The Express.
London, England, 1849-08-30 00:00:00

ITALY.

The falling off since 1815, and especiedy during the
:rs' year, in our trialc with ChM., is co4si4erable ;
aid tae fen' is wort. yof .nreotipt•im. It esnnot be
attributi dto any ma:crial du tot en the valua o'
the articles imported into sod upertol hem Caine ;
much less an it be uoribed the direct ehipments'
taking place flow this coutry 'to the Philippine
lands, which fora erly used to be sent to China for
transhipment by. Spanish vessels, in order to avoid
the double duty imposed on goods imported by an
English or other foreign flag.
EXCIIANGES AND STOCKS ABROBO.
Ittoserms, AVOVIR 1i....-1.011111140,1122 ; ditto. 1810. ; tHttar 1016 sk
est: ditto, 1814, 874; ditto, 1886, U; muo, 1535, 2.31 ; at the
City, lan, 100; ditto, 1645, ea ; Eau or Beighlins 791; Leos of as
tau, tett. uee co London 23.474. se
AVOmonVIT 27.—Actual Two-andit.lialf per Costa,
321 '2; unto, Thre• per Clain. 621 621; ditto, knot. per Cents., ;
824 ; ltrwellsit par Crate.. $ll6 82. East
India twat, Yar per Cents., 81 814. inshanies :On Landon, Night, 26
12. e; two slabs. 12. Psis, right, 88.93; two mow, 3616.
Ilassliwri, eight, 23.12 ;two noldiN 34.93.
Viwess, Mover 21-16 rs per Ossa., 931: Pow per amt., is
731. both Marrs, 1,070. Northern Railway, 1111. 132
10

THIS DAY.
Two o'Ctoex. le
The market for the English funds is now some- "
to
what firmer than at the commencement of business 525
this morning, though the dealings have been _174
unimportant. Consols opened at 921 to 1 for as
money and account, which were the c:osing to
prices of yesterday, and were so quoted during the r,
greater part of the morning ; they hilve since ad- io
vane, d 1, being now marked 921 to t, both for money WI
and time. The Three per Cents. Reduced have been 14
eone at 921 and 1. The Three-and-a-Quarter per si.
Centr. at 931, ?„ and last at 1. Exchequer Bills at 1:,
43'. and 405. premium. Beak Stock, at 1991. 5,
In the foreign securities the business continues P- t 1
toiled, but yestirday's prime are generally main- ;;4
teined. The transactions of the morning consist of ss
Chaise Three per Cents., at 54. Equador. 25
at 3t. Dutch Two-and-a-Ralf per Cente., at wi
531. Mexican ex coupon, 271 and 1. Peruvian, p.,
Actives, at 63i and 53. Russian, at 108. Spanish el
Five per Cants., at 18; ditto Paskre, at 31. Vene- si
is
enela Deferred, at 7.
se.
The French funds closed a elude lower at P4li4 U
yesterday. The Three per Cents. were last marked tis
55.20; and the Five per Cents., 89.65. 25
to
142401.1811 FUNDS. 31
Ma Meek. 1984 96 I 3 per Ct. Coe.. L0e..926 6
3 per Ct. Red. MUM, nil 36 toe Cia. NI i 191
3 per 01. Om •21116. 1:1 Wlebbrialt BUTS. 40L to 43. 14
14
TORZION MINDS. Io
re,.........,_ 1 per t. Orarada SU.. 164 174 It t
. pro, Ct 11164. reass. 9
pee Cent Mho.= Orme& Deterred Ode., 36 6
6 por peg. Defined
274 II 44
IS
4 per Ct. rams ue4.66 7 6 pa Ot Ports.is 800 14 4
DIM. WI. 41 4 ',omen CooliaLtSk ,Tis 11
6per 04. 1144446.44.1 e, 13 4 • 106
Ditto Calls let 93 6 Vitro Spanish &PL. 17i 166 se
Ditto CoLrab. De. Heti— 3 par Cc Bporth 1910 . 3• 6 IS
oohrotisa ropioher Bdt, 4 4 Spnal4l3 Detra.vd llcle.. 44
3 i r Ct Dr
eg Mt, G 9 71 Ditto Pavolvo 11414,111 1 17
29 per CI. Dela Me.. 63 6 2 per CS. Villefatle De... 24 6 64
4 pot CI. Data Oitta.o 4 NilXlOlllll Deland 1146., 76 SS
14

CAPITULATION OF VENICE.
The naive Gaaette publishes in its official part the
verbal of the capitulation of Venire, which
=Plan on the 22na Distant, in the pretence of
General Clonkowski, Baron Hess on the part of
An.tris, and three commiaskners on the part of
Venice. The surrender takes place according to the
terms of the proehmation of Radetski lately pub-
lished—that is, unconditional surrender.
The officers who have fought against Austria will
be allowed to leave Venice, as well sa all foreign sol-
dins of whatever rsnk they may be, and certain civic
functionaries and persons, of whom a 114 was to be
furnished by the Austrian general-in-chief.
The piper money of Venice is to be reduced to one-
half of its nominal value, and will only have forced
circulation at Venice and in the coast district. The
town end that to be taken posanaon of on the 27th
the officers all to surrend.r in the fort of the Lido
two regiments to be dissolved ; Chieggia, Munn°,
Sc., to be occupied by Austrian troop?.
SARDINIA.—It appears from the financial state-
ment of M. Nigra, in the Chamber of Deputies of
Turin, on the 23ni instant, that the deficit on the bud-
get of' 1849, will be 123,716,661
that by Aceordmg
to calculations, however, it is supposed means
ninty millions will
of the tax-s and other revenues,
be raised, which will so far eletingutsh the deficit.
AI. Nigra thought that it was vain to attempt the ne-
gotiation of a fresh loin, and that the efforts of go.
verement mutt tend to a dimunition in the ezpendi-
tun of the country.

