The Express.
London, England, 1847-06-15 00:00:00

bibnaZehen fe—;l7l).l;bseeb able to procure
mAL;;
Lai
G. mairreicK sew shes be sess urn that every view to dethrone the Writ. for
his. mimihipi wisicsidnope its statement made by the right the whole of their prierodings. On the apps W.
ethit.heiheweturpathtpftheereri"tod call the jests 5
set ..c......
bon, mg bona temilintin, dot be had heard with nothing could possibly his more modems teeltisrl,
dr homes calls alsarbas far Finsbury come to declaration of Das Antes, the chief of the i.::
die Mir of the with an amendment What
pretewptxtespo;
=re d& lie number for Finsbury, who copy of it, or to ascertain any one by whom it had u1:40",
eul
liba
11184.6Mejesto/flithiligi=6l.4nrast fl*zrayMe°nbetmseen higliklye wdue- gicidelSouthern?
bat bus pleased in a Tea to refer to the opinions of signed. The conduct of the junta contrasted most favour",
ipso wen est on tbse - An house, and who had left it with that of their opponents. While the Queen., tonnes ,7
tarot irabt and Wend abomeioo that while liberty was Riga killed 150 of their enemies, and only made a single
an Am tad lips, the love of depetier was in his heart— (hear, soner--" no quarter " being evidently the order of the
end isenbter)—w hen be OM iteward to save her Majesty's on another occasion the junta, being victorious, made a oe.'
r biers from a vote of mitten gm their interference in the number of prisoners, and little blood was spilt. When el;
toped concerns of Peelvol„ an interference made at the soldiery were driven almost to frenzy by the account of ire'
alma when it was admitted by her Majesty's minister at TorresVedrasprisonen being embarked for a penalsettlemo;
limber, that lb. Wanda of the Queen of Portugal the officers of the junta interfered to compel the itisje.-:,
gm. basest dagaeate. (Hear, hear.) The right hon. of a prisoner at Oporto. (Hear.) It hod been 'Laid that o:
mg yam; entered into a very interesting cause of liberty would be batserved by this house rqa
"
.blararr of ear portions treaties with Portugal, but in that to pass any censure on what the government had done, gee
elentment be to mention one circumstance which what security was there that the Queen of Po ~,y.
gNgiygd in um . When Philip the Second of Spain not persist in her illegal and tyrannical arts ? Only oe —et;
Irmo,
to alogner he adopted one method which bth of January, the nephew of an eminent member id the
bar tobillartapplaratt to have practised on this junta had been seized in the public strict and hurried ofth
oseesiess. piesnaded the leaders in Portugal to mix sand a dungeon. There he was crowded along with 450 w 50-6
Ida dr panda of the troops • and her Majesty's ministers other political offender', who knew nothing whatever of the
mom& le bare persuaded the honourable member for Fins- charge against them ; they were kept there till the 29th of
Wry ID Min mad with the powder of those who professed to April-20 days after the intimation given by our
goews-
be boom of T. The right hon. and learned gentleman merit of their intention to interfere. They would nal
Mimi to defend the proceedings which led to have remained there, bad not the prison hem ersess
the imenroestion In Portugal ; and he found that he was un- when 70 or 80 of the prisoners were butchered in the inert;
able no deiced the principle of interference in the domestic by the Queen's troops. (Hear, hear.) Wilet freassets,
comm. et onstber sows try. He appealed to the danger then, hail we for constitutional government in renege;
WWI Maid bon ollended any other proceeding, and he It might be said, the Queen was now pledged, not to h.
