The Express.
London, England, 1851-05-31 00:00:00

blockaded with travelling carriages, the railway au-
thorities run monster trains hourly, the steam-boat
companies put on extra vessels. W said the ex-
cited speculators, wait for the first•shilling-day. On
that day Loudon will certainly present an extraor-
dinary appearance. Only policemen will remain
east of Hyde-park -corner. One dense throng of
human beings will occupy every inch of Hyde-
pork, Knightsbridge, and Kensington. It will
be very difficult to preserve order. Perhaps
the doors of the building will be broken down
by the impetuous multitude, and the contents be at
their mercy. This fevered anticipation, was, it ap-
pears, shared in some measure by the Exhibition
authorities..

Last Monday —the first shilling day—opened
brightly. At ail early hour strong bodies of police
took up the stations severally assigned to them
within the building and in all the approaches to it.
Omnibus proprietors, anticipating a golden harvest,
dressed their horses gaily, and cabmen indulged in
glowing dreams of a day in San Francisco. The hour
of opening arrived ; but where was the crowd ? Not
at the building yet. Was it on the road ? Travel-
lers replied iu the negative. Empty omnibuses rum-
bled westward ; empty cabs were not rarities. Ken-
sington was nut besieged—no crowds choked up the
parks. There was the usual carriage room in Piccadilly
—steaks could still be procured in taverns. Here was
a grievous disappointment! Plasards could still be
seen dangling from the garden walls of the houses
that skirt Rotten-row, advertising the vacancy of
rooms within. A feeling of disappointment was
general amongst those who had indulged in extraor-
dinary dreams; but a large proportion of thinking
people prophesied a dull Exhibition day. Everybody
would be afraid of the crowd, and would conse-
quently put off their visit to a later period. The
result showed the truth of this anticipation. Since
the building has been opened to the public we do
not remember a day when it has presented so dull
an appearance as on Monday last, when it was
thrown open to the mimes." Some sturdy pro-
pounders of political dogmas have ventured to affirm
that the working men are unfriendly to the Exhi-
bition--that they regard it in the light of a free-
trade scheme fur cheapening labour, and will not
therefore give it their countenance. The ingenuity
which this version of the afficir displays is amusing
—to say nothing of the discovery that the working-
classes are unfriendly to five trade principles. Other
reasons have been aavanivil, of more or less weight,
but it suffices to record the public feeling of surprise
and the spirit of conjecture which the first shilling
day has awakened. Up to the present time the in-
flux of strangers has been but trifling; but we are
undoubtedly appneiching the period when monster
trains will disgorge masses of mechanics front our
railway te and when steamers will touch our
shores. laden with ponderous living cargoes. Even
then we do not apprehend any overcrowding. At no
period is it probable that the Crystal Palace will con-
tain more than 40,iton isitors at une time. As newcar-
got% of visitors arrive, it should be borne in mind
that the visitors of the previous week will be on
their way home: and thus we shall have a constant
succession of visits, but, in all probability, no incon-
venient crowding.
(hi Tuesday the shilling visitors mustered in
greater numbers than on the previous day. On
this second shilling day thirty-five thousand four
hundred people paid at the doors, and on Wednesday
forty thousand people contributed each their shilling
to the Exhibition exchequer. On Thursday the
number rose to forty-seven thousand five hundred
and eighty. On Friday the admission was 2s. 6d.,
and 2,8004 was taken at the doors. In the sale of
catalogues a marked increase has taken place this
week. On Tuesday there was an increase on the
usual daily sale thirteen thousand copies; and
on Wednesday the increase over previous days
amounted to fifteen thousand copies. This in-
crease may, however, be partly attributed to the
fact that a new edition of the shilling catalogue,
said to be Kirwan', was offered fur sale.
Workmen are still busy in various parts of the
building here and there, to the great inconvenience
of the visitors; and loud hammering may be heard
from within the enclosed court devoted to Russia.
Some days must vet elapse before the colossal
statuary and candelabra from the don ' us of the
Czar can be arranged for public inspection.
A great and agreeable change has been lately ef-
fected in the building. by the removal of Gray and
Davison's organ from the northern transept-gallery
to the cadent truss-gallery of the building. In its
present position it has a pleasing effect.
The amount of property usually lost or forgotten
by an English crowd is extraordinary. Already the
policy authorities on duty within the building have
m their possession a vast number of umbrellas, canes,
parasols, and pocket-hundkerchicfs, to say nothing of
a little store of jewellery—all the leavings of cure-
less visitor,.

The authorities have not yet quite abandoned their
unpopular system of marshalling visitors about the
building. Still people are ordered by policemen to
go down the laooa;,R• they are not inclined to visit,
and this in loyalties where there is not the least ne-

cessity for the annoyance ; while in part47-ne the
northern trauw•pt gallerics--where there w gene-
rally inconvenient crowding, no policeman a to be

The custom which is obtaining ground in carious
parts of the building of covering objects in huge
brown holland easy long before the time for closing
has arrived, should certainly be repressed. People
who cannot visit the building before late in the
afternoon do not care to pay for admission to inspect
calico covers.
The royal family have, as usual, paid several visits
to the biuldiug during the week.

An important increase in the number of the pas-
sengers from the continent is observable by the Kamen
which have arrived this week from the ports of Frame and
Belgium, and it i. remarked that they include a more than
vanally large proportion of foreigner,.

