The Express.
London, England, 1847-11-03 00:00:00

year more than 16 per cent, ; while robberies conse-
quent upon drunkenness and disorder, namely, those
committed in public-houses, or upon persons after
visiting such places, have greatly increased. Out of
47 boys who were indicted, not more than three or
four could justifiably plead want as the excuse for their
crimes. All these facts are significant—and point
to education primarily as the cure; not to mere reading
and writing—though these are much, and when ab-
sent their want powerfully felt—but to an education of
a worthier and larger character—an education which
shall aim at cultivating the feeling and the tastes, in-
ducing a love of nature and of pleasures which have
no touch of criminality in them, and at creating, fos-
tering, a capacity to enjoy pleasures of a mare
intellectual kind. The peasants and artisans of the
continent are poorer, and yet, generally speaking,
less criminal than our own. This question of idle-
ness and inability to find self-employment, has more
to do with crime and the guilty indulgences which
inevitably lead to it, than most of us have, perhaps,
been aware. Something might and must be done to
dam up. this fountain-head of social corruption. In
connexion with education, which, after all, is the
principal and'most peremptory medicine for the dis-
ease—othtr influences might be brought to bear upon
the subject.
The intelligent inspector of prisons for Scotland and
the northern counties of England suggests, in his last
report, that government, magistrates, and all who ex-
ercise influence and authority in the country, should
encourage the taste for rural games, music, and
innocent recreations, amongst the lower classes,
as a means of drawing them off from scenes and ex-
citements of a more contaminating kind. These form
the staple amusements of similar rinks on the conti-
nent. The absence of facilities for such in England,
and perhaps also the absence of a capacity to enjoy
more intellectual amusements to the full extent, are
amongst the not least important negative causes of
crime in the population of our large towns. Instead of
enccuragement, however, these recreations have been
too generally discountenanced. They have not thereby
been put down : far from it. The passion for physi-
cal enjoyment is too active in youth to be forcibly
suppressed. But, proscribed in its natural and legi-
timate sphere, it retreats to improper and vicious
haunts--the brand is supposed to strip it of its inno-
cent character—it is believed by its devotees to be a
criminal indulgence, the mind becomes habituated to
that impression, and the intervening stage from
moral turpitude to social guilt, is soon overstepped.
It would seem to be a needless doctrine to in-
calcate, that the human passions and impulses which
are in themselves innocent, should be enlisted
on the side of virtue and public order; but they
have not yet been so in this country. We must
provide our artisans with less equivocal places
of resort than the pot-house, and more agreeable re-
creations than low gambling, and the debaucheries
incidental to such haunts. Much is already doing in
several of our provincial cities and great towns—in
the shape of parks, art exhibitions, scientific gardens,
and institutions—but these efforts require to be legiti-
mated by public opinion, and aided by an organised
power. Voluntaryism, though valuable as an auxi.
hare, is not sufficient as principal in these cases. The
work is too vast to be accomplished by individuals,
and too important to be left to irresponsible agents.
The work of the country should be performed by the
country's accredited and responsible administrators.

MR. JAMES STEPLIEN has at last resigned the
office of tinder Secretary of the Colonial Department,
and by his resignation has terminated a career of
great misfortune to the public, and of sad injustice to
a large number of unfortunate persons' who have
served the crown under that department during his
tenure of office. He has certainly retired as grace-
fully as circumstances would permit He has been
saved the mortification of yielding to the storm of

indignation and popular reprobation which so fre-
quently raged around him, and has had his reputation
protected, as far as protection could be given to it, by
a summons to a seat in her Majesty's Privy Council.
Henceforward he is the Right Honourable JAMES
STEPHEN ; but henceforward he is no longer Under-
Secretary for the Colonies. The empty honour is his ;
the real gain is to the public.
We have no desire to do injustice to the right
honourable gentleman. Mr. STEPHEN is undoubt-
edly a man of very great intellectual power ; his
mind has been highly cultivated ; his views are fre-
quently original and always worthy of consideration :
his information is varied and extensive; and his style
of literary composition is rhetorical and glittering.
He failed in the Colonial-office' and injured both this
country and its colonies, not from want of ability,
and certainly not from absence of opportunity. to
serve them, but because he had been educated in a
hollow, insincere, presumptuous, selfish, and intole-
rant school, and became master of that school.
Craft, policy, intrigue' jealousy, and chicanery were
the charact,--isties of the Colonial-office during Mr.
STEP' - direction of it. Ni connected with

long nun. it. No one:.
it had, till lately, confidence in its justice, its honour, its
integrity, or its generosity : the colonies feared it; the
colonists hated it; merchants connected with the colo-
nies despised it ; and every one who knew aught of its
mechanism attributed its defects, its faults, its crimes
to Mr. JAMP.S STEPHEN. Some of the ablest states-
men of the day were its chiefs whilst Mr. STEPHEN
was Under Secretary—Lord RIPON, Lord STANLEY,
Lord ions RUSSELL, Mr. GLADSTONE, for example;
but all failed, signally and disastrously failed therein.
These statesmen failed, because success under
our present colonial system is not within the
range of possibilities or of human ability, for
it is a system that teases, irritates, worries, and
overgoverns the colonies; and of that system Mr.
STEPHEN was the life, whence it moved, breathed,
and had its being. No one in our time had
such ample opportunities of seeing and feeling
its evil consequences : he saw and felt them in rebel-
lions in Canada, in Caffre wars at the Cape, in war
and insolvency in New Zealand, in crimes abhorrent
to human nature in Van Diemen's Land, in ruin and
devastation in New South Wales, in the gradual ex-
tinction of capital in the West Indies, in dissatisfac-
tion and animosity in every colony and in every
colonist. But experience taught him nothing; he
persisted in the system which a stroke of his pen, or
one generous thought, might have altered; and he
leaves the system rampant in mischief.
But, it will be asked, if all this be true of Mr.
STEPHEN, how came he to be retained so long in
office? We reply that be was pushed into the
Colonial Department by the clique to which he be-
longed at a period when its influence was
paramount : at a time when the then bead of
the clique declared,in &letter which accidentally trans-
pired, that " all the Colonial-office wanted was to be
saved from the trouble of thinking!' The influence
of that party, unfortunately prolonged by Lord Gut-
Nnt.o, and revived, when about expiring, by Mr.
GLADSTONE, added to his own ability and cunning,
and the ignorance of his superiors, maintained him
there, despite the outcry of the victims of the disas-
trous policy of which he was the instrument. And it
is only at last, when the ommequences of that policy
have been brought home to public conviction, that
kis retirement is made a tardy offer upon the altar of
public opinion.

