The Express.
London, England, 1847-12-31 00:00:00

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LONDON, FRIDA Y, DEC. 31.
TEE news from Washington shows that the whip
are the strongest party in the new House of Repro-
seatatives, but it is by no means clear that they have'
a working majority. At the election of the Speaker,
there voted for Mr. Wiernaue, the wbig candidate,
Ina house of 220, on the first ballot. 108 ; on the
second, 109; and on the third, 110. Mr. WINTHROP
had not an absolute majority of votes either on the
first or second ballot, nor would he have had an &boo-
lute majority on the third, but that two members
((onesmtiooLthem a democrat) declined Toting. Three
tic candidates were nominated, of whom the
favourite received on the successive ballots 61, 82,
and 64 votes. Eleven members who on the first
ballot voted for the second democratic candidate, and
10 of those who voted fur the third, joined the phalanx
ot the fleet on the second ballot ; but seeing that
. it was hopeless to look for a majority, showed their
independence on the third by giving (with the excep-
tion of three) scattering votes. The united phalanx
of the whigs is decidedly stronger in the new house
than the united phalanx of the democrats, but whe-
, thee the whigs are to have a numerical majority will
depend, in some measure, upon the course they adopt,
and, in a great measure, on the prospects they have of
getting into office.
• The constitution of the House of Assembly is a
matter of considerable importance for President PoLx
and his Cabinet, but it concerns foreign nations only
in so far as it is likely to affect the general and com-
mercial policy of the United States.
The foreign policy of the Union will, probably,
. remain much the same, whatever party is rn ,
office. The President, in his Message, after ex-
I plaining that Mr. Thin was authorised to
treat with Mexico, on the understanding that,
the Rio Grande should be the boundary from its
mouth to about the 32d degree of north latitude,
and that New Mexico and California should be ceded
to the United States, declares that he still adheres to
these terms. He considers the doctrine of no terri-
tory as the doctrine of no indemnity, and no such
arrangement will ever be sanctioned by him. He is
convinced that the best means of bringing the war to a
close will not be to withdraw the troops in Mexico,
,occupy a designated line and defend it, but to hold
and render available the conquests already made.
These, there can be little doubt, are the senti-
ments of the democratic party, and they are
also very nearly, if not entirely, those of
that important section of the wing party re-
presented by the New York Courier and Enquirer,
In short, there is every reason to believe that the line
of policy which the President has chalked out for
himself, with regard to Mexico, is so completely in
accordance with the views and wishes of a majority
of the people, that the whigs must either go along
With him in it, or introduce dissension into their own
ranks, and forfeit the popular support.
There can be little doubt that the course recom-
mended by the PRESIDENT in Mexican affairs will be
adopted. In addition to the acquisition of Cali-
fornia, he proposes the organisation of a territorial
government in Oregon, and the establishment of a
tribunal with civil jurisdiction in China. All thew
measures have the same end in view—the develop-
ment of the resources of the United States territory,
the assurance of a position that will enable the Union
to watch over and support its commerce both in the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the increase of its in-
fluence in the councils of other American states. These
are all perfectly legitimate objects for American
statesmen ; objects at the prosecution of which we
have ao reason to take umbrage ; objects, the attain-
ment of which we could not prevent even though we
were absurd enough to attempt it. The Americans,
like other nations, conscious of superiority in power
and intelligence to their neighbours, are desirous of,
making it felt. And no party in the United States
will be able to acquire, or retain, office, which does
not show itself able and willing to gratify this desire.
We believe that the perseverance of the Union
in its free-trade policy, is as little dependent
on the results of its party struggles as its
foreign relations. The country is prospering under
that policy. During the year ended Ist Decem-
ber, 1847, the value of imports has exceeded 1461
milions of dollars, the value of domestic produce
exported 160 millions. The amount of specie im-
Erteported exceeded 24 millions ;of which more than
millions have been retained in the country. A
Faecal sense of ease and prosperity pervades the
Union. The amount of customs duties for the first
year under the new tariff is said to exceed the
amount for the last year, under the old tariff, by
8,600,000 dollars. Agitators against the new system
would have no tangible grievance to take hold of.
The interests reared under protection are confined to
Now England, and every year the numerical propor-
tion of the New Englanders to the states and temto-
ries having an interest in free-trade grows smaller.
The American Whigs, if they really wish to obtain
office, must buy it by adopting the principles of &mi-
tes&
On the whole, the general bearing of the Presi-
dent's message, and the indications of the Speaker's
election in the House of Representatives, ought
to be gratifying to us. That America is bent
'pen making its weight felt among other nations
is too natural a desire to entitle as to feel sae-
primed at it. The great liberal interests, which it
mod be the natural wish of England to uphold,
are more likely to be strengthened than compromised
by each an accession to the great councils of nations.
The condition and temper of the United States is of '
promising augury for that extension of our com-
mercial relations with them which is of so much con-
sequence to us. These are the respects in which
alone the indications of a new congress and a new
President's speech have any importance for us. The
balance of domestic parties in America, if it concern
us at all, concerns us only in so far as it may exercise
an influence over these weightier matters of the law.
And at the present moment the current of popular
feeling in America is obviously so uniform and strong,
that parties must take the law from that feeling, in-
stead of attempting to give it.

-
Oua impression of yesterday contained the con_
eliding paper upon the present condition, amount
of suavity, and moral character of the " Liters-
ton el the Lower Orders." Our examination of
thle carious and important branch of the great social
opestion of popular education—although but briefly
and breadly made, as required by the necessities of a
dolly journal—has, we venture to think, developed
sum few points of general interest, to which it will
sdt be amuis to direct the more particular attention of
oar readers.
It would be quite superfluous now to contend for
ths necessity of a popular press. The day for the
discussion of that question has gone by. Rightly
o wrongly, the problem ia solved. The masses
have acquired reading habits and tastes; and a
library—good, if it can be obtained ; if not, bad—
they will The necessity has been created, and
it mast be met. The question now is, not whether
the lower orders shall read at all, but what they shall
reed. A cheap literature is an indispensable element
in.** existing arrangement of things social : whe-
ther it shall be sound as well as cheap, and how that
which is found to sot perniciously shall be improved
or eupeesedsd by more healthy and genuine mental
taunt, is a question of no small importance to three
wbs are endowed by nature, or invested by society,
with moral and political influence.
Cheap lite/eters n of modern origin t and it is not
Sheinetteendirfal cabals powerful agonies of human /VA 1.0104 haie We evolved ender the diopen-
,
. ‘.41.
Jerrie tu”., •
suds'! Mtwr'
6-1.4)

Nation of the "great peace." To fix the exact year when
it arose would sot be easy : as all greed revolutionary
ideas are thund hovering about many minds before ,
they assume rabstantive forms ; and the term itself is
one of relative, not of absolute, vales. A library
cheap in England, might be dear in Germany and
France, and conversely. But so far as our own
country is concerned, the dawn of a great popular
literature—one appealing to lame sympathies, and
looking to an immense circulation at a low rate,
rather than toe contracted circle of readers paying a
high rate, the first elements of success—may be dated
from about 1890. The Atheneum—then giving 16 -
pages, and selling for Bcl.—was the first to move deci-
sively in the matter. About that time it changed
hands: the new proprietors at once lowered the
price to 4d., improving the article at the
same time. The experiment met with com-
plete neon" ; and having unbounded con-
fidence in the principle which they had asserted,
the proprietary enlarged it permanently to 24
pages, and sometimes even gave 32, without any
change of price. The way to a new order of remu-
nerative enterprise being the. fairly marshalled, nu-
merous rompstitors—amongst the foremost of whom
were the Mean. CHAMBRILS and Mr. CIIARLEB
KNIGHT, who, moreover, carried the principle into
another and still wider field—rushed into the arena,
and cheap literature became thenceforward an esta-
blished fact.
That some evil should result from such a cie
was to be expected. The untrained morals, itClX-
vated intelligence, and uncontrolled passions of a por-
tion of the lower clams, offered a tempting field for a
noxious literature; and but too many persons—whe-
ther conscious or unconscious of the mischief of their
work we will net undertake to decide—who had no
mission or claim whatsoever to the vocation of
public instructors, were yet found venal enough
to lend themselves to the work of corruption for
the sake of the miserable mess of pottage which
it rendered them in return. But oar re-
pots have shown that this deteriorating literature has
flourished only, or at least chiefly, in consequence of
'the ignorance and isolation from all better sources of
enjoyment and instruction, of its readers. Its con-
stantly changing forms prove that it has no fast and
permanent hold upon the intelligence or sympathies
of its supporters ; and all the facts which we have
been able to collect—many of which we have withheld,
for obvious reasons, from publication—go to show a
natural, and in fact organic, tendency of this low lite-
rature, under whatever shape it maT exist, to self-
sensation. The rapid increase of high-class cheap
periodical or serid literature—such as the works
enumerated in the later batches of our reports—is one
strong evidence of this: the decreased circulation of
their opposites is another. In fact, all literature is
undergoing, and has been now for several years past,
the revolution of prices. High prices have been
proved to be unnecessary in a fiscal point of view, and
we venture to believe that the opinion of the world is
too profoundly impressed with the value of sound
general knowledge to suffer it to be permanently
placed beyond the reach and the means of the great
masses of the community. The motion of the public
mind is towards universality and universal accemibi-
lity of information. Science and art, too, have aided
and accelerated this movement Locomotion has been
cheapened. Pleasures have been cheapened by asso-i
ciation. Books have been cheapened by diffusion.
With the augmentation of capital and mechanical
appliances, and the widening of the theatre of opera-
tion, this tendency is inevitable. When the natty News
carried the principle—which was already attested
and acted upon in various spheres—into the arena of
political journalism—it rather obeyed the impulses of
• the public mind than asserted any new theory. It
was, to some extent, an experiment, but never an hy-
' pothesis : the great principle on which it was based,
as a cheap journal, had been often and extensively
verified by success,both in this country and in France
--and the success or failure of a single paper could
; neither establish nor indubitate the idea of its sound-
ness.

Not the least striking fact exhibited in our brief
analysis of the literature of the lower orders, is the
utter absence of any specific and reciprocal relation
between the quality, or even quantity, and price.
Lowness of price might very readily be assumed to
stand as the co-ordinate of inferiority of article ; but
our reports have shown that this is eminently not
the cue. Some of the very worst of the
'viola which we have had the unpleasant task of
condemning are actually the d arest when measured
only by amount of type and paper given for the
money—totally irrespective of the quality, which
would be dear at any price—whilst others of the very
highest class which the whole range of literature can
boast--as for instance the " Standard" and " Euro-
pean" libraries and the "National Cyclopredia"—ear
amongst the very cheapest, even in these inferior
respects.
Of the means by which this pestilential literature
may be superseded, the limitations of our space pre-
vent our speaking at any length. It must, however, be
obvionathat the schoolmaster must be the prime ia
the matter : and the more of sympathy and
there is afforded by those whose attainments and weld
position give them influence, the sooner will the
work be done. While government can and must pro-
vide means for elementary education, much of duty
will still devolve upon local philanthropy. The fact
pointed out in our third paper—namely, that there
are hundreds of working men who are habitually
compelled to seek assistance in their studies front the
incompetence of the conductors of these penny jour-
nals who would be only too glad to consult mom
respectable and responsible authorities, may supply
to more than one class of educated individuals, anxious
to do good, a suggestion of a way in which they
might be useful in their immediate neighbourhoods—
at the some time that they were assisting to elevate
the moral tone of the entire community.
Our Paris despatches of Wednesday have arrived.'
',
The Chambers were occupied chiefly with the forma-
tion of the several bureaux, or standing committees,
the verification of powers, and the election of officer,.
Little interest is attached to these proceedings, as the
opposition have not decided on making any serious
stand against the nominations of the government.
At the moment of closing his despatches our cor-
respondent learned that the ministerial candidates
were elected in all the bureaux, except one, in which
M. 'niers was elected president, and M. de Lasterie,
secretary.
M. Satinet has been re-elected to the presidency of
the Chambers, and all the ministerial candidates to
the secondary offices.
A report was circulated in well-informed circles,
and generally credited in Paris, that the Austrians
had intervened in Italy. The place and occasion of
the intervention, however, are not stated.
The Union Monarchique has the following :
We alluded a few days ago to diplomatic conferences held
at Frankfort on the Swiss question and are now able to com-
plete our information. The cabinets of Vienna and }lselin
have addressed to the Germania Diet a communication on
the subject of the resistors of the federal compact. A sitting
upon It was held on the 10th, under the presidency of Count
Doenhoff, the Premien anshuseder. There were eleven
members of the Diet promat, and six were represented by
delegates. All agreed Is approving of the conduct of
the groat powers towards the Vorcut, end it was unani-
mously decided that if Switzerland should change her pre-
sent constitution for a enamel sovereignty, by establishing
a unitary system, the contracting poetise of the treaty of
Vienna would no lurgerguarentee the nestrality of Switzer,
land. The Russian manner, M. Xmases!, who withdrew
from Owitaaland to Frankfort, had not nerved any further
instructions. Russia has not addressed any notes to Switzer-
land, but the cabinet has been unwilling to utter paithu-
mous threats, which can have noleflect.
The Baron (brand (de I'Ain), peer of France and
Vice-President of the Council of State, died in Paris
on Monday.
The reduction of the rate of discount to four per
cent. at the Bank of Paris commenced on Tuesday.
The Duke de Broglie bad arrived in Paris.
The Madrid mails of the 23rd have arrived. On the
22nd a ministerial change had been expected, but the
assotte, of the 23rd, which was anxiously looked for
contained nothing respecting changes in the cabinet.
A project was said to be entertained with the objest
of hriaging MIL Mon and Pidal into the cabinet,
the one as Minister of Finance and the other of
Julie& M. Aertuela would in that ease be mind
to the preaency of the Chamber of Deputies, vacated
by K. Moo. The bitter, however, had not yet se-
ceded to this arrowroot. If he should decline it,
M. Beltran de Lis would • take the finance, and M.
°limn at Owieral Bipeirea the marine. The
Gazette of the 24th was expected to emcees* def
nitively these tainiMmiel
It was exposed that, after all, the impeachment of
the ex-ministers would not be carried into effect. A
captain-generalablp in Africa has bon crated tor
General Rnt. ai Olano by royal emliannenes dated
18th insta
. • •• .
. .

