The Express.
London, England, 1847-11-15 00:00:00

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LONDON, MONDAY, NO V. 15.

IF the intervention of France and Austria in the
quarrels of the Swiss could have a tolerable pretext, it
would be that of humanity—a determination on the ,
part of two powerful governments to prevent the
people of Switzerland from slaughtering each other
and engaging in a civil war, fierce and bigot, like
those of three centuries back. Ilut the project was
whispered of letting the parties first fight it out,
of leaving the Swiss to themselves, provided the
Jesuits triumphed and succeeded in fettering the liber-
ties of the person, of the press, and of education, but of
interfering with an armed force to undo any victory
that the liberal Swiss might gain. This is a proposal
more despotic, more retrograde, more bigot, more
subversive of the independence of free nations, and
more negative of their progress, than any ukase that
ever issued from the Holy Alliance in its most inso-
lent and inquisitorial day.
We have often declared ourselves to be no admirers
of M. OCHSENBEXN and of the extreme radical parties
of either Berne, Lausanne. or Geneva. But the leaders
and the ideas of these nen are enlightenment itself,
compared with the men and the policy which guide
the Lucernese and the Forest cantons. On both sides
it is the rustic and peasant class which has overmas-
tered not only the aristocratic but the civic, and thus
introduced bigotry and rusticity into the cantonal
executives.

What is the true, the natural remedy for this revo-
lution, which has placed the most illiterate portion of
the Swiss at the head of the country, and subjected
the more intelligent to the least intelligent portion of
the community ? The true remedy lies in a greater
centralisation, not only of the force of the govern-
ment, but of the federal legislature, and in the dimi-
nution of that cantonal independence which the con-
servatives of Switzerland would keep up for the sake
of the few strongholds where they predominate.
But if we look round Switzerland, and ask what
are the powers and parties which tend to violence
and bigotry and extremes, and what are the powers
and parties which recommend moderate measures,
make conciliatory proposals, and appoint moderate and
rational persons to office, things answer for them-
selves. The cantonal councils and executives are all
fierce, uncompromising, carried violently on to one
extreme or another. Whilst every act of the Diet,
or of the Swiss confederation, is mild, conciliating,
and in the the that moderate men would choose.
Why is M. OCIISENBEIN chief magistrate of the
confederation ? Because it is not the confederation
which chooses him, but his own 'cantonal party.
The diet, when called on to appoint a military
commander, selected M. Du FOVR, as moderate a
man as OCIISENBEIN is violent. Nothing could
be more fair than the diet's decision in the quarrel
of the Argovian convents. Nothing could be more
fair than the offer of the Diet to Lucerne, that, if the
Jesuits could be put away from their position in
Lucerne, which rendered them actual rulers of all
Switzerland in the year that Lucerne was Vorort,
no more would be required.
The only hope of bringing back peace to
Switzerland, consistently with its preservation of
freedom and independence, would be to discounte-
nance both extreme parties, whether radical or Jesuit,
and not do as France has done—excite one against
the other. The chief cause of the predominance of
the democratic party in Berne and Lausanne, is simply
the predominance of the Jesuits in Lucerne. One
coarse and violent extreme naturally begets its oppo-
site to counteract it.

The true mode of neutralising that radical and revo-
lutionary spirit, which France and Austria affect to
be so afraid of, would be to give full and increased
powers to the Diet, to make it sovereign beyond the
power of resistance, and to give it the authority
to choose a new executive. The Pact, as it stands, is
but a source of civil war, with the executive powers
going in rotation from the Jesuits to the leaders of
the free corps, from monk to revolutionist. The late
choice of officers oade by the Diet, proves that this
body, had it the power, possesses wisdom, and patience
to choose the right and moderate course, and, we have
no doubt, the Diet would gladly decree that Lucerne
and Berne were both governed by parties too extreme
to admit of either of them wisely or fitly leading the
confederation, and that Zurich ought to be the perma-
nent Vorort, until some federal or executive govern-
ment, more congenial to the necessities of the age,
could be invented.

Louts PHILIPPE and M. GUIZOT might indeed
oppose this. Any approach to an elective execu-
tive fills the former with horror. And the idea of
American federalism in the midst of Europe is a
spectre that haunts the King of the FRENCH, and
assumes to him the shape and promise of a future
avenger of his despotic tendencies and ultra-kingly
acts. In order to obviate this, and to exorcise the
spectre, the influence of the French government is
exerted to force Switzerland back into the
old iron armoury of the middle ages ; to entrench
bigotry, both of religion and politics, in each canton ;
to neutralise and render impossible all central govern-
ment, and thus emasculate the Swiss republic. As
Austria and Russia combined to swallow Cracow,
which they dreaded, France and Austria have now
undertaken to do the same by Switzerland. But
Switzerland is too much developed, too full-grown,
too much inspired by old honour, freedom, and tradi-
tion ; its links of sympathy are far too strong both
with Germany and France, and, in short, Switzerland
has far too much vitality to be trodden down or
trodden out. And, for our part, we place more faith
in the duration of Swiss nationality and independ-
ence, than in that of either of the liberticide houses
of BOURBON and LORRAINE.

