The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-29 00:00:00

REPRESENTATION OF MANCHESTER.

MANCHESTER, TLIORSDAT.—The two candidates in
the liberal interest for this borough (the Mee Hun. T. M.
Gibeon, one of the present members, and Juhu Bright, Esq.,
M.P.) met the electors last night, at the Free Trade Hall, ut
a gee at and crowded gathering of all classes. The area of
the building, exclusive of the galleries, is more than four
times that of the Corn Exchange, where Lord Lincoln ad-
dressed his supporters; yet it was filled to overfhosing. The
chair was taken by G. Wilson, Esq., who stated that they
had now obtained 6,056 pledges for their candidates, inde-
pendent of " favourables. '
Mr. MILNER GIBrON, then came. forward, at the invita-
tion of the chairman, to address the meeting, and was re-
ceived
with great cheering. After a few introductory
sentences, he said be did not believe that the holding of office ,
was a chsqualificatiou in the eyes of the electors of Man-
chester. It was true, it might not be always in bis power to
act as freely and independently as he could wish, yet he ,
could assure them that, in taking office, he bad entered into
no stipulations that he would compromise any principle,
and be believed no one had reason to suppose, from the ,
past, that he wen willing to sacrifice the great cause which ,
he had hitherto supported to the utmost of his ability to the
mere possession of office. (Cheers.) He had joined a go-
vernment which he did not believe would ask its mem-
hers to sacrifice their principles that hod been expressed
by the agency of that party through the country,
They would have great difficulties, he doubted not, to coo
tend with : they took office at a moment when the political
horizon was cloudy—when there were threatening. in every
direction. And he muss say this, that Sir Robert Peer.;
government had had the good fortune, of late years par-
ticularly, to take office just as things were beginning—as
trade was beginning—to look brighter, just as the corner
was turned, and just as extended commerce was beginning
to give retter employment to the working clue; and to
retire from office when a period of comparative depression
was about to commence. Such most assuredly had been the
case of late years. In 1841, when Sir Robert Peel took
office, there had been fur several years the deepest com-
mercial distress, They well remembered the difficulties
under which the manufacturing interests had beta labour-
ing; they well remembered the gloom that overspread all
classes in 1841, when Sir Robert Peel took office, but
things bad arrived at the worst ; with an abundant harvest
there eaine a return of commercial activity ; and whatever
party had been in power, in his opinion they would have
obeereed for several years as the consequence. of ae imp:ey-
ing revenue, a better condition of the woe king-classes, more
employment, a larger trade, and all those symptoms of pros-
perity which they saw between the years 1842 and 1845.
Far be it from him to thy that Sit Robert Peel's comm. Tele!,
legislation during those four years was not, in its tendency,
good, and that the changes he made, though partial and
incomplete, did not tend to improve the condition of
the country. This ho freely admitted ; but it was to
the abundant harvests that they were mainly indebted
for the improvement of trade between 1642 and 1845.
There wu one great mistake. Had the late govern-
ment listened to the advice which " the actual of
Manchester," so it was somewhat sneeringly styled, offered
to them to repeal the cora-law during that period of abun-
dance, this country would not now have been in the lament-
able condition in which they now found it from the defi-
ciency of food which existed, not only in this country but
over a great part of Europe. (Loud cheers.) Night after
night did his non. friend Mr. Villiers—(cheers)—night after
night did Mr.Cobden, and Mr. Ricardo, and Mr. Fright din,
din, din, and hammer, hammer, hammer, at the late
government, and tell them that protection was no
security against famine. And now, had not circum
stances Justitisd the statement % Night after night did they
not tell them that if they repealed the corn-law England
would become a great emporium for food ; that her mer-
clients would invest their capital during years of abundance
in laying up stores, and that when famine came we should
have that surplus to feed the people upon ? Did they not
tell them " Repeal Urea:tarn-laws and this country will in-
crease her sources of supply; that foreign countries will then
extend their cultivation and provide for your market ;
and when this country is overtakca by dearth, those
other countries will have to Sparc of their surplus and
will be able to supply the deficiency" ? (Cheers.) And
therefore, he said, much as they lied heard of the responsi-
bility of one portion of the community and of another for
the state of Ireland, the responsibility was not upon their
shoulders. When the corn laws were repealed, though they
felt it was ungracious, still they saw a great mistake was
made,—that repeal should have been as they always said,
"total and immediate." (Cheers.) And now, after all this
discussion, parliament had been driven by the dictation of
mere common sense to suspend all the duties on foreign
corn during a famine They were told—he knew it was an
extreme view of the case—that it was violent to ask for
a total and immediate repeal; but it really would have been
the best settlement for ail classes interested to have had the
total and immediate repeal during the period of abundance,
and then the country would have had the full benefit of the
repeal. (Hear, bear.) The present government had not
been long enough in office for him to expatiate much upon
their measure. The measures themselves can 1 e but few,
but their fist commercial measure, in ref. terse to
sugar, though, perhaps, not all that could have
been wished, was one which had, at all events, justi-
fied the predictions which they had constantly given
utterance to on this question. They always contended
that an equalisation of the sugar duties would benefit the
censumer and benefit the revenue. They declared that they
did not ask, considering the wants of the country, for a
nacre reduction of duty without reference to opening
the door to a further supply and the interest of
the revenue. The first measure, that which the late
government passed, involved a reduc.ion of duty on
colonial sugar, but was not one which practically
..osiseneleyl
the
wholed toof athefurillzerfitsuopiplihoof foreign
change woosuar.
con-
ferred upon the colonial producer. The measure which
had been lately passed had conferred, during the short
time it had been in operation, considerable benefit both upon
the sonsumer and upon the revenue. The late measure of
1845, brought in by Sir R. Peel's government, gave, with
no ultimate great lots to the revenue, some benefit to the cus-
tomer, but with a great advantage to the colonial producer
at the expense of both the customer and the revenue. Now
he would state that that present measure bad only
been in operation since the 18th of August, and since I
then we had gained in the consumption of sugar,—be-
tween the 18th of August and the 6th of December,
the last day to which the account had been made up,—
some 400,000 cwt. of sugar to the consumption of. the coun-
try, and we had gained some 440,0001. of revenue to the
state. (Hear.) He was comparing the measure with the
Sugar Duties Bill which Sir Robert Peel carried in 1845,
and which he must take the liberty to say war, as a free
trade measure, a complete failure. 400,000 cwt. of sugar in
this short period of three months had been gained to the
consumer, 440,0001. had been gained in revenue ; it this
went on, the annual gain would be 60,000 tons to the con-
sumer, and a total gain of upwards of 1,000,0001. to the re-
venue. (Applause.) New if the future commercial
measures which the government introduce are based
upon an equally sound principle, and involve an equally
successful result, he thought it world be seen that the com-
mercial interests of the country had not lost by a change of
ministry. (Cheers.) But he would not be ondentood here to be
speaking in a mere party spirit; he would not be understood
to,be undervaluing Sir Robert Peel's policy, and setting up
that of the present government. He had not made any
general remarks that would justify such a conclusion. He
had expressed hi. opinion upon particular measures, and he
thought there did not seem to be a single iniiredual of that
vast assemblage of a different opinion. (Loud cheers.) One
of the great difficulties with which her Majesty's present go-
vernment had to contend was the present condition of rre-
land. (Hear.) But the policy that had been announced
seemed to him to contain within it some, at least, of the
necessary measures towards the amelioration of the condition
of Ireland. They had, in the new policy, the announce-
ment that there was to be a poor-law in Ireland, which
should effectually place upon Irish property the maintenance
of Irish pauperism. (Cheers.) Now, he must say, that he
was not one of those who sympathised with all the invidious
statements which had been made in various parts of this
country, and which bad appeared in different period-
ical.' in reference to the Irish paoulation, or to any
class of the Irfch people. He considered that
all these sisumptiens and indiscriminate censures

