The Express.
London, England, 1847-10-30 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 30, 1847.

LISTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGLNEEII3.
A genera meeting of the member, of this instito—
d_o re held et their rooms Birmingham, on Weessisev
owing, Wane Stephenson, Esq., in the chair.
/yriwVlD RAILWAY BRAILB.—The CHAIRMAN said
test the tint subject for consideration referred to a plan
fir improvement in the safety brake of railway ear-
hit . and a model of this having been placed upon the
-table, pie. Stephenson proceeded to explain its prinopa of
• , prentisuig with the observatios that nothing bat that
which was simple mould be applied to railways; and espe-
cially in any plan which might be devised for checking sud- •
eaely the momentum of a train, anything of a complicated
e tale Auld not be mode useful. The object he had in
•vww we, to produces power for stopping the momentum of
the whole of the carnage* in a train. and so prevent those in
the rear mooing into the engine ; and to effect this he ex-
plained that he proposed that the buffer shou,d act upon a
rod in connexion with the brake, for the reason that when
Ike brake is put in gear, any preemie upon the buffer
ins upon it. In the middle of the buffer rod he
prepOSA to tin a spiral spring, the object being
tollessen the commission and jar of admitting the brake too
'ably, sod so bring up the whole train easily. Having thus
web explained his own plan, Mr. Stephenson west on to
remark that a scheme for another brake to be applied to this
bad been tent to bine butthat it was too complicated
so he used on railways •, and that it would be impossible to
keep it us repair. A third method had been devised by Mr.
A. Knieet, mechanical engineer of Birmingham, which
remota an arrangement by means of which no manual
enema is required from the guard beyond what is necessary
to move a clutch- hoz on its axes, the power required to put
the brakes in action being supplied be the engine itself,
enough the medium of the carriage wheels. Referring to
this last pl in, be said that it was very ingenious, and that
tritest he did not doubt the skill of the inventor, it was too
compiicated to be made use of; as he had (he said). often-
times declared before, an ingenious mind was sonata:an a
dangerous thing in mechanics; there was a law which no
man could slier—there must always be tho pound for the
pound. .1 lengthened discus ion followed.—Mr. Heat Pilules
(of Ketone and Co.'s, London), said that, in his opinion
T, Stephenson invention was the most practical that had
been brought out; but he doubted (he said) whether it
wonld ever be possible to make the momentum of a train
precticelly. utetul for the purpose of braking itself. One
difficulty at the way was that they would have to go to
every catnap to connect the brake, supposing they wanted
to back a train into Feting. lie wished simply to record this
opinion, that it might not go forth to the public that Mr.
et/peen:mei plea was regarded by them RA unobjectionable.
To this the President rejoined that tbe trouble snd delay
arming in consequence of the defect referred to, were nothing
compared with the advantage which world result, that of
wing home life ; and with reference to the cost of carry-
ag his plan into operation, he said that every carriage
might be titted with the appliance for some five or ten
penile.— Mr. CRAMPTON expensed an opinion that it
weed be better if the ntians for checking the momentum of
a train were applied to the two first carriages only. He
thought the *rein would by that means be brought
up teener than by spreading the stoppage power
over the whole train. Mr. STEPHENSON said that
that was the very thing he wanted to avoid. He was
endeavouring to prevent the two first carriages getting the
whole of the shock.—Mr. el‘Coeiteeee said he was quite
convinced that had Mr. Stephenson's plan been in opera-
tion, it Mould have been effectual in preventing loss of life in
the late accident at Wolverton ; that there would have been
a suflicieut amount of .ledgin r in the train to have destroyed
the erlect 01 the eoliision. Whereas, in the instance he had
referred to, they bad not a sufficient amount of brakage
equivalent to the matter in motion to destroy the momentum
of the carriages in the rear of the train.—Mr, CRAMPTON
suggested that if the brake was on the three or four carriages
behind it would destroy that sufficiency of momentive action
in the Stant cani gees to allow of Mr. Stephenson's scheme
working.--Mr. M'CoNeeee and the PRESIDENT declared
that this would not be the case; and Mr. SLATE, of Dudley,
observed that Mr. Crampton's objection might be met by
doing away with the last brake ,• but Mr. Heeenates and
one or two other gentlemen declared against this, on
the ground of its utility.—Mr. PEACOCK, of the Manchester
and Leeds Railway (as we understood) raised some objections
to Mr. Stephenson's plan, and ultimately declared that in
his opinion it would only be really useful in the case of an
engine running off the line ; and thereafter there was some
discussion with reference to a plan which had been sub- '
mined at a former meeting of the institution (already
noticed in this paper) by Mr. Cheashire, of Birmingham, for
checking suddenly the momentum of a train by means of
buffer•rods, or tubes, applied to the tender ; these tubes to
be from four to six inches in diameter, and plugged with
wood.—The PRESIDENT doubted whether these would stand

