The Express.
London, England, 1851-04-26 00:00:00

'rents varying irom IBS: to 2ds. per acre. Of the LITERATURE.
whole increased produce noir derived from the land
ithere can be no doubt the lan\llord has obtained by xote, v . . , .
..orth ...ionefra; Arlen:rural, heononacat and
far the ' • share. •-r, to

l
In i7Ba4r gaesl3tviter system of 'managing the Wold
land commenced. Marshal, in his " Rural Eco-
nomy-Of Yorkshire," published in that year, states
and regrets that so much promising land had been
so long suffered to remain in sheepwalk or rabbit
warren. ' Then Sir Christopher Sykes commenced the
planting, enclosing, and reclaiming his land on the
`Colds, and introduced a better system of culture,
providing more shelter for cattle, and so forth. The
high price of corn which soon after occurred led
to the breaking up much of the sleepwalk,
the rent, varying front 6s. to 12s. per
acre, depending chiefly whether the tenant
was or not permitted to break up the old sheep-walk
with which the large farms abounded. Then turnips
had only been grown on the Wolds for twenty years,
though they had been common in Norfolk more than
a century. Another account of this district was
published in Strickland's Survey in 1812, at the very
height of the war prices. Wheat was then 1225. a
quarter, barley 665, oats 445., and beans 725. Yet
during the previous twenty-four years of high prices
agricultural enterprise on the Wolds was only very
moderate, and furnishes conclusive evidence that
high prices do not induce high cultivation. Then'
two-thirds of the land was under the plough. Strick-
land
says, This district, till of late years, had eon•
tinned for ages in the open field state ; and a few
townships still remain so. They were usually di-
I
sided pretty equally into a tillage field, a common
pasture, a sltcepwalk (which never came under the
plough), and an outfield, from which a crop •
of oats was taken every third, fourth, or
fifth year, and which was left without either 1
manure or grass seeds, to he pastured with sheep till
it came into the course to 1w ploughed up. About
two-thirds of the country was given up to pasturage,
and one-third to. grain, producing at the saute time
winter provisions for their stock. Unfortunately,
those beautiful sheep-walks and pastures which,
after so many ages, had become verdant and,
fertile.beyond any to be met with on the other downs'
or heaths of the kingdom, held out an irresistible
temptation to modern avarice, and, under the plea of
improvement, they have been ploughed out. Unless
the breaking up had been followed by good cultiva-
tion, it would scarcely have been an improvement,
for these pastures enabled the occupier to keep a
large flock, and to well manure his arable land. But
the high prices of grain induce) the breaking up the
pasture and growing corn upon it long alter the pro-
duce had fallen to a rate far too low to be profitable,'
except whilst prices were.-very high. At that timel
the course of tillage was three crops of grain and a
hare killow, so that When the pasture was diminished
by breaking up, there was also reduction of manuring
power, while the tillage land had been in-
creased. Since 1812, the management of land
on the Welds has undergone great improve-
ment, is admitted on all hands. slowing that
it is with low prices, not with high, that our
greatest and most striking progress in husbandry
has been made. Indeed, lam firmly convinced that
the high prices of the war materially retarded agri-
cultural improvements, by leading occupiers to ex-
pect remuneration from comparatively small crops.
The system described by Strickland has now been
abandoned, and the four-course, or Norfolk course of
cropping, generally adopted in its stead; all the old
pastures having teen now converted into tillage
land.
As on most chalk soils bone manure has been one
of the chief agents of improvement. When first in-
troduced 01 or 70 bushels of bone dust were used to
the acre, at the cost of 2s. a bushel, but more re-'
tenth- farmers los-ame satisfied that from 12 to 16
bushiAs to the acre would produce as good a crop of
turnips as the enormous quantities originally. used.
And, now. by treating the lames with sulphuric acid
four or five bushels of bones have been found to grow
good crops of turnips MI the Wolds. White and hybrid
turnips are more usually grown than swedes,
the latter being only planted on the deep Wold lands
and that in comparatively small proportion. The
ridge system of cultivating turnips after the
Northumberland plan was originally adopted on the
%Voids, but it has been found that a plant cannot be
obtained, so certainly on ridges as when the seed
is drilled on the flat. Immediately after the other
autumn work had been done the Wold farmers
plough up their wheat stubbles, and leave the land
expissal to the winter's frost. But even on the deep
%Vold, theydo not plough a furrow deeper than about
four inches, and on the thinner soils the depth is
still less; neither did I meet with any instance in
which the subsoil is used on this sort of land. I be-
lieve that it is to their persisting in shallow tillage
that the Weld farmers owe the throwing out in
winter of the wheat and clover plants, of which I
Leant a good deal of complaint. After the wheat •
gobble has been ploughed, by the end of Novem-
ber manure to the amount of ten or twelve loads
to the acre is carted on and spread over the
land as evenly as possible, and then ploughed in.
In March the land is harrowed, dragged, and rolled,
"and lett until May. when the turnips are drilled
27 inches apart. This invariably produces a Letter
plant than the ridge system, for on these chalk hills
the My and the drought are the two great obstacles to
turnip growing. Great attention is paid to hoeing
the turnips, which are sometimes let at 3s. lid. per
lacre to men who has them, employing children to
single out the plants. Occasionally women are coi-
ployed in turnip hoeing, at Is. a day. The horse-
hoe is also used, both before and after hand-hoeing,
to remove the weeds, and pulverise the soil between
1 Ithe drills. These turnips are fed off by sheep, and
oats sown in the place of burley, as in N'orfolk. As
I' may lie imagined, the oat sowing is often very late;
. but I was told that good cropsof oats arc obtained even
where the seed has been sown as late as the rith or
16th of May. Barley was once inure general than at
present; but it is said to diminish the following wheat
crop more than oats, which is probably f rue ;
unit is due to the want of sufficient condition in
i land. One half of the spring corn crop is
, I sown with clover, that having been found to fail if
repeated oftener than once in eight years ; the other
half, after the oats or barley come oft, Iwing prepared
' . for white turnips, which are sown early, so us to be
.' fed off in the autumn, and come nu wheat with the
.Iclover ley. Very few beasts arc fed on the Weld
• I farms, thought the practice is somewhat on the in-
.. crease, and I have no doubt will increase. under the
influence of modenite prices ; for it is quite obvious
that the Wold land requires mote help than it can
receive from sheep alone in order to become us pro-
. ductive as it ought to be. At present a large lair-
. tion of their straw is wasted by the Weld farmers
llt has been truly said, " that huge piles of
• straw may be seen perhaps half a mile front
• the homestead, left for mouths on the very
I spot where a portable machine has threshed
r it, in all the disorder occasioned by that
• rather disorderly. process; and even in the stack-
• yard no care Is taken by stacking it, much
• being wasted by the wet, and much by the wind."
• March is the season of peril for the wheat plant,
when frosty nights and warm sunny days alternate,
l as the wheat is apt to low) its hold upon the soil and
• die off. Then the serrated roller is of great use, and
1 is constantly used with excellent effect. Soot, rape
) dust, or gUltllo, is also used ea a top dressing fur their
1 wheat by the best farmers.
i In 1812 the produce of wheat in this district was
• estimated at from 12 to 21 bushels to the acre; at
• present the wheat is said to have advanced to from
• 24 to 321)11,11(.1, per acre. And this increase seems
• borneout by the nut that from Driffield, one of the

most important market towns of the district, the
export of wheat to Hull, Wakefield, &c., increased
from 04,0410 quarters in 1619 to 15,000 quarters in
lO3B,and to 26,000 quarters in Ibl4.
And while wheat has gone on steadily increasing,
barley and oats, etqx.ciallv the former, have been
diminishing. The growtft of sanfoin, once very
general on the Wolds, has now in a great measure
been discontinued, though I could not hear any satis-
factory reason for the disuse of this useful plant to
the occupier of a chalk soil The sheep kept on the
Wolds are strong I.4:k:esters, a few amateurs only
keeping South Down sheep. A few, probably an
increasing number of farmers, fat off their wether

hogs Lt a year Or Pi roont:rsold, tai eac rarrio7it;
sell them as stores, after having been once shorn.
The farmers are nearly all tenants from year to year.
Wages are high; the best labourers receiving 19s.
and upwards per week.
A MIDLAND-COUNTIES FARMER.

