The Express.
London, England, 1851-12-30 00:00:00

GERMANY.

BERLIN, Dec. 2G.
I have reason to believe that the Prussian cabinet
alreadT feels the force of the views taken by the
more intelligent fice traders, and explained in my
former letters, regarding the crisis in commercial
policy. I have heard persons connected with the
government express the wish, that the Hanoverian
Chambers may demand that the Hanoverian and not
the Zollverein tariff be made the basis of the treaty
of Sept. 7. The agitation in the Hanoverian towns
still continues against the introduction of protective
duties. At Verden the electors assembled and unani-
mously voted a petition against the treaty ; Dr. Lang,
the representative of the town, being in favour of the
treaty declined undertaking to present the petition,
and resigned his seat.
The merchants in Hanover are bestirring them-
selves for the establishment of a bank, of which they
are in great need. They hope thereby to facilitate
their business with Hamburg and Bremen, and to
enable the latter city to abandon its gold standard
and adopt the silver currency usual in all other parts
of Germany. A well-conducted bank in Hanover
might certainly be a very profitable concern, and find
a wide and sure field for issues of good paper. But
it must be founded on solid and at the same time
liberal principles, without the interference of govern-
ment, or under other control than that of full pub-1
licity.
In order to allay the fears of the Hanovcrians
about the decline of the Zollverein's revenue, it is
stated that the gross income per head rose from
ls. 101cL in 1834, to 2s. 11d. in 1845; in 1848, in
consequence of the revolution, it fell, indeed, to
2s. 31d.; and bad not risen higher than
2s. 3Ad. in 1850. This deficiency, however,
was not caused by a diminution of imports
in general, but traceable to the increase of
beet-root sugar, which amounted to only 25,000 cwt.
in 1837, and to 375,000 cwt. in 1847. The duty
raised on this home-made sugar amounted only to
386,418 thalers; whereas the same quantity of colo-
nial sugar, if imported, would have brought 1,875,000
thalers, making a difference of nearly a million and
a half of thalers. The treaty, however, expressly
provides that the beet-root sugar shall be taxed
sufficiently to put an end to this entrenchment on the
public income, experience having shown in Belgium
that the manufacture can flourish with a very slight
degree of protection. To this representation I reply,
that the loss to the exchequer from the increase of
beet-root sugar amounts only to 2d. per head, and can-
not account for the falling off of the Zollverein's reve-
nue in 1850 as compared to 1845, to the amount of
7 1-3 d, per head. There still remains a decrease of
15 per cent., which is to be accounted for only by
the other inordinate rates of duty, which diminish
from year to year the importations into the Zollve-
rein, nor can the revenue recover till important re-
ductions are made.
The deputies hitherto named for the conference on
commercial policy. at Vienna, for the 2nd of January,
are—from Bavaria, State Counsellor Herrmann ;
Wurtemberg, Director Siegel; Saxony, Privy Coun-
sellor Dr. Weinling, Hanover, Fiaancial Counsellor
Ver ; Lippe, President Von Lauer; Brunswick,
Counsellor Krueger; Frankfort, Senator Koester.
The Wurtemberg Chamber has consented to a
loan of seven millions of florins, bearing four-and-a-
half per cent. interest, and not to be negotiated at

less than 98 per cent. The ministry was questioned
about an order given for raising the postage on po.
litical newspapers from 25 to :in per cent. on the
publishing price, this being regarded as an attack on
the political influence of the press. The government
commissioner, Knapp, replied that ( yen the charge
of 50 per cent. did not cover the cost of distribution,
and that the ministry was not inclined to do busi-
ness for newspaper proprietors at a loss ; whereupon
the chamber sent the subject to the committee with-
out acknowledging the urgency of prompt discussion,
though the measure comes in force on the
let of January. This is, I fear, merely
the precursor of similar measures in other parts
of Germany; nor can there be a more effectual way
taken for arbitrarily ruining the press. The pretext
raised by M. Knapp is thoroughly groundless ; for it
is notorious that, when the Prussian ministry
threatened to prohibit the distribution of some lead-
ing journals by the post, the Postmaster-General
remonstrated that the revenue would thereby suffer
too much, the distributing of newspapers for a commis-
sion of twenty-five per cent. being a very lucrative
concern. There arc at present 249 political and 1,020
non-political journals in Germany.
Baron Rothschild, of Vienna, is reported to have
gone to Cassel, to confer about a new loan for the
Electorate.
The Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, published at
Leipzig, has been prohibited in Austria.
The deficiency of the harvest in Saxony rendering
it necessary to import large quantities of corn from
Silesia, special night trains have been established,
which bring upwards of two thousand bushels daily
to Dresden.

