The Express.
London, England, 1853-06-11 00:00:00

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

A tecond Edition of " The Express," containing the rants evening's
Garette," G pabliahed every Tuesday and Fridley sight, in time
Ice pout
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LONDON, SATURDAY, JUNE 11.

THE motions regarding Foreign Affairs which
Lord CLANRICARDE and Mr. LATAItD were to have
brought forward respectively in the two Houses of
Parliament, were yesterday postponed at the request
of the Government until further notice. The precise
reasons for this postponement are not stated, and
the public are left to infer what they please on
the subject during the next few days. But this in-
terval of suspense cannot last very long. If Liberals
"unattached" do not bring the subject of our
existing relations with Turkey and Russia under
the notice of Parliament, other persons will. It
may not be convenient to the fourteen noblemen and
gentlemen who constitute the present Administration
to declare what is their policy,—if they are still un-
agreed upon one. But that is their affair; and the
safety and honour of a great and a free people cannot
be made "an open question," to suit the exigencies
of an undecided Cabinet. If prevalent rumours be not
wholly unfounded, there are two opinions amongst
the members of the Government, regarding the
course which it is the duty of this country
to pursue in the present crisis of European affairs.
On the one hand, it is argued that, come what may,
our position ought to be one of inflexible neutrality.
As far as diplomatic expressions of all kinds are con-
cerned, there is no objection to being eloquent on
behalf of Turkey, and energetic in remonstrances

against her wanton humiliation or ruthless dismem-
berment. But all the while it is clearly to be under-
stood by es Px,-Piat the aggressor that all
this language of deprecation means simply nothing at
all. The plunderer has ears, but be is expected not to
hear; he has eyes, but he is requested not to see. Eng-
land having proposed to France, Austria, and Prus-
sia to offer jointly their mediation on the Eastern
question, and having induced those powers to forego
all separate interests and predilections for the com-
mon good, is nevertheless to be considered free—
should Russia set at defiance the public opinion of
all Europe—to stand aside, and leave her Allies to
meddle or abstain as they please in further proceed-
ings. The goodwill of Russia, at any price, is avowed
to be the primary aim of this policy ; and next to this
an et dente cordiale with Austria and Prussia, neither
of whom, it is believed, would move in defence of
Turkey, were England to fall back from the position
of Quadruple intervention.

On the other hand, it is argued that beside
the unworthiness and discredit which this trim-
ming and temporising policy implies, it must
inevitably prove to be as shortsighted as it
is selfish. That Russia can be duped by so feeble an
effort at finesse, or bullied by what she knows to be
the blank cartridge of diplomacy, is idle as well as
absurd. if she is left for another fortnight under
such an impression, the Danubian Principalities will
be occupied, and, to use the cant of conquest, " events
I will take their course." Turkey, if abandoned to the
mercy of the spoiler, may only be able to redeem her
ravagedprovinces by the abject concession of all which
she has been counselled to refuse. Her utter humili-
ation, in the eyes of the world Ind in her own, will
have been sealed; and henceforth,—knowing by a
terrible experiente the futility of reliance on Western
Europe for support or succour,—she will resign her-
self unresistingly to a state of avowed vassalage. How
long we might retain the now valuable and increasing
market she affords us, should the seat of govern-
ment be practically transferred from Stamboul
to St. Petersburg, it were idle to conjecture. But
neither such a contingency nor others of an
equally serious character, affecting the security
of our Asiatic possessions, present the moat I
serious, because the most immediate, considerations,
connected with so fatal a policy. What course will
the Public Opinion of France take in such an emer-
gency, or with what sentiments must it regard the
conduct of Great Britain, should it seem to resemble
what we have described ? There is no use in
mincing the matter. The sense of mutual distrust
which every wise and good man in both
countries has hitherto sought to allay would
thenceforth no longer be capable of disguise
or concealment. With unanswerable force
we should then be subject to the reproach
of sacrificing the independence of an ancient ally
and the stability of an important branch of our trade
to dynastic antipathies and vague suspicions.
Louts NAPOLEON would be then able to say that,
while he alone had been prompt in sending armed
succour to the menaced SULTIS, he had shown him-
self the most ready to lay aside ambitious schemes of
reprisal, and the most willing to enter into a
quadrui,le league for the preservation of the
status .71w throughout Europe. He would have
a right, in the judgment of all civilise4

nations, to complain should Fr;;;;;;;Iieibe :eft
in a position of isolation. It is neither his intutit
nor the inclination of the high-spirited people ee hoax he
governs, to renounce the part he has shown hircscf
ready to play in defence of the integrity of the
Ottoman Empire.

