The Express.
London, England, 1846-09-16 00:00:00

live so popular a theme and so promising a project ;
and the French League is no sooner installed, than
the very journal of the court comes forward as an

abettor and an organ.
As a sign of the times this is even more important,
than the acquisition of such powerful and intelligent
aid. It shows that the electoral and parliamentary
influence of the monopolist is no longer so paramount
and so formidable; and that a minister need not fear
to brave it, or shrink from invoking popular interest
and support against the dictation of the interested
few. The first step to Free-trade in England was
the introduction of a wedge amongst the originally
compact interests of monopoly. By separating-these
interests, and subjecting a few to the experiment of an
equality with the rest of their countrymen, the effects
of free competition were found to be by no means so
dreadful as was feared ; and whatever the effects to
individuals, these at least became interested to extend
a rule already applied to themselves.
The Journal des Debuts perceives the wisdom of
sach tactic', and commences by showing in how very
unequal and unfair proportions the boon of pro-
tection is distributed. Thus it demonstrates that the
protective, or rather the prohibitive duty, on the in-
troduction of foreign cattle into France, however it
may raise the price on the German and Spanish
frontiers, yet scarcely raises the price of cattle through-
out the kingdom more than one per cent. of the
value.

It then takes the case of iron, on which it repre-
sents the duty as augmenting the value by twenty
per cent.; a considerable miscalculation. Cent, per
cent. would be nearer the truth. However, it suffices
for the argument to show that the French agricul-
turist benefits one per cent. by his monopoly of the
meat market, whilst he pays twenty per cent. more
than need be on every implement and every article,
in which iron forms a component of the price.
The argument might, indeed, be carried much
further. For, as the French population is with regard
to meat monstrously underfed, even in proportion to
its means, a very great increase in the supply would
not at all diminish the price ; that is, if the duty were
taken off or lessened. So that the agriculturist
benefits in no degree by the absurd law which starves
the population.
Never was a country, certainly, in which mono-
polists' interests should have so little power as in
France. There the class which lives by the rent of land
is neither numerous, wealthy, or powerful. With a
view to the uses of a land monopoly, the returns upon
capital so expended are too trifling to offer temptation
to any, save those who seek retirement, or solidity
of investment in rural pleasure. The great body of
landed proprietors are those who themselves consume
their produce, and therefore care little for its price
in the market. And, at all events, any rise in the
price of their produce, in consequence of corn or cattle
protection, is infinitely counterbalanced by the price
they pay for other neoesearies,such as iron, clothes, &c.,
beyond what free trade could afford them at. The
only landed proprietors naturally linked with the
monopolists, were the forest owners. But rail-
roads and other causes are fast placing a' cheaper
combustible within reach even of the owners of
forges. French monopoly interests are thus narrow-
ing at the base ; and it only requires an extension of
the electoral franchise, so as to allow the consumers
to be really represented, in order at once to sweep
away the entire fabric of prohibition.
It is to be hoped that even the Conservatives will
admit the necessity of this. The adherence of some of
them to free trade evinces that they deem the time come
fora certain degree of progress. M. OUIZOT has com-
pleted and exhausted his policy of peace, which can now
be maintained without rendering all other thoughts
subordinate to it It is time for French stateamen to
turn their minds to, and occupy the country with, ques-
tions of material development. M. DUCIIATEL, as one
who has long studied political economy, may fairly
hope to take the lead in such a movement; and the
opportunity is favourable and tempting, not only to
his individual ambition, but to that of a large body of
Conservatives, who are weary of the exclusive lead

and worship of M. GUIZOT.
Party rivalry and differences amongst the ministerial
party themselves may thug come in aid of the good
cause in France, as the same motives proved not
anittfluential in England ; while, if the French Oppo-
sition be wise, it may, like the Whigs, allow such
divisions and ameliorations to ripen, through its own

moderation and tolerance. The result of the new elec-
tions in France much resembles that of our own last
election. The Conservative party in both cases is too
large to hold long together. The men of talent and
new ideas am ongst them, feel that they can afford to
shake off they more bigoted, stupid, or obstinate
of their follow( vrs, since a diminution of their majority
by 40 or 50 vote's will not absolutely ruin them. We
shall thus latch ibly see, sooner or later, some French
Conservative-chic f strike into at least theoretic libe-
ralism and progre. is. The Journal des Debats points
the way.

