The Express.
London, England, 1848-10-17 00:00:00

Vie effrCISIS.

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LONDON. TUESDAY. OCT. I'7.

Tne most awful of hum= visitations is certainly an
insurrection and revolution in a highly civilised coun-
try, in which industry and credit are fully developed,
and where the number of those who raise and derive
their sustenance from the soil, are a comparatively
small portion of the community. In such a country
revolution would prove a catastrophe which a uni-
versal earthquake could scarcely exceed.
Violent revolutions however, seldom befall a country
so developed. The very development necessitates
and supposes a system of government combining sa
eurity with freedom, with a numerous public too
much interested in the preservation of both to tolerate
or have recourse to violence.
In countries, however, where population exista but
in scanty messes, except in direct contact with its
means of sabsistenco—in Austria of the present day,
or in Frau, of 1789, where six or sevoc-cightbs of the
S=ll are still agriculturists—revolution is not'so
Coming probably on a people of which the
peasantry are serfs, the labouring class subjected to
comic, and the farmers to the totality of taxation from
which the noble proprietor hes exempted himself, a
revolution comes as a blessing to seven-eighths of the
population. It makes the peasant a freeman, it gives
the farmer equality of taxation, it emancipates the
citizen from enduring the degrading political and
fiscal privileges of the noble. The aristocracy and the
tribe of placemen alone suffer, often cruelly and un-
justly. But the revolution is an undeniable blessing
to the great majority of the wept?.
The revolution of February in Paris was of the
kind which we first depicted—that which takes place
in a highly developed country, in fell blow of credit,
luxury, and distinction, of the flowers and finery of
life. The disasters and misery which revolutions must
inevitably create in such a country cannot but soon
render unpopular and load with execration the cause,
whatever it be, in whose name such a revolution was
effected. It is difficult to say what name is most dis-
liked now in Paris—that of Lows PHILIPPE, or that
of the republic—both being considered guilty of the
great catastrophe. The French revolution of 1789
brought relief and prosperity to seven-. ighths of the
population, exiling, proscribing, and slaying perhaps
the remaining eighth. The French revolution of 1848
has brought ascendancy and hope, but not of prospe-
rity, to scarcely an eighth, or to a sixteenth, whilst it
hes ruined all the rest. To amimilate the two, and
semkand them under the common name of revolu-
dee, is mere party sophistry, or ignorant diatribe.
As fair and as just is it to consider the revolu-
tions of Paris and Vienna in the same light. The
Austrian revolution of 1848 resembles very much the
French one of 1789. It fell upon an imbecile go-
vernment, which was driven to its last resource, fiscally
and morally. Censorship of the press, espiontsage of
society, military oppression, formed the ordinary ma-
chinery of government, whilst to quiet a turbulent
province the Austrian cabinet could devise no better
way than to offer the peasantry so many dollars for
every head of a gentleman or nobleman that the
peasant could cut off and bring to the police, office of
the district! Measures of
.government so brutal and
sanguinary as these never disgraced the Tartar es the
Ilan. This policy, which the Court has now fol-
lowed, in setting the Croatian serf to put down the
Magyar, is akin to that by which Prince Merrui-
NICII canard the Gallician landed proprietors to be
strangled and decapitated.
If ever, therefore, a revolution was warranted by
the imbecility, immorality, end cruelty of a govern•
meat, it was that of Vienna ; and whatever MIMS
that revolution may be guilty of, they can never equal
the ferocity and mmullumess of the rule which it
overthrew. Therefore, let us regard the Paris revo-
lution as we will, or let us even entertain doubts of
the wisdom and necessity of the Prussian, there can
be none at all with regard to Vienna. There the
cause of the revolution is the cause of freedom all over
the world, and of the emancipation not merely of the
people but of the middle and even of the upper class.
Of all the recent revolutions, then, that in which
we most decidedly sympathies with the people is the
Viennese. We admit, at the same time, that it is the
revolution which is in mat peril, and has most diffi-
culties to encounter. One of its greatest difficulties
is the circumstance of the Emperor himself being
in a state of idiocy, and being consequently the tool
of women, and courtiers, and officers who seek to
gratify their own passions, and who do not consult
the interests either of the empire or the dynasty.
Their sole policy has been to put trust in the military
leaders, and to humour liberal parties and assemblies
merely to gain time, and allow the generals and their
troops to crush them one after the other. WIN-
DIICHGRATZ in Prague, RADIUM in Milan, had
been successful; it was lueocuren's turn next to
triumph in ilunga7, but Hungary was so near
Vienna. that the object, and the machinations, and
the treachery of the Viennese court, became so mani-
fest that even the very mob of the capital could see
through them.
The Tunes which has constituted itself the organ
of every despotic court, and which receit es its in-
struetions from every manilla, be it that of Berlin,
Naples, Claremont, or Vienna, tells us that Bose =
sad the Hungarians sent money to raise the
VIMIJNee in insurrection. This is the old noeseadood
story of PITT and CHIRIRO'S paying for the
surrestions. General Ltrons's treachery was quite
=to revolt the Viennese. Nor is gold the
of German excitement. The regimeata
which rebelled in Vienna were one of them an Italian
regiment, another a Viennese, a third belongs to
Linz. The causes of an Italian regiment rebelling
are as plain as the cause which is now agitating the
Hungarian regiments in Gallicia and Italy. The
Austrian regiments mutinied from a more serious
cause, the gratitude of the Austrian peasant to the
revolution which had emancipated him. The stop-
pegs of the Emperor's carriage and escort by the
peasantry of an Austrian village sufficiently bespeaks
this, as do the offers of the peasantry of several districts
to support the Diet.
The same official organ of Prince METTERNICH re-
veals the intentions of the Austrian court. These are
to repair to Prague, and collect there the military
faithful to it, as *ell as the Sclavonian deputies of the
Austrian Diet. By this manoeuvre the Emperor would
put himself at the head of the Sclavonian party in Hun-
gary, Gallicia, and Bohemia, conciliating the very men
whom WINDISCHORATZ crushed, and with these the
court would commence a war of race against the
German and Magyar portion of the population. The
scheme is es selfish uit is cruel and impolitic. Baele
a w.r is likely to be of long duration, especially se it
sonnet be hoped that Honig on one side, cr Ger-
many on the other, can remain strangers to it.
At all events, such schemes indicate that JELLAm
MITCH is in no condition to undertake the siege of
Vienna, or to carry it by a coup de main. Indeed ef
the Hungarians having been crushed by him, it is orv4
dent that they defeated and drove him from the
neig' hbouh lad of Path; and his present purpose is
more probably to save himself by a junction with
AUER/SPERO in the suburbs of Vienna than to mike
a serious ettack on a place so easily defended es tne
inner or walled city of Vienna. In fact, it could only
be reduced by a bombardment that would lay the im-
perial city in ashes.
_

