The Express.
London, England, 1846-11-10 00:00:00

u-.ll}t

MAILS.
The West India mails, including those for Mexico, Gondar's, and
n&V$1111. will be am,do up on the morning of the 17th November.
The matt for Coruna, Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Cadiz, and
. Gibraltar, will he made up on the morning of the 17th November.
The Emil* for British North America, Bermuda, and the United
' States, will be Made up on the evening of the 18th November.
The snorland malls for Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, the lonian Islands,
XAden,Anyloti, India. Hong-Kong, and China, rio Southampton,
P:. made-gip on the morning of the 10th November.
• The overland, closed malts, rin Moroni/es, to the Mediterranean,
Egypt, Aden, Ceylon. India, liong-Kong, &c., will be made up on the
evening of the 21th November
The mails for New -South Wales, Van Dimeen's Land, and New
Zealand will bo made up on the evening otabelidtla November.
. .

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LONDON,, TUESDAY, NOV. 10.

stimulate the desire for know)
cipally to thisaection of the woi
active, persevering spirit of coral
inquiry and action, is confined.
among the unskilled labour clam,
intermittent There is great
skilled labourers. The old
smiths, &c., complete profesaions within
differ from the mechanics, touters, dressers, spin-
ners, &c., all of whose services are combined in the
great organisation of factory labour. This sub-
division again differs, perhaps, still more from the
workmen engaged in the various branches of the iron
manufacture ; who work apart, although their com-
bined labour is generally required for one result.
The miner differs widely from the collier. Many
of these subdivisions have, in fact, little community of
interest, little knowledge of each other's affairs; some-
times their interests are in direct opposition. Thus, in
the case of a factory, a strike on the part of any one class
of workmen employed in it may stop the whole con-
cern. We have known a factory stopped, and hundreds
of "hands" who had, and had made, no complaint,
thrown idle, on account of the dissatisfaction of the
few workmen whose business it was to prepare and
dress the weft.
The aristocracy of the working classes, with many
admirable qualities, is no more to be implicitly trusted
than any other aristocracy. Their combinations do
not contemplate defensive operations against the exac-
tions of masters alone ; they contemplate defensive
operations against the intrusive competition of indivi-
duals from the unskilled labour class. They have
established apprenticeships, not to the employers,
but to themselves ; they have succeeded in many
cases, and attempted in many more, to make such
apprenticeships a condition of employment in their
department. Yet such is the power of superior
intelligence, and such the magic of a. common desig-
nation, that those very men, even when striving to
keep down the unskilled labourers, contrived to enlist
the latter in their came.
It is not by laws against combinations or corre-
sponding societies that this state of affairs is to be
rectified. That method has been tried and has failed.
It has been productive of some occasional oppression ;
of a much greater amount of exasperation and dis-
affection ; but of no useful results whatever. On the
other hand, the restrictive legislation advocated by
the leaders of the skilled labour class, is not to be
conceded either. They believe that it v
e them
an advantage over the masters; and, were capital
tied down to one place, or could capitalists be
compelled to go on working with inadequate profits
or at a positive loss, it would give them such an
advantage; unless the impediments they have
contrived to place in the way of recruiting the
ranks of skilled labourers with the more intel-
ligent of the unskilled labourers, are removed.
If this is done, the short-time bill operatives will
find competition increased, and their earnings dimi-
nished ; if this is not done, they will drive capital
out of business, and destroy their trade altogether.
Our trust is in the firmness of the legislature to
resist all temptations and all pressure to regulate
industry by act of parliament, and in the progress
of sounder views among the class we have been
describing. They have been longer studying the
theory of the production and distribution of property,
and its practical application, than Young England or
Lord GEORGE BENTINCK, in the school of political
science, and political economy. They are pupils of a
higher form. They have had literary men of their
own class, and a literature of their own, Tor many
years; and the study of this literature will amply
repay to any curious enquirer, the time spent
upon it. In London there has been a succession
'of publications, such as the Pioneer, and others ;
in the manufacturing districts there have been many
periodicals, written and edited by men sprung them-
selves from the working classes, and connected only
with them. We do not speak of papers conducted by
professional men, and others who have lost caste,
affecting to identify themselves with the working
classes, but by men who actually belong to those
classes. Going heck, for some twenty years, through
the files of these successive publications, we can ace
many fallacies adopted as the political and social
creed of the working classes, and rejected for now
ones. They have fairly worked their way, for
example, from the fallacies of Owes; to the sounder
doctrines of Cosine. And Young England is taking
up not a few of the cast-off opinions of the hard-
handed working men.
' Experience and reflection have taught not a few of
the skilled labourers that the combination which
demands the sacrifice of individuals to a class
b injurious to both. They begin to see that
there are means, even in a state of society in which
the workman's and capitalist employer's classes
are so permanently separated, for securing their own
independence without such a disproportionate sacri-
fice. The steady and skilful workman is as necessary
to the employer as the employer is to him. While
health and strength lasts such a man will always be
sought after ;. can always command adequate reins-
acetifies If he cannot, as formerly, set up as an
independent master, he can still invest his savings
against the day of age and sickness. It is by multi-
plying means Of investment for small savings, means
in which the working classes have confidence, thst
they are to he convinced of this truth. Savings blinks
and Life Assurance Soeicties, all sorts of joint-steak
companies with transferable shares of moderate,
amount, are powerful instruments to this end. They
will become more so in proportion as.their principb
is better understood, and their management in coned-
quence improved. A sheep and simple system of
land conveyance, by facilitating small investmentain,
land, would be perhaps a still more efficacious means.
livery-thing that developee in this important class the
sentiment of self-reliance, by rendering them siperiOr
to mere gregarious, unreflecting, aimless atrulajah
'contributes to their well-being and to. the stability
of national institutions. .
•

