The Express.
London, England, 1846-12-08 00:00:00

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,D ABOYINATION.—We tiltderatelid
,f the City have come to the determine-
field u a cattle market, as soon as any
I
casualties shall, from the driving of
ueets of London, occur. Whenever a
ve his carriage windows broken, or even
in Alderman shall be slightly tossed ;
whew of the Court of Common Council
eth, leaving a widow a piece, and in all,
children. And it is lutist.: decided,
iful calamity shall occur to such Lord
lan, or such Common Councilmen—tteat
es, inflicted upon any man, woman, or
lered in any other light than as an 'tse-
tse endured with the most Christian-like
resignation!—Punch,
'ED TfilEF.—An attempt was made
by a well-dreamed thief to steal about
, the property of Mr. Johnson, the late
ion. One of Alderman Johnson's 'ru-
in loading a cab at the private door of
with the goods of his master, and as soon
rae deposited on the driver's box, a man
Licle suddenly, and ordered the driver to
ton railroad as quickly as possible. The
that the person who gave him the order
began to turn his horse round ; but
ttendants at naughthous who WAS
; up the good a glimpse of the
to the driver that there was
el. The thief inside immediateTymolgieltiet
side, upon being asked what he had to do
and disappeared in a twinkling. •
DE-PARK.— Informatics was ne-
s yesterday that between 9 and 10 o'clock
ed Hilkr, residing at Kensington"; WU
the western part of the park. towards
at a lonely part, he was attacked by two
I him down, and robbed him of his purse
,reigns and eleven shillings in silver, with
heir escape.
CPLOEIN.—Last evening an alarming
carted in Chnrch-street.
Blackfriars-road,
attended with the moat disastrous cease-
the early part of the day workmen had
pairing the pipes in the streets, and coo-
t perfectly safe. A little before 5 o'clock,
bftents were alarmed at hearing noise
,charge of a piece of cannon, at the same
that the brick work and partition under
w of Mr. Pariniren, in Church-street, were
in of the flooring lifted up, and several feet
royed. A number of workmen were sent
my, and were at a late hour last night
ing the mains.
ESEERDAY.—ANOTHER CHILD BURNT
Mr. Joseph Payne. et Guy's Hospital, on
hun Hanson Morgan, aged 3 years. On
ig, about 9 o'clock, the mother of the de
deceased in bed, whilst she went on an
return, she found the place enveloped in
d had attempted to light a candle at the
I; clothes ignited. Bearing his mother ap-
to bed, eulaiming, " I've been to bye bye."
:r his admission into the hospital. Verdict,
ARAILWATCAIINIAGW:-
r, at •
the Railway Tap, Nine Elms, Batters*
,of lielen 'Thomson, aged 48 years. The
:wardess on board the M,oyal Tar steamer,
, Southampton to Gibraltar, but for the last
been entering from an attack of gout and
tth. On Thursday deceased and her daugh-
ird class carriage. at Southampton, to code
In reaching Basingstoke the deceased was
little water was given to her, and she rallied.
Nine Elms, Battersea, she was again taken
a medical gentleman could attend, life was
et "Natural death."—Buictos or
fir. W. Carter, at the Cannon, West Mold
-
r of Mary Ann Watford, aged 24, the wife
therer. On the evening of Friday last, a
house the deceased lodged, was astenlshed
vat screams of children proceeding from the
Yount. On entering it, the grandmother of
iscovered her daughter banging to the bed-
extinct. Verdict: " That deceased &-
whilst of unsound mind."

NS IN TOWNS.—EXETER.
ant meeting was held at Exeter, on Pri-
se the .sanitary condition of that city. The
nu by the mayor, who was surrounded by
most influential residents of the locality.
▪ .pressnt were Viscount Ebrington, Y.
oral, M.P.—Edwin Chadwick, Esq., and
1 Smith, attended as a deputation from Lch-
iy report was read by Mr. Terrell. It &na-
tality of Exeter, and showed that while the
puts of that city where there was good sewerage
supply of water was from 1.. N to 1.93 per
parts, where the drainage was imperfect or
where the supply of water was deficient, the
5 and 7 per cent.
eOTON, after some remarks pointing out the
ion between dirt, disease, famine, sad crime,
think many whom I may be addressing at the
st have looked upon this country as a 1e
rthabitants as stock. (Hear.) Now I will take
he matter. Let us look at the consequecom-
nces
1, economically considered, upon the
hen a man is ill, he is not only M, but
being an unproductive member of society.
a people, economically speaking, is of course
roportion to the number of the effective, as
td with the number of the ineffective and un-
'embers of society. Experience has shown that,
ate, the average portion of human life in these
Wines is very short—that infant life is very
,ed—but that the far greater number of persons
at in the prime of their life. Now what should
the folly of anybody who allowed all his
it to be cut off just at the very time when
mast useful to him ? Tear.) It II quite
ng exactly the same principle, what should
ie folly of a nation, or community, or a city,
its members to be cut off just at the time
re adding most to its wealth. (Hear.) What
quence of thir state of things ? Why, the
widows and orphans? young children unable to
iselves, is immensely increased. My friend, Mr.
tatted in his report, on calculations founded on
ments of fact, that there were about 27,000 cases
Id, and 100,000 cases of orphanage, every year,
i preventible causes alone. (Hear.). Can any-
itrongly, demonstrate the folly and wic ess
the ntef
kedn o
tate of things, not only destructive of i-
gion and morality, but destructive of the torn-
Racial, and economical prosperity of the country.
