The Express.
London, England, 1846-11-12 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY • EVENING, NOVEMBER. 12, 1846.

Boll* deot is beAdto 11114 Fartbres Yenrolltuul, there-
fore) Wotenanti quitting In tbis'aprifqr of 4846, Would
ollowed•iiWthftdOof thy, cost' bone ,-dest
applied by him to his tsinip erblin the spring of 1846.
If he quitted in the folleviinnehr, be wotki
one-third only of such cost. In the same way, the
cost of marl or chalk is spread .over seven years;
lime over five years ; clay varies from four to seven
'years on different • estates. Draining, where the
tenant finds the stones or tiles, is extended over seven
years ; but where the landlord finds the tiles the tenant
has no allowance for making the drains, which, if
properly done, is by far the largest part of the ex-
pense. ()Ruske, given to cattle, is assumed to benefit
the farm for two years, and the tenant is allowed
upon that footing. Cake, given to sheep is net allowed
for, "on the ground that the benefit to the sheep is
sufficient to make it worth while to give cake with-
out regard to the manure, and partly from the greater
difficulties of getting a correct account, and the in-
creased liability to fraud." Why there should be
more difficulty in getting a correct account of the oil-
cake given to sheep than of the same article given to
cattle, passes our comprehension. We believe the
true explanation to be, that a minute scrutiny of the
farmer's accounts shows that some profit is derived
from feeding sheep, while this is not always
the case with cattle fed on oilcake. There is no
pretence for saying that oilcake used in feeding sheep
does not benefit the land as much when used for
cattle ; or for claiming that in the one case the land-
lord shall have all the benefit, any more than in
the other.
Whether the tenant receives these allowances
on Lord YARBOROUGH'S estate when he gives
notice to quit, does not very clearly appear. But in
a form of agreement for such a tenant right, given as a
sort of model in the seventh volume of the Journal,
we find that the allowancer are only made in the
event of the death or incapacity of the tenant, or "of
his having received notice to quit ;" and it is clogged
with the express stipulation "that the tenant is to
give an account each year of such outlay as he pro-
poses to make in matters of durable improvement, in
order to obtain the owner's sanction to the proposed
expense, such sanction being necessary in order to
claim or be entitled to any such allowance ;"and the ac-
count of the disbursements within each year is to be
examined and signed by the landlord or his agent
Now these are the most improved tenant-right
agreements given by some of the most liberal land-
lords, and what do they amount to ? They arc mere
traps for tenants. As additions to leases they are
worthy of consideration, but as substitutes they are
mere illusions. A tenant may be at any time turned
out ; and if he has been farming at all highly, it would
be a very safe speculation for his landlord to give a
notice to quit, and pay him the uttermost farthing of
these boasted allowances. It is by the combination
of such outlays with careful tillage, and the em-
ployment of much manual labour in clearing the
land, continued through a long term of years,
from which the farmer must expect to reap
any substantial profit. He enters upon his farm ;
he not merely invests his capital in the soil, but he
expends from five to seven of the best years of his life
in bringing it into good cultivation ; and he is entitled
to expect after that time to receive, year by year, an
increased and increasing return for a given yearly
expenditure. To say nothing of the value of local
associations, a good farmer is always improving ; and
unless he has a defined and long term of years, he is
running hazards which no prudent man would choose
to incur. A lease, then, and a long lease, is indispen-
sable for giving security and independence to the
farmer. It is, however, precisely this independence
which many landlords are averse to giving; and, there-
fore, the farmers must make a stand on leases, and dis-
countenance the make-shift of a tenant right agree-
ment Aud the leases now insisted on by farmers
must be rational leases : not the obsolete and impracti-
cable forms that are usually adopted, but one which
combines security for both landlord and tenant, with
free liberty for the latter to avail himself of all the
gif loaul f peuamotion.

