The Express.
London, England, 1846-10-22 00:00:00

Zlb_

No. 45.] LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, OCT. 22,1846. [3d.

struck out many of the citations given 4ths last sditten, cows=
it useless again to occupy spuce with this am= of a
than be always found by those who ass diabiss to srdtliteLlo•

-
In pointing out the affinities of OVID. the ADDIAOB9 of the
most judicious systematists have hems riagaidtafi; WOMB thews the
names of Araott, Auguste de St. Marsh Ilsemstk Dadlire„ A. Stow
Wart, Brown, Cainbeseedni, De:abr. Mho De OmitlimtlANDADAff. ta•
Hookers, the Jusedeus, Martina. Mkt% sod Ititbstd. 'boil lido Snit
rank. In addition to the short distailes apes this NlA‘set width al-
ways follows the !meagre* &serip h. at a =Mel mist Omen I
appended to the list of punt • pi= of totilidgr antly sow
adapted for the first time. It asminD at primate. the err at the
order under discussion m asplial ham; *in right mei DR of
it, in small Roman letters the mamas at those min whili are sup-
posed to be in nearest alliance to it; and above and baby It In italic
type the names of such as are onto =Wagons, or at Is have a more
ant affinity. The idea of this borrowed from Ile. Strickland's
excellent paper on the true method of Discovering the Natural
System In Zoology and Botany, printed in the Annals of Natural
History, vol. vi. p. Itt.
The uses to which plants are applied has been re-examined
with great care, and principally re-written. This part was ori-
ginally intended as a mere sketch of so vast and import-
ant a subject, and in truth It is little more even now. It is,
however, materially enlarged, and the author hopes, better amnia's!.
In preparing it, great numbers of worka have been consulted, and
most especially the special treatises of Dierbach, Pk'' Geiger, Gui-
boturt, Martins, NCIII von Earnbeck, Pereira, Richard, and Hoyle, to-
gether with the capital condensation published by Endlicher in his
'Enchiridion." The author was also strongly advised, by one whose
opinion Las great weight with him, to introduce among the properties
of plants an account of their proximate principles and ultimata
constituents. But, after a full consideration of the subject, he has
come to the conclusion that it is not expedient to do so. In the first
, place, such matters belong to Chemistry. and not to Botany;
sc-
ouidly. It does not appear possible to connect them with any known
principle of botanical elami&ation ; and, moreover, the extremely un-
steady condition of the opinions of chemists themselves upon the result
of their own researches, and the uncertainty at present connected with
the details of organic chemistry, would render the introduction of the
supposed results of chemists embarassing rather than advantageous.
If it istrae, an appears to be admitted, that such principles as Cut.
feine and Theine arc identical, and that oils of Anise and Tarragon
are chemically *indistinguishable, it is clear Mat these substances
can have no connexion with structure or Botanical classllieatlon, if
Indeed they are not altogether artificial products produced by ebemir•
cal aromas:a, like Dr. lowne's furfoi—a vegeto-alkali resulting from
the distillation of bran, sulphuric acid, and water.

In forming the lists of genera, the author is called upon to
acknowledge the great assistance that he has derived from those of
ProfeworEndlieher, which indeed he has ventured to take no the foun-
dation o his own, making, however, considerable additions, and
material changes in some, and entirely re-writing others ; in which
troublesome but neer SIM' task, he has been most essentially mudded
by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who furnished the list of lungsbi, and
by Mr. Bentham, to whom he is indebted for those of Leguminous
and Labiate plants, and of Figwort". The reader will perceive that,
according to the CAMOIII of botanist*, the names of getters which the
author adopts are printed in Roman letters, and succeeded by others
indented and printed in italics The latter are either synonyms, or
subgenera which do nut at present appear to be of importance enough
to be regarded as true genera.
- - -

