The Express.
London, England, 1847-05-25 00:00:00

I INgrethit, tiatbeteoigh "mulbstunbil:fee"bibievaillktalb. glinTeattt •:11Illattla'alioneetsaddialarYtheat askilyo'wlishil:Vethictoe.reurutritt bap the I.b
a•
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the whole 'abject, and that the reasonablenem of the Junta's inta:
&Mail will not be tried ley the rules and maxims which posseow. Much care was bestowed in aftemki "184
govern a nation so orderly and loyal as our own, but that the clinches.' of** seam of coal, which was observed anitt the
eireametances under which those stipulations ware different I.46Cage beside the portion already mentioned Le':
and the whole of the antecedents of Donne Mena posed on the beffiehl 411 haring the wale dip and !teet;
and her *hisses from 1886 down to the present time, will be similar degree of thickness. The depth of water ' im-
munised Slid weighed, in emir theta correct appreciation the bay will az:Ow of steam Ti of moderate draught
of the can el the " Pertutpuso nation VITSIO Regina may of water to permed cieee in shore; supposing the
gs
be had. H• thickness to be about terothirds of that asert4in:cl, the
With respect to IlliThOf twit*, 1 have little or nothing to seam of coal in the bay would yield nearly 700 tn., shich
say. The retreat of Bann Vinhaes (brother of the Comet) might, we ere metered, be worked by the least experienced
into Spain, rid Brogans", and the dissnnment of hie foree Persona. Several bills were made or the mei ; it to geper.
(480 men), by the Spanish authorities, appear to be ally reported that the beat and Some were cousl to New.
confirmed castle coal, but was consumed in lee time. We may renter}
P.S. I bave omitted to mention above that Mr. Southern left that the direction of the .coal on the island of Lobelia
Lisbon yesterday mefaing sot Madrid, where he purposes to is nearly at right angles to that found on the main land
remain for a few weeks. His premises at the Spanish capital of Borneo Proper. dituated na at the ha:s above msetionse
may exercise a most beneficial influence upon the opinions of vim a great number sf camphor trees which are described
whatever ministry may be formed, as he as thoroughly yarned being of the first kind. There w.-+ also found large quad,,
in the Portuguese character, end carries with him also a pro. ties of seen in its native state. D .iring the time the Wolf
found kno sledge of the causes out of which the existing was stationed at Lehman the sickn <l4 on lewd did not et.
difficulties spring. cued the avenge of a sea voyage, an cal in some eases
Toe Polyphemus war steamer is to go to St. Übe's, tore- little below it. The mil of the island is described to be airs%
place Phone:, ordered here on repair. yellow clay.
The Viscount de Si has spool to a fresh suspension of
arms, which Its het the four Esp.

FRANCE.—Pastbs, MAT 23.—0 n Saturday the
Commission d'lnstrucNion of the Court of Peers took down
the declatatiens, as witness, of M. Leg-rand, Under Secretary
of State in the department of the Ministry of Public Works.
General Cubism was then examined on different points, re-
sulting either from the declarations of the witnesses or from
the examinations undergone by MM. Parmentier and
Pellaprat. The turn this affair is taking will make it not
unlikely that the poisons implicated will be confronted with
each other. The Chancellor has issued a writ against M.
Pellaprat, binding him over to appear when callod upon,
which prevents him from appearing as a witness, in which
capacity hie name was Stet brought forward. The commis-
sion was to meet again on Sunday.
SPAIN.—MADRID, MAY 17.—A letter from Madrid
of the above data ,quoted in the De bats) says: " The mem-
bers of the municipal council of Seville have all tendered
their resignation to the captain-general of Andalusia, in con.
sequence of the late bread-riots at that city. The captain-
general having declined accepting their renimations, they
reasoned their functions and convoked a meeting of different
capitalists, with the object of obtaining an advance of funds
to enable them to purchase grain f.,r the capitalof Andalusia.
The sum of 30.000 piastres (6,0001.) was immediately ad-
vanced.—The state of siege of Seville has been raised.
GERM ANY.—Bemuu, MAY 21.—The proceedings
in the chamber of the three represented estates or the 17th
inst., in so far as they are reported in this day's official journal,
present no hulloes, of importance. They record, however,
the success is a skilful stroke of parliamentary tactics on the
part of the liberal leaders. If. can Vincke embraced the
opportunity presented by the marshal of the three estates
calling upon the deputies to state whether they had any
criticisms to offer on the minutes of the preceding. meeting,
to offer some remarks on the manner in which
the declaration of the liberal members had been
treated between the marshah of the two chambers.