the *acute of absessala- He ists:niut 01
buldrisil4a to all who tehniied tiot ace
sew °rifle Belgian ainbasadar front tW
which Wits contradicted, 443* lel the
organs, Jr now neliertbiSess ailmatted4 bat is
to be explained by the statement that the•Belgtan
minister was afterwards received at a private audience.
Ibis, however, is denied ; and; talcen with the de-
of King Leopold on the eve of the arrival of
=ice of Montpensier, still forms the subject of
comment. It is said that King Leopold left a letter
of congratulation for his brother-in-law, and that he
wishes to preserve an appearance of impartiality
in the quarrel. •
The Courrier Francais states thatthe Chambers will
meet on the 15th December.
The probable effect of the extensive calls contem-
plated by the railway companies, begins to excite un-
easiness, and the opposition papers throw blame upon
the Fovernment for not having interfered to prevent
the injurious effecta which must ensue from the arbi-
trary power of the companies to press upon the mar-
ket, and insinuate that such power is the more liable
to abuse, considering the preponderating influence
which a few large capitalists exercise in them. The
Northern Company, of which M. Rothschild is the
autocrat, lately decided on a call of 43 millions in
January. Upon this signal the Lyons Company an-
nounced a cal! of 30 millions, commencing from
December. In the four first months of the next year,
the amount of the expected calls will produce a dis-
placement of little less than 150 millions of francs,
which must produce, it is feared, serious prejudice to
many branches of industry, and injurious disturbances
in commerce, especially as it will coincide with the
general stagnation of business, the disadvantages of
the winter season, and an insufficient harvest.
Count Rossi bits departed for Rome to resume his
place as ambassador there.
M. Bastiat continues to show all the activity in his
new mission which characterised the career of his
prototype, Mr. Cobden; but, instead of making
speeches at public meetings, which is not so conso-
nant with the habits and usages in France as it is in
England, he diffuses his doctrines by letters which
appear in the journals, and which excite extensive
comments pfo and con in the press. In fact, al-
though the formation of societies, both for and against
free trade is countenanced by the government, it is
plain that the battle will really be fought through the
instrumentality of the press. The habit of public
meetings has not yet been formed in France, while
the functions of the press have hitherto supplied, and
will continue to supply, its place.
The receipts of the savings bank for the last three
months, published in the llfonitertr, have amounted
to ~605,760 francs, and the disbursements to
8,247,601 francs.

,sr

Dissension continues to be developed in the Swiss
Confederation, and it becomes more and more diffi-
cult to foresee the final result of the present move-
ment. This difficulty arises from the very constitution
of the Confederation itself. The Vorort, which is the
executive body of the Confederacy,. is held alter-
nately in the three cantons of Zurich, Berne, and
Lucerne, and consequently the council of state, or
executive power of each of these cantons, becomes
alternately that of the Confederation. Hence arises
an instability, consequent upon the different prevail-
ing policies of the three cantons. Lucerne supports
the Jesuits, Berne the radicals, and Zurich wavers
between.
Even the powers of the Diet itself, the legislative
body of the Confederacy, are not understood, or
agreed upon, by the cantons. Lucerne lately, in the
exercise of its assumed cantonal sovereignty, invited
the Jesuits, and retained them, in the teeth of
a contrary decision of the Diet. On the other
hand, Lucerne now refuses to acknowledge the new
government of Geneva, although the revolution by
which it has been established is an exercise of the
same cantonal sovereignty .as that which Lucerne
claims for itself in the question of the Jesuits.
The present revolutionary government of Geneva
has been constituted by the majority of the popu-
lation, and confirmed by a vote of more than two-
thirds of the citizens of the canton. This govern-
ment has retaliated upon that of Lucerne by sub-
mitting, for the sanction of the council of state, the
following measures respecting the concordat of Pius
VII.:—
_ .

