The Express.
London, England, 1847-04-22 00:00:00

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LONDON, THURSDAY, APRIL 22.
AT the morning sitting of the House of Commons
yesterday, after a short discussion, the second reading
of the Hosiery Manufacture Bill was postponed for a
fortnight. The report on the Factories Bill having
been brought up, the question that it be received ori-
ginated a debate, Mr. HOME moving that it be re-
ceived that day six months, Mr. BROWN seconding
the amendment, the other speakers in opposition to
the bill being Mr. TRELAWNY, Mr. M. PHILIPS, Mr.
B. R,COTT, Mr. TANCRED, and Mr. ROEBUCK. The
gukers in favour of the bill were Mr. P. HOWARD,
Mr. S. CRAWFORD, Mr. FERRAND, Mr. MUNTZ,
Sir DE LACY EVANS, and Lord JOHN RUS-
SELL, who admitted that he thought the mea-
sure far less safe as to its probable operation,
than if the ten hours' clause bad been struck out; be-
cause, as regarded the limitation to eleven hours,
they had considerable experience in favour of that
principle, but none as regarded the former. If the
bill had restricted labour to the latter period only,
the probability was, parliament would have heard no
more on the subject, which might net now be the
ease. The great argument against the bill was, that
it would indirectly restrain the labour of adult females
and diminish their wages; but, though such might
be the cue, he did not think it precluded the house
from entertaining the question. That had already
been done with respect to the prevention of
adult females from working in collieries, which
had had a most beneficial result. If the
probable effect of the bill would be to operate as an
income tax upon the wages of labour, was it not pro-
bable that the parties interested would have petitioned
against it? But he had heard of none such, and
although ho should vote for the bill with far leas con-
fidence than if it had been one restricting the period
of labour to eleven hours only, yet ho did not see
sufficient reasons for withholding his support from it
as it stood. Mr. ROEBUCK strongly condemned the
course taken by the noble lord, whose avowed reams
for supporting the measure was, although he had use
faith in its proving beneficial, because the world',
men of the country had not petitioned phut it.
The noble lord must know that interested perdu
had inculcated into the minds of tke wcehlag
classes the notion that the bill would not lead to a
diminution of wages. They believed that, and
therefore had not petitioned; the noble lord's support
therefore was founded on error. This he must con-
demn as a most strange and unstatesmanlike pro-
ceeding on the part of the noble lord, who, when
there were many. wavering gentlemen, hesitating to
give their votes an favour of the evperiment, came
forward as its prime mover, calculated as that ex-
periment was to affect the happiness and welfare of,
millions of the people. The house then divided.
when the report was received by a majority of 88
Mr. BROWN moved the introduction of a clause to
the effect, that inasmuch as the restrictions imposed
by the bill on the hours of labour, would limit
the use of steam and water power hired for that pur-
pose,—that the agreements under contract for their
supply should be subjected to a proportionate deduc-
tion in the amount of rent, to be settled by two
*does of the peace, if the contracting parties differed
about the same.—After some discussion, Sir R. PEEL
said he could not conceive that the magistrates would
be able to determine the amount of injury sustained,
—that the contracts entered into must be considered
as subject to such conditions as parliament might im-
pose, and being of opinion that the adoption of the
claw would give rise to endless difficulties and heart-
burnings, he did hope the hon. member would
not pre*, it. The clause was then withdrawn,
as were others proposed by Lord EBRINGTON, in con-
sequence of their not finding a seconder. Lord JOHN
MANNERS defended himself from a charge brought
against him by Mr. ROEBUCK in his absence, viz.,
that he had said he supported the bill because the
manufacturers bad obtained the repeal of the corn-
laws. He begged to deny that he had ever made
such a statement in public or in private.—Mr. Roe-
, BUCK bad often heard it said that the bill was to be
placed on the shoulders of the manufacturers because
they had obtained the repeal of the cora-laws, and
when queatioued on the subject he had said he
thought he could point to a speeck of the ogle Vora
to that effect, but since then he had satisfied himself
that he was in error.—Mr. LEADER moved a clause
providing, that in the event of any accident hap.pea-
mg to the motive power or machinery used is a
factory, those who came under the restrictive spies-
tion of the bill should be permitted to work extra
hour', in order to make up the ordinary period of
daily labour of which they might be deprived in us-
sequence of the delay thus occasioned. After same
observations, the clause was rejected by a majority of
63. The third reading of the bill was then nomi-
nally fixed for Friday, on the understanding, that is
the interval the government would determine on an
I early day for that purpose. The question of going
into committee on the Naval Prisons Bill gave nee
I to a discussion on naval and military punishments.
Mr. W. WILLIAtts contrasting the incongruity
of recent sentences by courts-martial for similar
offences.—Mr. WARD admitted that the naval system
was not free front objection, and that many things in
it required amendment, but he must add that great
improvements had taken place in conformity with
public opinion. It was very desirable that in the
navy, imprisonment, as contemplated by the bill,
should be for as short a period as possible ; but be a
sentence of a captain what it might, it could not be
carried out without the sanction of the admiral or
the senior officer in command on the station. No
person was more remarkable for the kindness of his
disposition than Lord NELSON, yet the list of
punishments on board the Victory from August 1,
1803, to 31st October, 1804, amounted to no lees a
number than 311, the number of lashes inflicted being
9,392, whereas, in 1844, the total number of punish-
ments for the whole navy, with 30,000 men afloat,
was only 1,411, and the number of lashes 42,030; in
the year 1845, the number of punishments was re-
duced to 1,020, and the number of lashes to 32,095,
and that with an increased number of men. He
could assure his hon. friend that the Board of Admi-
ralty closely investigated every case where severe
punishment was imposed.—Mr. P. HOWARD thought
that the great cause of desertion in the
navy arose from the inadequacy of the rate
of pay. Sir CHARLES NAPIER concurred in
this opinion, the consequence of the inferior ree of
path,3:reas mp.cot.rerd
from
fortywith ttoh
fifty
me
yf
rho
orica sand Englishbein that
I men in that service. He thought if the Admiralty
ought t
ythafto
ro f
tthhee
idHe ttanked the Ad-
could not raise the pay of the men at present, they
bfilutcecr,l; not concur in the
I Admiralty order which took away the power
ti e captain of inflicting punishment without firstrat from
com-
municating with the Commander-in-Chtef, believing
that it would greatly tend to a relaxation of disci-
pline. Mr. HUME approved of the order, and was
—.red to vote for an increase of pay to the petty

.111 E tIPRE4B,

doted by the_AdMralty and e` Intik& iropoddtkei
to that effect would be made hi the next Benon.
The bill then passed through committee.

