The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-13 00:00:00

TO CORRESPONDENTS.,

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speech of tho 11th of January it swells at once into
a resuscitation of the old Family Compact. It renews
those " good and intimate relations" which "so long
subsisted ;" " the maintenance of which " is to secure
"the prosperity, as well as the security of the two
states. There is here no mention of Spanish inde-
pendence, or of Spain's rank and right as a separate
nation of Europe. Its prosperity is made to
consist in a junction with the prohibited com-
mercial system of France. The security of the
two countries is to consist of their being
linked together, and their presenting a com-
bined alliance against all other powers, England
especially. The declaration is clear as day; it is that
of the Bourbon lily against the world, with the Itus-
sian eagle to back it.
Now, we by no means say that it is the deter-
mination of Lovis PHILIPPE to pursue this bold and
hazardous policy, which, howevar he may have
partially end successfully followed in secret,
he has never openly practised or avowed. We
merely say that his speech menaces it; and this
simply because he judges menace the beat mode
of at present bringing England and its govern-
ment into his views. Ihe aims of the French King
at this moment are to bring England into a recog-
nition of the right of the Duke and Duchess of MONT-
PENSIER to succeed to the Spanish throne. Without
this the aim of the Spanish marriages. remains in-
completed. If England or its present ministry.. was to
have been wheedled into this, Louis PHILIPPE would
have been a wheedling speech. We will be bound to
say, that had Lord ABERDEEN been in power, it
would have been " soft sawder" from one end to the
other, as it was last year. But Lord PALMERSTON is
in, and the King of the FRENCH takes the furious or
the sullen vein, as the beat adapted for his purpose.
We do not think that there is an atom of sincerity
in one kind of language more than in the other. We
neither believed in the love-making of last year,
which, for contrast sake, we quote below, nor in the
war-making of this.* And if we allow ourselves
to be frightened now, we should be just as big dupes
as people were last year, when they put their faith
in the cordial entente of the palace of Eu.

• Now- —The following is the peerage in the French King's speech
of last year :—" The friendship which mires me with the Queen of
Great Britain, and of which she again so affectionately pre me •
proof, together with the mutual confidence earning between the
governments, has happily, secured the pod and intimate relations
between the two states."

IT is impossible to conceive a more ungenerous, a
more dangerous, series of political arguments, for
policy they cannot be called, than those which are
daily indulged in by the Tines. It takes invariably
for its subject the poor starving Irish peasant—the
almost as distressed and perplexed Irish landlord.
Having placed these unhappy beings, without con-
sulting them, on a stool of repentance, it proceeds to
lecture them upon their sins and misfortunes. The
Times admits these victims to be bankrupt and
starving, but denies that they have the least right to
charity or commiseration. They are Celts : they are
guilty of the original sin of descending from an indi-
genous race, and therefore ought to have disappeared,
like the red man. . .