The Duke of Richmond's daughter, Lady Augusta
Lennox, married on 27tli Nov. last to Prince Wil-
helm of Saxe Weimar, h is received from the Grand
Duke of Weimar the title of Countess of Doniberg.
Not being of princely blood, she could only be mar-
ried morganatically, or with the left baud, and can-
not receive the title of princess.
According to the Vienna newspapers, the Turkish
marine is to be reduced, and Austria intends purchas-
ing of the Porte two war-steamers. The Turkish
war-steamer Taif, of 600-horse power, is to ply be-
tween Trapezunt and Constantinople with merchan-
dise, there being a want of tonnage there, though
there are already seven private steamers on dte
track.

-----
The Federal Diet has renewed its application to
the government of Saxe Gotha, pressing for a tho-
rough revision of the existing constitution, which is
declared to rest upon a basis far too democratic.

BERLIN, DEc. 27.
The King will take up his residence in Berlin,
from the 18th Januury till the beginning of [arch,
for the first time since the revolution.

Considerable sensation has been excited by letters
front Paris and Brussels, reporting that Louis Na-
poleon intends demanding from Belgium payment of
the costs of the siege of Antwerp in 1532. the price
of the funds, however, has not been affected by the

report.
The Belgian embassy has received the sanction of
its government to the modifications proposed by
Prussia, as the conditions of renewing its commercial
treaty with Belgium on the Ist of January next.
Baron Von Budberg, who hitherto conducted, ut
interim, the affairs of the Russian embassy siuco
Baron Von Meyendorlf's removal to Vienna, has been
I appointed ambassador and resident minister here—
an unexpected proof of the Einperor's confidence in
Baron Budberg, because, in general, such posts are
only entrusted by the court of St. Petersburg to
veteran diplomatists.

VIENNA, nee. 23.
The war against the press goes on here with tho
same ignorant zeal as ever. The non-official papers
in Hungary are ordered not only to publish tho
names of their several editors and contributors, but
also a list of their subscribers. A censorship on a
very curious and interesting basis is also announced
as about to he immediately established. A class of
subaltern (sic) officials are to be employed, all lino
ignorant fellows on salaries of 30/. to 401. a year,
whose sole occupation will be to read the newspapers
before their general issue, not, however, as it might
be supposed, to improve their minds or soften their
manners and prevent them, according to the pre•
scription of Terence, from becoming brutal—but in
order that they may summarily arrest and imprison
the writer of any article containing objectionable
sentiments or such as they may not be able to
understand.

The derangement of the currency continues to
cause great embarrassment throughout Austria. Tho
government appears to be a great deal too deep for
those whose lot it is to be governed. As one exam-
ple among many, may- serve the following. There
are five or six different classes of paper money in
circulation. There is the common bank note, and
the old or Schein paper, which only bears a real
value of—as 4 to 10—compared with its nominal
one; then come the treasury bills bearing 3 percent.
interest, and others bearing 4, 41, and per cent.
' interest. Then there are whole notes and half notes,
and old notes and new notes, and forged notes, that
nobody knows from real notes, and real notes that
nobody knows from forged notes. And Hungarian
old notes that pass current, and old notes that do not
pass current. And Kossuth notes that the peasantry
will receive and the government won't, and new
notes that the Government will receive and the pea-
santry won't, if they can help it. There arc Lom-
bardo-Venetian notes, and private notes issued by
private individuals, secured on their estates, and
which pass in their immediate neighbourhood and
nowhere else. Then there are white notes, and pale
yellow notes, and pale blue notes, and notes as large
as a newspaper, and others as small as a dandy's
visiting card, and three-halfpenny notes, and three-
halfpenny notes torn in halves, that will pass in the
country, and won't pass in the towns.
Not to continue the list any further, though it
branches still into numerous other varieties, it will
not be very hard to understand that those keen-
eyed gentry the Jews are able to drive an excellent
business in these notes. Great complaints have been
recently made in Hungary concerning their goings
on. The *peasantry, not' of course understanding
all these ins and outs, am persuaded into anything,
and it is found a capital business to go about buying
up the government notes bearing a year's interest,
with Kossuth notes, or such as bear none. This
trade becomes brisker towards the close of the year,
when these notes bear most interest, and it has just
now become so lively, that an attempt is being made
to put a stop to it.
Kossuth's mother is believed to be dead. The re-
port of her arrest was only a few days old when it
was followed by that of her decease. It has since
been contradicted, but such is the state of the public
mind purposely kept in darkness that the denial is
received with suspicion. She was understood to have
been brought a prisoner to Vienna, but the papers
now say she died at Pesth. Whether she died on tho
way or from long persecution after her liberation and
return, or whether death overtook her in the hands
of her tormentors, remains a mystery.
A legitimist congress is to be held at Wiesbaden
next month, and the Count de Chambord has
already made preparations for leaving Frohsdorff, to
be present at it.

