The Express.
London, England, 1846-11-24 00:00:00

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HIGIIIVATER AT LONDON-BRIMS.

MIA DAL Morning, 9 We. put 5; Afternoon, 3 min. put 5.
Toolonnow.—Morning, 1 min. put 6; Afternoon, 27 min. pest 6.

LONDON, TUESDAY, NOV. 24.

TIIE fact, which we yesterday: announced, of the
recall of Count ST. AULAIRE, is but too correct. No
doubt is entertained of it, although no official intelli-
gence has arrived, nor have the usual notifications
been made. This, the commonest mark of courtesy
between government and government, between
court and court, has been omitted on the present
occasion. And Queen VicroniA is allowed to learn
through common rumour, and from the reported
conversations of the Countess of ST. AtLAIRE, the
grave circumstance of the sudden recall of the French
Ambassador from her court. This circumstance marks
the recall to be a measure of vengeance or retaliation,
for what we are at a loss to divine ; an act, decided
upon and ordered ab irato, and a declaration on the
part of the King of the FRENCH, that he will keep
no terms with any English government which dares
to question his right of disposing of the hand of the
presumptive heiress to the Spanish throne.
We arc not in possession of the exact causes of the
pique of the King of the Fr.sseii. But we recollect
perfectly that his Majesty has borne for a series of
years a succession of slights and indignities from
the court of St. Petersburg. These the King of
the FRENCH has humbly pocketed, nay, keeps his
ambassador, M. DE BARANTE, at St. Petersburg,
whilst merely a Russian Charge d'Affaires remains at
Paris. One of the orders of the Emperor NICROLAS
forbade all noble Russians to attend the Court of the
Tuileries. Even this did not prevent a French ambas-
sador bowing in the palace of St. Petersburg. It is
rather hard and unfair, that the French King should
thus display such patient humility towards the
Czar who spurned him, whilst the Court
and the Queen of ENGLAND, who cherished
and protected the first years of the Orleans
dynasty, and has been its faithful ally for fifteen years,
should now be treated with something very like in-
solence; because, forsooth, England cannot approve
of the Due de MONTPENSIER S marriage with the
Infanta.
_ _

There no impartial is • person who mast not admit
that, in the recent events in Spain, England has been
the tricked, the slighted, the maltreated party.
Nevertheless, had our Foreign Minister gone so far
in resenting this as to recall his ambassador, and
proceed to diplomatic rupture, all parties hero would
have blamed Lord PALMERSTON : and we should have
been the first to censure him. Such a further aggra-
vation of wrong, thus wantonly made and inflicted
by the offending party, is an act upon which English
opinion will do justice.
Thank God, in our day the personal piques or
thwarted ambition of princes are not sufficient to
involve nations in war or in serious quarrel. There
exists at present no clash of interests, no cause of
contest, between Englishmen and Frenchmen. If the
court of the latter chooses to get up a little quarrel
of etiquette and diplomacy on its own royal and
private account, we must only allow its achievements
and its progress to be recorded in the Curt Circu-
lar, and thus dismiss it from our minds and our
anxieties.

THERE is an old cry, "One law for the rich, and
another for the poor.' It is met by a denial that
anj such invidious distinction exists in the laws of
this. country. The clamourers are defied to point out
tr.2tanco in Which equal justice is not meted out to
peer and pemant. A I,:,:ttinct that, by the letter of
o,llftlawt rich and poor are treated w;.4 unparti4ll+T;
there is au fink° absence of those odiinis privi-
leges and aii."&bilities Thick, though of the essence of
feudalism, have disappeared from a system still
largely impregnated with feudal elements ; there is
yet too good ground for the complaints that for rich
an:: poor there are different laws amongst us. In the
nature of things it must be so, says the stern political
economist. But may not the " nature of things " be
modified? This is a question which rarely occurs to
the rigid doctrinaire. When he has reached an appa-
rent law of society, he transfers to. it the fixedness of
a mechanical or geometrical principle.
He forgets that as oar human nature has moulded
those laws on itself, with a modification of the nature

must come an alteration of the law. His principle is
the "leaden rule" of ARISTOTLE, which swap and
sways with the inequalities of the surface to which it
is applied.
In the " nature of things," the poor of an artificial
society are dumb and helpless. Their ignorance of
the law, in itself, alters their relation to it. The rich
man, if ignorant of law himself, can fee an attorney
who knows it. He learns not to violate the law
himself, and to recover penalties from those who vio-
late it with regard to him. The poor man is equally in
the dark sato the vengeance and aidofthclaw.Hcknows
not how sharp the sword of justice is until she smites
him; and rarely learns the impartiality of her balance
by seeing his own wrongs weighed against their
legal compensations. There mast always be one law
for the rich and another for the poor, while the two
classes contemplate the law from the heights and
depths of social life. But law itself may do much to
diminish the distance which separates the two nations
of rich and poor. She may, give the inarticulate mil-
lions a voice. She has already done so in cases of
crime. All indictments aro laid in the name of the
Queen. No matter how poor the victim or the mur-
derer, the law is sleepless in avenging the one, and
punishing the other.
But there is no similar activity to assert the poor
man's rights to compensation for injuries received.
This he must press himself or forfeit. There is the
crown to prosecute the felon, but no public officer to
urge those claims which the law has sanctioned, in
the case of a man too ignorant, poor, or helpless, to
urge them for himself. If he be dumb, the law will
find no organ for him or his. Thus, the remedies
which a legislature may give to the poor are, in most
cases, mockeries. The sufferer does not know of them,
or has not the means or time to recover them. They
might as well, for all the good of them to him, be
erased from the statute book, and the right to them
confined to the rich in theory, as well as practice.
Now and then a prosecuting power has been appointed,
as in the Factones Act, for accidents arising from the
use of unguarded machinery. But how useless the
aid of the law may be in the poor mau's case, and
how potent in that of the rich, our columns of Friday
strikingly illustrate.
A Mr. HavwooD recovers 3701. damages against
a railway company for injuries inflicted, (as re-
ported in the Daily Fuca of Friday), through the
carelessness of their servants, on the wife of the
plaintiff, and expenses incurred by him in conse-
quence. Nothing could be more just. The injuries
were severe and the penalty quite within reason.
JAMES CASEY, a poor Irish mason, was killed last
week by the fall of three houses at Brompton.
On Thursday last we commented on the evidence
produced at the inquest on his body. Those com-
ments were written before the second day's proceed-
ings were published ; but the inferences drawn in
them from the evidence accessible at the time, were
more than borne out by the verdict.
This is tantamount in fact, though not in law, to
a verdict of manslaughter against the builder, or the
contractor under him, " for time and labour." Had
JAMES CASEY been maimed instead of killed by the
accident, he would certainly have had a good action
for damages against either Holm Es the builder, or
EMMENS his agent. But he is killed. The Daily
News of Friday gives us the second act of the
domestic tragedy. At the Hammersmith police-
office,
•

_
Mr. Madden introducel to the notice of the magistrate a young girl,
neatly dressed in mourning, whom he said was Catheriue Casey, aged
heeler years, and only child of the man Jones Casey, who was
it by the fall of three 11011451,$ in .tlfced.pline, Old Brampton, on
Thursday, the 12th instant. The yirt was precionuty motherless, aid
by the unfortunate accident eras mote fatherless, and without a rea-
lite nr friend in the wort Since her father's death she had been
token care of by Mr.. Bryon, a poor woman Briny in !mining's-
buildings, who was herself a recipient of parochial relief, whom he
had 'Wetted Intake the girl to Messrs. Eihntent,thebuiblert,inickeese
employ her father was, to see if they would hot do smoothing for her,
but all they had done was to take her to a shop and give her a pair
of shame. Ito had, therefore, brought her Defoe his worship to see It
he could enable him to get her into some asylum, where elle would be
taken care of and put out in the world. The poor girl appeared a
quiet intelligent child, but quite broken down by the calamity which
had befallen her, in the death of her only earthly protector.—Mr.
Poynter commended the kindncia or the woman Bryan, who was
present, and adrized Mr. Madden to try Manor-house Establishment,
Fulham, which ho promised to do. The worthy inag.sßaite also
ordered Mrs. Bryon Ss. from the court poor-box, which, he said, was
in reality a "poor-box," being at the protect moment empty.
We will not attempt to add anything to the deep,
homely pathos of these facts. But now comes the
question : If Mr. }Ltrwoon very properly receives
390!. for the injuries sustained by his wile, is poor
orphan CATHERINE C.tsEY to receive no compensa-
tion for the loss of her father, her bread-winner, and
only relative ? Can the law do nothing to compel
Messrs. EMMENS to furnish something inure than the
pair of shoes to which their pleasant charity prompted
them ? We are glad to think that the law does
provide a remedy in this case. But what does poor
Mrs. BRYAN, the child's pauper protector, or the
child herself, or her husband's comrades and friends,
know of that? Mr. MADDEN himself, who de-
serves credit for his humanity, does not seem
to dream of it, nor the magistrate, Mr. PAYNTER.
Yet we believe there is legal aid for the helplessness
of this poor child.
By Lord CAMPBELL'S Death by Accidents' Com-
pensation Bill (9 and 11) Viet., c. 93), passed last
session, it is enacted, in effect, that—
- • •

Whensoever the death of a person shall be causzd by such wrong-
ful act or default as would (if death had nut emitted) have entitled the
party injured to maintain an action and recover damages, the penum
who would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable in
an action for da tt the suit the executor or administrator of
the person deer , at.,l fur the benefit of the faruilyuf the taccaissl.

