of 201. to the Prince Consort's
Hereford ox in Class 11. The demand for stock during the

dry was very dull, rind fz.-m isles were effected. Towards
evening, however, the trade brightened, and purchases were
made more freely.
The following were among the principal lots sold up to a
late hour last night :
The Earl of Warwick's Hereford ox, bred by Mr. John
Thomas, of Cholstry, near Leominster, which obtained the
first prize of 301., with a gold medal, as the best ox in the
yard, and • silver medal to the breeder, was purchased fur
TOL, by Mr. Minton, purveyor to her Majesty and the
Duchess of Kent, at Windsor. The Marquis of Eater's
Durham ox, bred by his lordship, which obtained a prize
of 151., RIB bought by Mr. Good rin, of Godatone. His
Royal Highness Prince Albert's Hereford ox (Class II.),
bred by Mr. Thomas Roberts, of Ivington Bury, near Leo-
minster,
which obtained the second prize of 201., was pur-
chased for 551., by Mr. Budge, of Lambeth-walk. His
Royal Highness Prince Albert's Hertford ox (Class III.),
also bred by Mr. Roberts, which obtained the first prize of
15/., and a silver medal to the breeder, was sold to Messrs. I
Sharp and Hale, of High-street, Marylebone. Sir Charles'
Wake's Hereford ox, -bred by Mr. J. S. Edwards, of ,
Stanton Lacy near Ludlow, which took the second prise
of 10/., was sold to Mr. Mann, of Croydon. Lord South-
ampton's Hereford ox (Clan IV.), bred by Mr. Williams
Child, of the Grange, near Lantwardine, which obtained
the first prize of 10/ and silver medal to the breeder, was
sold to Mr. Alder, of Esher. Mr. W. Goodale's Hereford
steer, bred by Mr. James Crane, of Shrewardine, near
Shrewsbury, taking the second prize of 51., was purchased
be Mr. Guerrier, of Islington. The Earl of Leicester's
North Devon ox (Class V.), bred by his lordship, which
carried off the prize of 101., and silver medal, was
bought by Mr. Armfield, purveyor to her Majesty, of
Brook-street, Bond-street. His Roy al Highness Prince
Albert's Highland scot (Class VI.), bred by Mr. Campbell,
to the breeder, commended by the judges, was purchased by
Mr. Bannister, of Windsor.
Of the sheep and pigs very few were sold yesterday. The
stock of the latter were chiefly bought by
vidtg*Of
Tottenham4ourt-road, and a pen of the
Prince Consort's porkers was secured by Mr. Wallace.

NEWBURY FAT CATTLE SHOW, DEC. B.—On
account of Abingdon fair falling on Friday next (the day
usually fixed on for this show), to-day was appointed. A
poorer or more spiritless show could not have taken place.
The Oxen were few in number, and nothing extraordinary
in either their shape, size, or fatness. The Sheep were better,
yet they were not such as are usually exhibited at these
annual meetings. Of the I'igs but little can be said in their
praise. There were some fine Fowls and Rabbits. To view
this show a charge of Is. was made to each person, repeated
every time they entered during the day, which was much
complained of ; the custom in London not being here
adopted—viz., giving a pass ticket for the day. The dinner
at the Mausion-house was very indifferently attended, 40
gentlemen being present.
WOOTTON BASSETT AGRICULTURAL SHOW.—The
annual agricultural show of fat stock, &e., was held here on
Tuesday. It was not so good an exhibition as on former oc-
casions, owing chiefly to the Bath chew falling on the some
day. A dinner was held in the afternoon at the Angel Inn,
J. Neeld, Esq., in the chair. Speeches were delivered
by Capt. Boreal, S. C. Sadler, Esq., the Rev. Mr. Strecton,
the Rev. Mr. Collard, and others. The Rev. Mr. Collard
expressed his regret that in the distribution of prizes such
a value was sot upon fat stock, while the industrious labourer
passed unrewarded. Mr. Sadler recommended that the
cattle be shown as lean one year and as fat the next. The
beasts were fatteni d, from year to year, to such an extent
that they were tit only for one person, and that was the
tallow-ehandler. The chairman, in his remarks, spoke of
the treachery of Sir R. Peel in bringing forward late mea-
sures, but thought the advocacy of protection now was useless.

COMMERCIAL 4' MARKETS.

