The Express.
London, England, 1846-11-17 00:00:00

TT he 04' Pug*
(..,

The West India trails, including three for Mtheexl7ico, H r onduras, and
Havana, will be made up on the morning of th Novembe(to-
day).
'flie mails for Comma, Vigo, Oporto,. Lisbon, Madeira, Cadiz, and
Gibraltar, will be made up ou the morning of the 17th November (to-
day).
'the malls for British North America, Bermuda, and the Unitel
States, will be crate up on the eyeA.ng of the 18th November.
Tbl overland trails for Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, he
loniaSouthampton Islands,n,
Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, India, Hong-Kong, mid China, cia
will be made up on the morning of the 20th November.
The overland closed mails, via Marseille*, to the Mediterranean,
Egypt, Aden, Ceylon. India, liong-Kong, Ate., will be made up on the
evening of the 21th November
The mails for New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and New
Zealand will be mode up on the co-fling of the getk November.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
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And their oonitdence respected. NEITHERCAN WE UNDERTAKE
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Adcertisenients intended for 'I he Express, London evening paper,
must be at the by Two o'clock on the day at publication.

HMI WATER AT LONDON
-BRIDGE.
Tins Ms.—Morning, 31 min. past 0; Afternoon, 31 min. part 0.
To-voan.m.—Mosuing, 10 min. past 1; Afternoon, 29 min. past 1.

LONDON, TUESDAY, NOV. 17.
A LEASE being admitted to be an indispensable
condition to good farming, it might be supposed thvt
leases of farms would soon become general. The
question, however, is not a simple one. Lord A, or
Squire B, resolves to grant leases : he directs his land
agent and his law agent to that effect ; bat when the
tenants learn the multifarious restrictions, reserva-
tions, and regulations the leases are to contain, they
are at least indifferent to the proffered boon, while the
landlord says, " the outcry about leases is all non-
sense ; my tenants won't take leases."
It may be thought that all this is a matter between
the landowner; and his tenants, with which the public
can have little or nothing to do ; but that would be an
extremely narrow view of the subject. Land in this
country may be deemed an instrument for the manu-
facture of food ; what may be called its natural pro-
duce bears but a small proportion to what it can be
male to produce in the hands of a skilful farmer
sufficiently supplied with capital ; and the price
of food here is mainly dopoudont upon the amount
of good farming, and the consequent productiveness
of our soil. Importation can and will occasionally
supply deficiencies at home, and will constantly fur-
nish auxiliary supplies, especially of the inferior
grains which furnish the food of stock, and thus be-
come indirectly a great help to home production. But
upon home produce, on progress of husbandry
amongst our own farmers, it will chiefly depend whe-
ther or not our toiling population shall enjoy abun-
dance. If that be so, and it cannot be gainsaid, the
terms of the leases of our landholders have an interest
much wider than the circle of their tenantry or
the bounds of their estates. When, as is the fact, it
can be truly asserted that one-third of increased pro-
duce might be obtained on most estates in England by
giving to the tenants the security of long leases. the
public has obviously a deep and direct interest in re-
moving the prejudices and fears, which have hitherto
prevented landlords from granting leases acceptable
to the tenants.
Now what is or should be the contract into which
a farmer enters when hiring a farm ?
He should have such a complete possession, and for
as long a time, as will enable him to bring the land
into its most productive state. This caa only be done
by the combination of good tillage, with a large appli-
cation of manure by means of stock, and the good
farmer is always improving his land. lie does not
make an outlay at the commencement of a rotation of
crops, and take out of the land again all the benefit of
his expenditure by the end of the rotation, leaving
the land itself no better than when he started. On
the contrary, each successive rotation leaves the land
in an improved state, and forms the foundation of
further improvement. But this can only be accom-
plished by skill and expenditure ; and to suppose that
either will be forthcoming, in the requisite degree,
without the security of a lease, is absurd. Practi-
cally, yearly tenants do not raise the condition of
their farms. An illustration of this occurred in a
recent discussion at the Farmers Club House, "on
the best and most economical method of thrashing
grain," when it appeared that to thrash out wheat
with the flail cost from 3s. to ss. a quarter, and that
horse labour, taking into account the losing the horses
from field work at a busy season, was not much
cheaper ; but a steam thrashing-machine enabled the
farmer to get out his wheat at Is. 3;,d. the quarter.
On which Mr. BAKER observed :
If you are in a position to avail yourseiwo of the steam-engine,
there is doubtless a great saving of expense; but unfortunately it so
happens that tit^ nivority of tenant-farmers are so situated with
regard to their tenure, that it is impassible, or if not impossible, it
would not be prudent to go to the repose of 2001. to 3051. in erecting
machinery and they do not end the landlords willing to do it for
them. Thu is a groat obstacle to the introduction of machinery.
Practically the farmer will have to drain his land if
it requires draining; he will have to make frequent,
perhaps considerable, outlays in preparing his home-
stead for a full stock ; for, though all this is properly
the landlord's business, it, nine times in ten, falls upon
the tenant to do: the work or go without the ad-
vantages.
He ought to be able to remove trees, for he pays
rent for all the land, and in many farms the trees
prevent the growth of any crop whatever upon five
per cent. of the land. The tenant should also have
the right to remove hedgerows, throwing together
small fields, and so forth. He ought also to be
at liberty to break up grass land, at all events except
that which may be of first-rate quality. The principle
of a lease ought to be that the tenant should have
complete dominion of the land during the currency
of his lease, subject, of course, to be dispossessed for I
non-payment of rent, or dilapidation of the farm.
The object should be to minimise restriction.
The lease commonly adopted in England is the
reverse of all this. We have now before us the
form of a lease, published by a well-known land-agent
as a "form of a farm lease adapted to the present
times," but which is still a most cumbrous docu-