ILADWICIL said—Having been called upon to ex-
ist towns, and, about twelve
ith month
kir.s a
timithgo, to
miter, I did so in company w,
I, am of the Health of TownsCommistioa to tell
eNow,rs, and
t pioneer in the cause, Dr. Shapter.
ak results of our observations in this city of
.14 require rather a lone and detailed repor Mt ;
generally state that in going over
red the lower s-
iw quite enough, and were surpri ter=
lently situated such extensive habitats
er in going over one of these lower districts, in'
,em with Mr. Smith, of Deanston, I said to him,
lust a nest for fever ; " when out ran a group of
rho were deeply marked by the small-pox, and had
pox then very heavily upon them. (Sensation.)
apparently an entire absence of drainage in the
Acts. The chairman will excuse me for saying,
he has called, in opening these proceedings, coin-
age and complete drainage, carrying_the sewers
he street, is only one part of the work. It is quite
demonstrated in this place that the machinery of
supply and of the drainage must be
gad;combine d
must have water carried into every house,
arrang that every piece of refam
caoaredrried fromements the house to the sewer, and
e sewer removed immediately to the outer
at the exterior of the city. (Hear.) Thee'
e no refuse in the city, in a state of deans**.
renty-four hours old ; it should be immeißillkl,
I could demonstrate for the satistaedia
population, that the cesspool is universally
thing, and that the water-closet apparatus
• very cheap thing. (Hear.) If the town retain
triple and the right to that refuse, it will be found
removal of the refuse in suspension in water is dome
deal less cost than it can be removed by aay
e labour, and that the expense, not only of remora%
its application, may be greatly saved ;
*slue and t
he
he
all be able to give an increased
sae, from the cheaper mode oileralleaties,
at increased value will most •
edam the tax and the outlay for the neology
improvement of the town. Gentlemen, I stated to
t we found everywhere a belief that the lower dir-
e the habitat of fever. Now, Mr. Terrell has given
try important report, comparing district with district
city. But Ido not think that the citizens of Exeter
me a proper view of their own condition until they
paratively the rate of mortality in Exeter, as
co tom-
Frith other cities and other places in the unty.
• Now I have done that. I have taken for corn-
Tiverton—the town and district of Tiverton. Now,
a itself is not a well-conditioned town, and it is not a
tandard to test or try Exeter by ; for within the
In district there sa great deal of epidemic disease;
together it is quite obvious to anybody who has
inervations on this subject, and looked at the
ad district, that there is a great deal of it there. But
the moat important tests I have taken of the sanitary
on of the population is the infantile mortality ; and
reason. My friend, Dr. Shapter, will concur with
it infantile life is more susceptible than at any other
--that infants, as it were, live more on air—(Hear)—
a statistical point of view it is found that the deaths of
ass are to the last degree affected by their miera-
rid emigration, and not at all by their occuattigoend,
those other circumstanceswhich, it is

affect the retort I lieu* lthdality: of the adultdew. Now wird is die rate el mortality at Exeter
compared with Tiverton ? I tied that while one child out
of every ten born at Tiverton dies within the year—and
one-tenth is the average of the eounty•-at Exeter one in
five dies. (Hear.) And then, after its escape of the first
ear's mortality, it has pot gone through all its channs.
find that further, while in Tiverton twenty-tix per cent.
die under the age of five years, in Exeter no less than
forty.five per cent. die under the age of five vain.
(Hear, hear.) Well, now, here in this city, in one of the
healthiest counties of the kingdom, with an admirable site,
and with all favourable circumstances, you Wive an, infantile
mortality and slaughter that very nearly follows—very
closely, indeed—upon the infantile slaughter of Spitalfields,
and in Leeds, and in the Little Ireland o Manchester,—home
of the wont conditioned districts we have had
toti—
(Hear)—and it appears that out of all, that one-hl of the
people born in this town have positively been—no! more than
one half, 56 per cent. of all who were bora, die under 20
years in Exeter, while at Tiverton there is only 35 per cent. •
and that, indeed, is s; high amount, and one whirls certainly'
is capable of being reduced by proper sanatory care. (Hear.)
Now in talking of this subject, I find generally we have
people generally admit all the moral evils,-
4hig the moral evils for granted ; bat what
Cwt generally find is the objection to the apparent expense,
ant the difficulty of accomplishing the work. (Hear.)
Pavia say, first, " Can you do this ?" Now on that subject
rwe are every day and every week receiving most complete
andconclusive evidence that it is in the power of men, with
nest precaution, to prevent many Of those diseases that
ravage the lower districts. You have got in your own
not
county—within your own view, a complete specimen
ooly of what may be done, by what is done iu public este-
', blishments, for iostance in prisons—(bear)—in barracks, in
ships, and in all places under tolerable supervision, as in
I unions, and such establishments, where they are well
situated. Ido not speak upon my own experience, but on
:t
alxperience of Sir JIM'S Macgregor, the thief of the army
se
board—when I say, that if a fever were to break out
in a barrack, an investiration would be ordered ; and the
person ordering it would have the perfect conviction that
there would be fault with somebody ; in truth, almost with
the certainty that there would be somebody to be dismissed
for what 'taken place. (Cheers.) The other day a fever
broke out in a prison to the surprise of everybody,. An in-
broke
was ordered, and the medical man was dismissed.
It turned out that the cause was this : it was an old prison,
surrounded by a meat; the noxious deposit of Which had
been disturbed by some Works in progress, and the fever
broke out in the direction in whiclithe wind was blowing from
the moat on to the prison. (Hear, hear.) It ap-
peared that the medial men had never seen the
trams there before, though they bad been many
pen attendants on that prison. They had never
assn one case in the prison, and did not knew it. It: as
Weed a case of male praxis, and the prison doctor ga it
the wrong treatment, and he was removed. Well, now, that
was so with the prison, but you have these deposits stirred
up in your courts and alleys every day down in Exeterti. In
your inurtsand alleys you have effluvium every day, and
the unhapp y inhabitants have not got an officer, and a person
world be responsible for the oversight, as in the case of
. (Cheers.) There was another case, a prisms
ward dysentery break out in one wing of the prises.,
So confident were the medical men that it must hove wheel '
from some accidental but controllable cause. that they sailkl
"It can't be the food—they have had that all their live
wet be this nor the other elements—it must be the
water." They got the water from the usual well.
