The Express.
London, England, 1847-03-31 00:00:00

,

tit anerna adllanieedi aria Ilk mins ed Sr barren
eisiseasle as surly t•-•erses ; yet
IleaseW Oblast won lbedeaths see 1 in 49, in
tw▪
endie tls et The woo age at OW In 1641 was, in Wilt.
Min. SI min; Is ape, $2 ; at Liverpool, 17; that of the Y-
Weep In WM**, IS; aperaMwe in Liverpool, 15. At Manche* M
in Ink the egrange eansemptlon pm head of the population re
lenb. d Weheis` meal about 211. a week, evelasi re of Mean,
pat, ilk sot poultry (what a different average Would our efiaht7
peeleo); lie average age M death was Mt The preportion
pages Is the 16 principal *grim:twat routine* ie 1 in 9, in the 11
aserfacturing compiles. I in 13 ; in Lencsehire, 1. in 11
Peartrille deaths In 2,200,00 t of town, sad about an equal numb's'
of a wastry ;population, wermirespectivelv, in IBM and 1609 together
—Olemery, I in 51-91, of Ahem above 7a, 20 per cent. ; town, 1 M
Salad whom above 7,, V per cent. ; all E-ortand, 1 in 4610, cie
whoa Ow 70, 14 per won The Marring Is M. Ones seatiment
of Assam which 00,21,iotkele mein mortality of Mtge isms :
Mhe In 1,000,000 from small pox, , 500; tows, LIN ; freak
assula teentry, ; town, 900; weld er, toiletry, Me; Ow,
IJM; ratty, ,000 ; town, LAW; epidemisesdasslialeee
slohlr7. 2400: Meth 0.,610. Mar et Mr bra
mks this tego.) Dimes of infasep—Taelldsa
veldentateit ; t 0.% (Wails d
114•• • yam) ba.a dinesis
mensOMPlielnars ; We, 4,6111. TOY ewes Of ern%
Meer the Ogre west wets of 22,000 lives le
110 Undll has Isms. Ile. awe also sad that " The
toes! ovokor et dodo Zosloil 'Nays "Wino the yed 1241
etenlMSACet seemorbit Imam lAN a ley. Now Ude le at the
needer jr
lOW Isel WWWW. DOA Ward of ese death Is
44 leiablbets Owe bed lees on. death to 3a
two or NO, se Ow Ow 25,407 lima would lave Imes issal.
Now, all ow who boa told no of M nib salr
Oa, apes la la Wake that, by missy ores
• vas ft Is pert le suer ash • saatVitheills may as
sensually tve bar Ihno la manly dall an arid
=ried% the ettltl=o mon bsslgegle ele
ostrles=
bade, lee neth la 46 inbealleets there dada be selAze as&
la vaideall have en sniped wing Orion ilea
er shot amearen of the wads another dined At art alit•
Omar own oolosoogoot to roprooent .air logerseret Ogee
osollosy easallles as passible; bat when SI walielad, that ea Ihe
re Ism; rams reseimeesales ben re selassil
to ear art warn ad Oa wet ben Was las bra
hassle said early sad admit of Immo,
re% the selelmeat as eges geniesey
begs
by death Is fag-kw fiewle le at Wit Odds
the beads el De. Illiellonad OEM Mill —" Is seise •
ballet thaw we est a ale& hem k Whit new had set pa.
add sad senseres are sans nen is • Awn bereft den
thus ha set Isla frac Triangle dna
_lows pain eie
r ft yispeldeas el Oa Pear W. is add
out mesa la very diselet la which War ratans We
realty 4 orals exteseady. Ors is unibrmly
a bid saga at are, • WI ampelyet avengers, sod aareereees
acemnalation of meth ; and 1 have ahaerwill this lobe m
sod generally the nese, that I have been secuatonted to espies the
fact at this way if you wee down Use fever detects on a map, Ed
then compare that ma;r with the map of the Camanissionene f
you will nod that wht•tever the Commiarioners of Sewers :I=
been, there fever to prevalent, and, I n the contrary, wherewr
have been, there fever to comparatively libretti. some idea Pry he
formed of the mile which our negligence In the matter of sewage
and drainage Inflicts, when I tell you that the annual deaths Ikea
typhus fever amount to 16,050, end the attack+ of this loathsome
disease to between 150,0110 and 2.0,000." Further still, I.
