The Express.
London, England, 1849-06-05 00:00:00

GERMANY.

AUSTRlA.—According to news from Vienna,
dated slay 31, On master of the ordnance, Baron
Walden, commander-in-chief of the Austrian and
Hungarian armies, had b en removed from his com-
mand, acd was retoring as governor to Vienna. Field-
Marshal Lieutenant Haynan assumes the command.
PRUSSIA.—The following is our correspondent's
letter :
BERLIN, 7uNz 2.
I had occas'on some days ago to mention an appli-
cation made by the Bavarian government to Preens
for military help in the PalatMate, and to state that,
if my information was correct, the answer of Pentads
was, that help should be sent if Bavaria would sign
the German constitution of May 28. I may repeat
here that Blveria refused; and that first Gerlach and
then the Hanover premier Stave undertook succes-
sively missions to Munich for the purpose of per-
suading the Bavarian king and ministers to admit
the Prussian proposal. I have farther to
add, that to-osy it was reported at the
Bourse that Bavaria had acceded to the
Sonderbund of Prussia, Saxony. end Hanover, and
signed the Berlin project of a German constitution.
Another report was spread, which appears less pro-
bable, that Brunswick has placed her troops,
despatched at the order of the central power to
Schleswig-Holstein, under the command of Prussia.
If this is true, it is clear that since the troops em-
ployed egainst the Danes belong, with a very small
exception, to Prank", Hannvr, Saxony, and Bruns-
wick, there no longer remains the least doubt that the
first of these powers, in the wake of which the rest
now move, holds the solution of the question of the
duchies entirely in its hands.
It would be difficult to paint the feelings of indig-
nation which have been excited by the new electoral
law for Prussia. The chef features of this law are
the division of the primary electors into three classes,
according to amount of direct taxes paid; so that the
electors in the first clan, in proportion to their
number, will have about fifty o: more times as many
votes as the third. I say fifty as a rough calculation,
but the problem of the exact proportion between the
parliamentary influence of an elector of the first class
and that of an elector of the third may be casly cal-
culated on these data :
The d'rect taxes paid by an electoral district are
divided into tt ree parts. The highest contributors
are marked off until the sum contributed by them
amounts to one-third; and similarly the two others.
And since each class elects the same numb-r of wahl-
manner (direct electors), it is clear that the repre-
sentation taken by each member of each class is in
the inverse proportion of the number composing the
class to which he belongs-i-that is, unity, divided by
the number of the class to which the elector belongs,
will represent the proportion of his share in the
elections.
The eight Prussian anny-corps is now com-
pletely equipped for war, so that Prussia can at this
moment bring into the field an army of 380,000 men,
with 40,000 cavalry, and 400 pieces of artillery.
Two-thirds of the artillery are provided with the new
improved carriage,. The speed, by the way, of these
new gun-carriages has been lately tested. At the
last manmuvre the 12-pounders were moved u ra-
pidly as the 6-pounders, and performed 4 miles is 88
minutes.
The immense number of arms which have been
withdrawn from labour by calling out the landwehr
will leave many families In a state of complete desti-
tution. Some attempt is made by desultory charities to
remedy this crying evil. The Tivwbund, or "loyal
league," i save, fvr nstance, yesterday, a concert fbr
the benefit of the families digressed by the absence
of their males on landwebr duty. The Prince of
Prussia and Prince Albert were present. The ladle',

who have this happiness, that all occasions. whether
joyful or the reverse' serve them equally well f,r
adding a new grace to thee persons, or displaying •
new fashion, were charmingly dressed in the Yras W
national colours.

The king has had lately fretrent occasion to exer-
cise the prerogative of mercy in behalf of insubor-
dinate landwehr-men, who had by the rules of
discipline forfeited their lives. It is Wei, that, in
case of any fresh wallies of mutiny, tome examples
will be made.

ITALY.

