The Express.
London, England, 1847-10-19 00:00:00

Coroner : Do you think her death was naturalone ?
Witness : I think she was so much In want that
her stomach would not bear laudanum.—g, Jura?:
Was what you have stated all she had to line 011
?—.
Witness: Yes ; she had no friends.—Coroner Was no su.
goon sent for?—The witness explained that the expeetag
surgeon to attend one of her children, and she did not send
for one, but the gentleman did not call that night.—Coroner:
Did you give no notice to the parish ?—Witness . We did
all we could.—Coroner (to Mr. Brooks, the constable)
not your surgeon bound to attend is a case of this sort ?
Mr. Brooks said he was not unless an order had been
obtained, but he would in a cue of emergency.--A Juror:
The last jury I was on he would not, and the wOlll4ll was
dying.—The Foreman and one or two of the jury said they
had no doubt the laudanum had accelerated her death, from
extreme weakness arising from want, but ultimately a verdict
of " Natural death " was returned.

INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE OF THE PRIN-
CIPAL COUNTRIES OF EUROPE AND THEIR
DEPENDENCIES.
LETTER m.
The present tariff imposes on grain the following
fixed duties, which our readers may substitute for the rata
given in the official tariffs published be the Board of Trade.
The edict is dated May 30, 1847. The duty is lerisd pm
last of 4,000 lbs., or 2,000 kilog.

Doty. 1 'IT Wilt% ailZ
lou j r:l4. Duck.
Sped. I. Blank I Ri,
Import 11 1 SA. 4 1
Eggert
Tame L SO 011. 0

thes
A thednt duty ht um Hosedietb;
inconvenience taken
i g
so uant equivalentorw if it b.nil ica
confirmed
rt
h le. .:
er "1 of
st wp:h than eatb
nianlie'nn6dotarYy.anPecervelotuartfe'cwitom-house inspection than in its amount
The great change made by this edict consists in the modi-
fication of the transit doer, which pressed heavily on the
German agriculturist, and for the removal of which he is
indebted to the establishment of the Rhenish-Belgian Rail-
way. The transit duty on butter (laid by the old tariff was
HI 50c., or 2s. 6d. per 100Ibs. It is now 10c., or 2d., for the
some weight. Black cattle, that formerly paid a duty of
Bfl., or 13s. 4d., per head, are try the same edict to pay but
01., or 10d , per head; calves but 2d., sheep 2d., and pigs Id.
The duties are now the same for import, export, and transit.
Corn can be bonded under this edict, and, on proper
security being given, can be taken out to grind without us-
curving the grinding tax, to which flour for inland consump-
ti in is subjected.
A similar instinctive feeling (if we should not rather call
it judgment) has prevented their speculating oa minder,
tures, as some of their neighbours have done, prematurely.
On the separation of Belgium, indeed, there was some desire
to establish factories, to take the place of those of Ghent and
Liege, and joint-stock companies were established to get up
cotton and iron works; in all of which the late King took a
direct interest. They mostly failed from the reasons that
had prevented the Belgians from getting anything by the
East India trade; and the attempt to establish them evinces
a curious ignorance of the real position of the Dutch lolonial
trade, which goes far in excelling the numerous blunder
that lost the King one half of his kingdom. We shall is
the next letter explain this enigma. But the colonial trade,
such as it is, supplies sufficient means to support
some natural branches of manufacture. Amongst these the
refining of sugar is prominent. Amsterdam alone is said to
have 70 refineries within its walls. Rotterdam has 14, Dor.
drecht 12, and Utrecht 2. This distribution is founded an
the regulation that has made the three first-named cities
staples for the colonial produce imported from the east by
the great company of the ^ Mnanchappy." Working up
tobacco of native and foreign growth is said to employ
25,000 hands. The distilleries we have already alluded to.
' They yield 121 millions of gallons annually. A branch of
trade n still preserved in a flourishing state that was for-
merly very celebrated in Holland—paper-making. Not-
withstanding the keen rivalry of England, the Dutch paper
has its market in central Europe, which keeps up 136 mills,
mostly driven by wind. In the neighbourhood of Saardain
alone 30 are located. But of the most curious internal occu•
potion we have unfortunately no statistical account—their
canal shipping. What proportion of the population actually
lives upon the water, the state of health, the mortality, and
other phenomena of this amphibious occupation, see a sealed
book even for themselves, as curiosity has only lately bees
awakened to such details.
But no occupation has thriven of late years more than
ship-building and the merchant navy. This was a necessary
consequence of the great increase that took place in the East
India trade. The whole commercial navy of Holland counted
in 1839, coasters and foreign traders, 1517 vesicle. In 1843,
the foreign traders were 379, with 214,294 tons; coasters,
816, with 60,800 tons. In 1847, the Dutch porn owned 569
ships for foreign trade, measuring 213,564 ton; avenging
nearly 3.50 tone each. The large vessels in the Eat India
trade are some of the finest and best manned that sail from
Europe ; they are about 2.50 in number, measuring from 500
to 1,000 tons; they usually carry guns to scare away the
pirates. It is a rare occurrence when any of them meets
with an accident at sea.
. .