TSB PRODUCE MARKET. ril
111121011KPLAWn, AtfotniT 29. gt. I
Brost.—Tho imp:' ten of Welt India empted rather 100
lower prim, mid 590 bMit. have been sold, establishing ". some "i- $0
elates a decline of 6d. The public miss tonsisted of famign, rid 25
emept for doe suitable borne trade qualities, than were not buyers st 20
vrMom rates. Por Woo soid at 40.. 6d. to 435. Ild.; yellow Ha. 62
enaah, 38s. to 415.,t0 both duty paid ; white Ilavannah, In Wed, 10
bought in at 275. Id. to 300. Cuba bought in at 40s. 6d. to 44a. 6d., 30
duty=. The Refined market has been inseam., but quotations are U
not 121
Corraz.—The public Wee of 1,500 togs end 100 asks of Plantation 30
Ceylon again went od briskly, at a further adman, at folly ls. A 50
large baseness hos been dace in goad ordinsty native Ceylon by pi- 35
sate contract at Us. Id. to 395., chiefly the latter prke. 124
Rim-3,300 bogs of Java tom, boyars in pub** sale, at a shade M.
HErber ;ekes; ermasson, Os. U. to 10s.; supstior, 10e. 151. to lin— 9
2.060 bop of whets nemfal were aim oared, lot buyers did not mem
disposed to give full prim, and abort eme.third arty sold ; good mid- 00
riling, 10a. to 10s. 6d. 50
5AL771.112 has been dull of saki; WO his "'bastion 6:, 71, sold 5
In Was s& at Vs. 11l
Orians.—The sonmnigtion ti trendy is Wt begteming the stook 20
on hand, and fall pets. lave been Indy pid.—Rone continues dull. lit.
TALLoW has declined 3d., and is weed at Va. 9d. 33
Comtism. sold suaddy in a small polio eels at previous rates.% 36
iersouse.—gt. Vincent Arroweoot sold st lip. to ed.—Zanzibar 10
cloves tempt is at ltd.—Turkey bias galls bought "a at 51. 15s.— 111.
Nimes= wood boojbt in at 15i. lls. to 161. 106.—Cressa tartar 50
bought in at Ws. to 676.-10iitta paeha booed in at 74.—Covi.ies 40
ad at 606.—fib sold at 71. 101 l
69
Duty paid en gaps to lam week in London, Liverpool, owl. 111
WWI. gds, and the Uplo 3,415,233 to
To the aurae goring lest year 3,791,137 15
I,
Damao —....—..... MOO. IN
warm pm! on Irma ix 1849 ro irsr ors& Bs. 10
__ ni.M9.165 60

iiies- tia• ta VW

L.l I iF

Kfiectsro-Lasta, Aro. 30, Half past Two. li
Brakw.—Thowl bas not hese a public Ws of Sugar to. itt•
day, bet Imparters are tree same by debate contract, and pre are 10_
60. wader bat week's marg. Nis& a Medd lower. Grocery in.
loam 41a. Od. te Ns. id. au
Conea.—The OM Moe sea yeeirembeg steadily, bat with less 100
eatmedea Ilia yilehrier he plueletka (Win. IL
Itsee.-411 Sege e/Azsami WI la pains sale at le., obi& wee a 10
SO
full /dm
Ornevrisles sleek ; but the his la the Liverpool market 4
Oa was ISINSIIIII6
Item doll; peat Using& becalral. Is. bd. to ail. ; East 15
Inds mitel, la. 44.
Orme mellawe steady. il
Is. ether ankles es auderlal alteration; bat the mount of bail- 5
seas does Ye mot bele ins to-day. 30
IP

TALLOW.—TM iistket continues without alteration -hi
at the lollowhis 'pastime: Pereastown Y. C. on the spot, She. ad. 33,
to bes.l.L; amber to Omit Minty, WS& to Mts.; separate 13'
mouths' asilwapAts. M. 111

CORII.-B•itrefiv, Aug. 29.-We have had nearly a
fortnight of glorious welded kr lent and maturlng mops. W• 10
are now in the Iliad of harvest, whisk smart a very thin attendance 20
et humus gear market to-day. There were many ample' 01 new 10
Wheat Atha. whin were in a moat splendid tendinous ;to theft 10
melee bream bed temthe 'reduction opea the rates of lad week, of 20
from 341. tom 4d. per bashthiet the millers time endows, sod only SO
=.lor an me. Wheat sold at Irma o
We had nothing doing 17a. end. to 19e. pet 3 IS
la other grs.id 12
BOITON, Aug. 29.-Owiny to the exemdingly flee harvest P. 3
weather we had spin a mall aitendenos of farmers at market, with
"9
„
very little badness parsing. The few samples of Wheat shown wen „.
taken at about le. decline. Very few Beam showlug. &me new 12st. TY,
Oath mode lee., and were of ezethent quality. Wheat, red, 425. to 10
43e.; white, 411 e. OWto 20a. &am, 37. e. to 345. 10
50
CatClegaTan, Aug. 29.-Our euirket to-day was is a sa
very is Math Utile perm maid be made In the sale of to
either aid or new Wheat, altheogli alma et abodes et fa to is per
qr. Them were a few smoked sew Mete Ind Oats ea sloes ek7
good quality. Wheat, Ku. to lb. Betty, new. tie to Ns.; pp
leg, 235. to 265. Oats, 16s to 21s. Beery ea to lie. Den. to 2S
32s Flour, Ms. to 31s. pa seek. pp
HAYWARD'S HEATH, Aug. 29.-Tkere was a tolerable 5%.
supply claw Wheat at our menet to-day, while wee all cleared off Is
at a dee.lhae of 2s per qr. Dm last week. Old INS little Inquired for. $$
Barley and Beam dull. is and Pets in {alasbrad-Current
kes :-Wheat, white, old, U. to 101.; red, U. to N. • white,
pe sew. 111. Its to 121.; red, lot. to 101.105. BMW, lb. t 0234. Oats, U
17s. to let. Beene, 30s to 345. Yeas, 255. to fa.
NinfnainLa-17Polo-T93111, Aug. 29.-TM weather daring
the pad week has hers said sporepliate foe*, sesinim of the her. si
vest, le serried le the Oast Feeble seeditlins NW as the
gee
warmed@ Moths \ashen awned* lies,Oa * sad *
the rails it llnni eatsy,
the sod
Cement ond sea eeligemirsigiegidly toudn; sod io
seed Melli den weideilest end 'inn telt- se
by lir dab
**. °elbows Way we awry tetra asissime
of fame* Wig ewes* Is dhe did ; het saw semitssal USW
Wheat were awed, wad ibi mein withattmly eat meal to arena- so
the, and it le mama die Whim Wdens some tinny. Mew am-
pies ef sew Pesky thee oared end end, at the mews aid eolathes.
to
New Cale aides plentiful aa Dell wen, bat ware au lower so
trues W per qr. Old Beene morel, and very la pries. Old so
Wheat Is., sad sew Vilma b. per qr. etiesprr. Sew Oats L. per qr. so
lower. Oid BMW arm, lad IS &Iliad. Old Whesitothies, 495. to yo
30s. • red, 475. to 455.; sow, white, 47r. to 49e.; red Mk Loam.
Barley, new malting, 295. to Ps.; gehadinir, 245. to Ile. Oath olds so
2;,. to 245.; new, IM, to 20s Beath old, 335. to Si..
ROWYORD, Aug. 29.-We bad to-day a dull market for If!
W heat, at a decline of be. per qr. A very small quantity of any other wo
kind Barley, at market, witkricee as last day. Wheat, 40a. to
50s. as. to 320.; Ns. to 17s. tide, Its. to 24e.
Bane, Ma. to 12s. Tee, to 365. Bye, 22a. to 2.3 e.
PPALDING. Aug. 28 -At this day's market we had a few
samples of new Wheat; the prices given were 49a. to 44m. But little
old offering; the demand small; they resoled 2s. to 3a. per qr. Oats
and Deana but few showing, sad late prices gives. &tuns et pale
as wand by ths earn inspector, are, et heat, 22 qre., average, 455.
Oats, 30 we., 14e.
Duatue, Aug. 28.-For the past fortnight we have en-
PuedtM most favourable weather for the harvest, and a considerable
OCCIIBIIO4I to the supplies of new grain has appeared on our market ;
the trodden of pricer is however hut slightly downwards. She fol-
lowiag quotatkaw apply exclusive to new grain. Wheat, white, 201.
to Th..; red, len. to 24.. per 2401 be. Oats, Se. to leth per 19611th
Bee, be to 9e. per 22410 e. Rapeseed, 2.15. to Rea. Ostretal, 105.
to lls. per cwt. Flour, in sacks, for remade, 145. to lie. per cwt.;
American, peT band, w'f,d. to 23s 6d. Indian Con, De. to
27k 64., per 4301 th

