The Express.
London, England, 1849-05-17 00:00:00

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THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, MAY 17, 1849.

&puska rectitude at intention of the hen. gentleman, nor
did he dispute the wisdom of interferine_ to calm the public
mind in Ibis country, and to warn individuals in thin house,.
and the house itself, against premature interference, either
in the attain of Canada or any other public affsin ; but be
was sure that the hoe. gentleman who bad attempted to die
sui.de the house from interterence, or to warn it against mak-
ing such interference, had %knelt ancouscionsly done much
(Hear, bear.) He admitted, sad
e as yet but imperfectly informed.
to pretjudge the question.
VI lie
ear d fell,
twlen the first intelligence of th
sedans in Canada this country, his mind, like that of
mellil others, was deeply intended and deeply excited by
flea; but a view of the Intel genes, impertect as it was,
seemineed him that they were not, and could not be, in poo-
-1 elides of the merits of the an; that they could not be in
posseMilm of the grounds neccesary to form a judgment on
the Befeellion Losses Bill, or on the conduct of Loa Elgin (a
noblemen whose friendship he had had the honour et enjoy-
ing Sus early youth, and of all of whore sots he felt the
atnegest disposition to form the most favourable opinion), un-
til they were put in possession of Lord Elgiresowndeepetches
stating the ground of these proceedings end likewise the
grand of former proceedings, and of pannings which had
taken place under former acts of the local government. For
that reason, for many weeks past, and so lately as yesterday,
be had abstained from putting questions or taking proceed-
Lige in that welch must have their attention. Now he
would online himself to the rule which he had laid down
in noticing some words which had fallen from the hon. and
learned gentleman to avoid anything in contravention
of them. The learned gentleman warned the house against
interfering with the Indemnity Bill. If he uttered that
warning on the ground of imperfect information, be (Mr.
Gladstone) heartily concurred with him, and he gave no
opinion on the conduct of the bill, or of the government;
but when the hon. gentleman, not content with warning
against interference, laid down his principal ground of
warning that principle would be as good when he war fully
informed as when ha was imperfectly informed. When he
heard the hon. sad kernel gentleman state that the people
of Canada voted the money of Canada, and therefore he
warned the house not to interfere, he (Mr. Gladstone) pro-
tested against such a doctrine, which interfered
with the supremacy of parliament over all im-
perial concerns. It might occur that Englind might
be at war with some foreign power, and some colonial legis-
lature might be found voting a sub.idy to that foreign power;
would that be a reason, because it was the money of the co-
leery and not of this country, against interference ? He pro-
tested wild tin reason of the hon. and learned gentleman ;
he entenied that the house had a perfect right to marinte in
all inquiet emeerna. Is was a question of policy, widom, awl mimeo whether this bones should interfere or not.
IMai a matter involving d gent of money it would have
ben en Mareinte impostftility, according to the constitutional
Ass of the province, that it should have been
idgeiner4 without the unction of the crown; that
sesset Its sanction of the responsible ministers of this
egentry ; it mattered not one rash whether they
Iliad previous instructions. The responsibility of the govern-
meat was full awl undivided. The hon. and learned gen-
' dime mem tt at if the sanction of the crown was re-
I tubed Iler smatter affecting the government of the colony,
I that very eiremestsees mast bring the matter to the oognid -
same and jewlsilelles atlas house. He was sorry he shoul
min to those modes which induced him to think that,
maw so circumstances, Amid tt ere be any interference of
aisle house. He protested against alleging these general
which would exiled, at all times the interference of
=d ress e, and he contended for the risht and duty of the
Kamm to exercise its supervision ever ill colonies, although
lee emonspanied the hon. and learned gentleman in averting
that that supervision and interferences should be strictly
limited to mitten of imperial consideration, and that the
discretion of the kcal legislature should be left unimpaired
I over matters which were entirely local. He had that
morning received a paper which he expected contained full
particulars. He trusted that gentlemen would not give way
to excitement. but would examine with dispassionate care
every step in these proceedings ; and that they would pass
no judgment on the responsible government until they had
made themselves fully acquainted with all the facts.
Sir 0. GREY regretted that this discussion'hed titian in
the enema of important information. He aid not rise for
the purpose of continuing that die/magma, but merely to say
that he did not understand the hon. and learned gentleman
to have said that he questioned the right of the Mini.
(" Hear," from Mr. Roebuck.) The right of parliament
also to tender its advice in matters of this nature wes also
unquestionable, nor did the hon. and learned gentleman
deny that right either. If he had understood him to dons,
be (Sir 0. they) should have risen earlier to protest ag
the doctrine. Ile trusted that further discussion on the
subiect would be suspended until they had received full
official information. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. GLADSTONE disclaimed having charged the hon.
and learned member for Sheffield with propounding such a
doctrine. He had only inferred it from the assertion of the
hon. and learned member that the money in dispute was
the money of the colony.
