The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-21 00:00:00

to ortgg•

MAILS.
•
The overland closed mails, ris Memellka, to the Mediterranean,
Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, India, long Song, Re., will be made tip on the
evening of the 2.Ah January.
The mails for Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon. Madeira, Cadia, and Gibraltar,
will be made up on the looming of the 27th January.
The mails for New South Woke, Van lliemen'a Land, sod New
Zealand will be made up on the evening of the 31st January.
The mails for Sydney, Von DiPlllllled Land, Ste., will be made up on
the evening of the JIM January.
The West India inaiLs, includhig those for :dezieo, Fltmdurnv, and
the ilavannah, will be made op on the morning of the 2nd February.
The mail+ for British North Ainerks, Bermuda, and the United
Stater, will be made up on the evening of the 3M February.
The over) w 1 mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, the lonian Islands,
Egypt Aden, Ceylon, India, I long -Kong, and China, rio Southampton,
'Kate made up on the morning of the ..rti of February.
The mails for the Brazils, the River Plate, Monte Video, Pernam-
buco Bahia, Madeira, and Buenos Ayres, will be dispatched on the
evening of the 4th February.

Ad•ettlsene
snort be et the

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
ate intended for The Express, London evening paper,
Mac by Two o'clock cea the day of publication.

81011 WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE.

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To-Mosnow—lllansing, 45 min. put 5; Afternoon, 9 min. past 6.

who though neither statesman, orator, nor patriot,
contrived in a peculiar conjunction of affairs to
deserve and win the first place among a number of
indignant English gentlemen.
Perhaps Lord G. BENTINcK may think that if he is
without a policy, be yet has a party at his back.
Even here he is greatly mistaken. The allies who
joined him in his attack upon Sir ROBERT PEEL hare
no doubt an honourable wish to sspport their suc-
cessful champion; but, in public, the majority of
protectionists who opposed him on the Coercion fill—
mprivate the general tone of conversation—sufficiently
show the precarious nature of their allegiance. " Ile
turned PEEL out," one protectionist will say, " and
therefore I stand by him." "It is really wonderful how
well he gets up statistics," says another. " lie does
not pretend to be an orator," says a third, apologeti-
cally. " I must confess he is rather too unscrupulous,"
says a temporary follower, on the point of desertion.
An assenting laugh is the most common answer to
any criticism on the protectionist leader, offered to a
protectionist.

The slight estimation, however, in which he is
held by politicians and members parliament might
be overcome by displays of vigour and ability not yet
anticipated. but it is impossible to compensate for
the utter weakness of the BENTINCK party in
the country. It is far too readily assumed
that the ultra-tories of the House of Com-
mons represent the great interests which have
from time immemorial formed the strength of the
conservative party of the time being. The land, the
church, the professions, must always have great
weight in the country, end have always at recurring
intervals held the balance of power. But it is a
great error to suppose that the opinions of their repre-
sentatives are for ever unchanged. Lord GEORGE
BENTINCK may represent them BB they were ten
years ago. In 1847 he is as much behind the age in
the country, as in London. We might, perhaps,
appeal to the wide circulation of the Daily News
among those who are connected with the land, and
who belonged to the old conservative party, for a
proof that they no longer cling to the ancient preju-
dices of torpsm ; but we prefer to appeal to the
experience and observation of readers for a confirma-
tion of our unhesitating assertion that even in
the strongholds of conservatism, among landholders,
among the clergy, in the educated classes, a
Bentinckite, out of parliament, is only less rare than
an Owenite. Sir ROBERT PEEL, in his great change,
led thousands after him, and gave many an opportu-
nity for declaring their convictions, who had long
anticipated him in theory, but kept back with him in
practice.
What hold have Lord GEORGE and his party on
the landlords? A majority of them, we believe, have
already acquiesced in the necessity of the change in
the corn laws. The remainder have nothing to pro-
tect ; they may resent the loss of their privileges ;
but mere resentment will not keep a party together,
especially when its object is not in power. Neither
one section nor the other has any objection to such
measures as are likely to be propose, to education,
or to the improvement of Ireland.
What hold has Lord GEORGE BENTINCK on the
church? His party has more than once with
characteristic greediness threatened to indemnify
the landowners for their losses at the expense of the
tithes. Lord STANLEY asserted that the tithes were a
burden upon land, that the corn-calculated rent-
charge would fall heavier when corn was cheaper.
Some other members of the party, with true lordly
insolence, insulted the most learned member of the
I louse

of Lords as an inexperienced peer, when the
Bishop of ST. DAVID'S spoke against the corn laws.
The clergy in general have little sympathy with pro-
tection. The most enlightened amongst them are
among the strongest enemies of intolerance. The
majority of the resident members of the Senate of
Cambridge, and a vast majority of the more distin-
guished non-residents supported the Maynnoth grant.
Before long, we believe, they will support the endow-
ment of the Irish priesthood.
It is probable that change may move too fast for
all these bodies—a party of resistance will form itself
as before, but not on the basis of resistance to all im-
provement. In all England there is not one educated
man in ten, under the age of forty, who, if he does
not belong to some section of the movement party,
falls short of the reforming conservatism of PEF.L.
Private opinion is nearly unanimous as to the protee-
tioni,t leader—public opinion will soon confirm the
decision. If he is factious and troublesome, his party
will desert him ;ifhe is quiet, he is nothing. Lord
GEORGE'S occupation is gone.