were unjust. In every class they would find many
men exceptems to any general rule they might lay down,
arid therefore he thought it necessary, in expressing any
opinion as to what might be the policy of England towards
Ireland, to be understood not to use a single word that
might reflect upon the race or personal character of the Irish
people. lie hated those distinctions of race. (Applause.)
He hated any allusion which might lead to the inference
that one man is naturally inferior to another ; he hated that
penile ring to certain feelings of self-c-nccit, which men
of all nations are apt to entertain when brought
into comparison with some ether. He wanted to se*
England, Ireland, and Scotland amalgamated into
one kappy and united people (cheer'), and never
uld he allow himself to say one word that should tend to
raise up a beerier between classes of his fllow-countrymen
upon any such grounds as the race from which they have
descended, but he would speak candid)y and freely as to what
he thought ought to be the policy of the imperial parliament
towards Ireland. Re thought we should treat Irishmen as
n capable of exercising, as entitled to exercise, the rights
of freemen.—(cheers)—that we should give them equal laws
and equal government. (Cheere) He believed that treat-
ing men as freemen they give them the qualities of freemen.
Treat them as sieves, and you encourage servility among
solar, and amongst all a want of self-reliance. Hs
was against a separation of Ireland from England.
He believed that a repeal of the union would be a retrograde
step iu the march of civilisation. He believed that party
ape it—he believed that party view,' would be more likely
ti remain in Ireland, if she w re to be separated from Eng-
land, and if all those bitter feelings and animosities which
have prevailed to long were peat up in a small compass. He
believed that there is a Freater chance of Ireland being ruled
with fewer burdens on nor own people as she now w.^-s. As
a matter of finance between England and ',thud, the
imperial parliament had governed Ireland with a more
!emcee hand than had the parliament on College-green.
She was not subject to many of the impost- which were for-
merly levied. It had repealed the hearth-tax, a kind
of cess-tax, a tax of a most odious nature, impo ,d by the
Irish parliament; end we had repealed setrral I,the: taxes,
beetles which we did not extend to her the income-tax or
the excise upon bricks, or upon soap. lie was net eieneLin-
ins, of the; on the contrary, he believed that au deserved
the difficulties that now surrounded us in reference to Irish
affairs, in consequence of the injustice and misgovernment to
which that country had been subjected. But in reference
to the question of the union between Ireland and England,
lie said it was not fair we should bring into view how far
the imp, rial government had abused its powers of taxation
in reference to the Irish people. He believed at the
present moment that the revenue of that country
did not meet the civil expenditure, exclusive of the military
establishment. lie did not make these remarks in any un-
friendly spirit to the Irish nation, but in justice to the im-
periel parliament. It was a melancholy thing to see large
bodies of our countrymen in Ireland upon the very brink of
death from the want of the very necessaries of life, bet what
profit might be derived from the present state of things, if
the leases to be drawn from it be only well applied for the
future. How plainly we see that a purely agrical-
turel country, without commerce, withont manufactures,
without shipping—depending only upon her own col—how
plainly we see that such a country may be exposed
to thegreathet embarrassment, and that even f awe. itself
may us retake them ! The gteat evil of Ireland is the want
of a steady demand for labour, and that state of thing,'
has been caused to a great extent by the letrislation that has
been persevered in by the parliament of the Hefted Kin-
gdom. He believed that in of devoting ourselves to those
considerations which affect only the temporal condition of the
Irish people, we have been mixing ourselves recipe oily is
these questions which relates to religious ascendancy is
Ireland; that Watered of conciliating the gond opinion
of all classes, we have been too much is the habit of
linkiug ourselves with particular and favoured eerie thus
sowing broad-cast the seeds of distrust and religious anima-
eity, and preventing that mutual confidence and good teeing
which must precede the introduction of capital into that
country, and that social order that can alone conduce to the
prosperity of the eeople. It was a most unfortunate thing
that the Irish lived upon potatoes to so great an extent.
He thoneht that Cobbett was a good prophet in reference le
the potato, when he said: that "a potato-easing people
would be sure some day to be starved to death." But our
policy had been for many years to make wheat scarce.
Our object seemed to have been to drive the Irish
people to live upon this precarious root. If the result
of the present deficiency be to induce a larger culture o.
grain, and a greater dependence upon a superior
kind of food, he believed that nothing would tend mom
to the future welfare of Ireland. There were some
extraordinary symptoms nevertheless about the present
state of Ireland. One of them was, that the excise revenue
up to 1817 has increased, showing that the people of that
country have within the last year consumed more of excise-
able commuditice, and he had heard it explained that them
were so many people employed in money wages during the
latter portion of the time, that they had had more money
to expend in spirits and other exciseable articles than
before. If that be the case, it was an unfortunate thing that
while we we, actuated by a weh to relieve distress, we
shuuld have been giving funds for a taxetion to thwart
all those benevolent effort, whelk Father Mathew had Loma
making in that country. Now, there were many questions
closely allied with the Irish policy, upon welch, had he time,
be ehould be quite willing to enter. Amongst others, bow
far it was desirable to meddle in the using .of capital in
Ireland upon the land'; and to consider fairly and dispassion-
ately, all the difficulties connected with such an attempt on
the part of die goeernmc tto direct the employment of capital
as has been announced. He would not go into these
questions, because they were intricate, full of detail, and
he should be quite unable to do them justice ;
but tiler he would say, as a general principle,
he cookies/el he did not like what [wan called a
paternal government; he should, perhape, rather call it
a maternal go, rnment ; for the policy of governments
which intcrmeddled too much with the individual action of
a people to endeavour to foster this trade, and encourage the
other, had always been found to have a tendency to crsunp
enterprise and destroy energy, and, in fact, to sow the seeds
of a worse state of things than that which existed precious to
their attempt to make an improvement. But he looked upon
the imposition of a poor-law as a just measure for the Irbil.
poor ; he looked upon it as a just measure to England ; and
he looked upon it as better than all your absentee taxes that
can possibly be devised. For what was the poor rate, that we
propue t testae from the proprietary in Ireland ? Why,
the pour-rate was nothing more than a portion of rent in-
tercepted in is passage from the poor man to his landlord ;
and it was nothing but fair that a portion of it should be
taken for the maintenance of the poor. What an interest
it would give among the landlord class to find employment
for the poor. Would they not be more likely to divert
attention to this improvement, and cultivation of their land,
when they find they were no longer entitled to expect that
in every difficulty England would come to the r. scud ? lie
viewed with satisfaction any measures that would facilitate
the transfer of land and intzoduce a commercial element into
it. If a man found that what with the interest of the mort-
gage, and the payments chargeable upon his estate, to his
brothers and sisters, uncles and aunts, and what with
those portions of rent which would be intercepted fir poor-
rates—which be trusted would be put before all others
if he found that after deducting these, there was not a suffi-
cient margin, and that he was but a mere nominal owner or
agent, acting fur other parties. He said, what letter or
kinder thing could they do that man to enable him to get
what surplus there is left in hard cash, and embark in some
calling by which he might benefit himself and the country
to which he belongs. (Cheers.) Therefore, he was extremely
anxious to give any support to any measures that would ena-
ble Ireland to have a loona.ficle propristary that would enable
the capitalist to purchase the property, and that would est
as free from all that affeetatien which prevails, not only ia
Ireland, but in this country, of the difficulties of dialing in
land. He would have laud pus as freely from hand
to hand as any other article of commerce. (Loud cheers.)
The right hon. gentlemen then adverted to the subject on
education, declaring himself opposed to grants from govern-
ment for the purpose of promoting any sectarian education
whatever, and stating it as h's opinion that if the estate did
intermeddle at all in reference to the education of the peo-
ple, it should only support such a system as all classes of the
people cauld participate in. He considered it a benefit to
the country for the state to give some assistance to the
schools of the various denomination', and it was upon this
principle that he voted for the grant to Maynooth; not be-
cause he was in favour of the endowment of the Roman Ca-
tholie, or soy other priesthood, which he declared himself
decidedly opposed to. After remarking upon the singular
aspect of the present state of political parties, and the
speedos of Lord Stanley end Lord G. Bentiack, the right
has. gentleman sat down amidst great applause, his speech
having occupied an hour and a half in the delivery.
J. IitIONT, Esq., M.P.' next addressed the electors, and
again adverted to the laws of primogeniture and entail as
fatally affecting the state of Ireland, and expressed his feat
that the plan of Lord .1. Russell, with reference to directing
capital upon land, while in the hands of the present holders
(though he had never listened to a speech of his lordship's
with feelings of more intense admiration), would not effect
the object sought. He was loudly cheered.
J. Barmes, Esq., moved, "That Mears. Gibson and
Bright were fit and proper candidates for the representation
of Manchester;" and the motion havieg been seconded, was
carried unanimously.—The meeting was an enthusiastic one.