The Chamber of Deputies had voted, almost nnas
illb of 25,000 men. The mgr./milk
tta appoitittneoi to: the effigies
at tie •
R,. African territory which we have
k.irliu
~. co.gres. tad as burned uitil after
' .
.111. Die Diet sammUted at Berne on lita 24th, when. a
resolution was passed giving five yeas* to the canton
of Unterwald to pay its indemeity for the expenses
of the late war. Further sittings were to be suspended
for some days, owing to the absence of several deputies.
e eourrier Suisse says that the monks of the Great
St. Bernard have deserted their monastery, and taken
refuge in Sardinia with their effects, rather than
comply with the decrees of the government, which
were directed to levy upon them a portion of the
expellees of the war.

According to letters from Milan of the 19th inst,
an extraordinary sensation has been excited through-
out Lombardy, by. an act of moral courage on the
part of M. Nazart, the deputy of the city of Ber-
in the central congregation of the kingdom.
rest%

gamo,
This deputy moved in the congregation a _lotion,
founded on the universal discontent of the country,
that a committee be appointed to lay before the
Emperor of Austria a project of reform for the
Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. Although this motion
was opposed by the Governor of Milan, who is presi-
dent of the congregation, and who declared that the
Viceroy himself was engaged in preparing a project
of reform, it was passed unanimously by the assem-
bly, twenty-four members of which were present.
The president found himself compelled to proceed to
the nomination of the committee, declaring, neverthe-
less, in the name of the Viceroy, that no discontent
prevailed in the country. The committee consisted
of the following deputies :—Count Porro, for Como;
Dr. Villa, for Milan; Count Schizzi, for Cremona;
Count Sarni, for Lodi ; M. San Oervesso' for Brescia;
M. Nazari, fir Bergamo; and M. Zanetti, for
Mantua.
When this proceeding became known, the greatest ,
excitement prevailed in Milan, and the inhabitants
crowded to the residence of M. Nazari, to inscribe
their names, as en expression of respect and appro-
bation.
Letters from Florence of the 19th announce the de-
cease of M. Peruzzi, Gonfalonier of that city. The
Grand Duke determined to appoint to the important
offiee this vacated, the Baron Ricalosi, lately nomi-
nated Governor of Leghorn, and who is known as a
person of great capacity, and liberal opinions. M.
.Rioakd was the founder of the Florence journal La
Pstria. Before this appointment, however, was com-
pleted, it became known that a popular demonstra-
tion rip in preparation in favour of the Prince Neri
Corsim, and that an assemblage of person. were about
to collect before the palace of the latter, to salute him
as the future Gonfalonier. To anticipate this move-
ment the Grand Duke caused the decree nominating
M. Ricalosi to be immediately published. General
Bproni was nominated Governor of Leghorn.
Letters from Pisa of the 22nd say that the liberal
paste manifests the intention of obtaining new and
wove important reforms from the Grand Duke. These
proceedings give much uneasiness to the government
Letters from Naples of the 18th affirm that the
Duke of Serra Capriole, who had arrived there several
days before, had expressed a strong disinclination to
accept the post in the government of Sicily which the
king had destined for him. The duke pretended, ao-
oorng to these reports, that he did not feel himself
equal to the grave exigencies of the country.
The Nourelliate, of Marseilles, on the authority of ,
its Naples correspondent, says:
Oa the 16th inet. the King, being informed that the recent
popular demonstrations were to be repeated in the evening,
summoned General Statella, military governor, and 111.
Delcaretto, minister of police, to consult on the m
rendered necessary by existing circumstances. General
tells was of opinion that government should immediately
decide upon adopting either the reforms required or mea-
sures of strong coercion. Delcaretto advised a vigorous re-
pression and an increase of severity, observing that the least
concession erould most certainly increase the exigencies
of the people, end that, in his opinion, it was very
dangerous to enter upon such a course. The blindness of
the king wu here conspicuously displayed, the advice of
D.lcaretto was adopted forthwith. In the evening all
the gates of the royal palace were shut—pieces of &attn. ry
pointed through them towards the avenue, with snatches
lighted. The principal street* of Naples, especially Via
Toledo, and its approaches, were inundated with sbirsi and
gene d'oesses. Notwithstanding these menacing preparations
innumerable crowds collected and pacific demonstrations
again broke out. Then it was that the bloody conflict took
place between an unarmed and anoffending population, and
the seids of despotism. The ease evening Delearettocaused
td. Parisi, the famous fencing master, to be arreated,with Duke
Prota, the eon of Prince Torella, and many others whose
names 1 cannot quote to you. Delcaretto having caused
Parisi to be brought before him handcuffed, and in the cue-
' tody of four soldiers, insulted him in the most offensive terms.

Letters from Rome of the 18th say that the deci. I
sion of the Pope in favour of the opinion of the
ICouncil of State, that its debates should be public, was
confidently anticipated and anxiously expected. It
was said that much agitation prevailed among the
people.
These letters announce also the fact that the city
of Ferrara has at length been evacuated by the
Austrians, who have been withdrawn into the citadel.
It is arranged that a gate shall be opened from the
citadel upon the Po, so that all communication be-
tween that fortress and the city shall be rendered
unnecessary, and, in fact, discontinued.
The functions of the Secretary of State at Rome are,
it is said, to be divided into three sections, to be ex-
ercised by different persons:-Ist, foreign affairs;
2nd, home affairs ; 3rd, ecclesiastical affairs.
M. Ferrieri, the new nuncio to the Porte, left for
Constantinople on the 15th by a Sardinian war-steamer
placed at the disposal of his holinfte by King Charles
Albert His eminence is the bearer of magnificent
presents to the Sultan. Immediately on his arrival
he is to open negotiations for the settlement of the
patriarchate of Jerusalem, the nominee for which
office is to proceed to his destination as soon as the
neoeseary diplomatic arrangements shall have been
completed.
The Italian° of Bologna quotes a letter from
Modena, of the 15th, stating that, in consequence of
the demonstration in honour of Monsignor Corboli
Bassi, two persons of the Israelite persuasion have
been arrested by the police. Demonstrations had
taken place at Reggio (Modena) in honour of the
Pope ; and on the 13th an assemblage of persons
were pat to flight by the troops, and one amongst
them was mortally wounded, for singing the hymn of
Pius IX. Archduke Maximilian left Modena for
Vienna on the 14th. A placard was found stock up in
the former citywith the following words: " Brethren,
the massacre of Cracow is to be renewed here. The
ambassador of Austria has said that three days of
blood will produce thirty years of peace. Let us be
united I"
Since the above was written we have received fur-
ther despatches from Rome to the 20th. It is under-
stood that the debate of the council of state will be
public with the sanction of his holiness. The
Florence journals of the 22d have arrived. The
Petrie gives farther details of the popular movement
of the 15th at Naples. According to the corre-
spondent of that journal, the populace committed no
other offence than uttering the usual exclamations in
favour of the Pope, when the troops without any
summons or proclamation to disperse, were ordered
to fire lapels the unarmed crowd, and a great number
of citizens were killed and wounded.

As already stated, a modification of the Dutch cabinet
bag taken place. The government is composed as fol-
lows :—Foreign Affairs, the Count Van Itaadwyek;
Minister of the Interior, tho Chevalier Van der Heim;
Finances, the Chevalier Van Itappard; Justice, the
Chevalier de Joughe ; the Minister of Public Worship
(Protestant), Baron Zuyler Van Nijvelt; Ditto (Cs-
tholic), Heer Van Son ; War, General List; Navy, Beer
Rijk : Colonies, Heer Baud. It is said that a profound
division of opinion respecting the revision of the
fundamental compact with reterenoe to the colonies
was the cause of the unexpected ministerial changes.
Several members of the newly appointed oabinet are
known to belong to the retrograde party. The
Rotterdamscles Courant of Dec. 27 states that it is
doubtful whether all the above individuals will fill
the poets to which they have been nominated.
COLONIAL.
CANADA.—BALIFAZ.—A New Yalier2az
saatlezaau jest arrived from Miagiaha
SIMI are about one bundrod fanaMeasssilWisi
Writ eats of destitution, and ankh, IllaisiOnla Wows.
*odd antes, they will die from 111•11141.1'
• of the trial of dvb Compivi tug
th• 126 if • IMF milli Med
• op,
M tirstri itrlidirmigg' Aar •
tertiary at bird labour.
•

PORTUGAL.
the Oriental COispialyis stew:packet Iberia, Capt.
Mn Bowen, arrived at Besdhansptoo yeetardaftand
landed her mails nutiertbielsarp of Liest. gamier,
R.N., Admiralty Vat.
LISBON, Dee. 24.
A supplement to the D • eh °storm WwWl on the 19th
ult. contains the °Asia' enno meeit of a change in the
charge
oprimsuguisseimmminsmitnstrythk.
see
I?remoif Sumaldamenhka, lead
ttmmhe
are
of hisseelf. Ws poste kre : President of the Connell, Duke
of Sakkuslus ! Foreign Affairs, Duke of &Marsha ! War
DeyMilideangelnenni:,ll"ll:gostinlnkt2.l4:47iwo aoAltkfndetranSmie"harejuilia.ois das'imii!jimiciagliivilakraleel°l4P°Jik:itocegae:;..BQ.°l c fi Finance,za
o
a
ministry dictated by Costa Cabral, governed by him, but
without his appearing in character ; all the members of the
new administration are selected from amongst his staunchest
adherents, and a majority of them are their ex-colleagues
aced participators in their plunder.
prommln tlzmximmitimme electioaa
e theeleetors osfpotkhetr woitoeal
ropartyuka ofhave
baud and ef military eiolenee, and their protest was placed
on the 18th in the bands of Sir George R. Seymour, for
transmission to hie government. It was also handed is
on the nart of the deputies by Dr. Castello Branco, and on
the part of the peers ly the Count of Livradio.
The Potrioto states that the Portuguese government had
instructed the Portuguese minister in London, Baron Torre
do Monoorvo, to demand the roost of Sir George Seymour,
and that Lord Palmerston, In rejecting the demand, an-
nounced to Baron Torre do Monoorvo that the sets of the
English minister were strictly in accordance with instruc-
tions, and bad the unqualified approval of the British Cabi-
net. I believe I am in a position to state that this announce-
=tetra the Patriots is correct only in part. Baron Torre
do Moneorvo did receive instructions to press for the real of
Sir George Seymour, but refrained from doing so, and with
a better judgment remonstrated with his government—gave
them good advice, which in this instance was listened to.
Nearly the entire of the deputies elected are of Cabral's
party : the few instances where an opposition member has
been returned have been purposely sent to the Cortes by the
Cabral faction; but it is generally believed that no deputy of
the national party will take hie seat; they will abide
by their protest. Should they be firm in this it will have
the effect of very greatly ronbarrusing the government, as
they will hesitate to venture upon any measure of gravity
with a chamber so constituted. The Cabrels have In fact
overshot their mark somewhat ; In the Chamber of Peers
another difficulty occurs—the majority of the assembly are
of the national party ; this however it is proposed to get over
by a very numerous maiden of new peens--a fresh distribu-
tion of nickname's. The Cortes are summoned to meet on
the tad of January.
To so miserable a strait have affairs reached at the palace,
as regards money, that during the peat week the effects of
the late Queen Donna Carlotta Joaquina have been selling
by public auction at the Palace of Bemposta—brilliants,
te, even to the old and rieketty chairs and tables. Donna
arlotta Joaquin* disposed of her property and effects by
will, bequeathing them in equal portions to three of her
children, the Regent Donna Isabella Maria, the Infanta Don
Aaoa de Jesus, sad to the ex, King, Don Miguel ; but neces-
sity is said to have but smell respect for law or right, so
that her Majesty Donna Maria and her husband hare laid
violent heads upon the old grandmother's hoards and be-
quests' and pounced upon them for their own private use
and benefit. As far as Don Miguel is concerned, of course
there can be no resistance, but the princesses are not likely
Ito yield up their shares of the property without violent
clamour and outcry.
The :coup de.griice was inflicted upon that rascally con-
cern the Bank of Lisbon, by the late ministry, prior to their
yieldius up the seals of office to the Cabral. By a Postaria
dated the 9th inst., subsequently emended, and since ex-
plained, the notes of this rotten establishment, cease (from
the dote of the 28th forward), to have a compulsory circula-
tion ; the government still admit them as part payment in
transactions, but at the market price of the week, such value
to be ascertained by the information of the sworn brokers,
who are to make their report wee2ly, and the medium value
of the past week is to be received as the standard of price for
the week ensuing. The medium price of the Moeda note of
4,800, as recognised for the present week's transactions, was
fixed at 1,710 discount. Commercial fluctuations in their
value since then, have not been considerable; the present
discount being 1,950. Sovereigns are at 4,480; dollars 910.
Exchange on London, 30.1. 531 ; 90d. 534 to Mi.
It is now stated that a measure of additional taxation will
be immediately proposed by the Cabrale, of flee rein extra
per pound on rice, and two zestaos per tb. upon tea (or about
Is.); the tax on rice will be much felt by the poor, The
misconduct of the military continues as disgraceful as ever ;
scarcely a day passes over without some new outrage: last
week one of the editors of the Resolucao was set upon and
beaten by a captain of police, without the slightest notice
lasing taken of it by the authorities. Such is Lisbon under
present misrule.
Several shocksof earthquake have taken place recently. On
Friday the 17th three distinct shocks were felt, one of which
was very severe ; for my part, I thought the roof of the house
wax felling in, or the walls coming about my ears ; on the
19th we had other shocks, the first at nine o'clock, a.m., and
the last at eleven o'clock, pm., also unusually severe, the
chairs and tables rattling about the room in an alarming
manner. The timid are beginning to feel a little nervous,
and some few lamilies have gone so far as to quit the city for
their country residences. At the church of the convent of
Arroyos (founded by the Infanta Catherine of Braganca, the
widowed queen of Charles the Second) the shock was very
perceptibly felt; the church full at the time, and the sacri-
tioe of the mess going on, the people rushed from the church
in the greatest terror and confusion, leaving the officiating
Priest, and two or three poor women alone in the edifice.
The priest would not abandon the altar, suspending his office
only until the alarm had subsided, and the congregation once
more under the sacred roof. The weather during these days
was a perfect tempest, with heavy rains, and thickness in the
atmosphere I never remember before to have seen at Lisbon:
the wind blew N. E. by E. ; the earliest shocks of
the 17th had a horizontal direction ; while the one
on Sunday evening appeared to have a vertical movement.
In consequence of the earthquakes, a pastoral letter ad-
dressed by the Cardinal Patriarch to the church, public
prayers are ordered to be offered up in all churches, cad the
people invited to acts of penitence for three successive days,
commencing from Monday next, the 2Gth. It is said in
Lisbon that the earthquake has been severely felt at Oporto,
and in parts of the south, at Estremoc and Evora in the
Alemtejo, houses have fallen down, while at Oporto they
describe the river to have risen to a great height and over-
flowed its banks.

