The Express.
London, England, 1849-08-07 00:00:00

OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE QUEEN^S VISIT

TO IRELAND.

THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 7, 1849.

good cheers for the Huovirian nation, who were PO nobly
le ding the van dentin:Rion on the Centlnent. (Cheers.)
The honourable gentleman, at some kngtk, denounced
the conduct of Austria and the interference of Russia, sad
concluded by expressing his conviction that if the people of
the United Kis g tom were determined this country could
decide the victory. (Cheer.)
The reeolutioa woe ;carried naanimously amidst loud
(leering.
Lord DUDLEY STUART, MP., expressed his delight
at seeing tee tinsels:nes feeling of the English rapt,
from one end of the kindest to the other, la Savour
of the straggle of the Hungarian nation, and indig
nation at the conduct of their rethkes oppressors.
The city of Landon, the borough of Idsryletnine, Bir-
mingham, Leicester, Cardiff, and other plane had
already held their meetings. They heard from the hose
member for Dundalk that Edinburgh met that day ; Wake. I
field, Leeds, Manchester, and Liverpool and other places I
were abort to follow the example. (Cheers.) The genii-
menta of a free people, like the English nation, were ever I
ready to acknowledge and to support a nation struggling for
her liberties. (Hear.) The emissaries of Austria were at ,
work, and at the greet meeting held in. the borough of
Marylebone that day week, ears lad been taken to mien- ,
russet what he (Lord D. Stuart) had said. It had been
stated that he declared the Hungeriansap were fight-
lag for a red republic. Now, what be did say
was, that it mattered not to him whether they were
fighting for a red republic, or any other form of go.
vernment. (Cheers.) A nation had a right to choose
its own form of government, without any foreign in-
terference. (Chan.) The toble lord conceded an elo-
quent address by moving a resolution to the effect:
" That the meeting viewed with detestation and horror
the barbarous trainer in which the Austrian and Russian
generals are prosecuting the war against the brave Hunga-
rime, and considered their brutal and blood-thirsty conduct
, deserving of the just and indignant reprobation of all
, civilised nations."
Mr. ST. JOHN seconded this resolution, which was also
serried neon eon.
Mr. NICOLAY moved the third resolution :
" That the meeting considers the military ioter'erenee of
Ratan in the affairs of Hungary wholly unjustifiable, and a
groin violation of the law of nations, the indefeasible rights
of Hungary, aid perilous to the peace, the freedom, and ge-
neral welfare of Europe."
Mr. LONG seconded this motion, which was also carried. •
Other reeolutioes were adopted, including one repressive
▪ seiVaction and admiration at the protest of the Ottoman
Porte, and its refusal to allow the Russian troops to pass
through the Turkish territory.
It was understood that this was in compliment to some
members of the Turkish ensbney, who were present.
The meeting, aim *mks to the chairman, separated at
lab hour.

THE 00'

----
08RORNE, AUGUST I.—Tek afternoon, at about
a quarter rat 3 o'clock, her Majesty the Queen and his
Royal Highness the Niece Albert embalm' on board the
Victoria and Albert royal steam yacht. Her Majesty gad
las Royal Highness so
acoompamied by their Itoyal
Highnesses the Priam of Wales, the Princess Royal,
Primes Alias, and Prime Alfred, and attended by the
Vinematue Jocelyn and eke Hos. Caroline Damon, the
Hari of Forams* (Loyd Steward), lieut.-Col. the Hass.
A. Gordo. and C. B. Phipps (Equerries in Waiiag), and
SM Jame Clark. Mies Hildyard amid Mr. Birch were in
masmience men the jean: Wenches of the royal family.
The Right Hen. Sir George Grey, anima arrived from
Southampton in the Elfin at the moment of her
Majerv's embarkation. joined the royal party on board
the Victoria sad Alber. At ball-pmt three the
squadron got leader weigh. consisting at the following
osemis: The royal yacht Victoria sad Albert, Captain Lord A.
armH.M.S yachtßlsek Eagle, Master.coerniander
. war-ittallier Sphinx, Commander Hewlett ;
H.M. war-steamer Stromboli, Captain Lord A. Beauelerk ;
steam-packet Vivid, Master-cminiander Smithett.
The squadron was Piloted by the Battery at Cowes, and the
yachts Wag in the Roads.
Corn, AUGUST 2.—The royal yacht Victoria and A'bert
entered the harbour of Cove at a little before tea o'clock this
evening. In a short time Rear-Admiral Sir K. Dixon pro-
ceeded on board to pay his respects to her Majesty. He was
received by the Earl of Forfeseue and the Right Hot. Sir
George Grey.
COTE, AvaraT 3.—This morning the ships in the har-
bour fired a royal salute at eight o'clock. Shortly after the
Earl of Bandon, lieutenant of the county of Cork, proceeded
on board the Victoria and Albert, and paid his respects to
her Majesty end hie Royal Highness Prince Albert. The
Marquis of Thomond, Rear-Admiral Sir M. Dino, Major-
General T , c 'amending the district, had also the ho-
nour of being received by her Majesty on deck. The fol-
lowing officers were subsequently presented to the Queen :
the naval officers commanding the vessels in the harbour,
and the staff of the Major-Gmeral ecnunanding the dis-
trict. His Royal Highness the Prince Albertan lded in
the morning, and walked for lam time, attended by
Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. A. ord's. At two o'clock
bes Majety and his Royal lilatibets and suite embarked on
bawd the Fairy, and after making a circuit of the harbour,
passerded to the town of Cove, where *temporary building
of very hand.nme proportions had been erected, in the hopes
that her Majesty might be pleased here to land first upon
Irish ground. liar Majesty, upon the arrival of the Fairy
off the temporary wharf, received addrewse from the inhabi-
tants of Cove and the members of the Rays' Yacht Club.
The Queen and the Prince then stepped on shore amijat
the roar of artillery and the most deafening acelamati ins of
the thoesands who covered snubs& of grjund within sight
lithe Moiling-place.
Her 111iij pt y, having entered the temporary apartment,
which was splendidly decorated, stood in frost of a throne,
when a humble request having been made to her Majesty
that the town might hereafter be milled '• Qoeen's Town," in
commit moratioa of the Royal ?kit, her Majesty war pleased to
give her cause; and a flag bearing the name by which the
town was in future to be called, war immediately hoisted
upon the building amidst the shouts of the inhabitants. The
Queen immediately ',embarked on baud the Fairy, and
proceeded up the river towards Cork, escorted by the Royal
steamers Vivid, emnimadal by Lake ihnitkett, and the
Banshee, by Master Commonage Ilsalthett. At Passage, the
Royal yacht we stopped, some Ishermen having prayed to
be allowed to present a salmon, with an address, as a testi-
mony of their loyalty. The offering of these poor men was
graciously received by her Majesty.
Upon her Majesty's arrival at ;Cork, addressee were :prt-
seated on the deck of the yacht by the Mayor and Corpora-
tics of Corm, the Bishop and Clergy of the Diocese • the
Romeo catholic clergy of the diocese; and the mercgantr,
bankers, and traders. Her )(spay was pleased to confer
the Mame of knighthood upon the Mayor of Cork. The
Queen and Prince then entered one of Lard Bsndos's car-
riages, and proceeded, attended by their suite, through rte
principal streets of the town, amidst the enthusiutic shouts
of her Irish subjects. Her Majesty and his Royal lighnesa
returned on burl of the royal yacht Victoria and Albert, at
about a quarter before seven o'clock. In the evening, the
Marquis of Themoad, the Earl of Bandon, Rear Admiral
Sir M. Dixon, and Major-General Turner ((commanding the
district), had the honour of joining themyal &neer party ea
board the yacht. The junior breaches of the royal family
remained on board the Victoria sad Albert during the day.
WATIELPOILD, ACOVET 4.—The royal squadron not under
weigh at ten o'clock this morning, and anchored off Passage
at about a quarter pert lour o'clock.