Swint Ity JAites F. Sir. ,riiiissox. 111.wkwoods..
The author of these two volumes is known to the
scientific, and, let us hope, to at least the younger
portion of the agricultural public, by his work on
"Agricultural Chemistry and Geology." He tells
us, in his second chapter, that before ilia departure
from England he had been requested by the governor
and House of Assentbly of New Brunswick to visit
that province, with the view of dratyia4 up a report
on its agricultural capabilities, for presentation to his
Excellency. In the course of the journey he made
in performance of this task, Mr. Johnson passed
through Nova Scotia, traversed New Brunswick, and
visited a part of Up •r Canada and the northern and
eastern states of the American Union. The dis-
tinctive feature of his volumes is the large extent to
which agricultural Ihets and observations are inter-
spersed with the ordinary continents of enlightened
travel. Mr. Johnson was eminently qualified for
agricultural observation by his professional pursuits,
and he lets given his information with that speciality,
scope, and fulness, without which it is impossible to
%ran a correct estimate of the real character, capa-
bilities, and future economical prospects of a country.
Ile remarks in his preface that he is persuaded that
the means in regard to which individuals in the
United States possess really correct and precise agri-
cultural information, are very local and limited, while
the majority are insensibly inclined to give credence
to any exaggeration, provided its tendency be the
patriotic one of exalting the greatness of their
country.
The stony region of Nova Scotia, abounding in
granite and clay-slate, had to be crossed before our
traveller could reach New Brunswick ham Halifax,
where he landed. This peoviewe depends, however,
only in a small degree upon its agrieull ure—lumber-
ing, fishing, and mining, forming a considerable pro-
. portion of its resourees. The most htvoured part of
Nova Scotia, in point of productiveness. an the dyke-
-1 alluvial lands of the Bay of Fundy, which are to this
province and New Brunswiek what the earses of
Gowrie and Falkirk an, to Scotland, and the warped
lads of Lincolnshire to Eastern England. The land
derived its name from its having been laid dry by a
succession of dykes, which for the last two centuriest
have been gruaually advancing beyond each other
towards the bay. It averages nine tolls, and some-
times produces eighteen tons of potatoes to the acre,
and some of it has been tilled Lill years without
manure. The selliog price is, ut peesent, from lith
to 131. per acre. Mr. Johnson considers that Nova
Scotia has a tine future before it, an opinion which
• is encouraged by his account of the
vA ammo or xiivA scoy:A.
A farmer on the south Mountains will cut down lum-
ber on his farm, and convey it with his own horses to the
show. of the 1,4. With or without the aid of a carpenter
he will lay down the lbws ~f a ship. lie will build it him-
self, with the help of his son.; he will even do the smith's
work with his own hands. lie will tga'w his farm to
buy the materials, and will right himself. Ile will then
load it with fin-wood from his own Linn, awl him,lf mil
the ship to Bosnia, and sell cargo s or both; or he will
take a freight thence to the West lu,li, if he can get it,
and return in due • •to pay oil his incumbrances—or to
at his farm, if he have been unsuccessful, sad begin the
world anew.
New Brunswick contains an area of eighteen mil-
lion times, of which about live millions are at present
unfit for agricultural purposes. Its population is es-
timated at two hundred and ten thousand, about one-
third less than that of Nova Scotia, although its geo-
graphical extent is twice that of lie sister province.
The lumber trade of Brunswick sprang up as settlers
increased, and an apparently inexhaustible article of
import was drawn trom the boundless forests which
stretched unintemuptedly over the entire surface of
the proyiece. The cutting down of the trees, and
their transport down the river, gave healthy em-
ployment to many men; the raising food for these
called agricultural industry into play; the export of
the lumber employed shipping, and afforded the
means of paying lite the British manufactures and
Vest India protium imported in return ; while the
profits of the merchants en:dell towns and public
buildings, drew foreign capital into the province. and
sustained and carried it forward to its present con-
dition. But the continuance of such a trade
was in its nature limited. Land cleared of
timber does not soon cover itself again with market-
able trees. Every year removed the seene of the
woodman's labours farther up the Main rivers, and
into more remote creeks and tributaries, addiug to
the labour of procuring and to the cost of the Itrss
when brought to the place of 141411101 i The colo-
nists had now sold all the timber which could be
produced at the average prices or a mutter of years;
and must have higher terms or stiller a diminution of
profits. 'the Eva:di:salon of our autism duties for-
bade the former part of the alternative, and now that
the New Brunswiekers experienee the natural effects
of exhausted stores of timber they blame the British
commercial policy. They would act more wisely in
condeinning the system of home bounties which has
tempted them to cut down within a few years what
might have afforded a handsome animal revenue as
well as an inexhaustible material for the colonial
dockyard. The evil will not, perhaps, be to great,
after all. The lumbering trade long overshadowed
and lowered the social cunditiou of all classes en-
gaged in other pursuits ill the province. It dis-
couraged fanning, invited rash speculation, and de-
moralised large numbers of young men whom it
attracted to the woods, trained to extravagant habits,
and rendered unfit for steady labour.
The social phenomena which presented themselves
in New Brunswick, upon this (Wine of a staple
branch of industry, were very curious, and gave rise
to much apprehension. When the demand for timber
became less, and the employment of labourers was con-
sequently diminished, a comparatively extensive emi-
gration began to take place. Indisposed to continuous
farm work, the lumberer left the protium, us our
navigators wander front country to country, to seek
employment in Maine, or elsewhere. towards the
west, where their peculiar employment could be
obtained. Even the pine tiwests of iWorgia were nut
too distant for their love of tree adventute. Unable
to shake off their incumbrances at home, many of the
embarrassed owners of tiaras IMIStell(11 to leave them,
some in the hands of their creditors, without even
the form of a sale, and made for the new states in
the west. That such native-burn and old settlers
were leaving the peuvincie ill considerable numbers
was construed into alt indieut• that the country
was inferior as a place of residence to that to which
they emigrated. The departure of the hum berers
was a necessary consequenee of the cessation of their
favourite employment, and it was forgotten that the
rural habits of these UICII as a laxly, and the dis-
heartened and embarrassed condition of the encum-
bered harmers, rendered the departure of neither class
a real loss to the province; that the departure of both
was, in fact, necessary, ill order that the social stato
might have a fair chance of returning to a cheerful,
healthy, and energetic condition. The following pas-
sage contains an account of the emit: of pursuing

THE I.l:Miti:lt lit

In lumbering, a man goes into the woods in winter, cute
down trees, and haul, them to a brook, down which, when
the spring freshet. come, he con float them to the main
river, and thence to the saw-mills of the merchant to whom
he sells them.* If a man does that upon his own farm or at
no great distance from it, and by tke aid of his own family
only, all he gets by the wood is pure gain—if in the mean-
time be has been living on the produce of his own farm.
But if he goes to a distance from W. own farm, tend has
been obliged to hire labourers., or has done so with the view
of enlarging his own operations, he must apply to the mer-
chant fier an advance of stores adequate to the win-
ter's consumption. The cost of these stores and the
wages of his men are deducted Bunt the value of
the wood he has 4;1,11411.11 and if the price
of wood be not very low, be may still have a handsome
swishes. Such circumstanees still lure him On, till an unfa-
vourable winter come,, and he is not successful in cutting
as good lumber, or in a. large a quantity us usual, or in
hauling it to the floating-place ; ter u very lute spring, or a
very shallow water, present him getting it to market. Then
his debt to the merchant fur stores, and for moil to pay
his men, must stand over till another year, and has farm is
mortgaged as security fur the payment. Meanwhile this
(arm has been more or lees neglected, and has been every
year growing less produce. llis wood must be floated
an spring, when his crops ought to be put into the ground.
Ile has been absent he winter, when new land might have
been cleared. His mind is occupied with other cares; ho
does not settle to his agricultural pursuits, and they are
therefore Nulty conducted, even when he is ut home to super-
' int:ad them. Ar.d, whit P eirg in the worts,
employer and employed live on the most expensive
food. Thee scorn anything hut the fattest pork
from the 'United States, and the finest Oenessee
Hoar. The more homely food, therefore, which their
unii farms produce becomes distasteful to them,
and thus expensive and even immoral habits are introduced

