The Express.
London, England, 1847-10-09 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 9, 1847.

is but right that the hawser who manage., and is responsible
kr that cultivation, should be enabled te choose by what la-
bourites it &alike maks' on: HS kf:
Di
of this right
daisies title ostitsiphlatmapsesa ham, or e
*lsm whip within a rasamiabla of it, an co.
bypasses awake:or oats ft be employed by him.
Yet thin sass asoslderaids dilatable liken aura when this
armagenasiat has bass made it h of .aa avail ill 170704110ing its
raissarwhieb is to lodes the labourer near the ::71tairiddaily tell. It does perversely happen that muter
and an part mar my on some difference about quality of
work or monist Owasso. The latter seek, a new employer,
the fanner mew smother workman, and this last, instead
of labouring is the hassoilats neighbourhood of his own
dwelling, Ma is preened one, two, three, or even more miles
daily to the platy of kis work. For, in point of fact, the
farmer does not eject an ordinary labourer for slight reams.
He dismisses him, or is left by him, at a week's radix ; but
the cottage, though nominally held at a weekly rent, and
particularly if a garden is attached to it, is of necessity a
yearly tenancy ; and one, therefore, which can for the most
part only be put an end to by a six months' notice, given at
a particular time of the year. It is not easy to say how this
anomaly is to be corrected.
That the farmer should have the control of all the
cottages on his farm is certain, and the practice in
Scotland, where each farm is far better provided with
labourers' dwellings than English farms are, proves
the advantage of the system. But in England both
labourers and farmers have something to learn in the
way of fairness and forbearance towards each other,
though we think the initiative lies with the farmer,
as the more intelligent and more powerful of the two
garde'. We have seen the best effects arise from
constantly keeping the same labourers throughout the
year in a district, where it is too much the practice
with the farmer to discharge his labourers as soon as
the busiest seasons have passed by, and for the
labourer to demand extreme wages at moments when
he knows his place could not be supplied. When the
labourer feels that his service is permanent, he seldom,
even in such demoralised districts, deals unfairly to-
wards his master. Still, in the matter of cottages
much control must be left in the hands of the farmers.
The reviewer on this point adds :
Free trade in labour may indeed be abused, and to the
detriment of both parties. The labourer may compel the
farmer extravagantly to increase his wags in the summer,
the latter may unfeelingly dismiss him in the winter ; but
such a mischievous state of things would surely invite the
immediate invention and application of machinery. to agri-
culture, to a degree far beyond what is prudent Just yet.
The capitalist who has embarked his money in agriculture
has the same motive as the manufacturer for superseding
human labour by engines; not from their economy only, or
even principally, but to free himself from a dictation or a
desertion which he feels to be intolerable. This would un-
doubtedly be a serious evil. Machinery expressly invented
for the purpose of dispensing with the services of trouble-
some men could scarcely fail of producing a real surplus of
unemployed population, wherever it was adopted. For
agriculturalindustry, less elastic and buoyant than her
manufacturing sister, cannot employ and support at a short
warning the same number of persons that the latter is
capable of making room for in prosperous times. Although,
then, we are partial to the introduction of all machinery that
tends to diminish the extreme severity of human exertion,
and to substitute metallic for muscular effort, it is yet
desirable that even this should be gradual.
- -

Cottage property is always a bad one, and few per-
sons willingly expend 701. or 801. in the erection of
labourers' cottages in rural districts. This will always
render the rent of such cottages high, which can only
be corrected by landowners taking upon themselves
to build labourers' dwellings.
After adverting to a comparison of wages in agri-
culture in past and present times, and which the
reviewer believes is not disadvantageous to the pre-
sent day, and to the mode in which surveyors esti-
mate the value of farm-houses and buildings, he thus
refers to the valuations which, by the " custom of
the country," in some counties take place between an
out-going and an in-coming tenant :
Mr. Cooke is neither new nor singular in his disapproval
of these customs. Nearly twenty years ago, Messrs. Ken-
nedy and Granger, in their " Present State of the Tenancy
of Land in Great Britain " (1828), clearly exposed their per-
nicious effects in those counties into which they had crept ;
and every one conversant with their practical operation, and
with the essentials of good husbandry, will confirm this
statement. Nothing can be more demoralising than the con-
tinuance of the custom. The outgoing tenant is careless
about the execution of operations of which he is to reap the
benefit, not according to the skill and judgment with which
they bare been performed, but according to the number of
items be can impress into his bill of costs. The ploughings
may have been executed on clay land when sodden with wet,
the harrow may have been used at an equally unpropitious
period, the manure, instead of farmyard dung, may be mere
cleansings of ditches, full of weeds and seeds, all in short of a
totally' different character from that which he would have
used in preparations for a crop for himself. No matter, the
incoming tenant is to pay blindfold, according to a valuation
to be settled by two valuers, that is, two farmers of the dis-
trict ; one, of course, the friend of the ontimer ; both inter-
ested in keeping up the practice and swelling the payable
amount, by which they may one day hope to benefit them-
selves on quitting their own occupations.

