The Express.
London, England, 1847-06-17 00:00:00

SCOTLAND.
Scowl' EVICITtON or 1841.—Places contested in Scot-
land at last dastisn in 1841, of which no intimation of
contest has bosaloolo-ko wit election:—Aberdeen, Banff-
shire, Dnobirs Bow" par Ase, Elgin and Nairn, Kilmar-
nock Banks. Listorrarialloakiro, Paisley, Perth, Renfrew-
' skis% St Andriesseli INN" Stirlimihlre Wick Burghs,
=Wititowit BorSha. This satisfactorily accounts
fot of Bootee olocrlon Intelligence.

ELECTORAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
SUSSEX.
This grand maritime county, one of the nobler in
South Britain, is of very large dimensioas, and very happily
situated. From Kent, which forms its north-easterr
boundary, it is separated, in ono part, by the Rother river,
and in another by the Teyee and the Kent Water (two
feeders of the Medway), and by the Merles?, itself. Thu
latter river has its source in this shire. It is bounded, on
the west, by Hants; on the north, by Surrey ; and on the
seutit and south-sat, by the English Maned. The entire
heath el fineent_ , in a line from Lady Halt Park due east
le tie hat Ditch, is 76 miles. Its greatest breadth, running
a lbw Gem Beenr-head to Tunbridge Wells, is 27 miles;
but Its average Weak scarcely exceeds 20 mile& Its Does-
puled area is 1,411 swan miles, or 938,240 anus. In sise,
it is the fourteenth of the English counties ; in actual
population, the eightmeath ; in density of population,
the twenty-Wl*. The county town is Lewes. On and
beyond its cow Ire the Downs, or South Downs as they
ere MOM prepesly sailed, extend from Beachy-head to
Shoreham, a tract wont twenty-six miles long, and from six
to seven broad. From Shoreham they recede inland, sad
to the vest, ran* over intim Hants. This trait, famous
for the breed if ,hasp which II suataiae, equally valuable
for Oa IiaiIaVIIMIT devour and the fineness of their
wool, reepies mess. The principal rivers that have
their seals is are the Medway. the Our, the
Aran. the Art, tb Hither, and the Cnckrera. In consi-
dering the distribution of the soil comprised within so large
ase ems, it is imminent to observe that there are about
30,000 awe of Ma* had in this county that constitute
MN
as growets, and on these are raised and fat-
tened far MN aarkat aumbersof oxen and sheep. There
ere she elemtBo,ooo sew of down land, where the soil is thin
ad se ray War the chalk that they are unfit for the
plough ; greelee they are left as down, and are the best
and mot heimmite sheep-walks of the South-down breed
slready spokes cid Of the immense proportion of land in
this county that Is cultivated, 424,000 acres are situated in
the Waskima district. where the land is very poor, on the
sandy as well es the clay soils. Yet the clay, though cold
and riff arl albeit at drainage, is made to produce a good
average ,rep of whose. It is much to the credit of the land-
owners fienwee of Sussex, that whereas Arthur Young
in hie apierattattl survey of the county, estimated its
waste Lade it 110,000 acres, the probability is that these
wastes are rolemer or reclaimed by at least one-fifth. Hops
of a very espnier quality have become, since his day,
*favourite ebilest of cultivation in many parts of Sussex.
Sussex maks as the twelfth of the agricultural counties in
referencete the number of its inhabitants employed in agri-
culture, and the labours and occupations incident thereto.
In 1831 it was estimated that there were 45,505 inhabited
houses, 1,864 uninhabited, and 620 building. Of 52,71 C
Wadies, 22,430 were chiefly engaged in agriculture and
egraitral occupations; 17,489 in manufactures, trades, and
handierarts, and 12,777 in all other occupations not encase-
Wed under the two preceding heads. In the yyear 1841 there
were 54,065 inhabited hews, 3,674 uninhabited, and 253
The Local divisions of this county are of an unusual degree
of equality, and are set off from north to south. They are
called " Rapes," sad ate six in number, namely, I, Arundel ;
2, Bramber ; 3, Chicheeter ; 4, Hastings ; 6, Lewes ; 6,
Pevensey. Them larger divines' are subdivided into
numerous small hundreds, which eampriseene city (Chiches-
ter), and twelve ancient borough towns: Amadei, Bramber,
Horsham, East Orinsteed. Lewes, Midhurst, Shoreham, and
Steyning, together with (fourof the Cinque ports), Hastings,
Rye, Seaford, and Winchelsea. Of these the boroughs of
Bramber, East Grinstead, Stayning,Seeford, and Winchelsea
have been mahiered by schedule A of the Reform Bill ; and
Horsham and biidhurst now return but one member each.