THE most characteristic peculiarity of the present
ago is the sharpness with which the line of demarca-
tion is drawn between the capitalist and the labouring
classes. The intermediate class of small capitalists
who were obliged to eke out their income by laying
. hand to work, of those who combined the labourer
and the employer in their own person, is fast be-.
coming a small minority. Ewen where the hand-
loom keeps its ground, it is rare to find the weaver
' purchasing materials, working them up, and die-
. posing of his own web when done : he takes in work
at so mach per yard, from some one who in this man-
ner employs, it may be, hundreds, like himself. The
capitalist, as Cobbett used to call him, the " bull-frog
• farmer" has, in' Many counties, entirely superseded
the small farmers who guided their own ploughs.
The farmer is se great corn-manufacturer, employ-
' ing operatives just as a mill-owner. Even among'
the shop-keeping world a similar change is °in
progress. In all our great cities and even down
to our country and smaller manufacturing towns,
the great ready-money establishments, with their
. regiments of salesmen, are pushing the old-fashioned
shops out of the field.
Formerly the bulk of society consisted of those
who began life as mere workmen, with an almost cer-
tain prospect, if they were steady, of becoming mas-
ters in their turn, Many hybrid half-capitalists half-
labourers, while they continued to work themselves,
employed other labourers to assist them, either as
journeymen or apprentices. The three gradations of
master, journeyman, mid apprentice, marked stages in
life rather than separate classes. The aggregate
capital of the country was more diffused. Few had
enough to enable them to dispense with mechanical
toil—with being in some things their own servants;
but few were without some portion of realised capital,
or the hopes of obtaining it. Now capital is concen-
trated in great mosses in the hands of a few. The
small capitalists, unable to compete with the great,
are falling back into the waged or salaried. classes.
Those who commence life with nothing but their own
industry may loOls forward to accumulate some small
savings, as steady servants have been known to do
in good families but rarely do they aspire to become
employers in their turn.
One consequence of this altered -ebbe of affairs is
that both capital mid labour haVe 'bedtime more pro-
dactive. Fifty thousand poufs& in the hands of one
skilful and enterprising man, can be turned to better
account than the tiara Cain distributed among fifty ,
men. On the other hod, the parties employed—bs
they beolr.keepors or hand labourers—not having to
trouble their heads With financial combinations ; not
requiring to enter into abstruse calculations than
."If I work so much,' will earn so much, and if I
spend so mach.' will have so much left;" can devote
themselves more entirely to their task, and thus
become more expirt atit. What those mere slaves of
words, the Socialists of England, and the St. Simo-
Mans or Fourrierists of France, would obtain by
arbitrary divisions of men into classes, is actually
being accomplished, though they cannot see it, by the
centralisation of capital.
The independeiee, the variety of condition and
character, among the great mass of society, is noways
eompromised by this new arrangement. The diversity
within the capitalist class is palpable to all. The
landowner and the fandholder, the merchant, the
broker, and the manufacturer, , are all strongly
marked stsb-genera. And with weal ,new branch of
industry and enterprise, that is ffeveloPeitt their num-
ber
increases. To thoseWlso have lived among the
working classes withan.obeervent spirit, the variety of
Nub-classes within it is even greater. Without insist-
ing upon the distinction between the labourers in
agricultural and manufacturing districts, we may enu-
merate by way of example, the building trades, the
various el.presltV labourers, tho harness-loom
weavers (thi' -loom weavers not waging a
hopeless contest with machinery), and the workmen of
the iron districts. Those skilled labourers differ widely
from the more =skilled' labourers; hodmen, barrow-
men, &c.; wha pee often associated with them
in the same toils. They are the aristocracy
of the working classes. They arc better paid
thei the unskilled laboorers ; their occupations
not only demlope -more ingenuity, but bring
them into contact with scientific researches, and ,