HOPS.—Woactattli. 29.—Tbe thee weseheT fa fisit
1
the hope to , mud is Is hembe yeevhig them toth
t 7 end quantity. arms tieelutierrobeame a Mas, beim
now ealled 7,3001. for ow Maralut, aalikalakte MAUL bar tin kali-
dam Market arm al to prima bat fist al to Mairem.

CATTLI, Stn.—Cumuli's', Aug. 29.—There was a
ropply of fit West, lower prier submitted to, with a dull eabe.
beet beet quality, Ile. 4d. to as Id. ; inkrior metA 1e.104. to Ila MM. ,
tou, tat and grime, Ba. AL to 4e. Lamb, 6d. to te. Bd.; Wrier
quality, 4s. 44. Ted, 36. 4d. to 3e. $6.; fat Calvet, 3s. to be. IL per
stone of 810 A; socking Calms mare*, at full prices.
DUDA FAIR, AVOINIT N.-01 besets sad Mop
time be. bees a pad allow at Roe present mortet, begs se re•
wets quantity aid quality. Buyers were nustrenc. :Comte' el
besets, 425 ; uesely all odd at 7s. down to 9d., sad Ile. per dew
of Mb.. Of sheep and lambs tliere Mlle 3,208 in tbe taarkat, ell ef
whieb were told.—Priest for mutton, Set. to SO. per lb. ; lamb,
ger lb.
LINCOLN, Aug. 29.—A good supply of Besets, but limited
of She, p. A eery fair attendance of buyers, and demand rattler brisk,
at formeref, be. 64.; prime Heifer, la. pm dose of 1411 a
Mutton, ewe, 40. to 414.; weber, ed. ;es le.
Itoteroso, Aug. 29.—We bed a very large quaslite el
lean deck of idetice quality, which was difficult of sale, se wan also
fat dock, stet& was 91 per dons lower. Beef, is to 36 W. Mat-
3a. 4d. to Ba. IM. Lamb, be. ato 4e. Veal, Is led. to le. ed.
pa 110. 4d. to 45.14.
lioutuaLL, A. 29.—We had but little dosead to-day,
and many things were Mined out tumid. Beef mde from la. to
' U.; Mottos, Is. Id. to to. ; Lamb, 3a. to be.; Veal, lea ed. to
its. U. Woo. ILI& to So. 104. pre stated Site" Ankles tbe

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 30, 1849..

BAIL WA YS.
DAY, two O'ciicte.
The albite market this asurning is quiet as regards
'retinal b9sitess, and in some iinatanees price's,* lower,
though yesterday's q-ntationis are ginerallymaintain ed.
This being ,!!t. cicat-dray,* the jobbers are boiled
in the cetflement of their accounts. 'Ltnelon end
North Wasterns, ard Midlands are heavy ; the for-
mer wire last dors at 125, the latter at 60i. North
Stafford. mark 111.
Fteech shares are a shade firmer.
- -

Pd. I 31111111 g Rat MATS.

sc—oiou prices i Sales to4lay up
Yeaerd.ii. I to 1 o'clock.

