The Express.
London, England, 1846-10-20 00:00:00

employers.
Here is another specimen from the same meeting:
~11r. J. E. DlTarthy I mom that we make It 1,0031. toe lbtorocma
" Mr. J. B. Warren: And I mooed it. (Tremendous shouting.)
"Cindrmen: Does Mr. John-Warren second it (Cries of To bs
• rJ B. Warren : Anything fora quiet life. (Groat shouting.)
46 giibi; seamy What's the population)
"nadir Lae: 4,734 according to Pigot's map. (Here again •
number apeman were addressing the chairman, which caused the
gremem assession, and was much increased by the shouting of the
mend in Ike body of tbe court, in the midst of which the chairman
dealered 4000 L waa agreed ta
“Sseretery: Well now take up ttallyvournel. The poor-law valu-
ation el this garish is 3,7301.
"Chalemna And the population 4438.
"Mr. W. R. Warren: I propose you grant3.oool.
" Mr. WC. O'Leary : And I second it. (Yelling.)
" Father Dorton : You must grant 4,0001. at least. (Tremendous
shouting.)
" Mr. J. B. Warren: Give it to them—give them anything.
(Shouting.)
" amines& Well, 4,0001. is agreed to. (Great shouting.)
" Mr. WC. O'Leary f yarn do that, you break your arrangement
with Ilismors. (Tumult.)
" I. Z. ll'Otrthy : numb induots7 and a healthy population
be linsrawn, kr Soma what th•• his die monedoks. (SbOuting.) I
Dolltworregy. I Swarths rode menntallwas. They would e
honhaverest if they twdassugh est; hutOod only bans what they ma by
be when starving. (Loud
Mr. Fltagerahl Tim thl Mos at the relief emunittoe as to
the wants of the pa bk.
" Rey. It. Kroh/Br t Ithkk that 4,0001. will be required.
" Mr. M. H. Worms: I maw that 3,3001. be granted (Uproar.)
" Father Ire : thus bona nee. powely sad Rub loom distress
in the town of Museum thou be say slide -Ideas. (Great sonfusioo.) I
esti an you to recomidur kimnform. apart.)
• Miriam, Morrow esebleL Mika of o.")
• lbuwne :As the pdadgio sopa to Waco= his not been
11114d8lont you are bound to reconsider masroom. (shooting.)
▪ "taw Lee : I am ready to prove that last Thursday a man died
et donation in Macroom. (Awful uproo.)
"Okuirman : A poll is demanded as to whether we reconsider
litaiworaa. (Great tumult.)
• Ifdr. 11. H. Warren : I shall preen my motion. (Groaning sad
711.5.6. Ir. I. B. Warren : It is all nonsense to press any matter here
me the confadon arowad you. Give it up, Massy—gin A up. (Tres
ssendous yelling.)
Chairman : We came here to serve the people, but we shall not
Oa allowed to do so. I'm quite useless here, and shall, therefore, leave
the chair. (Increased tumult.)
" Mr. 3. B Warren : Hear me—hear me for a moment. I shall
now bring this scene to • close. There Is but one course we can adopt,
and that I propose, that the presentments be peered as maw. (Great
cheering.) The a thing t Ise can be done here.
'Mr. Coltlatust : I second that —it is the only course leR us. (Great
uproar.)
Mr. J. B. Warren : 'Hear me—do bear me for a moment. (Great
yelling). See what a scene you have here to-day—look around you.
h it not utterly impoasible that we can go through these applications
dispassionately—that.. will be permitted to consider them calmly or
quietly t For God's sake then pass my resolution, grunting them all,
whatever they may be, and leave them to our gawks' angek the
Board of Works. (Greatshouting). I move that the appliodlons pam
en mash% Does any ooe second me ? (Shoats,' We do?
" Mr. MT. O'Leary I second you with slimy heart. Tremendous

shooting).
" Mr. J. B. Warren: If you awry that you may gore to your
dinners—lt you reject it prepare tostop here for n week. (Yells).
" Chairman: Who's for passing them MP (Trent( nclous shouts
of
" Mr. J. B. Warren : Mr. Secretary, handle them all up, and cut
away as list es you can. (Great uproar)."
_ -

