The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-15 00:00:00

VI. -PEINCI METTERNICH TO M. DE THOM.
VIENNA, Nov. 6, 1616.—The gravity of the events which I
were brought to light at the commencement of the present
,ear, in Galicia, in the Grand Duchy of Posen, and at
Cracow, has implied on the courts of icnna. Berlin, and
St. Petersburg the duty of searching into the immediate
muses of these disturbances, as well as the means of pros
veatin: their recurrence. The three courts interested in an
equal degree in the re-establishment of tranquillity on a
base solid enough to ensure its duration, come to the deter-
initiation of holding a conference at Vienna, as being the
meet central point, to take into consideration the events
which hod just tr.thepirksi ; to view theta in their origin and
their consequences ; to decide what would be just and ne-
cessary to dreCt in order to prevent their return, and to
adopt resolutions in conformity with the duty of the three
monarchs to promote the internal peace of their states, and
to consolidate that peace by all the meats in their power.
These resolutions, which are the result of an examination as
sincere as it was tenons, have just been adopted, mid they are
coutained in the subjoined document. This communication
of an act irrevocably decided upon, and required by the most
absolute necessity is not hoverer sufficient fur the feudino
at confidence which the three courts are always desirous of
expressing towards France ; they deem it thi it duty to go
farther on a question with which are connected con-
siderations of general policy. Cracow is in reality only
a geographical atom placed in the centre of the three
great monarchies. The small state of Cracow, created
by the three sovereigns in 1813, within limits
aad under conditions of existence which they had considered
to be conmatible with the repose of their own states, soon
deviated from the line of its duties towards its founders and
protector. The noise which a faction hostile to the tran-
quillity of the three great bordering states has made, and
Sall continues to make, in Cracow, has exceeded the import-
ance of its Otject. There is, then, a wider question con-
maled width' that covering. We think that it is equally
urgent on the part of the first powers of Europe to free the
question from whatever is unknown, false, or dangerous.
The measure taken by the courts of Austria, Prussia,
and Rumba, is a measure of moral and physical
necessity, mid a duty they owe to themselves and their
people; they cannot longer tolerate in their etetee an ever-
burning focus of insurrection for the bordering provinces, of
outrage and calumny for their governments,—e. den and a
secure refuge fir the emissaries of an active, anti-social pro•
paganda. they can no longer, after such long and rude
trials, allow a point situated in the centre of their territories,
which is indebted to them for its existence and its
mere-clay life, to remain under the inliu mee of
a hidden government established at a distance, and
out of their reach, and hostile to their existence.
This point established, Air, the three courts did not neglect
to ttlee into consideration the fact that they hum
presented to the Congress of Vienna, for registration, the
convention which had passed between them. The consi-
deration of this fact induces them to be explicit towards the
courts of France and Great Britain as to the necessity they
are under of sot recalling to life and recoustitutiug a state
of their own creatiog, which, after having worn out the for-
bearance of its founders, dissolved itself. Have the good-
ness. sir, to communicate the present despatch and its annex
to M. Guizot, and to present him with a copy of the same.
ANNEXED DOCUMENT TO PRINCE MITTEILNICIA DESPATCH,
DATED NOV. 6,1846.

The free city of Cracow having herself, with her own
hands, destroyed the conditions on which she held the poli-
tical existence which had been granted her, the three courts
of Austria, Prussia, and Russia were naturally called upon
to assemble a conference, for the purpose of taking into con.
aeration the following questions:
I, The state of Cracow has just precipitated itself, with-
oat being thereto incited by any external physical force,
into the gulf of the vast conspiracy which, having (or its
object the re-establishment of the ancient republic of Poland,
bad made Cracow the provisional capital of the revolutionary
government, which was to direct the movements of the
insurrection.
11. Would the re-establishment of that state, such as it
bad been founded by the treaties of the 21st of April (3rd
of May), lels, signed by the three courts of Austria, Prus-
sia, and Russia, be compatible with the safety of their
monarchies ?
111. If the examination of this question proves the abso-
solute impossibility of the re-establishment of the state,
what is to be dine with the free city of Cracow and its
territory ?
IV. thee the three courts the exclusive right of de-
riding without the intervention of any other power, the,
future late of the town and territory of Cracow ?
