The Express.
London, England, 1862-05-02 00:00:00

BIRIVOL/INCE.

Mr. Sheriff COCIMALLL presented • petition from the
Rev. Mr. Cohen, the Rector of Whitechapel, and the
churchwardens and other inhabitants of that pariah, praying
for • grant of money towards the erection of a ragged
school, in Buck's-row' Whitechapel. A similar appli-
cation was made by Mr. Ilartridge, on behalf of the
lidingto obisry.
Both applications were referred to the Coal, Corn, and
Finance Committee.

TIM TEAMS

The Bridge•house litotes Committee made a report to
tie court, and requested its authority to prosecute a peti-
tion to Peuhoment against the Thames Embankment krill.
Agreed to.

I Mr. HOUGHTON, the chairman of the Gresham Committee,
j brought up a report from that committee having nye.
rence to the amount due by the corporation tepee the re-
building of the Royal Exchange, and stating that they had
agreed to renew certain boo to the amount of 8.5,0004
with the Guardian Insurance Company at 4i per cent in-
tercet for 10 years.
Mr. Haerauxis said he thought di per cent. was rather
high interest, and he appealed to the Chamberlain to state
'to the court whether he did not think that better terms
might have been obtained.
The Citarzeticstlt said that the only reply he could
give to the honourable member was that the corporation
were in the market as borrowers for a considerable time,
and they found the beat thing they could do wag to reuow
the bonds upoa the terms that had been mentioned.
("Hear," and a laugh.)
Mr. H. L. TATIOn said be was sorry to see that the cor- ,
portion were still in debt to the amount of 110,01.01. on I r.
,HE811111.13 MIDLAND RAILWAY.—On SatUrdlly
account of the rebuilding of the Royal Exchange, and that ' the line from Altrinchiuu to Knuteford (seven miles) was
at present the only amount that wild be applied to the re-
duction of that debt was about 5001. a year. He believed, traversed by Captain Rich, of the Board of Trade, Mr.
Maweon (the engineer of the line), and other °Moen; end
however, that the committee had done the beet they could , after a careful examination of the work., pomisoka vu
in the matter. ; given to open the railway. The opening will take plate on
The report was then agreed to.
I 1 the 12th inst. It is intended to have six train& per day
111PBOVIAltrfli IN THE CITY, . each way. The reminder of the line to Nortbwich is far
Mr. Deputy Fax brought up a report from the Improve-' advanced, and la expected to be openabout the month of
meet Committee, which stated among other matters that Ape." next.
they had been in communicatioe with Use Right Hon. W. ! M aTelinti IN RELATION TO THE FINK Ann.—
°weer, her Majest 's Chief Commissioner Works, and " Indeed, nee of them his already made • very marked adviume
Mr. rh,,,aitaa, the •
rnun of the ifairopolito. gouda In this respect, by
.producing artistically ornamented watches.
recently a:liming' lzhad.
Works, relative to the Plo=tiltdm.ddlahaemab"lunthe
resultdt waseo-- fedpactirl
,wheanmre,eteeltalnedhStoste°4l/. Mderle.hur. le.fWeulL. DensontiLeter: tilde.
ne
mow street to the Mansion-
Mist they were informed that unless the corporation were newly enlarged show-rooms, we found a most rare display of
in a position to provide the funds necessary fee highly ornamented watches of all kinds. The watches here
making the new street, it would be made under . OlMbited surpass those of any otheEughsh manufacturer, In
sapreeeed therr opinion that it would =,h Mr. Benson his gained for the perfect time-keeping
the authority of the Metropolitan Board of 'Works. reeliestltetonaenlavet& etfliedesoign*rna combiningtiiton. The wide beauty
repu
They, therefore,
be inexpedient to proceed further in this natter et . giantism of his watches leaves nothing for us to say on this
present. . point. Mr. Benson can meet the views of the economic uttlt•
Alderman Bawer expressed his regret at the comes
towards taking ell control from the corporation over im- tart= with the mine 103114 as he can the wishes of the most
that had been taken by the government upon the question a1eva„,..,2,,L A,...bd,Yer tig Ouctecnnoullayatsy'VeZwathaf good
of the new street, and said he believed it was the gist step I design and this .9
istamishmeeint."—Obserrer. Demo% Mearsted
Pamphlet, post free for two stamne, is descriptive of every con-
plowerwimill and buildings ii, the City. If the wept°, funds • strection of watch now made. etches see by pont to stipule
was the red objection, he believed that this might be over- • of the globe.--(A.dvarttsement4

• From a return with which the Registrar-General has
been favoured by the Emigration Corounesioners, the num-
ber returned re of English origin was 4,2110, while the birth-
place of 2,907 emigrant., was not distinguished ; in the
above statement • proportonal number of these has been
added to those returned as of English origin.