. -
ducing, as we had an opportunity of noticing on Sa-
turday, some laughable results.
'there will, however, be no difficulty in discover-
ing the position of the aforesaid ease 42 and its
contents. Admirably classified and arranged.
may be there beheld the raw silk of six of the prin-
cipal varieties known in commerce, comprising, "Fine
Italian gum waste," "Second Italian gum waste,",
" Italian and China home waste ;" " Brutia and Ben-
gal home waste;" " Verona waste" (knubbs and
husks). Below these are as many specimens of each,
quality " dressed;" in the line beneath we find them
carded; below these again arc the six " slubbings,"
followed by the six course " rovings" and the six 11
fine " rovings." In an adjoining cabinet arc the
spun threads of each of these kinds of silk of every
known and possible degree of tenuity. To make the
technical terms we have been forced to employ'
somewhat more intelligible, we will briefly describe
the processes through which the raw material passes,
alter it has been elaborated in the form of a gummy
secretion in the body of the industrious insect that
plays so prominent a part in the conversion of the
leaves of the white mulberry into regal apparel.
The cocoon in which the little prisoner lies self-
entombed
consists of one long continuous thread, or
rather, microscopically speaking, of two threads
twisted into one ; for the entire line emanates at the
same time from two orifices in the head of the worm,
which by a pecular movement of its body, brings,
them both at the instant of projection into permanent
clad inseparable contact.
His task completed his doom is sealed; unable to
=ape, he is by the action of heat mercilessly de-
rived at the same time of all the advantages of his
position, as well as of his life. The outer easing,'
i classified according to its form, either as a good orl
pointed cocoon ; a " coralon," a dupion or souffion is
speedily unreeled and wound upon a hollow'
frame, when it becomes converted into hanks.
The hanks thus produced, whether arriv-
ing from Italy, France, Bengal, China,
or elsewhere, are designated raw silk. By what is
called " throwing," they are brought into a proper
state for weaving and for other purposes, the silk
being thereby twisted, doubled, and undergoing
sundry other processes, as may be seen in the depart-
ment of machinery in motion, where each progres-
sive step can be observed and studied, and at the
same time ita analogy compared with similar opera-
tions in the cotton and wool departments, as already
described under those heads. Proceeding now to the
south transept galleries, our readers will behold, pro-
minently before them, a handsome case, in which are
suave thirty compartments, No. 1 containing the pro-
duction of the looms of Messrs. Stone and Kemp, of
Spitalfields, at present the property of Messrs. Red-
may ne, inßond-strect. Perhaps the most striking in this
group is a very rich and delicate silk, in colour pink
and white, and bearing upon its surface the pattern
of the rose, thistle, and shamrock, gracefully de-
signed. Next to this we find the novelties of Messrs.
Pugh, of Regent-street, who have brought out this
season a remarkably fine bombazeen cloth, and a still
more important article rejoicing in the name of am-
phomoion, or widows silk, the former of these
grandiloquent appellations simply signifying that its
surface is the same on both *like. Why so rich an
article of apparel should be specially appropriated to
widows we are at a loss to divine, but there can be
no question that it is the most beautiful commodity
ofits kind ever before introduced.

Messrs. Sanderson and Reid have a chair-back of
silk bearinga coat of arms : it is exhibited asaspecimen
of weaving. So good is it, that it might at a
moderate distance be easily mistaken for the work of
the needle. Messrs. Vanner's goods, numbered 4,
are very beautiful, as arc those of Messrs. J. and It.
Robinson, of Milk-street, who have a handsome dig-
play of velvet vestings, velvet for pulpits, &c., black
armazines,cravats in satin and silk,tigured satins, &c.
But the eye is involuntarily led in a short time to the
consideration of Mr. T. Itobinson's cabinet where we

behold velvets of great variety of hue, but chiefly of
the closest texture, and of that short crisp pile that
does not yield beneath the touch, the surest test of ;1
the highest denominations of velvet. The piece of ,
crimson velvet in the centre, at the bottom of the
case, we can pronounce, with only one exception, the
finest we ever saw brought out in this country.
11 Messrs. Stillwell and Son, besides some hand-
some brocatelle for curtains, have some fine'
damasks; and a specimen of her Majesty's co-
ronation robe, wrought by them, whereon
upon an entirely golden ground the pattern stands
forth in brilliant relief. Messrs. Washington and
Davies, of Milk-street, have imitated very cleverly
in silk a variety of furs ; their Ermine is perhaps the
best, though we cannot pronounce it perfectly decep-
tive on approach. The silvery grey of some of the
feline members of the animal creation, and the
speckled surfaces of some one or two others, are fairly
copied, but we presume that there are amongst
these some not intended to resemble the integuments
of any known quadrupedal animal whatever.
Messrs. Walters give specunens of extraordinarily
fine silk plush for hats, and so do Messrs. Wilson,
of Walbrook. As might have been anticipated,
Messrs. Swan and Edgar have a copious variety of ,
the manufactures of Spitallields, including Ducapes„
Gros de Naples; I)ucapee, Oros de Tours ; satins,
Grecian, Gros de Tours watered silks, velvets,'
striped small checks, together with coloured China
silks; amongst them, pretty prominently, and
promptly discernible to a critical eye, is a black
watered silk of great beauty and richness. In this
ease, too, is a very beautiful sea-green silk, with a
small, delicate pattern running over it ; it was manu-
factured for the house above adverted to by Stone
and Kemp. No. 12 comprehends some very magni-
ficent brocades ; articles we perceive, again dis-
played in an adjoining compartment, by Messrs.
Boyd, who have appended to their list a
"piece" of blue watered silk, watered and
figured with gold, and some very fine Moire
Antique. The gold and blue pattern has, we opine,
only one fault—it is too dazzlingly magnificent for
the wear of any subject. Messrs. Lewis and Allenby,
of Regent-street, require even the most casual passer
by to inspect one of the most beautiful examples of

