The Express.
London, England, 1851-04-05 00:00:00

The Pubiie Right to the Universities. Green.

The objector the writer of this pamphlet is to assert
the justice of throwing open the Universities of Ox-
ford and Cambridge to all persons capable of passing
the matriculation examination, without the imposi-
tion of religious tests. Having effected reform in
accordance with this view, he would emancipate the
university from the control usurped by the colleges,
and confide the direction of the common affairs to the
body of graduates. Ile says on the subject of

UNIVEILSITY ISELT-Go,

As a necessary consequence of the preceding view of the
kgal position of a public corporation, it follows, that in the
selfsgoverument which our laws wisely prescribe as the
best system of polity for these institutions, that there should
be a complete political equality amongst the members.
The member are in the position of trustees, or cuss
todiers, of the public interest ; and as they are equal
in responsibility, so should they have equality of power in,
directing or legislating for the affairs of the corporation.
The state did not endow the university with inordinate pri-
vileges for the temporal advantages of a class, but for the
general good. Class-government, or college monopoly, is •
violation of the term of compact expressed or understood in
the act of incorporation. Self-government we hold not only
to be a right, but a duty; but self-government must be
made a reality as well as a right. If the universities can-
not or will not restore the ancient rights of popular self-
government, the state, their erector, must do it for them.
We moot base the old Saxon democratic govisnment, with

MUSIC.
---
MR. LUCAS'S MUSICAL EVENINGS.

These elegant entertainment.; an: terminated fur
this season, the concluding one having taken place last
evening. It began with Beethoven's third Trio, for the
violin, viola, and violoncello, one of his early production'',
but strongly marked with the peculiarities of his genius.
In it we find one of the first specimens of a kind of move-
ment which he originated—the rapid and fanciful scherzo,
substituted by him fur the minuet and trio, and abused, we
think, by his successors, who have not done well in aban-
doning altogether the older form, which, in the
music of Haydn and Mozart, is so graceful and
melodious. A manuscript Quintet, by Mr. Henry
Leslie, for the pianoforte, oboe, elarionet, bassoon, and horn,
excited great interest. It was most admirably executed by
Miss Kate larder, Messrs. Nicholson, Lazarus, Baumann,
and C. Harper ; and its many Irrauties did great honour to
the young and rising composer. The first movement, rale-
yro von trio, produced a delightful effect, having elegance
and symmetry of form, a clear design, beautiful melodies
finely distributed among the different instruments, and
great richness of harmony. The middle movement,
called a "arena drammatica," we found less satis-
factory. It was one of those attempts to make
instruments perform the functions of voices often
made by modern composers, but never, in our opinion,
successfully. To play a dramatic scene upon instruments
is to contirund together two things essentially distinct, and
to make instruments do what they are incapable of doing.
The expression of music is exceedingly vague, arid, fur dra-
matic purposes, it must be defined and determined by its
I union with poetry. A composer may have in his mind a
certain scene or situation, and may imagine musical sounds
adapted to the language of 'sentiment and passion which he
supposes' them to utter. But the listener has no key to that
meaning of these sounds : they may convey some impres-
sioa
of joy or sadness, but they can never suggest the series
of pictures of incidents which has remained bidders in the
mind of the composer. Music written with this purpose
must, we think, necessarily appear confused and In-
coherent ; and such certainly seemed the character of Mr.
Leslie's "scene dranimatice," though it contained some
fine passages. The last movement was exceedingly „light
and brilliant, forming a happy anal effective conclusion to
the piece.
Mozart's Quartet, No. 9, in F, is a most beautiful speci-
men of concertunte writing. A profusion of graceful melts.
dies are taken up in turn by the four instrum tits. The
violoncello part is especially interesting, and showed Mr. I
Lucas's tine tone and graceful manner of phrasing. Miss
Kate Leder played Weber's Rondo in E flat with exquisite
grace and finish; and Meudelwohn's Quartet in L, op, 44,
I terminated the concert.

APOTDECABILS' llALL.—Names of gentlemen who
passed their examination in the science and practice of me-
. diciue, and received certilicattai to practise, on Thursday,
April 3 : Thomas Fuller. Brighton ; Henry Maund,
Briongrove; Aynott John James Chitty, Merle, Wilts;
Osborne Johnson, Beckington, Lincolnshire ; William Mor-
ris, I'etworth, Susses; Frederick John Money, Offham,
I Kent ; George William Nichols, Darwen, Lancashire;
• Samuel Wall Junes, Ludlow, Shropshire; Frederick Moore
Smith, Great Ilallnun, fleets; Edward Mercer, Uxbridge;
William Henry Getty, Market Ilarborough ; Thomas
Abbey Bottomley, liudderstiekl; Francis Cornelius Welds,
East Stonehouse, Devon; John Daniel Hanson, St. Ire's,
lfflusta.

