The Express.
London, England, 1849-09-07 00:00:00

the ei:prews.

OUTGOING MAILS.

The mails for British Norih America and the Unlts4
States will be made up tb,t evening, 8.-pt. 7,
The mails, via Marseilles, to the Mediterranean,
Ceylus, India, Hang-Yong, &e., will be made up
evening, Sept. 7.
The mails fur Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Celia, em
Gibraltar will be made up on Sept. 17.
The West India Mails, exeludiag Bermuda, 11,,Tiviu.
O
Nthememe airorHoulidadie,ere, New
m.gtOrleans,a
Joao-de
, Nicaragua,nd M ezi , and in lad
N..
Chili, and Peru, will be made up on the ese ni g of Sept. i 7,
The mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Greene, the I.u.ian
Egypt, Ceylon, Indio, and China, sin Southampton, udi
be made up on the morning of 8. pt. 20.
The mails for Madeira, the Brash e, and Buenos Ayr%
will be made up on the evening ut Oct. 4.

MOH WATER AT LONDON !MIDGE.
D.,—Alerslagg, 4A. 17. AR•rsoom, h. 4..
T.res sow —Norahni, ih. Wra. Aftwasna, h. 41.

LONDON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 7.

We resume our analysis of the satisfied returns
compiled by C.'S. LARCOM regsrdi g the culture end
occupancy I f laud in Irelend duriug the year 1818.
The principal fact hich the returns est ehli.h is
the rapid diminution of small holding., and their
ooneolidation into firms of greater average a ze. A
gradual change in this direction has for many year,
been going on. Previous to the famine the desire ea
the part of landlords to get rid e f the class oe
occupiers who held from five to twenty
was inspired by political and sectarian motives rallies
than by those of an economic kind. The lauded
oligarchy had by evperiecre fund the clear is
question the least manageable for th.ir pupal 3, end
least subservient to their will. They were not poor
enough to be bullied into religious ce nfortnioy, aed
not well enough to do in the world to be lu ed into
the affectation of genteel opinions. A county job, ce
a bit of union work, c uld always ha put in the way
of one of the " highly reepectables," who held a
gracing farm under Lard 161gronse or Sir (*beret St.
arorge ; but who would trust a low fellow thee wed
on Sundays to mess or meetirg ; and at an el, etioa
was sure to vote "the say the wit la emus
try a tid was the honest way ? " Tree
first aim of landlords in general ever since the
Reform Bill has been to Ist all leases of mai fame
run out, and thus to get rid of contumacious vote-s;
and the second object has been, by withh.eldiret hues
and promoting a fair law c f compensetian fer
provements bcing enacted, to daunt and dis`learteit
the rerugleng occupiers so as to induce them to
give up their insecure takes, and thus to get rid of
popish or presbyterian tenana.
The crusade against the cottiers and conae re men
was a separate busine as, arid ore which even before
the commencement of the fanfne was also e erg, ti.
cally pursued. Still those who took an ac•e of men
p tato ground, paid an exo bitant price for ;t, and
when the crop was dug there was an end of the bar-
gain ; and to thine who did not, contrived to live by
casual labour or upon a'ms : 'o long as the staple of
life was abundite, the-re was lrtle temptation t cereal
Property in general was Fee tom pillage. The
ragged multitude suffered much, but they never-
theless continued to multiply ; and the I,ndlnrele
tee n‘d their necessities and their numbers to an mint,
by doling out to them at usurious charge just laud
enough to keep them alive.
But when blight bad cut off the potato, and tardy
justice had at length enacted a hew of out-deer relief,
the humane protrietory opened V.rir eyes and won.
dered how they could have been so long criminally
indulgent to 11 e cottier end con-acre men.
Between 1811 and 1847 they had indeed reclined
the numbers holdings fre ra 1 to 15 acres, by no
fewer than 133,597. All that time the country as
in a state of ill-restrained commotion and disarb-
amae Local violence and outrage prey ailed to a feet-
ful degree, and the wildest notions regarding the
rights of property found ready disciples e verywhere
throughout the tortured and quivering lend. And
then a discerning public in this cour try wondered at
the wanton barb.r.ty of a purple who could not be
qu'et ard peaceful ; and a segacioa legislature oc-
cupied irself in forging arms e vs and curfew la se!
But the real heyday of extirpation had ni t yet
arrived. No sooner bad the con-acre fallen in mice,
and the competition for small farm+ somewhat abated,