Mr. NEWDEGATE hoped that the house would not be
led away by the analysis of the majority which had been 1
given by the hon. and learned member for Sheffield. The
list was Mr. Papinean's list and should therefore be received
with caution. He believed that the cornet analysis would
give different results.
Mr. ROEBUCK said be had made his analysis from the
list of members he held in his hand.
Mr. B. DENISON said that the house ought to thank
11 Om boa. sad learned member for Sheffield for his informa-
-1 tidy but denied that it was necessary to calm the agitation
d the hem. Nothing had occurred to show that the house
was ladies& to act harshlyrs in the matter.
Kudos agreed to ; pape ordered to be laid on the table.
ASCENSION DAY.
Mr. ADDERLEY moved that to-morrow (Thureday),
being Avansion Day, committees of that house should not
di before two o'clock. The hon. member was understood to
ray that the motion, in its present form, had received the
eesasnt of the government.
Mr. BRIGHT was afraid be must disappoint the hon.
gentleman in his expectation that his motion would meet
with unanimous approval, for he felt himself bound to op-
pose it. He would be glad to know where these interrup-
tion to the business of partiam•nt we re to end. Last year
diegesed to adjourn, and did adjourn, over the Derby
lay feed the anniversary of the day on which an unfortu-
nate mean* had been beheaded had often (*need an ad-
journment of the house. This last was intended to allow
members to go to church, though he believed very few went
-s(r Oh")—he meant on that day. (Hear, hear.) He
bevel all members of the house were disposed to regard the
nemenesee event whisk Asesesion-day was anderstocel' to
esamrseafiestes with mew feelings ; but be could see no
mem why the house Medi easpeed its Maine's on that day.
(Lana) The hen. geodema Interfered on behalf of commit-
ters. He (Mr. Wild) was ea one—a meet important one,
the trials poor.law conunittee, and be knew that there were
now some gentlemen in town from Dublin to be examined
bet re that committee, and who would probably be detained
Imo over Sunday if the business of the committee ware in-
terfered with. But be opposed this motion chiefly on the
ipaand that be did not know where these proposition would
Md. Different sects had different days whisk were held im-
potent. Next year they might have some other hon. mem-
ber peseg some other day as sacred and on which
the- Irish gentlemen
▪ M dim an adjournment foe some of their ne-
meses saints, and for aught be knew, Wales might
pat la a claim for its patron saint. (Herz, hear,
awl MOM.) He should be glad to hear the opinion
of
the tight hen. baronet, the Secretary for the Home De-
erreres thkquestien. Tice right hon. baronet might
osied the point to the hon. mover; but he (Mr.
Bright) was sere that U he had allowed his own good sense
to he his guide he would have opposed it. He looked epos
these meedess as weseptems et rowing feeblnese in that
Neese, and or a dimegiedi el tied duty with respect to the
important beldam see the owastsy. (Sear, hear.)
Sir G. OREN said that the hon. member's proposition
was originally for an adjoumment over to Friday, but he
((Sir G. Grey) had told him that government would oppom
ft. (Hear, bear.) He had thee suggested to the hoer.
member the plan taken with regard to AM Wednesday,
which would enable how members who were so inclined to
attend &einem/view He hail added. with respect to
cte the
private aemeittess, that if so imonvenisaces s emped
from the Mend= of witnesses, government would offer no
opposition te the motion.
Kr. 1111131011 said ha had made up his mind to attend
divine emlis ea Mosadon la . (Hear, hear.) Members
of realm mmeiteses bed
_g 68d he celled
apostle hems to rommeile them He denied that there was
any may beam Assemble day and any day devoted to
asamem et. oft ems one esessecrated to any lumen being,
however belt' lle might have been. If the house seceded m
the modes anti his, friend he should be happy Heron
his committee MIR Volosk, if it were ammary. )
Idr. BRIGHT _posted that the matter should be left to
the emsmmittem themselves. He denied having attempted
ma alluded fa by the hon. member ; he bad merely
the oases to show how the number of holidays
was increadsg.
Kr. CRAWFORD objected to that house taking to itself
my privilege whisk was not accorded to the other classes of
essiety. Amendee day was not generally observed as a holi-
day. The modes was then pmt and agreed to.
LANLORD AND TENANT BILL.
The home went into committee on this bill. On anise 1,
Mr. CHRISTOPHER, who had several amendments on
Ks paper, rose to move that the weeds " Food for cattle and
sheep" be omitted. He feared that their effect would be to
give the tame a power of imposing on his landlord.
Kr. PINEY delemefar the retention of the words as
dietlhemindple bill. He had inserted them on
eillpt of the right hon. baronet the member for
,Trusseasth.
Or R. PEEL supported the words, bet in so low a tone
elide* as to be but imperfectly audible in the gallery.
1112. ROEBUCK objected to the words as likely to moor
mime *Medea.
IS R. PEEL said that the hon. and learned member's
eliestion applied to the principle of the bill
Kr. J. R. DENISON—The amendment of the right
hen, baronet meld give greater security than now existed,
In it illebt rams all ambiguities, and no one would be
Wed gimp in mire to sash articles—each manatee as
thetabappedMd the egreemrat.
Ins: JOLLIM objected the serlidaS " the
Or sigenemenle bleat, Serrey, and Gaff counties all
trirhimle et, immures, la additlen to the dressings
lro Teeming tenants were now liable by a castes
ell& lel di de Mee of law. This propulsive' wholly in-
iato his van at the country.
~ must pkairoak, that there were such CVO*
We IR *elms. Inifielers comity. there would be no restos
UMW bea milk email agreemes‘ The grossed was
sat empuhmay.

