The Express.
London, England, 1846-11-09 00:00:00

T.,

him who conducts .
that it would be much bane; for the country to
behind the minister of spirit than the minister of
humiliation. Foreign countries and provinces know
well the freedom of oar form of government, are well
aware where true power and sovereignty reside, and
feel, that it is with the spirit of the British public
they have to deal. Provided that this be over-mild, be
humble, be prepared to offer one cheek to the blow
after having suffered it on the other, foreign rivals will
laugh at the resentment of a minister, nay, will brave
it with audacity, and success, as the Sing of the
FRENCH has just done in Madrid.
The whole force of our foreign policy, at present,
depends not upon our ships, or oar soldiers, or our
revenues, or our credit, but on the sense and spirit
with whieh our public regard the doings and designs
of foreign nations. Britain, we may feel confident, is
too powerful, too great, for any foreign government
ever to think of insulting her, unless that government is
enured it can do so with impunity. One of the most
dangerous opinions which we can propagate, is that
Noah impunity is ensured beforehand, and that there
mists a party in the country, leagued against
any minister who durst show resentment or display
overage, even in the justest cause.
Whatever, therefore, may be men's opinions as to par-
ticular points of Lord PALMERSTON'S official conduct,
IPS do think that it behoves all those who value the
interests and the pride of the country above party and
personal animosities, not to lend themselves to a
renewal of that outcry of 1840 and 1841, the result of
which was to lay England and its Foreign-office at
the feet of France for five consecutive years, during
which period we gave away much, and gained nothing
in return, not even the sure alliance and respect
of the prince, on whom we: fawned, and in whom we
trusted.

that policy, we do dummy y eugg‘,..
rall

JUSTICE has not yet been done by the press to the
important evidence taken before the select committee
on the Game-laws. A committee of the Lords published
a report respecting burthens on land ; and column after
column of the daily papers were immediately occupied
with discussions on the mean of cheapening the con-
veyance of land, and thereby Rasing landowners in a
matter which may occur once in an individual's life-
time ; whilst the flagrant proofs of a burden on land
well nigh intolerable to the occupiers, seem likely to
be allowed to pass unheeded. It is I,roved beyond
contradiction, that year after year the occupiers of
farms in game-preserved districts suffer au absolute
loss, greater in amount than all their local ts'sation,
and, in many instances, double and treble that am lint,
by the landlord's game. The tenant of a farm In
calculate his poor rates, county rates, highway rates,
church rates, tithes, and income tax, but what farmer
can tell to what extent the proprietors' locustry, the
game, shall devour the hardly-earned produce of the
tenant ?

One fact will for the present be sufficient to show the
kind of injuries of which proofs will be found in the
Game-law Committee's evidence. In Derbyshire the
Duke of RUTLAND has an estate on which he pre-
serves game, and, to his credit, he always pays his
tenants a certain yearly sum, intended to be compen-
sation for game damage. A valuer is appointed by
the landlord, and another by the tenants, who meet
and estimate the damage done to the arable land of
each farm, the amount of which is allowed to
the tenants by the Duke. Mr. WILLIAM GAUNTLET,
a most respectable surveyor, who for thirteen years
bad valued on behalf of the tenants, was examined
before the committee, and stated that, though the
estate consisted of 3,773 acres, the valuation was made
on the amble land only, the extent of which was 400
acres. On these 400 acres, the estimated damages, as
agreed to by the two valuers, was, in 1840, 6941. ; in
1842, 433/. ; and in 1844, 9161. And Mr. GAUNTLET
expressed a very decided opinion that the valuations
did not, and could not, cover the whole of the tenants'
losses from the landlord's game. Here, then, is a
burthen, not only on the land, but on the industry
and capital by which land is made productive.
But this evidence is important in another point of
view. It affords some of the most striking illustra-
tions of landlordism on record. It offers to the unin-
itiated the means of judging of the meaning, and
testify, the value, of some of the high-flown but vague
sympathy for tenants we sometimes meet with at
agricultural associations ; and as the exposure of such
hollow pretences is absolutely necessary to bring about
a more sound and just system of management than
prevails on most large landed properties iu England,
we do not hesitate to avail ourselves of the opportu-
nity of contrasting the acts of a noble landowner, as
they appeared in evidence before the game committee,
with his speech at an agricultural meeting.

