The Express.
London, England, 1856-05-12 00:00:00

THE MAMMA MONDAY ICYRNMG, MAY 12, 1858.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.
l NEW RUSSIAN APAIG

nuorsuo AND IltrwurArtaing. Zit /y
(now ova Hammes ooaansiortnawe.)
The Ow of Warsaw announces that Ramis is to
ecermenes a campaign this rummer against the Gan-
owns. General Chreleff will hare the command of
the expedition under the superior direction of General
Muravieff. The expedition will extend to Degheetan
a distanoe of about eixty miles from the Black Bea
mast.

REPRES*PATION ON THE STATE OF
ITALY, PRESENTED BY COUNT CAVOUR
TO THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH GO-
VERNMENTS.

The undersigned, plenipotentiaries of his Majesty
the Bing of Sardinia, full of °Dalliance in the senti-
ments of justice of the governments of France and
England, and in the friendship which these Porters
protege for Piedmont, have not ceased, since the
opening of the Cooferenees, to hope that the Congress
of Paris would not separate without taking into its
serious consideration the state of Italy, and delibe-
rating oa the mesas of applying a remedy to it, sett:
restoring the political equilibrium disturbed by *
occupation of a great part of the provinces of the,
peninsula by foreign troops. Belying on the concur-
rence of their allies, they felt a repugnance to 'eta-
tale the belief that any other Power, after having sac-'
pressed an interest so lively sad so generous in the
fate of the Christians of the Beat, of the Greek and
&laconic races, would refuse to take into considera-
tion that of peoples of the Latin rase still more un-
fortunate, inasmuch as, in coassquence of the higher
degree of civilisation which they have attained, they,
feel more keenly the effects of a bad government.
In this hope they have been deceived. Notwith-
standing the good will of Prance and England, not.
withstanding the benevolent efforts of these govern.
mints, the obstinacy (persistanes) of Austria, in
exacting that the deliberations of the Congress
should remain strictly confined to the limits of quo.
tions which had been traced before meeting, is the
01689 that this assembly, towards which the eyes of
all Europe are turned, is about to dissolve, not only
without having brought the least alleviation to the
sufferings of Italy, but without one gleam of hope
for the future to shine beyond the Alps of a nature
to calm the spirits of men, and enable them to endure
the present with resignation.

Perhaps the peculiar position occupied by Austria
in the Congress rendered this deplorable result in-
evitable. The undersigned are compelled to acknow-
ledge this. They at the same time believe that it is
their duty, without addressing any reproach to their
allies, to sell their especial attention to the disastrous
consequences which this result may have for Europe,
for Italy, and more particularly for Sardinia.
It would be saperiinoss to ergot here an exact pic-
ture of Italy.

What is Occurring in that country is too notorious.
The system of compression and violent re-action in-
augurated in 1848 and 1849, which the revolutionary
disturbances that had jut been repressed perhaps
justified, endures without the least alleviation. It
may even be said that, with some exceptions, it is
enforced with redoubled rigour. The prisons and the
torus have never been mare tnU of persons sentenced
for political causes; the number of the proscribed hes
never been more ooselderable; the police has never
been more 'meddlesome (tracaosiere), nor the state of
siege more harshly applied.
Snob mesas of government most of neoessity keep
the populations in a state of constant irritation and
of revolutionary fermentation.
_ _

Bosh has been the state of Italy for the last seven
yell%

- Nevertheless, the popular agitation has appeared to 11
subside of late. The Italians, seeing one of their na-
tional Priness allied with the Great Western Powers
with a view to ensure the triumph of the principles of
equity and justice, and to ameliorate the condition of
their 00-religionarles in the East, conceived a hope
that peace would not be made before some solace had
been applied to their own woes.

