The Express.
London, England, 1851-10-01 00:00:00

1 0 7
I 1411
4 011
. 0 •H

Mabel( of Ike Wads Imam Premium may remain am credit for
arm pork at cee-tkird lUbe Rambo saey remake for lib aa a dekt
gra the 'Wiry at 3 per cent., or nay be add all at say tins without
=dee.
Osier pad in one month after woods bare been appeared.
Lome aappaas appeeered recurity.
The 'medical alter, attend every day at Throgieeetna.ebrat. at a
quarter before 2 o'clock. E. BATE% Seldom Director.

JEWELLERY. - DODD, BROTHERS, 40,
Cornhill (Maision-honee aide). Jeweller% eliverseniths, and
wetehmakerr, beg to sotit.t an inspection of their ostensive ASSORT-
Mrfr of JET ORNAMENTS. taming • Mock of the choicest make
001 Fed deolgaa in chains, breochne, bracelets. bow earrings, *O.
in be met with in London.-10.

MILLS,
171, 172, owl 149,
HENRYeriORD-STREET,
LONDON, newoostssels
his Idebly•AnWsed GOLD
WATCHES, of the HORI-
ZONTAL CONSTRnION,

GOLD DIALIKIIWELLED,
fa., at rive Oakum welt.
Io ,Ilver Came. 111 Two-
sad-a-Half Onions each.
NEW SHOW-P.OONIS, at
171, exhibit as alienate*
amenrtawat of New and
SECOND-NAND PLATE.

'ad—the-74V Eif.chii-
ma other PLATED GOODS.
at ezesedbely robbed
prkaa
Ilis Rae add JEWEL-
LERY b ia cadre
variety. Iran Gob Guards,
no We. oath; abo AL.
BERT CRAMP, from 751, each.
A Pamphlet, containing the. List of Prior sat Sitataties, sell
seat err poet, free, on applicants by latter; sad as sally apptieatka
ivliclted.
Note the Adber-171, 177, cad 149, OXIPORDATEEET,
L 322011.

WHISKERS AND MOUSTACHIOS. The
anordmiord dam d sowwror IMAMS Oil.
la proirobs *do rormals of kisdade oddradly bow awl
=for Is WT mut amebas la droi.
It dada bo sir oribrdarb Tido OR is porami-
sadisintl asari=offolki. loodlinteso
tokor
d edam&
ildriarar IN= Ss bre die bor. asarkirs Mk
118 rediustr re" drams k bra beef ari
semilles le ast=itesseeders rommisa et
orribli/ilifir lad . la. Wig bildmirlo= kid
MO) kb lb. ad be* art dro. kb ill bib
bib dbr rain beds lb Or yob olordsabf
kk • arporolfla twofers as lir Of
atTeed iM brk
ellInOW use u. oroaddroi loom Wby
MTTOSAAINDM 'tONDON. fro di OrraliOfis are

rmTHOUSAND CURES WITHOUT ME-
., by DL MI MI WALIICT• ANIABICA FOOD.
40,513:-•l'ft rote bidatiltalla dor
affroara, satirm=&.titildadart Odesl47l=
at dr almatt, AM ban dra ay Da Own sr
imam bag." - dada Waild•dt_Use,rala Err 161111116
Ore dr 71. d apoits dim as imps Nis. dr Uri died
▪ Dads 1 lammt Mere etaddladia ism& ban ma Pra,
air llribt It dr ft Isuldr• wra 0 allign.
ltdalealle• at *sr Ilma."--tlard dit Can dr map-
ebe
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Wm. art asamiOrile agroddismistllty D• dor=
der bed Is • wort thart Inth I dud bedew le satyr say IN ed.
trr" dar tr. Mr% goyim lairigq. _Norf.lk•-881dr
imissigsmisk taillulnedgesmisabellb.. at No"- 21b1141•41';
111b.011112. draortedad wide, NM, at ;
▪ 231. t delft. .d aridais see ma ha et arida as TO.
O2lbiellket.ala.celems by DU DAILIT rid Ca., 127. New land.
▪ Lars • tat. Urberebattilbatrw.t, 13, Lag WlMeabotrist,
Cltrlll674l.lltexgrcte-otret.