LONDON, THURSDAY, JAN. 21.
TUE great seat-question is not yet satisfactorily
arranged. The Standard appears to have been pre-
mature in claiming the chief seat on the opposition
bench for the "great statesman," its leader, and
equally premature in renouncing his claim on the
ground, that the future premier is not yet n
privy councillor. At the first meeting of the house
Lord LINCOLN succeeded in securing the coveted
place of opposition leader, evidently not on his own
account, but for the purpose, literally and metaphori-
cally, of keeping Sir ROBERT PEEL'S seat warm for
him. But when the Commons returned at four o'clock,
the race for seats had assumed a different aspect—
Lord GEORGE BENTINCK and Mr. I)lsitteu had
"taken a good place" in the front rank; Lord LIN-
COLN still held his own, abreast with them: but Sir
ROBERT PEEL and Sir JAMES GRAHAM had missed
the opportunity, and were lett with the " ruck," upon
which it seems they prudently pulled up, and left the
crack protectionist in undisturbed possession of his
triumph.
Lord GEORGE may, for aught we know, or care,
continue to sit immediately opposite to Lord JOHN
RUSSELL ; but we can assure him that no local posi-
tion can make him either leader of an opposition, or
leader of any considerable party in this country. It
is true, that ke is not altogether an inconsiderable
or a contemptible person. To the advantages of high
connexion, he adds an attorney-like acuteness, an art of
" getting up" a point almost equal to that of barristers,
considerable boldness and vigour, and above all he is
a good, a perfect hater. He has not, indeed, much fa-
cally of sarcasm. Nature has denied him both humour
and wit ; but for thorough-going, hearty, untirable vi-
tuperation, he has no equal in either house of Parlia-
ment. Such men are always influential in private
society, and in small political circles. It is their mis-
fortune if they. are brought upon a stage where
their powers raise them into notice, and their de-
ficiencies make them ridiculous.
He may be the leader of the Protectionists, of the
body who no louger advocate protection, who are too
wise and humane to defend the nugatory four-shilling
duty in the presence of Irish starvation, and who
have really no other interest whatever to protect.
They no more care for the protection of manufac-
turers than the manufacturers wish for their patron-

THE desire to disarm opposition doubtless dic-
tated the paragraph in the royal speech recom-
mending, for a limited period only, the suspension
of the clogs to an abundant supply of grain.
Friends to freedom of intercourse will, of course, not
object even to a short period of probation. The cause
can lose nothing by a gradual progress ; its onward
course is ultimately irresistible. No trial of the
principle of free trade can lessen its importance to
thinking men.
Although we feel convinced that public opinion is
strong enough upon the subject of the repeal of the
four shilling duty to have carried the abolition of this
obnoxious relic of the olden time triumphantly, yet
we cannot quarrel with forbearance at such a moment.
Kindly feelings towards our suffering countrymen in
Ireland and Scotland are uppermost on every lip. We
shall be glad not to see them thwarted by the rancour
of political contest. Our opinion on the operation of
the four shilling duty is recorded. We do not fear
that an opportunity will present itself more fitly to
repeat and recommend that opinion.
The navigation laws have less claim upon the
sympathy of those who demand their repeal. Indeed
in their present feebleness a very small effort is
required to consign them to oblivion. The vicious
influence of these laws has been felt on every attempt
to extend our commercial relations with our neigh-
bours in Europe.
In the treaty of Milan, which it was expected
would found an active trade between England and
her dependencies with the Austrian empire, the impe-
diments offered by the Navigation Act were first
found to be intolerable. It would have been neces-
sary to confine our communication with Austria to the
single port of Trieste, if parliament had not sanc-
tioned the first formal breach in the Navigation Act
on record. Austrian vessels were, by a special act,
allowed to bring Turkish produce from the Danube.
The restriction of this privilege to Austrian vessels
coming from the Danube only, stands as an anomalous
decree in our statute book. Why should Austrian
vessels alone enjoy this right—and why may they
not bring grain from Odessa and Taganrog, or from
any other port, as well as from Oalatz and Silistria ?
Public attention was at the time of the passing of the
act we allude to not sufficiently awake to the import-
ance of the precedent; and yet there have resulted no
alarming consequences from the concession we were
then surprised into. In the present year the crop of
wheat in the Danube principalities is represented as
being immensely abundant. Andyet, withthe privilege
of carrying this grain on the same terms with our own
vessels, the Austrian shipowners have not threatened to
overstock our market. British speculators in the
Black Sea trade, as is well known, preferred Marseilles
to English ports. What inducements may have pre-
vailed at the early period when those shipments were
Hyde, causing them to be directed towards France,
might perhaps deserve investigation. A difference in
port dues, in warehousing and other charges, is con-
stantly as important to the merchant as customs dues.
Whatever was the origin of that speculation, with
which we have heard the name of a great continental
capitalist connected, France probably owes to this,
probably, simple mercantile transaction, much of her
internal tranquillity. Without this seasonable
supply, the riots would probably be both more ex-
tensive and more dangerous in character than those
we find reported from the western departments. The
prescience of no government can perform the duty
daily done by mercantile assiduity and skill. All
classes have therefore cause to rejoice when the clogs
upon the activity of the merchant are removed.
The long-demanded change in our excise regula-
tions, by which sugar from the cane is to be allowed
to take its place beside sugar extracted from European
grain, will only become effective through the agency
of an increased command of shipping. In the ports
of many of our colonies sugar is detained for want of
ships. We have heard of lots, whose ultimate desti-
nation is London, being sent to other ports, whence
they must be re-shipped at greatcost. Nor is it appre-
hended that any great number of foreign vessels will
be found to take advantage of the proposed concession
in suspending the navigation act, even should this
concession (as it is most desirable it should)
include sugar as an article of food. Not only is