rib ssa
01 Do. Prdeenee.
_.., ...
6 itiabgt,Not.,llo.,Bll.lo.
6 MOM it Rants lit. (Ot
212 West. perpetual bpa
ol
la
= 3 tolloduly paid,
sr with 'guarantee ..
SO Downbeat • guarantee
WI Ethro.Wolvdc StourValley
10 Birus..Wolv.. tad DWI
soli, duly paid, or wt
10 Da without a stannic,
71 Radon, Shim, and Mao-
* Bristol and Faster ... ..
374 Do.
0 Bee ... ...
10 Do. i *barn ... - i• •
10 De.Prernmeert.
50 cheater£ l
aid Holyteeed ..
II Do. Preference.. ...
40 Dublin and Belfast June..
SS Bent dr (duo • ...
16 Do (Fl 5 E. tea.) -.
34. D0.(51.10..)6 p. Ct. Pr*
90 Eastern Counnee .., ...
10 Do. New Goa. 6 p.Ct....
61 Do. Eat., bp. Ct.. No.
61 Do. do. 144.I
IS Do. N. h 11. 6ph Ct.-
0 Do.•
SI Ihider Mk% dam B
(late al. 311.04 ... ..
Dli Do. elan C. aft ... _
VP Do.= II p. Ct.)
II Dot - ...
95 Do. New ... -
ft Do. iv. • alee;we ... ,
0 Unwind** per Ct. Pr* 3 h
311 TAM ...
/I tembin*isdassiow...
IS 1113abee* Sakelhent ...
15 Do. Newport
111 Exeter, Tnnil. as Dore).
Sle. Paster and Nanaosilt ..
134 Do.sod kffe
444 Welt (be.)ssea,A, .
71 Do. shinee, B. IP. a..
474 Ott gee Mat. Pre.....
a.
lee Great Nati of Roghrd...
33 Do. Now, S4O ... . •
au Do. New, X5O ... ...
16 Do. New, a;l6 ... ..
100 Cheat Western ... ... ..
t°3 r).-. m..:::: :: ....
90 Do. ... ... ...
IS Do. New, Rl7 ... ..
80 Dull and thlby... .. ...
10 Do. # shares ... • .
60 Lenteated and Carlisle -
10 Do. *Ns . ,
100 Inneadelr• and ioeildnre"
96 Do.
224 Do. Mum ... ... ...
10 De. ... ... ..
15 Do.Thirde ,
10 Do. New (thp.Ct.)..
9 De. Went Unto
33 Do. Proton Wyrs
10 Do. 6 shares (A) ... ..
60 Leeds and BradWd... ..
30 Lash and *ink (New).
34 Do. New Pref. 6p. Cent
10 London and Ineekwall -
60 Loa..lleighoB, h S. Coast
9 Do. sweenueditteCt.....
kfoOlordoll
50 Do. Pea. 1 per Cent-.
50 Do.Ossert. 5 p•Ct.,1862
6 Do. Now hi goningiet .
111 Ladle isd
30 Do. efence
100 Looks Prh
Noonth-Waken I
12 Do. do. New 1 shares...
3 Do. Fihs .
1 Do.le toft 414..ii.incili.(a)
50 London It South-Was
434 Do. New, ESO .. ..
34 Do. New Z4O ... ..
161 Do. *Dan ".
... ..
5 Do. PlOl5lOllOO 7p. CL.
5 *web., Buz, and Mat...
100 Naaelt., Med, sod Line..
33 Do. thares, No. 1 ...
15 Do. shares, Na 2 ...
IS4 Do. *arm, No. 3 -
10 Do.. ow £lO ?red ...
50 Do., Crest Grimed., ...
111 Do. do. .
104 Dd. Roe 6.1114.401 d.. -
05 150. Grimsby Dock ...
41 Do. Lincoln Unica
100 Mb* • ».••
110 De.** ini;_ ... ..
150 Do. 1115111. =A WM."
154 Da. Id oN6S. Bp. Cent.
WO Newesothe end Cathie ...
106 Nate* . - ... ...
13 re. per .., ..
10 Do. Orrin. 8 per Ft.-
5 Do. Guars& 0 per Ct...
33 North British .... ... ...
19 Doe5... - ...
8 D ... ... ...
3 Do. Preforms .. ...
174 Keith Staffordshire ...
50 Diked, Wore.„ & Wolver.
141 5 Read.,Cuild., and Reigate
Royston and Riteldu ...
SS dcottials Central .
1I Shrews, hBB
. s., 661
Do., aim —.
_..•
5 Do., New Guaranteed_
15 Shrewsbury and Mau
67704.4. W. 1114.) ... ...
161 Do. Oewastry" ...
IDo. Now.. ...
110 Do. b
8 rid. ...
I
31 Do. MI -. ... ...
SO Dal& 1 ... ... ...
10 D 0.744. 4 =wed ...
10 Do. No. 4 ...
311 .. . • Weir , —..
10 i jaVul4el.. Oms-
-10 11144m0i t
ail
Ormie. •Dt. gm p.Ct.
20 *narked and 'lk lenny..
30 Wear Valley,ll p. Rim.
IS Do. do. do.
43 Wll'atßommereetatWeym.
IS Tork.Newoutlek Berwick
30 Do.llit(Torldtffewea.)
8 Do. C.N.N. Purobase or
Preference
50 Reek end North Midiand-
-10 Do. Pederson -

16i 19i
i i Pill
6 if clis.

ii i dia.

u

5 '4,

I 6 Pm.
M 44/..
11/
pok.dl.
10 9 dia.
18_ 19

iii! ti!

-1
li Pau
121 134
If Ili
33. 31... dia.

71 5:
1 I PB.
I Pla•
Pm*
541 55•
IN 111
8 3 103.

19 17 Os.
19 17 db.
18e 19i
16 16

is iii.

st
1 i vs.
NI !_9

ii $9

6 i du.
toe it
°iii 411
&LI
I h tr..
S; 21 die.
1 11 dia.
IT 15 ells.
222 126
- --

If 49 pm.
38 se pm.
17 19 pm.
79 71

is is

dia.
134 14
59 foi di&
95 111

ii ifs

201 li 201

121 13

poi.
SO s3

"I
dis:6 16
24 22 db.
16 3 11 di&
si dia.
4e 4 di&
6 7 db.
:1 =
59 414
6 7 you
100 102

ii iii
db.
A J

94 10
5$ 60

ii_ ii.

791
32i 3
9

10
21 221
128 127

1 11 pls.
3i 4t sou
Si 2i MP.
S 544
17h 13 411 s.
IS_ 11. 41.5.

2 a
lb

if tut.

ii
$
15
15
al
II

diL
dia.
14 dia.
14 dia.
tl
ttdr

iii iif Ma.
U 40
LIS 117

34 S 7
13 11 db.
I 7 131
4 4
I 1$
I
31 311
par
51 dl. oft.
6i
11 13

i6y ii
I Sla
J Pm
I dia.
64 4 dia.
H 1 pm.

Towns RAILWAY%
Anglo-Callan (11It•
and Anatrlan.
20 ICO2IOIOIO and kiii;6
20 Central Frame (Vienna)

414 IN
1 Ms.
9_ 7. Ida.

at at aIL
3 3 di&
9 12
9 12
214 1
A "

isk GI
61 6i
b 23 410.

11 4101.:
le I as.
1 3

4} 31 pd.
13 11 di&
II 19.

i 1 art balsa ...
1 Ong Indian Pieloido ..
leo Do.

Madrid sad Valsatis
llosur is/ Lop
11041 ltordwu elf "Wass
Odom as 4 Illeisasz
20 Pads nil Odom
SO Missal Rom
11 Pads ilisboarg
30 Mrs ea lbws
10 Nabs sad Maw
11 Tem nil Swiss

71 II to.

eroveoo.

O
II 21

Z ii dia.

Is $
14 a
•

U 414
ut ,
61
771
71 61 di&
t I Plut
7 60 Ois.
81 8 4146

el 604
14i

41
dlis.
4I dia.
22 $1
6i 20 21 es die.
8 dls.
19
2 it
1 II sdu

• '. OUBOOING MAILS.
The wens for the *ISA North America and the "United
States will be made up to-morrow evening, Ari,Liall.
The West 'lndia Mails, including Bermu Ilevanna,
Nissan, Honduran, New Orleans, and Mexico, an excluding
those for Madeira, St. Juan-de-Nicaragua, New Granada,
Chili, and Peru, will be made up on Sept. 1.
The mails fer Illeasha.the BriMh, and Buenos Ayres,
will be ands up ha Sept. 4.
The mails, Ma Marseilles, to the Mediterranean, Egypt,
Ceylon, India, Houg-Hang, &c., will be made up on
the evening of Sept. 7.
The mails fir Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Cadiz, and
Gibraltar, will be made up on the morning or Sept.
Islands,
7.
The melds for Gibraltu, Malta, Greet*, the lonian
Egypt. Ceylon, India, and Chine, via Southampton, will
be made up on the morning of Sept. 20.