Here, of course, there is no executor or adminis-
trator. Such personages have no part to play when
there is no dying will to execute, and no property to
administer. But any person, charitable enough to
bring this most righteous action, may make himself
administrator for the purpose. •
It is for such cases as this that a public prosecutor
is most obviously wanted. But every act which gives
damages for wrong done to the poor and ignorant
should contain the appointment of such an official
organ for the dumb mouths of the millions. In the
absence of this functionary, we would fain, in such
cases as the present, see charity stepping forward in a
work which we, from our hearts' believe to be as free
from risk of failure as it is just, humane and Christian.

A LIST of the railway projects for next session,
which have appeared in the London Gazette, was
published in our paper of Saturday last. It is of
a nature to re-assure the most apprehensive of those
alarmists who look forward to nothing but national
ruin from the extension of railway enterprise. Of the
three hundred Scotch and English projects enume-
rated in that list, upwards of one hundred and twenty
are avowedly promoted by companies with lines in
actual operation, and paying dividends. The objects
of this class are either the construction of branches
for the accommodation of districts touched by the

trunk lines ; or the incorporation (by lease, pur-
chase, or amalgamation) into the greater concerns
of short lines, thereby converting them into
branches ; or extensions of the main lines ; or the en-
largement of stations to meet the demands of an in-
creasing traffic; or deviations to improve lines con-
structed or constructing ; or explanations and amend-
ments of the confused and redundant phraseology
characteristic of Acts of Parliament. In addition
to these there are forty or fifty similar projects
promoted by companies whose lines are only
recently or not yet opened. Fifty more may be
assumed to be projects of last session again
brought forward, with more or less certainty
of being taken up, if sanctioned by parliament,
by, some of the great lines. The two-thirds of the '
whole number, thus accounted for, involve no very
alarming amount of prospective expenditure : when
sifted and winnowed by the legislature, they will be
found to be no more than the natural and necessary
extension of prosperous enterprises called for by ,
public wants. Of the remaining third it is difficult
to form an opinion. With very few exceptions they
arc mere appeals for a second hearing by rejected
projects of last year ;—some of them promising
enough ; others revived apparently more for the benefit
of projectors and would-be officials than of share-
holders.

From this review there is good reason to expect
that the new Railway Board, which entered upon
the discharge of its functions on the 9th inst., will
not, in so lar a"; its *lt! kreill.“.sary
with a view to legislation is concerned, find itself
overtasked. And it is mainly in the discharge of this
duty that such a board is calculated to be of service in
developing our railway, system. Almost the only dis-
advantages
under which railway enterprise labours in
this country compared with the Continent, are the
greater burden of taxation which presses upon
English railways, the expensive process of transferring
property in land, and the enormous amount of the
preliminary expenses incurred before an act of incor-
poration can be obtained. Relief from the first-
mentioned, involving as it would of necessity a re-
vision of our whole system of local rates, we are more

than halt InCllllea to rejetru an 119 PC L 1133 suna.
from the second will require a searching law reform.
Relief from the last we consider as one of the main ob-
jects for which the appointment of a special railway
board was urged and acquiesced in.
We at least should regard, with great apprehen-
sion any attempt to approximate to the so-called
French or continental system to invest such a
board with anything beyond general legislative
and judicial powers. In simplifying, the mode
of conducting the preliminary Inquiries, which
must of necessity precede the concession of powers to
construct a line, and the incorporation of a company
to construct and work it ; and in diminishing the
expense attendant upon these inquiries, a permanent
railway board may be of great service. In watching
the proceedings of railway companies, with a view to
enforce the fulfilment of the obligations they have
contracted to the public in return for privileges con-
ceded to them, it may also be useful. But any attempt
to substitute the action of the central government for
private enterprise in the construction of new or the
extension of old lines of railway, or in the manage-
ment of them, would inevitably retard the extension
of railways throughout the country, and the invention
of improved methods of working them. It is the
nature of the British people to do by private enter-
prise what less energetic and less self-dependent nations
leave to their governments to do for them. The great
majority of our colonies have been planted, our most im-
portant dependencies acquired by the associated efforts
of private individuals. Oar commercial marine, our
institutions for rendering navigation more secure,
have been left in a great measure to private incorpo-
rations. Our towns and cities have been lighted with
gas and supplied with water by the instrumentality
of private companies. One half of the power of ad-
ministering justice has been conceded to our judges;
the other has been reserved to their unofficial assist-
ants, the . jurymen. This is our English way of
doing business. It would not be easy to teach us to
do it otherwise, nor is the advantage at all obvious
that would be derived from a change of system.
There is more of energy and inventiveness in the
enterprise of individuals than in the martinet dis-
, charge of routine duties by salaried officials. There
is a larger range of experience in the emulous efforts
of a number of companies who must earn their
profits, than in mechanical compliance with pre-
scribed rules by parties who can draw ad
libitum on 'the public treasury. This restriction
of the field of government activity, and extension of
the field of individual enterprise, is favourable to the
development of energetic characters and national
wealth and power. For these reasons we should re-
gret much to see any material change in the constitu-
tion and working of our English railway system; and
on this account we hailed with satisfaction the ap-
pointment of Mr. STRUIT to the presidency of the
new board, convinced that his sound practical judg-
ment and right English feeling afforded the best
guarantee we could receive that it would not act in a
mischievous spirit of overmeddling.

The excitement raised by the Cracow spoliation
affair continues unabated in Paris. The only leading
journal which had kept silence and maintatued a re-
serve on the question, La Presse, raised its voice on
Sunday. Notwithstanding the well-known leaning
of this journal to the courts of the north, and more
especially to Russia, the public feeling at home has
proved too strong and too unanimous to allow it with
prudence to present itself as an exception to the
general voice of the press. At all events, be the
moving cause what it may, this journal has come for-
ward with frankness, and with all its customary
ability, and denounced the act of spoliation with as
much indignation as the other ministerial journals.
Having already, in our former correspondence,
given examples of the tone and spirit adopted by the
other Ministerial organs in Paris, we may add the
following specimen from La Presse of Sunday :
The three powers charged by the Congress of Vienna with
protecting Cracow, have destroyed, as far as in them lies,
the general act of the Congress, and it is not without reason
that the „Valiona/ exclaims, with as much real joy as appa-
rent indignation, that the treaty of Vienna no longer exists,
and that it opposes no obstacle to the progress of democracy.
Yes—Europe has lost her international law; she is sur•
rendered to the yoke of arbitrary will; for a treaty which
does not bind all those who have signed it, binds
none. If the treaty of Vienna is not obligatory
on the Vistula, it is not more so on the Rhine. If Austria
could seize Cracow yesterday, France may seize Landau and
the other domains which have been taken from her, to-
morrow. Europe is again placed under the empire of force,
and sovereignty henceforward belongs only to armies. As-
suredly if we were animated only by the glory of France, we
also would applaud this art, which opens to us an era of re-
paration ; but we have before our eyes higher interests, and
it is on that account that we deplore, more for their sakes
than our own, the fault committed by the northern powers
in this miserable affair of Cracow. What will he its con-
sequences ? We know not yet the intentions of the
three powers; but assuredly Europe cannot remain si-
lent in the face of this violation of the pact upon
which rests the entire body of public law. We said
that it regarded England as much as France, but it regards
in the same degree all the powers which have concurred in
the general act of 1815; that is to say, France, England,
Spain, Portugal, and Sweden. All these nations will,
doubtless, protest, together or separately ; but what will be
the result of these protestations, and what account will the
three courts take of them, when they have taken no account
of the faith of treaties ? What satisfaction will be obtained
for this wretched people, the last vestige of whose nationality
is thus destroyed ? In whom can they henceforth put their
trust ? It is a case in which, for them and for us, we cannot but
recal these fine words of Grotius, " Among nations God has
reserved a tardy, hidden, inevitable, supreme jurisdiction;
but he has meanwhile delegated two judges, who sit in the
midst of human affairs, and from whom the most successful
of culprits can never escape. These are the conscience of
each person, and the opinion of all. These tribunals are
open to those who are denied every other judge. It is to
these that the oppressed appeal ; it is before these that those
who conquer by force are subdued." Behold for these
tribunals a new u case.
_ _ _