age. Corn is gone; sugar is gone. Whatever is
still protected or rendered dear by high duties, inflicts
a tax on the landed interest which the Protectionists
are sworn to support. If Lord GEORGE have any
public function still left, it must be the protection of
all the abuses, which the wiser seceders from his party
have left behind them—the maintenance of Irish dis-
content, of English ignorance, of all the " proved
abuses" which Sir R. PEEL denounced in his Tam-
worth manifesto. " Proved abuses !" said a humon-
cons Bentinckite of that day ; " I would not give a
farthing for an abuse till it is proved."
And yet we do not believe that Lord GEORGE
BENTINCK has even so definite a policy as that of
uncompromising resistance to change. He speaks in
the tone of a man expected to speak, who has
nothing to say, and yet will say something—and yet
will do no harm. He recommends unlimited gifts to
Ireland; but carefully abstains from answering the
arguments, which show how unlimited generosity
would defeat its own purpose. He thinks the
repeal of the corn duties inexpedient, but will
not oppose it. He has a comprehensive plan
in readiness, which, however, he will only
bring forward in the absence of all ministerial
plans whatever. In fact, the whole basis of his
statesmanship has sunk from under him. His vigo-
rous personal animosity, his industry, his brazen
unscrupulousness, made him the champion of all the
many members of Parliament who were indignant
with PEEL for deserting the corn-laws, or for having
led them to pledge themselves to their support. All
the scruples of delicacy, of friendship, or respect, all
the suspicion that the ex-premier might be yielding to
overwhelming public duty, all the dread of his intellec-
tual preponderance, which cowed and abashed his
sometime followers, the new leader was too bold,
too angry, too obtuse, to regard. The man who knows
his own mind, who quicquid veil toile roll, must
necessarily be the leader of all who would wish the
same, but dare nut. He defied PEEL, he insulted
Mal, he drove him from office, and worthily esta-
blished his claim to be the champion of those who,
above all things, wished for revenge.
But now that times are changed, that another
minister is in office, and measures unconnected with
protection are under discussion, there is no more room
for Lord GEORGE. He does not personally hate Lord
Jowls Resselx, and if he did, his fury would be fa-
miliar and stale. He has no. particular political
views, for of his "comprehensive plan," we think
with Mr. ROEBUCK ; he has, as was shown in the (HUN
of the Coercion Bill, no particular principles but
such as he is ready to desert on the smallest tempta-
tion. There is no room for him in the political world.
He would do well to return to Newmarket, with a re.
putation justly increased, with the character of one,

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 21, 1847.

full one-third of the trade of Great Britain
carried on in foreign bottoms, but the palm:shed
reports of the Dutch commercial navy 'haw
Holland to be in the same situation. The proportion
of foreign to Dutch vessels engaged in trade with
Holland, in 1840, was as 59 to 40. These two famous
commercial nations have, therefore, for years, been
largely dependent on foreign assistance. Of course
the capital that would have been required to build as
many ships as it was found necessary to employ, was,
in Holland as in England, more profitably employed
than in ship-building. A report, prevalent in the
city, deserves to be mentioned, in proof of the in-
fluence of Customs' regulations on trade, and of the
good ettet produced by the recent simplification of
our tariff. Several cargoes of Java sugar that, under
the old regulations, would infallibly have been sent
direct to Rotterdam, are now on their way consigned
to Cowes, and a market. We prefer supporting our
views, as far as possible, by adducing partial illustra-
tions from what is pawing around us, and feel assured
that no rhetoric can convince with equal force. Al-
though, as we have said, the present moment is
rather one for action than for discussion, yet no im-
provement will lose in value by a full estimation of
ithe circumstances that attend its adoption.

AN office has been publicly advertised as opened
in London for the granting of letters of marque
and reprisal by the Mexican government against
the United States• By the second article of the
official Mexican ordonnanen, such letters will be
granted only "to vessels of which the captain,
officers, and other individuals appointed thereto,
are Mexican citizens, according to the laws of
the republic." We believe that letters of naturali-
sation have been issued for delivery with the letters of
marque, for the purpose of making all who receive
them " Mexican citizens." .

If this be so, the proceeding involves gross violation,
not only of the common and statute law of England,
but of international law besides. It is clear that Eng-
lish subjects, as such, have no right to attack the sub-
Ects or property of any other country with which
England is at peace.
By the common law, as declared in the Institutes
(3. 111), it is a high misdemeanor to enter into a
foreign service without consent of the monarch.
This offence is also specially provided for by
statute. The act 3 Jac. 1., c. 4, prohibits any sub-
ject of this realm from going out of it to serve any
I foreign prince, except on certain specified conditions.
The Foreign Enlistment Act (under which the heroes
of the Ecuador were pulled up the other day), 59 Geo. 111.
c. 69,eneets that any British subject" agreeing, without
leave of the sovereign, to serve in any warlike opera-
tion in the service of any foreign prince or state, or
engaging to go; or any person within their domi-
nions hiring or procuring, or attempting. to hire or
procure, any person to enlist in such service shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be punished
by fine or imprisonment, or either of them."
But what is the effect of these Mexican letters of

naturalisation? It is obvious that if such letters,
served out on Tower-hill, can make Mexican
citizens, that both statute and common law are a
dead letter. We apprehend, however, that the case
would be viewed as one of that class of ingenious de-
vices by which persons prohibited from selling
spirits sell a biscuit for threepence, and give a glass
of gin for nothing. The law does not look kindly on
such ingenuity.
On general principles these letters of naturalisa-
tion would be imperative. 'rhe allegiance of a natural
born subject is like his skin, not like his clothes : he
cannot put it off when he likes. He must live and
die in it. It cannot be forfeited, cancelled, or altered
by any set of his own, not even by swearing alle-
giance to another sovereign, by any change of
time, place, or circumstances, nor by anything but the
concurrence of all the elements of legislation. The
legal maxim is "nein° potest e.ruere patriam." A
subject may, it is true, acquire rights of citizenship
elsewhere, but he does not, by that, forfeit his original
privileges or obligations. No possible act done by an
Englishman in this country can entitle him to Mexi-
can citizenship, so as to exempt him from the opera-
tion of our common and statute law.

Neither the laws of Mexico nor of any foreign state
have a tittle of force or authority in this country. As
a general principle, municipal laws have no extra-
J.erritorial effect. No one government is bound in
any way to acknowledge those of another.
Such an office, for inning Mexican letters of marque,
is thus clearly illegal. If it were otherwise, a Carolinian
sblye-breeders might establish an office in Cheapside for
the sale of home-bred uegroes ; or a Brahmin open a
course of suttees at Kensal-green. If this office be
actually in operation, it is unquestionably the duty of
the authorities to interpose. The announcement of it
has not, so far as we are aware, been repeated within
the last day or two. We have thought it north while to
direct public attention to the subject, from the odious-
ness of all privateering warfare, the continued exist-
ence of which is a disgrace to civilised combatants.