The squadron, with the exception of the Howe, west over
the bar yesterday en a trial cruise ; the brig-of-war Alert
came in yesterday, being twenty•two days out from Ply-
mouth, having suffered much from the stormy weather ; she
is hound to the coast of Africa.

On the 22nd arrived the Portuguese brigachooner Zargo
from Madeira, with a passage of seven days ; she had on
beard nine sailers of the Dutch barque Jan Willen, foundered
at sea on Nov. 29, at 2 p.m., in lat. N. 46 deg. 45 min., long.
11 deg. 4 min., Greenwich. Bhe wu bound front Amster-
dam to Constantinople with a cargo of coals; the crew were
picked op by an English vessel, the Charbruker, Capt. W.
Vigor% who landed the unfortunate fellows at Madeira on
the 10th inst.

UNITED STATES.-MEXICO.

The President's Mesasge has arrived at last, and
will be found under its proper head. The Ashburton,
Capt. Howland, from 'New York, on the 8,,h inst.,
reached Liverpool yesterday. She has brought
21,0001. in specie for Messrs. Brown and Shipley.
The Britannia had arrived at Boston on the Bth inst.,
and we learn from our Liverpool correspondent that
she was telegraphed off Holyhead on her return.
Should her news arrive in time, we will publish it in
a second edition.
The proceedings in Congress, independent of the
reading of the message, were devoid of interest. Mr.
Winthrop, the whig candidate, had been elected
speaker by a majority of one only ; as also Mr.
Campbell, the whig candidate, for the clerkship. The
influence of the message on the funds seems to have
been almost null.
There is little additional news from the scene of

war. _.
Oen. Taylor broke up his encampment at Walnut
Springs, near Monterey, on the morning of the Bth of
Nov., and with his staff, and Gen. Wool and staff; re-
turned homeward. When near Marin they met Va-
nallen, of New York, bearer of despatches to Gen.
Taylor. The only important despatch was a oopy of
the correspondence between the War Department and
Oen. Soots, in which the former instructed the latter
to depend for certain supplies upon the resources of
the country, as no more would be sent forward with
the troops from the United States. Oen. Taylor was
received at Ceralvo with a salute. lie arrived at
Mier on the 12th, and left in the steamer Major
Brown, accompanied by Oen. Wool. On the 13th he
arrived at Camargo ia the afternoon. Heleft for Mate-
mores in the 'steamer Col. Cross, and arrived there on
the 7th, next morning pitching his tents on shore,
where he would remain till the 22nd, and
then leave for Brame, to receive the an-
swer to his application for permission to leave.
The New Orleans, which left Vera Crus on the 21st
of November, brings the intelligence of Santa
Anna's attempt to resume the government by
force, by a new assumption of the authority of presi-
dent,from which he contends he has not been legally
separated. A long document from Tepebuacan, dated
Ist of November, to the president ad interim, and
secretary of state, contains the terms of his migma-
tite', which, he contends, cin have no legal force nn-
law accepted by Congress. li• . asserts that he
Ht.,
wrier entirely resigned the thectioas of pre-
ids* but only temporarily warranted to a
mpreation of the civil from the edam, power of the
which the country then required. Such
Zuhaving ceased, he desires le resume the full
. position of president, till Omzemendacesple his
n. On the same day he

eition to Congress, tendering his resignation, and en-
treating them to accept of it. An order Mut been
issued by the Governor of Vera Cruz, forbidding any
pen= to land in the department of Vera Cruz from
any public or private vessel belonging to the United
Stated, unless they are attached to, or have business
with, the army, which mast be strictly established
before landing.
A letter from Baltimore of the•flth inst. says that
the proprietor* of the Covington Iron Works, of that
city, had failed. Their establishment was a most ex-
tensive one, and at least a thousand hands were em-
ployed in it.

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
We were enabled to publish to the imbstanoe of the
following speech in a Second Edition of the Express
last evening. It reached us by telegraphic, despatch
from Liverpool.
FALLOW CITIZANB OF ma BANAT! AND OF TWA

ROUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
The annual meeting of Congress is always en interesting
event. The representatives of the states and of the people
come fresh from their constitneots to take counsel together
for the common good. Alter an ex;stence of near three-
fourths of • century as a free and independent republic
the problem co longer remains to be solved, whether man is
eipable of self-government. The moms of our admirable
system is a conclusive refutation of the theories of those in
other countries who maintain that " • favoured few" are
born to rule ; and that the mum of mankind must be go
yarned by force. Subject to no arbitrary or hereditary
authority, the people are the only sovereigns recognised by
our coastitution. Numerous emigrants of every lineage
and language, attracted by the civil and religious freedom
we enjoy, and by our happy condition, annually crowd to
our shores' and transfer their heart, not less than their alle-
giance, to the country whose dominion belongs alone to the
people.
No country has been so much favoured, or should acknow-
ledge with deeper reverence the manifestations of the Divine
protection. An ell.wise Creator directed and guarded us in
our infant struggle for freedom, and has constantly watched
over our surprising progress, until we have become one of
the great nations of the earth.
It es in a country thus favoured, and under a gorernment
in which the executive and legislative branches hold their
authority for limited periods, alike from the people, and
where an are responsikde to their respective isonstituencies,
that it is again my dot's, to oommualeate with Congress
upon the state of the Union, and the resent condition of
public affairs.
During the put year the most gratifying. proofs are pre-
sented that our couatry has been blessed with a wide spread
and universal prosperity. There has been no period since
the government was founded when all the industrial pur-
suits of our people have been more successful, or when
labour in all branches of business has received a fairer or
better reward. From our abundance we hays been enabled
to perform the pleasing duty of furnishing food for the
starving millions of less favoured countries.
In the enjoyment 3f the bounties of providence at home,
such u have rarely fallen to the lot of any people, it is
cause of congratulation, that our intercourse with all the
powers of the earth, except Mexico, continues to be of an
amiable character.

It has ever been our cherished policy to cultivate peace
and goodwill with all nations ; and this policy has been
steadily pursued by me.
No chancre has taken place in our relations with Mexico
since the adjournment of the last Congress. The war in
which the United States were forced to engage with the go-
vernment of that country still continues.
I deem it unnecessary, after the fall exposition of them
contained in my message of the 11th of May, 1846, and in my
annual message at the commencement of the seenen of Con-
gress in December last, to reiterate the serious causes of com-
plaint which we had against Mexico before she commenoed
hostilities.
It is sufficient, on the present occasion, to say that the
wanton violation of the rights of person and property of our
citizen' committed by Mexico, her repeated acts of bad faith,
through a long series of years, and her disregard of solemn
treaties, stipulating for indemnity to our injured Maxon, not
only constituted ample cease of war on our part, but were of
such an aggravated character as would have justified us be-
fore the whole world ia resorting to this extreme remedy.
With an anxious desire to avoid a rupture between the two
countries, we forbore for years to assert our clear rights by
force, and oontinued to seek redress for the wrongs we had
suffered by amicable negotiation, in the hope that Mexico
might yield to pacific councils and the demands of justice.
Ia this hope we were disappointed. Oar minister of peace
sent to Mexico was insultingly rejected. The Mexican go-
verement refused even to bear the terms of adjustment which
he was authorised to propose ; and finally, under wholly un-
justifiable pretexts, involved the two countries in war by in-
vading the territory of the state of Texas, striking the first
blow, and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil.
Though the United States were the aggrieved nation,
Mexico commenced the war, and we were compelled, in self-
defence, to repel the invader, and to vindicate the national
honour and interests by prosecuting it with vigour until we
could obtain ajust and honourable peace.
On learning that hostilities had been commenced by
Mexico, I promptly communicated that fact, accompanied
with a succinct statement of our other causes of complaint
against Mexico, to Congress ; and that body, by the act of
the 13th of May, 1846, declared that " by the act of the re-
public of Mexico, a state of war exists between that govern-
ment aad the United States," this act declaring "the war to
exist by the act of the republic of Mexico," and making pre-
vision for its prosecution " to a speedy and succorful termi-
nation," was passed with great unanieni•y by Congress, there
being but two negative votes in the senate, and but fourteen
n the House of Representatives.
The rapid and brilliant successes of our arms, and the vast
extent of the enemy's territory which had been overrun and
conquered before the close of the last session of Congress,
were fully known to that body. Since that time the war
has been prosecuted with increased energy, and, I am grati-
fied to state, with a success which commands universal admi-
ration. History presents ne parallel of 140 many glorious
victories achieved by any nation within- so short a period.
Our army, regulars and volunteers, have covered themselves
with imperishable honours. Whenever and wherever our
forces have encountered the enemy, though he was in vastly
superior numbers, and often entrenched in fortified posi-
tions of his own selection, and of great strength, he has
been defeated. Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon
our officers and men, regulars and volunteers, for their
gallantry, discipline, indomitable courage and perseverance,
all seeking the post of danger, and vieing with each other in
deeds of noble daring.
While every patriot's heart must exult, and a just national
pride animate every bosom, is beholding the high proofs of
courage, consummate military skill, steady discipline, and
humanity to the vanquished enemy, exhibited by our gallant
army, the nation is called to mourn over the lose of many
brave officers and soldiers who have fallen ia defence of their
country's honour and interests. The brave dead met their
melancholy fate in a foreign land, nobly discharging their
duty, and with their country's bag waving triumphantly in
the face of the foe. Their patriotic deeds are justly appro.
elated, and will long be remembered by their grateful
countrymen. The parental ate of the government they
loved and stirred should be extended to their surviving'
families. _

Shortly after the adjournment of the last mission of Con-
gnus, the gratifying intelligence was received of the signal
victory of Buena Vine, and of the fall of the city of Vera
Cruz, and with it the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa, by
which it was defended. Believing that after these and other
successes, so honourable to our arms and so disastrous to
Mexico, the period was propitious to afford her another
opportunity, if she thought proper to embrace it, to enter
into negotiations for peace, a commissioner was appointed to
proceed to the head quarters of our army, with tall power to
enter upon negotiations, and to conclude &just and honour-
able treaty of peace. He was nut directed to make any new
overtures of peso., but was the bearer of a despatch from the
Secretary of State of the United States to the Minister
of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, in reply to one received
from the latter of the twenty-second of February, 1847,
in which the Mexican government was informed of hie
appointment, and of his prmense at the bead quarters of
our army, and that he was insetted with full wrens to
esselude a definitive treaskif peace, whenever the
Mullett goverappeat night a desire to do Ph While
low mailing 1, aided do led tholes es auslber in-
digos.* wahse4 ins yea latabred that the wee el the war
should not pratemehrla leizzater theneafaht be ',adored
absolutely aseseetri tejt ionsaseent.
The eeemiwisear aid age MA Obi beedkprertere of the
allay me aim asealter baba Alum at Cerro Gordo. His
presses, 'whit aho loan and hi diploma character, were
made ham to the Mexican geweesownt from Puebla on
the 12th of hat, 1847, by the treameheroo of the despatch
from the Seporotary of State to the )deter of Foreign Affairs
of Merino.

