The Express.
London, England, 1847-10-23 00:00:00

ghe erp'efsgi•

and the number will naturally increase daily. In •
reading the proceedings at a meeting of the West-
meath-Farming Socie y,we have been greatly pleased
by the speech of Mr. WINTIIII, and we cannot refrain
from quoting a passage from it.
The calamity that has latterly befallen this country will
effect • total change in our system, u we will be obliged to
resort more to green cropping than we were in the habit of
doing ; and should our nest efforts be not so successful as we
oould wish, we should not despair, as the fault may rest with
ourselves. We see every day crops not property thinned,
cleaned, or cultivated ; and till we lean the value of time,
and apply it to those crops, we cannot be Tory sanguine of
success. The amallest child can use a hoe and loose the
earth about turnips when taught to do so; the time spent
idling and gossiping about the reads would more than
suffice to keep the crops in the best order. To be sure
they can on occasions make a burst, and put a face on
matters, but it requires steady and continuous application
to insure success—none can be prosperous if not attentive,
and we must learn to depend on our own energy in place of
looking for government relief. We are fairly chargeable with
negligence and careleuness in our affairs, and as an instance
of it I would mention a fact that met my eye In several
places as I travelled here. The hay crop, at present a valua-
ble one, is to be seen lying out in the fields to this very hour,
with the cattle in the aftergress dragging it out and trampling
it into dung, in place of it being snugly ricked in the hag-
gard. In drainage, too, which we are all no anxious to see
properly carried out, very imperfect attempts arc made,
which generally end in failure, after considerable cost and
trouble ; the farmer will take it into his head to commence
draining his land, and makes a bunt by
.opening up a par-
cel of drains which he will allow to remain so during tho
winter, and in coming to complete the work in the following
spring, he finds that the frost and rains have made it neces-
sary for him to clear his drains over again : so he goes on, and
about the third year we Sad him putting in the stones, half in
dirt, which after a while will become clicked up, and be of
very little use ; the farmer is of course dissatisfied with the re-
sult, and talks of the great expense of drainage, whereas to do
the work in a permanent and effective manner would have
cost far lean outlay and trouble. We should all be anxious to
promote the several branches of industry in connexion with
the farm, to as to be enabled to meet our engagements in an
honourable and fair manner, and not by scheming to super-
sede our just liabilities, or repudiation of our lawful debts
or engagements. It is cot the tenant that falls into arrear,
or strives to cheat his landlord, that you will ever find pros-
perous and contented ; on the contrarv, the industrious man,
anxious to meet the claims of his landlord, is the man that
you almost invariably see prosperous and happy. There are
charges, and heavy ones, hanging over us, which must be
met, and I trust the landlords of this district will discharge
them in an independent and honourable manner. I regret
to see that in some places they are objecting to pay their
debts. The government advanced money on very liberal
terms, and those claims should be met in a spirit of justice
and fair dealing. Every man in his station should pay Na
liabilities, whether of rates, rents, or repayment of advances •
for in the end it will be found that honesty is the best
policy. By short cuts it never can be done.
- -

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or NV% ilsb
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will be made RP Ca d the Ittli October.
The math be Mr Said raw T Elesioth Lead. Mel Nee
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the Hammed, till he meet mi ea
niter themireslogof Imt Nommlim.
The overlaid be Oh Mamtliesem the is•laa lauds,
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wet bi =de WI. the morelogetthe Nevember.
The mile be DMA soft wireasessorg" sob tbei MOM
Matte, bomb up setae wain af the id Nometber.
The wile foe the Dream the Nem Plate, Moats Woo, Parent
Dore. Bahia, Moteln, nag Boom Ayres, will be made up cot the
evening of the 4th Nommter.

TO CORTISPONDINTS.
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a, Of Me. 10. Boaw,yle.atrett, by Two dela.* ea au Jay of pabilealba.