Of factories worked by steam, we may notice a flax.
spinning mill at Groningen, and cotton mills at Leyden,
Haarlem and Arnheim. English yam and twist is mostly
imported, and advantage taken of the cheapness of head
labour in many parts to weave cloths.
Diamond cutting is a trade which we believe is a mono-
poly (through skill) in some Jewish families.—As a cm-
sequence of this policy the Dutch tariff for European wane
is one of the most liberal. Cotton goods of all kinds pay bat
4 per cent. ; iron, half manufactured, 2 per ant.; realm-
factored, 6 per cent.; lace, linen, and linen yarns, 6 pa
amt. The duties intended as protective are, however, high.
Silk goods pay 6s. Bd. per lb. ; thrown silk, 20 per cent.;
woollens from 101. to 151. per cwt.
The policy of Holland in the olden time was to foster na-
tional manufactures. But in the last century the country
found itself obliged to choose between manufactures and
trade ; and a memoir was drawn up by one of the stadtholdas
in 1751, recommending free trade in strong terms. n•
States-general, however, pressed with a load of t
would not agree to the proposal. The present jp=
Holland, although taxation is so heavy as we have described,
is favourable to trade. The revenue is raised by the land
tax, and there are personal and other taxes which throw the
weight rather on the rich proprietors and capitalists, and ehlit
form a kind of property tax, than on the productive some*
of wealth which trade presents. We say a kind of property
tax, because the taxes on land and houses, when trade r
free, are thrown on the landlords. When trade is not free,
they raise the price of produce, but are borne by the culti-
vator. Hence the change made this year in the Dutch
tariff is a virtual shifting of taxation from the shoulders of
the poor to the rich, But these will eventually not be
losers. It is reasonable to expect that all kinds of industry,
under the relief experienced by cheapening food, will
speedily and rapidly prosper. The demand for building-
ground for houses, warehouses, docks, and even factories,
will receive a proportionate impulse, and rents will infallibly
rise, if the present wise system of customs duties be con-
tinued.
We shall, in our meet letter, give some idea of the im-
mense resources at the command of the Dutch in Asia.
Here we conclude with • glance at some impediments to the
growth of wealth, which we fancy we can still perceive in
Europe.
The first impediment is an omission to which we only vet-
ture to allude generally. There is a want of banks of dis-
count, and paper money is not in use is Holland in the sew
in which we understand it. But in another sense it h em-
ployed with great judgment and skill, and upon this me d
it the power is based which the Dutch have exercised ef
founding large joint-stock companies. The amount of sash
share is of a moderate size, and each thus serves es a dept
on emergencies bearing interest. Remittances are else mede
for large amounts in shares : not only Dutch, bet ether
tinental shares that have acquired standing fa 011111121/
market of Amsterdam, are used in the mass wawa t.
whet extent these shares may be used as eemitteseesteln
and forward by foreign houses in England cannot bs
because our money market is framed upon totally diagent
principles. The English plan of leaving such investassalsta
their proper shape of fixed instead of circulating prepay is
preferable for many. reamer; but it supposes the lisaikaity et
raising advances in the shape of notes, whisk deer
late in lieu of the shame and debentures they regreesh •
In Holland, as in ether continental states, the geeernment b
inclined to d esta je beak of hue bemuse thek ahem
favours the nee et ma isbeettase end Isaliove Dal
u such. Ws fe se belt a system headed ea a rots ml'
mate of the operelka er banks of hew, when. w.II wenigni.
The large Data& bonne di courage basks of hese, she, es
unfavourable for their ewe preponderance in the eemesereiel
world, which they dembseer. But the trading world at large,
and the national interest., suffer from the want of such
banks.
The second point that deserves attention from the Dutch is
the fondness displayed by the government for harassing foreign
vessels in the navigation of the outlets of the Rhine. Their
imports ox the channels below (lorcum, which they mama
to be inlets of the sea, and not mouths of the river, serve
en excuse to the inland states to keep up a system of tolls on
the Rhine which amount to a serious freight. The deem
levied on goods between Oorcum and Strasburg are, by tha
tariff of 184.5, on the cwt., 2fr. 68c., or nearly 21. 10s. per tan,
being in many cases equal to the freight from Calcutta or
Batavia. The Dutch receive 28 cents, or one-ninth of this
plunder. Their own charge, 131 cents. per cwt. sip to 9 cents.
down the stream, is apparently not heavy, but is made so by
pilot, Ttghthouae, and harbour dues, that are only levied to
half their amount on Dutch vessels.
There must have been some meaning in the clause of the
treaty of Vienna which stipulates that the great rivers erring
as inlets to the continental states should be free. We 604
this essential stipulation every where disregarded. We have
certainly to thank our connexion with Hanover for not being
able to throw the weight of British influence into the male,
whim, at miens times, opposition was raised to the evil. It
wee to allow the Islay of Hanover to raise the &ads dunce
is the lithe that we connived at the Dutch control over
the Mime awl Schelde, and at the continuation of the
&madder. Thareare good reasons for thinking that Holland,
which has owhaded a treaty with France allowing a di eel
trade in ookeilal wares with Strasburg, would be a plea
by relaxing her pip of the mouth of the Rhine, mad thee
*1 German stales to abolish their tells t as thew
sefim ugh& the desslate condition of tWit ire dew,
whine the hoe& that neo it
_are hw end fir Mem&
The an names tw he eall
lame It meek Mks the &hest& tell. le aim Sawa
sad Belgium to Impose allireghl hides la he diming ge
all other states. For rediptiti trash, WI Owe eaminies
only not to levy more Imes gm their neighbetne
they do on their own shag*. jj ben they do not bled these
states not to make a present el dm oohs so levied to their
own shit*, win*, et ones is Ile mar _
A similar enblerhge
to4iaser lhang gang ow
port didactic ten pea sent la Mini en

:turd
ch.; 3d 4t 3L
A. 30 eh. 0 A.3oeb. 013.30 th. OLIO&