IT has been observed, that of the railway works un-
dertaken or planned duriag the last two years—sup-
posing it admitted, for the sake of argument, that
they have been extended beyond their due propor-
tion, to the detriment of the national resources—a
large part has been, directly or indirectly, called into
being by the acts and declarations of public men, and
by the favour with which eerta;n principles were I
regarded in parliament ; that, had legislation been
guided by wise and comprehensive dews in deal-
ing with the new schemes, at a time when they'
might have been properly controlled, that rapid in-
crease in railway engagements, which we are
now advised to check by some violent pro-
cess, would have been usefully restrained in
many quarters. The value of this observation for
practical uses might be inconsiderable, were no hints
for the future to be gathered from a review of the
past. Such, however, is not the case here. On look-
ing at the causes to which an erroneous course of
legislation may be ascribed, there will be found ma-
terials by which the value of such measures as may
be proposed for its guidance hereafter will be suitably
tested. Nor can the working account of recent ses-
sions be regarded as cloeed with respect to one con-'
siderable branch of the subject On the gauge ques-
tion they have left to thew successors a legacy of
undetermined strife, which has not only swelled to a
high degree the total of railway expenditure by
various schemes now in progress, but which must be
ended in some effectual manner, and that without
farther delay, if it be not intended that the waste and
derangement it has already caused shall proceed in
an increasing ratio hereafter.
We have thus in the survey of past transactions
two points at least of practical bearing on the future
discussions of the railway question. The first arises
from a revision of the manner in which bills were
disposed of by parliament, coupled with the fact that
some desire was shown by the government to classify
and control them, bat that it effected nothing what-

ever in either way. To the causes of these matters
of fact we must refer in any useful inquiry respecting
the principles to be applied to future plans of regula-
tion, whenever theydesoend from the region of general
phrases to realities. The second meets us in the
pressing necessity of doing something on a question
which must become more perplexed and intractable
the longer it is left open. Here again will be seen
not only the inefficacy of the means hitherto applied,
but the impossibility of clearing up the disorder
caused by trifling with the subject without taking
plainly and resolutely a new method. To this second
question we shall confine what we have to my in the
present article.
The matter with which parliament had to deal two
years since, when the gauge commission was called
for, was not, as we pointed out on the presentation of
the commissioners' report last year, by any means a
settlement of the abstract merits of the contending
systems. It was to determine—seeing that two sys-
tems already existed in certain relative proportions—
bow the existing difference could be best adjusted
under actual circumstances. The main feature of

