The Express.
London, England, 1849-05-29 00:00:00

BRIM i HUSBANDRY.

may take it as • fact that the "strong coneeroative
feeling " displayed on this occasion made Mr. Maths-
, son rather look about him. He polled 141, but his
agents told him that the other side could not poll 40,,
and the fact of their being able to bring up 96 wee a
little alarming.
And here let it be recorded that the entire cost of
this election to the tory party, who polled 96 votes,
I was 181. That includes every legal and constitutional
expense—plateads, hustings, returning officer's fee,
and everything else. It shows what the cost of an
election ought to be. And yet, only two years before,
8,0001. had been sunk in this very place without a
vote being polled!
Mr. James Matheson made h'mself rather popular
in Ashburton. Mr. Jardine had pledged himself "to
support the trade of the town," aid had ordered a
great quant:ty of woollen cictha " suitable for the
China market." In 1843 the order was in progress
of completion. It was the last spark of trade in the
place, and the poor souls there were grateful to their
benefactor.

(Concluded Gam the Brows of May 26.)
One of the greatest obstacles opposed to the ad-
vancement of agnculture in England, arises float the
prejudices and want dt knowledge on the part of the
owners of land. On this point Mr. Stephecs says:
The expectant landlord should undergo tuition in his pro-
fession as wall as the youth of any other. But, instoeu of
the farm field, the camp and the bar seem to be the fa-
vourite arenas for the young scions of the gentry to pursue
their youthful career. These are highly honourable profes-
sions, and conduce to form the character of the gentleman,
but are seldom followed out by the young squire. The mo-
ment he obtains the command of a company, or walls the
parliament house fora seseisa or two, he quits the public
ureic*, and assumes the fashion of an Incipient c iuntry
gentleman. In rural life he becomes enamoured of
field sports; but, should these prove too rough
for his taste, he leavts the country, travels abroad,
pi radventure in search of sights, and returns home
with new ideas of men and manners. Now this course of
life is quite unexceptionable in itself, but in pursuing it to the
neglect of the most important part of his duty—that of
learning to become a good and efficient landlord—it is repre-
hensible. Even though he devotes himself to the proteseion
of arms or the law, and thereby confer[ distinction on him-
self, if he prefer either to the neglect of agriculture, he is
rendering himself unfit to undertake the duties of a landlord.
To become a soldier or a lawyer he wil ihgly undergoes ini-
tiatory drillings and examinations ; but to acquire the duties of
a landlord before he becomes one,he considers It quite unneces-
sary to undergo initiatory tuition. Theee be conceives mho
learned at any time, and seems t s forget that the conducting
of a landed estate is a profsasion as difficult of thorough
attainment as ordinary soldiership or legal here. One evil
arising from studying those exciting professions before agri-
culture is, that however short may have been the time in as
them, it is sufficiently long to create a distaste to
1. am agriculture afterwards practically—for such a task can
only be underteken slur the turn of life by enthusiastic
minds. But as farming is necessarily the profession of the
landowner, it should be learned theoretically and practied'y
before his education is finished. If he so incline, he can
afterwards enter the army, or go to the bar, and the exercise
of those professions will not efface the knowledge of agri-
culture previously acquired. This is the proper course in
my opinion for every young man destined to become a
landowner to pursue, and who is desirous of fiudirg em-
ployment es long is he has not to exercise the functions of a
landlord. Were this course invariably pursued, the nume-
rous engaging ties of a country life would tend in many to
extinguish the kindling desire for any other proles ion.
Such a result would be moat advantsoous for the country ;
for only consider the effects of the course punned at
present by landowners. It strikes every one as an
incongruity for a country gentleman to bo unacquainted
with country affairs. Is it not strange that he should require
inducements to learn his hereditary profession—to come