We have received by our usual exprem our private
correspondence and t he Paris journab of Monday.
The Marquis de Ca. wa, attache of the French Em-
bassy, at Madrid, az rived in Paris on Saturday,
beanng despatches for the Foreign-office. The Due
de Mont/Tenger will no t leave Paris until after the
result of the assembly c the Cortes ((which com-
menced on the 14th inst.) be known in aris, which
may probably not arrive u. atil the end of this or the
beginning of next week.
Preparations are making at Brest, for (it is said) a
two-fold destination, Tahiti Madahliecor ; 3,000
infanby and 500 artillery wi be -embarked-
Mr. -King, the Amencan . Wagger at the Court of
France has resigned his functi o and having quitted
his hotel in the Faubourg St. G mmain, awaits onlythe
reply to a despatch he has forty, tided to the Cabinetat
Washington. It was said the t Mr. Bancroft, the
American Naval Secretary, had Cestified a desire to
succeed Mr. King at the Court o. t the Tuileries, but
this choice would have involved the necessity of a
the ministry, to which the President re-
fused in
assent.
The Scientific Congress in France c dosed its trans.
actions at Marseilles on the 10th ii lit. The next
congress will be held at Tours.
Lieutenant-Colonel Oourby de Cognol a, ene of the
French prisoners detained at the Beira of Abd-el-
lader, has written the following letter to his father-
is.hir, dated August 15 :
al I take advantage of the d of an Ar. oh ealulee,
am barer of a letter to LW- hrina, respecting. ea in-
=of prisoners, which I was requested to do mina to
avaignac, to inform you, that I am still in t a Med
:of the living. The Emir is quite willing that an ext
of prisoners should take place, but does not wish it to be at
Bigigor through the medium of the Moon, The 1, VAlle
Is send to the Genersl, is to request his to info eas
Marshal that Abel el-Hader refuses to accept the me& 'a-
dmix of the consul at Tangiers, who was the person de `•
0116.f0r the exchange; but that he reedy to consent,
11tad is
Marshal will entrust the affair to one of his gaimak,
that the exchange take place near Lella4isghrina.
.11anzif the Marshal consents, our unhappy condition may
asap he changed. If he does sot oonsent, as We fare wine
miry day, we ma istsannes all hope of seeing our country
=Colonel Myles' has spoken continueily to me of the
fah he ask lemon said in the army- All that is
Iorlonoulable; but librr &ems it that with all those gym
our government has net the humanity to, relesse
rets this horrible position in which it his le* us for eleven
when all that is demanded in exchange for oar free.
the freedom of fifteen or eighteen , some of
Nita weimn and children;
csurili this iffirellot known In
Noma., As yet, we have su our unhappy fate with
meieninia, but it has now e insupportable, and we
only hoi,3 rat in the hope that the government or theManhal

SPAIN.-PETITION TO THE QUEEN AGAINST THE
INFANTA'S MABAIACIS.—The Liberal party in Madrid have
published a petition, addressed to the Queen, strongly depre-
cating the marriage of the Infanta Luisa with the Due
de Mootpenaier. The following are the most important
extracts:—