Our contemporary contrasts these starving,
crowded Irish with the well-conditioned English-
man and the canny Scot ; and, continuing its
vituperations to poor PADDY, it bids him look
without envy at his happier brother; and, at
the same time, strike his breast and own that his
comparative misery is his own Irish, Celtic fault.
England has manufactures and civic wealth: Scotland
has grown to be a land of industry : and it is alto-
gether PADDY'S own faalt, if he has not now a manu-
facturing metropolis like Glasgow, or like Manchester,
in the midst of his bogs.
The poor Irishman, if these police-magistrates of the
press would deign to listen to him, could advance
many an excuse. He might say, that, during those
centuries when England's lower classes were ac-
quiring thewes and strength, and when her institutions
were developing, Ireland was kept in a field of strife
and slaughter by English rapacity and ambition.
Later still, when the middle classes of England rose
to the acquirement of wealth, of privilege, and free-
dom, these very middle classes of England undertook
to thrust their improved religious ideas down
Irish throats by the sword. The seventeenth century,
a glorious era of freedom to England, was one of
extermination and bloodshed to Ireland. The
eighteenth century, during which England profited
by the blessings of freedom and of peace to lay the
foundation of her, and of Scotland's, commercial
prosperity, Ireland was governed by an iron code
which denied the right of property to three-fourths
of her population, which jealously prevented her
manufactures, which condemned her sons to slavery,
and her soil to barrenness. It .was under this
galling, this inhuman, yoke, that the lower class
of Irish were encouraged to multiply like the
slaves of the ergasitilum, or the beasts of the field,
without forethought or provision, in order to swell
the political and electoral importance of those lords
who had been imposed upon them.
Is it fair, is it generous, is it prudent, to reproach
the poor Irishman of the present day, the living
result of such concentrated misrule, with being him.
self the cause and the criminal ? It is easy to sum up
his incapacities and miseries, and say that they
are the attributes of a Celt. Are not the Scotch, the
Welsh, the Bretons, the Basques, Celts too ? brave,
industrious, orderly, civilised, according to their
vicinity. to great centres, and not according to the
nonsensical and impertinent distinctions of birth and
race.
And all this cold, hypercritical scanning of the
rags of misery, this studied depreciation of the Celt,
with bigot arguments borrowed from the opinions,
which slaveholders entertain of the negro—this is not
the idle criticism of a leisure moment, an argument
thrown up for discussion in prosperous times, when
the Irish, however humbled, had at least their bellies
filled to enable them to bear the poignancy of a jest
No—the time chosen for these denunciations, these
odious comparisons made between nation and nation,
race and race, is precisely when the poorer people are
brought down not to the verge but into the midst,
the sore reality, of starvation. We know of towns,
where the articles of the Times have stopped subscrip-
tions for the Irish, already commenced, when it has
caught the open hand of the charitable already
stretching forth their mite, and thrust it back into the
giver's pocket. We know the name of the French
Jacobin, who gloried in being the proeureur-general
of the guillotine. The 2Ymes is the attorney-general
of Irish starvation.
All this on the part of our contemporary is neither
more nor less than repeal agitation. Never did the
family and followers of O'CONNELL utter arguments,
so directly tending to a separation of the countries,
as those articles of the Times. And its pointing out
of remedies is just as pregnant with this conclusion,
as its denunciation of abuses. Ireland would have
been spared all this, it says, had it been given, like
England, a poor-law. But how came England by its
poor-law ? The poor of old were fed by the
monasteries out of the ample revenues of the church.
These revenues were confiscated, as ill bestowed, and
they were made over to the aristocracy. With the
land of the church was transferred the charity of the
church : a poor-rate was imposed, and soon made
obligatory. Does the Times propose this for imita-
tion in Ireland? The Irish will not say that it comes
too late.
Then our contemporary expends half a column on a
comparison between Irish and Scotch, and the causes
of their difference. In that comparison it omits
altogether the many potent causes of Scotch
prosperity and content. Amongst these, the con-
stant and wisely directed stream of patronage, which
during half a century made Scotland the receptacle
of so much colonial wealth, is not alluded to. Had
Ireland had a Lord MeLviLLE in the Tory cabinet, her
landlords would be now as obsequious as the Scotch.
But why does the Times lure the Irish into these re-
searches and comparisons ? Is it prepared to make
over to Ireland the religions independence and self-
government which Scotland secured to itself
at the union, and the practical independence
which it was wisely allowed to enjoy in
other respects? Our contemporary may depend
upon it that the more it probes the causes of
Irish ill, the worse it will be for its claim of English
supremacy ; the wider the comparison which it insti-
tutes between Ireland and other provinces of the
empire, the more iniquitously will Ireland appear to have
been treated ; and if a union at all is to be preserved
between the countries, a union requisite to English
greatness and strength, it will be rather by repairing

