The Express.
London, England, 1851-12-11 00:00:00

THE SMITHFIELD CATTLE SHOW.

DLNNEIt TO THE HON. R. J. WALKER, AT

MANCHESTER.

A dinner was given by the merchants and other
inhabitants u; Manchester on Tuesday evening to the lion.
it. J. WM:ter, secretary to the Treasury of the United
S:ates in le4e, anal influential in the important rcduc:ion
of the high tariffs then existing upon British manufactures.
The company included a great number of the members of
the Chamber of Commerce and the Commercial Associa-
tion, and was presided over by Mr. T. Baziey, president of
the former. There were also presideut Mr. Cohrlsn, M.P.,
Mr. Bright, M.P., Mr. T. Milner Gibson, M.P., Mr. Joseph
Brotherton, M.P., Mr. Charles Hindley, M.P., and Sir
Armitage. Among the Americans prewo, in ad-
dition to the Hon. Mr. Walker, were General Wallbrialge,
Colonel Celt, mid Mr. Steil. Mr. Malcolm Ross, of the
Comm rehl Asaiviatiou, was vie,-president.
The CHAIRMAN gave—" Our distinguished gucet, the
lieu. R. J. Walker, and may our commercial relations with'
the United States 41.1 unfettered, and amity between the
two nations be rendered perpetual." (Cheers.) lie would
now briefly refer to those commercial relations. He would
observe first, that probably our own vicious fiscal system
had led to much mischief, nut only in our own countr(' but
in every civilised country ou the face of the earth. "rider
the system called • the protective system, this country hail
sustained shocks of na: ..ry and commercial revolutions, to
which he lit little diepeUtioa to allude ; but the transition
from that state, by our change of policy, has been decidedly
manifest, and, thanks to tile valiant arms of gentlemen now
in this room, and thanks to the lamented Sir It. Peel, he
hoped that seem had been forever annihilated. (Cheers.)
The increased comfort of the people, the increased business
of the manufacturers, world testify that the change had been
beneficiul. Ile would not trouble them with statistical de-
tails, to prove that the abolition of the corn-laws, among
other important changes, had led to the belie:its he asserted ;
but ho would state a simple fact,—that our exports alone
now cloned an increase of full 30 per cent. ou whae they
were during the restrictive period—(clacers) —and the cin-
:amptiuii of curaforts by tho people had also increased,
ten-ling to place them in an improved and something like
a civilised condition ; the increase of the consumption of
ouch ankles might also be represented by 50 per cent.
(Cheers.) Uur trade wide the United States had also very
greatly increased. As for shipping, not only our own
shipping had increased, but the shipping of every other
power that sends vessels to this country. We received
the raw materials and manufactured produce of every
region on the face of the earth. Veseels came from
every part to our own ports, and though our protection-
ist %Temente might be very much chinned by these con-
tributioas of the world, we should receive them, none
making us afraid. (Cheers and laughter.) The policy of
the United States had been changed in some respects simul.
twicouslv with our own. A very importiat change was
effected by the instrumentality of Mr. Walker, in the year
1815. At the time we were exerting ourselvee to change
the fiscal system of this country, when Sir R. l'eel had the
moral courage to come forward to effect its alteration—at
that meted their honoured friend Mr. Walker was engaged
in the same line of duty in hie own country. It was hoped
he would Le successful in his armee; he hail plae..d himself
at the head of a most interne, ut body of his own community;
and with their etforte and his guidance, he (Mr. Basley)
anticipated a result satisfactory to Mr. Walker and our-
selves. (Cheers.) Ile (Mr. Reeky) submitted that in the
United States of America, at this tune, the prote tetl cla,*cs
were receiving a larger amaunt of revenue than the whole
tale. of tho United Stales, which together went to the sup-
port of the establishments of that great nation. (Cheers.)
He therefore inferred that when the body of the people iu
the United States came to appreciete this fact, they would
no longer permit a party among them to tax them to •
greater extent than their own treasury taxed them.
The Ilea. Mr.WALKER, in rising to respond to the toast,
was received with loud cheering. lie said (after a few in-
troductory remarks)-1 believe, gentlemen, that nothing
has tended so much to iacrease aria to perpetuate those
friendly relations as the striking down, in 1816, by the joint
action of both countries, a considerable portion of those
barriers of restriction and of high tariffs, which separated
them from each other. (Cheers.) I believe that commerce,
the most extended commerce, is pre-eminently the friend
of peaco—(hear)—and that by the joint action of these
two great countries in the repeal of your corn-laws, and in
the reduction,thc very great simultaneous reduction, acme.
duties—more we+ done by those two single acts to cement
and perpetuate the friendly relations of England and Ame-
rica than by all the preceding nets of parliament and the
statutes of the congress of the United States. (Hear.)
Some reference has been incite to the changes that
were effected in the American tariff in tete ; but I believe
that the radical change that was then elfected in our entire
system, and the very great and important reductions that
were then made, and the totel ab %Tido:meat of the protec-
tive principle, confining our duties exclusively to duties for
revenue—are not so universally known among you. I have
read within the hest few (bays a speech animadverting some-
what mom my humble self, from a member of parliament—
I am told a dietinguishedemember of parliament, and a
worthy and amiable gentleman, although displaying, 1
must say, some little of that nervous irritability on that
oecesiun which generally accompanies those who are
advocating a weak causes—(•' hear," and langhter)—
it was a Mr. Newdegate —(" hear, hear," and
laughter) —in o towering some humble arguments
presented myself, as indicating the great pros-
perity that hail resulted to the United States, as inducted
by our statistical returns, under the tariff of ISI6, he said,
the reason of our prosperity was that the tariff of 1810 was
is protective tariff. liuw, I wish very much that Mr. Now-
degate would du ass the kindness of paying us a visit to
America, where he would be received with all hospitality;
and that as an English protectionist he cuu:l convince our
American protectionists that the tariff of 1816 is a protec-
tire tariff—(laughter)—because their great objection to it
is that it is nut a protective tariff. And if, gentlemen, he
could (co still further, and convince them that that tariff
was still too high, there is too one who wuuhd rejoice more
in such a result than my humble self. (Cheets and
laughter.) Gentlemen, 1 stated that the change made
in the tariff of 1816 was a fundamental change. For the
first time in the history of our government the ground
was then assumed that it was unjust, impolitic,
and unconstitutional to impose any protective duties; that
we could justly and properly impose no duty except for
revenue—(hear, hear).--and imp..e no duty beyond a re-
venue standard. (Hear, hear.) Nuw, gentlemen, may I
call your attention to a few of the items in the changes that
were made by the tariff of 1810, as compared with pre-
deccesor of 1512. The first item is that of bockings and
baizes. It had a specific duty of 11 cents per square yard,
which WAS equivalent, as shown by imports and revende, to
41 per cent. It was reduced by the Lira of 1846 to 2-i per
cent. Next comes
Duties under