READING ELECTION.
THE NOMINATION.

:NT PLAN OF TRANSPOR-
TATION.

(FROM ?XI =slew.")

(CeXciladed from tha Papaw of July 12.)
In considering the condition of *convict sent with a
dam of leave to a colony, we aunt not overlook how this may
be affected by the mole in which female convicts are to be
dealt with. The number of female (*askss varies from elm-
wreath to one-eighth of that of the males; and the disposal
of totem is a matter of great difficulty. In the case et females,
imprisonment on the separate system and removal to a dis-
tant colony are found to be • mere severe punishment than '
in the case of men—as indeed we should naturally have anti-
cipated from their more impressible organisation. Then,
the second stage of punishment is inadmissible in the mos of
women ; for we cannot pet them to bard labour. Every
attempt at associating them together, eves under damnifica-
tion, has, as yet, only made them worm than before.
It would seem, therefore, that the amount of peniten-
tiary discip Me, to which it may be necessary that women
should be subjec'ed under a sentence of transportation,
ought to be inflicted ander careful seperiatendance at home,
and that they ought never to be sent out to the colonies ex-
cept as holders of tickets of leave. In which case female
penitentiaries in the colony would only be required for those
who =kin misconduct themselves after their arrival.
The only chance of reformation among females some to
lie in placing them in the situation for which nature his in-
tended them, and In calling forth ths feelings of a wife sad
mother, which, though dormant, are rarely extinguished in
the female breast. Mr. Hampton informs us that the " ge-
neral good conduct of female convicts in Van Diemen's Land
atter marriage is elmost incredible." Of this characteristic
every advantage should be taken ; and we find that the
goy. rument era now sending out the wives and families
of those convicts who have received tickets of leave or con-
ditional pardons.. In some instances, the whole cost has
been defrayed by this country; but where it is practicable,
part of the expense is borne by the convicts themselves. It
one of the stipulations in these cases, that the married
convict shall mute to repay half the cost of sending his wife
and family to the colony, unless that amount be contributed
by their friends or by their parish's in England : power be-
ing Oven by the act 11 it 12 Vim., c. 110, to parishes to
assist in this emigration, and to charge the expense upon the
rata. Whenever this can be carried into effect, it will be
an unmixed benefit to all parties. The disruption of the
domestic relation has • pernicious effect upon the wives of
transported convicts. They fee qu ntly become reckless and
degraded, and, along with their children, are an expense
and a nuisance to the parish. S 3 that it is of mamma gm
this account, also, that these ties should be re-nailed as
soon as possible—independent of the further security ob-
tained over the man, when he has recovered a partner and a
home. It has been objected that this is an immigration of
a corrupt female population ; but the disparity of the sexes
is an evil of such magnitude, that no measure can be called
a bad one which tends to reduce it. We must also net
undervalue the providential principle of purification, which
society contains in itself, and which arises oat of the in-
stincts of the legitimate parental connexion. It is almost ism
possible to ersoicate the instinctive wish of parents to see
their children not only more prosperous, but morally better
than themselves. It is a great m'stske to suppose that mi.
mina's are destitute of all god and kindly feeling', or of
fondness for or pride in their children. Instances will occur
to many of our readers of a vicious mother training her
dm:liters is purity with a most sedulous are ; and this is
cot confined to any particular rank in life. " I have met
with very few instances of criminals trained to thieving by
their own parents. I believe the case of married parents so
bringing up their children for crime and infamy is rare, ergo
amongst the lowest of the poor. Total neglect or total ina-
bility to discharge the proj.er duties of parents, low neigh-
bourboods, vile lodging-noun's, and the training which they
get in the streets are quite enonith to account for ogress of
,rime amongst the offspring of the poor in our large therm
The feelingi of nature are the last to leave the ftilloy oaf
those aro to be found amongst the vilest of mankind mom
than is generally thoeght.' —Sixth Report of the Penises.
silk Commissioners—Chaplain'. Report.
The final precaution taken by the government is, to pee-
vast the emigration to any one spot being too exclusively
lof a tainted character. Happily the same circumetances
which render a colony a suitable place for convicts, make
It also desired by free emigrants; and this tend-1207 on
their part may be encourasied and regulated by the joint';
efforts of the mother country and of the colony. Parlia-
ment has already voted 10,0001. to promote emigration to
the Australian colonies. o.casional assistance from the
saute quarter, the Colonial Land Sales Fund, and the repay-
ment of their pass ge money by the convicts will form suffi-
cient means, 11 judiciously distributed, to secure this impor-
tant point.
If we compare the number of convicts annually sent from
England either with the entire population of New South
Wales or with the annual number of free emigrants, we find
that there is now no reason to apprehend a recurrence of
former evils. In New South Wales, when it was strictly a
penal settlement, the confetti fixated a very large portion of
the community. In Van Diemen's Land they were one
half, What a very different prop rtion under the most
unfavourable circumstances, they are likely to form of the
future population of New South Wales, may be clearly
soon from the census taken in March, 1816. At that
time the population, which in 1841 had been 130,856,
amounted in the whole to 189,609, being an increase
of nearly 46 per cent. in five years, or an annual increase
of one-eleventh. During them years there was little
immigration, except from Van Diemen's Land to Port
Phillip. Ent since the completion of the census, owing to
the prosperity of the colony and the judicious manage-
ment of the Land Sales Fund, a larre immigration has set
in ; the number of emigrants from this country to New South
Wales, which in 1846 w.e under 400, h eying increased in
1847 to 4,610, and in 1848 to 12.24. Where free
grants are augmenting with such extraordinary rapidity, the
effect of introducing even a considerable body of convicts
will not be material. When we hear in mind that some im-
provement in the convicts has already been effected, and
that the present proportion of the tainted to the virtuous
portion of the population is decreering every year, we may
be justified in believing that the colony is no longer in dan-
ger of being swamped by an influx of criminals.
The disparity of the sexes is too serious a contiileration to
be emittad—especially ea, in New South Wales, the ptopor-
dia of males to females in the country districts war, at one
time, so 6 to 3 among the free settlers, and no lest than 17 to
1 among the convicts. This disproportion, we are glad to
see, is steadily diminishing. The census tables of March,
1846, are conclusive on the three important points—the ac-
tual proportion of the two f ; the comparative ratio of
increase in each; and, what is of most consequence, the
actual numbers of each sex in the younger part of the popu-
lation.
The proportion of males to females in the total population
is as 3 to 2.
14'm. Femalos.