Mr. PUSSY said that when the tenants had a right. by
taste m, to compensation for manures and dresainp, they
would have no claim under this bill.
Mr. NEWDEGATE thought the tenant for life old
not have the power w deal with the Interests of hie reecessor
in the way proposed.
Mr. ROEBUCK did not ees that there was any plodirectteclon
given to the owner of the land against any injury
which might be Inflicted on the property by the tenant.
Mr. PUSSY called the attention of the Wm. and learned
member to claims 16 ss meeting his objection.
Mr. HENLEY supported the introduction of the words
proposed, as being admitted to deal in the mot satisfactory
way with a most difficult question.
After some further conversation, the committee divided.
For the amendment lO2
Against it
The words were, accordingly, inserted.
Mr. CHRISTOPHER moved another amendment, in
effect to allow eonspeasation for twat-buildings for 14 years.
Hie amendment would be In line 5, after the word " fences,"
to insert the words, "or by the election of substantial farm
buildings;" and in line 10, to strike out the word " twelve,"
and instead thereof to insert the words, "as regards such
buildings as aforesaid fourteen years, and as regards any such
ether improvements as aforesaid seven."
Mr. FUMY objected to the amendment, thinking it
better to adhere to the recommendation of the select com-
mittee.
Mr. MILES considered that the amendment would place
the tenant In tail, in many eases, in very great difficulty; and
therefore he *bents( oppose it.
Mr. HENLEY also objected to the amendment.
Mr. CHRISTOPHER expressed his wikingnees to with-
draw the amendment if that should be the pleasure of the
house.
Mr. 8. CRAWFORD opposed the amendment, which was
negatived without a division.
Mr. CHRISTOPHER moved that " nine " years be tub
atituted for "twelve " in line ten, which would have the
effect of limiting the compensation to be given for improve-
men.' on entailed estates to a period of nine instead of
twelve years. The object of the clause was to extend to
other parts of the country the custom existing in Lincoln-
shire, but that custom limited the period to *even years, and
in proposing nine years he went further than was cue-
tomery m Lineolnsicre.
Mr. PUSEY felt bound tooppeee the amendment, and mid
that in the Isle of Wight, where the Lincolnshire system had
been introduced. the peered had been extended to ten years,
and se that had been found advantageous, he proposed still
further to seemed it to 12 years.
After some diecussion strangers were ord-red to withdraw,
but no division took place, and the " twelve" years were re-
tained in the bill.
On Clime 2, respecting the notices to be given by the
tenant to the landlord of projected improvements, a long
conversation arose, which terminated in several verbal
amendments, and the adoption of the clause as so amended.
On Clause 3 (drainage, fences, &c , to be kept in repair),
Mr. HENLEY moved some verbal amendments, the effect
of which wee, that the tenant should not be entitled to com-
pensation for drainage improvements unless they were proved
to be good and efficient in the judgment of the valuers to be
appointed under the act.
These amendments having been agreed to, and the queer
tion put that the clauses as amended stand part of the bill.
Sir H. VERNEY said he considered that this clause
would only lead to litigation, and that Clause 6 contained
everything that was necessary. He therefore moved that it
be struck out ; upon which the committee divided.
For the clause
Against it
_ _

__pilled that house.
The house adjourned at a quarter to sta.

to erect buildings

'Me erpregifi.