s,-rudtli`ii motion fiir an 'address to thd
crown, for a commission to inquite into the English
universities, having, on a former occasion, been post-
poned in consequence of the pressure of Irish busi-
ness, again stands on the paper for discussion. Ou a
former occasion we expressed the opinion, to which
we still adhere, that it would have been more ad.
visable to bring forward a specific motion for the ad-
mission of dissenters, a matter both within the com-
petence of parliament and requiring its interference.
The home is not likely to apply to the crown to ex-
ercise its prerogative without the previous assent of
the minister, which we presume Mr. Cantatas has
not secured. As it seems, however, to be a general
understanding that nothing is to be done during the
present session to which any party or person can
raise any objection, it may be supposed that discus-
sion and publicity, rather than the attainment of any
immediate practical result, form the object of Mr.
Cultism's motion. In this point of view, it is perhaps
convenient that the form of the proposition tendered
to the house should be such as to afford an excuse for
declining to accede to it, though we are far from sup-
posing that Mr. CHRISTIE framed it for such a pur-
pose. We are aware that many persons even within
the universities are en the whole favourable to some
plan of visitation by the crown, as the only mode of
effecting changes which they feel to be desirable. In
a recent number of the Oxford and Cambridge
Review, a periodical of high church opinions, the
issuing of • royal commission is warmly advocated.
in the hope that it might extend the benefits of mni*-
mic education to classes which are now excluded**
it by expense, renew the energies of the proiseseld
system of instruction, and above all diminish*.
arbitrary power of the oligarchy of heads of benten.
We have no doubt that all these aspirations would
be disappointed if such a commission issued
at present. The high church party, which,
at Cambridge, is very feeble, at Oxford is,
notwithstanding the popular opinion to the con-
trary, a minority, just strong enough to tempt a little
feeble persecution. The governing bodies of Pm*
universities arc altogether opposed to innovatiameven
when it is in the wrong direction. They dislike
high Anglican principles, both because they are new-
fangled, and because they are unpopular. The natu-
ral consequence is, that the high church party is in
opposition to the academic oligarchy, and willing to
avail itself of the foreign aid of the prerogative to
resist its domestic adversaries.
In themselves we should not regret the changes to
which the reviewer looks forward. If education
could be extended in its sphere of operation and im-
proved in its quality by visitatorial interference, there
an be no doubt that it would be an advantage ; but at
present we are not aware of any power which the
crown possesses, or could obtain, either to extreme
attendance on tho lectures of professors, or to
diminish academic expenses. The constitutional
reform proposed, the restoration to the senate and
convocation of their ancient functions, would be, we
believe, beneficial, but would not at the present time
be proposed by the visiting body. The commis-
sioners, it must be remembered, who would represent
the crown would be the nominees of the government
of the day, and only carry out its intentions; and it is
quite certain that the convenient moderation of
the present academic administration would find
much more favour with any ministry of recent times
than the possibly inconvenient enthusiasm of a more
democratic constitution. The late Cambridge elec-
tion sufficiently shows which class of authorities
would be most open to official influence.
Perhaps it may be thought that the objects which
we have mentioned would form but a small part of
the purposes of a royal visitation. It may be sup-
posed that the distribution of academic property
might be re-adjusted by it, and, above all things, that
the dissenters might be admitted by its authority.
We believe that both suppositions are altogether un-
founded. The reviewer whom we have quoted exults
in the belief that the religious tests of the universi-
ties will still be maintained, as they depend on the I
Act of Uniformity, which the crown, of course, can-
not repeal, and that the colleges will be exempt from
the visitatorial jurisdiction. In both cases he is right
as to the fact. It is, at least, doubtful whether the
subscriptions enforced can be dispensed with, except I
by authority of parliament ; and it would be
a strange inconsistency of the House of
Commons to apply to the crown for a change
which it can itself more properly originate.
As to the other point, the corporate property of the
universities is not large, and is strictly applied to its
proper purposes, such as the maintenance of public
buildings and collections, the salaries of professors,
generally inadequate, and other necessary uses.
The far greater revenues of the colleges are beyond
the control of the crown, as visitor of the universities.
It is indeed, also, visitor of some of the colleges, but
generally by the chancellor. The commission, as
such, must confine itself to the university alone ; hat
is to say, to a very limited part of the complex
bodies which make up Oxford and Cambridge.
It is possible that more extensive changes than
those to which we have referred might be open to a
commission of visitation to introduce ; but there is a
sufficient reason against its issuing at present, in the
absence of any definite purpose or plan of alteration
in the minds of parliament or of the government..
Almost all those who, under our aristocratic system,
rise to the head of affairs, have known the universi-
ties in their youth under most unfavourable cir-
cumstances. They have generally resided, if at Cam-
bridge, as fellow-commoners, and have taken so-called
honorary degrees. The colleges which with mean
servility retain a distinction derived from times when
noblemen and scholars occupied the relative position
of gentlemen and footmen of the present day, for the
most part teach future statesmen less than other stu-
dents of mere human learning, but impress high and
low alike with the transcendent sacredness of rank.
Again, the university, with unconscious irony, dis-
misses the favoured sons of nobility from her bosom
in two years, while the commonalty are compelled to
complete the regular course of three years. Two more
=ul and flagrant abuses occur in no existing
• n, but those who suffer most by them, and
who would probably be the last to perceive the evil
at them, dispose of legislation, and would direct the
proceedings of a royal visitation. In former times
aITOII,T and LAUD exercised the royal or arehi-
*sopa' power of visitation for definite purposes,
good or bad. They had a distinct policy to carry out,
and they used the visitatorial authority as the proper
instrument to effect their objects. The statesmen of
the present day have certainly no definite plans of
academic change, and would neither be prepared to
give instructions to visitors on behalf of the crown,
nor be willing to entrust them with discretionary
powers.
We are not certain, however, that issuing a com-
=Melon to exercise the authority of the Queen as
visitor, is the object of Mr. Crummy:B motion. If
he merely wishes for a commission of inquiry, such as
the charity commission or the health o towns com-
mission, to collect information and suggest improve-
ments without any executive authority, of course the
pending remarks will not apply to it. If it will not
Woe the power of a visitor, it will not be subject to
the same limitations. It may inquire into the ad-
ministration of the colleges as well as the university,
and lay before parliament any case which may seem
to require the exercise of its omnipotence. That
a new academic and collegiate constitution should be
introduced by statute, is a contingency too improbable
to be worth discussion at present : but on
isolated points it might be well to call the attention
of parliament to evils which call for its interference.
A commission could not show more clearly than we
and other writers on the subject have done, the falla-
cies and falsehoods on which the opponents of the
admission of dissenters rest their case; but. tiny
might give authority to statements which all persona
concerned know to be true.
Mr. CHRISTIE, if he does not obtain his commis-
sion, will, to a certain extent, have an opportunity of
effecting the same object by his speech, and the dis-
cussion to which it may give rise. His great
industry and perseverance have probably given him
quite as full a knowledge of the subject as
he could derive from the most authentic official blue
book. lie will probably not be sparing in his de-
nunciation of abuses, and he will no doubt anticipate
and answer the conventional inanities with which
the members for the universities will meet his re-
marks. In the most important branch of his subject,
the question of tests, we have no doubt he
will Icon— •

religions
know how to deal with the ordinary

•
leroost preposterous, obstacle ire biligertment
i. raised -by the no-poiery ebellier. If re-
ligious differences throw invincible difficulties in
ibirwayoftesztal poor children in village schools,
they not et least be thrust aside in dealing
;_srith Ole hillier education. A labourer's child
Mind be taught some religion at his school,
sr he will never learn it at all ; but the gentleman's ,
see, at 19, does not go to college to learn what faith
he is to profess. If he was to go at the same age into
the envy, or into a bank, or into &public office, neither
his Wesel nor his employer would think it necessary
to guard him against proselytism, by trying to keep
him out of the company of dissenters or papists. It
is to be hoped that logic, and Greek, and mathema-
tics have no stronger tendency than the account books
of the clerk, or the waltzing and hunting of the
officer to enfeeble the mind and render orthodox
supervision necessary. We are tired of arguing
so one-sided a irestion, but long experience
teaches that a noisy portion of the public perio-
dically goes mad on the subject of popery ;
and, which is a more serious matter, that many who
retain their senses find it convenient to humour the
delusion. If it is determined that neither poor nor
rich Roman Catholics shall have facilities for educa-
tion, the mischief will be less to the higher classes,
who can provide themselves with a substitute ; but
the absurdity will be greater with reference to uni-
versities, than in the case of schools for the poor.
We would not have suggested this difficulty, if there
had been any chance of its not being rained. The
next best course to evading resistance, is to antici-
pate, to meet, and to crush it.