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JAN. 13.
TUE speech addressed by the King of the FRENCH
to his Chambers on Monday is the first expression of
Royal opinion, since the revolution of July, with
which England had ever reason to be dissatisfied.
Louls PHILIPPE, on such occasions, was always
courteous to this country ; and even when hatred to
England was strong amongst his people, the leaguer.
of the King was temperate, conciliating, and mild.
It is not rude even now. But it is me-
nacing to the eye of the statesman and the
diplomatist. In order fully to estimate its cha-
racter and import, let us first consider what, as
Englishmen, we might have rationally expected from
the French King's speech. In the first place, there is
not a doubt, bat that in the affair of the Spanish mar-
riages there was much to mortify and to annoy us.
Our interests as well as our confidence were betrayed.
We certainly suffered, what made the French so sore
in the affairs of Syria, an amoindrissement or diminu-
tion of our dignity and influence. France, or at least
the ORLEANS family, were great and decided gainers.
England loet in every way, and that not merely in
the sphere of politics and diplomacy, but in the
extension ef trade, and the probable settlement of
pecuniary claims :—to use French phraseology, we suf-
fered moral and material injury.
How far it was politic for us to resent this, is a
question for future consideration. But this at least is
certain, that England and its government, after what
had taken place, might have expected at the hands of
France, or at least from the mouth of its king--of
the head of the family who had profited by duping us
—some expressions of conciliation, of regret, or of con-
trition. Instead of any such salve, we are treated in
a ruder manner than we were ever treated before.
Having given England a slap upon one cheek in
Madrid, the French give us another in Paris. Their
court journals talk, how glad they should be to have
our alliance ; but the French King, in his speech,
plainly shows that he is prepared to do without that
alliance.
Another thing we might have expected in that
speech would have been an expression of indigna-
tion as to Cracow. All the world knows that the de-
struction of that last free city of Poland was effected
by Russian dictation. But what do we find in the
French King's speech ? For the first time in any
such speech we have a friendly paragraph devoted
to Russia, whilst the absorption of Cracow is
merely characterised as an "unexpected event,"
against which France had entered a formal protest.
Contrast the dryness and coldness of this paragraph
upon Cracow, which the Russian Envoy, Mr. KISSE-
LEFF, might have written—or, we should say, must
have written--contrast this with the exuberance of
expression, in which the advantages of the Infanta's
marriage are pointed out.
If we might have expected more warmth or resent-
ment in the matter of Cracow, we might have e-
.

THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 13, 1847.

to this country, whilst the charitable and humane
feelings which the greater and hippicr country
would willingly, and in its own generous nature reci-
procate, are to be snapped offend bidden to wither by
the coarse, the stupid, the inhuman, and impolitic
execrations and sophistication of the Times.

WHAT has befallen the Turks that they, or at least
that their political changes, should 60 little interest
us ? There was a time when we felt every move at
Constantinople with as much sensibility as we did
those at Vienna or Madrid. Now, statesmen at the
Porte rise and fall, and the event is scarcely chronicled.
Our Constantinople letter announces the fall of
old KUoSREP, the veteran Seraskier, the patron of the
old Turk party—the opponent, though not the bigotted
one, of ltkannin and reform. KHOSEF.F was utterly
disgraced many years back, when his ease seemed as
hopeless as that of PEEL after reform, but KHOSREF
fought his way hack to power at the head of the
Turkish Tories, and maintained himself there stoutly.

SAID PACIIA, brother-in-law to the young Sultan,
is named Seraskier in his place, according to these
accounts. RF.,CIIID PACITA still retains his power in
the ascendant, and has, indeed, just given proof of his
being still imbued with the ideas of the West, and
determined to act upon them. 10.,,CH1D, despite the
efforts of Austria, has caused the Turkish government
to protest against the annexation or Cracow.
Turkey has, indeed, more reason for alarm than
any other state. Cracow's fall is her m.o.:4mm? ardet
Ucukgon. When Poland is digested and Circassia
devoured, the Russian bear may direct its appetite at
leisure westward of the Danube.

Perhaps KROSREVS fall was owing to the pro-
test for Cracow, necessarily so displeasing to
Russia, for we are as yet without details. Pi rhaps
it is connected with the determination of
RESCIIID PACHA to reduce the turbulent and

sanguinary chiefs of Kurdistan. The readers of the
Daily News cannot but hare perused with interest
those letters from our correspondent in the Levant
who, in his route from Trebizond to Syria, has tra-
versed the wild region of I)iarbekir and Mosul, and
surveyed' he scenes of the massacre of the unfortu-
nate liestorians. We are much to blame for our re-

missncss in their behalf; and the American mission-
aries to blame also for their intemperate zeal. It was
their interference which first awoke Munnlman jea-
lousy, and created this dread persecution and massacre
of the last Christian races of Central Asia. RIZSCHID
PAcaA vows vengeance, though he has shown his desire
of it oddly enough by sending to compliment the san-
guinary Bey. The Turkish minister excuses himself
by representing such compliments as necessary fore-
runners of Turkish vengeance. In this respect, as in
others, ItESCRID might have adopted European ideas
with advantage.
The great reforming minister of Turkey pursues
his: task of improvement with :much slowness end
caution. Ilia meditated reduction of Kurdistan is
said to be a portion of his scheme for reducing the
paellas to be regular and removable governors with
fixed salaries. This necessary reform RESCHID
not been able to accomplish even west of the Bee-
phorus. And still upon the l)asube sit pachas of
the old school, enthroned in their strong castles, and
grinding the population.
Much will depend upon RESCIIID'S success in this
Kurdish war, the true secret of power in the East—at
least, the power to be built up, independent of the
sovereign—being military success. This RESCRID
has not yet obtained. It was KUOSREF'S military
reputation that supported him. That all influence at
the Porte should at this moment be disputed by two
ministers altogether civilian, ItEscitin and RIZA,
shows the pacific character of the young Sultan, and
his dislike of turbulent or military favourites.