This hope rendered them oaloi and resigned. Bat
when they shall learn the negative remits of the
Ooogreas of Paris—when they shall know that Aus-
tria, notwithstanding the good oases and benevolent
intervention of Franco and England, has opposed
even discussion—that Austria would not so much as

consent to inquire after the means calculated to re-
medy such a deplorable state of affairs—then there
can be no doubt that the irritation which hem been
lolled for the moment will re-awaken more fiercely
than ever. The Italians, convinced that they have
nothing more to hope from diplomacy or the efforts
of the Powers who take an interest in their fate,
will throw themselves back with Southern vehemence
into the ranks of the subversive and revolutionary
party, and Italy will become a burning centre of
coospiracies and disorders, which may indeed be
suppressed by redoubled severity, but which the
most trifling European commotion will oases to
break out again with the utmost violence.
A state of things so disastrous, if it deserves to fix
the attention of the governments of France and
England, squally interested in the maintenance of
order and the regulated development of civilisation,
must naturally in a still higher degree pre-occupy the
government of the ring of Sardinia.
The awakening of revolutionary pusione in all the
countries which surround Piedmont, by causes of a
nature to excite popular sympathy, exposes the Bar-
dinian government to dangers of monde* gravity,
which may compromise that firm and moderate
policy which has succeeded so happily in the internal
affairs of the kingdom, and has gained for it the sym-
pathy and esteem of civilised Europe.
But this is not the only danger that threatens
Sardinia.

The maize to which Austria resort• to repress the
revolutionary ferment in Italy exposes it to a still
greater danger.
This power, invited by the sovereigns of the minor
states of Italy who're unable to resist the discontent
of their subjects, has taken military occupation of
the greater part of the Valley of the Po and of Cen-
tral Italy, and its influence is irresistibly felt even in
the countries where it has not a single soldier. On
one side, resting on Ferrara and Bologna, the troops
of Austria extend as far as Ancona along the shore
of the Adriatic, which has become in a manner an
Austrian lake; on the other side Austria, mistress of
Placentia—whioh, contrary to the spirit, it not to the
letter, of the Treaties of Vienna, she labours to trans-
form into a fortress of the first order—has placed
a garrison in Parma, and is preparing to deploy her
fortes the whole length of the Sardinian frontier,
from the Po to the summit of the Apennines.
These permanent military occupations, by Austria,
of countries which do not belong to her, render her
absolute mistress of the whole of Italy, destroy
the balance of power estahlished by the Treaty of
Vienna, and are a standing menace to Piedmont.
Piedmont, blockaded as it were on every side by the
Austrians, and seeing the forces of • power which
she knows to be animated by no kindly feelings
towards her developed on her eastern frontier, which
is entirely open, is kept in a state of constant appre-i
hension, which obligee her to remain armed, and to
adopt defensive measures extremely burdensome to
her finances, already dilapidated by the events of
1848 and 1849, and by the war in which she has
taken part.
The facts which the undersigned have now stated
suffice to demonstrate the dangers of the position in
which the government of the King of Sardinia is
pissed.
Disturbed in the interior by the action of revolu-
tionary passions, which are excited all around it by
the violent system of repression, and by foreign own-
patron, and menaced by the extension of the power
of Austria, the Sardinian government may at any
I moment be forced to adopt extreme manna, of

Which it is impoirible to calculate the consequence.
The eadersigned cannot doubt that such a state of
things must excite the solicitude of the governments
of France and England ; not only because of the sin-
cere friendship and real sympathy which those
powers profess for the sovereign who alone of all
European ruler., at the moment when success was !
moat uncertain, declared openly in their favour, but
still more because this state of things is in tiinth a
Pearce of danger for the whole of Europe.
Sardinia is the only Italian state that has been i
Ole to erect an insurmountable barrier against the
revolutionary spirit, and to remain at the same
time independent of Austria; Sardinia is the sole
counterpoise in Italy to the encroaching influence
of Austria. If Sardinia should succumb, her forces
exhausted, abandoned by her allies; if she, too, were
compelled to submit to the domination of Austria;
then the conquest of Italy by that power would be
completed; and Austria, after having obtained,
without the least sacrifice on her part, the immense
benefit of the free navigation of the Danube and the
neutralisation of the Black Sea, would acquire a pre-
ponderating influence in the West.

- This is ;hat Franee and England cannot desire;
this is what they will never permit.
The undersigned, therefore, are conrinoed that the
Cabinets of Paris and London, taking into their se-
rious consideration the state of Italy, will take coun-
sel with Sardinia on the means of applying an effica-
cious remedy. (Signed) C. CAvori.

DE VILLAMAIINA.

•EXPRESS FROM PARIS.