Monnav, Atari's' 6.
The town wan kept in a date of commotion from
rather an early hour by the bands and bonnets of two of the
candidates parading the streets. The excitement reached
it, utmost height, when an address appeared from another
candidate, making a total of firs, who in their political senti-
ments varied from high toryism to chastises. The ew cindi
date is Mr. Thos. Norton, who, for a period of mules years,
held a seat on the
the
bench in Newfoundland, width, ap-
pears to solicit the suffrages of the liberal electors. This
gentleman was introduced by Mr. Georges Toompson, M.P.
for the Tower liam:ets, and his address was in
culation a few hours prior to the time appointed fur the
nomination.
Tim preliminary proceedings having been gone through
W theldayor and Towe-clerk,
Mr. T. SALMON proposed the first candidate. He was
stare there was not en inhabitant of the town who had not
heard with gratin:lotion that Sergeant Talfourd had been
called to the tench. Sincerely did he hope that the author
of " Ion" aid " Glencoe" might long be spared to adorn
the seat of Janice by his enlightened ability, his genius, end
his integrity. But they were now called upon te make
choice of some one to supply his vacancy in the representa-
tion of the town—some one who, if nut of equal ability,
should at least be like him in princple. He begged them to
recollect that in the gentleman be had to propose, they would
have one who was a friend to the eureses of agriculture, who
owned as much land assay man in this country. (Cheers, and
none the better for that.") lie believed they would find
in Mr. Bowyer, whom he intended to propcse, a gentleman
who would oppose all duties on corn, and maintain these
privileges of liberty which they had long enjoyed. Ile
begged to propose Mr. Giorge Bowyer as a fit sad proper
Peron to represent this borough in parliament. (ttheers
and confusion. I
Mr. LETCHWORTH seconded the nomination.
Mr. BOWYER said be stood before them to ask their
suffrages ; be did not come as the nominee of any person or
set of pathos, but as the honest exponent of those great
principles of national improvement and progress which were
maintained by the liberal constituency of this borough, and
triumphantly maintained by their seal, patriotism, and
unities. lie was not brought here by any strange member
of parliament, but he came uninvited, believing Hat
the liberal constituency wanted a candidate. There
was no candidate in the Sell, he came down and offered
himself, reeling a deep interest in the borough, and having a
large stake m the county; therefore he must be a more ea ie
representative of the borough thee any stronger could M.
He thought they bad a greater hold upon him then sem
any stranger. The hon. candidate spoke at length on these
circumstances which had lid to a divi,ida in the liberal in-
terest, and then proceeded to dwell oa those political lapis'
on which he conceived a constituency had a right to know
the candidate's opinion. He began with the question of free
trade, and 'evened himself as determined to support the
principle, ter be had not seen that any of his tenants or
labourers had suffered from its adoption. While they had
free trade in corn, it ought to be carried out in everything
else, for it was an inconsistency to confine it to one thing. It
must be carried out in every branch of national c immerse,
and to the fullest possible extent. It was absurd to talk
of going backward to the old prinSple of protection.
Toe constitution was progressive, and could net zissela
in one particular state or form. (Cheers.) It was en the
principle of progression he should legislate. With regard to
economy he was determined, if they returned him to parlia-
ment, to enforce it in every branch of the public service, beiag
of opinion that no one should be paid from the resonnser of
the country but those who were gamed in its Denies. He
thought that education ought to be given to the public
without reference to the interests of any particular creed.
The income tax, which was known as a war tax, was very
objectionable, and he was in favour of a modification. He
thought that allowance ought to be made for the disbuthe•
menu in trade, and that It should be imposed on the net
and not the gross produce of trade. To the endowment of
catholic churches he was strongly opposed, and as to the
ballot, it should receive his support ; and he was anxious
protection should be given to every man in the ems, in of
the franchise. As to the suffrage, that he would extend as
people became educated, and he concluded by calling upon
the liberal• to unite and support him at the poll.
Mr. H. SIMONDS proposed, and Mr. Hodges seconded,
thy nomination of Mr. John Frederick Stamford.
Mr. SFAMFORD briefly addressed the Wester', saying
that he was for maintaining that monarchical system of go.
vestment under which he found the greatest liberties exist
He was opposed to free trade, as it subjected the Winners of
this country to an wade competition with foreign countries.
Toe change by the abolition of protective duties was great,
and the consequences, in his opinion, had been serious to
the English termer. Ss was friendly with all sec-
tions of religiimists, but to dissenters and Rom=
ca holies he could make no concessios, being a strong
advocate for Church and State, from which he con-
(wised many of the blessings of the country Sowed- If
they returned him he would stick, he said, to his text, and
he would support their interests, and work for as town.
Mr. HONE in a few words, inaudible to our reporter, pro-
posed Sir John Hare as a candidate. The proposition was
emended by John lime, Beg., amid much laughter and
mainsioe.
Sir JOHN HARE gave a brief statement of his political
views, saying, that he was in favour of tinily reel suffrage,
vote by ballot, annual parliaments, reduction In taxation,
and every medeare of reform which the people new sir
quind.
I Mr. CARROLL, a Quaker, nominated, Mr. Timms
Norton.
Kr. SMALL ssomded the proposition.
Mr. NORTON addressed the electors at great
stating that he was for the maintenance of free4radele,"l
the removal of all retried's= open the isonsinsres and =dos-
try of the pigging he flimmeial reform, end every
peastieabbewed seenemy is she several departments of
the~las He wee is favour of an eztension of the
, sulker, vote for the protection of the ballot, end
supped a saraiire feeskortenleg the invades of parliaesealu
He was a Mend of silvered Menges, fres frees the haw
Mew of any religious east ; in favour et the gelid= Ow
ass dedeedeal undo, and the removal of all impale Welders
to dimanters for the support of the establishedchurch. Ha um
anxious for= improvement in the government Melee Millt•
aka, with the view to develop their capabilities sad to
of diminish their expenses by conceding to them the power ef
?.• self-goverment.
id, Mr. THOMAS CLARK, a chartist, was nominated, and
sir addressed the meeting on the various points which hid been
at prominently noticed by other gentlemen.
On a show of hands being taken it was declared to be in
be- favour of Mr. Norton. A poll was demanded for the other
Rio candidates, and, after passing a vote of thanks to the mayor,
big the meeting dispersed. The chartist announced his with-
ane from the contest.