No spirit deserves to be treated with more respect
than the spirit of self-government. But self-govern-
ment does not imply (as some of the pariah delegates
who met at Marylebone seem to think) independence
of all advice and control of superior information. A
man does not the less govern his own health because
he calls in a doctor to prescribe for him when he is
sick. What would even Sir PETER LAURIE think of
a friend who should urge him, when suffering from
typhus, to throw physic to the dogs, to substitute
mutton chops for gruel, and cold-without for barley-
water, inasmuch as his independence was compro.
mired by submitting to the prescriptions and dietary
of a centralising M.D. ? Lord MORPETH'S act
is no more an inroad on the self-government of towns
than a doctor's prescription on that of individuals.
In both cases there are mischiefs to be removed which
the patient shows his inability to cope with by con-
tinuing to suffer under them. These parochial dele-
gates talk ofcentral authority as though the rate-payers
were to have no voice in the appointment of their
commissioners, or town councillors. We have already
exposed the utter inaccuracy of this representation.
The greater number of important towns in England
are incorporate. In these the town councils will,
under the act, have transferred to them the powers
now exercised by numerous and conflicting local
boards. They will obtain a control over the material
means of health and comfort which they have not at
present. As far as corporate towns are concerned,
the bill will change a limited, fettered, and imperfect
self-government, into a complete, harmonious, and
efficient one. The bill in these cases does nothing more
than secure proper inspection of all plans of improve-
ments. The central board will give its aid in the
preparation of these only where there is no com-
petent person on the spot to prepare them. It will
require that plans be submitted to its judgment,
thereby to give further security to the rate-payers
that their money is not to be misappropriated.
It is tree that inspectors and central board
will have more to do in cases where local
authorities are inactive or incapable. But is
this for the disadvantage of the community? Can
any one assert that local matters have, on the
whole, been managed satisfactorily hitherto? If so,
why the annual waste of life from preventible
causes ? The parish may hug itself in perfect self-satis-
faction, but it is not the less a fact, proved by the
registrar-general's returns, that about 136 persons die
daily from removable causes of mortality. The
houses of the rich may be clean, sweet, and well-
ventilated. They may think it hard that the vestry,
or sewerage commission which keeps them so, should
have its powers shifted, if only to another name.
They forget that fever is no respecter of persons, and
that the destroyer may, from his haunts of filth and
miasma, enter their mansions of elegance and com-
fort. The rate-payers grumble at the assessments, but
inquire little how the total is made up. They
do not know, or do not call to mind, that
for every death there are some twenty-eight
sicknesses ; that every sickness makes its tem-
porary nest of paupery ; that almost every
adult death leaves its widows rind orphans ; that
the toil of so many strong arms is withdrawn from
the national labour; that there are produced and
pauperised in this way, yearly, in England and
Wales only, more than 47,000 widows and 120,000
orphans ; that the waste in money from the loss of
productive labour power is thirteen millions,from sick-
ness a million and a half, and from funerals nearly
300,0001., making up a total of fifteen millions. And
the greater part of this loos might be saved by really
efficient and stringent sanitary measures. By leaving
things as they are, the loss is continued or
diminished only by indirect causes, slow in
operation, and uncertain in effect. Bat the
parish tells us all this is nothing compared
with the integrity of parochial boards. The name
even must not be touched. Procul este profani !
" L'etat, c'est moil" said Louts XIV. " Self-govern•
ment, is the parish," may the Marylebone delegates.
Fifteen millions annual waste to set against the name
of vestry ; for it is the name only that is touched !
The corporation in corporate towns, commissioners,
two-thirds of them chosen by the rate-payers, in
places unincorporated, will, under the bill, exercise
fuller powers of self-government than the vestry
does now.

But it is objected we are to be controlled by a
central board. In other words. mistakes are to be
set right, jobs scrutinised and baffled, and the town to
have the advantage of the best available engineering
and medical skill to aid what it can itself supply of
both. What is well planned by local skill, will be
gladly accepted and cordially approved by central
supervision. There is no intricacy in the matter.
Levels are facts; so are outfalls. You cannot quarrel
with contour lines, or fight trigonometrical formulae.
Yet to set right a mistake in any of these, to point
out a forgotten fact in hydraulics, or a mistake in the
pneumatics of ventilation, is, we are gravely told, to
destroy the Anglo-Saxon character, to break down the
national independence, and to sow the seeds of ruin for
the empire. An example is afforded by the St.
George's meeting, held on Tuesday, of how little
parish authorities think, and how little rate-payers
insist on their thiukinF, of the poor and their con-
dition. The St. George a vestry consider that under
Sir I. HOBROUSE'S act, the affairs of the pariah have
been managed to the satisfaction of the rate-payers,
while the rates had been diminished nearly two-
thirds.
We happen to have some evidence of the condition
of St. George's, Hanover-square. Let us see what
is this highly satisfactory state of things. Mr.
Tory BEE, one of the surgeons of the St. George's
and St. James's dispensary, shall tell us.
From a summary taken in an average year, it
aprars:
That the mean age of the living adults or heads of fami
lies is at the lewd six years lower than the average age of the
living adults of an agricultural populo•ion. But supposing
they have the chances of life of the whole of the class of ae
tisane living within the district, the insurable span of exist-
ence before them would appear, from the preceding returns
of the actual expense. to be restricted to eight years and a
half instead of upwards of twenty, Retained from the name
age by better conditioneu classes, living in better conditioned
tenements, in the same district, or than agricultural la-
bourers living in purer atmospheres in other districts, and
in receipt of a less amount of wage,. even than those families
receive who're applicants for the charity which you dispense ?
Yes : and it I. proper to direct attention to the pecuniary
pressure of the excessive sickness and mortality which
render the families really objects of charity, notwithstanding
the wages they receive.
, Again, as to the supply of w seer which the bill
will place under control of the elected commissioners :
You have ineotiorted that, in visiting this claw of tit., Po-
pulation, you find the wont of personal cleanliness one colla-
teral CUM of disease I—Decide•dy so.
, * Has the action of want of cleanlines asa cause been shown
by the effect if cleanliness in &baling it or removing it 1—
Yes ;in the cases of porrir i eras-aid head and ring-worm in the
children, and some innamnoations of the e) es—very common
disorders among t them—which I have removed mainly by
the strict enforcement of cleanliness and general ablutions. I
believe teat a v..etety of diseases, slitt, aa alllctioi.• of she
chest, rheumatism—which are tart gear rally considered to
have any connexion with permaal cleanliness—are gisatly
aggravated by the neglect of it.