In the course of his remarks, with a view to
explain them fully, he begged permission to have the de-
claratioo and the petition which accompanied it read to the
assembly. This was granted by the marshal, on the under-
standing that no debate was to take place upon it • and these
documents, along with the names of the subscriignA depu•
,ice, were accordingly read aloud. At the close of . Von
Vincks's remarks upon the conduct of the marshals, the
marshal of the three estates vindicated his own. Several
members indicating a wish to speak, M. Von Ouerswald
asked whether a debate on the subject would be allowed ?
Toe marshal replying that any member might express
his sentiments, but that there could be no vote taken, M.
Von Ouerewald moved the termination of a discussion
which could lead to no practical result, but might excite
angry feeliags. This proposal being affirmed by a large
majority, one of the 137 asked whether the declaration would
find a place in the official short-hand reports; and the ques-
tion being answered in the affirmative, moved that the
names of the members signing it should be printed also.
This was conceded, and the consequence is that the official
journal of the government has promulgated the declaration
—brought it to the knowledge of every Prussian, and has
also, by giving publicity to the names of the parties who
signed it, drawn the bonds of party more tightly round
them.- The liberal leaders in the Prussian diet are with
wary skill laying broad and deep the foundations of a con-
stitutional opposition which may one day become a constitu-
tional ministry.
CORN DISTURBANCES.—The riots in the grand
duchy of Posen still continue. On the 12th of May, a riot
Wok place in the town of Witkowo. On the 9th, at Gamin,
the mob plundered about thirty shops, notwithstanding that
a battalion of infantry was garrisoned in the place ; on the
same day a similar outrage was committed at the town of
Irsemissino, two miles from (loosen. Rogow° and Czarnigewo
were the scene* of the like outrages. In the villages for two
miles round, the mob, provided with clubs and sacks, tame into
Wilkowo as early as four in the morning into the market place.
A general riot being feared, fifty burghers were ordered out
to maintain the peace. But when they saw a crowd of
nearly one thousand persons aseembled, they thought it
prudent to withdraw. A scene of p'under then commenced ;
amidst the shouts of the populace, a number of carts contain.
ing potatoes were surrounded and pillaged, as well as several
baker's-shops. The police did all in their power to appease
the tumult, but for a long time without success. They did
so at last, and troops having come to their assistance, several
arrests were made. Disturbances have also taken place at
Marienwerder. _ . .

CULTIVATION OF SUGAR IN' BRAZIL.
In the twenty-float part of Mr. Mackr.'egur'is " Com.
eternal Tariffs" (just issued), we find the Gill, twine interests
fang notice of the engenhot, er sugar plantatione it Pennons
baco, drawn up by M. A. de Mornay, and transt, lined to oar
government by the British consul t
" In the provineeof Pernambuco, the sugar engnmhot ere
situated almost altogether along the coast ; and in eis tar.
prised, in travelling through the country to aced such a met
plate chain of them, not only clung the main road., or Pother
tracks, but along numberless cross trucks, which c..t Ike land
in all directions, and extend as far as twenty or thirty a-flee
inland. Immediately behind the land occupied t, the iies-
genhos, is a strip of land, varying very much in width, ane
raging about ten leagues, or thirty mile.. The soil L
similar to that of the sugar districts, and it is con red with a
luxuriant forest of tine timber trees. Behind this, again, is
the country called the Sertao, or Catinya, where the cotta
is grown, and which supplies all the cattle and horse, for the
use of the engenhea. and for general coneumptiett slang the
coasts. There are, however, but two nature diet isms in tie
soil and climate of the province. The land which lies along
the coast, together with the forest lend, forms one division;
sad the other is the Sertao, which comprisee the whsle of
the interior. The soil of the former is a rich clay, or fine
loam, exceedingly fertile, abounding in small rivulets and
springs, and refreshed with rain at intervals during the dry
arson, and, where it has not been cut away for culovation,
densely covered with wood. The soil of the latter is coat.
pact and sandy, and the climate very dry, the trees appear
stunted, and are very thinly scattered over the ground: it
is, however, very productive after the heavy rains of winter
have fallen.
" The Sertanejne chit fly plant Indian corn, and a kind of
kidney bean, which form their principal food. It some-
Bowe happens in the sertao that a winter passes without
rain falling, and sometimes two or three dry years follow
each other, to which case the inhabitants suffer gristly hew
hunger and thirst, and whole families die of starvation ; and
sometimes in procuring food in the wood, they die of eating
immepoisonous root, and this is not of unfrequene occurrence.
Three secrets are said to occur once in about ten years. The
riven always dry up is the summer, and fora wet during
that stains they depend upon the rains of winter,
which are collected in large artificial ponds; sr, if is
the neighbourhood of a considerable river, they dig wells
in the dry bed. The population man be said to
be divided into two distinct bodies and the distinction is not
elude between the white and black, but between the days
population and the free ; very little distinction being made
en account of colour. The reason probably is that there at*
few families who are not tainted more or lees with a mixture
of negro blood. The free population of the sugar district 6
divided into three classes, the Senhor d'Enge ho, the
Lavrador, and the Morador. The Senhor d'Engenho is the
owner of the land, the mill, &c., and he is also the saw
manufacturer ' • he plants the chief part of the am himself,
but as he can always make more sugar than hi. own plants.