meat.
After a demise of the farm in the accustomed lan-
guage, the landlord reserves out of the grant of the farm
" all timber and trees, saplings, and minerals," with li-

berty to cut down the trees, and work and carry away
the timber and produce of the minerals ; also the
right to alter hedges "and plant trees in the hedge-
r rotes or on other parts of the land ;"also of exchanging
I intermixed lands ; of making and. altering roads or
footpaths ; of diverting streams ; of making pondsht
or leading water into or through the farm ;
of rig
of entry to view the state of the farm ; also
to sow weds with the last year's corn crops of t
tenant. The landlord also reserves the right of shoot-
ing, and all game, except hares and rabbita, the tean nant
undertaking to preserve the reserved game dto
prosecute poachers. The tenant's name is also to be
used by the landlord in all actions for trespass. A
given quantity of arable land may also be taken
away at any time for allotments to labourers. In
point of language the suggested form is less verbose
than most leases,but where else is there improvement ?
The reservation of existing timber is perhaps not un-
reasonable, if accompanied with a stipulation for its
gradual removal; but the right to plant more trees,
and the reservation of saplings and so forth, constitute
one of the moat objectionable stipulations a lease

can contain.
Then the reservation of game is kserious source of
discomfort and loss to the farmer. It implies destruc-
tion amongst his crops, a band of gamekeepers and
gainewatchers acting as spies over himself and his
men ; he must keep no dogs, lest he disturb the game ;
he must employ no rat-catchers or rabbit-catchers,
lest they poach the game; he must not plough up his
stubbics, lest there be no cover for the game : in a
word, he is i nvolved in all the annoy aneL s and vexations
of a game farm. The keepers tattle about him, the
landlord is jealous of him, and the farmer's life is a
continual brawl. In truth, any reservation of game is
' a bar to good cultivation, and must effectually prevent
a man of independent mind accepting a lease with
such a reservation. The other reservations arc perhaps
of less practical importance, but they constitute a power,
on the part of the landlord, of dealing with the land as
ho pleases, notwithstanding it is under lime to a
tenant, which must always be offensive, and may be
most prejudicial to the tenant. At this point of the
reservations out of a proposed model lease, we must,
for the present, suspend our comments.