The people said the water was not so fresh as it had
hem, but they had not tasted anything very particular, but
enly not so good or fresh as it was formerly. at on exami-
nation it turned out that a drain run near the well had
broken into it, and had polluted it. This was stopped up,
and the well cleaned, and the water purified, and the dysen-
tery disappeared. (Cheers.) The ewe was dearly brought
within view and within management. Well, here in your
,eourts and alleys, here are cesspools that are polluting the
Wells which supply the population—here is the water that
in the cellars of the more respectable homey
elamit
the gems that are evolved,- and thus every
istWation are exposed to it. Without doubt resound)
sod management to, prevent disease are as much within
reach as they are in the prison. (Cheers.) So completely is
this the case, that I =give another instance. About three
rats ago there was an epidemic raged in Glasgow, and
there was not a single family, high or low, who escaped
attacks from it, But at Glasgow they have an exceedi gly
well-appointed, well-ventilated prison, and in that prison
there was not a single case of epidemic ; and in consequence I
of the overcrowding of the hospitals from the extreme
severity of the attack! which killed ecime two thousand
people, they took forty 'eases into the prison, and not one of
them spread. (Cheers.) In fact, there are so many classes
of disease so completely within management, that medical
man who have the care and custody of those who are in
00
lug wen conditioned ;daces. are' in the habit of
sire. in relation to cases in their pnvate practice, " Oh,
if had but that case in prison, I could save it." (Cheers.)
Now, what has your mortality to do with that disease
here in Exeter ? I find that, in Tiverton, while 23 oat of
10,000 of the population are swept off by epidemic disease,
in Exeter no leas than 103 are killed. Now this being so,
and this being the amount of prevention, I think it is very
right I should follow it up, and represent to you, as far as
noe rate to which
may be done, what is the fever and the pestile
the city is subjected, because that will give you some Weida:
tion as to what expenditure may be warranted for its reduc-
tion. (Hear.) Now while, amidst this population of the
Tiverton district, 32,499, in Tiverton 610 die; no less than 920
die in Exeter. That makes an excess of deaths due to Exeter of
332 deaths in the year. The explain of a funeral is certainly
Mt lass than Si. on the average. Taking it at 51., your ex-
in funerals [year the emcees of funerals compared with
I=in during the y are 1,6001. (Hear.) But, besides
that, every case of death involves at least twenty-nine cases
of
9c
Be which, at 71. per case, is an annual expense of
9,2961. Besides that, you have a loss of labour of four years
and eleven months by premature death as compared with
Tiverton, which, on the excess of this year's mortality,
makes a sum, 'opposing wages to be 71. 6d. weekly per
I adult, on the avenge—and a very low average—of 39,0001. ;
your sickness bills and funeral bills to be added ; excess for
funeral bills, 1,6001. ; excess of sickness bills, 9,0001. ;and
your loss of labour, 39,0001. ; making a total charge to this
city of at least 5001. a year—and that does not take into
account anything for the loss of the maintenance of the chil-
dren that have been swept away • nothing for the extensive
amount of premature widowhood, and for the large amount
of orphanage you will find burtheniag your charities. (Hear,
hear.) Now, as to the cost at which this may be remedied.
All I can say at present is, that the cost of the remedy would
be a rate far low than this cost which has been calculated, if
it were set about—with legislative and adobe the legislative
aids. I
have talked of whet is possible physically ; t
and administrative possibilities are another and much newer
question, which I could not attempt to address you upon. Of
course one thing will be to arrange with the water company
that the supply of water may be general, and not limited,
so that the company may be enabled, with profit to them-
selves, to supply at reduced rates, and for less expense, in
proportion to its general extension ; and mythe belief
is
that
a proper adaptation of the rates will enable Citizens to
carry out this with very little, if any ultimate even
havetual
chant! whatever. But your committee, which will
load information and the benefits of the experience d
to of other
places, will be able to carry out this completely ; an cor-
rect the details of the expenditure, of the actual loss, well
' as the expense of the improvement which I hare endeavoured
as
to lay before you. (Great cheering.)
Dr. S. Sung said, it is certainly, a most remarkable thing
' that the human family has now lived together in communi-
ties for 6,000 years at least, and has not yet made its places
of abode salubrious. Perhaps there has never yet existed a
single city in any age or country, the inhabitants of which
have not experienced some degree of suffering, some amount
of sickness, and some diminution of the natural term of life,
from the neglect of those precautions which are necessary
to render humorists habitations healthy. Air, water, and light
are physical age which are indispensable to human
existence. They are the primary pabulum of life;
and being so, they are provided for us by nature
ia unlimited abundanee • we have only to open our
hands to receive them, always fresh, always pure, always
inexhaustible ; and yet there is no city or towns° constructed
as to admit everywhere free currents of fresh air ; there are
few bosses so constructed as to admit of a proper degreees for
of
air and light ; and almost unirenany the contrivanc
the 'supply of water have hitherto been to the last degree
clumsy and inadequate. (Hear.) Wherever human
beings reside, there must of necessity always be a large
quantity of dead and decaying vegetable and animal matter,
the refuse of food and clothing, and of the materials used
in the various branches of trade and manufactire. By the
decomposition of this matter, gases are produced which are
poisonous to every human being who inhales them. To
warn us of their danger, Nature has made them disgusting.
One would have thought that the first effect of intelligence,
sot to speak of science, would have been to provide for
their immediate and complete remond—(theen)—yet every-
where they are allowed to remain about and to contaminate
our fields, our gardens, our streets, our houses, and the
very innermost TOMS in which we live and sleep—(theers).
