The Express.
London, England, 1847-03-05 00:00:00

740.,340.; to Auntridia, 107,500 ; and to other places 15,000

neat odd:
On the motion of en hon. member, the house was counted,
but forty members being ascertained to be present, the gal-
leries were re-opened, and
Mr. HAWES resumed. The hon. member contended
that the papers now on the table showed that emigrants,
' on arriving in Canada, bad the benefit of the superintend-
ence and advice of the emigration agents, who were in com-
munication with the Land and Emigration Commissioners
at home, and that under these arrangements emigration Irons
this country. unconnected as it had been with colonization,
had been most successful. Again, since the commie-
aion had undertaken the superintendence of the emi-
gration to Australia, but one feeling existed on the
part of the shipowners engaged in the transmission of Emi-
grants, and the colonist' themselves, and on the part of the
public, complaints were rare; but when they did occur,
they were carefully and anxiously investigated under the
authority of the colonial secretary thr tugh the active agency
of the Emigration Commissioners. The right hon. member
for Northampton, (Mr. V. Smith,) urged the present as a
fitting time to increase the efficiency of the means adopted
at the ports for the instruction and advice of Emigrants.
He (Mr. Hawes) assured the hon. member, that there was
no indisposition on t':e part of the government to meet the
present emergency, by properly directing the voluntary
stream of emigration ; but if the right hon. gentleman con-
templated that the Emigration Board should undertake
colonization, he sought to impose upon it du ties
which were never contemplated, when the Board was
constituted—duties, the policy of which it was for the house
and government to decide upon. The subject of colonisation
was a difficult and comprehensive question, and he (Mr.
Hawes) wished he could speak definitely on a system of
colonisation. The difficulty arose from the want of a supply
of funds, and not flora any indisposition on the part
of the government to give effect to a scheme or plan for that
purpose. If colonisation on a large plan was to be encou-
raged by conferring free institutions and local government
on those colonies to which the capital and labour of this
country could beneficially be directed, he (Mr. Hawes)
thought the present government could lay claim to an
anxiety to found a social system of local government, as
evidenced in the charter and constitution which
had been conferred on the colony of New Zealand.
(Hear, hear.) From one part of the speech of
the right honourable gentleman he essentially dif-
fered. He (Mr. Hawes) thought it would be a most
dangerous course and one calculated to lead to disappoint-
ment, if the emigration agents should be called upon to
exercise ambulatory commissions, and pass through every
parish in the country to diremiaate publications connected
with emigration, and to stimulate the population to emigrate.
At present the funds to assist in colonization lucre from
private sources, and by the sale of crown lands ; but if parish
after pariah was to be stimulated to emigrate, anti the
Emigration Board was to be called on to find funds to
enable the emigrants to proceed farther than the ports of
disembarkation, the emigrants would be justly discontented
and would blame those who had excited them to leave their
native homes, if this provision could not he afforded them.
The sale of crown lands, from 1840 to 1846, in New South
Wales, Port Philip West Australia, South Australia, New
Zealand, and the Falkland Islands, had produced 45,5011.,
the whole of which had been applicable to emigration;
and, therefore, as far as the emigration board was concerned,
it was not in their province to stimulate the sale of crown
lands. He was not aware that he had omitted to touch upon
any of the points urged by the right hon. gentleman (Mr. V.
Smith). He did not wish to meet the proposition he had
made by a direct negative ; on the contrary, he wished to
show that the subject was under the attentive consideration
of the government, and that they were anxious to receive
and entertain such suggestions as had been made to-night ;
and, therefore, he (Mr. Hawes) should content himself by
simply moving as an amendment, the previous question.
Mr. FORSTER was understood to inquire whether the
government contemplated the extension of free institutions,
and local government to other British colonies ?
Dr. BOWRING joined in the hope that his hon. friend
the Under Secretary for the Colonies (Mr. Hawes) would be
able to st‘te that the government intended to give full and
plenary effect to the principle of conferring free institutions,
so long secured to the British colonists in all parts of the
world.
Mr. HAWES, in reply, said it could hardly be expected
that be at present could give a definite answer to the ques-
tion. It would be indecorous in him to do so. He could only
, say that his noble friend at the bead of the Colonial-office had
his anxious attention turned to the subject.