The Journal des Dames devotes its leading column
to a geographical and historical sketch of Cracow.
The Opposition journals continue to incriminate
the Cabinet for letting go the English alliance at a
moment so critical ; and Le Siecic, in another masterly
article, gives a bitter invective against the Guizot
Cabinet for its retroactive policy in shrinking on
every occasion from co-operating with England in the
promotion of liberal measures, and for its base and
grovelling subserviency in making advances to the
absolute Courts, which were rejected with con-
temptuous insult and undissembled disdain.
Cabinet Councils continued to be held dail7 at the
Tuileries. On Saturday, the Dukes of Nemours,
Aumale, and Montpensier, accompanied the Infant
Don Enrique to a review in the Champ-de-Mars.
The Infant was to have left Paris for Madrid on
Monday.
The `Bey of Tunis arrived oa Tuesday, 17th, at
Lyons, and left on the 18th for Paris. His arrival
was expected on Sunday. The palace of Elysee
Bourbon was prepared for his reception.
The Levant mail was received in Paris on Satur-
day evening, bringing advices from Constantinople of
the 7th, and Athens of the 10th. These despatches
contain nothing of interest.
Late on Sunday evening it transpired in Paris that
Count Mole had been called to the Tuileries by the
King.
It was proposed to accredit the Duke de Broglie
on an extraordinary mission to London, to obtain
from the court of St. James's a joint protest Against
the late act of the northern courts. But that
statesman being consulted, it was decided not to adopt
this proceeding, bat to reserve the right of protesting
separately.
The Portefeuille (an official journal) of Sunday
evening has an article on this subject which concludes
as follows : _ _

" The King's government, while it abstains from a com-
mon protest with England, as appears to be resolved,
against the act notified by the northern courts, is far from
feeling itself isolated, or, above all, from being compelled to
resume the passive policy of 1840. It is not the question of
the east which is now to be resolved. It is an article of
Congress which is assailed, and it is certain that on any new
event menacing the peace of the world, Europe will place
itself under the conditions of ancient treaties. France is
too strong not to support the treaties of Vienna. They have
deprived her of none of her influence. But whatever they
may be for her, they are everything for the continent and
for England. As to the violation of these treaties which
has just been committed at Cracow, we believe that there
will be occasion now leas for protests than for convening a
new gollgreir,"
The report of a change of ministry 11158 credited in
Paris, produced by the announcement that Count
Mole had been sent for.

The expression of public opinion in Germany on
the Cracow affair is, of course, repressed by the
absence of the freedom of the press generally in the
German states. Nevertheless, the feeling of the
people is apparent in the apologetic tone in
winch the announcements are made, even by the
official organs of the offending powers. We have
selected from the German journals the following
notices _ _

VIENXA, Nov. 15.—T0-morrow the definitive incorpora-

.by the Imperial vsilanum"/
!Simon.

specially ;minded with ..,. The' three powers
will issue a manifesto to that effect, and the act of taking
wesession was to be placarded on the walls of Cracow.—
The Swabian Mercury, of the 19th, says it was with regret
that Austria gave her consent to an incorporation of Cracow
with her dominions, and only gave it on the conviction that
the adoption of that serious step was an imperative necessity.
In truth, a little reflection will show that the possession of
an additional part of Poland is not a thing to be envied
under existing circumstances. The division of Galicia into
two parts will follow speedily.
The Augsburg Gazette has the :allowing from the Russian
frontier:—The two Germs powers reluctantly gave their
consent to the incorionatlon of Cracow. Russia insisted and
declared that 'Ate C. the three powers must take possession of
the rerwile. Russia said to the Austrian Cabinet, Which,
istetaaing to treaties, had the right of taking possession, you
orrectiLonToir Gtarciear, the ehadtreafochrfeeryitedofththeerigrehptsubohcf
minithndeeinspenudr:
ent existence, and that it was ridiculous to 'peak of its r.tt-
Monty or preservation. That those who defendei Polish
nationality did not know what the word signified ; that the
republic was the most violent enemy of the three powers,
and that it was their duty, as well as their right, to defend
themselves. As regarded the treaties concluded between
the three powers on the eventual incorporation, it
was only to be regretted that the incorporation
had not taken place sooner; that much bloodshed and many
disasters might have been thus avoided. As regarded the
possession o Cracow it was in itself of slight importance ex-
cept in a military point of view. It would be requisite, in
taking possession, to make great financial sacrifices, as Cracow
was impoverished, and no compensation could be expected.
That the defensive power of Germany rest its neighbours
as of the east w thereby greatly stren coed, and that the
act spoke well for the uprightness of t e Emperor Nicholas.
The Austrian troops, who are to form the garrison, are
already ou the territory of Cracow, and are to be reinforced
by 3,000 men. The territory of Cracow covers a space of 21
square miles, with a population of 132,000 souls, of which
40,000 are of the city of Cracow.
Gaticts..—The Receiver-general and Treasurer of the
Kingdom of Poland has notified to the Imperial Austrian
Chancery that in future Austrian subjects travelling iu
Russian-Poland do not require the visa of the Russian
ambassador or Russian consuls. The circular of June 20,
1844, is annulled. The territory of Cracow is now under-
going a trigonometrical survey by Lieutenant Poschacher, al
the Staff, for the construction of a military map. Although
this was kept as secret as possible, it nevertheless was soon
communicated to the different districts.
A letter from the Galician Frontier, dated Nov. 12, says;
" Outhe 16th, Austria will take solemn possession of the
City of Cracow • Count Stadion, as Imperial Conamissary,
is appointed to ;ale formal possession. This news has caused
a deep sensation among the nobles of Galicia."

The Madrid journals and correspondence of the 16th
were received in Paris on Sunday.
They brought no intelligence of any interest, except
a report, mentioned in a private letter, that it was
considered almost certain in Madrid that the Queen
was in a situation which would very speedily settle
the dispute between England and France.
M. Henderson had arrived at Madrid on the part
of the Spanish bondholders, but had not yet had a
conference with the Minister of Finance.
The advices from Lisbon were not more recent than
those already received in England.

PARIS, Nov. 21.
The intelligence of the attack on the independence
of Cracow by the northern powers has created a profound sen-
sation here. Those leut occupied with politics have at once
observed the consequences of this event, which involves a
radical change in the existing rela.ions of Europe, and it is
apparent that the treaties of 1815, destroyed by the very
personages whose interest it was to maintain them, have
ceased to exist.

With a perspective of so revolutionary and little pacific a
character opening before them, it is not surprising that the
courage of speculators is shaken : the Three per Cents. have
fallen 2 per cent. in a few days; all industrial values have ex-
perienced a depreciation more or leas important ; the finan-
cial world is in alarm, and a nearer view begins to be taken
of the basis of all property.
The political world is not less agitated. You can scarcely
form an idea of the state of confusion into which the ministry
is thrown.

This daring step has utterly disconcerted all the measures
of M. Guizot : he sought for a support against England in
the apparently newly-awakened sympathies of the north and
east of Europe, and he finds only unstable ground which
crumbles beneath him ; there is no longer a possibility of
alliance on any side. France separated herself from Eng-
land for her own interests, and is separated from the abso-
lute powers by principle, and the government now finds the
necessity of having a national and independent policy, an
art, the secret of which it has long since lost.
If the ministers had dared to do so, they would at once
have effaced this attack on Cracow, as they have already
done many others; of what import is it to M. Guizot and to
M. Duchatel, those renegades to liberal ideas in France,
that the liberty of other nations and rights conseeratedby
solemn treaties should or should not ho respected ? But M.
Guizot is bound by solemn declarations forced from bins by
the opposition in the two chambers during the last session.
He cannot do otherwi,e at the present juncture than protest
against the act by which certain contracting parties con-
cerned in the treaty of Vienna have suppressed, contrary to
sworn faith, the independence of Cracow, because ho has
beforehand protested against it.
It is hoped that the Minister for Foreign Affairs has,
under the circumstances, expressed himself in the strongest
manner to the Charge-d'Atfaires of Austria ; but that which
would be still more significant, if any one, after the events
of 1840, still believed in the firmness of Louis-Philippe, is
that the king shows himself to be exceedingly irritated
against the northern courts, and gives way to very violent
expressions in his anger.
It is very evident, even if the German papers did not make
the avowal, that the absolute governments have speculated
on the coolness which has arisen between France and
England. They have flattered themselves that this dissen-
sion between two powers who represent the civilisation of
the west, would secure impunity to themselves. The ques-
tion is now whether, in order to deceive their expectations,
England and France will set their differ, aces aside. No
one here doubts that M. Guizot and Lord Palmerston will
both make a protest on the occasion, but it is also certain
that the northern powers will take no account whatever
of these protestations, as long as they are nut made in con-
cert by the two western powers, and until it appears what
part each means to take in the affair.
Tho moderate oppositionists are watching, with equal
attention, the movements of both M. Guizot and Lord Pal-
merston. If the French minister shrinks before Austria and
Russia, he will have a terrible account to render, and he will
nut be able to resist the debates on the address.
If the English minister refuse to employ all the influence
of his government to maintain treaties, there will not be
• single partisan in France of the alliance with England.
The moment is therefore a critical one, and never were the
two governments placed before in a similar necessity of sub-
mitting to, and even of anticipating, public opinion.
It appears to me quite evident that the occurrences of the
present moment offer a striking proof of the fact that the
repose of Europe mainly depends on the amicable alliance of
Great Britain and France. I know not if this alliance can
he again possible ; but it is clear that without it there is
neither liberty, security, nor repose fur the rest of Europe.
O.