In computing the number of species, attention has been paid
it^t only to published statements, but also to such appearances of unde-
seribed species as the author's own herbarium incatet, :twisted oc-
cailiomilly by a little guess-work, where Natural Orders have not been
recently examined with care, or where species have been notoriously
founded upon trilling and unimportant characters. Ile dues not,
however, doubt that the numbers are In all nisei too low. All they
pretend to is as near an approach to truth no, under existing circum-
stances, is possible.
The illustrations are partly original, partly derived from
other authorities. It would have been more useful if a larger number
eould have been introduced ; but costly embellishnients arc not possible
beyond a certain limit. Should the present work be favourably re-
ceived, others may be inserted hereafter in the numerous blankt that
have been left among the pages.
Finally, the artificial analysis of Orders given in former
editions has again beta improved, and is now adapted to the volume
In its new deem. It is, however, no longer placed at the beginning of
the work, but will be found immediately before the indices. It has
been gratifying to the author to know, that this table is habitually
consulted by some of the moat experienced botanists.
There is still another point in which the author has endea-
voured to effect some improsement, and that is, the nomenclature. Since
the days of Linnams, who was the great reformer of this part of Natural
History, a host of strange names, inharmonious, sesiquipeduTian, han
baron% have found their way into botany, and, by the stern hit almost
Indispensable laws of priority, are retained there. It is full time, in-
deed, that some stop should be put to this torrent of s .rage aouuda,
when we find such word., as Calucechinus, Oresigenesa, Finaustrina,
Krasehenninikovia, Gravenhorstia, Andre jofskya, Mielithoferia, Mo-
nsetineinna, Pleurosehiamatypus, and hundreds of others 111, them,
thrust into the rucords of botany without even an apology. Ii such
Intolerable words arc tube uard, they shonfil surely be reserved for
plains .es repulsive ss themselt es, and ins of libelling races so fair
ns dowers, or twhle.w trees, they ought to be confined to slimes,
blights, and toadstools. The author has been MIXIOII,I to do
something towards alleviating this grleyous evil, whirls at least need
not be pmanittcal to eat into the hetddiy form of botany clothed in the
English language.
No one who has had experience in the progress of botany,
as a science, can doubt that it has been more impeded in this country
by the repulsive appearanee of the names which it employs than by any
other cause whatever; and that, in fact, this einannstance has proved
an invincible otstacle to its bgeoming the serious occupation of those
who are unacquainted with the learned languages, or who, being ac-
quainted with them, are fastidious about euphony, and Greek or Latin
purity. So strongly has the author become impreated with the
truth of this • iew, that on several occasions he has n-
&immured to substitute English names fur the Latin or Greek
einnisiunds, by which the genera of plants are distinguished,
Com turning over the late volumes of the " Botanical Register" mans
such Instances will be found, in Imitation of the well-known and usual
English words, Houndstongue, Loosestrife, Bugloss, Soapwort, Hare-
bell, &c. Ile cannot, however, brad of any success in these feeble
attempts at reforming a great evil ; use, perhaps, ought be to have
expected it. If sorb English name. are not venially adopted, it is
to be suspected that the circumstance is tinceable to the itidifference of
the public to partial and ineonsideralge chanins, which are unseen in
the orient of botanical nomenclature. That they are buportant must
be admitted ; that the perms most careless as to the difficulties of
articulation would prefer to speak of a Fringe Myrtle rather than of a
Chanerlaucium, or of a Gritberry than of a Comarostapliv lis, will
probably be allowed on all hands ; and therefore the author does not
conks. dixouragement at failure; but would rather invite suprei-
ticals as to more probable means of success. Mere translation is 'wi-
ther necessary nor desirable in all eases. Many Latin names have,
from eustinn, been adopted into the English language, and no wUalom
would be shown in attempting to alter such words as Dahlia,
Crocus, lxia, or even Orchia. ()thens again are ita easily
aound,sl, and so much in hannauy with the English tongue, that no-
thing could be gained by interfering with them ; such as Percea, Hu.
gonia, Parkia, Mimosa, Arbutus, rte. And, finally, tote is a large
etas. of scientific wards which are lest Englithed by an alteration of
their foreign terminations; for example, Mehuithium may be changed
to alebuith ; 11 ,nunnthus to lksnutath ; Lecythis to lecyth ; My-
rornermum to Myrosperni ; and such un alteration would at once
pcsatesa the great advantage of rendering English plural terminations
prndble. alelanthinina, Heanianthaam, Lerytkima, mound of
fenaively to classival ears; Melantilia, Dernianthl, Lecythides, are,
if not pedantic, at least beyond the skill of uneducated readers ; but
Dsamantha, altilanths, and Leevtlis, are fanned by the ortlitury F.ng-
lib plural termination withouftliflitulty.
It is, however, to be feared that a long time will elapse
before these view, are carried out in such a manner as to ensure
their adoption. But, in the meanwhile, a eomniencement of the plan
Is practicable. and the author hopes it will meet with support. The
names by which the great groups of plants are known are few in num-
' ber, and very often in use. There is certainly nn reaSon why we should
not at once English them ; the practice, indecd, is already adopted
to mink', extent by the substitution of the worits, alonocotviectuna
Dicotyledons, exogens, Entlogima, Cryptogiuna, Plernogsms, he., for
alanocotyledoncs, Dicotyledons's, Exogence, laulogenr, Cryptogaore,
Illernofnuns, &e. It is even carried further by speaking of Rosa-
ceous plants inanity(' of Romenr. Orehidaceout or Orehiticsma
instead of Orchid: cote, or °relearn% fee. But these amended names
are still ton long, and too un-English in sound to be in laicism with
the world which lie+ without the narrow circle of mere systematistt ;
:old no valid reason seems to exist for not immediately reforniing that
part of the nomenclature of botany. The attempt has been already
made in the author's "School Botany," where it will be found that bi
availing himself of well-known English name% or of the English
wont "wort," or by merely remodelling, the terminations, a uniform
English nomenclature has been secured for all the common European
Natural Order of Plants. Thus for Nymph:came, Ranuncidamte,
Tamarimenc, Zygophyllacee, Elatinacem, arc substituted Waterlilies,
Crowfoots, Tamarisk% Wan-Caper., and Water-Pepfcra ; for Melva-
cesr, Aurantiatienv, Gentianaerce, Primulacem, trfimeere, Euphorbi-
acme, are employed Mallow-wart% Citronworbt, Gentianworia Prim-
worts, Nettleworis, SpurgeWOrts • and the terms Orchids, Ilippurids,
Amaryllid% Irida, Typhads, Arnav, Cucurbits, are taken as English
equivalents fur Orchductw, llaler.gaCea, Iridacere,
ryphace,e, Aracese, and Cucurbitaceie. The principles kept in view
in effecting those changes have been also observed throughont the
present work, so that standard English names for classes and orders
are now no longer 'cantina. The author confidently believes that every
intelligent reciter will admit that such names as l'rn-inusses, Taccada,
False Hemp% Pepperworts, Bristieworts, ehenopods, Hydrocharads,
scale-mcuses, Birthworta, and Fringe-myrtles, are ixeferable to Dry-
a-ce-ai, Taco-ea-cc-at, Da-tisca-cese, Cheno-po-cli-a.
Ceee, Oca-vans-I-a-ce-a', llndro-cha-ri-da-ccee, Junger-man-ni-a-
te-fe. A-rhi-to-10-chi-a-ee-ce,.Cha-nue-lavi-ci-a-ce-av, and other sesqui-
pedalian expressiona—rnivernity College, London, March, 1845.
Loudon ; Printed and Pnblisoed for the Author, by Bratibury and
Evans, 90, Fleet-racer, and Whitefdar.