Anton all our contemporaries in Paris, and some
of those at home, seem, in their views and discussions
upon foreign policy, to assume a principle which,
however true at one time, is no longer either true or
applicable in the present state of the world. Of old,
princes or nations might be considered in the light of
a collection of wild beasts, exclusively bent on the pos-
sibility and the pleasure of devouring each other. The
only exception was when two or three of these potentates
agreed to suspend their canine appetites with regard
to one another, in order that they together might
devour with more case and satisfaction some other
of the party beyond the limits of their alliance.
We will not deny, that there exist relics of this
appetite, and that gross instances of its greedily satis-
fying its desires upon helpless and innocent victims,
have occurred in our day. But we must, at the
same time, admit, that European states have in
general advanced from these habits of savage policy,
to higher, more domestic, and at the same time mor e
philanthropic views. Aggrandisement is not every-
thing with them, nor the means of aggrandisement,
being armies, treasure, cunning diplomatists, and
able generals. These things arc indeed prized, but
far more as the means of prevention and defence, than
of the old system of offence.
The Parisian journalists, however, and too many of
their readers, proceed upon the supposition that the
great aims and the true spirit of policy, are and ought
to be the same in the nineteenth as they were in the
sixteenth end seventeenth centuries. To extend
frontiers, to conquer, to dominate and domineer,
ought, iu their opinions, to be the motives of free
countries, of its representative assemblies and consti-
tutional governments, just as much as such motives
actuated Louts THE FOURTEENTH and CHARLES THE
FIFTH. The form of government has been changed
from despotism to freedom. But, according to this
school, freedom should simply take up the selfish task
that despots have laid down,and go careering through
the world, upon the old goose-chase of glory.
Hence their ideal of a constitutional king is that of
a sovereign, who keeps up large fleets and armies,
and unembarrassed revenues, and who, limiting his
measures of domestic government tokeeping his people
quiet and governable, applies his energies and address
to the old habit of taking every possible advan-
tage of every neighbour--cheating the one, beat-
ing the other, taking the place of a third, the territory
or the trade of a fourth ; and, in fact, enacting on the
throne the part of the most clever, unscrupulous fellow
in the world. The Napoleon of war and the Napoleon
of peace are both heroes of this school; heroes, in-
deed, of a different caste, and by different means; but
with eye, intellect, and policy exerted towards the
selfsame selfish aims.
One of the corollaries of this system is the impera-
tive necessity of classing all countries either as
friend or foe. Alliances form a necessary part of it,
since political game cannot be ran down by the single
hunter. France, therefore, with such writers, cannot
possibly exist for a single year, developing its re-
sources, extending its freedom or its activity in its
trade. It must be the member of an alliance; be leagued
either with England against Russia, or with Russia
against England ; whilst all the effects of domestic
policy must be subservient to the grand idea. The
Presse holds forth every morning on this theme, and
even the more rational Djbats indulges in a little
coquetry with Russia whenever England shows
ill
humour.
We pay far too much attention to these bouderies
of the press, these menaces and phantasmagoria
of alliances, which have slight foundation in
truth, or possibility. France almost alone in-
dulges in these superannuated dreams, which do
but prove her national spirit and civilisation to
be the most backward and retrograde of Europe.
England is quite insensible to such things, nor would
inch ideas ever come before her vision, if the fume
and fret of French impatience did not conjure them
up and force theta upon us. Prussia is completely
and wisely absorbed in civil and domestic policy.
Austria is the same. Even the Czar has turned in dis-
gust from his childish piques and frenzied wish to
re-subdue the west. The black eagle seems wisely to
repose in its own strength, and scorn the old puerile
habit of seeking foes, friends, and alliances, all un-
natural, all forced, and consequently all vain.
The French press has, however, got astride its
cheval de &stalk of foreign policy, and scorns to use
its It
in treading the soil of peace and domestic im-
provement. Conquest, glory, grandeur, rivalry, the
most Quixotic aims, and fumes obfuscate it. The
sensible old King is himself carried away with it, and
sets off now and then in a canter to Algeria or to
Morocco, or Tahiti and Madrid, in search of a gain,
or a triumph for his policy. He is intoxicated with
the self-same folly, for which he himself must laugh
at Louts XIV., and thinks himself fortunate to
have acquired a formidable foe and a possible war, as
a dowry for his youngest son !
Active politicians cannot avoid feeling resent-
ment, and taking precautions against such mis-
chievous over-activity. But if one withdraws, even
in fancy, to some far distance from these deeds of mock
grandeur and puny ambition, so as to take such a
view of them as posterity will take, the sense of
ridicule overcomes that of anger, and we dismiss with
contempt what at first sight appeared worthy to pro-
voke.indignation.

MR. HOOD'S return from the Rio de la Plata, with
his mission of peace =accomplished, is truly unfor-
tunate. When that diplomatist sailed, the French
Government was probably sincere in its wishes to put
an end to the war, even at the expense of some con-
cession to its old enemy, ROSAS. Louis PHILIPPE,
personally, is known to have always had an objection

Paris.