ONE might, it is to be hoped, without a crime, adopt,
in matters of art and taste, a principle, deservedly
exploded in taste and morals, viz., do evil that good
may come. This is the resolve of 'pertains on a for-
lorn hope, in extreme and irremediable cases, such as
demand fearful, extravagant. and radical remedy. Ia
the utter extinction of every good and worthy poli-
tical and social principle in Franco before the great
revolution, people looked to that revolution with hope
and delight. And when these same sensible people
found themselves in the midst of the horrors sad the
errors of that revolution, they often lent a hand to
exaggerate them, in order that the extravagance of
the ill might care itself.
We must own that we entertain somewhat similar
feelings towards art in this country, and especially
towards those specimens and productions of art, which
are displayed abroad in palaces, and arches and
triumphal statues. Each month brings forth its abor-
tion, which, hideous in itself, is hoisted to the very
position in which its hideosity can be most improved.
The people exclaim, the critics thunder, the authori-
ties charged with such works take it for granted that
there is no public in matters of taste. And they
think it as cowardly to recoil as if they bore the stan-
dard of a regiment in action. The case is hopeless.
It has become amusing fiorn its absurdity : and really
we know none who can or ought to deal directly with
it except Punch.
The national resource of public taste, thus outraged,
and driven talliespair, is to swell the evil that good
may come. Aid the Timm, with its usual tact, has
divined, and made itself the organ of this feeling.
Let the Duke's statue stand. What matter the pro-
portion of the arch ; what matter the harmony be-
tween it and the horse, or between the horse and its
rider, or between the tail and the head of the steed.
It will do very well for the public,who regard it. And
it will serve for what it was intended, a warning

THE EXPRESS, TUESDAILZVENING, NOVEMBER 10, 1846.

more inoongruoualy placed, the better. ..
flagrant the examples of reigning absurdity, the
sooner will the public and the authorities become
alive to that absurdity; and the nearer we' approach
that revolution, which is to do for us in the polite
arts what similar cataclysms have done for as in
political science and practice.
As to critics taking their stand on the principle
of art, we know how vain that is in the face of autho-
rities where object is merely, like prudent housewives,
to make the best use of the cupboards and fixtures
which the metropolis affords. To attack the statue,
its builder, or its board, were vain. Aristocratic
ignorance and prejudice are there entrenched, and
art has no COBDEN to storm them.
We all know how Lord NELSON was hoisted on his
nondescript column. The Duke of WELLINGTON re-
viewed the models for the monument, and pausing
before the cast of the column, let fall the remark of
" This will do." Of course, after such a fiat it was
made to do. And now "brave NeLson" has his
I revenge on the Duke, a similar picktooth
de-
cision having hoisted his Grace into a position
quite as ridiculous as that of NELSON. It
is
strange how the gravest people in the world do
worship Monitis, and do come and set up even the
idol of their hero-worship after his fashion.

We, however, perfectly agree with the Times in
thinking that the shortest way to a care is to allow
for the present the TaEycUS and the RVILANDS, and
their compeers, to exercise the full swing of their
tastelessness, and to inflict on the capital as many
monstrosities as they please. The result will
at least be, " the more the merrier." But
out of all this good may come. Excellence,
either in arts or in morals, may be achieved
by the force of bad, as by the force of good
example. The Spartans exhibited a drunken slave to
their youth to teach them sobriety. Tummies
monumental efforts may be equally useful to our
young artists. And, indeed, it might be better to
begin with them than to startle the uninstructed by
the perfect and the principled beauty of PRIDIAS or
PALLADIO. - .

Thus far had we indulged in the dream of correct-
ing the taste of the public, and its art-administration,
by applauding the exhibition of its pwn perversity;
but the mature taste and decisive will of her MAJESTY
has ordered it otherwise. She could not tolerate the
monstrosity over her own door, has ordered the statue
of the Commandatere -to find another g'ite, and routed
Sir FREDERICK TRENCH and his committee horse and
foot.