Lions will produce, he invites agriculturists who have a few
slaves, to live on the lands of the engenho, for the purpose of
planting cane, to be ground at the mill and made hint at=
Lavrador, of which is delivered over to the Lavdor, the
being kept as his own share. There are also Serthoree d'Ha-
genho, who do not possess the land ; they erect the dwellings
house, mill, etc., and work the land for a certain number of
years, generally eight to twelve ; at the end of that time all
the buildings, works, &c., belong to the owner of tne
and they are considered sufficiently remunerated fir the me
of the soil. The Lavrador is the cane-planter who live
on the land of the Senhor d'Engenho, land and houses
rent free. As well as cane, he is allowed to pleat
mandioca, and anything far his own consumption. He
delivers his cane at the mill, and there rewires
his moiety of the sugar. That of Lavrador is COM
cidered quite a gentlemanly employment, and men of good
family, who do not possess, or who have not the means of
working an engenho, think it no degradation to fellow it.
There are, however, Levradores of an grader, in colour tad
respectability; some plant very extensively their plantations,
producing as much as filty tons of sugar yearly, while these
of others will produce no more than one or two tons.
" The Morador is a kind of tenant at will, he also pays nee
rent, but builds his own hut or shed. Beth the Lanais
and the Moraine are so tar dependent on the Seabee
d'Engenho, that in the elections they are completely con-
trolled by him; but on those estates where the owner has
some government appointment (generally in the police), ar
has acquired a power independent of the governmest,
by allowing to live on his estates, and protecting &wins
and other bad characters, the Morador, if one of these eito
tested criminals, is completely in the power of the Stabs
d'Engenho, and ready to obey him in everything, even is
the commission of the most atrocious crime.
"The social condition of the population in the sugar die
trict is very peculiar, for with a very liberal constitution, its
actual state makes it appear to be governed on the feudal
system. With all the machinery of the law apparently in
force, it is in reality very little respected by the majority, the
lower orders only fearing the Senhor d'Engenho on wham
estate they live, and the Senhor d'Engenho only fearing oae
more powerful than himself. It is usual fur a man act
committing a murder to go to a Senhor d'Engenho sad bag
his protecuon, and, unless he has private reasons for wit
doing so, be is always ready to padrinhar, 'godfather' ths
criminal, thus adding to his power.
" A rough estimate of the number of engeehes is the
province gives about 600, and they occupy about an equal
number of square leagues, or one square league seek
engenho. One square league of land is ample for feet
engeahos, so that this belt of land now occupied by sager
establishments is capable of receiving time times its pretest
number ' • and if the whole of the land suitable to the
growth of cane were put under cultivation, eight times the
number might very well exist. Each eogeuho produces
on an average fifty-five easel of cloyed sugar an.
Dually, fifty of white, and five of brown or line
covado, which are equal to forty-two tons of white. and that
and one quarter tens of brown, or 24,800 tone of white, sad
2,550 tons of brown, for the entire produce of the penises
(this is a very low estimate). Each engenho, with suffieiset
hands, and with their present rude mode of cultivatioa,
might produce, at the very least, thrice as much as at mw
sent ; and if the whole of the land suitable to the growth al
the sugar-cane were put under cultivation, the previa*
would yield sixteen times what it does at present, or 396,800
tons of white, and 40,800 tons of Muscovado.
The number of el ives is various on different engenhon lid
the average may be taken at thirty for field blacks, and his
for house and other blacks, sad the average number ef
blacks belonging to the Lavradores about twelve. making
fifty-two, the average number on each engenho, or 31,200 far
the entire black population in the sugar district, not aided-
log those in the capital or villages, To work an torah°
effectively near the capital, forty slaves are considered a hit
number ; but far in the country, if the land be well woadelis
twenty-five blacks will produce an equal effect, OD amain
of the facility of procuring fuel and wood for fencing,sad
the land being more productive. There are e
in the virgin feints with as few as fifteen field=
and even less; the soil there is so exceedingly In-
ductive, hence the possibility of working an ears&
with so few hands. There are some few impetus with es
many as 150 slaves, but the quantity of auger they make is
not in proportion to the number a hands, they are,
ever, kept in much better order, and the slaves are in seek
better condition. The greater number of engenhos are earl
deficient in slaves, and the consequence is, that muck efedh
not of immediate necessity for the production of
quantity of sugar, is left undone, or wry bully dons,ar
else the slaves are very much over-worked. Then"
spirit of emulation among the Set:thorn d'Engenho to make
a large quantity of goes, with a small number of blob, bat
instead of accomplishing this by the economisation of Blew
and good management, it is eenerally done by driving the
slaves at their work to the very extent of their MO"
and even beyond it. This tuned work they cannot midmost
years ; they become thin and languid, their skin dry. 66,
laurel, and of a dark elate colour, instead of the pdegiea
black of a healthy negro ; and in those engenhos when the
slaves are in this state, there are always several who WM
what is called the' vicio,' or vice of eating earth. it is:
generally received opinion that this vice or desire to
earth is wilful on the part of the slave, and persated
fax is
spite of severe floggings, for the purpose of putting as sad
to his already nearly worn-out existence ; it is, hero".
