The Express.
London, England, 1847-10-19 00:00:00

the present, and as reasons fore xpecliz further ad-
vances out of the exchequer of the hi om. If Ire-
land wants further help from lingland • is surely not
the way to bring her case before the public. Those who do
nothing ought to say nothing. Ireland helping her-
self will be in the best position for requesting help
from her neighbours. labour sympathises with
labour, independence with independence. Industry
ties promptly to the relief of industry, but moves
slowly and relactantty to aid those who sit folding
their lauds and "trying to exist" by doing "nothing.

Our Paris letters of Sunday, and the journals of all
political shades of opinion, speak of little else than
Switzerland. France is mingled in the affair, in con-
sequence of her government having agreed to supply
arms, ammunition, and all other warlike supplies, to
the cantons of the Sonderbund. This fact is made a
matter of inculpation against the government by the
journals of the opposition, which charge it with aid-
ing and abetting an insurgent body in its resistance
to the legitimate and acknowledged government of
Switzerland. The organs of the French government
meet this charge by au admission of the fact, and a
plea of justification. The fabrication of arms in
France is a monopoly of government, like the trade
in tobacco. Government is the only vender of arms
to foreign purchasers. It sells to all who seek to buy,
unless there be some special reason for refusing to deal
with the applicant A canton of Switzerland being a
sovereign state in friendly relations with France, and
asking to purchase guns in the French market, as no
more right to expect a refusal than it would have if it
sought to buy cigars to an equal amount, Such is in
substance the first ground of defence set up by the
French government But, secondly, it justifies on
the alleged merits of the Swiss question. The federal
government, it says, has powers and rights limited by
the terms of the pact. The diet, in passing the decree
against the Jesuits, violated the cantonal sovereignty,
infringed on the principles of religious liberty and
the freedom of public instruction, and exceeded those
limits imposed on its powers by the federal pact
Such decrees were, therefore, unconstitutional and
invalid ; the cantons have a right to resist their exe-
cution, and are in doing so entitled to the sympathy
and aid of foreign powers.
The steamer which the canton of Vaud had armed
and manned on the Lake of Neufchatel, as a
vessel of war, in order to intercept any vessel that
might be conveying arms to the Friburg shore,
presented itself within two cables' len of the city
of Neufchatel, under what were re ed as menacing
and hostile circumstances, and uced a reclamation
on the part of that canton against that of Vaud,which
was transmitted to the vorort at Berne.
Morat, although a district of Friburg, is protestant,
and it counts a population of 8,000 souls. This dis-
trict has been summoned by the cantonal government
of Friburg to supply its military contingent to the
army destined to support the Sonderbund, and to op-
pose the federal government At an assembly of the
population of the district, held on the 13th, it was re-
solved to refuse to comply with this demand, and, on
the contrary, to place itself at the disposition of the
federal government If the cantonal government of
Friburg attempts to compel the district of Morat by
force of arms to supply the required contingent, a
federal intervention will doubtless be demanded, and
can scarcely be refused. Civil war would be the
immediate result.
Advices from St. Gall say that the ultimate derision
of the landagemeinde was not yet known, but *IC
the ultramontane party had made four proposition',
-of '77 to 73. The

which were rejected by a majority b.
intelligence communicated by a correspondent of La
Press* yesterday seems, therefore, to be inexact.

Letters from Italy, quoted by the German journal.,
say that the evacuation of Ferrara is again indefinitely
adjourned. According to them, the Pope demands
the complete evacuation, including the citadel. This
Austria refuses. Negotiations were nevertheless still
continued, and new propositions had, it was said, been
transmitted from the Vatican to Schoenbrunn, which,
it was hoped, would lead to a favourable conclusion.