If a single individual perishes in oonosquenee of injustice
or neglect, the case excites the sympathy of all classes, fill
the columns of the press, occupies the public mind, forms the
subject of excited conversation in private, th
ew of ani-
mated discussion in parliament, and every o anxious to
.apply a prompt and effectual remedy. Proclaim that ten
thowand lives are destroyed in one quarter of a year, in a
pmt only of England, by causes which are removable ; that
Is le say, in consequence of the neglect of authorities who
We the power, and whose proper office it is to remove these
Wes; and it produces scarcely any impression. (Hear.)
llst while we remain apathetic and do nothing, these de-
aiming agents steodily, though silently, pursue their work.
destroying, when only as fatal as during this
quarter, 40000
persons annually, in a part only of England. But even
that
this
slaughter, frightful as it al, is small compared with
which has taken place in the very quarter whisk lie just
limed. I have here the table of registered deaths far the
waster ending 30th of September in the neased Ism Ao-
seeding to this table, 51,235 deaths were registered in this
; " athisable,
number," adds the Registrar-General, " greater
b~ttarby 15,227 than the deaths of the corresponding quarter of
last year." In me
of the larger towns and more populous
districts the mortality has nearly doubled, in some it has
quite doubled, and in others more than doubled. To this
quarterly report the Registrar-General has appended notes,
taken from the local registrar's reports—a most instructive
but truly melancholy document. You will find, if you
look through it, the running commentaries to be—
" This is the largest number of deaths
the num-
registered
by me in one Tarter.' " More than double
ber registered in either of the corresponding quarters
of 1843, 1844, and 1845." " A mortality during this
quarter far exceeding any previous quarter since the Eeg9-
tration Act came iato operation." " Nearly, double the
average of the last five =ding quarters.' " A imp
excess of mortality, in the number of deaths is 32

mere they datable that of the corresponding quarter for the
laic year "—and so the commentary on to the end.
Now, what are the causes of this d ul mortality ? They
have been stated over and over again by medial men, who
have been taught the truth by their professional observation
and experience. But now this truth is forced on the eon-
viction of the Registrar-Oeneral. He arrives at the same

conclusion by~a
totally different proosesx—by the com-
parison of the recorded facts, ea worked out by
figures. What, then, IPA stated by him, is the
cold and dry expression of the result I " The high
mortality of towns," he ear, " has been traced to
crowded lodgings, dirty dwelhage, personal uncleanlinese,
the concentration of unhealthy emanations from narrow
streets without fresh air, water, or sewers. The rapidity of
deeompoadion, and the facility with which all kinds of
Ytral matter become tainted and run into putrefaction,
enable us to undentand how, in a summer like the peat, in
which the temperature was unusually high, the diseases
referable to an impure atmosphere should be so prevalent
and fatal." Now, when large masses of the people ere
thus allowed to perish from known causes, from causes
which are remoweable, and when the certain: means
of removing these causes are known and within our
power, it is an immolation. (Great cheering.) For every
one of the lives of the 15,000 persons who thus unneces-
sarily perish, those who know the remedy, and who have it
in their power to use it, but who take no step' to use it, are
responsible. (Cheers.) After some further observations, Dr.
Smith concluded thus:—We call upon every man, each in
his station, and according to the abilities that are given to
him, in spite of the sinister and short-sighted interests which
may be arrayed against it, to co-operate in this great work.
which must be accomplished before it is postible to make any
real progress in rendering our population healthy, intelli-
gent, moral, religious, and happy (Enthusiastic cheering.)
It is in the spirit of this appeal that I now ark you,
ueant-
mously and cordially, to adopt the resolution which I have
now to propose, namely,
That with • view to the dbihmita of seemd information on
the Pnlifest, as well as fee the purpose of tooklog the exertions of the
Width of Towns Association more avalisbki, it Is dadroble that a
branch association be formed in this city, whiok *add pat geetf tato
immediate communication with the parent meaciatioe, solid
advise, and expreaeing the readiness of the eitirens to co-openste
with it.
(Carried unanimously.) A committee wax formed to tarry
out the objects of the association, and Mr. Drew. subse-
quently stated that measures were in progress for the eda-
blishinent of baths and wailhouses in Exeter.

IRELAND.

DUBLIN, Dec. &
The country papers, which arrived this morning, are mostly
from the south of Ireland, and the intelligence they bring
is of a consolatory tendency. Thereislittleofautrage, few orno
robberies of money or food, and no serious tales of ilestitu-
tk n : none, at least, of that extreme destitution which pre-
vails in other places. In the county of Galway the aspect of
affairs is not so bright ; but in a large county such as Gal-
way, and an unimproved county, distress must always exist
at this season. Most of that which now prevails is very little
aggravated beyond the usual, and one might almost say un-
happily, the indigenous destitution of the west of Ireland.
I stated in a former communication that one member at
least of the Irish government was directly opposed to the
substitution of the townland for the electoral dirision, lie.
Labouchere's letter confirms this statement. In reply to the
memorial of the Royal Agricultural Society, the chief secre-
tary writes to Mr.
Dublin Castle, Dec. 4.
9r —I en /seated by his Excellency to the tamest of
the merepiel oldie loyal ddrieullutel DeleatY Wear
of the askalitation el the town.land Ibir the Imam the
beak of lanais be reproductive works =be the Pear t
Act. The Lord Lisstenent Om elm to it that which
was alike due to the memerlall and te 'MIMS llortfillille•sf ihe
seidest le which ft*tdates ; hat he is of asides lam he wont,
wodisseeltr with his &V, adopt the cameo Ishii is primed.
Ho So some is this .endive, net merely terra an sp.
Ceb=of the mime wetted tinsmiths rthlrb
ld by an atimegt to tarry it into annistion
also frees a belief that It woad be ineonairsne with the gimpy
objtd of dm Poor Finplerthat Ad—which was to wet, se .der ;as
email, •Se priming Wow et the germ, by madding onn
tenems been fleadesta,fireno the moms ot labour
oal
amileMeemsmer el width *terieWlees et the ctaeti
lelarmithrt Ws Ere/=theW been &dress et as
soli melds wish the --"""
E.Lesiture or the 114 ups Moped dr Teres.
ef affording the egetha et ea serer
Blot this spika wes=rwitairatirdeparture as
perdie dem the midt et the memo eiretkere by piedmont:
the ednelealt the Timaleadithered efthe denim' d 2•11•01.