glance,
the ornamental glazier has undergone since
the thirteenth century down to our own time.
In the first instance will be found the primi-
tive artificers striving to make the most of
as yet scanty means of illustration, combatting the
defects of clumsy leaden frames,and parrying with skill
the limited scale of their harmonies. parrying
ourday the
church embellisher is on the contrary puzzled by the
numberless devices which both ample precedent and
the ever increasing march of science unite in laying
at his disposal. 'f he science of blending in harmony
a few primaries was a task comparatively easy, when
contrasted with that of the modern artist,whoseprin-
eipal aim is now to neutralise one colour by its ex- I
tremc throughout its multifarious shades and lights.
The purpurine reds, the straw and pink colours, and
other compounds unknown to antiquity, are so many
calls on the artist of the day to sacrifice the necessa-
rily conventional treatment which prevailed of old to
the perfection demanded by the march of improve-
Wats. As models, therefore, the curly works of the
13th century become: valueless, whereas those of
subsequent ages may. safely be adopted. Some
carefully-executed designs from painted windows
remain as partial yet ineffaceable proofs that at
l)ijon.Bordeaux,Clermont, and other third-rate towns,
the same pervading taste prevailed as in the
sumptuous cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges, and
Rouen. It is satisfactory. to observe, that while
chroniclers have been unanimously loud and pathetic
in their denunciations of destruction of these old re-
lics, which arc daily perishing; others have nobly
set to work to mitigate the disastrous influences of
time and to repair, wherever it was possible frag-
mentary portions of what was left. If for nought
else, the French deserve all the credit which
may accrue to those who show duo re-
verence for the relics bequeathed to them
by their ancestors. Their main efforts have
tended towards the complete restoration of the
" Sainte Chapelle," an old shrine of Saint Louis,
which has been considerably desecrated by being
=de the receptacle of ancient records. The task
was completed not long since, and a few examples
by Mr. Lusson, show to what extent success was par-
liallyattainable. Clearly only an imperative necessity,
that of preserving the unity of the whole, could have
sanctioned the adoption of such unmitigated ugli-
ness, which, be it observed, still is upheld by some
enthusiasts. Whether in the delineation of Solomon
or Samson, the patron King and saint is always
uppermost in the artist's mind; and fir: profuse
use of lilies and other regal emblems is in singular
contrast with the ornamentation which prevailed at

the same period in Italy, where command was pic-
tured as governed by divine control. Antiquanans
point with delight at the ingenuity with which these
old artists disposed their lines with utter disregard
to the comforts of the personages, whose limbs—
nay, whose countenances, were thus dissevered at
will. We regret to notice partial scruples on the
side of Mr. Lesson's rendering in this respect.
Messrs. Marcella' and Guyon exhibit almost
the solitary sample of the " rose " or mini-
gold window, as it is technically termed, which
gives a fair ea of the beautiful manner formerly
adopted of filling up the top of the gothic arch
which would otherwise have remained bare. This
easement is characteristic of French architecture, and
has the appearance of a large blossom. A curious
sad accurate representation of that apocalyptic sym-
bolism which entered so largely into the stained
windows of the thirteenth century is that which re-
presents the slaughter of the " Paschal Lamb," and
the inscription in blood, known as the thou, on the
lintel of the doorway. This work, besides its in-
trinsic merits, is further authenticated by the
name of its author, Mr. E. Thevenot, who is
known by his writings on the art which he practises.
In abandoning the field of mysticism for that of his-
torical subjects, the art has lost its great value as
well as its other charms. The staunchest aupportersof
this art suppose that formerly the art was essentially
meant to convey a meaning to the uneducated masses,
and ingraft images on the minds of an uncivilised
people ; if the object is that which catholic France now
endeavours to effect by similar means, the uncultivated
peasant needs our utmost pity ; fancy a mind constantly
tilled with such images as the "San Carlo Borromeo
1 administering the last sacrament to the plague-
' stricken ;" or, indeed, on the greater number of
works exhibited near it. Imagine having that violent
scarlet, and these pestilential complexions ever
vividly present to the mental vision; why, the mar
macre of the Innocents, or St. Cecilia simmering in
burning oil, were cheerful subjects in comparison.
Prom such crude compositions as thcse,the eve reverts
with pleasure to those grey tones which never
fail to be employed by the English colourist; and
most assuredly here they arc to be found in far more
welcome profusion than on canvas. Whatever are
our short-comings, an unwarrantable abuse of pig-
ments is not now counted amongst them. But where
we are bold in colour, we are timid in design ; sel-
dom have such a number of outrageous designs served
to mar the work they were intended to adorn as in
the present instance. St. George is more ill-treated
at the hands of the artist than ever was the dragon
at his own. No greater respect is paid to other per-
sonages, more or less connected with our legen-
dary or historical lore. But when confining
ourselves to " grisailles," and its quaint straight
lacing work, there shine the works which by their
supenor brilliancy and finish do honour to British
kilns. In the unrestrained admittance of light, ac-
companied by the most intricate workmanship, is re-
cognised the perfect adaptation to the domestic re-
quirements of the present day, which is exactly re-
versed by the thick glass and rich colouring of for-
mer times. In this respect Mr. Chance, whose no-
blest trophy is that of having vaulted over the palace
with the crystal which gives it a name, exhibits
vast sheets of glass, decorated like lace-work, in
whichpttternsin colour aresparingly introduced. Fol-
lowing in the wake may be named Messrs. J. Powell.
Holland of Warwick, W. Waills of Newcastlwaa-
Tyne, E. Baillie, &c. Though personages *Nil
methodicallyunder Gothic canopies are not calculated
to elicit great admiration, and though armorial bear-
ings and ornamental devices are not calculated to