To find an answer to these questions the three cabinets re-
solved to call a tenference at Vienna, and they naturally,
from their very first meeting, recurred to the period of the
year ISIS, which had given birth to the state of Cracow, and
placed it under their particular and special protection. They
had, then, to examine: 1. The priumples which had served
as a basis for their creation. 2. The use which Cracow had
made of its liberty in the course of its political ex-
istence, from the year 1814 to the month of February,
1844. 3. The circumstances which have caused its disor-
ganisation and attended its destruction. The statement which
is to follow, in the form of an historical narrative, will
develop the facts and the motives which dictated to the con-
ference the resolutions which it adopted. At the time of the
dissolution of the ancient kingdom, the city of Cracow and
the territory which had been allotted to it had been, in vir-
tue of the convention concluded at St. Petersburg on the
24th of October, 1794, placed under the dominion of Austria.
The troops of his Imperial and Royal Apostolical Majesty
took possession of it on the bth of January, 1790 This event
took place pursuant to the agreement established between
the three courts without the intervention of any other foreign
power. During 14 years Cracow and its territory remained
peacefully under the dominion of his Imperial and Roya'
Apostolical Majesty. The treaty of Vienna, of the 10. h of
October, 1803, detached Cracow from Austria, to transfer it
to the duchy of Warsaw, then belonging to the King of
Saxony. The WAYS of Napoleon in Poland brought about
the formation of the duchy of Warsaw. If the original ides
which presided over the formation of this new state could
have been the restoration of ancient Poland, Napoleon
doubtless shrunk as much from the difficulties which Poland
herself threw in Ida way as from those which ho would have
found in the position of the powers. The duchy of Warsaw
became then nothing other than a fourth share set apart
its fewer of n fourth occupier. The issue of the campaign
of 1812 put the Emperor Alexander in possession of the dif-
ferent parts of the territory which had served by their re-
union to form the duchy of Warsaw. It is known to all the
cabinets in what manner this military occupation brought
about the formation of a kingdom of Poland, and how, and
on what conditions the town of Cracow was permitted to
exist as a free and independent state. After the three
powers had come to this determination, inserted
an the treaties of 21st April (3rd May), 1815, the
other powers, subscribers to the treaty of Vienna, only ac-
cepted such combination as the result of direct netotiations
between the three courts, without interfering in that terri-
torial arrangement which was no business of theirs. Although
the lest events of 1816 *Mike to show the spirit which domi-
nates that population, that spirit will be shown in a much more
evident meatier by the examination of what took place in
that town since 1910. There were, before the pried of the
insurrection of the kingdom of Poland in 1830 symptoms
of excitement in the state of Cracow; au hority was feeble
and of equivocal conduct, in opposition to the axitation of
mind which it was its duty to suppress. The protecting
powers, unquiet at this state of things, hid formed the reso-
lution of reinforcing the troops of Witervation on the fron-
tiers of that state, to have it an their power to smother an
outbreak if it took place, and to re-establish order.
Meanwhile the insurrection of Warsaw of 1930 broke out.
The disposition of the public mind hailed the new" with the
most pronounced enthusiasm, each skirmish fa. e arable to
the revolutionary army was celebrated. Bit the popula-
tion of Cracow did not stop at these demonstrations. War
with Russia was proclaimed a holy war by all those whetted
made it their mission to speak to the people. A leg on of
students was *rased and equipped for the war; arms and
ammunition were manufactured, and what could not be
made in the country was bought from the foreigner. The
merchants of Cracow took charge of the manufacture of
equipments fur men and beasts. Count Stanielas Wodziki,
the president of the senate, having (attempted to put a stop
to this infringement of treaties, a popular outbreak was the
consequence. The presider.t was threatened with death, and
obliged to resign his situation and leave the territory. Whilst
the war lasted,. the hue of ea toms between Cracow and
Poland was consider° I not to exist ; and the tradespeople of
Cracow inielc use of the circumstance to make illegal profits.