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LONDON, SATURDAY, OCT. 23.
ALL great moral effects seem to be produced in the
world upon the principle of the sledge-hammer, by
the incessant repetition of powerful and well-directed
blows. Great, unfamiliar, and unwelcome truths
must be hammered into the public ear ; and those who
wield the engine are not to pause or desist because the
sounds are monotonous, and the operation slow. The
present rulers of Ireland are wisely making her re-
sound
from north to south, and from east to west, with
the vital and saving lesson of self-dependence. The
sound is harsh and repugnant to cars accustomed to
be flattered, and unused to " the language of truth
and soberness." The strains of the syren arc sweeter
than the voice of a Mentor, but the language of
wisdom will be heard at last; " magna est reritas et
prorralebit."
If the business of "trying to exist," does not en-
tirely engross the FITZGERALDS and VANDELEURS,
we would venture to recommend them half-an-hour's
very. easy, bat very profitable employment—not to
repair with their own hands those broken fences of
which they told Lord Cs. VRENDON so affecting a tale,
but—just to cast an eye, ever so listlessly, over an
article in the new number of the Edinburgh Reim,
on the subject of Rolland, and her marvellous indus-
trial history. Or, if they wish to consult a native
author, let them look over the same subject treated by
Mr. T. M'CuLL.tGli. This is surely no very arduous
task to set any country gentleman ; it would scarcely
be too hard work for the " Castle of Indolence " itself.
They will find an instructive and eloquent account
of what a brave, hardy, and indepenaent race of
men have done for a country, not blessed as Ireland
is by nature with all the materials and elements of
riches and prosperity, but to which nature has from
the earliest period played the part of the harshest
stepmother. Compare her lavish boons to Ireland
with her niggardlyconcesaions to the Dutch. The Irish
people possess one of the fairest islands of the deep ; a
vast extent of rich soil, a genial climate, mineral wealth
in abundance, magnificent harboura, navigable rivers,
every circumstance favourable to national welfare, but
little that is adverse to it ; fur in those very bogs which
occupy a large portion of her surface, she possesses an
enormous magazine of fuel, that primary condition in
estimating at the present day the capabilities of any
country. Thus, earth, sky, and ocean, which form a
triple league against the Netherlands, are confederated
in behalf of Ireland. who has nothing to impede her
progress bat the faults of her own people, while the
Dutch have to wage a daily mortal fight with nature,
almost with Fate herself. What is Holland but the
sediment of the Rhine, with a strip of sandy beach
along the shores of the North Sea? The people had to
begin by making their country ; they did not receive it
made to their hands and replenished with good things,
like Ireland. Oat of the sand and slime they constructed
it by prodigious labour, and by prodigious labour only
do they preserve it from day to day, and boar to
hour. That enormous water-power which is placed
at the disposal of the Irish, for advantage only,
whether to irrigate their fields, or turn the wheels of
a thousand factories, for ever threatens to overwhelm
the Dutch, and calls forth all their energies, not to
employ, but to resist it. The ocean is to Holland a
roaring lion, seeking to devour her; it stands
over the nation a sterner task-master than
the gruffest giant in romance. The great rivers which,
descending from the Alpine regions, pour their waters
into the Netherlands are not, like the Shannon and
Blackwater, streams of commerce and springs of
wealth, but devastating floods, above which herculean
efforts and immense expenditure alone enable the
sons of labour to raise their heads. They exist in
despite of the waves and storms; but have they li-
mited their achievements to existence ? Has not
their existence been for centuries a career of wealth,
and often a career of glory? They have made them-
selves famous in agriculture and commerce, in peace
and in war. The Dutch may indeed be said to have
realised the fancinl exploit of Hotspur :
to plunge into the bottom of the deep,
And drag up drowntd honour by the lock..
The Irish exist, and do no more; when, had they
bat hearts of controversy in their breasts, there is ne
prosperity which might not be theirs, no triumph
ever wonby civilised man that is not fairly within their
grasp. The hands are not folded that should hold the
spade and plough in Holland, as they are in Ireland.
An hour of Irish life would make Holland like the
reef in Mr. COOPER'S new romance, after the second
earthquake had buried it in the waves. The Irish
country gentleman, who talked the other day to
Lord CLARENDON of " trying to exist," and explained
the trial to be synonymous with "doing nothing,"
either to improve his estate, or his country, ought to
be sent to school to Holland for some winters.'"
Were the burgomasters to follow his example,
the next fleet that mile for the Baltic would
ride over the spires of Amsterdam and Utrecht. The
normal state of the kingdom of the Netherlands is as
if the Atlantic were perpetually to peer over the
cliffs of Clare and Connemara, while the Shannon at
the same time was familiar with the streets of Lime-
rick. Conceive such a natural revolution ; there
might then be some excuse for a flight of the boobies
and noddies up to Dublin Castle, to make Cork-hill
their Ararat, and invoke the Viceroy to build
an ark for them. How the men who will
not fence their own fields to prevent their cows
from straying would howl at the door of the presence-
chamber for English money to build dykes with, or
cry to Sir WILLIAM SOMERVILLE to save them from
the eels ! Fancy Colonel VANDELEGE in the Znyder
Zee, or Mr. FITZGERALD in a polder, where to live is
to pump. Let us figure to ourselves, also, what a
people who have converted a tract of mud and sea-
wrack into one of the most flourishing countries in
the world, would have made of such materials as Ire-
land. We should like to see a colony of
Dutchmen established beyond the Channel, to
teach the Irish of all classes the duty
and the dignity of labour; but we are not so malign
as to wish to see Holland in turn colonised by the
Frrzotesins and VANDELEURS, for then would the
Dutch be drowned—if anything can drown a Dutch-
man—the nation would return m a week to the slime
and ooze from which she sprang. With allies of such
strenuous inertia, Neptune and old father Rhine
Would speedily carry the day. The Irish settlers
would never put a hand to a pump without an address
to the court at the Hague, or repair the casing of a
dyke without an appeal to the charities of Europe.
But no individual or community can permanently evade
the original law that orders man to labour. Difficulty
taught the Dutch to subdue difficulty, and difficulty
will now assuredly teach the Irish the same lemon.
Calamity has come upon Ireland, not in the form of
inundation or tempest, but in a shape just as formida-
ble and jest as instructive. Am the floods command
the Hollander to look to his sea-walls, so does the
famine direct the Irishman to till his fields. None will

- -
This is language that does the speaker honour.
We are particularly glad to sec industry recommended
as an outwork of honesty, for such it is undoubtedly.
The slothful farmer is unable to pay his rents, and
the. faineants of higher rank arc the first to find their
public obligations burthensome, and to try to shirk
them. Without industry, neither private men nor
public bodies can long preserve character. It is meet
satiNfactory to find that Mr. WINTI:It'S speech was
loudly cheered ; we trast its advice will be followed.

till them for him : the Dutch drain their own polders ;
the Irish must cultivate their own acres. Tke work
of no people can efficiently or systematically be done
by proxy. The vicarious plan is very pleasant to all
but the vicars. These truths must be preached and
written, enforced and repeated, in season and oat of
season, until sloth is shamed into exertion, and Irish-
men begin to learn by comfortable experience that
one guinea from their own pockets, laid out in do-
mestic improvement with their own hands, is better
than ten thousand in the form of benevolence from
any quarter of tho globe, to be expended by any
bmrd of works.
It is not to be supposed that there is an absolute
want in Ireland at this moment of men possessing the
only spirit which can ever lift her up from her present
abject situation. Such a want would bo more de-
-1;!orable than even famine. We believe there are
mat: independent men amongst the Irish gentry,