The attendance of buyers yesterday at the show- l
yard in llaker-street was quite na nit:nen-nu as on the open-
lag day, nor was the general public is less force. Ju.lging
from the greater density of the crowds of admirers by which
the mere raudieent of the prix: animals were surroundal
at various periods of the day, we should say that re.
ecipts 01 the day were larger than tlio,e of Tuesday. Upon
the whole the stock, that is the horned cattle and sheep,
appeared to he matte lively and healthy than upon either of
the two pr..vimas days, having completely recovered from
the fatigue of 11,1130C31. The pit., however, remain :a Ree
same ktote of lielples.s lassitude as when they were de-
posited in their pens—au occasional grant when :.oue
anxious butcher, wishing to ase,rtaiu their preiniies of
bedit, essays in the task of getting them on their legs,
i.iL; the only of lite they give. One of these
porcine monstrosities—a black 21-year-old Ilampshire and
sus,cs pig, which eatain..4 the sheer medal in the extra
stock cliss, attracts genitral attention. Ile is almost as
popular as the Koh-i-noor was at the Great Exhibition. and
during the whole day is surrounded by a host of admirers.
The greatest attention is paid to his comfort ; and oh one
occasion, when the heat was more than usually oppres-
sive, we ote•erved a careful valet applying cold wince as
a soothing stimulant. The weight of this enormous mass
of living i.t cannot be less than 50 steles—and sec have
heard that the price asked for hbn is 40!., but at present he
is without a purchu,:r. The sales continue I with consider-
able vigour throughout the day, the competition aniong.t the
butchers far the possession of the prize tstitaals being I
keener than on the owning day, and if anything larger
prices were realised. Towards evening large numbers of
the stock en sale had att:tched to them the usual an-
nouncing the name of the buyer. The sheep and pigs were
nearly all disposed of, and of the larger animals a small
I.ruportiou comparatively remained unsold.
Tit E DINNER.

The utual annual dinner of the club took place in the
afternoon in Freon:L.3oll4e Th:re were present the
Duke of RICHMOND, the Pre.itleut of the club, who took
the chair; Lonl Berner., Gen. Went) ss, Cul. Sibthorp, Mr.
J. Villiers Shelly, Mr. Fidler llobb,, Mr. Willmore, Mr.
Ituksr, sad rev::4 of the member. of the socioy, muct of
thu prize takers, and some of the purchaser of the prize
cattle.

The cloth havinq ly...en cleared.
The ellA11131.1:s1 ruse to propose tho health of her
Majesty. lie regretted that h. r Majesty and the Prince
Coo hail not been able to visit t`te show I14:41 year as
usual. As the prer.i‘Ltt of the Cleil ty he had intimated to
her Majesty and the Trine that thcv alight visit the show
with enufert t o themselves, and without inesnvenieuee to
the butane,: of flu cluh, on Monday, after the judges had
wade their award; but the answer was, that u neither her
Majesty nor the Priuce could !At at Windsor, it would not
be eenvenicat to attend.