tertaining feelings of hostility to Mr. Hood, and also
with obstructing a final settlement of all differences
and the immediate restoration of peace.
A letter from Buenos Ayres, 31st July, says:
We are now enabled to inform you, on the best authority,
that the mission of Mr. Hood with this government has
succeeded on all points ; both parties are satisfied, and no-
thirg now remains to be done but to arrange with General
Oribe and the government and ministers at Monte Video.
Mr. Hood leaves to-day in the Devastation for off Monte
Video, where be will, we believe, demand permission
from the admirals to communicate with General Oribe
direct, for the purpose of conciliating the French. who are
very sore at his success. We still anticipate difficulties at
Monte Video; and it we are to believe assertions at Monte
Video, the Baron Defaudis will not agree to any arrange-
ment Mr. Hood may make, unless ordered to do so by the
King of the French. From the interior, Entre Rios, Cor-
rientes, and Paraguay, nothing new. Doubloons, 280 to
I 235 dollars.
Mr. Hood arrived at Monte Video on the let of
Aug. from Buenos Ayree, and on the 2nd proceeded to
the head quarters of Oribe, from whence Mr. Charles
Hood returned on the 12th, and on the 14th had
several interviews with Mr. Ouseley and the Baron
Deffaudis, who communicated to the government of
Monte Video the propositions of which he was the
bearer, and which had already been acceded to by
Roses and Oribe. Of the deliberations which ensued,
i nothing seems to have been known, but a change of
Iministry was rumoured, and it was considered pro-
bable tbat Vasquez would again take office. The
state of affairs at Monte Video will be collected from
the following letter, dated August 26 :
Hipotiatioes for peace are still going on, but we are kept
completely in the dark as to what is realty doing. The mis-
sion of Mr. Hood is said to have ceased, he having fulfilled
his object, and it now rests with the ministers to carry out
his work, which, it would appear, they do very reluctantly,
and will, we fear, avail themselves of any trifle to thwart
what Mr. Hood has hitherto done, and we believe he
is as much in the dark as ourselves as to the final
result. If peace be not made through his mission,
which must be known ere long, he will immediately return
to England, and lay before the government what ho has
done here ; and we feel perfectly sati-tied that his proceed-
ings will be fully approved of; and the worst that can now
happen to us is a reference to England of the matt r.
Riviera is here, but it is said he is about to embark with
reinforcements up the river, and will leave in a day or two.
We shall not like to see him depart, as it will look as if the
ministers still intended to continue in their pernicious course
of intervention. A change of ministry is talked of here, but
on this head we know nothing further than what we formerly
stated.
Intelligence has been received here this morning, via
Buenos Avres, that Urquilia has definitely arranged affairs
with Corrientes, which province has rejoined the Argentine
fe Conderation ; but for your better information we enclose
an extract of a despatch from Urguiza to Gederal Mancilla
to that effect. Exchange about 43d.
The Stephen Wright, laden with guano, hadbeen wrecked
on Flores previously to the 23rd of August ; and the ship
George IV. had arrived in Monte Video, in distre,s, from
Patagonia. and, it was expected, would be condemned. The
Mars would bring her cargo to England.
A letter from Dunbar announces the following dis-

tressing occurrence :
The French brig of war Chevrette was run down off
Dunbar on Monday evening, by her consort, the
Trevoyant, corvette, and sunk instantly in deep water.
The whole of the crew are saved, except four men
who were in irons.