We can very well understand the feeling of the
unfortunate officer of the Board of Works, Captain
GoanoN, when asked if it was legal to pass the
presentments in the lump? You may do so if you
please—'lie as good as any other way here.
It is superfluous to say that with local efforts of
this character, the utmost foresight and activity on
the part of Government will be insufficient to meet
the iliiigers and difficulties of Ireland in the present

WE have before said that the prospects of the farmer,
the unshackled farmer, were never so hopeful as at
present. Stock, the feeding and breeding of which
secures fertility on any kind of soil, is selling at high
prices. The experiments of agricultural chemists
have produced portable artificial manures at compara-
tively small cost, which, though not to be relied on
alone, are of great value in bringing up the cultiva-
tion of a farm to a higher standard than before esta-
blished. They give the farmer a start, by enabling
him to begin to grow heavy green and root crops,
which, being judiciously consumed by stock, insure
permanent fertility. Pulse, maize, axd the inferior
grains, will ere long be imported at low prices, and
these articles form the main element of profitable
stock feeding. " Give me cheap oats and beans,"
said a very intelligent farmer the other day, "and I
will produce meat at 4d. a pound;" and in so pro-
ducing meat, he will necessarily manure his land so
highly that large crops of wheat must be also pro-
duced as an incidental result. .

-----
By not relying so much upon wheat as has hitherto
been the practice amongst farmers, they will soon ac-
tually grow more grain. The soil is never ungmteful, but
invariably responds to generous treatment. We could
adduce instance upon instance in proof of this, but
shall be content for the present with referring to that
of Lord LUCIE'S farm in Gloucestershire, called
" Whitfield Example Farm," which, under the man-
agement of Mr. MORTON, has furnished striking evi-
dence of the capacity of land for improvement.
In 1829, when Lord Ducts took this farm into his own
hands, it had been for the previous twenty-one years
in the occupation of a yearly tenant, at the rent of
2001.; the tithes, taxes, and rates, being 6.51. more.
The farm consisted of 232 acres, of which 164 were
pasture, and 68 arable. It was in fact chiefly a dairy
farm. The house and buildings were poor, scanty,
and in bad repair. The pasture-land had a forest-like
appearance when viewed from the high ground, by
reason of the great number of oaks and other trees in
the hedgerows. Those trees were so crowded together
as greatly to injure the pasture and the fences, as
well as to prevent the circulation of air and
interfere with the drainage of the land. The late
tenant had kept twenty-five cows and always reared
seven calves, which ho kept until they calved at
three years old, to fill up the places of seven cows
which he sold every year. His stock, therefore, con-
sisted of twenty-five cows, seven heifer calves, seven
year-old heifers, and seven two-year old heifers ;
four working horses, a riding horse, and some pigs;
in all fifty head of stock. These consumed the whole
produce of the 164 acres of pasture land; 100 acres of
it being mown for winter consumption, and the remain-
ing 64 acres being pastured during the spring and
summer, till the cattle were turned into the after-
grass.
The same fields had always been pastured and
mown respectively. The land which had always
been pastured, from being very wet and too much
shaded by trees, was in no respect improved by the
constant feeding, and the acerage cut of hay did not
exceed half a ton per acre. All the manure was put
upon the arable land, and nothing but a little earth
and lime laid upon the meadow land. There was
no underground and little surface draining, upon
the farm; both the tenant and his workmen
entertaining a prejudice against underground
drains. This is by no means uncommon in
dairy districts. We have heard men occupying
large farms in North Wiltshire say of draining that
"it takes the virtue out of the land!" At Whitfield the
arable land was wretchedly managed, and the pro-
duce remarkably small ; the wheat produced about
twelve, the barley about twenty bushels to :he acre,
and potatoes five tons and a-half. Every kind of
weed flourished in luxuriant abundance. All the
wheat straw not required for thatching the ricks, was
sold.

The labourers employed were two men, a plough-
man and a cowman ; a boy ; and two women in the
house to manage the dairy. In harvest and hay-
making, there were two mowers and two other men
employed for about ten weeks. The average yearly
produce from each cow was about two-and-a-half cwt.
of cheese. The total expenditure for labour, house-
keeping, &c., wsa 1707. n-year; and the average
yearly receipts amounted to 4631. I Is., from which,
after deducting labour, rent, and taxes, the tenant
derived a profit of 281. 11s. only. The whole capital
employed, all the stock and one year's expenses
and labour, did not exceed 7261. Indeed the tenant's
condition could -net--have been much better than
that of a mere labourer, while the produce of the
land and the landlord's rent were as low as possible.