.
a collision ; but Air. HUMPHRIES mid that, in his opinion,
it was worth while for any railway to try the plan ; and Mr. '
CHEASHIMII said, with ref...ranee to what had fence from
Mr. Stephenson, that the objection he had raised was proof
of the efficacy of his plan, because if the tubes were doubled
up and the engine and tender smashed, the carriages would
be saved.—The discussion on this question was then adjourned
to another meeting ; the feeling manifested being, however,
that Mr. Stephenson 's invention was the most practicable.
COMMUNICATION PRTWEEN
..01TARD8 AND ENOINZ-

DRIVERS.—The PRESIDENT said that the next Pubject for
discussion was on the practicability of effecting a mechanical
communication between the guards and engine-drivers of
railway trains; and he submitted the Wowing paper from
himself: _ . _

es I premised to make rome elseirmilleno an the orsedeshiety of
rAsttaE a mechanical ommateassenia linween the gem* and
of lad*, trans, I *el new hp het* pea some ef
the awls= abeam that have her sehmlnsd be meide IS what
I esselArr See meet feasible eh* Yea wlll all have ehmrsed a pine.
rein pin the mead of thewsspgmn, moped*, the see st a
meildeg- Mho tem every * the pled
*is -ahem, le
Itched too ateemll Is elmmmill *en. Mrselekirevw:
.
snip my VW *pre* he the seaust et serf lama Ides to
Taisho garden as le le keteMilliet the tresnions meths of the
eialeges met the anneageignasimmt teem wee* oftwearefty
It list guppies* nth mkt lis ask thin midi aka*
*id pain alermod at mime teless, elm wake is s=ill
din imaimmatis. A*** gin hes Ism
; Sat le. Is Mee • I .sehlnw.dem en lush dee cd Wm =glee,
• st mean Imp, **the whit stile *de som le seen lif the
Meer es cue ids, end Om *sem es the *herr* that If any at the
meeleges set off the rollh mety le deism& I ma he a ewe
• *we Ole might be ot nee—theaseldomnathettemehriona andfderle
In, for Menace. Niomen' ether gin* have keen sumpied Mae,
lint they axe too ridicule*** sensed. I will, how** mintlen
a* Their* is to Ms oaths het areal
.=
,i(lnsessanythlmi
Liman& rlITKITI:C=II lama thleteeidmil:
' I manes ethers at are mate
ex stilt, but weighers*
I
M as in einedsmen me ex wee* I hale se Petit,
rimliwill te taken est. My ors view of the Wpm
thle—that two garde he ghee& an ea* train, ewe en the
. deeds* seat the mein Meer; end the ether in the het lan*.
. hat inn teeing .soh Wm* and beef* a Ng flea te boldegibedny
and • red lamp hyidght,• ft wedng pee ems the slip* mid*
thee heel* alien plomid es the inghteammew
: Llrk=m=t flest gm* he emit alma ths driver by
. Theffmg the leg *these Mae Ns entei• dreamer guard. This
gam= esealieesd with tel We-weft lakes to, In my opinion, the
• =Mindinest elk** he vanes, the safety of the travelling
Inempimilion Mr. Sreettensorr said that Mr. M'Connell
• hod a plea for opening a communication between the guards
and opium-driver by means of a whistle instead of a bell,
sod he Intimated that on the London and North Western
Railway there had always been two guards to each train.—
Mr. M'Cox NELL added thst since this subject had attracted
so much of public attention, the London and North Western
Company had boon anxious that some plan should be carried
out on their lines ; and, in obedience to the instructions he
had received, he was preparing to do se in the manner sug-
gested by Mr. Stephenson, substituting simply a whin* for
the bell, the same to be called " the guards' whistle." This
would be effected by means of levers, end the arrangement
would be inch that it could neither be opened by the engine-
driver nor shut by the guard ; so that there would be no *-
clue for the former ton,_ he bad not heard the whistle in
case it were applied.—Kr. HRIDZMON, of the London
Works, at Smethwick in Staffordshire, remarked that a plan
to effect all that was required had been submitted to the Lm-
doa and North Western Company several yean ago, but that
it was abandoned on the eve of its being carried out, in con-
sequence of some disagreement between the inventor (Mr. W.
Pettit, formerlyof the Wolverton station) and Mr. Creed. The
plan was by means of wire ropes and copper tubes suspended
through the entire length °tenths carriages in the train *open
the means of communication by whistle with the engine-driver.
--Mr. M'CoN x ext. said that he believed the real difficulty
in carrying out the plan referred to had arisen in conse-
quence of the number of carriages from different lines which
ran into the London and North Western, and which rem-
dered the plan referred to rather impracticable. The dis-
cussion on this subject terminated with a declaration from
Mr. Crampton that, if some good plan were hit upon, rail-
way companies ought to be compelled to take it up.
A paper was afterwards read on a subject somewhat
similar from a Mr. Allen, of London. It suggested a method
for opening a communication from each carnage in a train to
the guard and engine-driver, by setting going a whistle on
the engine, either by making or breaking contact in a me-
tallic circuit pasting from end to end of the train. The bat
tory is to be placed on the engine, behind a sand battery,
and, therefore, one requiring vary little attention. The
principle upon which the plan depends is that of soft iron
hemming magnetic, wherever a current passes through it.
The whistle would continue blowing until stopped by the
erigine-driver himself, as the electricity merely serves to set
free a spring fastened he it. The metal circuit to be com-
pleted by insulated wires gaming
underneath or along the
tops of the arriages. In the course of the discussion which
followed the reeding of this paper it came out that Mr.
Robert Stephenson had pronounced it the best of the kind
he had seen.
STEAM-BOILER INDICATOR.—A paper on this subject
was next sod. It adverted to an invention by a Mr. Smith,
of Nottingham ; the efficacy of which Mr. Stephenson said
he had already explained In a letter in the Daily New. It
was particularly adapted, he said, for steam-boate ; and so
Satisfied was he of its utility. that he had caused one to be put
up at one of his own collieries. The subject was briefly -
mimed ; but there was a general expression confirmatory of
Mr. Stephenson's estimate of the excellence of the inven-
tion.
FAN SLANT.— A very valuable paper cisupplementazi
Was read by Mr. Buckle, of the Soho wor s ; it embodi
much information, the result of careful retearch, experiment,
and observation, and so valuable was it deemed, and
so important the subject, that it was ordered to be
printed. In a concluding passage of his paper Mr. Buckle '
makes the following observations :—" The application of the
fan his hitherto been applied chiefly to smitheries and foun-
dries ; and in but few instances has it been applied to the
smelting of iron ore. I am aware that differences of opinion
exist as to the applicability. of the fan to that purpose ; the
principal reason urged against it being the limited density
to which blast can thereby be compressed, compared with
the blast supplied by the cylinder ; it remains, however, yet
to be preyed whether such high densities are absolutely
necessary for the smelting of iron ore, whether we may not
produce as good iron by a diffused soft blast as by the strong
and generally applied concentrated blast. It may be consi-