Mr. SMITH O'BRIEN regretted that the present de-
bate had not extended itself from emigration to
the question of colonisation, especially when re-
gard was had to the present condition of the people
of Ireland. He wished to know whether any estimate
could be formed as to the number of persons which
could now be received as emigrants in British North Ame-
rica, to which colony there existed a stronger disposition among
the people of Ireland to emigrate, than at any former period.
He could not think that 10,000/. per annum would be an
expenditure too great to advance the emigration there, espe-
cially when that sum would save much suffering both to the
emigrants and the colonists themselves. He wished also to
ask whether the government intended to abolish the emi-
grant tax, which operated against the emigration of persons
who were almost starving in Ireland
Lord J. RUSSELL was prepared to answer some of the
questions put by the hon. member for Limerick (Mr. 8.
O'Brien). The hon. member asked, in the first place,
whether the government could form soy estimate of the
number of persons who could now be received as emigrants
in the British North American colonies. 'lt was impossible
for the government to form any estimate of that kind : if it
was attempted it would only lead the house and country into
error ; and it was only because the government was in that
position, that, after much consideration, it had been thought
unadrisable to undertake the payment of the passage of erni•
grants from this country to the colony. The hon. member
must himself see that when great numbers of emigrants
arrived there for whose labour there was no demand' and
that they were consequently left destitute in the street' of
Quebec or Montreal, there would be great suffering, caused
not only to those who had crossed the teas with a view to
better their condition, but also it would originate a feeling
against emigration which would be most injurious to the
working of any future plan. Therefore it had been thought
best to leave emigration to be carried on by the voluntary
disposition of the people, assistance being given by their
landlords and by their parishes, and the inducement to emi-
grate being left dependent upon the intelligence they re-
ceived from those who bad preceded them, with respect
to the prospects of employment on their arrival. It was
most honourableto those who had already emigrated to the
United States and the colonies that he was enabled to state
that by them no less than 600,0001. had been transmitted
to this country for the purpose of facilitating the emigration
of the friends and relatives of those who had gone in former
years. The success of the voluntary system of emigration
was the reason why the government had not practically
afforded funds for that purpose. With respect to the ems
gration tax it was only an apparent and net • real obstruc-
tion to emigration, and for that reason he thought it ought
to be continued. Formerly, emigrants arriving in Canada
appeared in the streets of Quebec or Montreal spectacles of
misery—utterly destitute and unable to proceed to West
Canada, where at the very time there existed • sufficient
demand for labour. The emigrant-tax did not exceed
five shillings a-head, and the emigrant, if sick
on his arrival, was now provided, with care, in
an hospital, while those who were well and able to proceed
were, by its means, airisted on their way to places where
there was a full and sufficient market for their labour. The
consequence had been, as shown in the reports of the emi
gration agents, most satisfactory. The amount of emigrants
who had gone out last year was as follows:—To north Ame-
rica, 125,678 ; to Australia, 2,347 ; and te other places 1,826,
making a total of 129,851 ; and the only assistance which
had been afforded by the government had been given in order
to aid the emigrant tax in carrying the emigrants from
Quebec and other places into the interior of the country. I
The amount so disposed of was, he believed, about 6,0001.,
and a similar sum would be asked to be voted this year for
the same purpose. At the same time he was strongly of
opinion that if the government engaged in an artificial sti.
mulus to the great desire to emigrate from Ireland, great risk
would be run of inundating the colonies with persons who
would be then unable to find the means of subsistence. In
New York the influx had been so great, that he was told it
was in contemplation whether an emigrant tax ought not to
be enforced. With regard to increased powers to the boards
of guardians, that would be a fitting subject for consideration
when the Irish Poor-law Bill was before the house.
Mr. (1. W. HOPE said it was easy, on such a question as
this, to sheer oat general views ; the difficulty was to appl
them to peados The eldest was to relieve the dl
M Irmo; bat dr us was a diflisallyos the other
Mmkilliastestr. the did and views et err parrs,
whir sederiest Wends sal eediers. deism lel le be
,es deed Thus, it agigoallon Inik BIM to the A.