The toast was drunk with loyal honours.
The CHAIRMAN next proposed the health of Prince
Albert. Thu thanks of the club were due to his royal
highuos for the countenance ho gave to it by Rending his
tattle to the show-yard. (that, hear.) They ow,,d to his
royal highness a deep debt of gratitude for the support he
had always ain't to agriculture, and they could not but
feel th..t he had paid to that interest a high compliment in
attending the dusuer of the Royal Agricultural Society at
Windsor this year. (Hear, hear.) Ho would couple with
the toast the Is..altit of his Royal Ilighstan the l'riuco of
Wales and the rest of the royal family.
The tout having been duly honoured,
The CHAIRM.iN again ruse. He said—The next toast
was one which he wits sure would be cordially received,
viz., " Success to the Smithfield Cattle Club. (Meer.)
Ile believed the show of the present year had answered the
spectatious of ita warmest friende, and certainly lie had
seldom seen finer anneals in the did, rent breeds of cattle and
abeep exhibited. The club decided on the previous der at
its meetina, that for the future the animals should Wee-
hibittal in classes, according to their several breeds, and the
premiums awarded accordingly. (hear, hear.) The paper
as to the arrangement of thil prizes had been referred
to a select committee of the members, who would report
at the meeting of the club tomorrow, when the new regu-
lations would be made public. He would not presume to
give any opinion on the subject of the proposed changes, but
he might state that it was received with favour by a large
majority, at the meeting at which it was submitted. (Mar,
hear) But it should he recollected that this society was
one of the very few that paid its way before hand, and one
consequence of this new classification would be, to draw still
further on their funds, though he was happy to add that
their funds were well able to meet the demand. (Hear.)
The toast was drunk with loud cheers.
Mr. GIBBS having read the awards of the judges in the
various classes,
The CH.IIRMAN, after delivering the prizes to those of
the successful exhibitors who were iu attendance, gave the
health' of the successful competitors, iu each division of
claws seriatim, coupling with the toast the name of the
highest prizeholder.
Mr. DRCCE, of Eynsharn, Oxford, the gainer of the first
prize, and the gold and silver medal fir the best cow or
heifer, in returning thanks, said he had succeeded by fol-
lowing the advice the chairman had given at a previous
meeting—viz., to persevere, cud not give in because he was
beaten. It was his opinion that cruising the breed was
advantageous in other animals as well as horned cattle.
He had been crossing South Down and Cotswold sheep of
late years, and he fuund that the more be crossed them the
heavier and the finer, both in flesh and wool, was the pro.
duce. (lieu.)
Mr. LosoxonE, who obtained the first prize and the
gold and silver medals for the best ox or steer iii the Ist,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, sth, and fith classes ; and Mr. "Wens AW,
who took the first prize and the gold and silver medals for
long-woolled sheep, also returned thanks.
The Duke of RICHMOND, whose health as president of
the club and the successful competitor in the class forshort-
wooled sheep, and the gainer of one gold and two silver
medals, bad been proposed by Lord Boners, said that ho
had accepted the honour of the appointment of president
of the club on the death of his ever lamented friend Lord
Spencer, who for so many years had exerted himself,
and with so much success, on behalf of this
society. lk felt proud to hold the office, be•
cause it brought him in frequent and friendly contact
with the great body of practical English farmers whose in-
terest was one and the same with his own, and from whom,
not being himself a remarkably good farmer, he thrived vs.
luable information. As a shod wool-owner and a large
flock-master, he must admit that he was ashamed
of the ewes and rams he observed at the late agricultural
show at Wiedsor. When be saw them there he observed
defects he had not discovered at home, and he found, when
he saw them beside the sheep of Mr. Jonas Webb and
others, he' kucw they would not do, and that if he showed
more such animals the credit of his flock was
gone. Ile had followed the advice he had often
given, to persevere when beaten, and try to win next
time ; and though ho did not like the sheep he exhibited at
Windier, he thought those he had brought to the present
show would be a credit to any Hock. He begged to thank
them for the manner in which they had complimented him,
and to assure them that be was not one of those who would
ever be ungrateful to the farmers fur the many favours he
had received at their hands. (Hear, bear.)
General WEMYSS who, u Prince Albert's steward, had
taken the prizes awarded to his royal highness, returned
thanks on behalf of the successful competitors in Classes
19, 20, and 21 (pigs). He said his royal highness had the
greatest desire to promote the success of the Smithfield
Cattle Club, and since he had become a member had always
shown himself assiduous for its prosperity. It was true
his royal highness did not breed the stock he exhibited, but
he (Gen. Wemyse) apprehended there wasno great disadvan-
tage in that, if he looked out for the best breeds
of cattle in the country taking the trouble to select from
the tenant-farmers the stock they bred, but which they
might not feel desirous to feed up and exhibit. The prince,
in his opinion, did as much good to the agricultural interest
in bringing forward that stock and gaining prizes with them
as though he had bred them.
The CHAIRMAN then gave the unsuccessful compe-
titors.
Lord BERNERS returned thanks, observing that though
an unsuccessful competitor ho was perfectly satisfied with
the award of the judges, his own sheep being far inferior in
condition to those which had carried utf the prizes.
The " Yice-Presidents of the Society" was next drunk.
The CIIAIR.3IAN gave the Judges, who, though they
must have had great difficulty in making their decisions,
had, he believed, given general satisfaction. (Cheers.)
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN acknowledged the compliment.
The usual compliment was then paid to the honorary
secretary and other officers of the society, after which the
party broke up.

WEST LONDON REFORM ASSOCIATION.—The West
London Reform Association held their anniversary meeting
yesterday evening, at the Commercial Hall, King's-road,
Chelsea. After the routine bu■iuess, which consisted
in the re-election of officers, adoption of a report, and en-
rollmept of members, and which occupied a very consi-
derable time, the meeting was addressed by Mr. Searle,
Mr. Hartley Kennedy, and other gentlemen.