ROMAN STATES.—We have intelligence fa m
Rome of the 26th nit., ea well from our own corres-
pondent as from other warms. The Romans hive
refused the lut terms offered by M. I.eesep.. It will
have been seen that the despatch in which the French
plenipotentiary offered these hut terms contained
statements of a most extraordinary character as to in-
tended
tete of violence against him. The following
note, immediately snbeequent to that above men-
tioned, was sent to the president of the Constituent
Assembly. The previous one had been addressed in
the WOW way, show* a dethemination no longer to'
acknowles,ig: trinntvirete as the ruling power
10 die ea et
aViermeidigimmnefiT the
•
ROOMS - •
Bead-quartets of*, Preach Army before Rome,
21th May, half-past 10 Lin.
Monsieur le Prosident,—l this morning made known to
you, by a first menses, the motive of my momentary &b-
-arites from Rome. Ilete you may easily correspond with
me if you think proper to send despatches and dem and ce.
planation. There will be lest time lost; for, finding =yea(
with General Oudinot, we ma communicate without any
intermediate agent, and without delay, and come the more
promptly to a decision. I commence to-day by giving you
an explanation of Article 2 of the project for an snug..
meat which I had begun to discuss with the three commissa-
ries of the Assembly, MM. Bturbinelli, Audinot, and
Agostini. We said that the Romans had the right to decide
freely upon the form of their own governmect. Some per-
sons have represented that this article was not sufficiently
explicit, and that we reserved to ourselves the right o:
im-
peeing upon you by taros a certain form of government, and
that oar intention was to restore the put in all its rigour. I
can comprehend that, when a people has an imagination
so vivid as that of tt o people of Rome, it is difficult in a mo-
ment of great cscitemcnt to make it return to natural fe el-
ir go of sympathy, where misled by an unfortunate inisuneete
standing, without bringing it Inch to the truth by facts end
not simple assertions. I have, therefore, thought it us. fel
to tell you that, if in Article 2 we did not speak c f the Holy
Father, L. was because we were not commissioned to discuss
that question, and that, by declaring in Article 3, that
we did not mean to interfere in the administration of the
°matey. we were firmly resolved not to deny to the popula-
tion of Rome the right of freely discussing and freely de-
ciding upon all the interests connected with the government
of the Pope. In a word, oar object was, not to make war
upon you, but to preserve you from the dangers of every kind
with whic'a yur ea might be threatened. You will pi eserve
your laws and yo liberties. Again, it is false that we ever
had the idea of disturbing the foreigners, even the French, in
sour country who have fought "silnt us. We cons (ler them
all as soldhrs in your service, an t, if there be any in this ea
tegmy who do n respect ycur laws, it is for you to punish
there, since we never dreamt of destroying your &merle:tent
by arms. This letter will be presented to you by me ;whet,:
secretory. I have no need to recammend you to watch over
his safety during his sojourn at Rome as well as cn his retu
by muster him to be accempatied by one or two Roman
dragoons. Omura] Oudinot desires me to tell you that the
sentiments which I thus expels to you see is entire con-
formity with his own. Be pleased to accept the assurances
of my higb consi ler ation.
The s 'any extraordieary and minister plenipotentiary of
French repubac on mission to Home,
FERDINAND LESSLVS.
The answer to M. ',tempi' proposition is as follows.
It is dated the 24th eh., and would have reachei that
personage before the delivery of his letter complain-
ing of intended violence to him, had he not left Home
so suddenly. The fourth proposition bad been made
vied wee, before it was made known in writing :
Roma, May 24, 1849.
Monsieur,—la oar note of the 16th ult.. we sad the
homer of giving yea same information relative to the one-
Mesons arc rd which presided over the inseauration (this
word is in italic in the original) of the government of the
Roman republic. At present we have to speak to you of
the question now pending, such as it is laid down de facto,
if not tie jure, between the French government anti Ours.
You will permit us to do so with all the frankness that the
urgency of the situation, and the international sympathies
which ought to animate all the intercourse between Frame
end Italy, demand. Our diplomacy et truth, and
the character given to your mission. monsieur, is
a guarantee to us that the wit favourable inter-
pretation possible will always he given to every
thing that we shall have the honour of saying to you. Allow
us, monsieur, to go back an instant to the scurees of the pre-
sent situation. After some conferences and arrangemen's
which took place without the government of the Reiman
republic being called on to take part in them, it was decided
some time beth by the catholic European powers, Ist, that
a political modification should take peace is the government
sad imitations of the Roman state; 2nd, that this mislifica-
lien should have for basis the return of Pius IX., not as