Bla advise, the sham al proem meet sada there vas
redody them whom it do rot dealsable to keep at %dr
—dors who were in the verger of lib, and unencumbesed,
add rat reser sissidag ibuleasiber their estates othl
id writ Is set di se et dr ether head, speaking with
drew to is wrest if hods in Canada, where the
land was pudy kthe tardir et the legislature, and
largdy in that of imiklitrb, a dilkalty again areas
from the isibpsehka of those parties to mend
the views of dr pramolon of emigration at home,
?emaking *dr own Intoner glom way. He wee
to sot that dire adenines won now generally felt.
ra hes the pods, of the late noble secretary. for
the eilears (Led Ireary) te torah the land and emigre-
tha beard on all guider = to emigration ; and he
sthe present dr rase course ; rho&
the views with viii otarrdosion had been amid
would not be curia eat The commissionen bed
been charged with want if prOlaieliee and activity ; bat the
eery reason for this charge was Vas want of means. Whoa
Om were supplied with the sinews of war as in
dr ease of to Astral* and of wiz,
Hill
Naas to the West Indium, the bat diva had been
d.ssd. both to tie emigrants and the eddies
Mr. C. MULLRB, MI it was guite Usti *at he had at
ens dm rwrward a plea, which he tito= very
erne, Ilar pransain onimation. His noble now altarZ
head of dr pronimut bad abo, in the bops of relieving
the disbar at Infra, mernmieliad some seek plan at dr
armiromanirdiataralaisradon: but it Idaho embalm
that bolliess had add l
iftreat dales= .4,
sr was erootingly
1-175. easirlisme"Mulliab
arm' Was Or
o▪ f
oAab>rilatcmg 'Mint had
Mere then Oa Nan if dr lead andT&Lernti'brod,
apartet to mad aatimnisa. It no a bat Cana% 1
▪ alf 7 adder el rues et easesepia
list kr&
enly 11116010 ear bad boss left reoseres et re
rows; ell the rest 10 bean_jobbed away. Naar.) The
ere Ina dr same in Mrs =ward's Island, :met farde
country, but in which the whole of the lead had been
Jeers ore to private individuals la lariso,• sad
Wr the Ferrets el the colony had bola WON&

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, MARCH 5. 1847.

la the costatay around the Cape of Good Hope,
it was well known that the presence of a savage
enemy prevented emigration from taking place. Australia
and New Zealand were really the only colonies in which
there was sty prospect of promoting emigration with rue.
cue; and these colonies could only be made to flourish by the
adoption of two means—a system of self-government for all
the settlers, and a sound and well-regulated plan for dis-
posiag of the land, Under such condLions, emigrants would
be encouraged to settle in the remotest parts of the globe.
Sir W. JAMES hoped that, after ten millions of money
I had been voted for the relief of Ireland, the government
would not refuse at least 5.0001:for the promotion of the
important object now under discussion.
Mr. V. SMITH said a few words in explanation, and
stated that he had no intention to divide the house on his
motion. He hoped what had been stated would make a due
impression on the mints of ministers.
The motion was then withdrawn.
CRACOW AND THE RUSSO-DUTCH LOAN.
Mr. HUME hoped that this subject would not suffer front
his inability to do that justice to it which its importance
deserved. Towards the close of last session he had called
the attention of the house to the then state of continental
affairs. Cracow being then occupied by Russian and Austrian
troops ; and as there was every likelihood of their retaining
possession, he had urged on the government the necessity of
giving attention to the subject. He had then stated that this
was not a solitary instance, that in 1831 these powers
had taken military possession of Cracow, contrary to the
express stipulations of the treaty of Vienna,—that in
1836, they had done the same, and had retained possession
several years, and that, from the information then re-
ceives', there appeared no intention on their part to retire.