BRITISH HUSBANDRY.
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDIN.
Breeding in all its branches" has long been a
standing sentiment at the business or convivial meet-
ings of English farmers ; and it indicates that de-
partwent of rural industry in which Englishmen
espeendly delight, and English fanners in particular
excel. From the peasant boy who breeds and rears
bb tame rabbits to the patrician who breeds race
hones, all classes amongst us take great pleasure in
rearing young animals ; the tradesman has a favourite
mare which makes a false step and damages her
knees ; he gives her a year's rest, and breeds from
her ; the farmer's wife has a cow giving more
milk than the rest of the herd, and she rears her calf.
Nearly every proprietor who occupies any et
his own land his a special variety of the pig tribe ;
while tho majority of farmers are more or less
breeders of cattle and sheep. And it is undeniable
that many of our stock breeders have attained extra-
ordinary eminence, as the numbers, varieties, and
perfection of the stock shown at our large agricul-
tural meetings testify. But at the same time, it is
no less true that immense numbers of our farmers,
from we eases or another, make considerable mis-
applications of care and outlay in breeding stock of
iiibriee kinds, at, after bans* bad bearably good
stock, keep it so badly that it scarcely proves profit-
able. This arises from two causes—first, the ori-
ginal cost of good breeding stock is somewhat
high, and secondly, the attention and food required
for rearing stock in the best manner are not afforded.
Neither are the principles of breeding sufficiently un-
derstood by the majority of farmers. They do not
estimate at its true value purity of blood, and
are either from crossing or regarding only some
useful qualities in particular animals, they overlook
the question of its race altogether.
A grand error so many per,ona commit is in ne-
glecting that axiom in breeding—always to use a
pore breed male animal. Not many years since, a
landed proprietor,desirons of improving his own cattle,
and those of his tenants and neighbours, purchased
a bull at a pretty good prim, which, on
inquiry, turned out to be a half-bred Ayr-
shire and short-horn. Of course his stock proved more
mongrels, though the bull was himself a fine beast.
80, again, a farmer, in ono of the home counties,
who breeds early lambs for the London market—and
which are usually bred from Southdown ewes by a
Cotswold male—invited us, with an obvious feeling
of satisfaction, to look at some rain lambs he was
rearing to put to some half-bred ewes, when we
found that they also were half-bred. The result
must be disappointment ; for the produce
will assuredly be much inferior to both sire
and dam. A single cross, either in sheep
or cattle, often produces stock admirably
adapted for the butcher ; but to breed from
cross-bred animals almost invariably leads to
failure. At all events, if cross-breeds are bred,
resort should be had to pure-bred males. For
instance, if a farmer would obtain good stock from
half-bred ewes, say Cotswold and Southdown, er
Leicester and Southdown, he must use either a pure
Cotswold or Leicester, or Southdown male; and even
then he would probably do better by beginning a
first cross again. And the same principle applies to
cattle. _ _ _ . _

Recently considerable attention has been paid to
the principles of breeding by men, who bring to the
subject scientific knowledge greatly exceeding that
of the eminent practical men who constitute our lead-
ing breeders. The latter are usually persons of
great discrimination, observant and patient ; and
possess a quick and accurate eye to the points
of form and other characteristics of a good
animal. The late Mr. Collings, and other first-rate
breeders of short horns, have also been noted for
delicacy of touch, enabling them to distinguish with
great nicety that peculiarity called "quality," or
" headling, r. which denotes aptitude to fatten.
And the object for which the animal bred is in-
tended must, of course, be kept steadily in view.
Thus in breeding cattle, meat or milk will be the ob-
jects; in breeding sheep, meat again, or wool, or
both combined, are sought: and in horses, weight
and strength, or activity, or speed and endurance.
And these different purposes will require very dif-
ferent principles to be kept in view for breeding.
Our modern system of husbandry has produced an
immense change in the management of live stock.
The demand for meat has increased, and at the same
time the necessity of keeping much stock in order to
furnish manure for the exigencies of the corn crop
has become imperative upon the farmers ; so that
now a larger weight of meat is produced on arable
farms by. the aid of turnips and green crops than on
the grazing lands, formerly . considered the main
sources of the supply of animal food. And while
more land has in this way been devoted to the pro-
duction of animal food, grain produce has not been
diminished, but on the contrary has largely increased
by means of the larger quantity of manure supplied
to the land. None now deny that the most profit-
able system of husbandry is that which enables the
farmer to feed the greatest amount of stock, and it is
undoubted that during the last thirty years the
quantity of live stock kept on arable farms has
been at least doubled. And the present stock
might easily bo again doubled. A sheep to an
acre is considered by many, perhaps a majority of
homers, to be a fair stock for a good sheep farm,
while on many farms which are highly cultivated
from two to three sheep per acre are regularly
maintained besides a considerable number of cattle.
And there are as great differences in the character
of the stock kept as in the cultivation of farms. This
is forcibly brought out at the shows of the Royal
Agricultural Society, where locally-bred animals are
contrasted with the stock shown by our professional
breeders. As a rule, sheep have beCn more improved
than cattle, for it is notorious that since 1813 the
weight of mutton has fully doubled in proportion to
the number of sheep kept on English farms. Still
there is great room for improvement in breeding
sheep as well as cattle. The importance to the com-
munity of well-bred stock is sufficiently obvious, for
if we assume that a good animal will make one-
eighth
in weight from a given consumption of food
in the same time as an interior—a very. moderate es-
timate—how great must be the national and indi-
vidual loss from the multitude of inferior animals we
me led.
But in order to maintain, or extend the improve-
meats in the breeds of stock which have been made
Ist our best breeders, it is necessary that the laws of
Nature which govern the perpetuation of our domes-
* animals should be generally understood. How
erten do we sec farmers and landed proprietors giving
high prices for stock to the breeders of prize animals
without affecting any material amendment of their
ewn stocks, and that notwithstanding much expense
b often incurred. The simple object of the breeder
b to consider what kind of animal will give him the
best money return for hisoutlay ; but to attain that
object it is requisite that he should know those points
and qualities which are most esteemed. An able writer
on "Breeding" in Morton's Cycloptedm of Agricul-
, tare, says, " the qualities desirable to obtain are pretty
nearly alike in the greaternumber of domestic animals,
I that is, in those intended for animal food. They are
I the capability of converting a given quantity of food
into the utmost amount of flesh and fat, and the de-
velopment of this meat on those parts of the body most
esteemed for food; thus small heads, short legs, and
small boos altogether are essential qualifications, and
early maturity is equally desirable. Connected with
these point' we invariably find a peculiarly quiet and
indolent disposition—what physiologists would term
a lymphatic temperament—which is denoted by the
firmness of the skin—a certain resilience to the touch,
so to speak, caused by the development of those
membranes immediately under the skin, which serve
for the deposition of fat in common with other ob-
jects." Such are the characteristics of animals in-
, tended to be fed for the sake of their meat. In the
case of milking cows, though these qualities are not
to be lost sight of, other properties, such as their
capacity for giving milk, and the richness and quan-
tity of such milk, must be made the first conMaa-