MON WAWA AT LONDON DRUM&
Tem MT —Kanlar. It W. Ma I AMT..... 11 0101. PGA P.
TOlgoaaoV—Worulag, SS oda. p.m 10; Aturasos. M at& past 10.

On Clans' 4, limiting the time within which claims (or
ompensation and awards of the same should be made,
Sir 3, Y. HULLER expressed a fear that it would operate
injuriously towards the incoming tenant to be obliged to pay
the money immediately on the making of the award.
After a few words from Mr. Pusyr, the clause was
agreed to.
On the next clause (5), which regulates the appointment
of valuers,
Mr. CHRISTOPHER proposed that the third valuer
should be appointed by the other two, not by the inelosare

The ATTORNEY•OENERAL said, the necessary effect
of this would be, that each party would name a partisan, and
die selection of the umpire would be left to chance. By the
fallowing clause the award was to be made a rule of
court; consequently, it might beset aside on any informality,
and ell the complicated legal machinery of awards would be
introduced in o the agreements between landlord and tenant.
Attorneys would necesrarily be employed to draw up the
swards, and greet expense would be incurred. He hoped
these most dangerous clauses would not be pressed, for their
necessary consequence would be to shake all confidence be-
tween landlords and tenant,. (Hear, hese.)
Mr. NEWDEGATE said the hen. and leaned gentleman
appeared only to object to the award being made a rule of
court. If the custom of the country were adhered to es for-
merly, there would be no difficulty, and the results would be,
as they bad hitherto been, most beneficial.
Mr. PUSEY considered that the present system was open
to great abuse, which the clauses in question would remove.
There appeared to be no objection to any part of the provi-
sion except that which made the award a rule of court.
Mr. W. MILES thought it would be better for the arbi-
tration to be conducted by the umpire jointly appointed, or
appointed by the tithe commissioners, if the parties could
not agree.
Mr. E. DENISON recommended that the clauses should
be reconsidered.
Mr. PUSEY said the arbitration clause had been very
fully considered and unanimously approved by the committee
of a former session. Hs could not withdraw the clause with-
out overturning the decision of that committee.
Sir G. STRICKLAND said it was quite deer the tenantry
of broiled bad bad a narrow escape of getting into the
Queen's Bench, and they were to be pieced in a worse posi-
tion by the 12th clause, which referred matters in dispute to
the Court of Chancery. He thought the best plan would be
for the chairman to report progress, with a view to the
clauses being remodelled.
Mr. HENLEY supported the same view, and recom-
mended the bon. promoter of the bill to con•ider how far
the bankruptcy laws could be made applicable t• tenant
farmers. (Laughter.)
Mr. P. HOWARD was opposed to the reference to the
courts, and suggested that Mr. Blemire, the tithe commis-
sioner, should have a final decision in disputed cues.
Mr. NE WDEGATE suggested the postponement of the
clauses.