Many weeks elapsed after fits reed" and no evertors
were made, nor was any dales expremed by the Mill=
government to enter into neeelhaleas kriesce.
Our army panned is mar* mai ate MlfMi. and, as it
approached it, was met by forritrodik.
yearelsilsass. Our
forces first encountered the srism4y *mil vic-
tories in the severely contested Wl* of Countess sad Ma-
rubuseo. It was not until ease item actions had resulted
in decisive victories, and the capital of the enemy was within
our power, that the MeZiellti Foramment manifested any
disposition to enter into negotiations for peace; and even
then, as events have proved, there is too much reason to be-
lieve they were insincere, and that in agreeing to go through
the forms of negotiation the object was to gain time to
I strengthen the defences of their capital, and to prepare for
fresh resistance.
The general in command of the army deemed it expedient
to suspend hostilities temporarily, by entering into ea armi-
stice with a view to the opening of negotiations. Commie-
, timere were sppoisted on the part of Mexico to meet the
commbiener ea the part of the United Bates. The resell
of the eenneatees which took place between these tear
, notaries brae two governments was a toilers Is umiak a
I treaty of peen.
The easnabionerall* 19E114 et the Unitedmbed Banes btheee vith bits the
Pro** If tr
I ths bismitty ram* by on United Bata was a awow ke of
turnery.
It is well known that the only Indemnity whisk ft is is
the power of Mexico to make, In setisfaction of the just and
long dellerred claims of oar cinemas against her and the
only *airs by which she an *abuse the United States
ice thelspoins el the war, is a eeriea to
pe United States
sea pallet In
her beribei. Maim hes a avow to pelt
end no ether serme St reeking the' Mindetnebr.
we refuse thb rye eatair so** rya Law
pity, bysetoli** a NO* . woeld be to

„

abandon all our just demands, and to wage tj—
all its expellees, without a purpose or Minim objeet,
A state of war abrogates treaties previously existiag
tween the belligerents, and a treaty of peace put. aa mg",
all claims of indemnity for tortious acts conataittedogy:
the authority of one government against the cinsegiii—u,
jects of another, name they are provided for In ij
tions. A Musty of peace which would termiasts thj"."
dating war, without providiag for indemnity, would
able Mexico -the acknowledged debtor, and he
aggressor in the war—to relieve herself from her jag lima'
ties. Hy such a treaty our citizens, who hold just
against her, would have co remedy, either egos,
or their own government Our duty to these cithem,
for ere, prevent such a peace, and no treaty which bbl
provide ample means of discharging these &magi ""
receive my sanction. lit
A treaty of peace should settle all existing dig.,
between the two countries. If an adequate maga er
ritory should be mule by such a treaty, the United gut
should release Mexico from all her liabilities, iiegg.,„__
their payment to our own citizens. If, instead of
United States were to consent to a treaty by whi,h
should again engage to pay the heavy amount of ja6/74.
nese which a jut Indemnity to our government lag
citizens would impose on her, it is notorious that ge,l::
not possess the means to meet such an undertaltieg, 1.7
such a treaty no result could he anticipated, bet gy
irritating disappointments which have heretofore
the violations of similar treaty stipule ions on the pew
Mexico. En& a treaty would be but a temporary eaoi,.
of hostilities, without the restoration of the friesidehepZ
good understandim which should characterise the fittgei<
tercourse between the two countries.
That Congress contemplated the acquisition of fgag/.
indemnity when that body made provision for the ego-2
tion of the war, is obvious. Congress mild cot have- ai.;
—when, in May, 1846, they appropriated ten milgek4
dollars, and authorised the President to empl, the
and naval and military forces of the United Bute, y`
accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers, geed&
him to prosecute the war, and when, at their lag gni:
and after our army had invaded Mexico, t`.ey media-1i
Coned appropriations and authorised the raising of adder
troops for the same purpose—that no indemnity mete%
obtained from Mexico at the conclusion of the war; sag gi
it was certain that, if no Mexican territory was actgeg:i
indemnity could be obtained.
It is further manifest that Congress contemplated ted,
tonal indemnity, from the fact that at their last mege,
act was passed, upon the executive recommendatimz
priating three millions of dollars with that express
This appropriation was made " to enable the Praia*/
conclude a treaty of peace, limits, and boundaries, Meesea
republic of Mexico, to be used by him in the event swim
treaty, when signed by the authorised agents of gag*
governments, and duly ratified by Mexico, shall Can**
expenditure of the same, or any part thereof."
The doctrine of no territory is the doctrine of so
oily ; and, if sanctioned, would be a public *Analog"'
that our country was wrong, and that the war declared he
Congress with extraordinary unanimity war unjust, and
should be abandoned ; an ndmssion unfounded in fiat, m
degrading to the national character.
The terms of the treaty proposed by the United gega
were not only just to Mexico, but, considering the elzagg
and amount of our claims, the unjustifiable and unmoral
coinmeacement of hostilities by her, the expenses of eke
to which we have been subjected, and the success
had attended our eras, were deemed to be of a mg
liberal character.
The

......0111111i0fiCT of the United States WM IntiSCrisi
agree to the establishment of the Rio Grande as Ss
boundary, from its entrance into the Gulf to its ioterasake
with the southern boundary of New Mexico, in north Mi.
tude about thirty-two degrees, and to obtain • cession to the
United States of the provinces of New Mexico and the peg.
fornias, and the privilege of the right of way acrts ie
isthmus of Tehuantepec. The boundary of the Rio Greaie
and the cession to the United States of New Mexico sad
Upper California constituted an ultimatum which our Pm
muisioner was under no circumstances to yield.
As the territory to be acquired by the fioundary propped
might be estimated to be of greater value than a fair emits
lent for our just demands, our commissioner wet author.'
to enemies for the payment of such additienal pectmiery
consideration as was deemed reasonable.
The terms of a treaty proposed by the Menem sr
missioners were wholly inadmissible. They negotiate'
if Mexico were the victorious and not the noun*
party. They must have known that their ultimates
could never be accepted. It required the United fastt
to dismember Texas, by surrendering to Mexico that parts(
the territory of that state lying between the Nieces sad the
Rio Grande included within her limits by her laws win
she was an independent republic, and when she was and
to the United States, and admitted by Congress as one alth
states of our Union. It contained no provision 14 hem.
a,ent by Mexico of the just claims of our edit us. It n.
quired indemnity to Mexican citizens for injures they Nei
have sustained by our troops in the prosecution of them.
It demanded the right for Mexico to levy and collude
Mexican tariff of duties on goods imported into haps
while in our military occupation during the war, sad de
owners of which had paid to officers of the United Salmi
military contributions which had been levied upsides;
and it offered to cede to the United States, for •
consideration, that part of Upper California lyi.
latitude thirty-seven degrees. Such were the unresesth
terms proposed by the Mexican commissioners.
The cession to the United States, by Mexico, of those
Timms of New Mexico and the California, u proposed ty
the commissioner of the United States, it was bettered's.'
be more in aecordanea wink she 0012 vebience and interested
both nations than any other cession of territory which it we
probable Mexico could be induced to make.
It is manifest to all who have observed the stud soh
tion of the Mexican government for some years past, mid
remit, that if these provinces should be retained by ha,
she could not long continue to hold and govern race
Mexico is too feeble a power to govern these manse
lying, as they do, at a distance of more than a thousand Elbe
from her capital ; and, if attempted to be retained by*
they would constitute but for a short time, even nominal/I,
a Dirt of her dominions:
This would be caper:tally the case with Upper California
The serenity of powerful European mules has, long sea
directed their attention to the commercial importance of the
province, lead there can be little; doubt that the west
the United States shall relinquish their present mum*
of it, and their claim to it as indemnity, an effort would is
made by some foreign power to possess it, either by cart
or by purchase. It no foreign government should Emmet
in either of these modes, an independent revolutionary p•
yernment would probably be established by the Walesa
and such foreigners as may remain in or remove ts
country, as soon as it shall be known that the United
have abandoned it. Such a government would be tool*
long to maintain its separate independent existencesd
would finally become annexed to, or be a dependent skis
of some more powerful state.
Should any foreign government attempt to poet* it •s•
colony, or other.* to incorporate it with itself. the
avowed by President Monroe in 1824, and re-nth
first annual message, that no foreign power shall,
consent, be permitted to plant or establish an new
dominion on any part of the North Aaedeea
must be maintained. In maintaining this pried"
resisting its invasion by any foreign power, we
involved in other wars, more expensive, and sun
than that in which we sae now engaged.
The provinece of New Mexico and the Californias
tigeous to the territories of the United States, and if
under the government of our laws, their reeounn—
agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial—weeld me Is
developed.
These were the leading considerations which indeed se
to authorise the terms of peace which were
Mexico. They were rejected' and, negotiations being at •
end, hostilities were renewed. An assault was aide by es
gallant army upon the strongly fortified places near therm.
of the city of Mexico, and upon the atyltself, sad, all!
several days of severe conflict, the Mexican Ihrees,
superior in number to our own, were driven from Es".
and items occupied by our troops.
Since the liberal proposition of the United Stee",
authorised to be made in April last large expesditss
been incurred, and the precious blood of many of Oaf fit
Ms fellowcitixsis has been shed in the proscutiard 111!,
war. This consideration, and the obstinate perseveres, 1,
Mexico in treating the war, must infiennes the tend •
pass which It may be deemed proper hereafter r^
Our arm *miss been everywhere
jested to our military occupation a
enemy's country, including his capital,
peace having failed, the important quest
ma nn the war ought to be prosecuted
hamar dine policy ? I cannot doubt tt
*WI /111141 r available the conquests v
sande; and that, with this view, We r
by our naval and military tomes, all
and provinces now in our occupation,
after fall into our palmation; that we al
our military operations, and levy such m
on the enemy u may, as far as practicable,
expenses of the war.
Had the government of Mexico acceded
and liberal terms proposed, that mods c
have been preferred. Mexico having
and failed te offer any other terms which
1 by the United States, the national honour,
public interests, requires that the war
with increased energy and power until •
pease an be obtained. In the amantion,
all indemnity, we should adept mantra
selves, by appropriating pentium* t
tory, Early after the coast .
Mexico and the Californias Imola. kes
foram. Our military matt mud do'
conquer and hold then, subject to t--
of paws.
These provinces are now in i
tion, and have been so for many a.
on the part of Mexico having
limit', I am satisfied that they should
dared to Mexico. Should Cosign.' e
this opinion, and that they should
United Staia as indamniq, -I an per
why the eirEjandistion sad laws
should not at emu be extended over t.
treaty of peace, sash as we are
our relations towards then woulvdtiolmt

=whild oar own
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=waist war sallowiti
sate over dim. tairabi Cow..
tondos io Yid tibia rirdasr pseiromay,
tdtell lisreafter be 49.1kored es

e;tri bliikateat of
aver theta will be important for
rtez-nifi'
1e41114-"migoverantea."l"l"Yte be eetablieh; and
I 'd. It will
and tranquillity among the inhabitants, t'

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111M1011C, we w0e....
per hereafter to
me victorious, ha Y.
a lugs portia. al as
ital, and sagatiliall 11
quoting adoe-laeld
Kaatedi asit whale/A
abt that a
rag
mbit
i=
II the porta. grab
ation, or wbill
we should psi la
sch military
oticable, MAI
ascatisa doessisj
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deg dal*/ 1•874
which era%
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warshould WI
Jitil I PIA adetat4.4,
In
we
ere**tl/10, to
dy •Fetha et
mead a dm 1111, Pr_
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Ilairdel.lollP
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Msow rea
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et, itlilissuottla
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It will
sag tants, by