MONEY MARKET & CITY INTELLIGENCE.
IklPpa at Tiro.—To-day Consols shut in prepara-
tion for the dividends, and therefore arc no longer quoted for
money or present transfer, although transfers may still be
made in urgent case*, or when required, on payment of a
small fee. No Bank notice has yet made its appearance,
as expected in some quarters, announcing any alteration in
the minimum rate of interest. The market has been heavy all
the morning, with Consuls in decline to 951 to 4 for the
opening: the quotations for money in the early part of the
day, before the shutting, being 93i to 4. Exchequer Bills
were low( r, and stand at 78. to lls. premium.
This declining state of home stocks is attributed to the
unfavourable accounts of the state of the money and share
market in Paris, which continue to be received, and which
would seem to pm tend an approaching crisis, unless by ener-
getic means the Bank of France should be able to recruit its
stock of spec;e.
In foreign stocks we have scarcely any business to report.
Prices were more or less deprmsed. Mexican barely, main-
tains the quotations of yesterday, 231 to 4. Spanish, were
lower, the Five, 261 to 4; the threes, 374 to 4. Portu-
gue e fell to 37 to 9, in constquence of the unsatisfactory ad-
vices by the packet this morning.
ENGLISH FUND&
Bank Stock, 2061 71 Ditto for Acet., 951 1
3 per Ct. Red., 94 1 31 per tents , 96 1
3 per Cent Consols, 951 buyers Exchequer Bills, 7s. 11s.
FOREIGN FUND.
5 per Ct. Auvrrinn Bds., 911 I I per Cent. Grenada Bds., 19/ 201
41 per Ct. Belgian 944 51 Grenada De erred lids., 34 a
21 per Gent ditto, 5 per Ct. klealean, 1846, 231
1
5 per Ct. Brazilian Bils. 85 7 6 per Cent. Peruvian Ms.. 36 8
per Cent. New 111%41..134x, RI 6 Portuguese Cone. Ms., 37 39
6 per Ct. Buenos Ayres 43 5 5 per Ct. Russian Bels., 110 12
6 per CL Chilian Btlit3os 7 5 per Ct. Spanish 261 1
4 per Cent. Columb. def. 3 to.e. Ct. Spanish Bonds, 371 1
Columbian Eimador Ms. 31 1 Spen,h Deferred lids., 17
3 per Cl. lkulish Ikls , 601 1 Spanish i Pd.,. 54
21 per Ct. Dutch lid, 601 4 2 perCtSenezuelet Bets., 39 41
et. Dutch Cuts., 921 1 %enema Li Deferred We., 12 13