We forbear from pressing the considerations that
must inevitably suggest themselves to the least fore.
thoughtful in reference to such a condition of aft'aits.
For us alliance with the people of France is worth
all other alliances on the continent put together.
To us alienation from France, with or without
just cause, appears the greatest of external ilk
In the present case we are bound, in ea
honour and conscience, to admit that up to the pre,
sent point the existing Government of France has
acted loyally to the cause of peace, and to that
of the general safety. Should Lout, Noluothos be
tempted to abandon that course of action, we shouid
deeply deplore it; but so long as the Govet meat of
England proves itself sincerely desirous of acting
for the common weal, in concert with that
of France, we shall not be responsible far
the evils and calamities that must attend
the letting loose of all the passions now restrained
throughout Europe. We shall be responsible, hew.
ever, if for the sake of an Austrian or a Russian
alliance, we give cause of alienation and distract to
France : and it is because we believe that the instincts
of national policy arc both wise and just, that we
wish to see the opinion of Parliament taken upon the
Turkish question with as little delay as possible.

TUE amount of emigration still going on from all
parts of the kingdom, and especially from the agri.
cultural districts, seems to be occasioning something
like alarm, even in the minds of men who are
rather too rational to suppose that the farms and
pastures of our country are destined to become
desolate and wild as a North Carolina plantation, or
an Illinois prairie. If agricultural information
were as complete and as readily accessible as mane-
facturing and commercial, there would be no such
apprehension; and we should not be called on, an vo
feel ourselves at present to be, to point out the coma.
lations of the case—the see on d a ry asp( et of the question
of a sufficiency of agricultural labour in England•
If the statistics of agriculture were furnished as they
ought to be, and as we hope and expect they will be,
every farmer in England might know precisely how
much labour is replaced by the use of agricultural
machinery, and how, while our labourers are gashing
out from our ports, to enrich our colonies and them.
selves by their toil, new sources arc opened on the
spots they leave of a kind of labour which we car,
always hold in profitable slavery, and by which we can
never be left in the lurch. In the last volume of the
" Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society " there
is an account of the new and improved implements
exhibited at the Lewes meeting last year, which
might well astonish the croakers who fancy we are
going to ruin for want of labour: and if materials
were afforded for a comparison between the number
of departed labourers and the potter introduced into
tillage by the extended use of labour-saving machines,
we believe there is not a landlcrd or intelligent
farmer in the British Islands who would not be
exhilarated by the prospect of ever-cheapening
labour bringing ever-thickening crops.
It is not so very long since the fight of the thre.h•
ing-machines might still be seen ; when bands of
labourers would assault any new machine, and ex-
hibit its fragments, to be a terror to the whole
country-side; and then did the thresher swing bis
flail above his head in triumph, and gn to work again,
stopping only to wipe his brows with his sleeve, and
then toiling on, because bread was rising, and wages
were falling, and his children would be hungry g
house. Then were the days when two men and a
boy, driving four or five horses in to team, ploughed
four or five inches deep—an inch for each horse—
merely apitling off and turning half over a slice of
the soil, leaving the weeds in the earth, and spoiling
their plough with such stones as it encountered.
Those were the days when such seed as was not
wasted by broadcast sowing was put in by hand—
by a multitude of hands, which were all held out for
money on Saturday nights. Then was there a man,
woman, or boy to every hoe. Then was there a lad
or a lass, an old man or a motherly woman (who was
wanted at home) to every hay-rake, and the hay lay
for a week or more at the mercy of the clouds.
Then was there nothing commoner than " the clod
of the valley," the big clod, whose heart was
never laid open to be fed by the atmosphere and
cheered by the sunshine. Then was the corn cut by
handfuls, by the hot labour of the reaper, with his
ineffectual sickle. Then was the corn ground in
windmills, which had a provoking property of stand-
ing still while the public were waiting for their
flour; or in water-mills, which, to obtain the neces-
sary fall, backed up the water, and flooded at times
hundreds of acres a piece, and many a hamlet, so that
it would have scared the miller to have known how
much was the farmer's loss, and how many were the
funerals per annum, caused by his mill. 'We might
go on through the whole range of rural processes,
and show an enormous waste of labour at every tura;
but the facts have proved themselves, leaving us only
to state the proof. The labourers who were then
thought indispensable are gone—not only the flail, bat
the man who wielded it; the sower. and the mowers,
the reaper and the miller's man ; the soil-stained
ploughboy, and the sun-burned milkmaid, and the
whitened man on the mill steps, glancing up at the
sails. And yet the work goes on. We cannot tell
precisely at what rate in comparison with half a
century ago, because the information is nowhere to
be had: but we know that tillage goes on better
than it ever did before. While the labourers are
streaming away, the soil is better drained, and some-
what better broken ; the seed is better sown, and
the plant better weeded; the hay is often made in a
day, and the corn reaped as if the elves had been
summoned, in American fashion, to a "cutting bee,"
the grinding does not wait for wind nor, in so many
cases as formerly, detain the water. In a word, the
extension of the use of machinery in agricultural
operations promises to keep pace with the with-
drawal of human labour. Everybody bas heard a good
deal of the new hay-making and reaping machines;
but everybody may not know what the demand
for steam-engines, threshing machines, and drills has
become, since free trade gave its noble stimulus to
agricultural improvement, and the emigration of la-
bourers has sustained the impulse. One manufac-
turer of .team-engines for farming purposes has
found his business increased fourfold within three
years ; another fivefold, and another eightfold ; and
another, who sent out 15 in 1843, sent out 291 in
less than two years before the Lewes meeting. One
maker of threshing machines finds his business in.
I creased fourfold, and another could sell four times as
many as he can make ; and of drills, some makerssay
that they send out 30 per cent. more than they did
two years ago ; and so on through the whole cargo
of improved implements.
While all this labour saving is going on there is,
ilor there has been till very lately, a deficiency as to the
most essential point of all—the immediate prepense
Lion of the soil for the seed. We sec all manner
of ploughs on trial, and each has some virtue of
its own, but still they are ploughs, and keep to
making furrows and slicing the soil, whereas we
want to have something like the gardener's seed
bed, level and well pulverlsc 1, without the gardener's
hand labour. From the superior ftrtility which