Cimilior with the only business which can enable him t, en-
hance the value of his estate and increase his income? Does
it not infer infatuation to nrgleet becemirg well ac-
quainted with the condition of his tenants, by whose
exertions his income is raised, and by which knowledge he
might confer happicess on many families, and in ignorance
of which he may entail listing misery on many
mere ? It is in this way too many country gen•lemeu
n: elect their moral obligations.
Nor can it be expected that men who know nothing
themselves stout the management of land, should be
always very happy in the choice of their land-agents.
And the agricultural pupil should record as well as
observe; he should bear in mind Lord flacon's saying,
that, as reading makes a full man and conversatiou a
ready man, 143 wvitit g makes an exact man. Now,
a want of exactness is one of the ordinary failings cf
farmers. They have not, in gene al, the pen a the
ready writer, and do not acquire the habit of record-
ing more of the business of their farms then their re-
ceipts and payments : some not even so much. To
correct this the young farmer should commerce life
with the determination to keep a full aid accurate
ileum]. He should describe tho operations of the
form day by day, as they actually occur, singly and
in suceession; and the affects of the weather fur the
time on the fi-.lus and their product. End on the
.condition of the live stock. He should notice
tv.ry remaik,ble oecumeic° of heat or cold,
rain or drought, agitteible or unple'csant feel-
ing in the' air; tie state of the atmosphere; the
particular effect of rain or drought, Feat or c Ad, in
retarding cr materially altering the !allows of the
field, and the It net of time sand quantity of rein re-
quired to produce such an effect; as well as the in-
fluence of the so on the health or growth ef plants, and
the comroit and condition of animals. He should
note the time esch crop is committed to the ground,
how long it takes to appear above ground. when it
comes into ear, and the period of harvest. He should
make an estim eta of Vex produce of a crop before it is
gathered, and observe how far his estimate is justified
by the result.
In the same way he should estimate the weight
of cattle and sheep by the eye at different Tenteds
f their growth,snd cheek the tri by measurements.
He should le.cp a le 'tinter of every field; note
the quantity of labour it lame received, the
manure applied and the crop sown, with all the de-
cuenstarees attending these operations; ht him ascer-
tain number of the ridges which make en Oct, in each
field. The use of tabular forms for many of these
fame will be found convenient. Full and accurate
account+ must be kept, and in such form en will
enable the farmer to distinguish the c sot of the dif-
ferent departments of his business. iSe must every
year take stock about the end of autumn, and the
more complete and comprehensive the summary he
then makes, the more advantageously will he com-
mence the work of another year.
Where a young farmer has undergone such a pre-
paratory self-training, he has secured for himself Dome
of the main elements of success in after life ; and if
he will be careful in commencing huninese to take a
farm not too large for his capital, and will be reason-
ably frugal, be will be more certain to obtain com-
fort and competence (though not, pa shops, fortune),
than in any other walk of life.
Having dealt with this preliminary and all-impor-
tant pare of the subject, Mr. Stephens cemmences his
description of farm weeks, with those of winter. This
is the season when live stock demand much and con-
stant attention ; when the dabbles must be ploughed
if not done in the previous autumn ; when land-
draining and the clearing of ditches must he effected ;
and during which the whole ache me of the year
should be carefully made, not merely with reference
to what is positively best to be done, but with refe-
rence to the farmer's wearies of accomplishing what ho
desires to effect. It is at this time that the farmer
will reap the fruits of previous diligence, if he has
'mired an abundant supply of roots for
his stock, or will be hourly vexed by see-
ing his animals short of food, and in an
unthrifty condition ; if, through want of
promptitude, skill, or resolution during the previous
lb months, be finds himself in the winter and spring
without an ample provision of roots. In fact, the

