The Express.
London, England, 1847-10-01 00:00:00

ewaknfile_end would et once all become members, and make laws, ',heir hereditary sentiments and • bitidall
a present of 'Eon-117a InianTinehrentrat of the tittrary, and reAtoma 'Thelf'irdprrselearelor the m
would, as they (the worktaeuhsleased, either give them the transient—their information irnperhet 'end me, ,•
us sus room in which they wets then assemble', or run
up a temporary building for th... 0 UM as quickly as posaib!e, An enthusiastic collegian,
. full of the 'delves of am"
of
untd the permanent building could be erected. The chair. and Xenophon, and possibly, too, of the eorninci,
man concluded by moving that such a socie3 be Byron—or a "fast" mew, who, is scampering over
formed.—The Rev. Mr. Green, of Seadgate, sewed the Europe, " doing the notabilities," with a profound
motion ; and reed over a Copy of the proposed contempt for everything he Dees and everyone ho
rules, the adoption of which he moved. They MM. • •-•
ta. ruanes to Athena, to Salamis, to Thermopylw,
like all the other resolutions, agreed to unanimoudy.—Mr.
Row, in a short speech, nominated the Olean and council, and the other world-famous localities of the land—on
and was seconded by Mr. Bennett.--The chairman wham- the whole of which he perhaps condescends to bestow
ledger' his election as first president, and Mr Holger and a fortnight of his existence, during which he is
Mr. Williams, as members of the council, promised to ad- cheated by his Albanian servant, and frightened out
vanes the objects of the institution as far as they were able, of a few piastres by a picturesque vagabond on a '
—Mr. Dentan proposed a vote of thanks to the directors,
mountain road—just as in London he might be
for their attendance and assistance, pointing out the necessity
of self-deondence, and looking on all assistance from others overcharged &this hotel, and have his pocket picked in
as merely secondary to their own exertions. He adverted the Strand; and then, presto! he pronounces judgment
to the rapid progress made in physical science, by which a upon Greece. The absurdity of all this is sufficiently
message, which would have taken many days to transmit, apparent. Yet the majority of English tourists make
an now done almost instantaneously, and hoped a
mental corre-
sponding advancement would take place in and moral up
improvement.—Mr.their books out of such materials, and jump to
Bentley seconded the motion.—Some their conclusions from such premises. In this respect,
complimentary votes concluded the proceedings. too, the French are as hasty and superficial as ml.-
81139E:C. , selves. Chateaubriand, who writes a book on Oar-
A FATAL ACCIDENT occurred on the London and thage, after a single day's inspection, is an example
Brighton and South Coast Railway yesterday afternoon. As
the Portsmouth train was going fr,m Portsmouth to Brigb_ of the one phase, and that Mr. Roche, of whom
ton, one of the guards named Hart was adjusting some lag- Byron tells, who declared that the Greeks of the pre-
gage on one of the carriages as the train was going under an sent day are the same cheating and lying rascals am
archway near Angmering, when his head came in contact they were in the times of Themistocles, of the other.
with the arch, and the poor fellow was killed on the spot. Even the plodding Germans do not escape the usual
sin. Every man has some system of his own with
respect to Greece--some formulae of regeneration—
some panacea for all its wants—and even where a man
has the necessary opportunities for gaining authentic
information, his theories perplex him, and vitiate,
because they unconsciously colour, his statement of
facts. A sound and sensible work on the subject,
wholly free from false colouring on the one hand, and
from mistatemeut on the other, does not exist.
The volume before us is in some respects an excep-
tion. A seven years' residence in Athens and the
country ; a perfect acquaintance with the society,
language, manners, and customs of the people ;
afforded the writer ample opportunities of knowing
and appreciating the character of the masses, as well
as of the few feudal or military chieftains who
occupy those positions in the country which keep
them prominently before the world; and whose cha-
racteristics are too often mistaken by foreigners for
types of the entire body of their countrymen. A value,
therefore, attaches to its opinions which few works
on the subject are entitled to. Her enthusiasm for
the cause of Greece would, at first, lend one to
suspect her impartiality ; but it must be evident that
an enthusiasm which has survived a seven years' COn-
tact with its object, and, indeed, grown stronger with
the length and p. rfection of the intimacy, is not of the
ordinary school-boy kind, and cannot have been en-
tirely misplaced.
The volume professes to be the record of the voy-
age home from the East, by way of the Danube ; but
in the introduction and first chapter are summed up
the results of her long experience of the Greeks, of
their country, and of their religion and insti-
tutions. Front our own acquaintance with the
Greeks, we were prepared to expect, and were
glad to find, that her respect for them, and her confi-