The noble lord the secretary for the foreign department had
asked the house not to give credence to his (Mr. Hume's)
statements, as he had better information, and had every
reason to believe that the occupation would be only tempo-
Inrary. the other; house, a noble duke (Wellington) had
expressed the same confidence with respect to his old allies
and friends. This country had maintained its honour and
kept is faith with regard to treaties; but other powers when
their own interests came in the way, did not hesitate
to violate their stipulations. On that account he was
anxious that the house should consider the situation of Cra-
cow. In her Majesty's speech, it was admitted that the
extinction of the free state of Cracow was a manifest viola-
tion of the treaty of Vienna ; and, it was added, that a pro-
test against it had been delivered to the courts of Vienna, '
Petersburg, and Berlin. Lest it should be supposed that
the house had already expressed an opinion on the subject,'
by their address in answer to the speech, he would remind
them that the answer thus given, which was a mere echo of the
speech, did not debar them from a consideration of the sub-
ject at any other period of the session. He hoped that hon.
members had perused the papers which had been presented
to the house, relative to the suppression of the free state of
Cracow ; they would then see that he was not the only per-
son who had taken alarm at the military occupation of
Cracow; for the correspondence, so early as January or
February of last year, stated clearly that occupation,
though an attempt was subsequently made to per-
suade the house, on the assurance of foreign states,
that that possession was only to be temporary.
In page 2 of these papers Mr. Ilagennis stated that be sent
a messenger' London with a despatch on Feb. 21, giving a
thll ezplanatilin of the measures which had taken place re-
lating to Cracow ; but in no part of the printed papers was
that explanation to be found, and he therefore presumed
that that assurance satisfied the noble lord (Lord Palmenton)
that the statements made by the foreign powers were to be
accredited. From January until August not a angle answer
was given either by Lord Aberdeen or by Lord Palmerston,
or any instructions whatever given by them on the sub-
ject. After general attention was called to the sub-
ject, he thought that it must have been expected
that some notice should be taken of the ranter
by either noble lord. There was a letter written by Led
Aberdeen, on the 25th of June, in which, with his thane.
teristic prudence and caution, he said that he would suspend
his judgment as to the occupation of Cracow. It was to be
found 311 page 19 ; and a more prudent and careful dipin
wait despatch was not to be found. Lord Palmerston. in
the 4th of August, stated that the occupation of Cracow Wig
be a violation of the Treaty of Vienna. That was withile a
few days of his (Mr. Hume's) motion; and, as the stateliest
anticipated it, he gave Lord Palmerston the credit of be-
lieving that the allies would not be guilty of such a violation of
the treaty. These papers weremost valuable, as they gave one
ample means of judging the real nature of the case. He never
read anything less creditable than the letter of Prince Met-
ternich. Supposing it to be the policy of diplomatic men to
measure the uprightness of their conduct by the magnitude
of the affair relating to which it was exercised, Prince Met-
ternich must have looked upon Cracow as a geographical
atom. When Cracow became the subject of an inquisition,
and occupied four or five articles in the treaty of Vienna,
if Prince Metternich was capable of discarding
and putting an end to the liberties of Cracow, and
supporting its annexation, he believed his word and honour
to be unworthy of notice. (Hear, hear.) On the Ilth of
November the Austrian government published their decla-
ration to the world, in which it was stated that " the state of
Cracow had, of its own accord, and without being thereunto
driven by any foreign material force, precipitated itself into
the gulf of the vast conspiracy which, having fcr its object to
re-establish the former commonwealth of Poland, made
Cracow the provisional capital of the revolutionary govern-
ment which was to have directed the measures by which
this enterprise was to have been carried into effect." Now
there was not a single word of truth in that statement.