Lyon PI tyfair caktdates, that foe every annivereary death
there arc ZS caeca of u-newmary eickne a, oannuncelly, le
our large towns, above 700,000 noes of unnecessary eek...
nee. The rime calculations in the roetropolo would ease
10,000 deaths, and 25,0000 rows of wneecnssey wane. But were 4
woof even large towns equally unhealthy? In one of re reverts of
the iteguirar•General, it mayo.:tied that the nictropolia in divided into
three groups of 10 districts each, under the late of the h, althiest.
the medium, and the moot unhealthy district,. The result wee
follows: 10 healthiest, with en allowance of 202 square yams to mei
person, have • mortality of I in 49; 10 medium, with en allow ee
of 101 aquae yard* to each perm" have • atonality of 1 iu 41 • 10
unhealthiest, with an allowance of 32 square yard. to each pinion,
have • mortality of I in To. The (tee. Mr. Clay, of rteston, makes, by
closers of streets: Well conditioned, mortality among cliildrve under
1 year, 15 in 100; moderately, 21 in 100; ill, 311 in 100; worst, 41 in
IVO, or three times as much w the first ; and it oppeared from tables
prepared by Mr. Chadwick, that in St. Ocorge'e. Ilanover-square. the
average age at which the gentry die Ike 45; labourer*, 27; St. Gate's
and st. George's, Bloomsbury—gentry, 40; Liverpool, working
claws, 17.
The molt authentic and commit •nsivc documents were
those which he had already rtferr. d to, namely, the quarterly
returns of the health and mortality which were made up from
115 districts in England by the Registrar General. lie would
only take the two most ricent reports. lathe report for the
quarter ending June 30, 1816, the Registrar General stated,
43,582 deaths were registered in the spring qu trier ending
June 30. A number gees, er by 2,653 tail weer registered
in the correartitiding quarter of 1845 ; and 4,731 more than
'in the Juni quarter of 1844. If the mortality had not been
higher in the towns than in the poor country districts where
the air is pure, the deaths in the quarter would not have ex-
ceeded 33,000. Within the last three mar.the 10,000 Eves
have been destroyed in a part only of England by causes
which there was evert reason to believe might be removed.
The resort went on to ray, that
" inadequate guppies of water by companies, the imperfect
rewerage in towns, the open donne and dim het. and the genera
neglect of deaden., leave everywhere greet quantaire of organic
matter to decay and pu.r.fy in the midst of crowded pupal Munn In
such circumetance•themottality, like putrefaction, i.alweys increased
when the temperature In high; and epidemics of diarrhea, dyers-
Wry, and cholera prevail. Many thousands of the people of England
were carried or in the last quarter be there diseases, and others
of Utoe rynwitic elans. In the metreprifis the diathe et the close of
June, from diarrhea, dmenteryaind common choices, meth 40 weekly
Nor Othat to be wondered at Notwitlotanding the improvements
tlittted when cholera was last epidemic, the foul untr. quad sewers
and the ground area+ of the bet street rout Iv grow smells, volatile
=which are IN fatal ea anemic to • certain numb r of renews.
is surrounded, to by stomata, putrid thates, as tome cites
are by walk It would he well not to wait owelewly until cholera
reaches thlscountry, but to " look before" you there nuisance, and
pat ify the reeking atmosphere, which given the of ewe !avant, life,
and being. Thew reveal a imply with tenfold fore to Liverpool,
Sheffield, and the tome of the notth, where the epielt nave in the IBA
quarter were mare fatal than 'hey bad ever ken before, and dismiss
were, in proportion to the population, at least one-I-hint part more
numerous than in tendon "
The report of the Registrar-Geueral for the quarter end-
ing September 30, 1846, stared:
" 51,235 deaths were registered in the summer quarter ending
September 30,—a 'treater number by 15,227 then the deaths (35,0011)
in the cormaponditorquarter of law year. There were 22,52-1 children
under 5 years of age in Surrey ; and the detain children of that
age were 7,364. The children in Manchester wcee 21,152 ; the deaths
20,120! In the seven years, 13,362 children is Manchester alone,
telt a ...valor to knimn muses, which it Is beaeved may beremoved
to a gnat extent ; and the victims in Liverpool were not km nume-
rous. Other pins, and particularly the towns of England, ore sing-
tarty affected. While the deaths in London were little mote than 14
per cent. above the return of 1815, the deaths rose bum 25,166 to
31,1426 ; or about .52 per cent. after a correction far increase
of pope.
lotion, in the town* and other districts in the kingdom included in the
return. In site of the densely peopled towns lIM mortality was
doublet. The deaths in the eorrespondingselemeequaten of the
pet and present years were—
Towns.