HOW GEORGIA BECAME A BLAtri Aram

(From 01m/fled's "Seaboard Slave mow"
The settlement of Georgia did not originate in
meresoary end ambitious motives. The dodge of the foun-
ders of the colony was to provide for the peer sad near-
tunate—more especially for discharged prissames—an &glum
in which they might be hoped, whoa free frees the menial
eubmergement and weight of disgrace which disabled them
in Ragland, to support themselves by honest industry. A
corporation for this purpose having been farmed, a seal we
adopted on which the cap of Liberty was a prominent em-
blem, with the motto, Non eibi sal shit, " signifyleg,"
says Hewitt, " that neither the fib trustee, nor their suc-
cessors could have any views of inteeest, it being entirely
designed for the hermit and happiness of others."
Conscious that the clam for whom they were to provide
were most liable, under the best of circumstances, to Dow
Una. to suffer from their own weak character, the truckles
set about the formation of a constitution, or code of lows,
which should, sa far as possible, guard their beneficiaries
from temptation to trust to anything but honest and perse-
vering industry for 'acmes, sad which should educate them
to schnety, se.U.ouniidence, sod perseverance in labour.

In the first place, therefore, they obtained from the king
a guarantee to all of whatever birth, or previous condition
or persuasion of mind, who should settle in the colony,
equality of rights with each other, and with all the free-
born 'abject" of the king, native of Great Britain ; end to
all, except Papist', perfect religious freedom. Negro slavery
was expressly prohibited to exist in the colony. Trade
with the West Indies was forbidden, to prevent the impor-
tation of ruin. Reetrictiess were placed upon the trade
with the Law—always • fruitful source of danger in the
frontier sett ements in America, stud no less a school
of knavery, sad of all vicious habits, than the gaols of
London. To prevent 'explored' from falling in process of
time, under one possessor, loud was to be granted to the
settlers only in fail male, subject, on the failure of a male
heir, to return to the government of the 'shiny, by which it
should be granted anew to such other persons, as should be
judged for the beet interest of Use commoewhe•lth, provi-
sion being made for widows and female children. Land, in
any cue, was to be granted only oa condition that it ahould
be nude joroduetivis ; and if it should fail to have been
fenced, cleared and cultivated In eighteen yea. at.: it was
grouted, in order to remove the temptation to hold it longer,
in idleness, for speculation, it was stipulated that it should
revert to the government. Ceder no consideration was
any one person or family, however large or wealthy,. to be
granted more than five hundred acres of land walla the
oulouy.
A secondary purpose of the corporation, by which their
project was recommended to the favour of the king, was to
form outposts, to guard the Caroliass from Melaka by the
Spaniards, then strongly fortified in Florida. For this pur-
pose,
all grants of land were made on condition that the
grantees should be prepared to take arms, whenever called
upon by proper authority.
"The first embarkations of poor people from England (I
quote from Hewitt), being collected from towns and cities,
were found equally idle and useless members of society
abroad, es they had been at home. A hardy and bold race
of men, inured to rursl labour and fatigue, they (the trus-
tees) were persuaded would be much better adapted Loth
to cultivation and defence." A hundred and thirty frugal
and industrious labouring men were therefore procured from
Scotland, and one hundred and seventy mote of the MUM
sort from Germany. The liberal and democratic character
of the colony rapidly added to it additional forces of these
honest and self-reliant people. They were settled at poste
of danger and barrenness, on the extreme frontier, while the
moral strength of the English invalids was attempted to be
nursed on the banks of the Savannah, in the nearest part
of the colony to the South Carolina plantations. A end
error, this !
Like children, wink in good resolution, unaccustomed
to labour, habitually despondent, and ready to despair at
the first occurrence of unexpected difficulty, the English
settlers needed to be constantly cheered and animated.
That the laws designed to remove temptation to vice, and
to restrain unhealthy speculation, operated, in some degree,
also, to check enterprise, and restrict competition among
traders and men of capital, there can be no question. But,
if it be remembered how largely the colony was composed
of people whose first end best business it should have been
to produce toed, and build shelter for themselves, and not
to header goods, I ma see nogrounds for esteeming, accord-
ing to • common assumption, that the first constitution
and laws of Cecelia were the worst which could have
been devised for their purpose. Considering that the
were drawn in an age when by many, feudalism was still
deemed the highest possible attainment of political and
social science, they seem to me to have been an extraordi-
narily sagacious production.
These people, of course, were indolent, dejected, and soon
discontented. Like all such unfortunates, they laboured to
find, in the errors of others, or in circumstances over which
they had so control, the pomade of that unhappiness which
resulted from their own misconduct or indolence.

