The Express.
London, England, 1848-05-30 00:00:00

1111111.11111111111.11.11111111111.1.1111111.11111111.1111111111.1111.11111.1.11111
. ,
~ - . ..
1
THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, MAY 30, 1848. 3
_____
IOP
--- - -- ,- IRO. sad 46,616 i. •

,pit increase, until in 1846,
1823, he saw no memo to
an and the ship-ownen of
ignars. (Haar, hear.) Let
men the number of ships
2, 1823, the years
Huekisson, the spa buil
'B,OOO, and 86,000 ; whereas
1, the y amounted to 169,000,
r, bear.) lie must obaerve;
team-ships, which were die.
clearly proved that there
power of the ship °linen
builders to build these
otinent. They were told
1823 greatly benefited the
teat their effect he thought
the shipping prior to those
iently. In 1820 the British
we countries with which we
tooted in tonnage to 6,026,
,129,000 tons. If we referred
it would be found that there
crease over foreign shippiug,
mikieson'a law, the amount of
rds was upwards 443,000,000,
In 18W the foreign shipping
none than 100 per cent. • but
sited to upwards of 8,00d,000,
chipping represented 40 per
mployed ; in 1846, notwith-
ied by the transmission of
g was only 41 per cent. of the
ith regard to th.ae countries
reciprocity, or otherwise, we
ruled by the supposition that
era were unable to compete
en said on the subject of our
pinion that our colonies were
f securing a market for our
fee our commercial marine.
ould be explained by facts. In
hich leftour por a wee 1:119,000
our colonies, and 803,000 to
e colonial trade, chiefly of the
d increased from 746,000 to
ads to neutral countries had
21,000 tons, being an increase
&mist trade, bar of 240 per
teal countries. (Hear, hear)
stry could remove the restric-
I laboured, by enabling them
North Am. rica, to bring their
eat benefit would be confined
lecturers here cou.d send out
on their return voyage, eta
a benefit would be cunferre
snufacturer, but also upon 4.11
Cr. dependent upon his efforts.
an who had last addressed the
he effects which the proposed
the East India shipping be-
Now, he (Mr. Wilson) sp.
el be held to be of greater ad-
than to adopt any means.
ion could be imported and
cofactors and cousumption
r.) Hence he thought the facts
:lent to establish the poeitien he
a nothing in the tree trade prin.
tended towards the navigation
übt that the British shipowner
compete with foreigners, or to
ipping interest ought to be or
rr matters to which free trade

sion " that there had been too much harbour
work," and Mkt* him speak of Mr. COBDEN'S proof
of the truth of what he had alleged as merely an
" attempt to clear up the statement of facts he had
made."
Can anything be more bum or dishonest than this
conduct of the nines? It is essential to Mr. Cultures
vindicetion that the country should be aware, not
only of what he says for himself, but of the
impression his statement made upon those who
among his auditors are best qualified to judge of its
weight and relevancy. Mr. HUME and the CHAN-
CELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER concur in declaring it
conclusive and satisfactory, and even Captain HARRIS,
though still grumbling at the severity of Mr. COB-
DEN'S language, admits that his facts cannot be ques-
tioned—that " there has been too much harbour
work." And the Times, after doing its utmost to
prepossess the public against Mr. CoRDEN's veracity,
wilfully and malignantly suppreanes these testimonies
to it. The Tunes cannot say that the subject to
which it had devoted a long and laboriously abusive
leading article was not of sufficient importance to
warrant a full report of the debate on it in the Hume
of Commons.
This unprincipled trick of the Times is only a part
of a systematic and concerted attempt to discreditand
run down Mr. COBDEN. Lord J. RUSSELL set the
example of en attempt in the House of Commons to
talk of the Lonourable member for the West Riding
in a supercilious and disparaging tone, in the expect-
ation that this would reader him less regarded out of
doors. The small fry of the BAILLIE COCHRAtaS, in
their eagerness to imitate the minister, as My Lord
Duke and Sir Harry imitate their masters and their
visitors in " High Life Below t 3 airs," have
so caricatured the tone that the better feel-
ings of the CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER com-
pelled him to check this swarm of copyists. We may
therefore expect less of such offensive language in
future, but the fault must be amended altogether. It
is lees Mr. COBDEN personally than the Manchester
manufacturer that these gad-flies of the aristocracy
aro vexed at. Their impertinence is directed against
the class to which Mr. COBDEN belongs ; arid they
may rest assured that the clans feels it, and will in
due time show its resentment, if the practice is not
desisted from.