It happened that about this time the property of
Sir Lawrence Palk in and adjacent to the borough was
brought into the market. It had been offered to Lord
Clinton's agent for 20,00 W. He tendered 17,0001.,
which was refused. About 7,000/.'s worth was then
sold by public auction in lots. No in-To of it could be
got off easily in that way. So Mr. Matheson stepped
In and bought all the remainder.
This prep, rty gives direct influence over from 20 to
30 voters, and of wane its possession confers con-
siderable additional influence indirectly. This is a
great power to exercise amongst so small a consti-
tuency. Mr. Matheson is further rendered all-potent
in the place by having allied with him the only other
active influences. Thew are his agent, Mr. Tucker,
a sul'citor, and the family of Counter, in whoa
the manufacturing business of the town settled when
there was any exieting in it. The trade of the
district having now gone from it almost eotie ely, the
influence of the latter is probably decreasing; but Mr.
Tucker, on the other hand, is very influential. lie is
the managing man for the liberals in the county, is of
respectable family, and held inconsiderable esteem by
the party throughout Devonshire. In Ashburton
nearly everything that has been done or is doing
begins and ends in his office, and we all know what
power that gives at an election.
Messrs. Matheson, Tucker, and Caunter united are
as strong in Ashburton as the other firm of Matheson
at d Co. are in China. But it nevertheless cannot be
concealed that, as things stand at present, the borough
has relapsed into as bad an electoral system as ever
existed in the old tory days, when Sir Lawrence Palk
returned himself on the strength of Mr. Matheson's
present property. The people are beginning to see
and feel this, and biter are their complaints in cons, -
quence. At the last general election Mr. James Ma-
theson stood for Ross-shire, of WI ich he is a native
and a deputy lieutenant, and where he has large
se: germ Another Mr. Matheson c tote to AshbuVon.
The difference between the two was not clearly under-
' stood at fast, end when it was there was not a little
grumbling. This soft cf turning the town over to
one', brother within twenty years after the Reform
Bill and during the lives of the very first generation
of 10/. householders, surprised even the inhali.tante of
Ashburton. But there was no help for it. " Their
late hon. member's brother" was elected without op-
pmition ; anything of that sort would have been we-
lees. As a gentleman on the spot emphatically in-
fermi us, " the place is now as close as wax."
Yon will find the reflecting portion of the Ash-
burton community very noxious at this time either
far disfranchisement or for the amalgamation of their
borough withTotnoes. It is very clear that the place
ought not to return a repress ntatiee et all, and pre-
bsbly would not have continued to have done so but
for the fact of its beirg a whig borough, with a fair
frequented by the gipsas.

INTIMIDATION AT TliE CARDIGAN
ELECTION.

The petition to the House of Commons from an
elector of Cardigan, presented ly Mr. John Wilhints on
Thur,day, emanated teem a Mr. J. W. Fcwler. He stet.
that he was a tenant of the Rev. H. D. Iti,egan, late incum-
bent of the living of Castle Ileditigham, Ewa : that he hits
punctually paid his rent, and strictly fulfilled all the e,n-
ditions imposed on him as tenant : that at the last election
he voted for Air. Pryse, though strongly canvassed fer la
opeonent, Mr. Hanford: that, subsequently, namely, about
three weeks after the election, he received a nolice to pit
his premises from ?deism EltlllA ar d Morgan, his landlortea
agents : that this notice was accomeanied by a letter from
the son of the Dev. ii. D. Morgan, of which the follewing is
a copy :
" Dear Sir,—l am sorry to Gen I you the enclosed nohlee
to quit. When a tenant votes against his landlord the urn ds
fellowship which ought to exist between them ceases ; mai
it is my father's "visa as well as my own that in future no
one should hold under as who will not support our parlia-
mentary interest.—Yours truly, T. Monoarr."
The petitioner further expresses his belief that many
other individuals in Cardigan have reel iced like notices ; and
he prays for the protection of the bare!, " being perfectly
convinced t'llt such will be the only means of insuring the
expression of fret and utibiarsed opinion, and of securing
elt eters from the effects of intolerant and tyrannical
coercion."

PAUPER CHILDREN.—An act (12th Victoria, cap.
13th), which has just been passed for the regulation of pau-
per establishment,. will have the effect of totally pre
venting any of the iniquities which have hitherto been
practised in many of such places. By the Ist section it is
provided that the Poor Law is " to make and issue
all such roles, order, end regulations for the management
lied goy, rnment of any t ouse or establishment wherein any
p .or person shall be 1 wilted, boarded, and maintained, for
hire or remaneration, &c ," or in which pauper children are
educated, as by law they are row empowered to do with
regard to workhouses; end any disobedience of such rules,
&c., on the part of the proprietors or officers of such este •
blishments is poniehable by penalties under the 4th and sth
Wm. IV., cap.7o. The 4th section provides that the said board
shall at any time, if they see just cause, prohibit, by order
under their seal, the r•eeption or retention " of any pectin
or periods in such utehlithmente." By the 6th section,
the board may remove anv edict r of such establishments for
misconduct. The oth section empo xers them to regulate all
contracts entered into by the proprietors, &c., of any such
establishment for the to aging, boarding, &c., of any poor
person. By the 7th section the commissioners are author-
ued to appoint a person, temporarily or permanently, to visit
and inspect any inch hou.es or establishments, such persons
to be paid by the guardians or overseen of parishes who have
paupers there; and, by the Bth section, justices are em-
powered to visit and inspect the establishments, and the
Board of Health to appoint an jeep etor to visit them from
time to time, and report upon their condition. The said act
does not apply to lunatic asylums, and is confined to Englud
and Wales.