We have stated these details of the former state
of Whitfield, not only for the purpose of showing
what it was when Mr. MORTON commenced his
improvements, but because it very closely repre-
sents the condition of the farms of a numerous class

At Whitfield, the first steps taken were to throw
down all the timber, grub up the hedges, and lay out
the land in fields of convenient size by means of deep
ditches and quickset hedges. The land was then
drained, subsoil-ploughed, and a brook, which car-
ried off the drainage, straightened and made deeper.
Roads were formed, buildings erected, and all the
pasture-land, except about 40 acres, broken up. The
gross expense of these permanent improvements was
7,828/. 11x. 3d. Of this sum about 1,5001. was
incurred in buildings more than the farm required, in
order that more land might be laid to it at a future
time without rendering an increase of buildings then
necessary. The new rental on the farm thus im-
proved, together with the 30/. for fifteen acres of addi-
tional land, was 3911. Bs. ; the interest at .5/. per cent.
on the capital expended, added to the old rent of
200/., making the whole 6211. Bs. But, in fact, 31
per cent. is interest enough to be charged on the
outlay; which would reduce the rent to 5041.
In 1840 the farm was valued for the poor's-rate at
200/. a-year, and in 1843 the same valuer re-valued
it for the same purpose at 564/. a-year. The account
published by Mr. MORTON down to 1842, which is the
last we have before us (and the farm has since that
time advanced in fertility), shows a clear profit to the
tenant of 1611. 16s. 3d., after allowing 101. per cent.
upon the capital of 4,069!. 155. 11d. employed in
farming it. The live stock then consisted of 412
sheep, 32 Hereford oxen, 3 cows, and 10 horses;
while the average of the wheat crop of 1841--one-
half of the farm being in wheat—was 41 bushels to
the acre. The rooted green crops have been nearly
in proportion.
Here we have an instance of a farm brought from
almost a state of nature into very high cultivation.
In its original state, the produce was little more than
the natural growth of the soil, which kept the tenant's
cow stock, and that was all ; the amble land, culti-
vated as it then was, must have been a source of loss,
not gain. And such is the state of a very large pro-
portion of that which is, by courtesy, called cultivated
land in England. Whitfield farm, as improved, has
become a great manufactory of grain and meat, in
which the floating capital (so to speak) of the tenant,
forms a large element; while the fixed capital of the
landlord has been doubled by improvements made
in the land itself, which were at the same time indis-
pensable to render the land an effective part of the ma-
chinery of the manufacture. It is by an approach to-
wards such a system that farming will become a pro-
fitable business, and land advance in value ; and the
nearer the approach, the better it will prove in every
instance for both tenant and landlord.

How these approaches are to be made, is now the
practical question ; for all active farmers admit their
necessity. The same change is going on in farming
which has taken place in other businesses. Prices being
moderate and competition active, more transactions—

that is, more stock breeding or feeding, and heavier
crops of grain—are necessary to secure a fair remu-
neration in husbandry, than were required under the
old system of high prices. This implies the outlay of
more capital on the part of the farmer, and in ways
which require tenures of far more security and dura-
tion than the yearly tenancies on which so large a pro-
portion of the land in this country is now held.

The Paris papers of Sunday, and other foreign
journals, with the letters of our correspondents, have
arrived by the ordinary express.
Parliamentary reform becomes from day to day
a topic of more engrossing interest throughout
France. The extremely limited extent of the con-
stituency, compared with the population, is rendered
more and more offensively glaring. In a population
of thirty-two millions there are only a fifth of a
million, or one individual in 100, qualified to vote.
This can scarcely be regarded as a party question.
The petitioners for parliamentary reform include in-
dividuals of all shades of opinion, from the ultra-
royalist and legitimist to the extreme left. Great
difference of opinion prevails among reformers
as to the limit to which the suffrage should
be enlarged, as well as on the subject of the
qualification of deputies, and these differences
seriously impede the progress of petitions.
The reformers of the extreme left desire to flame the
petitions in such general terms as shall avoid contested
points, and shall serve to bring the subject under dis-
cussion. Others fear that, by such a proceeding,
some small and inefficient reform may be conceded
which would really retard any serious progress. It
is curious to observe the identity of the successive',
phases of this question in France with those which it
assumed is England.
Some social movements of Lord Normanby and
Lord Brougham have been adopted as the ground of
a report of an intrigue to allay the irritation arising
from the marriage question by a change of ministry
in Paris. It will be remembered that Lord Nor-
manby lately went to Champlatreux, on a visit to
Count Mole, with whom he has been long on terms of
friendship. Lord Brougham, on his route to his
chateau at Cannes, at that time stopped for a day or
two in Paris, and dined one day with M. Mole in
company with Lord Normanby. " The following day
Lord Brougham dined with " his old friend" the King
of the French at Neuilly, which in fact he always
does when he passes through Paris. Behold the
(castle of conjecture which is elevated on this
I foundation :