MR. BAINES has published, in the Leeds Mercury,
a reply to the article on popular education in the
British Quarterly .Recietc, some of the conclusions
of which we recently quoted and commented on.
Mr. BAINES refers the authorship of this article to
Dr. VACCHAN, who has already come forward as his
opponent on the question. Mr. B tis ei believes that
Dr. VAEGIIAN'S conclusions are against statistical
evidence. He denies the existence of any such alarm-
ing exigency as the article contends for ; considers that
the means of education do not fall very far short
of what might be expected in the social con-
dition of the population; and thinks he can prove
an actual progress by voluntary sad independent
effort since 1816, which leaves no doubt that the
people can supply their own wants. All this Mr.
BAINES believes, and would make others believe, on
the strength of statistics. We envy him his faith.
It is not in figures to prove his conclusions, while
sorry, stubborn facts stare us in the face, asserting
'the reverse.
Let us say at ones statistics ire out of place
in this question, as it stands. We will give Mr.
BAINES all his own tables, and maintain our ground
against him notwithstanding. It is net the
number of schools that is important. There may be
school accommodation for every child in England
below fifteen. Does this prove there is education to
the same extent? Mr. BAIN es mast be aware that,
even taking the lowest view of education—confining
it to the mere communication of the means of instruc-
tion, reading, writing, and arithmetic—this is not the
case. Ia the bulk of our existing elementary schools
nothing whatever is learnt that ens benefit the scholar.
To stammer through a verse of the New Testament,
without attention to stops or knowledge of the mean-
ing of words, to say nothing of comprehension of the
passage and its connexion with the rest of the
chapter, is not reading, if reading be aA acoom-
pliahment of stay measurable value.
To scrawl ft few large-text pot-hooks on a slate, in
painful, but most unsuccessful, imitation of a " copy-
head" is net srritiny, if writing is to be of any use
in the business of life.
But even taking our schools as they are, figures
are fallacious guides, to the number of scholars
actually under tuition. The returns are often made
from the amount of scholars that can lie, not those
who are, accommodated in the school-room. Now,
the average of oar elementary schools, we should
conclude from the evidence of the inspectors, are only

half full.
On every ground we distrust figures in educational
discussion. The expediency of erecting new schools
depends very much on the efficiency of those which
already exist. This is the point to be looked to in
estimating the proportion of the means of education
to our wants. It is less to supply school build-
ings than schoolmasters that we ask for a
Board of Education and a central supervision.
•bier is it only an improved race of school-
masters that is required. The proportion of
masters to pupils must be Increased. The •scanty
number of adult teachers can never be madcap fot
by the employment of monitors only one degree re-
moved from the ignorance of , their pupils. It is in
these points, especially, that individual exertions can
never make up for the want of state aid. Setting
apart theological instruction for paretts and religious
ministers, we have for the function of the master, the
communication of secular knowledge. This he must
not only possess himself, but have the far rarer power
of communicating to others. The art of this communi.
cation: is not intuitive. There are heaven-born school-
nesters, as there have been heaven-born ministers,but
the species iluncommon. As a general rule, the school-
master must be qualified for his work by special
training. Every county should have its normal
school for education, with its practising school at-
tached. But the present system of isolated effort,
which perpetuates the union of secular and religions
instruction, renders any fusion of parties for the
maintenance of such schools impossible. Those
which exist are confined to the Church in connexion
with the national system, or to the British and Foreign
School Society. It is true that the-training schools of
the latter profess to prepare masters of all denomina-
tions. Bat in practice it is too often the case that
both Roman Catholics and Unitarians are excluded.
And even where normal schools do exist, the want of
any controlling power (except the indirect influence
of the inspectors, upon tb,e national schools) is only
too obvious, both in their systems and results.
This is the point to which educational efforts must
be directed. We must educate our educators; we must
have no educators who have not been educated for their
work, or given ample evidence of qualification attained
by their own efforts. The expenses of normal schools
are too great to be borne by individual charity. This
is absorbed in its own neighbourhood, in the national
or dissenting school, as the case may be. Only, when
a great effort is made, as by the Church on a recent
occasion, and stall more recently by the Independent
hod f, can a large fend be raised to be appropriated