Tom'•

on either aide of the channel has disappeared;
mutual desire to thwart and to annoy has probably
succeeded to anxiety to conciliate. Icor can we
hope that the power of DEFFAIIDIS to resist any
agreement, at all calculated to satisfy RoSAS, will be
diminished.
It is to be hoped, however, that the good sense of
M. OUIZOT will prompt rather to control his agent
than indulge his spleen. Our interference in the Plats
has been as null in its aim, as disgraceful in its opera-
tion. The blockade of such a place as Buenos Ayres
is idle, and the vain repetition of it has merely em-
boldened its rulers to resist every European demand.
If tho great aim of Franco be the independence and
prosperity of Monte Video, these are so far from
being secured by the continuance of the war,
that, we should say, it could scarcely long survive its
present state of suffering and inanition. The little
state must be left, in come degree, to self-support;
and to something more than a legion of folligners
encamped and armed within its walls. SomeTf the
French ministers seem to put great hopes in a
city thus peopled with French emigrants : they even
regard it in the light of a colony. They forget that
this alone, were it certain to prevail, would unite
against Monte Video every man of peninsular race in
South America ; and would necessitate, as indeed it
has already done, a sempiternal intervention to sup-
port it.

The Paris journals of Sunday are devoid of
interest. The ltoyal family still continued at Com-
piegne. Marshal Soult arrived in Paris on Saturday
evening. On Friday evening Lord Normanby gave
a brilliant soirée at the hotel of the Embassy, at
which all the members of the diplomatic corps at
Paris were present, those of the Spanish Embassy
excepted. Neither the Spanish Ambassador, nor his
secretaries, nor any of his attaches or employes, were
seen there.
The Legitimate journals having magnified the
public importance of the alliance of the Duke of
Bordeaux with the Princess of Modena, have con-
tinued for some days to taunt the dynastic journals
with the silence they have observed on this sub-
ject, and have ascribed their reserve to vexation
at the brilliancy of the connexion formed by
the Pretender. The Journal des Debuts has
at length been provoked to a reply, and has
devoted its leading article on Sunday to this subject,
declaring that the rights of Louis Philippe and his
race, having their origin and foundation in the charter
of 1830, cannot be affected either by tie continuance
or extinction of the race of the elder Bourbons, assert-
ing at the same time the analogy between the relation
which Louis Philippe bears to the dynasty of the
elder Bourbons and that which Queen Victoria bears
to the Stuarts. The ministerial journal breaks through
its usual tone of forbearance, and alludes, not without
a certain sneer, at the number of houses at
whose doors the exiled prince knocked for
a wife, before he could find one to admit
him, and was at length compelled to content
himself with a princess several years his own senior,
sister of a petty Italian sovereign, the only potentate
in Europe, great or small, who has never directly or
indirectly acknowledged the monarch of the Barri-

elides.
Our Paris correspondent states that a cabinet
council was held on Friday, at which M. Guizot
submitted the answer to Lord Palmerston's late elabo-
rate despatch, that this document was sent to Com-
piegne for the approbation of the King on Saturday,
and will probably have been despatched to London
either Sunday or Monday. The substance of this
diplomatic note had not transpired, but it was under-
stood to be a reply to Lori. Palmerston's arguments,
conceived in a moderate spirit, concluding, however,
with a declaration, of the strongest and most explicit
I kind, that the French government can never consent,
lunder any circumstances, to the renunciation on the
part of the Duke and Duchess of Alontpensicr, for
themselves or their offspring, of any hereditary rights
whatsoever to the crown of Spain.
The price of bread in Paris for the last fortnight in
INovember has been fixed at 46 cent. per kiln:, being
an advance of about 7 per cent. on the last price, and
equivalent to 2d. 3-10 per lb. English.
The ceremony de possesso' of which an account will
he found in the letter of our correspondent, was
observed at Itonie on the Bth instant. The
Pope seized the occasion of the day for the an-
nouncement of several measures of civil and political
reform, conceived in that liberal spirit which has
distinguished the advent of his sovereignty. Three
commissions are appointed of a mixed kind, composed
partly of ecclesiastics and partly of laymen. The
object of the first is, a reform in civil and criminal
processes, and, accordingly, the magistrates and most
celebrated advocates of the country arc members of it.
The two others arc for the amelioration of the muni-
cipal system, and the suppression of vagrancy and
mendicancy, which forms one of the most discredit-
able features of the Italian states. The Roman nobles
and persons most distinguished by their for-
tune and enlightenment, are members of these
commissions conjointly with some of the
higher clergy. Another edict was published on
the same day relating to the construction of railways
through the Papal states.
The Moniteur has the following paragraph:—
" In the tempest which lately took place in Terra Nova,
the commander of the French war steamer the Flambeau,
saved and received on board the officers, crew, and pas-
sengers of an English vessel, which was wrecked in sight of
Miguelon. His Excellency Lord Normanby has expressed
to the King's government the gratitude of the English go- I
vet nment for the assistance that the governor and authorities
of St. Pierre, and the commander and officers of the Flam-
beau gave to the shipwrecked vessel, and those whom it
contained."
We find the following in the Constitutionel :--
" We, a few days back, expressed an opinion that the
government would not engage in any expedition against
Madagascar, at least for the present. Our prcstontiona
appear to be in course of realisation, as a part of the vessels
on the station in those latitudes arc said to have been
recalled."