ROME, Nov. H.
We are in full progress here towards popular go-
vernment. One of the most significant tokens of the new
era was exhibited yesterday, when EIGHT HUNDRED Roman
citizens assembled in a public banquet to greet the political
exiles of the provinces under the magnificent roof of the
Aliberti Theatre, thousands of spectators crowding the
boxes, and not a " policeman " to be seen of any sort.
This demonstration was got up at a few days' notice. The
committee consisted of men of the middle class—an order of
mankind never yet heard of in Roman affairs. Their names
deserve record: they were, Orioli, eon of the exiled pro-
fessor (who has returned from Corfu to his native university
of Bologna); Naftali, a bookseller; Delfrate, an artist;
Thomasson, a "man of letters;" and De Andreis, a printer.
The guests were gathered on an Elevated platform; the
committee presiding for this popular banquet presented the
peculiarity of the president's chair being " put in commis-
sion ;" when, after discussing the viands with Italian gravity
and sobriety, the business of the evening began. Chcche-
telli, a well-known and voluminous writer, appeared for the
first time in the character of a speaker, and in a graceful
oration bespoke the moderation of his hearers in the enjoy-
ment of their newly-recovered liberty of thought and action;
so would they best defeat any scheme for rolling backwards
the now happy onward tide of Roman freedom. Next rose
Professor Sejani, an exile lately returned from Malts, the
author of many tragedies, and implicated in not a few con-
spiracies ; on him devolved the task of proposing the health
of Pius IX., a colossal bust of the monarch being forthwith
borne forward and crowned with laurel amid the loud voci-
ferations of the whole theatre. Sejani's speech was energetic
and clever,and drew dawn thunders of applause. After him
a distinguished medical light of our university here, Dr. De
Dominion, whose brother lately died in prison for political
causes, made a most affecting appeal to his fellow-citizens,
and was listened to with intense interest ; he dwelt on the
necessity of not thwarting the present Pope with an unrea-
sonable eagerness for change, not one in that assembly being
more anxious to accelerate beneficial measures than the pon-
tiff, to whom alone were known the obstacles to be encoun-
tered and the difficulties to be overcome. Storbini, late exile
from Marseilles, followed in prose for a while, till, kindling
with his subject, he burst forth into poetry, or a kind of
'measured recitative, in the chorus of which the whole
assembly, as if whirled into a vortex of extasy, soon joined.
The evening would have passed off with undisturbed re-
gularity were it not for an incident which may !cave the
germ of much future ill-will and mistrust. I said before
that the middle classes of Rome, hitherto a totally unrecog-
nised body, were the originators of this festival. About a
dozen tickets had been taken by members of the Casino dei
Nobili, and their places kept until an advanced hour, when
others were but too happy to fill up the vacancy their absence
created. A buzz of inquiry ran through the theatre as to
the cause of their non-appearance, when it tran-
spired that Prince Borghese was entertaining that
night a distinguished circle at the palace, and
had pressed all his acquaintances into the service.
This was, of course, deemed an aggravation of the offence,
and construed into a premeditated slight on the popular feel-
ings, and on the Pope himself ; whereupon, at the close of
the proceedings, several hundreds of the younger and more

of the facade in honour of rio IA., •'./.lolf4piOrt : ;Unit
fuori ! viva Pio nono !" Instead of complying with which
demand, and thus restoring good humour, the inmates of the
palace began to close the window shutters, when a storm of
popular execration assailed Borghese and his guests, hisses
and groans of an unmistakeable character. The Prince was
proceeding to address the mob from the balcony, when,
luckily for himself, be was drawn back by Vincenzo Co-
lonna ; and some of the graver and more thoughtful citizen*,
arriving from the banquet-WI, prevailed on the irritated
crowd to withdraw for the present, convinced that the
nobles of the casino and their host would offer every apology
to-day.
this how .s rapidl proceeding
Lieut. Waghom (ace iterum) is just come'onot from his
Luznroni. He had a long in-
NtoeEaTglilantand.excraccoiordinn, angctl9b/is wn
statement,
In
has
quite
yesterday ; but with what re-
been able to ascertain.
temareimileewt4risewvidethlithorte...l.irtil-:.0:2

FRANCE.—The Courrier Francais of the 21st inst.,
says : " Don Enrique arrived yesterday at Paris, and is to
be received this very day by the King Louis Philippe, with
whom he is entirely reconciliated. We should heartily con-
gratulate the young Prince, if it was only .v. question of a
little family quarrel ; in such cases respect is always due to
the pareat. But the Duke of Seville had fur a moment the
weakness to take a part in polities, and as he pronounced
himself in favour of Liberal ideas, he acquired at once, and
without difficulty, a great popularity at the other side of the
mountains. It is a pity, a great pity, that the young
Prince cannot find favour at Paris or at Madrid, unless by
belieing himself and abjuring steps, which certes did not
announce so speedy a recantation.'
ITALY.—A papal decree has renewed an ordon-
nance of 1732, which declared Ancona and Sinige,glia free-
ports. EntrepOta are to be established at both places.
SWITZERLAND.—The Zurich Gazette asserts
that a Prince of Schwarzenburg, a colonel in the Austrian
army, was staying at Lucerne up to the 18th inst. He was
the object of marked attention on the part of the authori-
ties. It is stated also in the same journal that he had visited
Lucerne twice before, but under different names. If those
statements be true, it is not unlikely that Austria, which re-
cently exerted its influence with the Grisons in order to
induce that canton to withhold its vote from the liberals, is
quietly concerting measures with the conservative govern-
ment of Lucerne. It is well known tat Siegwart
the late head of the Helvetic confederation, and the present
Saialtheise of the latter canton, enjoys considerable influ-
ence with the court of Vienna. The elections on the 15th,
for the Basle Council of Government, have returned 22
liberals and 8 conservatives.
11OLLAND.—THE HAGUE, Nov. 20.—A grand
soirée was given yesterday evening by the English Ambassa-
dor, in honour of his Royal Highness Prince Frederick of
Prussia. Baron Schimmel-penninrk, the newly appointed
minister plenipotentiary of toe Netherlands at the court of
St. James's, arrived here yesterday. The number of births
at Amsterdam, from the 16th to the 21st inst. exclusive, was
157; of deaths, 258; and of marriages, 40. Since Jan. 1,
1846, there were 7,076 births, 7,373 deaths, and 1,783 mar-
riages. The ship arrivals at the Texel on the 20th, were the
V Catharine, the riends.hap, the Fame, the liarmina, the
M. Gesina, and the Mary and Ann, from London ; the Sieke
von der West, and the Alma Agatha, from Liverpool- the
William, from Sunderland; the Mina, the Marie, and. the
Nijverdael, from Hull ; and the Coral, from Ipswich. The
arrivals at Ilelveetaluvs, on the 21st, were the Eliza and
Susan, the Ceres, and the Ida Cornelia, from Liverpool ;
the Swallow, from Swansea ; the Hope, from Yarmouth ;
the Goode Hoop, from Cardiff.
GERIIANY.—VIENNA, Nov. 14.—The astounding
news of the incorporation of Cracow with our monarchy
caused, at the first moment, au extraordinary sensation ;
while some call it a melancholy. legacy of the revo-
lution of the nobles, others rejoice at it, for the
interest of Cracow itself, which being henceforth
united with so great a state, will consequently parti-
cipate in all the blessings of commerce and manufac-
ture, which are now so rapidly advancing. But the ex-
change was at fiet so alarmed that a deputation of mer-
chants waited en the Piesident of tae Finance De-
partment, to ascertain from his own mouth, the assurance
that the measure resolved upon was taken in concert with
Russia and Prussia, and hail been found indispensably
necessary to conselidete the tranquillity of Galicia and all
Poland, and that the happiest results might be expected
from it. The excitement in the diplomatic circles seems to
have been even still far greater. The news is supposed to
have been very unwelcome to Lord Ponsonby.
Nov. 15. —We expect every hour the imperial
declaration for the incorporation of the republic of Cracow
with the Austrian empire. itespectiag the future existence
of the city of Cracow itself, the Austrian government has
presided as well as possible. Cracow is to be the capital of
the uew created government of West Galicia, while Lemburg
remains, as capital of the kingdom of Galicia, the scat of
government of East Galicia. The circles of Bochnia Rzeszois
and Joslaw will belong to West Galicia. In this new capital
of West Galicia there will be a civil and military governor, a
commander of the place, &c. &c. Our public, usually
so indifferent, is extremely anxious respecting the imperial de-
claration, every body is curious to see how it will be drawn
up. The evening before yesterday, the Duchess of Bordeaux,
who was married at Modena by eroxy, arrived in Bruck,
whither the Archdukes Ferdinand, Maxeand Ferdinand
Charles of Este, uncles and brother of the Princess, had gone
from Vienna. Yesterday the marriage, with the Duke in
person, was solemnised, after which, their Royal Highnesses
proceeded to Frohsdorf. Except the family of Von Este,
none of the reigning Imperial family appeared at Bruck.
The marriage of the younger Archduchess of Modena to
the Spanish lufiuit Don Juan, is to take place in March
next.
BERLIN, Nov. 16.—According to the War:hurt,
Zeitung, the Court of Berlin had been informed that the
Emperor Nicholas has given his consent to the marriage of
the Grand Prince Constantine with the Princess Alexandra
of Saxe Altenburg. The above journal adds that the mar-
riage will not take place before the expiration of two years,
and that, previously to the ceremony, the Princess will be
prepared for entering the Greek church. It appears, by a
paragraph in the Magdeburg Zatung that several members
of the ducal house of-Holstein were in Berlin on the IGth
inst., and that the Prussian takes a German view of the
succession question in the Danish duchies. An individual
has been sentenced to six months' imprisonment for having
addressed a letter to the King, in which he falsely asserted
that he had overheard three persons conspiring to assassinate
his Majesty.—The government is still receiving petitions
from various towns in the Rhenish provinces relative to the
alleged injury done to the Zollverein by the recently con-
cluded treaty of commerce and navigation between Holland
and Belgium. The commercial treaty between I'russia and
Sardinia has been concluded, and the one with Naples is on
the eve of ratification. Negotiations will be shortly opened
with the American free state., and with the principalities on
the Danube.