PARIS, MONDAY EVENING. '
As stated by us yesterday, the French Chem- I
hers were opened on Monday, by the King in 1
person, with all the accustomed ceremonial.
The whole of the distance from the Tuileries to the
Palais Bourbon was lined on both sides with national
guards and troops of the line, whilst on the Place de
la Concorde strong detachments of municipal guards
kept back the spectators as far as the first fountain.
The doors were thrown open at the Chamber of I
Deputies at ten o'clock, for such persons as had been
favoured with tickets ; but before that hour arrived
a number of sight-seers had assembled outside,
anxious to secure the best places. By eleven o'clock
nearly all the seats reserved for the public were clam- '
pied, ladies occupying the front of all the galleries
and the pourtour which runs round the Chamber
below.
The arrangements in the interior of the Chamber
were similar to those of former years. The royal
seat was placed on a wide estrade, raised over the spot
where the President of the Chamber usually sits. At
each side of it were arranged tabouret3 of crimson
velvet, edged with gold lace, for the four princes.
High above the platform rose a rich canopy, also of
crimson velvet and gold, surmounted on the centre and
sides with faisceaux of tri-coloured digs. Below the
platform were disposed benches for the ministers, the
grand deputations of the two Chambers. general
officers, members of the Council of State, and other
dignitaries.
About twelve a few peers and deputies began to
arrive. Amongst the earliest were the Marquis de
Itoissy, Count de Murat, Count de Montalembert, M.
Leserjeant de Monnecove, M. C. Laffitte, M. 0. Bar-
rot, &c. M. Thiera entered rather late, and was warmly
greeted by his friends.
A little before cne, the diplomatic corps took their
seats in the tribune reserved for them, close to that of
the ladies of the royal family: they were all in grand
uniform, with stars and orders, and presented a very
brilliant appearance. The Marquis of Normanby,
who was seated next to the Turkish ambassador,
attracted very general attention.
Shortly after the ministers entered the chamber in
full official costume, beaded by Marshal Soult, the
President of the Council, and took their places below
the platform. On the right were placed Marshal
Soult, M. Guizot, Baron de Mackau, General de St.
Yon de Moline, and M. de Salvandy ; and on the left,
M. Dumon, M. Lacave-Laplagne, M. Cnnin-Gridaine,
M. Duehatel, and M. Martin (du Nord).
The ministers had barely time to take their places
when the queen's tribune was thrown open, and her
Majesty entered, followed by Madame Adelaide, the
Duchess of Orleans, and other Princesses. oad
cries of " Vive la Heine !" greeted her arrival. The
young Duchess de Montpensier was the grand object
of attraction. She was simply dressed in a dark-
coloured dress and a yellow bonnet, lined inside with
pink, and looked exceedingly interesting. Amongst
so many princesses, remarkable for their personal at-
tractions, it was universally admitted that she was
worthy to take her place in such a circle.
A little after one the cannon of the Invalides gave
notice that the king had left the Tuileries, and in about
ten minutes after a flourish of trumpets and drums
outside the Chamber announced his Majesty's arrival.
Soon after the Grand Deputations, which had received
the king, entered the Chamber, Duke Pasqnier at
the head of the Peers, and M. Sauzet at the head of
the other Chamber, and tyik their seats in front of
the throne. After them came the general officers,
posedpe2
aides-de-camp, the uerries, the colonels of the na-
tional and munici guards, and the other officers
who had coin the royal cortege. They ascended
the steps leading to the platform, and ranged them-
selves in close rank behind the king's seat, presenting
a most brilliant display of crosses, embroidery, and
glittering. uniforms. fhe spectators had, however,
scarcely time to admire the coup-d'cril, when an usher
announced " The King," and simultaneously 'fie
whole assembly rose to receive him.
His Majesty had scarcely commenced ascending the
steps when a cry of " Vice le Roi !" arose from all
sides. His Majesty stopped a 'second to acknowledge
the warm reception given him, and when he reached
the platform had again to salute the Peers and Depu-
ties
several times, the acclamations being over and
over again repeated. At last silence was restored,
and his Majesty took his seat, being supported on the
right by the Duke de Nemours and the Prince de
' Joinville, in the uniform of general officers ; and on
the left by the Duke d'Aumale and the Duke de
Montpensier. His Majesty wore the uniform of a
colonel of the national guard, and appeared, we re-
joice to say, in excellent health.
The king having graciously signified to the
Chambers to be seated, read in a very distinct and
deliberate manner the speech which we gave yester-