the direction of a central auth*:.‘ But these
intendlttnet. It , tbe possible
Justaadiasel. byt *nob ineans, for
..,xl4ln gnat .10diesr of 41Bweater9, but
denombeittiena wed, been thus, be left
i admit institution& by so inv.
of supply', Vould, we fear, be impossible.
prepared to advocate an educational
tax for to ort of normal schools. But this could
only be imposed on all for the benefit of all. It
could not be levied for schools confined to any reli-
gious sect or creed.
This subject of normal scholgs Mr. BAINES passes
over "eicce pede.'l He may fill the Leeds Mercury
with figures—he may prove that school-rooms exist
for twice as many children as can possibly be at
school at one time ; but until he can prove that schools
rare what they ought to be; in other words, that
toasters are up to their work; he proves nothing for
education.
We hold it to be a sad truth, which requires no
proof for those who have devoted practical attention
to educational matters in England, and which no
proof can make apparent to those who have not, that
the present race of masters are unqualified for their
gnat work. We can see no prospect of quali-
fying their successors, the mea who must elbow
them from their stools, unless by a system of normal
school training, much more complete and general
than exists at present. To this point we wish to see
government attention directed, while local activity
disposes of and finds work for the masters thus
supplied.
But while attention is directed mainly to school
statistics, the vitally important question, " What is
the efficiency of the schools which do exist ?" is in
danger of being overlooked, as we cannot but think
it has been overlooked by Mr. BAINES, in his recent

polemic.
WE little expected to find in the harmless civic
ceremonies of a Lord Mayor's day occasion for wore
than the wonted annual tribute of admiration. But
Baran PARKE, representing the Chief Baron, evidently
attended with very serious feelings, and his mind
bursting with more than ordinary serious thoughts.
He began by declaring the City procession no bile
pageant. Why the Baron so considered it, appeared
in a later part of his discourse.
After echoing the learned Recorder's panegyric,
Baron PARKE ominously hinted that the world was
in the enjoyment of the blessings of peace. Still more
ominously he went on to say, that the bulk of her
MAJESTY'S subjects had no recollection of the horrors
of war. If by bulk the learned judge made any
allusion to the corporation, he must have made a mis-
take, since any slim gentleman of forty may boast of
having heard the Tower guns.
True or false, however, these moral sentiments
naturally prepared the audience for something, start-
ling. Nor was it disappointed, when Baron PARKE
assured the LORD MAYOR, that evidently possessing
the qualities requisite to carry him " with ease"
through a pacific mayoralty, he had no" doubt also all
the courage and determination which the exigencies
of the times might require." The exordium evi-
dently showed that hie lordship meant nothing less
than a French invasion. And his imagination de-
picted Sir ()URGE CARROLL at the head of
the valiant " men-at-arms" of the City procession—no

pageant at all—marching to rout the Prince de
JOINVILLE with all the courage of a City magistrate.
What bee could have stung the learned judge?
Had he no mercy on the funds, thus to sound the
trumpet of war from the justice seat? Had a chief
judge in Paris addressed such words to the mayor,
they would have run like an electric shock through all
Young France. Fortunately, Young England, that
" bulk of the nation " does not frequent the City; and
Baron PARKE'S words fell upon dispositions more
given to devour turtle than Frenchmen. And it is
only in print that they look inflammatory. Happily,
the more pacific post-prandial orators at the feast
afforded no support to the Baron's bellicose announce-
ment. Hence we may hope that the City dames
slept in peace last night, and that the funds have not
fallen this morning