has to be fetched from inconvenient distances or otherwise ?
—lt was only this morning that a patient stated that she
could not drink the water that was supplied to the house, it
being "full of insects." Patient* have said that they only
drink water when xhey cannot get beer, he., the water 111
so had. I find that generally the water is in an impure state,
sometimes having an offensive odour endt times it is, as
they describe it, " thick," or muddy, very disagreeable
to tne taste. They hove complained to me that they are
often compelled to go to a distance to fetch water, became
the water supplied to the house is so bad. Sometimes they
have said that they put up with the bad water, because it is
just 'shad in the neighbourhood.
Have you observed how far the impurity of the water may
have arisen from neglect to cleanse the water-butts have
observed that the water-butts do not look very proper !veep-
tacks, being made of wood, from which the paint has de-
cayed, and the wood itself having decayed, no cover on the
top, and a film of blacks and dust on the surface of the
water. The water is generally laid on in the yard or the
lowest part of the premises, and a supply is generally given
three times a week, and, at each time the water comes on, the
film of duet and blacks that has been deposited on the surface
is mixed up with the previous accumulations. Even in a
more open and less sooty and dirty neighbourhood, as on the
surface of the Water Company's reservoir, in the Green-
park, the deposit of soot, or dust or dirt, may be at times
observed, as a dark scum or carpet spread over it. One pa-
tient complained very much of the quality of the water taken
from an old wooden butt. In respect to it I learned that
this same water is used for making bread by a baker who
supplies a great number of the poor. Since attention was
directed to the subject by the sanitary report, I have availed
myself of opportunities of making observations upon it, and
the result is, the strong conviction that the
.quality of the
supplies of water, and the mode in which is is received and
kept in such atmospheres, influences the diet and health of
the population to a much more serious extent than has
hitherto been imagined.
As to the state of the boueehold economy, have you ob-
served any effects apparent from water not being conveniently
accessible or laid on in the rooms which form separate tene-
ments ?—I have observed the same water, which is very
filthy from having been used in washing some clothes, used
again to wash others. They. have told me, indeed, that they
have done this to avoid the inconvenience of fetching water
from a distance, and from the inability to carry the water up
stairs when the rooms inhabited have been of the upper
floor. My informants on this topic, it should be remembered,
are patients, sickly people, weakened by sickness, and who
cannot afford to pay for attendance. To the mothers who
are debilitated, the carrying water up stairs is a very great
exertion ; mothers not daring to leave a child in the room,
have to carry the child in oae arm and the vessel of water
with the other. I have had even sick children neglected and
left dirty, and the excuse given has been the inability to
fetch the water. Recently I have had a case of this kind. I have
attended three children, two of them with scrofulous in-
lisromation of the eyes, the other of them with a scrofulous
Affection of the throat; all of them rarely washed, and in an
extremely filthy condition. The mother is a poor woman,
who has been in a respectable condition, but she is now so
fur advanced in pregnancy as to be incapacitated from going
up and down stairs to fetch water. She continually de-
plores her condition of having neither the strength to fetch
a sufficient supply of water nor the means of paying for it
being brought to her.
Again, as to drainage and ventilation :
Supposing a complete ventilation effected in the upper
portion of any of such houses as those you visit, but coo-
pools still allowed to remain on the ground floor and give off
their exhalations, though those exhalations might be diluted
and rendered less noxious; from the observations you have
made on the tenements now ventilated, have you any rea-
son to doubt thatthe cesspools would still, to some extent,
impair the general health of the inhabitants ?—I have no
doubt of it; indeed, that is oae of the sources which it is
absolutely necessary to remove before there can be any effec-
tual clue. Semi of the cesspools are in the cellars, and give
out their exhalations from thence : others are in a yard,
cloth to the door, which door is always open on account of
the want of windows in the passage. I continually visit
baths in which the smell front the cesspools throughout
the whole of the house is so noxious as to be unbearable,
and I have found the poor lodgers closely shut up in their
mine, no air being allowed to enter by the door or windows,
with the hope of excluding the offensive effiusia. When I
have proposed to ventilate some of the rooms by means of the i
window ventilator, the occupants have made the well-
/sanded objection, " We are afraid of any opening in the
window on account of the bad smells which come up from
the yard." I perceived at once that fixing the ventilator in
the window would mtly have been the means of introducing
the noxious air. When I have proposed to fix a ventilator in
the door of the room, a similar objection has sometime s been
rade : "The bad smells from the privy and the drain will
wag got into the room by that way." " The smells from
dr passage are often worse than those in our own rooms."
One poor woman, labouring under extreme debility, and
who attributed her illness to the had smells in the place,
told me today that she could not go out of her room (a
kitchen cellar) without feeling tick from the smells arising
from the cesspool, and that it would make her still worse if
any opening were made in the window. In places which
are not overcrowded, and which do not need ventilation so
argently, I have had cases of debility, headache, pains in
the bead, and general demotion, which were attributed, and
were correctly attributable, to the bad odours arising from
the ceasponls. The patients continually complain of these
smells. It is a common expression amongst them "We
ewe some rent, hut as soon as we can pay it we shall get
away from this place, on accontit of the bad smells from the
eeppool." The strong bear these stenches, but they take
beer, which they consider necessary to counteract their
effects.
Were there generally sewers in the fronts or near to the
houses which you have visited ?—ln some streets and courts
there are nosewers ; in others, in which there are sewers,
there are Pcareely any drains from the houses into the sewers,
and the gullyholes are so far apart that the slope thrown out
from the street-door mix with the dirt of the street, and very
little of the fluid appears to arrive at the sewer. There are
great complaints that the gullyholes emit very offensive
What do you find to be the effect of defective ventilation,
and the atmospheric impurity apparent ea causes of disease ?
—The defective ventilation appears to me to be the principal
cause of the scrofulous *Tenons which abound to an eller-
tnCnia extent amongst our patients.
Again, es to the accommod.*:--
population :

for the poorer

In a statistical report made by Mr. Weld, en a house to
house visi ation made, at the instance of Lord Sandon. for
the Statistical Society in 184.5, it is stated that there were in
the parish of St. fleorges, Hanover-square, 1,46.5 families of
the labouring classes, who had for their residence, only 2,175
rooms end 2,510 beda.
What do you find generally the state of the rooms which
are so crowded I—Wretched, extremely close ; so close, that,
for self-protection, I am oblige ito have the windows open
during the visit ; they are not only close apparently front
overcrowding, but they frequently contain noxious odours;
the usual source of such odours, so far as it can be detain!,
is sulphuretted hydrogen, arising apparently from tlmpfdey,
and from the neglected drains. Odours from these water
are frequently to he traced to the top of the house. In certain
states of the weather they are intolerable even to the inmates,
who are scarcely conscious of the existence of the ordinary
odours. One cause of the defective ventilation of the rooms
in these districts inhabited by the poor is, that the windows
never open at the top. The opening at the bottom fre-
quently gives an inconvenient rush of cold air, which I have
known to be productive of very bad results. The clothes of
the poor people living in these places often contract such •
smell, that I have known a patient who has remained a few
minutes in the room leave such a taint in it as waa only to
be removed by throwingopen the window, and ventilating it.
And yet the parish of St. George's is in a "per-
fectly satisfactory condition." Taking the same view
of the subject, so are most of the parishes in England.