FIRE AT HAIATOW.—Abont noon on Thuniday a
firs brAte out on the premises of Mr. M. Comfort, at the
Decoy Farm, High Ilalatow, between Gravesend and Sheer-
ness. The fire first appeared In • stack of hay, and spread
to the adjoining stacks, bun, and other farm buildings, in
which were deposited large quantities of corn, together with
three years' growth of wool. The greater part of the pro-
perty was derroyed, and it was with great difficulty that
the mansion was saved. Considerable damage however was
done to the building, which Is of modern emetics. The
loss estimated at from 3,0001. to 4,0001. The property
Insured in the Kent Fire-efloe. Ai the live stook was
saved with the exception of a calf, which it was found im-
possible to remove. 'rho origin of the fire is unaccounted for.
The Caors.—ln Staffordshire, the wheat, beans,
and peas, are moat excellent crops; barley and oats will
be short of an averse* produce ; potatoes and tarnipe the
best we have had for peen, the former very productive, and
1 do not see any symptoms of the disease in them ; the
blossom is more healthy than it has been for the last or?.
years. The stock of English wheat very nearly exhausted:
there will be a good demand from the parts for the next month

beside., a farm squad, cr division, who cultivate about thirty
acres of land, and are instructed in the use of agricultural
implesonms, and the gerund routine of firm management.
Many of them acquire an insight into the rudiments of agri-
cultural chemistry. Their schooling is well eared for ;,read-
ing, writing, and arithmetic are taught is a matter of course,
sr.d considerable pains are taken, we believe, in imparting
Just news-of morality, hand upon scriptural truth.. Punish-
ment and sickness are rare ; though not pampered, they arc
well clothed and well fed, well treated, and on the whole
well behaved. They know that their lard of freedom is a
colony, and they long for the time when they shall quit
Parkhurst for the convict ship.
We find from the Rt ports relating to Parkhurst presented
to parliament last year, that 396 boys were discharged 10
1847 in the following manner :
Sent to Port Phillip and Western Australia
Removed to the Philanthropic Asylum and tbe Refuge
for the Destitute
Restored to their friends l6
Removed to saw primes