instead of two, as formerly. On the other hand, the county
acquires two additional members, by being divided, sad the
new borough of Brighton returns the ewe number, so that
whereas all Sussex formerly sent in 20 member*, it now re-
turns but 19. Within the above-named divisions' there are
no leas than 342 parishes. The population of Sussex was, at
the several decennia periods here stated, as follows: Is
1801 it was 159,311; in 1811 it rose to 190,083 ; in 1821, to
233,019; in 1831 it was 272,340 ; and in 1841, by the last
census, 299,770. Thus the increase is 40 rs, from 1801,
was no lees than 88 per cent., which is far above the average
of increase on the whole of England. In 1831 Saves
reckoned 204 Inhabitants to the square mile ' • in the year
1841, 224 to the square mile. The amount paid
for the actual relief of the poor in this county was
in the year 1834, immediately before the pealing of the
New Poor-law, 246,6251., or 188. Id. for each inhabitant.
la 1839, the amount was 142,4161., or 101. sd. for each in-
habitant. In 1640 it was 144,1781., or 10s. 7d. for each. In
1841, the sum actually expended under this head was
146,0131, or 9a. Bd. per head. We need scarcely add, that
1834 Sussex must have been the most pauperised county
in England. Ia 1841 it was exceeded in this particular by
Wilts alone ; for there the rate was 10s. 3d. per head. The
amount of annual assessment for property-tax in the year
1806 was 1,436,5131.
The entries in the Parliamentary journals with regard to
elections for this county an very few. It was anment/y
united with Surrey, under one and the same aheriff, and has
returned knights of the shire since the 22ad of Edward 1.
On November 30, 1695, Robert Orme, Esq., complains by
petition, of an undue return of Sir John Pelham sad Sir
William Thome, by reason of divers unlawful practices on
the part of Francis Wyse, high sheriff of this county. On
November 2, 170.5, Sir Henry Peachy complains by petition,
of an undue return of Sir George Parker, through partiality
of the sheriff. Re report on either of these petitions is
extant. Far about a century preceding the Reform BW,
the sepressontlea of this county appears to have bra
pretty sauch la * heads of two or three among the many
peat aristocratic houses, keg mgablisbed in various parts of
Own. For the famous widest of 1774, although it re
salted In • most skeet triumph to the independent
elestese d the county said their creadidate, over the party
szirotefterulidate thi *Often of lb, day, WO
of way perissah nuns to the Moods atpurity
of Awls. aadOseal pidgin. In that ease the Sussex
Indeprdente " ter 0110108 at the attempt of the govern-
ment to fciet open them a norteentative of Its own amsdaw-
tiosorho was not agreeable to them. They rubscribensieur
funds, the:Amami brought reward Sir T. Spencer
But., is effseities to the alert esadidate, Sir Jean
Pearly. Inammes aids some seeds os bath ides, hut
alter the poll had bean kept egos hi the faistiliasts period
of ght sad *sway aps the nervy ressissel whim Sir
spree Whoa, tore Make delight et that knee majority
at thehermalers by_trionn he was retuned. Peer 1774
till 180$ SU= witarer no new ortered ration. A
Loran sad a Pelham—ea' .of the hews of Richassed
and she of the hope of Chichester wee recess{
with a little Intreepties,
,m the rises at. whet
VSeckavitCts "41
14,44Arilherit
Memel* Re.. r
law Arnm to diapered of relined= Brarlialy,Ile
JIM Faller ups retessed to supply N the vecury repled by
Um Hee/ of Chhholhee al n
*ure." ha 1807,
thingeoiresore• • Mr. floteloom—
the amerhare paites‘rr %Mte other belegarearly
real. skewer& Duke et sod
Ih. Felsz:pint. Inerver ordideaseak Mr.