=rnia may west. Mil to dip reedest. angsanianst Marled plies
where emennt of delnatien to les rdiseed wen Met The Lard
Uprose* Is not be W
ile del kederkres et
at illffeffiliffled. by NM end esfintffie teams, the ereatleamill
the maul Inked; int maim oliention is in
ocejmniint with. bee ll minhilientiende indertant
Nor elifiLmirbeet sidzembed a =Midi amp no bray of
the gentry of this the segsrtuffty
el an earnest hops that tiezalbrZ thefi eerier
Mid lend then old to Government is as-
slam • pub* whit in ins mop to Inc ben very
eflemairdppeevaileS, of sitMlogyaners who are by me means to a
iftellitela resdidsb to .indieyed en So public watts—thus de-
Voris me* eshomas el the limit which was Intended Mr
sWithdrawinstromthe esen, cultivation of the sell
is essential to urea eris. es of the people.—
tele OM bliinsm to be, sir, your edient went,
.R. Lieconsma.
"Edward Bonen, Eaq., gory to Agricultural
doliety, t r Seek
In opposition to the views of the government, Mr. We-
sell, of Tarroe, who originated the productive question, pm's-
posed on Wednesday last a resolution at a presentment ase-
liOEP in Limerick, which was unanimmuly adopted, to the
effect that in seeking to carry out the principle of productive
labour on the electoral system ; the rate-payers failed in
'
three divisions and succeeded in one • and that the determi-
nation of the government involves, "the monstrous anomaly
of meeting famine by increasing production."
A bill has lately pored through Parliament for the im-
provement of the town of Belfast, and an inquisition has
been taken for the valuation of the property which the con-
templated improvements will affect. The cost of the inqui-
sition, which has already sat for six weeks, and after an
adjournment been resamed, is about 3001. per day.
Fire-arms are still purchased with great avidity. A cor-
respondent of the Dublin Herold, writing from Cavan,
states, that two competing auctioneers sold large quantities
at prices varying from 21. for rifles, to tis. for pistols, in the
open street, to the frieze-coated peasantry ; gunpowder, from
Bd. to 10d. per lb.; bullet-moulds, from ad. to 6d. each. The
Tipperary Free Press states, that in Clonmel the sale and
demand for fire-arms continues unabated. A correspondent.
of the Limerick CArceskle, speaks for the peasantry of that
county thus : Yesterday I met on the Dublin mail-coach
road, not far from Limerick, numbers of the peasantry, with
guns and muskets, evidently quite new, and which must
have been purchased that morning in your city." The
writer, however, adds that a farmer whom he met and ques-
tioned on the 'abject, stated that the guns were bought to
enable the peasantry, " to shoot hares on the mountains
during the winter.'
Tux POSITION OF THE COUNTET.-.—The Galway Mer-
cury describes the condition of that county, from an Byre-
court eorrespondent
On the night of Saturday W filth ult.; a ;arty of armed mins
visited the house of a respectable man named Devis, who rides ta
Limon, three miles distant from this town, and demanded liereems:
the old man of the house aid that his son had the gun out Mir laid
where he was testable, some of his property ; one of the nil said
that as they had some upcm ether bushiest tinkles that et preendas
firoarms, they might a well 11l two birds with seas stare where-
upon edremer of wimp" told his comrades, Weise the serawas oatthis, r
they should pay the father with interest. On this
the =lion having dubbed his musket, struck the aid
man upon the bee with the stock of the gun, and liseelly
miles hie
nailn se fiat as the vest of his bee: the old ore
down shuinn. end his &miner, • mere child, bring=
fared to save Mr araar rescind a deep cut ids sword, whistresether
or these villains carried,, upon the head: and she, too, kl NV
over the dead body of her father; the ruffians then
son who had Month the field, upon coming in and toting
and sister lying on the floor, welteting in their Mead, was
horrified ; he lost no time in applying the pryer restora-
tives, and procuring medical aid. Ehe old mess, I eat sled
to hear, is mending, but the girl is still In a premises stale.
A nun of Ms name of Killeen, who llves • shift ille•mm NEM- '
ward Banisher, was most inhumanly Dodos some night lost
week, and would, no doubt, lave been murdered bat Ihr
the approach of sone perms, who scared away the murderers.
She cause of this outrageown, unless it be this, that Killeen
is steward and manager to a gentleman in his own stishEsEthostl,--
These, the writer adds, are but akw of the many outrages BM lam
occurred during the put three weeks, in the 101SIlily WEISE IVO MON
dads town. To speak of simenetening, it is now no novelty to dad
a sheepfold minus from one to four, some morning.
Bosun OP Wonsts.—An Inspector of Finance by eke
Board of Works is to be appointed to teach of the counties ia
Ireland. Two hundred and filty pay clerks have been ap-
pointed by the Board of Works, and are now simaged
throughout the country.
Sir David Roche, Bart., is nominated to fill the ales of
High Sheriff of the county of Limerick.
Detail BY DESTITUTION AT MARTBOROUGIL-011
Saturday, a labouring man, named Wm. Fitzpatrick died 06
Tea-lane, Maryborough. From the evidence at the *pea
an intelligent jury found the verdict, " That the fisseased
died of want and destitution." Language is biadegrees to
describe the horrifying misery with which the deceased was
encountered. The night- he died, we understand, there
was neither fire nor candlelight in the wretched
hovel ; no drink to allay the death thirst of his parched
lips but cold water; while his bed was a wisp. of
straw, on a damp door, with little or no covering.
