The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-19 00:00:00

ghe erprOsi.

Tire ovvriend snits for Gibraltar, Main, Greece, the lonian Islands,
ailt, Men, Ceylon, India, llong.Kong, and China, via Southampton,
made up on the evening of the 20th January.
The overland closed mule, via Mgreeition to the Mediterranean,
Egypt, Men, Ceylon, India, Hoag Kong, he., will tentacle up on the
firesing of the Lith January.
The main for Vigo, Oporto, I.iston, Madeira, Cadic, and Gibraltar,
will be made up on the morning of the 27th January.
The math for New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, ani New
Zealand will be made up on the evening of the Met January.
The West India uvula, including those for Mexico, Honduras, and
the garment', will be made op on the morning of the Zed February.
The mails for British North America, Bermuda. and the United
Abe" will be made up on the evening of the 3rd February.
The mails for the Bruin, the River Plate, Monte Video, Pernam-
boos, Bahia, Ma Seim and Buenos Ayres, will be dispatchel on the
inning of thelth February.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Advertteemente intended for The Arras, London evening paper,
must be at the OM& by Ten o'doek on the dry of publicatica.

HIGH WATTS, AT LOItDON-BAIDOZ.
Tan MT. kiurnlng, 31 A. east a; Artern...3, 33 Inn. pin 3.
Teadouraw —Morning, 13 sla. pest 4; Afternoon, 37 rola. rent 4.

LONDON, TUESDAY, JAN. 19.
Ir Lord LINCOLN is to be taken es the exponent
el Sir HOBERT PEEL, his lordship's speech at Man-
ehester is as important in its relations to the question
of education, as Lord JOHN RU3BELL'S letter to the
constituency of the City of London was to the repeal
at the corn laws. Whatever other portion of his
gefilisnl weir may be open to doubt and cavil, on
the great question of national education, Sir ROBEET
neg through the whole of his Utica life, has been
Decal, and consistent. When Secretary for Ireland,
wounded on every side by jobbing, and by the,
. bigotry that found excuses for jobbing, he detected the
ohms that prevailed in those haunts of iniquity—the
Antler-schools—and earnestly sought the means of
eistestien, exposure, and remedy. The commission.
• width showed that seven thousand pounds' rental
boa private benevolence. and more than a million
- of public money, in parliamentary grants, had been
impended in the support of a system, which ended in
turning out boys that no master would receive se
time, and girls that no family would accept as
ismsatio servants, was issued, if not directly through
his means, at least with his most active support, in the
- les* of a Sere opposition from the chief of the mgr.,
• priers of the then existing government in Ireland.
Daring the interval that he remained out of office,'
=tto becoming Home Secretary, he spoke at
ics on the subject of national education, and
en these occasions strongly protected against educa-
lien being connected with any arriere-yensee whe-
ther of provelytivin to a religious creed or 'Omer-
Amery to a political system.
When he entered again on office as Secretary for the
Boma Department, the then Mr. PEEL devoted much
-tlebis time and attention to the means by which a sr-
*m et national education in Ireland could be carried
Ws Wept; without exciting the prejudices and pas-
siess„ which the obnoxious rules of the Kildare-
piles Society had ogled into action.
That Pam never brought forward such a project is
endsniable ; a very fair reason may be found in the
simple fact, that there did not exist in Irelandthe instru-
ments posseesing the influence and efficiency neceseary
to carry a plan of national education into execution.
It make. all the difference in the world whether a
limas or a WHAT'S? be in gessession of Vie
orehiepiecopal see of Dublin. T ere did not exist
before 1830 s single inch of leverage on which could
be rested the machinery for a change in the edu-
cationel movement.
The national board, which is now the most effi-
ghat educational body in Europe, dates its apparent
eminence from Lord firstant's letter, but owes the
possibility of its formation to previous labours.
Nor must it be forgotten that the noble lord
subsequently repudiated his own work, and when
sot of office addressed a letter to the " wooden-
Mble" committee of Liverpool, recommending
the principles which in one day turned from
700 to 800 Catholic children out of the corporation
schools, while Sir R. Pun., twice called to office sine'
the national board was instituted by his Whig rivals,
Les not only supported the system, but has also in-
Aseased its means and strengthened its efficiency.
These facts are important to be borne in mind
at the present moment The experiment of •
national and united education has been tried in I.
hod, and the existence of more than four thoneend
subsets and six hundred thousand scholars, all working
•volantarily and efficiently
.under the board, is an
evidence of success
ea gratifying and signal ea It is
udeniable.
We have to crave pardon for using such a phrase
as "national and united," for nothiislii or con be
national that is not united. In p , therefore;
Ise national ednontion, we areanxionsto w diet, it h
not womanly a question of party, and that the leaders
el the two great parties in the state may! without the
'slightest compromise of principle, combine to creates
fester, sod develop a system co-existent with the wants
ef the =tire, and therefore certain in its operation,
Is prove in accordance with the wishes of the nation.
We point out Sir RODZILT.PZIL to Lord JOHN Rue-
Mt as an associate in this cause, heretofore held back
by bonds which have been broken, and fetters which
have been burst by being overstrained. Hie wishes
ea the subject have been long since avowed. And this
lathe first opporttmity duritig that riistenoe, in which
Le has had means or scope of bringing theme opinions
into setion.
If then there be any doubt in the cabinet as to the
propriety of presenting to parliament " a great and
emnprebensive scheme of national educatidn," such as
eLsiesiewirt, a Russell., 'a OBEY, or A Mscsuirr
have aspired after with earnest longings, almost since
they were capable of thought, we
.pray them to act
with the same boldness se they did on the Reform
181, and propound the scheme at once, perfect in
We pats and all its proportions. Lord foam Rossem's
most opportune and hosoursble letter prepared the
way for Sir Itommr Parm'a removal
restric-
tions on the physical sustenance of the country; Sir
ROBERT PEEL, speaking through lord Ltricorn,
will, we earnestly hope, be found to have conferred
equal service on his successor, by helping him to
apply the no lees pressing want of mental and moral
ut in England.
The question of rational education is now fairly
mooted before the country ; it is mooted by the two
pasties in the state, not in the spirit of bidding
newt
office, but in the common and proper feeling of
irking the confidence of the country. There is thus
a coalition of opinion without a coalition of party ;
this is at once a moral gain and e, political novelty—
if we profit by the gain and adjourn to a more con-
venient season our wonder at the novelty, there are
her chances that this most important of questions
may find an,easy, a satisfactory, and a most beneficial
solution.