The merchants, who thought their interests would be
seined by a liquor sad a slave tragic, mad by a tree
trade with drunkeo Indians, found nothing but hardship and
danger in the restrictions of the law. The South Caroli-
nians, over the river, had sieves to do their work for
them, made themselves jolly with cheap rum, and enter-
tained Indians and pirates with great profit. The ignorant,
poor people were very ready to believe themselves oppressed ;
that it was impossible for white people to work in that
climate, espemally without cheap liquor to sustain their
strength • and mere easily persuaded to raise an outcry for
free trade sad slavery. Uograteful, " theY could." 1671
Hewitt, " view the design of the trustees in no other light
than that of having decoyed them into misery," and "they
frankly told them that nothing could prevent the colony
from being totally deserted, but the same enooregement
with their more fortunate neighbours in Carolina.'
"But the Hig,blanders," says the same chronicler,
strangely enough, imbed of joining in this applitatioo, to
• man remonstrated against the introduction of staves."
. .

"They oonaidered perpetual slavery as shocking to human
nature, and deemed the permission of it a grievance, and
which, in some future day, might alno prove a scourge, and
wake many feel the smart of that oppression they [the poor
Engludimenj so earnestly desired to introduce." So it was
also with the industrious Germans.

And for twenty years the people were thus divided in
two parties ; those who bad been coaxed to oome out be-
cause of their bravery, hardihood sod industry, forming the
bulk of one- cooservative and democratic ; the speculators,
traders, officeholders, and the ignorant rabble of loafer.
at Savannah, who bad been sent out for charity's sake, the
other —disorganising and pro.slavery.
Many of the argument. of the latter were identical with
those we now bear. ' They judged that the British [read
American] constitution, zealous for the rights sod liberties
of mankind, could not permit subjects [read citizens], to be
deprived of the common privileges of all colonists [read
white men]. "That the chief came of all their calamities
was the strict adherence to • chimerical and impracticable
scheme" [read infidel and fanatical isms]. "The leading
Men at New Inverness sod Ebenezer—tbe Scotch end Ger.
man settlements—[reed Lawrence] who opposed the intro.
duction of slaves, were traduced and persecuted." "The
standing toast at Savannah was, ' The one thing need-
ful,' " meaning slavery. The churches were induced to re-
present it as desitable that Africans should be imported,
that they might be converted to Christianity. The clergy
were flattered to preach and pray for it as an institution
sanctioned by the Bible. The South Carolinians constantly
said all they could to increase the discours„gernent of the
Georgian; and to assist them to obtain an abrogation of the
promo against slaves.
At length, after slava had been for some time imported
and held in defiance of the law, or an evasion had been prac-
tised, by obtaining them from South Carolina on • life
lease, the benevolent trustees, " weary of the complaints of
the people," were persuaded to resign their charter. The
king at once accepted it, appointed • royal governor. and
removed all restraint to slavery.