tion. In breeding horses muscular activity and
vigour of constitution are necessarily required. Cart
horses must have a certain degree of weight and
large bones, with quietness of disposition ; while a
light frame, with great muscular and nervous energy,
is indispensable in the thoroughbred horse. This is
often accompanied by a restless or even vicious tem-
per. And in every kind of animal the breeder must
remember the axiom, " like begets like," that defects
are more certainly propagated than good points, and
that it is utterly vain to expect healthy or perfect
offspring from unhealthy or imperfect parents. Some-
times detects which have disappeared in the first and
second generation will reappear in the third, and
it is only by constant attention to purity
of blood, and by weeding out the inferior,
and selecting for breeding stock only the
best of the young animals, that a breeder can
hope to approach, for ho will never attain perfection.
It has been justly said that " the art of breeding live
stock for profit 45 very laborious to both mind and
body. The purchasing of proper stock in the best
markets, the collecting them from different districts
into ono farm, the managing of the offspring stock
from birth to maturity, and the disposing of the
surplus in the most remunerating markets, involve
great bodily exertion; and the care of the large capi-
tal requisite for the enterprise, the doubt whether
the outlay for two or three years may be equivalent
to tho risk, the uncertainty, as to the purchased
stock producing a progeny as good in character as
themselves; the daily solicitude in rearing the
progeny to maturity, the fear of disaster from
attacks of disease and the apprehension of lees from
the fall of prices impose a large degree of labour and
trouble on the mind. Any man who begins to be a
breeder, therefore, ought to have great powers of
both bodily and mental endurance ; nor will he ever
be likely to enjoy much success unless he possess a
large judgment and an enterprising spirit." Here we
find that, to become a successful stock breeder, no ordi-
nary qualities are needed; but as good stock becomes
more diffused, and the best methods of management
more common, the task of the breeder becomes com-
paratively easy. Ile finds the best blood he requires
to introduce in the herds or flocks of his neighbours,
and he finds also in his own neighbourhood pur-
chasers who require and appreciate the value of well-
bred and good animals when he has them to sell.
Ile likewise has no great difficulty in meeting
with the shepherds and herdsmen, who understand
and will practice the most careful management ; the
want of such servants often forming a serious source
of hindrance and vexation to the man who begins to
breed good stock in a non-breeding district. The
facilities afforded by railways for conveying stock
from one district to another, and the opportunities
offered by the Royal Agriculturnl Society's stock
shows for comparing the stock of different -breeders,
have done much to smooth the obstacles to breeding
good stock in non-breeding localities; but still there
will be much trouble and expense incurred even with
all modern advantages, and the absence of other
breeders of similar stock in his own neigbourhood
forms a great discouragement to the young breeder.
A breeder who adopts any sort of stock which be
can procure most easily, or who is content to rear it
with little trouble and merely ordinary care, must
not expect any great profit ; but a thorough breeder
selects with discrimination, spares neither labour nor
expense to obtain at a distance better animals than
he can meet with near home, observes keenly the
practices of other good breeders, and omits no
precaution for learning excellence or avert-
ing disease. And having done all this,
and attained much success, the breeder must
not stand still ; he must not assume that his herd or
flock, having been brought to n high degree of per•
fection, can be maintained there without the same
exertions and the same vigilance which enabled
him to obtain his actual success. Not a few breeders
have split on this rock, and have bred too much from
their own stock, without the infusion of new blood,
until they have lost the vigour and character which
ice distinguished their animals.