After the destruction of the revolutionary army and the
forced submission of the kingdom, the state of Cracow was
occupied by a division of the Russian army, for the purpose
of pursuing and disarming the wrecks of the Polish army
that had taken refuge there. This war being at an end, the
three protectine powers began to consider the means of re-
establishing order; taking into account the difficult circum-
stances of the moment, and continuing to act in the spirit
of • generous protection, which had ever animated
them in favour of this state, their creation, it
was in their name that a general amnesty, • without
any restriction, was proclaimed at Cracow, so that the inha-
bitants of that town retained no other remembrance of this
period than that of the pecuniary. advantages they had
derived from it. This circumstance is one of the principal
reasons which have rendered since then the population of
Cracow so accessible to all attempt+ at a revolution. The
return of the disturbances in the neighbouring provinces
promised them the hope of finding there all the advan-
tages of which they still retained • remembrance.
The benefit of the amnesty, far from calming the
minds, only gave rime to • feeling of ingratitude, which
became so much the more active as it was a speculation.
In avowed opposition to the treaties, those of the Poles, sub-
jects of the throe power., compromised in the revolution of
the kingdom of Poland, who wished to seek art allurn on
the territory of Cracow, were received there, and all their
machinations were protected and supported. The meet re-1
marlmble ernes. tries who have shown themselves since in all
the ancient province* of Poland, such as Zaliwski, ZEIWI.Z2,
the brother* Zalewski, Konarski, de. Ace have ell left
Cracow, where they were for several months prepared
for their journey of propagandism. They are two bro-
thers, merehent+, who had taken upon themselves the direc-
tion of their journey, and engaged to Fiend clandestinely
to the neighbouring states numerous inceenditry pamphlets
that the principal focus of this propagandism forwarded to
them. It is during this p^rioill that the demagogue societies,
known by the name of " Numa." " General Confederation
of the Polish Nation," " Assembly of the Polish People " and
"Anonymous Society," were organised in the state of Cracow,
and spread themselves throughout the neighbourinz pro-
'ince+. The effects of such a state of things soon manifested
themselves through the whole extent of the ancient Polish
ienit°T.cei and in comparing it with the preceding 'situ-
Con, it was not difficult to comprehend how tho idea
el a general imiurrection begun to manifest itself openly.
Th.:senate of Cracow woo the first to acknowledge that it
could not perehly put an end to much a (RIMS of things, in-
compatible with the treaties which formed the basis of the
existence of the free state of Cracow, and which must ensi by

courts,com p st i niegfte alt
hl e
ne o
nn isoi ywe
e,th
of
fte
be.t herle
et. protecting
Courts. It wan then, after six earo of forbearance, that the
three protesting power, taking into consideration the dada
Teton that the senate of Cracow made of its weakness, re-
spliaceivedso. ladis eanalemin the stasttr,,ce,ifely rdeactwali, inrt ofordretrhttoirreomwnoyme safety, to
alltlwthuereinfuree
inwihnothdieetfultheedheuitfeyn,elitosiret;.,7htsebtltishhelleteurp.thteireen
of this territory by the troops co the combined powers took
place. Upwards of 2,000 refugees were found there, who
had established themselves there under false names imiloccu-
pations. The population tried every means to prevent the
removal of these individuals from the territory. The
authorities charged with the verificati n of the identity of
persons had to defeat the intrigues of a culpable compli-
city false certificates were constantly pouring in upon
them, and almost all the parish registers were falsified. In
one parish alone, that of St. Mary of Cracow, more than
two hundred and thirty register, of births were found to have
been forged. After the expulsion of the Polish refugees,
and other exile, from this country, it was considered pos.
sible, by revising the conditution of Cracow, made in
1833, to estahlise public order on' a firmer basis. To
render this occupation as free of expense as possible for the
state of Cracow, the number of troops of occupation was
limited, and a small detachment of Austrian troops, in-
cluding cavalry, alone remained. Notwithstanding the
confidence which it Was thought necessary to accord
to the re-establishment of order, end to the senti-
ment which the population of Cracow mud finally
have had of the conditions nee, 'testy to its welfare,
the police was not long in acquiring num rous proofs of new
revolutionary machinations. The authorities. and the tribune's,
intimidated by secret menace& not anger ful lilted, or only did
so negligently, the duties M their office. It was finally
found necessary in 1878 to reinforce once more the Austrian
troops that occupied it by a second detachment of troops of
that power. It was only alter a new cleansing and a new
feminization of the police and of the militia of Cracow, and
after a revedon and modification of the laws of the correc-
tional and criminal police, that it was thought pot-
sible, at the beginning of the year 1841, to leave
the city of Cracow to herself, and to withdraw
the troops that occupied it. However, neither the
preenntions which had been token to remove all the
Polish refugees, stranger to the territory, nor the system-
atic modifications, whose object was to give more strength
to the established authorities of the republic, nothing suf-
ficed to maintain seder; the germs of the evil were not only
foreign, they had roots in the population of Cracow itself.
