The Express.
London, England, 1847-11-02 00:00:00

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Wilvinavere•-•

MAILS.
The overland mane for Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, the lonian Wank.
=Aden, Ceylon, India, Ilaugakiegand China, Ma Southampton.
mode up as the mornings( the led Nwerslegh
The ark ear SOY North lammila, ad the Unite!
Steam wit tem& rip ea the meter of the id
77aeeegf the Inas, the Mew Its* Mme Ma, Portent,
tomigTh/tletoke, s
Serreale ad Beam Ayres, will be made no oil the
et r.
The emelml slued ale MenetAte, to the Mediterranean
!OM Ad" Obrine. lolls, Ilan& b., will hem& up on the
emlieigleftheik NOV.
The rib tor Mee Oporto, Lebow, Madeira, Cadiz, and Gibraltar
will hew& ep entha morning of the Bth November.
The Wait Indk Math, excluding Bermuda, Niowau, Havanna,
Honduras, New Orleans, Vera Crux, Tampico, and (Porto Rico, and
Including time for lacineL Carthagena, Santa Menke, Chorea
Panama, West Coast of South America, and St. Juande-Nicaragua,
will be mode up on the morning of the 11th inst.
The malls for New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and New
Zemandwill be made up on the evening of the 30th November.

TO CO RRRRR ONDINTI.
..• lbeerrOoemesta lateeeel tor Tie lererse. Lads. svesieg . want be
..4 the OSee. 10, lieeteerleabreee. by Tore Want es On dee pablleatles.

HIGH WATUI AT 14:101:10:0421D011.
Tin. Dal —lOO.lO. 00. pow 9 £n....... 11 We. 00 10.
TO.lO —11.0n106, 0 ada. pm 10 , Aftasoes, 21 au. 0010.

LONDON, TUESDAY, NO Y. 2.

Tng Bank is the target of the day. All the world
will have a shot at it, from the point-blank and deadly
aim of the Examiner to the more oblique missiles
thrown by half friends and from side positions.
Currency theorists are grieved to find that Bank di-
rectors were men of flesh and blood, and swayed by
human motives,—now flexible and obliging under
a pressure, now forced to think of the safety
of their establishment and its observance of
the law. Were the conduct of the Bank
considered, and its motives scrutinised, at the
moment or in the week of each of its decisions, both
would be very intelligible. But viewed from the
state of things into which the Bank and the law have
been brought, it is easy to descry vacillation, to
ignore good motives, and to throw the blame off
the self-acting law upon the self-acting directors. Of
the theorists some are most unreasonable. One who
has clamoured over and over again for a large issue
of one pound notes now stigmatises the permission
to the Bank to alter the legal proportion between its
issue and its bullion as a fearful innovation.
Ministers, or those of the ministers who entertain
doubts of the wisdom of the act of 1844, seem as
little pleased with the Bank as the currency theorists.
They seem to think, that the Bank having accepted
in half coercion the law of 1844, ought to have been
the first to denounce it publicly, when its working
menaced ruin. Every one now knows that govern-
ment durst not have delayed its interference to suspend
the Currency Restriction Act, for that Threadneedle-
street lay at the mercy of Lombard-street
Nay, there were worse symptoms than ruin, and
that was the recklessness of the Bank beneath it, the
resignation of the directors to allow the bill of 1844
to run on to its own and the Bank's immolation.
Ministers are accused of not having given the law of
1844 a fair trial. The fact is they did not interfere
until the Bank and the act of 1844 were about to take
the suicidal plunge, which would have disgraced all
the statesmen of the day, tory and whig, and con-
victed parliament itself of the extreme of ignorance
and folly. Never was indemnity so fully merited as
that which will be demanded on the 18th of No-
vember.

To hear political critics talk of the Bank, one would
think that it had no connexion or sympathy with the
high commercial and moneyed classes—that it was
completely independent of them, absolute to deny
and distress them, and quite be7ond the range of any
vengeance or retaliation on their part. The examina-
tion of one or two witnesses before a parliamentary
committee would soon dispel this error, and show
that the Bank is quite unable to enforce by anticipa-
tion the stringent rule and order of the law of 1844,
and that if it invariably acted on the first symptoms
it would create ten artificial panics for one real one.
But if the Bank be but slightly to blame, the bill
of 1844 is declared to be quite impeccable. The
absectite of even sufficient currency to give exchange•
'able value to exchequer bills, is declared to
be a result, not of any Bank restriction, but
Of national poverty! Six or seven millions' worth
of manufactured goods going out of the coun-
try leave it rich as before, it seems, whilst the
export of the same amount of value in gold leaves
the country miserably poor. Whilst the prescription
ordained to cure this poverty is, either that no more
goods shall be manufactured, or that those already
manufactured shall be sold to the foreign merchant at
the lowest possible price. The lower the price, the
richer the nation is declared to become, because the
lowness of the price ensures the carrying off of the
commodity, instead of gold. Talk of the nonsense of
Birmingham! no theorist or philosopher ever in-
vented such nonsense as this.