spoke et Use resporibility which would have been incurred people, but to England, France, and Spun. But the spirit
by my that ventured to risk a war to settle the of independence in Portugal was broken ; and how costa
affairs Portugal. There were but two courses to be par- the people there be continually governed by interferews
sued--either to look and not interfere at all, or to threaten from without ? The best guarantee for their liberty gas
that, if other nations should interfere, to prevent their doing the full enjoyment of the privileges of the constituting, ese
so. The hon. and learned gentleman read extracts from when it became a question which party should be Meow,
communicators made by ?dr. Bulwer at Madrid in his why timid not the victorious party, as in this country, haw
despatch of the 9th of April, in which he followed the claimed the appointment of the ministers. What was dna
example of the noble lord at the head of the government, liberty, unless the party who had a majority in the
who read the despatch of the Bth of April, and omitted to were entitled to conduct the government ? Never wee thes
read that of the 6th. If the noble lord and the right lion. an occasion when an extrinsic interference had been met
and learned gentleman had not found it convenient to with so little of justice on its side ; it was the moo lsei
skip that despatch, they could have informed the house at blow that could have been struck at the liberties of the
the same time that her Majesty's ministers were afraid to country. The Portuguese people had been told that whet
incur the risk'of war ethat they threatened the government of ever efforts they might hereafter make for their own freedom,
Spain with war if they interfered in Portugal without the no sooner should they be on the eve s f sums, thee as
consent of this country, end that that threat was altogether Queen of England would send her nary cents
efficacious. It was true, as stated by the noble lord, that the ocean to coerce and crush them, however jet
Senor Pacheco, on the Bth of April, aid that Spain was might be the cause for which they were one*,
desirous of interfering in the affairs of Portugal, It had been laid down by all cenatitutiosal writer, that is
and threatened to send troops to the frontier ; that Mr. attack the constitution of a state was a crime against scene
Bulwer had an interview with Sense Pacheco on the 6th, but when parties did so who were in office, they added to the
and distinctly stated that if Spain did interfere without the crime ; and it was then the duty of the people to oppose
coasent of England, he must be prepared for very serious such a government with all their power. He felt that the
eassequences. In answer, Senor Pacheco said that lie might coarse which we had taken would entail future diftiotee
red assured that he would do nothing without his concur- on this country. Should it be the pleasure of the King of
rear; and Mr. Bulwer asked if he could be sure of that, to the French to find some excuse for deposing the lame of
which Senor Pacheco replied, "Yes, quite sure, and that, Spain, and placing the Duchess of \lontpenaier on he
adopting his ideas, they refused to tined to Portugal an throne, he did not know how this country, after the come
auxiliary legion." What became, then, of the fears of the we had taken with regard to Portugal, cotes kw's,
government, that if they peredited and said to Spain, if you (Hear, hear.) How differently did we conduct meths
interfere on behalf of the queen we will inn rferc on the under the administration of the Duke of Welliagee,
part of the people—what ground was there for supposiag when the French deposed Charles the Tenth—he
that there was any risk of war with Spain ? With at once acknowledged the choice of the French people, se
regard to France he was at a kW' to discover that there bad so in Belgium, when the people threw off the yoke of td
been any determination an the part of that country to inter- King of Holland, we did not hesitate to take their pet
fere in the affairs of Portugal. On the contrary, the utmoat How different was the course taken by Mr. Canning, jolts,
that was said by M. Onizot and M. St. Aulaire was, that when he so carefully guard d himself against battering the
they would be prepared to consult with her allies on the independence of the people of Portugal. The exidect d
subject of any interference. The right hon. and learned her Majesty's government sadly contrasted with that of Kr.
gentleman
and the noble lord stated that they should be Canning, who did not fear either France or Spain, sad were
sorry to beton"; to a government which bad abandoned our we to be told now that Span owed us seventy millions an.
ancient ally, Portugal, but they seemed to leave out of their ling, that we were to be bullied and cowed by Spin?
calculation the people of Portugal ; and when they recalled (Hear, bear.) It was our duty to protect the inieperukse
all the treaties between the two countries, and when the of Portugal, but not to dictate or prencribe lawatober melt
right honourable and learned gentleman quoted from Me. BORTHWICK explained as to his atatemeetteie
that of 1661, in which the King of England of that Das Antes was not informed that he world be taken prise,
day,in consideration of the increase to his dominions, and the by the British fleet if he attempted to leave the Douro, the
large dowry brought him by Catharine of Brogans, said he (air. Borth wick) had obtained his information boa a
that he would take the interests of Portugal to heart and friend who had just returned from Portugal.
defend all her dominions as he would himself, he forgot the In answer to a question by Mr. Hr me,
phraseology adopted betweensovereignsintreatiesofthiskind. Lord PALMERSTON said that full notice had beta
The treaty did not engage us to:defend specially the Duke given to the junta that their ships would be wiled if dey
of Braganza of that period and his heirs for ever, but simply came out. With regard to a letter which had been seldroM
the interests of Portugal and her dominions; and the ques- by Sir H. Seymour to Das Antas, dated the 20th of May,
tion, therefore, was on what principle the government of and which had not been presented, the reason was that Ds
England had proceeded to west the Queen of Portugal Antes was not in Oporto when the letter arrived there.
against her own subjects in arms against her? The affair The debate was then adjourned till to-morrow (thieday).
was not one of external aggression, with which alone we The house adjourned at ten minutes past I.