for mention being made of this matter in the King's
Speech. The termination of the same paragraph,
speaking of aid, was, however, greeted with cheers.
In the reference to the Duke de Montpensier's mar-
riage, the King's voice seem-11 to us at first to slightly
falter, but it became firm and assured as he terminated
the sentence. Some cries of "bravo!" were first
heard, which were followed afterwards by acclama-
tions. The phrase which speaks of Cracow was also
cheered, though not so loudly as the preceding ones.
The rest of the speech, not calling for any particular
demonstration, was listened to in silence, and at the
close of the whole, loud acclamations again rose.
Such peers and deputies as had been nominated
since the last short session of the Chambers were
then sworn in by M. Duchitel and M. Martin (du
Nord), after which the latter minister announced, in
the usual form, that the session was opened. The I
King and the Princes then withdrew, amidst repeated I
cries of " Vive le Roi !"
The Queen and the rest of the royal party left their
seats at the same moment, and were greeted in just
as affectionate and respectful a manner as had marked
their entrance.
A salvo of artillery gave notice that the ceremony
had terminated, and the royal cortege returned to
the Tuileries in the same order as had been adopted
on its coming. Loud cheers burst forth along the
line of troops and National Guards as the King
passed by, and on every point the utmost order
reigned. The weather was fine the whole day, being
frosty, but dry and seasonable.
M. Martin (au Nord), Nlinister of Justice and Public
Worship, having suffered from an attack of paralysis,
was to leave Paris on Tuesday for Italy. During his
absence his duties were to be discharged by M.
Dumont, Nlinister of Public Works.
On Sunday at the meeting of the deputies in the
Ball of Conferences, it was said that the government
had received the answer of the three northern powers
to the protestation against the confiscation of Cracow.
This answer is, it seems, extremely brief, and, report
says, impertinent ; being expressed in precisely the
same terms to both France and England. The three
powers in fact say that they are astonished at
receiving a protestation from France and England in
an affair in which they can have no concern! The
reported dissent of MM. Dufaure and Billault from
M. Thiers, on the ground on which the ministry is to
be opposed, caused the attendance of these members
at the conference on Sunday to be regarded with
much interest. We have been assured that they de-
clared frankly that on the Spanish question their
opinions did not differ materially from those of the
Cabinet, and it is expected that M. Dufaure will
address the chamber to this effect, and be supported
by M. Billault.
More than 300 deputies attended in the Salle des
Conferences on Sunday, among whom were M.
Guizot, Duehatel, and the other ministers.
A curious instance of the cautious spirit observable
in the proceedings of the court, as regards the Mont-
pensier marriage, has just been presented. Two
operas were composed, one for the Opera Comique,
and the other for the Aeadanie de Muzaque, by MM.
Louis Lurine and Guenot. The representation of
these works has been forbidden, but munificent
presents of porcelain china have been sent by the
king to the authors. The announcement states that
their performance has been hinderedpar des motifs de
haute conrensnee.
The address of the Chamber of Deputies, in reply
to the royal speech, will, it is expected, be written
by M. Vitet or M. Ili,bert. The committee for the
address in the Chamber of Peers will be named on
Tuesday, and it is known that the Duke de Broglie
will be its reporter.
The King of the Belgians was still at the Tuileries,
and it was said would not leave it before the end of
the month.
A demonstration against the Free-trade Association
took place on the 6th, at St. Etienne, the Birming-
ham of France, where a large meeting took place in
the great hall of the Ili:del-de-Ville. The result of the
deliberations was a resolution to the following effect;
The manufacturers of St. Etienne, and of the department
de la Loire, energetically oppose the doctrines of free trade.
They are of the opinion that the absolute application of the
doctrines of free trade would be the immediate ruin of French
industry. They entreat the government to resist such ten-