IRELAND.
DUBLIN, JAN. 27.
The London mail of yesterday morning only
readied the post-office at twenty minutes to four
o'clock to-day, in consequence of the tierce gale which
blew last night. Some of the London evening paperi
contained a very confused report of the opening of
Lord John Russell's statement. As far u the public
sentiments could be gathered, I should infer a satis-
factory impression has been produced. The conces-
sion to the country of one-half of the public works
expenditure was considered generous ; but the appli-
cation of only 30,0001. for seed pprpoees, is wholly
insufficient. The average cost of sowing a plantation
we with oats will this spring be V. 10s., omitting
spring wheat—of which, however, little is sown—
barley, and here. But the landlords should be grate-
ful for the boon, which dispenses with, the projected
system of seed depiits.
It is satisfactory to know that, notwithstanding the
pressure of destitution on the poorer, and the cense-
! qaent restriction on the outlay of the other classes,
the rev.mues of the country arc on the increase. The
elements of prosperity are being developed in the
face of a gigantic calamity,-4 fact which stute.imen
should remeznber, and shape to wise and beneficial

ends. I have from time to time given returns of our
chief ports, all of which, with the exception of a
trifling decrease in the revenues of Belfast, indicate a
growing commercial activity. Dublin, which for
many years after the onion had been on the decline,
—a result easily accounted for by the springing up
of now ports, and the distribution of that trade among
the infertor scats of commerce which theretofore had
been concentrated in the metropolis—is now rapidly
on the advance. I will take the amount of money
received on goods charged with customs' duties, fur
the quarter and year respectively ending the 3th of
January, 1846 and 1847 :
Almost of quarter ending Jan. 5, 1646 .... C241,4:1
Anolat of quarter tasting Jan. 3, 1847
Increase on quarter ending Sth Jae. last .... £24,466

11et the year IMS, amount 51,035,077
Foe the !ter 18W, amount 1,009,754

Inc:rear* on ,ear ending sth Jan. Z51,677
Tlie value of this increase will be still more ap-
preciated when it is considered that of the increase
for the whole empire, amounting to 203,6.591., Dublin
alone contributed one-fourth, or over 51,0001. The

principal increase has been on articles which show an
improved social condition, such as teas, sugars, and
coffees. From this increase are of course excepted
the duties paid in English ports on vast quantities
of goods consumed in Ireland, and of which no acpa-
rate account is kept. The number of ships with
foreign cargoes entered into Dublin in 1816 was
341; in 1845, 301, or an increase of nearly 14 per
cent. The chief increase has been in timber vessels,

of which 130 cargoes have been landed in the
past year.
The directors of the Bank of Ireland determined
yesterday to raise the rate of discount to 51; per
cent, on Irish and to 4} per cent, on English bills.
In the sugar-market good business is being done.
East India sugars have fully maintained their prices
—of Brazilian 20 tons were sold yesterday in cages,
at 53a. and 545.; and Havannah, in chests, at 565.
and. 604.