No doubt the country has of late years discovered a
very profitable and tempting mode of investment, and
annual savings have gone to this investment, so
that idle or unemployed capital is not abundant.
iNo doubt it may be inconvenient this hurry
to invest, this precipitation to change a mass
of unproductive coin, or of coin slightly pro-
dactive, into such fixed value, as will re-
turn a large annual per centage. But surely this
operation is not one which impoverishes a country,
the wealth of which is in its annual produce, not its per-
manent hoard. Even if it have no permanent hoard,
if the whole of its ready money be swept away, a
country can be but the poorer by the amount ab-
stracted. To assert that the abstraction of this trifling
amount deprives the return-giving, the produce-bear-
ing, wealth of the country of its value, and that the
very great and casual inconvenience of this wealth
not being exchangeable, is just, is deserved—
that it is the natural result of prodigality, when it
is in fact a result of industry—surely all this is but
a perversion of language, a juggle of words, an
attempt to suppose JOHN BULL out of his mind, and
to send him, with his strong box full of title-deeds,
stocks, shares, and Exchequer bills, to the workhouse
as a pauper, merely because he has no change in his
pocket, and that shillings are scarce in his neigh-
bourhood.

MERE are twe great agencies whose influence over
the Irish people at the present time has become a sub-
ject of interest. We allude to the priesthood and the
press Up to the present time the conduct of the
catholic priests has been most commendable. They
have worked harmoniously with the authorities, have
assisted in preserving order, and have done what they
could to allay the sufferings of their flocks. We
regret to learn that attempts are now made by certain
parties to induce them to alter their line of con-
duct, and pursue a policy of neutrality and isola-
tion, throwing all the difficulties of the country upon
the executive. But though there may be some mis-
guided spirits amongst the clergy (as amongst all
large bodies), we are in hopes that the great majo-
rity of the Irish priesthood will pursue the patriotic
course which they have followed hitherto, and not
seek to make matters worse by withholding their ex-
ertions in keeping the peasantry from insubordination.
Lord CLARENDON'S government has recently acknow-
ledged the important services performed by the catho-
lic clergymen at Broadford and 0 Callaghan's
Mills, in preventing the people from assembling in
large numbers. The prompt acknowledgment of those
services, as shown in mr. REDINOTON'S letter to
the catholic Bishop of RILLALOE, will sufficiently de-
monstrate to the catholic clergy that their service* in
maintaining order are appreciated by government.
The priests have, undoubtedly, vast power over the
Irish peasantry. With that power there is a great
responsibility attached to them. If they will not use
their influence to mist the anthorities in supporting
the laws, their conduct will not be wise or patriotic.
We would commend to their imitation the conduct of
Dr. DOYLE, the most eminent catholic ecclesiastic
that Ireland has produced in modern times. No man
went farther in exposing the social and political
grievances of his fellow-countrymen than that
prelate, but he took care at the same time to lend no
countenance to anarchical proceedings. On the con-
trary, he used all his great influence in maintaining
peace, and in supporting the laws. Ile never feared
to risk his popularity amongst the lower classes by
bearding and denouncing the agrarian disturbers and
midnight incendiaries. In 1822, when many coun- '
ties were disturbed, the government of the late Mar-
gala Wattestsv circulated amongst the try in
Munster and Leinster the vigorous ap of Doctor
DOYLE and his earnest denunciations of the unhappy
insurrectionists. And we feel assured that such an
' example as Doctor DOYLE will not, in this mo-
mentous evils, be thrown away upon the Irish
catholic clergy.
The other agency; that of the popular press,
fives
cause for more anxiety. The tone of some o the
popular organs in Ireland has become outrageous and

incendiary and the liberty of the press has been
abused to the worst purposes. Licentious doctrines
on the nature of property have been openly broached
and vehemently insisted upon in a series of inflamma-
tory essays upon popular suffering. Some of the
Irish jourbalists have cast all tzudence and decency.
aside. They have openly advocated toe nefarious doe-
nine of "violence: " with a wicked recklessness AS
to the consequences of their culpable advice., and with
a criminal indifference to the increased suffering likely
to result from their pernicious teaching, they have
with flimsy sophistry attempted to justify their con-
duct. One of these journalists writes:
An unprotected and unfed people must have leagues and
gatherings, and startle the whole community. And let them.
We despair of anything except through the vehement de-
monstration of the people. We recommend the advice of the
Marquis of Anelesey—agitate, agitate, agitate. We should
be glad to see the Trish gentlemen and landholders in insur-
rection. We should congratulate the country on such a hopelul
rebellion. We tell the gentry. if they will not join the
movement of the people, the movement may trample upon
themselves. The only alternative now lift to the people is
the workhouse or open depredation.