Our Paris despatches and the journals of Monday
have arrived. They contain no intelligence of general
interest. The day, being that of All Saints, was ob-
served as a general holiday.

The journals and correspondence of Switzerland
have arrived to Saturday last. The news of the
retirement of the Austrian 'ambassador, and the neu-
trality of that power in relation to the present civil
dissension which we gave yesterday are fully con-
firmed. The office of the Legation, with an agent for
the transaction of ordinary business, will be continued
as usual at Zurich. The ambeesador retiree to an
adjacent neutral territory. The ministers of Russia,
Prussia, and Sardinia, were at Berne, and were ex-
pected to demand their passports, giving the
same explanations as those given by Austria.
It ie now clear that no intervention what-
ever is contemplated, and that the cantons will have
to settle their own disputes. All the federal commis-
sioners had returned to Berne, and had made their
reports. Their mission was in every case without
result. The deputies of the Sonderbund were in con-
stant conference with M. Bois le Comte, the French
minister, by whom they were earnestly advised to
propose a compromise. On the 27th, the deputies of
the league addressed themselves to three of St. Gall
and Schaffhausen, to obtain their mediation. On the
28th, the majority of twelve appointed four of their
confer - 11 the deputies of the league,
arrangement. This con-
The ultimatum of the

Sonderbund was, it appears, to re-establish the con-
vents of Argau, and to postpone the expulsion of the
Jesuits until 1849. These propositions were rejected
by a majority.
On the 28th M. Calame announced to the vorort,
on the part of the cantonal government of Neufchatel,
that it would decline supplying the military con-
tingent required in the present exigency by the de-
crees of the diet. The answer given to this commu-
nication was, that if the contingent were not supplied
as required, the troops of the federal government
would immediately occupy the canton of Neufchatel.
M. de Sidow thereupon waited on President Ochsen-
bein to support the demand of M. Calame, assuring
the president that it was the wish of his majesty the
King of Prussia (who is sovereign of the principality
of Neufchatel) that the canton should not be required
to supply troops for the war, but that nevertheless
his majesty entertained no intention of interfering
in the internal disputes of the confederation. The
answer of the president left no doubt of the deter-
mination of the federal government to enforce the
military contingent from all the cantons indifferently.
During the 28th, a large quantity of artillery,
munitions of war, and military stores, were sent froin
the arsenal of Berne to the head-quarters of the
several divisions of the Bernese army.
According to the reports of the partisans of the
diet, extensive desertions are taking place daily from
the forces of the league. The troops pass, it is said,
from the catholic cantons into the adjacent liberal
cantons. Those from Zug desert to Zurich ; those
from Lucerne fraternise with Zurich and Argon. A
hundred men, with their officers, had passed the fron-
tier to Zurich.
According to the latest despatches, it is affirmed
that all efforts at an amicable adjustment having
failed, the diet had passed a decree fur the immediate
execution of measures of compulsion against the Son-
derbund.
The following is a copy of the letter respecting the
retirement of the Austrian ambassador, which was
addressed by the executive council of Zurich to the
Vorort :
ZURICH, Ocr. 26.—Our president has just informed us
that his Excellency Baron de Kaisersfeld, envoy extraordi-
nary and minister plenipotentiary of Austria to the confede-
ration, yesterday waited on the High Directory, and deelnred
to it that, having received the order of his government to
retire to the territory of the states of his Imperial and Royal
Majesty, in case the federal diet should decide to put its
resolution relative to the Sonderbund into execution by arms,
he intends to conform to that order. His excellency, how-
ever, added that the relations of affairs between the states of
his :sovereign and the confederation would not be inter-
rupted, but that, on the contrary, these relations will always
be continued and directed, either by his excellency the
minister plenipotentiary himself, from the place of his resi-
dence, or by the persons attached to the Austrian legation.
His excellency declared that, in quitting the Swiss territory,
he had no other object than that of being on neutral ground
during a war between the two parts of the confederation, a
war in which the government which his excellency repre-
sents will not participate in any manner whatsoever. His
excellency finally demanded that the passports necessary for
him and for the secretary of the legation should be delivered
to him by the authorities of our canton. We have not be-
lieved ourselves authorised to take, with respect to this pro-
ceeding of the representative of a foreign power who is not
accredited to our canton, but to all the confederation, any
decision whatever without the consent of the high federative
authority, and we confine ourselves to giving you a commu-
nication of the fact, and to informing you that we wait for
your orders even relative to the remission of the passports.
The following is the letter of General Dufour to the
diet, announcing his acceptance of the chief command
of the federal army :
I have received, with the brevet of commandant-in-chief
' of the federal army, the official notice of my nomination.
In accepting this brevet, I assume, I know, an immense re-
sponsibility, but I fulfil an obligation of honour which every
officer contracts in entering the iervice of the confederation.
It is not at a moment like the present that one can be per-
mitted to retire. However painful may be the duty which
is imposed on me, I not the less owe thanks to the high
federal diet fur the mark of confidence which it has been so

kind as to give me in the difficult circumstances in which
Switzerland is placed. I will endeavour to make myself
worthy of it. But I believe it right to declare to this assem-
bly that, whilst doing all that duty exacts, I will never, if
extremities must be come to, exceed the bounds of modera-
tion and humanity; that I will not lose sight of the fact
that it is between confederates that the discussion takes
place; that I will remain a stranger to political excitations;
and that, confining myself exclusively to my military duties,
I will endeavour to maintain order and discipline in the
federal troops, cause public and private property to be re-
spected, protect Catholic worship in the person of its misis-
ters, in its temples, and in its religious establishment—in one
word, do all to soften the evils inseparable from a war. May
my devotedness then be useful to the common country ! But,
above all, may Divine Providence prevent the 'eternities
with which it is threatened!