The Central Relief Committee received yesterday
-380 E, and awarded 1,6501, of which Mayo received
38a.. Galway, 2101.; Tipperary, 1851; and Cork.
1001. Funds on hand amount to between 5,000/. and
6,0001.
The Ga:Ptte contains proclamations for eleven pre-
sentment sessions, of which five are for Meath
county.
In the midst of famine there is at least one spot to
which the cry of distress has not penetrated. The
Marquis of Hertford is the owner of this Oasis—
Glenavy, in the counts, of Antrim, about eight miles
from the thriving town of of Liab.irn. Blight or
shortness of crop there has been none ; and all is
prosperous in this " Happy Valley," w bile all around
is disaster and destitution. The Marquis draws some
65,0001. a 3 car from his estates.
Up to Monday last twenty-four criminals bad been
senteued to various periods of transportation at the I
sessions for the North Riding of Tipperary. This was
only the labour of three days. Even the devil
may be painted blacker than he really is. Tip-
perary is sufficiently vicious and turbulent, but the
disorder has its limits, and crime is not popular. As
an instance. the people employed on the public works
in the vicinity of Dandrum used every exertions to
discover the men who recently shot the policeman,
when accompanying the pay-clerk attempted to be
robbed in that neighbourhood. They also protected
the money while the clerk proceeded on to a police
station. Viscount Hawarden has directed public at-
tent:on to these facts.

CU LTI 1 ATION
On the aama area, or squad
Iceland has 1 inhabitant
I%orleay .
Sweden 14 „
Scotland .
P01and._........_. 3J „
Turkey 36
Spain 63
Inland
Senatebad ll4 „

OF IRELAND.
e vacs of hull,
Grant Britain Or IN Inhabit.
German,
En Land ....... 133
France
Upper Italy ... 173 „
Naples
Woke
Malta llO3 „

and the relative population of those countries hoe, probably,
kept the same proportions since this computatiou was made
in 1821 by some laborious statistical writer, in an obscure
continental magexine. It affords much fir reflection. Ire
land, in proportion to her surface, is not among the densely
inhabited countries—is not excessively overpeop:ed, Of the
eighteen counti :vs here cited, ten have a greater population
on the same or :, and if we consider the physical and awful
circumstances of the seven countries which have a smaller,
we find that rigour of climate, and asperity of surface, take '
Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland, mountain-coun-
tries, of barren rock or ice, out of the field of fair comparison;
and misrule, oppression, insecurity of property, and internal
warfare take the other three, Turkey, Poland, and Spain,
also out of the field. Ireland remuns, when we strike off
these, with the smallest, not the largest, population in pro-
portion to its surface. Its surface is not like that of Switzer-
land, Scotland, or the northern countries, incnpnb;e, in
great part, front want of climate, or soil, of beiig cul-
tivated, and affording only • few valleys, or rosstside
districts, of arable land, in a cast mass of rock and
mountain. It is the boast of the green isle that very
few tracts of land in it are absolutely doomial by 1
physical circumstances to perpetual sterility. The popu-
lation
of Ireland is not, then, an over population in proper- 1
tion to the land of Ireland, but to the means of living from
the land. Now, land cannot be cultivated in any way even
under the most improved modes of husbandry, so as to yield '
a greater quantity of human food than by spade culture and
potato crops. Much better food may be raised from the '
same plot of land, but not • greater quantity. Potatoes '
mg the food of the people, it ia, in ordinary seasons, not 1
the unproductiveness of the cultivated land in this kind of
food, nor is it want of useful but uncultivated land to bring
into this cultivation, that is the grand evil of Ireland, but
the want of fair and sufileient earnings to the cultivator.
It is not enough that a man earns by his labour on his
farm, be it small or large, • bellyful of food every day, and
hie Landlord's rent He is entitled to earn a profit on his ,
capital—his labour is his capita; and, besides a c.silised
subsistence, and a fair rent, to earn a surplus to replace his '
capital when old age or sickness comes to reduce it. The '
large farmer requires this return for his capital, and the
smallest cotter is entitled to it. His labour is his capital. It
is not money capital, but it is all that money capital 'epee-
gents or buys. He is over-rented if he has not this return
for his labour. The old rule was, that one-third of the pro-
duce of a farm, fairly rented, should go to the landlord in
rent, one-third to the subsistence of labour and stuck,
and one-third to the tenant in replacement of his capital.
Is Ireland all but the subsistence, and that on the meanest
of food, goes into the landlord's pocket as rent.
Therese° but two ways of curing this evil in the social
Mate of Iteland. Ons is that which was adopted in Prussia
by Prince Hudenberg, and carried into effect between 1808
and 1816, vie., a valuation, by commissioners, of the rents
paid, or that aught to be paid, for each cotter farm to the
proprietor, a fixity of that valued rent, converting it in fact
into a quit rent, or feu duty, and a right to the tenant to
redeem this fixed rent at a certain fixed rate of value for the
commodities in which it was payable, and a certain
died number of years' purchase. In • country like
Prussia, under autocratic rule, and no power in state
affain belonging to property, or the people, such an extreme
measure, in times of extreme exertion, was practicable.
In the British dominions, the rights of property are too
meted, and its social and political power too great, for any
nailer measure. It might fail, too, as it has done in Pius.
sia, in raising the industry, habits, and character of the pea-
asier7. As owners, they might remain in the same state of
inertness and apathy as they were bred in as tenants ; and
might soon fall into • lower state, if possible, having no sti-
mulus to exertion from the necessity of at least earning their
yearly rent. The other way is, to introduce a fair competi-
tion into every parish in Ireland—not a competition for land
at exorbitant rents among the tenants, but a competition
among the landlords for tenants at moderate rents. Mr.
O'Connell claims fifty millions for the Irish landlord,. Give
it them i taking repayment in portions of land from their
estates in every pariah or barony. FOP those luta, thus
purchased at fair, moderate rents, and in suitable lots, to the
peasantry, end allow them wood duty free for houses. The
feu duties, or rents, funded, would raise the fifty millione;
and the redemption of the feu duties, which might be
arranged by a yearly addition of 4 per cent. to the rent, or
feu duty, for twenty-five years, would pay oft the
debt. The landlords could not complain of any injustice ;
their wants and their mortgagee would force them to sell
enough of their estates, in every district, to maser the pur-
pose. With such a mass of land to be let at moderate recto,
with that benefit of a right of purchase, and in suitable lots,
not too large for the means of the people, nor too small to al-
low of • civilised subsistence, and of other crops than potatoes,
tenants would be in demand at moderate rente, and land-
lords would: be obliged to reduce their demands for cotter
farms to the rate at which the tenant could earn it subsist-
ence, and • return for his year's labour. The crown tenants
in every locality, haying a motive for industry in the pros-
pect of becoming owners of their land, would be a nucleus of
civilisation and growing property—would be a class of yeo-
manry spread over the country having an interest in the
preservation of the peace, order, and police of the agricul-
tural districts ; and would be by far too numerous to tolerate
an reckless set of vagabonds disturbing the country, and
endangering life and prop. rty. Jobbing in such a compli-
cated arrangement would, no doubt, be poe,ihte ; het the
publics pros, the more correct feeling of ail men, and good
!management, are fart shaking such corruption and jobbing
in public affairs as were formerly common. U.