foilowa digging, there was serious talk in some J
• • Leine the other great digging began in piaciAus-
tralis, of a recurrence to spade husbandry on small
farms and portions of larger. That was impossible, '
under the social laws which forbid retrogression. It
was, on the contrary, a sure prophecy of progression.
The want was made clear, and the satisfaction of it
was sure to follow. Some way of making a good
seed bad by mechanical means was the thing wanted,
and the faster our ploughmen have gone off to the
colonies, the nearer we have been drawing to the
accomplishment of what we require. While we may
still sac a procession of fine powerful horses pulling
unequally at an old plough, and imperfectly turning
user a furrow four inches deep—eating moro oats,
one would think, than they will produce barley; and
while in SILVWX we may still Ire a dozen bullocks
hauling at two primitive ploughs, as awkward as
camel-ploughing at Ilebron, and leaving a furrow
which looks by no means worth the trouble—the
idea has sprung up that perhaps we had better not
expect an thing more from the plough, but—leaving
it to a poetical immortality—take up some other
principle. This is the main idea of the clever
little book we have more than once referred to--
" Chronicles of a Clay Farm," where the sugges-
tion is thrown out of a machine with a circular
1210%4:meet, which shall not slice and throw
mar the soil, but throw up and pulverise it.
And this is the idea which is said to be already
realised in a machine which is gaining upon the
pahlic notice through other channels than the agri.
cultural journals. The knowledge of it ought, in-
deed, to lie considered a matter of general interest;
and of political interest among the rest, at a time
when the state of the labour market on the one hand,
and the prospects of food production on the other,
are affairs of prime importance in the eyes of the
true statesman. Here and there in the kingdom
may have been seen, this spring, in the place of the
superannuated plough, the Digger invented by
a Mr. SAMtELSON—a machine which we may
hope to see fill up the great gap in the series of
improvements, from the drainage of the soil to the
delivery of the flour. The application of steam has
not yet been contrived; and this was a main element
in the proposals of the author of the " Clay Farm
Chronicle;" but the circular movement is said to be there;
and the increased depth, and the thorough breakage
of the soil, and the absence of furrow, and the great
speed and labour-saving. There is an arrangement
of what might be called huge rowels, which revolve
with their curved steel spikes, tearing the soil to
dust, to the depth of ten inches, and carrying up
any refractory clods to be crushed by the tooth..
cleaner above. Where the plough hardens the sub.'
soil, the Digger is to learne it porous. Where the plough
and even the spade buries weeds to grow again, the
Digger tears them out and finishes them. There is'
a way found now by which three quarters of an
acre may, it is said, be turned into a gardener's seed-
bed in an hour ; a seed-bed for roots as well as
for grain. This is not all that will be done
under the new stimulus given to art by the
withdrawal of labour. We shall see the team of
horses superseded by a power which is not fed with
oats. But tho advance upon the clumsy methods
which we may yet see in use by looking over a
hedge, in almost every county in England, is too
remarkable not to be noticed, while daily lamenta-
tions over the thinning of the labour market meet
our eyes and ears. If it should be found, a quarter
of a century hence, that halving the labour of man
and beast has doubled the produce of our fields, the
fact will be one of the most striking that the history
of our remarkable century can exhibit.