Advice! from Switzerland, of the 11th, state that
the Vorort has addressed to the states of the confede-
ration a circular, by which it informs them that the
provisional government of Geneva has apprised it that
the grand council was constituted on the 20th October;
and in consequence, the Vorort has put itself in com-
munication with the provisional government. This
act of the executive body of the confederacy will im-
pose on all the states the legal necessity of acknow-
ledging the Genevese revolution, which was previously
refused by some of them.
A letter from Lucerne, of the 9th, states that the
government of that city was preparing itself for
defence, in case the free-corps should renew the strug-
gle of last

At the hour of closing the poet on Sunday the
Madrid mails of the 10th had not been received at

PARIS, Nov. 14.
The visit paid by Lord Normanby to the Duke and
Duchess de Montpenster, which has moved both the court
and the city, caused the funds to rise, and made the ministry
assume airs of triumph, as if they bad gained a great triumph,
has, however, wrought no change in the actual condition of
affairs, or of public opinion. Is England desirous of renew-
ing her friendly relations with France? Has Lord Nor-
manby received instructions different from those which de-
cided him not to join the corps diplomatique when they pre-
sented their congratulations to the King and the royal
family ? The joy of the ministers at what has since occurred
would lead one to suppose so. M. Guizot, however, is more
reserved in his language ; he even affects to say that the
situation remains the same, and that the instructions sent to
Lord Normanby prescribed to him not to be present at the
marriage rites, but not to abstain from those acts of courtesy
which governments exchange with each other through their
official representatives ; and that, in waiting upon the Duke de
Montpensier, the English ambassador bad only earriedoutthe
real intentions of his government. It seems then that this act of
Lord Normanby does not possess all the importance which
the public has allowed itself to believe. After, as well as
before, the relations of the two governments remain cold and
constrained. A kindly feeling exists no longer on either
side, and events are progressing towards a rupture. There
is no greater proof of the wish to preserve the English alli-
ance than the anxiety with which the public watch all the
phases of our diplomatic relations with your government,
and the favourable impression which every hope, or every
appearance of a reconciliation between the two cabinets,
produces. To explain this double movement of public opi-
nion it is necessary to go back to the events of 1810. The
national sentiment here has retained a lively irritation
against the British government, and a long series of amicable
acts was necessary to overcome it. At the same time, men's

1:T1k . 4- -riff.
TUESDAY EVE/91443, ..NOVEMBER 17, 1846 -

ri4ilisfully impressed sdrii: moral impossibility of a
rupture between England and-France ; feel that the
pesos of the world depends on the geed understanding be-
tween the two lotions who are at the head of civilisation.
This fact ought to assure you that there is no chance of a
coming alliance between France and Russia. The Emperor
of the-Muscovites may make what advances he pleases, and
load our diplomatists with caresses, but the phantom of
Poland will always rise between him and France. This
alliance, therefore, is chimerical, but there is a power to-
wards which Louis Philippe principally inclines, and whose
name is looked upon by the nation as an emblem of treason
and turpitude. I mean Austria and M. de Metternich. At
ddlerent periods the cabinet of the Tuileries has made
attempts, which it has thought have been crowned with
success, to come to a good understanding with the court of
Vienna. Very recently it flattered itself with having interested
M. de Metternich in its quarrel with the English cabinet. But
the moment tbeententecordiale was renewed on one side, came
the marriage of the Duke de Bordeaux with the daughter of
the Duke of Modena, a marriage made with the consent of
' Austria, and which excited our emigres of the Faubourg St.
Germain to cries of joy. This is certainly an unpleasant
event for the king, and may be looked upon as a proof of the
equivocal intentions of Austria towards him ; but no farther
importance is to be attached to it. The King of the French
is hurt at.d humiliated at the pretended rivals of his dynasty
finding a good reception in foreign countries. As to Austria,
without entertaining hostile lineations against the House of
Orleans, she is not sorr vey to have in reser, in case of need an
heir to the elder branch of the Bourbons. If embarrassments
are created for her in Paly, she will make a diversion in La
Vendv,e, provided the embonpoint of the Duke de Bordeaux
admits of his making war agaiast the Chouans. But beyond
that point M. de Metternich, or rather the shade of that
statesman, will hold the most friendly intercourse with Id.