MR. Bnicirr is the only representative of the pas-
sions and prejudices of Crmby Hall in the House of
Commons. No other member ventured to deny that
superintendence of the educition of the people was a
right and a duty of the state, and even his denial was
hesitating and feeble, limited by exceptions and ob-
scured by doubts. The example of the United States
of America pressed him too closely, and he could
only plead against such a precedent that there was
i
not n the United States such an established church
as exists in England. It would have been just as
much to the purpose if he had pleaded difference of
longitude as a reason why education should be the
concern of the state in one country and not in the
other. The ministerial measure gives to the esta-
blished church no power, pre-eminence, or prero-
gative which it does not possess already; and we
cannot understand by what logic nonconformist
hostility to the church should be alleged as an excuse
for the withholding of educational advantages from
the general community. An anti-state church agita-
tion is intelligible ; it places a question in issue on
which men can give honest opinion without any fear
of being misunderstood, but such an agitation dis-
guised under another name, and availing itself of
uncandid disguises, is neither very rational in its
plan nor very fair in its practice. Let Mr. BRIGHT
disestablish the episcopal church if be can, but let
him not con-ign the youth of the country to igno-
rance, degradation, and depravity for the paltry pur-
-1 pose of directing a sneer against episcopacy, or a sar-
i casm against a paid clergy.

In justification of his doubt of the right of the
state to interfere with education,
_ Mr. BRIGHT is
reported to hose asked, " Why had no statesman
been yet bold enough to attempt that inter-
ference ?" Mr. BRIGHT must be singularly ignorant
of English history, he must have taken little heed of
the events with which he has been cotemporary, if
he dues not know that such interference has not only
been attempted but practised by English statesmen.
To go no farther back than the time of HENRY VIII.,
WP find ERABMeNand the principal scholars of Europe,
praising Cal dinal WOL,EY fur having issued a royal
ordinance enjoining schoolmasters to institute their
youth in elegant literature. The grammar schools
founded in the reigns of EDWARD VI and and of ELIZA-
_ .

people ; and, in Ireland, immediately after the esta-
blishment of the Reformation, an act of parliament
was passed enjoining that every beneficed clergymao
when inducted to his living, should take an oath l 4)
keep, or cause to be kept, a school for the instruction
of the people in the English tongue. But we need
not multiply. ancient precedents ; every statesman who
has been in power in England since the com-
mencement of the century has been a bold
enough to attempt this interference," which
Mr. BRIGHT regards as some portentous no.
velty. There has not been a session since
the union in which grants have not been made
in aid of popular education in Ireland; Lord STAN.
LET'S establishment of an educational board in that
country was " an interference" of considerable meg-
;Allude, which was warmly supported by those who
now resist a far more limited interference by the edo.
cational board of the privy council. The establish-
Moot of the London University was another inter-
ference ; the founding of schools of design woe
another; and the effort to open the universities ef
Oxford and Cambridge to dissenters, supported, if we
mistake not, by Mr. BRIGHT himself, will, we trust,
be another of those salutary interferences which Mr,
BRIGHT imagines that no English statesman has had
courage to attempt. We cannot justly complain of a
gentleman's neglect of history who dues not com-
: prebend the import of his own actions.
Taking it for granted that Mr. BRIGHT has fairly
I expounded the voluntary principle, as held by non-
conformists, we are at a loss to discover how the
: government measure in any way meddles with that
principle; it leaves untouched the regulations adopted
by the two great voluntary educational establish.
ments, the National and the British; and Foreign
I School Societies. It sets aside no rule which colon-
taries have adopted, and suggests no regulation which
it is compulsory on them to adopt. The complaint of
the anti-education dissenters, in truth, amounts to
nothing more than this, that the minutes of council
recognise the established church as an existing fact.
Now such an existence may not be very acceptable to
some nonconformists; endowments may be odious to
voluntaries, and an ordained clergy unacceptable to
the followers of GEORGE Fox; but feelings do not
change facts; there the church is, and there it hsa
every probability of remaining, at least lor our time.
To say, as has been virtually said by some of the wise
men assembled in Crosby Hall, first remove the esta-
blished church, and then discuss the question of na-
tional education, is not one whit wiser than the
child's proposal to wait for the sky to fall before
making an attempt to catch lark... The motive, of
course, is obvious. It is desired to represent the ex-
istence of the church as inconsistent with the pro-
grass of instruction ; but, unfortunately fur the suc-
cess of this sapient contrivance, the church has got
out of its false position, and demands, in relation to
education, only " a clear stage and no ;savour."
But we are told that this measure ought to be
viewed with suspicion, because it has been favourably
received by members of the establishment. If this
principle be correct, dissenters should have quittedthe
Bible Society, so soon as bishops and clergymen gave
its principle their sanction. If this principle be cor-
rect, the authorised version of the scripturis ought at
once to be rejected by nonconformists, seeing that it
emanated from church authority. " Everything of
which bishops approve must wrong," is an apho-
rism which Mr. BRIGHT can hardly adopt in its full
extent without making large sacrifices of his common
christianity.
We regret that the hon. member fur Durham has
taken such an isolated position in parliament. He
may, for aught we know, prefer the cheers of Crosby.
hall to the applause of St. Stephen's, but we fear
that such a choice will greatly limit his sphere of
usefulness, and greatly diminish that influence which
his previous career deservedly procured for him. We
respect the courage which induced him to stand
alone in the assertion of the most untenable of pro-
positions, but we lament the precipitancy which led
him to adopt conclusions contradicted by all peat
history, and even by his own experience.
From the first we have regarded the ministerial
measure as experimental, and have looked to the ex-
perience of its working for the correction of its imper-
fections and its deficiences. It confessedly does not
possess that theoretical excellence which ought to
challenge and receive unqualified approbation; and
we do not regret that it has been subjected
to very searching, though not always to candid,
criticism. But we arc
much, and to endure muchP,refPonrredthe three:teen:mom
and establishment of that great fundamental princi-
ple, "the duty of a state to provide for the education
of citizens, and the right of citizens to be educated by
the state." To that principle, by whomsoever main-
tained, we give our cordial support, for it is the very
key-stone of civilisation, and the only ground of hope
he the intellectual advancement and moral elevatioa
ad the British people. On the details of the form and
mode in which that principle may be best applied we
differ from many of its supporters, and they differ from
us ; but we look to time and experience for the deci-
sion of the minor points at lane : it is impossible long
to mislead en educated and intelligent people.
If jobs be attempted, the diffusion of knowledge
will aid their exposure ; if patronage be per
verted, the spread of intelligence will help the
detection of the wrong-doer ; if power be aboard,
instructed sufferers will know the exact source
of the evil, and thus have advanced more than half
way to the discovery of the proper remedy. If all
the remote contingencies with which perverted in-
genuity has menaced us were the strongest probabili-
ties, yet still, such is our confidence in the power of
knowledge, and of truth, which it is the province of
knowledge to afford, that we should still accept this
ministerial measure, confident that the results d
national education would baffle and defeat all the
crafty devices by which it might be attempted to ex,
rupt its administration.