Tariff Tariff

Imported Articles. Twit of 1442. ad 11111. DOG.
Bockinds odd beim
31angthcturisot cotton,not dyed nib. duty ... 49 ...
Ditto ditto dyed
Cotton twist, yarn, and thread,
untoourid ditto
Ditto ditto ditto, coloured ditto
Tarred cables and cordage Ls. per potuul ... 71 ... 25
Untarred cordage
Ditto yarn
Cotton bagging 4c. per ay. yid d ... 93 ... 20
Iron in bars or tern, whole or
part at inulacturtd ty robing 25 dole. per ton ... 77 ... 31
Railroad iron ditto
Pig iron 0 dole. per ton ... 72 ... 30
limp iron 24 mute ... 137 ... 39
Iron cabins or chains
Other iron tearing spnido duty
Plitla moulded or premed tam-

biers
Ditto iitopped, OT bOROMS ground
Window glues, specific duty
Salt

127 ... su

world which entered the United States, under the reduced
tariff of 18-50, was British tonnage—(heer, hear)—showing,
gentlemen, that you fully participated in the benefits of the
great change that has been effected by the reduction of our
duties. It was the =Me thing with the tonnage which cleared
from the United States. The total American tonnage which
cleared out in the year, was 2,632,003 tons; foreign,
1,728,000, of which there was Britivh,l,4o4,ooo tons. (Hear,
hear.) Free trade, then, gentlemen, may be truly styled
the true means of perpetuating peace between the two
countries—(loud eheers)—hecause it has brought the fi 'es
of England and America together up'ni the slimes of both
countries, and re-united their cummeree and industry.
(Hear.) Well, gentlemen, the British crews that entered
the hinted States in the year Wish amounted to 77,000
persons; and of those which cleared from the United
States the crews that were British amounted to 75,000.
The exports from the United States in 1810. amounted to
1.31,515,000 dole., endow imports to 178,138,0dt dole Now,
of all our imports, there were from the British empire,
85,1117,000 dole. ; and of our exports to the British empire,
there were 82s,3ss,otra. Tee combined imports and exports
from the Deified' empire to America and teem America to
the British empire amounted, in 1830, to the sum of
103,495,000 dots. But, gentlemen, in 1851, the augmen-
tation is stilt greater. I have not the results of how
much came to such particular country-, but I have the
results of the whole ; and if the proportion was as great
to each—and I have no doubt it was greater —it would mike
an argregate of the imports and exports front the British
empire to America, and from America to the British empire, I
of 211,543,000 dole. in the single year of 1851. (Applause.)
Such, gentlemen, are the great, I might say the gigantic,
results that have been produced by the reciprocal action of 1
England and America in Olen deletion sod repeal of duties ; 1
it has raised the reciprocal commerce of each with the other '
up to the annual sum of 211 millioa of dollars. Now, gen-
tlemen, in relation to cotton. Why, gentlemen, I have
the honour of addressing the honoured representatives
present of a city which manufacture!, more of our cotton
than any other city in the world—not merely in this coun-
try, but even en our own country. The city of Manchester
manufactures and COII,IIIIICI more titan one-third g reefer
titan any ether city in the world of the cotton of the United
States And, gentlemen, your t, gel exports of cotton manuf te-
tures free Great Britain, in 1819, amounted to 28,252,000 h
sterline, and the total amount of your manufactures of cotton
for the year 1830, autounted to o 2 millions sterling. (Hear.)
Such, gentlemen, is the vast, the enormous trade that has
grown up between Englund and America, as represented by
the single article of cotton, which is ?grown by us and le
manufactured by you. Gentlemen, the numbers of hands
employed in the United Kingdom, ou thelsth August,
1850, in cotton factories alone, were 332,121 Pchehti• Add
to that your crews engaged in our commerce. 77,000;
those engaged in other employments connected with the
United States, '200,0 9; making a total of 009,000. And,
if we suppose that each of those persons but represents
a fancily of three, it wield make the number of those who
are supported in the United Kingdom by manufactures and
commerce connected with tho United States, autount to
2,434,190 perform. (Cheers.) And now, gentlemen, this
trale Las been progressing ever since the two countries
have reciprocally adopted the repeal and the reduction of
duties ; and if peece is (mannered between the two parties
it that current of friendly feeling which now seems
sweeping all before it, in both countries, with resistless tide,
pushing over all anchait prejudices and opposing el:stacks
—if that peace, that comm.ree, and that friendly feeling
arc to be continued and perpetuated, as I trust ie God
they mey—(ipelmse)—whet limit, gentlemen, are we to
assign to the reciprocal commerce of England and
America? (Hear, hear.). 'Why, gentlemen, evetythine
i., teudieg to its iucrcase. There are the milieu& iu both
countries bringing their produce and manufactures at cheap
rates upon the seaboard of each. Then, there is the
great expansive pewee of steam, which has bridged the
Atlantic, and brought our respective countries within ten
days of each other ; and, gentlemen, what limit are we to
assign to these vast improvements aril discoveries ? Who
will sty that that same telegraphic power, by which you
can communicate acmes a breech of the ocean, and along
its coral depth, with the continent of Europe, shall not
flash from England to America the thoughts, and the
friendly messages and the commerce of both—(sheen)
when the manufacturer and business men in Man-
chester shall give his directions by telceraph to his
correspondent in New York, and they shell hear