MADRID, Oar. 12.
The brilliancy of the birthday ball (riven at the
palace on Sunday night is • theme upon which the moderado
papers dwell with much satisfaction. The journals that
sneered at the levees of 'nes and La Gracia, and ridi-
titled the illumination for ero will not spare their
readers the description of • single candle, satin petticoat, or
military sash on the present ocomion. The Queen opened
the ball with Prince Carini, the Neapolitan ambassador, and
afterwards danced with the Duke of Gluckaberg, Narvaes,
Mr. Bulwer, and some others. When not dancing, the
Queen sat beside her little cousins. Many distinguished
progresistaa were present, as Olosaga, Linage, MendiaaMl,
etc. A splendid sapper was served at half-past three in the
artsbigu, and the 4;iMi
er
red at five.
It appease that Brunalli paid a long visit to the
King at the Pazdoes . Whether influenced or not
by this bassets% the Wag wrote a latter of congratulation
to the Quota as bar birthday ; and it is generally expected
that the emus% will fellow up this conciliatory step by re-
turning to the passe of Madrid without delay.
Owaseul Scream kit the capital yesterday morning at
nine In a peedegemsrlege for Grenada. Generals Roe de
Olaue and Domingo's stempanied him a short way, to take
have. The Bco also awatlsaa Dr. Nunes as one of the friends
who paid the ham Iheetnite this attention. Dr. Nunes is
mid Wham bees the perms who spread the report of a pro.
graded emplresi big upon the eve of breaking out, as an
urgent meth, it hastening the events which occurred on
the night of the IA lt is said that the Queen, having dia
that there was no foundation for the doctor's report,
covered

Laeforbidden him to enter the palace since.
A letter from the progresista D. Juan Perez Calve, pub-
lished in the Clamor of Sunday, has made some noise. It
reveals the substance of an interview which Calve had with
Serrano at La Granja. Serrano upon that occasion is said to
have made the following assertions . That the heads of the
progreeista party rejected his influence ; that he regretted
this the more, as the Queen thought the time arrived when
she might choose her advisers from among the members of
that party ; that this party had not yet been admitted to
power, because it was known to be Olosaga's intention to
re-establish the Salio law ; that Coda's would not accept
power without stipulating his removal from the mart, a
condition not ace table to her Majesty; that the mum of
Mendisabal, notwithstanding his known loyalty, figuring in
the ministry, was enough of itself to excite a rovehttkm ;
that General Linage had been mimed by Qatrral I. of
to a secret society ; tint &m ins se ho Mead ;
atid),Vy, that Corredi had beam ledling 1111116 flows with
the sing at the Pardo. In consomme sithees ressiMises
India* and Cerruti ham written to the Amer, desiering
the pert, attributed to them to be inventime.
A decree smears in the Gazette repealing the decree of
Selesseese, *Web orders the sale of the property of reli-
gious fralemilies, hermitages, &c.
The Carew laving declared that it pemssssd evidence
shwa smaste proof of Salamanca's having acted the
pert el la maaaaapSrns st Norms sad Ra" de Oboe in work-
ing the dewed& of the late misistry, D. Jessaim de Gan-
da* sod lenswea bar called ars the Mester of the
Chinn eimeriared by Salsm ewes, iseamed espirs-
tree. gist. el the risk hes Use a letter tor theme
two Need' pallishal in the Clamor, in which
they drime, rhea up is 10 ea Sunday night Sala
maw; was Ides ta die deck r es what wee gobs ea.
The lr Mass thst Mbar t, le be hreis Vreeday.
The serieries ef Omani Chimer eadilery gewgaw of
NAM hes bra tesehel Ltheilmweeehtes with much die-
taries**. It Gamma Chacon was
pendia Weed = deers the ministry of Narmez, he
was IMlpsuboi of berg werereed in the ems plot with the
Dress er Trim eel PAM for the isalseadee of tray
somperalab wise were by these erred of ern-
gide. the wereasat. A draw tree *sir up
egaiest Ohara by D. Pascual Pommies Dam,
magkante of the Askireda, esrearag thud be dread be
beer* to trial berme tlo erepoteut waned. Dr the
seemed was screened by the government, and even reworded
by the place of second cabs in Asdalssia.
It was remarked that the progresista club did not illumi-
nate on the 10th.