Ir the Parisians, in common with all old-school
politicians, were startled by the first meetings and
efforts of the Congress of Peace,—if they deemed it
to be inopportune end unlikely to be supported by
practical sense and solid argument—they must by this
time be undeceived. The several eminent orators of
the Congre-s most fully displayed both the advantages
and the feasibility of peace. But, perhaps, the most
favourable themes for warmth and eloquence were
denied them by the necessity of avoiding the petted
of actual politics. Could they have entered upon that,
they might indeed have made a stronger case against
the abuses and absurdities of war, or of what is the
same thing, armed policy and diplomacy, than
any that was attempted.
If war has or ever had an excuse at all, it can only
be on the principle that it is a continuance of ancient
shivalry which obliged the strong to interfere for the
weak, and the generous and noble to go forth for the
relief of the oppressed. At the present day, how-
ever, there is not ore of the armed nations of Europe
which pretends that the mighty forces kept up can or
ought to be applied towards the succour of the weak
or the relief of the oppressed. Philanthropy has been
utterly scouted from the entire range of politics.
And, whilst the despots of Europe are clubbing their
armies to treed the last spark of freedom and inde-
pendent life from out such races as cherish it, not one
nation pretends that any succour should or could be
extended to them. In fact, the constitutional powers,
instead of standing in any antagonism to despotic
powers, serve, on the contrary, by their side. France
sends her soldiers to act as gendarmerie of the Pore.
Constitutional Spain does the same. Whatever senti-
ments of sympathy we English have, we are all of
opinion, and of a very sane opinion, that such sent'.
mentsshould not be drawninto acts, and that we should
not arm for any foreign cause, no matter how sacred
or how entitled to sympathy and to respect.
Thus it is, that military force, as a means, is exclu-
sively at the disposal of the bad and retrograde influ-
ences of society. The better ones forswear it. And
hence, unless the brute and the retrograde powers in
Europe and influences in society are to be allowed to
prevail, all the moral and intellectual portion of
society should league against the system, and the
profession and the principles of war.
The partisans of great military establishments,
however, pretend that they are necessary for two great
ends, these of national defence against foreign inva-
sion, and of government defence against insurrection.
The late events of Europe have, however, pretty well
shown, and future events, we think, will show, how
little the present system of standing armies is re-
quisite, even for these purposes. With respect to
national defence, let us orly contemplate the Hun-
garian campaigns. A small people—not one-third or
one-fourth of its enemy in the first campaign—with-
out a regular army, without officers, stole., or mili-
tary preparations of any kind, still so effecteally re I
polled invasion, that it would have been madness to
repeat it, without the aid of another colossal empire,
with an army of 800,000 men. Who could
think of invading France, for example, un-
less, indeed, France had been first exhausted and
dispirited by a waste of all its spirit and resources,
as was the case in 1814 ? Not one of the countries
which have standing armies, need them for defence,
save perhaps Prussia. And Prussia has wisely seen,
that she could not support a sufficient standing army
for the purpose ; and, therefore, she has armed and
trained all her population, leaving them to be citizens
at-the same time.
The other great purpose of 400,000 men under
arms is, we see, pat forward by the Courier Fran-
cais*. It is the necessity of such an army, to keep
down insurrection. Where would we have been with-
out ;an army? exclaims every terrified conser-
vative Frenchman. To this it should be replied
that had not CHARLES X. first, and LOUIS PHILIPPE
afterwards, relied upon their armies, they would not
have governed as they did. They would have em-
ployed much more eircumspectnees and wisdom. It
was the consciousness of having an army at his back
that encouraged LOUIS PHILIPPE in his selfish policy,
Gown in his dictatorial airs; and that allowed
200,000 labourers to associate in Paris under the in-
fluence of hunger, and demoralisation, and commu-
nism, to rice in a few hours and overthrow a court
and a middle class, alike ignorant of their existence.
Had Paris ezjoyed reel municipal institutions—had
its wealthy classes had the power and the habit of
knowing what was peering in the ranks of the lower
classes—being acquainted with their wants, their opi-
nions, suck a revolution as that of 1848 could never
have taken place.
Far from armies being preservatives against in-
'affection, all the great popular insurrections of 1848
broke out precisely in those capitals which have the
largest standing armies; and those armies were
beaten every where. And the only reason that the
people did not preserve the victory they gained was,
that they did not know how to make use of it. And
now, what is the prospect? In every country the
discontented and revolutionary party see that the
army is the arbiter of destinies. And to the
corruption of the army it will apply itself.
The army consists of the poorest, the idlest, the most
ignorant, and most adventurous of the population.
None are more open to the suggestions of cupidity and
ambition, from listening to which they are kept merely
by the brute fears instilled by military law. Build-
ing public peace upon an army is building a wooden
house upon still hot cinders; a conflagration, sooner or
later, is inevitable.
We do not see, then, that the impugners of the
arguments of the Peace Society have been able to
bring forward or establish a mingle valid or rational
objection. And it is evident that either the principle
of this society must come to be recognised and acted
on, or Europeans cid,- will be forced back into a
mere region of force. And a region of force, how-
ever at first directed by intellect and sagacity, is sure
at last to become assimilated to the means employed,
and to be stupid end retrograde, as well as material.

NMI WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE
Tap Dri—llteslag, IN IPA. pm , Anemone, 0 ads. pat O.
IV-11141.0•—)Lceaft,taials. pa 0, Aftersoom,47 al& pool O.

LONDON, THURSDAY, AUGUST 30.

161
1211
211 31 4
1
61 4 I

el 1
4 if
if

LIVERPOOL. Asgust 29.

OCK-EIMANON.—The market
k:htl taut watch.
'dip dull in cart sense of the word.—Blr Lone, sod
Cheshire 151 6.—East Lassehlre, 16—Ditto (1 re), 4—lsmea-
&lre sad Yorkshire (61th shates), 4 IL—London and North-Western,
1274—Ditto (new shares), 43e. N. p.—Nhlsfid Nuns), 1311 6.—
Shrewsbury sod Elnaughsai (pref. shares), 101—tiath Fatah sad
Dow (No. 4, Is. as 14 s. 6 2-3 dia.), 61—Torh, Neweesta, sad
Beat* (O.N.E. 6 per et. NU 'SO), 68s. fd. d.
MANCHESTER, August 29.