SCOTLAND.
EDINBURGH, JAN Si.
Mr. E. Miall is to stand for Edinburgh at next
election, the anti-state church and complete suffrage
party having induced him to come forward. his
chance of success is narrow, as many of the old dis-
senters will adhere to government, and the new die.
neuters will not wales°e with him on the voluntary
and sabbath (potions.
The Western Bank of Scotland has annotn-ed that

4 per cent. per annum will be allowed on all perma-
nent deposits of money, and on interest receipts for
money lodged for special periods of three months and
upwards. On open and current accounts 31 per cent.
will he allowed. The other banks have not as yet
made any public intimation of their arrangements,
but they will doubtless make a similar alteration.

SPIILIT Lice:qua.- -The town council of Edinburgh are
to petition parliament for a hill to regulate these: the prin-
cipal heads being-1. That there be three different kinds of
liceest : one fix spirits drunk on the premises; another for
the reception of travellers on Sunday ; and a third for selling
what is to be consumed out of doors.-2. No drink to be
sold to young persons under 16, or to intoxicated adults.-
3. No pawnbrokers to be licensed.-4. No grocer to have a
limns, for drinking to be carried on in the premises.
DIV•TILIUM IN Tllll SCOMSH ISLANDS.—The Edinburgh
Witness of last Saturday publishes the following painful
details "The islands are the chief scenes of suffering; and
in them, speaking generally,. the population, of their ewes
resources, will be wholly without food in the course of next
month. But now, at this hour, multitudes are without food.
In a letter this morning received from the Isle of Skye, a
respectable Dissenting minister writes thus: ' The state of
the country is most alarming. Unless supplies soon come, the
people must suffer. I never witnessed such distress. All the
meal appointed for this place is now given out. This very
day, my house was crammed with people in distress ; and
what will be done ? lam afraid, after all that can be done,
that many will die from want. May the Lord 1-ok in mercy
upon us ! This is a most oloomy season." Writing from
Harris, Dr. Aldeorn says : " They put their children and go
them elves to bed, almost immediately after dark, to try to
drown in sleep the cravings of hunger. Some of them (in
the island of Bernera) told us that, having their peat. to
carry from the opposite coast of Uist, they feared to go for
them, lest they should not be able to row the boats to and
from these places for want of food. A fever reeembling
scarlatina was common some time ago, and has now broken
out aga;n. Donald Campbell, sixty four years of age, with a
wile a.ael four children, no cow nor sheep, though formerly
in gond circumstances, killed his only four fowls to support
his sick son, has no food in his house, and does not know
where he is to get another meal for his family, unless from
the sea or the shore. (January 14th.)—Being detained by
tho plc in Harris, and finding, on a closer examination, that
some of the most destitute of the people were in danger of
actual starvation from their being cut off from theses by the
storm, and after an unsuccessful attempt to get a
barrel or two of the shipwrecked flour now lying
on thy island, to divite among the most necessitous,
as there was no other kind of provision to be got in a
district of more than twenty nules in length, and ten or
twelve broad, with a population of between two and three
thousand, we went to this district (Obe). where we were
informed a merchant had a small quantity of pot barley
and biscuit, and we sent word to the poorest of the people
to follow us to the merchant's house. On reaching it,
however, we were disappointed to find that the barley was
all gone, and but a very small quantity of the biscuit
remaining, of which the merchant agreed to let us have
26 lbs.; this we divided among thirty persons, some of them
having families of three, four, five, and six children. It
was truly painful, in one point of view, the gladness and
thankfulness with which they received this small supply;
and to show the extremity to which some of them are re-
duced, when one of us observed to a very decent and modest
looking mother of a family of small children, who had come
inure than two miles, that we were sorry to bring them so
far far so small a supply, after expressing her thank fulness
for this small interposition in her favour, she replied, whilst
she held up one of the biscuits, her tears falling over her
cheeks, that she did not at all grudge now her trouble in
coming, for very often of late she would have been glad and
thankful fur the half of the biscuit in her hand to divide
among her poor children.

PROVINCIAL.
CHESHIRE.