more probably the consequence of a state of health bole
on by over-work, bad food, and general in-treatment.
appearance of a slave who eats earth is a yellow aids, a
white fur on the tongue, and a dropsical appearance. yes'
titularly about the eyes ; and the vice of retitle earth Xs lar
effect, and not the cause of the disease. This dimes' 6so
confined altogether to the slave population ; free
ifdna
among the poorer clogs are frequently met with ~
.°
sneg
from the same malady.
A child who eats earth is considered a reprealt Wa
family, and he is said to be instigated by the devil; all Po.
sible mesas are tried to prevent his getting at any •
,_
substance, but all their care avails nothing, he contiaem
the same state, the devil, aa they say, always finding
se
to supply him; he will sometimes eat the earthern wear=
The hours of field-labour during the season that
sein.geanthosnigahret,naentdatatwroorot,t
about the establishment before that hour in the stereos, as.:
after it at night ; this work they call kinginggon.
length of the kinginggoo • vanes according to ,h af▪ r;
tion of the master ; it very commonly continues fees
six in the morning,. and from six to ten at night, ait.r.
some occasions until midnight. During the season et
treengfemehmaesilthienythgie:°trningbeze svnun't
F
six in the evening, they are divided into two erosidesp,
thwheiirchlasla (dreamy
ISaeboputerm,
frober.totiiyeib,,nithary.
mmorningwork in the mill during the night, one g
g weekf4
from six until midnight, and the other from Dunk"
until sin in the morning ; half an hour is la.

TUKKEY.—Mosam., APRIL 16.—A serious en-
gagement between the Arab tribes Atwell end Hagheilas,
took place not far from Mould. The former is a wander-
ing, plundering tribe; the latter a dependent on the govern-
ment. The fight lasted a long time, but the Anezis were
superior in number, and defeated the ethers with a loss of
five killed and eight wounded. They carried off some 7,000
sheep, and all their horses. When Eased Pacha beard of
this engagement be sent avistance to the Hagheilate, but it
arrived too late—the aggressors had flea with their booty.
MirriterrE, APRIL 30.—0 n the 24th a boat laden
with wheat wu attacked in the Gulf of Catania, by
a pirate boat with 16 oars, and plundered of ell it had
lon board. When the Fuchs heard of the occurrence he sent
the cutter on the station in pursuit of the robbers. Another
vessel has been plundered near Pygri, and the muter and
one of the crew mortally wounded.
COCHIN CHINA.—The Straits Times (Singa-
pore) of 27th March mentions a remour put in circulation
by the nekodah of a native vessel that the King of Cochin
China had died about the beginning of thy month. The
report was credited. Mopes were expressed by some that
under a new reign a more liberal commercial system might be
adopted in that kingdom; apprehensions by others that the
Siamese or Chinese might avail themselves of the opportu-
nity to renew their claims to the territory, and thus create
disturbances. From the Java journals we learn that on the
Bth of March there arrived in the roads of Cheribon a small,
open Cochin Chinese vessel, on board of which were 28
persons, via., two French Roman catholic misOonarks,
named Chamaison and Dousi, dressed as Cochin Chinese,
17 Cochin Chinese Christian., and nine Cochin Chinese
sailors. After being carried by stormy weather and
currents under the island of Stilton, they had abandoned
the hope of reaching Singapore with their miserably equipped
craft, and then trusting to providence, steered their course fur
Java, in consequence of which, without knowing where they
were, they fortunately reached Cheribon. Monsieur " Chit-
maison" had intended to travel rid Singapore and Poloepi.
sang to France, while Monsieur Douai had obtained leave
of absence for a year, for the benefit of his health, and meant
to remain for that period at Poloepinang. Of the abovemen-
tioned 17 Cochin Chinese Christians there are 16 youths of
from 14 to 18 years of age, destined to be educated is a
Roman catholic college at Poloepinang, while the seventeenth
person, together with a Cochin Chinese christian who speaks
Latin, is destined to assist the French Roman catholic mis-
sionaries of Cochin China at Singapore.