these produelions necessary to sustain their lives W hat.
lever else they wanted they obtained direct, or through the
merchants, from England ; paying for it from the remainder
of the productions' of the labour of thur slaves.
The pour white people remained as before, except that
the results of the labour of the industrious had to be sold
in competition with that of the labour of the slaves.
In Mort, the abrogation of the law was equivalent in its
effect.' on the people for whose benefit the colony was
founded, to what, upon honest tradesmen, would be a &ens-
ral granting of licenses, to those who could afford to pay
enough for them, to sell stolen goods.
Of course, the wealth of the land was more rapidly
worked out, and there was a rapid jeerers of exports sod
imports, which Eiouthern politicians sad historians cite se
evidence of the benevolence of slavecy, and which Hewitt
especially points to as proof that slavery had been " the
one thing needful" kw the prosperity of the colony.
The following picture, by a native Georgian, of what was
the richest part of Georgia, when Hewitt wrote, will show
at what expense this rapid increase of wealth—that is,
of wealthy people sod of trade, in the colony—was ob-
tained.
`• The clank hut occupied a lovely spot, overshadowed by
majestic hickories.,
.towering poplars, and strung-armed
oaks. The little ppllaspin on which it stood wee terminated,
at the distance of shout: fifty feet from the door, by the
brow of a hill, which descended rather abruptly to a noble
spring, that gushed joyously forth from among the roots of a
reately beech, at its foot. The stream from this fountain
namely basin into view, before it bid itself in the dark
shade of a geld of ease, which overspread the dale through
which it flowed, and marked its windings, until it turned
from eight, antes; vinenevered bills, at a distance far be-
yood that to which the eye could have traced it, without
the help of its omegreen bait. A remark of the captain's,
as we viewed this lovely country, will give the reader my
apology for the muteness of the foregoing dmicription
'Those lands, said he, ' will newer wear out Where they
lie level, they will be just as good, fifty years hence, se they
arenow.' Forty-two years afterwards, I visited the spot on
width he stood whin he made the remark. The sun
poured his whole strength upon the bald bill which owe
supported the sequestered school house ; many a deep-
washed gully met at a suety bog, where had gushed the limpd
fountain : a dying willow rose from the soil which bad
nourished the venerable beech ; flocks wandered among the
dwarf paws, and cropped a scanty meal from the vale where
tbs nee etas bad bowed and mailed to orevj WWII, and
all mooed was barren, dreary, and cheerless.
Until one has closely observed the operation of slavery
upon the poor free people of a slave community, it is but
natural to attribute their condition only to causes which,
in free communities, would be considered unfavourable to
the rapid accumulation of wealth. The poor people of
Georgia are mostly seen dwelling upon soils naturally un-
fertile, or made barren by the wasteful necessity of previ-
ous slaveholdieg occupants • and it is customary with tra-
vellers, end with their more'fortunate neighbours, to attn.
Lute their poverty to this circumstance.
If this were the case, slavery would still be primarily re-
sponsible for their 000dition ; bemuse, by concentrating in
one man's kends the profit. of the labour of many hands, it
given him power to purchase for that labour the most pro.
fitable field to be obtained for it. application, and thus
drives to the least profitable the man who no use merely
the results of his own personal labour. _ _

But it is a mistake to suppose that the poverty of the soil
eseeritatee the poverty of tie occupants. It may account
for a spares wittlement, but does not for such general idle-
ness or ill-paid industry as is evident among the poor
whites of Georgia.
There is no part of Georgia which equals, in poverty of
natural agricultural reeources, Cape Cod, in Massachusetts.
But there is hardly a poor woman's cow on the Cape that
is not better housed and more comfortably provided for
than a majonty of the whit* people of Georgia. A majo-
rity of the people of the Caps have far better houses, better
furniture, better food, sod altogether live, I have no doubt,
in more comfort than the majority of even the slave-holders
of Georgia. The people of the Caps have manners and cus-
toms, and a character peculiar to themaelves, as have the
"Crackers" and " Band-killers," of Goesds. la both
there is frankness, boldness, and simplicity ; but in the
one It is associated with intelligence, discretion, and an ex-
pansion of mind, resulting from considerable education •, in
the other with igeorance, improvidence, laciness, and the
prejudices of narrow minds.
- - • . .