ATTLYPTED SCICIDN IN A Coeds OF JOSTICIL—At the
Chester sessions last week, three prisoners, Philip Dixon, H.
Conley, and Elia. Dixon were indicted for burglary. Dixon
pleaded guilty ; the other two prisoners not guilty.—The
Iticurdcr You are charged, Dixon, with having committed
this offence after having been previously convicted of iclon7.
I caution you that pleading guilty will not make an, dif-
ference in the sentence that may be awarded to you.—Dixon ;
It's no use, air, telling a lie about it ; I am guilty.—
While this conversation took place between the recorder
and the prisoner, Dixon stood up, resting his elbow on
the Lunt of the dock, and apparently adjusting his
neckenhief. He then laid his head on the partition, and
in the course of a moment or two fell backwards into the
deck. It was at first supposed that he bad fainted, but his
wife and other females who were in the dock uttering a
frightfol scream, it was immediately ascertained that the
prisoner had drawn a razor across his throat, and attempted
to con.mit suicide. An alarm was given, and the court
(which was crowded with spectators) was in a great state
of excitement. A surgeoa was called for, and the mayor
(Dr. P. Jones), who happened to be in the adjoining court,
immediately came forward to rendvr assistance. After
hindin; up tho wound, the mayor intimated to the
Recorder that it was not of a serious nature, or such
as was at all likely to endanger life. It was a flesh wound,
just over the larynx, which fortunately it had not pene-
trated, or fatal consequences would most probably have
ensued. The prisoner was then removed from the dock.
He expressed his sorrow that he had not succeeded in de-
stroying himself, but intimated his determination to take
the Hest opportunity of putting a period to his existence.
The prisoners were placed at the bar on the following day,
when the GSe being clearly proved, the female prisoner was
le-quitted, Dixon and Conley being found c udty. The
former was sentenced to fifteen, and the latter to ten, years'
transportation.
TIZMI 74111117T9

TIIE CONSERVATITEIiEII7ER7OI BOSTON, Mr. Brown.
rigg, has officially announced his intention of retiring from
the representation at the close of the present parliament. A
public meeting of the freemen was held on Tuesday, at which
it was determined not to support any candidate who will not
pledge himself to " maintain inviolate the settled institutions
of the country, and support the ancient privileges of the
borough." Some of the Conservatives are seeking another
candidate.
AT A MEETING OF LIBERAL ELECTORS Or LINCOLN,
on Tuesday, a committee was appointed to investigate the
chances of success for a second liberal candidate. It wan
generally admitted that the return of one liberal at the head
of the poll is certain • and a belief wan expressed that, as
there is now a totally different class of electors to those on
the register of 1841 Col. Sibthorp might, if the reformers
exerted themselves, be compulsorily relieved of his parlia-
mentary dignity.
WARWICKSHIRE. _ _

INSTITUTION OP MECRANICAL^ ENGINEERS.
Stant ENSON.—Some weeks ado there appeared in this paper
a report of a preliminary meeting held in Birmingham for
the purpose of forming a national institution of mechanical
engineers ; and the plans of the promoters having become
more motored a second meeting was held at the Queen's
Hotel, at Birmingham, on Wednesday evening, at which it
was resolved at ono, to establish the inAitution. This meet.
ing was attended by George Stephenson, Els., C. E., and
by about seventy other gentlemen. The object in esta-
blishing the institution appears to be (as explained by Mr.
McConnell) to enable mechanics and engineers en-
gaged in the various manufacturing and railway estab-
lishments of the country to meet and correspond.
The early progress of the institution having been briefly
sketched by Mr. McConnell, and the formal resolutions
adopted for conducting it, the president elect (Mr. Stephen-
son) addressed the members at some length, adverting to the
difficulties he had encountered in his own early career, when
without education, assistance, or apprenticeship, and in the
face of a vast amount of prejudice, he had succeeded in
battling his way, until success crowned his exertions. He
enjoined perseverance as essential to a young engineer, pointed
out the folly ofattempting impossibilities, for there was, he said
a law which governed mechanics, as everything else ; there
we, a point to which mechanical skill could be carried, and
no farther. Mr. Stephenson concluded by observing that
he should aid this rising institution by every means in his
power. The council, and other officers were afterwards ap.
pointed; and a general meeting of the members is to be
held quarterly. A dinner afterwards took place • and in the
course of some observations during the after se'derunt, Mr.
Stephenson said—. I have worked my way, but I have
worked &shard as any man in the world, and I have overcome
obstacles which it falls to the lot of but few men to
encounter. I have known the day when my son
was a child, that after my daily labour was at
an end, I have gone home to my single room and
cleaned clocks and watcher, in enter that I might be enabled
to put my child to school. I had felt too acutely myself the
loam of an education not to be fully sensible of how much
advantage one would be to him. I may say, too, perhaps,
without being deemed egotistical, that I have mixed with a
greater variety of society than, perhaps, any man living. I
have dined in mines, for I was once a miner ; and I have
died with kings and queens, and with all grades of the
nobility ; and have seen enough to inspire me with the hope
that my exertions have not been without their beneficial
results—that my labour has not been in vain."

•
MAIL COACHING IN '47.—lt is now but • few years since
the Matlock and Buxton road could beast of its gentlemen
whips, hut since then there have been many ups and downs.
We, (Derby Mercury.) well remember the time when the
young squire, for amusement, drove the Royal Bruce—and
got his couch well through the difficult country too—between
Derby and Manchester, and on arriving at the latter-
named place, many a time have we seen him throw his
Benjamin from the box into the hands of his servant
clad in blue livery, with beefsteak collar, and sporting a
enekade nearly the size of a soup plate. In those—the
palmy days of coaching—the apparel of a passenger, aye,
even if an outsider, must have been at least decent, or he
could not be permitted to ride even for a single stage
but, alas " a change came o'er the spirit of the dream,"
as the following little occurrence will abundantly testify
—A few days ago, the royal mail, which rune between
' the towns named, was on Its northward journey, when at
Rewsley, a rough looking customer, who stated that he had
a little luggage, engaged a place outside to Manchester. A
bargain was struck at the lowest poeaible figure, and the
luggage was produced as per schedule annexed, viz.:—One
round turn-up table, minus a foot ; one tea kettle, covered
with numerous eeooomicaf patches—spout rather dilapidated,
and altogether exhibiting unequivocal symptoms or recent
herd service ; one short wooden ladder—the staves taken out,
and packed with the sides for expediency ; and to crown all,
on fewer than fourteen heath besoms, ready handled, and
fit for immediate use. The sight of this latter portion ot tho
passenger's " luggage " brought aparently all the blood in
Jehu's body tingling into his frontispiece; however he
wisely thought it expedient to make the best of a bad bar-
gain, and proceeded at • spanking pace with his unicorn
team and motley cargo, merely soliloquising "To what •
pitch of misery are we brought."