lota their families, which cause moret fr•start demand 'in each of the Packing datk in the west in MR :-Missonri, highly satisfactory rate, and occasionally pausing to allow ! world in itself, ever growing, and each day offering height et persecution and imposture. Vagrants.by t tropolis, and it will be found in this work more tech-
also the militant, and a C'IWI, yerbf tare. use of 70,395; Tenu.,oce, 42,975 ; Kentucky, 215,121; Illinois, some new and great feature. There has, however, the title of ancestry, beggars who have known no ideally awl practically treated than in any vet at-
*tt bill.. In hstall ofllT."themselves the relaxation of breaking a few heads in favour
"Inn
ot late been a particular deficiency of suitable guide- other vocation fro:n childhood, the swarms of men- tempted tlw popular use. Critical descriptions ao-
morta tots., the ~.,:e ot farms, awl the emigration of ruined 114,675' total hogs.' killi'd 1 ositin.). The 1;o are allowed humour' s •ized them -it wl•4 set this morn lit when they
books, that edited by John Ilritton having become dicants who have lived on the charity of the poor company the illustrations, and tlvain•lt we do no-
fanners, must tiec, airily be of frequent um:smite% Bat to run in the woods ' sad •feet-1
on the bug.
&v., were full 'of their merits .a.v.l their goof luck,' that the
If the • • • prse of Limber tall very much at any period, they till fise Of sia weeks before killin • time 'Bth or 10th tabies were sielica!y turn-I up in th.•ln : antiquated, and the production of a new one being Irish population, will he attracted here, and we shall always concur with the spirit or application of the
mast become ni ...e frequent ; or, if a merchant Who holds Noventlter`, and are then turn.sl $.
into 1/4the Indian PA', le arc .•: isle coos v.( st wise mein, an enterprise requiring considerable capital, and, in be called upon to defend ourselves from what will remarks. they etnanate from a man of originality
mmy or these mortgage, himself fails, a conintou tutu will corn ileitis to fatten them and harden their thsh. las borlillit, a.t.e,:e iies leas ! E ordinary times, much risk. The occasion of the be laid as the patent proofs of our uncharitable- and talent, and the spectator has the imineement
involve all. Bothof th •• . ssc• tail: have at once befallen the They are usually from eleven to eighteen months old The goddess, like some others of her sex, tired of grsnt- World's Fair, 'however, gives an opportunity, of ness and neglect. 1 given to him to exercise his thought, and arrive at
lumbering fanners on the Mitantachi, and much distress when they arc killed, and the longer they have been in the lag favours and of hearing herself alternately louden and ;
has been the result. ' earn-field the better is th,, porls. The packing 1111,17W54 of abitstsl for her complai,ailee, set to work to phty her favour- which several e m inent publishers have availed them- : In most instances Mr. Weale's book puts our case an independent judgment. If sometimes we have
With the ruin of this trade, which never was °hi" has gradually been concentrating itself at Cincinatti, hes such a trick, that, from th it dav to this they have hal selves, to produce works calculated to meet the re- in its true light, and enables the stranger to see the :thought the description scanty or ineomplete,
otherwise 111411 preearions in view, it becom • where in the winter of 1817 awl 181,t, about 42,000 hogs reason to he among the most virulent of her discarded quirements of several classes of the public. While metropolis such as it is, and not simply through the 1 yet we confess we prefer a mode of treatment
' - -"` un- were snit', killed, and ps CAA. The bloat is colleted insuitor.. we pin in the present, the result may be that for medium of half-formed impressions. The mode of ! which makes us feel that our areltitectural
portant to inquire whether this pmvincc offers any tanks and with the hair, hoof,,'
mil other ot is sold to n
sea deserted them ' new hand-book will be produced, and illustration adopted particularly. favours this plat- • monuments arc not merely to be gazed at. but subs
prospect whatever to men of industry and moderatethe .1; u. late of potash manteturers. The' carcase is Co';nmissioireni wercn.t down to report on the matter; "many. 3"1.8 11°
suffer in the future fur our luxurituice of tical tendency of the book. Although there are a miffed to the rigid test of criticism. The more this
capital i' Tn this Mr. Johnson replies, by adducing, curedeither into barrelled pork or into bacon and hams, philosophers were railed in to account for it ; engineers to 'we Tay. 1
as the unanimous declaration of the owners of land and the grease rendered into lard of various qualities.' remedy it. There were works and plans, 8 wh.,;;„ ma,. ; , production. great number of engravings, them are very few views spirit is evoked among the public the better will it
in New Brunswiek, that "In every port of the pro- Some establishments, cure the hams, and after cutting up humiliations • a very picturesque prises:dun through the . Mr. Weale, the engineering and architectural pub- of buildings,. on which the editors of such small be for architecture, which will then assume a vitality
%ince, those alto, for a series of yeilrA, had confined theu resatioofs.the careasT.stts, amt it in larsitnq-at.snirttu•rs arzr:s- strects, with ilights_aud banner-, but all in
h dvin. Irk:" ' fisher, has brought forward the work now before us, works sometimes waste a considerable sum of motley among no. and our areltitectural undertakinirs prove
their attention to farming alone, fiad all, without ex- thereswhole toer taYira7,'ltones aundsgalurand draw off the facet was
surl inexorable,s
in
spilt of
ottittlt;drta.assosiviinin
:t
ande i,eutanneeeep,i,tui a . which, though conceived with the glacial design of —for waste it is, when an illustration in a page of a truly worthy of the pre-eminence and *„..eilius of the
serving the men of science, abroad and at home, who larger size is much more effective. The engravings country.
ception, done well." That primpoitv, therefore, may . The residue is either thrown away or carted off for manure. in stytite evert of dui:tsars and conciliafo.ry new ribbons of
attend the new settler, or return to the older farmers One cstahli-tam disposes iu this way of 30,000 hogs. Of his spouse. , arc among his customers, will doubtless meet with no here given include a number of plans, sections, and The enumeration of galleries of art, as well private
of the province, it is necessary only that tlw • ti the lard the finest is exported. Much ait is sent to the The bride of the sea, then, was deserted, and worst of all, ' less appreciation from the public. With the ordinary , details of construction. Of the outside of a building as public, is another instance of the exemplification
3' co" lie It aaunah, where it is WWII instead of Witter. About thirty her faithless lord had borne away with him her dowry and understandino.of ' a guide-book it does not comply, for the reader rarely needs a delineation,—he can of re--- ...s. of which now the metropolis has such
their attention to the burin, - their fitros - 4 .. . , • • .• .• _ .•
--• of all her litY ore ` for himself, but the mt..- - and interior - -• boast. Dismissing in a few lines the

tcgiftoll to • -.a1e.% e farms. The
following information may be useful us well as inte-
resting ; it relates to the
cam.", PKII Es, ..?.I %Ors 05 THE RIVER.
there in at present many forms to Ise divined of un
the MiramirLi ititer, tor which w.p.m.. who know some-
thing of the silviculture are eagerly de.ired from the
old (mintrs, 1 insert the •rerage prlluce, price, Anil
weight per hieliel of the eultitatel iu the

factoriel ere engaged in the manufacture of lard, oil, and
au:urine, which is done hp emupressing the lard at a low
temperature. The stearine is manufactured on the spot,
of which f,,600 pounds are manufactured every day on nn
average of the whole year. The lard oil is partly sold as
such, hut in the eastern state• is used to adulterate alumna-
cetti oil, and in France to lower the price of oiiee oil. It
is said that in this latter country, from Cci to 70 per cent. of
lard oil i. often mixed with the olive 141 without detection.