. .
Liveneoot primness the unenviable distinction of
being the most unhealthy town in England. Out of
her population of 280,000, not leas than 60,000 in-
habit cellars, dark, damp, ill ventilated and dirty—
one third of them from five to six feet below the level
of the soil, with no under-drainage, and no place of
deposit for filth and offal. Fever is never abrent from
Liverpool. The excess in the number of deaths
in Liverpool above the average rate of the country
was in one year 10,000. The excess of mortality in
that town, in a particular year when Dr. PLAYFAIR
examined it, above the mortality at Ulverstone in the
same county, was 3,611. Besides the obvious causes
of insufficient sewerage and drainage, the great
mischief of Liverpool is the influx of poor Irish. It
is they," says Dr. I)UNCAN, in a report of 1842, " who
inhabit the filthiest and worst ventilated courts and
cellars, who congregate the most numerously in dirty
lodging-houses, who are the least cleanly in their
habits, and the most apathetic about everything that
befalls them. It is among the Irish that fever
especially commits its ravages, and it is they
who object most strongly to bo removed to the
hospital from their miserable abodes. Nor does the
evil stop with themselves. By their example and in-
tercourse with others, they are rapidly lowering the
standard of comfort among their English neighbours,
communicating their own vicious and apathetic habits,
and fast extinguishing all sense of moral dignity, in-
dependence, and pelf-respect."
With such sources of destruction, physical and
moral, within its walls, it it is well to find Liverpool
making some effort at sanitory regulation.
Her town council have taken steps to avail them-
selves of the provisions and powers of the Sanitory
Act. The first and most important proceeding under
this measure is, no doubt, the appointment of a com-
petent health fficer, if his power be adequate and
seconded by other authorities. We find the functions
of such an official defined in the act. He is to be " a
legally qualified medical practitioner of skill
and experience, to inspect and report periodi-
cally. on the sanitary condition of town or
district ; to ascertain the existence of diseases,
more especially epidemies increasing the rates of
mortality, and to point out the existence of any
nuisances or other local causes which are likely to
originate and maintain such diseases, and injuriously
affect the health of the inhabitants of such town
er district; to take cognisance of the existence of
any contagious disease, and to point out the most
efficacious means for checking or preventing the
spread of such; and also to point oat the most
efficient means for the ventilation of churches, chapels,
schools, registered lodging-houses, and other publio
buildings, within the said town or district, and
to perform any other duties of the like nature which
may be required of him."
In short he is to be the preventive doctor for the
town, as distinguished from its thousand and one
remedial doctors. He is to guard the innumerable
inlets through which disease and death creep into the
citadel; to be ever tracking them in their approaches,
and arresting them before they are at work. He is
to be the medical attendant not of individuals,
not of families, bat of streets and quarters ; he must
prescribe on a gigantic scale, and work many cures
in one. If there be a work to take up all the activity
of a man's life, here, one would think, it is to be
found. If there be one function that asks a mind
unembarrassed by details of cases, the petty
intrigues and interests of a provincial practice, the
gossip of sick rooms, the profitless trotting to and fro
of the family medical attendant, it would, to our
apprehension, be this of health officer to such a town
as Liverpool. No man, medically educated, can be
too good or too learned for such an employment. No
salary that the tawn council can give would be extra-
vagant to pay for such duties adequately and con-
ecientionsly performed.
The town council offers 3001. a year, with the
added bait of private practice !
Under these combined circumstance*. the office
becomes a sham, or the officer is doomed to poverty
for life. He cannot live on such an income without
private practice. He cannot pursue private practice
without neglect of his public functions. Yet, in a
spirit of miserable economy, the Liverpool town
council have disregarded these obvious facts. Doing
a good work, they have not done it nobly, as it
behoved Liverpool to have done it, at once the fairest
seat of British commerce, and the foulest scene of
pauper degradation, the place of contrasts, the city of
docks and cellars, the richest and most pestilential
town of the empire.
Dr. Dcscsrr is a candidate for the office. He is
honourably distinguished as one of the workers
in the eanitory cause. His special report on
Liverpool is cleaved with the contributions to the
Health of Towns Commission by Southwood Smith,
Chadwick, Kay, Shuttleworth, Mayfair, Arnott, and
their noadjutors. Undeterred by the wretchedly
insufficient hire, he comes forward to devote himself '
to what, with him,
_is certain to be the labour of a
life. Mr. EDWIN CHADWICK having been applied to
by him for a testimonial, sends to the council a letter, ,
which admirably points out the great and fatal error
they are committing.
This letter appears to us so important and so likely
to be of service in future cases of similar appoint-
' aunts, that we publish it entire. Any transfusion of
' its sound and indisputable truths into our own lan-
rage would mar its fore. It is made up of suggeit
Dona which should be weighed thoroughly by every
municipal official, who may at any time have a voice
in the appointment of a health officer.