AN address from Lord ROBERT GROiVENOR to
the electors of Middlesex will be found in our adver-
tising columns. It is one that cannot fail to meet with
warm response from almost every shade of the electoral
body. Middlesex was peculiarly known for having un-
interruptedly returned a member who, in Lord ROBERT
GROSVENOR'S words, "supported every great measure
of political, religious, social, and commercial freedom ;"
and who in his long life became almost the symbol of
liberal consistency. It mast be the object of Middlesex
to hand down its representation as uninterrupted and
unchanged in every respect as can be. Nor can this
be more fully or more satisfactorily accomplished than
by electing the present member for Chester to succeed
the lamented Mr. BYNG in the representation of the
metropolitan county.

As we have anticipated, the commotions by which
the population of various departments of France is
agitated begin to engross the public attention. The
cry of distress is heard from a famished people, and
scenes are enacted in the provinces of France and
recorded in the Paris journals of Tuesday and the
preceding days which carry back our recollection to
those of which Paris was the theatre immediately
before the great revolution. There is no caaggera-
tion, no over-colouring in the accounts, since they are
given by those organs of the press which would be
most solicitous to palliate the evils which afflict the

country.
Fresh accounts arrived on Tuesday in Paris, from
various quarters, of pillage and murder, collisions be-
tween the civil and military authorities on the one
side, and the starving populace on the other; of
some markets destitute of provisions, and others
likely to become so, provisions which came to thorn
being torn from the owners, without any or without
adequate payment. To attempt to enumerate the
places, persons, and dates of these sad occurrences,
would not be consistent with oar limits, nor neces-
sary for the due information of the public. The
accounts we have already given are in their main
circumstances, the names of persons and places only
being changed, identical with those:we should have to
record.
The Chamber of Peers during the present week is
that branch of the legislature where the debates will
be regarded with most interest. We give elsewhere
time additional documents supplied by M. Guizot on
demand of the Chamber : two on the marriages, and
one on the Cracow affair, being the last despatch of
Prince Metternich to Count d'Appony.
Le Courier Franrais says, that Count d'Appony,
the Austrian ambassador at Paris, has received orders
from his government, in case the sentiments expressed
in the chambers by the ministers have a certain cha-
racter and tone, to withdraw from Paris, and return
to Vienna, leaving merely a charge' d'affaires at
Paris, as is the course adopted by Russia.
The last despatch of Lord Palmerston to Lord
Normanby, a copy of which has been communicated
by the ambassador to M. Guizot, has not yet been
made public, but La Frew', on Tuesday,
.published
an article, in which it professed to give, from
authentic information, its substance. It con-
sists, says La Frew, of the three following points:
First, the arguments on the treaty of Utrecht are
repeated ; secondly, a part of the first despatch of M.
Guizot is examined sentence by sentence, but accord-
ing to La Prone, altered in the most singular manner
by Lord Palmerston; thirdly, Lord Palmerston de-
fends himself against the accusation of having vio-
lated the spirit of constitutional government by in-
troducing the King personally, and by name, into the
discussion.

With respect to the first point, Li Prelim affirms
that the imputed violation of the treaty of Utrecht is

' relinquished by the English press itself, and as to the
last, it persists in charging Lord Palmerston with
having caused a great scandal, which the diplomacy
of Europe has already condemned.
The internal state of the population of France, the
apprehended consequences of the deficiency of vege-
table subsistence, and the precautionary measures of
the Bank, have created a crisis on the Bourse. The
greatest agitation continues to prevail : every day
witnesses a further decline in the price of all pub-
lic securities. On Monday, the Three per Cents de-
scended for a moment to 77f., and closed at 77f. 10c.
And this is, it is feared, only the beginning of the
end. Shares of every description of course fell pro-
portionally : the Northern arc now below 000 f. In
the Passage de l'Opera, on Monday evening, the
Threes were done at 10c. below 77f.

Our correspondent at Constantinople supplies ano-
ther example of the avidity with which the northern
courts avail themselves of the proceedings by which
France has broken her alliance with England, and of
the fruits of the Montpensier affair. See his letter in
another part of this paper.
A report was mentioned by one of the French jour-
nals on Tuesday that Lord Palmerston had succeeded
in prevailing on the northern courts to demand the
renunciation of the Spanish succession by the Duke
and Duchess of Montpensier for themselves and their
issue.

We have received the following postscript from our
Paris correspondent :
PARIS, JANUARY 19.—The perilous situation pro-
duced by the disturbances in the country on account
of the scarcity of food, makes the promptest
measures desirable for the importation of grain.
The report of the Commission is ready ; to-
morrow it will be communicated to the Chambers,
and, next day, the discussion upon it will take place.
The conclusion of the report is entirely favourable
to the adoption of the proposed government measures,
with some modifications. Yet the ministry will have to
meet a serious difficulty, it is said, in this question of
supplies of food. M. Martin du Nord has expressed
his willingness to attack the ministry on that question,
they having given proof in that affair of an inconceiv-
able hesitation during the last twenty-four hours. The
ministers seek, each of them in his own sphere, every
possible means to avert the hostile project. The
council re-assembled yesterday to consider the subject.
The committee of the address decidedly waits
to finish its labours till the cnd of the discusson on
the address in the Chamber of Peers, which will be
its guide in the matter. The report then will not
be promulgated sooner than the 29th, and the dis-
cussion cannot take place till the 27th or 28th.
That M. Damon will be the successor of M. Martin
du Nord is a settled affair, but the ministry are not
quite agreed as to who shall succeed him as the
Minister of Public Works ; for while M. Hebert is
strongly supported by one of the ministers, M. Vitet
is as cordially taken by the hand by his friend the
Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The internal agitation of Switzerland, proceeding
from the collision of the Liberal and Jesuitical par-
ties in the cantons, continues. The seat of the federal