Mr. PUSHY said he did not 'neck any undue import
ante to this bill, but knowing the difficulties under which
tenants laboured, and the importance of encouraging the ap-
plication of capital to laud, he could not consent to with-
draw the clauses, or postpone the committee for another
month. He hoped the learned attorney-general would sug-
gest some mode of meeting the diOlculty, and not throw on
him the respossibility of remodelling the clauses.
The ATTORNHY-OENERAL said his objection had
been from a sincere desire to improve the bill ; he thought
the omission of these clauses would be a decided improve-
ment. (Hear, hear.) He suggested the addition of two or
three words to another clause, declaring that the compen-
sation should be awarded as was usual in such cases.
Mr. PUSHY was willing to adopt this alteration and with-
draw the 6th and 6th clauses.
The clauses were accordingly track out.
On deuce seven,
Mr. MIILLINGS moved certain amendments and addi-
tions relating to " entblements," which (Mr. Pusey con-
senting) were added to the clause.
The clause was then agreed to.
Clauses 8. 9,10 wen agreed to.
On clause 11 being proposed,
Mr. NEWDROArzeposed to add to the end of the
Wanes the following
Provided always, deg as wry et any term, et which he is not
pieedewl in fee dap% AA have mew, under this act, by agree.
met with the temet et mit Ibeit, to maw eny Mute owner of
seek lenn liable be wel pelodpel sots by we, ef enwpwreden
he
begromasenee wit* cbsil sassed two was' seat
mss
mesedi firm,
rarakrg dr amid lOW timed ths tinsel in wink
.wee tat provided else, that no unmet auk farm elean have
some, ender this me. to mover, by *Ms of mg seei opesseent,
bum SOO ~R. err sob pdm4el ffinaibast:esas
peasa-
eka
at Iles ens* soma egad imeelnienre
sot meths ash mod Were* et
the tete of SL per Jper mom spa kr ahalr snsset the
ON shall likewir be pm' and Molest ot the thew instekomat od
monad of intend than net, be gee mill ens yeses rent of came
krm shall have been pad to web MEd enedd;
maimhoped his hos. Mead wd not the
which seemed to be Wad en a misconception that
the farmers were so desirous to invest their capital in land
that it was newsier, to nebula Reim in every way. That
was quite contrary to his =prime&
Mr. NEWDROATE considered that malverration would
take place if the bill did not contain each restricting proviso
as that which he proposed.
After a few words from Mr. R. Pumas,
The ATTORNEY-GIINERAL said the proviso would
destroy the whole offset of the
iMU for nobody would of
course lay out a considerable cam n the improvement of
land, if he wu only allowed mmapanastion for two peers.
Mr. NEWDEGATE said he was willing to extend the
time. He would seamed to extend it to compensation for
four years, though be mehesed be thought two years' corn-
palmation was the
This hones was cleared a division„ but none took place.
On our entrance to the gallery,
Sir J. GRAHAM was addrecedag the house in opposition
to the proviso. The doubt thrown out the hon. member
Ise Warwickshire wu a doubt with »R&M to the principle of
**bill, and that was not the time to disease the principle.
Re seatemed he bad doubts about the principle, and if the
ma had boss to be compuleory, be would have opposed it.
Me shonMl wait to see what the bill was when pord by
the orramlires, sad he should reserve himself as to how he
amid vies ea the third reading. He could not assent te
• menduetlit proposed by the hon. member for War.
widishire.
' Akre a few words free Mr. Nswinakrz,
1e eitenneittee divided—
For the
goyim 62
80-28
On clause 12 bele propoesd,
Mr. PACKS mewed the laaseties of the words " after oh.
biking the COMM, of the landlord in writing."
Its ATTORNITAIRIZRAL thought the clause alto-
mem obeestioaable. Ho could sot admit that the tenant
kr lib *saki haws power tar aulberbe the arestion of what.
woe yams. ha pleased. Hs enuld=easny_ cases in
elidi sub a peeve weld opera% _ knew
%Maw is whisk a limit kr JO weal' plop! be db.

reed to esepoweer the tenant in
la issmt ale enastion.
Mr. CHRISTOPHER agreed with the hon. end learned
gmeernan in reference to this claws. He considered it to
be open to great abuse.
Dir. HE &CLAM then moved that the dew be emitted.
Sty: ogees withdrew, but no division to.lt place, and the
clause was agreed to.
The house then resumed, and the chairman reported pro-
gram
CASE OF MR. SMITH O'BRIEN.
Lord J. RUSSELL said he had moved that tie record of
the judgment in the WO of Mr. William Smith O'Brien be
minted ; on Friday he should move that it he taken into
consideration, and that Mr. William Smith O'Brien be en-

OUTGOING NAILS.
MAIL for BMW North Amami. and the United @tato will be
made up au the evening °Ube 16th May.
The mils tor Gibraltar, Malta, reece, the Mob& Winds, Egypt,
adea, Ceylon, ladle, Hoag-Kama fi
red China, We gouthamptea„ will
he um& uti oa the seamier et the 11th May.
The malls. aie Karseilles, to the Mediterranean, Egypt, Aden,
ladle, liang-Kong, he., will be made up on the evening ot the
11.41hk2 May.
the Veit IBMs Nab, including Bermuda, Havana, !twee,
New Grimes, and Maxim, ant excluding tholes for
=.7k. New Granada, Chill, and Peen, will
be male op ea the sweving et the 2nd June.
the =Os he Madeira, the Breells, and Memos Ayres, wrn be made
ep as the maim of the 4th et June.

We do not believe that the competition-----ofinfems
farmer!, which the law of distre.s uptolds, by law
ing landowners to ac-ept as tenants men of bolo
capital or skill, has much effect in raising rents; hit
it has a very mat,r:al effect in ate •
the terms and eonditiona of the letting in ether no
sues, ang in that way seriously injures the llseug
class of farmer& The tenar.t of rttle capital submits
to any reservations and restrictions the landlord
chooses to impose, giving, or engaging to give, thm
same rent u his more intelligent competitor, emo
objects to game reservations, obsolete covenants, rah
carious tenure, and the like. And the law of dims.,
enables the landlord to take the inferiv tenam, is
preference to the superior, unless the latter will sip
piss under the yoke. Hence the whole fumble
body is depressed and injured by this oppressivelem..