paraphernalia. The sea wns gone, that source ....
wealth and power. The high cowl of the ocean pad
through another gate, aud the town fell rapidly to decay—
as rapidly us only the very prosperous can fall.
Since then inexorable centuries have rolledaway. If, at
the present day, accident or idle curiosity or an incitation
from a maiden aunt (Mr business can banny he the motive),
should lead any one to Iltnehurch, he will find it an old,
red brick town, with a quaint and somewhat outlandish

it says very little of the British Museum or L. the
National Gallery,and it does not contain even a list of
coffee-houses or hotels, but it more especially con-
tains what the usual guide-books do not, and what
everybody so much wants, a practical description of,
those establishments and institutions which are not
so much within everybody's ken, and of which no
_ .
sold - - doors. \V- -

see it . but the constructim,
arrangements can seldom be embraced at one view,
and somethnes are absolutely concealed, or are ex-
cluded front public inspection. In the case of St.
Paul's, the existence of an external and internal
dome is calculated to embarrass the spectator in
arriving at an accurate idea of the structure and the
mode in w•hichthearchitecturnleft ctsarearrivedathut

„omit
are represented, and a sufficient indication is given
of the development of some of the most remarkable
features of the national character in its great centre.
The press of London engages the attention of the
stranger, from whatever quarter, as an extraordinary
manifestation of that combination of intellectual,
itecuniarv, and mechanical appliances, for which
the English race are so remarkable. In deline-
ating the constitution of the City, the views
of Pulgrave are applied, and the institutions
and observances of the citizens illustrated in their
origin from our English forefathers, or the concep-
tion of the middle ages. Much as he may be engaged
by our architectural monuments, nothing is so in-
teresting to the stranger as the working of our con-
stitutional system, whether shown in the operations
of the central government at \\ hitehall. or the petty
communities of the city wards and precincts ; and he
`will here find a guide to that great hook of consti-
tutional experience before which the writings of
Plato. or even of Bentham, sink into insigniticanee.
That man must be dull indeed who can h'avc this
city without learning. front its merits and imperfee-
tions. how much more important to the welfare of a
community is the spirit and working rather than the
form of its institutions. Let hint who eon try to do
better; but let him liar, without the stability of ages
to help him, to do worse.

Mr.
As he passes through its silent streets his attention will be I
drawn away from the occupation of listening to his own , •
footsteps to wonder at the quaint old gables awl intricate
chimneys, which twist themselves upwards iu every get- .
tesque variety of form.
Presently he will heel himself watching the little dark
stream which steals along under the walls of the houses,
tracing the damp mildew which creeps up the walls, and
wondering to what extent the people within are embarrassed
in their :Mal,' or how many years the old ladies who must
inhabit all those roums with the drawn blinds and the cats
in the wiudow-sill, have been bed-ridden.
At length, with a sense of relief, like a man who has
emerged from a well, he finds himself at the outskirts of the
town, and he strolls along a high terraced walk which makes
its entire circuit.
As he wanders on, lie will come every now and then to
the ruined fragments of embrasures anti thinking toners,
whose reeesses in old days were the terror of the enemy, and
are now furnished with rough benches, who,• carved and
harked seats bespeak them the chosen haunt of all the humble
lovers of the district.
From the top of these ramparts on one side is ObtAilleil
view of the old dingy roots of the town among which rise
the massive towers of its ancient churches; on the other
side one may look down into the deep sloping recesses of
what was once the moat, lung since dried up, and grass
grown; but from the bottom of whichstill springs a teem-
iug crop of sedgy weeds.
Beyond this hy.: the open country. It is a low' flat plain
which the plough has wooed in vain. Dyked and ditched
with the most persevering assiduity—it affords a brown
rank grass, on which meagre herd. and a few wandering
colt. /11411.1ge to pick up u seamy livelihood. In addition
to this, it yields to the town, in sole compensation for the
waters of which it one formal the bed, Sonic inotilh•rent
salt pans, and an abundant annual supply of rheumatic
liver, undague.
Through the centre of this plain wanders the ghost of
the told river—a turbid muddy stream, dozing between soft
crumbling banks. It repose is seldom disturbed, except
by some one of the lumbering harews, w WM, at long in-
tervals, still find their way up to the old wharf, bearing a
chance freight of coals or straw.
lin the other bide of this ,alt marsh, at the distance of
four miles from the town, the sea breaks us gently and
peaceably on the new margin, which it has made fuer itself,
as if it hadeummitted no treason to its pour fading favour-
ite., whose roofs rise in the distance.
As to the inhabitants of this doomed locality. The
good folks of Muchurch have, like most other people,
their peculiarities, and like most other people, they derive
them, in a great Me:l.'lllr, from the character of the place
which thee inhabit.
Like all other idlers they are an uneommouly busy set.
A casual teassenger through the town, as he lam'. along its
melancholy streets, would scarcely credit that within those
gloomy walls there rings an incessant clamour of controversy
—religious, political and social—and that the breasts of
the law sleepy passengers, who turn to gaze listlessly utter
him until he he lust at the distant corner, arc full of
deep and eager pondering, on the Wilds, of their neighbours
and the early editi 4444 Set yesterday's newspaper,.
01' a different kind is the following lively and iwr-
haps philosophical sketch of
lilt, RACE of Lilt.
Some young hopeful leave» his village for reasons of his
own. lie wants to set' the world, or to make use of it. Per-
haps lie has a taste for the colonies or
uas heart' of twflen, and lie lone
To 'steal 10 the he ilisose starithel, I.
However, MI lac goes with a well lined kit and his mo-
ther's blessing.
%Vett, there is an end of him. For a time he shears
sheep, clears the hush, and smokes k' - • k k• 'k, with
the natives, or pricking up his long ears, follows that mena-
ml sheep-skin, the drum, smears himself with white clay,
sticks a feather frmn a bird's tail in his hut, and 141116t1e1l
himself ready to cut throats at two many shillings per diem.
Poor little village:—miserable, dull, and tire--try little
village !—where time dribbles on drop by afro,. Unchang-
ing, dreamy villege—who could exist there ?
At rare intervals the postman's horn sound.—for the
very postman must have u horn, it is so weary, that lung,
lonely walk, with the lag to the post-tow-11.
The adventurer has written house. lie wiahes something
to be done at Cox and Cut; or thinks that, with a little
assistance, he could take up a government allotment. This
gum on tior mine time. At last he has ruts SO hard his worldly
race, that he is out of breath. Ile pauses, and the first
haat is user.
He comes home to the village, and limb, to his surprise,
that a factory and a pour rate have sprung up in his nti-
WOW.
Where is that green wooded valley, and the little silent
stream with the glancing fishes, of his boyhood ?
'1 kings are elbmgiug. The stone is in motion. The birds ,
must build their nests elsewhere—the wood has gone
where is it ?
It has sold itself to some stout ship, and like the young
adventurer himself, is away in distant climes, a stout plank
on the merehatit's honest deck—or it be a labour-polished
tool in the workimia's hued—or under the disguise of char-
coal, is ministering to the subtle arts of
The stream too now sweeps aleng, deep, swift, and
strong. The very water has begun to take life in earnest.
On it flows silently into a dark abyss of wheels, pernorming
its appointed task,--out it rushes again, chafing and thane-
lug oil the other side, leaping along to make up the delay,
for it has mother task entrusted to it—anonner net-work
laid by enterprise to catch it, half a mile down, and then
another and another. Men have found it out, and are
• taxing its energies.
Those eold-blooded, moping, solitary fish of old do not
like the change. It does nut agree with their humour—
things were well us they were—let the world stand still.
Why do people want to he moviug
" What nest'?" says young hopeful, as he returns tot the
end of the second he in his career.
Why, neat it weins that they hue found out anew route,
and that he Cornell across the world in six weeks; or he dis-
covers that they no lunges sail by parallels, but upon the
great circle. What next : Why, next he arrives at his
village—this time iu a few hours by the railroad. What
next? Whs., next they tie las letter round the neck of a
carrier flash of lightning, and before he has finished wonder-
ing, he is told that this is on the point of being superseded
by something still more wonderful.
And when he arrives at his village he finds it a town, with
a town's energies.
As a specimen of the author's more sentimental
moods we may extract a passage where are discussed
the relative courage of'
letrcll or HEROINES.
A woman is never too young or boo old—too exalted or
too lowly to become a heroine—a heroine according to that
heroism which is appropriate to her—not the monota hero-
ism which carries a knife iu its garter—which is the attri-
bute of

good title to Aft
National and other public galleries. of which cheap
catalogues are published at the doors, the writer
gives, in full detail, the ltaffaelles, the Itubenses, the
Marillos, which are the pride of the Stattiod, Bridge-
water, Hertford, Hope, and other great ;pilleries.
Under the head of the " Press, Charities, Education,
and the Corporation of Loudon,". moral institutions