to inquire whether regulations which were teal when the
"de of Soglaed was in it. infancy ought to be eseitinued.
It wee felt, then, that the only posaibility of p
log
the colonies was to make them an Integral part of the
mother country; to give them every privilege she en-
kee4 ; to matte their
s. trade as free between them as
wen between the poiuces of this island ; to leave
them to adopt whatever et English laws they ph teed,
Ire though they fouud laws souls Dutch, some German.
wee Spsuish, Mud some Portuguese, they would have Heal.
gensated with the mother country. But instead of this they
sent them out constitution, from the Colonial-office which
were never adapted to their state of society. (Hear, heur.)
They preferred sacrificing the colonies to the mabdonance of
the manufacturing system—(bear, hear.); and they were
.oiog on .ii the same dinvtioli now by continuing clasa
lrgis-
(leo*, hear.) They km w that no trade could be
carried on unless it was IN ilefiCisa to both parties, and yet
ahoy inteuilid to give the beheld of their trade to the French
esed other toreigners, to the irejedice of their own
brethren the coluniets. Thi y spo'ee of the abolition of the
eern lawo, an boasted of giving the poor cheap bread. Did
'hey thiuk that p did not see through them when they
talked of cheapening the poor nein'o loat and at the Paine
SSA. took away the pour man'. employment ? (Cheers.)
They were ungrateful, end they were said to be set against
the manuf.cturers. There wee no need of setting them'
issee,t pee manufacturers. He sever spoke to an English
admen or labourer vibe did nut :ay —nut in the Linguae. of
Lord Bacon, e hich he was g .log to one, but in lenguoge
which invoke ed the same an sat itll, nt, our ingratitude to only
•keen inoieht into the inet.se 5.4 others." (Cheer..) The
noble lord said thew he contemplated, with the pride of an
Englishmen, the greaten sa of their colonial empire, and that
if ever the time Caine when it we. necessary for their ado
ales to separate from them, it should not be his hand that
would sign the deg.!. Thew seetiments did credit tei him as
an Enat.fiman,and were worthy of his high repuratien es a
statesman. (Hear.) But thole woo one in this country
greater than he, and if it was a painful thing for him to con-
template the time when he might sign such a treity, it must
be doubly painful to the sovereign who swot as such love all
her, ehildr.n alixe. The noble Led must recollect how-pain-
ful it warts George 111. to be ohlg. d to receive the ambas
sada of the United States. Alio it they continued to pursue
soap' licy they were now pursuing, they could not keep their
goloid.s. They might be rich. but they would be aho con.empt-
ibis. The policy :of their Edwards went long beture that
of their Bicherds. They :tied to mike their country great,
because they knew that to make it great was to make it
rich. (Hear, hear.) But tee object of your idolatry is
wealth. (He or, hear.) W. alihy you may be, and your
mover ign may have au island like Corsica or Sicily, hut the
sovereign or mamas of a great empire never can she be.
Mr. F. SCOTT addressed the house, but in the midst of
so much none as to be aLoust inaudittle in the gallery. Its
concurred in the sentiments of his hon. friend who had
just spoken but was surprised that bin hon. friend was not
going to give his vote in accordance with the opinions he
had so eh quently expressed. (Hear, hear.) Ile thought
that as the c..mmittee of that house had not made ally re-
porton the subject, they ougia not to be called ou so hur-
riedly to give • d.cbion es 6o important question. The
geereachmente which they had already made m the naviga.
lion laws were not attend, el with the results which should
induce them to proceed in the same line of policy. Although
he admitted that there was an increase in British -hipping
absolutely, yet there was a great falling off relatively to
other c lorries. The evidence which had been given &tore
the Lords committee showed that the maniiing stri
victuallieg of British y,setls was mote expensive
than in foreign countries, acid prohibition was
necessary in order that they might be able
to compete succesolutly with other countries which poseessed
superior advantages. A tenall reduction in the treightege
was a small compensation for the loss which the abolition of
the navigation laws would entail upon them.
Mr. MOFFATT moved that the debate be adjourned to
Thursday next,
Twhich was agreed to.
OBAGO RELIEF BILL.
On the order of the day fur the house to go into committee
on this bill being read,
Sir H. WILLOUGHBY uked whether the sum of
5,0001 granted to relieve the sufferer. from the hurricane
in Tuber° had Man paid out of the civil contingencies fund ?
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said that,
although he might:have been justified in so providing for the
payment, he had not dune it, but had retired coming to
parliament for a distinct grant.
The huuse then went into commi.tee on this Intl.
On the clause proposing the loan to Guiana and Trinidad
for the purpose of immigratiou of labourers into those co-
lonies being proposed,
Sir H, WILLOUGHBY protested against the system of
making such loans to the colonies.
The clauses of the bill being agreed to, the house resumed,
and the report was ordered to be received this day.
Mr. V. HARCOUR t, by permission of the house, de-
livered in his quslificationo, and subscribed the puha.
mentary roll, which he had neglected to do on taking the
oaths and his seat as member for Oxfordsnire, the hon.
gentleman when he text the oaths having been the e,de't
son and heir apparent of a peer of parliament, and as ouch
exempt from that rule of the house which enjoins the ob-
servance of the formaliti. a referred tn.
SHANNON NAVIGATION.
Dr. BOWRING was about to draw attention to this
subject when an hon. memher moved that the home be
counted.—There not being 40 members present the house
stood adjourned.