- The Times at first displayed some sympathy for the
Hungarians ; but it was only so long as they had
rich and high-born nobles at their head—since
Archduke STEPLIEN, Count BATZTAXI, and
all the Murrain= magnates have run
away from Pestb, with the true rat instinct
deserting what they iruagine house, the Times
beano hopes of the Magyar. HOSETIM, it say', i• a ve_g
able and eloquent man, but be is not nobly born. Hr
sannot show sixteen heraldic quarters, and so 'he
Time will ban nothing to ay to him or to Dux,

soother Huailadan leader .oelouging to the middle
reeks. Nothing, bow';ter will to down but a lord
now-a-days, either t 4. head a revolation or conduct a
health monwilled`..m. Aav cause, abroad or at home,
that Is not niresented by a had is not to be tolerated
in the fosh'.onable politics which prevail in England
toward* the middle of the nineteenth century.

IT may perhaps arise only from that common feel-
of politeness that prompts as to pay more atten-
tion to estranger than one of our own household, that
Adage *okra excites so much observation, whilst
Ike terse formidable diseases which constantly *fillet
est gspilation are but little regarded. When medical
men-1111 es that fever kills more people every year in
than the Asiatic cholera did during the
eightess seethe in which it prevailed, the statement
hardly creates surprise. When it is further added
that fever is a contagions disease, which cholera is
not, scarcely an effort is made to avoid its infection.
Even though we have been told over and over again
that fever is in every way, case for case, a more
expensive disease than cholera, no one has be-
lieved it. Again, take the cue of influ-
enza and other prevailing epidemics. In one
month last year these diatoms destroyed in
London alone four thousand one hundred and nine
persons above the average, a number nearly. equal to
half of ell the persons who died of cholera in 1831-2,
and yet how little fear of these diseases exist, and
bow feeble the efforts to remove their muses.
We refer to these facts, not to diminish the activity
in sanitary matters which the anticipated invasion of
cholera has produced, but to show that there is no oc-
casion for unusual alarm at the prospect of the arrival
of this disease, and that we are constantly exposed to
the attack of maladies which our own welfare and
that of the community demand should be promptly
suppressed. It is on this account perhaps fortu-
nate that cholera is threatening us, for the same
preparations which will divest our foreign toe of all
hii terrors, are the most effective restraints upon
the assaults of indigenous enemies Whilst
scouring and whitewashing our homes, flushing our
sewers, draining our streets, and ventilating our
woe. shops, sitting and bed rooms, we are as e effectually
dealing out effectual blows against scarlet and typhus
fever, small-pox and influenza, as we are against
cholera. We have also to thank Cholera for our
Public Health Act, which certainly would have re-
mained in the limbo of ministerial good intentionabut
for its proximity on the continent of Europe. The
City of London, too, has confessed to the "soft
impeachment" of its filth, has appointed a
medical officer of health, and bids fair to take the
lead, as it ought long since to have done, in the vigour
of its sanitary movements. Should the cholera, then,
not prove more fatal than it did during its last visita-
tion, we think that in the course of a very few months
we shall have no occasion to regret its presence
amongst us. That it will prove more or less fatal
most depend on the greater or lees amount of activity
displayed by the Central Board of Health, and the
various local boards, between now and the actual
spread of the epidemic. If the unhealthy spots of
every town and city in the kingdom are speedily
inspected, and their various evils corrected, much
may still be done towards mitigating the mortality
that threatens us. We are sorry, however, to find
the Central Board of Health visited by the habitual
curse of all government nomination—two lords and
one efficient working man. But of a medical member
of the board no one seems to have felt the necessity.