The proceedings of the French Chambers, however
important at home, have little interest for a toner
public. The futile and illusory debate on the pm
position of M. de Remusat, to remove placates
from the chamber, was continued on Ifonday id
Tuesday. M. Duchitel, on the part of the gores*.
sient, expressed the most decided hostility to the
measure. Its fate in the chamber will easily la
divined, when it is remembered that its object is te
remove 200 government placemen from chateaus*,
consisting in all of 459 members. It is clear that, ex'
cept by some extraordinary pub'.ic excitement cud
doors operating on the chamber within, u walk
case in the English Reform Bill, this measure trillnot be carried. It must be confessed that ss yea
there are no manifestations of such an ea:Sternest.
The enormous corruption which is spread tbrughost
the entire population of France by the centralised
patronage exercised by government, combined with
the operation of the law against public meetings k
political purposes, seems likely to prevent, for a klf
time to come, any great popular movement directed*
parliamentary or electoral reform.
Contradictory reports are in circulation u to ke
intentions of government respecting the embassy et
Madrid. Some of the opposition journals affirm that
the Duke of Glneksburg is to retain the functices
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary lk
duke is a young man of twenty-seven ; sode Tilt
rand, his first secretary, twenty.three ; M. de
Tour d'Auvergne, his second secretary, twenty-tan
his that attache, M. de Guitaut, a near relative
Count Bressou's, a youth of twenty. It is afoul
that to place in such bands the French diplomacy
at
Madrid, in the face of such a minister as \l. Nem
can only proceed from the intention of surrendene4
French interests in Spain for the present, giving I'l
to English influence, and resting satisfied with Wirt
accomplished the Montpenaier marriage, and 111'4
obtained the dower.
The reported visit of the Emperor Nicholas ee
Paris is again contradicted.
Le Slide observes that the cabinet at peek°
directs all its energies to cultivate a good tint
standing with the court of Vienna. It is
ttsid
the Austrian cabinet has intimated its fixed kW-
mination to intervene in the affairs of Swi
tssrhsd
and that M. Guizot has proposed that the inter'
tion should be common. It been reserved, mr
' Le Sie,ele, for our time to behold a French soldk
and an Austrian sentinel mounting WOW
at the gates of a Jesuit's convent.
The result which we long since announced
our Paris correspondence respecting the Para ea:
Lyons Railway Company has en.ned. At` the
meeting which took place on Monday, rvrri_.
which will be found elsewhere in our columns, it
announced that unless the government intervened,
tir3,'

formed as to the expediency of relaxing the con-
be
ditions d the contracts accepted by the French rail-
mpan
'''. coies in general, must be admitted that
e Lyons Company has atit least a colourable case for
M
government relief. They accepted the contract with
smaranoe from government that the cost of the
by the estimates of
.the government engineers,
would not exceed seven millions sterling; but that if, as
a measore of prudence, eight millions of capital were
semeribed, they would be amply prootvided.
far Thbefe pore
ro-
ems of the works, however, had.n gone
it became apparent that theca estimates were grossly
„mous, and it is now eertatn that the line can not
m completed under a cost of twelve millions sterling.
The data supplied by the government, therefore, on
the faith of which the bargain was made, being proved
so utterly at variance with the results, it would be
but jest that corresponding modifications should be
male in the conditions of the contract.
The transmission of the London mails to Paris is
beginning to excite much attention, and the delay in-
cidental to it has ceased strong animadversions from
monnercial people. It was announced in La Presse
as mooday, that arrangements had been made to con-
rev the Titans from London to Paris by Folkestone
Lea Boulogne in sixteen hours, so that the mails of
each day might be delivered in Paris the succeeding
dor, early in the afternoon. This statement, how-
, bag been contradicted. To accomplish such an
object, it would be necessary that the mail steamers,
being transferred from Dover and Calais to Boulogne
sail Folkestone, should lie constantly at anchor in
the roads of these harbours ; and even then the
tnuismission between the two capitals could not be
maintained at present, with any degree of regularity,
in lei than eighteen hours. By Calais and Dover,
the nine need not be more than an hour and a half
*ter, and not so much when the railway to Calais
obeli have been completed. It is certain, neverthe-
less, that even under the existing arrangements, most
unwarrantable delay takes place in the transmission
of the mails, the letters posted at night in London not
being delivered in Paris until ten o'clock the next
morning hot one.
Prince Frederick of Denmark has arrived in Paris.

Advice+ received through Germany from Greece
and Turkey, have brought the confirmation.of the
arrival of the Rodney, the Albion, and the Vanguard,
in the Piraeus. The Ottoman Porte having persevered
in its ultimatum, all diplomatic relations between
Turkey and Greece had ceased. The Greek charge
d'aftlires at Constantinople had ceased to hold any
official communication with the government, but
transacted business with the administration of the
customs. These letters also confirm the intelligence
given by us yesterday in the letter of our own corre-
spondent. It appears that Mr. Wellesley has received
orders from London to support in the most energetic
manner the demands of the Ottoman cabinet, and to
advise it to make no concessions.

The Madrid mail, bringing the journals and corre-
spondence of the 14th instant, has arrived, but that of
the lath was still due in Paris on Tuesday.
The tenor of the advice, received is favourable to
the stability of the Pacheco-Salamanca cabinet. It
appears sufficiently evident that the popular demon-
strations which had occasioned some inconvenience to
the Queen, were, in fact, the mixed results of the real
enthusiasm of the people towards the royal person
and organised attempts to throw discredit on such
maraestations by exaggerated, absurd, and mischiev-
ous proceedings, got up by the French party, and
execieed by their paid agents, who mingled with the
populace. The design, however, proved abortive.
The Queen has not been prevented from taking her
usual promenade in the open carriage driven by her-
self, and attending the theatres and public spectacles,
in the midst of loyal acclamations from her people.
It appears that about thirty persons have been
arrested in consequence of the proceedings of Sunday.
The ministry have applied to the chamber for a bill
of indemnity for these arrests. It appears that MM.
de Chico and Aviraneta have not been imprisoned,
but only banished from Madrid.
M. Olozsga had an audience of the Queen, to
offer her Majesty his grateful acknowledgment for his
recall:
Availing themselves of the opportunity presented
by the recall of M. Olozaga, MM. Mendizabal, Cor-
tina, Gomez de la Serna, and Madoz have addressed a
tition to the Queen for the recall of Generals Linage,
EMIL Iriarte, Capuz, Santa-Cruz, and others ; and
for their restoration to their former rank.
General Narvaez was making active preparations
to leave for Paris; and his departure front Madrid is
hourly expected.
The senate had approved of the authorisation of the
government to receive the taxes.
M. Oluzaga had taken the oaths and his seat in the
chamber.
El Ea, del Comercio says that the popular enthu-
siasm lately manifested to the Queen was prompted
by a desire on the part of the people to avenge her
for the outrages committed against her by the French
party, and to convince her that her people were deter-
mined to support her against the pretensions of those
who desired to keep Span under • re-actionary and
illeeal regime. This journal adds, that the disorderly
manifestations proceed from the club, which inces-
santly conspires to place Spain again under the yoke
of MM. Mon and Pi.lal. MM. Aviraneta and Chico
can easily explain the motives of the efforts made on
Sunday to weaken the effect of the popular enthusiasm.