sent up a ghee ease containing very fine specimens
of honeycomb; whilst Mr. Lighten, of Boston, has
exhibited a glass jar conta. • g nineteen pounds,
produced under a new system of bee management.
Some very fine specimens of honey in the
comb, collected accord rig to Nutt's system, are
exhibited by Mr. Bentley, of Stamthrd. Various
preparations of honey are also to be seen in this de-
partment. We should have hardly thought it neces-
sary, however, to exhibit lialf-a-dozen bottles of
•' honey drops " in order to show that it may be
made into sweetmeats for children. 'l•hc catalogue
promises a hive of bee., from Mr. Milton, of Great
Marylebone-street, but we have not yet seen them at
work. The hives are to be of glass and to be placed
inside the building, but the bees arc to arrive and go
out on the outside, so that the creatures may be ob-
served at work without any fear of their escaping
and alighting on the person.
Amongst the preparations of animal food in this
class none are more important than those of
the various forms of preserved meat. In
this department there are several exhibitors.
The only drawback on the interest with which
these things might he looked at is the fact that they
are most of them contained in tin packages. The
food thus prepared is capable of preservation for any
length of time, and not being salted or smoked, has
the flavour and qualities of perfectly fresh meat.
The mode in which it is prepared is to place the
meat to be preserved in a tin vessel with a proper
amount of gravy, then to cover the jar with a lid iu
which is a pin-hole. The jar is then submitted to
heat, generally much greater than boiling water,
and a large quantity of water is driven off from it
i❑ the term of steam through the pin-hole. When
this process leis been continued sufficiently long,
the hole in the lid is soldered up, and the jar is
allowed to cool. A jar of meat or food of any
kind thus prepared may be carried from one
end of the world to the other without becoming
any way tainted. Messrs. Ritchie and McCall, ex-
hibit jars of meat which have been sent round the
world, which have been left at Calcutta, Valparaiso,
and other distant parts for years, and yet, when
opened, they retain their original purity. Mr. Gamble,
lmother preparer of these foods, exhibits a canister
of boiled mutton supplied to the Arctic Expedition in
1521, and found by Sir James Ross in Prince
Regents Inlet in 1549, in which the mutton is still
in a condition:of perfect preservation. The advantages
of such a mode ot• preparing food are many. In sea-
voyages fresh meat and vegetables may be supplied
instead of salted and smoked, and scurvy thus most
effectually prevented. Such food requires no cooking,
but merely warming, and persons, in the
country, or travelling, may constantly have by
them the means of preparing a well cooked
dinner, in a few minutes. In this way meat may be
brought from countries whore it is abundant to theme
where there is less. Thus, Mr. Goldner has an
establishment for the preparation of meat in this
way in Moldavia, which can be sold in this country
cheaper than salt meat itself. It is true the proof
of the pudding is in the eating, and this is not
allowed in the Exhibition; but the exhibitors of
these preparations have expressed their readiness to
open their canisters for the satisfaction of those who
are curious on this subject.
Besides this form of preserved food, there are a
rest many examples of different modes of preparing
skint in a dry f'o•m by curing, smoking, &e. Mr.
Underwood, of Manchester, exhibits meat prepared
without the use of salt; and Mr. Leonard, of
has examples of his mode of preparing beef by curing
and rolling, so that it may keep for any length of '
time.
In this section will be seen a series of preparations
of articles of food from a substance which at first
sounds repulsive enough. This is blood. 'the blood
of all animals contains the constituents of which
their bodies are formed. These constituents arc
solid, and can be separated by chemical processes.
The black puddings for which the Freemasons' Ta-
vern is so celebrated are made of blood. In the exhibi-
tion we have a number of dried forms of turd made
from blood. The nutritious elements of the blood
are separated and mixed with sugar, and thus va-
rious kinds of boos buns are produced. Bread, bis-
cuits, and cakes are also made from blood. It would
appear that the blood from different animals
has a different flavour, as wo observe that
particular care is taken to mention the name of
the animal which supplies the blood for the parti-
cular form of food. As an omission of substances
used as food which would keep, we may mention
that we have not at present met with any specimens
of cheese or butter, which are certainly important
products that might have been advantageously com-
pared from different parts of the world. We have
however, milk which yields both in various forms.
In sale instances, as in that of Moore's patent, the
milk is evaporated, so that its constituents again
form fluid milk when water is added. In other
cases the milk is preserved by steaming, as in the
case of the meats we have mentioned. In the che-
mical department are some very beautiful specimens
of crystallised sugar of milk.
The productions of the vegetable kingdom
used in food are much more numerous. We are
rather surprised, however, at some of the omissions
in this department. For instance, we should have
expected to have seen illustrations of the process of
preparing sugar, and specimens of the multitudinous
foram it assumes as an article of diet. It would have
been interesting here to have seen sugar from various
sources : as from the maize, the beet root, the maple,
the cocoa palm, the jaggany palm, and, in fact, from
the hundred different plants which yield it in abun-
dance. It seems as if the Exhibition was in league
with the West India planters, so us to lead people to
the belief that sugar could be obtained only from
the sugar cane, and that in no other forms than
those of brown and loaf sugar. On behalf of the
children of England, we must protest against this un-
fair treatment of sugar. The younger membersof the
community had a right to expect, that whatever
was excellent in the art of making sweetmeats and
bons-bons should have been exhibited in this depart-

nrst objects , , by
and Mason arc specimens of vanilla. Some of these
are front Mexico, from whence the best kinds are
brought ; but there is also a specimen of a vanilla
fruit grown in Great Britain. Vanilla, on account
of its agreeable aroma, is added to many arti-
cles of diet, but more especially to choco-
late. It is an expensive substance, and might,
if capable of growing in Great Britain,
be a source of wealth. That it can be grown in any
quantity in hothouses has been shown by Professor
Mown, who has perfectly succeeded in cultivating it
at Liege. The British specimens hitherto produced
arc said to be equal for all dietetical purposes to that
btought from the western world. The stall of
Messrs. Fortnum and Mason is in many other re-
spects deserving attention, on account of the new
and curious sources from which many of the articles
of diet they exhibit are procured. Of animal sub-
stances we may mention the dried roes of the grey
mullet. Of vegetable substances the Sapucaya nuts
and mush-mush, and Camardeen substances pro-
cured from the juice of grapes and other fruits, and
eaten with rice.