Ithese was the plain fact that more than three-fourths
of the railway mileage of the kingdom, and all the
main communications over a still larger proportion of
the surface of the kingdom, had been formed on lines
of a certain dimension. It then remained to be
seen whether it was well that the spread of a
different class should continue, and whether
uniformity was or was not desirable: and, if
desirable, how it might be promoted, or how, at least,
the multiplication of discrepancies in the general
system might be avoided. To the determination of
these points, the government were urged by parlia-
ment ;—and having undertaken the charge, they pro-
duced, in 1846, the Gauge Commissioners' Report,
a document of a practical and judicious character;
satisfactory to all impartial minds, and only im-
pugned by the decided partisans of the exceptional
system, the spread of which the report did not ap-
prove of. The sum of their inquiries was to the
following effect : and the conclusion, it may be added,
agreed to at the time by those who were the beet
qualified to judge on the subject without bias,
and only further confirmed by subsequent
occurrences : that in the particular dimension
which had been chosen, by accident, fur the
standard width of passenger railways, there was
no abstract excellence whatever ; but that it had been
proved sufficient for all working purposes ; that being
so, no reason could be shown to compensate the dis-
advantage of changing from this to a greater width
the 3,000 miles already opened or planned on the
established scale. That, in some respects, the broad
gauge was leas convenient for traffic : that its peculiar
merits, for practical purposes, were confined to the
item of speed : and that this was not decided enough
to outweigh the inconvenience of a brake at every point
where of different gauges should meet. That no me-
thod could effectually remove this great inconvenience;
and that uniformity of dimension waa the prime condi-
tion on which alone the full benefit of railway transit
could be ensured to all parts of the island. The com-
missioners, however, did not go so far as to recom-
mend any forcible reduction of the extant wide lines,
which were then confined to the western counties, to
the established standard; but they were of opinion
that nothing at least should be done to carry the in-
conveniences of a variation in gauge into other dis-
tricts, and therefore advised that the exceptional
system should not be allowed to proceed beyond the
region in which it had been first tried. This was evi-
dently the mildest shape in which the common-sense
view of the subject could be followed out. Could
the welfare of the country have been promoted
without regard to any of the individual bodies in it,
the proper course would obviously have been to insist
upon the absolute reduction of all railways to the same
gauge: and the speediest and cheapest way, by many
degrees, of doing this would have been to narrow the
wider lines. The cost of simply bringing the
rails nearer to each other would have been
slight; the only expense of any consequence being
the replacing of the stock. The mileage of stocked lines
on the wide gauge was not at that time much above
200 miles ; while of the narrow lines in the same con-1
dition, which could not have been widened without
reconstructing all their main works, there were about
1,000. This plain course, however, it might have
been thought a hardship to enforce. It was not re-
commended by the commissioners. They did not
venture to advise that the mistake should be wholly
eradicated by authority. But they did propose mea-
sures calculated to prevent its consequences hum
spreading further. And had their advice then been fol-
lowed, the evil would nit have been so considerable as
to cause any serious disadvantage to the chief com-
merce of the country; the rivalry that has since
charged its resources with millions to be spent on the
hostile plans of the contending gauges would have
been in a great measure prevented.
At this point was shewn no very favourable dis-
play of government interference in a case in which,
of all others, the state could have interposed, and
ought to have acted on the information laid before it
by its own agents. Between the presentation of the
report and the appearance of a ministerial bill founded
on it, the Great Western party were busy in agitating
against the commissioners. They canvassed parlia-
ment diligently, got up a "demonstration" of M.P.'s
to besiege in hisoffiee the wavering head of the Board
of Trade ; they were understood to have gained—by
what means we shall not undertake to declare—a
large party in the Lords. The narrow-gauge inte-
rests, meanwhile, were fur the most part entirely pas-
sive. The question, indeed, was far more important
to the nation at large than it could be to most of the
companies whose railways were constructed on the
common standard. On the whole, they left it to the
government to vindicate the advice of its own coin-
minion, and to bear, as it ought to have borne, the
responsibility of acting upon tt. How this was met
is well known. A bill was brought into parliament,
late in the session, quite evasive of the best recom-
mendations in the report, settling nothing, blinking
the question which only it could have been in the
least useful to determine, leaving the confusion, in
short, full scope to become worse than before. That
such has been the effect we need hardly remind any
one. The opposition of the two gauges has gone on
as furiously as ever since the passing of the bill,
which was regarded as practically defunct long before
the end of the following session—in less than twelve
months after it had been passed; and a new inquiry has
been asked for to adjust the growing confusion which
every one now admits to be mischievous in many
ways; and which, could government have done any-
thing, it ought to have prevented, which might, in-
deed, have been effected by resolutely acting on the
advice of the commissioners appointed by themselves
in 1845.

The inquiry, how this" lame and impotent conclu-
sion came to pus," will bring us to the first point
mentioned above, which regards the conditions of
state interference. It will, probably, be requisite to
examine this point in some detail before long. In
the mean time, this may be remarked :—On a survey
of the railway affairs of the last two years, it will. be
wen that some of the most questionable forms of their
expenditure in new schemes are the direct growth of
this gauge rivalry, which it was the business of
the government to have adjusted, and which
it had, at one time, a good opportunity of
repressing. lly leaving the matter, virtually, to take
its own course, the nation has been almost inextricably
burdened meanwhile with the inconvenience of two
discordant systems, which,—let partisans of the
broad gauge say what they will—can never inter-
change traffic, or forward carriages to sad fro with
the convenience and safety that thefiespateh of rail-
way business requires. It is misobiat at least is a
certain one, whether the multiplication of costly
schemes, in places where they were not greatly re-
quired at present, has, or has not been, itself a
serious evil, as well as a foolish waste. This waste,
as well as the national mischief, the failure of govern-
ment action, in one of those few cues where its action
was really wanted, has directly produced. We have
now to inquire what can be done to prevent farther
consequences from the same cause.