sacrifice at Sir WILLIAM'S hands is equally a guaran-
tee for the sincerity with which they profess to re-
gard this question, as outweighing in importance all
others that now agitate the public. The advocates of
parliamentary reform in parliament have given
proof of their determination to force the discussion on
a reluctant ministry and obstructive opposition; and
having so far carried their point that they have
placed themselves in security against any repetition
of that game by which they were on the last occasion
compelled to postpone the debate or commence it at •
disadvantage; deserve every support they can receive
from reformers throughout the country.
The reform party in the House of Comm-ins has
done its duty; it is now the turn of the reformers out
of doors to do theirs. They must exert themselves to
strengthen the hands of their parliamentary advocates,
by putting it out of the power of the anti-reformers
to allege with any plausibility on the 20th of June
that the people do not wish for further reform. In
this good work the reformers in Birmingham, Man-
chester, and other populous sites of trade and com-
merce are earnestly at work. The more isolated
knots of reform. rs, scattered through districts where
landlord ascendancy strikes fear into the masses,
ought to be following their example, and we have no
doubt will follow it. There are many ways in which
men may express their earnestness in the cause. Let
ull select that method which appears to them most
expedient or most lilt( ly to meet with the concurrence
of tie circles in which they move.
Petitions to parliament are one method. And with
regard to them it may bo necessary to keep in mind
that reci nt events have tended to throw discredit
upon numeionsly signed petitions. Members, since
the great abortion of the national petition, really do
feel some distrust, and affect more. This is not the
least evil of all such reckless and braggadocio die-
ingenuity as was evinced in the case to which
we refer, that it affords trimmers a pretext for
professing peeptit ism and remaining inert. The
petitions wanted on the present occasion are
such as carry on the face of each a gua-
rantee of their authenticity. The retormers .of
Preston are resolved that there shall no doubt be left
as to the wishes of thi it community with regard to
parliamentary reform. They are preparing family peti-
t ions—petit ions "of the undersigned householder and
family" in support of the measures embraced in Mr.
HustL's motion. It is proposed that each such peti-
tion shall be signed by all the inmates of each house
of 18 years of age or upwards. In the first column
are the signatures of the parties; in the second
their respo ctive ages; in the third their own-
pations ; in the fourth the designation of the
house in which they reside. Petitions thus signed,'
by the facility they afford for testing their au-
thenticity, are entitled to and will receive high cre-
dence. It is desirable that all parties who are
able should write as well as sign their own petitions, as
this voucher for the deliberation with which they have
been prepared shows that they really ex press the earnest
WIS' card those who for ward them, and that they are not
merely signed out of good-humoured inability to say
"no" to canvassers for signatures. A petition of the
kind we have been describing may be written on
hull a sheet et common letter paper, and even the
most isolated families or reformers can easily con-
tribute this their mite to the cause.
There is another way in which reformers out of
doors can martially aid in strengthening the hands of
their friends in the House of Commons at the present
time. There are in parliami nt a great many mem-
bers who owe their seats to frequent prefessions—
often couched in vague enough phraarology —that
the,. are ready and willing to aid in extending more
widely the possession of political power and influence,
whenever an opportunity offers. Now gentlemen of
this class are apt to be remarkably short-sighted, and
have great difficulty in discerning the most palpable
opportunity that liesbefore them. It is absol ately neces-
sary to point out to them that such an opportunity is
now presented to them. Their doctrine is that it will
be in vain to move unless a spontaneous de-ire for
farther reform pervades the people. Whether such a
spontaneous desire pervades the people, they will not
trouble themselves to inquire, lest they should dis-
cover that it does. It is, therefore, incumbent on
their constituencies to draw their attention to the fact.
Every constituency who entertain the least doubt
of the activity and sincerity of their member
in the cause of parliamentary reform ought to for-
ward a well-signed memorial to him, requesting him
to support Mr. HUME'S motion. And as such mem-
bers are an unaccountable generation and apt some-
times to find strange pretexts for not doing their
duty—as some of them have ere now been known to
refuse to do what was right by way of showing
their indignant sense of the imputation conveyed in a
request that they would do it—it were
as well that such memorials were addressed
to all liberal members without exception.
The universality of the applications will remove all
appearance of individual distrust, and with it any
reason for taking offence at being thus reminded.
Other means of impressing the House of Commons
and individual members with a conviction of the ear-
nestness with which the people desire further elec-
toral reform, will doubtless suggest themselves to
many. The more various the methods adopted the
more unequivocal will be the testimony they bear in
the aggregate to the spontaneity and universality of
the desire. And the Importance of the end to be
obtained ought to be a sufficient spur to reformers to
tax their ingenuity and activity for some extra
-ertion between this time and the 20th of next month.