LATEST FOREIGN EXCHANGES.

IMPORTANT FROM PERSIA.

RIOTS AT TEHERAN.

(BY SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH.)
PARIS, TUUDAT.

According to the last advice, from Persia, anarchy,
plundering, and murdering were going on at Tehe.
ran, in emsequence of the fall of the First Minister,
Mirzataghi Khan, who is replaced by his brother,
Minister of War.

AMERICA.

The following is from our New York corre-
spondent:
NEW YORK, Dec. 17.
Since my last the great name of Kossuth has been
more familiar to us than household words. Each
.pceeh appears to be better than the preceding one,
and the influence he exercises upon the public mind
is marvellous. His health, however, has suffered
from this constant exertion, and I fear sometimes
that he will fall a martyr to his rause even here,
His last appeal is to the practical sympathy of our
nation, and it is quite possible he may. receive half a
million of dollars. This money, it is understood,
will be appropriated rather to the organisation of
republican societies than to the actual equipment of
buttalia. . .

The position which Kossuth occupies here appears
to us very intimately connected with the progress of
affairs abroad. The resolution of welcome which
passed the Santo hai pasw.4l the Ilou.se of Repre-
sentatives also by tho large vote of ltil ayes, 16 noes.
The President of the United States will communicate
to him the pissage of this resolution, and invite
him to Washington. 110 will be formally introduced
to Congress, be allowed to make a speech to them,
and ho invited to a grand dinner. Mr. Webster,
however, is a peace-loving secretary, and while he
is in power Kossuth will guin nothing from our go-
eminent beyond its sympathy.
We have news from the Rio Grande by way of
New Orleans, under date Nov. 20.

The following are extracts:
The troops under Carvajal hid just returned from a
daring expedition into the heart of New Leon, in the course
of which they penetrated beyond the town of China, and
frightened a superior force under Jauregui, so badly that
they retreated with precipitate haste to Monterey.
Carvajal attributes his failure in Matamoros partly to the
intrigues of Messrs. Uhde and linusignes, and partly to
General Connie', who, finding himself disappointed in ob-
tninine the command of the revolutionary forces, tampered
with the commander and officers of the National Guard,
and induced them to take part against him, by persuading
them that the movement was decidedly an American one,
and that its success would result in the entire anbjugation of
their cuuntryand destruction of their religion.
lie complained that the number of his force before Mata-
moros bad been much overstated, and said that he had
seldom more than 300, and at nu time over 460 men in
ramp. Ile spoke in the highest terms of the coolness and
bravery of most of his officers, both during the fight and in
the retreat. General Carvajal spoke in the most confident
terms of soon receiving sufficient reinforcements from dif-
ferent
points in Tunas and Mexico to enable him again to
take the field. In the meantime, with his present force, he
holds the command of all the roads leading into the inte-
rior ; and as he does not recognise As aloes tariff, he is de-
termined that all the goods that have been brought into
Matamoros under that tariff shall pay him duty. If they
shoal _I attempt to pass than through the country without
each payment, he says he will CUIIaSLAC them, no matter
who may be the owners. _ . .

With regard to the ultimate result of tho revolution,
f, n. Carvajal said he adhered to the " plan" of Guerrero,
tis originally published ; that if the supreme government
would recognise the necessity of the reforms demanded in
that document, and carry them out in good faith toward
the citizens of the northern states, he would lay down his
41111 s and cheerfully return to his duties as a citizen ; but if
this should be relused, ho would fall back upon the 12th
article of that plan, organise a provisional government, and
maintain a separate independence until such time as the
general government should return to their senses,*and give
them the reforms needed.

We have rumours from the Plate 'that Onbe has
found refuge on board a British steamer, and that
l'rquirat is at 3lonto Video. The date of the intelli-
gence is not given. Roma is said to be labouring
under tha intensest rage and threatens the severest
revenge. Meanwhile confidential agents of the au-
thorities in the Wenda Oriental and the countries to
the north and west are here endeavouring to get up
steam communication with the United States, on the
assurance of free trade and free navigation.