dence in their future, increased and deepened every
year, just as her knowledge of them increased. She
bears unimpeachable testimony to the rapid social
progress which they have made daring their few short
years of comparative freedom. That progress would
have been still more rapid and uniform had the Greeks
been left to themselves—to developo their resources,
and to reconstruct their national existence in the
natural way—according to their own forms and spon-
taneous tendencies. Greece has been, and continues
to be, sadly hampered by her powerful protectors.
Each of the great powers has • particular theory
of gorerument and social organisation for that
country. Her history and traditions have made
her a sort of common property to all Europe.
In an age of diplomacy she has become what
Flandersi was in an age of war—a battle-ground
for rival states and systems. Every one assumes the
right to understand Hellas better than the Hellenes do
themselves. The land languishes with too much
patronage and protection. Neither peoples nor
governments will understand that, like a healthy
child, it only requires free scope, and to be
left alone. Russia prescribes one nostrum, France
another, England a third, and twenty other states
as many other specifics. The patient—which in
fact needs no physic —is drugged to death.
This meddling spirit of quackery is greatly to
be deprecated. The northern and western intellect
of Europe is too little conversant with the con-
stitution of the oriental mind, and with its modes
of operation, to render their interference pro-
fitable to the one side, or safe to the other. The best
thing which could possibly happen to Greece would
be for the governments of the protecting powers to
forget her altogether for twenty years. There would
be more hope for her then. Every act of the powers
in that country has proved a blunder—from first to
last The first was the institution of the monarchy:
an arrangement which only the Holy Alliance could
have conceived as the best for that country. Greece
is too small, too poor, and too republican in spirit for
royalty ;—it never did, and the inference is that it
never will, flourish in the soil of Attica. Nor was the
ultimate selection of a representative of the kingly
rank more fortunate. A prince educated for a priest
of the Italian church, nursed in its worst schools of
bigotry and intolerance, was, by reason of that very
education, incapacitated from ruling over the not
leas bigoted and still more ignorant votaries
of a rival creed. Otho is a catholic; the
Queen is a protestant: and the great majority of
their subjects, on the score of those heresies, believe
them doomed to eternal damnation. The political
importance of this belief is much greater than persons
westward of the Adriatic can easily imagine.
The domestic policy of the court has also been sui-
cidal. The maxims and the governmental ideas of an
inland German city were carried into the metropolis
of a people who live chiefly on the sea. Even their
freedom of commerce—the Athenian policy thousands
of years ago—was tampered with, and the Greeks
almost excluded from their native element. Their
commercial tariff is said by Macgregor to be founded
on the principle " that fraud is the basis tf all trade,"
and therefore every possible restriction ought to be
imposed upon its development; a conception worthy
of a monk, but hardly of a man who ought to stand
in the sandals of the great statesmen of antiquity.
No governmental errors could, however, wholly pre-
vent the Greeks from becoming what are or-
ganically and geographically adapted 'by nature to
become—a great maritime and commercial people.
From the moment that the iron yoke of their Ma-
hommedan masters was removed, they have continued
to advance irresistibly in that noble and useful career.
Quick, versatile, and diplomatic—fond of a sporadic
and adventurous existence, and eminently endowed
with all those qualities which command saccess in
basiness—they have pushed forward into Europe,
Africa, and Asia, in every direction, and established
themselves as the commercial pupils and rivals of the
English in all the great trading cities of the continent.
. From Glasgow to Scanderoon, they are settled along
the coasts of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean ;
and already nearly the whole of the trade of Persia
and the Ottoman empire passes through their hands.
Twenty years ago there were only four Greek flume
in England ; now there are more than a hundred
scattered over the country—in London, Manchester,
Liverpool, Glasgow, &c. In Manchester there is quite
a colony of them, who, by their commercial integrity,
wealth, and intelligence, command the respect and
esteem of all classes. Greece need but to follow out
patiently the course marked out for her by nature,
and she will be certain to regain her place amongst
the nations. As yet, she has had no fair chance. Her
existence has been hitherto an experiment of alien
=; but, in spite of all depressing eircum-
the great intellectual aptitude of her people
be rapidly being developed; and she needs but to be
freed from foreign influences end exotic ideas, to ad-
vance; gradually along the path of social prosperity
and political power.