The hopes which were lately entertained of the
progress of liberal principles in the policy of the
Sardinian government prove to be fallacious. Letters
from Turin to the 23rd ult.,state that the government,
after all, is guided by the spirit of the Austro-Jesuitical
party, impersonated by Count Lazzari and the Baron
de la Tours. Every popular demonstration in favour of
the cause of political reform is suppressed by armed
force. The Archbishop of Turin has issued a circular
order prohibiting the parochial clergy from offering
up the usual prayer in the churches for Pius IX. On
the cveaing of the 23rd, a poor player of a street
organ was arrested and thrown into prison for play-
ing, amongst other tunes set on his barrel, the hymn
Ito the Pope.
Letters from Florence of the same date say that
the Nlodenese troops had entered Oallicomo with
the commissioners appointed by Duke Francis V.,
and taken possession of Fivizzano. No Tuscan agent
was present, and the inhabitants knew not what* part
to take.

The Roman journals contain a declaration of the
pontifical government relating to the events which
took place at Ferrara on the 14th ult., and which we
reported in thin journal on Saturday last. The
Notizie del Giorno says :
The paternal heart of our sovereign has been deeply
grieved on hearing the sad events which took place at k er-
rara on the evening of the 14th. A sentinel and some sol-
diers have ill treated several peaceable citizens, whom
his holiness bears constantly present in his mind and heart.
The pontifical government, which neglects no means of
bringing to as speedy a close as possible the state of things
which gives rise to such disagreeable create in the town of
Ferrara, will most certainly not fail in corroborating, by new
reclamation., those which his eminence the President of
Ferrara has addressed to Marshal Count Auerperg. He will
do so the very moment the inquest already commenced will
enable him to become completely acquainted with all the
particulars which have given rise to, and followed, these
deplorable events.
The Nourelliste of Marseilles of Saturday has the
- •

following:
A friend going to Naples by the government packet, the
Mentor, writes to as on the 24th, that, having left Leghorn
the day before, at four in the afternoon, they very shortly
after their departure fell in with the steam corvette Titan,
having on board the Prince de Joinville, who sent some
pressing despatches by the Mentor for Naples. The Titan
came to an anchor at Leghorn, and MA Royal High-
ness, it was said, intended to go from thence to Florence.
—A letter from Turin of the 26th ult. informs us that the
Sardinian government has submitted to the Council of State
projects of laws against riotous assemblages of the people,
for the establishment of a Supreme Court of Question, for •
revisionand liberal construction of the tariff of custom duties,
and for • postal reform including a delivery of letters on
Sundays.—Letters from Rome of the 23rd ult., received at
Marseilles, state that the arrest of the Prince de Canino had
been taken off on the 22nd. The journals of Rome state that
Giovanni Andrea Romeo, one of the Cslabrian chiefs, had
surrendered himself, been tried, and condemned to death,
hut that his sentence was commuted.
The departure of the Empress Maria Louisa for
Parma, which had been fixed for the sth inst., is, it
appears, indefinitely postponed. The Frankfort
Journal, announcing this fact in a letter from its own
correspondent, dated Oct. 21, adds—" This adjourn-
ment may have some connexion with a project of
abdication in favour of the Duke of Laces, to whom
the duchy of Parma would (naturally revert on the
death of the present sovereign. If the abdication
takes place, it is probable that the Duke of Lucca
will'give up the sovereignty in favour of the Heredi-
tary Prince of Lucca, he having resolved to reside
from henceforward on a property he possesses in
Styria.

The Madrid mails of the 27th ult., have arrived.
M. Salamanca has addressed a letter to the Herald°,
stating that, in consequence of the violent attacks
which have been made on him by the Espanol for his
participation in the affairs of the capitalisation of the
royal arrears, he has determined to seek redress from
the Tribunals. A progreseista journal states that the
government has refused to accept the resignation of
General Serrano. The Eco del Comercio says that the
whole round of the fetes and rejoicings which the
Queen is now made to indulge in are intended to
separate her from the people and deprive her of their
love, and are part of the dark designs which, it
says, have been formed against her throne.

MADRID, Ocr. 27.
Salamanca has addressed the following letter to the
editor of the Heraldo :
" Sir,—My character, known to the whole country,. in
relation to money matter); conduct ga minister, which,

spite of the passionate opposition I have had to suffer from
some (tauten, has not offered the lout handle foe slander to
lay hold on ; and the testimony of my conscience; hove made
me regard with coolness, awaiting the moment when I may
answer in the costes, the attacks which have been directed
' against the conversion of the treasury bills in posseseion of
the royal patrimony ; a measure which, besides in being just
tad legal u appears from the record, was indispensable in the
state of the privy parse, u represented by the steward of
the household. Nevertheless, the perseverance with which
the Espanol newspaper persists in misleading opinion, re-
presenting with allusions that cannot be mistaken, as moral
convictions of the public, stories and facts which are abso-
lutely false, and which I spurn as the slanders of personal
enemies, obliges me to address myself to you, to convey to
the knowledge of the public that the only answer which I
shall make to the article inserted in No. 1,(Y2) (yesterday's) of
the said periodical will be an appeal to the tribunals, from
which I doubt not to obtain due reparation.--I remain, &c.,
JOSE DE SALAMANCA.
.