AMONGST the points, on which it is most desirable
that clear views should be formed and disseminated,
must be ranked the bearing of free competition upon
our agricultural interests. An island with limited
surface and growing population is driven by the
mere growth of its necessities to choose between
crops, atter exhausting the suggestions of science
and art for the improvement of such crops
as habit has rendered favourite and familiar
with the farmer. When we find ourselves re-
duced to the necessity, which clearly prevailed
in 1846, of importing both grain and cattle, meal
and salted provisions, as well as fowls, eggs, and
fruit, the farmer need not complain of want of

THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 15, 1847.

choice; and our belief is strong that when the
British farmer has made his selection,, se will be at no
l
loss to maintain his ground, as long as it shall suit
him to do so, against any rivals. The year 1846 is
especially favourable for the prosecution of an inquiry'
of the kind--since the removal of the duty on foreign
cattle, which took place on the 19th of March of
that year, shows what the exertions of our neigh-
hours would be to obtain a share of the market thus
opened.
We find the number of head of cattle imported to
be—
Horned cattle
Caws
Horne 471
1155
sbeep cad lent. 91,400
The value of this importation cannot be less than
a million and a half sterling. We further find--
Salted beef 174,227 ewe.
Salted pork
These quantities must be valued at at least half a
million.
Flax seed
Rape
Tem 37.331 gra.
Clover 208,105 cal:.
The value of these, united with the minor, but more
valuable, quantities of garden and other seeds, is like-
wise, on a moderate estimate, one million and a half.
We further find
Butter . 249,897 cwt.
Cheese . ..... 34;.,2G1
Einis
Feels £15,249
Considering that the butter is mostly fresh, the value
of these provisions is not much below two millions
sterling. We further imported flax to the value, in
round numbers, of one and a half million, and hemp
valued at half a million sterling.
The total value of these importations from foreign
countries is seven and a half millions, taking them at
the prices current in cheap years.
Since it will not be asserted that any of these pro-
ducts depressed in a distressing manner the market
price, even though imported in a year of scarcity, we
find that our production leaves room for a supply to
this extent in a dear year, and, consequently, that in
a prosperous season a still larger consumption of all
these articles may be expected. If nine mil-
lions were devoted in a good year to the purchase
of articles here enumerated, the question for the
farmer would be, where the greatest profit lay ; that
is to say, whether his profit would be larger, after
defraying all his expenses, upon nine millions ster-
ling derived from grain, or upon the same sum drawn
from rearing cattle, dairy produce, seeds, and fibrous
plants. If the latter are less expensive to grow, safe as
being well suited to our climate, and have the advantage
of no cost of carriage to take from the profit, a prudent
speculator will choose them. But he can only do so when
assured that an equivalent value will be disposed of
elsewhere in providing the grain which his choice of
crops may have displaced. Unless corn be abundant,
he may be sure that his market will be taken from
him, and his produce left upon his hands. But in
proportion as corn cheapens, and the sum he causes
to be sent abroad purchases increasing quantities of
corn, his market for all other produce will widen,
and refined cultivation will become remunerative.
This is the change which free trade promises to bring
about in the cultivation of this country. The study
of this problem is, for all concerned in the production
or in the consumption of agricultural produce, of equal
interest. _ _ _

The manufactured goods imported in 1816 bear the
same characteristic with the agricultural imports; but

. •
here we are on more solid ground. Our great advan-
tage is not extent of land, but it lies in abundance of
capital. The judicious employment of that capital
has allowed us to supply a large portion of the globe
with cheap clothing, which to our customers is as
essential as cheap food is to us. It is our machinery
and other productive capital, united with the disposi-
tion that a civilised community shows to associate in
large masses, which gives us manufacturing profits
and raises the rate of wages. Wages being for those
reasons higher in England than elsewhere, a tempo-
rary advantage is afforded to such of our neighbours
as have labour in abundance, and do not pay it well.
From such countries we expect, and we find, that
objects produced by hand labour come. But they
compete on sorry terms with similar products in our
own country. They tell a talc of badly remunerated
industry, and we ought almost to be ashamed to tax
them 20 pee omit.
Some imported articles are, however, of a kind
that command a market by superior quality and
beauty. Such are many French textile fabrics.
Co. ton f 305,539, and 74,819 nieces not valued.
Lee 136,583.
1411148
Woollens 313,981.

To these we may add watches and clocks, 189,374!.;
ornamental glass, 44,7201. ; china, cameos, toys,
and artificial flowers, 77,8791. If we wish to have
these made at home we must educate the people. It
is clear that duties cannot secure such arts. But the
large sums that gloves, boots, flint•glass. and various
other wares, amount to must either be placed to the
account of low wages abroad, or of municipal or less
authorised restrictions on labour at home.