RAILWAYS.
Of the market it may be said generally, that it
is more dull and depressed than for a long time past.
Prices are scarcely nominally maintained in most instances
when actual business is done. But there is very little
of the spirit of business dealing abroad in scrips and
shares to-day. Luxembourgs are, however, reported to be
rather better. French lines are out of the question almost
entirely.
SALES EFFECTED UP TO TWO TIIIS DAY 1m LONDON.
(Yesterday's prices will be found in last page.)
Am., Not., Bee., & 21 I Man. & herbs, Fifths, 101
Bir. and Or.ford Jn., 9 b/ Do. Extension, j p
Bristol and Exeter, 76 Midland, 126 7
Do. New, 74 7 Do. New, 31)
Caledonian, 231 Do. New, 64 6
Cornwall, Ito. Ilir. and Derby, 102 3
E. Counties, 221 NeWCAPTIC and Berwick, 34
Do. New, 71 p Newmarket and Chesterford, 5
Do. Perri. 5 per ,1 p Norfolk, 130
Do. York, Extension, 31 •North British, aai
Ea.t Lawoirobire.2) I Do. Halves, 15
/Alin. und Glos., 751 Du. Gunter.% 34 1
Fly and Huntingdon. 13) Do. Extension, 11
kiole, Don., & Sheff., &c., 21 North Staffordshire, 8j 1
Great N. of England, 23; Itoystrin and Ilitelien, I)
Do. New, 191 20 Scottish Slid.. 131
Great Western, 132 Shrewsbury St Birmingham, 411
Do. New, Cl Shropshire Union, 11
Huddersfield & Man., 174 17 Shrews., Wol., & S. Olaf. Jn.,
31
Ipswich, Ste. and Norwich, 2) 1 Taw Vale Extension, 1 1
Leeds and Bedford, 751 Vale of Neath, 14
Ler& and Think, 151 York & Newcastle, 38
Lon. & Greenwich Pref., 94 Do. New, 12;
Lon. and N. Western, 114'3 Do. Prefsrence, Gj
Do. Quarters, 2:1 Do. Extension, 34
Lo. New, 111 Do. Pref., 111 /
401. shares, 51. & 8., 741 4 Do. E. IC W. Biding Ex., 171
Do. 10/. do. M 11, A, 121 Nord., Tou., 5: Cettc ;EsPeletcki 1
lan. and S. Western 621 East Indian, 1
Do. Tenths, 51 Jamaica S. Mid. June., 11
Do. Tenths, 4 Luxembourg, 1
Set ip, 5/ Namur and Liege, 3)
)
Do.
Do. Do., 4ls N. of France Constituted, 10 91
and Ely, IG4 Orleans and Bordeaux,
Lynn
nn and Dereliam, 161 Paris and Lyons Constituted, 41
Man, and Southampton, 11 Sambre and Meuse, 41
BIRMINGHAM SALES,
Amb., Not.. and Boston, par Shrews. & Sir., A., 11 ar.a. 3d. p
Fir
and Oxford Jn., 7 p Do. do., 8., lbs. 9d. I p
Sir., Wale., & Dudley, 51 p Shrop. Union R. & C.. d
Bir.,Wol.,&StourVaL, 315 3d. 2ip Staff. Jn., scriP, I P
North Staffordshir6s. 3d. p S.Statiter.,:hitellentVal.)lB4.9iLp
Shrese.,Wol.,&c.,scrip,lBs.9&llp Manchester&Southanipton fts.9d.d
HULL SALES, Drc. 9.
N. British, Quarters, 675. Gtas., Damp, & Carlisle, 196. p
Do. New do., Scrip, 20s. p Leeds & Thirsk, 11 d
Do. Thirds, 21. lls. 61. p North Wegi in, 65. p
Amb., Not-,&805.,2/.125.2/.116.6d. N. Staffordshire. 31. 9s. p
Blackburn, Damen, & Bolton, 11 Northern Counties V. 22,44.225.
Do., Clittieroe & N. W., 295.
LEEDS S.
East Lancashire, New Scrip. 11 P
Last Lancarhire, 44 p
East Lancashire, New, 31 41 p
Dew.bury Eat. (Green), 11 p
Leeds and Thirst:, Pref., 21n. p
Blackburn & Preston, 41 p
Leeds and Think, 14 d
North Staffordshire, 315-16 p
North Western, 75. Ss. p
DUBLIN Si
Great Soothes & Western, 201
Newry, Warren., In Ras., 13 1
Cork and Waterford, 2s. 64.
Dub., iist., & Coleraine .1., 45.3 d.
BELFAST S
Bandon and Bantry, 7s. 3d.
Belfast and Ballymena, 131
ork and Killarney. 4s. 9d.
Cork and Waterford, Ss.
Dublin and &Mot Jn., 41 41
Dub., Bel., & Col. in., 4s. 45. 3d.
Dublin and Drogheda, 33 56
Do. do. New, 14 13
Dunialk 3: Enniskillen, 11 2
Galway and Ennis, 4s. Gd. 50.
lit. Southern 25 Western, 281 29
Irish North Midland, Ili. 6d.
Irish South Eastern,
DIN 11 11
EBURGH
Caledonian& Dwnbarton, 374.6 d.
Direct Northern, 41.. 404. 6d.
Dundee and Arbroath, 4 P.
East of Fife, SC*.
Edin. & Glas., Quarters. 181
t.din. & Northern, 15/. Gs. 3.1.
Ito. New, 976. 935.
Do. Newport, 711 e. 6d. 780.
Ito. do. NOW, 57e. 580. GtL
Was. & Ayrshire, Halves, 81
Glasgow, vain.,teGar., 61. 66.61.41.

.ES, Mc. 9.
Shet, Rotherham, &e., 15s. p
Huddersfield & Man. 41 p
York and New., Fret, 51 p
York & N. Mid., Pref., 91 p
Leeds and Dewsbury, Hiss., Gl p
Ambergatee, 2s. 6d. d
Leeds Wake., and Mid., 11,6 d. d
Northern Con ties Union, d
W. Riding Union, 31.175.31.165. Gd.
LRS, Dee. 8.
Dublin, Dun., & Rath., tn. 3d.
War„Weat,Wiek., & Dub., 5,9 d.
Wea„ Waterford, & Valentia, 4s.

.
ILES, Dsr. 7.
1 Killarney Junctions, 13s.
Larne, Bel., B:l3allymena. 12s. 14s.
Lim., Ennis, &Kil. in., 11 26, Gd.
Mid. Gt. Western R. & r., a 4 i
Do. Ex. to Galway, 2s. 61.28.9 d.
Newry, Arm., & lon. In., 13s.
Newry, Var., and Roe., 8 i
Ulster, 52
Waterford and Kilkennr, S i
1 Waterford and Limerick, IQ 15
Water. and TrGIDOTC, :Os. 9d. 21,
Water., Wex., & Dub., Ss. Gd. 6s.
Wex., Carlow, & Dub. Jn., Bs.
BALF.B, Dec. 8.
Glas., Kiln:tar., & Ardros., 365.
North British, 36/.
Do. Ilalces, 15}
Do. Thirds, 73a. 725. 6d.
Do. Quarters, 70a.
Do. New Qrs., Scrip, 325. rd.
Shrews., Oswe,,thChes.,6/.166.3d.
Stir'. and Dmifermline, Mr. 6d.
Strathearn Junction,
Gt. Smith. of Msdzap. Gs. 6d. ($4.3d-