. „,..
The offensive paragraph in the Espanol appears to be the
following :—After praising the royal order issued to suspend
the transaction, it goes on to say— ' But the government has
as yet done only half its duty. It remains to be cleared up, if
the reiterated suspicions are founded in truth, that the con-
version in question covered an immoral compact to rob the
state and the Queen of many millions. We :nee compelled
to say that there exists a very general moral conviction that
among the managers of the transaction it had been stipulated
to give her Maesty only 30 millions, and to divide the rest
among accomplices. The sum awarded to each has tran-
spired ; and we have been assured that the share of an es-
minister amounted to twenty-five millions of reals. It seems
to have been farther di-covered that the partners being
obliged by the noise which the affair made upon reachingthe
ears of the public to deliver up to the patrimoay all
the bonds which the government had issued, and
disposed to renounce, as a gratuitous gilt, their
shares in the prize, the person who thought to have
pocketed the 25 millions went the length even of imploring
the royal word, and begging as an aid or loan, what he had
regarded as a present. AU this is known and repeated, al-
though not the faintest allusion to such practices may appear
in the record. But the omissions of written documents may
be supplied by the investigations of the committee of senators
and deputies which we have suggested." The Clamor Public°
charges the Espanol with partiality and private grudge, in
singlieg out Salamanca as the mark of its attacks, while
equal blame attaches to the colleagues of the ex-minister of
finance, who approved the conversion in council, and there-
fore to the present ministers of war and public instruction,
even acquitting of all connivance Orlando.
It is not easy to discover the grounds upon which the
Espanol rests its asserted belief of the latter 's innocence.
That he should have remained ignorant, during whole
weeks, of what was going on in the principal office of his
department, is scarcely conceivable. But nothing can ex-
ceed the farce of the concluding paragraph of Sonor
Orlando's royal order, which calls upon the director general
of the public debt to state whether any bonds had been
issued from the public treasury, after Pcna Aguayo, in •
public letter, had admitted that bonds to the amount of
fifty millions had been handed over to him for the patri-
mony. In the mean time, neither the steward of the palace,
nor Salamanca, nor Orlando, nor the director of the
public debt, have dared to give explicit answers to
the questions reiterated by the papers, es to the
total amount of the conversion, and the amount which
has been lodged in the Queen's purse. The letters of Fein
Aguayo and Salamanca, which look concerted and fabri-
cated by common accord, wrap the subject up in generalities
and reticences, whose equivocal sense increases, so far from
lessening, suspicion. The type of the conversion, which is
thirty-five instead of forty, as prescribed by the law of Feb.
14, '45, has not passed uncommented. The government has
not contradicted one of the facts advanced by the Clamor,
which I sent you in a preceding letter; that Orlando
ordered the delivery of the Londe on the Bth, stirred up the
zeal of the clerks to work all night, &c. The same paper
reported yesterday that the government had given General
Serrano an order on the house of Rothschild for 4,000 reels,
on account of the conversion, which sum was delivered in
bills upon London.
A controversy engaged upon the delicate ground of
Miratl's arrest has been going on between the Espanol and
Clamor during some days past, but seems, perhaps fortu-
nately, to have been dropped either by mutual consent, or
in consequence of a hint from the government. The point
mooted seems of vital importance; but the press, perhaps,
is not the properest field for its discussion. The Espanol
ended with taking up the bold ground of denying any right
to the royal prerogative of dismissing a ministry based upon
a parliamentary majority, and therefore possessing the con-
fidence of the country. The Clamor (to squeeze its logic
into one word) accused the moderados of wishing to pull up
the ladder by which they crept into office. It is curious
enough to see a tory paper adopting a republican tone,
while iu radical opponent displays its chivalry in defence of
absolutism. But the key to this paradox lies in what is
called the "situation."

The Ileraldo of yesterday, noticing the fact that the pre-
ceding government had adjudged, withoutany public competi-
tion, the direction of the Diorio of advertisements for eight
years to a speculator for 10,000 reals per month in favour of
the public charities, proceeds to inform its reader, that the
government having quashed this eontract, hadput the Diario
up to auction, and succeeded in getting 26,000 reels monthly,
or, at least, an offer to that amount from D. Jose Maria
Alonso ; so that the charitable institutions of Madrid will
owethe clear gain of the difference between 2i millions of
reale, and less than 1 million during the term of the
contract, to the justice of the present administration. A
saying about chickens in the egg seems applicable to this
I economy vaunted by the Heraldo.
Roe de Olano seems to have been advanced to the rank
of trisienteseneral as well as Cordova. The flamer notices
the delicacy of the latter's proceeding in promoting himself
to this high grade just before resigning the war portfolio.
Pena Aguayo has been dismissed front the stewardship of the
palace. The Deraldo, who always seems to select the most
insignificant charges of the opposition for reply, vindicates
the appointment of Don Beltran de Lie to the ministry of
marine, although he is a civilian and has no special know-
ledge of that department. The same paper assails the Eng-
lish government for Napier 's " unheard of abuse of force" in
applying to the Portuguese government for some arrears of
its debt to England. The person spoken des likely to suc-
ceed Pena Aguayo as intendente, is Don Pedro de Erano, who
was dismissed from that office by the Pacheco government.
Concha returned to Barcelona on the 23rd. His expedition
to the cordilleras of Monoeny, Guillena, &c., has been re-
markably barren in results; and adds one more to the accu-
mulated proofs of the unfitness of heavy muses of regular
troops to cope with the bush-fighting guerillas. Letters
from Saragossa mention the report that Grigno, Cabrera's
Murat, had appeared in Lower Arragon at the head of •
band of 30 Carlists. The regiment of uppers and miners at
Algestras is ordered to Madrid. Caneja is appointed Bishop
of Oviedo. A junta of generals is to be appointed by the
Minister of War to regulate the system of promotion in the
army.