The disputes upon the merits of the Spanish ques-
tion in the political circles and journals of Paris have
merged into the more practical and important ques-
tion
of the ultimate result of the present embroilment
of the two Cabinets. Who was right or who was
wrong in the manoeuvres conducted between London,
Paris, and Madrid, is now little regarded. NL
Guizot in the Chambers, and Lord Palmerston in par-
liament, will each, no doubt, establish a plausible
ease ; but what the public and the press in Paris now
begin to look at is the position which France must
assume as the consequence of what has occurred. That
the entente cordiale is broken, and that the anger of
England is roused, every day offers fresh proofs.
An event occurred on Saturday, in Paris, which
attracted much attention and excited much con-
versation. A formal reception of the diplomatic
corps was held at the Tuileries, to afford the
representatives of foreign states an opportunity
of presenting their felicitations to the King, on
the occasion of the marriage of the Duke of Mont-
pender with the heiress-presumptive of the Spanish
crown. There were present at this, the Ambassadors
of Spain, Naples, and Turkey ; the Austrian Ambas-
sador (absent from Paris), was represented by his
son ; there were also present, the Charge d'Affaires
of Russia, and tbe ministers of Saxony, Wurtemberg,
and Bavaria, and the Charges d'Affaires of the
United States, Tuscany, Mecklenburg, &c. The Prus-
sian Miniiter and the Ambassador of Sardinia, being
absent from Paris, did not appear. The Marquis of
Normanby, Ambassador for England, was in Paris, and
remained at home. His absenoe produced a great
sensation amongst the diplomatic corps. The Belgian
Ambassador was also absent from the reception, but
in Paris. This last fact, put in juxtaposition with the
departure of King Leopold from Neuilly, immediately
before the expected arrival of the Duke of Montpen-
sier and his bride, in spite of the most pressing solici-
tations of his family to wait, was considered as
five.
up to the latest moment M. Guizot'
elaignact.tilng.toth
t is asA that
hepe. that lard Normanby would have
attended- the reception. These circumstances are
regarded in Paris as constituting the moat public
and official manifestation of the hopeless rupture of
the entente, cordiale, that England has yet exhibited.
The official evening paper of Saturday, the Mee-
sager, and the Mansteur of Sunday morning, both
preserve an absolute silence as to this reception.
The Journal. des Dibats, and the Eptte, mention
the reception, and the absence of Lord Normanby,
without comment. La Presse says all the Ambassa-
dors and Ministers Plenipotentiary present at Paris
attended in full uniform. "His Excellency the
British Ambassador shone by his absence. Behold,
then, the sincerity and cordiality of that alliance
which we have never for a single instant ceased to
warn the country to etudiust."
The absence of Lord Normanby from the reception ,
produced a sensation which extended to the Bourse,
where the fall of the public funds was ascribed to it.
The fast is thus related by the Commerce
is not' done by diplomatic notes, but by public and
official manifestation, that the discontent of England and
there of fbientenfe berialaie are shown. Yesterday
took pima ati *4' Tailries the reception of the diplomatic
corps, w 4044rtl#ii congratulations on the marriage
of the withthe Infanta of Spain. Two
very absences were remarked on this occa-
sion t let of the Marquis of Normanby, ambassador
of England, and that of the Ambassador of Belgium.
The diplomatle corps, with these exceptions, nearly,
were in fall number, except, however, M. Arnim, the
minister plenipotentiary of Prussia, M. D'Appony, and
the Ambassador of Sardinia—all three at present absent
from Paris. There appeared at court on this occasion, the
Pope's Nuncio; the ambassador' of Spain, Naples, and
Turkey ; the son of M. dAppony (who replaces his father
during his absence); the Chargé d'Affaires of Ruasia • the
minisurs plenipotentiary of Saxony, Brayaria, and War-
temburg ; the Charges d'Affaires of Tuscany, the United
States, Mecklenburg, fie. The absence of Lord Nor-
banby produced a very marked sensation amongst the
diplomatic corps. The absence of the Ambassador of
Belgium is not less important, when the departure of
King Leopold is borne in mind, that monarch having
quitted the Tuileries within the last two days, notwith-
standing the strong solicitations made to retain hI n.
The Coburg blood carried the day in this matter over th •
family connection, which ought, it was thought, to 1, 'site
this prince completely to our dynasty. Last evening hs
Message+ kept &prudent and significant silence on the event