Tea elements of production are labour, capital,
and the objects on which they are exercised,, or what
has been called the field of profitable investment. A
deficient supply of any of the three, by impeding pro-
duction, creates a demand for it, and raises its value
while it depresses the value of the others. In an old
settled country like our own, completely inhabited, and
enjoying
i tolerably equitable laws, the natural tendency
of labour and captal to multiply, causes them to press
on the limits of the field of profitable investment, and
consequently to reduce wages and the rates of profit.
In new countries, on the contrary, where the field of
=a investment is far greater than the inhabi-
fill up, there is a sonstant call for more capi-
-1 del and more labour ; wages and the rates of profit
ems naturally higher. Labourers and capitalists are
Indy deterred from repairing to such countries 'by
to in their politilbal institutions rendering pro-
piety and pdsomd security precarious, or by distances
and the easseirent expense and difficulty of tnasAt.
The ezierianse .of the last few years has shown
eat, by IstrOpeing a judicious system of,
_disposal
ar waste lapin; a fund may be raised for affording
=Mons to ear colsaies to large numbers of
its. It is of itself obvious that, by
&Wm such a pries to wade land as will render it
lenemetry for emigrants of this class to continue
ase&dps
_steadily for wages a few years (say two or
=i) Dmo they tad
where Withal to pm chase
he tbanmelvee. the labour market may be kept
adequately raPPlled- And, as lands to be had on
banns, and labourers to assist In ren-
dering them available, are the great sources
of production, it is equally elear,that new settlements
possessed of both cannot fail to be attractive to Guise
sapilalists who can only find an inadequate field of
havadusent at home. Again when we look to the
United States we see that the great cause of their
attractiveness to emigrants is a belief that they shall
"there be governed by equitable laws, or at least by
what is in many people's estimation quite as good,
laws which they shall themselves have a share in
making. It is in the power of the government and
of this country to confer upon such of its
lese nr:s contain large tracts of waste land still
tinshinl in the crown, all that is required to attract to
*nit thither, in preference to any other new adontries,
the natural and spontaneous stream of British emigra-
tion. Give these colonies an equitable and judicious
eyrie= of disposal of wastelands, andionfilvreFigraFts
&Abe labong dam a field easy of Gooses, M which
tastsilliebalatotanr: IfelaTifeatrin vain to
. sit
jaiePeDdilet
ham, and to emigrants of the capitalist class security
that they will find labourers to enable them to make
pelt out of the lands they may acquire. Give these
edielaista local representative governments, and you
=the attractions of the United States. It is
passible, without encroaching on the legitimate
y of the British crown, to minter upon our
Laroinersesuch an extent of legislative power for all
their local affairs as will ensure to them cheap and
efficient government.
Under ordinary circumstances such arrangements
of our colonies as are bete indicated would suffice
not °only to divert to them almost the whole
of our perennial stream of spontaneous emigration,
bat to give such a healthy stimulus to the emigrating