--- •
" It is anw a century and a belt since Spain—that Spain, strong
and powerful, at whose name the boldest nations bowed down—that
Spain in whose dominions the sun never set--that poesmsed Europe ;
that discovered and conquered Americo; that Inlnvaded Asia; that took
possession of Africa; that same Spain has at this day scarcely a spark
of life. For a century and a halfthe invading torrent bas been pouring
down upon um from the crest of the Pyrenees, and on all sides &-
souring our nationality, Our =tome are French; our language
would not be understood by the UOllll, the Herrerria, the Cer-
vantea, or the Solis. Our fathers could not recognise our cos-
tume Our Government Is French, our Administration French, our
laws are framed on a French model, and • French law it was that was
mar depriving your Majesty of the crown of Spain. To destroy that
law it became necessary to rouse the energy and patriotism of the
Spanish people, and to carry on a war of seven yenta Senora, French
inyardon is Mereaeing every day; and in vain all the instincts of
nationality are rising against it. A few men, despising all that belongs
to their own country, only value, in policy, in legislation, in uses, in
materna, in language, whatever comes from the banks of the
Seine; and, profiting by the exalted position in which they
are undeservedly placed, endeavour, now more than ever,
p of Spain a eatellite of France. On the other hand, Senora,
the direct influenoe, not only of French ideas, beta*, government
of that nation, is felt on all sides, even to the point that the most in-
fluential member of that cabinet is enabled to boost in the face of the
Parliament that Spain is ruled by a French party. When we read
and see such things, Senora, the blood mounts to our Ames, and our
hearts are filled with bitterness at seeing that the densendenie of those
1 who triumphed at Pavia, are reduced to devour in Keret and impo-
tent silence their shame and their diasitene. For the het century
and a-half, Senora, we are trarelling filds reed ct &stylistics. If you
open the pane of history which converses le that perled, you will
And nothing but miafortanes coming la as hem So ether roe of the
Pyrenees ; wars to which we have bees dreamt Wham ; wars which
we have had to sustain against its naerplngeallinvegingpeepseh ; lows
1 immense, irreparable, which its Modem sad lii he have 00:14
aimed sta. It is tow time that a virago= hind shinig put no gad to
this invasion of every species of ern; sallaboshl robins the_ Presees
a dyke of Espanolisiis against which the inspetuone sad the restive
current shall dub itself. Nations, Senors, have their malpethice as
' well as individuals; and in the present ease, the intipathy of the
Spanish people, net to the French people, but to all Chit France
Im-
poses on as, that antipathy is well founded. Could your Majesty go
amongst the maestro of your people, and hear their voice—the voice of
the high, the middling, and the low ;—one cry you might hear,—one
cry only, and that is,' Put no trestle France? You are not acquainted
with the antipathy against all that is remelt in Spain. You
do not know, because you cannot know it, that =leer ol and deep-rooted
antipathy. To give your majesty an idea of its magnitude, we Mull
only inform you that, in the ordinary language of the people, the
words' traitor' and ' miscreant' do not rouse In their hearts so much
aversion as Afrancesado. "Ah l Senors, if you knew how much this
nation has suffered from the assaults that have 1 from
France ; if you knew how much it has suffered du the present
century alone, you would not be surprised at this hostile feeling
against oar neighbours. The meet iniquitous of all treason. was
that perpetrated by the French government in 1008. It brought
on ue a war which commenced with the lad of May, and dung
which the most obscure family as well as the highest, suffered
immense loaves. Our fathers lavished their goods, their blood, and
their liven, to place on the throne of France a branch that had
tees expelled from it; and that branch, with the bleakest ingratitude,
paid us, nine years afterwards, for our service, by tearing from us
the liberty we had won for ourselves. The justice of God fell upon
the ungrateful, and Frenchmen were those who avenged us. A new
branch mounted the throne; and scarcely was it placed in the pet it
bad along sighed for, when the unfortunate Spanish Liberals were
#7"persecuted by that mme government that flattered them the day be-
The Minas, the Valdez, the fettled, —yes, Senora, the Isturits
themselves can tell you what was the conduct of the King of the
French."

The document concludes by the expression of a confident
hope that her Majesty will not, in defiance of the laws of the
kingdom and the constitution, permit the immediate suc-
cessor to the crown to marry a French prince.

FRANCE.—NOTICE TO CHAMPAGNE DRINKERS.—
According to the returns made by the officers of the
French excise, the stock on hand of Champagne wine in the
Department de la Marne, was, at the date of the let April,
22,U7,871 bottles.