wards together, wet 64,708 tons in 1842, and 46,816 in
1844. We have no returns separately of the maritime and
fluvial navigation, but it may be stated, as a general ap-
proximation, that the latter enters for more than one-half
into the whole number of vessels, with at least teo-fhths
of the total tonnage. The traffic by the Elbe was mate-
rially affeired by the onerous tariff of duties imposed upon
its navigation in late years. The commeroe of Hamburg
abs rhs upwards of 90 per cent. of the total navigation of
the Elbe.
The commerce of Hamburg represented about the follow-
ing aggregate values in imports and exports of merchandise,
by sea, liver, and lead corneae:
1612, 1819. 1844.
t 1,600,00 £34,763,000 £31,010,000
F r the last year cited, the returns for the other. being
omitted se superfluous and nattiness ry, the total movement
thus presented was made up of imoorts to the value et
about 17,557,0001., and of exit .rts for 18.4.53.0001. The fol-
lowing are the proportions in which the three countries
which figure at the head of the list entered for imports and
exports in the aggregate ma,* for 1844:
Fluntirt.
Prwria, for
Gre. 4 Britain
Iliwover
The principal imports from Great Bri•ain consisted of raw
cotton, ct.tton yarns and fabrics, woollen fabrics, cutlery,
iron and steel, and indigo. The chi, I exports crow Harn-
burg to Great B halt' were raw wool, corn, and flour, and
cotton manufactures.
The moor ante of the trade with Hamburg to British in-
teroos may readily be estimated bt these figures. It may
be idled, moreover, tkat as the total effective shipping of
Hamburg couvisted, on th. I,t of January, 1845, 01 only
205 shiie, of the agorefato burden uf 50.9:17 tuns, inclusive
of eight steam-vessels, of which flee carved on the Elbe,
this 111011 t important traffic was caret, d on chiefly by, and all
to the Advantage uf, British shipping.

o well how to =predate. I ask of 'ogle enticipadoe, year Mend.
chip for our sew chili, feeling sure that you will partake all the
renUments of devotion and of affection which we all feel for you, ter
Prince Albert, and for all your dear fanilly.--1 aeo, made= your
Majesty's entirely devoted Nerraint and Mend, Milli•ANZLin.
TO nag BILMINTT Tilt 11101:111 OW TIM PWeCil.
Osborne, hoot. to, 1846. Madam,— I have jut received ye= Ma.
yletter of the oth of this month, and I =dim to thank you for
It. You will remember. perhaps, whit happened at Ea batman the
King and me : you know the importance I have always ra-
don= to the maintenance of oar cordial unthealandieg, and the seal
with which I have labour= in it. You have learned without doubt
that we refused to arrange the marriage between the Queen of Miran
and our rotten Leopold (which the two Queens were fray =elms
for), with the sole object of not departing from a course which might
be more liveable to the King, although we could oot consider that
1 mune as the beat. Sou can then easily comprehend that the sudden
annsumement of the double marriage could came ue nothing bin
cm price and very deep regret. I ask pardoe. Madam, for speaking to
you at the present moment shoat politics, but I am glad to he able to
say to meneli that I have been always sincere with you. Begging you
to present my riects to the King, I am, Madam, your Stalectj's very
devoted sour a= friend. Vieroam R.