LONDON, THURSDAY, MAYI7.
THOUGH some farmers here and there seem to in-
dulge in the fond hope that " protection " may be
restored, it is, satisfactory to see that the political
landowners are frankly owning that all such hopes
are vain and delusive. At the Hereford county meet-
ing, the other day, the members of parliament prusM
declared, that it was hopeless to go back to prober
Lion, that free-trade in corn must be tried for three or
four years before a correct opinion could be formed of
its effects, and warned the farmers against panic.
This is as it should be. Farmers have too many
real grievances, capable of practicable redress, to
be able to afford to waste their efforts in seeking pro-
tection by monopoly which is gone for ever.
The more sagacious of their body see this, and are
turning their attention to the practical evils they
suffer. The agitation about tenant. right was one result
of such attention. Not that the tenant-right law sought
to be obtained by the persons who took part in that
agitation was an end worth much exertion, but it
served as a point for discussion, and induced farmers
to state and illustrate the inconveniences they la-
boured under from the actual relations of landlord and
tenant. It has helped to educate the farming classes
as politicians. It has led them to consider the laws
which peculiarly affect their interests.
Now we do not deny that the operation of free trade
in grain, so far as it can at present be judged of, 1
seems likely to hasten that crisis which has long bees
foreseen as impending in the business of husbandry.
The time has come when the farmer must look
ahead, must calculate his chances, and make
a good, or at least a certain, bargain with
his landlord if he means to thrive. or even
to make a living. He must no longer get into posses-
sion at all hazards or upon any terms, and lo* round
him and see how he can maintain a position, which
provident foresight would perhaps have taught him
was not tenable.
The great and almost universal mistake made by
farmers is to take too much land for the capital they
command. The man who could farm 300 acres of
land well, rents a farm of 500 acres; and the man
whose capital would give him the full command
of a 500 acre farm, in four cases out of
five will take one of 800 or 1,000 acres.)
The evils of this speem are so universally known,'
and so generally complained of, that its perpetuation
might fairly excite surprise among persons who know
but littlerof the management of landed property in
England.
Now the true cause of this evil, which is unques-1
tionably the origin of the frequent periods of distress
ensured by English farmers, is to be found in the
state of the law which permits landowners to accept
men as tenants without reference to the amount of
their capital. We allude to the law which Rives the
landlord the power of distraining for rent. Whatever
may be the extent or nature of the farmer's engage-
ments, the landlord is entitled to levy a year's rent
upon the property on the farm. It must be an ex-
treme case in which the year's produce is not sufficient
to pay the year's rent. The farmer may have obtained
his seed corn and his horse corn upon credit : he
may owe all his tradesmen for the implements, or the
manures, by means of which his crops have been
raised ; 'his very stock of cattle or sheep =else
wholly or in part unpaid for, yet every thing may be
swept off by the landlord for rent, and the farmer's
other creditors may thereby entirely lose their debts.
When we consider that the landlord has the power
of selecting his own tenant,aud of ascertaining before-
hand his means for cultivating the farm ; that, by
admitting the tenant to a farm, the landlord gives
him the opportunity of obtaining credit in the neigh-
bourhood to an extent neither his capital nor his cha-
racter may deserve ; we may fairly say that such an
advantage, as the law of distress gives the landlord
over the other creditors of a failing farmer, is in the
highest degree unjust. This is a subject to which
some of our more intelligent farmers are turning their
attention with much earnestness. We have received
many private communications upon it, and we have
reason to know that it has been pressed upon many
promiaent members of parliament as a matter re-
quiring their serious consideration.
In a discussion at the London Farmers Club on
the "means of providing employment fir agricultural
labourers," Mr. TRETIIEWY said, " one great reason
for the unjust competition for lands was the privi-
lege given to the landlord of dieraining for rent. It
that were done away, a fair field would be open to
the capitalist in farming, as is every other branch of
commerce."
This is quite true; farming can never be open to
the ordinary facilities and accommodations of modern
trade, while the feudal power of distraining for rent
remains. Even a lease forme no effective protection
to the creditors of a farmer, while the landlord can
make a clean sweep of every thing on the farm to
pay his rent.
But it may be said, the farmer should have no
creditors ; he ought to invest only his own capital in
the culture of his farm, and that impediments which
prevent the husbandman from getting beyond the
limits of his own means are rather to be desired than
otherwise. We have heard such opinions expreved
by landowners again and again. That such opinions
are altogether err,nesus, a very little practical know-
ledge of farming as a business will show. Doubtless
the farmer, who can furnish the whole of the capital
he requires for the management of his farm, will
carry on his business more advantageously than his
neighbour who is obliged to use a certain portion of
borrowed capital. And the same thing may be said of
every other trader. But would any one, therefore,
jump to the conclusion that a tradesman must strictly
confine his operations within the limits of his own
capital ? And why should the farmer do so
Let us consider the matter practically. The farmer
has a lease of his farm •, he has drained and he has
cleaned it, has got his horses, his implements ; he has
a certain amount of live stock, and can make a cer-
tain quantity of manure ; but he finds that by grow-
ing a larger breadth of root and green crops than his
actual resources enable him to accomplish, bis returns
would be increased in a ratio far beyond the extra ex-
penditure. In fact, the returns his actual means enable
him to obtain will only afford him a profit when
prices are high, or the season favourable. He has
the land, and the horses, and the implements, possibly
also the labour, by which he might grow fifty. acres
of roots, and green crops in addition ; bat he is ghost
of manure, and has not sufficient stack to feed off
such additional crops if be could grow them. What,
then, would be the natural thing, as a tradesman,,
for im to do ? He will require some tons of arti-
ficial manure to raise the crops ; some cattle and
sheep to consume such crops, and some extra
corn, oil-cake, or pulse to twist in fattening
the stock when feeding off the green food.
Now, if the farmer could provide the manure,
the green crepe, and the feeding stock, in part by
means of a loan, say on his bill, he could well afford to
pay a fair price for the accommodation, because, apart
from any possible direct profit, the fertility of his
farm would be permanently increased by the opera-
tion. Bat who would advance money, u a trading
transaction, on a farmer's bill, while he was subject
to the law of distress ?