----
STOCIL4EXCILLIIO3.—Thers was but a small amount of
busing% and prises were weaker, with a tendency downwards.

LEEDS, Asigurt 29.

hoot-Examunts.—W• have again bad bat a very limited
—oat ot business waassetcd this sotorotog. No variation tares.
aript the Leeds and MIS Isteusious, which have sligh y fm-
beteg quoted et 3a ed. dle.—New Past tanceshirts. 15'-
1 Wag Yorkshire, 7j.

BIRMINGHAM, August 29.

-----
Oroatalioniires.—Thar• arm rather • tottor holing
AID asartet to-dayrerabery and Birmingbem A.'s or
moan
ile Me, next time: end the Preference shares at II gee.—Beuth Me-
-1 link Were quoted at 41 end SI ds.—Birreentbery and Birmingham
1 11.'s at 3 1.14 5 dia.

BRISTOL. Mime 29.

lkoca-Ruguares.—Tlis market was aberassidiai by a
winazi aim eon was a eforreira Imp smost
68.8. tbs izeilar doom of en Ilrfolot sod
Loaf owl W Omonlo. Mei am of
Ss ham lee eked i 1 Ma.; cuwtwelesQueteiwcsatel
Ma ; the Xt. 171. lima at 3i Mo. Ilion yes Ilasules som•
slaw la Taff Tale 'WA at 130 es &v.

COTTON.—Lmaroot, AtroveT 72.—The nobs% to.
day was my dull. 5 bales vire sold, and of tkene MIA ware
taken for esport and Sootr
scondatton.

HAY.-81ITTEMILD, ACOVST 30.—Siedem Coops ud
Davis mart the trade heavy, et the Ibilowing quotation :
Moe eessw, 70a. to 76a I hoots.. to I New .... to 94e.
letertee ....... 60e. to 6.6 e Covet .. Ma to 96a Wow.— nu. to Me.

---..----.----_ _
ephemeral or proceeding from permanent causes,
and likely to be of prAracted endurance. Mr.
GUrtElt has a. charactm to support among
ntole3ed •men for sagacity and dispassionate
Judi/aunt—his position as a banker depends upon his
maintaining such a character. His motives to ab-
stain from the utterance of a rash and exaggerated
opinion far outweigh any motive he can have had to
over-colour the picture of this country's condition he
has drawn. Here then is • voioefrom Lombard-attest,
from a man universally acknowledged to be one of
the shrewdest and most favoured in regard of oppor-
tunities of observation among the men of Lombard-
street. And this voice tells us in earnest but
guardedly measured langsage that our extravagant
expenditure upon fleets and armies is exposing us to
the terrible risk of a natiousl bankruptcy.
Let us now turn to contemplate another phasic of
our atrocious financial system ; let us listen to &vi-
olinr of these incidental illustrations of its mode of
operation which are continually being extorted from
men even when discussing the most alien topics.
We adverted yesterday to the report of a committee
of the House of Commons on public libraries. To-
-As the close of their report the committee ob-

serve:—
Another grave impediment to the more extensive circela
tion of books is to be found in the paper duty. Your com-
mittee do not find existing in the United States or in any
other country, such a duty ; oppressive upon trade, interfering
with labour, and restrictive of literature. In the United
States and in Belgium, and in many other countries, there
exists no such duty as the advertisement duty. Your com-
mittee deem this another impediment to the ex elision of
libraries and the circulation of books, as it is to trade and
labour generally.
Hero we have a number of gentlemen setting
themsaves quietly to investigate the s'atistics of
public libraries at home and abroad, and inquire into
the best means of supplying England mote libe-
rally with these great instruments of national
education. An inquiry more remote from the
beaten track of finance could not well be con-
ceived. Yet even upon their sequestered and
scholastic meditations the monster and all-pervading
nuisance of English society obtrudes its hated pre-
sence. In no nook, however sequestered (not even in
his coffin, it has been said), is the Englishman secure
from the intrusion of thetax-gatherer's malicious grin
and birdlime fingers. Even when we betske cur-
melee sto our books, we feel him clutching at our
wekets, and see him at the same time narrowing the
field of remunerative employment to printers, type-
founders, bookbinders, paper makers, aad all auxi-
liary trades, and exacting tribute from every poor
000kmaid who advertises for a place. Our oppressive
financial system sits like a nightmare on the nation,
parslysing its physical energies, and obstructing the
exercise of thought.
We need look no further than to the report from
which we have just been quoting for an illustration of
the unworkable, self-counteracting nature of our
financial system :
The duty levied on the importation of foreign books pro-
duces a trifling amount of revenue, about 8,0001. a year ; yet
it is a grievous tax on knowledge, end en impediment to the
formation of libraries. • • • It appears. that the want
of foreign books is the great deficiency in our existing
libraries ; yet we have increasing competition to contend
with in the purchase of them; the Americans having en-
tered the European market, and become (even for their
private collections) large purchasers of books. It also seems
that the custom-house officers do notiand meet, strictly
enforce the collection of the duty. " There is a great eva
don of the law. The custom-house officers are quite unable
I. divide the books into those categories into which the low
divides them. The consequence is, that the whole is open
to fraud."
8,0001. per annum ! A tax yielding such a return
would seem to have been imposed solely that tax-
gatherers might have the pleasure of colleting and
tax-payers the pleasure of paying it. It cannot have
been laid on as a productive source of revenue. It
cannot have been laid on for protective purposes, for
, the article on which it is levied is necessarily of
1, foreign growth. The only conceivable motive for
imposing it is that custom-house officers might never
be in danger of finding their talents rust for want of
exercise, and that travellers and booksellers might
never be deprived of the luxury of those delicate em-
barratsments and pretty pleasing obstructions which
attend the of goods through the Custom-
house. Inaddition to the utter uselessness of the tax,
macwould notice the impossibility of levying it in
ny cases, and the frauds to which it unavoidably
gives rise.
We might go on ad tiOnitum with such corrobora-
tions of our assertion that the existing system of
British finance is radically wrong and vicious in all
Its details, teasingly and impertinently interfering,
and inevitably leading, if persisted in, to an entire
break down. As illustrative of these truths, the
opinions we have quoted are important; they are iu- '
finitely more important as being extorted incidentally
from people who were at the time talking and think-
ing of quite other matters. This shows how ince,-
.a.ntly present to the national perception is the
danger and discomfort attendant on perseverance in
our unwise mode of administering the national
finances, how constantly the oppressiveness of the
system persisted in, and its perilous consequences ob-
trude themselves on men's notice.
Yet will our rulers and our legislators care for none
et these things,. With a Sybaritic impatience
lof labour, they banish the obvious hazards
from their thoughts, and persist in their indolence.
Can it in such circumstances be wondered at that the
people are becoming clamorous for financial reform,
and coupling with it demands for such changes in
their representative institutions as may facilitate the
attainment of financial reform? When they whose
duty it is to apply timely remedies to the evil obsti-
nately refuse, the people have nothing for it but to
take the task into their own hands. In modern Eu-
rope national bankruptcy has ever been synonymous
with revolution, and revolution, when the public mind
is irritated by protracted suffering from obstructive
and unequal fiscal exactions, has ever been ruinous.
In the advancing movement for financial and parlia-
mentary reform is our only safeguard against such a
terrible visitation.
the