upon the same day news each from the other. (Cheers.)
Now, gentlemen, something has been said by your
I worthy and excellent president about the further re-
Auction of duties. Well, lam one of those who have
distinctly avowed, in my own country, that I am in favour
in due time of a further reduction of our duties, (Cheers.)
But, ecutlemen, you can give us some little help in this. If
we have our 30 per cent. duties on your manufactures in
the United States, that aro d seined by you a little high
upon rouse of your manufactures, permit me to soy that
you here one at le net that is exerbitantly high upon one of
the principal agricultural products of my country—it is
your duty on tobeceo--(hear, hear)—ranging fro:n 3s. to 9s.
per pound, amounting, emending to my arithmetic, to 1,200
per cent. (Hear, hear.) Now, one of the main arguments
used in the United Sham, end particularly in our impor-
t:lnt teliaceo states, against the tariff of 1816, and against
the free trade policy, in favour of an augmentation of our
duties, and against the reduction, is this duty neon tobacco.
(Ilear, hear.) I do not mean to make any unreaeoneble
remarks or proposition ; bce tee, I know you must raise
a certain armlet of revenue. But the question I sub-
mit to you is this,—ls it possible that a duty of
1,209 per cent. must net be largely above the revenue
standard? (neer, hear.) Then, gentlemen, when you
look at the vest expenses connectee with the collection of
this duty on tobacco; at the vest number of officials
eating up the revenue by their salaries; when you look
at your revenue vessels, at your expensive government
stores connected with your tobacco; vhen you look at the
prosecutions for smuggling, and fraud, and other crimes;
and when you look it the fact that the smuggler, where
the duty is 1,200 per cent. follows close at the hoes of
the imeorter—l appeal to you, whether no a mere ques-
tion of revenue, this duty might nut be immensely re-
duced, and luring as large, if not a larger, amount of
revenue? (Applause.) If you, my worthy friends, will
help ua in this matter, and whilst we aro reducing duties,
it' there are any (its I believe there are), too high under our
present system, you will reduce this, it would be of essential
aid to us in that great cause; and I believe it would be
highly beneficial to Great Britain, and to both countries;
because, if you take more of our tobacco, we, would
take more of your manufactures to pay fur it. Gentle ineu,
I believe that if the free-trade statesmen of England—be-
cause they can more 'readily have access to the statistics—
would take up the tariff' of all the world, and, by a pro-
cess of reaseeniug somewhat similar to that employed by
my worthy friend the president on this occasion, would
demonstrate by prices current and by actual results what
was the loss sustained by the entire world, by the tariff
system of each country, by driving labour in every country
ou the bum of the globe into unproductise pursuits—.
(hear, hear)—and taxing it, I apprehend the world would
be astounded by the results. (near, hear.) Why,
gentlemen, if the world is composed, as is generally
believed, of a thousand million people, and only two
hundred millions are employed in such labour, and that
labour is reduced but Id. a day to each of them, in conse-
quence of its being driven out of those pursuits in which it
would be must profitably invested in every country, but for
the intervention of the laws of men, the loss to tho whole
world, and to the labouring industry of the world, in ono
year, would amount to the incredible sum of four hundred
an I eighty millions sterling. (" Hear, beer," and applause.)
Gentlemen, protective tariffs arc the walls and partitions
which separate men and nations, and they are the great
causes of war—(hear, hear).—they are
,the great causes of
war expenditure—they arc the enemies of peace, of pro-
gress, and civilisation. (Applause.) Nor, gentlemen, is
this question of tariff a mere question of dollars and cents.
It it had been, I ale mid not have devoted au much of my
Average 66 ... 26 humble time to the question. No, gentlemen, it is a ques-
The average being, of those duties embracing most of the lion of justice, of humanity, and of philanthropy. (?pear, I
great necessities of life exported from England to Amc- hear.) It concerns the comforts and the subsistence of
rice, eighty-eight per cent. under the tariff of 1842, and nearly all the industrial classes. It decides whether
twenty-six per cent. under the tariff of 1846. (Hear, hear) they shall have comforts and plenty for themselves and
Now, when you bear in mind that from the organization families, or whether they shall be reduced to want and
of our government under our constitution in 1788, down to penury, or driven to the poor-house and the grave.
' December, 1845, no American secretary had ever dared to (Hear, hear.) It is not, then, gentlemen, a question of
propose the abandonment of protective duties, it must, I mere dollars and cents, but it is a higher and a more lofty
think, be conceded that the change made by a single step question, which concerns the happiness, and the welfare,
was great and important. (Applause.) Under the tariff and the morals of the people. (Herne- hear.) I have heard,
as it then stood, there was scarcely an article manufactured gentlemen, some talk made, ante I have been here, about
of cotton that the manufacturers of this day could have ex- what you aro pleased to call " Old John Bull." But,
ported to the United States. With duties ranging from 41 I gentlemen, I do not think that he is old—(hear, hear)— I
to 70 per cent. they would soon have become, in fact they but rather in the vigour of youth and manhood. Ibe