BERLIN, APRIL 16.
The opposition party—or, rather, the party.
.in
favour of constitutional liberty and of more extensive
parliamentary influence—have triumphed. This even-
ill the adjourned debate on the address in reply to
the King's speech was brought to a close after the
discussions, which (as I have been informed on good
au,hority) were extremely animated, had lasted from
nine o'clock this morning until nearly six P.M. I
have only time to write a few words on the subject,
having been under the necessity of procuring shortly
before post hour information from some deputies, to
whom I had the honour of presenting letters of intro-
duction, the organ of the government, the only paper
that can publish the proceedings, not containing in
its edition of this night a single word of the debates
which took place 3esterday and this day. It does
not even Mate that the diet came to a vote on the
address. I may add that there is no " strangers'
gMlery," and that the reporters are bound by oath
not to divulge the proceedings.
The triumph of the opposition consisted in their
carrying, by an oven whelming majority (and the diet
WAG held in pleno—that is to say, it was a united
diet), an amendment to the effect that the " patent" of
February 3rd was not, in any way, consistent with
former laws, particularly that of 1820 (relating to the
rights and pnvileges of the states), and that a peti-
tion should be presented to his Majesty, at a later
Period, praying him to make concessions more in
accordance with the representative system. Those
are not the words, but such is the spirit of the amend-
ment, which, as before stated, was carried this evening
by an overpowering majority. I shall not fail to
forward an analysis of the debates as soon as they
appear in the Ang. Preausische 7,eit. If they should
he suppressed—and the royal commissioner (the
Minister of the Interior) has the right if he chooses to
exercise it, of preventing. the publication of them—l
Mull] procure an analysis to another quarter, the dis-
cussions being too important to be passed over.

HAYTI, MARCH 21, 1847.
The new president opened the session of the
Ch 'ether of Representatives on the 11th inst., with the fol-
lowing 'Teeth :
Gentlemen, -It Is a muter of COllgratulatinn to me that eo soon
after my election to the pre ideneyof Ila• ti I dad myself in theta:worn
of the legialative bod . I ewe thla gratifying eircumatance entirely to
my Iluatrions who haw lent eUttaillty to the affairs of
our country, be roaming th'ese institutions which guarantee us • re-
pre•entative govenunent. ft o &Omit, gentlemen, to express ade--
cladelY me grief for the lore of a chief who had established such ittage
to the national gratitude it is pleasant to me to inaugurate the Int-
prtan• work wr.ich he ha. left w to pertaro. It has been the tepees-
aso of the general wII of the nation--it has received tke rent
•,f all -and has al early hrought forth guardbates if we MY
Judge hr the order and calm which have succeeded to the
Louentsbie rietatiwo to which the republic has been subjected. The
effects will rum nonifeat themselves, and I am montane that ere long
we may calm to notable improvements in the development of our
nwources and industry. Thee oh .11 he the objects of my govern.
rnerr's ansinus care. Our foreign relations are placed on a Pawl
mere-tory %nine. All the government' with which we have com-
munications tartly the moo perfect ounftlence in us; and. I hope that
the hank rntegrity Ilevoure; of my adminlatration will confirm these
frenrlle Relines. The Ilaytian nation has every room to be
mtwded with the crondet of the French governmert toward"
It. Francs ha• not herrn iadiffemit to the calamitior that have
afflicted our unhappy couorry -to the terrible crises which have
eh rttertsl it. Our engagements with that country are rained.
The ttetian nro le ought to toe every efaart to fulfil their obligations

our iselittitions open to us. In the forms appdoted by the sonstits.
lion, I declare the session of the Chamber of tutees opened.
The good faith and sound policy evinced by the eagerness
of the president to provide for the discharge of what bin
country owes to Preece, is of good omen; so is his retain-
ing the cabinet of the late president without any change.
The speech has given the atesteae satisfaction here. The
Monileur Kaitien, of Feb. 27, bad already intimated that
, the administrators of St. Marc, Oonairn, Port-de-Pais, and
Cape 'Eerie's, had received orders to liquidate, at the end
of the mouth, the amen since the lit of March, 1846. The
salaries in arrear are to be liquidated in terms of the law
which allows payment of only one half. The arrears of the
army will be liquidated after reviews held expressly for that
purpose. The same journal announces that it is the inten-
tion to purchase the steamer Lord Eight, which was char-
tered by the late president, to visit the different ports of the
island.
Yon may think the following too purely lecal for a Lon-
don "daily :"—"The council of notables of Conaive Is
instructed to dig cisterns in the principal quarters of the
town ; and an engineer is expected from abroad with instru-
ments for the opening of Artesian wells." But remember
the actual state of legislation at home for promoting the
health of towns, and admit that this is creditable to Hayti.
I find it almost imposeibte to explain to the Haytlans how
there can be so much squalid misery in England in the midst
of so much wealth. I met lately at Jscmel a highly re-
spectable black merchant (11. Lefortant), who takes in the
Doily News, and is quite au courant of what is passing in
Europe. " Here," raid he, " when a man has no dinner he
goes to his neighbour, who gives him to eat." I endea-
voured to explain this by the facility with which the means
of subsistence can be procured in a land where spontaneous
growth is so exuberant, and inclement weather so little felt
hut still he contended it was not right that people rhould
starve where there was so much money.