VIENNA, Ocr. 20.
The approaching Hungarian diet is occupying the
thoughts of the ministry almost as much as the affairs
of Switzerland and Italy. It is esteemed a lucky
thing that a crisis is approaching in both those coun-
tries before disagreeable questions are put, and still
more disagreeable addresses are voted from Presburg.
The young Archduke Stephen may be expected to
make some liberal professions on his election as Pala-
tine; and should he turn out (different from the good,. old
Hapsburg stock) to have a will of hie own, there is a
strong party ready to second him in any onslaught he
may think fit to make on the Metternich-Fiquelmont
ministry. It is very evident that no small apprehen-
sions are here entertained about the immediate future.
To conciliate the Hungarians generally, the Arch-
duke Stephen was made to take upon himself the
office of Obergespann of the county of P esth. Having
served in the official school of Bohemia, it was thought
a proper thing to let him also appear to do so in the
country he is destined to reign over. But with the true
Me.chiavelianism of the Austrian family, lest he
should monopolise popularity in the Ilungarian capi-
tal, his cousin Francis, son to the heir presumptive,
was sent down for, and had to utter a speech in Hun-
garian to the plebs nobililatis that assembles at
the installation of an Obergespann. In point of fact
the two lines ran each other very closely as candidates
for the cox pepuli. The heir presumptive, Archduke
Francis Charles, brother to the reigning emperor, is a
good-natured inoffensive sort of person. But his
consort, a Bavarian princess, is by no means so tran-
quil. Endowed with far more energy, both of mind
and body, notwithstanding the cares and exhaustion
of enriching the imperial stock with nine children, she
has more of the spirit of a Maria Theresa that; her
husband has of a Joseph IL But unhappily this
lady and her half-sister the empress dowager, arc
chiefly known in Austria by. their love for the broad-
hattedJesuits, the Lignonan Friars, who are abso-
lately detested by the intelligent part of the Viennese
and dreaded by the rest. Now the mother of the
Archduke Stephen is a protestant, and it is in remem-
brance that the manes of another respected protestant
archduchess were insulted on her death by the refusal
of the Capucins to admit her body into the family
vault. These things are sure to rise up in judgment
against the perpetrators, and afford matter for deep
reflection to both parties at present.
The Hungarians, moreover, seem inclined to make
a very inconvenient use of some of their constitutional
privileges on the present occasion. Amongst other
complaints, it is likely that one on the subject of the
events in Galicia will be carried up to the throne, and
the ministers may set their account with being
roughly handled on that score in the sittings of the
diet. The pretext will be the old supposition that the
only claim of the Austrian emperor to the possession ,
of Galicia, that is juatitiable before God or man, is as I
an ancient dependency on the crown of Hungary. I
If this be allowed, the Widens were under '
the EC& of the Hungarian constitution, &c.
The real soreness, however, arises from the
knowledge that the mune game would be played with
themselves. Indeed at the period of the cholera visi-
tation in 1832, the feasibility of the scheme afterwards
carried out fully in Galicia? of manuring the unruly

nobles through the peasants, was demonstrated. The
cholera is once more on its way to us ; so that all
parties will do well to set their houses in order. The
safeguard of the Hungarians would be the achieve-
ment of the responsibility of the minister, which the
Galician matter gives them en excuse for demanding,
but with little prospect of success. On the other
hand, the cabinet has the national division between
the Magyars, or Hungarians proper, and the Slav°.
nians, a feud that paralyses the political influence of
the diet. Of another scheme, said to be reserved to
invest the decline of Metternich's life with a halo of
popularity, it is too soon to say much. The report
goes, that he actually projects convening a central
diet in the Prussian fashion. Wonders, of course,
never cease ; but he is surely too old a soldier to ven-
ture on a half measure that led to so miserable a re-
sult as the diet of Berlin.

ITALY.—LOSS OP THE STEAMER BONAPARTE.—
The followicg particulars of this collision, the fact of which
is already known to the public, have reached us (Golignani)
(coin a correspondent at Leghorn, who dates 21st October,
and who was a passenger on board the tionaparte
" Before this reaches you you will probably have seen a
short notice (account it cannot be called) of the loss of the
steamer Bonaparte, on her passage from Marseilles to Italy.
She had touched at Bastia, and was continuing her voyage
across to Leghorn, when she was met by another steamer,
the Comte de Paris. A collision took place at midnight : the
Bonaparte had her stern cut in two, and soon went down;
three lives were lost, and the rest of the passengers were
with difficulty saved by the ether steamer, most of them in
their night-dresses, whilst their personal effects, with all the
other property on board, went to the bottom. The Bonaparte,
which was a screw vessel, had set out from Marseilles on
Tuesday morning, the 12th inst.; but, encountering stormy
weather, she lay a night in Toulon, and woo consequently a
day behind her time in arriving at Bastia. She left Bastia
for Leghorn (a passage of a few hours) on Thursday night,
at 10 o'clock. The weather had become beautiful, and most
of the passengers had retired to rest. About midnight we
were awakened by a dreadful crash—a large portion of the
stern had been taken away, and the water was rushing vio-
lently into the cabin. Accompanied by the female members
of my family, I hurried upon deck, which was in a state of
the utmost confusion. The captain was hailing another ves-
sel, now at some considerable distance, through a speaking
trumpet, and imploring her to come to our aid. Of this, for
some time, there seemed to be no signs ; but at length she
did approach us. During this interval the captain was
missed, and it appears, from what afterwards was reported,
that he heal saved himself the first, in the only aysglalde little
boat the steamer had. Then so to the crew ; when the Comte
de Paris approached near enough, the crew were the first to
leap on board, without any regard for the passengers. I, with
the ladies of my family, were the last saved, and that with
the utmost difficulty, solely by our own exertions, with the
aid of a fellow-passenger, and of the English engineer of
the Bonaparte, whose conduct presented a very gratifying
contrast to that of the crews of both vessels. The Comte de
Paris was herself very seriously injured. A large hole was
made in her bow a few inches above water-mark."