Nov. 16.—The assembly of several directors of
Prussian railways, which has the laudable object of obtain-
ing greater uniformity in respect to the construction of all
the Prussian railways, may be hailed as a happy announce-
ment of eager desire of improvement. We will hope that
this assembly may be the precursor of a more extensive one,
including the directors of all the railways in Germany.
Nov. 17.--It has been reported in the newspapers
that Dr. Liebell, implicated in the proceedings against the
Poles, has been released, which we can positively affirm is
not the case. It cannot yet be decided when the preliminary
proceedings will be terminated, but it seems that it cannot
be expected before Christmas.
A professor in Berlin has lately published a work
concerning the right of the royal family of Prussia to the
succession to the duchies of Schleswick and Holstein. It is
probable that the work in question grounds the pretensions
of the King of Prussia on the double marriage contracted
about the middle of the 16th century between some mem-
bers of the family of the electors of Brandenburg and certain
princesses of Holstein.
HAMBURG, Nov. 18.—Thc number of ships of all
nations that passed the Sound in the month of October,
1846, was—From the North Sea, 944 ; from the Baltic,
1,296; total, 2,240. Of these the English were—From the
North Sea, 203 ; from the Baltic, 426 ; total, 629.
ACCIDENT ON THE WURTEMBERG RAILWAY.—
An accident, happily without loss of life, occurred on the
Stuttgard railway on the 15th inst. As the train which left
Stuttgard at 2 P.M. was approaching the Cronstadt station,
two of the wheels and axle of a luggage van, placed between
the tender and a passenger carriage, flew off, and buried
themselves in the earth. The accident occasioned a delay of
three quarters of an hour. Another accident took place the
same evening near Zuffenhausen, but no; attended with any
evil consequences.

WEIMAR, Nov. 10.—Divine service was per-
formed at Weimar on the 9th instant, by John Ronge, to a
congregation of more than 800 German Catholics. He
alluded in his oration to the establishment of a universal
German church, which the progress of the age called for.
DENMARK.—COPENHAGEN, Nov. 14.—The Ber-
ling'sche Zeitunp, and other Danish journals, announce with
deep regret the death of the celebrated Swedish poet, Bishop
Esaras Tegner, author of " Frithjof," " Axel," &c., &c.
SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN—The note addressed
by the Cabinet of St. James's to Lord Westmoreland,
British ambassador to the court of Berlin, and to the other
British ministers, relative to the question of the duchies,
proves that England feels a greater sympathy for the interests
of Germany. This fact is important, says the Frankfort
Gazette, as it proves what allies England desires under
existing circumstances. The news of a dissolution of the
states of Schleswig has not been confirmed. At St. Tchoe
the government ordered the archives of the states to be
forced open, to ascertain the names of the persons who signed
the Neumunster address.

RUSSIA.—PREPARATIONS FOR WAR.—RUSSia is
collecting a large army in Podolia, on the frontiers of Wal-
lacia. It is said that this army is destined for Cirmsaia, but
it is known that it is not. Its strength is said to be 150,000
men, and is probably 80,000 men. The real object, it
is thought here, of this formidable force is, if the occasion
presents itself, and the approaching elections are likely to ,
afford one, to invade Wallachia.
THE BLACK SEA.—A letter from Courrlietan
announces that a general massacre of the Nestorian' had
taken place by the Curdes of Dachesvire, as far as the Halt-
kiam mountains. The massacre was ordered by Bader-khan,
who swore by his beard not to spare a single Christian within
his domains. The Patriarch of the Nestorian had fled from
Dschul•Amerk to l*lossoul.

GREECE.—A letter from Athens of 10th Nov.
gays, " The session has at length come to an end. On Friday
next the ordonnance for the close will be communicated to
the Chamber. It is said that parliament will be convoked
immediately, so that for this time the budget of 1847 may be

ens OppOSIII4II
made a s attempt,
draw out the discussion till the 13t1
which, according to the Cherie, the ma
close, without the budget hash]
however, did not succeed in of
thbuet even some vtiotees.chimiliihei
the triumph of the ministry
and the firm support of the se
tration. Thus
,all prorrj.;ol ~,nu
the state of t'•_„
m
-.in will he much more fruit
sAletti hopes, immediately after the
to carry various bills which have lot
have not yet had time to be disc
appear on the ground of the elections
and his success will by • guarantee
perfect tranquillity prevails in the lc
tural and commercial condition of
factory."
mExICO.-Tin BLOCKADE
BRITISH SHIPPING.--The Greene{
gives the fallowing extract of • left
of the Lady Harvey, which sailed 00
the Clyde to Antigua and Vera Cruz
July, at seven, a.m., made Point Be
at ten, cm., shaped course south/re
one, p.m., we made the above poi
Juan de Ulloa. Bearing by comps
Lance about eight miles, a fall
hove to, about three miles to s
Upon our approach they hoisted
two, p.m., was boarded by a ten-es
the I.7nited States frigate St. Mar
officer in charge, informed us that
blockade being in operation by ti
squadron on the ports and coast of
:Norte to the Bocci de Guazacoaloos,
munication whatever in those limits
on making inquiry whether any inte
with the British fleet of observation
roads, we received a peremptory ref
for this, I was told the Bntish cot
recognised the articles of blocked
It being an especial matter of
information concerning the cargo
sidered that an endeavour to signalii
be the only available means of a
Upon doing so, no acknowledgment
greatly to my mortification, colisid
likewise, the circumstance of shin
Having had occasional experience a
it never failed to be customary for o
stationed or lying there to send a b
whence the ship had sailed, let
frigate St. Mary's soon after hailed
officer warned us, that, if we contn
port, or upon the coast, he would m
and, finding all our guns to be s
manageable, we were, of course, un
side in answer. In standing out,
naval forces blockaded in the port of
States squadron ; and the St. Mary'
brig, had the precaution to follow on
movements until out of sight."

last

ale etltt
The Queen and Prince Albe
noon yesterday, in the plantations c
H.R.11. the Princess Caroline
of her Majesty the Queen Dowager
donee Cwhiobury-park, Hero, In
arriving at Marlborough-house iu
afterwards went to pay a visit to 1
Gloucester, at Gloucester-house, act
Duchese. S :on after seven o'ciocl
Princess and her suite went from 3,
Bricklayer's Arms station, and tot
South Easton) Railway for Dover,
vent. The Earl of Denbigh and
H.R.H. from Marlborough-house to
DOVER, Nov. 23.—Her
Princess Caroline of Hesse and suite
train at half-past 10 a.m., and was r
Col. Mercer, Commandant of the
R. N., and a guard of honour of th
command of the lion. Capt. Cho
Highness and suite were conveyed it
ton and Birmingham's Royal Ship
took of refreshments, and moraine,
they were escorted on board
Capt. Scrivens, which immediately
every prospect of a calm and quick
accompanied H.R.H. to Ostend.