ONE wholesome feature of the legislation of our
time is the disposition manifested by it to abolish
privileges, when the reasons for them have disap-
peared. It is true that the freedom from arrest
claimed by members of parliament, etude, mqrando,
et redtundo is still sanctioned by the courts in all the
latitude which precedents have given it. But there
is something significant in the comments which were
provoked by the most recent assertion of this im-
munity. Again, the same privilege is claimed by her
Majesty's servants in ordinary, and was, no later than
May last, held good in the Exchequer, in the case of
the Somerset herald. This gentleman seems to have
stretched his privilege to the utmost. Justice PAT-
TESON, and Baron GCRNEY, Justice BOSANQUET,
Baron PARKE, and Baron ALDERSON, have all
in turn Tailed the fasces of their respective
courts beforo the tabard of her Majesty's
Somerset herald in ordinary. But the last ap-
pearance of this embarrassed functionary roused the
court into an expression of regret " that questions of
this kind relating to the privileges of her Majesty's
servants to be exempted from arrest should arise in
modern times;" and " I must say," added Baron
ALDERSON, " it would be better if her Majesty were
served by persons who are not in debt."
In this case, no doubt, the fact that the privilege
belonged not to the party but to the crown, has had
something to do with the respect it has received from
the courts of law. There is no such v, nerable pro-
tection thrown round the privilege recently claimed
by attorneys, of exemption from suits in the county
courts. This class of practitioners has always asserted
a right at common law of suing . and being
sued only in the courts of Westminster, based
on the somewhat wild fiction that their con-
stant attendance is required in the superior
Courts, " for the sake of justice, and the benefit of all
the people of England. Probably the people of
England would willingly exchange the benefit they
derive from the constant attendance of attorneys in
the superior courts for the advantage of being able to
recover debts under 201. from members of that
respectable body, in courts which do not show quite so
much indulgence to extravagant bills of costs as the
Queen's Bench, Exchequer, or Common Pleas.
The question on this exemption has been often
mooted lately, in the County Courts, with contradic-
tory. results. In the County Court of Warwickshire
we learn from the Jurist, that the judge decided in
favour of the privilege. Such a decision appears quite
at variance with the 67th section of the County
Courts Act, which enacts that "no privilege, except
as hereinafter excepted, shall be allowed to any per-
son to exempt him 'from the jurisdiction of any court
holden under this act." The subsequent exceptions
are confined to the courts of the universities and the
stannaries. . . .

We are glad to see that the learned judge of the
Bloomsbury
_County Court disallowed this claim to
exemption, in a case decided by him on Thursday.
" He considered that the clause was framed expressly
to meet the question of privilege, and he could make
no distinction as to an attorney." We cannot con-
ceive that the superior courts will take a different view
of the question, should it be raised before them. The
principle, on which the maintainers of the exemption
rely, is laid down in the " Institutes," " the
general words of a statute do not take away
a particular privilege or benefit." But the
words of the 67th section are not general. The
addition " except as hereinafter excepted," makes
them special, limiting the privileges which the act
recognise?, strictly and specially to those of the courts
of the universities and the stannaries. Independently,
however, of this clause, the exemption in question
would have been singularly inconsistent with the
tone of the act towards the class which claims it. _

_
A measure which makes such rude havoc of the
attorney's costs could hardly have meant to respect
his privileges. Its ruthless dealing with the fictions
on which he rears his bill, can scarcely be reconciled
with a recognition of the fictions on which he sets up
his immunity.

Le stating the objections to any compulsory action
by the state on the financial affairs of the railway
companies, we have already observed that the actual
pressure of the times may be trusted to check their
progress and to narrow their expenditure quite as
much as can be desirable under all the circumstances
of the case. Supposing—astheargumenta for a forcible
check must assume, if they are at all reasonable—that
there were in the shareholders' pockets • sufficient
quantity of disposable money to keep all the works
they have undertaken a-going with fall activity
throughout the winter, and that their funds would be
thus spent, unless the process were violently inter-
rupted, it might very fairly be questioned whe-
ther, even on this extreme scale, the money would
not, on the whole, be well laid out. It would not be
easy to prove that the largest amount of voluntary
contribution by the owners of surplus means, ex-
pended for the moment in an immediate employment
of labour, and likely, in time, at once to return a profit
to the undertakers, and to add to the wealth of the
country at large, by improving. and cheapening its
communications, could be otherwise than useful in the
main. It would be hard to show in what manner the
labourers, workmen, and artisans whom this outlay
might keep in honest independence, ciuld be better
provided for; or how the transfer of their support
from the parties who might have the power and the
will to employ them in productive operations, to the
rate-payers, who must be compelled to maintain them
in aimless idleness, when work fails them, could bring
any real improvement to the condition of the country
at large. We saw last year, on a vast scale, the
waste and demoralisation attendant on the charge of
supporting numbers by artificial means, in a time of
distress, when natural sources of labour either did not

THE EXPRESS. SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 23, 1847.