ROME, Nov. 8.
The grand ceremony of taking formal possession of
the Lateran Church began thin morning, and is not yet termi-
natsd, though the gunsofSt. Angelo are just now marking by
their reverberated roar that the must solemn stage of the
business is being enacted. To this exhibition of Papal pomp
the whole country round has been flocking in for the last two
or three days, and the constant arrivals from Naples and
Florence have evinced no less interest on the part of foreign
visitants. The Olympic games of Greece could scarcely pre-
sent a fairer gathering in epitome of the various Hellenic
tribes than Rome presented this week of all the surrounding
towns in a circuit of ens hundred miles, diversified in cos-
tume as distinctly, and as easily recoginsalsle by a peculiar
justapeedtion of primitive colours, as the highland clans.
Down from the suburban hills came bands of music and
troops of p.illerari, to describe the general effect of which
would require the classical bagpipe of Mr. Macaulay; ex. gr.
The horaornen and the fsatmen " For aged folks on crutches,
Came pouring in amain, And women big with child,
From many a stately market Mid mothers gloating o'er their
town— babes,
From many a fruitful plain— That clungto them and smiled;
From many a lonely hamlet, And sick men borne on litters,
Which, hid by beech and pine, High on the necks of slaves,
Like an eagle's nest hangs on And troops of sunburnt bus-
the crest barmaid;
Of purple Apennine. With reaping hooks and staves,
" And droves of mules and asses
Laden with skins of wine," fce.&c. &c.,
literally " choked every roaring gate" of the city, princi-
pally on the side of Tivoli, rascate, and Albano. For
several evenings past the theatres have resounded with accla-
mations bestowed on a dell drama of Abbe Metastasio, dug
out of oblivion for the purpose of political allusion, La
Clemenza di Tito; and it was obvious that a popular de
monstration, on a gigantic scale, was about to be given to his
I lel Mess, expressive of the public resolve to sustain him against
all reactionary efforts. And most overwhelming was this
day's exhibition of physical strength along the whole line of
the Pope's progress from his Quirinal Palace to the Lateran,
amid shouts of enthusiastic devotion, such as the unanimous
heart of a whole people, long. estranged from such feelings,
could alone give forth. The richest tapestries lined the pa-
laces on the line of procession • festoons, garlands, and silk
hangings profusely ornamented the inferior dwellings, and
every balcony was a focus of patriotic ebullition, as thesPon-
till" was borne onward in the midst of as picturesque a cortege
as the imagination of this fanciful land could conjure into
existence. An idea of the dresses worn by the Roman Court
in this singnlar cavalcade, can be only conveyed to the
English realer by referring him to the gorgeous picture at
Hampton Court, of the " Field of the Cloth of Gold ;"
almost all the costumes in that glowing representation
being reproduced in the retinue which rode with the
Pope in this splendid revival of a mediaeval ceremony. AU
the judges were on horseback, as well as all the prelates,
bishops, pates, the Governor of Rome, the senators, and
other indescribable functionaries of a variegated and many-
tesselated government; men in armour, the noble guard and
the Pope's standard-bearer, on his obligato mule, leading
the van.
Formerly the cavalcade mounted the steep ascent of the
Capitol, but slice Ganganelli fell off his horse on ,getting
down towards the arch of Septunius, it now enters the forum
by a circuit. An immense crowd of swarthy peasants from
the S thine, Volseian, and Latin districts, filled the Campo
Vaccine, and rent the air with reiterated shouts on the
Pope's entering the old Via Sacra, at which moment the
great bell of the Capitol, which is only heard on such an
occasion as the present, roaring above the voices of the mul-
titude, uttered its singularly deep vibrations " pealing
solemnly." At the triumphal arch of Titus, some curiosity
was excited, in expectation of the Jews' representatives in
Rome paying homage, as usual, to the new sovereign, and
craving toleration ; but the Pope's good taste dispensed with
a display which only keeps alive the sense of inferiority, and
difference of caste—a prelude, we hope, to ulterior measures
on behalf of Israel. AU the rising ground on the Palatine
hill was densely covered with spectators, but the Colosseum,
divided into boxes and hung with silks, se, med to bo what
the great rand is at Newmarket races. Farther on, at the
church of St. Clement's, celebrated on many accounts, and
now tenanted by a few Irish friars, some curiosity was ex-
cited in the crowd, and expressed by the Papal cavalcade,
as to the meaning of a huge green banner floating from the
porch, and bearing a harp uncrowned, with other heraldic
puzzles. The Pope's heraldic colours are white aud
orange, and such were the pervading tints of every
other attempt at decoration on his passage. The caval-
cade ultimately 'cached its destination no doubt; for me,
the crowd prevented all approach to the Lateran church ;
and certainly no Roman triumph, nor mediaeval pageant
could have surpassed what we witnessed to-day. To realise
one part of the old classic procession, there were only want-
ing the Rev. Dr. Newman, Ambrose St. John, and George
Talbot, to walk in the character of war captives.
Britannus ,it darn:do-et
Seers catenatets rim.
Turning from this topic to profane news, the indefatigable
Lieut. Waghorn arrived here in the night of Friday and
routed up the English consul, with whom, having been
closetted some hours, he started post-haste to Naples on his
way to the port of Brindisi, on the Adriatic. The Pope has
offered this morning, by placards on the walls, a gold medal,
value 1000 dollars, to him who will present the best plan for
crossing the great Apennine harrier trom Ancona to Rome.
Should Waghorn and Pius IX. succeed in bringing the over-
land route from India to Europe into this channel, they will
have done no small deed ; and it will be curious to find that
the earliest engineer who laid down the line of railway with
its gradients and terminus was the playful poet,g " the end of
whose journey and letter was Brundusium.