(To be continued.)

MIDLAND GREAT WESTERN (IRELAND.

The half yearly meeting of this company was held
at their board room in Dublin, on Monday, J.Exans, Esq.,
c►airman of the company, presiding.
The following reports were read:—
" In again meeting the proprietors, the directors have
the pleasure of congratulating them on the opening of the
extension of the railway from Mullingar to Galway on the
Ist of August, five months earlier than the time specified
by the act of parliament. Great exertions were necessary
to accomplish this, which was most desirable, both for the
purpose of opening the new line at a favourable season, and
of relieving the baronies as much as possible from the pay-
ment of interest, by making the line between Athlone and
Galway productive at the earliest practicable period. There
is still, however, much to be done to make this extension
and stations complete, to meet which there are sufficient
tunas in the last instalment of the government loan, not yet
received.
_ _ _

.....
" A vast extent of country has now been opened up, the
development of which shall have the most careful attention
of the directors ; and from the experience they have already
had of the working of the line since the opening to Galway,
they have every reason to believe that it will greatly con-
tribute, by its increasing traffic, to the profitable revenue of
the whole undertaking.
" It being necessary to keep separate accounts for the
parts of the railway east and west of the Shannon, those
now presented have been made up to the 31st of July, the
day previous to that on which the new line was opened.
This is a period of seven months; but to enable the pro-
prietors to judge of the respective half-yearly workings,
the following statement of the revenue for the am
months ending 30th of June, and the month ending 31st
July is given:
To 30th Juns. To 31st July.
Es. d. E. s. d.
Receipts, Railway and Canal 31,970 111
Disbursements

21.337 1 4 3,914 4 6
showing on increase of 1,676/. Gs. Ild. over the net income
of the corresponding six months of 1860.
" The remuneration for the conveyance of the night
mails has been settled with the Post-office authorities,
without their having had recourse to arbitration, at a sum
which the board consider fair. .

" Arrangements have been made with the directors of
the Grand Canal Company, by which the respective traffics
of the railway and the grand canal can (so far as they come
in competition) be curried on without that ruinous oppo-
sition which would be so prejudicial to the interests of both
companies.
" Though the Packet Station Commissioners did not re-
commend the adoption of any place in Ireland as a western
packet station, the great advantages named and admitted by
them as especially belonging to Galway, point it out as the
masteuitable port ; and the directors have the utmost cond.
aim that, ere long, swift packets will be established
between Galway and America. This subject is becoming
every day of more interest and importance, not merely as
s.lrish but as an imperial and European question.
" For the state of the works and rolling stock the directors
refer you to tho engineer's report; and it is gratifying to
them to allude to the many favourable notices received
from those proprietors who availed themselves of the oppor-
tunities afforded them on the opening of the railway to Gal-
way of inspecting the line, and the arrangements for con-
ducting its business.
" Since the last ihalf-yearly meeting the board have re-
ceived 3,714/. 18s. 10d. of arrears of calls. They have also
declared forfeited 1,286 50!. shares, which they now ask you
to confirm—but they do not at present anticipate the neces-
sity of putting any portion of them on the market.
" The railway being now open for traffic from Dublin to
Galway, the board consider that the proper time has arrived
at which they should cease to pay interest on the paid up
eap:tel, and commence to pay such dividend as the earnings
will permit ; but shareholders who have anticipated the
calls not yet made, will continue to receive the interest on
them as heretofore. In accordance with this interest, war-
rants, at the rate of four per cent. per annum, up to 31st
July,will be issued to all proprietors not in arrear of calls,
payable on and after the 20th October, thus making the
future dividends payable up to the date at which the half-
yearly accounts are made up.
"Sir Timothy O'Brien, Bart, DLP., Thomas Richardson,
James Perry, James Stirling, and Joshua Watson, Esqs.,
are the directors who go out by rotation, but are eligible for
re-election. " Ilexay BZAUSIILY, Secretary."
An abstract of the half-yearly accounts has already ap-
peared in our columns.
The CHAIRMAN, in his observations to the meeting, said
—I do not think, gentlemen, that you have reason to cen-
sure us for any extravagant expenditure for our works.
When I named 12,0001. per mile as the cost of constructing
our line, I included the house in which we are now assem-
bled, the hotel at Galway, and all your other appliances ;
and I cannot revert to the matter too often, or impress you
strongly with the idea that you have invested your
money after all in a concern where the expenditure. has

•
• • •
• •
. ,
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