Then, after mentioning that at Limerick the
" people " took away his potatoes from one priest,
and his cows from another, the incendiary scribe
continues:

" This state of things is most ominous, but in the present
condition of the country most 'natural and inevitable. Human
nature is not proof against hunger and thirst—
the rnob
Fella rick at last of imitating Job.' "
It is easy to calculate what will be the effects of
such teaching upon the lower classes. The liberty of
the press is naturally dear to ourselves, and none more
abhor than we do the systematic persecution which
the press was exposed to from fbrmer tory governments.
But all liberties exist within due bounds. And if an
Irish journalist so much fo ta his duty as to devote
his pen to the Meal cc, and to.make his
paper an organ for diffusing anarchical opinions, it is
not right that he should be suffered to do so with im-
punity. Between using the press as a lamp to guide
to the knowledge of public evils, and snatching it as
the torch of an incendiary,there is as much difference
as between drawing the freeman's sward in manly
warfare and prowling with the knife of an assassin.
A heavy responsibility, legal as well as moral, rests
upon those journalists who are now in Ireland pub-
lishing inflammatory articles. So many things are
done in that country in open contempt and defiance
of the laws, that certain mischievous scribes suppose
that their literary Thuggism can escape from
condign chastisement as easily as the das-
tardly assassins of Tipperary. They are quite
mistaken. They must not delude themselvm with
thinking that they are beyond the reach of the law.
There is no interest so vulnerable to assault as the
press, and though the murderers of Mr. ROE can
escape unseen, the journalist who stimulates bad
passions, advocates " violence," and provokes to in-
surrection, can easily be dealt with by the authorities.
A newspaper, with its presses, types, and editorial
department, cannot run away atter it has done
its work of mischief, like the cowardly ruffians
who infest Tipperary. It remains an object palpable
to government, and obnoxious to constituted authority.
The scribes of anarchy, and degraded canvassers for
the good opinion of " the mob " should therefore
beware of supposing that they are beyond•responsi-
bility. It is much easier to imitate the heartless
criminality of the Irish murderer than to obtain his
impunity. Hitherto, the journalists of anarchy have
been left unpunished by the law. But when the
alternative comes, that either they or society mnst
perish, it is not to be doubted, for the existence of
which parliament and government will decide.

WITHOUT being alarmists, we mast repeat that the
present state of our West Indian colonies is very
serious; and of their condition the able and intelligent
governors who now preside over the large islands—
Sir CHARLES GREY in Jamaica, Lord HARRIS in Tri-
nidad, and Col. Reln in Barbadoes and its satellite
isle—are, we believe, in their more recent despatches,
informing the Colonial-office, in most painful and con-
vincing detail. In reference to public opinion in
them, one circumstance is full of significance. Steps,
as we have already stated, have been taken to
assemble in some central island—Antigua in all
probability will be chosen—deputies from all the colo-
nies, there to deliberate on their future prospects,
and to arrange a uniform system of policy.
The proposal of such a congress is in itself sug-
gestive; but its value is amfmented when we
know that three colonies, each without concert and in
ignorance of the other similar movements, had con-
currently moved in the matter; and that invitations
from all three were almost simultaneously and quite
spontaneously issued.
Though it is true that all colonial society is in its
essence republican, the West Indian colonies have
hitherto, however democratically inclined some of
them may have been in the administration of their
internal affairs, exhibited the most devoted loyalty to
the crown. Nor do we venture now to impugn
their allegiance ; on the contrary, they are, we know,
most 11:3 Xiollll to preserve their connexion with this
country ; but we cannot be surprised that, in fear and
doubt as to the policy to be pursued by the imperial
government, the subject of separation from this coun-
try should not be entirely absent from their thoughts,
nor, it is to be feared, from their future deliberations.
It is, however, quite idle to attribute the sad plight
into which these colonies have fallen to free trade, or
to the admission of Cuban and Brazilian sugar into
this country, for they were fast approaching their
present state before we were allowed to consume
slave-grown sugars. Whatever may be the remoter
causes, and however to some extent absenteeism may
be responsible, it is in the main to the deficiency of
continuous labour in the cultivation of their staple pro-
duce, consequent on emancipation, that the downfall
of West Indian prosperity is immediately owing.
The prosperity of the West Indies up to the date of
emancipation was, indeed, by no means unin-
terrupted ; but their decline, since the abolition of
the apprenticeship system completed the act of
emancipation, has been steadily progressive. Eman-
cipatiou was undoubtedly a righteous measure ; and,
disastrous as some of its consequences have been, its
enactment is nevertheless still a subject of national con-
gratulation ; but it was assuredly imperfectly carried
out. It gave complete freedom to the negro, bat it placed,
practically, the planter in bondage to his former
slaves; it gave to the negro a monopoly of the labour
market of the West Indies, while it denied to the
planter the opportunity of proving to the world that
free labour is cheaper than slave labour, by preventing
him obtaining abundance of free labour ; it gave to
the blacks high wages, whilst it gave to the planters
seriously diminished crops ; it increased the out-
lay on, whilst it lessened the production of,
the wit ; and thus the restrictive operation
of emancipation in the planter gave to the
people of this country a yearly increasing pecuniary
interest in the abolition of that monopoly which
slavery had, by abundance in production, rendered
comparatively innocuous, but which the abolition of
slavery, by diminution of production, soon converted
into a heavy burden oa England.
Until recently, West Indian cultivators found in
their other resources, in the wealth of their old con-
nexions on this side the Atlantic, and in the means
which hope so frequently, at the most unexpected
moments, brings forth, the funds necessary to continue
the struggle in which they have been engaged since
emancipation. But this external aid, as we on Friday
stated, they can no longer expect; unless, indeed,
new oourage be infused by government measures into
those still interested in these colonies. Their own
funds are exhausted ; their credit is at an end : mer-
cantile houses connected for half a century with these
colonies are now refusing to accept any bill drawn
thence upon them, no matter under what circum-
stances ; the most sanguine of the proprietary
have now begun to despair. And the question for
the consideration of the cabinet—for in its delibera-
tions the solution rests—has at last come to this :
shall the West Indian colonies be preserved or
abandoned ?