The Queen has presented to
ness a pension from the Privy Purse

Mr. M'llonnell (from the G
view with Earl Grey yesterday at tl
E. Eyre had also an interview with t
Baron de Brunnow, the Rus
acted business yesterday at the Forel
The Military Secretary to
Chief transacted business yesterday
Lord John Russell hnd a slit
evening at his residence in Cheshain

THE NEW BISHOP OF SOD
appointment to this see harinc been,
has been conferred on the Rev. W
Archdeacon of Derby.

LONDON SEWAGE CIIENIICAL
—Mr. Higgs delivered a lecture, cell
Institute, Gould-square, Mark's-la
plaining and elucidating by diem
jects of the above company, when
metropolis may be rendered cYails
poses, while the general health may
mg the noxious gases, now allows
acting upon them chemically, COIITEZ
stance capable of fertilising the soil
to the meeting a plan of the works,
erect as near as may be to the moo
sisting of three tanks, each capable
age flow from each sewer of 12 ho
filled it may be subjected to the chen
the matter held in suspension can bs
held in chemical combination be a
and the water allowed to flow into Ii
state. It is proposed that the whole
on in a closed building, whereby tl
stead of being allowed to escape a
mosphore, will be taken up and se
Wising species of manure.
ANTI-FOOD-TAX CONFEDER.II
ing for the "purpose of memcrialisin
sun• to throw open the ports for tt
articles of human food," took place ]
Commerce, Threadneedle-street.
numerous. Mr. C. Cochrane read
Mayor, in which he expressed regret
prevented hint from accepting an in'
letter from Sir G. Larpent was ab
unavoidable absence. Mr. Edwat

into the chair; acknowled ina, nt
he was thoroughly op to th
meeting, but prof a stronE
both rules. The chief business

agree to a memorial to the Queen
exercise her royal prerogative, thee
give the people cheap bread." A f
upon every town and village througl
door to forward similar memorial
agreed to, and after thanks had bees
Cochrane, as the leader of the mover
man, the meeting, which was chiefly
classes, broke up after a protracted
four hours.

CITY DISPENti tRY.—A gene
subscribers of this charity was held
the offices in Queen-street, Cheapsid
the chair, when several alterations a
of the charity, relating to the el
apothecary,
Miss HAWES.—This cclebrati
the last time in public on Thursday 1
concert at Oxford. The musical pub
its most accomplished singers, as Mia
married to a gentleman of fortune, w
one of the Tithe Commissioners.—St

ADMISSION 01? ATTORNETS.
upwards of 150 persons who have be
as attorneys in the several courts of la
ing the present term, it appears that
given the requisite notices of appl:
Diary Term next, and 19 attorneys
general yearly average of the numbe
for the last five zears, exceeds 600.
RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION TO R.
—Mr. Peto, the railway contractor, v
a better feeling among the labourers
contracts, has engaged a number of
visit the men daily, and during the ti
they road the Bible to the labourer/
teach them to read and write. The I
answer admirably. There are two n:
with and Cambridge line, two on I
Dorchester line, and several others on
tracts.

CONVICT OVERSEERS.—.I nuns
iioned officers and soldier. of the Ordi
stoned off, have been appointed over
convicts in Van Diemen's Land. Eec
outfit for himself and family, and 201.
rations during the voyage. Their pay,
and a half per week, commences free
tion, and in addition to their pensions
one shilling per diem. They will
to-day.
RAGGED SCnOOLs.—A Rani
opened this evening, in spacious pren
Edward-street, Mile-end-road, under 1
Ashley and other humane and influent
THE FLORES EXPEDITION.—y
day several hundred lads and men wet
Angel public-house platform, Rothert
of engaging themselves in the above I
name of emigrants. An officer and
large room in the public-house, win
were examined by the doctor, and, aftc
sixpennyworth of bread and cheese
shipped on board a steam-tug, and I
Upwards of five hundred have engage
Inspector Hornsby, M division, was th
day, keeping them in order. We state
ship Gleneig, lying off Gravesend, ha
contemplated breach of the Foreign Et

peat Acts and also the Monarch and Neptune steam-vessel',
trig at Blackwell. We are informed that the captain and
the crew have bees released, their papers having been ascer-
tained to be perfectly correct. The vessels, however, remain
In the custody of the custom-house officers.
NEw HOUSES AND NEW