THE NEW BILL FOR REGULATION OF EMIGRANT
breadth and weight of his root crops form the truest
SHIPS.—Tae following is en abstract of the bid new in par- measure of a farmer's skill and success which can be
Bement, as amended by the committee, for the regulation or
offered. The great objects are to consume a certain
emigrant ships:—The first four clauses are purely prefatory.
means of
the set into execution proportion of the turnips on the land by
Clause 5 vests the power of carrying
in the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, who sheep, arid to draw off sufficient for the consumption
are authorised by the next clause to appoint emigration offi- of stock in the yards.
cers sad assistants in the United Kingdom, governors having Tbia is best accomplished on fertile land with an
the like power of appointment in the colonies. It is after. open subsoil, for if the soil be very light the farmer
wards provided that roe paseeeger-ship shall be cleared with.
feels he can ill spare any portion of the turnips for
out the emigration officer's certificate that the requirements
of the act have been fulfilled. Clause 10 (the meet important, use in the yards, and if thy land be strong there will
perhaps' in the bill) limits the number of passengers to be be scarcely time during the winter, if the Benson prove
carried both by tonnage and space. It enacts that no ship wet, for feeding off upon the land enough of the tar-
shall be allowed to proceed on her voyage with a remit. nir On this Mr. Stephens says :
number of -passengers on board, including the crew, than in
the proportion of one person to every two tons. Irrespective t has been found by experience that more than half of stair
stop of titre ips consumed on the ground by cheep, leaves more
of tannage, every deck passenger is to have twelve clear super- manure then is proper for the ground to receive at one time
ficial feet; or if the vessel have to pan the tropics, and the for the succeeding grair. crop ; and the too great effect is
voyage exceeds twelve weeks, fileen feet. Two children
evinced by the crop being laid to the ground for want of
each under the age of fourteen years are to reckon as one strength in the straw, and the ears not being filled with
passenger. infants under twelve months not being cum- sound grain. But the proportion removed is entirely resin
puted. Various regulations follow as to light and ventila- lated by the state of the soil and crop, as may he seen by
tion. Clause 19 prohibits articles injurious to health from this statement. The usual proportion pulled of a good crop
being taken as cargo. Provisions for the passenaen are is one half, but should the soil be in a low condition a third
to be shipped at the expense of the owner or charterer only is removed ; and if in fine condition, two-thirds, or even
o' the ship. The dietary scale, set forth in the 24th clause,
three-fourths may be pulled; but the quanties thus pulled
is as follows. Each passenger is to have, during the voyage,
depend upon the bulk of the crop. II the crop is very large
at least three quarts of water daily, and of provisions after and the ground in fine eonditim, two-thirds may be pulled ;
the rate per week of two-and-a-half pounds of bread or but it is rarely the case that the roil is so rith arid the crop so