Thus, as soon as the military occupation ceased, all the revo-
lutionary machinations were renewed with new vigour, and
by the same means. Numerous foe's, authentically proved
by the most clear publicity, and which can only he denied by
men who, without scruple'', arc alwaj s ready to deny the
truth, furnish, therefore, the meet evident proof that the
free city of Cracow, and -11 its territory, were, since the
year 1830 to the year 1816, in a state of permanent conspiracy
against the courts which had called it into existence. As a last
proof in support of this, we will again quote the fact, that in
the space of the last ten years, eight political assessinations were
committed in the streets of Cracow. Five of those crimes
were followed by instantaneous death ; and the three indivi-
duals left for dead upon the spot were only recalled to life
by the timely help given to them. The names of thine inch-
',duals are the first, l'awlownki, Cellak, Komar. the com-
missary of police, Weinberger, and the gendarme Slateyko ;
the second, the commissary of a district, Luszeyneki, an em-
ploye in the Chancery Homulka, and an employe on the rail-
way Lukieeeh. The military occupation had lasted till the year
1841. The time had been turned to account by the protect-
ing power', to aid the government of Cracow in re-esta
blishing order there by the strengthening of the laws. The
labours then done, furnish the most evident proof of the
earnest desire of the three cabinets to prevent the renewal
of circumstances which would have made anther
intervention on their part necessary. All the measures taken
to reestablish an order of things which would in heel( con-
tain a guarantee of duratien,again proved insufficient against
the Polish revolutionary propaganda which endeavoured to
preserve the city of Cracow as the principal focus of its acti-
vity • the political power of so small a state was too small to
withstand at once the machinati ins of the propaganda and
the complicity of a great portion of the inhabitants.
A conspiracy, which included in its combinations
the whole of the Polish territory, burst out in the month of
February, 1846, on these points where it thought it most
easy to act. Cracow, independent, more free in its move-
ments, became the centre point of action. All sorts of ag-
gressive measures, organisod beforehand, received an in-
creased activity by incendiary pamphlets, by proclamations,
by the importation of arms, of ammunition, and implements
~f warfare of every description, by legions of emissaries,
by the establishment of a government which took the title of
revolutionary, which took upon itself the direction of all the
movements of the provinces called urn to revolt, and the
government of those that succeeded in enfranchising them-
'elves. These events are known to all Europe. If all the
cabinets have condemned the acts of violence committed by
the author. of that revolt, ea much as they deplored the
bloody dinsatern which were the result, the three
powers had more difficult duties to fulfil, for they
had at the same time to seek the means of re-es-
tablishing some order or other at Cracow, and of guaran-
teeing their territories against a return of similar events as
those of which Cracow bad become the focus and metre of
all species of devastation and disorder. In so grave a situa-
tion, the three courts were not free to show them-
selves indulgent ones again ; they had to ask
themselves if the cop of indulgence were not empty ?
if they could arm the republic of Cracow with the same
means as they had so perseveringly used, In a manner so dis-
loyal to carry desolation into the neighbouring pre:einem ?
By what right in fact by what title did the free city dare to
claim once more the franchise of which she made such
a wicked usage? Without recurring to the numerouo
proofs now in the hands of the commissioners proofs
which will be published in due course, the identity of
character and the simultaneousness of the causes which pro-
&teed the events of the Duchy of Posen, Cracow, and
Galicia, prove without a possibility of denial the exist-
ence of a well organised plan; the rise to arms, hosti-
lities commenced, and the proclamations which excited
them,—all these circumstances constituted a complete state
of war, the success of which use alone wanting to ensure
its admiration by those who protected that cause. The
three powers together, including Austrin, which wan most
attacked, would by this fact alone be at liberty to net aenin.t
an enemy, which, however, had only shown how far the
ma'lness rf its courage and the temerity of its enterprise
may lead it. But the town of Cracow cannot be made to
undergo the law of the strongest ; such a law can scarcely be
applied where there is such a disproportion. The point to
be carried by the three powers in the rewetablishment of peace
and order in their dominions, and a participation by Cracow
of these benefits. Could they continue to protect a free town
which has ceased to he independent and neutral as the
treaty of Vienna had wished it to be, since it has fallen
under the dominion of cono,n,rators who hold it enalaved ?