THE EXPRESS, TUEN)AY EVENING, JANUARY 19,

propensity as would keep the capital and labour of
the mother country always rather within the limits
of the field of profitable employment for them. But
the circumstances of Ireland are not normal or ordi-
nary, and in speaking, therefore, of emigration as one
of the cluster of measures contemplated for its relief,
something more will be required than the mere
making of such arrangements as will allow emigra-
tion to flow freely, or at most stimulate it gently.
Still whatever measures are adopted ought to be in
accordance with those natural economical laws, on
which the arrangements of which we have been speak-
ing are based.
Of course when emigration is proposed as a means
for relieving the starving surplus population of Leland,
emigration to such of our colonies as enjoy a tempe-
rate climate—a climate akin to our own—ls alone in
contemplation. Grave arguments have been adduced
to show that white men may, with due caution,
labour in the fields in tropical climates with impunity ;
but this is a question which only experiment can
decide, and it would be unpardonable to make the
experiment under the pretence of affording friendly
assistance.

The colonies in temperate climates, which are more
or less available for the contemplated Irish emigra-
tion, are the British North American provinces, the
Australian colonies, and the Cape of Good Hope.
The British North American provinces, as the
nearest, are those to which attention is naturally turned
in the first instance. The Irish emigrants who
were settled in Upper Canada, under the auspices of
Mr. PETER ROBVON, have prospered to a degree that
invites a repetition of the operation. But in Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward's Island there is scarcely
any fertile land left without an owner. In Canada
the waste lands have been placed at the disposal of
the local legislature. To render the unreclaimed
lands of British North America available for the pur-
poses of Irish colonisation, the British government
must invite the co-operation of independent parties.
We believe, however, that the present moment is
propitious to negotiations for that purpose. The
discovery of rich minerals in the fur west of Canada
has stimulated provincial enterprise. In the interim
arrangements entered into with mining companies
express allusion is made to some contemplated
legislative measure for regulating the disposal
of waste lands. The bill for this purpose,
which was before the local legislature when
the unhappy breach between Lord METCALFE
and his council interrupted the whole business of the
colony, might be resumed ; the temper in which M.
MORIN and other influential habitans entered upon
its discussion, warrant the hope that a good measure
may be passed. Then, such offers might be made to
the sixteen proprietors of Prince Edward's Island,
under whom that garden of the St. Lawrence has
been kept waste, as to tempt them to co-operate with
government towards its colonisation. Lastly, the in-
clination of the legislatures of Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and (we believe) Canada, to vote consider-
able sums as advances towards the construction of a
railway from Halifax to Quebec or Montreal, and
to grunt equitable acts of incorporation to any
company undertaking its construction, upon condition
that a certain sum shall also be advanced by the im-
perial government, affords at once a prospect of em-
ployment for many emigrants, of investment for British
capital, and of a means for rendering the interior lands
of these provinces accessible. The regular and rapid
intercourse which, by steam packets, we have with
these colonies renders it comparatively easy to com-
mence and terminate negotiations with them in a
short time. What government can offer on the part
of this country is the use of British capital towards
improving their means of internal communication, and
turning to account their mineral resources, provided
they place the disposal of their waste lands—their
common property—under such regulations as will
ensure fair play to the enterprise of emigrant British
labourers and capitalists.
In the colonies of the Australian continent the dis-
posal of the waste lands is still vested in the crown
exclusively, and the power which this circumstance
gives ministers of making regulations without con-
sulting localauthorities, may in part compensate for the
' - -'rareness of these countries. There are, how-