Disd

deathbed the fatal pollution of a penal scab:meat in
these memorable word•, whTch drew tears (rem a judge;
and which we trust will never be forgotten :—" Let a
men be what he will, when be comes here he i► soon es
bad as the rest—l man's heart is taken !rout bins—aid
there is given to him the heart of a beast." Now the
desk of the chaplain at Pentonvile is filled with letters
from the cmvicts to him, full of gratitude end +hank.,
awl kind wishes, and promises of steadine se, and (oxbows-
tions, with money for their relatives, and good reports of
each other. Formerly cur system of trineper:atiun pre.
duced in New South Wales such a state ot mime, that,
when the veil was raised ley Sir W. filoleseortl.'s com-
mittee in 1837, the people of England stood aghast at
the sieht ot the mousier they hal create 1 and, for
very shame, the system was ahandouded. At Van
Diemen's Land a trial of three year% was sufficient to bring
the next system to a staud•still ; and transportation was a
second time stopped. Now we have been able to resume
tranepertation to New South Wales, and to recall mere than
half the garrison frim Van Diemen's Lind. Formerly every
mail brought remonstranms against the con inued imports,-
nen of convicts. Now New South Wales is willing to re-
ceive them. At Port Philip people go 250 miles to hire a
Pentea%ille men; and Western Australia asks for an addi-
tional number.

396
Some of these Parkhurst boys have, of °wet, turned out
ill. Undoubtedly sufficient attention has not, in all cues.
been given to provide employment and control at the critical
moment, when they were first released from the restraint
and confinement of the convict-ship. Discretit has thus
been thrown upon the whole 'umber; more espic.ally as
transportation is an existing party question in the colonies,
so that every fact on either side which at all bears upon it
has been laid hold of, and gonerally much exaggerated.
The official reports, however, of the conduit of the
Parkhurst boys, both on board ship and afterwards, and the
desire c vbced fa some places to receive them, lead us to hope
that a large proportion of them will have turned out satis-
factorily. The statement of Dr. Robertson, the surgeon of
the ship Maitland, is supported by that of Mr. Hampton,
the comptroller-general. Mr. Symons reports equally in
their favour ; and Mr. Andrews, surgeon of the ship Marion,
says : " The Parkhurst boys are excellent." On the other
hand, the deputy-assistant commissary-general at Port
Phillip, in the letter to Earl Grey of the 10th May, 1848,
which, as we have already seen, speaks of the prisoners from
Pentonville With some degree of confidence, expresses
mote uncertainty concerning the Parkhurst bays. But, we
must remember, that at that time there was a total want of
Precaution, at this critical period. In Western Australia a
better system, it appears, had been adopted with them after
their landing, and according to the wilderness! Captain Hall,
with corresponding success. Sixty boys had been sent
there ; of these the elder ones were allowed to lire them-
selves out, the younger were apprentie d. The important
consul, ration for the public is the fact—that in Ilt.surn
Australia alone, has there been any care taken about the
disposal of the boys—and that in that colony they have
done well.
Thebestarrangementformacaging criminals will, however,
fail, as far es reformstion is the object, unless adequate means
be provided for carrying punisher nit into effect w ithout crowd-
ing prisoners together. It becomes essential, therefore, to ad-
just the prison accommodation to the annual supply. In tt e
year 1848, the number of male convicts in Breland and Wales
sentenced to transportation amounted to 2884. The returns
from Scotland have not yet cone order our notice; but.judgine
from the average of the last five years, we may assume them
at 400. In round numbers, then, 3,300 male convicts were
sentenced in Great Britain in the course of last year to trans-
portation. Meal, however, being physically unable to tin
dergo the punishment. were returned to the prisons to which
they had been originally committed; there to remain until
eventually, after the bps' of some ermsid,rable time—two
or three years—they should be released by the ex eels* of the
royal clemency. Other circumstances have combined to di-
minish the number of convicts actually received by the
crown, as government prisoners—that is to say, primmer'
supported out of the consolidated fund, and managed under
the authority of the Secretary of State for the Home Depart-
ment. So that only 2,622 (including 282 juvenile convicts
under 17 years) entered Millbank Prison—the great central
depot—towhia all are sent in the first instance, preparatory
to distribution among those rimers of detention where the
first period of their punishment is to be passed. That this
number may not be increased in future years, nob( dy can
pretend to say. General causes would certainly have this
tendency. Oa the other hand, a contrary effect will be
produced by an set passed this session (12 Viet., c. 11);
which abolishes transportation for simple larceny, and for
felonies made punishable as simple larceny, except in
respect to larceny committed after one previous convic-
tion for felony or after two previous summary convic-
tions. This act, it has been assumed, may at first cause a
diminution of 400 or 560 annually; though a certain propor-
tion of these, it must be remembered, will fell back into
crime, and eventually return as convicts for transportation.
Another cause is also diminishing the number of sentences of
transportation. The atolition of capital punishment for
various crimes bee had the effect of lowering the standard of
Punishment generally. The numbers sentenced to trans-
portation in 1847 were Galt' the same as in the preceding
year—although the convictions had increased 18-7 per cent.
In the quinquennial periods ending in 1842 and 1847, the
convictions ate within a fraction of the same amount : but
the numbers sentenced to transportation aro 15 per cent.
less in the latter than in the former period.
On the whole, therefore, we may conclude that, for some
time to come, 2000 adult, and 250 juvenile convicts, will be
about the numbers to be dealt with by the exemitive govern-
ment in the course of any one year. Of the adults, Penton-
vine prison will hold 500 ; Millbank has been organised to
receive 700 in a probationary claw, es well as to serve as a
depot for the moving masses. Further accommodation is
found in provincial prisons which happen to have cells
adopted to the purpose ; the magistrates agreeing to let to
the state those which are not required for their local wants,
at the fixed annual rent of 61. per cell, for an indefinite
period, terminable on notice from either party. In these
prisons the separate system is uniformly pursued, under the
supervision of the authorities resident on the spot. This plan
has been followed in the prisons at Wakefield, Leeds, Leices-
ter, Preston, Northampton, Reading, and Bath; and the
number of vita thus hired by the government is 746. So
that 1,948 separate cells are now available fur the detention
of convicts; and very soon a further number, in some of the
country prisons now nearly completed upon the Penton-
vele plan, will likewise be placed, on the same terms,
at the disposal of the Government The time. therefore, is
nor at baud, when the state will be enabled to carry into
full eff,et that probationary portion of every adult convict's
punishment,—one year's separate confinement,—which is
the keystone of the system.
At the conclusion of the probationary year, the most pro.
mising of the seven years men are selected, and sent, with
tickets of leave, to such parts of the Australian colonies as
require them most. Those convicts, whose state of health
has permanently ineapati•ated them for transportation or for
undergoing the ordinary fatigue of common work in the co-
lonies or at home, are platted in the invalid hulk at Porte-
mouth; where they remain until the expiration of their
sentences, or until they are pardoned. All the others enter
upon their several periods of penal labour at Portland, or in
the hulks at Portsmouth, Woolwich, Gibraltar, and Be,.
I muds. If they do not misconduct themselves while sub-
jected to this stage of punishment, they are considered as
eligible for tickets of leave when they have passed one-half
of the term of their sentence., either in separate confinement
or on the public works—sentences for lite being reckoned,
for this purpose, at 24 years. Those whose conduct is ex-
emplary may receive this indulgence at a still earlier period,
according to a fixed scale; the minimum period of detention
in prison and on the public works fir a convict sentenced to
seven years' tran-portstion being two years. On the whole,
it is calculated that the average period to be pawed by pri-
soners in their second stage of punishment, vie., penal la-
bour, will be three years. Provision, therefore, must he
made for the constant employment of 8,000 men on public
works. This will be furnished as follows :