. -
There is much truth in this, though the writer
afterwards throws more doubt on the veracity
of out-going farmers and their labourers than is
just or true. The truth is, that these customs
require to be rectified by some general measure
of tenant-right, to which, however, the writer
strenuously objects. Into that question we will
not now enter. 'With the writer's preference for fixed
money rents over corn rents we entirely agree, but we
think him mistaken in supposing it likely that
English landlords may " become themselves occupiers
of large portions of their estates" with the object of
path. That a class of men of higher position and
education than the general race of farmers at present
will by and by undertake husbandry as an avocation,
we believe ; but it will be as tenants farming on their
own account under long and rational leases, not as
directors or superintendents of a large landlord.
occupier. That a practical knowledge of the business
of farming on the part of landlords would be most
beneficial to their tenant', we, with the reviewer,
agree, and that it would probably bring about an
abatement of the same nuisance is most certain. On
this question the writer says:
Such a movement, which is, in fact, the practice of the
landed proprietary in Poland, Hungary, and Russia, would
hare the effect of opening the eyes of our country gentlemen
to the real exigencies of their position, and afford a practical
solution to many most important points, like the tenant-
right and game question, now in dispute, after a little prac
tical acquaintance with their working had been acquired by
the squire—the game abuse especially. We have no ill will
against either rabbit or hare ; both ere admissible in their
proper places—the one in a curry, the other as a r6ti, for
which they may be reared and fed in distant warrens and
wastes, such as much of this kingdom is well fitted to be,
and remain ; but far away from corn-growing districts, as
neighbours or visitors to which last, when well cultivated,
they should not be endured. Sir Robert Peel, who is
seldom much in advance of his age or his company, told his
agricultural admirers, even before be abandoned protection,
that rabbits he would annihilate, and decimate even their
long-eared congeners. It is to be wished his example, if he
has acted up to his precept, may have weight in the midland
counties, where, God knows, it is much wanted. The
country gentleman, if he really took to farming in an ex-
tensive way, as a business for profit, besides getting rid of
the urgent importunities of impoverished tenants for reduc-
tions of rent and destruction of game, would become a bene-
factor to his estate and to the population connected with it.
, He would derive from it occupation, e remise, and recrea-
tion, far more inatructive, healthful, and constant, than that '
which the fleeting sports of the field (which we by no means
wish him to abandon) now afford him during a few months
only of the year.
There is a purpose and vigour in this article which
render it a useful contribution to the solution of the
great question of the day, the improvement of landed
property. And it may be usefully read by both
tenants and landlords, as very ably expressing the
landowners' view of the question.

The following appeared in part of our last even-
ing's impression :
The Madrid mails, with the journals and cor-
respondence of the 2nd, have arrived in duo course,
but their contents sink into absolute insignificance
before the announcement of the telegraphic des-
patch given below. The wand of the harlequin of the
palace has waved, and lo ! the scene and the
characters of the pantomime of the cabinet
have undergone a magical transformation. MM.
Salamanca, &WOMB, and
.company, have suddenly
disappeared ; a cloud hes closed round the
person of Mr. Bulwer ; and Narvaez, with his
train, is discovered in posaession of the stage ;
Louis Philippe and Queen Christina are seen to
smile with approbation in the distance, and grand
crosses glitter in the eyes of the Duke of Glacksberg.
The following is the composition of the now
ministry, the account of which appeared in part only
of oar impression of yesterday
President of the Council and Minister for Foreign
Affairs, General Narvaez.
Minister of the Interior, M. Sartoriva.
Minister of Finance, M. Orlando.
Minister of Public Instruction, M. Roe de Olano.
Minister of War, M. Cordova.

The royal ordonnance, which constitutes this new
cabinet, appeared in the Gazette on the 4th, and will
consequently not arrive by the regular mail in Lon-
don until the 10th. Meanwhile, however, further
news may be looked for by the telegraph, or by ex-
traordinary couriers.