The abandonment of the West Indies to their fate
involves, it must be recollected, the comparative, if
not the complete, failure of emanci,pation. Hitherto
nothing can have been more satisfactory than the
g=lwhich the negro population has made under
; they have advanoed in wealth, in comfort,
in morals, and religion. Their progress has, however,
been founded upon the diffusion of wealth, Apr
civilisation in the West Indies is altogether con-
sentient on wealth ; and their present wealth has
been acquired by transference from their former owners
and present peeprienore. As they have improved,
their employers have retrograded in material condi-
tion. The wealth, the comfort, the moral improvement
of the coloured population in these colonies are, how-
ever, dependent on the sucoeseful cultivation of their
staple 'production ; and in the cultivation of sugar the
lI•Er9 has as deep, nay, a fa deeper intereet, than the

~~
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planter. Unless, then, the British West Indies can,
in the markets of Europe, successfully compete with
the sugars of Cuba and Brasil, the cultivation of sugar
in the former must be abandoned, and, with its aban- '
donment, farewell all hopes of the continuance of
negro civilisation in them. They may linger and
languish as other Hayti.; but they mast cease to be
regarded as the appointed means of redeeming the
race of HAM from the bonder, the ignorance, and
the degradation which now afflict it.
There are doubtless several minor agencies by
which the cost of production in the West India eolo-
nies may be somewhat reduced. Residence on the
part of the proprietary, improved machinery, the
abolition of the navigation laws, the removal of all
differential duties on the importation of foreign goods,
would each be productive of some benefit; but all
united and concurrently in operation would prove in-
sufficient to place them on a level with Brazil and
Cuba. The means by which those countries are now
enabled to uudersell our colonies are the only means
by which those colonies can be enabled to compete
with Brazil and Cuba—and these means are, a suffi-
ciency of labour. Labour, labour, labour, is the
remedy for West Indian evils : without it they must
sooner or later perish; with it, they may be restored
to prosperity such as no tropical country ever yet en-
joyed, and by their prosperity civilisation may be
carried into the remotest parts of the African con-
tinent.

The Paris journals of Sunday have reached us; but
there is no dipmestic news of importance.

By the last advice/ from Berne„ which are to the
28th, it appears that the deputies of the Sonderbund
had a conference with Mr. Peel, as well as with
M. Bois le Comte. It was understood that mutual
concession was strongly advised by both these minis-
ters. This, however, had no other effect than to in-
duce the deputies of the league to signify to the
majority their willingness to adhere to the proposi-
tion already made by the deputy of Zug—viz., to dis-
solve the league, provided the question of the Jesuits
should be waived by the majority, and guarantees
given for the maintenance of the cantonal sovereign-
ties. This was to have been formally communicated
to the vorort on the 28th or 29th, and, from a late
edition of one of the journals, it would seem that it
had been done, but without effect. It was under-
stood that, on the rejection of this proposition by the
vorort, the deputies of the league would leave Berne
for their respective cantons. The Journal des Debats
says that the Russian ambassador had already left
Switzerland. The Austrian ambassador had also sig-
nified his intention to leave immediately, but had ad-
dressed a note to the cantonal government of Zurich
on the 23th, to the effect that he was instructed by
his government to state that his departure was not to
be understood as having any signification 3f any in-
tended intervention by Austria in the affairs of
Switzerland. In fact, he explicitly announced that
Austria would not meddle is the matter. It was un-
derstood that' M. Bois le Comte would leave on the
commencement of hostilities, and that M. Ouizot
would at the same time publish a defence of the polity
pursued by France in this matter.
No session of the Diet had been held since the
25th, but meetings of the deputies of the majority,
and also of those of the minority, had taken place
from day to day. The greatest activity prevailed in
organising the federal troops. Orders were issued
from head quarters on the 27th, to the several divi-
sions, to establish their respective quarters as follows:
The division Donatz at Soleure, Burkhardt at Berne,
Rilliet at &halloos in Vaud, Ziegler at Amu, and
Omar at Zurich. Colonel Orelli, of Zurich, has been
appointed commander-in-chief of artillery.
It was remarked that the council of war of the
league has left the canton of Zug undefended. Tbat
canton lies entirely outside the line of entrenchment
of the league.
It was reported at Berne on the 28th, that the
Austrian ambassador bad arrived on the 27th at
Berne, incog., and was present at the conference
which the deputies of the Sonderbund had with the
ambassador of France, on which occasion he renewed
the statement that his government declined any
intervention in the affairs of the confederacy. It was
added, that on this being stated, the deputies of the
league expressed their willingness that the Jesuits
should be dismissed, on the condition of two millions
of francs being allowed to the lesser cantons as an
indemnity for the preparations for resistance. Such a
proposition, if really made, would amount to a vir-
tual surrender of the cause of the Sonderbund. It was
further said, that M. Bois le Comte observed that in a
few days the news of the dissolution of the order of
the reverend fathers would arrive from Rome.