afternoon in the Caire. Another rawly is that he le gain
to France for medical advice, having recently suffered a
severe Mesas. The latter is thei more probable.
Captain Tate, of the merchant navy, wee charged before
'barst.ea of judicial police, with having broken the
• laws, by Levies his vowel in the quarantine
, doming on shore, and entering the city, thereby
eamenehe island of Malta to be placed in quarantine for
the inn of fourteea days, contrary to the municipal law of
Matte, esp. 3, reg. xli., of the regulations of the health
department, which states that " The meter cad Crew of and
alp, whether native or foreige, entering the quarantine har-
lam Me reform quarantine, are held to the vigorous obser-
ves's, of the orders which are given or prescribed by the
health officers. Whoever contravenes, should the contraven-
tion directly or indirectly affect the health depart-
ment, or in any way prejudice it, is liabk to thepain of &mil t.
And in every other case, the punishment shall be arbitrary
(by the judges) but rigorous, according to the peculiar cir-
cumstance, of the occaeieni, and the nature of the contraven-
tion." After an investigatien into the case, Mr. Tate was
committed for trial before her Majesty's criminal court, com-
posed of three judges. The examination before the magis-
trates took place with closed doors ; the press, however,
knows enough, and has already published much more than
the government of Malta relishes. it appears that the cri-
minal court cannot punish Mr. Tate for these reasons; he was
never told to hoist the quarantine flag; be was never told
to put one in his boat; and more than ell, the usual paper
of instruction' or orders alluded to in the municipal
law was never given ta him at all. Be has therefore
infringed no orders, no instructions ; on the contrary, he was
driven away from the Parlatorio by the guardian on duty,
sent to land amongst the shore-boats in pratique, for he was
taken to he the captain of one of three or four vessels lying
contrary to the regulations in that harbour "in free pre-
tique. The French steamer, on the ith, brought us a few
letters from Naples. Ono of them says :—" Although it is
publicly endeavoured to deny the 'progress of the revolution
in Calabria, it is well known that the liberals have had, and
laid have, the advantage. There was a sanguinary conflict
between the insurgents and a body of Swiss troops at Passo.
the Swiss were beaten, and left 400 men dead on the field.
The Gladiator, on her arrival from Messina, brought us
accounts that the shooting of the people, after a drum-head
court-martial, had been suspended for some days ; but that
numerous arrests continue to take place. The city appears de-
serted ; commerce is at a stand ; the shops are nearly all
closed; two or more persons are prohibited from walking to-
gether—no one can be out after sunset; councils of war sit
permanently; in short, all is terror and desolation." The
reported flight of the Prince of Capers was, as I suspected,
untrue. The fact is, the prince is surrounded by Neapolitan
epics, who report his every movement to the consul. On
that day the prince had not been seen on the terrace in the
garden, nor at his windows, neither had his flag been
hoisted. Away ran the spies to town—" The prince has
fled" " gone to 'Sicily ;"; " gone in the Gladiator, and
taken with him 5,000 stand of arms for the rebels in Al-
bania ;" and a thousand other rumours were quickly in
circulation. The prince had felt very unwell that day, and,
from medical advice, had kept his chamber. The famous
protest of the people of Sicily, which occasioned the flight
of Poerer from Naples, is being reprinted here.
The Heels steamed off for Tripoli on the 9th, taking the
Bishop of Gibraltar and Mr, Read, the English vice-consul
at that place. The Hecla returned on the afternoon of the
11th with the bishop on board; the health authorities re-
fused him permission to land, as they had put Malta in qua-
rantine. Another infraction of the port regulations took
place on the 9th. An English merchant brig, the Eclipse,
from England, hove-to off the grand harbour during the
morning of the 10th, and the captain left his vessel in a boat
with four men, and came ashore. No guard-boat hailed him
in coining in ; no guardian stopped him afterwards ; no one
took any notice of him. Guards, guardians, port officiale,
were all asleep, or enjoying the deice Jar niente so much in
vogue in that department. The brig was in pratique, and
had had no communication since she left England ; but she
might have had the plague on board, for anything our
authorities knew or cared. The captain and boat's crew
were put in confinement, and on the 12th were examined
before the sitting magistrate. They were remanded for to-
day. Baron Sceberas has been cited, by Padre }limeade,
' the chief of the Jesuit establishment here, before the police
court, for defaming his order, by giving promulgation,
' openly, to a report that is current throughout Malts, respect-
ing certain transactions which occurred in the Jesuit college
between spriest and a pupil The baron has also been cited
by the priest said to be implicated. The cause was brought
' before the court, and the Baron Sceberas has been condemned
L to pay a fine of two pounds, and outfit' one month's impel-
. torment, or apologise to the Jesuits for having made use of
the expressions he did. The oaron paid the fine, and de-
, dared he would suffer even death rather than retract one
iota of what was true, known to be so by hundreds in Malta,
and was the common topic of conversation throughout the
city. The baron was therefore led off to confinement in the
common gaol.