We well know how many sunken and daegereutt reeks
are hid under this smooth surface—tow quickly neglect or
mismanagement would renew all the forma: ditti. ethics, again
compel ue to suspend transportation and to accumulate our
felon at home. But, so far as our exp. r!ence go. I, the re•
suit has been as successful as the Prate of e a case would
allow us to expect ; and we earnestly trust that ministers
will not, by any opposition, be induced to turn back. Tee
principles laid doe u in these late amour, s are not Cie worse
bmeuse th• y are not merely the produrtie.. ol u ougge live
mind. They have been le:lned, indeed almost fora d upon
us, in the bard school of experience ;—ar..l they are likely
to last the longer. Neither is it a quevisn of istfi:ical pie-
ties ; tor does it depend upon the fate of lair-este:es. But
in all questions such as this, which ['res.:lts only a choice
between painful alt imatives, there is much ddliculty in
prevailing upon the pubic toolbars to any one plat,. It is
so easy to find fault. In these cases acy tyro can raise an
obstacle which the wisest statesman can only ircperfe ctly
ninny*. Then come the men with ore idia. Ono
thick' of Lolling but the annual vote; smother pro-
tests against demoralising New South Wades; a third
takes Van Diemen'', Land under his guareianship; a
fourth warns us from New Zealand; a fifth does battle
for Port Philip; a sixth stands in the gap fur the
Cape; a seventh is zealous against an accumulation in the
hulks; and all are di term ned that envie% shall not re-
main in England. Where our only reedy lire in a com-
promise, we are met by the assertion of extreme opinions,
where inaction is confessedly most dengersus, we ere ad-
vised in prudence to sit still. How perpetually are we
reminded of James the Second's style of argument. " lie
asserted a proposition • and, as often as wiser people ven-
tured respectfully to ;how that it was erroneous, he as-
serted it again, in exactly the same words. and conetived
that, by so doing be at once disposed of ell objections." In
the same spirit, we are prepared for brine told again and
again, th at Pentonville is three times as costly as any
other prison, that it is worth while to travel tort elides to
see a reformed criminal, and that we moat go back to the
ass'enment system.
One thine is clear—either our convicts must be kept at
heme or they must be sent abroad; and they canrot be sent
abroad ii the hesitation of our colonies to re ce.ee them is
stimulated into resistance by declamation at home. We
may not again, alter our eyes have been opeti a by the lea-
eons we have Lamed in New South Wales Vas. DP men's
Lend, repeat the frightful experimen'r of put.. ly penal
colonies; neither may we refuse due weigh: to a delberato
and general expression of the wish of any of our dependen-
cies. We must wide them that we wi.l Lot arbitrarily over-
bear their sense of whet is right end their percept oa of their
own interest. We must appeal to these feelings. nod enlist
them on our aide, if we would hope to este` lists a system of
transportation which shall last. Happily in Cats instance (is
it ever otherwise I) our highs et duty is alto cur wisest policy.
We have a living mass or crime pressing upon vs at home,
corrupting the community and consuming its substance.
While, if we endeavour to remove it in the way we
have hitherto done, every colony rises realm.' us; and the
evil of a temporary snips nnon of transp-dtat!on, which we
have already telt more than once, may, by ineautime mea-
sures, become a chronic disease. In tliit dilemma, urged by
a es roe of our Chrie•ian duty, we arc asked a: last to attempt
to purity and donate our criminal population. Li some de-
gree we have already done so ; and there is g-od reason to
believe that, by extending and r ereeverit (Herta, we may
do so to a very great extent. Our colonies, tf:ated with just
consideration, now appear prepared to elute:inc. the question
dispassionately. In case the eatly steer, s of our new penal
system should succeed in reforming one criminate up to a
certain point, there can be little clouts.. we think, .1 the
succ.ss of thus latter stages. Crimite.ls, ',hose presence
might still have constituted a formidable so :61 danger in
their former home, may udder these circumAancei be safely
admitted by countries in the condition of cur col:nits—
where they would be rapidly absorbed int,. a new and in-
dustrious p .puiatien, without provoking c:ther scandal or
alarm.