=lprilkerd, ertehre rev "
a olerting bed rmm, air good
weals ire in sapper le pethiemer This /*Wet was
opperted Is be leant; but wins serythies 1011.1111 igekir
hs risk mornefthe may teakeiseldrealthernetneerelp
✓oe ender Ms of briery
_hr seemilelneo,es the
lhis roams to he arra to berm than—were
to 600 the priori and M.'
Faller _ meet. Oa tPhimk Lemma heeraing
Duke al he was secreded in his mess by
the Reasturie Charles Wmadiuma ht the election.,
et ISM gk 11Wetmeter and Walter Durrell, Pao. were
nemeredln of Mr. fuller end Mr. W
Perin Ihn of the Richmond@ qad the W
nay be NIL le bans bra hem that tire pareasenat ;
but burr, OM' hunks, there have been in a
emoditir to err poundal lainntes, the Duke of Norfolk;
dia.& of Addrmujikertckleheoter, Newburgh, Ihribmg.„,
Mir DO Ism Wm, irsres, reser ; Virecnuth asp
tog Terror ; Ueda George Cavendish, Colchester, Sea-
hrd, Sereard, ; and- the ad Harcourt (whim
=itbky matfrioez o=r Lloyd,
her
It is bat anterei that a in *Mr se Ow rennleo-
tures are established, re re abmißis of vines presperity
sides mach more beanilgilthoMed fora re areal ra-
dar of the ell, earlaisi andharAggreirren Sum
acerearrarsra, km II be tmatimeseellselrermskf,
whoa end lerkel persesiser have
era then serevirt roes • them tat» lapMfmats ia.
' the action
ef ler *l=a Dal has remedy liar' armed te a
ersrin extent, ea a brief sorra al the .gert haat
saissibes-110,,ttsi eeanty w 4 gawk 3a the pril of
mas, "not sew vms ripmemsa by y Ma
(writisre hot est he it dyne 1M emelt el
his
of Norfolk, (whe hot hen roe
?gnaw a whim, Nearer At ihrageneor_ _. _
way, the reposnitelimn tree antseledi len Irma Grego
Learesemed lhel•
Mg their meaner. In
1841, tits sr el the' ''of lbs Berl of
• Oat Or =OM ersena •
t los es
lellin lest err the err
of draimentehei
ves as es ammo
Me. that is
the beerhemerensele ,__• 'err Pour
wee
anrildely rehredis pier Odeon Wyerrea, oa that
gallt crew% rellement ei the ekes of sessin 1848. We
lave !within relebet hire `rotor of Wer Omer t and
we bartely rempeterie them en kern to eased the
year
number ef
le thiderd 814 y en the'reglitry Ark 8,308, in
1841, 11,71111 e 67. •
Deaths het err* iv ewer hera Mellen reerimen
parrot airs rile af re wirer. Mr Irmo*
eiaotkot of INS, robastslikm prenest, tosreldg ewe-
' ontettro-Mr. Monteri D. •im eatt Se SM. C. Corp-
ton lisailmase hare shellt
The &Skim
rawer: Mere 1831, re Wee shoe ron
sisera, 1837, created a stegehr aneen The aamilitr
ware George Deeby, Faci., a ceneseesthe ; the Ilea. Crept=
Cavendish, a wing; Mr. A. Fuller, areeenvalive ; Mr.
Herbert B. Curteis, a whig. The two femur veer reamed,
bat only the conservative candidate by any decided meekeity.
Hr. Darby polled 2,263 votes; Mr. Orgasm Oaradish

t

1,793. Now, of the two rejected candidates, Mr. Faller
polled but forty less than Mr. Cavendish 0,763); mut
Mr. Cartels 175 (1,618). This sky belt like a earl-
time return ; but at least there is • wariness
about such a caprice which makes the prim', facie
anomaly respectable. It infers an independent exercise
of the franchise on the part of the electors. Ner is
our faith in this independence shaken, though our prejudices
may be shocked by the result of the general election in
1841. Than we had Mr. Darby and Mr. A. Fuller,
conservatives, both returned, the former by 2,398
votes, the fatter by 2,367 ; whilst the whig candidate,
Mr. J. B. Shelley, was defeated, *her Oiling
only 995 votes. At the last-named election foe 'lB4l,
the number of electors registered for this division was 6,316;
• and Mr. Darby, on accepting the Chiltern Hundreds, was
succe•did, in January, 1846, by another conservative, Mr.