domed presumptuous ia sae to doubt Imi-established mar-
line, but the old maxim, there is no way like the old way, is
mot awry, toed on weenie( primeiplea''
Several tither interessiag papers were sued, sad others
were adjourned over to the next meetieg. The president
was warmly thanked for having taken the chair, and fur
his patronage of the institution, which already numbers
120 mambos.

POSTAL Cournunons WITH THE MANSE-TOWNS.—
Yesterday conventions were concluded between Col. Haberly
on behalf of the General Poet-office, and Mr. Colouhoun on
'behalf of the Free Hanseatic Republics of Lubeck, Bremen,
and Hamburg, to the following purport :—Portages t on let-
ters to and from Hanseatic ports, tid. per half ounce (London
and Hull being the official packet ports), optional payment.
On bitten passing %brought Hanseatic territories to countries
having postage reciprocity treatise with Great Britain, and
oat letters delivered in Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, for ,
places within their territories respectively, in addition to the
sea postage., 2d. per half-ounce, and so on in progression.
On newspaper, and periodical works passing as newspapers,
from and to Great Britain, nil; if sent by private ships, half-
penny each, to be in bands open at the sides. On periodical
works, not published daily, to be in the language of the re-
spective countries whence sent : up to 2 oz., Id. ; 3 os , 6d. ;
4 tn., Bd, ; above 8 oz. 2d. per os. up to 16 os. ; to be sent in
bands open at the aides. On courses of exchange, prices cur-
rent, and such like papers, circulating in each country re-
ecived from the other, Id. each. On letters addressed to
persons in British colonies and foreign countries, and in
Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, respectively, passing in
transitu through Great Britain, the British rates of postage
in addition to the 6d. per half-ounce; the colonial or fbreign
rate to he calculated from or to the port of departure of the
packet. On newspapers, prices current, courses of exchange,
or commercial lists, for transit through Great Britain end for
sea conveyance, addressed to persons is the British colonies
and possessions, and in countries beyond sea, or to persons
in Lubeck, Bremen, or Hamburg : postage on newspapers,
halfpenny each ; on prices currents, &e., Id. each. Prices
current*, courses of exchange, and commercial lists, to be in
bands open at the aides, without the names of the vendors,
or any writing, figures, or manual mark thereon.
COMMUNICATION WITH THE WEST INDIES AND
AMERICA.—The most important alterations, arising (coral
the amended scheme for the West India packet service,
which have just received the sanction of the government, are
that letters can be forwarded to New Orleans, or any part of
the United States, by the West India steamers that leave
Southampton on the 2nd of the month, provided they are
addressed "by West India mail packet;" that letters for
Bermuda will be sent by the West India steamers on the
2nd of the month instead of on the 17th, and will not be
sent by the Liverpool steamers unless addressed " eid Hali-
fax ;" that letters for Bermuda, Nsasau, Havana, Hon-
duras, New Orleans, Vera Cruz, Tampico, and St. Juan
(Porto Rico), will be sent on the 2nd of the month only, and
these for Jura'', Carthagena (Santa Martha), Chanel.
Panama, western coast of South America, St. Juan de Nica-
ragua, and Madeira. on the 17th ; and that one mail, instead
of two, will be forward, d monthly to Madeira, Nassau,
Porto Rico, and Jacmel. The postage on letters to New
Orleans, or any part of the United States, rid West Indies,
isle. each, and must be prepaid.