dencies, and when it may seem that • favourable moment
has arrived to realise a norm in the customs, they adjure it
beforehand, to do so only with prudence and care, and
after having heard in public discussion the opinion of all
parties concerned.
The scarcity of food, which is daily becoming more
evident in France, has elicited the following from the
National :
" It results from the information we gather from the
Bulletin des Hanes et Macchia, that we are in a truly
critical state, and that importations from abroad are
urgently necessary to supply our deficiency. The ques-
tion, therefore, is--what have we to expect from abroad?
Our letters from the Black Sea, we are bound to say, make
us great promises. They announce the existence of more
than 2,000,000 hectolitres of corn at Odessa, and that there
are nearly equal quantities at Constantinople and
Alexandria ; but though this may insure a provi-
sion for the amth, the rest of France has not the less reason
to be uneasy. Fer example what do they write from
America. Out of 331,000 barrels of flour that were in
New York on December 25th, 100,000 had been sold for
exportation, and were only waiting fur ships ; 50,000 were
in the hands of the bakers, and therefore there remained
no more than 200,000 for the daily wants at home, and the
demands from foreign countries during the winter months.
Let it be observed, besides, that the rise in price is
already felt, and that there is already complaint of the small
quantity of corn in the store-houses. Can we rely at leant,
and above all, upon America to supply sufficient for the
consumption of Europe? Alas! no, and we have already
found a redoutable competitor in the English. The rise of
price in Great Britain has assumed an alarming proportion.
At Marseilles it has had an influence upon our market,
for even at the present time the English overbid us for
American flour. Till lately, on the contrary, France ruled
the price of her neighbours. But this state of things is
changed. Thus the barrel of 88 kilogrammes sold at Havre
for 42f. to 43f., finds purchasers in London at 46f. to
49f. The same rise h.a extended to all the markets of the
Baltic, and the demands from London have caused a rise in
price exceeding our own. Consequently, wherever we find
ourselves outbid we mast either yield, and suffer the corn
of which we are in need to be carried off by the English, or,
beaten by necessity, we must submit to the exorbitant in-
crease which their own distresses impose upon our neigh-
bours. We neither wish to exaggerate nor extenuate cir-
cumstances. We state them without comment, leaving the
public to draw its own conclusions. We will, however, add
but one word. ' Yesterday the intention of the Bank of
France to lessen the term of the bills to be disc:muted by it
was talked of. This measure, which we have this morning
characterised, will appear, if possible, still more Inoppor-
tune when the peculiar state of our markets is considered.
It is evident, in fact, that France will be constrained, in
order to procure sufficient for her own food, to make large
purchases from abroad. We cannot estimate at less than
200,000,000 f. the sum we must pay for corn from America,
the Black Sea, and the Levant. Thus 200,000,000 f:
must be again teat out of the country. Transactions
in business, already cramped, will become more and more
difficult. Is this, then, the moment, we again ask, that
the bank ought to choose to render the terms it imposes
upon trade more and more severe? And the government
what has it done? What will it decide upon in
order to avert the evil with which we are threatened ?
How does it manifest its foresight? By what acts
does it reveal this H. Cuoin Gridaine has pub-
lished two circulars to demonstrate that the public in-
quietude, are without foundation, and that we have snore
corn than we can consume. Nevertheless the price abroad
continues to rise, and it is impossible to foretell to what
height it will go. Never mind, take courage ! we shall have
I a third and even a fourth, circular if need be. It is to this,
, in every great crisis, that is limited the.pert of a constitutional
ministry, saving the interposition of the procureurs du roi
and the gendarmes, if by chance some ill-intentioned people,
having bat little taste for the erasing of the minister, venture
to complain too loudly of dying from hunger.