Pepe, which would not meet with soy obstacle amongst us,
bat as temporal prince and sovereign ; 3rd, that if, is order
to attain that end a combined intervention should be judged
necessary, the intervention should be everted to. We are
willing to admit that, whilst f,r some of the contracting go-
vernments the only motive was a dream of general restora-
tion, and an absolute return to the treaties of 1815. the French
goverment was drawn into this agreement mole in CAW,
queues c f erroneous information, tending systematically to
represent the Roman state as deliver. I up to anarchy, and do-
ideated over by a reign of terror exeicieed in the name of an
audaciou• minority. We ate also swam that in the intended
modification the French government proposed to itself to
represent an influence mere or leu liberal in opposition to the
abeulutia programme of Austria and Nsples. It not the less
true that, under whatever It Tao whether despotic or consti-
tutional, with or without liberal guarantees to the Roman
populations, the pervading idea in all the negotiations to
which we allude was a return of some kind tewards the
put, a compromise between tee Roman people and Pius IX.
considered as a temporal sovereign. We cannot dissemble
from ourselves, monsieur, that it was under the ieflaenos of
that thought that the French expedition was conceived and
executed. It bad for object on the one band to fling the
sword of France into the balance cf the negotiations which
' were to open at Rome, and on the other, to guarantee the
IRoman people from all retrograde excess, laying down, how-
ever, as a condition, the reconstitution of a coastitutional
monarchy in favour of the holy father. This object, Mon-
sieur, 'ppm, clear to us, independently of the precise in-
firmitiese which we think we poems relative to the previous
oceoMt of the proclamations of C4Oll. Oadinot, from the
formal declarations of the successive envoys to the triam•
virate, from the silence obstinately kept wh we en-
deavour to eater on the political question, and to ob.
tan a formal declaration of the fact set forth in
our note of the 18th, viz : that the institutions by which the
Roman people govern themselves at this moment are the free
and spontaneous expression of the inviolable will of the pope
Wiens, legally constituted. The vete of the French Assemb'y
itself comes implicitly in support of the fact which we affirm.
In pprensence of such a situation, and under the threat of an
laad~itsable arrangement, and of negotiations which the
peallien of our population by no means cells for, our duty,
musienr, can not be doubtful. To vast was what we had
to do—we owed it to our country, to France' and to the
whole of Europe. We were bound, In order to reform a
duty, honestly given and honestly accepted by us, to main-
tain for our country, as well as we could, the inviolability of
its territory and of its institutions unanimously proclaimed
by all the powers and all the elements of the state. We were
bound to obtain the time net-wag to appeal from France
ill-informed to Francs better informed, in order tO spare our
sister republic the et In that must tell on It if, preeipitately
led away
by foreign suggestions it became almost, without
its knowledge, an accomplice in a violence for which we
could find no parallel, unless by going back to the first
division of Poland in 1772. We owed It to Europe to main-
bin as much as depended on us the fundsmentil
principle of all intereationA existence, the independence
of each people in its interns' administration. We ray this
with pride, for if it is with enthusiasm that we resist the
attempts of theNeapoliten monarchy, and our eternal enemy,
Austria, it is only with profound grief that we see ourselves
cons'ralned to resist French arms. We think we have, in
following this line of conduct, merited well not only from
you, but from the people of Barone. You are acquainted,
monsieur, with the events which have taken place since the
French intervention. Our territory has been invaded by the
King of Naples, and 4,000 Spanish soldiers were to embark
em the 17th for our coats tenths intentionto invade us. The
Austrians, after having surmounted the heroic retistance of
Bologna, have advanad on Romagna, and are at present in
fall meth on Ancona. We have beaten hack from our ter-
ritory the forme of the King of Naples. We should do
the sane, we are Brody convineed, with respect to the
Anstrissa, if the attitude of the French expeditionary
corps did not trammel ou activity. It is with regret
that we my this; but France, =enemy?, most learn what
the expedition of Civic' Vecchia, ordered, it is said,
with a view to our protection, costs us. It is afflicting to
have to affirm such things ; but we affirm that of all the in-
terventions with which we are overwhelmed, that of France
has been most fatal to us. Against the soldiers of the Kir.g
of Naples and the Austrians we can fleht, snd Gpd protects
good causes. We do not wish (in italic is the original) to
fight subset the French. We are against them in a state
not of war, bat only of defence. But this posit in, the rely
one that we wished to have wherever we met Fritters, has
for us all the inconveniences, without any of the favourable