After sugar we mar mention starch. This sub-
stance forms in almost all vegetable diet a principal
feature, but is combined with other compounds. It is,
however, often separated, both for dietetical and com-
mercial purposes. Arrowroot, tapioca, and sago, areall
forms of starch, numerous specimens of which, of
greater or less purity, arc to be found iu the exhibi-
tion. We have a large number of specimens of
starch, obtained front various sources, some of them
apparently new, and which are evidently intended
both for commercial and dietetical purpoecs.
Spcei-
mcnsof starch from wheat and rice are exhibited by
the Messrs. Colman, of Calleme-hill. Starch such
as is used by lace-dressers,withna substitute for gum,
which is used by cotton, silk, woollen, and wall-
paper printers, arc exhibited by Mr. Tucker, of Len-
ton, near Nottingham. Starch for manufacturing
purposes, procured from sago, potatoes, wheat, and
nee, is exhibited by various English, Scotch, and
Irish manufacturers. Starelt is also used for hair-
powder, and specimens used for this purpose
are shown by Jones and Co., of Battersea. Madame
St. Etienne of Totness exhibits various preparation*
of starch, which are imitations of sago, tapioca, and
arrowroot. It is well that the public should be
aware of the fact that the starch of arrow-root is no
better as an article of diet than the starch of any
other plant, and that as long as the taste is as agree-
able, the cheapest starch answers the same purposes
in the system us the dearest.
Amongst vegetable substances used as food, tea,
coffee, and chocolate arc prominent articles. Al-
though tea is by far the most used of the three, there
is but one exhibitor of specimens. We suppose this
article is to be looked for amongst the Chi-
nese specimens. The only samples of tea to
be found in Class 3 are interesting. They
consist of specimens of various kinds of tea
grown and prepared in the British possessions
of Assam. It is now above ten years ago that it was
known the tea plant was growing wild in Assam.
No sooner was this fact made known than Chinese
were procured and sent to Assam for the purpose of
preparing it. The tea which was thus prepared at
first was found not adapted to the palate of Chinese
tea drinkers, and it was supposed that artificial cul-
ture was necessary in order to render the tea plea-
sant. The Assam plant was cultivated as in China,
but still failed to yield a tea that was acceptable.
Since that time Chinese plants have been sent to
Assam, where they have thriven, and the tea pro-
duced from them is said to be equal to Chinese tea
itself. The Assam Tea Company have ex-
hibited specimens of all the various kinds
of black and green tea grown in Assam. It is to be
hoped that attention will be thus drawn to the sub-
ject of East Indian tea, as it would be of great advan-
tage both to India and ourselves, for the former
country to grow tea for the English market. In the
chemical department are specimens of the active
principle of tea called theine. It is curious that this
substance is found in coffee and also in a plant
known by the name of Paraguay tea, a species of
Ilex. The Paraguay tea is taken in the Brazils as
we take common tea here. In a small glass case are
some specimens of Paraguay tea. Provided our
duties on tea would permit, there is no doubt
that Paraguay tea would be a cheap and efficient
substitute for Chinese tea. Those who have once
acquired a taste for Paraguay tea prefer it
to Chinese tea, and were it carefully prepared, there
is no doubt from the absence of seine of the bad
qualities of other tea, it would become extensively
used in this tea drinking country.
Messrs. Snowden and Co., of the City-road, exhibit
a series of specimens, showing the various stages
through which the coffee berry goes before it is
ground and fitted to be made into coffee. This ex-
hibition, with an improved coffee pot from Mr. Lane,
in the Strand, comprises all that has been sent from
the coffee-importing and selling firms of this country.
Whether the late exposures of the adulterations of
coffee, or the impression that every one knows what
good coffee is, have prevented a further exhibition of
this article, we know not, but it is very certain that,
like tea, the specimens sent to the exhibition arc not
at all commensurute with its importance as an article
of diet.

After coffee the mind naturally recurs to chicory.
What is chicory ? is a very common enquiry just
now, and it may be seen in all its stages, exhibited
by Messrs. Saunders and Gatchett, of Dublin. It
will be there seen to be the root of a plant. This
root, when dried and ground, and made into infusion,
has a pleasant taste and smell, not unlike coffee.
That it can never become an entire substitute for
coffee is evident from the fact that it contains none
of the active principle (theine) to which we have be-
fore alluded. Chicory.is the produce of a plant
which grows wild in this country and the continent
of Europe, but it is extensively cultivated to supply
the demand for its use with coffee.
Although cocoa and chocolate are at present less
used in this country than either tea or coffee, they
find a space in the Exhibition much more extensive.
There ars no less than 8 exhibitors of the various

moats for observation, and for the application of scientific
principles, we proceed to notice those which ore adapted to
observing and indicating the phenomena of nature.