No doubt a medical commissioner must be paid, and
government have not funds. Oh, no! there are hun-
dreds for doorkeepers, but nothing for a medical com-
missioner of health. Why is this ? Simply because
all ministries have got such a bad reputation fur
jobbing, that, when they have real need of asking a fit
salary for a fit person to do *necessary task,parliament
does not trust their statements, and will not give the
money !
Two commissioners, Dr. SUTHERLAND and Mr. R.
I). GRAINGER, have been appointed to inquire into
the cases of reported cholera in this country, and to
visit the continent for gaining further information on
the diocese there. These gentlemen have been offered
two guineas a day ! We congratulate the country
and the Board of Health in having found two men so
able and so devoted ae Dr. SUTHERLAND and Mr.
GRAINGER to perform these arduous duties, but we
would warn all concerned in this matter that unless
they are prepared to act more liberally than the cen-
tral board, the work of sanitary reform will be
but imperfectly done, and in the end such economy
will be found to cost the most.
Although we believe that the most effectual mode of
disarming cholera of its terrors is by improving oar
genera sanitary arrangements, still, as the govern-
ment and the press have both taken up the subject of
individual treatment, this matter calls for a word or
two just now. We stated the other day that we
thought the directions of the bond of het lth about
diet were injudicious, and we are glad to have our
opinion confirmed by so great an authority as the
president of the Royal College of Physicians. Dr.
PARIS, in speaking of the recommendation to abstain
from • vegetable diet, says " The probable conse-
quence would be to substitute a less healthy diet than
persons have been accustomed to, and to prepare the
way for the incursion of disease. The
general recommendation to abstain from " all
articles of diet that from experience are
known to have a Live effect" will be very
variously into , and in some instances we fear
lead to a diet which by first producing constipation
will end in the very effect which it is sought to avoid.
Again, the recommendation to abstain from fruit is
quite unnecessary. Bound ripe fruit, in moderate
quantities, can in no way contribute to bring on a
state of the system in which there is any occasion for
alarm. There is another direction to avoid "purga-
tive medicines, particularly castor &c. Now,
surely the board do not thick that from henceforth,
at their dictum "purgative medicines" are not
to be taken by her Majesty's liege subjects. People
do not often have recourse to these things unless
they want them, and no one will be absurd
enough to suppose that cholera is to frighten
away all other damn runts of the system
for which these remedies are occasionally found
so useful. " Abstain from stimulants;" what
does this mean ? Are persons who are in the habit
of taking a glass of beer or two, or three glasses of
wise at their meals, to give up these things? If so,
we should judge that the evil will be as great as the
geed. In individual cases all such recommendations
have their force, but when made to be generally
acted upon, they may produce as mach injury as
benefit.
One word about remedies. We wculd say to the
public, trust none of them, try none of them. Of the
hundred and one nostrums and colons, of treatment,
recommended by every good natured noodle, that
fancies he has been cured of cholera because
he took certain remedies, there is but one
ingredient of any potency in the disease,
and that is opium. Where a medical man is not
near, and the premonitory symptoms of cholera are
present, this remedy may be taken in any of the
forms recommended by the Board of Health with ad-
vantage. It should, however, be remembered that
it is a powerful poison, and that an overdose may de-
stroy life, and that young chiedren are most suscep-
tible of irs action, and should take less in proportion
thin adults. As to calomel, colocynth, black pepper,
assarcenida, carbonic acid, petroleum, castor oil, and
the rest of the things recommended by the good-
natured people aforesaid, all we would say of these is
—avoid them.