Oar Paris despatches of Saturday report the con-
tinuation of the provincial demonstrations in favour
of a reform of the abuses which prevail in the electoral
and parliamentary system of France—the " reform
banquets," as our neighbours call them. Since that'
which was recently held at Lille, another, on a like
scale, has taken place at Avesne. In relation to these
"public meetings " there are two circumstances no-
ticeable ; first, the opposition given by the govern-
ment, and its mode of showing it; and, secondly, the
invincible repugnancy of the mass of the electors to
allow the introduction of the name of the sovereign
in any manner which might seem to imply approbation
or respect. Wherever the local authorities can obtain an
opportunity of interfering to obstruct these meetings
they do so, and sometimes in a manner which to English
ideas seems curiously incompatible with official dignity.
Thus at Avesne the sub-prefect, by order of the
minister of the interior, refused to give the usual per-
mission to hold the meeting in the public hall of the
place; whereupon a private individual, an elector of
the arrondissement, gave the use of his chateau and
pleasure-grounds for the purpose, destroyed the trees
and disfigured the plantation, to erect a temporary
building, which was rapidly run up in carpentry.
Upon this the authorities of the place gave notice that
they would cause it to be pulled down, on the pretext
of danger of fire, but before they could obtain the aid
of the engineers and artillery to carry this measure
into effect the meeting took plea,.
In most of these meetings it has been thought
pru-
dent to omit the toast to the king, the mention of
whose name must have elicited a popular expression
not very desirable to be manifested. At some, as, for'
example, at this of Avesne, the toast has been given,
but with so many reserves, and so much manage-
ment, and with so careful an abstinence of all mullion
of Louis Philippe by name, that the proceeding has
only rendered the invincible character of the popular
repugnance still more strikingly apparent
An accident occurred on the arrival of the king
from Fontainblean on Thursday evening, which cre-
ated a momentary alarm. As the king was getting
out of the royal railway carriage to enter his own to
proceed to Saint Cloud, the report of a pistol
was heard. It was, however, only the result of a
simple accident A servant, in removing the baggage
from the waggon of the king's suite, dropped a pistol
belonging to one of the orderly officers, which, having
a percussion lock, went off. The ball was afterwards
found at the station, in a direction quite opposite to
that of his Majesty, who immediately went on to St.
Cloud. The king came to Paris on Friday, and pre-
sided at a council of ministers, after which his Ma-
jesty received the congratulations of several diploma-
tists and other distinguished personages on his escap-
ing from any injury by the accidental explosion of a
pistol at the railroad station on his return from Fon-
, tainbleau. A mass of thanksgiving on the same Buh-
-1 ject was performed in the churches by command of
the Queen.

_
M. Mon, late Minister of Finances in Spain, hes
left Paris for Madrid, to fulfil there his functions as
deputy.
In spite of the opposition of the officials in the
councils general, these bodies have, in several cases,
passed resolutions in favour of electoral reform. The
council-general of the department of the Seine yes-
terday came to a resolution in favour of the principle.
The prefect opposed the proposition for a vote of this
kind, on the ground that councils-general should have
nothing to do with politics in their deliberations. One
of the members demonstrated by official reports,
signed by the Minister of the Interior, that councils-
general were competent to discuss matters connected
with legislation, and on a division the number of votes
in favour of the proposition was 25, and that of the
opponents 8.

The Paine of Saturday says : " The payments a I
the different subscriptions to the loan were effechei
to-day with a readiness which is worthy of remark,
at a moment when the money market still feels the
effect of the financial crisis, and when the Bank of
England has been forced to raise its rate of discount."
The periods, amount, and rate of the French loans
contracted during the last 17 years are as follow :
MO 40,000,000 fr. in 3 per Cents. at 102 fr. •-
1831 120,000,000 tr. S per Cents. 81 fr. a

1131 130,00006 fr. 3 ier Cents. 98 fr. 30 e.
1641 130,000,000 fr. 3 per Cents. 78 fr. 34 e

1844 204;800.000 fr 3 per Oti;;: M it: ir

1847 250:000d,000 fr. 3 Per Cent.- 75 fr. 23 e.

Tot _910,00.000 fr.
Baron Rothschild ➢aid on Friday into the Treasury
the snm of 23 millions, consisting of 12,500,000 fr.
for the instalment Nov. 22, 1847, and of 12,500,000 fr.
for that of Dec. 22.