The reader will recollect some comments on the
speech of the Duke of NEWCASTLE at the East Ret-
ford Agricultural Association, which appeared in our
columns a few days ago, a speech full of the finest and
most benevolent sentiment towards the farmers, hoping
that they would not allow themselves to be led astray
by chemistry, or exchange their" downright honesty"
for science. Now, there is a science of downright
honesty, which we fear, the Duke himself eschews, as
the following account from the Game-law evidence
will show :

Mr. Marris in 1013 took a farm of 740 acres at Manton, near Work-
sop, the property of the Duke of Newmatie, at the rent of a cruises an
acre. The contrast, on Mr. Marris's behalf, was made by a Mend,
hini,lf the occupier of 3,000 acres. Mr. Marris had been bred •
iiirmer, and his family before him had been farmers, there wait, there-
fore, no mistake about the Damao( the contract from the inexperience
of the tenant or his agent It was distinctly, though verbally, agreed
by the Duke's agent, that Mr. Marcia "was not to be injured by
tame," and " the rsbbits were to be annihilated" The rent paid was
the utternnot value of the farm, if all that it could bare been made
to produce had been taken by the tenant. The landlord, however,
reoerved the right to the game, and in a year or two the hares and
rabbita increased to such a degree, that twenty-three aerator wheat,
which but for the game would have produced thirty bushels to the
acre, produced, in foot, but eight bushels per acre! On that one
field the absolute Ices in the year 1643, was 1301.

Of coma, Kr. Kumla was greatly dissatisfied, de-
termined to leave the farm, and through his friend who
had taken the farm for him applied to the Duke of
NEWCASTLE for compensation.
Now, bearing in mind the Duke's desire for the " pros-
perity of the British farmer," recollecting that his agent
had verbally agreed that the tenant, Mr. MARRIS,
should not be injured by game, and that he had paid
the full rack-rent value of the farm without any al-
lowance for game damage, let the Duke's reply tell
its own tale.
Clamber, February lath, 1844.—Sir : I received your letter e•
the 15th, enclosing one formerly written to 'en Mania. I given
to it every attention and and / A re wale JYlr fillearille
where lsy ghe •Sit Aida "0 MOPPI4 Ma I
am sorry to Inamayeta ir
le ssmit atrial* _Gat • Aerie
male any arlinfromer. Want lemes my farm at his own award ;
and sehateret Aft impreemossnre mee Mee Ys I nap no
p-m, throe, es the ben Is use Moto is Immersed nat. I
regret that We. usate deem leskeeemahrelet intne."lS
always hoped he werilder If" it.

(Sigied)

The Duke had " made fall inquiries " into the facts
and yet he hoped that his tenant was doing well on
eight bushels of wheat to the acre! The Duke's agent
never denied tbp facit of the verintl agreement, and
the terms of the Duke's own lettee—a that it was not
thought advisable that he should make any allow-
ance," virtually admitted the justice of Mr. MArtares
claim for compensation. Moreover, the Duke's agent,
in a letter written to the tenant's friend, said, " Mr.
NlAnnts has well managed his farm, and I am very
sorry to lose him; but I honestly think he has taken
fright too soon." Yet not a shilling of compensation
was ever allowed, and Mr. MARRIS, instead of
remaining on the farm to be devoured alive by the
game, and perhaps ruined, left it, and at the same
time left behind him all the capital which, during
four years, he had expended in improvements.
This is the way i•ri which. the Duke of NewcasTir.,
by his acts, would " excite a spirit of emulation"
amongst his to mats; of the value el his speeches for
that purpoee,, let the public judge. Not that the
Duke of NF AveAsy.t is worse than hundreds of other
game-peer sving landowners. Nearly every farmer,
who wa s examined by the committee, spoke of ver-
agr cements on the part of landlords, that tenants
'.t not be injured by game—utterly disregarded
m the tenant bad once entered on his farm. The
game-preserving landlord sees through the
;es of t theid
keepers, and it is their constant habit to

we 1
r. T.