;ir : From

the
a,
ulei
iat

sirs
by
ad

day
a ill
The

the interest I have for many years taken in the
improvement of the character and condition of the
wer
kia..e classes, I was struck with an article, • feow
days ago in your par?, whidt gave a matacholy,
becalm ...lite, •of the fatal effects of inhabiting
'ewes 'mime the Plaster is dry. it is not dap alone
teat kills the inmates, but a cottitant
.c.tieb-aatictionof a
• nous gas from the lime, which d. y atiut the
f:„ No legislative regulation, as suggested, worLd avail
to prevent the premature occupation of dwelliniaj, especially
1„. the humbler classes. The forced lose of several months'
or assn weeks' rent is a sacrifice the builder will consider
great oppression. Now, there is a remedy for this crying
eel, which would satisfy the most impatient builder, as well
an eecapier. There exists a cement calculated to supersede
teeth lath and plaster, which makes a much more perfect wall,
area' in two or three days, and from which no 'baleful
.shsiatioe arises. It is called " Interace," discovered (by
;joy) while same experiments were making in the geology
of fcsalization, and the mysterious induration of stones.
Though plastic and easily wrought, it becomes as hard as
marble when dry ; makes a varied and beautiful scagliola for
balls, casts of statues, busts, bas-reliefs, and gems ; while it
the
houses inside and out far better than any cement yet
known. It costs a little more than lath and
.plaster, but
the expense more than met by six or eight weeks'
rent laved; or, more cogent yet, by health and life preserved.
It has been patented in the three kingdoms, and in several
countries of Europe. and the United States. A very eaten-
Use building firm in London hold a license for making
and apping it, and, introduced by them, it must make its
way. When used in building, it not only resists damp,
but cures it effectually in old walls, provided it does
not arise from bad drainage. Of this valuable quality
I have seen several testimonials. It arrests the progress
of fire, which lath accelerates. As • ground for mural
painting the " Interaco" is quite unrivalled. The painting
on it has all the effect of fresco, and eaves papering and
re-papering,' becoming quite refreshed by simple washing.
I have seen beautiful specimens of this application, as like-
wise of scagliola-marble, granite. verde-antique, tessellation,
and other imitations. But my object in adverting to it now
is its wholesomeness for the houses to be erected fur the
working classes, both in town and country. It has been
proved for 'even or eight years.—JAMES Stmesme-33,
Northumberland-street, 'Edinburgh, Nov. 19.
THE " TlNtEin AND THE FALSELY-PREDICTED FA-
IIINE.—The Times claims the merit, in some degree, of
having brought about the falsification of their own appre-
hensions. " We believe that it is in part owing to the repre-
sentations which we ourselves put forth in accordance with
fears unfounded, indeed, but at the time very general, that
we may attribute the :xtraordinary effort; recently made to
treasunt grain from the interior of North America to the
come" The articles which are relied upon to have produced
this effect appeared on the 7th and the 19th of October,
neither of which had erect reached the United States when
the last mail left ! It is, therefore, not easy to understand
how they could here superinduced to those events which, by
the end of October, convinced our contemporary of his pre-
vious errors.—Economist.
A SITE FOR THE WELLINGTON STATUE.—So,
th,sas to the honest opinion expressed by your taper, and despite
the weathercock Tise.s, the statue is to come down, to be placed
wheresover tt shall please heaven or the winds, or "the Competent
persons,. fee heaven's sake do try to make them plane it in some open
space, as far renewed as possible from sumitinditur houses or build-
ings (why not the centre of Hyde-park) ; certainly not on the Parade,
where it will have the appearance of looking over the llorseq.mardi
—just as it appeared to be peepin; into the garret windows upon as
progress down !'ark-lane. There would seem to be an attempt to
get up a feeling of sympathy for the artist, which is, I think, mute
weaned for. Mr. Wyatt knew from the beginning that the statue
was to he placed on the arch. Why then make a thing twice as
]urge as was required—and having done so, why is it not to be re-
turned on his hands as a misfit, whica it decidedly Is, to say no
worse of ft.—A NON, OMPLTENT PERSON.
'DIE SMITHFIELD NUISANCE. —On Blaekfriars-
bridge, in the early part of the morning, a young child
named Elizabeth Drawbridge, whilst in the act of crowing
the carriage way, was knocked down by an ox proceeding
towards Smithfield, was trampled upon and gored. She
was conveyed in a hopeless condition to the residence of her
parents.—ln the market, between three and four o'clock, a
young married woman residing at No. 10, Green-street,
Friar-street, Blackfriars-road, named Tailor, was run
against end knocked down by oxen. She sustained such
injuries, that her recovery is not expected. She was taken
to St. Bartholomew's Hospital.—Shortly afterwards, in the
Blackfriars-road, a child named Wade, crossing the road,
was tossed by an ox coming from the market, endangering
the child's life.—Mary Ann Binical, a married woman,
residing at 30, Geswell-street-road, while crossing Earring-
don-street, was ran over by no less than four beasts, and
severely wounded.
BEET-ROOT BREAD.—A baker of Vienna has made
a discovery, which, at the present moment, may prove of high
importance—the nee of beet-root in making breed. Two loaves,
one consisting of one-half, the other of five-eighths beet-
root, the remainder being of wheat flour, were sent for the
inspection of the Minister of Agriculture and of Commerce.
The loaves were baked ou the 30th October, and on the 20th
November retained all the taste and appearance of a good
household bread. The bread is made in the usual manner,
only with less water and a little More salt. The beet-root must
be grated at the moment of making use of it. The Austrian
Minister has ordered different experiments to be made,
which, however, it is easy for any person to do themselves.
THE SEWAGE COMPANY AND T/IE CITY AUTTIO-
UtTtEs.—Sir: Having been for some years engaged, how-
ever humbly, in attempting the improvement of the sanatory
condition of the people, by advocating all practicable mea-
sures for the removal of nuisances, I beg, through your
valuable journal to inform your correspondent, " A Constant
Reader," as he is evidently unacquainted with the real case
from which he furnished the public with a sort of ex parte
statement, that the reason why " the anti-improvement
authorities," ai,be was pleased to style the City Navigation
Committee, refused to allow the Metropolitan Sewage Manure
Company to lay down their pipes and mains along the
"banks" and "bed" of the river, was, first, because,
after a careful examination of the plans and estimates
of the company, the committee were unanimously of opinion
that they would be much to blame, to say the least of it, in
sanctioning any project, the plan for effecting which they
believed to be not only quite impracticable, but totally in-
adequate, to the objects sought to be attained. Secondly:
Because the recommendation of the " select " committee to
lay the pipes along the " river banks or bed," was in direct
opposition to the evidence adduced before them, which was
to the effect, that leakage was of "rare occurrence," when
the pipes (water) were laid down in "hard, solid read," and
of course the opposite result followed the laying them
down in soft and uncertain ground. This flagrant
error haring passed apparently unnoticed they, on
public grounds alone, interposed to prevent the al-
ready much-neglected inhabitants of the locality under
their jurisdiction, being subjected to an unnecessary and
dangerous annoyance. Your correspondent laid much stress
upon the " recommendation of the legsislature." But of
whom was the select committee who made that recommen-
dation composed ? Amongst them were three promoters
tad one registered promoter, of this particular company, who
took good care to be present at nearly all the sitttings of the
committee, which a reference to the minutes of evidence will
substantiate. It does not, therefore, follow, because this
particular company, recommended as it was, did receive,
after sundry heir-breadth escapes, the sanction of the legis-
lature, that the plan must of necessity be a practicable one.
—A. T. B.
ACCIDENT TO VISCOUNT CLIFDEN. —Yesterday.,
between one and two o'clock, the following accident occurred
to Viscount Clifden, the son of Lady Dover, and nephew to
the Duchess of Sutherland. He was mounted on a high-
Spirited horse, and in the act of crossing the Richmond Rail-
way bridge, in Roehampton-lane, when the animal reared,
frightened, as it is said, at a timber carriage, and placing his
fore feet upon the parapet, threw his lordship on to the line,
and literally across the metal. His lordship was speedily
rescued from his perilous position, and conveyed with nil
doe alacrity to the residence of Lady Dover, at Roehampton.
ACCIDENT FROM GUN COTTON.—On Sunday even-
ing, James Richardson, a young gentleman residing in Bcs-
borough-terrace, Pimlico, and several other young men, were
ie the kitchen trying experiments with gun cotton ; a can-
dle fell on the cotton, which instantly exploded, blowing out
the windows, and when a light was procured, Richardson
was found lying on the floor, with his face much injured,
sad his right eye totally destroyed. The other parties pre-
sent were more frightened than hurt.
DESTRUCTIVE FIRES IN CLERKENWELL.— About
two o'clock this morning, a fire of the most terrific and de-
structive nature broke out upon the extensive tallow melting
factory of Messrs. Palmer and Co., Sutton-street, Clerkenwell.
The discovery was not made until several minutes after the
mt,hwalc, consequently the flames had obtained a feat hold,
and before the engines arrived, the entire building. was en-
'eloped, with the devouring element. The first engine upon
he spot was front the Farringdon-street station, which was
tuickly followed by nine others, but through a scarcity of
'stir, they could not all be worked. By about an hour after
the
outbreak, the firemen succeeded in arresting the
Abort
buildingPrss of the flames, but not before the
About 6 o'cloc and contents were wholly consumed.
this morning, a dense body of smoke
vas observed issuing from part of the ruins, and scarcely
'MI the discovery been made before it burst into flames • It
pis▪
s however soon extinguished. The losers, the Messrs.'
ranter and Co. are insured in some degree, but it is under-
Itoed that their policy will fall far short of the lose sustained,
*men Nan
the 11es to nearly 5,0001. This occurrence makes
gases time
that the same premises have been gutted
Calledast five years. Nearly all the windows or a row
mai° besussu.t...” coniptnn-passage are totally destroyed, and
▪ ~eet!Y it with the intense heat of the tire. In
"'!'notrues, in the absence of the occupant, a spark
on the curtain, immediately set the room
cwalt; Nat blue
it
it was not without the greatest diffi-
a could be subdued. During the fire, it was
o(ls'732l.l„ttPed that a workman in tho employment
.raer had perished in the flames ; fortunately,
Cf. eurity, it was found that the rumour was entirely
meot. John-street, Clerkenwell, about eleven
,Z,l.sus ming, another fire was discovered in one of
.i.e2Partments of the house of Mr. Jones, a tradesman.
being • •
'ter , . tmmethately given and a confined of
,eipo7,lt3 been obeiMed, the fl•mes were to
ierable 4: they originated, but not before doing con-
ajd not be age. Like in the previous case, the cause
ascertained.
briarjaya
YESTERDAY.—DEATH PROM DROWN-
-07 Mr. Bedy
body of
on Dui& ord, at the Ship, Millbank, on
I Casey, aged thirty-one, a workman
ed a
shpped drfertgin.ing machine. On Thursday night