Frewea. What of that ? We trait in the independent
action of electors who, at lent, have shown that they are no
respecten of parties or individuals, and do not vote by pre.
senpuon. These electors of East Sussex, too, have enlarged
their numbers on the registry of 6,316 in 1841, to 6,039 in
the last return for 1846-7. We have a strong conviction that
they will "take the best men " at the next general election!
X.

LITERATURE.
Teasels in Me Steppes of Me Caspian Sea, Me Crimea, tha
Cases s, By X ATIER HOYYAIa. DB BELL.
The southern provinces of Russia in Europe have,
and will probably long continue to have, an entirely
distinct character from the northern. New Russia
and the Steppes of the Don Gouache arc separated
from Russia Proper and Poland by tracts of country
through which there are scarcely any passable tho-
roughfares. Astrakhan, it is true, has in the Volga
an easy means of communication with the (compara-
tively) busy districts around Moscow, Tula, or
Netahnei-Novgorod, but it is isolated by a mistaken
commercial policy. Centuries may elapse before the
physical impediments to a direct and easy communica-
tion between the Russian seat of empire and its com-
mercial provinces on the Black Sea are removed :
M. de Hell devotes one of his chapters to a review of
the general form and pressure of society throughout
the Russian dominions. Though this retrospect does
not bear immediately upon the state of the Black Sea
or Caspian provinces, its general results, if kept in
mind, throw additional light on the actual position
and prospects of these countries.
Of the sixty-one millions of inhabitants which the
official returns represent to be the population of the
Russian empire, rather more than forty-four-and-a-
half millions are serfs. Of these serfs nearly twenty-
one-and-a-half millions belong to the crown, and rather
more them twenty-three millions to the nobles. The
nomads races in various parts of the Russian
dominions amount to about eight millions. The
soldiers and sailors in actual service with
their wives and children are about two millions ;
the Cossacks nearly a million and a half. The re-
maiving three millions may be roughly estimated at
about half a million of orthodox Greek clergy and
their families, with a few hundred thousand priests
and clergymen of all other faiths ; nearly a million of
nobles of one grade or another : and about a million .
and a half of merchants, bourgeois, and free artisans.
The serfs are throughout the empire adseripti
glebe . the right of property in them cannot be sepa-
rated from the right of property in the estates to
which they belong. The crown has of late years
made various attempts to obtain a right of ownership
in all serfs, with a view to alter their social relations;
but the jealousy' of the nobles has hitherto
defeated them. Indeed, with the thin popula-
tion of the empire, these great landowners could
not cultivate their estates, but for the powers
they have of commanding the labour of their
serfs. The serfs add to the apathy and ignorance of
their slavish condition a further degree of hebetude,
contracted by being apart from each other in a thinly
peopled country. The priests arc, unfortunately,
from their lack of knowledge and their habits, more
nearly on a footing with the serfs than with any
other clam in society. The common soldiery, recruited
in a great measure from among the serfs, are 'mere
machines. It is only among a few of the high class
priesthood, the merchants, burgesses, and free arti-
sans, and the nobility,hereditary or personal, that in-
telligence and a public opinion can be said to exist.
These classes comprise all that deserves the name of a
nation in Russia. The nobility consist of the
hereditary nobles, and the government employ(ar,
civil and military, with their families. 'the
hereditary nobles have great wealth, but unless from
their rank in the service, no power or privilege in
which the rest of tho aristocracy do not participate.
Any
.Russian, not a serf, may become ennobled by
entering the state service : the rank of officer in the
military service confers hereditary nobility ; the
civil, the nobility is only personal below the rank of
college-assessor, which corresponds with that of
major in the army. There are nobles (of the 14th
claw) with a salary. of 2/. 4s. per annum. The mer-
chants and bourgeoise are the only representatives of
a middle class in Russia. Their weight in the empire
may in some measure Le inferred from the number of
those among them who are registered as merchants.