11,0Ornat, m smiles 'e
though resident in the neighbourhood, fouled against
isjl access for complaints about game
Mr. COOPER it asked :
•
Have you bad any disagrament with anybody upoti the land!
lI represented grietanoes tette (the IM,d's) lend agent, In a
lirm.but in a very respect& eminael.
What reply d& you get!—Tbe esply I reoelved Wee, that be bad no
power os er the game: it rate with the heed keeper, to whom I was
rekeretL
to the bead keept—l have.
Have you made any application /a
What answer did you get from him !—That the quantity of game
is no awes than the lama quantity ; sad he is very sorry that I do
complain, but he hue no instructkee es deelloy them.
Rave you d applicatke direct to your landlord 4-1 have
not bad an opportunity or seeing him; wad we ars requested on the
estate not to trouble the landlord, but to mention our complaints to
his agent.
They (the tenants) are directed to complain to the
agent, the agent refers them to the head keeper, and the
head keeper has no instructions to kill the game.
What an illustration is this of the state of mutual
confidence which has sometimes said to exist between
landlords and tenants.

ONCE more on Benefit Societies. Suppose the field
clear for a Government to act ; the difficulty of dove-
tailing with the existing system got over. This, as
we have said, is matter for inquiry, not discussion :
though we are satisfied there would not be enough to
alarm a cautious person, much less to deter an earnest
one. Suppose the mere banking part of our proposal
committed to the machinery of the Savings Banks.
The government, according to our plan, fixes the rates
of payment, guarantees the sufficiency of those rates,
and regulates the manner of paying the benefits.
There is something startling about the second pro-
posal. What ! is the nation to guarantee, on a stake of
many millions, the solvency of tables on health, sick-
ness, and mortality ? Have not benefit societies fre-
quently failed ? Yes, they have failed, and may fail
again and that is one of our chief reasons for wishing
that the nation itself would interfere. But, though we
have not space to teach the first principles of the sub-
ject, we can assure our readers, on every pledge which
' a public writer can give, that there is no point which
the scientific and commercial worlds are better agreed
on than this, that nothing is safer than a prudently
managed assurance office. And a benefit society is an
assurance office. That the rates can be made suffi-
cient and self-maintaining by the actuary, may be
taken as an acknowledged fact. The administration
itself has published, in a semi-official manner, the
rates which it recommends t but we want more than

Well, then, if safe rates can he given, so that the
government guarantee, valuable as a moral security,
will be practically useless as a commercial one. may
we not say that there is no difficulty at all about the
p2sit? No, we may not. There is a difficulty which
we have not the slightest wish to dissemble :
it lies in the manner of determining what
bed, is have become due. It is not as in the
saving, bank, where the depositor of five pounds is
entitled to five pounds, together with an amount of
interest ":hick is only matter of calculation. The
payments' cor allowance in sickness are calculated on
the amount t 4 real not sham sickness ; the annuities
are to last OP natural lives of those for whom they are
bought, not that further term which can be created by
Nee affidavits.L s there not this danger, namely, that
a focal board erwr, Isted to determine whether Joao
SMITH is ret Illy ill, or . INN STEM:Es, widow, really alive,
might be tot, easily satisfied of the affirmatives, when
the fund out .of which the allowance or annuity is to
come is large beyond local ideas; and the public
is the ultimat. • sufferer, if t here be any? May
not rates which can maintain themselves against
real claims, turn t 'ut insufficient against fraudulent
ones negligently in vestigated? Ce,Minly they may ;
but then, on the ott 'ler hand, how g reat the risk of
similar misapplicatiot is as the matter. now is, and
how fatal that risk tc ' the chance of s permanent
and universal institution of the only stand, except the
workhouse, which the p -Ger man can take against
contingencies no human pc Aver can foresee.
To consider the matter fit irly, v°° must not merely
T exists, but whether the
ask whether the above dant
amount of loss reduced into possession under it (if
we may use such a bull) is likt .Iy, at all likely, in rea-
sonable view of human affairs, t o be large enough to
warrant any Government in ref being to sanction the
only mode of making the poor an d ignorant man cer-
tain of his best course. It is easy to say,--Be wudent,
provide for your sick-bed and yout • bereaved family,
while you have life and health. B. ut all the while it
is a purely local question whether tt e maxim is best
followed by going into the benefit sot siety as keeping
out of it. What if, for some years to cc me, Hie frauds
were to amount to a hundred thous. Ind pounds :
would that the system were at Iv( irk, mil in
such favour that the unavoidable loss, a fter Atli pre-
cautions, were not a penny less than that slim !
Cheap of the loss is too low a term : rich of the-loss
we say. We do not ask a-higher rate than three-per
cent. The Government now pays three pot md five-to
the savings banks, and, looking at the fund,' for years
past, must be considered as having given a bonus of,
at least, seventy thousand a-year to be divideil among
the depositors. is there any one who does r tot wish
it had been half a million ?