A circular has just been addressed by the central
committee of the electors of the opposition in the de-
partment of the Seine to its correspondents, in which
it states that the reform banquets which have taken
place were intended to afford a neutral ground for the
meetings of persons of all parties in favour of electoral
and parliamentary reform,but without depriving them
of their liberty of conscience or liberty of speech.
"These banquets," says the committee, " have only
been and must only be the application of a conciliat-
ing idea. Union,and consequently no exclusion ; lega-
lity, and consequently no violence ; an appeal to all
opinions, without any dominating or being domi-
nated ; an agreement of all, without submission to any
one ; toleration, without abnegation ; community of
efforts without abdication of individual forms of belief:
such were the principles which have served for a role
to the central committee to secure the success of elec-
toral and parliamentary reform." The committee
adds: " The time is perhaps opportune for proclaim-
ing this anew."
'lle announcement of improved arrangements for
the expedition of the correspondence between Paris
and London was received in Paris by all commercial
men with a satisfaction lively in proportion as they
' have so long suffered from the evils of the private ex-
presses, of which a few leading houses only can afford
to avail themselves. Lord Clanriearde arrived in
Paris on Friday to effect, in conjunction with the
Post-office authorities there, the desired arrangement.
The plan at present contemplated is to despatch from
Paris two mails daily. The first will start soon after
mid-day, and will arrive in London early enough to
enable the London morning papers to publish the
Paris news of the preceding forenoon. The second
mail will start from Paris at about 8 o'clock in the
evening, and will arrive in London so as to enable
the evening papers to publish the Paris news of the
preceding afternoon.
The Duchess d'Aumale arrived at Toulon on the
Bth with a numerous suite. She was desirous of em-
barking the same day, but it was believed she would
pass the night on land. The Albatros, whirls was to
convey her to Algiers, was ready to start at a
moment's notice.

The Madrid mails of the 7th have been received.
The following correspondence between Generals Nar-
vsez and Pewter° appears in the journals :
To the Duke of Victoria.—Mlnistre of Foreign Affalra.—Essellent
Sir,—The (lomat, our Indy, antler date of the lat of the promo
month, has deigned to sign tits following decree:—Taking into consi-
deration the eminent qualities which distinguish Dim Baldomero
Exporter°, Duke do la Victoria, and do4ring :o give him a public
teotimonial of my royal esteem, and of the confidence which I hare
in his capacity not less than in his affection to my person, I nomi-
nate him my Ambum Mr Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to her
Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land. I transmit this copy of the royal order to your excellency for
your knowledge and atidaction. God protect your excereney for
ruarly years.—irligned) DMZ ox VALSNCIA—Madrid, Oct.
Esparterett reply was as follows :
Excellent air,—l have received the royal order by which the Qum
oar lady has deigned to name me her ainbsmador extraonlinarr And
plenipotentiary to her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland. l stoat always be grateful for this new
moof of the royal esteem with which her Majesty has honoured me ;
but I supplicate her Majesty, in her goodness, to exempt me from inch
an elevated charge, it khan necessary far me to live for some time
separated from public affair. in order to attend to my prirate afetr
which have been neglected for so many ye.ma. I pray your excel-
lency to make this known to her MMesty, at the sante time ensuring
her of the purity and sincerity of my sentiments, and that I shall
always remain her mart devoted servant and faithful subject. God
protect your excellency for many years.—(Signed), Tug Ds'xx cm IA
—London, Oct. 21.
The Marquis de Miraflores bas been appointed Pre-
sident: and the Duke de Gor and the Prince de
Anglona, Vice-Presidents of the Senate. The royal
decrees appointing Ros de Olano ambassador at Lis-
bon and conferring on General Cordova the Grand
Cross of Charles 111. had also appeared. According
to the Clamor Public°, these two gentlemen, on their
dismissal from the ministry, entered into a very angry
correspondence with General Narvaez, and in the
coarse of it, Roe do Olano threatened to publish " a
full, true, and particular account " of what had oc-
curred just previously to the general's accession to
power. In thv hope of preventing the scandal of such
a publication, Narvaez, says the Clamor, conferred on
them the dignities to which they have just been
gazetted, and caused the Heraldo to speak well of
them. Ile, moreover, allowed Roe do Olano 10,000
reals for his journey to Lisbon, and 20,000 for his
first establishment; but the amuse asserts that the
iltwo ex-ministers are not yet satisfied, and that they
still threaten to publish an account of the circum-
stances attending the recent change of ministry.
General Alain has addressed an appeal to the Queen
to be informed of the causes for which he has been
ordered to leave Madrid, and soliciting that, if those
causes be of a serious nature, ho may be brought to
trial in the usual course.

the chief places of Piedmont, on the occasion of the
recent reforms. Charles Albert seems likely to be.
come a greater popular idol than either Phis IX. or
Leopold 11.
The Diario di Roma of the 2nd publishes the ap.
pointment of Cardinal Alfieri as president of Rohl
and the comarca ; Cardinal Antonelli, President of
the Council of State ; Cardinal Marini, leg.te of the
province of Forli ; and Cardinal Bofondi, legate of the
province of Ravenna.