The telegraphic despatch concludes with the words:
" Madrid remains perfectly tranquil."
It has been observed of late that the moderado
journals have softened the tone of their allusions to
General Serrano in a remarkable manner, and have
even made some complimentary references to his past
career. The Prem., the Paris organ of the Ildtel
Courcelles, has broadly hinted at a new influence
which seemed likely to be established in the salons of
the palace. The individual signified under this ab-
stract phrase is a certain Colonel Ganders, the exclu-
lion of whom, it is now insinuated, is the price at
which General Serrano has sold himself to General
Names.
If any political phenomenon developed in the at-
mosphere of Madrid could produce surprise, this
would have done so at the present moment. But
where cabinets are formed and dissolved by the shift-
ing fancies of love-sick ladies and intriguing favourites
—where parliaments are superseded and the consti-
tution sported with according to the convenience of
the minister of the day, nothing which occurs ought
to be unexpected.
It appears that two extraordinary couriers arrived on
the evening of Tuesday, with despatches giving fuller
details of the news announced by telegraph, one to
Queen Christina, and the other to M. Guizot.
The Queen Dowager repaired immediately to
St. Cloud, where she met M. Guizot, and
had a long conference with Louis Philippe and
the minister, after which an extraordinary courier
was despatched to Madrid. It is said that the pre-
sent event was so little expected that General Narvaez
was preparing to leave Madrid for Paris at the mo-
ment when he received a summons from the palace to
attend the Queen.
Several addresses to the Queen, thanking her for
the amnesty and for nominating General Espartero a
senator, had been received, one of which was entrusted
to Generals Serrano and Iriarte and M. Cantero to
present. A deputation from the cotton manufacturers
had left Barcelona, to remonstrate against the pro-
posed alterations in the tariff.

The Paris journals of Thursday, and our usual cor-
respondence have reached us.
The intelligence of the departure of the French
fleet from Naples, is confirmed. The fleet,
consisting of five ships of the line and a
frigate, sailed early in the morning of the 29th,
with the purpose of coasting along Italy to Turin,
touching at the chief Italian ports. It had orders to
arrive at Toulon against the 20th inst. The steamer
Descartes sailed on the 27th for Ancona and Venice,
and the Magellan for Leghorn and Genoa, each with
orders to rejoin the squadron before the end of the
present month.
Marshal Count Molitor is appointed Governor of
the Invalides. The Prince de Joinville left Paris
on Thursday morning, for Toulon, to resume the com-
mand of the squadron.
La Presse says that M. Cunin Gridaine resigns
the ministry of agriculture and commerce, and will
be succeeded by M. Meret de Bord. This move has
been long expected.
The Pope has appointed the Archbishop of Paris a
count of the Holy Roman Empire.

Further advices from Italy confirm the most im-
portant reports which we have already given from
Naples, especially the facts of General Nunziante hav-
ing been wounded and of the defeat of the royal troepe
at Campo-Basso. The official Gazette of Lucca says
that " the situation of Naples becomes more and more
grave." The royal family are in the greatest state of
anxiety. The Pallade (a Roman journal) affinus that
notwithstanding the forces sent from Naples into the in-
terior, the Abruzzi are in a stateof general insurrection
The armed population occupy all the defiles of the
mountains. lerrano has joined the insurrection, and
it was expected that Acquila would immediately
adopt the same course. Measures, which seem frantic,
are adopted by the government to intercept the
transmission of intelligence between the provinces
and the capital. The ordinary crews of the steamers
have been removed, and these vessels are worked by
agents of the police !
Letters frota Turin, of the 2nd instant, say that on
the evening of the let a popular assemblage took place
on the public promenade, where cries of " Long live
the King!" "Long live the Pope !" were uttered.
On the chief of the police applying for instructions at
the palace, the King is reported to have replied, " Let
them alone. If they cry ' Long live the King :" it is
a compliment to me. If they cry Long live the
Pope ! it is a homage to the Holy Fathzr. If they
cry ' Viva Italia!' it is a national wish. Let public
order, however, be preserved, and don't let the dis-
turbance spread beyond the promenade." Neverthe-
less the armed force interfered later, in consequence
of a general order which had been given on the 20th.
Count Bresson kad passed some days at Turin, and
had had several interviews with the King, in one of
which he is reported to have declared that France
would never allow the intervention of a foreign
power in Italy, nor even that of one Italian prince in
the states of another. The King replied that if this
was intended to apply to Piedmont, that he would
not the less hold himself free to act as might seem fit
to him in favour of the independence of the Italian
states. Lord Minto, who also had interviews with
the King, spoke in a more favourable manner of
the sentiments of the British cabinet towards Italian
independence.