FRANCE.

PARIS, FRIDAY EVRNINO.

The following is the text of the announcement in
the Monileur on the subject of the East, the substance
of which we published yesterday :
" The ambassador of his Imperial Majesty, at the
moment of his departure for Constantinople at the
close of last March, received instructions placing

the squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral do
Susse at his disposal. Orders had been already given
to the admiral on the 20th of March to proceed to
the Archipelago.

"The events which have since occurred et Constan-
tinople have induced the English government to give
similar instructions to that received by M. de La-
cour to Lord Stratford de Radcliffe, their ambassador
to tho Sublime Porte.

" The French and English governments have,
besides, decided that their united squadrons should
approach the Dardanelles without further delay.
Orders to that effect have been sent from Toulon and
Marseilles on the 4th of the present month, by the
Chaptal and Caradoc, for Admirals La Susie and
Dundas.

" This measure of precaution by no means pre-
cludes the hope of a pacific settlement of the actual
difficulties."

The effect produced on the Bourse by this note has
been very serious. From an early hour, crowds of
people such as have not been seen to take an interest
in anything political for many months past might be
seen grouped around the numerous public pluses
where the 3foniteur is placarded, and anxiously
reading the contents. The weakness of the expres-
sion," does not exclude the hope of a pacific settle-
ment of existing difficulties," was very much re-
marked upon. Still many people, accustomed daily
to watch the course of polities, expected to see a
better hoarse to-day, because they saw in the
note decisive evidence of a cordial understanding
between France and England, which, accord-
ing to views very generally expressed hitherto,
was the one thing wanting to guarantee
tthoeorace of the world. It was reported that this
understanding was so perfect, that when the
Emperor saw the orders given by the English govern-
ment to Admiral Dundas, he said to his minister,
0 let those be copied, and be the orders for Admiral
de la Suess." At the opening of the Bourse, how-
ever, it was soon found speculators were not prepared
to look the situation in the face without alarm. A
panic at once set is, and may be said to have con-
tinued until it was stopped by the closing bell at
three o'clock. Although the news was undoubtedly
"discounted" to a great extent yesterday, a further
fall took place in the Threes of lfr. 60c. and
they closed at within a fraction of the
lowest figure of the day. In tho railways,
in which a great deal more business is done here, the
fall was disastrous. All the lines closed from 40fr.
to 80fr. lower, and St. Germain fell as much u 100 fr.
The Credit Whitler fell 60fr. The only securities
not much affected in the general rout were Bank of
France shares, but these have not participated to any
great extent in the upwtrd movement of the last
twelvemonths, and very little is done in them. The
monthly return of the bank, by the way, aro attain
very unsatisfactory, but it is said the profits realised
by advances to railways will enable the management
to declare a dividend of 65 or 68 for the first half
of this year.
A defaulter was declared in the parquet to-day.
He is understood to have absconded, but it was gene-
rally thought that his differences would be ultimately
paid in full. The person in question has operated
largely for the account of a high official personage.
The Sieete says that the Russian army has received
positive orders to cross the Pruth on the lath, but I
do not find this intelligence confirmed from any other
source.