legislature and executive being now established, by
the usual rotation, in the canton of Berne, where the
Liberal party is predominant, the representatives of
the Northern Powers, to check any manifestation
which might favour the Liberals, addres'ed to the
Vorort a note, which we gave yesterday ; this, as we I
anticipated, has provoked a strong and dignified reply.
The executive council of Berne has energetically
claimed for Switzerland the right enjoyed by every
independentnntion to introduce such modifications into
its domestic legislation as time and the growing wants of
the people may require. It has protested against all
foreign intervention in the internal affairs of the
country, and has declared , as far as regards these, it
acknowledges no authority save that of the confederate
cantons. This attitude assumed by the Vorort, will, it
is expected, receive the support of the great majority
of the canton. It is probable that en extraordinary
' diet may be convoked, hut in such a measure the
directory will not assume the initiative. Several can-
tons, however, hare already proposed that proceeding.
Meanwhile a system of terrible reaction seems to
be menaced in Ff iburg.).'Union Suisse, a journal of
that city, in the interest of the Jesuitical party, loudly
demands a system of persecution against the Liberals.
" The government," it says, " has been in too much
haste to dismount the scaffolds ; some of them must be

reconstructed to hang the chiefs of the revolution, and
to consign them and their adherents to infamy."
The interposition of the federal power is already
called for by the fact that the Fnburgeois govern-
ment has, without the previous consent of that canton,
violated its territory by marching troops through it
to occupy Estavi•yre. The Vorort has demanded ex-
planations of this measure.

The Madrid journals of the 13th were received in
Paris late in the afternoon. Their contents are with-
out interest. MM. Martinez de la Rosa and Gonzales
Bravo had not yet arrived at Madrid, but were hourly
expected.
El Clamor Publics says, on the authority of letters
from Estella, that there was a meeting of Carlist
chiefs there to settle the epoch at which the insurrec-
tion was to break out.

CONSTANTINOPLE, DEC. 30.