In consequence of an imperial decree of the 18th of
November, 1846, says the Vienna Gazette of the 30th
of October, an extraordinary credit was opened for
the purpose of buying up the shares of certain railway
companies at prices corresponding with their real
value. The object of this was to come to the assist-
ance of the holders of such shares, to prevent the
imminent danger of numerous failures, to give new
life to the depressed money market, and to restore
order and regularity to the circulation. The object
in view was attained at that time in the course of a
few months. Since then, however, in consequence of
the bad harvests of the last two years, the speculators
in railway shares, and the pressure in all the markets
of Europe, a fresh and more unfavourable crisis took
place in the money market.
Government, in its solicitude for the welfare of
every class of its subjects, found itself called upon to
come again to the assistance of holders of capital in
railway companies. To this end it worked strongly,
and by every means in its power, and it now sees, as
the market is stocked with securities, that the time
has come when the assistance given by the state to
private credit is no longer needed. The Emperor is
pleased, from this consideration, to order, by a decree
of the 29th of September, that the operations of the
extraordinary credit be stopped.
The Berlin Striate Zertung, under date Vienna,
Oct. 1, says, that after Baron Kubeck and the three
first bankers of the capital Baron Rothschild,
Sins, and Espeles—had on the 29th ult. held the
conference in which the measure above alluded to
was decided on, the King signed the decree the same
day. The impression made by this step upon the pub-
lic is scarcely to be described.

Advice. from Berne to the 3rd inst. continue to re-
port the preparations for internal conflict in Switzer-
land. The half-canton of Exterior Appenzell has
followed the example of Zurich and Schaffhausen, and
has by a unanimous vote supported the decisions of
the federal government. There was little doubt at
the date of these letters, that all the cantons whose
delegates voted with the majority would decide for
enforcing the decrees of the Diet.

MADRID, Ocr. 2.
The following royal order appears in the Gazette
Ministry of Finance. I have given notice to her Majesty
of the statement drawn up in consequence of the suspension
of payments by Reid, Irving, and Co., London, who were
commissioned by the Spanish government to pay the interest
of the Three per Cent. Stock : in which the president of the
finance committee of that capital consults the government
whether the coupons ought to be paid, which have been left
unsatisfied by the said Reid, Irving, and Co., and which
m d to the half-years fallen due. Her Majesty has
belerormed that the opinion of lawyers and persons in-
structed in the mercantile practices and jurisprudence of
England, and also the opinion of the assessor of this direc-
tion, is that the Spanish government having furnished, with
the due anticipation, the necessary funds to the house which
was entrusted with this commission, net for the con-
venience of the government, but as a guarantee soli-
cited by the foreign creditors themselves: this house
having announced to the public the payment, declaring
that it held in its possession the funds necessary to effect
the same ; and this payment having been consummated
in its greater part in the 79 days which intervened befireen
the opening of the payment and the failure of Reid, Irving,
and Co., the holders of coupons who, by reason of their
dilatoriness, omitted to receive the amount of their credit,
have no right to claim from the Spanish government what
the latter disbursed at the proper season. -Nevertheless her
Majfity, in conformity with the opinion of this general

direction, that the Spanish government ought rather to
comply with an unreasonable demand than expose its credit
to the slightest suspicion, has deigned to approve the arrange-
ment& adopted by you. and to order that the coupons be
paid religiously which can be proved not to have been paid
by the house of Iteid and Irving, from which the President
of the Spanish Finance Committee in London will have to
recover his advanoes.—Madrld, Sept 27, GAL—Salamanca
to the Director-general of the Public Debt.
Two supplementary decrees are published to the civil-
government system of Seaor Esoosura. The test, which
alone merits notice, excepts the governor-generalship and
province of Madrid from some rules which apply to the rest
of Spain. The Governor-general of New Castile will be
charged with all that relates to the cones elections and the
liberty of the press ; while the governor of the province of
Madrid will unite the functions of Offside and corregidor, and
devote his attention to the police of the capital and other
towns of the province.
According to the Faro the Foment° Benk desires the dis-
solution of its quicksilver contract with the government. It
advanced a portion of the 60 millions of reels offered on
aoeount of the contract, but the dates for the delivery of the
rest have passed without any payments having been made.
It seems the (emptily of the Fomento entered into the
business without sufficient knowledge, or found it lets pro-
fitable than they expected, and are now totally unable to
carry out the contract.
Don Ventura de la Vega has been appointed sub-secretary
of state.