Telescopes claim to be tint• mentioned, for by the vast
extent of their range, they bring within the ken of man the
existence of worlds and systems of world., of which he could
otherwi►e have formed no conception. This noble inven-
tion which is scarcely mon than two epnturies and a halfuld,
is supposed to have originated front the accidental position
of two spectacle glasses. The first Galilean telescopes, and
indeed all telescopes made for thirty years afterwards, were
but elongated opera glasses, and consisted of a convex
object glass with a simple concave rye-glass. These wens
succeeded by the astronomical telescope, consisting of two
convex glasses of different foci, by which objects were seen
inverted. The prismatic refraction of the rays of light
when eye-glasses of short focus were used, compelled the
telescope makers is ha desired t increase the magnifying
power of their instruments, to extend the length of them to
50 feet and upwards. The inconvenience and imperfect' vi
such long refracting telescopes led to the inventiou of reflect-
ing telescopes, by means of which a greater magnifying power
was obtained with a very much shorter focal length. These,
again, gave placo, in a great degree, to the achromatic tele-
scope invented by Mr. Dollond, who succeeded in correcting
the aberration of a single low, by forming the object glasses
of his telescopes of a combination of ditterent kinds of
glass, and of different shapes. The greater convenience of
this kind of telescope gave it advantages over the
more powerful but less easily constructed reflectors,
and though the improvements made by Lord Rosso
in the specula of reflecting telescopes, and the fa-
cilities which the electrotype process offered of multi-
plying them without trouble, fur a time promised a
new revolution, tl:e achromatic form continues to maintain
its pre-eminence. A most magnificent instrument of this
kind is exhibited by Mr. A. Ross, of Featlieratione-build-
ings, and constitutes one of the " trophies " in the main
avenue. We believe that it is the most powerful achro-
matic telescope ever made. The diameter of the object
glass is eleven lushes and a half, and a magni-
fying power of six hundred times in diameter
may be used without prejudicially darkening thu
field of vision. The telescope is mounted on an iron
pillar, on the top of which is an adjusting arrangement by
which the instruinent may be pointed to any part of the
heavens. There is a telescupe in the United States and one
on the continent, that possess larger object glosses than this,
and Sir James South's telescope approaches close to it, but
it: effective magnifying power we believe it surpasses them.
Mr. Ross grinds the glasses of his achromatic
telescopes on a plan that altruist ensures the accuracy of
their spherical surfaces, and produce% coincidence iu all
parts of the combined convex and concave lenses as a posi-
tive result, without the necessity of matching, or, as it is
termed, " marrying," the glasses to each other. It may be
mentioned as an iuteresting fact, that the French revolution
bas been the means of transferring to this country the
manufacture of the best glass fur optical purposes. The
proprietor of the glass works in France, which supplied the
purest flint glass, was induced by the political convulsions
to come to England, and assist Mr. Chance, of Birmingham,
who has now the reputation of making glass of a quality
that could formerly be obtained only on the continent.
The other telescopes exhibited are of small size and of
ordinary construction. Among the exhibitors of these in-
struments may be mussed Messrs. Varley and Son, of
Charles-street, Clarendon-square ; Messrs. Chadbonm, of
Sheffield ; Mr. Salmon, of Whitechapel-road ; Messrs.
Elliott and Suns, of the Strand, who exhibit a tine transit
instrument; and Mr. Richardson, of Beetle, near Northam.
who exhibits the only reflecting telescope of any magni-
tude, the reflector being mule of crown glass.
In microscopes as well as in telescopes Mr. Ross take,.
the lead. Many of the largest and best of his make arm
arranged round the gr.•at equatorial telescope in the
nave, in addition to several that are placed in the
north-west gallery among the other philosophical instru-
ments. There are, however, numerous competitors, who
display their ingenuity in various adjusting arrangements
fur facilitating microscopical observations. Of the compara-
tire excellence of these instruments no opportunity of judg-
ing is afforded, which might have been done without much
difficulty, and the exhibitich of objects prepared fur the
microscope magnified by the highest available powers

would have afforded considerable attraction to thin
portion of the Exhibition, which presents but little
to gratify the majority of the visitors. English
achromatic object glasses for the microscope have long
been considered pre-eminent ; and to those not au-
qoainted with the difficulty of making a perfectly achro-
matic glass of minute focal length, the value of these lenses
may appear to be extravagantly estimated at more than ten
times their weight in gold. The superior estimation of the
English object glasses for the microscope is proved by their
obtaining three times the price of those made in France.
Mr. Pritchard, of Fleet-street ; Mr. Pillischer, of Oxford-
street; Messrs. Field and Son, of Birmingham; and Messrs.
Powell and Lealand, of Seymour-place, Euston-square, era
the principal exhibitors.
. .

Of oxyhydrogen microscopes there arc only two, one of
them being exhibited by Messrs. Horne and Thoritthwdite,
of Newgate-street, the other by Mr. Collins of the Polytech-
nic Institution. The intensity of the light produced by the
action of the dame of mixed oxygen and hydrogen gases an
lime is nearly equal to the illuminating power of the sun;
the oxy-hydrogen instrument has consequently superseded
the solar microscope, which can only be used at uncertain
intervals. The magnifying capacities of this microscope are
only limited by the quantity of light obtainable and the dis-
tance to which the lantern can be removed front the streets.
Great as this power is, the microscope does not really mag-
nify so much as the public may be led to suppose by the re-
presentations of those who usually exhibit its effects. They
speak of sixty thousand times as a low magnifying power,
but in making that statement the area of the surface and
the solid contents arc reckoned, and not the diameter only.
For instance, if a cube of the tenth of an inch were magni-
fied in linear extent one hundred times, the magnifying
power would be stated to be one million. According to this
mode of estimating, the magnifying power of
Mr. Ross's great telescope would be thirty-six mil-
lions. The oxy-hydrogen microscope has not yet
been applied in investigating the minute mysteries of
nature with so much effect as its capabilities seem to de-
serve, for microscopic observers prefer looking directly at an
object with a comparatively low magnifying power to the