exist or were notlbeeskt at to be opened. Now,
unless you could get rid of the working man at the
E time that you resolve to close the sources from
which his wages are paid, this same wasteful and in-
jurious process must always take place—it may be in
a lees degree, but similar in kind to what we beheld
last year in Ireland—whenever he is disabled from
sustaining himself on the demand for his work, and
thrown, in whatever way, upon the state for his main-
tenance.
This neceesil; and ita conseveneee in
various directions, are so grievous in their action, that '
we could hardly, we repeat, in any spontaneous use
ot capital, one main condition of which is the hire of
labour, see other than a generally beneficial tendency.
Any inconveniences to be apprehended from it would
be greatly compensated, to the public at large,
by the infinite good it must produce to the poorer
classes, and the serious evils it must help to keep at
a distance both from them and from the nation—that
cannot, we must remember, escape from the charge of
their maintenance, in one way or another.
This view of the subject, however, as applied to an
undiminished flow of money towards railway woks,
can now only have a speculative interest. Had the
expenditure assigned by our alarmists to such uses
been justly the object of fear they have depicted,
supposing it should really take place, it is now
evident enough that the amount they have taken
for granted, in estimating the demand for the
next six months, has been purely imaginary.
The exaggeration as to the matter of fact
will be found to be in keeping with the random na-
ture of their arguments. We have already pointed
out how the natural effect of our present straits
must be felt in this class of business, as well
as in others. The railway Company is not, as
closet speculators seem to fancy, a mere sense-
less machine, like the man of FRkNXENSTEIN,
whose ima'e has frightened the Examiner—which,
onceformed and act in motion, will go on wildly,
using its utmost powers under all circumstances,
regardless of what may be before and around it, of
the mischief done to others, and of its own exhaus-
tion. The men who compose this body will only con-
tinue to lay out the money, which is their own, while
they find reason to expect a profit from so doing ; and
when money is dear and hard to come by,
there is no need whatever to put on the screw
in order to prevent them from spending too
much of what they cannot easily procure. The
pressure of actual wants in times like these
will quite sufficiently restrain them from much
exam; and it may be, indeed, that the just cause for
fear, as far as the country at large is concerned, is
not lest they should give too freely, to keep railway
works open, but lest they should so far partake of the
panic, and be alarmed by the menaces thrown out
against their enterprises, as to draw them in farther
than their actual condition may justly require, or
than may be well for many other interests in the state.
Already, we know, the railway companies in
'furious quarters are narrowing their operations, re-
vising their plans' and cutting off their liabilities with
great diligence. Of the new works not yet brought
under contract, few, we apprehend, will be let duriug
the next quarter. Of those contracted for, the pro-
gress, while it can be slackened without mischief,
will be retarded as much es possible. Materiels
ordered will be countermanded whenever no imme-
diate necessity for using them exists ; and the new
orders given will be confined to indispensable wants
for some time to come. The directors will have be-
fore long to render an unusually strict account of
their stewardship to general meetings of their pro-
prietors. The circumstances that are pressing upon
many of the latter must be present to the knowledge
of every Board. Nor can they personally be much
disposed to impose upon the Company needless bur-
thens, of which, as large proprietors, they must them-
selves feel the weight quite as fully as any of their
co-partners. These circumstances are altogether
acting, and will continue to act, with growing urgency,
to reduce the outlay applied to new works within
limits as close as can at all be desired. It seems pro-
bable that before any plan of interference could be
brought to bear upon them, the only ground on which
' its action could be justified will have already been cat
away by the mere operation of natural causes.
Meanwhile it may be discovered that a seriously
diminished outlay on railway workissvhether produced
by internal necessity or by external force, will not by
any means be the unmixed good that certain parties
may represent it to be. We have already some illus-
trations, not of the most gratifying kind, of the man-
ner in which the tendency to retrench is beginning
to make itself felt. A letter from Birmingham,
published this week by ono of our contempo-
raries, states some facts in connexion with this
process, which we fear will not only be found
too true as regards the neighbourhood of that
town, but may be followed by numerous similar
instances elsewhere. " Many of the companies," says
the writer, " in consequence of the pressure from
without, have resolved upon suspending operations,
and countermanding the orders they had given for
carriages and other articles "—with what effect on the
industry that would hare been required to supply
them, may easily be guessed. " Last week," the re-
port goes on to state, " the proprietor of one of the
largest carriage manufactories in this district, if not
in England, called together several of his workmen,
and informed them that several railway companies
had withdrawn orders which they had given, and
suspended others for the present; and it was with
regret that he felt compelled to discharge many of his
hands. Notice to leave was then given to 70 men,
and it is understood that many more will weirs notice
on Saturday next." The men thus discharged from a
respectable employment and good wages will look in
vain jest now for similar work elsewhere ; and will
most likely be unable to find other work of loy
kind whatever. They must go on the parish, if they
have not some savings to fall back upon ; and these
cannot be expected to give a lasting supply.. In the
meanwhile, their consumption of necessaries must
instantly fall off ; the loss of their ordinary custom tells
upon the shopkeeper ; and he, in turn, will thereby
be compelled to buy less from the merchant, and will
alsobe less able to pay for what ho has already bought.
The process in this instance, multiplied by thousands
all over the country, is surely no very hopeful ens ;
to impose it by forcible means, as a cure, when it is
already going on, by the action of natural causes, in a
way that is so visibly distressing, would be apt, we
think, to turn out a piece of perilous quackery.

CONSTANTINOPLE, Ocr. 7.

Within the last few days the greatest activity pre-
vails amongst the members of the RUSliAll legation. M.
Lantz, whose mission here I told in a former letter, has
left for St. Petersburg, and M. Chintiot has been sent by M.
de Titotf with despatches to Athens. The departure of M.
Lantz for St. Petersburg, and of M. Chimiot for Athens,
took place atler an interview which the Russian envoy had
had with Ali Effeadi, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to
communicate the contents of a despatch which M. de Titoff
bad received from his government. In this despatch the
Emperor approves of the coercive measures adopted
by the Purte in the Turco-Greek question, and
blames the government of King Otho for their ob-
stinacy. lie regrets that this question should have
taken so serious a turn, and offers himself as a mediator to
restore amicable relations between the two countries. M.
Lznti mission thus seconded had naturally every chance of
success. The present Greek government know their duty
too well not to conform to the suggestions of Russia, and the
Turkish ministers, under the influence of M.de Titotrs argu-
ments, seem to look to the settlement of the difference be-
tween them and the Greek cabinet as certsio. M. Chamiot's
return is daily expected, and already do the Porte anticipate
the result of bis mission. Within the present week two
Greek ships arrived from the island of Mytilene at
Constantinople. Though the coasting trade had been
suspended by en imperial firman since the 21st of September,
the cargoes were landed from both vessels without the least
opposition on the part of the Custom-house authorities.
Russia, in all her dealings with Turkey, hes never made a
concession, or performed even an apparent act of friendship,
without exacting something in return. Her aridity his in-
creased with her influence in this part of the world, and
what satisfied her at the time of the treaty of Cakiar Ske-
lasi would doubtless be considered as insufficient at the
present moment.
When the government here heard that Bederhan Bry had
arrived at Samsoum, they sent the Eregly steamer to bring
him to Constantinople. Bederhan Bey and Mahmoud Khan
arrived here on the Ist; they had a numerous suite. When
they landed from the steamer they were placed on horse-
back and escorted by a !strong body of troops to the Minister
of Police. Strict orders have been given in respect to these
two prisoners ; they are not treated like common men, they
have all they want, but under an active surveillance. It is
said that they will be tried by the Supreme Council of
Justice.