(PZON OVZ own 00111IPOWININT.)
PARIS, SUNDAY EVINING
The mysterious Vienna correspondent of the Coss-
stilutionnela whose communications slimy' smack
strongly of the Austrian chancery, has a letter to-
day which contains some revelations of considerable
interest, touching the relations between France and
Austria, snd also an explanation of the reasons for
the signing of the separate treaty of April lb, be-
tween France, England, and Austria, which occa-
sioned so much surprise in the political world when
its existence became known for the first time, by the
presentation of a copy to the English parliament.
The correspondent claims credit for accuracy in
having in former letters ;affirmed that the delibera-
tions of the Congress on the Italian question served
but to bring out in stronger relief the entire con-
formity of views which existed between the court of
Vienna and the court of the Tuileries on the subject.
He speaks with the utmost contempt of the Sardinian
memorandum, about which " the best informed
journals made so much nabs," and observes very
truly that the protocols do not contain the least
allusion to any such document. The writer, or at
least those who instruct him, cannot have been
ignorant of the existence of the memorandum, which
has now been published. The second memorandum,
protesting against the hostility of Austria to Pied-
mont, as exhibited in the Congress, appears in this
very number of the Conatituti °meal , side by side with
the letter, the male purpose of which is to de.lare
that there is a close, intimate, and permanent
alli-
anee between France sad Austria. This is strange,
but so it is.

Since the treaty, the correspondent says, France
and Austria, desirous of proving by a collective step
the perfect accord which prevails between them u
to the best means to consolidate order and tranquility
in the Appenine pecinenla, and to abridge the dura-
tion of the foreign occupation of the states of the
church, have agreed forthwith to address, (on behalf
of each of the two governments) a pressing memo-
randum to the Papal government. To this end Count
Colloredo, the new Austrian ambassador to the court
of Rome, will immediately proceed to his post. He
will at once, conjointly with the French
ambassador, Count de Rayneval, deliver the
document in question to Cardinal Antonelli.
The two great catholic powers, prompted solely
by the sincere and, so to speak, filial desire to
strengthen the government of the Holy See, to en-
hance the respect due to the throne of the Sovereign
Pontiff, and to augment its eclat, have taken pains in
this memorandum to represent and demonstrate the

urgency of accomplishing in the interior of the
states of the church such salutary reforms ea
are called for by the aspirations of the
country and the incessant development of modern
civilisation. The counsels of France and Austria,
although couched in that friendly form which is
doubly due to an independent sovereign and the Vicar
of Christ, have nevertheless a certain firmness of lan-
guage calculated to produce a profound impression
upon the sacred college. It may, perhaps be objected
that a similar step was taken in 1831, without aoy
other result than illusory and sterile promises. But
it must not be forgotten that the memorandum of
1831 was presented just after the revolution of July,
the influence of which in Italy was warmly opposed by
Austria, and more especially after the landing of the
French at Ancona. The tricoloured flag floating
upon the ramparts of a pontifical city caused so
much uneasiness at that time toj Prince Metternich,
that he offered to abandon the Legations to obtain
the evacuation of Ancona. The Holy See, on the
other hand, distressed to see its territory occupied
against its will by a foreign foroe, received the re-
monstrances of the government of July with mis-
trust, and, retrenching itself behind Austrian bay-
onets, sank into a state of inertia, against which
all the efforts of the Thiers cabinet remained
powerless. Tired of controversy, Count Mole
at last laid down the bases of negotiation in the fol-
lowing terms :—" Ancona to be evacuated when
Austria ceases to occupy the Legations, it being,
however, understood that the Holy Father is to be
prompted to acts of amelioration indispensable to
his government, and which may prevent fresh
troubles." The French cabinet, therefore, no longer
pretended to impose reforms upon the Holy See;
it confined itself to a desire to suggest them; std
to testify its respect for the sovereignty of the Pope it
withdrew its troops, in order that no idea of coercion
might be implied in its councils. Bat at this day
France and Austria, in respecting the sovereign tilde-
pendenoe of the Hely See, and confining their advice
, within the limits traced by the general forms of in-
ternational law, are the more certain to exercise a
salutary influence upon the sacred college, that
while pursuing an identical end they nee identical
language, and develops an identical policy at Rome.
Between Austria party to the Holy Alliance, and
Austria a contracting party to the treaty of Decem-
ber 2, there is henceforth an abyss which no longer
permits it to be doubted that between her and impe-
rial France a close solidarity of interests has been
established—witness the treaty signed at Paris on
the 15th of April last between Austria and the West-
ern Powers.