- -
BORNEO CHURCH MISSIONARY INSTITUTION,—An
institution has been set on foot for the formation of a school,
mission houses, and church, at Sarawak, in Borneo, under
the direction of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
Bishop of London. The Rev. F. T. M'Doucall, MA ,
of Msgdslene Hall, Oxford, and us( ciate of King's Col-
lege. London, has alrcedy been appointed as chief missionary,
and the Rev. W. B. Wright, 8.A., late of Queen's College,
Oxford, has been united with him as an assistant in deacon's
orders. The Rev. S. F. Montgomery, M.A., of Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge has also been appointed an
assistant missionary, and will sail for the scene of his future
labours early in November. The Earl of Ellesmere has ac-
cepted -•he office of president of the committee, which is
composed of the Dean of Canterbury, the Archdeacon of
Maidstone, the Rev. Charles B. Dalton, M A., rector of
Lambeth ; the Rev. J. Ryle Wood. M.A., Admiral Beau-
fort, Capt. the Hon. H. Keppel, R N., Wilberforce Bird,
Esq., and other gentlemen.
INQUESTS. YESTERDAY. CUARGE OF MURDER
AGAINST A BOY.—Before Mr. W Baker, coroner, at the Cock
public-house, High-street, Hackney, respecting the death of
Mr. Samuel Nelme. a gentleman of property aged 74, of
No. 2, Grove-plitee, Hackney, who died on Wednesday last.
About three weeks ago the recessed and his grandson were
la the garden at the rear of the premises, carrying a basket
between them, when the deceased heard the report of a
pistol, as if it had mi.fired, at the back of his head. He ice.
mediately turned round, and his grandson, who had bold of
one end of the basket, exclaimed, ' Grandfather, some per-
son has attempted to shoot you." A search was made for the
perpetrator, but without success, until the following
morning, when a pistol was discovered lying upon
the ground in the garden. Information was fir-
warded to the police, who commenced a diligent inquiry,
sod ultimately succeeded, with the assistance of the school-
master to the grandson, in tracing the pistol to the grand-
son, who was seen to have possession of the pistol three hours
previous to the attempted murder. The matter was hushed
up by the relatives and no further proceedings were taken
by them. The deceased was very much terrified at the hor-
rible design his grandson had upon his life, and appeared to
have some idea that he would make another attempt to mur-
der him, baying failed with the pistol. The deceased was
always considered a very hearty man, and enjoyed very good
health, until Friday, the 22nd inst., when he complained of
sickness. On the following morning he remained in bed, and
in the afternoon his wife left the room, considering that he
was asleep. A surgeon arrived shortly afterwards, and pro-
aniamed life to be quite extinct.--A juror said that when the
deenual was shot at, he heard the snapping of a pistol Nye.
ral times, as if some person was firing it off without any per-
mission caps. The circumstance had created great suspicion
in the minds of the jury, and they could not return their
verdict unless there was a post mortems examination of the
body. They had heard several reports that the grandson had
attempted his grandfather's life, for the purpose of securing his
money, and he considered that there was great suspicion
attached totarrandson, who, he believed, was the author
of the attempted assassination.—The Coroner considered the
remarks of the juror very proper, and directed that the con-
tents of the stomach should be analysed.—The jury con-
sulted, and adjourned the inquiry until this day.—DeATR
EY Ftar.—Before Mr. G. J. Mills, at the Elephant and
Castle, King's-road. St. Poodle, on the body of Mrs. Isa-
bella Mackie, aged 75, who was burnt to death in the fire
which occurred a Drummond.street, Euston-square, an
etmenat et which has appeared is this paper.—William
that he was pen was present when the body
=I smid t
was lying amidst the rubbish on the ground;
lacy. His opinion was that it had fallen from the first or
second floor.—Miss Harris Mackie said that the deceased was
her mother. She was the widow of a cabinet-maker. The
house belonged to witness, and was insured in the County
Fire-office for 3001. On the morning of Thursday last, about
two o'clock, she was awoke by a gentleman living in the
house calling out " Fire !" She got up and went to the
first-floor beck, and saw fire coming through the partition.