of the day. It appears, besides, diet up to the last moment
If. Guizot indulged in the hope of seeirg Lord Normanby-
pressent at this solemn reception. His journals and reviews
affirmed that England protested against the Spanish car-
riage on the single point of view of remote eventualities ' • at
present it is perfectly manifest that Lord Palmerston is far
more positive in his rancour and his hostile feeling. We
await the explanations of the Journal des Debate, which
no doubt will be more communicative than the official even-
ing journal."
The unusual amount of credits opened since the close
of the session by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, for
secret purposes, has attracted the censure of the Op-
position press. By an ordonnance of the 10th July a
credit for 280,000 francs was opened for the expense
of voyages and couriers; and 830,000 f. -for extraordi-
nary missions: making a total of 1,110,000 L, inde-
pendent of 750,000 f. already granted in the Budget.
Amidst prodigalities like thPPIP, says Le National,
"We observe that a part of France has been the prey of
fire, another part has just been ravaged by inundations ;
throughout the entire country the price of bread and the
dearness of other provisions adds to the general distress,
credit declines, a progressive fall upon all species of indus-
trial property indicates the exhaustion of capital. In the
Budget there is still a deficiency, and the recent visitations
impose on the country new and extensive sacrifices. Is such
lan occasion judiciously chosen by M. Guizot to give himself
up to such lavish expenditure ? These largessea have pro-
cured for M. de Montpensier a dower of thirty millions ; but
is that a reason why k ranee should pay the discount ?"
The Sleek has the following remarks on the extra-
ordinary amount of the sums granted to M. Guizot,
Minister for Foreign Affairs, for the travelling
expenses of persons attached to his department ;
" By a Royal ordinance, dated July 10, M. Guizot was
allowed 280,000 f. for extraordinary couriers and travelling
expenses; and for extraordinary missions, 250,000 E and
590,000 t—altogether 1,120,000/. This wu tolerably well, if
we consider that 750,000 f. had already been voted by the
Chamber of Deputies for a similar service, and it might
have been expected that M. Guizot would have been satis-
fied. But, no ; by a royal ordinance dated the 10th of
October, he was granted 200,0001. ; and by another royal or-
dinance, dated the 25th of October, 300,000 f ; and again, on
the 7th of November, for unexpected expenses, 320,000 E
Thus, within four months, M. Guizot has been allowed
1,900,000 f., independent of 650,000 f., 160,000 f, and 600,000 f.
, granted by the budget. That a grand line of politics re-
quires a great expenditure was one of the maxims and the
constant practice of Cardinal Richelieu. M. Guizot may cer-
tainly be compared to him in the point of view of expense."
The delivery of the London mail in Paris presents
an example of official abuse for which it would be
difficult to find a parallel in any other place, great or
small, where commercial interests claim regard or
consideration. On Saturday the London mail arrived
in Paris soon after 9 a.m., being two hours late, in
consequence, it is presumed, of the state of the
weather. It might be supposed that this would pro-
duce more than usual alacrity in the delivery of the
despatches; on the contrary, the commercial houses
did not receive their correspondence till a late hour in
the afternoon. Bankers did not receive them till the
approach of the hour for closing their bureaux, and
some not till after closing. Brokers did not receive
their letters in time for 'Change, and we have the
authority of more than one broker for saying that
the orders received in their London letters came to
hand too late to be executed, and were thus neces-
sarily delayed two days, the Bourse being closed on
Sundays. Our Paris correspondent did not receive
his letters till after 3 o'clock, and this is no unusual
case. This official abuse is as insufferable as it is
inexplicable, and is one in the abatement of which
the commerce of London is at least as much interested
as that of Paris.

The canton of Luaus has refined, in formal
terms, to recognise the new government of Geneva,
assigning its reasons in a circular addressed to the
Vorort and to the other confederate states. This un-
expected resolution has, of course, provoked a hostile
spirit in the Geneva* Couneil. M. Viridet, a mem-
ber of the Grand Council, had proposed to withdraw
the decree of the 3rd Oct., respecting the league of
the seven cantons, and to replace it by another. Some
members observed that the Vorort, in the absence of
the Diet, could only register this decree, which would
be without efttet, since the deputies from Geneva would
arrive with other instructions. M. James Fray, Pre-

sident of the Provisional Government, support-
ing the proposition of M. Viridet, maintained
that Geneva should not wait for the opening of the
new diet, but should act confoi-mably to the spirit of
her revolution. Such a manifestation was so much
the more urgent in consequence of the refusal of
Lucerne to recognise the Genevese government. Such
a refusal is unprecedented in Switzerland, but, con-
cluded M. Fazy, since Lucerne, which has effected the
counter-revolution of the Valais and many others,
throws down the glove, we will not hesitate to take
it up.

The Madrid mail of the 3rd had not been deliver
when our Paris correspondent closed his letter.

FRANCE AND THE SLAVE-TRADE.

The following extracts from a
Debats from the west coast of Africa, will give oar
readers an idea of the preparations made by the
French Government for the suppression of the slave-
trade :

to the

" But few months have passed since the stationon the west
coast of Africa attained its proper complement of twenty-
seven ships, and already the servioe of repression is organised
with a regularity which leaves nothing to be desired. By
well-conceived arrangement for the obtaining of provisions,
and from the immediate neighbourhood of the two great
centres of refreshment, Gores and Gabon, It seems impos-
sible that the points traversed by vessels, will ever be de-
prived of more than oneship,which guarantees the most active
surveillance in all quarters. The skips of the English division,
on the contrary, forced to gain at groat risk Ascension or St.
Helena, for the purpose of revictualling never arrive
at their post but with their stock of provisions almost already
consumed, and arc obliged to economise them carefully to
ensure their return.