CONSTANTINOPLE, OCT. 29.
The following memorandum has been sent by the
Porte to the different embassies
" The Sublime Porte having learned from official reports that the
agricultural productions of the province of Bigha are insufficient for
the population, has thought it advisable to prohibit the exportation of
corn from that province. In pursuance of an established right, it is
forbidden to buy or to export all sorts of grain from the ports of Cars,
Belem Linnpeaque, Tchanlaq, Calei-Sultame, Onim-Cale, Chihli, and
Aivadjid, till harvest time next year. That, however, this prohibition
may occasion no loan to the mercantile body, it does not extend to the
Cora which, up to this date, has been bought by contract. And, also,
that the ships bound fur them ports should not return empty, and
their owners thereby suffer loss, one month from the present date Is
granted before this proscription be put into operation. You are re-
quested to make known to all of your nation whom it may concern,
that the aforesaid measure will remain in force during the whole of
the time specified. The last day of the moon of Chewal (21st Octo-
ber, 1846)."
Though this prohibition is confined to the province of
Bigha, that is to the whole of the Asiatic side of the Darda-
nelles, it is more than probable that the Porte will gradually
extend it to other parts of the empire. Throughout the
northern provinces of European Turkey the harvest has
been most abundant. The quantity of corn shipped from
the port of Varna is unprecedented, and the quantity of
grain which still continues to pour into that town from the
neighbouring districts is so great, that room cannot be
found for its stowage. Ships are in great demand, and
freights have risen to an enormous extent. Vessels have
been chartered at a higher rate than the whole of their
prime cost. Brokers have been known to make 5001. and
upwards in commission on a single ship. It is this scramble
for the agricultural productions of the country which
naturally gives uneasiness to the Porte. The small land-
holders in Turkey are a simple people who never look be-
yond the results of the day, and trust to fate for the future.
Deceived by the prospect of selling their corn at a high rate,
they will dispose of it without reserve, till they find them-
selves at length forced to buy it hack at a still higher price,
for their own personal subsistence. It is from a laudable
desire to prevent such a result that the Porte hi applied the
above measure to Bigha, where symptoms of scarcity pro-
duced by the drain on that province were already beginning
to show themselves. A cry may be raised against this mea-
sure, but it will be the cry of the selfish, and not of the phi-
lanthropist. Merchants will murmur because it will con-
tract their means of gain, but men of humane and generous
views must approve of the steps taken by the Turkish go-
vernment.
The influence, not only of France but of Russia, seems to
be in the ascendant. Since the departure of Sir Stratford
Canning, even the name of England seems to be forgotten
amongst the Turks, or it is only heard in the courts ofjus-
tice, where Maltese and lonian murderers and robbers are
daily brought up for trial. The Emir Bechir, the former
chief of the Lebanon, who, chiefly at the instigation of the
British Ambassador, was some time ago banished from the
capital, has again returned. Sir Stratford Canning
had discovered that the Emir was engaged in dan-
gerous intrigues with French emissaries, and, therefore,
pointed out to the Porte the propriety of removing him
to the interior. The Turkish government at once admitted
the necessity for such a measure, and banished the Emir
Bechir to Vinn-Chellir. True to the old proverb, the
French Ambassador and some of the ministers of the Porte,
showed their mischievous playfulness whilst Sir Stratford
was away, and we now have M. de Moutalembert's amiable
hero living untrammelled in the midst of hisformer advisers.
Russia has just obtained a fu man from the Turkish Govern-
ment, ordering that all the Servian youth destined for the
church shall be educated in Russia! Were it necessary to
prove that Reschid Pacha is nothing more than the
titular chief of the Turkish Government, the foregoing