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' 4 AAA- i Vs Britilinattli •=PRESS.] LONDON TURDAY i ING, MAY 31, . .
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1. .., I•• ." ." 'oF nig GLAss pALBE, broosidever worked la a hew •It is sespredr., . &great fund of originally. stills
hey amply mint, and we tied that iheybanillilla reel °I itia(4 °Md. MI "'WM" We call cocoa is ,
.•• •
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...r...g, ao .e.por•a ~.. ,..... .! ', -1,. .. • •s . - ~ --.-... - iteifkaWmion of beilihnit Sew" no real poops It the arti and what it me/ Assay. gratifications of , *I gait Of a SmitirAnterkin Asett, known to • •
. . il •l.•'s . ; 4 ! ...t• • b. ' - -.. a aims mar vnyirrit !lass them sixteen Afferent tints. - The ben more fey' -developed ; and Oran the idseses. 'The provinces • . 4itet ps 2%eartawa Cacao.' MAD platiebeire
• - - 4.
B.
.„ . ilEt, ir! es ir...0. N „Int, liithate bung our fik nide" wins Ina not emaseelleil silks are i Apeat sweaty, and in . . of excise reettictiond 'may la Elko as- havens& nevi, the biticieniy,'
tahalk iiretriumonefoleous Mgt (at which Ihartare mini
: , -. , Neigeled altaysad again in ' siegritties Wore the way that the light is a 1e WI apierhale kr the future prodoetices whesinmy curies abeeens of thus..eobstauee is to be •
leis(
MI IV*. Exhibition), which Si filled with
' =sue et aria. isdadag-Sader Gertz !cepnt the mat whlpt 111101121.111
great 1 `split' fine/ and lees laboriele eumurth After only reeognotion- of sagar as an article Is to eels, ham twenerSve to thirty in number.
ows:e
' El It r Itig 40 '• • use, 4.llll4Vmsf. thiPrealivrrioesills"" based
and I erhstbilerkeberel".l"Lentss set' sett. et Spied- tret.trce: Oat evident
our lesinetical edifilts have not be
seen
ins
by the oeichisretaor; in thefit" of • die% star vt
to 2 country, revered
.f
with
. ,t .
ose
~ - ::: :-..5 ig' , - bays prodared them . themselves on Immure is singularly good, and so sibs ore their beset unheeded, particularly that to be found in Surrey. them the salutioce called coon is prepared. The
• ability they an y pearse. Fo- black 'and coloured eatinettes and their watered tieseftral of Salisbury. Mr. Luke Limner seems From wager we naturally.pass to the results of „its meds contafis a fixed oil or butter, which may be se-
rOPitlili - Ilaga. .
..i..ja:t: N imp0r,3......: . *ipso-the Freak especially-yams in wonder • &capes. le ie SI felicitous in glees adornments as in the fermeatatiou, wins and spirits. As, however, all fir- pirated, and lif which* tine example may be seen in '
.4 • ~ ,t .. .a-?'i ..
hogs, tbs., and the wok& c eariaat," e superb/ " I J. and W. Robinson and Co., of Milk-street, have a enisier compose of bookbinding : the application of mented liquors were forbidden, except from new end M. Lebaire's specimens in the Exhibition. In addi-
BA TV ICWI.V MAY:7I6I,
, . • imosoei,.. ow hairs every nay, and then half , ease well worthy of remark, stoked with velvet for thalaws:of true ornament seems to have in his mind hitherto unknown aaturese, the displays of these tion to tine axed oil, the cocoa seeds contain starch. '
inveinatsrily ejaculated. Nor is thit an inconsider- I pulpits, and for waistcoats. Satin for ladies' shoes, no alight connexion, and we might fare better if all compounds are very sew, There I. a eolleo- albumen, and an active principle very like to that .'
, •
• =Assad of praise. Long have they been our Ilaventine and serge for linings, table silk for em- hal the same command oyez the human form which tion of British miles, none of which require contained in tea and coffee. Messes. Fry and Son of•
mierimilmemsimif •
rivals in the production of goods .of this de- tooidery, &c. Amongst the numerous and costly he Ms over floriated enibliens. any particular notice except six bottles of champagne Bristol, exhibit specimens of the flowers, leaves, and '
manufactured from the stalks of rhubarb. Such fruit of the cocoa-tree, from Trinidad, as well as spe-
a.,._,-,.,.. liikibalks, and, the exception of a certain de- goods of first-rate
.appearance and quality in the - -
SUBSTANCES USED AS FOOD.
Absut t" 1118111118. "kW. hati,,"l"l/1711„,...L. .""t: 1111.7.;...8. ressipeladis in the finish, there are compartment pertaunoff to Mr. T. Brooks, of Spital- - specimens only indicate the ignorance of their eimene of its various manufactured states. Messrs.
mr_r___„' sinslllC,.. '" • "*-"'''''' e.,,
.., WM Mums
_timid paints in which the.Englieh I square. we select as ierving particular scrutiny, 'The third clan of products in the Exhibition, and makers of the principles involved in wine-making Rinten, White, and Benson, also exhibit specimens
8............. . ...et.... =... - ' JIM net fully equal them. It has two pieces, cue a Pink and the other of deep azure which Ands a owe to the north gallery are those by which it will be clearly seen that nothing of cocoa made into paste ;shavings, and thc other
dm bib*" .............. - win big thong)[[ that oat neighbours across the `blue ,ilk. Hi, velvets will also beer very fair wee, nseftl...
_. as food. This class comprises, of warm, only at present has been discovered to compete with the forms in which it is used in the same way as tea and
.
thillreewatri pemak
.eolo gram' chased qtr exisilkol is it the pennenesee of their Paris= with a large proportion of those brought for. [let, substances whir* will keep, and as such can juice of the grape fee this purpose, and that all fruits coffee in this country. When ;cocoa is further pte-
>asd edam& bas, henerier, is a thaw, for our ward on this occasion. Gall convey a very imperfect idea of the contribu- and vegetable matters containing citric, inalic, oxalic pared and has scents or other substances added, it