The mixture is more opt to deposit atearine than the pure oil,
and such an appearance may lead to its detection. The
less fine oil, and the fate extracted from diseased unbinds, is
toed in the manufacture of soap. Besides soft and fancy
IMNAVO, there are made at Cincinnati about 100,0Offihs. of
soap annually, and of the f t employed about Sf per cent.
ix pork grease. Lastly, the bristles Hire rise to a separate
business, employing a hundred hands, and the hoofs are
gaelted down fur glue. The most stable products of the
420,000 how, palled at Cincinnati may be thus summed up:
—Pork, 29,1110,0001hx.; bacon, 21,0011,00011 o.; lard (No. I),
13,11(1,1100; lard oil, 1,000,000 gallons; strarine candles,
11,87.5,0001A5. ; bar soap, (i,200,1100; ranee and wok soaps,
17,309,0010, ; prussiate of potash, 50,00011b5,
I Mr. Johnson has not attempted vivid descriptions,
I either of nature or society, iu these volume; nor are
striking incidents of travel to be looked for in his
istges. lie has, however, thoroughly sueceeded in
' accumulating an immense mass of valuable pmetiml
h information, which he has placed before the public
with a methodical simplicity which greatly enhances
I its Nv ort h.

per hustle, o. ..... _ _ally cultic, „. crops c
be
county of Northomrlancl, which embraces most of the
good land on the NI iminiehi and its tributary waters:
AT rage pooirea Aversee poet Average oeiget
per srre. per liu• hon. per l',ll ,/1.
Whoa 17 c 5. Cal. 62 lbs.
bail. y 32 r, 3 44
Oats 3.2 2 I 38
Buckwheat i 0 3 0 43
Moixe 50 4 ti CM
'Miasmic 200 I 10
l'asraips 330 I 4
Ilay 2 tons
The average prier of t Maw is :01.il. per pound, and of
butter, 941. The ateratte pain + paidfor warieultural labour
are, in summer, from :or. to ,Gs.. a month, or by the whole
year 27f. 10+. rurrency. in addition to hoard, washing and
lodging. Day-labourers receive from one half to three '
quarters of a dollar, with provisions.
The whole ..f the chapters on New Brunswick
should be ressel by those who have any thoughts
about einigrition, the more so as less is known of this
province thou perhaps of any other ;ran of our
empire iwitteltsl by Angbi-Saxtois. The naturalist
may be lobo-need t hut the New Brunswick
pigs have honied to open and relish the ovsters of
the must, mill to fntiutint the sea-shore tuid contrive
to feed upon them. We will take le-ace of New
Brunswick with a glance at another queer fiat.
THE 1.1,r-TrbtElt.
Notices are stork upon the inns, or are printed in the
newspaper., or are spread in the form of handbills, such as •
two I suet with to-day : ° Mr. II uneilircys intends to hoc-'i
tort in the, village during the curomt week, on clic-
tricity and the di saris. telt graph." •• Mr. Dow' lids to;
lecture on physiology .31111 anatomy durin4 the present
week: we hop. our friends will give hint full houses
during his stay cowing them." That these vratoli.rers
receive amouragi no at nut only here but on the
other side of the border, is 1,110W1.1 by an aniu.ing
eircunistairri• ri latial to Me by a fellow-traveller, when on
my woy throned' Viable, from itingor to Boston : ••• When
on his way to Boston on • occasion with his friend, they
iiiii. .1 at Is hots -I where they siaw opposite to then, at a table
two New Englanders, whom they hail Lot '4411 paliiiing in
Donnie. "V% ell,' says his friend to 11.111, of them, • when
did you quit your peddling in fitorgisi i' The quistionsol
mad.• no reply, lint, soadowing his dinner expeditiously, as
a New E/Ill1:111111-1. can, lo• went art of the noon, oil wait-
ing for my friend and his companion, %wonted them with
s hour heaven's mho, say 'oohing about the pedillimr. We
have Masi up to Maine. :mil us our wares we:ar out we took
to the lecturing. It is out a bail trade : wt hate made bit.
ti. 1.11 lillliar. ll 'lay sin., %I' 11l gas.. I the astronomy, and
he choo the Islarenology, We have Men Mooring in Ban-
gor, and hove prioniod to go bark. We had an invitation
to g., down to nueicsport, but we 'word of lilttle people there
who km w quite .1. mud" as uursehros, so oe di tinted. New
you won't say .ant thing about the peddling.'"
I.ike till idler English travellers in .‘inerini, Mr.
Johnoon was for some time puzzltil by the new
meanings which le s found up:trio:el to fl liar words.
The word town is an instants. of this change, being
now used in the sense of township. A county is
divicksl into so litany towns, and in each town so
many villsnost. of even u city may spring up. Thus
a town in Western New York may be a square of
land without a house or inhabitant upon it ; and in
wow planes a street is merely it emu' through a par-
tially chianti township. Then all maudlin's of
houses are canto" either village's sir cities. Where
places are inivirponititl they become corporate nil-
Inge% : stied if the inhabitunts astiire to beetrille citi-
zens. they make infinitive with the legislature, and
get themselves separuted from the town, and their
t 'ty raissll to tlw dignity of a city. lei a
township. a villitm• siwings up, which naturally as-
sumes the saint' name. In the town of Pompey, or
ewsur, the villages of l'usurry or Cassar spring up.
Then a *wood village, a llurtL a fourth. a filth. and
these areal! culled reqwetitely l'aup.'c East.Peempey
West. North. and Smith; anti., finally. at the cross-
roads which letul to these scverul t illuges. utiollts-r
ewitiosi up, which heressies Pompey l'uur Ciarllerylltd
nil these art• the titan of l'ompev.
A fact isicutionsol by Nis.. Johnson. rev acting the
old tienhe ssee country. that fur rained wheat re-
gion of America. may serve to *haw our agrieul-
turists that the it present postilion is neither peculiar
nor utinutorid. Ilc istatto dud the average produce
of the whole state of New Yoe. Wt: wheat, 14
Meshed.; Imelcv, In litudo•lo ; polo, _hi, mid Indian
cont. 2a bushels per acre. So low awe the averages
of this highly lauded district. 'lie fainters. of Sew
York are exposed to the nauptitition of their more
wcatern brethren. a still netwercompetition than that
of which our British farmers arc ciauplaiiiiiii,. and it
is doubtful whether they can struggle with them
its the ritioing of what.
In the following titissage the author sums up his
opinions upon a question of great moineut to the
consumer and producer of wheat in this country—
WHAT se ee1.11.3 or w HEAT MAT NC tAloirrEli Ewes
riiitall AllEttleA.
Bat with all the lonic and natural eapability of the fine
wistern region of New York. tMr empire state an a whole
slot-. not sit present, at-cording to the best iiiformation 1 tare
been able to iilit ,in, produce wheat enougis ti,r thell111•UMI.-
timl of it+ own iishald'aitto. In roUnil nualliers, the popu-
lation of the state of N.•sr York is about three millious,
while the produce of wheat ill b 1111111,16 is about LI millions,
or at the rat: of tire millions to each inhabitant. If, aceortl-
lag tour liagli•11 ealeUlatiiiiis ciAht imperial bushels a
head are type, scary to support 11111' people, the New York
' people, though they may consume a large qu-uitity of Indian I
corns ems haw hut little surplus left oat of tire bushels a
' head. My impassion therefore is that our British farmers
have little to tear from the competitiou of all that part of
North America llIlie:11 lit, Ilellls, n the Atlantic and the
St. I.awramce. from Newfoundland uu the east as!
far 'riot a+ the head of Like Outario. The Falitto. .1 Noes/. By the .Author of " Denton 11111."
whole of this region, as to wheat-growing, is 3 vats. Newby.
mow or has in sympathy with the English farmer, shoots In the present day, when accomplishments of a
glia,l s4tstSust the %igneous competition of the new north- ,
not bid, order rt
ae the. possession of large classes,
wester' states. 11" heat is alnamly more emstly to raise thou :• '• - surprising that many clever and grace
iu forma ye-m, even in the least exhausted portion of it is this I
north-east region. while the nortlowesteni states, until the ful works of fiction are pro:enroll to the public. The
rise or growth of a consuming population amount them.elves, classic student writes stories of Roman heroines; the
or till the Invhnesis of the virgin soils is rubbed off, rut political student exercises his imagination upon
• afford to export supplies of w heat at 3 Merely nominal price. I fiction, in Which the money laws arc discussed, the', vbe Ada %Irmo stout and talc,
Of course, in the progress of time, wino mom skill', laws of property illustrated. the foundations of social i