were becoming, absolutely prohibitory. Now, the export is lieve that he has been growing younger fur many years
nearly quadrupled. (Hear.) Well, these are some of the I past. (" Hear," and laughter.) I believe, gentlemen,
results, as I have noted them from the statistical tables of that he is much younger than he was in 1831, prior to
the Visited States, of what has been the effect produced in I the passing of the Reform Bill. (Hear, hear.) I believe
that country by our reduced Midi: Our exports, the last , that ke is younger than Ito was in 1844, when you re-
year of the tariffof 1842, were 113,498,516 dollars; in 1851, I peeled the duty on cotton. I believe he is much younger
under the tariff of 1846, they were 19.3,898,6,50 dollars. I than he was in 1816, when you repealed your corn laws,
(Hear.) Our revenue the last year of the tariff 0f1842 was I and we reduced our tariff—(great cheering)—and, gentle-
-26,712,000 dole.; the last year, under the tariff of 1846, it was men, without intending to intermeddle (for I have no right
50 millions dollars. (Hear.) Thus, whilst we have reduced 'to do so) in what concerns your purely internal policy, I can
our duties in this enormous ratio by one single step, our only state, from some meetings I base seen in Manchester
revenue already is nearly doubled. (Hear, hear.) Our I and elsewhere, that should it be my happy lot in some few
tonnage in 1816 was 2,562,000 tone ; in 1851 it was 3,780,000 , years hence to return to England again, I believe I shall'
tone. (Hear.) Our ships built from 1842 to 1846 were ' hod what you call the "Old Gentleman" still younger-
-501,000 tone ; front 1846 to 16.30 they were 1,090,000 tons. 1 (laughter)—by a further extension of the right of the suf.
Our railroads built from 1812 to 1846, were 1,892 miles ; fr.'m (rags to the industrial classes, and by their education.
1816 to 1851, the length of railroads built was nearly 6,000 (" Hear, hear," and cheers.) Permit me here, gentlemen,
miles. Our coastwise tonnage in 1846 was 1,117,000 tons; in ! to say one word, in the most kindly spirit, and with the
1850 it was 1,431,000 tone. (Hear.) And here, gentlemen, best wishes. Notwithstanding that there are many things
let me call your attention to the last two items. It is sail by in my own country that undoubtedly cannel compare with
the protectionists in the country, that although your foreign yours (as lam free to acknowledge, and as every candid
trade may greatly augment, you will overflow and destroy American will du), yet on the subject of education—(bear)
your internal commerce and industry. Well, now, the extent . —permit me to say that all our industrial classes are the-
of that internal commerce is exhibited by the increase of our roughly educated. (Cheers.) Atv,, gentlemen, if we have
railroads and the coastwise tonnage ; because it is our rail- I succeeded in anything, either in agriculture or manlike-
roads and coastwise vessels that carry the products of oar , tures—or if, with our high wages,we have maintained com-
internal industry from state to state, and from city to city. , petition with the foreign market in anything against the rest
Instead of the prediction being realised that this decrease of the world, it is owing, more than to all other causes cow
of duties, although it might increase our foreign trade, liMed, to the thorough education of our industrial classes.
would destroy our internal commerce—precisely the reverse (Hear.) Although, gentlemen, we have not so many hands
had been the fact, and our railroads and coastwise tonnage, • at work, as the hundredth part of the world, in our indult-
iadicating the progress of our internal commerce and in- trial class, yet Ido believe that, so far as that lases is eon-
dustry, have increased in a ratio unprecedented since we ccrned, we have more heads at work than all the rest of the
were a nation. (Cheers.) Now, gentlemen, I will show world. And, gentlemen, *Mee manufactures have become
you the participation which you have had in some of these the work of machinery,. the application of mind to matter,
results; becatme I believe that there is a perfect identity of ' and the education of the industrial classes who are concerned
interest between England and America—(applause)—that in our workshops and factories, become an element iodise
the more prosperous we are, and the more able will we be to pensable to success. :(Heer.) Gentlemen, in this great race,
purchase, and the better price will we be able to give, fur whether it be on the ocean or on the land, I will not say
your manufactures. (Hear.) And, again, the more pros- , which is a-head, the United States or England. 1 believe,
: perous England is, the more will you be Ode to purchase , that they have kept up a pretty. close race. I believe, gen-
. of our cotton, our rice, our breailstuffs, our provisions, I tlemen, that they are not moving is diverging lines or in
our tobacco, and other agricultural
..products. (Hear.) parallel lines, but that they are moving in converging lines,
, The American tonnage entered iu the United States during , that they are both moving to the same great point—perfec.
the year ending 30th June, 1850, was 2,573,000 tons ; the : Lion of laws and liberty, and of constitution, for the benefit
. foreign tonnage which entered our ports during the same j and the happiness of the people of both countries. (Hear.)
time was 1,773,000 tons, of which there was of British, i Gentlemen, one of the complaints made in my country,
1,440,000 tow: that is, 4-sths of all the foreign tonnage of the at this time, is that we are sending you too much gold. It