* It may be thought that the people of the Cape, though
they ham lass agricultural elements of wealth than the
Sand-biller of Georgia, have other advantages, exceeding
theirs, for the profitable application of they industry. An
examination of the facts will show the contrary to be the
cam, very markedly, especially so, as regards mining and
manufacturing. The inducements to a seafaring life and
to fishing alone, of the Cape Cod people, perhaps exceed
those of the Georgians ; but do the Georgians make any-
thing like a corresponding use of their facilities of the
same kind? On the contrary, I found a mug of New
Englanders, and probably in part Cape Cod moo, fishing in
Georgia waters, salting their fish with salt made on the
Cape by evaporating the waters of the same ocean that
washes the coast of Georgia, and selling them to Georgia
planters, to be food to Georgia &lavas. Ships are built on the
Caps, from lumber procured by the Cape men from the
Georgia forests ; and then, being manned by Cape seamen,
are profitably employed in exporting the Georgia slave
staples. Is there one Georgia built ship, manned by one
native Georgia iceman ? Is there Gee Georgia faking-
smack? Has there lOW been a Georgia whaler? or a
Georgie sealer? Never. Yet Georgia is nearer the great
sealing and whaling pound, and is reefer the chief market for
fish than the Cape. Why havens* Me poor Sand-hillers turned
their attention to something beside' raising corn and bacon,
eating clay, drinking whisk and disputing on the meaning
of the Greek Barre, for ich alone they are distingnish4
seeing the small profit of these occupations ? Because, as
, Marion said, they have no spirt to labour—they have no
care for the future this side of heaven, to gain which they
must think it was especially provided for them that no
works should be neoweary—only faith and Basrracrpa
—whichever that shall turn out to be.
It is evidence that slaw part of the people of Georgia
still have the vagrant and hopelees habits and character of
Oglethorpe's first colonists, somewhat favourably modified,
it is true, by the physical circumstances which have made
them superior to absolute charity or legal crime, and also,
perhaps, by the influence of a freely preached, though ex-
ceedingly degraded, form of Christianity. They are still
oases and inestrainable in appetite and temper ; with
Qer-
wseted, eccentric, sad intemperate spiritual impulses ; faith-
less in the value of their owe labour, and almost imbecile
for personal elevation. Had OgJetborpe's democratic'
designs been susmined,who believes that no better result to
them would have been arrived at?

Olio can, I think, with oonsfderable confidence anticipate,
that though Kansas should be forced, in this second year of
its settlement, to submit to the permimion of slavery, the
among sentiment of a large part of the settlers against it,
and the free-labour character sustained up to the present
time, by so many of them, will, in a degree, restrict the evil
of slavery, and insure a better character toes future peps.
ration, than would be the case V, from the outset, slavery
had been welcomed, and inconsiderately submitted to by all
the people.
it is but reasonable to suppose that during the much
larger protection from, and resistance to slavery enjoyed
by the first settlers of Georgia, habits of hooppeaful labour, and
genuine, honest industry, had been assablished among much
of its rural English, as well as retained, and more than
ever cherished by the Scotch and German portion
of its population. Such mu would naturally disdain, for a
long time, to avail themselves of the unrequited labour of
slaves • or, if using it, would be 1114/ demoralised by its ue
than other,, and would educate their families, not only is
their own habits, but to some degree in their own sentiments
of respect for labour.
Being the most vigorous in body as well as in mind, the
number of their descendants would be large in proportion to
those of the more effeminate class. Thus, unless the after
immigratioo, or other circumstances, should be very much
against it, the customs, the opinions, the popular legisla-
tion, sad whole character of the general body politic of the
state might have been expected to be greatly and favourably
influenced by these early laws and these early habits and
*optimists of a part of its people. This element has, of
course, been greatly smothered ; yet in our own day, it is
obvious to the traveller, and notorious in the stock market,
that there is more life, enterprise, skill, end industry in
Georgie than in any other ofithe old slave commonwealth!.
But lets consider what was the effect of abrogating the
lawr of freedom!

It wee several yam before slaves began to be much odd ;
—showing that, during the greatest clamour for them, there
were very few persons who perdeallzermanted them. Ulti-
mately, however, large speculations to be made with
their labour ; end, at the same time, the richer class—as is
Virginia and Carolina- oommenoed to secure for themselves,
and to withdraw from the labour of the free poor, the
mod available land of the country. tidy planters were
attracted from South Carolina, the general immigration con-
tinued, and more capitalists were numbered in it. Were
the poor people, or the people in general, out of those eo-
gageß commerce, benefited thereby ? Not at 'IL In-
deed of giving them fitable employment, thole capi-
Wide bought slaves in large numbers, and monopolised fee
theta, in a greet await, the valuable opportunities end en-
omiragermette to labour which the colony afforded. These
slaves they obliged to obtain whatever of value the coun-
try would produce, returning then' only the mall elute of