A. Jaws i flroasiand Tarfantr 31.11.
and knowlislge shall hays basil applied to the soil, 1, order reconstructed alter his own ]articular modeL ' and 'which, like the first of these amiable creatures. dons
pre.
,'
obrehrikacillecons..„,..l:;tu,ntl, loads on troops against the enemy—
the wheat-prothwitot powers of this region will. In the work before us we find a phase of our a,
.1 irto the i.'ow t'ountries, frowns
terrible at her enemies and, as the old song goes—
beeome greatly increased. But by that time a larger" soot social condition illustrated. It would be too
home tiopulation also will have arisen to consume it,l wide a question to enter into the discussion which , waTon teen in Mew.
ocecoio they can rival us even here.
while the very introduction of more generous and , the author appears to open up ; but, without acccd. s This is not a woman's appropriate heroism; though on
artificial Bon of vulturewill add to the cost of ing to his vanous propositions. we may fairly declare for :i
he men of Thermoplie they can show the women
production on the whole, Hence. the British con- his fiction to be a lively. graceful, and vigorous per- of saatintuen; for the hand which Stavo'a thrust into the
owner will have little to expeet. and the farmer formanee. One or two extracts will suffice to iglus- fire becaiow it had failed to wisassinate the invading mo-
within:: to fear, from supplies of this region. trate the writer's style. here is the opening pas- narch of his country, they can bring the arm which Mar-
-I're:weeding to the state of Ohio. our traveller ! sage, which is picturesque : gueriw Dough's thrust through the staple of the door at
reached tint:lnn -ti. The following is a description I THE VILLAUE OF DENCIIVIKII. ' Some Abbey to keep out the assassins of her king.
of what he justly calls one of the greenest wonders, the inhabitants of a certain borough town named ' For even act of this sort which we can adduce, they can
DelMochuech, she had acted in this way and had ;Oven.
motive of the deed is with theca nmarrorecthanPara ' for
the
cap us with 0 parallel—with a del
in runtl economy in which this new world abounds:, most substantial and especial cause to add their voicthesvtonf noble, and will always
Tile iliin ettor OF Ottio, . the grand chorus of reproach. turn the wale in their favour. 1
This state, one of the must prosperous in the Union, and j Deachurch professes itself a Plate of highantiquitv, in Even of ry those virago heroines, Juan's heart was need '
containing EOM.. populatiou of nearly two millions, possesses . proof of whichwhichit eau adduce. in evident, a. .1
-orman chinch, by religion, and the arm of that lair •' slasher," Many Am-
much wheat land, and raises large breadths of this grain, 1 a Saxon rampart, and the ruin of an old Boman castle, all rec. braced by the minor religion of the sex—love.
yet both its ....a and climate adapt it more generally to the 1 more or less apocryphal and mere or less fondly relied in by But Monies thew they have another heroism which is all
their own—a heroism which is horn of love and n•areil fa I
growth of Indian torn. The latter grain may hi; considered its inhabitants. Like a hardy child it had survived the
trial—which lives and loves and hoix•s on, when the plca-
the staple of the ~,,,t,e. 11, yield of Indian corn in! rough doings of those earls- epochs, and favoured by its
sures of life are at an end—when there is nothing which
Ohio is 411 bushels per acre, whilst in New York it is ' situation, had continued to.ilourish on, until iu the days of
should reawnably expire—a heroism which seeks not the
23 bushels per acre. 'thus rich ill Indian corn, an earl the the Tudor kings it was a plan of no little consideration. ran ,tapers kite " its worthy doe, and when hope itself
istion arose how to dispow of the surplus growth. Until' At this latter period the sea rolled oft to within a mile of
brilliant sucritiee of a moment's enthusiasm but finds its
the famine year:sof 1547 and ISIS, the quantity of this grain its fortified walls, and a broad and deep river bore Teasels of
which was exported from the whole United States waseneed-; the largest burden then used up to the very margin of its sphereof exertion in the enduring trials of that unuspiring
dottydottysmall. From 18'10 to lati it averaged only about - busy whereto. It had, on certain great occasions, fitted out msaiyrdom of daily and hourly life—with noue to applaud
80,000 quarters a Tear; but from 100.000 quarters In 1843: and given harbour to whole armaments, while at dl seasons .-111111 C even to witness—without expectation of release, and
it roar to 23E1,000 quarters in 1846, and to 2.1.2.3,000 l. in 1817, i innumerable trading vesse were passing between it and without even hope of &predation or acknowledgments I
after which it fell to half a million in 184 S, and has mace I the remotest porta of the trading globe. ! This is a woman's harden. i
continues' to decline. A home "mist was therefore sought i It may be easily imagined that under such a state of things In conclusion, we may fairly recommend " Valetta"
for, andthe distilling of whiskey and the fattening of bogs it had it politics, its liberties, its immunities, charters, bur- to the readers of light, vivacious, and elegant fiction.
are the means of cousumption which have been found most I "ewe, royal prognoses, and all the rest of those good things
it, vI
rosily available and most generally profiuble. The extent i vebieh the afosessid lady Fortune to freely bestows on those yinnroo .out .
CI •
*i I _, y Exhibited is Mil . Edited by
to which the picking business, as the Later is called, is car-1 who can wrest theta from her hands.
1 Jugs siasts, Landon.
raid an, and the states In which the two eunditioas—the i It was at this period, when the good burghers of Ben- Notwithstanding the many makable books which
heulty of growing ludian corn and producing abundant . cbureh were malting as none others could works building bse bee •
awnss—eo-cust most causatively, will be seen by the fel- ' ships, and fighting ships, as none others Son 'Mild or fight ve n written on London, there is no complete
lewnig table, which represents the number of hogs killed them ; while they were getting together crown pieces at a work, nor is this to be wondered at, for London is a

Lettcrs to ✓oAn Rnll. Esq. By Sir }:iiwAitri',writ

Vernon, gam Chapman ana Hall.
If Sir Edward Lytton were to Write a pamphlet
in Iheour of the Maisanolan religion, or the Physics
of EpieuriusZor any scheme ever belioed in by any-
botly; it meet with readers. Of course, it
would be gruceful, lively, and scholarly; it would
delight thousands—how many it would convert is
quite another matter. Dozens of inferior men would
be more likely to make emeverts on such a subject as
the corn laws, than the poetic novelist now address-
ing us about them. In England we don't guide our
step, by the light of lire-Hies—we prefer gas!
icuow that the altove feeling will prevail pretty
generally among men of business when they hear
that Sir Edward has come out as a protectionist.
There is no help fur it, however; Sir Edward has a
right to be listened to on a commercial matter—
although he is a man of genius and a scholar. Here
he is, bewailing over the lost protection with classi-
cal melancholy. Protection is dead ; the singer
mourns the vanished one. And we are not the less
to regard the mourner because she is un Antigone.
(Inc duty in this department of our journal is to
view his pamphlet under its literary aspect. The
style is easy, agreeable, winning—less ornate than
might have been expected (should we say feared), for
he has obvitrutly wished to harangue ltull in a
plausible basilic*, manner. However, we have frag-
ments of latinity rather thickly scattered at first,
where he shows that England has revert:ed her policy
on many oecasions, preparatory to the suggestion
that she should do SO again. And a neat summary
of the mutual contradictions of free-traders leads up
to this gay epigram :
then, we have the most contradictory disloctions
frmn the same premises. Fallacies there must be some-
where, hut they are not here those of the protect' Here,
it is one corn law repealer who answer. ;mother. It is the
old story of Munchateam; the tiger jumps down the jaws
of the crocodile; the crocodile is strangled by the tiger.
What and who odour remains safe, challenging oar convic-
tions, insisting on our Munchawwn