llMott.
DRrRY-LANG—Donizetti's opera, "The Favourite,"
was revived here last night, for the reappearance of Mr.
Travers, of whose success on the Italian stage frequent ni-
-1 mours have reached us of late. In selecting this work, Mr.
Travers has evinced more ambition than judgment—the
part of Ferdinand is so identified with the genius of Dupree,
and the English public bare recently been made so familiar
with its imps rsonation by that great artist, that a compari-
son which, under ordinary circumstances, would be unjust
and invidious, becomes in this use inevitable, and can
scarcely be other than disadvantageous to the Mutant.
As the aspirant assumes such high ground, and challenges
severe criticism by the assumption of a part which a con-
temporary artist has made entirely his own, we are at first
struck by his deficiencies; and his merits, which in a more
modest away would perhaps have commanded I,lo2i-
ration, are the last to be taken into account. With
a voice, heavier and lees flexible than that of the great
French artist, Mr. Travers endeavours to realise the same
effects by extreme effort, hence, what in Dupree ap-
peared to be the spontaneous outpouring of impulse elicited
by the situation, in Mr. Travers was • painf.il forcing of the
voice into heights for which it is nit naturally destined.
Thus his ascent to the high C in the chest voice (with which
Dupre: electrifies his audience) was attained with difficulty.
In declamatory passion—in earnest self-abandonment to the
part, there waa much to be wished for. The air "Fame,
thy voice inspiring," was given with • cool noncha-
lance, at variance with the situation. After these
critical exceptions, however, we willingly concede
that Mr. Travers is a singer of great merit—in eantabik
and where passion and action are not called into requisi-
tion, his style is chaste and his vocalization finished. The
Cavatina in the fourth act was given with much feeling and
expression, and won an unanimous and deserved encore.
The opera was cast much the same as on its production here
some four seasons since, Miss Romer being now, as then, the
Leonora, and singing and acting with that fervour and
intensity for which she has long been celebrated. The
hoax, was crowded, and both Mist Romer and Mr. Travers
were called fur at the conclusion of the opera.

UNIVERSITY AND CLERICAL NEWS.
Oxman, JAN. a eongregetioni bidden this morning, the
following degrees were conferred, viz., Dee= in Di einity • The Bev.
Allder Strange, Head Master of Aldan*. School, Pembroke
Coll. Masters of Arts: Bev. C. J. Cumming, B. Pickering, 0. F.
Brown, Eel., Brasenow Rev. 11. D. Harper, Fel., Jesus; Rev. W.
Oakley, Scholar, Jens; T. 11. Gillum, Pembroke; Bev. IL Fyffe,
New Inn 11. • W. H. Townsend, Lthooln. BorAelors of Art .1.
Bailey, Malty; J. J. Hooper, Wadham ;E. Austin, Queen's.
In a commatlon hoiden at two o'clock, a grant of 3001., from the
Cnives. Ada, towards relieving the thew= in Ireland and Foot.
land, tewivad the seselien of the house. At the same time a pension
of MA pm moot was mated to Mr. John Brown, for his long ea-
-00.1111 Si Yesennn Islet GI Medicine and Art..
.

A Zaimil=in belale.;—on Thri:ds—y, the 4th of February, at
2 o'sbisk, tits the perms of eiectind a proierior of poetry, • period of
leo pan Is*. row doped since the election of Mr. tiarbett to
that is% 710 prellismebip is usually held by the rine person foe
=and r r.M iliebstt ad.dn • candidate, but little doubt re-
to his re-glade.

Nsw Qercow ow Pr. Ason•w, MARTLIDOIM, WWI someeetted
yesterday by the lord Melbas, of London, in the prewooe of • large
number of the local clergy and a crowded congregation. The cere-
mony being concluded, the bishop preached from the 2nd chapter of
Luke and the 18th rerce. lie dwelt eery forcibly on the fact that the
erection of St. Andrew's church ems the commencement of a great

andeiciiihteneW mo.emcnt on lb. part or the established church,
every seat in the present edifice being free. At the conclusion of the
sermon a collection was made, and it in noderwtood that between 4001.
and aot. was realised. The church Is situate on the .stern side of
Wellisetreet, in the midst of a pose sad darasely-peopled district. It
contains 1,700 Minn's.

NAVAL.

PORI,IIOIIII, JAN. 20.—‘5;azet blowing • violent gale horn
the W.S.W. The brig Gypeey, Jackson, master, bound from Hull to
Cork, with a cargo of corn and pease, was driven on to the Wolninor
sands, between Southeee Cantle and Linke' Islaid. The sea made a
titan breach over her, and the crew, eleven In number. Caving
hoisted • Areal of distrese, and, seeing that no owaistance could reach
them, took to their boat, and made for [Wittig Island ; in attempting
to beach the boat, the turf broke into and swamped her, immersing
the men in the water, where they would all have perished, had it not
been for the gallant mid daring conduct of Lieutenant Clarke and the
Others under his command, belonging to the Maybe, leland MAW-
'Mad nation, who seconded in rrucuing the entire crew, excepting
a bon, who could not be reached is time to Pave his life. The brig
remain, in • dangerous berth, and nothing can be dime to save her.
Weotwrce JAN. 25.—The Tortoni', P. V., is to leave this port to-
day, for Deptford, where she will lend with meal and other prorisions
for Ireland. She carries with ber from this yard a number of un-
serviceable boiler., and will take an additional number from Sheer-
ness yard, to be used ea soup boilers in the public kitchens and depots
In that dlstrewed country.—The Odin, a. v., recently launched at
Deptford, with engines by Meows. Fairborn and Co., ie ordered to be
fitted out at rids port immediately for the conveysnee of meal to the
ocast of Ireland. Part of the ofikers and crew of the Amphion, a. f.,
have Caen turned set r to her, and the shipwrights are to work extra
lime to complete her with all despatch. Her engines were tried on
Tuesday, when the vessel prece did ire far as the Mouse Light. Her
average number of revolutions was nineteen, and her speed avenged
len knots. The Medan, s. v., on her returgni Woolwich from conveying
the remains of her late commander to the Isle of Wight, is to be fitted
for the reception of Sir Hamilton Seymour and family, whom she will
convey to Lisbon. Commander Mason has been appointed to her,
Ace Ilammowl, deceased.—The Avon, MGM ~PACI. Commander
Smith, is reedy for set.—Thirteen shipwrights' apprentices, and one
mulker's apprentice, have been this week entered in the yard, being
the number annually allowed.
ArPOINTIIINTIL—ADSIPALTY, lag. 27.—C. Mathime, Commander,
Mariner; G. Borland, Lieut., !feline; N. Rebilliard, to study at the
Steam Factory, Woolwich; W. T. Griffiths, ditto; G. T. Coleile,
Mate, Rosamond; F. Semple, Naval Cadet, Grecian; G. C. Whit.
bread, ditto, Hibernia. 28 E. Wise, Mastee.Assist., Caledonia;
J. Colyer, Boatswain, William and Mary, advanced to Second ran;
J. Biddeford, Boatswain, Persian, ditto; J. Roberts, Carpenter, con-
firmed to Wolf; H. Chatfield, Acting-As at. Maater-Shipwright,
Wouhrich-yard.