VIENNA, OCT. 10.
We cannot say that we are here in a political crisis,
although the state of things would form a crisis any
where else. Last year several of the provincial diets
emboldened themselves to make representations on the
subject of taxation; and the diet of Lower Austria, that
meets at Vienna, actually complained of the infringe-
ment of its privileges by the " holkammer," or exche-
quer, in raunng imposts without its consent. This re-
presentation was better taken than might have been
expected, the government pocketing the affront, al.
thosgb, of course, no notice was taken of the remon-
strance. It set other diets going, however, and a simi-
lar complaint was made from Prague, with equal in-
utility. In September last the diets met again,
to pen their usual vote of assent, without
inquay, to the demands of the minister. But at Prague
the Radchin," for the first time since the peace of
Weetphalia (or rather since 1620) resounded to the
echoes of parliamentary eloquence. Strangers are now
not only shown the window out of which the Bohe-
mian nobles threw the imperial commissary (whose
life was saved by his falling on an auspicious dung
kill), but also where Count Nostra and the rest held
their famous speeches in 1847. The German papers,
for obvious reasons, dare not go into details on tho
subject. The Bohemians, however, refused to as
to the " postulate" addressed to them, ostensibly
en the gromd of its containing an item of 50,000

&wins, to *over the cost of a change not yet made
in the organisation of certain courts. The real obj
ect,t
of coarse, was to N•ing their right to discuss the budget
to issue, in which have partly succeeded. The
imperial commissary, taken aback, did not know what
to do, and instead of taking a vote for the levies
without this sum, reported the whole to Vienna, oa
which the diet declared it would remain assembled
until the matter was settled. The authorities have,
however, been too clever to get into a public quarrel
with the diet, which would have made a noise in all
Europe, and only took the refusal ad notanduns
giving it to be understood that they would levy the
taxes as usual, and this addition into the bargain,
voted or not voted. Here then the Bohemians stand
exactly in the predicament of the Berlin diet. They
have said their say, and are dubious whether it would
be practicable or reasonable to appeal to violent mea-
sures to give weight to their votes. Revolutionary
measures are scarcely practicable in the present state
of indifference and love of ease of all parties, more
especially of the inhabitants of the capital, 35,000 of
whom assemble on all festive occasions with muskets
in their hands, and never dream of anything of the
kind. The "civic guard" however, show in their
order book an order of the day, signed by Napoleon,
for having faithfully guarded the city while be was
thrashing their much-beloved " Kaiser," at Wagram.
Such are the Viennese. The men of Prague are un-
questionably much more excitable: witness the tumults
of last year, when the wages were reduced in the
factories. But there is not understanding enough
between the higher and the lower orders to furnish
stuff for a revolution.
In the present year the Diet of Styria, held at Gratz,
has added its name to the list of " remonstrants r and
even the Tyrolese at Inspriick have made a demand,
although it does not go beyond the petition for a rail-
way.
These are, however, all signs of the times ; and we
cannot here sufficiently wonder at the nerve of our
statesmen who affect to take so high a position re-
garding Italy, while the ground is mined under their
feet. That no province would go heartily into a war
in Italy may be supposed. But the great difficulty
would be, that in such a case the notes of the Bank of
Vienna, already tested to the length of their tether,
would lose value; and arbitrary levies of provisions
and money would not be tolerated in the provinces.
The Grand Duke of Tuscany seems to be the only
party who sees through the deception; and he is wise
enough to compound with his people on the footing of
reform, rather than to risk his throne to please the Aus-
trians. An intervention in Switzerland would be most
unpopularhere, where thelesuite are hated and ridiculed
under their assumed name of " Ligaoriani." The
stories current about these monks, who go about here
with broad-brimmed hats, rival Boccaccio ; and the
first popular tumult will perhaps be occasioned by
them. You must know that when people here talk of
the Jesuits, they mean much oftener something poli-
tical rather than religious, which they feel to be in
their way. It is by arrogating the direction of edu-
cation that the Jesuits (lay and clerical) have exaspe-
rated the people ; and their name is but a watchword
used by the awakening popular feeling as a battle-cry
against their oppressors in general. Even the Pope
will not be popular here until he puts down this order
by a solemn bull.