We are seriously of opinion that, with care, and'
such a system of checks as the Government Actuary,
and Mr. TIDD PuArr, and the Registrar-General,

could suggest , there would be no very great diffi-
culty in providing security for the public puree.
And now, finally, we urge all our readers who
know and feel that charity, private or public,
is only for alleviation of symptoms, and not for
treatment of the disorder, to join us in pressing the
consideration of this matter upon the administration.

The labouring man will open his ears to the voice of pru-
dence when he knows whom he is to trust. The man of
higher station will gladly join the Government when
he, too, feels that he is asked only for exertion and
good-will, not for knowledge or calculation. Now
is the time. No more acts for regulating the leas
material parts of a private system, leaving greater
considerations untouched. No more assumption that
any actuary is fit to decide whether a given seheme
will be Gonna or ruinous, when we aa know that the
societies which have come to nothing in everything
but claims have been " duly certified." As soon as
the pressure of public opinion has brought the
Government to the alternative ef takink up the
matter, or giving a reason why nokthe thing is. done.
And every one who helps to bring it to this point
helps to remove the real evils of the. Pbor-law; and
is, morally as well as politically-0a benefactor of his
specie&

That King Leopold is about te,proceed to Loudon to
use his influents? uk smoothing the differences hetwepn
the-exerts of Leaden and Moab forme the area and
fumbles continents for the Franck journals of 'Friday-
and Saturday.
The reply of Lord Palmerston to the last note of
M. Guiana roe the Spanish inerriaes, was delivered
to that Minister at the Hotel des Makes. Etrangilves
by Lord Normanby in person, on Wednesday lea;
and, according to the ministerial joarnals, read at
lengthby the ambassador, the said reading having
°coupled more than an hoar. It is said that none of
the demands already urged by the British Secretary
for Foreign Affairs are in any manner retracted or
qualified in this note.
On Saturday La Press. resumed those attacks on
Lord Palmerston which never seem to weary that
urnaL It maintains that the personal mediation of
King Leopold or any other interventional measure
having a conciliatory object, must he fruitless so long
as Lord Palmerston remains in the ministry ; that
with him no French government can ever maintain a
cordial understanding ; "but," asks La Preae, again
and again, " how long will this evil genius preside
over the foreign relations of England ? Has England
' no one, even in the party of the Whigs, that can re-
' *ace this statesman, whose presence in the British
C..abinet is incompatible with every constitutional
ministry in France and in Spain, and in every
I monarchical ministry of the other great

sari is
• The remptions given by an Tritehall. Or
Monte continue from y day at St. COud.
.On Thursday the Cabinet "Minlstsita were pigmented
to their Royal Highnesses. On-Friday the formality
of entering the--set of marriage on the civil register
of the Orleans family took place, and was followed
by a grand dinner. On Saturday a grand reception
was held for the presentation of the members of the
corps diplomatique.
Lord Normauby was absent from this reception.
Le Commerce quotes a letter from Madrid, ad-
dressed, as it says' to a friend of the Ministry, in
which it is stated that the conduct of M. Breeson
towards the court of Aranjuez had assumed such a
character as to compromise seriously the good under-
standing between the Cabinet of the Tuileries and the
Isturitz Ministry. " Intoxicated by. his late diplo-
matic successes, and the result of his intrigues, Count
Bresson," says the writer of the letter, "has assumed
at Madrid such presumptuous airs, that exalted per-
sonages have taken umbrage, raid that the recal of
this ambassador has become necessary. But M. Bres-
son, adds Le Commerce, has already signified to
the Ministry that, in quitting Madrid, lie would
expect the embassy at London. The embarrassment
of M. Guizot thus produced may be easily conceived.
The arrival of Marshal Soult was expected in Paris
on Sunday ; his apartments at his official hotel hav-
ing been prepared for his reception.
The Courrier Franpis of Saturday states that it
undertakes positively to affirm that Marshal Soult had
actually resigned his office of President of the Council,
and that it was only at the personal solicitation of the
King that he consented to retain the office for the
present in order not to involve the Cabinet in further
difficulties.
The Monileur publishes the returns of the opera-
lions of the Sinking Fund for the third quarter of the
current year, from which it appears that, during the
three months of July, August, and September, the
Commissioners have purchased 287,167 fr. Three per
Cent. Rentea, which cost 7,996,067 f. 85c., the average
price being 83f. 53c. per Cent.
The Monikur also publishes an ordonnance, open-
ing it credit for 320,000 fr. to the Minister of Foreign
Affairs, to be carried to the account of unforeseen ex-