MADRID, OCT. 26.
Last night people talked of a new ministerial
change. Cordova and Ros de Olano were to go cut
The first would be promoted to the rank of teniente-
general (at present he is mariscal de campo.) The
other was to have the captaincy-general of the Phi-
lippine Islands. In this case Narvaez would take the
portfolio of war. Olivan is designated as the pro-
bable successor of Roe in the ministry of Public In-
struction. This arrangement, which is mentioned as
on the eve of adoption by the Espanol, is not, as far
as I can discover, yet known to be officially com-
plete. Meantime, the more shifting. about the better
chance of the whole ministerial fabric tumbling. The
policy which would ree3mmend Olivan for the vacant
seat is that which I indicated yesterday as the ground of
the appointments of Cam Irujo and Bertran de Lis—
namely, to farm a party unadulterated by any mix-
ture with the ultra-modemdos, and to mark to the
eyes of the country an intention of conducting. the
government upon more liberal and tolerant principles
than are professed or would be practised by the Mons,
the Pidals, the Gonzales Bravos, and the Martinez de
la Rases. Olivan was a member of the Miraflores
ministry, whose short life was insufficient to give
effect to the engagements of a hopeful programme; its
thin-spun yarn having been eat off by the abhorred
shears of Narvaez, who set up, in alliance with
Burgos, his second ephemeral dictatorship. The
same Olivan was also minister under the presidency
of the Duke of Sotomayor, equally distinguished
with that of Miraflores for carrying its conces-
sions to the exigencies of the times to a much
greater extent than the Spanish tones approved.
In all probability every day the rivality which has
already visibly commenced between Christina and
Narvaez will go on widening and gathering passion,
till the moment of an explosion arrives, in which one
or the other must be annihilated. If this crisis does
not take place before the assembling of the Cortes,
will the moderado majority support Names in the
chambers? It may be safely answered not, unless
he fling them some considerable sops, and consent, in
fact, to share his power with them. In that case the
Duke of Valencia will have to choose between the
modification of his ministry in an ultra sense, or the
establishment of a dictatorship, and the suspension of
the parliament This last consummation seems by no I
means improbable. What new elements in the state
of parties will be introduced by the arrival of the
Duke and Duchess of Montpensier—whether the
Infanta and her husband will tend to pre-
vent a rupture between Narvaez and Christina,
or to widen the breach, which they will doubtless
find, mast appear in the course of a few days. Mean-
while, the !Ifonensiers will doubtless fling them-
selves into the scale of Christina, whether they increase
or damage her influence with the Queen by so doing.
At all events Narvaez will hardly undertake so unpo-
pular a task as the elevation of the French prince to a
leading post in the Spanish army, which is understood
to be Christina's object.
The place of majordomo of the palace, suppressed
at the downfall of the Sotomayor ministry, is to be
restored, and given to the Marquis of Miraflores. At
the same time the intendencia del palacio is to be
suppressed, its functions being absorbed into the
majordomo's department. Therefore, Pena Aguayo,
who has cat such a questionable figure in the Three
per Cent conversion, will be dismissed.
That scandalous affair still occupies the papers.
The date of the royal order issued by Salamanca for
the conversion is remarkable, being the day before the
fall of himself and colleagues. It is hardly possible
to avoid concluding that this same transaction figured
as one of the main features in the mysterious bargain
concluded on the 3rd.
The Queen, accompanied by her mother and hus-
band, is gone to the Pardo, to be present at a hunt.
The Clamor says that it hears that the police-officer
Redondo has been sent to Valencia, to bring back
Mirall. This act will be equivalent on the part of the
government to an acknowledgment of the wrong pre-
sumptions on which the arrest was based.