Now that a royal commission is considering nee
to improve church property for the church's beek,
it is not at all surprising that the church's Imam
should be getting uneasy ; or that a central committee
of great men in I minden and local committees of Ines
men in the provinces should have b en formed to
watch the commission's proceedings, and to protect
their interests in church leaseholds.
The question referred to the commission is one of
some difficulty, both in principle and in details. The
law is in the church's favour, but morality and good
faith have a great deal to say on behalf of the Muses,
And as soon as the moral rights of the latter are re.
oognieed, a very puzzling problem in arithmetic;
arises. The royal commis icners will, therefore, l
very able casuists and very excellent arithmeticians,
if they produce a report which will give to the chin*
greater benefits from its property, and to the lessees
greater security of tenure, and at the same time satisfy
both: for each wants more than the other is wiling
to pant.
It is very rare that the eurch lessees have sal
legal right of compulsorily renewing their lessee,
though in practice it has hitherto been very rare fat
the church to refuse their renewsl ; and the terms of
renewal are very generally known and settled. Stall
the church has the power of running out the lement
it so pleases. This power of course places the luau
very much at the church's mercy •, but, on the other
hand, the lessees not being usually bound by any
covenants as to cultivation, would, on the church re-
solving to run out their leases, so exhaust the land
during the remainder of their tenancies, as to hand it
over to the church in a very worthless condition, or
at least in such a worn-out, need-up state as would
deprive the church of much benefit from it for many
years, and involve the necessity of a large immediate
expenditure to bring it into profitable culture. And
this power gives the lessees no little iefluence ewe
the church. Such are the extreme rights of the
parties: the church may run out the leases; the
lessees may exhaust and rain the !and. It is for tbc
royal commission to reconcile these extreme right.
The church originally created and sthsequeotly
continued this description of property for the pets.
Diary benefit of the ecclesiastical co: poratioca, lola or
aggregate, which bad the incumbency of the pro.
perry leased. So long as bishops and the member
of capitular bodies reaped advat.tages from the fines
paid for the renewal of leases, so long they found no
fault with the system. But now that bishop are
placed on fixed stip( wls, and that deans and chapters
are put on short commons, end have consequently no
personal interest in the system, the ecclesiastical
commission has become very intolerant on the rub.
jest. Meanwhile the lessees were taueht to look on
their leaseholds as perpetually renewable on moderate
fines, and have charged them with family
settlements, made them the subject of en-
tails, and assigned their interest in them u
security for borrowed money. The new-barn zeal of
the ecclesiastical commissioners is, therefore, very
distasteful to the church lessees; and the chances are
that had tt e resolutions of 1845 on this subject been
persisted in, "my lords the bishops" would have been
mobbed by their own tenants as they entered Gwydyr
House some board-day.
The state of the case seems to be this, that the
lessees have an equitable interest in their leaseholds
greater than their legal interests, and that the cburch'i
necessities require a larger share in the profits of the
property leased than the personal arrangements of the
bishops and capitular dignitaries have left her.
The rights, legal and moral, and the necessities of
both, are opposed to a simple enfranchisement for a
money value by the other. The church wants in-
come, steady and increasing; and a money commuta-
tion would only compel her to seek a new investment
for her property. The tenant wants deflate and
secure tenure ; and to impose on him the obligation
of buying out the church would, in many cases, be to
call on a man for a large sum of money who has it