" Depota of coal established everywhere (by the French)
where their presence is necessary, a great regularity in the
arrival of supplies—lastly, the establishment of floating hos-
pitals, assure the perfect execution of the treaty of the 29th
May, and the maintenance of health throughout the squad-
ron. Gabon, the centre of revietualling for the sub-divisions
of the south,is a point happily chosen. The comptoirof Gahm&
is situated on the right side of a river of the same name, and
at a little distance from the mouth. The blacks, who live
in the neighbourhood, and on the points where our autho-
rity is officially recognised, have been, from time im-
memorial, in possession of the greatest part of
the commerce. Principally slave-traders, they have also be-
come dealers with the merehant-ships, and serve them as
negotiators with the Bulous, a people of the high land, who
sell them ivory, wax, copal gam, &c., in exchange for coarse
European merchandise. Interested in preserving a monopoly
so lucrative, they use all their efforts to prevent communica-
tions between the ships and the blacks. With time and
patience, Gabon might be made the centre of an extensive
trade, towards which the predicts of the interior would
flow, and be etchanged with advantage for that oflfarope.
The best guarantee of the property of the settlement would
be to plane it under the authority of the (}.teener of Gorse,
witty though independent of the government of St. Louis
of Souegol, might be under the order( of the *laird on the
station. la fine. theresinee,of a Ammetoul squadron on
, the western coast o Atria will have' many.
ggads. It will open nets. channels' for trenth trade and
far lligrias the trailers with a hale whichime beam hitherto
so amok neglected."

FRANCE. -1,41:18 yHILIPPE'S ADTOCATE.—It
was stated, on good authmity, in Paris, that M. Guizot, at
the request of the King, had furnished rd Brougham with
copies of all the correspondence which had passed between
Lord Palmerston and the French government on the subject
of the Spanish marriages, in order that his lordship might be
enabled, at a fitting opportunity, to vindicate the count. pur.
sued by the French Cabinet.— TiMed.
ITALY.—MARRIAGE OP THE DUKE DE BORDEAUX.
—The news of the marriage of the Duke de Bordeaux with
a sister of the Duke of Modena is confirmed. The marriage
contract was, it is said, signed by procuration at Modena ea
the 30th Oct., sad published oa the 31st at Vienna, by order
of the Emperor, of whom the Princess is cousin-german.
The future Elucher of Bordeaux is thirty years of age ; her
fortune is estimated at 4,000,0001. The Duke de Bordeaux is
twen/-six_years of age.
BELGiUM. GREAT FIRES IN BRUSSELS.

(From the Brussels Gazette, Nov. I).—On lest Wednesday,
about one a.m., an alarming fire broke out on the Place
fiaint-Gi:ry (the oldest part of Brussels), in a cabinet-
maker's workshop. The engines arrived in about half an
hour after the alarm had been given. Unfortunately the
river Senne, which is close to the Place Saint-Gery, was
almost dry, in consequence of the sluices having been
stopped, in order to allow of the bed being cleaned, so that
the engines could only get a supply of thick, muddy water.
The sluices were opened as soon as possible, and engines
commenced in earnest about two o'clock. From the
Brat moment of the discovery of the fire, it was found
impossible to save the premises in which • it originated.
All the efforts of the fire brigade were, therefore,
directed to arrest the progress of the flames towards
the adjacent houses; but the attempt was unsuc-
cessful. In less than an hour and a half, some six or
seven houses were on fire, and the scene then became ago-
nising in the extreme. Women and children were seen
standing at the windows, imploring succour, whilst the male
portions of the families were throwing their furniture into
the river. About half-put four e.n., the fire was got
under, but the engines continued playing on the
ruins during several hours. The military were called
out, and the gendarmerie were actively employed in
keeping order and preventing pillage. It was noticed
that a great number of the working classes who were
present refused to lend any assistance, and actually
went away, when they were solicited to lend their aid. The
Moniteur of yesterday passes • well-merited censure

knowledge. It is prin.
..eike. for Mare generations. , Surely the )tecler the direction o
.411. r
working classes that. the (Wog iiiiiiirit , , leo aftrAO'l upoe his efforts axe anti
combination and political • • • m . .Itrise who fpUd norisissl in
fined. Such movemen Ao , oug tole/Pim . ' ; and. the ate mailmen ands•thi
class, are rude, fierce, an 4., ,lef,A4lll liptat ..•„1/1, ' • have the 'more the poorer denotiolo,
eat variety among the tAt -to es ...ftetral. aireelk-iff;at •zt4ll-6pOtiiik aeprovided to ilePpor
tailors, hleck. monuments,andevinceitstaste,byastittiaryrevolution. gular a means of sum
a trades ;
iaiowi within themselves ;In these views, the more statues-we have, and -the - - We-should be pre
• ---. ;...neeruotuilv placed, the better. 'The more tax for the support o