greatei
ever, urgent demands at this moment for labouring
emigrant& from two Australian provinces, which may
serve as a guide to ministers in any arrangement for
the relief of Ireland. The discovery of mines in
South Australia has stimulated the demand not
merely for miners but for agricultural labourers, to
meet the increased consumption of the colony. La-
bourers are urgently wanted there, and the steadily
increasing land sales furnish the means of affording
them gratuitous passages. A loan upon the future land
sales of that colony, with a view to facilitate the
emigration of Irish labourers might safely be ventured
upon. With regard to Sydney, there are no less than
two agents in this country at present, commissioned
to seek out a good class of emigrant labourers. One
of these, a lady, who is accredited by the most re-
spectable and influential colonists, is understood to
have in view arrangements for increasing the number
of respectable female emigrants, chiefly from among
the members of her own communion, which is the
Roman Catholic. The object of the other, an influ-
' ential member of the legislative council, is to recruit
the Protestant ranks, by drafts of emigrants from Scot-
land and Ulster. By holding the balance fair between
theii parties government might materially facilitate a
large emigration to Australia, both from the north
and the south of Ireland.
New Zealand and the Cape of Good Hope are still
in a state of uncertainty, but that very circumstance
suggests the easibility of turning to account one
feature ofthe Irish character. In the newly acquired
territory on the frontier of the Cape Colony, and
everywhere in New Zealand, a well-organised militia
will, for some time, be a desideratum. Commimione
might prove an inducement to a superior claw of
Irishmen to emigrate to these settlements, and to
avail themselves of local knowledge and local in-
fluence to select hardy and steady characters from
the labouring class to accompany them.
Lastly, in all our colonies, the connexions and
operations of thegreat landcompanies might beturned
to account, to facilitate an extraordinary amount of
emigration in the year which has just commenced.

•--
Wakes received OW Paris express of Monday.
Tba `social crisis which has declared itself GS
the Bemis, the concomitant effect of the deficiency of
subdue/hoe and the popular disturbances which ham '
bribokkii ilk the western departments, hare divan*
is amiss. Memeere the Paris press from the almost
worst-Mat topics of the Montpensier marriage, the
broken alliance, and the coup d'etat of the northers
powers. The Parispess of Sunday teems with ao-•
counts of corn riots in various parts of France.
During the last two days of the week the greeted
agitation prevailed on the Bourse. Every species of
murky suffered a sodden and considerable decline.
The prokimate cause of this was the resolution of the
Rant of France to raise its discount to 5 per cent.;
and the almost simultaneous arrival of advice. fresh
London, that the Bonk of England had adopted •
measure of a similar kind.
The increase of the rate of discount, necessarily as
oompanied b 7 a corresponding increase of the interest
on all securities, will be attended with a proportionate
fall of their marketable value. It is by this increased
profit that capital will be attracted to the market, sad
these axe the means by which the Bank expects to
bring back specie to its cellars. These financial
changes occurring so suddenly must neeecearily pro-
duce convulsions in commerce disastrous to same
classes of speculators, and injurious more or lees to
all. But they are not the only, nor eves the chid
causes of embarrassment at present in France. The
deficiency of subsistence seriously. increases the diffi-
culty. The high price of provisions diminishes the
amount left to the population to spend on other
articles of oonsumption, and thus manufacturing in-
dustry mast be seriously injured.
We have frequently noticed the large amount of
importations of foreign grain already made in France.
yet these, extensive as they have been, have hoed
to keep down the price of vegetable food. On ilatm-
day,.in the Paris markets, the price of dour railed
• point which, if it be sustained, as seems potable,
will raise the 4 lb. loaf to tenpenoe.
Accounts of riots among the people, arising from
scarcity of bread, reached Paris on Saturday and
Sunday. The western de parents, where the price
of food has been generally low, and where, conse-
quently, the present "dearness of provisions is more
severely felt, are more especially the theatre of these
disturbances.
In the department of the Indre the disturbances
were most deplorable. One farmer who attempted
to defend his property from a band of pillagers was
massacred. At -Laval, in Mayenne, the weggous