GERMANY.—REPLY OF THE KING OF PRUSSIA
TO THR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OP COLOONE.-BERLEN,
SEPT. 9.—The Burgomaster and Municipal Council of
Cologne have sent an address to the King of Prussia, dated
August 14, relative to the riots which took place at Cologne'
on the 4th. The address was presented to his Majesty, and
the following cabinet order has been issued, dated Sans-
Souci, Sept. 4, 1846:—" I have learnt with much sorrow, by
the reports of the authorities, and through the address of the
Burgomaster and of the Municipal Council of Cologne of the
14th instant, that a considerable number of the inhabitants
not only opposed the measures taken by the police for the
tranquillity of the town, and offered resistance to the troops
oat to enforce order, bat that they also assailed them
with stones. Resistance to the authorities is everywhere a
serious offence, especially in a town which may justly be
called one of the ramparts of Germany. The interference of
the troops is therefore wrongly termed'insig' nificant in the ad-
dress. lam of the opinion that, on the contrary, the riot
ought to have been put down by force of arms, and that it is
greatly to be regretted that one man was killed, and others
dangerously wounded, as stated in the reports. My troops
showed a general coolness and praiseworthy moderation, so
much so, that I expressed my satisfaction to them on their
conduct, through the commander-in-chief. If, as it is
stated in the address, without however being proved,
peaceful citizens were ill-treated by the soldiers in parts of
the town distant from the scene of tumult, or if they have
committed any other excesses, the offendershill be
punished according to the rigour of martial law. I acknow-
ledge the services of the citizens in endeavouring to main-
tain order ; but I blame the more the organisation of a civic
guard, without the express sanction of the authorities, as it
might be thought that the civil and military authorities,
after having resorted to force, entrusted the mainte-
nance of order to the citizen*, whilst it is my
camas desire to avoid even the appearance of such
weakness. If the municipal authontlea complain of
;not having been "%informed of the messures taken
for the evening of the 4th, principally of an imposing min-
' tary force (as it is stated) on the market-place, I declare that
after what took place on the evening before that the appear-
ance on duty of those two hundred men was not an extraor-
dinary measure, and that it was excusable, as on the one side
it was a precaution against further excesses; and on the
other side, that the burgomaster was informed of the
fact. " Nevertheless, according to the wish expressed,
I have ordered that, in future, when extraordinary measures
are deemed requisite, time permitting, the municipaL autho-
rides shall be informed, so as in their turn, to inform the citi-
zens, and to demand their concurrence. I have reason to
hope that the good sense of the citizens and of the authorities
will prevent the occurrence of such event- :•1 future."
FRANKFORT, SEPTEMBER l2.—T1::: AFFAIRS OP
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. - (From a private corespond-
ent.) " For the last eight days several conferences
have been held by the different deputies to the diet, and it
is certain that for the moment all other matters have been
set aside to take into consideration the all-important question
of the duchies. Great unanimity prevails in general among
the members of the diet, but different states of the con-
federation have not yet sent in the necessary instructions to
their representatives. Bavaria has already declared itself in
favour of the incorporation of Schleswig with the confedera-
tion ; as regards Holstein and the annexation of Lauenburg
there seems to be but one opinion at the diet. M. Munch
Beßinghausen insists on a prompt solution of the question,
so as to put a stop to the agitation which pervades not
only the duchies, but all Germany. This state of things
is the more embarrassing for two of the great Ger-
man, and at the same time European powers, as
they are both on the point of contracting considerable loans ;
' that to be contracted by Austria amounting to 4,000,0001.
As regards Prussia, some great financial measures are immi-
nent, and a convocation of the states-general may be looked
for. The late disturbances in the Rhenish provinces, and
the precarious state of the Grand Duchy of Posen, have only
retarded the publication of the new Prussian constitution.
MM. Canitz and Duesberg are favourable to the system
acknowledged by the majority of the Prussian Cabinet. It
is an error to suppose that Prince Metternich, in his recent
interview with the King of Prussia, endeavoured to dissuade
him from all innovation.—P.S. The report on the different
acts relative to the duchies is ready, and it is certain that the
resolutions of the diet, in the form of an advice, will be pub-
lished before the end of the month."