• -
"The Grand Council, considning that the affiance of the
seven cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwytz, Unterwablen, Zug,
Friburg, and Valais, is cantrary to Articles 1,4, 8, and 14,
of the federal pact ; that, consequently, it is a league for-
bidden by Article 6, and that on this ground, as well as on
the interest of the peace of Switzerland, and the preservation
of the federal league, it ought to be dissolved; decrees, that
the resolution taken by the Grand Council of the 3rd of
October, 1846, is revoked. That the canton of Genera
adhere to the proposition of Zurich in the session of the 4th
of September, and that the provisional government is directed
to transmit this decree to the federal directory."
There appears to be no doubt that this decree will
be adopted, and thence will ensue a collision between
the federal legislature and the seven cantons of the

league.
The revision of the constitution of Basle city is in
rapid progress, and the anti-Jesuit opposition,
although still a minority in the smaller cantons, is
increasing. If, as appears probable, a decree for the
expulsion of the Jesuits should be passed by the Diet,
the cantons of the league will find it difficult to oppose
to it any effectual resistance.

The Madrid journals of the 4th, which were re-
ceived in Paris late on Monday afternoon, contain
lit'lc intelligence of interest, the news from Portugal
not being of a date more recent than those already
received by the last steamer. Multitudes of contra-
dictory rumours respecting the instability of the
Spanish ministry continue to be in circulation.
El Expand, of the 4th, states, that the exile of a
certain influential member of the royal family (mean-
ing the Queen-Mother) was resolved on, and that her
husband would be sent to a fortress in Galicia. This
rumour was succeeded by another directly contrary to
it, to the effect, that the same royal personage had
demanded the immediate expulsion of several general
officers and public men, whose influence she feared.
It was added, that this measure had been proposed to
the authorities, who declined acting on it without the
sanction of a responsible minister. Aceording to
other reports, the resignations of M. Mon, General
Sanz, and that of M. Istuiitz had been tendered. The
cause of these ministerial disturbances was said to
originate in the struggle which has commenced be-
tween two branches of the royal family.
Since the above was written we have received the
Madrid journals of the sth inst
The I feraldo contains a report that a modification
was to take place in the cabinet, and it is impossible
for us, says that journal, to insert the different
rumours which are circulating at Madrid.
The repeated announcement, says El Espanol, of
changes of greater or lesser importance in the cabinet,
first as a modification of the present ministry, and
then of a total revision, still procure food tbr the
organs of the press, and the th,nopeement of the drama
or comedy which is now going on, cannot much
i longer remain a secret from the public.

BELGIUM.-OPENINO OF THE CHAMBERS.

SPEECH OF THE KING.

The following, which arrived by extraordinary
despatch, appeared in a second edition of yesterday's
Express. On Tuesday afternoon, the two Chambers
of the Belgian legislature were opened by the King
in person, with the usual solemnities. The following
is the translation of his Majesty's speech :
Cissirtmanx,—ln opening this session, I can congratulate
myself on the pacideaf and friendly nature of my rela-
tions with foreign powers. The treaties concluded with
the United States, France, and the Netherlands,
have had in view the consolidation and extension of our
commercial intercourse. The discussion of those trea-
ties, and of the laws relating to general finance, to
the entrepots, and to sugar, formed the main topics
of discussion during the last session. The sugar-
trade and commerce are resuming their former im-
portance, and the treasury is "realidog the profits which
you thought fit to make over to it. Amongst the pro-
positions remaining for discussion, I shall point, in
an especial manner, to the law relating to secon-
dary instruction. This plan, which has been further deve-
loped, will complete our system of public instruction. My
government recommends this grand moral question to your
enlightened solicitude, and confidently looks forward
for a solution of it, during the present 5C5131011.
The prosperity of the principal branches of com-
mercial and manufacturing inatistry has been gene-
rally maintained and extended. T'ne forthcoming national
exhibition will attard the oppoetunity of appreciating the
success of the trading portion of our e.onmunity. Unfortu-
nately, whilst on one side there are proofs of progress, anti
hopes for the future, there are otter interests in some
parts of tho country, wist.ch are undergoing a crisis, too
serious to be overlooked. To those interests, I have devoted
all my sympathy. The condition of those who are
engaged in linen manufactures requires the adoption