MR. HORSILANII MOTION AND THE BIBB(
OP LINCOLN.
TO THE 110 HT HIV. THE LORD BISHOP OP LT COLA.
My L.rd,—We cannot be sufficiently grateful to
Mr. Herman for the zeal and ability he has displaytd in
the service of the church, and for the good that will be
derived from his exertions. The effect of them is most
apparent, by the interest they create in the hierarchy, and
the readiness displayed by your lordship to some forward
and publicly comment upon them. The real state of the
temporalities of the church has only to be folly known, and
there is not a man, high or low, who is anxious fur the
good of the church, and the welfare of the
country, that will not lend his utmost en^rgies
to remedy the enormous evils that now exist there. Every
observation c.ming from such high authority is receic d by
the pub ic with the deepest attintion, and causes red etions
that will continue to assist aid advancc the great end ,ined
at, and hoped for—a thorough refermatiun of the present
vicious pr- -

practices.
four lordship is made to ray in the parliamentary report,
that "to communicate facts to the bishop of the diocese
shows the moat sincere desire to correct the abases in ttue
church." Upon this hint I now proceed; and trust I do
not flitter myself with a vain hope that, upon due odist-
deration of those abuses as they now land, your lordship
will become a most determined reformer.
You mentioned two inqances of beneficiary clergymen of
your diocese who have perished, if not by absolute stares-
non, at the beet that can be said in the last degree of des-
titution : the one possessed of an income of "641. a year, not
regularly paid ; " the other that of 951. These circum-
stances have been long publicly known. Have there been
any and what wane taken to correct this abase, and to
prevent its recurrence
It is rated in the report of the ecclesiastical commission
in 1835, that the Bishop of Lincoln and the down slut
chapter have between them upwards of ninety " coolest-
utical preferments" in their patronage, not one h.ilf of
which exceed an income of 1501. a year ; only ten that will
afford the means of uneml-arrassed living, end not one that
will give the peesessor the means of exercising, to any es-
tent, a charitable disposition. The remainder are such as
lead to the destitution so much to be deplored. By what
abuses has this come to pus ? Thus.
There are sixty of these " livings," as they are called
(hut the name is a l• st), that have been made vicarage.
That means, shorn of their rreugth, dispossessed of the
great tithes. blow was this abase accomplished, and who is
now in the receipt of these tithes ? •
It is stated that in one of the destitute parishes, " the
church was neglected, no service for six or nine weeks, and
no administration of the sacrament for two years." Where
were the dignitary overluokera all this time ? Had the
parish refused to pay tithes there would have been no lack
of service.
Soca as above described are the circumstances of our hard
working, efficient clergy, to whose exertions wo chiefly owe
the respect and attachment that still remains to the church.
I will now call your attrition to a contrast.
It is stated in the before-mentioned report also, that there
are in the cathedral church of Lincoln 47 dignitaries who
have separate incomes and estates. Their aggregate incomes
amount to 1,3701. a year ; the tate, are leased by. them foe
21 years. or three lives, at nominal rents, receiving large
fines. The fines received by only five of these dignitaries
appear in the report, and they are sa follows :
Prebend of Langford Manor X975 No duty.
Newington 472 To preach twice yearly.
„ goambie•by
slow Laura 9OO , onto „
Welton Painshall
Here is the sum of 6,0971. of the church property pall In
cash for the preaching of four sermons. Verily, my lord,
the text for each of them should have been a sentence from
St. Paul's Bpiste to the Romans: " Dost thou commit
sacrilege ?"
The value of the remaining forty-two estates it is difficult
even to guess at; but the aggregate of the duty performed
for them is stated to be the preaching of forty-eight sermons
yearly. AU these abuses were going on at the time of the
extreme destitution both of the ministers and the services
described by your lordship, end they still continue.
The church estates in the Lincoln diocese are stated to be
managed according to the " usual custom," conseqm ntly
they produce only two-sevenths of their real value, and the
estimate will be as follows :
2-7tha received. 5-7thsloet.
For the estates belonging to the etc.. X 4,913 E12,252
Do. The Dean and Chapter ... 7,692

COLON IA L.