REPRESENTATIVE IiEFORNI.
TO Ttta liblTUlt OF THI IMPIIFIStI.
Sir,—As you bare hitherto published to the
reformers of this kingdom the movements of the
London Reform Association, I enclose a copy of the
notice of motion which I hate entered in the notice
book of the House of Commons for nt xt session. The
reforu2ers must have observed that only ene-eigf.th part
of the members of ttc House of Commons voted for
the motions submitted by me for rarliamen•ary re-
form in 11448 and '49, and I must st..te that the pro-
ceedings of the session just conclude', confiim the
opinion long sines expressed by me—that there is no
hope ef effectual financial reform, or indeed auy other
real reforms, until the popular influe%te in the Com-
mons' House of Parliament shall be increased by such
extensions and alterations in the representative
system as those which the bill I prop2se to introduce
would effect ; and it now rests with the middle class
electors to effe A that change by every constitutional
meals in their power.
lam pun, &c., JOSEPH HUME.
Rryanstone-square, Maoist 2.
Mr. Humn—To move far leave to bring in a bill to amend
the national representatirm, by extent!ing t".o elective fran-
chise, so that every man of full age, and not subject to any
mental or legal disability, who shall havu hen the resident
occupier of a hou'e, or part of • house as a lodger, for twelve
months, and shall have been duly rated the poor of that
parish for that time, shell be registered ca en elector, and bo
eatitled to vote for a rei.resentfoiva in peril went ; elso, by
enacting that votes shall be token by ballot, that the dura-
tion of parliaments shall not exceed three years, and that toe
proportion of representatives be made more consbt.nt with
the amount of populatisn and property.