were concerned, but of internal insurrection, a matter be
tween the people and the sovereign, wherein out of 26 of
the ancient nobility of the country 9 only aided with the
government. (Hear.) In his opinion, never was there a more
flagrant interference with the internal affairs ot an indepen-
dent state. (Hear.) The noble lord opposite a amitted very
candidly that the question had been who should be the
government of the country, and, in this ailinisliOn, confessed
that the present administration had pursued a policy wholly
at variance with the principles which not only our greatest
statesmen of past times, bat which its own leading members,
had emphatically enunciated on former occasions. The
noete lord talked of the people of Portugal taring as a
guarantee the faith of their queen ; but of what avail the
faith of a queen who had but just broken her coronation
oath to maintain the constitution of 1838, and who had
steadily supported an administration who had utterly
destroyed the finances of the country, and in their grasping
exactions had produced oppressions never heard of else-
where ? How monstrous the conduct of a government who
retained on their estimates an army of 19,000 men, while the
men on the muster-roll numbered only 3,000, the pay of the
nominal 16,000 being shared among the principal military
officers. (Hear, hear.) In Portugal, under the existing
order of things, all was plunder and corruption ; every place
was matter of purchase ; the money going into the pockets
of the officers of state. There was Cabral himself ; but five
years ago the son of an obscure shopkeeper, and himself
since employed at an ostensible salary of 8001. a
year ; this person was now one of the very rich-
est men in Portugal, the estate of Thomar, which
he had purchased, and whence he had derived his
title, being alone, it was said, worth 10,0001. a year. With
respect to the impost of burial fir for interments el the
public oemeteries, this was another cause of excitement to
the people, because there were no walls erected to surround
the cemeteries, which were infested by dogs, and the herds
of wild swine peculiar to the country, by which the dead,
who had been interred after the payment of heavy fees, were
tern from the graves wherever they had been deposited, and
the places were desecrated. These events brought the popu-
lation of Portugal to a state of frenzy. The case of the poor
pageant woman, whose name had been given to an insurrec-
tionary rising, must be remembered by the house. She
brought her dead child for burial in the village churchyard,
hut the priest declined to bury the child, and appealed to
the law, which forbade him to do so. The poor woman,
nimble to pay_the ten shilling fine required, insisted upon
the burial. The result was that a disturbance arose, the
military were called out, blood was spilled in the church-
yard, the peasantry, though only half armed, defeated the
military, and in a few days from the incident the whole
country rose in arms and required the dismissal of the Cabral
administration. Another offence given to the people was the
monopoly of the tobaoreontract, which, though never before
conceded for a longer term than twelve years was granted for
a period of twenty-three years. So also the contracts for
gunpowder and soap : and thus in every way that it was
possible the people had been plundered and pillaged by a
venal and corrupt ministry. (flea.) These were some of
the offences among many others. But, in addition, laws
had been pared without any reference to the Cortes, but by
the mere publication of decrees, and the elect .ns were con-
ducted without any regard to the freedom of the people ;
but on the contrary troops were marched, in direct violation
of the charter, to vote in companies. Ballot papers of a par-
ticular colour were distributed, so that the government could
ascertain how every man voted ; and of course the result
was that the elections were carried in favour of the then
existing government. It was one of the provisions of the
constitution (as in this country) that the military should sat
be allowed to interfere at elections; but in the instance to
which he (Lord G. Bentinek) referred, they had not only
interposed by recording their votes in whole companies, bed
they had also interfered with the people by force, and blood
had been shed in many of the very churches in which
the elections were conducted. But this was not
all—a poll-tax of twenty pence per head had been
put anon the whole populuion, without any differ-
ease brag made between the rich and the poor, and this
tax woe loomed under the pretence that it was designed kw
the maintsmaire of the public roads. Under this poll-tank
was arranged, that where the peasantry were unable to
g:74,
they were mentitted to commute by giving 11 days' labs.
1a
on; i a public work,. This, of itself , was felt by
to be a great grievance; but the grievance becemsePit
greater berm= these very public works afforded no bonsai
to the country, but were rendered the means of the meat se.
farious system of jobbing. It was notorious, under pried
which could not be resisted, that Jose Cabral had realised
60,0001. by the contract he had secured for public works be.
tween Lisbon and Oporto. These were, as he thought, more
quite enough to stir up the moat patient people that ever es-
der in the world. And, es might have been expected, they row
in orno—juntas assembled in every part of the country, and
in May, 1846, anew ministry was appointed ; and no mar
bed the people obtained a government which in their • spi.
nits would do them justice than with one accord they MI
down their arms, and in the course of a very few days =A-
venel peace prevailed throughout the whole of Portugal.