is not complained that we send you too much cotton, or
send you too much bread-stuffs and provisions, er riee, or
tobacco; but it is one of the great coinplainte of the pro-
tectionists at this day, that we send you too me h gold.
Well, now, gentlemen, I have not the exact e! tidies on
that aubject, but they ere sufficiently accurate eidge of
the results. It is at in the Times, that the pea Weil of
the gold mines of Ceiithrida this year were 75 raillMns of
dollars • cur own papers make it much higher. It is
stated that we have sent this year to all the world, princie
pal.y to you, some fusty teillions of dollars. uow, if
that be so, we have retained of this gold 3i m !liens of
dollars at home. Now, the question is, whether it is for
our own g est ; have we vent out too much or tim little of
this gold ? On 'seeming the life of Ferdinend and Isabella
of Spaiu, the other dey, by an eminent Americ to his-
torian, Mr. Prescott,—one differing from myself in poll-
s'e that distinguished historian steles it as
a mere historical fact, that prior to the .IF:silvery of
America, tepain was sue of the most mom roes of nations,
and particularly in eniumerce and netaufacturex. She dis-
covered America, and those mines of untold teillions of
gold unit salver ; she monepolieed the whole as fer as she
could ; she brought them 41 within the limits of Spain ;
and then, to luxuriate in this gold and silver here..f, and to
deprive all thereat of the world of it, she pistil it less for-
bidding the export of the precious metals from Speia. What
was the result 2 Although the law was but pare illy exe-
cuted, the historian states that it increased so vastly the
amount of the precious metale and currency threiighout
Spain as to augment in so great a ratio the eNOOMILS of
Livia; and of producing and of man af icturing
in Spain, tie compared with other couivres that
had a smaller proportion of currency, that it ut-
terly oseraheiraed and destroyed the indmtey and
manufactures of Spain ; and from that blow, tens given
by too large a currency, Spain to this day ben never
recovered. (Hear, hear.) She was inundated wiflt foreign
imports; she resorted to high prohibitory duties ; but the
safety-valve was open..l, us it always will he arc 1•r such
duties, by the smuggler , and she has never to this nay re-
covered teem the injuries inflicted upon her by Idling up,
in too great masses, the precious metals witein her
limits. (Ileac, hear.) I think the question then is, not,
have we sent out too ranch gold ; but have wo re-
tained too much gold at home ? I believe g‘ otlemen,
that the events which have recently transeieed In
France, are of momentous maguitnee to Ragland, to the
I.7nited Gates, and to tee world. It is true, ip utleinen.
there may he a momentary repose of despotism, i, true
that that man who lies combined in himself the c meracters
of a traitor, of an ineuri,ent —(hear, hear), met of a I.,;litary
tuutiwr—(near, hear), may trample down for the moment
the liberties of France. ilut, gentlemen, I pro..mad this
solemn qua stieu to Euglishmea—if he do's aura ,St, who
can doubt that it government established by the army
of Louis Napoleon—established in favour of a man
whose hands are dripping with the warns lift-A..ld of
his countrymen, of every nv, sex, end
that a government thus estalui.lied will not beconie a mili-
tary despotism—that Louis Napoleon will net lee (-eine a
mere pawn to he moved on the political chess-hoer,' by the
iron finger of the Czar? (Hear, hear.) And, at...thence,
is it for the interests of England that she should have an-
other military despotism en the continent of liar re es, end
immediately on her border.? Is it her inter., •• it the
interest of the constitutional government of Earl I -that
all the continent of Europe be mere(' by Pyete: is which
are the Tay antipodes of her own ? Is it her ine et that
throughout that great continent there shall be uO :event-
meats hut those that arc bland in armies tout i t ..naps?
Will it increase her commerce I Will it renter her
more site and secure from the reeentlta of de-
spotic powers? Will Euelaud be more safe when there
is nothing but despotic eeverinuents on her bore and
throughout the whole continent of Europe? it is not
fur me t, attempt to draw the veil which cenevals the
future. It is my fear, my apprehension—for I desire not to
see any such results—that lengland will be asseili ,1 by the
military elevations of Europe. (Hear, hear.) 11 iiy, gen-
Bianco, this despotism of Frau,' being ore created by tho
army of France, meet necessarily be mixings:rent faeeeitisin-
The army must have employment. It is not to light e.i.iinst
the despotism of Europe. This act has ;dread>. ,so-
tained by the despotic power of Austria, and I. I i, • ao
doubt that you will find it sustained by the Rossi a clw,
and by sill the despotismes of the continent of Europe.
Thou if the imperial array of France is to liar • spiky-
men: may we not look hack to history ? La !Mai had
we not a somewhat parallel catastrophe, when the ...institu-
tion of Franca was uverthrewn by Napoleon Bona-
parte, and an imperial government wits re-estahlislnd
tit France, as 1 believe it soon will be in
France again, when the transparent yell shall be torn :edits.):
What followed on the establishment of tile imp, ri il rind
military power in France in 1801, may it nut follow in
1851? Sow, gentlemen, I hope these events sa rev not
follow; I hope that we shell have peace—peace whh Eng-
lund—peace, if possible, with all mankind. (Appl +use.)
There is nu genuine freetrader that can he otherwise titan
the friend of peace. (Al,;! Luse) And Idos ay this, that
I do not believe that it is the interest of England to ally
herself with the despots of the continent of Europe.
(Hear.) And I say further, that if upon her refusal to de
so, she eliouid be assailed by those despotic pow.-Pr; if,
maintaining her own constitutional government, her awn
trial by jury, her own liberty of speech and of the press—
(cheers), the 'Mould moire our aid—l speak what I know
to be the unanimous sentiment of my country, tie! entire
American populatioa, hacked by their government, will
come as Oat° HMI, and !Mitt the battle with you, if it be
necessary. (lunnenee cheering.) Gentle:tan, 1 return you
my thanks for the manner in which you have receives! my
remark*, and I lag to offer the following toast, " Eroiperity
to the towns of Manchester and Salford, and free treat a
over the world." The lion. gentleman resumed his seat
amidst most hearty cheering, having spoken an hour and
three minutes.