of the town being closed, the attack was postponed
until the arrival of the forces expected from Boulle
and Romont. ,It was, however, thought that the
success of the insurgents in their operations against
the town, would mainly depend on the co-operation
of the citizens sympathising with them.
The Council of State of Berne, assembled three
times during the day of the 7th, and issued a procla-
mation warning the people of the canton against
mingling in the internal affairs of the adjacent canton.
The Vorort had not yet taken any proceeding in the
matter, the Bernese authorities acting only in their
cantonal character.
_ . . . .

Of the several foreign embassies which had been
established at Berne, only two those of Russia and
Austria had decided on moving to Zurich.

The Madrid mails of the sth were received in Paris
on Monday.
The moderate and reasonable spirit displayed in the
opening speeches of the leaders of the Progressistas
and especially of M. ldendizahal, was attended with
the best effect, and the ministry themselves did not
dissemble the satisfaction which it gave them. The
Chamber continued to be engaged in the verification
of powers. The sixth being Twelfth-day, or le jour
des rois, as it is called, neither of the Chambers would
sit. A committee was appointed to offer the usual
felicitations to the Queen. The candidates for the
presidency of the Chamber of Deputies were MM.
Bravo Murillo, Castro y Oxosco, San Miguel, and
Pacheco. El Heralelo intimates that Centro y Orosco,
the ministerial candidate, will be elected. It was un-
derstood that government t ad resolved to send a pass-
port to M. Ohmage to enable him to return to France,
that being his own request,
The Opposition journals, both in Madrid and Paris,
do not, however, admit that such a proceeding will
exonerate the Cabinet of Madrid from a grave re-
sponsibility for their proceedings against this deputy.
The law which renders the person of an elected
representative inviolable is definite and clear. Against
M. Olozaga no process had been undertaken or even
commenced, and it was Congress alone that could
have decided against his right to sit. Sending him
back to France, therefore, though less hsrsh than
detaining him at Pampeluna, is regarded as not less
at variance with the spirit of the law.
El Herald() announces the discontinuance of the
state of siege of Galicia.

CONSTANTINOPLE, Esc. 27.

Khosref Pasha has been dismissed from his post of
Grand Seraskier, and Said Pasha has been appointed
his successor. Said Pasha was a colleague of Iteschid
Pasha when Reschid was formerly in power. Though
a strict Mussulman, he is devoted to Reschid and to
the reform party. The removal of Khosref has given
great satisfaction to the friends of the Grand
One of the most unflinching enemies of reform has
thus been driven from the Turkish cabinet. It is a
fact which also plainly indicates that Reschid's influ-
ence is in the ascendant, for Khosref was his constant
opponent not only in the Divan, but also at the
Seraglio, where he used the hold which his age and
long services gave him on the mind of the Sultan to
intrigue for the overthrow of the Vizier. Experience
had made Reschid Pasha prudent. He felt that in
the eyes of Europe he had placed his reputation at
stake in accepting the high office to which
the Sultan had called him ; he saw that he was sur-
rounded, not by colleagues, but by rivals ; that he
stood alone, with no other support than the public
opinion of Europe; and that one single hasty step
would cause not only his own overthrow but that of
the very small party of which he is the chief. His
caution has stood him in better need than the enthu-
siastic ardour of a young reformer which he showed
on a former occasion. He is now firmly established
at the head of the Turkish government, so that we
may confidently look forward for the execution of
those ameliorations of which the Ottoman empire
..„

stands so much in need. Hatti-sheriffs will no longer
be published for no other object than to deceive
Europe, and serve us a cloak for newer and more
extensive abuses. Roads and schools will be estab-
lished throughout the country. The civilization
existing at the capital will be extended to the pro-
vinces. The people, dissimilar in race and language,
who form the population of the empire, will be united,
and a spirit of common patriotism engendered; and
Turkey will be thus finally received into the great
family of the civilized nations of Europe.

ITALY.—A letter from Rome, in the Aix-la-C7sa-
pale Gazette of the Bth, states that the provincial assembly
of the Commune of Rome had just held a meeting at which,
on the proposition of Prince Borghese, it was resolved unani-
mously to present a petition to the Pope, praying him to
grant to the city of Rome a communal constitution, as pro-
mised by Gregory XVI., in 1834, to all the towce of the
Papal Slates.
_ _

GERMANY.—BERLIN, JANUARY 6. A plan,
which has long been in contemplation, and which very
nearly affects the interests of the Zollverein, is now again
brought forward, and it is said will be taken into serious
consideration, namely, the appointment of consuls of the
Zoilverein in the principal commercial cities. The still more
important proposal to appoint ambassadors of the Zolleerein
is said to have met with objections, and for the present only
consuls will be nominated.