PRIBURO, Orr. 27.
I arrived here yesterday from Berne. The frontier
was occupied on each aide of the ravine by a corps of
cavalry. The entrances to the town are in the course
of being strengthened by strong timber *Cockades ; and
I am given to understand that the ground has been
andermined in every direction and powder traps skil-
fully laid for an approaching invader. A large por-
tion of pine forest has been felled because it interfered
with the play of a battery on the high road, and to
cross the famous suspension bridge (the longest in
Europe except the Menai), is, of course, a military
impossibility : one side of Friburg forming an inac-
cessible cliff is further defended by a range of public
conveniences which I shall not particularly specify.
The feeble point is the upper town giving outlet into
the country, and on that side rises, o'ertop-
ping the tower of the cathedral, the Jesuits'
College, an immense and conspicuous grim-
' tare. 1 send you a panorama of Friburg,
in which you will at a glance see the relative position
of this building and the town defences ; you will
oblige the public by sending it to your pictorial con-
temporary, the Illustrated News, who will place the
Cause bell under the general eye. Oa the terrace
which forms the students' play-ground, they have just
planted three large mortars, capacious of shells
12-inch diameter, and they practice daily in projectile
science, showing the boys the mysteries of the para-
bola. Four hundred soldiers are quartered in the
college.
If this building is bombarded and fired by the
troops of the diet (which is probable enough), the
Jesuits will not be the losers. They did not build it at
all, and are only lodgers paying rent to a joint-stock
company, who twenty years ago spent their capital in
the structure not knowing whether to rent it as a
barrack or as an hospital to the town.

Faber mottle mamma feeeret ne.
Some of the speculators originated the idea of letting
it to the children of Loyola, and much benefit has
accrued to the canton from the expenditure of about
8,0001. a year, which the 300 scholars, gathered under
their auspices, have brought to the spot. It has been
a capital milk-cow for Friburg, and they are right
to give battle for its maintenance.
The town is bristling with bayonets; every soldier
wears a little pewter medal (one of which you will
find under the seal of this despatch), which talisman
he is taught will render him invulnerable in the
coming leaden hail-storm. In the days of Vinegar-
hill, something similar was instilled into the in-
surgent mind of Wexford by Fathers Murphy and
Roche. ..
There is a proclamation on the walla this morning
addressed to the refractory district of Morat (which I
described to you as the Ulster of Friburg, and which
refuses to join the rest of the canton in its rebellion
against the imperial diet) ; this address urges on
them the fact of their enjoying freedom of protestant
worship under the rule of eatholies, and therefore
" they ought to help catholies to similar freedom iu
retaining the men of their choice to educate their
children."

--...
Twelve men (discontented with the politics of this
canton) escaped from the ranks last night, and went
over to Berne. M. Remi, vice-chancellor of Fri-

burg, was yesterday arrested and sent to jail, and
this morning a barber, called Laurent, was put in to
keep him company. What the Figaro's offence was
has not transpired, but it shows close shaving on the
part of our local authorities.
Accounts from the southern frontier (Vaud) bring
news of a general uprise of the population in arms.
At Vevay, and round the Castle of Chillon, reviews of
armed men are taking place amid great enthusiasm.
The reason for this intensity of feeling at that parti-
cular point, is the expected attempt of the Valais
peasantry to break the barrier and join the Friburgers.
The huge rock which divides Upper from Lower
Valais, and does duty for a capital to both, is rather
ambitiously styled Zion, and has been for ages the
receptacle of retrograde notions and stagnant opinions.
It has long been a mill-stone round the neck of the
confederacy, and will so continue until the Valaisians
receive a sound drubbing from their more civilised
neighbours.
I had a long interview just now with the reverend
fathers, and they seem astonished that any one should
dream of their withdrawing from the contest to avoid
bloodshed. I hinted that Pius IX. would probably
suggest the propriety of that step as soon as blood
had begun to flow, whereupon one said, "II ne
donnera jamais gain de cause aux impies."
On returning to the hotel I found at the head of the
table d'hôte General Mallairdoz, commander-in-chief

of Friburg, with his adjutant (an odd mess-table for
the staff, but men are in a state of primitive sim-
plicity here). The general is a fine old veteran, and
commanded the Swiss Guard in the streets of Paris
when the people demolished Charles X. and his
dynasty. His conversation was that of an old sports-
man. There are about twenty officers of the body
guard of Charles X. in the service of this canton.
Count O'Mahony and Marquis de Nicolai have fixed
their tent here.

At Lausanne a decree has been just published,
prohibiting any man who carries anus far his country
from being arrested for debt, a privilege which
many repeal members from Ireland now enjoy.
The poet is stopped in the Valais; the Vaudois
coaches are supposed to carry the infection of libera-
lism, and the passengers are transhipped into Valaisian
vehicles, not an improved method of conveyance.