He (Lord O. Bentinck) contended that a people who well
so behave and conduct themselves were worthy of freedom
and of a constitutional government (Hear, hear.) The
Queen of Portugal appointed the Doke of Palmer per
minister, and made to her people a proclamation to the effect
that all those grievances should be redressed. The Queen
called epos the people in these honourable words, " Poe-
!ugnese confide in me." The Portuguese nation on this
invitation had confided in their Queen, but it
salt...peered
that then the elections which were to take in
October were near at hand. The people demand the ex-
pulsion from Portugal of M. Diets, who was supposed to be
the adviser of the King of Portugal, and they were renal
upon to hoist upon the jar impmehment of the minister
who for five years had committed so many breaches of the
constitution, and had been guilty of so much pressure ups
the people. For this reason only, on the night of the 6th of
October, the Queen of Portugal, in breach of her coronation
oath, in breach of every part and parcel of the constitution,
sent for the Duke of Palmalla and the military Governor of
Lisbon, and put them both under arrest, while she appointed
a new ministry, which, though it had not one of the
Cabral at its head, was to all intents and purposes a
Cabral administration. Wu it not, then, the natural
consequence of such a proceeding as this, toot the country i
should again rise in arms ) They did so, even though the
whole military power of the country was against them—
though they were quite unprepared and taken by surprise,
yet in the course of six months all parties became united,
and were on the point of perfect tuccou—success not with a

prim.
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- - .
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eveMog MUM 44h July.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE.
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LONDON, TUESDAY, JUNE LI

Ie a doubt lingered in the minds of the majority d
the House of Commons of the necessity of abstaining
from any vote hostile to the government for its
conduct in the affairs of Portugal, that doubt most
have been removed by the truly eloquent and em-
phatic speech of Mr. MACAULAY. For this very les-
son we may speak with more liberty, both on the
subject of our Portuguese policy, and of Mr. MACAU-
LAY% speech.
We admit the cogency of the right hon. gentleman's
arguments with respect to the present; and thoughoce
altogether coinciding with them, we ackoowledge the
force of the appeal " could we have done better"
But, waiving this question of the present, we must re-
peat, that the policy of the government creates ray
great risks and great uncertainty fur the future. And
we will add, that Mr. MACAULAY'S enunciation of
principles increases the uncertainty and the risk.
Lord Joule RUSSELL, in his speech of Friday lest,
expressed his approbation of intervention, provided
it had a good pretext. Mr. MACAULAY goes farther,
and defines the pretext Non-intervention, he de-
dares, is wise, and to be observed in the in-
ternal affairs of other nations; but when the
internal affairs of ether nations become inter-
national, that is, when they excite the passions, af-
fect the interests, awake the remonstrances, and lead
to the interference of neighbouring countries, then
intervention ceases to be a wise principle, and inter-
vention becomes the rale.
Now, we merely observe to Mr. Macieur that
this doctrine at once blots out non-intervention
from the list of duties, or even of pcssibi-
lities. Let us look, for example, at the repined&
Can there be a stir, a breath, a political more,
party change in one of the countries of the feninvill
which does not instantly affect the other? Why,every
internal question is there an international owe. It is
not merely, that the exile of the legitimate successor.
and the substitution of a sovereign by constitutiorel
right, in one country inevitably? eads is a similar
revolution in the other; but the ascendancy of a
court or a popular party of exaltados or moderadas in
the one, infallibly leads to its triamph in the other.
If, therefore, intervention be warranted, when the in-
ternal affairs of a neighbouring country become
international, then Spain takes an eternal right to
intervene in Portugal, France an eternal right to in-
tervene in Spain, Austria to intervene in Italy. Mr.
MACAULAY is a cabinet minister. His words nrif
perthisiuncithdoeuirs,thecanmhdoug'hihnoethistilEeurotoinier.e instance will
indepen-
denceolmlulsiLddsngemoatelih
of every second-rate power.
Mr. MACAULAY followed up his theory by as. a;
ample, which we also think dangerous and ill-jonea
He depicted Portugal as an old dependent nim
England—as a state which came to us for aid in tba
fourteenth century. And he asked, with mach
point, and powerful effect, " How can you desert la
old a friend ? When a connexion of such dighat
date demands intervention, how can you refuse it.
But this doctrine of the sacred duty of Englanaa!
protecting Portugal, of interfering in her pato`
Parties, and supporting this dynasty or OA
what is it, bat the doctrine which France real
and puts forward with regard to Saba
Louts PHILIPPE says that Spain has tell
for centuries a Bourbon property, and abat
by the family compact there must exiat a
close offensive and defensive alliance between Frio
and Spain, nay, that France must have exclusivecee`
mercial advantages in Spain, just as England boa f,
had in Portugal. England manages the dynast/ "
Portugal, and interferes at Lisbon when she plea.;
So shall France do at Medrid. And Louis POO'
has just as good and as antiquated reasons toeholds:
French protectorate at Madrid, as Me. Mech.
has to adduce for an English protectorate !I
Portugal. These are the doctrines which place
and Portugal at variance, and which place
and France at variance, and which are the Ow
gushing sources of quarrel and of war. ty
What we most blame, and most regret,
eeches of Lord Joule RUSSELL end of
MACAULAY, is, that neither of them Patel",
neither allow the immense change that has 11.".