Menses.
By Royal Ordonnances, Count Dachatel, Minister
of the Interior, is promoted to the rank of Grand Cross
of the Legion of Honour; and M. Teste and M. Lap-
laque Barris, Peers of France, and Presidents of the
Court of Caseation, are to be Grand Officers of the
same Order.

The Madrid journals, and our private correspond-
ence of the Ist instant, were received in Paris on
Friday.
The official gazette published the decree for the
dissolution of the Cortes, the new Cortes to be con-
voked on the 23th December. The general elections
will consequently take place in the course of the
present month. It was not yet known what course
the different parties would take during the elections.
Before the marriage of the Queen, the Absolutists
I had decided to take an active part ; and it was
generally believed, that if no movement should
take place in favour of the Count de Mon-
temolino, they would present themselves in
the electoral colleges. The Progres4stas de-
clared that they would abstain from taking any
share in the proceedings ; but it was nevertheless
believed that, as in the last elections, they would exer-
cise an influence in favour of their leading partisans.
A great sensation was produced upon the Bourse
by the circulation of various alarming but absurd
reports. These, however, were soon contradicted and
discredited.
Private letters sly that on the Ist instant Mr.
Bulwer addressed a note to M. Isturitz, on the subject
of the reported intention of an intervention on" the'
part of Spain in the affairs of Portugal to which M.
leturitz replied, that under no circumstances was it
intended to send Spanish troops into Portugal.
On Friday, the 30th, two Cabinet messengers
arrived with despatches for Mr. Bulwer.
Since the above was written, the Madrid mails of
the 2nd inst. have come to hand. They are void of
general interest.
In a supplement to the Eopanol we read :
We have been informed that Saturday's number of the
In. varcial was rewritten by order of the Ministry,
Po an order
to t.Sat effect, regarding an article on the affairs of rtugal,
havit been received at the moment of going to press. This
fact, if true, is worthy of remark at a moment when an
active . 'ntervention is spoken of.