•
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...------._
radon that they may still entertain of being vela sub-
se the jurisdiction of Mexico. I hayite the early &act
-.• Me consideration of Cannes to this important
..a.
liins New Mexico tad the Californias, there are other
' • provinces which have bees reduced to our posies-
." by conquest. These other Mexican provinces are now
peoneds:iy ourtymi.titr
issadoeutateacettnanpon aders, ungudeer I
ror t;
• we of wet. They should onetime to be held u a
of coercing ?delete* to Made to just terms of peace.
&unwell as military officers are nailed to conduct such
mieurasiest. Adequate empeasstacia to he drawn from
.matribations levied on the enemy should hs fixed by law for
,isa Officers as may be thus employed, What further Ravi-
** say become necessary, and what final disposition it may
improper to make of them, must depend on the future pro-
m. ef the war, and the muse which Mexico may think
;mem hereafter to pursue-
' CI the views I entertain, I cannot favour the policy
iljek has been suggested, either to withdraw our army alto-
or, to retire to a designated line, and simply hold and
lased it- To withdraw our army altogether from the com-
mons they have made by deeds of unparalleled bravery, and
M dj. expense oleo mucia blood and treasure, in • just war
decor part, •..nd one which, by the act of the enemy, we
sea aot houourahly have evot led, would be to degrade the
Mies in its own estimation and in that of the world.
in retire to a line, and simply hold and defend it,
fold not terminate the war. On the contrary, it
Mid encoerage Mexico to persevere, and tend to pro-
oat it indsluitily. It is not to be expected that Mexico, I
after refusing to establish such a line as a permanent
ba.a.ey, settee our victorious army are in porassaion
ifo ase capital, a. .d in the heart of her country, would
▪ it um to bold it without resistance. That she
ovoid continue the war, and in the most haraseing and
/my* forms, then can be no doubt. A border wor-
k. of the meet savage character, extending ever a long line
wild be nno uingly waged. It would require a large
wo
to be kept cAnstantly In the field, stationed at posts
sail minims *Joao snob a line to protect and defend it.
!hominy, relieved from the pressure of our arms on his
easels and in the populous parts of the interior, would direct
all attention to thin line, and, selecting an isolated post for
soak, would cournirrate hie forces upon it. This would be
at:edition of affairs which the Mexicans, pursuing their
!merits system of guerilla warfare, would probably prefer
0 say other. Were we to assume a defensive attitude on
melte line, all the advantages of such a state of war would
Met the aide of the suemy. We could levy no contributions
visa him, or in any other way make him feel the pressure of
tiewar,but must remain i nacos. sndawait his approach, being
lassestant uncs minty at what point on the line, or at what
goo las might make an assault. He may &tumble and °riot-
' Ikea overwhelming force in the interior, on his own side of
the One, and, concealing his purpose, make a sudden vault
spot Mlle one of our posts so distant from any other as to
rust the possibility of timely succour or reinforcemeats ;
India this way our gallant army would be exposed to the
longer of being cut off in detail ; or if by their unequalled
Musty and prowess everywhere exhibited during this war,
they should repulse the enemy, their numbers stationed at
say nee pos. may be too small to pursue him. If the enemy
be repulsed in one attack, he would have nothing to do but
to retreat to his own side of the line, and, being in no fear of
spanning army, may reinforce himself at leisure for ano-
ther attack au the same or some other post. He may, too,
MN the line between our poets, make rapid incursion, into
tie country which we hold, murder the inhabitants,
commit depredations on them, and then retreat to the
interior bet ,re a sufficient force can be concentrated to
palm biol. Such would probably be the harassing
character of a mere defensive war on our part. If our
fortes, whea attacked, or threatened with attack, be
permitted to erase the line, drive back the enemy, and
conquer him, this would be again to invade the enemy's
country, after having lost all the advantages of the conquests
we have already made, by having voluntarily abandoned
them. T. hold such a line successfully and in security, it is
far from being certain that it would not require as large en
army se would be necessary to hold all the conquests we
have already made, and to continue the prosecution of the
war in the heart of the enemy's country. It is also far from
being certain that the expenses of the war would be di-
minished by such a policy.
I am persuaded that the best means of vindicating the
unwell honour and interest, and of bringing the war to an
honourable close, will he to prosecute it with increased energy
sad power in the vital parts of the enemy's country.
ae,lnz annual menage to Congress, of December last, I
that " the war has not been waged with a view to
esequest; but having been commenced by Mexico, it has
been carried into the enemy's country, and will be vigorously
prosecuted there. with a view to obtain an honourable peace,
and thereby secure ample indemnity for the expenses of the
win, se well as to out much injured etherize, who hold large
pecuniary demands against Mexico." Such, in my judg-
runt, continues to be our true policy—indeed, the only
policy which will prohably accuse a permanent peace.
It has never been contemplated by me, se an object of the
war, to make a permanent conquest of the republic of
Mexico, or to annihilate her separate existence as an inde.
pendent nation. On the contrary, it has ever been my desire j
that she should maintain her nationality, and, under a good
government adsp•ed to her eoadition, bee free, independent,
and prosy rous republic. The United States were the first
Mons the nations to recognise her independence, and have '
always desired to be on terms of amity and good neighbour-
hood with her. This she would not suffer. By her own
conduct we have been compelled to engage in the present
war. In its prosecution we seek not her overthrow as a
action ; bat, in 'indicating our national honour, we seek to
obtain redress for the wrongs she has done us, and indemnity
for our just demands against her. We demand an honour-
able peace; and that peace must bring with it indemnity
for the past, and security for the future. Hitherto Mexico
his refused all accommodation by which such a peace could
be obtained.
Whilst our armies have advanced from victory to victory,
from the commencement of the war, it his always been with
the olive branch of peace in their hands; and it has been in
the power of Mexico, at every step, to arrest hostilities by ac-
cepting it.
One great obstacle to the attainment of peace boo un-
doubtedly arisen from the fact, that Mexico has been 6o long
held in subjection by one faction or military usurper after
swathe; • and such has been the condition of insecurity in
which their successive Governments have been placed, that
each has been deterred from making peace, lest, for this
very cause, a rival faction might expel it from power. Such
was the fate of President Herrera's administration, in 1845,
for bring disposed even to listen to the overtures of
the United States to prevent the war, es is fully
mallnsed by an official correspondence which took
in the month of August last, between
him and his gosernment, a copy of which is herewith com-
municated. " For this cause alone the revolution which dis-
placed him from power was set on foot " by General Paredes.
Such may be the condition of insecurity of the peanut
government.
There can be no doubt that the peaceable and well-dis-
posed inhabitants of Mexico are convinced that it is the true
interest of their country to conclude an honourable peace
with the United States, bat the apprehension of becoming
the victims of some military faction or usurper may have pre-
vented them from manifestieg their feelings by any public
sot._ _ _

14 after affording this encouragement and protection, and
after all the persevering and sincere efforts we have made,
from the moment Mexico commenced the war, and prior to
that time, to adjust our differences with her, we shall ulti-
mately fail, then we shall have exhausted all honourable
means in pursuit of peace, and most continue to occupy her
country with our troops, taking the full measure of indemnity
into our own hands, and meet enforce the terms which our
Labour demande.
To met otherwise, in the existing state of things in Mexico,
and to withdrew our array without a peace, would not only
leave all the wrongs of which we complain unredreased, hut
would be the signal for new and fierce civil disseasioca and
new revolutions—all alike hostile to peaceful relations with

view to prevent the Ismly of the Maxima population frees
8•1111YI Op UM_ -Apjoit as, was the war 40•11111141111
on our Part rrovitints and aches •1111.11911 ruralised*,
our army
.by Mahon Aim were paid fat at Ye mid
liberel prime weal MGM IT= pram Alter the
lapse of a few marl* it that draw
smarances and this Wit taintarat =Lit d
dam the desired _ met Vat- the liesieen
'While the war bed besa senffaateet saamemEtseeard-
ins to the most liamene hid liberal ' Oberrflel
by civilised nations, it was waged in a, he spirit
on the part of Mexico. Not apposhring mar hrbstereaos,
the Mexican people generally taster hostile to On United
States, sad availed thaastivon et opportunity to nun-
, snit the roosteavage 11110,100111.011011 Z Large cumbers
of the population tea a may sad, engaged in guerilla
Warfare, tO=lBll7l - ill the most amid meaner,
individual er met putted, whom amides' sr other
causes had emealated Gem the main body of our army.
bands of ensalmes end ranee infested the roads, harassed
lour trains, and, wheamerk won La their power, out off oar
I "TON-
rim llealemehaviag thee shown thalami% es to be wholly
Incapable et ear &ebonite* and liberality, at
wee deemed leper he Ms nearer ad smdacting the
war, by sakYss them ks primate oseardlei to the
I,ci usages ebsoreei ander gaffer alsesentonsos by all other
1 vilited mime.
nooordingly, as early arthe 22nd of September, 1846, in-
ap
Winm do were given
the
Secretary of War to Major-Gen.
Taylor to " draw au " for our army •' from the enemy
without paying for Mat. and to require contributions for its
support,' if in that way he was sati.lied he could " got 'ban-
dant supplies for his fume." In directing the execution of
them instructions much was necessarily lett to the discretion
of the commanding saber, who was hest acquainted with
the cirementaniies by which he was surrounded, the wants of
the army, and the preotleability of throning the measure.
Gen. Taylor. on the 26th of October, 1846, replied, from
Monterey, that "It would have heart impossible hitherto,
• and is go now, to sustain the army to any extent by forced
erintributions of money or supplies." For the reasons
swiped b him he did not adopt the policy of his truitruc•
lions, but his readiness to do so, "should the army,
in its &tare operations, mesh a portion of the moritry which
may be suede to supply the troops with advantage." Re
continued to pay for the ankles ad 'apply which were drawn
from the enemy's country.
Similar bistneetions were honed Is liejor-Geseral Scott on
the 3d of April, 1847, who replied, hem Jalapa, ea the 20th
of May, 1547, that, if it be expected that ° 1110 army is to
support itself by forced contribeitkho levied wpm the
country, we may rain and IMOI the inhibition, and
starve ourselves." The same imsdes was wfma he Ma
that had been given to Om. Taylor Is this rennet Oen.
ilean, he the rases sodased by Ishii aleo continued to pay
for the articles sr apply for the army which were drawn
from the away.
Altar the mm had reached the heart of the most wealthy
portion of Mirr it was supposed that the obstacles whim had lies that timel prevented it would not be such as to
maw imprestioable the levy of forted contributions for its
; and on the let of September, and again on the 6th
rfnt her, 1847, the order was repeated in despatches ad-
dressed by the Secretary of War to General Scott, and his
attention was again called to the importance of making the
enemy bear the burdens of the war by requiring them to
famish the means of supporting our army; and he was
Ablated to adopt this policy, unless, by doing so, there was
dander of depriving the army of the necessary supplies.
Cope* of these despatches were forwarded to General Taylor
for his government. . . . . . . _ .

On the 31st of March last, I caused an order to be issued
to our military and • naval commanders to levy and
collect a military contribution upon all vessels and mer-
chandise which might enter any of the ports of Mexico in
our military occupation, and to apply such contributions
towards defraying the expenses of the war. Is directing this
the object was to compel the enemy to contribute, u far as
practicable, towards the expenses of the war.
For the amount of contributions which have been levied in
this form, I refer you to the accompanying reports of the
Secretary of War, end of the Secretary of the Navy, by which
it appears that a sum exceeding half a million of dollars has
been collected.

Measures have recently been adopted, by which the in-
ternal as well as external revenues of Mexico, in all places
in onr military occupation, will be seised and appropriated
to the use of our army and navy.
The policy of levying 'upon the enemy contributions in
every form. consistently with the laws of nati.ms, which it
may be practicable for our military commanders to adopt,
should, in my judgment, be rigidly enforced, sod orders to
this effect have accordingly been given. By such a policy,
at the same time that our own treasury will be relieved from
• heavy drain, the Mexican people will be made to feel the
burdens of the war, and, consulting their own inter* ere,
may be induced the more readily to require their rulers to
accede to a just peace.

After the adjournment of the last session of congress, events
transpired in the prosecution of the war which, in my judg-
ment, required a greater number of troops in the field than
hail been anticipated. The strength of the army was accord.
ingly increased by " secepting " the services of all the volun-
teer forces authorised by the act of the 13a of May, 1846,
without putting a construction on that act, the correctness of
which was seriously questioned. The volunteer forces now
in the field, with those which had been " accepted," to
" serve for twelve months," end were discharged at the end
of their term of service, exhaust the 60,000 men authorised
by that act. Had it been clear that a proper construction of
the act warranted it, the services of an additional number
would have been called for and accepted; but doubts exist-
ing upon this point, the power was not exercised.
It is deemed important that Congress should, at an early
period of their session, confer the authority to raise an adds-
tenni regular force to serve during the war with exico,
and to be discharged upon the conclusion and ratification of
a treaty of peace. I invite the attention of Congress to the
views presented by the Secretary of War in his report upon
this subject.
I recommend, also, that authority be given by law to call
for and accept the services of an additional number of volun-
trers, to be exercised at such time and to such extent as the
emergencies of the service may require.
In prosecuting the war with Mexico, whilst the utmost
care has been taken to avoid every just cause of complaint
on the part of neutral nations, and none has been given,
liberal privileges have been granted to their commerce in
the ports of the enemy in our military occupation.
The difficulty with the Brazilian government, which at
one time threatened to interrupt the friendly relations be-
tween the two countries, will, I trust, be speedily adjusted
' I have received information that an envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary to the United States will shortly be
appointed by his Imperial Majesty ; and it is hoped be will
come instructed and prepared to adjust all remaining differ-
ences between the two governments ia a manner acceptable
and honourable to both. In the meantime, I have every
reason to believe that nothing will occur to interrupt our
amicable relations with Brazil.
It is proper to inform you that the government of Peru
has in good faith paid the first two instalments of the in-
demnity of 30,000 dol.. each, and the greater portion of the
interest due thereon, in execution of the convention between
that government and the United States, the ratifications of
which were exchanged at Lima on the 31st of Oct., 1846.
The Attorney-General of the United States, early is August
last, completed the adjudication of the claims under this con-
vention, and made his report thereon, in pursuance of the
act of the Bth of August, 1848. The sums to which the
claimants are respectively entitled will be paid on demand at
the treasury.
I invite the early attention of Congress to the present con.
dition of oar citizens in China. Under our treaty with that
power American citizens are withdrawn from the jerisclic.
tion, whether civil or criminal, of the Chinese government,
and placed under that of our public functionaries in that
country. By these alone can our citizen. be tried and pu-
nished for the commission of any crime ; by these alone can
questions be decided between them involving the right. of
person and property ; and by these alone can contracts be
enforced into which they may have entered with the citizens
or subjects of foreign powers. The merchant vessels of the
United States lying in the waters of the five ports of China
open to foreign commerce are under the exclusive jurisdic-
tion of officers of their own government. Until Courses
shall establish competent tribunals to try and punish crimes,
and to exercise junsdiction in civil eases, in China, Arne•
rican citizens there are subject to no law what-
ever. Crimes may be committed with impunity, and
debts may be contracted without any means to en-
force their payment. Inconveniences have already IrS..
united from the omission of Congress to legislate upon
the subject, and still greater are apprehended. The British
authorities in China have already complained that this go-
vernment has not provided for the punishment of crimes, or
the enforcement of contracts against American citizens in
that country, whilst their government has established tribu-
nals by which an American citizen can recover debts doe
from British subjects.
Our treaties with the Sublime Porte, Tripoli, Tunis, Mo-
' recto, and Muscat, also require the legislation of Congress to
carry them into execution, though the necessity for immedi-
, ate action may not be so urgent as in regard to China.
The Secretary of State has submitted an estimate to defray
the expenses of opening diplomatic relations with the Papal
States. The interesting political evade now In progress in
these states, as well as a just regard to our commercial Inte-
-1 rests, have, in my opinion, rendered such a MONISM highly
expedient.
Estimates have also been submitted for the outfits and
salaries of chargas d'affairse to the republics of Bolivia Qua-
temala, and Ecuador. The manifest importance of nai-
-1 eating the most friendly relations with all the independent
states upon this continent has induced me to recommend
approprzatiosa necessary for the maintenance of these
missions.
I recommend to Congress that an appropriation be made,
to be paid to the Spanish government for the purpose of dia-
-1 tribune= among the claimants in" the Amistad cue."
A detailed statement of the condition of the finances will
be presented in the annual report of the Secretary of the
Treasury. The imports for the last fiscal year, ending oath*
30th of June, 1847, were of the value of 148,646,638 dollars,
lof which the amount exported was 8,011,168 dole, leaving
138,634,480 don. in the country for domestic use. The,value
of the exports for the same period, was 168,648,622 dole. ; of
which 160,637,464 dole., consisted of domestic productions,
and 8,011,168 dols., of foreign articles.
The receipts into the treasury foe the same period
emeeneded to 26,348,790 dole. 37e. of which there was derived
hem emecess 23,747,864 dole. 66j. ; from sales of public lands
2,408,836 dol. 20o.• and from incidental and miscellaneous
sasses, 100,670111 e. 61c. The last fiscal yaw, during
whisk Me sensed was nmeived, embraced fire months
mist the of the Tariff Aot of 1842, and sews
midis whisk the Tariff act of 1846 was in foes.
Dirlig mawthe ander the set of 1842, the amount
releteed hem the sweimme *ha 7.8611.1011 MA 1100 ~ and
&Asa t 4 a was nee* sear the see 411848,-the amount
revived was 16,908,567 dole. 78e. •