biscuit, one pound of wheaten fimr, five pounds of oatmeal, large as to make a half too large a 'lmport/ nto he left nn
two pounds of rice, two ounces of tea, half-a-pouad of sugar, the gd round. If the crop is poor one-third only should be
and ha'f.a-pound of mobiles Potatoei, when gocd, may
be substituted for either the oatmeal nr rice, in the propor- Pulle, and a very poor crop should be wholly eaten
on whatever condition the soil may be in. Au-
den of five pounds of potatoes to one pound of catmeal or other consideration, materially affecting the quantity
rice. Each ship is to have a cook appointed to cook the to be left on the ground is, the occurrence of a
passengers' food. Each ship having as many as one hundred poor crop of turnips over the whole farm. Hitherto,
passengers is bound by the 26th clause to have a surgeon on I have only been speaking of that part of the crop
beard ; if the voyage is one that will exceed 12 weeks, a
of turnip to be used by the sheep ; but when the entire crop
smgeon is also to be taken if the number of passengers be ie to bad as to be insufficient to maintain all the stock fully,
only 50. Ships to North America are exempted from carry- the proportion to be consumed by the sheep and cattle re-
lag a surgeon, provided that 14 instead of 12 superficial feet s actively should be determined on at once, and maintained
be allowed to each passenger. Clause 36 enacts, that every throughout the season. In such a case, neither the sheep
passenger at the end of the voyage shall bi entitled for at
nor cattle can be fattened on turnips - and other expedients
lout 48 hours to sleep en board a ship, and may during that must be resorted to do so, if desired ; and if not desired, the
time, claim maintenance the same as during the voyage. stock must bi left in a lean state. The economical plan is to
Clauses *4 to 49 relate to brokers' licenses, contract tickets,
allow the sheep to get as many turnips as will feed them,
&^., for North American voyages; and the remainder of the and to feed the cattle on the remainder of the crop, along
billand co. odirieaustsitoiofnclotufte thse preolawtienagvettedpeinnalgotievsernanodrs panrcenia
eoeidoure. with oil-cake or corn, because oil-cake can be more conies.
niently carried to the deeding than turnips. Thukconsi• • ". Si 4..
voy age s.—Lirerpool Al6i4n. . 1,
lions are required to determine the proportion did -c,,,,0' -e - 1
A GOOD EZAMPLE.—The Hon. Newton Fellowes crop to be pulled, but the standard propr lion is:10 • ......1' s' 4
ha; 'riven orders to have a great qunotity of his coppioesacbd
andwhen that quantity is deviated from, it ehonad, .. : ,
.tiltx: .4
brakes, in the ni ighbourhood of Braes'ord and Chawleig , such urgent circumstances as those mention, d. -1... • ..i. .- S 'r,— `a
clawed and broken up for tillage, which is now affording
,t e
i The following statements as to the weigP -• • fiik,,t) / 2:1
large amount of labour to the poor; immense tra .
forc the t.W-
but a few years Fillet were planted with fume, puss- 4 qualities, and consumption of turnips, ifs • kik-.-
pace o.
'affording shelter f.r the foxes, are n*w undergoing of attention : A
white globe turnip of 7 inches •- -• cas ~.„
that change which will soon, we hope, repay the owner A in fiver tea_ .-‘l'. I'M
k_
...,
better return.— Western Times. grains, whereas one of 4 inches diameter Wads OP
AZ 0
V /31