---
The following from the AssembMe confirms some
important facts published in London:
Litters fmm St. Petersburg, dated June 1, have been
received in the course of the day. They confirm the news
that an extraordinary courier has been sent to Constanti-
nople with snots from the Russian cabinet. This note,
besides insisting upon all Prince Menchikoffs demands,
formally excludes, it is asserted, all recourse to mediation.
A dtley of eight days is granted to the Porte to accept the

demands of Ruasia. It Is calculated that the note will
reach enn.tantinople on the Bth or 10th. The delay
granted will therefore expire about the 20th. By this time
the French and English fiesta have doubtless arrived at the
mouth of the Dardanelles. The ensemble of this news may
■ppe►r alarming, and yet at St. Petersburg great confidence
must still be felt in the maintenance of peace, fur we learn
that one of the most etisid,rshile families in Russia is to
leave that capital on the 4th for Parts, proposing to pass the
winter there.

The following was the tho situation of the Bank
on Thursday, June 9: _

_
ASSETS. fr. e.
Cash and ingots
Combat the branch-banks 127,699,381
Overdue Bills 245,691 97
Bills becoming due in Paris' of which
1 41,138,964 hr. 97c., are from the
bench-backs
Bills in the branch-banks
Advanees on coin and ingots
Do. in the branch-beaks 387,580 --
Do. on public securities of Francs 34,715,536 10
Ditto by the branch banks 10,730,360
Da') on railway shares and bonds
Ditto in the branch-banks 17,593,759
Ditto to the state by treaty of June
30, 1848
Rentes of the reserve-fund
Rentes of disposable funds
Hotel and furniture of the bank 4,000,000
Real property of breech-banks
Interest in National Discount-bank 37,000
Espens,a of administration 1,316,371 63
Sundries

Total 1,011,873,210 33
Capital
Reserve-fund
•• .

,
Iteserve-inmobiliere
Notes to bearer, in circulation
Ditto of branch hanks
Ditto to order (Post-bills)
Billsipayable at sight
Account current of Treasury Creditor
Various accounts current
_..
..___

Ditto branch-banks

32,6 16,793

Dividends to be paid
Discount, interest, and es m's"' 5,484,6b3 118
Re discounts of the 'andel( year 710,4ii6 02
Sums received over suit above the salsa

of the:protested bills
Sundries

1,041,873,210 33
From these returns it appears that the metallic
reserve has increased 2 millions in Paris, and 20j
millions in the branch-banks. The discount accom-
modation has fallen off nearly 7i millions in Paris
and 51 millions in the departments. The sums ad-
vanced on the public securities of France have de-
clined 11 million in the Paris bank, whilst increasing
about lof a million in the branch banks. Advances
on railway shares show an augmentation both
in Paris and in the provinces. in the former of
nearly 3 millions, and in the latter of 14 million.
On the side of liabilities, the notes in circulation
hare declined 361 millions in Paris, and al millions
in the departments. The credit account of the
State has increased nearly 14!, millions. Private
accounts-current have augmented 46 millions in
Pari-, and 41 millions in the branch banks. The
whole amount of the metallic reserve is at present
334 millions to 6281 millions of notes in circulation.

BOURSE.

PAM z, 311.
Macey. : us.—__
- •
3per MOW
____ . 73 13 ' 73 SO 73 SO 71 73 ' 71 60
it per CMOS. MEL. ... ... . ...
1
... ...
4 pee Oars Ma. ... : I
3; or Orrh ... ... .... ...
pa omiriii;l:sii_ ... , ...
Ilmiliaage on London: atria; 2.1 3;10 dar.io 83.
Tr... Money • Naples Rent.
I Roman Suer Cents
Do. 19.90
Prbsort 3 pet. 97 13 Treasury Paula
De. 3. 11133
PAILIJI.JI2I4S 10.--254. °amain, 1650; Versailles (right
bank), —; Mrs (left bur), 330; Paris and Orleans. 1,000;
Paris mid Mama. 010; Bore and Havre, 425; Margallk,
arid Sasses (Conesetall, • Strasbourg and Bale, 330 ;
Northern, $ll 30; Paris and Ortibsarg, 1123; Psri• and Lyons,
923; Lycra and Mediterranean, 040; Onset, 650; Pais and
Cherbourg, SOO • Dijon and Begeneon, 603;. Midi. 370; Mon-
tanan and Troyes. 390 ; Crabgrass and Baan, 493; Bordeaux
and hate, —; Blegma and N. Dries to Gray, 490; Dieppe and
Penantp, 300; Cerra Subs% —; Paris and Swans, —;
Nagle% —,

110lowiniiii.set.1 Lowest., Closing

Vu Areuunt.