SWITZERLAND.

We extract from the Cologne Gazette of August 28
• communication dated Berlin, the 25th, purportirg
to report the proceedings at a conference of demo-
crats at Berne on the 19th. It is possible that some
disciples of Alibaui, after helping by their senseless
extravagance to defbat the efforts of the German
liberals, may still dream of realising their frenzied
projects ; but there is much that is ruspicious about
this Berlin letter. A friend of the parties would
scarcely have given publicity to such proceedings, and
how could an enemy come to know of them ? There
are some statements in the letter which are positively,
untrue, as, for example, that Hecker has not returned
to America. No further gone than yesterday we
were assured by a gentleman upon whose veracity
we can rely that be has received a letter from Hecker
since his return to that country. Some slender
foundation in fact the letter may have, but, in its pre-
sent shape, and coming from Berlin, it looks ex-
tremely like a fabrication of some of the disreputable
agents of the minister. In short, we neither believe
the names of the parties said to have been present, nor
the language attributed to them to be truthfully re-
port( d, and are extremely doubtful whether any such
meeting was held. Our German readers cannot have
forgotten the unscrupulous fabrications that were
published in journals countenanced and supported by I
Prussian ministers, at the time of the prosecutions of
Arndt and Jahn. We have but too much reason to
fear that the diplomatic and priestly influences which
lent their support to the Sonderbund, meditate at
present a still bolder stroke against the independence
of the liberal Swiss cantons. And the circulation of
false or exaggerated statements respecting central
organisations of the mostviolent democrats in Switzer-
land, wi uld, at the moment, be deemed good service
by the tools of despotism, as affording a semblance of
justice to veil the iniquity of the step they meditate.
" It appears that the democrats from all parts
of the world held, at Berne, a conference on the
19th, at which Professor Vogt and others were the
reporters, Raveaux the president. Three Frenchmen,
three Italians, one Hungarian, three Poles, a number
of Germans, whose names have been of late much
before the public, such as Becher, of Stuttgardt,
Cramer, of Cologne, Korner, of Elberleld, and many
others. The meeting was informed that Hecker bad
not yet left for America, but would wait and see first
how things turned out in Wurtemberg. Becher said,
"Our cause stands in Wurtemburg on the wished-for
height, and the Prussians, by the occupation of the
Hohenzollern principalities, have given the richest
ma-erials for exciting the most intense hatred. Our
friends in all parts of that country are exerting them-
eelces to fan this hatred into bright flames.
All our brethren in Switzerland are strongly

Loon on it from what point of view we will our
financial system shows absurd, oppressive, rotten.
Let any number of men, of the most various tempers
and pursuits, join in a conversation, they can scarcely
bring it to a close without incidentally saying some-
thirg that recale these characteristic features of
English finance. They, consciously or unconsciously,
supply some illustration of its enormous unequal
pressure, its unworkable and 'elf-counteracting re-
gulations, its tendency to break down beneath its
own weight.
lair. SAMUEL GURNEY, in &letter which Mr. JosErti
STURGE read at one of the meetings of the Peace
Conference, harps on the last-named string :
In respect to my own country, I more boldly assert, that
unless she wholly alters her course is these respects, bank-
ruptcy will ultimately be the result. We have spent from
fifteen to twenty millions annually for warlike purposes
sums the pesos of 1815. Had that money been applied to
the discharge of the national debt, by this time it would have
been nearly annihilated ; but if cur military expenditure be
persisted in, sod no reduction of our national debt take
plus at • period of our history certainly characterised by a
very fair prosp.rity and political calm, how is it to be ex-
pected that the amount of revenue will be maintained in •
time of adversity, which we must from time to time antiti
pate in our future history ? fLiculd such adversity come
upon us, I ventur, to predict that our r t.nue will not be
maintained, nor the eliyideinds paid, ad, “2 wee of cieht
steps be taken to prevent each a catufrphe u. elm se days of
prosperityand puce.
It be said that Mr. G. nrtipathy to
war may glee a bias to his views umn this pint. Be
it no. On the other hc.:.d, Mr. Gl'itNLY is ci*. of our
leading bankers. His 's to w.-.t• 3 ebb
' and flow of the nation, l fc. J ar 1 the sting
medium, and io trace tl e caul. fyi ' L.,qtions
' in order to discover whether they are exceptional and