ROME, Ocr. 28.
I fonts, rd you the first number of the Ronum
Advertiser, Ln English weekly journal, which began its
• significentcare. ?last Saturday. No less than five new da and
weekly publicata
ons arc announced to meet the demand of a
freshly created
cading public of native growth, among
others II Papolare,
and, perhaps, the mt. L'Eclio del Tempo, 11 Cantemporaneo,
.st important of all La Giuraprudenza.
This last journel is to be modelled on the French Gazttte
des rnenmau.r, and it, the natural offshoot of a most vital
amelioration in the adm. •nistration of justice—viz., publicity
in criminal trials, ma. 'tees which hive hitherto been
managed in the dark, and over which public opinion never
Arol. Not only are all trials to be
could exercise any sort of cot
d the land that has produced a
now conducted in the light f day, but the whole criminal
code is undetgoing revision, an.
its hy the systematic ab-
lleccaria is es longer to be dish
surdities and glaring discrepanca es of late Roman jurispru-
ler consideration for prison
dence. The cellular system se um
discipline; in sti,part of Europe p, •rhaps am there such dis-
creditable jails as-hare existed from time immemorial here,
and nothing has been attempted in t. way of change since
limpet Howard at the
they were umpconid by our philnt.
dare. knof n
prove tituTn,ndinin' 'strati,. in en 7branch is the firm
nee of the govern-
reach*" of Pius IX. ;. but the my raise'
mint sent be first provided for; end, wit 'e the yearly deficit,
whic.le„for the last IR years was gviag ere i t arithmetical pro-
.portime the days of the sovereignty west n umbered. Find-
sag that all reductioas in his household ma the abolition of
iniecurvemannot mete the evil, he leas boil, y broached the
lirojeot of an income tag, which, in she scsee landed pro-
,perty themeghoathisebainiou, is nethiegalsor t •lf a financial
revoludoe, The tax cm salt, that ow cone gr of end at the
'mill (!o'assittera)—thileiatter most °pensive to ti m peasant,
who is not allowed toweled hisown l—vare to be abo-
lished on the expiration of the nionopely,. now be 'a TOT to
the great sat seller T *lonia. A very serious it. 11 aof ex-
penditure we* indulged in by the late. Sovereign, no leas
than the 'thudding of an un beeilica, the gi pantie
church fist erected by 7 heodmius, while master c f the
!Unman world,. on the r °elan. in Miaow. of St. .F.aul.
There can * no gneetion that the apost.M of the Gen ties
d nerves ewer reasonable teetinmeial, but prudesee, no t to
!peek of justice, would suggest the inepropaioty of •• ro,bb
P kir: to pry "• his illustrious collaborator. When tl us
gleedid ecifieswas originally planned, the mad Media w.
the highwerofnalions, and thegorgoonscolannadeand ct de r
ro tidal net *wish in a positivedeeert; butthesolitudb is n cm •
andsoken, sem by a chance beffalo driver or esekney tourist,
for whom edifindien it is rather too much to spendahalf dozen
million of dallarsorven if a surplus existed bathe papal trea-
sury) KingOthe„ who repediates bondholders, might
as well exhaust the• small remnant of the (leek budget in
an attempt to restere the Pcsehenonorhile roads are want-
inweed beside. unseppressedi The present Rope has me-
dusa to one-thircilthe allowance for this Remo( unnecesary
outgoing', and. kuue.thus obviated the oppressive dims ot.its
ultimate leering on. the people. The la*Fieetrryo never
toubi.this view of things, being- a simple monk y 11•41
=1:1 Florentine waxer put
same time up stone facade tea
in the no largo., sack about tbs. Professor
=, having essacoded in a process of embalming dead
seas to mediae them solid and isepanishffible„tbis 'web
lesensad on the pediment :
Sumo mestesiol

The Swab!
&ague Ost molts
Pcnifiriste.
Next to finance the moat urgent difficulty of Ida Holism.
is to find men of intellect and integrity not only willing buo
capable of carrying out hie views—all the old red tapistnare
Assad to be mode of an isellatwence than of aid. InAht-
i new cabinet, as member; qt which were named in the.
public journals, you will find that he has included no of
the cardinals. Much will depend on the new actions
which he may be enabled to make by the frequent daalha
among those respectable octogenarians. One point helot&
determined won, viz., sot to grant a red " hat " merelgt
came routine of office has accustomed certain funetionagies

lookupt; that dignity as • retiring provision_ Min I
governor of Rome, a sort of polies officer, expects it as a
matter of muse; so does the head of the war offteo;. but
can safely affirm that neither Marini nor Medici Spada,. who
hold thee* respective poets, wftl be made cardinals ia.a.hursy
even on their removal from oMce. The late Secretary Lam-
.
bruschini has no reason to 'ramble, having gots splendid ,
retiring ellowanco, 10,000 dollars a year, as " sorreenrinag
Brevi.' lam sorry to report the fading health, et Cardinal
Acton; and fear much the speedy lose of old Mimes, de-
servedly popular with the Romans.
We have had torrents of rain for the last ten days. Old
Tiber walked the streets, and among other entertainments
consequent on rainy nights at Rome (for sou recollect that
when node pluit tote, redewit spectarr,la mane) the Pan-
theon presented • most striking though r.imple phenomenon ;
the whole area of the marble floor beir,g covered several feet
deep with a placid sheet of golden-ce.ioured liquid, the iv,.
election of the great concave above in the mirror bolo w.
" swan and shadow " gave yon. Vas idea of the interior, of
a vast globe of °embowering dimensions.
The Queen of Rolland bat just left us, end tble; week
Fanny Easier was For" used to the Pope by Colone', Pfyffer,
the monarch blandly said talent
no f th
every
Swiss
d epg;rmde
r; sr
d of human excellence was e- welcome
to his dominioe',.,, The rope rat& • wish in gem to the