TIIR new number of the British Quarterly Review
contains a vindication—from the pen apparently of

Dr. VAUGHAN himself—of the course that gentleman
has taken with respect to the government plan of
education. Dr. VAUGHAN at first joined with a large
numb-r of dissents's in opposition to the government
plan. Subsequent events have induced him to alter
his opi, ion sith respect to its merits, and he has
not shrunk from avowing the change. He says that :

He is old fashioned enough to think that there is more
virtue in hoes sty than in obstinacy ; In daring to be just,
even at the cost of being charpd by passionate or silly
people with fickleness or with worse things, than in adhering
to 'he same course in altered circumstances, at the cost of
snesnuousa, as, gratitude, self-respeet, and some other moral
aocampansments, which good men have generally been con-
cerned not to dispense with.
With the spirit of this we cordially agree, although
the pleasure we have received in reading the doctor's
n. ble and manly vindication, is somewhat damped by
the consideratioos of the circumstances which made it
necessary. For the doctor candidly confesses that one
of the principal reasons which induced him to co-
operate with others in direct opposition to the govern-
ment was a suspicion, whisk had no grounds but mere

eeajecture, that the established chard% was at the
bottom of the scheme. This is very sad. All mi.
'ideation of the merits of ft.re pun were to auk
before a fear of an #6B:ainary ogre in lawn sleeves.
If Dr. VanOsun antl Isis friends have now at last
consented, :pen a review of the case, to join
their efforts in aid of the first serious attempt
of the government of this country to educate its igno-
rant Wiliam they most remember that the obstacles
which prevented their earlier union with the pro-
moters of the plan were of their own making—the
giants they bad to slay were of their own creation.
Strangely enough, while we are reading Dr.
VAI:MAN% recantation of his temporary acquiescence
cwoialthmaunliittlecationbigotfiz oamther.
ndziNsseisontinm, gwhsiodel,sycosm a
claim
(with very little promise of recantation) to a large
Congrega-
tionalists willbigot aveonnottringoth:tr
ashdet.o
do
oThwe
iCotherggo.a-
vernment scheme because there is—confessedly, how-
ever, only to the mast delicate nostrils—a faint odour
of religion perceptible in it. Mr. DENISON and
the high church party tell us that it stinks in their
nostrils from a far different cause. One sect says we
will have none of the element of religion ; the other
refuses to listen to any plan in which their own view
of religion is not adopted to the exclusion of every
I other.
In the meantime what becomes of the education of
the people P All the teaching they have got up to the
present time from those who were bound to instruct
them is a little worse than nothing. We may say of
the large MAN of the uneducated poor what Launce
says of his cur : " I have taught him—even as one
should say precisely' Thu I would teach a dog.'"
The nature of the education was as bad as it could
possibly be, and there was very little of it.
The consequences of this were visible to the
dullest eight. Year after year were appeals 'nude to
all large bodies, the governmeat included, which had
an interest in the civilisation of the masses. From
none of these quarters came aught but an occasional
faint response. The government at last awoke. A
scheme was proposed which, however defective, mani-
fested the good will of its authors. The objeetions to
an all-comprehensive scheme were fatal, and the go-
vernment measure was, therefore, confessedly and
irremediably imperfect. Bat the good will was mani-
fest, and allowances ought to have been made for
faults which could not fairly be imputed to the
contrivers. How was the scheme received? All
the denominations which had been quiescent while
nothing was done, screamed in horror and affright at
the manner in which an attempt was made to do
something. The minutes of the Council of Education
produced an effect similar to that of the first gun on
ROBINSON Causos's island—a simultaneous shriek
of multitudinous discord. Es+ party fell foul of the
government and each other. The committee of coun-