recommended to arm, to hold themselves in
readinet s, and to co-operate in pi creating
any staunch republican from emigrating at
the pre-ent moment to America; on the ether hand,
let us all ferrate° matters so ae to be able to rend
home ell those lees gravely implicate d." Dr. d'E•ter
read a report from Berlin, nearly of the following
import :—" We are in full activity ; that catmot
fail of success. Berlin is now, after the
plan of Dr. Schfitte, divided iLto several sec-
tions, as Vienna was last year, over which a cen-
tral committee appoints a superintendent or chief;
only those subects are discussed that are calculated
to show up Ilinkeldey and Co., or get them into
mess. (The reader should understand that this is a
cant term cr nickname for the king and his
ministers.) Our principle sittings are held
only in such places round about Berlin where
horse-markets or fairs happen to be held. With
the committees in Silesia, Saxony, Homburg, Schles-
wig-Holstein, Bohemia we are in strict union; great
efforts are being made in Brunswick and Hanover.
Oar friends in the provinces are not idle by any
means ; our next March acquisitions shell assuredly
not fail this time. We are making preparations for
our new and firm operations. Everything must be
so arranged this time, that when th • blow is giver,
princes,anstocrats, and burghers shall be extinguished.
Yes, the hedge-priests and the jacks in offic_ must be
, drowned in the blood of the former." Dr. d'Erer
reported further, that the democratic clubs in the
Rhenish province and in Westphalia were only ap.
patently inactive ; some clubs had been dissolved, bat
ye-o-ganised on the Berlin apt m. Dr. lisnlitz re-
ported pretty much to the same effe:t from Schleth
wig-Holstein in the cause of one grand German
republic. The hatred in Hamburg against Prussia was
on the rise, and care should be taken But it 'Mould cot
cool. Dr. DAT reported from Frankfort, limn, and
Mayence, that the effects of the clubs for rettiog the
stupid soldiery together by the ears bade fair to pro-
duce the most glorious fruits. Moreover, the same
reporter showed that the demoeratical female club of
Hansa had seat on the 10th of August to Berne SOO
dollars in ready money, 150 shirts, and 10 good
rifles. The reports from Posen and Steels were
evidently exaggera.ed ; in Breslau the secret
committee meets by night at • wine-mer-
chant's. Everything would be ready, it was re-
ported, by next March. Another retort from Wu„.
burg, in Franconia, a liberal province of Bavaria,
gloats at the rupture between Bavaria and Prussia;
moreover, it stated that Bavaria was on the
crater of a volcano. A rep .rt from Vienna
stated that the committees were bitter organised,
and that they were only waiting for the Han-
garians to come and destroy the house of
Hapsburg. From France the reports corfined there-
selves especially to the intrigues of the Orleans party•,
this party, well supplied with money, had united
with the socialistic reds to overthrow Napoleon. The
Paris committee had, besides, sent 111,000 franks in
gold for supporting the German fugitives, and WI
money had been paid on their behalf to old
Vogt. The Italians built their hopes on the
Hungarians and the French revolution. Ravens
repor•ed that the grand meeting at Geneva had not
taken place, because this place swarmed with Aus-
trian end French spies. The so-called staunch ones
are all armed with rifles and pistols, which weapons
are brought by women across the frontier. The
latter are also supplied with ammunition to convey to
the same destine. ion. Many let their weapons hang
in the room openly, so that any one can see them."

JOSEPH MAZZLNL

The following letter, addressed by Afezzini to a
friend in this country, is now of rather an old date
(the 6th inet.); bus, us a picture of the man, a histo-
rical interest attaches to it, and we feel, therefore, no
hesitati•en as to giving it a place in our columns:
"Rome has fallen! It is a great crime and a great
error. The crime belongs entirely to France; the
error to civilised Europe, and above all to your
Eoeland. I say to your England, for in the three
questions hich are now at issue iu Rime, and which
it is vein to attempt to stifle by brute force, England
appears to me, and did appear to us all, to be espe-
cially concerned. Three questions—the question of
principle, of international right, of European morality
—the political' question, properly so called, the be.
lance of power in Europe, influence to be preserved
or obtained—and the religions cemeiou—all were, in
fact, raised already in Rome before the entrance of the
French. The question of principle is, thank God,
sufficiently clear. A population of more than two
millions of men having peacefully, solemnly, and
legally chosen, through a constitute nal assembly re-
gularly elected, a form of government, is deprived of
It by foreign violence, and forced again to submit to
the power which hid een abolished; and that without
that population having furnished the slightest pretext
for such violence, or made the slightest attempt
against the peace of neighbouring countries. The
calumnies which have been for months systematically
circulated against oar republic, are of little impoe
lance ; it was necessary to defame those whom it had
been determined to destroy. But I affirm that the
republic, voted almost unanimously by the assembly,
had the general and spontaneous approbation of the
country; and of this the explicit declaration of al-
most all the municipalities of the Roman States volun-
tarily renewed at the time of the French invoice,
without any initiative on the part of the Roman go.
vernment, is a decisive proof. I affirm that with the
exception of Ancona, where the triumvirate were
obliged energetically to repress certain criminal acts
of political vengeance, the republican can
was never sullied by the slightest excess ; that
never was there any censorship assumed over
the press before the siege, never did the occasion arise
for exercising it during the siege; not a single rote
damnation to death or exile bore witness to a severity
which it would have been our right to have exercised,
bat which the perfect unanimity which reigned
amongst all the elements of the state rendered useless.
I affirm that, except in the case of three or fore
prleate, who bad been guilty of firing upon oar com-
batants, and who were killed by the people during
the last days of the siege, not a single act of persotal
violence was committed by any fraction r f the pore
lation against another, and that if ever there west
town presenting the spectacle of a band of brother'
pursuing a common end, and bound together by the
1 same faith, it was Rome under the republican rule.
The city was inhabited by foreigners from all parts of
the world, by the consular agents, by many of
your countrymen ; let any one of them arise and
under the guarantee of his own signature deny, if
he can, the truth of what I say. Terror now reigns in
Rom ; the prisons are choked with men who have
been arrested and detained without trial ; fifty priests
are confined in the castle of St. Angelo, whcse only
crime consists in their having lent their services in
our hospitals; tt o citizens, the best known for their
moderation, are exiled; the army is almost entirely
diesolved, the city disarmed, and the 'factions' sent
away even to the last man ; and yet France darts
not consult in a legal manner the will of the Tiede*
lions, but re-establishes the papal authority by 1111-
tary decree. I do not believe that since the die
memberment of Poland there has been committed'
more atrocious injustice, a more gross viola-
tion of the eternal right which God has die
plar.ted in the people, that of appreciating ad,
d.fining for themselves their own life, to
governing themselves in accordance with their own
appreciation of it. And I cannot believe that it h
well for you or for Europe that such things can he
accomplished in the eyes of the world without 050
nation arising out of its immobility to protest ia the
same of universal justice ? This is to enthrone brute
1 force where, by the power of reason, God alone should
reign ; it is to substitute the sword and poniard for
I law—to decree a tendons war without limit of time
or means between eppressers rendered suspicious by
their fears, and the oppressed abandoned to the
instincts of re-action and isolation. Let Europe o
upon these things. For if the light of lenmatt
morality becomes but a little more obscured, in that
darkness there will arise a strife that will make the"'
who come after us shudder with dread.
" The balance of power in Europe is destroyed.
consisted formerly in the support given to
smaller states by the great powers: now they sre
abandoned. France in Italy, Russia in
pry, Prus.ia in Germany, a little later perhapa
Switzerland : these are now the masters of to'
continents England is thus made a 0111
the" celek sedet Eolus in arce," which Canning
lighted to quote, to express the moderating. fume%
which he wished to reserve for his country, 15
of °lib,
meaningless phrase. Let not your preachers
theory of material interests, your spcculatme
extended markets, deceive themselves; theta