aut•
rimmit matter • the smaller being the more nutritive. A
large Swede ecustains 110 grains, end a small one oaly 99
pales of intuitive matter, the I irrer Swede beiag the more
astride,. The quantity of nutritive matter in the MN
variety of the turnip vanes: in white tuniipe from 8 to 13
per east., amid in the yeLow tamp from Ile to 17 per mat.;
no that 20 tons of cue crop may be as feeding se 30 tons el
ametlbev; which Is aa important fact, and may account
for the discrepancies experienced by lumen is reedier
Meek A good mop of Swede:tersipe weighs from 30 to 36
asiaisecr imperial ern. . A good crop of yellow tannin
w from 30 toS2 tees per imperial aim .. A good
Filleting globe turnips weighs from 30 to 40 tams per im-
mix. A bushel of tansies weighs from 42 he. to 46
. . The nutritive matter eentaised ht ma imperial
am of tureips is rest. la • crop of 20 toss, or 43,000 lbs.,
Aare are 900 lbs. of thick or woody fibre; 4,00014. of starch
eager gem, 670 lbs. el gluiest, 130 lbe. of fat or oil, and SOO
lbs. et saline matter. Urals*, homy be oho rvsd la the table
of &sepia, contain • very large proportion of water and
this enhancing the met of tramport, makes it almost nem.-
my to have them oesawased en the spot when they ere
grown. . . . A yams Leicester sheep may be supposed
ie eat 23 lbs., and an older Doe 38 .In. of turnips per day
during the winter half year. se 180 days ; sada young black-
head sheep 18 he, and as *Wens 28 lbs. per day fate sans,
timr.. . . The usual *nowise:et* at a crop of 30 tons
of turnips in the winter half year, or 180 days, is 16 young
and 8 old Leicester sheep, and 20 young and 10 old black-
thesd sheep per acre. In niskier this last estimate
the state of the crop should be taken into consideration, a
dose crop of small yellow or white turnips takes longer time
to sionsunte than a bulkier crop el larger turnips ; but a asp
of Imp. Swedes, though thin ea the ground, will take •
longer time to consume than a clover crop of small roots. An
ex will eat about • ten of wail), every k. A two-year-
gild short-horn ox will tionsum• 26 tons, and • thrse-year-old
SO toss of turnips ia 180 dap. The smaller breeds of cattle
@maw It es.
Let as next parse* that important breech of farm-
ktg, fleck management, into Mr. Stephens'ssocooddivi-
mon,
opting practice. This is an anxious time for the
stock firmer, with his breeding flock; but here as
elsewhere in husbandry, care and foresight will me-
dially command ruccess. He or:—
Before the season of lambing arrives the shepherd should
have a smell paddock of as. or two aerie, or, when them is
no paddock, a sheltered corner of a ram field of small sin,
ereeveniently situated as near the stesdiog as possible. fenced
sound with nets, sad fitted up with sheds, made of hurdles,
set op in the most sheltered pert, against • wall or hedge,
and listed in the inside and comfortably roofed with straw.
Bach straw sheds form most comfortable plans of refuge for
awes that lamb in the night, or have lambed la the day, and
require protection I' rots frost, snow, rain, or cold in the
sight, until the ewes are p. rfectly recovered hem lambing.
and the Labe nifaciendy strong to bear the weather in the
open field. . . . . The bat mode of manaree ewes for
retries good lambs, is to keep them in fair condition until
they have imbed, after which they should has e the beet grass
the farm will afford. New gram always produces abundance
shank, and it is reedy eerlier than old. In ease of snow
'covering the ground in spring, when the ewes are heavy le
lamb, they should get a few turoips and plenty of hay—
skim bay, if peedb—natil the grounder again clear ; but
fa *pea weather I. winter there is nothing better for them
this gram which had been kept rough kr the purpose in
autos& Wane confined on the lambing gr,und the
ewes should have turnips and hay to support them ; bc-
fere lambing and after lambing nothing is better than
cabbage or kale, and in lieu • little &leak* will encourage
ths asoessary discharges and purification of the womli.
New gnus also *roster niedieinally on the system of the ewe
With respect to the increarm of sheep Mr. Stephens
says :
In regard to the yield of lambs of the Cheviot breed, it is
sensidered a favourable result to rear a lamb for each ewe;
with S itith Downs a little more; and with black-fseed ewe,
*Moen lambs out of the more of ewes is perhaps as favour-
able h Cheviots yield • few pairs, South Downs • few more,
'block howl very Sew ; and bait the number of Leicester
wee should have tide lusts.

This shows the value of Leicester sheep, and
though it may be true that they sometimes require
rather more attention during lambing than the more
active breeds, this arises only from their superior
aptitude to fatten. Against this the farmer can have
no difficulty in guarding his breeding tam Eis
remarkable that Mr. Stephens in his communication
takes no notic3 of the Gloucester or Cotswold sheep,
now daily making their way into all our English dis-
tricts ; indeed, our Leicester flecks are very generally
receiving infusions if Gloucester bloo& And a
alight, not to say alighting, reference to this
valuable breed is made in the Quarterly article
to which we have alluded. Both writers are
best acquainted with Scotch husbandry, and therefore
naturally prefer the hardy and mountain breeds of
cattle and sheep with which they are best acquainted ;
but though Scotland is ahead of England in general
cultivation, we en the south of the Tweed are far in
advance with regard to stock. But this distinction
and its causes would require mare space for its consi-
deration than we can on the present occasion afford.

A GAIMaWPIRSECUTION.