Maidstone
Brighton
Portsia Wand

1643. 1666.
239.439
Winchester
Ostod ........ ............... 93.294
Northampton
Bedford . /14
Ipiwiett
Norwich 3,4 431
Plymouth . lOl 379
("Mims . u 9 436
Worcester • 1001 173
437 ... 744
lit Ss&
Wolverhampton
Wolgaoton sad MOANS ........ 164 ... $l9
Coventry
Nottingham
Lincoln
No such mortality hm bees vlbwaned In Birmingham /be airy years.
The deaths in 1813 were 694 ; 1646, they amounted to 1,637. The
high Mortality of towns has Mesa traced to crowded lodaliaga_dirty
dwellings- pers nn imeitionstom—the conorntratme if unhealthy
emenruons from narrow atrenb, without fresh Mr, wan; or sewers.
The rapidity of decompesition, mud the facility aria, wbfah sll kinds of
animal matter become Witted, and run into putrefartian, enabh us
to understand how, in • summer him the peat, in which the tempers.
tore men wuewlly high, the diseams referable to impure atmosphere
should he so prevalent and fatal."

The return of the lett quarter, which ended in Sep-
tember last, gave • more melsneholy pietute of m. -
tality, but it might be raid that the diminished
supply of food might in some measure account for that
increased mortality. He had tilt himself constrained
to trouble the house with these proola of the existing evils,
and he would now proceed to mention the main provisions
of the measure *hick he was shout to introduce, wild the
hope of reined) ins some of titose evi.s, and mitigating ether
which they could not remove. He would take it as ad-
mitted that the state had a right to interfere. He knew
there were many for whom he had • high respect, who
thought that the state had upright to interfere in matters of
educ Won and what concerned the domain of the mind ; he
was bound to say that he did not agree with them. Is
affair., however, which concerned the body-tin physical
matters, which affected a large portion of the population
who were pent up in crowded towns and cities, In.oa the
evils of which they could tint be relieved but by some super-
intending central authority—it would be ■ waste •f words
to argue that such authority had a right, and u.at it was it.
duty, to interfere. (Hoar, hear.) The next question wee,
through what agency they should interferer The bill,
which was known •. Lord killeehl'e bill, and upon which he
w•s lumpy to found the greater part of his propoaitians, made
use, fur this purpose, of the uteretary of State for the
Home Department ; nut it had been very justly represented,
that having the general charge of the internal affairs of Eng-
land, Scot i and, end Ireland, and also the ultimate superin-
tendence of the police, of prison discipline, and of the poor-
laws of the United Kingdom, it would not be woe to add to
the accumulated business of his office a new and [nisi clans
of labour.. These objections would equally apply to soy
other department which had a large amount of usualness of
its own. Some persons, however, had ruggested the com-
mittee of the privy council as a tit body; but that committee
did not happen, at this moment, to stand in very great
esteem with all slimes of this country ; and her Majesty's
government thought, also, that for ditties that were
required to be always in operation, such a body would
nut be pledged for toe unilorm discharge of them, e-px-
cially if the members of the government of the day were
not members of that committee. The government bad,
therefore, thought the business was important and copious
enough—with some other duties said functions which would
be attached—to lustily the constitution of a special board,
very much on the same footing as the railway board of last
session, to be composed of five members, three of them to be
paid, one to be • member of the government and not to re-
ceive any pay, and the person who tilled the office wh elf he
now had the honour to hold (Chief Commissioner of Woods
and Forest.) should be er officio chairmen of the board.
This board of health and public works lan they proposed to
call it) would be empowered, either upon petition or without
k, to direct an inquiry into the saaitory condition of any town
or district, and to recommend to the crown the appointment
of inspectors, who should go down to such districts and in-
stitute the necessary inquiries, sufficient and ■degoete sur-
veys, should point out the direction of thelevela the streams,
and water-courses, and define the proper area for any works
to be carried on. If there should appear to b a car, of ne-
cessity fur it, upon receiving this report, the Board of Health
would recommend that an order in council should i-sue con-
ferring the necessary power, upon • local administration.
The next question was, what ought those powers and that
administration to be ? The old constitutional functions ex-
ercised by the Commissioner, of hewers did net provide suf-
ficiently for the construction of house drains in connexion
with the maim sewers, or for furnishing a proper supply of
water; and, as the central point upon which all the recent-
mendations on the subject had tumed'evas that it was most
expedient that these various power. of sewerage, of train-
age, of paving and cleansing of streets, sad of the supplying