•
It is interesting and amusing to observe how men
of letters, when they write on polities. assume the
tone of—Burke. Nit. I hsnieli played ut Burke, long
ago, in his pamphlets. Sir Edward applies to poli-
tical economy that strong ftsAing of dislike to mere
theoretical Ash-action in government which Burke
applied to the French government-manufacturers
of his day. lie thinks that its principles have been
too sternly applied by num, "as if they were describ-
ing lifelas things and not dealing with human
beings." (I'. 29). The following illustration of his,
remark is quite like Burke in sentiment ; its (Aim.*
sioll is gayer, more lively—more like the author of
time Caxtons7 and " England and the English."

cheap descriptions are e__- at the , c vireo'
than, indeed, if any book is so well calculated as this I by
means of a section attic domes, and of the plan of
to give a foreigner a true idea of the resources the building,St.Paurs is more thoroughly exemplified of
London in that point of view under which theythe book before preythan in larger elevations, which'
most impress him. The Parisian or tle. Buehleohlese I are insignificant ince of the cathedral itself,
brings with him u standard of memory by •
this finds
. 0' to which the' engravings are only a guide. The plans
meusure our museums and our galleries, but this faitls of Woolwich and Deptford dockyards, of the Bank of
him when he contemplates our great public establish- England, and other establishments,. are the more
; ments, the maniffistations of a vast social organisa- gr
wholeat s g
tion ; and he is more struck with the labours of a'''' interiors' and, indeed, it is stated Mr. ]Peale
f• 1 as access fur the public is denied to the
; with
Smeaton, Watt, Rennie, Brunel, or Stephenson, than
with the treasures of Phidias, Itafflielle, IttIIKIIS, and to prevent him out his d • I pub-
was threatened
_i legal proceedings in one case,
from carrying
Flaxman. To the provincial, the American, and the fishing a
plan, the reason of state assigned being
colonial visitor, the work is likely to prove emu!lie that his plan would enable revulutionur.v: conspirators.
acceptable, because it is of a particularly practical to understand the arrangements of the interior. This
character. To those, however, who really wish to
I how-timehi' 1
threat was not persevered in, aud.inekedgeneralle,as
, understand the metropolis in the coming s the book evtdenees, the heads of public esta is -
`we would recommend "Weald's London
.Exhibited," ments have liberally given their moistener in further-
" Knight's London," and " Cunningham s I land- antic of the design. Thus. in many COWS. details I
book," as embracing most of the materials requisite aax'gre.cn.of internal arrangements and administra-
for a satisfactory exit iii i l union. To wander about tion which never m burre the public eye, and ofow u
London, guide-brink in hand, is a most unsatisfactory which few are reerensant.
The development of the systems of illustration and'
way of seeing it ; the spectator, like a student of
anatomy ignorant of the rudiments, who loses explanation marked out is particularly interesting
half Ins first course of lectures. mis-spends in connection with our new and improved public insti-
his time fur want of knowing what he sees relations. The statesman. economist, or, aultainistrator,
and what to see. A careful preliminary pc. who wishes to curry hack to his own sphere an emu-
rutted of the works we have referred to willf lay a rate idea of establishments in which he frels the ,
good ground-work for the study of the moral and The re est interest, has here the guide that he wants.'
physical organization of the metropolis, and suhse- 'LI
hiouses, lunatic asylums, and prisons, enable the
dans and operative details of the baths and
vas
quent reference to the authorities will impress on his
mind during his whole life the true value of the %sued visitor fully to wide rstand the efficiency of the
pictures he has seen. In these books he will have cmechanical apparatus of administratiun. the working
not only a valuable accession to his library, but, as it n
were, the means of reference to the notes and coin- limits
of which is under his inspection, or within the
Haire of his leisure.
ments stored up in his own m The club-houses form an unique feature of Loudon,ind; for the sight of .
have the o a sirtunity of fully inspecting
London in 15.51 will be one of those things to be talked and fen can. I I
them, while most Will have thew curiosity excited
of for years and by generations hereafter to spring
up. London will, it is true, be seen in its giani by institutions which are at once the manifestations
vastness, and with all its resources more openly di.- of our luxury. our economy in the practice of luxury,
played, but it will likewise be the theatre of a and of our power of combination and association.
marked epoch in the world's history-- for good, cer- In this instance the editor has departed from his
tainly—for evil as it may be used. usual course, und, besides the plan, gives an elevation
to the same scale of each leading club-house. The
The influx of kinsmen and friends, of public and
private guests, will lay an unprecedented tax on the descriptions, which are known to be from the pen of
one of the must eminent architectural critics in Lem-
hospitality of the metropolitan population; denumds
will be made on our time and attention in satisfying don, who has already written on the sulaject.eomplete
the explanation, so that within a few pages we have
the inquiries dour visitors, and many will find that,
though born in London, they know little of its este!). nll that is requisite to an intimate acquaintance with
the club palazzi of Pull-mall mid St. .13111(1:S. Of
lishments and unangements; although, each, if be
xerci
did but remember it, has, in the means of introdue-
lute wars thew buildings have e
• (ion to staticinstitution little thought of, the oppor- able influence on the architecture of the metropolis,
more particularly by the cultivation of the Italian
tunity of rendering a great favour to his guest. St.
Paul s and %Vest alabaster nattily will have seen. the palace styles ; and under the direction of Barry and Sydney
of Westminster they may yet wait to see completed; Smirke' the spirit of Palladia. Scamozzi. and Sum-
but each, according to his particular bent, has some sovino,
has ffieon observatories is another example ofn revived in England.
special objet of inquiry, in which he w The article
ants to curry successful and practical treatment. If lunatic asy-
information to his home. A surgeon may have the tunas and prisons cannot be laid open to indiscri-
estne of a brewery or distillery, which he will more
eagerly examin than the museum of Ids hospital ; minute und vulgar gaze, still less can the observatory;
and, therefore, a good and available description is
a warehousmaan may have access to an observatory, an essential service. Though it is evident the-article
or to a rare colhetion of orchideous plaints, most ditti- is written by a man of science, chiefly for and scien-
cult to be examined; a tradesman may obtain an ti
world, yet, from its very copiousness and clear-
introduction to a prison, workhouse, or other public ness taf description. it affords the best popular guide
institution, which is a greater object to thee foreign on the subject. NVe are particularly pleased, Ik.V.IUSC
visitor than all the Egyptian treasures which Salt it sets forth in a clear light our exertions n the
and Belzoni have accumulated in the Museum. In cause of faience. and shows to the foreigner au UR-
deed there is hardly a warehouse or shop in London exampled profusion of material and pen,onal re-
which is not to most people at greater curiosity than sources in this single department of physical science.
our national collections. There are many residents Our national observatory does not invite visitors, and
of the metropolis who will therefore, this year, resort the position even of the observatories maintained by
to a guide-book of London as a means of knowing its individual Inimiticettee is scarcely even k a lowll. NVIio of
resources and their own resource's of entertainment, the countless visitors to the Botanical and Zoological
who never Le-litre thought of referring to such a gardens in the Regent's-park is aware that he passes
work, or studying the town they live in. To a great near one of the most famonsobservatories in the world,
class of the population, likewise, the book before us where, through the liberal provision of Mr.G.liishop,
will be acceptable, because it is the only one in which I and the devoted exertion of Mr. I lind. no less than;
the subjects of interest to them an. treated. Indeed, three new planets, amid a number of comets have
" ]Veal's London Exhibited" contains inure new and leen discovered ? In this villa of the Inner-circle
useful matter than any work of the kind us yet be-- Were first discovered Iris, Flora, and Victoria, and'
fury the public. it is the scene of constant triumphs in the field of
The plan, as we have already intimated, is to pro- mientitic researches. We need scarcely add that
duce a special work, suitable to men of science and its astronomers have received honours from every
practical men, in whatever particular branch they government except that of England. In a hidden
may be bah:rotted ; and, thereffire, giving that nook of Kensington is the observatory of Sir James
general view of iuterest to all in the mutual eon- I South, whose laboars towards the catalogue of disco-
neetion mid relation of science and art. In effecting ! verieshuve acquired for hima Emmen!' reputation. or
such a design, Mr. Weak- has evidently gone to a such men, and of such establishments we may feel
great expense., and, although some impenections and' justly proud, but without such an introduction as
deficiencies may be' noticed incident to a first attempt,' that HOW afforded to us we' should neither be ac-
it must be allowed he has achieved a large measure ' quainted with them nor able to point them
of suen,s. There is very little either of compilation Ito our scientific friende front abroad. In other cases
or of reprint, but most of the departments are treated the handbags themselves are the chief feature, but
originally ; and, although we cannot always concur here, although the plans use given as usual, the
with the views of the writers, it is evident that a • chief subjects of the drawings are the instruments,
large amount of labour has been bestowed on the ! the construction and working of which are fully ex-
composition. In ninny portions of the work we par- ; planned; so that within a short compass we have
ticularly notice that great care is taken to give. a. an exemplification of the triumph of English inge-
clear explanation to foreigners, of institutions which : amity in a branch of mechanic-A wheree
are so familiar to USULS to make the detail appear almost labours of I )(Aland, Troughton, and S. ths
superfluous. In order. nevertheless, to make a work have given us a European reputation. It is
of this kind truly useful, the author must write, not `.well enough known that the government's share
metalling to his own knowledge and views, but those in scientific labours is something like its libe-
of the persons whom he addresses. When we- say rality towards their votaries; and, although the
" a jury," for instance, we think we have spoken Royal Observatory vindicates successfully its rank
clearly enough, but a jury is a far different thing in . among the great institutions of the world, yet the
Scotland and France to what it is in England. So,tooa burthen of exertion is borne by numerous societies
an hospital is one thing on the Continent, and another and individual's. An illustration of this is mentioned
here; and a Frenchman might ignorantly make a very • in Mr. ]]'sale's volume, in connection with the obser-
invidious comparison between the hospitals of Parts cations, since 15(404, diurnally published in the /May
and London; whereas the latter are specially ffir cases News and the Etioress. The author states: indeed,
of accident and disease, and the union workhouse's and that this record, now so indispensable to the
their infirmaries, which embrace other functions of landed proprietor, the agriculturist, the merchant,
the Parisian institutions, give in the result a much' the seaman, the sportsman, the traveller, was first
greater extension to the hospital system of planned by " the spirited proprietors of the Daily
London. Our own familiarity with the subject , News, who, in 1948, endeavoured, under great digit-
causes us to neglet offering explanations of the coo- culties, to supply their readers with these accounts of
cooky of which we are unaware, and many a fo- the simultaneous state of the weather throughout the
reigner takes back to the Continent a fixed idea of . country." It may be interesting to state the mode of
our inferiority, where, most commonly, we have a working as here explained : .• At 9 a.m. on every
right to the superiority. The brief explanations in day, excepting Sunday, the elements are noted by
this book of our system of education are calculated to the railway station-masters, and entered into a form
vindicate us from reproaches to which we have been provided for the purpose by the proprietors of the
unjustly exposed; und the information given as to holly News. This is forwarded to Loudon by the
our poor-law system affords a satisfactory answer to . first train, and the accounts from the diffireut rail-
the common charge of the woeful misery of London. , ways are collected after midnight by a messenger
li•ith the mendicant classes France, Rolland, and from the office of the Daily News, edited, and imme-
Flanders have found themselves unable to cope, and ; diately printed and published."
it cannot fairly be laid against us that we have ' Of a work so large and so novel it is difficult to
among us many well-trained professional mendicant give space for asufficient examination of each arti-
actors who simulate distress, such as it really. dote cle, when in several instances the single articles
not exist in the metropolis. Nor can we be justly contain matter enough tbr a single volume on the
I charged with the presence of the Irish horde, uuy subject. We must therefore be brief in our
more than Frame with its Bretons, or the cities of reference to the work, which, though a large one, is
I New York and Philadelphia with their St. Giles's. a very cheap one, useful not only bar its immediate
It is no fault of our iustitutions that strangers among purpose of a guide during the Exhibition, but form-
us give way to filth, begging, and idleness, when we, tag a permanent addition to the library, and a con-
; maintain so many in work or by charity, to the pre- stoat work of reference on many subjects of which
judice of our own population. A fallen, a debased, a there ism popularexposition. Reference is facilitated
proletarian population, must be found in every large, ' byavery copious index, which,for the useof strangers,
commuuity, so long as human nature is imperfect ; - contains likewise the address and indiration of all the
but London, possessing such a population—larger I, public buildings, institutions, and leading streets; so
than the collected populations of many of the greatest that those places which are either not mentioned in the
cities of Europe—cannot justly be charged with' body of the work, or briefly only, will be found in
moral neglect, with want of' charity, or with , the Index and Directory. This Appendix likewise
lan undue proportion of the exceptional classes. The ; affords the opportunity of classifying and systematis-
Great Show will, however, draw more of such to a I lag the work• and the long enumerations under some
scene which offers to them particular attractions; and I heads, as galleries, museums, libraries, will justly
amidst the time proof of the benevolence of I surprise the stranger, and even many residents, with
our forefathers, and the many examples of rho active i regard to rho abundance of our intelleettpd resource's.
philanthropky of the present day, London, in all its I It was naturally to be expected that a work ema-
glory, will embrace a picture of misery exceeding ' natin from the architectural publisher should give
what is to be seen in the world, because carried to a considerable attention to the architecture of the me