The noble lord (Palmerston) had so demoli-ted it, that no
man could think one word of it worthy of truth. It was
stated in it, also, that Cracow made itself the asylum of con-
spirators ; that was also unworthy of credit. By the treaty
Cracow was bound to deliver conspirator sup on requisition ;
no requisition was made, and she was not bound to deliver
them up ; and if it was, they could not be given up, because
there was none to be delivered. In page 35, the declaration
stated that " the courts of Austria, of Prussia, and
of Russel* having, under these circumstances, to deli-
berate as to the measures to be adopted by them in
order to prevent the recurrence of events similar to those
which have lately taken place, have been unanimously of
opinion that the political body created in 1815, and destroyed
by tbe revolution itself, has been productive of results too
fatal to the maintenance of peace, that it has shown itself,
too incompatible with the condition of the internal tranquil-
lity of their own states, and with the maintenance of the
principles of geaeral peace, to reader it possible for them to
reconstruct it, without taking upon themselves, in the face
of their subjects and of Europe, the responsibility of
a culpable want of foresight. As it is impossible for
the then powers to combat the evil where it or-
ganises is means of action, and as they can only
reach it upon the theatre of its material activity, they have
felt themselves pieced under the necessity of destroying the
principal focus of this activity, placed as it is in the centre of
their own states. The only determination which it was
possible for them to take was therefore to anaul the provi-
sions of the triple treaty of 1815, and to re-establish the state
of possession anterior to the year 1809." The noble lord
had pointed out how utterly erroneous that was; he said
that if there was anything dangerous in existence in Cracow,
it was net for these three powers to have annulled thai
treaty, but that they should have submitted their
mesons to the other states, pointing out the danger, and
calling upon them to concur in such an alteration in the
treaty as would prevent its recurrence. He was not prepared
to say that the alteration which had taken place should ant
have been made if Cracow was proved to have been the re-
ceptacle for conspirators, but he would say that these power
being only three sovereigns out of eight who had joined in
the compact of Vienna, they were not warranted by any
known law of nations to have taken on themselves the perpe-
tration of suck an act. The noble lord was pre-
pared to take a modification of the treaty if ally
danger existed. He must say that the whole of
the mauve was founded upon the grossest injustice.
Lord Palmerston, in answer to that declaration, in oae put
of his despatch, said "Now sink intrigues and pion mast
be carried on either by etraniren coming to Cracow or by the
inhabitants themselves. Bad no stranger can reach Cracow
except by traversing a east extent of territory belonging to
one or other of the Three Powers; and it is difficult to
imagine that any Polish exile or any conspirator from any
foreign country could so far elude the vigilance of the police
of the power whom territory he would have to pass through
as to be able to penetrate to Cracow. The population of
Cracow is not large in number, and not only would the
arrival of a suspicious stranger among them be quickly
known to the police, but it would be scarcely possible for
such stranger or for any resident inhabitant of the state,
long to carry on a correspondence with the people of neigh-
bouring districts, for the purpose of exciting disturbances
therein without such correspondence coming to the know-
ledge of the government, and through them to that of the
three residents ; and such practices being once known, the
laws of Cracow would surely afford means to put a stop to
them effectually. But if the police regulations of Cracow
are not efficient enough to secure the obtaining of seek
information, and if the laws of Cracow do not give the go-
vernment power to prevent such an abuse of the shelter of the
free state, those police regulations might be improved and then
laws might be altered ; and full security might, in these
respects, be obtained for the three powers, without &groy-
ne the existence of the state." The next passage stated that
it is no doubt the dug of Cracow to give the three powers
such security ; for freedom and independence were given to
Cracow forth. well-being and happiness of is
and not in order to enable that people to create
and confusion in adjoining countries." After that he
that no attempt would ls• made to repeat that the=
been no violation of the treaty of Vienna. The nest
stated that "it appeared toher hiejesty's government=
sufficient proof has yet been given to show that full
might not be afforded to the internal tranquillity of tit=
tones of the three powers, without destroy' the seperate
and independent existence of the state of w. It
seemed to him that these powers forget that
land involved herself in debt to an easessems
in order to place the whole continua of Hume In
a state of independence. These states owed their In-
dependence to the exertions of England, and it was an
insult to this country that they had not condescended
to give notice of their intentions with respect to Cuseser.
The Emperor Ferdinand in the declaration said, "We
accordingly by these penman take pommies of the city ef
Cracow and of its territory such as it has existed ep to the
present time, unite it to our own crown, and dear(' it to
form en integral portion of our empire, in width WO
incorporate it henceforth." Now he asked if tho& Was sot=
infraction of the whole of the treaty, and was set sellideat
to urge her Majesty's government to take dsddsd Maya
A simple empty protest would have no set on INK
who had lost their honour. What did they earsfor a
rota& Nothing of that kiad mould tell with them
and It was necessary to UN PM seamier seas of
lintheir disapproval. He treated, thee that
*en= of Commons would fiepplat him in
the view which he had taken of the natal, ; and he
thought that be could show that they deserved to have some
attention. yell, at all events, to their stipu/eo^n, and if they