were of the most encouraging kind—that every inquiry de
monstrated that the estimates which had already been
given out to the public had been greatly over-rated—
that the market gardeners and farmers in the vie-
pcopeirsi tesyysotiofnonsthof:tanhPed"iroP°sedardffenenhtwawdoirsalrkhse:sdwfoeyrre beentlse
commencement
made toeninwitinhoeftothe:i
years' agreements for a supply of liquid manure to veryconst-
derable tracts of ground." The report further informed the
proprietors " that an intimation had a short time since been
unanimous
given to the directors of the successful application of liquid
manure in the neighbourhood of Manchester, by a company
termed' The Manchester Liquid Manure Irrigation Com-
pany,' and that the directors had therefore thought it ad-
visable to depute two of their body (Dr. Guy and Mr. F.
Sherborn) to proceed to Manchester, to investigate the mode
of procedure, the machinery used, and the actual results
(commercial as well as agricultural) in reference especially
to the objects of this company. That deputation had pre-
sented a report, which had been printed and circulated
among the proprietors-4 report which was of a highly satis-
factory character—which contained much valuable matter,
and which was conclusive as to the soundness of the basis on
which this company had been established." The directors
added, "that, in proceeding with the preliminary arrange-
ments, they regretted that the multifarious duties and
full avocation., in a distant part of the United
Kingdom, of Mr. Smith, of Deanston, the consulting
agricultund engineer, had entirely deprived them
of the counsel and co-operation of that gentleman • but
they felt as the proprietors and the public would feel
every confidence in the execution of the works by the eminent
engineer, Mr. Mylne. But, although the professional avo-
cations of Mr. Smith required kis constant presence in
another part of the country, the director' were unwilling to
lose his connexion with the company, and therefore they
thought it desirable to offer him the appointment of consult-
ing agricultural engineer, to be paid for such services as
should be required of him." With respect to the monetary
position of the company, the report stated that the directors
announced them with feelings of great satisfaction; and
they said " that the determination to make a call had been
come to after anxious consideration, and had been declared
under very considerable apprehension ; but considering the
very depressed state of the money market at the time the
call was made, the directors could not but express their satis-
faction at the readiness with which it had been paid up.
Within a period of about two months a greater amount of
money by 1,0811. had been paid into the company's treasury
than had been previously received since its establishment.
This, at a time of the molt severe pressure in the money
market, and of unprecedented commercial distress, could not
but be considered as a most gratifying fact. During the
same period, no less than 312 new shares had been applied
for and taken up. All the claims on the company
had been discharged, except a portion of the expenses of
obtaining the acts of parliament • and, although the
delivery of every claim against the: company bad been
urgently pressed, yet from delay in the presentation of some
accounts (some not having been received until within the
last few hours) they were unable accurately to state their
exact amount. It world however be satisfactory that, when
all just claims were paid, the outside of the amount of the
whole preliminary and parliamentary expenses for obtaining
the two acts and of establishing the company would, as nearly
as could be calculated, scarcely amount to the 11. deposit on
the shares of which the capital of the company was composed.
The principal part of the balance in hand had been placed to
a deposit account at 41 per cent. interest." The remainder
of the report, it is unnecessary to add, inasmuch as it was
dealt with by resolutions subsequently proposed, and disposed
of in the manner stated below. The balance-sheet showed
the receipts of the company to have been 8,0871., the expen-
diture 5,7301. 13s. Id., leaving a balance of 2,356/. Gs. 11d.
Mr. Namos moved, that the report now read be received
end adopted, and printed and circulated, if the directors
should so think tit. In submitting the motion he bore testi•
mealy to the energy, zeal, and ability, as well as economy,
with which the directors had brought the company to its
present satisfactory position.
Mr. Le CAPPELAIN, in seconding the motion, said the
report afforded him, as he was sure it did the great body of
the shareholders, the highest satisfaction. Though deprived
of the services of Mr. Smith, of Deanston, he had every
confidence that the works would he properly executed, and
the interests of the company carefully attended to by their
engineer, Mr. Mylne.
/dr. BUCHANAN complained that at the last meeting the
liabilities of the company bad not been shown, and hence
he had not paid up his calls, because he thought the act of
incorporation had been in that respect violated.
The SECRETARY said it was impossible that all the liabilities
could be stated, inasmuch as all the claims (as stated in the
report) had not been received. Many claims, after a rigid
examination, had been reduced, and it was impossible that
the directors receiving a claim, any for 1,0001., which they
felt to be unjust, could state it as a liability, when on exami-
nation they reduced it to 2091. or 1.501.
Mr. DEAN also complained that all the liabilities had not
been set forth, but after a abort conversation, in which Mr.
Whishaw, the barrister, and other gentlemen took part, the
resolution for the reception and adoption of the report was
unanimously agreed to ; as well also a resolution moved by
Mr. Propert, and seconded by Mr. Hargreaves, to the effect
that the thanks of the shareholders were eminently due, and
were thereby given to the directors for their arduous, zealous,
and successful exertions in placing the company in its present
position, for their judicious and economical management of
its affairs, and for their conduct in hitherto refusing any re-
muneration for their valuable services. A similar vote passed
to the late auditors, Messrs. Jellicoe and Sons, on the motion
of Mr. Bayley, seconded by Mr. Fowler, jun.
Mr. Wriniusw then moved a resolution to the effect that
remuneration should be given to the directors and auditors,
to be allowed from the date of the passing of the Amend-
ment Act, to be paid out of the profits of the company, but
that no payment should be made until a dividend was paid to
the shareholders or all the capital of the company paid up : the
amount of such remuneration to be reserved for future con-
sideration.—Mr. Fowler seconded the resolution, which
pared unanimously.
On the motion of Mr. Neison, seconded by Mr. Le Csppe-
lain, a salary of 3001. was (after a few words from Mr.
Buchanan) voted to the present secretary, Mr. Alexander
G re ig.
The next proceeding led to a long and personal, though
wholly uninteresting, discussion. It appeared from the re-
port that the late secretary, Mr. Moore, had made a claim
upon the company for a remuneration for his services from
2nd June, 1845 (before the company was provisionally
registered) to the lot of June, 1848, at the rate of 6001. per
annum. Mr. Moore had been removed from his office of
secretary, and had declined a situation not less respectable in
station under the company, insisting upon his right to make
the claim stated. _ _

Dr. Guy now moved that, in conformity with the recom-
mendation contained in the report, Mr. Moore be paid as a
remuneration for his services as secretary from Oct. 6. 1845,
the day be was appointed to that office, to July 6, 1847, at
the rate of 3001. per annum.—Mr. Propert seconded the re-
solution.