ADDITIONAL DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE.
The following diplomatic correspondence has been,
in compliance with the demand made by the French
chambers, laid upon their bureau by M. Guizot.
There is still to be produced the last despatch of Lord
Palmerston, which M. Guizot declines to communi-
cate until he can at the same time make known his
answer to it :
LORD ABERDEEN TO THE DUKE OF SOTOMATOR.
FOREIGN-OFFICE, JUNE 22, 1846.—Monsieur lc Due,—
Yoe have informed me that you have been appointed to
ascertain if the British government would show any displea-
sure in case the cabinet of Madrid should find it necessary to
the interests of the Spanish monarchy to choese as future
husband of the queen some other prince than a member of
the house of Bourbon, and if in case France, hart at such a
ing, should ende 'trout to emu trai n the free action of the
gepineeeist government, Great Britain would regard such con-
duct with indifference. I find. nu difficulty iu replying to
these questions. We Lave always contested, and still do
contest, the right or pretensions of the French governmentto
impose on the Spatesh nation. as husband of the queen, a
member of any family whatsoever, or to exerci-e any control
whatsoever on the solution of a question so purely Spaniels.
But we have understood and willingly admitted that there
might be various reasons to engage the Spanish government
to choose by preference a prince of the house of Bourbon.
Among those rumens it was nsturel to suppee that the desire
on the part of Spain and the interest of Spain to maintain
amicable relations with France were of weighty considera-
tion. We therefore made no objection to the proposition
of seeking a husband tur the queen among theme
descendants of Philip V., provided that the choice was P
conformable to the indention!, of her Majesty, and to the
interests of her government. We noses made soy objection
to the selection of Count Trapani, when a marriage between
the queen and her uncle was talkedl of : but when that al-
liance became evidently odious to the Spanish, nation, we
hazarded, although without any English candidate, and
without any English preference, to indictee the Infant Don
I Enrique as the prices that seemed to us best suited, as
seeming to be the one most likely to be aerseable to the
Spanish people. If it is found that • descendant of
Philip V. cannot be teddy selected in accordance with
the happiness of the queen, and taking just eve of the
tranquillity of the country, the Spanish government,
exercising its free judgment, must act according to the senti-
ments of its own dignity and interests; and, in such case, it
cannot be a cause of displeasure to England if it chooses a
priece in some other family. Whatever disappointment such
a determination may give to France, I cannot for one moment
admit the possibility of so unreasonable and unjust a pro-
ceeding u an attempt to oppose the choice of the queen in
an affair of teis nature. The French government must be
perfectly aware that an; marriage nat conformable to the
wishes of the queen, and not enjoying the assent of the
people, would offer no chance of assuring the happiness of
the sovereign, nor the welfare and the prosperity ~1" Spain.
France is too deeply in tecested in the tranquillity of Spain,
and the court of the Tuileries is re too enlightened and
just to nourish the idea (notch an interference as has been
imagined. The supposition may, therefore, be rejected
without hesitation, as impos•ible. But if, contrary to all
reason and all probability, such a project were really en-
tertained, that is to say, en attempt to oppose the wishes and
the sentiments of the queen, and the clearly manifested
will of her people, it is not to be doubted that .pain would
have for ever not only the most lively sympathies of Great
Britain, but of all Europe.—l am. &e.,
(Signed) ABERDEEN.
LORD PALMEROTON TO M. EULWLII.
FOREIGN-OFFICE, JULY 19, 1841;.—Sir,—'Pan questions
seem at the present moment to engage the particular atten-
tion of those persons who tale an interest in Spanish affairs;
the one is the marriage of the queen, the other the political
state of the country. A's regards the first question, f have
far the moment nothinz to add to the 1114rue:ions which you
have received from me predecessor. The British govern-
ment doss not intend to support in an active manner the pre-
tensions of any of the princes who now present them-
selves as candidates for the hand of the Queen of
Spain, nor does it intend to oppose any of them.
The choice of a husband for the queen of an
independent country is evidently an affair an which other
countries have oat a right to meddle, unless it be likely that
the choice sheuld fall upon r. prince so nearly connected
with the royal family of some foreign power that it might
be feared he might connect the policy of his adopted country
to that of his native country in a manner preju licial to the
equilibrium of Europe, and dangerous to the interests of
other states. But none of the persons mentioned as can-
didates to-day to the hand of the Queen of Spain is in such a
position. These candidates, in fact, arc re Incest to three, the
Priem ofSaxesCoburg and the two sons of Don Francisco de
Paula. Ido not mention Count Trapani orCount Montemolin,
as there seems no likelihood of the choice faliing on either of
those princes. As regards the three cenclidates above
mentioned, the government of her Msaysty can only express
the sincere wish that the choice may fall upon that candi-
date wh a unites in his person the qualities best suited to
assure the happiness of the Queen. end to contribute to the
welfare of the Spanish nation. As regards the second ques-
tion I alluded to above, that is to soy the political state of
Spain, I have not, es on the first question likewrie, any
special instructions to give you at the present moment. That
political situation, it must be avowed ran only be a subject
of deep regret and affliction for all those who take an
interest in the Spanish nation. Af:cr a struggle which
has lasted thirty-four year., to attain coustitutional
liberty, Spain thuds herself under a system of government
almost as arbitrary iu practice, whatever may be its theory,
as any of these which ever existed at any time previous in her
history. She has, it is true, a parliament in the term, of the
law but all free election of the members of this parliament
has been neutralised by force, or by other m. am, and it is
scarcely met when, at the first manifestation of an opinion
whatsoever, in non-accordance with the views of the execu-
tive government, it is prorogued or dissolved. The liberty
of the press is written in the Isle, but the arbitrary acts of
the government have reduced that liberty to that
of publishing what may be agreeable to the exe-
cutive power, and eastleng, or scarcely anything,
else. The law has established, it is true, courts of
justice to judge persons accused of offences and crimes ; but
a number of persons have been arrested, imprisoned,
banished, and even in certain/as -s executed, not only with-
out condemnation, but without judgment. This system of
violence and despotism seems to have survived, to a certain
point, the fall of its author, and not to have been as yet
abandoned by the moderate men who have succeeded him in
the government. It is much to be desired that the present
ministers of Spain, or those who may succeed them, should
return without &lay to censtAutional weve, and respect
at length the laws. A system of arbitrary violence,
like that followed in Spain, has for probable result to
excite open resistance when directed by the firm hand
and energetic will of the man woo organised it;
but when it is no longer sustained by that vigorous hand, and
an attempt is made to continue it under a km firm and less
daring guidance, it needs no great penetration to perceive
that that system leads infallibly to an explosion. Ntliett the
ministers of the crown tread under foot the laws which gua-
rantee the safety of the people, no one can be astonished it
the people cease at last to respect the laws which guarantee
the safety of the crown. It was certainly not with the inten-
tion of subjecting the Spanish nation to the tyranny which it
geniis under, that Great Britain subscribed to the stipula-
tions of the quadruple alliance in 1835, and gave, conform-
able to the stipulations of that treaty, that active support
which contributed powerfully to the expulaion of Don
Carlos from the territory of Spain. But the government
of her Majesty Is so firmly c anyinced of the inconvenience
of any interference in the internal n'faire of independent
states, when even such interference is limited to friendly ad-
vice, that I must abstain from requesting you to make any
representations on the suhject to the Spanish minister. Ne-
vertheless,earefully avoidner on any occasion whatever to
express different sentiments from those I now express to you,
and at the same time avoiding to express those sentiments on
any occasion, or tinder any farm of a nature to excite,
strengthen, or encourage discontent, you need not hide
from any persons in whose power it may be to remedy the
present evils, the fact that such ate the opinions of the Bri-
tish government.—l am, &e.
[CRACOW.]
PRINCE RETLERNICII TO COUNT B.ATPONT.
VIENNA, JAN. 4, 1817.—Mons. le Conine—M. le Comte
do Flaheult has made me acquainted with a despatch ad-
dressed to him by M. °Mut on the 3rd of December last,
requesting him to leave me a copy. We have since been
intormed that despatches of the same tenour bad been ad-
dressed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the French
missions at Berlin and at St. Petersburg. Having laid the
despatch in question before the Emperor, our august master,
and requested his orders for the reply to be made to that
I communication, I am authorised by Lis Imperial Majesty
to address to you the following manifestetions, which
serve as bases and invariable rule to his policy ; they contain
the sentiments of the Emperor, which are in perfect accord-
ance with those of their Majesties of Prussia and Russia.
His Imperial Majesty attaches to treaties the value of sworn
faith. He causes to be respected and acknowledged his
right of expecting that all parties, subscribers of an engage-
meat, respect equally the stipulations of such engagement.
I We do net admit that a treaty unrest establish rights
I and charges. We do not admit, by coveter-point, that
the rights or weight of the charges which they im-
pose upon the contracting parties can exceed the
limits traced by the engagement contracted. We re-
spect independeucies legally est abliehed, and we then
uphold our right of exacting Stet our independence, like
that of every other state, be equally inspected. The measure
taken by his Majesty the Emperor, in concert with their
Majesties the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia, as
regards Cracow, sou taken in the sentiment of the right
accruing to, and the duties imposed upon, his Imperil
Majesty. By hie right, because the Emperor, in inserting
the treaty of 3rd May, 1815, in the general act of the congress,
did not thereby mean to concede to all the subscribers of that
act, a right exclusively belonging to the contracting Pei"
of the 3rd May. By his duties, Mao:inch as those
which his Maiesty had to fulfil towards the people edrusted
by providence to his care, would not have allowed him to re-
establish a political body, which, after having, for along period
acted century to the conditions on which its independence
had been founded, finished by sacrificing the political
existence which had been given it to hostile and insurrec-
tionary projects to all governmental and social order. The
Emperor, at the same time that he regrets that there exists a
difference of opinion between the French cabinet and the
three courts, on the subject of paint of right in this quq,ses
does not the less flatter himself that their views will m " "en
the common resolution of all the wurts to observe and gauss
to be observed scrupulously, the treaties, in their veritable
sense, to the letter and in their spirit. Your Excellency is
requested to communicate the present despatch to M.
Guizot, and to leave him acopy.