BERNE. Ocr. 28.

I returned here this morning from Friburg. The
road was strong y garrisoned on both sides of the
frontier. I intended to have furnished you with a
second communication from the seat of the diet, but
I have been led to understand that the communication

with Lucerne will be interrupted to-morrow, so I
depart this evening for the head-quarters of the
rebels. I remarked here several parish priests (pas-
tears), wearing a red bandage round their left arm
with a white cross embroidered thereon. On inquiry
I learn that they have devoted themselves in their
spiritual capacity to attendance on the federal troops.
All is activity here in the war department. I shall
write to you at length from Lucerne.

RUSSIA.—ST. PETERSBURG, OCT. 22.—AFFSTRX
IN Tat CAUCAIIIM—Lieut.-Gen. Count Woroinow, coin-
mender-in-chief of the Caucasian corps, lies transmitted a
report to his Majesty the Emperor, statinp that the Weila
Salta has been taken, after a hot and obstinate encounter.
On the morning of the 26th of last month the Salta was
besieged by our troops. From the 19th to the 21st we bad
last 3 superior officers and 117 soldiers; the wounded were,
1 staff officer, 20 superior officers, and 361 common soldiers.
Salts is in itself an unimportant village, but circumstances,
and especially the strong fortifications and the incredible
exertions of Sebamyl to defend it, rendered the taking of it
the most important, and in fact the indispensable, condition
of a happy termination of this difficult and tedious campaign,
and for securing the tranquillity of Soulte "bights-
tan. The hindrances and the difficulties were astound-
ing, and exceeded all expectation. The most fearful I
and the most valiant ?deride had been called from
every part of the Dsghestan, for the defence of
this point. There is scarcely a village nay,
scarcely • tribe, throughout the whole of the insurrec-
tionary mountain which had not friends or relatives in the
garrison of the Salta, and they fought with a valour and
endurance as if the failure of this encounter involved their
very existence. Never before bad they fought with euch
pertinacity, the battle of Acheilgo, perhaps, excepted. Every
step was the price of blood, and therefore the commander-
in-chief hesitated at first, in order:te avoid, if it were possible,
the storming of the whale of the Weila Salta unless for
to extremes. At lest, on the morning of the 26th ultimo,
after our artillery had taken very great effect, and after a
tremendous bombardment from 80Ib. mortars, which had
been brought into these mountains, we stormed in two at-
tacks, with our weapons in our hands, only that part which
was indispensably necessary to effect the garrisoning
and fortifying of the right or northern side of the Oral,
from whence we could almost entirely cut off the garrison
from obtaining a supply of provisions. The waters flowing
towards the enemy were spoiled by us, and all that remained
to him was • little spring, where the exhausted soldiers en-
deavoured to quench their thirst under the fire of the troops
stationed in the garden on the side of Kara Koisen. The
miserable creatures, spent with hunger, and quite dis-
heartened by the fatal encounter of the morning, separated,
and fled in all directions, and fell under the bayonets of our
troops. Major Count Orbelen, with a company of the
regiment of Prince Paskewitach and a detachment of the
Achtinshi Foot Militia, met the main division of the fugitives,
who carried with them a cannon and the banner of Omad
Moll, who bad latterly had the supreme command in Salta.
The greater part of this multitude were put to death in an
instant. The cannon and the banner remain in our hands,
and not half the enemy that fled from the Oral escaped our
bayonets, and the loss which the followers of Schamyl have
sustained in the recent encounters cannot possibly be esti-
mated at less than 3,000 men.
TURKEY.—CONSTANTINOPLE. COUNT ZAMOY-
8a I.—A noble Polish emigrant of this name having been
lately travelling in Erypt and S is now at Constanti-
nople, where he has been for the last yria,
two months confined by
indispoeiti m. The Count travels under • French passport,
and has been the object of much attention and kindneas from
M. de Bourqueney, the French ambassador at the Porta, as
well as from the family of Lord Cowley. It appears from the
following extract from a letter given in the Journal dds