Mr. Moortz at considerable length addressed the meeting,
urging his claims on the ground of services rendered and
sacrifices made on his part to promote the establishment of
the comparty.—A long and somewhat acrimonious debate
followed, when eventually
Mr. DEAN said that as these differences between Mr.
Moore and the directors could not be settled satisfacorily, at
a meeting of the shareholders, he should move as an amend-
ment that the question of the amount of remuneration for
past services to be paid to Mr. Moore he referred to a select
committee of three shareholders, to report thereon to en ad.
journed meeting.--Mr. Whishaw seconded the amendment,
which was submitted to a chew of hands, when four ap-
peared in its favour and five against it. On a scrutiny the
number of votes appeared: For the amendment. 18; ozainet
it, 42 ; majority, 24. The original resolution was then put
and carried. The retiring directors, Messrs. Con, Fuller,
Dr. Guy, and Dr. Hodgkin, were then unanimously re-
elected to that office, as was 'Leo Mr. Charles Jellicoe to that
of auditor, and after • vote of thanks had passed to the
chairman the meeting separated, altar a sitting of nearly
four hours.

poor hive together, contagious disorders make rapid progress
extending from one to another, and secluiring increamd
virulence from the filth and noisomeness with which they ara
nourished."

The mortality in cities and towns is always Maher than
that in the country ; how greatly it is increased by defective
sanitary measures, or rather, by the total absence of them,
is admirably but painfully illustrated by the following excel:
lent observations of the registrar-general on tht ee:11a1011 Of
Liverpool:
"Liverpool, created in haste by commerce—by men toe
intent on immediate gain; reared without any v, ry tender
regard for flesh or blood ; and flourishing, while h. r working
population was rotting in cellars—has been severely taught
the lesson, that a part of the population—whether in cello/
or on distant shores—cannot suffer without involving the
whole community in calamity. In itself one ot the un-
I healthiest towns of the kingdom, Liverpool has toe a vas,
been the hospital and cemetery of Ireland. The death; re.
gistered in the four quarters of 1846 were 1,931, 2,008, 2946,
and 2,735 . in the three quarters of 1847 ending io Seaton-
her last, 3,065, 4,809, and 5,6691 The population of Liver.
pool was 223,054 at the last census. It is imisossible to
represent more correctly than is done by the short notes of
the registrars, the piteous spectacle which this great town
presented—with the floating Lazarettos on the Mersey—the
workhouses crowded with destitute paupers—the three large
sheds which will hold 300 persons, nearly full of p dients at
the present time '—and the fever ' getting more prevalent
among the upper classes.' "
The notes of the registrars which follow the preceding ob-
servations lead to the supposition that the wealthy town of
Liverpool partakes more of the nature of a pest-house thin
aught else. We are told of hundreds dying of the most ma-
lignant fever, not only in the hospitals, but also on 'bard the
lazarettos in the river Mersey. The usual fever hospitals
are found wholly inadequate to accommodate the crowds of
miserable patients, and sheds, each of which is cal. slated to
hold about 300 individuals, have been erected. Truly is it
observed, in the report before us' that "it will require all
the energy of the inhabitants of Liverpool, and the utmost
resources of science, to place the health of the town in a
satisfactory condition."
The mortality remains high in Birmingham Dudley,
Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury, in many of the to.. es of Lae:
caabire, and in Leeds, Hull, York, and Sanderland. The
returns from the other towns of the kingdom present nothing
unusual, the mortality beirg much the same as it, previous
years. This refers to the relative mortality, the abro.ute mor-
tality being always bizher by from 10 to per cent. in towns,
than in open country districts. This is strongly illustrated
by a comparison of the deaths in London in 13 weeks ending
Sept. 25, and those which would have happened if the rate of
mortality had been the same as in Dorsetahire, &county, aa ;I
well known, in which the wages are low, and in which
the condition of the labourer is far from what it should be.
Such a comparison shows that 13,187 persons di..l in Lon-
don, whereas only 8,109 would have lied had the mortality
been at the same rate as in Dorsetahire. In Load's we re-
gret to find there has been no sign of improvement ; 10,987,
12,601, and 13,187 deaths were registered in the September
quarters of 184.5, 1846, and 1847. The deaths in the 141417/1/t
quarters of the three years from small-pox were 76, 51, sad
320; measles, 668, 78, and 521 ; scarlatina, 194, 208, sad
316 ; diarrhoea, 419, 1,549, and 1,196; cholera. 26, 197, and '
98 • dysentery, 43, 7.1, and 143 ; remittent fever, 8, 12, 23;
typhus,i 273, 403, and 695; erysipelas, 56, 92, and 126: the
n'M.. ale class of diseases generally, 2,409, 3,234, and 4,061.
The deaths from diseases of the respiratory erg ins were
nearly stationary, 1,558, 1,784 ; and 1,581 persons died of
consumption ; 1,111, 977, and 1,071, persons of in-
flammatory and other diseases of the lung' ; 2,3,
and 16, deaths were directly ascribed to varlott,
kinds of privation in the last three September
quarters. There is'a great increase in the number of deaths
by external violence, the numbers being 312, 403, and 425.
The following observations of the registrar-general are
highly worthy of serious consideration :
MI the diseases of the zymotic class—such as small poz,
measles, scarlatina, typhus, influenza, and cholera—have the
remarkable property of becoming epidemic. After certain
intervals of time, in which they are fatal to a smaller or
greater number of persons in different places and seasons,
great multitudes are suddenly attacked and destroyed in a
given locality; the disease in this intense form involves the
neighbouring population, spreads around the whole region,
and sometimes travels over the tracks of human intercourse
through the world. Little is known of the immediate
chemical or vital causes of epidemics ; but in given circam.
stances, where many are immersed in an atmosphere of
decaying organic matter, some zymotic disease is in-
variably produced ; where there is starvation, it is
most frequently typhus ; cold, influenza ; heat.—it is
cholera, yellow lever, plague. At the mouths of the Ganges,
of the Nile, of the Niger ; in London, particularly up to the
17th century; in camps, in barracks, in ships, in prisons
formerly ; in Ireland, in Liverpool, in all our towr.s now,
the circumstances in which xynsotic deseases become
epidemic may be witnessed. A city breathing an atmo-
sphere perfectly pure may not be exempt from every
epidemic , but observation has shown that such irruptions
are infrequent, and fatal to few person' of strength or
stamina. Internal sanitary arrangements, and not quaran-
tine er sanitary lines, are the safeguards of nations. A
salubrious city in an epidemic—like a city built of atone in a
conflagration—is exposed to danger and injury, but not to
the same extent as the present cities of Europe, which are
left without any adequate regulations for the health and
security of their inhabitants. The great historical epidemics
have diminished in intensity; and there appears to be no
reason why they should not be ultimately suppressed, with the
edelweiss of the population among which they take their rise.
Their origin is obscure, but influenza appears generally tobe-
come first epidemic in Itussia—cholera in India. It is in India
that the source of the latter disease must be attacked. lithe
health of India becomes sound, Europe might be safe, and
hear no more of the epidemic which is now traversing
Russia. The attention of the Indian authorities has for
some time been directed to the subject. The other nations
of Europe arc beginning to take an interest in public sani-
tary improvements ; and any plans found to succeed in
England will, no doubt, he carried out as speedily as possi-
ble in all parts of her Majesty's dominions; for the vast
population that owns her sway is intimately united. Asiatic
cholera has taught us that the lives of thousands in Eastland
may depend on the condition of the Pariahs of Jessore.•
the usual meteorological tables are appended to the report.
From tbeso it appears that the moan temperature of the
quarter at Greenwich was 60 deg. 6 min., which is
1 deg. 9 min. above that for 1844 ; 3 deg. 7 min. above that
for 1815 ; 2 deg. below that for 1816 ; and 1 deg. 4 min.
above the average for the quarter, for the six preceding years.
The low temperature during September was very remark-
able, being 3 deg. 1 min. below the average for the six pre-
ceding years. The mean temperature of the dew point was
54 deg. 1 min., which is 7 min. above that for 1814;
1 deg. 9 min. above that for 1845; 2 deg. 2 min. below
that for 1846 ; and very nearly the same as the average for
the six preceding years. The mean height of the barometer
was 29.875; the quantity of rain 4.7 inches, which is about
one-half of the usual amount collected.
The horizontal movement of the air was about 840 miles
weekly, being somewhat less than the average amount. We
observe that meteorological returns are now obtained from
25 localities in various parts of England. By them it appears
that the climate of Cornwall and Devonshire is not only dif-
ferent from every other part of England, but is far from
being the same in different parts of these counties. The
observations, however, do not extend over a sufficiently long
space of time to enable us to arrive at any very correct con-
clusions. At some future period we shall, with more precise
data, be enabled to lay before our readers some curious and
valuable information on the climate of various parts of
England.
t. The epidemic cholera, which reached England in 1831, broke oat
at impure, near Calcutta, in 1817, and destroyed 10,000 persona.