the United States.
Besides, there is danger, if our troops were withdrawn be-
fore a peace was concluded, that the Mexican people, wearied
with successive revolution', and deprived of protection for
their persona and property, might at length be inclined to
Yield to foreign influence', and to cast themselves into the
arms of some European monarch for protection from the
anarchy and suffering which would ensue. This, for our
own safety, and in pursuance of our established policy, we
should be compelled to resist. W. could never consent that
Mexico should be thus converted into a monarchy governed
by a foreign prince.
Mexico is our near neighbour, and her boundaries are co-
terminous with our own, through the whole extent across
the North Attleilelll continent, from ocean to ocean. Both
politically and commercially we have the deepest interest in
bee regeneration and preeperity. Indeed, it is impossible
that, with any just regard to our own safety, we can ever
become indifferent to her fate.
It may be that the Mexican government and people have
imieconstrued or misunderstood our forbearance, and our ob-
jects, in desiring to conclude an amicable adjustment of the
existing differences between the two countries. They may
have 'opposed that we would submit to terms degrading to
the nation ; or they may have drawn false inferences from
the supposed division of opinion in the United States on the
abject of the war, and may have calculated to gain much
limprorting it; and, indeed, that we might altimately
it altogether, without insisting on any indemnity,
tscritoriel or otherwise. Whatever may be the false impres-
"cur under which they have acted, the adoption and prose-
cution of the energetic policy proposed must soon undeceive
than.
In the future prosecution of the war the enemy must be
=de to feel its pressure more than they have heretofore
dens. At its commencement it was deemed proper to con-
duct it in a spirit of forbearance and liberality. With this
end In view early measures were adopted to conciliate, as
far as a state of war would permit, the mass of the Mexican
Population ; to convince them that the war was waged not
ultaind the peaceful inhabitants of Mexico, but against their
faithless government, which had commenced hostilities ; to
remove from their minds the false impressions which their
derigning and interested rulers bad artfully attempted to
mu/a, that the war on our part was one of conquest, that it ,
urii• war against their religion and their churches, which
were to be desecrated and overthrown ; and that their
rights of person and private property would be violated. To
?Move these fees Impression, , our commanders In the field
wire directed wrap nsly to respect their religion, their
thurthes, and their church property, which wire in no man-
na labs violated ; they were directed also to respect the
nenhof persons and property of all who should not take up
vas against us.
Aseeranote to this effect were given to the Mexican
Pc4Ple by Major-General Taylor, in a proclamation lowed In
Partisans of inamnetions boat the Secretary of War, in the
%Ink of June, 1844, end again by Molar-Genets! @mlB
ailo acted upon his own convictions of the propriety of
*nag it in a proclamation of the 11th of May, 1847.
la this spirit el liberality sad centillation, and with a

• The net mane Ikon enstosin dining the loaf aiding an
the Wet Deossilertll346, be the last year-wader
eiperoffirm of the trig. el 1812, was 22,971,401de1m.185. ;
lab the fast teweawo lea amber during the year wane ag
the lat of Delenbaj 1947. heetißithe first year meter dee
ed eadieseltbe Teal Ad *LI Ilabont3l,ffiffillite
Wig aa *mew of ranee tan first year vadat thenellf
en et Ls4l af: men tharakioo,63o bob. owe that et dee lad
year Web tin tariff of
The ospendittues Ards, the Ina yaw Ababa as the
13th of June Let ware 69,461,177 deb. l6e ; of which
3,522,082 dole, 37a was. on aoeottig Cl payment of
principal and lista* of the public debt, including
treasury notes redeemed sad not fended. The expendi-
tures, exclusive of payment of public debt, were 56,929,095
doh, 280.
It is estimated that the reed& into the treeamay ber the
fiscal year ending on the 13th of 1848, inaladiog the
balance in the treasury on the let of Jul. last, will amount
to 42,886,645 doh. 80c., of which 31,000,000, it is -thinned
will be derived from customs; 3,600,000 from the sale
of the public lands ; 400,000 from incidental somas, taelatt-
imp idea made by the Solicitor of the Treasur and
6,286,294 drds. 56c. from loans already authorieed law,
which, together with the balance in the Treasury on July 1
last, maks the sum animated.
The expenditures for the same period, if peace with Mex-
ico chall not be concluded, and the army shall be increased
as is proposed, will amount, including the necessary pay-
ments on account of principal and interest of the public
debt and treasury notes, to 68,615,966 dole. 7c.
04 the Ist of the present month, the amount of the public
debt actually incurred, inoluding treasury notes, was
44,659,659 dole. 40c. The public debt due on the 4th of
March, 1345, including treasury notes, was 17,788,799 doh.
62e. ; and onnsanently the addition mad., to the public debt
since that time is 27,870.849 dole. 78u.
Of the loan of 23,000,000, authorised by the ent a the 28th
of January 1846, the sum of 5 000,000 was pad out to the
public creditors, or exchanged at par for epees* ithe remain-
ing 18,000,000 was offered for specie to the hand bidder
not below par, by an adartiaentent issued by the Secretary
of the treubry, and published from the 9th of February
until the 10th of April, 1847, when it was awarded to the
several highest bidders, at premiums varying from i of one
per ant. to two per cent alma par. The premium has been
paid into the treasury, and the sums awarded deposited in
specie in the treasury as fast as it was required by the wants
of the government.
To meet the • toditures for the remainder of the present
and for the next fiscal year, ending on the 30th of June,
1849, a further lean in aid of the ordinary revenues of the
government will be necessary. Retaining a sufficient runlet
In the treutny, the loan required for the remainder of the
present fiscal year will be about 18,500,000 dots. If
the duty on tea and coffee be imposed, and the
graduation of the priee of the public lands shall be made
at an early period of your anion' u recommended, the loan
for the present fiscal year may be reduced to 17,000,000 of
doh. The loan may be further reduced by whatever amount
of expenditure* can be saved by military contributions col-
lected in Mexico. The most vigorous measures for the aug-
mentation of these contributions have been directed, and a
very conaiderable sum is expected from that source. Its
amount cannot, however, be calculated with any certainty.
It is recommended that the loan to be made be authorised
upon the same terms, and for the same time, as that which
was authorised under the provisions of the act of the 28th
of January, 1847.
Should the war with Mexico be continued until the 30th
of June, 1849, it is estimated that a further loan of
20,500,000 dollars will be required for the fiscal year ending
on that day, in case no duty be imposed on tea and coffee,
and the public lands be not reduced and graduated in price,
and no military contributions shall be collected in Mexico.
If the duty on tea and coffee be imposed, and the lands be
reduced and graduated in price, as proposed, the loan may
be reduced to 17,000.000 of dollars, and will be subject to be
still further reduced by the amount of the military contribu-
tions which may be collected in Mexico. It is not proposed,
however, at present, to ask Congress for aatherity to nego-
tiate this loan for the next fiscal year, as it is hoped
that the loan asked for the remainder of the
present fiscal year, sided by military contributions
which may be collected in Mexico, may be suf-
ficient. If, contrary to my expectation, there
should be a necessity for it, the fact will be communicated to
Congress in time for their action during the present session.
In no event will a sum exceeding 6,000,000 doh. of this
amount be needed before the meeting of the seesion of Con-
cress in December, 1848.
The act of the 30th of July, 1846, " reducing the duties
on imports," has been in force since the Ist of December
last ; and I am gratified to state that all the beneficial effects
which were anticipated from its operation have been fully
realised. The public revenue derived from customs during
the year ending on the Ist of December, 1847, exceeds by
more than 8,000,000 dol.. the amount received in the pre-
ceding year under the operation of the act of 1842, which was
superseded and repealed by it. he effects are visible in the
great and almost unexampled prosperity which prevails in
every branch of business.
While the repeal of the prohibitory and restrictive duties
of the act of 1842, and the substitution in their place of
reasonable revenue rate. levied on articles imported accord-
ing to their actual value, has increased the revenue and
augmented our foreign trade, all the great interests of the
country have been advanced and promoted.
Whilst the interest* of agriculture, of commerce, and of
navigation, have been enlarged and invigorated, it is highly
gratifying; to observe that our manufactures are also in a
prosperous condition. None of the ruinous effects upon
this interest which were apprehended by tome, as the result
of the operation of the revenue system established by the
act of 1846, have been experienced, On the contrary, the
number of manufactories, and the amount of capital invested
in them, is steadily and rapidly increasing, affording grati-
fying proofs that American enterprise and skill employed in
this branch of domestic industry, with no other advantages
than those fairly and incidentally accruing from a just aye-
tens of revenue duties, are abundantly able to meet seam-
fully all competition from abroad, and still derive fair and
remunerating profits.
While capital invested in manufactures is yielding ade-
quate and fair profiu under the new system, the wages of
labour, whether employed in manufactures, agriculture,
commerce, or navigation, have been &unmerited. The toil-
' log millions, whose daily labour furnishes the supply of food
and raiment, and all the necessaries and comforts of life, are
receiving higher wades, and more steady and permanent
employment, than in any other country, or at any previous
period of our own history.
So successful have been all branches of our industry, that
a foreign war, which generally diminishes the resources of a
nation, has in no essential degree retarded our onward pro-
greys, or checked our general prosperity.
With such gratifying evidences of prosperity, and of the
successful operation of the revenue act of 1846, every con-
sideration of public polity recommends that its shall remain
unchanged. It is hoped that the system of impost duties
which it establidied may be regarded as the permanent policy
of the country and that the great interests affected by it
may not again be subject to be injuriously disturbed, as they
have heretofore been, by frequent and sometimes sudden
cheeses.
I For the purpose of increasing the revenue, and with-
out changing or modifying the rates imposed by the
act of 1846 on the dutiable articles embraced by its pro-
visions, I again recommend to your favourable conside-
ration the expediency of levying a revenue duty on tea
and coffee. The policy which exempted these articles from
duty during peace, and when the revenue to be derived
from them was not needed, ceases to exist when the country
is engaged in war, and requires the use of all its available
resources. It is a tax which would be so generally diffused
I among the people, that it would be felt oppressively by none,
and be complained of by none. It is believed that there are
' not, in the list of imported articles, any which are mere pro.
perly the subject of war duties than tea and coffee.
It is estimated that three millions of dollars would be
derived annually by a moderate duty imposed on these
articles . . . .