an'
r the
rP°P.
r C 4/
ed a
, lea
with
were
send.
ead9•
.stet-
,t the

derable
Itmld not

him. Hiebody was brought up on Saturday morning by
the irons of a sand vessel opposite the Penitentiary, near
where the accident occurred. Verdict, "Accidental death."
—FATAL ACCIDENT ON THE RIVEIL—At the Green
Man, Wgh-striset, Poplar, by Mr. W. Baker, on the body of
John tlllman aged 15 years, an apprentice on board the ship
ottntham. On the morning of the 26th ult., the vessel was
ling off Shadwell, and was about leaving the river. The
' deceased was ordered to let go the ropes, and was walking
along the side of the ballast lighter for that purpose.
when his foot slin't and to fell into th: river and
was aroerned. His body was not recovered until
Sunday morning. Verdict, "Found drowned."--
DEATH FROM BEING BUN OVER.—By Mr. W. Payne, at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital; on the body of Caroline Thomas,
aged 30, the wife of a copper-plate printer, living at Dorring.
ton-street, Leather-lane, Holborn. About 11 o'clock on
Friday morning deceased was crossing Ray-street, Clerken-
well, when she was knocked down by a horse in a van be-
longing to Mr. Syrett, Glarahouse-street, St. Luke's, which
was loaded with furniture, aad falling against the fore off
wheel, it became " scotched" or fixed, and pushed her along
the ground a distance of twenty yards, before the horse was
stopped, when she was extricated and conveyed to the hos-
pital, where life was found to be extinct; her death, on a
post-martens examination being made, having resulted from
fracture of the liver and spleen. Several versions of the
occurrence were given, some impaling furious driving
and great culpability to the driver, whsle others exonerated
him from all blame, and the latter preponderating, a verdict
was returned of " Accidental death," the driver receiving a
warning from the coroner to be more cautious in future.--..
ANOTHER DEATH BY FIRE.—By Mr. Baker, at the
Earl Grey, Mile-end-road, concerning the death of Edward
Kendall, aged two years. Oa Thursday evening deceased
was left in charge of his cousin, a girl about ten years of age.
The girl left deceased by himself' for a few moments, and
during her temporary absence, his clothes caught fire. His
screams brought her to his assistance, and she extinguished
the flames, as she supposed. Directly afterwards the fire,
which had been smouldering in the child's linen, suddenly
burst forth, and before any one could render any
assistance, the poor child was in one mass of fire. He
wax burned in a most shocking manner, and died on
Sunday. Verdict, "Accidental Death." The corcner
severely admonished the mother for her neglect.—
DEATH FROM A BOAT CTSETTINO.—By W. Carter, Esq.,
the coroner for East Surrey, at the Bull Inn, Barns-terrace,
to investigate the circumstances connected with the death
of Mr. G. R. Sharp. aged 19, a student at the College
of Civil Engineers, at Putney, who was drowned on Friday
• last. Little snore than two years since, a brother of the
deceased, also a student at the College of Civil Engineers,
lost his life by drowning near the same spot and under
almost similar circumstances. A third brother also lost his
life by drowning, in the East Indies, five years since. The
deceased was (with the exception of a sister) the sole sur-
viving member of a highly respectable family. He was a
young gentleman of great promise, and would, in a few
months, have left the college for Cambridge. David
Breegore, a waterman, proved, that on Friday afternoon,
between three and four o'clock, he was at the White Hart,
Barnes'-terrace, when hearing that a cutter had been
swamped off the Bull Inn, he launched a boat, and rowed
to the spot ; he saw eight gentlemen onthe Middlesex shore,
and in the river a cutter turned bottom upwards. Wit-
ness took out the drags and searched for the body,
which was not found till the following day. Deceased had
on a heavy pea jacket Witness had kuown him for two years,
and considered him an excellent amateur waterman.—Mr.
W. HaMen a student in the college, deposed that on Friday
afternoon last, the deceased, witness, and seven students
went up the river in an eight-oared cutter. They hired the
cutter from Searle'w, at Putney...She was called the " Black
Prince," and was above 60 feet in length. She was not a
wager boat or " out-rigger;" she was about four feet wide
at " midships." They proceeded up the river, the tide being
in their favour, in comparatively. still water, until they
reached Chiswick Ait, when the river began to as.stime a
rough appearance. They kept c:nse in the Surrey shore,
until they reached Barnes-terrace, when the deceased, who
was cockswain, steered for the opposite shore, the invariable
course adopted by watermen. The cutter had made three
parts across the river, when some waves met her on her
quarter, and she instantly filled. They were all immersed'
and began to make for the shore ; he (witness) swimming
by the aide of deceased for some distance. He had previously
given deceased an oar to assist him, which he let go shortly
afterwards. Witness, seeing that the boat had turned
bottom upwards, made for it, and on reaching the
boat turned round, and saw deceased sinking when near to
the shore. Witness considered he sank from exhaustion.
He never mole again or called for assistance. The wind was
blowing strongly from the south-west, but we had no fear .of
the boat living. We were all used to the water, and had
rowed in thi regattas. We were all perfectly sober and
steady, and had often used the boat before. By a juror
Have you permission of the principal of the College as to
when you go out ?—Witness When we have no tasks, we
can go where we like. This evidence having been cor-
roborated, the jury returned a verdict of " Accidentally
drowned," and that not the slightest blame attached itself to
any person.—DEATH FROM A FAt.L.—By Mr. W. H.
Payne, at Guy's Hospital, on the body of Timothy Hen-
nessy, aged 23. On Saturday morning last the deceased was
walking along a plank at a atone-wharf in the Waterloo.
road, having been engaged in raising some river gravel,
when he suddenly slipped on one side, and fell from a
height of above twenty feet, sustaining such injuries as to
cause his death in the above hospital the day after. Verdict
—" Accidental death."

THE OLDBURY COAL-MINE EXPLOSION.
DUDLICY, MONDAY EVENING.—The inquiry into
the particulars of the accident was resumed hero to-day,
before W. Robinson, Esq., the coroner for this division of
the district, in which several of the bodies are lying. The
following are the most important features in the additional
evidence adduced:—Holland, the son of the " buttio " (de-
ceased), stated that he (1,1 not know how long it was since
the air-headings had been cleaned out; and one of the jurors
observed that much would depend upon this ; that he had
worked at the pit two years, and be believed it to be a safe
one if the air-headings were cleaned out once a month. The
witness further said, that he never remembered the air-head-
ings being cleaned out : they had certainly not been cleaned
for the last 4 months.—Edw. Foley: I work in Mr. Parker's
colliery ; I first went six months ago. I left the Friday
before the explosion, because' was frightened at the sulphur.
I observed that it existed when I first went there ; it blazed
round the candle, it continued there, but was worse on the
Friday I left. I dreamed a comical dream in the night, and
was frightened to go. I had told the men I did not
work there because of the sulphur. They said there was a
great deal of it, but I did not communicate my fears either
to the ground-bailiff; the "buttie," or the " doggie." I
had often seen the latter usingthe safety-lamp. I intended
to have gone back to the mine had it not been for the eagle-
sion.—A. juror observed that it could not have been sulphur
which blazed round the candle, or there must have been an
explosion before.—John Nathaw, a miner, at Tividale, said,
I worked in Mr. Parker's colliery for five weeks; I left it
twelve months ago. It was exposed to evils all the time I
was there ; by evils I mean sulphur, and there was so much
of this, that we have frequently been obliged to put out the
lights. I have been a miner 23 years. One night while I
was there it fired a little from my candle, hut no one was
hurt. The mine wanted air. In my opinion the air-heading
ought to have been carried to the out-rib, instead of being
carried seventy yards from it in the gate-road. I frequently
told the " buttie " and " doggie" this; and that we would
not go to the mine every morning " brushing" away
the fire-damp and sulphur. It fired the day before
I went. I tried the lamp, and found that the
sulphur was three or four yards thick. Holland said
that as soon as certain alterations were made it would
he safe enough. (By a juror.) The air-heading was never
cleaned whilst I was at the mine. The general custom is
not to drive the air-headings sufficiently far, on account of
the coat. I never worked in any colliery in which there
was so much sulphur as in Mr. Parker's. I think it is better
to get the air by gate-roads, than by air-headings. Not one
accident happens in a score, in collieries, but what arises
from neglect. I never met with a single instance in which
the air-headings were carried sufficiently far. The air-
headings in this colliery were worse than in any I ever saw;
and I have worked in at least a dozen collieries.—.l. Shaw,
a miner, said, I worked in Mr. Parker's colliery about 3
months ago. I was there about a year and three-quarters ; I
have been a miner all my life. I left this colliery on account
of the existence of damp and sulphur. I complained to all
the men in the pit, and told Mr. Holland, the buttie, that I
should be obliged to leave the pit unless there was more ven-
tilation; he did not make me any answer. I have seen
Mr. Parker, the master, in the pit, but never complained to
him. There was an explosion m this mine twelve months
ago, and one man killed. I have worked in a pit five or six
years without its firing. I was down this pit the day the
accident happened, and consider that there would be air
enough to make the works safe if every spout was kept pro-
perly clear. This mine was much given to sulphur when
the wind was in the south-east. On examining the pit on the
day of the accident I found that the spouts were completely
blown down. Mr. Silas Elwell, a mine-surveyor, who had
examined the pit, stated, that in the course of his observa-
tions, he latched "to a point where the air had been car-
ried across the gate-road, by a trough,. to another heading ;
these were used in all collieries, but, in his opinion, they
were inefficient, they being deficient in width; this one was
one foot nine inches square, and carried the whole of the air
into the work ; this air-heading extended about twenty yards
further on, and then discharged itself into a gate-road. He
considered them too narrow. Since Friday the air-headings
had been cleaned, and there was a greater quantity of air in
the pit in consequence. The witness gave a description
of the manner in which the air passed into the
workings, and stated that no air had been car-
ried within one hundred and twenty feet of the back
of the stalls of work ; and proceeded to state, that the
colliery had been worked, as usual in collieries of this de-
scription, both as regards the gate-roads and the air-head-
ings, but, in his opinion, the latter should have been carried
120 feet further. In some cases the air-headings required
to be cleaned out every week in others, every month ;
and, in reply to a question by a juror, he said that this acci-
dent might, perhaps, have been prevented, had the air-
headings. been cleaned out before, instead of since, it oc-
curred ; judging from appearances, his opinion was that
there had been generally a great quantity of sulphur in the
pit, but he believed it might have been worked so as to pre-
vent any great explosion. The air-heading was defective, in
consequence of its being too narrow; further it ought
to have been carried on the south-side the gate-
' mod up to the back, and wider the whole dfstance ;
the air-headings are almost invariably driven too narrow';
this he regarded to be injurious. In this mine it was crop
work, in which there is invariably more sulphur than deep
work. He thought a plan might be adopted by which the
sulphur would be kept down. He believed that if the air-
heading had been driven far enough and higher there would
~as bee. been an exnlosion in that part of the pit; he had

heading so far from the work.—The inquiry was proceeding
at the time our report wu despatched.
A public meeting has been held at Dudley to-day, at
which it was resolved to memorial se the government to
appoint mine inspectors, and adopt such other measures 112
may be necessary to protect the trees of those engaged in the
perilous employment of coal-ge,,eing.