" At the very moment," says l.e Commeree," at which the
diplomatic relations of M. Guizot and Lord Palmerston
became complicated, and while the former was cogitating
the reply he would give to the British Cabinet,
Lord Normanby quits Paris to virit M. Mole. When an
ambassador desires to mark his dissati.faction with the court
to which he is accredited, he goes to respire the pure air of
the country, an excellent way of combining the preservation
of his diplomatic dignity with that of his health. Lord Nor- I
manby goes to Champtltreux. There is no mistaking the
purpose of his rustic excursion. Lord Brougham dines there
with him, and the next day dines at Neuilly ! This ménage I
has often been practised, and we are assured that M.
Guizot is not altogether easy about these comings and
goings. Can it be possible that Lord Palmerston can be
thinking of playing off the same trick at Paris that M.
Guizot is said to be attempting at London, and that the
diplomatic quarrel is to be appeased by the instalment of
Count Mole in the Hotel of Foreign Affairs in the place of
M. Guizot ? M. Mole would doubtless patch up the mar.
riage squabble, but teeny we cannot see how our internal
policy would be improved by this bandying about of port-
folios. France, after six years of reactionary policy, has
need of statesmen who are more deeply conscious that our
constitutional regime is the issue of a revolution."
The Free-trade agitation is indirectly raising anew
the question of the right of public assembly. At pre-
sent more than a small number of persons cannot
legally meet together for the purpose of discussing
any political question. At least if they do they are
liable to dispersion by the authorities. The Free-trade
party on the one hand and their opponents the pro-
tectionists on the other, are, however, suffered to hold
meetings for promoting their respective views. A
third class now claim the same indulgence,—the

working class, who have addressed a demand to the
Minister of the Interior to authorise them to
assemble as partisans of free-trade. This de-
mand is supported by those liberal journals
which, nevertheless, are opposed to the free-
trade doctrine; such as the National.
The ministerial journal L'Epoque opposes this
demand, on the ground that the working classes are
already at liberty to join the associations of either
side of the question which nre ranctior_ed by the
government, and that as there is no middle term
between free-trade and protection, there is no ground
fur authorising a third class of cursociatiou.
The Popular, a ministerial journal of Madrid, says
that after a short sojourn in 'France the Duchess of
Montpensier will return to Spain, the residence of her
Royal Highness in a foreign country being attended
with much inconvenience. _

The Dlbate devotes its leading article, of two entire
columns, to demonstrate that the interpretation which
has been given to the renunciation of the crown of
Spain by the house of Orleans,in the 6th article of the
treaty of Utrecht, is erroneous, and may be refuted
both as to right and as to fact.
The Diario do Ooberno, the official journal of
Lisbon, was received in Paris by express on Saturday
evening. It confirms the change of niinistry reported

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, . .
.
\ifif f• XitASA, ettfl). ,R4l .. N •
' Cr' .....TENING;- OC'TOBER 20, '1846.
. .
f°`cillus witt • , the Aiwa' Of occupiers in many districts of England. And t/
lb , ,kr , • ,Ipg. 'pa: ~,„,,,Bst. lxi he tiioltgh it is practically impossible that any con eider- n
1, to 'Whit' he may,' his conduct and tone . aro ai.. able number of such farms can be improved to the b
graceful; and imply a want of common seam and extent Whitfield farm has beep, yet, with judicious e
Landlords, much might be done towards improving n
for Ili aiiiiiipTi merit and encouragement on the part of the "
iby sound judgment, auguring ill
ri
files pee-.santry dependent on the, intelligens. 41. doh
_ . .. . . _ the systems of such tenants. . _ • - fi
.- ..