Ow removal of acelesiastical tests. Our forefathers would 1 OARDEND IO OPERATIONS FOR TILE
never suffer a king to be above the law ; can we tolerate • I ENSUING WEEK.
corporate tyranny ?
. [From the Gorrewer's f) CT. The colleges have no conwrate status in the universities.
to, eNr inPAierStt:NT.
As colleges, they hart as little to do with university govern-
Heaths nod other hard-wooded greenhouse plants
ment at the governors of an endiiwed school or hospital
should be petted as they reguire it. lomerally speaking,
establialied in a town have to interfe•re with the municipal
the must suitable time is alter they nave mow flowering,
government of that town. By usurpation the colleges
have, however, for nearly three centuries, monopolised the pc on n tall commenced a iww grunt'', but the 0 •rati i •ay
sl with propriety at any. season when the
entire government of the universities. 'Their heads, we he pertorme .
submit, have no other legal right to a voice ill university roots are making progress, without being inducetheleth
government than as quah g . lied raeloatcs If they are to by unnatural excitement. Before lotting, take Coro
have an extra influence, it must be from superior character [lest floe old ball is sufficiently moist; for it it is potted
and learning, not because they are heads of houses. It may it will be im iililt• afterwards to moisten
iiittlan4y.s.r.iyta,te,
be difficult to elfeet an immediate and complete reformation. withont south,: an I sdureting the nes, soil.
but the find ettiort should obviously be directed to the repeal The Epueris family is .no • so nu..aterona, so beautiful,
fur winter flowerrog, that for country
of that part of the Caroline statute which made tuatricu-
at one of the colleges or recognised halls the first condition
of membership of the university. The condition of college ca*atdabgutislisnawl"ntsblethey . ontrival. tenths, lsett.
them
boles
matriculation is as little esseutial to education as it is •an possible attention in repottios, end let,. , n
cbe
ee kept.
rather dose mid meant, until tiny• h..‘'
theseWu u " plants .5
opposed to the spirit of freedom which should prevail, and free
which anciently prevailed, in public corporations. growth. At title season we givef „
I slight Wrong ; and they amply re say up or their more
1 liberal treatment, by a spleneisl growth, null abundance
The author makes the following remarks on
i' of early flowers. As soon as the flewering it over, the
THE VALVE or ENIVEitsITv DEGuEtw. ! future shape ut the plants should be adjusted, by reinthing
A degree from Oxford or Cambridge, even ungraduated • a portion of the old 'lemming stems; anti, that their eso ray
residence dote, it is notorious, is a passport to sorielf. In I may be devoted solely to the gross to of the plum, sort
professimmi life the testimonial cannot he adequately valued.
It is an essential qualification tlir the ministry of the ch urch, ; should neser be allowed to come to in.:tardy, unless they
' are very valuable. Let climbers, both in pots and borders,
and for practice a, an advocate in the courts of ecclesiastical
o I hays,
stlietion. To the higher department, f tuition clue attention with regard to training, and retain no
and civil juri
more shoots than the allotted space mill afford roo.o for. A
it is in the nature of an indispensable quolitiratiou. It i
itleCeStolUll of aeliiment a, intended to flower late iu the
saves a large outlay of money in the costly education fur the I autumn, should now be placed in heat, raid treated accord-
bar, amt it is not without use in the toilsome "'.'"ut to the' tog to the directions gie co in termer eakeidars. Some of
honours of the forum. A university degree gives reputation 1 those of former bUCerstiOnS may
its potted for suspended
to the practitioner of medicine. Indeed, it is hardly pond- basket.; few which the A. loosithria and cupreatta :au
tile to point out a proteasion or pursuit in the upper elections particularly adapted. Pans, or broad shallow pots,
of society whereon education at either of the univer-ities is not are preferable fur their geoeral cultivation; and,
it itlwut a direct and immediate value. Onc fact alone sulfites as they require an abundant supply of moisture when
to support all that is here asserted, and that is, the inferior gra- they are in flower, let the drainage he very pert Set
duate position of the members of the London Unieenity. that they may Inc freely wattled without stagnating
Disgusted with the old light of Oxford and Cambridge, ape the soil. COSsiSilVATOltS.—lietrillrothe permanent plants in
palled by the difficulty oh opening them to the progress of this structure, many choice plants in pots will be required,
the iiineticiith century, the friends of education established to keep a succession ut gay flowers throughout the summer.
that iintitution. With the must careful consideration they s Amongst the finest tor this purpose are brugniainias,
took example from all the famous unieersities of Europe; erythrimi cristegalli, thunbergia., atepliaisedia, matelot ilia
mid a roue, of instruction rind e simile:dime in elementarY sassealeas, anaireandas, eeliites, achinienea, looms-as, wills
knowledge was prescribed as nearly perfect as the present
state of eslueatioual science could make it. In knowledge heaths and pelargoniums. Ltd these have all possible at-
tentim, mid bring them forward in aevend lots, so that ono
and intellectual training the lowest class London graduate
is now ou a par with the man resplendant with honours set may succeed another. l'uy patticular attention to the
Winne* now iu pits, by giving them a liberal simply of
from the. universities; but the Loudon graduate is des-
pised, or has found no social or professional acknow•ledg- water, end by neatly staking them. A top-dressing of
turfy peat, bend, Lind well-decomposed cow-manure, wail be
ment equal to his merits. London has no honorary degree*
for aristocratic idlers, and is therefiire reckotied only tit for of great benefit to them; and they will lie very useful for
eunsereatory and drawing-room oceenation late in the
vulgar persons who toil to live. The repeal of dunce exclu-