—Should Congress avail itself of this additional source
of revenue, not only would the amount of the public loan
rendered necessary by the war with Mexico be diminished
to that extent, but the public credit, and the public con-
fidence in the ability and determination or the government
to meet all its engagements promptly, would be more firmly
established, and the reduced amount of the loan which it
may be necessary to negotiate could probably be obtained at
cheaper rates.
Congress is therefore called upon to determine whether it
is wiser to impose the war duties recommended, or, by
omitting to do so, increase the public debt annually three
millions of dollars so long an loans shall be required to pro-
secute the war, aad afterwards provide, in some other
form, to pay the semi annual interest upon it, and
ultimately to extinguish the principal. lf, in addition
to thee* duties, Congress should graduate and re-
duoe the price of such of the public lands se ex-
perienee has proved will not command the prices placed
upon them by the government, an additional annual income
to the treasury of between half a million and a million of
dollars, it is estimated, would be derived from this source.
Should both measures receive the sanction of Congress, the
annual amount of the public debt necessary to be contracted
during the continuance of the war would be reduced near
four millions of dollen. The duties recommended to be
levied on tea and coffee, it is propoesd shall be limited in
their duration to the end et the wee, and until the public
debt rendered necessary to be seedemeed by it shall be dis-
I (tined, The amount of the labile debt to be contracted
should be limited to the lowest practical sum, and should be
extinguished as early after the eseelusion of the war as the
means of the treasury. will permit.
With this view, it is reemmealled that, u soon as the
war shall be over, all the surphr in the ream* not needed
for other inikpmedie elsemmedmil easidare a oinking
fund and be appliod to the afthe Smiled debt, and
that authority be conferred law he that
The ad tithe 6th of August, 1846, " to eefakiYY a ware-
homing system," has been in eperation wens than a year,
end*, peeved to be an impeetent a Di the hata
.1 1846, la augmenting the roue and atenmt the ems-
pewee of the mantry. Whilst it tended to aslarp
commerce, it has been besaildal to oar manafeetatie,
by diminishing freed tales at auction of ilweiga goods
et low prim to raise the dudes to be advanced on them
and by drift theraadens in the market. The
syne:ei;tedlitsegh Innedened by the expeeknee of other
eosin was *did, sew in the Vatted draws, and is
s el improwneet in some of its provhions. The
Secretary el the Treasury, upon whoa was devolved large
discretionary power in carrying tie measure into effect, has
collected, mad h sow consedag, the prestical results of the
system In rho eesakiee, whine it has keg kees'erabikked,
and willrgest et en emly pried of oar maks Melt father
es=l=nddiraskimi,iavestigadoo, as may mike It
By the sot te provide for the beide cepaleatioie of the
, and for the oolleedok glib trapkr& dieliner-
tiesaiN the public rowans," id beaks Sire tme.ftsal as
Meld agents of the gemeameet, and the paper eamemay

heath bY them mes so longer permitted to be Feasived In
11.Cliel=eltressney ernated by this cat meet tab
oreetie• ea lie .Ith et linvary thet. Usher the month
setehthind by b. the
_public amiss taw been
eddy kept, end absinth by the direst el sat
the gemeemethaigebil end thrar etemthire meet
aelleare bath mule item points Wertheim to =
.111Milwagmhoia,imidsgulgmy ha hi dim tiaggem or
▪ inemmenimeeth the Made et the emery.
. While Use thee mthatimes el the peernment have them
conducted with AM are, nailer this system, It
has bad a salutarya abashing and preventing an un-
due inflation of the pepereterremy loaned by the teaks which
exist under state thimbles Iteguistug, sa it dem, all dues to
the goveraniest to be paid in gold end ether, lln rasa Is to
matzoth enemethr teem of beak ppm by the beaks
.ported to the emelt In their midt . tar the ream thetaS
are at ell deuellashie ee be called me by the bidden el
notes for their redemptica, in ether to obtain' spiels the the
payment of duties sad other public dues. The heath,
therefore, must keep their ithisses within mama Beebe,
and be always •is A temditlem to meat seek mile.
or ma the heard et bobs eompelled to napes& speeds
payments, sod bn themity discredited. The meseat
of speeds imported bee the United States du*. the
last final year woe 24,121,289 dole., of ',bilk them vas re-
tained in the country 22,276,170 do. Had the throw dem-
end system prevailed, and the public mamma been pima en
delimits in banks, nearly the whole cif this menet wesM
have gone into their inmate, not to be themes Me eireebthea
by them, but to be withheld hen the Mails oldie pee* es
a currency, and made the boa 'trot new emit esemmens theme
of bank paper. A laigageepeeden et the spade
has been paid tato the treamay der pabile duet ; after
having been, to a Feasted. essethed st the mint, has
been paid out te thiegmblia. seediMth end gene late Wends-
lion es a cluresey emmedthe meth Themmeent el pet;
and I it'll' coin mew fie elesebeisa in the *sentry is larger
than at my deemse piths&
The demesial system eetablished by the constitutional
treasury has been, ads far, eminently succembal in its opera-
tions ; and I reeemnini an adherence to all IN issue-del
provisions, and ethesielly to that vital yeseithei width
wholly separates the gemessuat hese edl thamezion
with banks, and excludes lassek payer thenall rename re-
ceipts.
In some of its details, not Involving its gametal
the system is defective, and will require 11110411.11111111=
defects, and such amendments es era deemed newer y, was
set forth in the lest annual repeat GE the beatedery et the
Treasury. These amendments me spin seennammeded
the early and favourable consideration of Conroe
During the past year the coinage at the mint and its
branches hu exceeded 20,000,000 dole. This has consisted
chiefly in converting the eau of foreign countries into
American coin.
The largest amount of foreign coin imported has been re-
ceived at New York, and if a branch mint ware established
at that city, all the foreign coin received at that port
could at once be converted into our own coin without the
expense, risk, and delay of transporting it to the mint for
that purpose, and the amount mound would be much
larger.
Experience has proved that foreign coin, and especially 11
foreign gold coin, will not circulete extensively as a cur- 1
rency among the people. The important measure of ex-
tending our specie currency, both of gold and silver, and of '
diffusing it among the people, can only be effected by con-
verting such foreign coin into American coin. I repeat the
recommendation contained in my last annual message for
the establishment of a branch of the mint of the United
States at the city of New York.
All the public lands which had been surveyed and
were ready for market have been proclaimed for sale
during the past year. The quantity offered and to be
offered for sale under proclamations issued since
the let of January last amounts to 9,138,631
acres. The prosperity of the western states and ter-
ritories in which these lands lie will be advanced by their
speedy tale.
It is estimated that not lees than ten millions of acres of
the public leads will be surveyed and be in a condition to be
proclaimed for sale during the year 1848.
In my last annual message I presented the reasons which,
in my judgment, rendered it proper to graduate and
reduce the price of such of the public lands as have remained
unsold fur long periods after they had been offered for We at
public auction.
Many millions of acres of public lands lying within the
limits of several of the western states have been offered in
the market, and been subject to sale at private entry for
more than twenty years, and lerge quantities for mon...than
thirty years, at the lowest price prescribed by the existing
laws, and it has been found that they wilt not command that
price. They must remain unsold sad uncultivated for an in-
definite period, unless the price demanded for them by the
government shall be reduced. No satisfactory reason is per-
ceived why they should be longer held at rates above their I
real value. At the present period an additional reason
exists for adopting the measure recommended. When the
country is engaged in a foreign war, and we must necessarily
resort to loans, it would seem to be the dictate of wisdom
that we should avail ourselves of all our resources, and thus
limit the amount of the public indebtedness to the lowest
possible sum.
I recommend that the existing lure on the subject of pre-
emption rights tee amended and modified as as to operate
prospectively, aid to embrace all who may Fettle upon
the public lands and snake improvements upon them before
they are surveyed, as well as afterwards, in all cases where
such settlements may be nude after the Indian title .ball
have been extinguished.
The attention of Congress was invited, at their last and
the preceding session, to the importance of establishing a
temtorial government over our possessions in Oregon, and
it is to be regretted that there was no legislation on the
subject. Our citizens who inhabit that distant region of
country are still left without the protection of our laws, or
any regularly organised government. Before the question
of limi:o and boundaries of the territory of Oregon was de-
finitely settled, from the necessity of their condition, the in-
habitants had established a temporary government of their
own. Besides the want of legal authority for continuing the
government, it is wholly inadequate to protect them in their
rights of person and property, or to secure to them the enjoy-
ment of the privileges of other citizens, to which they are
entitled under the constitution of the United States. They
ehould have the right of suffrage, be represented in s terri-
torial legislature, and by a delegate in Congress, and pewee
all the rights and privileges which citizens of other portions
of the territories of the United States have heretofore en-
joyed, or may now enjoy.
Our judicial system, revenue laws, laws regulating trade
and intercourse with the Indian tribes, end the prat/amen of
our laws generally, should be extended ever them.
The preservation of peace with the Indian tribes residin
west of the Rocky Mountains will render it proper that au.
thority should be given by law for the appointment of an &de-
-1 gusto number of Indian agents to reside among them.
I recommend that • surveyor-general's oft, be estab-
lished in that territory, and that the public lands be sur-
veyed and brought into market at an early period.
I recommend, also, that /Tanta upon liberal terns, ef li-
mited quantities of the public lands be made to all citizens
of the United States who have emigrated, or who may here-
after within a prescribed period emigrate to Oregon, and
settle upon them. These hardy and adventurous citizens,
who have encountered the dangers and privations of a long
and toilsome journey, and have at length found an abiding
place for themselves and their families upon the utmost verge
of our western limits, should be secured in the homes which
they have improved by their labour.
I refer you to the accompanying report of the Secretary
of War for a detailed account of the operations of the various
branches of the public service connected with the depart-
ment under his charge. The duties devolving on this de-
partment have been unusually onerous and responsible dui,
mg the past year, and have been discharged with ability and
mama,

Paeiiic relations continue to exist with the various Indian
tribes, and most of them manifest • strong friendship far
the United States.
Between one and two thaniand Indians belonging to
several tribes, have been removed during the year from the
east of the ltisaissippi to the country allotted to them west of
that river, as their permanent home ; and arrangements
have been made for others to follow. . _ .

Since the Otter Vii4;i:wltitihe Cherokees, the feuds
among them appear to have subsided, and they have become
more united and contented than they have been for many
years put. The commissioaers, appointed In pursuance of
the act of Jane twenty-seventh 1847, to settle claims arising
oat of the trash of 1836.38 with that tribe, have ezeouted
their dationami after a patient inatiu, and a full and
fair aumbeilon dell the oresh hale berme them, slued
their lakes in math of MK. ,
Linder the Illathe
walieethey &salads, enhered bg 1M het of
the Sal et Mira is" the earoddea dower the veins tribes
batwings pAll AWN dr ram* yeas te die heeds ef
ii.m.Lmlesi el te their elialk ae sea penmen se they night
TY is required bp the lawe preview* sift.
meet of the fierestory el the Nary
preemie • and gratifying omen* et lie wadi-
ties and epenideee the naval memos bider the past year.
Our 111011iNffill has been penned with inereand ealkily, and
with salet7 sad sweerea, la every quarter at the Oslo vole I
the protection dear fiee, width the navy Ms annial Se be
ris it the sett tmatee l.
=delha neektine poem are alsig le lb* navies
large earabees et VW 1411111111014 it wet a whet pokier at our
part to axis idler Willem to our navy. The Our war
reamers estlreihei by the act of the third of Minh, 1847,
see esetateel enninedea.
.

IA Ciiiitisitie the kw weir stensete authedied by this
mt, the demetay et the Navy has la memos at its pm
vigor, solimil has mann" fee the multitudes of fin
steammt, le be employed Is the maspereellea et tie United
Melee aria These eleemen MI be the ot des
essiamters, but an to be bat w min the
mad *Mien of • naval sestarente be tin anderil
Navy Departessat, and F be 110 sesstoseled es to ..des
dims =Mak at the leen peleible aspen isle war
sistams et the Let *lam"
I ink Who eseismisinigstunt el the Postassim
Omani lees deleiledi eatt t esaisM of the *mai-
don Ind //that derstanst Ended the Mkt par.
It ia MOM to sheet panes. dies
the Me sees of , eti asiwithenading
the great imam el mei suniw, ta. mean merlved he
the year wane isliehnt I* rears all thempeseu imithst
no farther aid MU be required km the tiesemy he Mel
wpm&
reaproul end matidestory pond immet hei hem
made by the PostmeMerseeseral with thus arbies Mem
atm and no' difficulty Is apprehended is midarehailar
anementents with all other powers with whkdt we may have
communicatioao by aril steamers, ezent with Great
ritain.
On the snivel of the het M tin Animism Metesza
bound to Enema, at isaimeglem 1M tank of 11.110
last, the BMA gemoties ineseedthe eased= of diserism
aatiop pelisses ea all lean mid *tan malign aatlisr,