She then went down stairs, and having procured some
water she threw it upon the flames, but not being able to get
them extinguished, the went to the second floor for the pur-
pose of arousing her mother. She pulled her as far as the
landing, and endeavoured to carry her down stairs, but was
unable. She then went down to get some one to carry her,
bat she could aot return on account of the smoke. Her int.
preseion was that the fire commenced in the front room first-
floor, and it is quite probable that some hot cinders might
have fallen through a small aperture in the hearth-stone,
which had been mimed by the cement giving away.
Mr. Sampson Low, the Secretary of the Royal Society for
the Protection of Life from Fire, said that the society had
two escapes in the neighbourhood—one at Tottenham-court-
road, and another at King's-cross. He should like to know
whether the police had gone to call them. The only cells the
conductors had received had been from civilians.—The
eoroner said it appured to his that there ought to be an
escape at the smd of every two streets. Life would then be
fhlly proton:ed.—Kr. Low replied that, as soon as the fends
would permit, escapes would be plated over the whole me.
tropolis, one half mile distant from mob other, and then the
machine would have to travel only a quarter of a mile to
get to any fire. In the present instance the roof
had fallen in before the oriedseton know of the outbreak.
A Juror: Seeing that there was sufficient time for one or
two parties to go up and down stairs, it appears to me that
there must be a deal of blame attached to some person in
allowing the deceased to perish.—Mr. Alder: It there is any
blame it must be the police. They were there, and were
better able to go up stairs than any one Ult.—Miss Mackie
said it was her opinion that ffiad any one assisted her, her
mother's life could have been saved. When she came down
stairs she stated that her mother was on the landing, and
begged of the parties to save her. It could not have hurt
them if they bad gone up stain more than it did her.—The
policeman previously examined mid, that when be became
aware of the fact of the deceased being above, the smoke
was too great for any one to get through it.—The jury re-
turned a verdict :—" That the deceased was burned to death
at a fire at 79, Drummond-strut, but how the fire
Immured there was not sufficient evidence to show."—
SUSPECT= INCENDIAIISX.—Before Mr. Payne, at the
Swan Inn, Old Kent-road, relative to a very mysterious fire
which happened at the dwelling boos of Mr. Bayley, 38,
Swan-place, in that neighbourhood, on the night of Tuesday
last, under circumstances which leave no doubt that it was
the work of some diabolical incendiary.—On Tuesday even-
ing, near 10 o'clock, Mrs. Bayley and her daughter were in
a neighbour's house, a short distance front their own, and
had not been there long before an alarm of fire was ised,
and it was found to be raging in their hones. Mr. Ballard,
a neighbour endeavoured to effect an entrance by the front
door, but finding he could not, ran round to the back, and
found the back door open. He made his way to the
parlour, and perceived it I. be in flames. Assistance was
quickly rendered him, and the fire was subdued. During
' this time, Miss Bayley had gone up to the first-floor front
room, and discovered that this apartment was also on fire,
but by prompt assistance that too was extinguished. Thu
second discovery excited suspicion' and on the building being
carefully inspected, the fire in the flat-floor was found to be
quite distinct from the one in the parlous. The latter was
ascertained to have been kindled by the sofa and furniture
being ignited, and the one in the upper floor by firing a
number of the young lady's dresses, and those not of a very
trifling character. On further search being made, it was
seen that some party had entered the house at the rear, for
having got over the gate, he had broken the back kitchen
window, sad which had enabled him to introduce his hand,
and so unfasten the bole In doing this the party had cut
his hand, as the sill et the window and floor were
sprinkled with blood. A young man who was
known to have had an altercation with the fatally
a short time since, was seen to go down a path
or court which loads to the garden-gate, shortly before
the alarm was given, and was not noticed to return.
Mr. Henderson, a foreman of the fire brigade, who had