FRANCE.—PARIS, Ocr. 18.—The appeal of M.
d'Eequevilley against the sentence of the Court of Assize of
the Seine, condemning him to ten years rethaion for per.
Id.
committed on the trial of M. Beauvallon, for killing
Id. Dujarrier in a duel, came on for hearing yesterday
before the Court of Cssation. D'Ecquevilley's advocate
contended that the sentence ought te be quashed ; first, be-
cause Madame Valory, an important witness in the case,
bad been summoned and sworn under that name, though
it was not her real one, whereas the criminal code requires
that the real name of the witnesses shall be communicated
to the accused; next, because Grieier, one of the wit-
nesses, remained in the court until he was examined, which
was a violation of art. 316 of the code; thirdly, because
the President of the Court of Assizes had allowed letters
to be read which had nothing to do with the case; fourthly,
because the court had decided that the letters in question
should be read, without hearing the prisoner's advent* after
the public prosecutor had spoken—a violation of the law
which enacts that the prisoner shall always be allewbd the
last word; and the fifth and most important objection was,
that the judges had called M. de Meynard, the principal wit-
nee for the prosecution, into the thambre du conseil, and
asked to give explanations whilst the judges were deliberat-
ing on the sentence. After he the advocate-general in
opposition to these argument., the court over-ruled all the ob-
jections and rejected the appeal.. D'Ecquevilley will there-
fore have to undergo the punishment mentioned above.
M. Derain, whosecase appeared in our journal of yesterday,
hu also appealed ; as, also, BeitlY2lloll.
HAVRE.—The opening of the Florida basin took
place on Thursday at high water, when the quays and every
point commanding a view of the Beene were crowded with
rs. The gates being open tad the splendid steamer, the
spectators. The
Captain Ferrand, lightened by having her coal
taken out, entered with perfect ease, and was brought to her
mooring up to the quay, and the gates were shut. All
passed with the most perfect satisfaction.
STEAM-POWER. IN FRANCE. The following is
a statement of the amount of steam-power employed
in France on the Ist of January, 1846, from the
official returns —Engines are divided into three sorts,
according to the use they are intended for: Ist, those
applied to manufactures ; 2nd, those employed_ in
navigation ; 3rd, the locomotive engine. Let us exa-
mine the facts peculiar. to each of these. The
steam-engines employed in industrial establishments com-
prised, in 1845, 7,694 boilers, and about 4,114 fixed
engines, havingzeinit force of 54,188 steam-hone. The
manufactories • use of this power were in number
4,532, nearly the hal of which were classified under the fol-
lowing principal divisions—let. Weaving and printing,
1,728. 2nd. Iron works, machine making, and mineral
enterprises, 561. 3rd. Sugar manufactures and refineries, 326.
In 1844 there were but 3,645 fixed machine": they have conse-
quently increased, in 1845, 467 in number. It is much more
than in any former period. The engines employed for 'Aviv'.
tion amounted to 448, employed in 249 vessels. In 1844 they
were but 382 ea 238 vessels. The mechanical force of our
259 steamers (for both maritime and internal service) re-
presented 18,050 horse power; which transported 3,461,000
passengers, and 697.000 tons of merchandise. It is
to be observed, that in 1843 the latter number
reached 1,306,000 tons, and that it was still at
1,820,000 tons in 1844. It is thus evident that in
two years there has been a decrease of nearly half in the
vfosport of merchandise. Must this be attributed to the op.
position of the railway ? It is certain this latter mode of
conveyance must have injured navigation. The number of
locomotive engines, very inconsiderable in 1846,
was but 3 3, representing a force of 4,695 steam
horse, and serving fifteen railways. These numbers were
about double what Be um then paseessedi they must,
doubtless, have incre peed considerably since. The following
statement gives the collective force of steam engines, of
every kind, employed in France. The 4,114 fixed engines
made use of in iron works and other establishments, com-
prised, at a ratio of three waggon horses—
Per deem hems . ..1 150.564 horses.
Ths 14S molder tee amfgallen. b4,150
The 3111sedmelive
So that on the let Jan.7llsllethoposeered inFrance 4,872
steens-enginek having a hews of 73,080 steam
horses, sepromatiag 218,799 Team bone% which equalled
the bumf. form of 1,631,593 ma. It is Wmilated that the
mishaele ham employed he lashed is meal to nearly 16
'Mimeo:se. Notwithalredigthk lummes difference, it
is meta& that the me sad emetruedie of slime machinery
increase amlingortmegmy .It winetberemembereithat
flee run p we p mraa no man Om 2,864 imatees Of
As to whet maw= the state of our
=egaita, the following nembege abseidate the ques-
tion the 4,114 fixed mailthass el 1848, 3,649 had
been made in Prams, as well as 194 lamer olive engines upon
the 313 then existig. Thus the Mamma of the latter was
76 in lamer of beembat maeldmay. Nor, till 1842, the
admatege had one been la bum ef *sedge esastrestise.
Too inesehelable beta are ems mule mligut the mob=
of err tolloassi W inoressed, slam we ere, ha the resent
saimmt, me" shier In miehneleall implemente i ma that
the sat of coaatrastiarb Lag leshiedluad la Frame, ma now
emulate all foreign samaketare.
PRUSSIA.—Banne, Ocr. 14.—M. de Kneeebeck,
general aide-de-camp to the King, has retired, and been
named general field-marshal. M. de Boyen has retired from
the Ministry of War; he has also been named general field-
marshal, and governor of the Invalid Military House of Ber-
lin. General Rohr has been nominated to replace M. de
Boyen.
AUSTRIA.—VIENNA, OCT. 7.—There in a rumour
in high circles here of the accession of Austria to the Zell-
vereut The Maio Councillor d'Esch is at Berlin, carrying
on negotiations on this important question. Acorreepondent,
writing to the Augsburg Gauges from Vienna, under the
head of " Borden of the Danube, Oct. 8," states that in con-
sideration of the 'stardoms of an approaching civil war in
Switzerland, the cabinet of Vienna Me decided upon sta-
tioning a corps of observation on the frontiers, lkom the
Lake of Constance to the Lego Maggiore. Orders
have been sent to this effect to the divers mili-
tary chief' of Tyrol and Austrian Italy. Reinforeementa
are to be sent. The Vorarlberg, in which there are already
from three to four thousand men, will be reinforced by one
thousand men, and the like number will be sent to reinforce
the important point at the entrance of the Engadine. It is
hoped that these mammas will contribute, indirectly at
least, to the msbatsameee at peace.
VENICE.—The ACIAII27 of Arta and Sciences ban
decided that in 001AMINIMIlall a the scientific congress held
within its walls a Pauthein shall he erected, in which will
be pissed the bole of a the esaleent men of the Venetian
itv a J.l
oe: the area amble pselod to the 18th century.
has been approval 41 by the archduke vice-
roy, who has chosen the dams paime it that effect
GALlClA.—Lesnase, SIPT. 22.—The trials of
the persons implicated in lint mr's conspiracy are
rapidly approaching their tandesi Two of the con-
sputters have suffered death, 20 odd have been eon-