Debits, dated Constantinople, the 12th instant, that
the Russian government are not disposed to let
slip this opportunity of laying its fangs on another
illustrious victim of its brutal and barbarous tyranny.
However, as he led a very retired life, his visit here had been
productive of very little sensation, and it was far from being
presumed Roane would have taken the lout umbrage on
that account. It appears that M. Oustinoff, who was the
minister of Russia on his arrival here, had written a very
hasty despatch to St. Petenburg, requesting the inatructipns
of his court on that subject. and about 20 days since, M. de
Titoff received from St. Petersburg a despatch, which he
immediately communicated to the Sublime Porte, and in
which the Count de Nesselrode demands, in the name of the
Emperor of Russia, the extradition of Count Zamoyski
as a deserter, grounding his demand on I know not what
article of the treaty, which he interprets in his own way.
The ministry was greatly alarmed at this step taken by
Russia, and communications were immediately sent in on
the subject to M. de Bourqueney and to Lord Cowley. The
latter was sot directly interested in the affair ; however, he
did not dissimulate from the Porte the insult which
this demand threw upon him, and advised to act with
firmness. As for M. de Bourqueney, Zamoyski, who had
a French passport,was residing at his hotel ; in consequence,
it was with a certain degree of vivacity he received the first
overtures of the Porte, considering them insulting to his
government and to himself. He endeavoured to
convince the Porte that it behoved it to reply
with firmness to such an unprecedented demand
that nothing could justify, and that it was a disgrace to
be treated in such a cavalier mannerby Russia, whose agents
daily meet the chiefs of the Polish emigration in the minis-
terial saloons of Paris and London, and even at court, with-
out haserding an observation. M. Zamoyski was to take a
journey to Browne, and, a few days after, be repaired thither,
in company of the first secretary of the French embassy, M.
de Berente. He has now returned, and is again residing at
the embassy. M. de Bourqueney has declared himself re-
sponsible for him, and has promised that M. Zamoyaki shall
not leave Constantinople before the Porte had returned to
Russia an answer sufficiently dignified and sufficiently firm
to allow of serious die-consideration to result to the govern-
ment of the Sultan from this demand.

CHINA.—COWARDICE AND ICATICE.—Exhort of
a letter from a naval cadet on board H.M.S. The Scout
AMOY, I cty Il.—Receiving intelligence that several Chinese pirates
were cruising about the coast, we went out after them ; before we
W led, the Chinese admiral came on board, mad told us that he had
been out with a fleet of fifty junks, and had been attacked by the
pirates, who drore him into You Chem Von, and that in the engage..
went he had nearly loth his life by a fire.cet bunting at Ina feet.
We were very glad to hear this, is there was every hope of our
getting some more price-money. The news of our going after
pirates spread like wildfire through the ship, and the captain him-
self saki that the aneher was never got up so quick before. We
were MOO out to sea, and in the evening we bore away for
Chlmmo Bay—there we fell in with a Chinaman, who raid'
he knew whereabouts the pirates were. We took him on
board, and got under weigh to catch the pirate lie had, bow.
ever, got scent of us, and was off. In this morning we perceived a
junk to windward of us, which our Chinaman said was a pirate. In
about two hours we came up to him. The cutter was sent to board
him, and directly we came alongsule, the crew jumped overboard.
The other boats pinked them up, while Mr. D. boarded her. sibs
proved to be a pDatc. There were about 20 men on board: they
were taken and put la irons. Neat day a very large kink was re.
ported to us as having been seen. We went slier her, and after a long
chase we came up to her. The canton sent Mr. D., myself, and H.
to board her they made no resistance. We found on board 2,000
dollars, 79 men, and ten Immense quantity of beautiful silks and
satins, which they had taken out of merchant junks;
and, more than all, an English table-cloth, and an English
Pr:untol, which directly made the captain suspect that the
unk was one of those that were concerned in the Chimmo
snares. The men, and money, and "silks were taken one',
and brought on board the *hip ; the junk was taken In tow, and we
made our way to Amoy, to dispose of the Junk and prisoner,. We
reached Amoy wikhoutginy misfortune, except that ene of the prisoner
jumped overboard and was drowned before any assistance meld be
given. The next day alter our arrival the Chinne mandarin, came
alongside for the prisoners. Among them wis the old admiral, who,
directly he saw the captain of the large junk, flew at him like a tiger,
caught him by the tail, swung him round by it, tore off great
handfuls of his hair, and would ham killed him, if he had sot been
prevented. Directly his rage was a little cooled down, he wes asked
why he wee so much enraged against him? Ile said that he had
fought with him the day that he had had to retreat to You Chou, and
that he was the man who had thrown four Are.pots at him 'the ad-
miral). The Are-pot is an earthen pot tilled with owAer, and
made very thin, ro that the least touch would break It in pieces.
Lighted charcoal is placed on the top of the pot, and fastened there,
and it is At for use. Some of them hold Alba. of powder. On being
put to torture by the mandarins, he gave an amount of his life.
lie had been left in powersion of a (arm by his father, but, not liking
work, he sold his farm, and took to piracy. He had taken many
merchant Janke, and, having, as he thought, Just made his fortune,
was coming ashore to sell his Junk, and settle down for life, when we
took him. After this confession, be was asked how he came by the
pithol and the table-cloth? Directly he new them, he turned so white
as • sheet, but would not answer any more questions put to him on
the subject."

The letter here turns from this painful scene to other sub-
jects; but it is presumed that the whole of these unhappy
men suffered summary punishment by death at the hands of
the mandarins.—Hampshire Advertiser.

TO LORD lIOWDEN,