visited the boast stated that from what be bad Ness sad
heard, he wee eatlelled the beadle. bed be.. Miff is two
different plasm. The laapseases eff polka blimeard their
suspicions of' the parties who Iroll slijrgilst &wadi act,
hut for obvious reams seresor UMW** rei*
dense as pt. It that MC Bayley wed mstkielsed
for a penny.—The Coroner zumorkod,litat after the (midst's*
they had beard, them could be as iimit that the fire wee en
inteational set, end that it had beset kindled in two different
spots. Me believed the police were in possession of facts
whiok were likely to bring to justice the guilty party. Under
such eircumitences he should advise the adjournment of the
inquiry.—The investigation was accordingly adjourned.

INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE OF THE PRIN-
CIPAL COUNTRIES OF EUROPE AND THEIR
DEPENDENCIES.
LETTER IV.

The widest field of gain was, however, unques-
tionably opened to Holland to ber East India colonies, and
highly useful experience can be drawn from the attempt
made to derive advantage from it.
It has been stated by Dutch writers, that on closing the
accounts of the island in 1832, a deficiency, being the
balance between revenue and expenditure since the war,
was ascertained, to the amount of
42,121,891 florins, 78 cents.
To which, if we add—
Loss of
_the old Dutch

Easi
dismolted iu 1799
Low of Dutch and hn

Itloh government.,
clown to Itll4 when

sit;th.bshi-t;
the Dutch 3,1,000,000

162,124,691 florins, or 13,300,000/. Meeting.
This magnificent island is supposed to have an area of
48,000 square miles, which may have a proportion of 30 mil-
lions of cultivable land, and if one-half be cleared and tilled,
the purchase money was then about 13s. 4d. per acre—a
tolerable price paid by Europe for its footing in Asia.
The Dutch, as they subdued the country in the last Cen-
tury, tried to introduce a system of forced cultivation, which
signally failed. The English government introduced some-
thing like the ryot-war system of rents which obtains in
Bengal, and wished to levy money rents in a country that
knew nothing of trade. Of course this failed also. But of
late years the Dutch began to perceive that if a profit were
left to the cultivator, he might be persuaded to work for
them. Accordingly a plan of cultivation was drawn up, of
which the following is the official account. As far as it was
adhered to, in leaving the cultivator the enjoyment of his
land for a fixed produce, to be paid by him in kind, it has
been wonderfully successful.
A portion of the field. of a dean, or village, If possible of the rise.
Reline, equal to one.tlfth of the cultivated land being net apart, the in.
habitants must be brought to cultivate it to the following manner.
For every "boon" of land a man moat be appointed to labour by the
week or by the month, at the optien of the desss, and to be relieved
by others in such a manner that four men being appointed to math
" bouw," only one of them la employed at a time. Where there see
not rice-fields in sufficient abundance, so that the natives are un-
willing to part with them, the highlands may be resorted to, which
must as soon as possible be irrigated. The labour mot be carried on
under the direction of a Chinese malodor, or of the Levan chiefs, and
the portion of the population called epos to labour must not be sub-
ject to any other demands for work than what is reyuirsd jo
bring the crop• to maturity. The tramporting of the produce
is subject to s like arrangement. The beasts of burden,
and the are that are required, must, as far as possible,
be supplied by the manufacturer, and the natives mast be called upon
to work with them in lieu of payment of rent, like the other labourers.
la the factories hired labourers must, aa far as passible, be employed;
but where three cannot be obtsined, workmen can heordered to them,
who are to be in the same manner freed from rent.
The calculation of the cost of sugar to the government
under this system, will not be uninterestinif to such of our
readers as have turned their attention to tropical agriculture.
The average production of a" bouw"• of land 11l English acre),
planted with sugar, can be taken at 13 pikols (nearly 15 cwt. avoir-
dupois). A sager establishment. calculated to produce 6,000 ;AMA of
sugar, require. 4dlbouwa of land, the cultivation of which employ's
400 men daily, so that it can he reckoned to free 1,600 householders,
who probably to hold 2,000 brows of land, from rent. The rent
is calculated at 74 florins per bouw, and 2,000 bottles pay about 13,000
florins rent. Tne householders own, on an average, more than one
boon each. One man cute, on an avenge, 500 to 550 caneetorks in
the day, and 2,000 to 2,200 stocks are required to yield • pikol of
eager (131,b5.); to that the labour of Nil men as cutters is requisite
for every pikol of sugar which the establishment daily produces. As
the period for manufacturing lasts about ten months, the daily pro-
duce must be 26 pikols of sugar: 60 cutters will, therefore, be required
daily, and to furnish them 520 householders are freed from rent. The
carriage to the mills demand. daily 140 car bads, each loaded with
3101 stocks. More frequently, however, the cars can mate three
or four trips in the day, for which 70 can am wanting. none man
be reckoned to every car, 260 householders are thus freed from rent.
Wood for firing may be alculatre at one mina per day far 20 pikob,
of sugar. Toeut this; quantity fire men will be regaira4 and as many
for the carriage, then 40 householder will be freed. With the de-
livery of the can,, to the mills the manufacturing promos begins;
for which 50 men will be required, being equivalent to 0.10 house-
holders. Thus an establishment of 6,000 pilrds requires—
Householders.
Freed. ... Working.
For
200 pleating and cultivating the cane 1,600
... .., 400
Critfing
Cordage,
tiEtc
730 00
Wood for ring lO
Workmen for the mill 7O
30