AUSTRALIA.—We have received Port Philip
paws to the 13th of January. Their contents may be
summed up midi r two n ends :—Expretoiun. of disaatisfse-
tion with the new constitution announced as in prep ration
by E eel Grey, and c ,mpleints of the scarcity and dearned
of lainme Oa the first head, the deelm &lions of um s'ori
l'atriot are as emphatic u thase of the Sydney
Morning Herald. In the number or the Ideloournv paper
Wnicn we have named, published on tl e 12'.k of January
last we find the loilewing remark., which lesi-rve attention:
lisinie weeks before the arrival of Earl Gre).e last despatch, we ap-
prised our readers of the intention her ktahsty's governineet to
annul 'he existing form el our ooneututioo, and tn nub-utute one
similar to that inflicted on New Zealand. We then denounced the
selleule u repugiitet t the letter u,d sprit of British connotational
law, and those histitutions whist• proteetlng privdegns are sand to
acountpa y us to every soil that uckhowledo s Oldish sway. belt-
evehnt truisms are not calculated to excite argument or die-
eumiun • and nubile opinion, no tar as it b. yet been en:dewed,
througlitiut the colonies, he. concurrently reprobated the intend...
tem ut a cede no utterly at variance silk all maxim. of existing
f. ee governments. Little advantage can now he derived from prolix
local thsunatinut on the threatened Injustice; the etfurt In required
eierwhere. We cannot, however, omit to notice the eminent absur-
' dity of the laudatory common places about the advantages of '• local
eelLguve•timent," the "substantial enjoyments of representative
goveromente," Ste., with which Lord Grey annihilates the franchise
of a whole e luny ! Fur after all tnat bus been said and written on
tue oubject, to this point is the question narrowed. The Louie earl
believe. that thin antilirittah ace will enable the colonists "to meet
inst tallow; worthy of the empire to which they belong." Ile
behest. aileming the elective voice of the people, confin-
ing Ftern to the most limited of Indirect reprownLmon, vivo
baelung the irresponsthilay of their delectitte, opening the
do to bribery and corruptioe, and securing taxation with-
out representation, to be the mod effective mode by which
we may be enabled to " elect institution. woriby of the
mutate t which we belong I" Throughout the whole of toe
despatch, bet one reason is adduced for this grievous Ingle-
two-ax., that " the legislative council has aborted all other powers
of the colonial state." It hoe "Soothed" nothing mere than was
needful-it " abeorbcd " much greater "powers" when it absorbed
the " commits." But, ergo. hie lordship, be the legit-
halve council has absorbed all these cowers, I'll administer a mom-
uve, by making the local councils aba eb, de facto, the !col halve
council, sad thus balance mama-. Agatu, thus) municipalities, or
eac oral colleges, can uoly be eittablbaied where a certain decree of
comentration exists, Ito. will this act In our situating °hones?
Astern, members qualified fur the duties of represating Port Phan',
m Ilie ti) ono, Legaseature are, rays his lordship, "unable to under-
take the expense of atoolooleg unit residences ani pursuitn in the
°when, colony" for that pun p. ae. How thin, we would salt, cal,
his lordship expect that the corporation nominees from own. Myer,
tl anti Aultralie, Van Diemen's Lan", and Pori Phillip can abandon
their "residences and pursuit." to attend the General Congress a,
Sydney I Touching the powers of this said Congress, or " Central
Legtoative Authority," we augur little benefit front its functions. The
mutate district will always, Loin inset:is muses, have the predomi-
nant power, and we have had pretty tolerable experience that she
knows how V. use It. The function of thin central authority will be to
protect our common and collective Intern-hi-such as the impototim
ui Import and export duties, the oueveyance in lettere, fornultoei 011
roods, runways" Sc. It would nut be very difficult to suggest eases
which a dominant section 01 et... Cress would be enabled, m Use din
metea and management of our cumuain Interests," to turn the
scale in wed own favour. The expedaton with which Earl Grey eon.
templates lurking Ms bantling tar up, Parliament will, we tea,
make the reutoostrances of the colonists arrive a day after the fur. It
in to be booed, however, that when tee bill is introdemed, Mr. Scott
will prove our I,oel. per lemma tow u,t been thrown away.
Wits regard to this labour ro.irlset the 10110 tog in-
formadou we extract irom use Port I'lssllip Harald, with
a view to convey some useful intormatiou to our unem-
ployed labourers here at home. The Emigration-office in
Westminster may possibly receive it about six montivi hence. ,
An a vessel mils from Ilobon's buy in a day or two, we have, at
parucular requent, compiled the foil mueg authentic Kale of the wages '
paid at pra-svot In Melbourne to various classes of mechanics and
labourers; and the remuuerattun is le +Acura every ituttenee stall
higher, worn parties are enen;ed u, the interior, or the coast towns of
A..ertou, Litoloug, Warrnambool, Puellauld, Bedsit, Re.:

GERMANY.

FRANKFORT.—Tue NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, MAY
26.—1 n the course of this day's sitting the assembly,
on the motion of Mr. Heekacher, resolved to appoint
a committee to take iato consideration the means of
forming a German navy.
M. }iergenhahn read the report of the committee
on the affair at Mayence. The report states that the
committee received their information from the civil
and military authorities; the excitement which pre-
vailed rendered more extended inquiries inadvisable.
The hostility between the inhabitants of Mayence and
the Prussian garrison appears to date from March 22.
In the late collision the Prussian troops had more
killed and wounded than the inhabitants, and
many of the wounds of the soldiers appear
to have been inflicted by daggers. The committee
recommend the removal of the Prussian troops ; the
replacing of them by Darmstadt troops; and the re-
organisation of the national guard. M. Zitz entered
e great length into the relations of the garrison and
inhabitants of Mayence since 1814, and urged a revi-
sion of the arrangements of the garrison in that city,
the present having been made at the most arbitrary
epoch of the German diet. M. Sehmerling (Vienna)
repudiated M. Zitz's encomiums on the Austrian
troops in Mayence, as an insidious attempt to sow
diseensien between them and the Prussians. M.
Blum supported the views of M. Zdz. Prince Lych-
nowski defended the Prussian troops. Messrs. Beck-
erath and Welcker moved the order of the day, which
was carried by a majority, the minority intimating
their intention to enter a protest on the minutes.
AUSTRIA.—MANIFESTO OP THE EMPEROR OF
AUSTRIA.—His Majesty has put forth the following :
biANIFIVITO To ter PEI:WM—The events which took
place in Vienna on the 15th of May. force upon me the
painful conviction that anarchical faction, supported by an
academic legion and single divisions of the burgher and na-
tional guard, drawn away chiefly by foreigners from their
wonted allegiance, wished to deprive me of liberty for
the purpose of enthralling my provinces, which cannot but
be universally exasperated at the arrogance of these
individuals. as well es the righuninded inhabitants of my
residentiary city. I had no alternative but that of having
etc nose to violent measures, througn the medium of my
faithful garrison, or quietly withdrawing for the moment to
some one of my provinces, which, thanks be to God, have
all remained true to their monarch; there could be no ques-
tion as to the choice to be adopted. I decided for the peaceful,
bloodless alternative, and turned to the mountain country
which had at all times been found faithful, and where at the
same time I might more quickly receive intelligence from
the army which is fighting an valiantly for their country.
It is my firm resolve not to retract or lessen the gifts which
I made to my people in March; on the contrary, I shall even
be inclined to listen to the reasonable wishes of my people in
a legal way, and to attend to the national and provincial
inter, sta. They must, however, be such as have the general
approbation, be presented in a legal manner, be discussed by
the Diet, and submitted to me fur my sanction ; they are not
to be forcibly exacted by unauthorised persons with weapons
in their hands. This it is what I wished to teach my
anxiously excited people for their general comfort, by my
departure from Vienna, and at the tame time to remind
them that with paternal love I have ever been ready to
receive my sons• even those who have been looked upon u
lust.---Innspruck, May 20.
VIENNA, MAY 24.—The Wiener Zeituna, of this
date, contains a ministerial disavowal of a proclama-
tion published by Count Banbelles at Salzburg, at-
tributing the flight of the Emperor to the fanatical
efforts of a party in Vienna aiming at anarchy.
The ministers declare that only through them can
the sentiments of the Emperor be constitutionally
made known, and intimate thai Baron Dobbllff has
been sent to Innspruck as a constitutional adviser to
his Majesty, in order to remove unconstitutional
•efluences.