Commentaries and suppositions are naturally not
wanting on the subject of this treaty between Are*
parties, apart from the general treaty of peace signed
by sews. You may remember that in one of my
letter., when I spoke of the character of the proposi-
tions made by Austria to Russia in the latter end of
December 1835, through Count Eaterhasy, I insisted
upon the feet that the court of Vienna attributed
to these propositions the character of an ultimatum.
To attempt to show that I was wrong, some people

observed that the proposition contained no CLIBUS
hill. That is true. But besides that, a CaBUB heel,
is not usually laid down in the ultimatum itself, in
order that the acceptance may be the more easy,
without wounding susceptibilities ; it is important to
know that Austria had, on November 14, 1855,
ac-
cepted every caeca belli in • memorandum paraphed
at Vienna, between Count Boca and Baron
de Boarqueney. This is the memorandum
which was communicated to the Britannic govern-
ment, and served as the basis of tie propositions of
peace concerted between France and Great Britain
es the minimum of the guarantees to be asked for
from Russia. The court of Vienna not only appro-
priated all the modifications introduced into its own
memorandum by the English cabinet in concert
with France, but undertook moreover to present to
the Russian cabinet the propositions so modified, as
coming from its personal initiative. With the praise-
worthy object of avoiding during the negotia-
tions in Paris any irritating question—and is
general anything which might bust the amour
propre of Russia, whose conciliatory and mo-
derate spirit was appreciated by the allies of Dec. 2,
the latter offered to comprise is a separate act the
common guarantee which was indispensable to cover
the work of peace. This exphiins the origin of the
treaty of April 15 between Austria, France, and
Great Britain. This treaty was in substance but a
corollary, or rather the complement of the engage
meats entered into by Austria in the memorandum
of November 14 towards the Western Powers. It
followed that the powers not parties to that memo.
random remained also strangers to the complementary
treaty.

The importance of such a treaty can escape no one.
The treaty of April lb is the keystone of the arch of
the permanent alliance which Austria has contracted
with France.

The Mons:tour of this day contains no important

announcement, but deals in a certain manner with
the Belgian question. Under the guise of a letter
from Brussels, it criticises the spirited speech of
Count Vllaio, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, na
deficient in moderation and statesmanlike reserve,
and as having been spoken merely for effect. It also
reprints, in large type, a leading articl.i from a Lon-
don daily tory journal, accusing the Belgian press;
and in another place quotes, in support of the course
taken by Count Walewski, the following extract from
Count Cavour's speech in the Sardinian Chamber :
_ _

Before I enter on the meat delicate port of my dimourre,
I @ball reply to the lest observation of M. Buffs. The
French plenipotentiary invited the attention of till Con-
gress to the imams committed by a ;onion of the Belgian
peen against the French government and its chief. The
plenipotentiary of Great Britain, after making the greatest
enervation' respecting the principle of the freedom of the
pens, himself loudly censured those excesses. I made com-
mon cease with the declarations of the English
Minister, but only in confining myself so a mere
adhesion. I did not think the moment oppor.une for making
a speech in favour of the liberty of the press, for, without
serving that liberty, I might have injurer the 'Ashen cause.
A few plenipotenunies, in fact, would have been glad to be
able to divert attention from the Italian question in order to
direct it to the preen. If I bad spoken, I oould only have
followed the example of the English minister, and sided in
great measure with the French plenipotentiary. The Etter,
inmost moderate 'Lagoon', ,-ondemned the ezoesses, not of
the journals advocating exaggerated doctrines, but of ttooo
whose principal and even sole eject is to wage war splint
the French government, not by dimension, but by ignoble
attacks and atrocious calumnies. It is &ferule /or good
relation' to continue between two nations when in one of
then journals of this kind crest; and in manifesting this
opinion I should have been merely restating what I bare
already said in this parliament.

The lines in italics are so distinguished in the
Mon slew.

This being Ascension-day, one of the great reli-
gious holidays of Franoe, there are no evening papers.
At the little Bourse the Rents rose 20c.

SARDINIA.