%
JOHN BRIGHT, Esq., M.l'., on rising, was received
with loud cheers. Ile said that whilst reflecting on the in-
teresting circumstance* which hail called them nefether, ho
had considered how far such a meeting might be useful or
otherwise; and it had occurred to him that one result of
this and similar meetings was, in some degree, to counter-
act a misehi, I which was sometimes complained of. Lab
. terly, there hail grown up what he believed was a veryjnst
feeling—a suspicion of all secret diplomacy. There had been
a well-founded opinion forming that so lone as the self tiro of
nations were managed IT some particular individuate in
each nation responsible for the most part to public opinion
—until it was too late far public opinion to act—they would
have between nations many errors committed, and that the
intercourse of nations would be often carried on upon mis.
taken principles—often on very narrow views; and that
great events— events of immense importance to countries
and to the world—would he decided, perhaps, to suit the
interests of a dynasty or of a party, rather than the in-
terests of a people. (Load cheers. ) Now he considered
such meetings as the one then held as tending very much
to counteract whatever of evil there might arise (cons this
secret system of diplomacy; because they were met, as it were,
people to people. This was a year in which we had taken to
teaching the whole %med. The nations of the world had
had a great examination in Hyde lark; and some had
been the first in one branch, and some in another; and
America had in some respects ranked high. And although
the country gentlemen of Englund had a great horror of
American corn, yet they had gathered in great numbers
from various parts to witness a remarkable machine,
the result of American ingenuity, which would en-
able them more easily to cut the corn grown in this
country. (Cheers.) Well, then, in free trade they might
learn the United States something, although they hail no
right to be arrogant in their teachings, for they ha I great
difficulty to persuade this country that free trade was right,
sad therefore it would he wrung in them greatly to shone
any other nation that has not attained the point which wo
have reached. It was a curious fact that the question of
protection was maintained by the same arguments in every
country, and that they had proved in every country to be
equally unsound. sow, he would like to ask the opinion
of any man (not those, however, who subscribed to tho
Anti-Corn-law League, because they were known to be la-
bouring under an infetuation)—(laughter)—but those who
looked dispassionately on the country ; and he thought it
impossible for such men not to have observed that there
waste great improvement in many important feature, of tho.
country between IW and ROL Ile did not prophecy that
commercial crises would never come, but they must bo
much lets frequent—much less intense and destructive
in their •consequences on the great body of the
traders and artisans of the community. (Hear, hear.) And
a feeling had (gradually gained ground, that social order
was in no danger of being disturbed. Ile believed, if the
statesmen of the two countries would keep clear of personal
and party feelings, and look only to the true national inter-
ests, behaving honourably, ?justly, and courteously to each
other, both making concessions when fair and reasonable,
bearing and furbearing, believing the best of each other
always, then it would be impossible these two nations
should ever again be embroiled in discard; and thee, whom
God intended for ever to be brethren, though separated by
the wide Atlantic, would be joined in that holy alliance to
which their guest had referred, endeavouring to secure tho
best institutions possible, and offering to the world the
great example of what flee nations might become. (Great
cheering)
The CHAIRMAN next gave—" The House of Commons
and the representatives of the boroughs of Manchester and
Salford." (Cheers.)
The Hon. T. el. Gibson and Mr. Joseph Brotherton,
both rose, amidst loud cheering.
Tho lion. T. M. GIBSON said ho felt it •
matter of some difficulty and responsibility to re-
turn thanks on behalf of the House of Commons. Mr.
Ilndherton, he was sure, was well able to speak for himself,
and he should not anticipate anything he might have to say.
la being expected to return thank, for the House of Com-
mons, as a compliment to it on account of its having passed
measures of free trade, he felt it to be rather u difficult
task, because the house of Commons resisted free trade
so long as there was any chance of retaining protection
on the statute-book. And when that important measure, the
repeal of the corn-laws, was carried, it came from that honour-
able house rather in the form of a surreutkr and capitula-
tion, therefore he had to qualify his obeervations with re-
ference to the thanks due to the House of Commons. Expe-
rience, however, had convinced many of those who opposed
the repeal of the corn-laws, that it was a souud policy, and
that Icy adopting it the government had consulted the beet
interests of the people of this country. (Cliceie.) the
parliamentary returns and statistics of both countries had
been sufficient to convince the most reluctant. Mr.
Walker had spoken of the vast advantages which had
been derived in America by tho education of the industrious
classes. lle (Mr. Gibson) thought of that remark when
Mr. Walker was referring to the ills which were afflicting
France. It was his (Mr. Gibson's) belief, that there was
nothing so injurious to the good order of society as tiro
want of general education. Even c:hstitutional
gyvrtip-
ments could not exist sal, ly amidst the ignorancie of tho
I people. And there was no education so valuable, in ride,
mime to the welfare of society, as information *lnn the re.