These distinctions would be perlisily clear to all persons,
if they would only regard political economy no they do any
other imcstigation of art or science. First, with regard to
the abstract truth of its principles, and next, to the pru-
dence of applying them in each special instants..
Suppose that I write a treatise on architecture, wherein I
geometrically establish the Met that the Parthenon is a most
tw autiful building. If my neighbour, Squire Hawthorn,
who lice in au out fashioned irrgular. country house, as
unlike the Parthenon as a hour tin be, runs to me out of
breath, transported to enthusiasm by nay admirable treatise.
"My dear sir. I have read your work; you have proved to
my satisfaction that nu building on earth is so perfect as
the Parthenon. Pray, would y.lll advise me to pull down
Ilawthornball, and build a country house exactly on the
model of which yuu have so lucidly given the geometrical
d.-sign ? Shall I turn Hawthorn-hall into a Parthenon
What's your advice?"
should answer, ogler I had a sinister interest
to answer otherwise, lam not the proper person of whom
to ask that advice ; whether it is for your interest to pull
down your very irregular old house,—whether, if you did,
you would be us comfortable in a Parthenon; (11110111WeTer
beautiful that edifice, Mid that it could be adapted to the
wants of your family and the dill:Tine: of your climate,— I
whether you could even live in it, without catching your
death of sold,—are all considerations with which I had
nothing to do wilt u 1 wrote lay treatise. My object was
but to explain the trite principles of architeeture, and
establish Cie excellence of the Parthenon upon geometrical
principles ! "
Squire Hawthorn would have no right to blame our fur
having written my treatise and disturbed his mind ; but he.
would he a monstrous great fool if he turned his old hall
into a Parthtlloll!

Sir Edward limits his demand to a moderate fixed
dote—a demand quite, we believe, consistent as re-
gards his own political career.