sive tests must therefore: be demanded, not only us a legal autumn. Let luclisiati, which are so luau' for saintlier
and autumn flowering iu the conservatin7, he repotted, tot
right, but 11,4 a nodal necessity, if England is still to be they require it, in rich compost, watering them ocistsiunally
railed a land of equal rights. A short statute, which par-
liament might pass in a week, would at once remise the with liquid manures Nearly all the vain:ties Ilare a na-
tural tendency to form coin, al bushes, and by a eery little
chief difficulty which has stood in the way of improvement attention they may be guided into this uppropricite• form.
since the Ite formation. One strong shout should be se.leeted to tuna a limiter,
'the urgument on the right of non-suliseriliing aim should he trollied perfectly upright, the remaining
students to the privileges at the amient universities shouts being regulated by stopping oily which are
w ing more luxuriant than is consistent with Dec
is made out with ;peat cleantess ; but the writer
gn: wr shape of the plant. V tio rds.—Theao are every-
does not show why, with the London Univer-
iLily's Host-Cs, und, do M 0..: them Hite and in abundance,
sity open to all, the exclusivviiess of the they
require and well merit seine share of attentiou, pat ti-
old bodice should be a source of eomplaint. The cularly *here they do nut naturally succeed well. ler some
preceding extract informs us that the 11. A. front situations they grow so strongly, mot flower so abundantly,
bower-street comes away with us good am education
tiaat they merely require a this sui- .., to be taken up,
as the JLA. of Trinity Mid prggellone. lie is tight ; parted, and n.plunted, and if kept free Irons weeds, all w ill
go welt; while in other places they are, irenuently morebut what would he have more: '1 here may be vulgar tremble, than a collectiou of aui ienSis co polyanthuses. A
people who prize more highly the Milli who has fra,ue out the north side of a wall 1- tile most likely *Was
V,s his four years in the company of aristocratic then fur preventing the attack:, ell the red Spitler, to which
•sed
they are very liable, and which causes :acs to IMO their
idlers than they do he who goes where the best
edeteuti tttt ii, to be had ; but surely this is no Telll4oll 1 Ibliage during the winter.
why a sensible man should turn his back upon an
institution like the University of London, width in
time must break down the existing prejudice.
Respecting the means and prospects of university
reform the author sacs :
Tilsit there exists a desire' for improvement is manifest, from
the larinus efforts at educational reform made withiu the
Lest ten years, and iu the reforms which, by ineessant exer-
tion and agitation, have been partially carried out. A
more pleasing inunifestation of a liberal spirit perlll.lt, the
l'KCi'llent work of the Bishop of St. David's, who in this case
represents the opinions of a small but influential section
of the mile ersity men. These men, if they had the power,
would tot only admit the dissenters to their public rights
as einiens, but to a share in the college endow iiii•nts.
On this point the bishop says, di All observation and all
analogy lead us to expect that the Rims of dissenters of the
middling class—and it is such alone that we have to look
for here—would add strength to that part of our students
which we desire to see growing. till it absorb all the rest ;
• to that part which includes thv quiet, the temperate, the
thoughtful, the industrious, thine who feel the value of
their time and the dignity of their pursuits. Such gin-
seeders we have had, and have now amongst us ; I wish we
• had inure of them. I should think the advantage of their
presence cheaply purchased Icy any share of our endowments,
' which, if all were open to competition, they would be able
to obtain." Open conipetitioo, of course, refers to freedom
from religious testis witch dissenters should lie esintent to
• share with other eitimms. How is this to he aceomplished i
As regards the colleges endowed bedew the reformation of
religion, and those of royal foundation, we apprehend there
is no insuperable difficulty in the way of au abrogation of
tests. At the Reformation parliament, by a general law,
, affected the religious character of these institutious. The
religious intentions of their founders were barred by the
same public law which abolished the ancient faith. As all
benefactions must be within the law, and the law may be
changed by circumstances, this result was inevitable. 'my
benelsetions were subject to the eindingency of a national
change. of religion, but it does not follow that the faith
substituted was ipso fat to to laconic nun of the conditions
of foundation. By the same right which parliament ex-
ercised in declaring that masses fur the dead were 'inlay,.
ful, may it mew declare that in these colleges no religious
restrictions shall lie imposed. A royal foundation being
in the nature of a public bequest, the argument
against unsectarianisni appires likewise. As respects the
colleges founded subsequently to the Reformation, it
may be considered an open question, whether the State
should regard the inte•ntioua of benehictors, in respect to
religious conditions. It may be dulantrttl, ecru on grounds
of expediency, it' we have more right to interfere with these
than with the seminaries of any other sect.
The legislature might signally aid college reforniation by
permissive enactments, under which the governors could
relax the literal restriction of ancient statutes. so to; to give
a free interpretatiun to the intentions of thunders. It 'night
institute a latter care liar the fulfilment of the intentions of
these noble benefactors, iu seeing the endownie•nts applied
to the real ends cci educating poor scholars. It might, like-
wise, wisely enact for au holiest fulfilment of visitorial
duties, to tA.I.AIIn the healthy supervision of college govern-
ment, which the fouuders obi iously contemplated. But
these poiutie are subsidiary to the two foremost questions of
university reform—the repeal of all religious tests, mid a
constitutional renuseitiou.