dentneite heed Near la the fortaissee, while 40 leave bees
pardoned and set at liberty. Among these latter is the
youthful Caul Key.
BAMBURO, OCT. 12.—A gambling house has
again been established here. The archducol government hu
esseleded a contract with Meagre. Blue, lumbers, which
fixes this gambling-houee till the Ist of April 1871. For the
purpose of making it as extensive as possible, these pro-
prietors have 3,000 shares, at 600 iiol4llll each, It is their
Gesso to frond a company, and after deducting the mm of
30,000 florins for the reserve fund, 10,000 florins for im-
proviag the establishment, and 16,000 florins as the salary of
the directors (the directors are the honourable contractors
themselves), to divide the surplus among the members.
On the 20th ult. the Hamburg merchantman, the
Independence, Captain Schaecht, arrived at Hamburg,
from New York. Among her crew of thirty men was
a fru negro named Prim who we. the butt of the rest of
the sailors. They made him believe that the captain intended
Ito throw him overboard and leave him to be drowned. In a
spirit of revenge Prim got a hatchet, and steeling into the
cabin during the night, struck the captain with it; but
wounded him so slightly that he was able to get up, over-
power the black, and have him pinioned and thrown into the
pigsty, when he remained cramped up till the ship arrived
in port, when Captain Schaecht delivered him up to justice,
end prosecuted him for an attempt to murder. Prim, on
the other hand, laid a complaint against the captain and
crew for ill treatment. The double trial came to a hearing
on the 7th, the result of which was that Prim was sentenced
to confinement with hard labour for twelve months, the cap-
tain to simple imprisonment for sin months, and the crew to
the like punishment for one, two, and three mouths, for pro-
voking the animosity of Prim by their fate representation.