2.440 41
2,440 householders have to pay, St n fi,:su. each, 18,5001100 as
rent ; or, in order to free therneelt et from Ms bordem to work he /00
days, before and during the manufasture; er weber, shoe Mena se-
-14:::: be repaired from time to time, Mr not Mete theatre be 260
; ea that the price paid for their labour, tt slaty-am tope be
to each, amounts to 12 cents. daily, width is shad the peke
at' hboor at Java (about 2td.). • • • • •
The ow required to modem a /Apt et r •
delletwed
at the mill tor 3 Boring 00 mat, na that NNW S• mils tor
coat et aside end ova) eomeebiar remain to eager the sods at admit-
albedo% Mores otthe mop he. Whatever to. divest
the me. withist the tabervestke et romemeat, Y fibewime
with 11 Garbo OD mole per AIL AM ardor hes reedier Word to
the alit the, trthe had se wattiveted by grommtsheall pada*
mom Ihma la pads loth, boar, soe.elded ortheomplostete he leas
caltheise, eme-thard ft the Chime Member, sad earablid to the go.
memosatormeempemeekm tertbokas esperimed cm hm hatileaftle.
Ths hither werldoced the tosebiosetearto emdertehm antiostrost by
the marmbatorer. wpm= Is a weitemasesd S,"-eat
are Sorbet 40 mob per pill; so that We wo
P w mete Ihe emmdea-
turer 7 Aortas per p4..4 Tho hods ante a rieW filmy
sad which ammo WAN to 10.0111 swam Is the amass of
angQs MaTeliad spa need test Wog ez-
io of as a the sow lbws re.
so peeenumeed amwmet at ill saw. poa Ms 3 heater
00 mils Is the rower, sod he the wool yid* he Mena What-
ever yew he mhos beramt Ude gamilly he Agree to as We am
paemerty. The mamma he Y emptesd to repay to hotelmmela to the
mmHg am, tww poen. • • • •
Lear that the aid native civil Aka may mows, to
thetimeet the at males suited to Iga Market e 4
ressiedos, dated 3111 Doe., MI, Clews them 30 Mats per 01171 to he
sheeted as follows

To the resident, for every ptkol :of sugar produced within his
10
To the regent, Orr the sugar growl fri Ws meow lO
To the assistant readmit
To the control's,. 5
To the chide of dtviske and other lather:dears