SPORTING.
TATTERSALT.I.—Tmasem.
None of the leading favourite. for the Chester Cup were to request,
and the betting aping the outsiders was not of a character to call for
• remark. The Metropolitan Handicap, too, obtained but a limited
shire detention ; and on the Derby, which was not touched upon
until late In the afternoon. the only movement de ening mention
concerned the principal favourite, who was backed for about 4( Of. at
sto I, the layers refusing to go on. The Sister to Cobweb col- en
long on the shelf, arm once more noticed, 31 to 1 having been taken
twine in hundreds. 5,000 to 50 was laid apt. Limestone, and 8,000
to 90 apt. Will o' the Wisp.
LATEST PRICES.
Mernoentreas HANDICAP.-20 to 1 apt Pink Bonnet ; 25 to 1 apt
Lady Sarah ,• 30 to I ngst Meanee. Offers to take 20 to I about Jenny
Wren, and 25 to 1 each about Trunpyrc and !Murton. 300 even on
the field apt 15, vin, thorned, Ovralior, Jenny Wren, Sheraton,
Camera Obecon, Lady Sarah, Palk Bonnet, Flavaragh, (}ogler, Pro-
jectile, Dour on, Mirmillo, Tampyre c, by Euclid, and False Report.
Crownea Cr e.-20 to 1 apt Mendicant ; 25 to I apt the Flitch; 25 to 1
nose Camera Mecum ; 2i to 1 Wst the Lamb, taken and aft offered ;
33 to 1 apt Punch ; 33 to 1 apt Erin go Brant ; 80 to 1 asst Crim.
Con., taken; 1000 to 20 aget Jenny Wren, hare ; 30 to I Men Elul-
, graM (take 1000 to 15); 1000 to 20 :igst Intrepid (1000 to 15 laid twice);
2080 to 40 apt Duke of Richmond (t.); 3000 to 30 apt Doleful (t.)
IWO to If apt Golden Bee (2000 to 30 laid onoe) ; 2500 to 25 agot
Meant& (t..) ; 1000 to 10 apt Sir Tattoo Bytes (0.) ; 1000 to 10 apt
Red Rorer (t.); 1000 to 10 apt Robin Bunn ; 1000 to 10 apt Rufus;
1000 to 10 apt Queen Mato (t.)
Ducar.-11 to I apt Van Tromp (taken freely); 91 to 1 apt Epirote
(taken); 3,108 to 100 apt Sis. to Cobweb e (takes twice) ; 40 to 1
apt Red Hart; 40 to 1 t Coningliana ;snto 1 apt War Engle
tilk:4;:000 to 90 mot ap Will o' the Wisp (takes); 5,t00 W5O apt
(taken).
Osas.-2* to 1 apt Elerdale ((taken to 751.).
ROYAL LEAMINGTON STEEPLE CHASE&—Tnresnar.
Tan GEC. 0,. HANDICAP of 25 nom. each, li 4 and 4 only if
declared, with 100 addsd ; 4 miles ; 28 subs, 8 of whom declared.
Mr. & Jerry, Ilid
Mr. Denim% Ovese, lest 1010
Yr. .lesespad Med Hawthorn, 104
Pima, ImeHM., The linite, Red Laram,_ L&de AM, Nimble
,llemdeke, Ambamadoe, Blue Pill, earsfise,liagls, Ihmworth,
and Ilalwnied, also ran.
/he Orsoria Chun ershes, of 5 sum amii eel II added, 12 at.,
3 miles, • mem
Mr. J. mush 81r William, 11 at (Bradley)
Mr. T.olileer's Albert, II St 1 lb.
Three others sleeted.
The mates Braman, of 5 son mei, II et 7 lb. I Mr. Mr.
auburn, named Vera; walked over.

Zain Enttlitgente.
SPRING CIRCUITS OF TEM JUDGES, 1147.
Woraaa.—Jadira : Mr. Judie. Creswell and Mr. Justice E.
Toughen Willsos. Town and County of Soutkuunpton, Feb. 57;
Winn**, Mama 8; Dorsetakire, It; Devonshire, 17; City and
County dOr Cllty at Exeter, some day ; Cornwall, 24; fionierart-
shire, 31.
Illunasoh—JlB6lm: Mr. Baron Parke and Mr. Justice Pontoon.
NorthmasaMMllMb March 1 ; Ratlandshlnk a; Linookt-hke, 6; elty
at Lfrasia, ame day; Iliefts.ssesW•ollardi 12 ; town and comity
of min ety; Mona 11l tenants...We, 20;
=NI Wm of elm ; Warwickahir. Coventry
Illkwalilla; Warwick di
likammir.—Jelps: Mr. Baro.nitharnna sad Me. Baron Rolfe.
Nssikara Iltnlim at laanambire, Tata II; Weennoreland, Is ; Coro-
Indend, 10; Warlblinbwiand, 94; AIMPIMIIIie and town, tarot day;
Ilazei Torkehire, 8; Oty at Turk, same day; Southern
DivlskaiM ImindOnly Liverpool, Marsh 20.
Hoirw—Jad Lord Denman ad alr T. Wilde, Chief Justice of
the that &Omar Plan. llsrliardshire, as 2; Earl, 8;
Eat, la; flaws,!!; Raney, 29.