LITERATURE.

The Progreu of Arner:ea.S; ioitxii‘Gazooa. 2 YOU.
London.
- .....

Most curious and—interesting facilities are
afforded by these two immense and information-
crammed volumes for comparing the different fates,
state, and progress of the two great limbs of the
American continent, the one of which was handed
over by Providence to the English race, the other to
the great peninsular races of Spain and Portugal.
Mr. M'Gregor commences by pointing out the con-
trast :
la tracing this program (my. he) the reader will not fail to re.
mark the not •nirkingly rapid and brilliant aubjugition by the
Spaniards of the fairest regions of the new world, during the first
century after it. de...fry. lie will alas remark that all attempts on
the part of England and France failed for the first Ito years; and
that, after the first hum were erected by the In nob in Acadia and
Canada, in the yr.tr lOW, how painfully slow and unprofitable wee
the progress of France to all her struggle. to colonise Aroma. The
early attempts of ilugland were still 01 we disastrous; ant earn worn
a permanent nettlement was finally, in 1607, eotabliohed In t trent;
and, in ltd.), is New England, the prove.. of English eolommtlova
was at lent on!. succeeful by the moot enduring perseverance and
Industry, and be the adventurers suffering the moat incredible pri-
vations. But, a:though the progress of the Anglo-American colonies
was fur sone time slow, and unattended with brilliant military ex-
plolte, its entahaehment was founded on civil liberty and religious
Nedom, and on intelligent and practical principles of government.
The structure which, conocquently, arose 00 this fold groundwork
became durable and powerful. la the year 1709. an one 'waking the
?awash language mimed an scree( land in &nye( the countrie. within
the Gulf and River of :it. Lawrence, nor ow the banks of the Great
Lakes, nor in Florida, Mineravippl, nor in any of the regions west of the
Allegheny mountains. In all the territnrica, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, from liudoores Bay to the Gall of Mexico, the power of
France boa varnished. In ail North America, with the exception of
part of Mexico and Cuatemalt, this. who emelt the Spanih tongue
cease to poses. the soil, or to rule the people. A race speaking the '
English Language have advanced over, andoublued, th • most
none regions by an indomitable ryirit of memo.; which would seem
to ',sin iiir•epzip on it grows. Whether the Anglo-Saxon power ohall '
enatinue to be wielded by two governments, as at prevent—the Briti-h
and the great Anglo-American republic —or whither, no is most pro-
bable, it will hereafter separate into many—yet, the people speak-
ing and reading. and legislating, and governing in the tee of the
English language, appear to have • destiny in the proemss of the
future, as they have had in that of the pant, which neither policy
nor diplomacy can present,—which circuoriluncru will se surely
amelerate, as phyoltel elements more the great bodies which reeolve
in the heavens, until that procter. shall present to future generation,
in each ninon of North and South America Its natural and certain
effect. That effect wit( inevitably be, that the legislation and the
literature will be written, the debates spoken, the arts and wieners
expounded, mil the conversation between man and man be expreeeed,
in the English I ..nfrudge.
The author attributes the immense superiority of
the English race over its Spanish brethren or its
French rivals to freedom of institutions and freedom
of trade—" Commerce is civilisation." We are in-
clined to place more stress upon free institutions in
the infancy of a colony or state. It is remarkable
that the most flourishing, most populous, wealthy, and
free colonies, are those least formed for commerce, at
least in their undeveloped state. The shores of New
England offered no resource to the settler, but
such as his toil could extract front the soil for
his own nourishment. He had not those
great products of nature, those voluntary growths or
treasures, which southern nature brings forth in pro-
fusion, which tempt to trade, and which constitute
export, and consequently import, from the moment
that the first European community touches the shore.
Despotism and monopoly could alone have neutralised
and destroyed those immense advantages for trade
which the south possessed over the north. But these
veep advantages were compensated not only by poli-
tical but by moral ills. Not only did the despot and
the high priest extend their iron and their
bigot rule over the fair colonies of the
south, but the colonist himself soon substituted
the labour of the slave for his own. And thus at
once was cut off the great source of a wholesome
population; for no higher classes can flourish or exist
on self-support without being recruited from the class
below them, the class immediately in contact with
and living upon the eel Deprived of this, the upper
classes of a country must recruit from the mother-
land, which precludes nationality and that fraternity
and equality of race which gives a population the
good fellowship and social strength of one great poli-
tical family.
As illustrative of the American empires of North
and South, the United States and Brazil may be set '
by the side of one another—some 1,800,000 square
miles being the area of one, 2,750,000 square miles
the area of the Brazils, which weigh so little in the
present state of the world's politics and relations.
The population of the United States, at the com-
mencement of the century, was about five millions,
in which were one million of slaves. At present it
may be estimated at twenty millions, of which three
millions may be slaves. Brazil has a very stationary
population of front four to four and a half millions, of
which much the larger proportion are slaves.
The exports and imports of Brazil, that is,
its foreign trade, are greater in proportion to its popu-
lation than these even of the Anglo-Americans. Brazil-
ian exports cannot be estimated at less than to the
value of six millions sterling. A hundred millions
of dollars is about the value of that of twenty
millions of the Anglo-Americans. The capabilities for
increasing exports are still greater in South America
than even in North. In many states of the south,
colonial produce of the very best quality, to be
raised at very trifling cost, is valueless from
the want of communication or means of trans-
port. There are whree states, the value of
whose annual produce would be raised from hundreds
to tens of thousands simply by a railroad. Every
day, therefore, must increase the productive power
of the South American states, whilst if any check
could be put to the slave population, and any industry
be created in the interior, in the higher and healthier
parts of the continent, where a free race and free
labour have the greatest advantages over slaves, the
import and consumption of European commodities
would be found to keep pace with, and stimulate export.
Although there are no volumes into which a poli-
tical writer will oftener have to look than those before
ns, it would be dangerous to embark on a full review
of them. One would be soon lost in such an ocean
of facts, topics, statistics, and information. The chief
importance is, that the public should be generally
aware of their existence, and know of so compact,
complete, and universal a storehouse of information
respecting the trans-Atlantic continent, drawn up by
the most competent authority in this country. Con-
tenting ourselves with this cursory view for the pre-
sent, we may return to the work, especially for the
rake of pointing out the new facts given, and the
lights thrown, on the very ill-know republics of the
South.