JAN. 7.—The following article on the commercial
relations with Cracow, is published in !Jerkier Ncschriehten.
The Importance of the commercial relations of Cracow
to Prussia, appears in its true light, after the incor-
poration of that republic has become a fact no
more to be revoked, while at the same time the pro-
tection of this commerce appears to meet with greater
difficulties, and Austria will now scarcely be induced to make
the concessions which it perhaps would bare done, if their
interests bad been prominently brought forward in the ne-
gotiations at the time when it was required to obtain the
went of Prussia to this political set. Not only Silesia,
Berlin, and Stettin are prejudiced by the incorporation of
Cracow in the Austrian line of custom-houses, but even from
the Rhine several complaints are said to have been received
against this injury to Prussian commerce.
VIENNA, JAN. I.—The few copies of the London
Punch, by extraordinary permission, were yesterday offi-
cially demanded back. The number in question contains a
rather rude caricature of the sovereigns of Russia, Prussia,
and Austria. The wits of Vienna say, on the eve of Sylvestre
Punch was very unexpectedlyprohibited.
COLOGNE, DEC. 31.—The Cologne Gazette gives
• report of the distress which has prevailed here for some
months, in consequence of the high price of provisions, and
which has much increased during the severe cold of
the last few days. The superintendent of the poor
in this city, distributed this week thirty-six thousand tickets
for bread at lower prices, beside. 26,500 lbs. of bread gratis
per week, and 7,000 portions of soup every day. Besides
this there is an association for the relief of the temporary
distress, which distributes clothing, blankets, &c.
BADEN.—The Cologne Gazette of the 11th inst..
states that the authorities of Bretten, a town on the Middle
Rhine, have forbidden tho Jews, under severe penalties, to.
carry on any business on Sundays and holidays before thw
termination of aftemoonsenice, or even to remove out of their:

The distarbences prevailing in Friburg and the
surrounding districts of Switzerland, have, according
to recent advices, assumed a more serious character.
Letters received in Paris, dated from Berne on the
night of the 7th, brought accounts of an extensive in-
surrection in Friburg, and an approaching collision
between the liberal and ultramontane parties. After
the movement which was manifested on the Ist Jan.,
the council of state of Friburg imposed conditions of
submission on the insurgent districts, which exas-
perated still more the spirit of resistance. Two bat-
talions of militia were raised to occupy the insur-
gent districts, which, however, could onty be reached
by crossing a part of the territory of the Canton de
Vaud for which a previous authorization was ne-
cessary. Meanwhile • conference of the insergent
chiefs was held on the night, between sth and 6th,
when it was agreed that the following night the
population hostile to the Jesuits, especially those of
the districts of Boulle, Morat, and Romont, should
take up arms and march against the capital to over-
turn the government charge with violating the con-
stitution. In consequence, of this the population of
Morat, seizing two pieces of artillery, marched
• the number of eight hundred

respective localities before evening.
DRESDEN JAN. s.—Tyaloweiti, the " dictator" •)f
Cracow has been set at liberty on the condition that he pr
reed to Trieste, in order to embark there for America. T he
travelling expenses will be defrayed by the Amer Ass
government.
ELBERFELD, JAN. 6.--A public meeting of tr time-
rous inhabitants of this city was held this day, its CC der to
devise a general plan for encouraging emigration to A. aeries.
The transfer of numerous troops from S' argard
and Lower Pomerania to West Pr nen has gives rs se to the
not altogether unfounded report that perfect " ore me" does
not " reign" on the Polish frontiers.
A letter from Lemberg of the 29th of December
gives the account of a scandalous scene which occurred at
the university of that city. A young nobleraa a, son of one
of the high functionaries, who arrived late at 'the lecture, on
entering the lecture-room, and whilst p.rooseeiing to the seat
reserved for him, made use of some mime ous expressions
against the Polish nation, and finished by • aclaiming aloud
' that Poland would soon be entertains ted. The other
students replied by cries of " Put him or,t," which became
so loud that the professor found himself in the necessity of
, breaking off the lecture, and clearing the roorna. On the
following day the professor accompanied the year ig noble-
, man into the lecture-room, and endeavoured to effect a re-
conciliation between him and his comrades ; bal, the latter
replied that if he did not immediately retire, they would not
be answerable fur bloodshed. The young hiai Amen imme-
diately left the lecture-room, and on the f,ollowing day a
placard was posted up on the door of the a aiveraity stating
that the name of the young man had haw n erased from the
university list.
It is asserted that the Kaiser Feriinand's Railway,
instead of only going to Bochnia, sex he carried on to
Cracow, which is now a part of the prt nince.
The postal convention recently concluded between
Belgium and Prussia was carried into execution on the Ist,
without waiting for the exchange of ratifications. The new
rate of postage, which is but a slight reduction, has been
carried out in all the Belgiar, post.ofices since the above
date.
FREDERICK LIST.-11,e King of Bavaria has ac-
corded a pension of 401, per annum to the widow of Frederick
List, and a pension of 20k to each of his two dotter' as long