Some modifications of them dkorancesoccur la partieulardidriAs,
seeordizeto arcemsteneee : the shove le, however, the average allow.
lace
From this statement, which it will be observed does not
include the rent of the 400 bouwe on which the canes are
grown, but merely the cost of growing and manufacturing,
we may at least learn what the sugar grown at Java costa to
the government.
Cost of ealtintkm end delivery
Reston o,ooopikole at JAW doling for 400 howls 030 „
Allowances to residents, be. POO ~
415 per pikol.
8o that the government, in the first instance, appears to
low 75 cents. per pikol by the contract with the miller. This
loss is, however, most probably confined to the best situated
district"; for the rent of 7 florins 50 cents, for the bonw of
land, or about 9s. 6d. per acne, as an average return for the
whole island, must be a high estimate.
Ten florins per pikol, which, as we have seen, leaves an
immense profit to the miller, is equal to 14s. per cwt., to
which mud be added the end of transport to the comet, of
agency, »tame el neeney, dm., which, at this rats would
bring it to about the value of eager at any port of Beagod.
The gerneeseent wren, however, se esersheeed that this would
be a peefthibis n, that the kineering governor, N.
Baud was entpowored to contract with the miller be the
sugar whieb be itmeathetured above the government quota,
and at the 11111111110141 pries of 12 florins per pikol, or 16e. 6d.
per OWL
The adoelstien upon which the cultivatien of indigo le
based b the
isousiliM,sco lbs. wile= of haweymU»Meemb
at be =di yield 15 to 90 Ma. eilmllma en he elk
etsts• Mt» 110111•11 of theopaear&4,4oo de. el =lee. es the =ffeg:
neg le added on with earl all the mini let
or illesesere roods sok nib me
Pr or est of tate. Is mew betide ern leasiellers mast
in teed tiONI srL at Me air gentle 10611101 by
nitres to the lisleds knemed tee beneksikes bides;
as that the eat el Me blew at Ina bed is wastieseL the
=et As pouf, temeesetle the happ, ad the
fake MOM eat St r. Olt Ml* Ir=il
modem lb. IheWeelmof vidonen. end oder re-
=anment to en inlay dee ; »dim pewee of
mime weal Sift 1111 NMI (ate= Is. Myer It.
• • • • • bar PPP bo. bewever, sem ebbe=
Oberkee, kos the szentemet le »Ida kip senialbstmed by the
=dm kemsehes, wink they shim la man= el nog. et I ken
le engem IL, to ehki es seen kr »new esed Owens to
cisme sent be added. There are sheeny HO dame maall holaelee
In this men as we before observed respecting the calculi.
tion of the cost of producing sugar, no account is taken of
the rent of the land ; which being added gives 1 florin
80 cents or nearly 3e. per English pound, as the price which
indigo delivered in this manner coots the government at the
factory.
AU that we have hitherto stated shows that the system pro-
posed by M. van den Bosch kept the interest of the planter,
ne less than that of the government (and they are inseparable),
in view. The principal alteration he would have effected was
the impseitiees upon the native of an isbliotion to work in a
given kreellien, without much regard to his indolent habits
and prejadinee, hat in the explanation here given it is evident
that he was benaked by the innovation. The misfortune
attending the attempt lay in the fad that this system never
was fully nisi upon. The delivery of sugar, coffee, and in-
d*o wee Wool enforced instead akin of rice, but the rate
taken from the native was not reduced to one-fifth instead of
two-fifths or enekell, but in his mount with the mews ha
was charged the All rent that he had biased* psi. In
»cuss for this beiges of faith the financial distrese if the
kingdom is alleged.
Vor some years bath the manufacture and exported= of
indigo has bees a wows asesey, agsiast which,=
daily against the wrap el ~ad the change
c
have been openly peetherni fate public prints ta
Yet, with all this appearemes et eggemeion, the bland has
incontestably nouriehed. AregiOneresse of predmoden has
taken place, whisk Imes, together with the peatiseld•
eea-
dition of the fetivite, that the wens of cultivation is le a
certain degree =whin wen. The Dutch have attained their
• Iliebsewleseee mob, equal to 19 feet foes Mria gaol.se
awe Ms SP news nods.
.4 About Its. per cwt.

end of their eammeerciel navy, aad a few yeses
of oseetemW mllmfaisistedisa it home eught to have ref-
aced tighten theft Whigs mem Addellollmmilhl •
The sehdies et the riddie see Mutt thillatatels
kW•
tatatry vela the
rffelehasir r=ada Ltillgbe mem thee the greatest
e:rviee, by geerealesin the essersets tebbli the prod...
delivered wee rated. The very haters etas system made it
imperative to have Welliver% sad industries" Soto!, every!
where. end numerous Nations at which the preduee aoali
be delivered, perhaps at a low but at all emits at a end
price. If any one we a lour by this state of things
it wee the government, as the King was the only
who had to calculate rent in his of the veruremol
the produce. A touatry of which no more than one-eighth
is cultivated can scarcely be said to know what rent is, and
the pries of labour alone fixes the value of a commodity. If
the goverment really was able to raise 78. 60e. per bouw
from the average cultivated land, it would clearly have been
a gainer by continuing to do so, and giving the Javans every
possible facility to buy cheap and sell dear, and so to aug-
ment the quantity of cultivated land paying such rent. But
this rent could only be raised under unoontrolled cultivation,
with the aid of trade, and this leads us to the chief con-
sideration, which will form the subject of cur next letter.