Letters from Berne and Bile to the 10th, and the
journals bearing the date of the 11th, have arrived.
The cantonal government of Tessin() had sent an
official report of the affair between the Tessinese
and the Uri troops on the St. Gothard, which
agrees in the main with that already given. The
Uri invaders consisted of some four or five
hundred men, with roar pieces of cannon. Be.
sides two officers killed, a third, described as the
commander, was wounded. The federal colonel,
Luvini, had arrived in the canton, and &junction was
expected between the troops of Tessin and those of
the Grisons, which were approaching; after which
they would take the offensive under Colonel Luvini,
and attack the canton of Uri. This, combined with
the simultaneous movements on the cantons of Fri.
burg and Lucerne, would, it was thought, speedily
bring the affair to an issue.
It is amusing to observe the efforts of the &bate
to represent the attack upon Airolo, a Tessin village,
by the Uri people, as a provocation of the 'NMl:lege.
The newts proves this by alleging, that the Ter‘inese,
some two months since, stopped a convoy of arms
coming from Milan! The fact i., that the Tee/linen
were slumbering in very inactive neutrality when
the fanatic invasion of a Lucerne officer, at the head
of some soldiers of Uri, mused them to action. The
reason assigned for the arrest of Count Krusineld at
Berne is, that he had written these inflammatory
articles for the M,tata.
The troops of the other cantons acknowledging the
authority of the federal government were all on their
march, for the purpose of concentration at the various
' points which had been indicated. Estavaser wag
occupied on the Bth by the troops of Geneva, without
its being found necessary to fire a gun, and the inha.
bitants of this district manifested satisfaction at the
arrival of the federal force. INlorat, another dintriet
of Friburg. was in open insurrection, and the troops
of that state had been expulsed by the inluibitants.
On the other hand, the Sonderbund had directed its
troops towards Lucerne and Zug, which are ex-
pected to be the principal points of resistance. The
Suisse of the 10th mentions a report that another
affair had taken place on the Saint Gothard, in which
Colonel Muller, of the army of the Sonderband, had
lost his life.

There appear in the journals and in the private cor-
respondence of Madrid, innumerable prognostics, by
which an approaching storm in the palace and the
council may be foreknown. At the late banquet the
Queen, as usual, appeared lively and animated—the
King thonghtfui, silent, and pensive. The Queen
lately had a private conference, of three hours dura-
tion, with M. Salamanca ; and many other curious
little incidents are mentioned which have particular
significancy to those who are familiar with the small
machinery of the ante-chambers of the Escurial.
. .

According to report both Esoosura and Salamanca
are menaced with proscription. The latter has not
left Madrid, as was reported. Cordova is gazetted
as lieut.-general.
A great concert was given at the palace, at which
more than 2,000 persons were present.
Pavia set out for Catalonia in a poet-carriage on
the night of Nov. 4. He is expected to meet
Concha at Vich, where the latter will probably
receive the first news of his disgrace. Fulgosio, not
Balboa, is named to succeed Gen. 'Caminero at
Burgos. Fulgosio is one of the Cerlists who made
their peace at Vergara, and have since been admitted
to high employ by the moderado governments.
The Madrid mails, of the Bth, due in Paris on Sa-
turday, had not arrived when oar correspondent
closed his despatches.

The news from Italy is important. The initia-
tive of an Italian customs league has been assumed
conjointly by Piedmont, Tuscany, and Rome. The
Duke of Modena and the King of Naples are expressly
invited to join it, and an opportunity is tacitly afforded
to the ether states of the peninsula to concur in this
first measure of Italian nationality. The official an-
nouncement of the project is made in the Turin Jour-•
nal of the Bth in the following terms, the document
being dated the 3rd inst. •.
lii, Holinwe the Upraise Poring, Pius TX., Ids Misty the Klee or
Sanlinia, and his Inspani sad Royal Highest the Cleated Duke of
Tuscany, Duke of Lem. seminally, animated by the lea to of mend-
buting by their recipeniei team te the Incense et the dignity and
prosperity of Italy ; reselamil ratty tree and err ger brit den
Italian union is the foie of the leeilselai Interests 011ie
forming their states ; eeavlree Yr that the said
be must efficacious Is Is the mem of thee as-
thma industry and tread sd in this belief
by the hope of
Italy, are come to the deeernlnaliale le Yr a seetarY ee
between their remedies denlidens. Ile 014 War re
In virtue of the sushi:roar Irina. rem err of rateebVlC
respective sovereigns, dein se him hat I. • mire helps le
agreed on in principie brews the miser of the Help nen teeth.
Tuscany, and Lucca t toy irate the reelmettee at anuele.
'loners eriecially d by the rettrestry power hr the
formation of a common arms see for the Odes of ajun dis-
tributive pinat with nowt to esomon prime Art 2. In the
I fo of the mom'sessileined in the article,
tealin.the suerseir error he be rode pr within (*Poe n
determined, the hearer pryer sasepatible with l e respective in-
terests will be made tweeds tutus Ire& Art S. 'The tree and pine
of the assembling of the aid mermilleeere ter be debarred r
soon as the dolnitive hertire if lb blearer the Lee at the Two
and of his Royal Worn the Der of Medea &aloe Mom
respecting their adhesion tee the customs kagew—(fiessed) Grovsetin
Coasola Russo ; E. DI see llasesso • O. Amami.
The King of Sardinia hu issued letters patent for
the establishment of a national bank at Turin.