A merchant of the first guild must pores a capital of
50,000 rubles:(leas than 10,0000, and he is privileged
to have manufactories of his own, and to trade both
with the-interior of the empire andi foreign countries :
of this class there were 889 in 1839. A mentuint of
the second guild must prove a capital of 20,000
rubles, and is only privileged to trade with the in-
terior : of this class there were in the mine: year
1,874. The thirst guild consists of retail &Were,
keepers of ism, and workshops, and booths at :fairs,
whom capitals in no case exceed 8,000 rublis : of
them there wee 33,808. In addition to the classes
here enemetatsd, there were, in 1839, 5,299 peasants
having penainien to trade (they do not require to
iiis prove sat esplfel) 211[3411.clerb.
raliaing tsmeses of the Ramienorn-
mod have done mace to Rupees a uniform
Ingna Misty throe/heat the smin. In Nom somia,
howeve, differences ei~rliir in the mods of its
=ffilon when Int Me still ; This
etixtends from the to the ey of the
Don Canada along the shores of the Black See
and the Sea of Ant Its soperileisi extant is about
67,750 square miles ; its shout 1,360,000.
It was permanently by fhb Boissians, in
=fter momerve osorosts, by the amity of
HPa in 1774; the impost of tbe Crines in
1783; and the oonventica ot limy in 1791. The ter-
eeirooooeeyy is partitioned into three governments, Kherson,
Taitlitiaaalav, and Tauride. The existing organisa-
tion vitiate gwrormaiste frost 1802. and differs
little ha its general mitti_ it± Use eheief other Russian
pecumeate. te BettslaNdis t• •
I hind, 'no idiot...dans
gi==4.l"'Lliii• Sods • heemehrloweme fte-
se Omaha of ate • inV
wins; this Oahe vilhos;it (
rtesr grhalel2"artimainey *1
a". fa'
Jews,
; WON, eelellidemieseil
Mori ha the cassia et the Iva eel
the it:4B7,ose .• and kg* iii/=.41161:
nl, yeast pot etas Crimes 'stile leteleop,sberee
Aso • -
and :CesieSit, though pnifee-
'dm the mime cm& oat nearit.the: same
MOW CirCollll6/INGlONdesida great4e,sel:
others the litter still kw ft mind that was
Int introdifted emir. ' of ,
Ciatliesim IL Tim Gienelai are
shoat the ftlb of the De*" ea Oa: ni,
a river whisk I. a biota ease Mastiff
.Azof ;
they are salty Kersl6l2l4 10190 nd, at
first, a oomidesalle exile* of smeoweemiem& within
their own rinsl4, et whisk they hove mot yet
been fops eL The dame Ze was
ne conceded to the Greek bor- (hle Maria on the
me of Ague), and the MOW= (like n van,
ea 4hs Dm). It wee Mimi them °oboists tilt pro-
in=agzi Zig temishet fanklbe
am et Ascii ar New
Rands bib
„emir by=wieg the: pivi-
Vlie pantlll-46 o int:ease t& in-
got el
_as eseiesuoity. •
thoomeptlia+Mhe amminin ridge along the
waft !meat el die 01011.0 whole. these three
Mesh* of elappes, elevated some
rimairegshotre thalweg ettis sad, and bare of teed&
ireeeik win* mil lbw rearing of sheep and
OWN UM meta soateseW wealth in Sloe
The hot 'eekiiated Ibees oceurietitiTisa;
theipeesembedolik eel time* maetkosed, border-
*lV* rtifiletki sad Kiev ; mot peettigkre soil
ie met it the north-eat pm* if the geamonsent
et Ilkaketekkv. But betwm‘lftese enible.i.egions
sat tfie the plains only sapid for grasitif inter-
-mem sad, scram theme, transport bin some onions
impeesitde, and in all diScult. The roads and mere
baths, marked out by two ditches a few inches deep,
sod a line of posts set up from vent to vent to
mark the distances. The Dniester and the Dnieper
might, by no excessive expenditure, have been made
great highways for those regions ; but nothing effec-
tive has yet been done to the end. By the establish-