The wife of the unhappy man, in giving evidence before the
coroner, at the inquest on the body, said, I think it is the
want of a sufficient supply of food that caused his
Bath; he
had been almost every day, for the last four or fi weeks,
trying to get food for his children; I often heard him com-
plain of hunger ; he used to go among the neighbours to get
food ; when I pressed him to eat, he desired me to eat it my-
self and the children •• he was a quiet man, and had very
little to ay; upon Friday I had no food in the house; I
went out, and Mr. Mope humanely gave me an order for
• supply of bread, but my husband was not able to use it;'
when he lay down on Friday night, he said he did not think
he would sleep much ; I had no drink to give him but cold
water ; we have no house of our own, we lodge in John Cul-
len's cabin.

SCOTLAND.
On the 28th ult. the following paragraph appeared in this
paper:
801. DAT le EDIMIVROII.-111 Edinburgh there aye PM licensed
public-houses, of which 424 are open on Sundays. One publican de-
chum that on a recent Sunday be drew 201. after the morns lighted ;
but, faking him as a Triton among minnows, and mourning N.
average Sunday inoome, we have 2,1701. spent on drink every Sunday,
or 112,8401. per annum. Moot of this= xpenditure takes place round
about the yeti house where John Kno tired and died. Parts is re-
mediable Ihr basing aomewbere about an equal number of schools
for Imornft mathematics as of schools Sir teaching dancing, !ad
henceforth Edinburgh will, or ought to be, conspicuous for having
wm elt the first Cay of the week a nearly equal number of spirit
shops and Sabtoth schools. The juvenile part of the population
taught theology, and the adult drunkenness. Where is all this to
and! A eaerogionaeot says, "Be Gray, who supplies the above
Moduli" threw Memel! bdo the breach, in order to cartel' the num-
ber of licensee, Lb kat Mimi la the Town Council in ccomuence

at that, sad ter harmg noted siphon Mr. Meanlay; so that tt wool&
wpm airmen aembrineoes net only with their victims, het with
unseen& eiseteso. limartheless. dm dose is coming whin Britian,
Mks speedo elf seem te te demises."
Been after it agmeennee we received a remonstrance,
with relative doermeata, 6081 • party to whom, from his
position, we are maths- to pay all doe nospect. We cannot,
nevertheless, digoomm was with the aid of the &eminence
furnished by the ermghtirmat, wherein the tarries& is
calumnious." We um stet megataikkeibAtito statistics of
ex-Bailie Gray„ and it hia•ggeregues us with more
carnet data, we shell be. below le gmbilek theca--although,
as we shall pcesentlyristra, eseaparstive reef ean be ad
dated to demeastaste that their " exaggerations 'Lemelz
extend to the " gross" or " ridiculous.' The
amens that Mr. Gray lost his baillie's chair by aU
to
" curtail the number of licenses"—our respected monitor
says that, " instead of having fallen a martyr tibia efforts
in behalf of temperance—which, be it observed, was not the
language employed—he was " ejected fur endeavours emi-
nently calculated to promote intemperance." Now. on
turning to the resolutions of a public meeting of distillers
and spirit merchants held in Edinburgh on the 2nd of
November last, we find that they " especially deprecated
any legislative or other arbitrary attempt to reduce or restrict
the mere number of licensed houses." And on referring to
the Edinburgh Chronicle of the 7th of same month, which is
the organ of the opposition to Mr. Gray, it is stated that
restriction is " absurd," " ridiculous," and altogether dm-
temptable ; we therefore think that when the notorious fact
is admitted, that Mr. Gray's re-election was opposed by
" distillers and spirit merchants," the paragraph declared
uothing but warm the resolutions of those parties warranted,
when it asserted that he was driven from the bench in con-
sequence of having tried to " curtail the number of licenses."
But to the general question. Scotland is an intemperate
nation, and it is net enough to admit this in a few declama-
tory sentences, and then leave the matter alone. Let us
" nail it," as Burns said, with faces, and for this purpose we
shall—leaving ex-Bailie Gray for a-while—quote authorities
which are unchallenged and unchallengable, and when we
have imprinted their evidence on the public mind, we shall
have a word or two to My regarding remedies.
From Mr. McCulloch we learn, that in the year ending
Jauuary, 1843, the duty paid on foreign and British spirits
in each of the three kfaidgins was as follows :
England
Scotland
Ireland 8,320,196 „
Showing that Scotland, with • seventh of the population of
England, pays duty, or rather consume., about one-half of
what England does and, with • population of about one-
fourth of Ireland, ac4rtally consumes more spirits than Ire-
land. In 1841, Mr. Sheriff Alison made the spirits entered
for home consumption in Scotland, 6,620,000 gallons, or 21
gallons, that is 16 bottles per head for the whole population.
Now let temtotallen, children, invalids, &c. be deducted,
and what must the average be amongst tipplers ? Taking
the single case of Glasgow, Sheriff Alison esumatee the con-
sumption per head there at the rate of 6 bottles.* Paring
from Glasgow to Dundee, the Rev. George Lewis surveyed
his p sish in the latter town somewhat minutely, and found
that it contained 11 bakers' slop., and 108 spirit-housee-t
Estimating their profits at 2s. per diem, and the profits being
regarded as 20 per cent, on sales, the enormous result was
19,7101. annually spent for spirits, in this one parish, or
one-fourth of the wages of the labouring classes within its
precincts. Allowing 4 bottles per head for the whole town,
the total tavern bill of Dundee is set down by Mr. Lewis at
180,0001. per annum. linlam, therefore, P.dinburgh, be
much more sober than Glasgow or Dundee, ex-Bailie Gray
cannot be far wrong.
But more than this, if the working-clam' in Scotland are
not more intemperate and improvident than their fellows in
the sister kingdoms, how comes it that the
savings bank
depositors as being 301. in England, 291. in Wales, 301. in
Ireland, and only 161. In Scotland ? Making all allowance
for the Scotch system of banking, intemperance must have
some oonnerion with this circumstance.