_
Though the apparent cause of the insurrection in Albania
was an attempt on the pert of the Turkish government to
introduce the conscription into that province, yet it was
known to the Porte that Greek and Russian emissaries were
active in encouraging the revolt. The latter fact is now, at
tenet, in one particular, placed beyond a doubt. Djoulaka, the
chief of the rebellion, lately addressed a demand to the Greek
government for a supply of 300,000 rounds of ball cartridge.
The Greek government excused themselves from complying
on the plea that their funds were low ; and that, moreover,
the state of their relations with Turkey were such as to
render it incumbent on them to be economical of their arms
and ammunition. This circumstanoe coming to the ears of the
Turkish ministers they have communicated it in a circular to
the representatives of the five great powers. The way in
which the demand was made, and the tone of regret which
marked the refusal of the Greek cabinet, show sufficient''',
were other proofs wanting, that this was not the commence-
ment of relations between the Hellenic government and the
rebel chief Djouleika.
The state of Syria must always be of interest, ss it is the
constant theatre of struggling between the agents of foreign
powers for supremacy of one or other of the Christian sects
existing in that part of the empire. It is lamentable to think
that politics in the East should have assumed the
name of religion, and that the word of God should be blas-
phemously distorted into an excuse for every horror at which
humanity shudders. The ruin which fell upon the Mann-
ites, and all the bloody and hideous crimes more lately com-
mitted in Kurdistan, were provoked either by European
fanatics, or by more designing knaves who had assumed their
cant. The appearance of Christianity formerly existing
amongst these unhappy people has now given place to a re-
volting infidelity. These sacrilegious squabblers, not con-
tent with bringing ruin and death upon the greater
part of their unhappy victims, have by their example
robbed the survivors of the little faith or principle which
they originally possessed. No place on the face of the earth
perhaps presents at this moment more revolting examples
of a contempt of every thing sacred than are to be found
amongst the self-styled Christians of the Lebanon and of
Kurdistan. It is satisfactory to learn by the last reports
from Syria that the Porte has taken an important step towards
checking the disgraceful intrigues which the agents of rival
powers have for years carried on amongst the inhabitants of
the Lebanon. Kiamil Pacha, the late governor of Saida,
was dismissed principally at the suggestion of the English
government. He was a weak and prejudiced man, and,
therefore, totally unfit for so delicate a task as that of keep-
ing the Lebanon in order. Mustaphe Pacha, his successor,
is a manof entirelyoppoeite qualities. His reputation as a good ,
general is not inferior to that which he has acquired by his
learning and his liberal ideas. Already has his presence
been felt in the province over which he has been placed.
Both the agents of foreign powers cad the local authorities
concur in praising the changes which he has effected in his
administration, and there is every prospect, through his ex-
ertions, of the Porte being for some time kept free from the
eternal question of Druses and Maronitee
Since the equinoctial gales have set in, the cholera has dis-
appeared from Trebirond. It has, however, broken out at
Bagdad. Baron de Weymar, the French consul at that city,
was again attacked by the terrible epidemic, but has since
recovered.

MADRID, Ocr. 16.
You have no doubt learnt long ere this that Queen
Christina has arrived here. She came, accompanied by
Munoz and Mon, between three and four yesterday morn-
ing, having accomplished the journey from Paris in four-
and-a-half dap.
Unattended by any suite, the Queen-Mother drove to her
palace in the Calle do las Rejas, where she received an early
visit from Nervier. Soon alter she proceeded to the palace,
where the Queen received her in her apartment, embracing
her mother with much effusion and tenderness. Abundant
' tears were shed on both sides. Nannies stood the while at
• respectful distance near the door. But Isabelle, disen-
gaging herself from her mother's arms, ran towards the hus-
band of Christina, embraced him, and called him familiarly
by his name. Munoz lifted the royal hand to his lips. The
Queen then retired with her mother to her private rooms,
where they remained together an hour. The Ring soon
joined the party, and then his sister the Dusheis of Seca.
Alter some time the Queen lent for the ministers. The
Minister of Grace and Justice, Arrasola, who happened to
be in his office, was the only one who received this
summons in time to answer it without delay. He was soon
followed by Nunez. After a conference which lasted some
time, the Queen-Mother took leave for the present of Isabel
and the Prince-Consort, and returned to dine with the royal
couple In the evening. It was midnight before Christina
retired to the Calle de lac Rejas. This street was thronged
all yesterday with the 'Tapers of the moderado aristocracy,
who came to pay their visits of welcome to the Queen-
Mother. . .

I am sorry to have announce to you the extinction of the
Itzpertador, the vigorous organ of the great body of progre-
sistas. Two of its numbers have been denounced as subver-
sive and sedirione by the prometor-fiscal; and Senor Cordero,
the Crcesus of the liberals, fearing probably that the customary
deposit of 600,000 reale, which he had lodged in the bank as
caution money for the E.rpectador, would be endangered by
that paper's uncompromising hostility to the government of
Names, yesterday withdrew the sum, exhibiting therein a
, prudence which has not increased his popularity among the
party hitherto indebted to his good offices.
The day before yesterday the junta of commissioner§ re-
' premmting the manufacturing interests of Catalonia were to
present themselves in the Finance-office, to confer with the
minister of that department about measures connected with
the protection of their industry. It is really singular the
apathy of the rest of Spain, in presence of the activity of a
monopoly which fleeces them with such remorseless effron-
tery, and saddles them with an excessive taxation to feed an
exohequer whose most legitimate and fruitful sources are cut
off by the smuggler.

ATHENS, Ocr. 10.
Ms Majesty King Otho returned hither on the let
from his trip to Thebes. Whilst at Thebes he celebrated
his birthday by reviewing the troops and holding a levee,
where he distributed several eroeses of the order of the
Saviour, and promoted several individuals who had distin-
guished themselves in the victory over the rebels on the 18th
August last. The inmrgents are not yet put down : we hive
accounts here from Linde, which state that General Ma.