FRANCE. PARIS, APRIL 29. A disturbance
took plan on Monday, at the College de France, in conse-
quence of the lecture which should have been delivered by
M. Quinet, ae the professor of literature, having been un-
dertaken by M. Damao-Hioard, as M. Quinet's substitute.
Some of the young men present having commenced the dis-
turbance, M. Damn-Hillard stated that it was at the re-
quest of M. Quinn that he appeared as his substitute. The
tumult, however, continued, and the director of the college
attempted, but with equally bad success, to restore tran-
quillity. Some of the rioters even went to the extent of I
throwing different articles at M. Damullinard, one or
which rack him on the head. He then left the chair, ea* I
w
did not 'stein attempt to resume the lecture.
The three men sentenced to death for the riot and
murder at Buraneais were executed in that town on the
16th. They appeared to be resigned to their fate, particu-
larly Mickot, who exclaimed, " I expected this, and am re-
signed " Bienvenu, just before the execution, said, " May
my death serve se an example to the people, and convert
them to God." Vellnet, the other criminal, was at first very
much affected, but shortly before he took his piece on the
i scaffold he was nearly as tranquil as his companions. About
2,000 spectators were present, and all behaved with great
propriety. There was a large military force at hand, and
the shops were all closed ; but there was no attempt at dia-
-1 Mathew*.
TILE BEAUVALLON DUEL.—INDICTMENT OF PER-
I lie.—The Court of Cessation heard, on Saturday, the ap-
peal of M. d'Ecquevilly against the decision of the Chambre
d' Accusation of the Cour Royale. which decreed that he
should be arraigned before the Court of Assizes for the
Seine-Isiferkure, on an indictment for perjury in giving
giving false testimony on the trial at Rouen of M. Besuvallon
for killing M. Dujsner, the editor of the Prase, in • duel
on the 15th of March, 184.5. Although since that period
this unfortunate affair has been repeatedly before the public,
we shall give a short recapitulation of the facts and circum-
stances. On the day of the meeting, M. Dujarier was
first on she ground, and had to wait some time for his
adversary. When M. Beauvallon arrived, the pistols he
brought were observed by the seconds of M. Duja-
rier to he hot in the barrels and to be black in the
inside, as if they had been fired. On this being remarked,
M. d'Ecquevilly affirmed that they had only been flashed off,
having been just bought of M. Devisme, the gunsmith. Upon
this assertion M. Beativallon was allowed to use the pistols,
end with one of them shot M. Dujarier. At the trial of M.
Reativellon before the Court of Assizes at Rouen, on the 30th
March, 1846, at which he was acquitted, M. d'Ecquevilly,
who, with the other persona who attended the combatants
to the greund, was admitted as witness, repeated on oath the
account which he had given on the ground of the cause of
the heat and blackness of the barrels and pistols, protesting
that they hal never been tried. It came out afterwards that
the pistols were not purchased of M. Devisme, but belonged
to M. Granite de Cassagnae, and that they had been re-
peatedly tried by M. Beauvallon, and that he had on the
morning of the duel practised with them in the garden of
M. d'Ecquevilly by firing at eggs. Upon this tesumeny the
decision of the Cmbrs d'Accusation to put M. d'Ecque-
villy on his trial was founded, sad a warrant for his arrest
issued. M. d'Ecquevilly, however, lodged an appeal against
the decision of the Chambre d'Accusation, but kept himself
out of the hands of the officers of justice till Saturday morn-
ing, when he surrendered himself at the Conciergerie. The
memorial in support of the appeal repelled forcibly the
accusation of perjury, and endeavoured to maintain the
morality and honour of M. d'Ecquevilly by producing the
genealogy of the accused, whose father was noble, and one at
the guards of honour of his Royal Highness Monsieur—also
eeveral documents certifying that in several duels fought in
Spain, in which army M. D'Ecquevilly bad served, he had
send like a man of honour and delicate feelings—that he
had been invested with the order of Saint Ferdinand, of
the First Class, and also with several other orders for dis-
tinguished feats of thins performed by him, u a Captain of
cavalry in Spain. In addition to these testimonials was in-
troduced in the memorial • letter from the Spanish General
Serrano, then colonel, addressed to the Duke de Hermada,
couched in the strongest terms of eulogium, and recom-
mending M. d'Ecquenlly for promotion. The Court, Kneel
hearing this memorial read, and the arguments in support
of the appeal urged by M. Arise°, the counsel for M.
d'Ecquevilly, adjourned the hearing till Thursday, when
the Advocate-general will reply.
Tile FRENCR GAME LAMS.—The Tribunal of Cor-
rectional Police decided, on Saturday, two cases of seta
interest to sportsmen. Count de Chamoy arrived in Park
on the 28th ult., with two woodcocks in his possession. The
woodcocks were immediately seized by the employes of the
Octroi, as game in a prohibited lesson, and they were for-
warded to the Commissary of Police. The next day the
Count demanded that his woodcocks should be given up, as.
sorting that he had brought them from the department of
the Eure-et.Loire, in which the Prefect allowed mesa to
be killed at all times as birds of passage ; but it was
replied that, though woodcocks might be birds of pas-
sage in the Eure-de-Loire, they were not so in the flegeste
meet of the Seine. The birds were accordingly esaastalsii
to the profit of the hospitals, and a complaint was lodged
against the count for carrying game out of season. He was
fined 50fr. and costs. The other case was as follows :—On
the arrival of a diligence at its office, the Octroi men exa-
mined the twigs of the passengers. One of them raised
the lid of • bet, and a live hare leaped out. He knew
Motel seised it, and called on the owner of the basket to
make known, in order that • complaint WOO be
him, and a fine inflicted of from Mk te
rat however, claimed the hare, and m *saw
*maw of the diligence was cited before the tribuaal Bs haw-
asw esisve7ed it, and he was condemned to a AM of M.
• ammo
Cosseitutionnel has the following notioa of
boa-Maio, whose capture we mentioned yesterday : "Bow
Masa, who is not more than twenty-five years of age, had
been for us an adversary so much more dangerous, era be
beg obtained a great ascendancy amongst the Kabyls
beim of the Debra, until then caring little shout AC:
cause, and apparently indifferent to the progress of
oar serptist, and besides haughty and warlike to an extra-
egdfaml dowse. Bou-Maza had obtained his power over
tar geeirgioul fanaticism. Without any very remarkable
take% awning nobody knew whence, of doubtful bravery,
he Assessed none of the qualities which have weight with
the Arab; but he had cleverly turned to account the cre-
dulity and superstition of these rude children of the desert.
Some he persuaded that he was the same as a certain mom
bout, who had been condemned and executed for murder,
but who had come to life again by miracle. Others he in-
duced to believe that he was invulnerable in battle, end that
balls, always carrying death, issued forth from the nostrils
of his horse. Nothing was spoken of in the tents of the
tribes but his pretended miracles, his austere life, and the
supernatural powers of a certain goat, his familiar deans,
which had procured for him the surname sf Boa-Xmas.
By the aid of these juggleries, this impostor acquired nib
an authority over the Kabyls tribes, that on two dill beet
°emulous they revolted, notwithstanding the exempbuy law
tisement ' • on them by our columns. Boa-Idasa,
after having raised the insurrection, showed in the war
neither cleverness nor courage. Hiegreatest exploits con-
sisted in getting murdered in an ambuscade El-Hemmed
and Si-MAammed, two of our most faithful agents. The
contradiction given by facts to his prophetic promises lowered
him of late considerably, and in consequence Abd-el-Kader,
in his lest attempt on Algeria, assigned him • secondary
post. Nevertheless Bou-Mesa, though thus lowered, might
still become dangerous to us. He knew how to act on the
fanatical character of the natives, and it was besides nearly
proved that he was the emissary of one of the secret associa-
tio.us of one of the two religious sects which divide Algeria,
and on this ground alone he was se object of great venera-
tion. It is announced that Bcni-Mara is to be sent to Paris.
We cannot say if this news be true ; but certainly such a
course would be an exceedingly great proof of our moderation
and clemency. This adventurer is stained with the blood of
two of our best servants, and his whole life has been marked
by acts of violence."
LYONS, APRIL 18.—A heavy fall of snow took
place at Lyons on the 17th. In the evening the atmosphere
cleared, and a frost set in. There were icicles on the foun-
tains in the morning. The frost will have been more as-
verelv felt in the country, but it is to be hoped that the
crops' have not suffered, though Mars are entertained for the
fruit trees.
HOLLAND.-- Tile HAGUE, APRIL 19.—The Wag
went out yesterday for the first time since his Hines, •0001/1.
panied by the Queen, the Princess of Orange, the Hereditary
Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar, Prince Henry, Prince
Frederick of the Netherlands, and Princfra I:MIMI. His
Majesty proceeded to attend divine service in the Klooster
Kerk, where M. Durmont, the court chaplain, preached the
sermon. The crowd who hastened to attend at this ceremony
seemed to be filled with the deepest gratitude at the speedy
recovery of the King from his severe illness. The whole
ee was very imposing.