cil had to listen to deputations from every religious
denomination in England, and from those of no deno-
mination at all, when the two great points insisted on
were the defects of the plan, and the impropriety of
yielding to any suggestions from any quarter except
that r: presented by the deputation. The persecution
the committee has had to undergo from the National
Society has been noticed before in our columns.
Tee nature of the objections made by the con-
gregationalists may be inferred from what has been
just now related. If the reader were to turn over the
pages of the minutes of the council of education he
would find further evidence of the manner in which
the unfortunate council has been badgered. The
Welsh calvinistic methodists civilly inform the com-
mittee that:
No plan will be accepted among the Welsh which does sot
abjure all kinds of denominational tests, and thereby do
justice to the principle' of religious equali,y and liberty.
They therefore humbly and fervently pray that such modi-
fleatrans may be introduced into their lordships' minutes as
skall aiapt them to the special circumstances of the princi-
pality, and thereby enable the ancient and loyal race of the
Cymry to main•ein their right VW Won among the nations.
The free church of Scotland begs to point out the
most objectionable feature in the present plan. They
draw their lordships' attention to the awful fact that
by requiring a certificate from the schoola benefited
by their grants the religious education is satisfactorily
attended to—
They involve themselves in the responsibility of dealing
with the religious element in the education which they pro-
mote, while by accepting u satisfactory the certificate of
managers of any religious persuasion, popish or Socinian, ce
well as protestant and evangelical, the government appear to
act upon the principle of indiscriminately acknowledging
and supportive religions truth and error .If e.
The government, which appears to have been really
frightened at the probability of being rendered liable
to the imputation of a flirtation with the scarlet lady
of the seven bills, quieted the fears of the deputation
by assuring them that no connexion with the im-
proper female was meditated, and that " special
minutes would be framed fitted to make the govern-
ment assistance apply exclusively to the secular edu-
cation given, without involving any responsibility for
the religious element." In other words the papists
might take the money and inspect themselves.
are but a few samples of the nature of the
opposition to the government plan of education. In
the mean time that there is real merit in the plan
is evident by its gradual adoption by many of
those who were, and some of whom still are,
loud in their outcries against it. " I eat and
eke I swear." " I take thy groat in earnest of
revenge " is the language of the recusants. We are
glad to see this, for we are certain that the more ge-
nerally adopted the plan becomes, the more will its
advantages be perceived. We have never been its
indiscriminate admirers. We think that, after all, it
is but a step in our progress to a perfect system. But
it is not only a right step, but owing to the peculiar
attitude of the religions sects in England at the pre-
sent moment the only step. Bat among all our rea-
sons for upholding the present system, there is no one
so cogent as this, that it is providing for the future
instruction of the masses, by raising up a body of
teachers more fit for its mission than any
that has ever yet existed. All the ener-
gies of the council have been lately brought to
bear on this point. The importance of it can only
be estimated by those who are persuaded of the fact
clearly proved by the reports of the inspectors in the
minutes of the council, that if a perfect and compre-
hensive system of education could be devised, it must
utterly fail from the want of teachers to carry it out.
If the committee can succeed in administering to this
want, they will have merited the esteem of all good
men, and the approximation they have already made
' towards success ought to be sufficient to make all
' good men pause, ere they commence an attack upon a
system which, with all its faults, it may be difficult
to replace.