..--ou-when I regard it as no less a recognition on the
part of everybody here of the right, indisputable and in-
alienable, of all those who are actively engaged in the
work and busbies of life to elevate and to improve
themselves, so far as in them Ike, by all good wenn-
I feel as if I stand here to swear brotherhood to all the
young men in Glasgow-and I may lay to all the e
women in Glasgow (laughter and cheers); beingmui
no
portion to take any tender vows upon myself-al
as if we were pledged from this time henceforth to make
ersamen maw together in one of the most laudable
emit worthily 0 helot- eye Ladies and gentlemen, a
limaken mem must be lamas in such a design as that which
brier we together this night; for without it, nothing can
be does, but with it everything.lt is a common cause of
right, God knows, for it is idle to. suppthe that the &dean-
loges of such an institution u the Glasgow Athenteual will
stop within its own walls or be confined to Its own members.
Through all the society of this great and important city, up-
wards to the highest and downwards to the lowest, it mast, I
know, be felt for good. Downward in • clearer perception
of, end sympathy with, those social miseries which can be
alleviated, and those wide open doors to vice and crime that
can he abut and barred ; and upward in a greater intelli-
gent, increased efficiency, and higher knowledge of all who
partake of its benefits themselves, or who commutdeate, as
all must do, in • greater or lee degree, some por-
tion to the circle of relatives or friends in width they
move. Nor, ladies and gentlemen, would I say for
any man, however high his social position, or however
great his attainments, that he might not find something to
be learnt even from immediate contact with such institu-
tions. If he only saw the goddess Knowledge coming out
of her secluded palaces and high places, to mingle with the
throng, and to give them shining glimpses of the delights
which were lung kept hoarded up, be might lane some-
thing. If he only saw the energy and the coursee of those
who earn their daily bread by the labour of their band; or
heads, come night after night, as to a recreation, to that
which was, perhaps, the whole absorbing liminess of his
path, there might still be something very wholesome fth
him to learn. But when he could see in each places theft
genial and reviving influences-their substitution of the
contemplation of the beauties of nature and art, and of the
'Adam of great men, for mere sensual enjoyment or
alipid idleness-at least he would learn this, that it
11 at once the duty and the interriet of all good members
of misty to encourage and protect them. I took yent-
a* to say at an Atheneum in Yorkshire a few weeks
sines, and I think it a point most important to be borne in
mind on such commemorations es these, that when such
societies are objected to, or are decried on the ground that
in the views of the objectors, education among the people
has not succeeded, the term education is used with not the
least reference to its real meaning, and is wholly misander-
stood. Mere reading and writing is not education ; it would
be quite as reasonable to call bricks and mortar architecture
-oils and colours art-reeds and catgut music-or the
child's spelling books the works of Shakespeare, Milton, he
Boon-u to call the lowest rudiments of education educa-
tion, and to visit on that moat abused and slandered word
their failure in any instance. And precisely because these
are not education because, generally speaking, the word
has been uaderetooil in that sense a great deal too long; be-
cause education for the btu:Mess of life, and for the due
cultivation of domestic virtues, is at least as important
from day to day to the grown person as to the child;
because real education, in the strife and contention for
a livelihood, and the consequent necessity incumbent on.
a great number of young persons to join to the world
when they are very young, is extremely difficult ; it
is because of three things that I look upon mechanics' Math
enticing and etheamume as vitally important to tl.e well
being of society. It is because the rudiments of education
may there be turned to good account in the acquisition of
sound principles, and of the great virtues, hope, faith, and
charity, to which all our knowledge tends. It is because of
that I take it that you have met in educatioa's name to-
night. It is • great satisfaction to me to occupy the place I
do in behalf of an infant institution ; • remarkably fine
child enough (laughter)-of a vigopmf ceretitutioe but &ie
infant gill. 1 esteem myself singularly fortunate in
know-
ing it before its prime, in the hope that I may
have the pleasure of remembering it in its prime,
and when it has attained to its lusty maturity,
that I was • friend of its yoeth. It has ehthdy
oared through some of the disorders to which children are
liable; it succeeded to an elder brother of is very
meritorious character, but of rather a weak constitution,
and which expired when about twelve months old from, it is
said, a destructive habit of getting up early in the morning
it succeeded this elder brother, and has fought manfully
through • sea of troubles. Its friends have often been muck
concerned for it ; its pulse has been exceedingly low, being
only 1,250 when it was expected to have been 10,000 ; several
relations an I friends have even gone so far as to walk off
once or twice in the melancholy belief that it wee dead.
Through al! that, assisted by the indomitable energy of one
or two nurses, to whom it can never be sufficiently grateful,
it came triumphantly; and now of all the youthful members
of its family I ever saw, it has the strongest attitude, the
healthiest look, and the brightest and most cluerful air. As
the axiom, " Heaven helps those who help themsolvea," is
truer in no case than it is in this, I look to the young men of
Glasgow,from such a put and such 'present, fora noble future.%
everything which has been done in any other athenaeum, I
confidently expect tosee done here ; and when that shall be the
ease, and when there shall be great cheap schools in connec-
tion with the institution, and when it has bound together
for ever all its friends, and brought over to itself all those
who look upon it as an objectionable institution-then, and
not till then, I hope the young men of Glasgow will rest
from their labours, and think their study done. If the young
men of Glasgow want any stimulus or encouragement in this
wise, they have one beside them in the persons of their fair
townswomen which is irresistible. It is a meet delightful
circumstance to some, and one fraught with inestimable be-
nefit to institutions of this kind, that at a meeting of this
nature those who in all things are our best examples en-
couragers, and friends, are not excluded. The abstract idea
of the graces was in ancient times associated with those arts
which refine the human understanding; and it is pleasant to
see, in the rolling of the world, the graces popularising
the practice of those arts by their example, and adorwag it
with their presence. I am happy to know that iii the Glas-
gow Athenaeum there is a peculiar bond of union between
the institution and the fairest part of creation. I understand
that the necessary addition to the small library of books,
being difficult and expensive to make, the ladies have gene-
rally resolved to hold a fancy bazaar fur the sale of their own
work, and to devote the proceeds to this admirable purpose .
-(applause) : and I learn with no less pleasure that her -
Majesty the Queen, in • graceful and womanly sense of the
excellence of this design, has consented that the bazaar shall
be held under her royei patronage. (Applause.)
A. Henna, Esq., M.P., and Dr. EWING, in appropriate
speeches, proposed and seconded the first resolution-" That
the rise and progress of the Glasgow Atheneum constitute
an interesting event iu the history of this city ; and there is
every reason to believe that the institution will continue to
prove eminently prosperous, from its peculiar adaptation to
the intellectual wants of this large and rapidly increasing
1 community."-Carried.
A BLeek, Esq., Lord Provost of Edinburgh, in a suitable
speech, proposed, "That this meeting vie ws with much eppros
i bation that portion of the constitution of the Atheneuml whereby numerous facilities are afforded to its members for
the cultivation of various branches of general literature, a
subject which opens up • source of mental cultivation, moral
, ith. proeement, and delightful recreation to all classes."
i _Profemor Arrotne seconded the resolution, on being pot
by the chairman, was unsoimenely agreed to.
Professor TitOlMort said: The resolution which I have to
eall your attention to, has be its purpose, to ask your appro-
bation that it may be made lbw loading feature in this insti-
lotion to diffuse the knowledgethemence, literature, and art.
I beg to propose-That this teeming is highly gratified to
that it ei the intuition of the directors of the
to use every lesawa la their power to aid in the
of a nowledge of mime and art, by the
gyms* a nation is ensisisedgml amebied.
fr
lii
0011111, Bag, Edisbnegb, who was remised with
mush misuse, said, Wow me to thank you he the cordial
greeting yaw have noorded ms. It reads amenitione now
of 23 yew' standing. Ghost'', no the ama town oat of my
own native city in whin I venni le appear bolas • pub-
lie andante ; and the welmneemitish I mosind la Glasgow
la MS was sin as maseinged no laths leant en which I
this estereds an wink/ base we lees eignient. Many
she sow nese to nowise at limailaw probably not horn. ft
is my peat privilege le ban Oat virtue, wienee and art
have bees sdvansed be thet aspen which is worthy of the
nal ;of sea. t. i...., had alluded to the state of
.Giagew la the of the ninny. I am not yet
three mate yam bet I seediest That is 1797 there
wee only sae Nash that ilested from Edinburgh for
Glasgow by way of POW et six in the morning, and only
reached blamw Mimeses Mita. (Laughter.) About seven
rigs larm, Ike voyage to Dwalswton wee performed in a row
boat, as the Clyde, in bar hews down, with wind and tide,
and in about five hours upwards. There was likewise a boat
eu Helansbtagl. ; the only other senveyance was a caravan,
ia which it was my misfortune ewe to travel a five hours'
journey. If I were asked what bed astendishad the thanes
which has now been effected by 111111Erhosts and railways, I
eland answer, edemas and art Is it to inn
we lima this en bet in ampule the reseletisa I hen
Iburn%ran le open to ? it hatless aile thin snow
is The how ahem frenisti islinumi by Sir
Rohn have ben *On gene Nemineries of " Godless
ednemitea." It less ben eigmetal le an, that they
ere
imieded In same dna, rains/ roliglian tailreellea se be
&den hen the paean I weed eel upmarket's, taslita-
trans the Wien van ; in that den anneenemilly imply
that Neiman le met Ild the highest tragedian to the welfare of
i siessidad. anon I wend ihine le be the haewholge of
adore, correctly observed and glinnekelly artongsel Howe.
0 whole the Author of /. Thom h hat one anower. The
et great God who made the endOse earth, sadist whom
,e' we live sad non, and have en being. Who Ink 'the :.
inn human mind I The arm gran Dan& The ewe queue.
is-has He wiped the nail whisk be made, to the world
/rived which He amide ? Who woad in to sawn in the
that they should Ism at inaugural densinitedisa i end, the i A* ghe he the mrandArklah Se hr
following the example of ldeasherga sad elltarirge towns, imagnon the wadi Ni He has Stank , who wadi say
des re. an
haviug similar samodatien . they 'heed . ben wad g wee gseeno es and, andea, sad se Mow up
reiria, presided over by ems iftiat
the nist distinahhed we whisk doe yin Dan in miebliand between
of the 4a7. It was Tiodtaa that their OA aldseihedrara we N. made he I I ninny Mead Minden
should take plea on Dee. 93, end tits soh
of in arenas on pang pinetpies. The rave el we Ike hid la
having Wen es Mr. Olathe Diann, that nationn gun I enbnithe to the anis that the
this
his mount M nide ea the session. Bonn the meeting nil& sad us hen 11111140* this oily wed in
of Tuesday erinlng In the Clarinll. hie bola dine des toed. The dans of seas lie
The Chairmandlia Clitsanam Dionne, was seeraved with =la lie peat Creator in ssiabilaing
loud applause. Mkt tide whom bed rebeihd, he sad, the uneiries, and an port of it to easest, kin
Ladles and geattemeas, let no begin by annowesleg te apes me ' ere written fa the PM&
gesweyiblon the 11.11111111110 Nei vat oda the mann of =Of net araffee eat whin are be we te ahoy. Lot
yaw reemnien we 5 meld, la dagie einelain me sin ea
inis.47. a it is by inside we see
the infant/Ohs with ~ I erne imaimig yea. met why aimed of the wee niseriable
Ibis beiabfal gran yen gains' greallig rani' amain kite . liaape-the •
aranally swabs, under ms domosimmi. no .sines limlainissmompll 4, Et yes aes of ile
thinert
gran within ime_ .._. bat whin I masa then with the kin their thsainade and Maio& of .Ogle'
, Ipenes* of this brEllant siesenly-nbas I regard rest ma the belpien align, seen mainassi
ednidiall nun* sad enreingeniat no the of remedy et tinn. It le maly a Ira yew

which she took mei to Greet SAMAR, or which went into the'
British Pomaillos as thdr way to France and other Orb of
lberspe. The sib* of the order of the Bdtisk l'est-elbe is
to wheat ell laden and Mbar RAM: Wompaveld by Anted-
ma Woomma to alai, posloge, ene_peouge mini boss
pail ea then to the Und id Metes, while
rittvimi7 entresepertod hl Isitish stamen me melded to pay
but a single pootesne This magus wee adopted with
the avowed °loom of protecting the British line of
mail stems* war noosing between Heston and Liverpool,
end if palmitin& te ematinne must speedilyteet so end to the
Jonnemotadow el sh believe eel mist mike by Americas
ante mil glut in British elsesesee a monopoly of the
bailees. Ititest end Mr reciprocity is all that we deeire,
and qattt 11th we snot insist. By our laws no such discri-
deeliea made spinet British steamers bringing letters
We ewe pate, let ell Were arriving is the United States
ereseldeet te the somi• rats of postage, whether brought in
Bdthis ese Amodem vomit I refer you to the report of the
Possownemeeseval !bra full statement of the fern of the
*se, sad of the steps taken by him to correct this inequality.
Be has exerted all the power oonferred upon him by the
existing laws.
The Minister of the United Stites at Leaden has brought
the subject to the attention of the British gevensment, and
is now engaged in tiegedetions Sze tike pap» of adjusting
nelprocal portal anemones** whirl shall be equally just to
both countries. Should he fail in ecistindlng such arrange-
ments, and shield Greet Britain *slit on enforcing the un-
equal sad uaJt. ammo she has adopted, it will become
seemenry he wake witildesol powers on the Ponmester.
General. is ceder te Nish* him to meet the emergency, and
to put our own straws on as equal footing with British
steamers engaged in transporting the mail between the two
countries ; and I recommend that such powers be conferred.
In view of the existing state of our country, I trust it may
I net be inappropeiate, in closing this communication, to tail
*eliv4 re .wends of wisdom end admonition of the first and
mot atilMses of my predecessors, in has farewell address to
his emmodoyetimi.
greatont and beet of men, who served his country
en sal lowed it so moth, foresaw, with " serious eon-
sea, • the dow to ear llaiea " of characteriaing parties by
geogreghisel anedinieediss--Nortliern end Southern. At-
lantic and Western—whew 41=1:seen may endeavour
to excite • belief that time is a dismal interests
and views,"emil warmed bio osmium= maim* it.
So deep GNI edema was hi emenvielea et the Importance
of the Union, and of preserving the bay between its
stilterent that decimal to hie essaatrysma in that
ram, " It is of lids moment that yon should properly
mama theinnnesse wise el your nedeaal union to your
ediestive and individual happium ; Met . should cherish
•earbal, habitual, sad immovable attimeat to it; somas.
tenter yourselves to *hilt Ind to speak WA es a palladium
of pow political moiety and proeperity ; watching for its pre.
sermitisa with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever
may mom even a suspicion that it can in any event be
abousdosed : and indignantly frowning upon the first dawn-
ing of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country
from the rest, sr to enfeeble the sacred Cm which now link
together the various parts."
After the lapse of half a century, these admonitions of
Washington tell upon as with all the force of truth. It is
difficult to estimate the "immense value" of our glorious
union of confederated states, to which we are so mach in-
debted
fur our growth in population and wealth, and for all
that constitutes us a great and happy nation. How unim-
portent are all our differences of opinion upon minor ques-
tions of public policy, compared with its preservation ; and
how scrupulously should we avoid all agitating topics which
msy tend to distract and divide tie into contending parties,
separated bygeographical lines whereby it may be weakened
or endangered.
Invoking the blessing of the Almighty Ruler of the Uni-
verse upon your deliberations, it will be my highest duty, no
less than my sincere pleasure, to 00-operate with you in all
measures which may tend to promote the honour and en-
during welfare of sur common country.
Washington, Dee., 1847. Janu K. Potts.

Tag TAY.—We stated a few days ago that the
Tay, which left with the West India and Mexican mails on
the 2nd inst. had put into Corunna, having received some
damage, and was expected to leave on the 13th. The
Iberia brings intelligence that she put back to Coranna
three times, and Stilly left on the 19th, but it was not
known whether she left for St. Thomas or Btrmuda.

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