With such clamant facts ea-Bailie Gray, and those who
think with him, are entitled to have the mantle of eharit7
thrown over them if their seal has somewhat outrun their
prudence, uis generally the ease with all reformers. No
sound man could walk on Sunday from Holyrood palitoe to
Edinburgh castle and behold shops and cellars illuminated
for the sale of the liquid fire that leads to the infirmary, the
poor-house, the prison, the hulks and the gallows, without
having his better feelings lacerated and disturbed. And
whilst all Scotland would be in arms were one poor baker to
open his shop on Sunday, or the savings bank to take in •
single shilling from the labouring man, the publican is
allowed to ply his deadly traffic unmolested, except "during
the hours of divine service."
Our good mentor will have listened to this detail with
little patience, and he will tell us that it is a thrice told tale
—that he agrees to every word of it—and that if we have
no more to say, he and wo are perfectly at one.' And so are
ex-Bailie Gray and his antagonists. The late magistrate did
not take the license from a single respectable publican—and
the publicans en the other hand are not to avert the descend-
ing sword from a single sinner in their whole fraterniV'.
Wherein, then, do the part:es differ ? They diMr
very much as other people differ, on subjects of et
econoinico-moral character. Vintners regard spirits as
a vendible commodity like bread the supply of which
is to be regulated by the demand, and, therefore,
they can conceive, as they frankly inform us, no re-
striction to the number of shops fur the sale of spirits,
except the non-support of the public, which in due time will
correct excess in gin-palaces. They regard themselves as
capitalists, engaged in • calling recognised by law, and ex-
Bailie Gray as a sour roundhead, who levels his blows for
their destruction. Mr. Gray, on the other hand, regards his
poorer countrymen as drinking more whisky than is good
for them ; and whilst he is quite willing to leave them to eat
as many penny rolls for breakfast as they have a mind, or
rather stomach for, under the conviction that the necessaries
of life can rarely be made subjects of excess, he regards the
demand for gills of whisky to increase with the supply and
to strengthen with its strength. We are not aware that he is
a teetotaller; and so far, as Joshua Geddes mid to Peter
Peebles, he may nut object to " naturel drought," while he
abhors "artificial thirst," ss an unquenchable thing that grows
on what it feeds on, and I,bould, therefore, be dis-
missed out of the category of those articles left to the
natural operation of demand and supply. As to
ill-will to spirit dealers, we presume Mr. Gray has
as much of that as the inhabitants of this country had
against gun-makers and powder manufacturers when they
opposed the late threatened American war—which was none
at all.
What then Is to be done ? The only effectual method of
curing drunkenness, as well as every other social evil, is to
raise the moral state of the people by education. Bat
national education must be slow in telling on evils of deep
growth—should the executive, thereto*, not interfere in the
meantime ? We think it should. Ex-bailie Gray and the
truly respectable vintners should join hand in hand to purge
afterl& of the worthless licensees who now do such harm—
that, the hours of opening and shutting at night, should
be contracted—then Sunday traffic should be regulated, if
not abolished, for we really cannot see why the poor man
should not purchase his whiskey as well as his tea and coffee
on Saturday. Hotels and inns would be more difficult to
manage, but because all cannot be done, that is no reason
why something should not be attempted.
Such, in brief form, is the pith and marrow of a contro-
versy which, we are informed, is " exciting a struggle " in the
north. As for the lengthy resolutions of the committee of
the House of
Commons, and the still more lengthy counter-
resolves of the distillers and spirit dealers in public
meeting assembled, we must be excused from giving any
analysis of them, as it would not materially add to the in-
formation we have already given. We therefore leave the
subject at present, as one involving the pregnant question of
how far a nation is entitled to legislate for preventing the
intemperate portion of its inhabitants from ruining them-
selves and being burdensome to others, without trenching on
that individual liberty of the subject which every free state
is bound to respect. The drawing of the line is a nice
problem, and, placed as we are at a distance from the same
of strife, we think that both of the belligerent parties ham
crossed it in their respective gyrations, but still there is *a
earnestness manifested by the present age in regard to suck
questions, which cheers us with the hope tha practiaal
solution will yet be given. At all events the Jack Cade
of former days is exploded, as no legislator, amateur or in
office, will now vow that " the three-hooped pot shall have'
ten hoops," or that it " shall be felony to drink small beer."
RENPREWSHIRE ELEcrtow.—The nomination for the
county of Renfrew, vacant by the death of Mr. Part*
Maxwell Stewart, has been appointed to take ale?
Wednesday, the 9th current, at the county town of
Colonel Mum, of Caldwell, has completed a canvass of the
whole county, and there is, says our correspondent, no doubt
of his quiet election. This might not have been the case
but for the near jpproach of the dissolution of parliament.
Col. Mare, who unsuccessfully opposed Mr. Stewart at the
last general election, is a moderate Conservative
THE P•HOCEIAL SCHOOLEIMITEES or SCOTLEPID.—
Sir,—lt must be a matter of deep regret to many who, like
yourself, are interested in the cause of education, to learn
that the government are not to propose any educational
scheme at the ensuing meeting of parliament; and the
regret must be the deeper, when to every reflecting mind so
many circumstances conspire to favour present action. With
Scotland the government would have but little difficulty.
Let us only look at the machinery already in exist-
ence. At the commencement of the present century
the parochial teachers of Scotland were organised
into something lilte a corporation, when they obtained an
act for establishing a' fund for the relief of widows and
orphans belonging to their body. They were then subdivided
into presbyteries, the same as the clergy, and each pres-
bytery was authorised to send delegates to a general meeting
which was to be held in Edinburgh annually. Great benefit
has been derived from these meetings in Edinburgh, not
only the wants of the widows and orphans have been at-
tended to, but the teachers themselves, even from the short
intercourse they have with each, have derived mutual in.