Wayfaring Sketches among Me Greeks and Turks, and on
the shores of the Danube. By A SEVEN YEARS' RE-
SIDENT IN GREECE.
A good book on the present state of Greece, on the
condition of the people in relation to morals and civili-
sation, and on the working of their young social and
political institutions, is a desideratum in the literature
of Western Europe. Travellers in the Levant belong
to two classes—classical enthusiasts, who are deter-
mined to see nothing in Attics and the Mores that
does not harmonise with the immortal traditions which

CLERICAL.

have attracted thew thither ; and military and
commercial adventurers, who go to Greece with
the same feelings as they would to New Zealand, and
who, finding themselves worsted at their own wea-
pons by the crafty intellects for which those shores
have always been renowned, vent their rage and dis-
appointment in unmeasured vituperation of the
whole race. Between the magniloquent vanities of
ghnlirst, and the malignant misrepresentations of the
insesi, it is difficult for sober inquirers to arrive at
any satisfactory conclusion on the subject. Nor do
travellers remain a sufficient length of tame to acquire
any correct insight into the character of the people
and the Volition of their laws, or whet are, as in all
oriental eoentries, of still more force and efficacy than

DI °cies OP SALIABORT. —The Lard Bishop of Salisbury
Imo licensed the following gentlemen to cumin within Ms ihoceve :
Rer. 11. T. Gibbon& RA., of Trinity Coll.. Combri'sre, to the eurory
of Manhole; Pee. W. R. Bright, B.A. of Balliol Coll., Oxford, to the
coney of Orebfoet, Willa; Rev. J. If. Austen, N.A., of Joon Coll.,
Cambridge, to the of Verwood, Dometahire; Rey. J. T. A.
Swan, 8.A., of Lincoln Coll., Oxford, to the curacy of White/torch
Canonicorom, Dorretahhe; Rev. S. T. U. Jervoie B.A. of Brunson,
Colt., Oxford, to the Gamy of Burford St. Merjn, Wire; Rev. F.
Blum, RA., of Trinity Coll., Ounteidge, to the curacy of Twerne
Courtney-gum-Farrington Chapel, Demetahlre ; Rev. R. Payne, 8.A.,
of St. Mary IdarlalaseHaU. Oxford, loth* enemy of Chilton Folliott,
Wilts; Rev. A. O. Cotton, 8.A., of Jesus Coll., Cambridge, to the
curacy of Warminster. DmneWre; Her. O. 8.A., of OonWile
and Claim Coll, Cambridge, to the money' of Alderhury, Wits; Bev.
O. B. L. Warner, of Ilew La Mil, Oxford, to the enteag4
North Bradley, Witte ; Rev. J. A. J. Bober* 8.A., ot chews
Combridge,Ao the coney of Ravi& Bassett, Willa
Plillitlitin/111.—Rev. W. J. Ape, N.A., to the curacy
of 9L Gar r% Heorogeociare; Por.W. U. Mimeo" B.C.L.,prous,