The demonstrations which took place at Genoa on the
4th inst. have been since continued. The Tuscan journals
are filled with the descriptions of a second demon-
stration that took place on the 4th inst. at Florence,
in honour of the Sardinian reforms. The Alba of
Florence states that the ten individuals, who had
been outlawed by the Neapolitan government, have
succeeded in effecting their escape in a British
vessel. Thirty cases of muskets had arrived at
Florence for Bologna, and 150 more were expected.
The Turin Journal of the 9th, which has been re-
ceived since the above was written, contains ten
columns of reports of popular manifestations in all

' The Nile Gazette of the 10th mentions a report
from Berne that the federal government had just re-
ceived from Frankfort aoo,opor. lent to it a, 7 pry
cent. interest. It is stated in a letter from lisle, of
the 9th, that the people of Schwytz have burnt the
bridge over theSiial, on the frontier of Zurich and
Zug, and that the bridge of Rapperschwill has been
cut off on the Schwytz side, as far as the frontier of
St. Gall.

The following summary of the actual state of the
hostile forces is given by the Bate Gazdre of the 11th:
The attack on Friburg will not commence before the lath
or lath. It is said that the Bale artillery will begin the
attack on the side of Murton : orders have been given to this
effect. At Lucerne no offensive movement has, as yet, taken
place on this frontier. The troops all stand ready armed.
It was said en the lath at Zurich, that the Lucerne:se troops,
who had started from the bridge of Gilisk, had attacked
and taken prisoners a post of the Zurich carabincers, who
were at Klein Dieswyl, at the extremity of Freyenamt
towards Lucerne and Zug. In Zug and Schwyz the bridge
of Sihl had been art on fire, and three arches destroyed.
Letters from Berne of the 10th announce that the
Tessinesc had retaken the monastery of St. Gothard.

SAXONY.—PaAous, Nor. s.—An accident, in-
volving the loss of several lives, took place on the
morning of the ith, on the section of railway lortivecn Auval
and Bicchowitz. Two trains came in collision during a fog.
Three persons were killed instantaneously. and the number
of wounded is stated at fifty. Amongst the killed are one
engineer and one stoker
AUSTRIA.—TftIESTE, OCT. 30.—TnE CHOLT.RA.—
Acelrging to accounts received from the south of Russia, up
to Oct. 20, the cholera did not appear to be making any pro-
gress. In the north-west, in the direction of Odessa, it had
stopped at Krementsehuk, on the Dnieper, end at Perekop,
at the entrance of the Crimea, where the mortality had not
been great. At Taganrog it was believed to have entirely
ceased, sod a Te Deum was sung; but it revised, though
with less intensity. Odessa and its environs were perfectly
healthy. The Turkish government had established a qua-
rantine of ten days for all arrivals from such ports of the
Black Sea as were attacked by the cholera. The principali-
ties of the Danube were in a healthy state, except that the
epidemic disease in cattle still prevailed in Wallachia, and is
spreading, so as to induce the government of Moldavia to
establish a sanitary cordon along the Pruth. The discus
disappeared from Moldavia nine months ago. The letters
from St. Petersburg expressed apprehensions of the cholera,
as it had already made its appearance in the government of
Novognrod.
SOUTH AMERlCA.—Letters from Lima, of the
I tth of Sept., announce the solution of the differences
which divided the government of Bolivia and Peru. By the
prudent counsels of Senor 110, the Peruvian minister, a
collision bad been avoided, and General Valdivia had li-
censed most of the troops he had called to arms.

TILE JENNY LIND, of and from Prince Edward's
Drody master, arrived at Southampton on Saturday.
She reports that she met, oa Oct. 28, the barque Amity, of
and for Liverpool, from Richeberto, waterlogged. Succeeded
in saving Capt. Allan and eleven of the crew, who had been
three dais and (our nights on the wreck, lashed in the mina
rigging. Six persons were unfortunately drowned previous
to the remainder of the crew being taken on board the Jenny
Lind. Six of the seamen saved were afterwards put on board
the brig Rebecca, bound (or Glasgow.