THE PROJECT OF POSTAL REFORM TO BE
SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF DRESDEN.
The Weser Zeitung publishes, in a correspondence
received from the Lower Rhine, a project of postal reform,
signed at Vienna on the 13th, at Berlin on the 31st of March
of this year, which is to be submitted to the postal congress,
that was to open on the 15th inst. The establishment of
extended communication by means of railways, saysthe

project, " will arse important changes in the ptitil relitions
of the divers nations. It will become absolutely indispensable
to choose the shortest way for the transmission of letters, a
ussimity which will involve many embarrassments, in con-
sequence of the irechuive rights which now exist,
and which are consecrated by treaties. It is neces-
=ao ensure, as soon as possible, a system of
operation, and a uniform reduction in the
rate of postage in all the states of Germany.
The postal administrations of Germany must, therefore,
ogres together to adept a uniform tariff, and send letters
by the most direct channels. Then are measures impe-
ratively demanded by public opinion, and these objects will
be best forwarded by mesas of a German postal association,
the chief base. of which are stated as follows in the project;
1. The German Postal Association proposes to establish a
uniform rate of postage for effects seat by mails and dili-
genius between the states of the Germanic confederation.
The regulation of the rates of postage in each state, and those
of each state with foreign countries, are to occupy specially
the attention of each postal administration. Aatria and
Prussia, however, are disposed to accede to the postal asso-
ciation with all the other states.

2. The agreemeat concerning uniformity of rates must
first be made with regard to letters, but may be extended,
if no obstacles are in the way, to effects carried by diligence.

3. With regard to the question of uniform rates, the fol.
lowing points are to be considered—As regards taxation : It
will be necessary to establish the rate of postage of this asso-
ciation, on the basis, already adopted with the greatest suc-
cess amongst divers states of the confederation, of a common
rate, to be divided in proportions, with as few charges as pos-
sible ; the first charge to be a rate as far as the frontier, and the
rest average charges for alligreat distances. It is unnecessary
to say that the necessity ofpre-paying would be abolished. The
postal administrations which have t7l now derived the benefit
of the rate for the transmission of German lettete only, must
be indemnified for the loss they may sustain from the
suppression of that rat*. As a basis will be taken the
faculty inherent in German postal administrations, to
transmit the letters of the several states of the association,
by the shortest channel, with the consent of the postal ad-
ministration which grants the transit. It will be necessary
also to coanider the freedom from postage rules of sovereigns
and their families—the obligatory prepayment on cone-
spondence sent to sovereigns—freedom of prepayment on
official documents—the rate for samples, tie. sent by poet—

the treatment of letters on whicit pi4gal
shall advance money, and that of letters returned. The
progression of weight in the taxing of letters must else be
considered. It must only extend to the corresponding, et
the states of the association, and each administration _M
have the faculty of fixing the progression of weight fie b.
tuna correspondence. A series of minor considerations are ,
then gone into, which it is needless here to dwell on.
The project concludes by saying, that to discuss all that ap-
pertains to the creation of a postal association, a German
postal commission should be formed, to be composed of dele-
gates from the postal administrations of Germany and
baring full power and necessary instructions to act. If the
above-mentioned points formed the basis of their discanion,
there can be no doubt that the ides of an association would
soon be realised. The questions of the tariff end compensa,
tion are the only ones likely to cause any difficulties.