Some of the advocates of free exchanges in France
appear to understand free trade in L peculiar and I
exclusive manner. They would have complete " free-
dom of exchanges upon the Continent," and to this
end propose the foundation of a Free-trade League
with Austria, Prussia, Germany, &c., to begin with,
against Great Britain.
The provoking motive to this league is avowed to
be the impossibility of competing in manufacturing
industry with this country, where, says M. Rack, one
of the apostles of the Customs' league system, coal is
400 per cent. lower in price than in France; iron 50 per
cent.; internal navigation is unfettered and economi-
cal ; raw materials are free of duty ; whilst the towns
are not vexed with octrois, and a great merchant
marine exists with 200,000 sailors. But if coal and
iron be so much dearer in France, where rests the
cause ? But for the heavy differential import duty
exacted, English coal would be cheaper laid down in
Rouen, and even Paris, than in this metropolis, where
it is so deeply corporation taxed. If English towns
are not oppressed with octroi duties, they are levied
upon to a much greater extent for poor's rates, muni-
cipal dues, and other charges, from which French
towns are entirely exempt. France would learn to
produce more cheaply, if she would abate her restric-
tions and consume more freely. Supposing that more
English coal were consumed, which there would be if
admitted at moderate or equal rates with Belgian coal,
a proportionate increase would take place in England
in the consumption of French wines, silks, and tissues,
of which, so far as the two latter, such large quantities
are even now introduced.
The wages of industry are, moreover, higher paid
in England than on the Continent, whilst the opera-
tive is less overtasked, of which M. Rack gives the
following figures in proof:
The hours of work for the operative are respec-
tively
In Ensland

Per seek.
G 9 lln RUPSII%
. 72 to 81 Bohemia
78 'laden
. 72 to 90 Knony
78 to 84 Tyrol
72 to 80

Per week.
96 to 102

United Std
Prtroth'
Switzerland.—
Au*tria. .....

ii to 84

COMMERCIAL 4- MARKETS.

MONEY MARKET & CITY INTELLIGENCE.
Half-past Two.—The inactivit7 of the funds is
accompanied to-day by a decline of ;slices. Consols are now
quoted only 911 to for money, and 91; to 5 for time. Ex-
Chequer bills, however, are as before, 15s. to 161. premium.
The foreign market is heavy, and prices also lower.
The extraordinary dilemma in which the bondholders are
placed by the unauthorised proceedings of the Mexican
ex-minister and other parties connected with the dis-
reputable conversion scheme, is making its impression
upon the market, where the bonds are absolutely unsaleable
now in any amount worth notice. They arc quoted 221,
sellers only. Spanish Fives are 261 to I ; the 'Threes, 371
to ; Portuguese, 41 to 3. Business altogether was very
dull in foreign stocks.
ENGLISEI FONDS.—Tanga o'Cuarc.
Bank Stock, 2051 Cl I 1/ItW for Acct., 941 5
3 per Ct. Red. 331 1 3r Cent., 954
3 per Cent. Conauls, aq Exchequer BUN IJe. Its.
FOREIGN FUNDS.
1 per Cent. Grenada Eds., 201 14
Grenada Deferral Ede, 31 4
5 per Ct. Mexican, 1310, 221 sets.
6 per Cent. Peruvian Ede, 36 8
Portuguese Conc. 114.., 41 3
5 per Ct. Russian Ede, 110 12
5 per Ct. Spanish UM., 201
3 per Cent. Spaubh lids., 371
Spanish Deferred lids., 174
Spani.th nizeive Me, 511
2 perCt.renerucLaltdz., 41 3
Venezuela Deferred BcP,., 121 131

5 per Ct. Austrian Ads., --
44 per Ct. Delirilon 56 8
2i per Cent. ditto. 55 7
5 per Ct. Drazilian Ms., 85 7
5 per Cent. New Ilnut.Bds., 84 G
6 per Ct. BUCIIOB Ayres Ms., 43 5
5 per Ct. Chiban 8de.,96 8
6 per Cent. Columb. det.Bda., 52 4
Columbian npaador Deis. 31
3 per Ct. Datuah labs, 86 9
2i per Ct. nnteh 58181
4 per Ct. Dutch Cerw., 91121