owing to the renea'ed failure of the great paying
crop, than the owners of the soil IN saved in their
wi.dom to fC.ZO the long wished for opportunity for
more quickly and conip'e.ely eradicating the popula-
tion whom, having deeply wronged, they deeply
feared. Accordingly, we Lind that, in addition to all
their previous clears nee s, they got rid" of no less
than 52,528 holdings above one and under fit een
acres. Doubtlets many of the former occupants of
these smell tenements did not need to he evicted
by peeress of law. Many had made tl.eir (traps
to a land where soil and creed ere free.; aid
many more—tier numbers who shall tell?—sank
beneath the decimatir g strike of pestilence ard ward.
But making every allowance for these d, due lore,
the sum total is sufficiently startling; and when we
recall the instances of forcible dispos,aoion that from
'ime to time have been dragged before the public, we
are compelled to wonder, rot at the cendition of die-
traction and distrust to which Ireland is socially a
prey, but at the comparative calm which pervades it
at the present hour.
Let it not be supposed that we arc contending for
or against any special theory of the size of firms. If
1 we have any strong opinion on the much-debited
subject, it is this—that t o particular s'zo can with
truth be said to be the proper one, and for the rums
reason that no system of averages or range of dimen-
sions between a book maximum and minimum is en-
titled to the least credence or regard. But whatever
be the t cloom;e mean, or the general truth le gard-
ing the extent in which lied can with most pm&
and skill be cultivated, we shall ever pronst againet
all and every attempt to clime a wholesale extru-
sion of the inhabitants of entire provinces, sod-
denly or recklessly. To object ta it on grounds
of humanity would be idle. Toe ter.itnrial
oligirchy amongst whom Ireland is distri-
buted have as a body prove d themselves to be
wholly inacce-eible to c ensiderations which Mr.
DISRAELI would call sentime•etal: they are too strung
in the sympathy of their brethren on this aide of the
channel to far the intervention of parliamcut, while
they abuse the powers of law mud equity to tee ac-
comp.ishment of it eir cruel pnrp se. Bat we appeal
to tar more substantial and sordid c inside ratiore
Manifestly it is not the interest of the people of this
country that Ireland should remain one vast lazar-
house, or a huge prison of unemployed and home-
less men. Wha'ever tends to make the ',cal
confusion there in any wise worse contuuded
is a very serious matter for the people of
this country ; and we can hardly imagine
any element of misery and mischief more
likely to be au than a war of enter mitration curried on
by the proprietors of the seil egaiust the populat. on.
If, iu the natural progress of improvement, c meolida-
tion be newtsery, by all means let it take place. But
there is one Trey plain and obvious test of whether
the change that is now going on in Irelar d is of that
drscriedi nor no'. If the farming capital were
found to be inereieiog more on the lager farms than
it was diminishing on the smeller ones, it would tend
to stow that capital had begun to turn from the
lest profitable to the more prefitable sphere
of investment. Bat Captain LARCOICS tables
ru.'ely demolish any such defence for the extirpators
in the present case. While 1848 shows in several
kinds cf stock throughout th- kingdom a gradual re-
covery from the destruction of 1847, the diccriminat-
ing comparison proves th.'t in the forced mutation of
many small holdings into a fler large ones, •he on-
waged labour of the small occupier has been to a
great ex eat thrown away without finding a substitute
in etemented cepital ready f ir investment.
Wh ther does all this tend ? To graz ng farms in-
stead of til.ege, and to pauperism izereeat of peasant
industry and improvement.

IT is not often that a superior officer in the navy is
triad by court matti.l; not oft, n do etch offi era
pro% oke mutiny by capricious orders and c•uielets
humour. We hear enough of court martials in such
caws as these upon the stamen end goaded
to revolt, but nothitig of any emrt of inquiry upon
the admiral who exe:t.d the rebellion. The muticetTs
are fl .gged and dismissed the service; the admicul is
p-nsioutd. In some few case., however, whin a long
course of tyrannical oppression has ltd to desertion
aof su'cide, the oppressed will torn op 'n tie 0;y-
-;tree or. Such an instance his jut ben made public
at Plymouth, and the facts that have already ap•