THE LADY MAYORESS'S GRAND BALL AT TEE
MANSION-MI:SC—Lag evening the Lady Mayoress gave
a ball upon a vary large scale, her ladyship having sent
out invitations to between 1,400 and 1,500 persons, including
the families of the aldermen common councilmen, and prin-
cipal city officers. The splendid rooms of the 'Mansion-
house were thrown open at 9 o'clock, when the company bo-
gan to arrive, and Barnard's band commenced operations.
The dancing was kept up with great spirit in the Egyptian-
hall an 4 the corridor. Mr. Gilbert acted as master of the
ceremonies. At 12 o'clock the company sat down to one of
the most magnificent suppers that have for many years been
given under,thia hospitable roof. There'were between eleven
and twelve hundred parsons present. Dancing was kept up
until a very late hour.
ABOLITION OF FEES IN COUNTY Cot RTS.—Tho
Gazette of Gat night announces that after the expiration of
one calendar month from the date of the publication of this
notice her Majesty, with the advice of her Privy Council.
will take into consideration the propriety of making an order
for paying the judges, clerks, bailiffs, and officers of the
county courts by salaries instead of fees, or in such other
manner as may be deemed expedient.
THE WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL—MUNIFICENT Bo-
QUESTS.—Yesterday the usual meeting of this charity was
held in the board-mem of the institution, in the Broad
Sanctuary, Westminster Abbey. The report stated
during the past quarter, 2,474 out-patients had been is=
on the books, and 489 in-patients had been admitted.
During the part year there had been 1,616 in and 10,095
out-patients, making together 11,741, and since its establish-
ment upwards of 340,000. Four wards, capable of con-
taining 60 beds, remain untenanted for want of sufficient
annual income. During the peat year the expenditure ex-
ceeded the income by 1,0971. 184.9 d. Amongst the recent
legacies, was the bequest of 2,0001. 3 per Cent. Consols under
the will of the late Miss Ann Collier, and another of 6001.
COURT OF SEWERS, GUlLDHALL—Yesterday, at
the meeting of the commissioners of the Court of Sewers,
Mr. Deputy Peacock in the chair, tho report of the sub-
committee, which bad been appointed to draw up a memorial
to the Court of Common Council, prying of thr torP4TI-
tion to apply to parliament in the next ensuing tkIIHOn, for
an act to give the Court of Sewers additional powers, '0 "
to enable them to compel the landlords and owners of prd-
perty to open a drain Into the common sewerage of the City
of London, and thus improve the sanitary condition of those
neighbourhoods at present without a drainage, was brought
up. In support of the proposed application, it was shown
that some of the sewers, on which several hundreds had
been expended, were completely useless, from the landlords
refusing to avail themselves of the improvement. The me-
morial wit unanimously agreed to, and ordered to be pre-
tented to the next Court of Common Council. _

---
THE STATE OF NEWOATE-MAREET.—In cense-.
queue. of the petition which hu been presented to
the court, relative to the escape of the etfluvia from the
gully-holes and traps laid down in the above market, and
which the inhabitants declare to be insupportable, and pray-
ing for what are termed " Walker's traps" to be laid down,
and thus replace those already in use, the surveyor andin-
spector stated that sufficient time had not been given to test
the merits of the new traps. At the same time, if the
elaughtermen and butchers continued to force down 1010

with the
colleagues confer
with a view to an amicable
Terence was wn_hout
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