• tit* of the vegetable or animal kingdom to the sup- and other acids, are unfitted for making wises is called chocolate. The chocolate ordinarily
tamaresamelekst.l4olol-1-‘ll6ll 114111 hi. diem •sea. sew lily etespire' in -their art with any
kitieurtene -a • iebere every Teem in eeery in with awe of Turkey, STAINED AND PAINTED GLASS. sort at Men. The prooesses, also, of reParing food Amongst the foreign and colonial products are other drank contains vanilla. In Prance chocolate
Mkt neenuarily excluded from this deportment. To samples of wines and fermented liquors, obtained mixed with sugar has long been a favourite sweet-
Una' weal-be a • .• ._. _,__.....** PerifikagaZi=rereshorellimalgthin ewer- The lengthy array of painted and stained glass,
these, however, who feel that the Great Exhibition from the fermentation of the juices of other plants meat, not only with children but with grown people.
Wrests vraitkie • sad P"‘""" """ tan, - der beat sithatity, that which eel/sada throughout the half of the upper
as la Geasnik • -,140111101 ATOP "geed ea do ansto .
lai
argagimimakt are sap relieve oboes the save, and which &Meets notice by Zy U 11410484 withest lac 41111e7 cleverf beside the grape. • Establishments for the sale of these preparations of
le, ig, Ay, bees!". mpg Ash inkiigna at 44 out • dyed ash has Imam r„, - ,„..,, ....... .d.„ now the, ► against rd the inert recherche modes et pea,- --lbekepikeilvtig eager, we may speak atvtlee pee- ebssolate ata low 000111011 in Landow, end M.
it wilt cause some consolation to know duets employed es" rood, which ate preserved by Lelraigue's specimens of this branch of trade arc
-- 4"4"Pa"...112111waina17 115M12 we'd aser'able• in Manchester and in other parts of this country. 'every one has me comparatively well acquainted 'Pat'lng it,
that whatever the Exhibition is deficient in is supplied means of its action. One of the most complete exhibi- worthy examination. In this case will lie also seen,
Here and there a Chinaman turned up; now and then We recommend those who arc desirous of really with the more important works which are scattered
lei the establishment of 3lousieur Soyer at Bore lions of this kind is the compartment assigned to specimens of the other materials which are added, us
a few dark men, iu red caps, were encountered studying this delicate and beautiful branch of art to in profusion beneath. Few of those who visit either
strolling down Itegent-street-but no crowds of commence at the cases numbered 44 and 43, Section i our own cathedrals or inspect the treasures of conti- 11""e• Messrs. Fortnum and Mason. Must of the specimens give the cocoa its flavour and value such as sugar,
strange-looking people blocked up the streets. Citi- XIII. And here we may take the opportunity of uental churches ever thinkofinvestigating the merits Substances used as food may be very properly in this collection consist of various kinds of fruits vanilla, Iceland moss, gums, tee. We have at
divided into those obtained from the animal and saturated with augar. Ilene are pears, apples, apri- present given only a hasty glance at the contents of
tens pursued their business as usual ; and lodging congratulating the public upon the ready adoption much leas examining the subjects of the illuminated
those from the vegetable kingdom, although no such cots, prunes, and various other fruits brought from the Gloms Palace, as far ns class 3 is concerned. and
speculators wore doleful faces. Suddenly a cause for of the hint we threw out not many days ago upon windows, which abed such a pleasant glow of light
division exists in the Exhibition, ‘Vo shall first different parts of the world, and in a condition to be have yet to refer to some of its most remarkable
this disappointment was discovered. The thing was the subject of the catalogue. Since our remarks over the structure. It is therefore a rare satisfaction
describe the animal products. It is not many of the eaten with or without cooking. Some of these fruits specimens.
easily accounted fur. No foreigners or country upon the incorrectness of the early issue we to be enabled to scan closely the merits of those pro-
lower animals that afford food to man at all,especially are of recent introduction, and may be made agree-
people would think of coming before the price of
.a..-
platmllhieln.rslitnirgiui:ti,°oenSot°,urPintimilaciCn:
are glad to find that a new edition has been pre- ductions, whose principal claim to our interest is
such as can be kept and exhibited. There is, however, able additions to the table at this KellAoll of the year, mission to the Glass Palace was reduced to one salt- pared, and is now to be purrluesed. It is far superior avowedly that of being an imitation of by-gone arts.
ling. 'then would the influx come. Then would one exception, and that is the honey of bees. 'llmis when the list year's stock of fruit is nearly ex-
soLf7(l.BNumbdStoTia‘l'iti.lde7i:lrli.giEtutl:h7etoSir:l•ll•lll:smri-
in many respects to the old hastily concocted volume, Here may be studied at ease, and seized almost at a
rso-
mighty torrents of eager visitors pour into the Sun- roduct of the insect tribes is exhibited in various haunted, and the present year's produce is yet to
but it has still some inaceuraeics, occasionally glance, the difliament phases which the art of P
Fry . niVrolamlis ; then would all tho suburbs be forms. Mr. Doubleday, of Coggesliall, lines, has come, Amommt the objects exhibited by Fortnum „„nt., for obwrmtion. and far the anntirat inn nf an titin
clueing. as we had nn opportunity of noticing on ace- the ornamental glazier has undergone since