struction in different systems of education. It is from this
that we are to date the commencement of anything like
im-
provement among the teachers as a body. Here, then, we
have • financial body legally constituted, and besides
thriving beyond anything of the kind in Scotland, the
present accumulated capital being upwards of 68,0001. When
we look at this body of men numerically equal to the esta-
blished clergy of Scotland, not only transacting their
financial concerns with the greatest prudence, but a party of
them, embracing the opportunity of their annual convoca-
tion, organising themselves into a society for improving the
system of education in the country, by publishingeheap books
open the most approved principles, and doing for Scotland
what the government itself is doing for Ireland; when we
look into this body of men, we see nothing awantieg
but the judicious arrangements of the legislature to organise
them into an educational society, as they have done into a
financial. It has been too common( f late to undervalue the
literary and scientific atts:-• the public instructors of

• Alai( j• i 10 4 • • ,woistioa.
t Lewin Maas ot Bt. David's Parish, Mods&

youth. Taking a part for a whole, equal opprobrium is
heaped on all, but it would be no difficult matter to point
out, were it not invidious to name individuals, many pro-
feelers in the Scottish universities who at ono time had been
parochial teachers. And notwithstanding all that has been
said of normal schools, and the benefits to be derived
from them, there is nothing more certain than that in Scot-
land the system has failed in producing sufficiently educated
men. In place of normal seminaries, carried out as they are
at present, it would be better to appoint a committee of
teachers in 'each presbytery to watch over the education of
those who were preparing for the office of teacher, and that
these committees should report to the synod of the bounds
where the final examination ought to take place. To this it
will be objected that such a system would not include Dis-
senters ; but we are persuaded a li-tle extension of Christian
charity would include them. From the remarks that bare
lately been made in public by the Rev. Mr. Guthrie, the
Rev. Dr. M'Ferhuse, sad in the organ of the Free Church
party, the North British Review, it is quite evident that the
prejudice of Sootchmen is in favour of the parochial system.
Were Dissenters made eligible to such situations all oppo-
sition would at once cease, for at the present all and sundry
attend the same seminary and associate indiscriminately
with each other; but should the voluntary system be allowed
to prevail, a separation will not only take place, but the
supply will not be adequate to the wants of society.—S. T. S.
A FAMILY or SAVAGE/.—On the night of Sunday wetk,
a most brutal assault wee committed on the person of Hugh
M'Annally, miner, Burnside, Dairy. About ten o'clock,
when emoting the bridge at Kilbirnie, he was knocked
down by Thomas Goodwin, jun., and James Goodwin,
both colliers in Kilbirnie, and, while down, they set two
bulldogs on hint, but luckily they did not bite him, but
merely tore his clothes. After kicking and abusing V.m
for some time, the two Goodwin/ made off. On getting
up, he tried to get into several houses, but such is the ter-
ror entertained of the Goodwin. that none would admit
him; he then crawled into an entry and laid down on a
stair. It would appear that the two Goodwin' had gone
home and told their father, Thomas Goodwin, lien., what
they had done ; as in • short time he came to the place
where M'Annally was lying, with a lamp in hie hand.
M'Aenally, expecting to be murdered, lay as if dead;
bat old Goodwin held the lamp so close to his face, that he '
eat fire to his shirt, and lacerated one of his eyes dreadfully
with the picker of the lamp. The moment he showed
signs of animation, old Goodwin kicked him until he could
maltreat him ne longer. Old Goodwin was apprehended on
the 17th alt., and committed to Ayr jail, but Thomas Good-
win, jun., and James Goodwin, are still at large. The only
cause that can be assigned for this outrage is, that the Good-
wins had met some Sundays past to hare a dog-fight, and
that M'Annally had used means to put a atop to it, on which
occasion they swore to be revenged on him.—Kilosarnock
Herald.
Ties EARTHQUAKE IN PERTHSHIRIL—The Atheneum
gives from a Perthshire correspondent a variety of particu-
Um relating to a shock of earthquake which was felt in parts
of that county about midnight of the 24th ult.,—supposed
to have equalled in intensity the most violent of the series
that occurred in 1839. The atmosphere, at the time, Wes
calm and clear; and the startled population rushed from
their heaving beds into the moonlit streets. After describ-
ing the more popular incidents which followed the phenome-
non, the correspondent, dating on the 29th, says, " Profes-
sor Forbee's inverted pendulum seismometer was thrown to
the west about an inch; Mr. Milne's horizontal pendulum
vibrated about an inch,—indieating a perpeadicular heave of
the ground of fully halt an inch ; Mr. M'Farlane's spiral
wire one indicated the same amount of perpendicular heave
of the ground by the concussion, and ranged in a north-west
direction one inch, indicating that the stroke came up to the
town from the north-west, at an angle of about 26 degrees.
The last shock, measured in the same way, gave an angle of
46 degrees, Is the focus rising towards the surface ? We
shall have a better opportunity of judging this when it is
ascertained how great the superficial area is over which
this shock was experienced. If as widely as some
of the former shocks, the seat is probably still very
deep ;—if more concentrated, it is nearer the surface,
as indicated by the seismometer. The barometer
was at 29.3 all day yesterday, and at the same this morning.
It has come back at 29.24. The thermometer yesterday
morning, 47 deg. ; evening, 49 deg. ; this morning, 48 deg.
Some lightning during the night. • • About three-quar-
ters of an hour after the first violent shock above descnbed,
there was another smart one ; and half an hour afterwards a
third—while in the intervals, and afterwards until six
o'clock a.m., there were several slight ' rumbles.' Some
people counted as many as thirty ; and since, up to the hour
this notice is penning (six o'clock p.m.), there have been
three additional."
MURDER or A OAMEILEAPHIL—On Wednesday last, one
of the gamekeepers of Mr. Colquhoun, of Killermont, was
fired at by poachers, and so severely wounded below the
knee that he died the same night. When found he was so
weak as to be able only to articulate with some difficulty,
that the " deed was done by two men who had a white dog."
HERIOT'I HOSPITAL.—It appears that the governors are
at present examining the youths privately, with a view to
ascertain the real ground of the revolt. In this work they
have been engaged for several days, and the evidence, were
it published, would make a goodly-sized volume. A
general meeting of the governors is to be called to decide
what is to be done in the circumstances.