MALTA, Ocrr. 14.
The French steamer Cairn, which arrived yester-
day from Alexandria, had Ibrahim Pacha on board, with a
select suite. It is said that he intends to take pratique here,
and hence go to England rid France. Ac he has not yet
landed it is probable that he will go on to Marseilles this

mottria had arrived in that city at the head of 150 mot only,
the remainder having been diaperrsd between the Hypatee
and the frontiers. Pappa-Hoslas, Condojamus-belentsa, and
their adherents have only retired for the moment beyond
the frontiers to moue and assemble their forces. They
number about 700 men. All bushiest' is completely at a
stand in that part of the country. Every family that
can is removing from the place, fearing more from the
amnestied brigands composing the greater,part of the king's
forces, than the rebels or anythies, Ile noted brigand
Flores hat :sue his suiposi:sion to the King. He has eon-
sequently been appointed to a command in the royal arm,
and will be enabled to plunder by royal authority—a safer
method than his previous one. On the sth the chamber wee
engaged in the discussion of the following project of a law re-
specting the debt of 500,000 f. contracted with Mr. Eynard :7
Otho, &c.—Art. I. The payment made by the Phil-
hellenist, Mr. Eynard, of the sum of soopoof., or 558,000
drachmas, on account of advances made by the British
government for the service of the Itoth•child loan of 1 Mars
of the present year, is acknowledged as • public debt,
and as such will be inserted in the ledger. Art. 2. The hypo-
thecation made by the government, of an equal value, in shares
of the National Bank, in liquitation of the said sum shall
continue until the extinction of the debt. Art. 3. The
. .

towards the Arab prisonen in France, on the 0001}11.M of the
appointment of the Duke d'Auntale as Governor-General of
Algeria. Amongst the prisonen. who have ren set at
liberty are 70 women, 66 boys or girls under twelve years of
age, and 26 old men. All the others belong, it i.s said, to
tribes which were the most turbulent, but which ore now
submissive and obedient.

government is authorised to negotiate, definitively, with
Mr. Eynard, in all that concerns the terms of the payment
of the said sum, the interest of which must net exceed six
per cent. Athens, 29th September, 1847. Signed, Onto,
Corfiotakis." The debate was adjourned, but there is no
doubt but the law will ultimately pass. There are some little
signs of a split in the cabinet. M. Riga Palamidi is not so
popular with his colleagues as his patron, M. Placatory,
would desire. When Coletti died, M. Piacatery said that he
considered M. Palamidi bona fide his successor at President
of the Council. This gave offence to some, who thought
they had as good, if not a better title to it, than M. Palamidi.
For some unknown reasons they wish to get rid of him,
probably as the only minister yet clinging so pertina-
ciously to the French policy. He is the only remain-
ing prop of M. Placatory, who has recommended, in
the event of his retiring, that he should be succeeded
by M. Christitli, a well-known partisan of the French
system in Greece. Whether M. Palamidi or M. Christidi
remain in office, will be of no benefit to Greece until her
whole internal and external policy be Changed. The files
ge on as if this was the richest country in the world, and
Otho a second Cromns. The King's birth-day was celebrated
on the 30th ult. with unusual pomp and splendour, although ,1
Otho was at Thebes giving away crosses and decorations to
the liberators of Eubea. It is a pity he had not thought of 1
bestowing a few drachmas on those unhappy families which
suffered so much from the rapacity and plundering of his
" victorious" troops That would have been an act worthy
of him, as a king, a man, and Christian. On the 7th was
the Queen's birth-day, when their majesties took a trip to
Salamis, and returned to a splendid ball at Athens.

ITALY.—FLORENCE, Ocr. 12.—The Alba of the
above date says: " The very moment we were going to
press, we heard that a great public manifestation took place
yesterday at Pontremoli, in which the inhabitants of this
town—Tuscans in their hearts—have wished te testify their
discontent relative to a clause in the recent agreement be-
tween the Duke of Lucca and the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
by which l'ontremoli is main over to the future Duke of
Parma." On account of this manifestation. the bishop and
gonfalonier of Parma have just arrived at Florence, to ac-
quaint the grand duke with this fact, and ask his orders.
- -