Set would be sufficient for that purpose. You will remem-
ber that during the Sultan's late tour through the provinces,
when he could listen unhindered to the advice of his faithful
minister Reechid, that the intrigues of Russia in that part
of the empire received a severe check. General (*abbe was
sent from St. Petersburg, and the Logotheti from Constan-
tinople, to organise a Russian family party at Rutchuck.
There the Prince/of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia, were,
under the auspices of the envoy of the Czar, to present
their homage to the Sultan. Alexander of Sere,*
by the order of Reachid Pasha, remained to receive his
Imperial master at Kisanliek. In the readiness with which
he complied he gave a proof of his obedience ; and the style
of his reception of the Sultan showed, at least, a desire to be
thought attached to the person of his sovereign. On the
other hand, the insolent bearing of Beliesco of Wallachia,
was the cause of a peremptory order from Resehid that that
prince should instantly dismiss the numerous retinue
by which ho was attended, and that ha should
doff his Russian uniform, and invest himself with
one suited to a vassal of the Porte ; and it was
then only that he was allowed to fall into the suite of the
Sultan, when he was lost amongst a crowd of boyards and
officers of the seraglio. Thus wan the good and excellent plot
frustrated. Russia has not forgotten this defeat, which she
has since been labouring hard to repair, and the firman to
which we have alluded above, is part of the fruit of her exer-
tions. Bedhu Khan Bey, backed by two other Kurdish chiefs,
is preparing a new attack upon the Nestorians. About 3 years
ago nearly the entire of the Christian tribes classed under that
name were massacred by Bedhu Klian Bey and his fol-
lowers. Bedhu Khan Bey is the Abdel Rader of that put
of Asia. His prowess and severe observance of the laws of
Islamism base gained him an immense ascendancy over all
the wild tribes that invest the border land of Turkey and
Persia. Though the Porte wishes to prevent his committing
any outrage, it is yet very far from desiring his destruction.
On the contrary, it would rather attach him to its interests,
that through his means the tranquillity of that part of the
frontier might be secured, and as he would aL o prove a valua-
hleally in the case of any serious disagreement with Persia.
The Nestorians are a Christian population of about 30,000,
occupying the district of Hakiary, which is situated between
the province of Mossoul and that of Erzeroum. They have
long been a bone of contention between Catholic and Me-
thodist missionaries, and it was principally in consequence of
the religious riots got up in the country, that they fell vic-
tims to the fanatical Bedhu Khan Bey. By orders from the
Porte, the Paellas of leloa.wil and Erzeroum have taken
measures to prevent a fresh massacre. Mar Shimaun, the
exiled patriarch of the Nestorians, exiled because he had
had some spiritual trafficking with the American Methodist
missionaries, has fled from his residence at Mossoul, with the
intentlan, it is supposed, of exciting his countrymen against
his mortal enemy, Bcdhu Khan Bey. Th,s has increased
the gravity of these events, and we therefore wait with im-
patience for the next courier from Mossoul. Bedhu Khan
Bey's object in undertaking the present attack, is to render
himself master of the country of the Nestorians, and to force
that people to pa:: him an annual tribute His first onslaught
was the effect of pious wrath at seeing the indecent squabbling
of the infidels about matters of faith: his preeent expedition
springs from a motive much more mundane. Great fears
are entertained that the choler .I will finally reach Constan-
tinople. Reports from the iater.or state that it is committing
dreadful ravages in Syria. It has taken exactly the 6111111
route as when it last visited Europe.

THE EXPRESS,
.T 1.1 J .11.03. t V
y to active iitie*enee 1N Whe Playa li9w,joVirew
e that the e4eavows of Mt. Moon havirbeWilejlidici
by Mangos D/FrAUDIS, new inotruefonsWill have
g to be framed and sent ont *the Resat and English
w Governments. Ent, alas! the entente cordials no
la longer exists. The good feelin between ministers
_.r Aonnel has disappeared; the