not, and to involve him in debt under the guise of
benefiting him. A simple mosey commutation,
even if Us terms could be arranged, would tueretore
in all probability be satisfactory to neither church
nor lessees.
At all events, such an arrangement has not
been ore of the plans proposed for a settlement of
this vexed question ; and they have been many ander
rione. Neither the Irirh Church Temporalities Act,
nor Lord MONTEAGLE'S bill; neither Mr. BETHUNE'S
nor Mr. LEPEVRE'S proposition; neither the Beckon-
astical Commissioners' resolutions, nor Mr. Asszu.'s
scheme, suggested a simple money parch/lee of the e&
isting leases by the church, or the reversionary in-
terest by the tenants. Each and all 'imposed terms
of renewal in the shape of rent charges. Thu, ter
example, the Irish Act, on a lease for twenty-
one years, on which the fines have hitherto been
equal to an annual payment of 321. a year, reserves
a rent charge to the church of 47/. a year. Lard
MONTEAGLE s plan would reserve 441. a year. /11T•
BETHUNE'S 461. a year. Mr. LEPEVRE'S 6.51. a year.
Mr. ANSELL'S 661. ayes:; whilst under the Eccleese
ticsl Commissioners' resolutions of April, 1815, the
rent charges reserved would not be leas than 701.,
making between the highest and lowest of these pro-
reservations no less a sum than 261. a year.KOlestonder. with these differences of fimrei churl
lessees should be alarmed; no wonder church lean-
holds with this impending change in their vole
611101 at present be unsaleable ; no wonder erne
mitten should be formed and parliamentary interest
should be cultivated!
It will be for the royal commission at once and for
ever to fix on the golden mean; to asiga to the
leaseholds such a rent charge as will benefit teecherche
and confer on them fixity of tenure; to monde
between Lord MONTEAGLR'S minimum and the Ea
clesiastical Commissioners' maximum. The church
must make up its mind to part with its extreme 1.0
rights, and the lessees must make up theirs to
pay substantial rents for the right of compulson
renewal.
At the various meetings of the lessees, it is curious
to observe their anxiety to disclaim any hostility to
their ecclesiastical superiors. Thus at Durham, the
other day, Mr. GREGOON declared "that none of
them, either collectively or individually, for one mo-
ment wished it to be considered or fancied that they
were putting themselves in opposition to their
lessors." So, too, Mr. Fox. He "fully agreed that
this meeting was not one of hostile character." Of
course not : the law has deprived the immediate
lessees of all pecuniary interest in the settlement of
this question. Those concerned in it are no longer
bishops and capitular bodies in their concrete
state but thc church in its abstract character.
But ;his, so far- m
being a reason why its lesieso
should pay less, is precisely a reason why they should
pay more. So long as the profits of these lama
went into the pockets of Bishop BARRINGTON Ot
Dean HALL individually, the country had small
terest in the augmentations of church property. But
tote hat every penny of such increase will be applied
o he religious instruction of the people, the question
has assumed a very different character; now, every man
in the kingdom has • deep immediate interest in the
augmentation of church property. And, though
injustice must not be done to the lessees, they mast
be content " to render unto CEsee the things which
ere CZSAR'S, and unto GOD the things which are
GOD'S."

FATAL BOAT ACCIDENT.—A fatal boat accident,
by which a jams gentleman named Bullock, who is in the
agency of Messrs. Bass and Co., the well known bitonter ale
with his brother, and a gentleman in the magistrstce
brewers, for the Bristol district, lest his life, occurred Tue
day evening upon the river Avon, near Bristol. Mr. Bullock
named Rogers, had been up to lianham in a wherry, and
were returning in the evening, when the boat ran foul of
some timbers which were floating in the river, and had not
been perceived by the voyagers. The wherry immediately
filled, and went down*; lir. Bullock wu drowned, lus
companions escaping with some difficulty. office