PROTEST OF THE DUKE OP OLDENBURG.—
The following is the protestation made by the Grand Duke
of Oldenburg against the letter patent of the King of
Denmark : "H. R. H. the Grind Duke of Oldenburg has
learnt by a letter patent of H. 11t. the King Christian VIII.
of Denmark, published at Copenhagen on the Bth July,
1846, inserted in different journals, and which he (the Grand '
Duke). saw by chance at Satin tin the evening of the 16th,
that it has pleased H. K. to express his opinion and make
known kis intentions in a case of eventual succession. As
H. R. H is not informed whether H. Id., before publishing
that letter patent, had consulted the heads of the different
branches of the house of Oldenburg, and especially
as no steps had been taken in that respect with
H. R. H. the Grand Duke of Oldenburg, who by existing
treaties is the representative of the head of the house of
Schleswig Holstein Gottorp in Germany. H.R.H. the Grand
Duke of Oldenburg only saw in that declaration made with-
out his consent the sole opinion of H.Y. the king, and
at the same time he was convinced that as head of his
house, it was his duty to maintain his eventual rights against
any prejudicial ecmsequences for himself or his house which
might arose from the letter patent, and to protest formally
'gaunt it."—Hamburg, July 16.
BligsLAll, AIIOUST 31.—Three important docu-
ments have just been published in P The ti
ueouraged by what has taken place in Galicia, refused. in
ee Math districts to submit to the sera*e, and recently when
the landowners proposed to changelthe corn% into a fixed
tax ,they replied that they did not understand why they were
to pa), new taus when it was the {Magian of the Emperor,
not oni'v p rein the corvies, but anti to divide amount
them the _LW and forests of the noble. Government could
no longer 71111111i11 silent ; dalleesexpoee itself to a false in-
terpretation by the authorities. Some explanation was
wawa, ; it has done more, it has informed its
mints how it attired its will to be made known. The
three documents mentioned above are : I. Immmelimet to the
anthoritiee concerning the publication of Pao phase of 7th

........
r• - ' : -.lc*. .
mg!, RESB, WEDNESDAY MIXING, SEPTE .`.n: • - fito,' 1846.
Louis* • -...- 'N„-.41 Ao. AN `' ~1 via- 1 s.,'‘
~a4* 4 Fawilipi hrid Ititc* ..„A, putt 06, „..0... Of Jae
on in . 'O4, 4f Ls pig It . .111fouo all mrrso3oo or Ile *pip el 041' Ord,
'• and lkki\ the of dot** • t bad titstektif •, , t .- • , ant
----
-c
MO" `4 bore .11y, ib We have received :ear letteei ' jestenalii filial aka
Mf
a ever contend *A -is the pertintic ity of t. ritEntait lc Madrid of the 9th fast.. DI litaaldenatiees a report ;'.i
1:
TRENCH, and the supineness .of _tat Woods and of Carlist bands having ippeami in Catalonia and in;
id and Forests. In any country but England we ahould Navarzek but discredits the facts. The sante journal the
nt and have little fear of the result - . . cingratulates the country. and all ies concerned, thei
ions et..--- -- - - - ---- ----- - - on the approaching nuptiaLs of Maris' obli
Luisa with the Due de Montperuder. It adds that of I
to tea
Tut Journal des Debate, no unimportant convert, the reply of Mr. Bulwer to Isturitz's second note was ';'l:,."
eve merely a repetition of his first letter, adding, that he aani
edg, dec la res itself in a solemn article the champion of
.only followed the dictates of his private feelings rigb
faint_ Free-trade. The French court and conservatives
m presenting the objection he had done, whilst await- rec'
blood seem determined that the liberals shall not monepfi• ing official instructions from his Court. ton
_. .