The reception of the Bey of Tunis at Paris as a !
sovereign prince, has given great dissatisfaction at
the Porte. Instructions have been sent to Soleyman
Pacha, the Turkish ambassador at the Court of the
Tuilleries, to remonstrate in firm terms with M.
Ouizot on the open encouragement to rebellion which
Ithe French government have given to one of the
vassals of the Sultan. One of the most distinguished
members of the Turkish Cabinet expressed himself
in the following manner, on this subject, to a person-
age belonging to the corps diplomatuine of Pera :
We regret exceedingly that at a moment so critical as
the present, when we expected to have mgt with the united
and cordial support of the constitutional governments of Eu- '
rope, that France should have shown herself so inimical to '
our interests. The recognition of the Bey of Tunis as a so-
vereign prince is a direct insult to the authority of the
sultan; it is offering a premium to rebellion in his
Majesty's dominions ; and we cannot help thinking
that where such a proceeding could have found
approval, there cannot be a very strong desire for
preserving the integrity. of the Ottoman empire. The
government of the Sultan is deeply grieved to find that their
confidence has been misplaced, ond that the power which his
been loudest in its professions of fricuctship should have shown
such a contemptuous disregard for the int nests of Turkey, of
whom it had of late been declaring itself the firmest ally.
In proportion as the conduct of the French Cabinet has given
us pain, that of England lets given us satisfaction. Nor do
we hesitate to say
.that the reply of the British government
to the Bey of Tunis, has confirmed us in the opinion that
England is the only one of the great powers upon whose firth
we can place a perfect and undoubting reliance. The con-
duct of France, at a time when the Sublime Porte showed a
disposition to unite itself more timely than ever with the
western powers of Europe, must be pronounced to be as im-
politic as ungenerous.
It is unnecessary to speak of the satisfaction with
which Austria and Russia have seen the feelings ex-
cited at the Porte by the reception given at Paris to
the Bey of Tunis, nor of the hopes they entertain of
another blow being thus ultimately struck at the
entente cordiale. During the excitement caused by
the marriage of the Duke de 3lontpensier, every
hostile article which appeared in the press of London
and Paris was carried to the Porte by the Russian
and Austrian dragomans, and every argument was
employed by the representatives of these two govern-
ments to point out the impossibility of anything like
a firm alliance being ever established between ',ranee
and England, and the consequent absurdity of the
Turkish ministry in looking to these powers for sup-
I port in any case of emergency.
The Sultan has given permission to Izet Mehemet
Pacha to leave Rodosto, a village on the sea of
Marmots, where he had been in exile since 1843,
and to return to the capital. The recall of Izet
:Mehemet to favour is far from giving pleasure to the
friends of reform in Turkey. The only good act of
Izet Mehemet's life was his defence of Varna against
: the Russians, and his refusal to sign the capitulation,
for which he was made grand vizier by Sultan
Mahmoud. Ile has always been distinguished by his
• cruelty, his intolerance, and his dishonesty. His cruelty
: caused his dismissal from the government of Angora,
his ferocious hatred to the Christians his recall
. from Syria and during the threeyears of his residence
• at Rodosto, he has carried on a system of small
• plunder, of the most heartless kind, amongst the poor
• people of his neighbourhood. The return to court of
• a man of Izet Mehemet's well-known character, can-
• not fail to produce the most baneful effects. Every
always
ready
yto protector,eld
corrupt governor or magistrate throughout the cowl-
tv7h o forwill
considerationlook
upon h him
ua kind
l of natural
will be aay
I them from punishment.

Jex. 19.—A committee
11.19 been formed it this city for the tqablishment of public
oc warming p 1 es for the homeless and the Mitt-

tuts. The cold is intense here. Venom petitions have been
presented to the Chamber of Representatives in favour of ex-
tending the operations of the exportation each ty of Belgium
to'all kinds of national produce. It is asserted in the leading
political circles that King Leopold will not go to London, at
lean for some time to come.
DENMARK.—C-OPENDAOSS, JAN. 6.—The go-
vernment has forwarded to the Prussian cabinet en official
note, setting forth, in clear terms, the views of the former
with respect to the question of the Danish duchies. It is
declared in the note, as asserted, that the Danish govern-
ment never entertained the idea of depriving the States of
Schlenwirk and Holstein of the right of petition ; and that his
Danish Majesty was as firmly resolved to uphold the lade.
pendenee (linabltangiy!ait), of the two duchies as to pre-
vent their sr aration from Denmark.
CRAC()W.--A letter front Cracow, dated 3th inst.,
states that an amnesty was proclaimed there, dated lth Jan.,
according to which all persona implicated in the Lbe insur-
rection are amnestied, with the exception of the ringleodera
JAN. 11.—The introduction of the Austrian system
of customs which was fixed for this day has been po.tponed.
Custom-house reflect'. howev,r. have been aiready stationed
along the frontiers. All kinds of provisions have considerably
risen in price. It is asserted that the cause of the arrival of
numerous Russian troops near the territory of the ex-free
state is the desire tot %Ise advantage of the comparative cheap-
ness of provisions in that direction—food of all descriptions
being very deur in the interior of Poland. Thin pretext,
however, dues ant obtain nutelt eredit.—Deutsehe Allgemeine
Zeitung.
RUSSlA.—According to the Berliner Z,itung, the
majority of the landed proprietors of the " kingdom " of
Poland are indebted to the Warsaw bank for more than half
the real value of their properties. The bank has called in
all outAanding debts. The result will be, that all those
landed proprietors who are deeply involved will become in-
solvent, awl that their pr iperth s will be sold for the benefit
of the bank. Such results will be of great importance to
the Russian government, as the impoverishment of the
Polish nobility will necessarily deprive them of their in-
fluence. The Mann/reius Amnial asserts that the Emperor
will proceed to Warsaw early in the spring.

DEATH OF HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS
THE ARCHDUKE JOSEPH OF AUSTRIA..
. .

Intelligence has receited of the death of his
Imperial Highness the Archduke Joseph Antonio
Jean of Austria. Palatine of Hungary. The melan-
choly event took place on the ith inst, at the
imperial palace at Ofen, in Hungary, after a severe
and protracted illness of several months. The Arch-
dukes Francis and Joseph were with their illustrious
parent at his dissolution, having been sum-
moned from Vienna to the sick chamber of their
father. The imperial family of Austria must have
been somewhat prepared for the sad termination of
the archduke's illness, fur he had been repeatedly
given over by the most eminent of the medical pro-
fession. . . . .