roauxu DtPARTMINT.

l'lNrlar,,.—Keep up a high dsy temperature to flail
which are now swelling, and admit air frtely, at that a
circulation may Iw 'induced to keep the plants strung and
of compact growth. If the latter be nut attended to, the
plants will gnaw weakly, and have an unhealthy druwn.up
app earAllee ; while, as regards latit:ng plants, the frowns
will Mena. in size instead of the 41,14 itself, which will
be watery and deficient in flavour. 'lake advantage of
every line afternoon to syringe the I its, and close them
fur two or three hours Whose inset. Hemore all LAI and
useless slickest., that the whole energy of the plant may be
occupied in perfecting the fruit. ulial.—tioceessional
tines a Nell are just startiug may be indulged with a good
heat, and particularly museuts, which wefe ripened late
last year, us the w,,.1 of bid. is nut generally el well
I matured us that of the curlier forret' vales ; and unb we
they arc encouraged by a temperature rather higher than
usual, until team blossoms are fairly set, the shows fur
fruit, however strong they may be to all iippearunce, not
unfrequently prove abortive. A stattewing higher tem-
perature fur shies in all stages, than would be safe or
prudent two months curlier, is, at this fiti`oll, nut only :Ids
titissittle, but bcndiei.d ; tiecomiranied, of course, ny
proportionably liberal supply of fresh air, to erect at the
scorching which is au much emapiains d of. Attend punc-
tually to the stopping and training of the shouts, and to the
thi iiii ing of the berries on the shies in the earlier stages.
Maintain a moist atmosphere by cvapination where the
berries are swelling, particularly in hue clear weather ; but
this must be moderated as soon so they begin to change
colour, and air must be Inure freely given. I'ISALIIII.
Let all very vigorous growths be stopped as soon us they
have made six or eight leaves, to (liter: the flow of sap into
the weaker growths; this is a much better plan than allow-
ing them to wake long willow-like sleaas, to he removed Icy
the knife a mouth or nix Wellol hence, or perlittpa at tide Vaud
of the season. Avoid a high night temperature, or the
fruit, though ripened considerably earlier, will be obtained
at a sacrifice of size and flavour.