HAMBURG, OM 2.—Thia day the Congress of
German Jurists brought their discussions to • close, by
adopting the following resolution with respect to the preen
Tke Assembly of German Jurists declare that the Ger-
man people, by virtue of the promises held out in the Act of
Confederation, has a perfect right to the liberty of the press,
and considers that the German people is fully capable of
making use of that right. The members will do all in their
power to put the German people in possesaion of the liberty
of the press." Mr. Cobden has arrived in this city from
Lubeck.

DENMARK.—SLESIVICK-LIOLsTEINT.—PATRIOTIC
Marmo.—The Cologne Gazette, of Oct. 6, publishes in a
correspondence from the above " Danish " duchy an account
of an interesting festival which lately took place at Meldorf,
the capital of South Dithmarsch. A short time ago a
number of the patriotic inhabitants of that tract of country
purchased the plot of ground near Hemingstadt on which
the Dithmarsch peasants defended an entrenchment:against
an army of Danes, on the 17th of February, 1500. Their
next step was to collect funds for raising a monument on the
spot ; but no sooner was that determination published than
the Danish papers denounced the project as oue not so much
hostile to the Danish nation and government as to the
people of Holstein, many of whose ancestors fell opposing the
Dithrnanch republican peasants. In order to counteract the
tendency of the above declaration about 300 inhabitants of
North and South Dithmarsch gave a grand festival at
Meldorf, to which they invited all their deputies to
the Diet, as well as aeveral distinguished patriots, including
Beseler, Olahausen, Tredcmaon, and Clausen. The locale
I was profusely adorned with Sleswick.Holstein and Dith-
mulch banners, and several good speeches were delivered on
the following subjects the wished-for constitution for Sles-
wick-Holstein ; the German Fatherland ; the great advance
made in Germany by the convocation of the Diet in Berlin ;
the freedom of the press ; the amelioration of the condition
of the working classes, and the free communal government
which the Dithrnarschians enjoyed in the time of their re-
public of peasants. Notwithstanding the opposition of the
Danish journals and of the head bailiff of South Dithmarsch
(who propose! a simple planting of oak trees upon the me-
morable spot), the assembly resolved to erect a suitable mo-
nument to commemorate the valour of their ancestors, the
Holateiners declaring that they saw in the fight of Feb. 17,
1500, only a contest againstdespotism in favour of liberty.
BRAZILS.—The Columbus, Capt. Green, arrived
at Liverpool yesterday, from Pernambuco, after a fine pas-
sage of 31 days, having sailed from that city on the 6th alt.
The intelligence, with the commercial news, is however un-
important. Indeed, the only item of interest is, that the
reports of the elections having produced commotion* in that
intendeney turn out to have been untrue. (For markets
see kat page.) Dates from Bahia to the 20th Aug. had been
received in Pernambuco. Exchange was at 271 d. The
Columbus has also brought &deices from Maranharn to the
21st Aug. Things in that town remain in almost Halm quo.
CHILL—VALPARAISO.--By the Teviot we have
Valparaiso papers to the 28th of July. Politically they have
no intelligence of interest. The Mercurio of the. 27th, in a
general review of affairs, resumes the domestic situation in
two lines, thus " A peace which shows, in tranquillity, an
absolute confidence in the future and prosperity." The
project for the construction of a railway between Santiago
and Valparaiso, which had met with considerable opposi-
tion in the senate, had finally passed with the approval of
that body, and it was believed would meet with no obstruc-
tion in the House of Representatives. The exclusive
privilege of the company proposing to make it was to be
limited to thirty years, which, says the Mercurio, it of
as much value as one hundred years, because every one has
the conviction in Chili, as well se abroad, that the under-
taking will meet with no competition for more than a cen-
tury." The government is to guarantee an interest of 5 per
cent. for ten years upon the capital of six millions of dollars
to be expended, with concession of all the mines and mine-
rals which may be found in the line of war, exemption from
duties for all the materials necessary for the construction of
the line, and other advantages of smaller but sufficient im-
portance.