His late Imperial Highness was fourth son of the late
Emperor Leopold IL, by Maria Louisa, daughter of Charles
of Spain. Ile was born March 9, 1776, and has been
married three times, namely, first to her Imperial Highness
the Grand Duchess Alexanlrine Paulowna, daughter of
the Emperor Paul of Russia, who died on the 16th March,
1801, without issue ; secondly, to Princess Herminie, daughter
of the late Victor Charles Frederick Prince of Anhalt
Bernbourg Schauntbourg, who died the 14th Sept., 1817,
. after giving, that day, birth to a son and daughter (twins);
and lastly, he married, 24th August, 1819, her Royal High-
ness the Princess Marie, daughter of Louis, Duke of Woe-
temberg, by whom he is survived. By his second alliance
the son, the Archduke Stephen, alor.e survives, and by the
Archduchess Marie he leaves issue a son and ten daughters,
viz., Archduke Joseph Charles Louis, horn 24 March, 1833 ;
the Archduchess Elizabeth, born 17th January, 1831 ; and
the Archduchess Marie, born 23d August, 1836.
The Archduke was the Palatiue, Governor and Captain-
General of Hungary; a Field-Marshal and Colonel-in-Chief
of the 2nd alit 12th Regiments of Hussars in the Austrian
army. Iu virus of his high position of representative of the
Emperor in It anger!, he was president of the diet and council
of state. The illustrious Archduke was, with the exception
of the Archbishop of Gran, the highest magnate in the
kingdom, and was deservedly beloved by the p. °plc as well
as nobles over whom he ruled vs p ftine. Ile
bad distinguished himself as a consummate h Adicr during
the wars of Napoleon in Germany, and merited the high
rank he held in the Imperial Army. He was brother of the
Archduke Charles, Palatine sad Viceroy of Blhemia the
Archduke Rcigner, Viceroy of Lombardy; and the Arch-
duke Lou's, General, Fiell-3larshal and Director-General of
Artillery in the Imperial Army, and Colonel-in-Chief of the
Bth Beg. of Infantry.
By the decease of his Imperial Highness, in addition to
the imperial family of Austria, it will place in mourning
the Courts of Naples, Munich, and many other Courts of
Germany and Italy.

LATEST FROM RIO AND PERNAMBUCO.
By the Swordsh, which arrived at Liverpool yes-
terday, we hove intelligooce from Rio to the I'th, and
from Pernambuco to the 21st of last month. The
Swordfish accomplished her passage in 28 days, al-
though for the last 14 days the wind was right
ahead. She made a still more rapid passage out ; and,
contrary t) some strange misstatements, all her cargo
was landed without having sustained the ;lightest
damage. There was no political news in Brazil at
the time of her sailing, and the following extracts
from the circular of Messrs. F. Le Breton and Co.,
will indicate the state of trade at Rio. The govern-
ment decree relative to the metallic currency, is en-
titled to attention.
Pannuen.—Coffi,s hare experienced very little fluctua-
tion, the supplies during November being as nearly as pos-
sible equal to the demand, say 100,000 bags. The prices
quoted in our last circular continued until the Express packet
arrived on the 24th, when the market became duller. A
decline took place. ray, 2,7,50 to 2,600 for superiors ; 2,600 to
2,700 for good firsts, regulars, and ordinaries, resalar busi-
ness has since been doing. These are our current quotations
to-day, the sock being about 60,000 bags. Beery rains had
been falling for some time, which will check the communica-
tion with the interior' and render the supplies, for some little
time, more difficult to be had. However, in a abort while, the
market will doubtlessly be well stocked. Last month the
clearances amounted to 05,763 bags 274 barrels (against
90,336 packages in November, 1845), showing a great de-
crease on the exports of the two preceding months. The
following is a summary of the clearances fcr November to
the United States, 59,576 bags; Meditetannean, 19,391
bags, 32 barrels; Portugal, 1,478 hags; Antwerp, 4,207
bags ; Bremen, 5,513 hags ; Cape Town, 1,609 hags ;
3.001 bags, 3 barrels; Liverpool, 884 bags, 188 barrels; River
Plate, 177 bags, 51 barrels: being in total, 95,763 bags, 274
barrels. Sugar sales have been confined entirely to con-
siuners and shippers, to the River Plate. Exchanges closed
firm, by the Antelope st., sailed on the 2nd ult. for Liverpool, at
281, 'wiper Swift picket, on the Gth, money became still more
scarce, and a good deal was negotiated for at this rate, with a
fortnight or longer credit. Shipments of produce have been
falling off very considerably ; the rate became flat; discount
easy and per Crane packet, sailed on the 18th, the bulk of
the business was done at 28s. ; it has since continued the
current rate. Flour continued to improve in price, as
but very little arrived until lately. Altogether, however,
since our last 12,301 barrels have been imported from the
United States, nestrtheleis the market looks very firm.
The following is from the circular of Mears. MeCalmont
and Co., dated Pernambuco, Dec. 19:
SUGARB A great deal of business has been done in this
article since the commencement of the n•.w crop; seldom or
ever so many cargoes will have been despatched before the
Christmas holidays. Prices for bags and barrels opened at
2.8n0 to 3.200 per err. for superior whites ; average assort-
ments, 2.600 to 2.700 ; low whites, 2.350 to 2.200 ; Hueco-
vadoes of average quality, 1.800. Cues: whites, 1.200;
Muacovadoes, 1.050 per err. above ferro. Owing to the
advance in exchange and scarcity of money, as well as the
rise in freights, a decline has since taken plane. The bulk
of ear shipments w ill be in bags this season ; very few cases
so far have arrived from the estates. The exportation before
Christmas, and since the commencement of the new crop,
will be, as near as we can calculate, for ports in Great Bri-
tain direct, 3,000 t •ns, principally Muscovadoes ; 4 cargoes
for Trieste, mostly white sugar in bags ; 4 for Genoa, 2 for
Marseilles, 2 for Valparaiso, 3 for Rio de Janeiro, and 4
loading for Portugal.