The increase per cent. in the are yaws ending
March. 1646, was 31.46 71.81
The population under 21 years of an is
We may add, that the tendency of fres emigration
is to correct the seising inequality ; the free ',Moir
female emigrants in 1848 having exceeded the moles by 257,
so that this dreadful evil of penal colonise seems at last nearly
removed from New South Wales, and in a few years will
disappear altogether.
Into the difficult and deeply-interesting questions con-
nected with juvenile delinquency we cannot here enter. It
is generally admitted that the worst thing that can be done On Thursday evening, a meeting wan held at Nem-
with a young offender is to sentence him to imprisonment— castle, on the subject of the "receipt stamp " prievance. Mr.
and especially to imprisonment fora short period. Unhappily, Tnomu Gray, of Grey-street, was called to the ch..ir, and
no other alternative is at present given. When • lad is in opened the business with a few pertinent remarks, in the
prison—even in a well managed one—all the strong propen comes of which he stated that tha Stamp Lau had been
pities of a boy's nature are turned in the wrong direction. quickened into activity by the machinery of the Excise, now
The leading characteristic of a young eriminal is the bee of , that the Boards of Stamps and Excise lad been smudge-
fame; the pride of being treated as a man, and of hearing mated into one " Board or Inland Revenue." In condo-
his punishment like a man ; of being commended by men, Sion, the chairmen read the Minoring lett. r, addressed to
and of being as wicked as a man. It is very painful to At Woolwich
witness a bey—young in years, perhaps not very old in At Portsmouth
vice—glorying is his crime, in havirg a cell to himself, in At Ditto, in the invalid hulk . 400 30, Lincoln's Inn Field', July 31,1849.
having a man to wait noon him and bring him his dinner, At Port and, now able to hold nearly 800, but Slit,—l hove Tees ived your letter on Ike subject of receipt
in being troublesome, in insulting the chaplain, in
.getting eventually to contain l2OO stamps, to which my attention had been previously iirected.
en approving nod from some eminent offender; vaunt far At Gibraltar
4 his nitlnsme of " Jack Sheppard" than Neilson of Lie At Bermuda
paws ; a martyr in the cans of evil, and proud of being choose to memoraliza the board on your ineividual case, I
es. These feelings are unquestionably fostered in most 6000 will forward your memorial, with &letter of my own in support
gee!' • and they are more effectually counteracted by the Considerable embarrewanent has been °tautened by the of it; or it you, in conjunction with the other tradesmen of
restraint and discipline of a school, than by the punishment sudden and great increase in the numbers of convicts from Newcastle and Gateshead, will prepare a p.tition on the
of
• prison. The preppie nature of such a school has Ireland during the last two years. The average annual subject, I will cndeavoui ,by application to the government,
been the subject of a variety of interesting experiments, both number had formlessly been about 600; but in the last end if neetssary to parliament, to obtain a c oonge. I need
la this waster and tbread. Education fa, of ANIMA, the rear ft had risen to 2,698. The consequence of this scarcely observe, that in these days it ie not likely that any
S huts every useful experiment of this kind; and, in aegis. hes bun to crowd the prisons to excess; and tax will be wholly repealed withoutenacting tome substitute.
mow. It is invariably admitted that morel training la the though additional depots have been provided to a The object of the petitioners should be to phew some other
meet senatial part of education. But, in premiers, both great extent, an inconveniently large number has mode of raising a Lke revenue by stamps which would not he
slag Istabers and school visiMrs we drawn aside from been thrown upon the hands of the Government. Of these open to similar (Mentions. Tours obediently
amid tendliag to the more brilliant results of intellectual many have been sent to Bermuda • ' and some hundreds, J. Davidson, Em, THOMAS i. TIEADLAM.
cultivation; and the teacher is nasally most commended after a considerable term of imprisonment,• have been re- On the motion o Mr. Raren'WaseN, :mind dby Mr.
evilest, her an farthest advanced in knowledge. So long as moved with tickets of leave to the colonic'', The greater WILLIAM MACKEY, it was unanimously r. solved :—" That
this elver prevails throughout teas country, we shall find taw part of these men are no: criminals in the usual sense of the an association be now formed, tote called the Newcastle anti
boys arewhat has been imagined well educated, rather word ; but have been driven into crime by the pressure of Gateshead Commercial Association, to have for its object the
than well conducted, and education will continue"to be no famine in that unhappy country, and under the excitement amen went or repeal of such laws u injuri aely affect the
barrier against crime. The chaplain at Pentonville reports of agitagon. Under nine circumstances, there is lees to trading community of this country ; and that seven gentlemen
that out of 1,000 prisoners cal, 165 have never attended fear, therefore, from them, and more to hope, than in the be appointed a provisional committee, to draw up rules for
any school, 171 have attended Sunday and dame schools, case 01 ordinary convicts. the government of the association, to he submitted by them
and 674 have attended the anal private, national, On a review, then, of the present system of for auproval to an adjourned meeting, to be held at an early
and parochial schools. Out of between 1,100 and transportation,—and availing overselves of the additional day."
1200 boys at Parkhurst, only some 38 may have never been information Worded by the experience of the last two It wan then ro solved (moved by Mr. SMols y, and seconded
to school at all. The schools, therefore, which arc to be years—we are confirm in the opinion we have already by Me. Day.deon): "That in the opinion of this meeting
checks on crime In Ware, must plainly be different schools expressed, that all the changes made have been in the present law relative to receipt 'tam; sis most op;:rersive
hoe these, the right direction. We wanted to check crime h 7 severe and unjusr, and that it is the duty of every t-atirsman to
We meat, however, leave these questions, and show what punishment, and we have secured every sort of punishment use his beat exertion§ to obtain its repeal ; aud the com-
bining's of the 240 juvenile convicts who are annually which was formerly inflicted—imprisonment, hard labour, mitts cow appointed are requested to draw up a memo-
thrown upon the hands of government. and expatriation—and they are now indissolubly combined i rial ou this subject to the Cooncellor of the Exchequer,
It WO/10 receive this class oferisinals that the Parkhurst the drat so Mitre in character as to reach the point at which and to lay • draft of the same before the next meeting of
MIS built, which, with in detached buildings of the powers of Milian endurance fail; and the second so con- the association, with acy suggestions likely to promote
C;Rt Ski, intearreed with cheerful verdure, looking ducted that there is no necessary Usk to it, except the duns the successful untie of this resalu.ion; and they ore Im-
pseemble sad 'wailing, meets, net unpleasantly, the eye tion of the sentence. We wanted • certain punishment ; powered, in furtherance of this,. to correspond with tne
of a Muria in the Isle of Wight. But those who seek since transportation, as formerly managed, had its prizes u menhirs of puliament in the &street."
deeper souross of interest, and to wham nothing is so well as blanks—and the prises generally fell to the most Forty merchants and tradesmen enrolled themselves as
blight as the spectacle of a and to sing from but vicious. We have now a fixed amount of suffering which must members of the association ; and thanks hav:r.g been voted
;ll=and cleansing itself the Saw of early be endured by all, but which may be indefinitely prolonged to Mr. Gray for his services, the meeting broke up.
will be more gratllled by an examination by misconduct. We wanted an equal punishment ; and we From a parliamentary return, obtained by Mr. 11, adlam,
of Ihe 1100,10 t. The institatka it net OD much a prisons' a have reduce l inequality to the lowest point—the inequality M.P., in the late session, we learn that the number of three-
great penal school ; where the ohjeatie rather to promote in- of individual constitutions and positions,physically, mentally, penny stamp duty on receipts was—
tollectual, moral, and industrial education, than to inflict any morally, and socially : end these we no longer aggravate by
35
divot punishment. It is composed of three distinct classes soperadding the excessive inequality arising out of ashen-
-the probationary, the junior, and the general—occupying Sent. We wanted • system of triune:nation which And the number of persons prosecuted in thou two years,
different buildings. The boys are from 10 to IS years old; should rid our country of its criminal'. Formerly ell the for the evasion of threepenny stamp duty on receipts, was—
ted
all, on their first arrival, are placed in the first or pro• seven years' convicts, form iag one-half of the whole number, 1847
class. They are kept in separate cells, where they were, at the end of about four years, turned loose again upon 1818
rateliallthe r seals. They are submitted to a rigid discipline, society in England : now all but those diequalified by sick- Or the 102 eases in 1847, 78 involved (in fldi•Oon to the
bell in the school-roost and on the drill-ground; and in the n, es or infirmity are sent to a dktant land. threepenny duty) the sixpenny duty, 9 the shilling duty,
MOM of lour months are brought into perfect subjection. So much fir transportatien as a punishment,—as a means and 1 the rightcenpenny duty.
Raving beau thus broken in, and become thoroughly ex. of protecting society against criminals by terror, restraint, Of the 119 cases in 1848, 76 involved the sixpenny duty, 30
dient, they are passed according to age into tither of the removal : now let us look at it with regard to reformation. the shilling duty, 2 the eighteenpenny duty, and 1 the tall-
other classes, those of fifteen Jeers old into the general Once • convict ship conveyed to the mind the deepest im crown duty.
class—those below that age into the junior clam, where they protein of every thing that was depraved and dangerous; The penalties incurred in 1847 were 417/. of 101. and 3of
remain usually about two years an a kalf, until embarked now a superintends sr, having landed 292 convicts, can say, 60/., making a total of 4 3201. The unwept exacted was
for Australia. The probationary class consists of about 140 that 300 emigrants would not have behaved so well 5341. 10s.
boy', the junior of about 200, and the general of about —that the back box was in the hold, the irons The penalees incurred in 1848 ware 393 of 101, lof 501.,
375. Trades are taught in the two latter sissies— out/of sight, and that be would be happy to take out and lof 20/ , waive a total of 4,009/. Amount exacted
Ghia, shoemaking, tailoring, and smith's work. There is 300 more such, without a guard. Once a criminal 6051.15s.—Gateshead Observer.

THE "RECEIPT STAMP" GRIEVANCE.

NrwsrAPER
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