SWITZERLAND.—SIoe, OCT. 11.—Tho upper
part of the Armanny, one of the highest rocks of our canton,
and which is situated on the right side of the Dramse, in the
vicinity of the village called Sembranche, fell d min sud-
denly, with a most dreadful crash, into the valley of the
Dramse, which was covered with its ruins. An immense
fragment of the broken rock rolled towards the border of
the Dramse, passed over this river, and continued to roll on
the other side for a considerable distance. On its way it
overthrew one house three stories high, greatly injured un-
other two stories high, and destroyed some outhouses and
stables. In the first house, eight persons were in bed, and
asleep; they were buried under the rubbish, from whence,
by a most prodigious chance, they have been withdrawn, all
alive, but more or less injured or mutilated. The inhabi-
tants of the other houses had time to escape. In tho stables,
several cows were mutilated, and several sheep killed or hurt.
AUSTRIA.—VIENNA, OCT. I4.—Archduke Albert
has been seriously indisposed for the last few days,
HUNGARY.—PnAntre, Ocr. 12.—Great conster-
nation reigns here in consequence of letters received from
Vienna, according to which the orators who have spoken at
the last diet for the refusing of the subsidies demanded by
government, and for the necessity of expressing grievances,
are, in virtue of an imperial decree, to be henceforth ex-
cluded from all deliberations in the diet. Among the mem-
bers of the order of nobles involved in this decision are,
Prince Auersperg, Counts Deyn, Wurinbrand,
Thu, and Laranski. The authenticity of this report is still
doubted ; the rigours with which the representatives of the
progreeista party are treated, in proportion to their dis-
courses at the diet, can be the less justified, as they are
authorised neither by the spirit nor by the letter of the laws
of the land. The conflict between the government and the
states had already reached its highest pitch, without this late
measure, since the right of voting and assessing taxes, a
right belonging to them, may be considered as being abolished
or suspended. Till now all were agreed in considering the
constitution of Bohemia in this light; that the taxes could
neither be collected nor assessed before government
had concerted with the states on the demand (pos-
tulaeum), and without a record of the proceedings
being addressed to the states. Now at the last
diet, an opposition was manifested to the postulatuoi being
granted in its integrity, and notwithstanding the threats of
the marshal of the diet, Count Solm, the majority voted for
the retrenchment. la this conjuncture, the aulic chancery,
that is to say, the imperial government, has in nowise en-
deavoured to concert with the states on this subject ; in con-
sequence there has been no regular closing nor record of pro-
ceedings of the diet ; and yet the collecting and assessing of
tax have taken place by administrative measures in the
course of September. The enforced levy of taxes and the
sequestration of the estates of some of the great land-holders
have already excited too much discontent for government
to endeavour to increase it by rigours practised against the
members of the state, and to create political martyrs, who
never fail to excite the warmest sympathy.
EY.—A LB AN lA. —J NI NA , SEPT. 16.
The insurgent troops have been entirety defeated by the
imperil troops. They have been completely driven from
their intrenchments and dispersed. The Seraskier left
Bust, for Avlons, to reunite his term, and lay down a plan
of attack. After having subdued the provinces of Beret and
Avlona, hie intention was to go northerly into the province of
Delvino, and thus get in the rear of the insurgents. Although
• very difficult manoeuvre, he completely succeeded, and
his anticipated success has been fully crowned. Rappo,
after his defeat at Beret hastened to rejoin Djouleka, they
occupied most imposing and well defended positions. The
imperial troops penetrated into the Courveilos mountains by
a little valley, at the bottom of which runs the river Sour.-
chile*. They immediately attacked Rappo and Djouleka,
and dispersed them. Several engagements have since taken
Place, in which the Sultan's troops were victorious till at
ast Djouleka seeing that all further resistance was melees,
retired into the heart of the mountains with a few of his
followers. Thus the insurrection in Albania may be consi-
dered as at an end. A few straggling bands now in the
mountains may exist for a time, but the winter is approach-
lag, and the cold will soon force them to descend. The
serukier is at Delviao, with 2,000 men. The remainder of
the army, 17,000 in all, is distributed through the country in
pursuit of the rebels. The greater part of the chiefs of
Argyrocastron have gone to him and tendered their submis-
sion. Our communications with the neighbouring towns
are now quite open. AU the superior officers of the rebel
army who have fallen into the hands of the commander of
the imperial troops have been sent on board the ships of war
off the coast. for conveyance to Constantinople.
BRAZIL.—Her Majesty's packet Penguin, Lieut.
Swainson, commanding, arrived at Falmouth on Thursday,
too late for the mails to be forwarded to London by that
morning's conveyance. The Penguin's freight amounts to
about 100001. She left Rio de Janeiro on Sept. 2; Bahia
on the 11th (where she met the following packet, the Swift);
and Pernambuco on Sept. 17. The exchange ruled at these
ports at from 271 to 271. The elections at Pernambuco, on
the eve of commencement, on the 19th Sept., excited much
party feeling. The report of the good fortune of a rich
cutting of about 3201b5. of gold on the new purchase of 'the
Congo mine, is repeated by this packet. The royal prince
was said to be extremely delicate, and not very likely to
survive. The dates from the River Plats by this arrival are
to Aug. 10; the Griffon and Satellite having arrived at Rio
with mails and despatches from thence oa Aug. 30. The
British Poehet, of Aug. 8, has the following postscript:—
"Although hostilities were resumed on the other side of tie
river on the 2nd instant, we rejoice to state that the hope of
seeing this fratricidal war, kept alive 'by and for' the
stranger, speedily terminated, has not altogether vanished.
The Montevideo Constitutional, of the ith inst., announces
that it was in contemplation to send a deputation of native
inhabitants to the camp of President Oribe for the purpose
of treating for peace."
MARANUAM.—The Urgent, which has arrived at
Liverpool, has brought advicea from Marankam to Sept. 11.
The news is unimportant. Exchange had advanced to
284 d.
ALGERIA.—The Algiers journals to the 15th in-
clusively, have been received in Paris. The Moniteur Al.
ge'rien gives a satisfactory account of the state of the colony,
with the exception of one circumstance. It appears that the
belief entertained by the ex-governor-general that the
Kabyles had been effectually coerced Into submission was not
wall founded. On the morning of the 3rd the Kabyles in
the environs of Gigelly, to the number of about 1,200 ex-
cited by a fanatical marabout, who declared that the
moment for the expulsion of the Christians had arrived,
attacked the outposts of Gigelly, but were so warmly
received that they had reason to feel that the mo-
ment was not arrived, and fled leaving a few dead and
numerous wounded on the ground. -The garrison of
Oigelly had only six persons slightly wounciea, and no
deaths. On the following day about 300 Kabyles again
made their appearance, but were dispersed by the firing
of n few shots. The accounts from Morocco in the official
journal of Algiers do not confirm the statements which have
appeared of the total discomfiture of Abd-el-Kader ,• on the
contrary we are informed that " he maintains in the Riff
his menacing attitude against the Emperor Muley Abder-
rahman, and turns to account the success which he bad
gained over the people of Quelaia and Kebdana, and plunders
their silos for the use of the deira, which is still near Kusbat
Zelousn." In addition to this we are told that no
vigorous measure against Abd-el-Kader had been adopted
the emperor's tamp. The Moniteur Alge,rien states that
a sensible diminution of sick in the French possessions has
taken place, notwithstanding the continued intense heat,
and infers that the sanitary measures which have been gra-
dually adopted are beginning to predate most beneficial
effect'. There is • notice in this journal of the act of grace