But let us see what are the facts. One of the results of the
revolt of Warsaw was to cause the departure from Poland of
a vast number of those men who had been its most ardent '
supporters, and 'served it sword in hand. Public charity
enabled the Polish emigration to give itself a form and • regu-
lar organisation; it constituted itself as government
of all old Poland, its special object being, to under-
mine the allegiance of the separate immune of its
ancient country, living under the 'sway of divers
governments ; its public aim seat the restoration of
Poland and the annihilation of the stipulations of the
treaty of Vienna, which had once more confirmed, in a most
solemn manner, all territorial arrangementn resulting from
the division of that political body which had been so lone
entirely diwolved, The efforts made by the Polish com-
mittees to excite this revolt amongst the provinces inlet by
the three powers are publicly notorious; they have not yet
ceased, the committees being still occupied in sending pe-
titian' to constituted ',tidies, printing proclamations, giving
meet instructions, assuming the direction of the people,
levying contributions in all the territories of Poland, and or-
ganising a system of moral constraint which ensures their pay-
ment. They get up subscriptions, the public objector which is
to assist those emigrants who want, and to form depots of
arms and ammunition, to pay emientiss, and defray their
travelling expenses. It is thus, that, in the midst of com-
plete peace, they organise rebellion and prepare for war; they
have formed themselves into a kind of nomad government,
the minion of which is to real into life by the most culpable
means a political body which no longer exists. All this is
done with impunity, openly, and in the broad day: and
no means have been formed by those governments in
the Polish emigrants have found refuge and entablished thole-
cue of their subversive mmuturee, to repress a force orogen
rectedagainstthe order and internalpeace of the threspowen.
The history of the fifteen yea.' having proved how au the
enterprise of the Polish emigrants is on the increase Imposes
upon the three powers the necessity of putting a stop to a
state of things incompatible with their internal security.
The state of Cracow has been, from its attitude of extreme in-
dependence towards the three powers, more easily led to sub-
mit to a revolutionary government established in a more
remote country. To pretend, therefore, after facts such as
these, that Creel., should always remain, aaj:it were,
on a permanent basis of insurrection in the centre of
states, the governments of which are charged with the
difficult office of protecting it, is to exact that those
governments are to support the continuance of a republic
which only desires enough independence for conspiring
against their repast. This is a demand at once impossible
and absurd. It was the belief of all the cabinets, that the
treaty of Vienna was a gage of peace end not of dissension.
Now the Polish refugees have violated the institutions of
the republic o' Cracow in a way inimical to that peace
which the conditions of the treaty of the 21st April (0. S.),
1815, hod made it an especial object to create and main-
tain. They prevented Cracow from remaining independent,
and neuter, as the treaty had ordained it should be.
They endeavoured to make her fictions and ennewive.
From that time they themselves destroyed the fabric which
the three protecting powers of Cracow had raised. With
these facts before them, the courts of Austria. Pravda, and
Bootie, having to deliberate on the part which they had to
take to prevent the recurrence of such events as had already
taken place, were unanimously of the opinion that the poli-
tical fabric created in 1815, and recently overthrown by the
revolt itself, had produced a result too fatal to the mainte-
nance of peace—had shown itself too incompatible with a
condition of peace within each of their territories, as well as
with the maintenance of general tranquillity, to render it
practicable to reconstruct it [the political fabric of
1815) without assuming in the eyes of their subjects
and of Europe the responsibility of culpable imprudence.
As it is impost/ale for the three powers to combat the evil
where it organises its means of action, and which they could
only effect on the theatre of its actual operation, they have
felt themselves under the necessity of destroying the focus
of that activity pla-ed as it is in the centre of their states. The
only det -intimation which it was possible fee them to arrive
et was, then, to annul the terms of the triple treaty of the
2nd April (3rd May)
1815, and to re-retablieh the order of
passe . ion as it existed before the year 1809. The conditions
of the existence at Cracow once violated in their essence, its
institutions annihilated, its pledge of neutrality broken, its