This bronaht him to Adam
r4ation laws. If he had shown
wed the shipowner and the ship.
a acted up-n them as it acted
e bad proved that free trade had
in but the increase of British
wed that the national defences

to be so. He found that in
ole o. the B •• h merchant
aen, while in 1840 the num-
w principle of action amounted
'rely, this large number of men
lit be drawn rendered the royal
ids in time of need, Tbne, he
remove any doubts which might
the navigation laws endangering
leer, hear.) But there was an-
had been very much overlooked
ate, and that was that since Kr.
I his policy—a policy which had
governments, and lastly carried
rht hon barooet, the member for
es of increased demand and con-
ic (Mr. Wilson' asked it an in-
in foreign shipping, how it would
brought to this country tbe in-
raw materials for manufacture
within tee last 20 years. During
hject and intention of legislation
last seven years) had hem to
be imports and exp,rte. If that
old have been necesaay to incense
pping ; and he contended that it
to divert, by high protection,cs-
when capital was scarce for ther
d be better directed. In 1823 the
1 brought into this country was
r it was 62,000 000 lbs. Of cotton
seen imported 169,000.0001bn • in
1,000,000 lbs. Ot sugar the import
tuns ; in 1847 it was 410,000
the importation in 1823 reached
year it was 2,950,000 qrs. This
oreigo ships to bring these raw ma-
lt, however, the dipping interest et
onmete succesefully with that of
ne respects, there were nentrel
• had greater ,ucectis. He had a
, showing the number of ships en-
-1845. They were 571 in number,
itish ships. And where did they go
ti corneas to all the torrign countries
=petition with the ships of Trieste,
Lions. Only 20 came to the port of
went to foreign ports. Ile was how-
accounts he had received during the
its had been made agsinst the ear-
ere. This had been referred to in
uoted by hi+ right hon. friend the
of Trade. Ilia right hon. friend's
vening had been corrohorated by a
earl received from a highly respect-
ro, dated the Ist of April last, and
m ships were getting freight at 50e.,
, arid though there were 21 English
they were unable to get chartered
earacter of their captains for careless-
. manner is which they discharged
it," sad vies of "No, no.") bin
d by a document which had been
reek at Lloyd's, but which bad been
mher of the committee of Lloyd's.
remained the great question as to
great variety of opinice s were eater-
'very high authority. Many thought
reciprocity first adopted by Mr. Has-
principle now to be followed. He
ir.ion. If free trade was good to this
o make other nations adopt it. The
the member for Oxford (Mr. Olad-
hat in 1844 and 1845 the thee govern-
heir power to induce foreign countries
I reciprocity ; hut their experienced
rent them adopting again that coarse
ng negotiations the eff .rte bad proved
, thought it was quite right to urge the
Ales of free trade, for it was better to
Once that adoption than to attempt,*
ts of reciprocity. On that ground be
oposed by his right hon. friend (MI.
i more successful than if his memo=
procity treaties. (Hear, bear.) Ha-
ad cheered when he (Mr. Wilson) had
of free trade. It was quite true, sad
:, that at the present moment the com-
mis country were suffering under gloat
tion of prices, and that there haa
p 1 the usual demands for Whisk
he would ask those bonoursele
cheered, what would have bees the
try if tree-trade principles had nandes
tar.) Look at other countriee, it
tatest wonder and surprise that Enema
e to pass through the ordeal of dif6eultl
she had recently been expace (Hears
ful to refer to the condition of neig
lids monopoly end restriction had been
utmost tenacity, but he INS! confides%
for the measures carried by the Tighe
red) during the last seven years, the
iuntry would have been greatly &gra'
or, entertained the strongest hopes tat
• fairly and fully developed, would be
hem the germs of great and future mote
biOND said he wished to state his
stion, tesugh it was not his intent: to
roment by giving a hostile vote o _
In the first piece, he owned he was
Loul proposed by the government by
rry a@ all thc code of laws relating
had been passed from the reign. €1!
o the present time—laws t
no enaca
tee;teat ete
ase after age. It was said th
nether development of the thing cies!
hon. memeers might know what 02!
entional term, but he confess'
d be wesill
r.nd it. It
lie knew that Yorkshire _ er
e, end Lancashire on the other, and_tkee
se expected to be produced, tot the
~.etee
obstetric aid, and the Ecinonsist
l the bantling. (" Hear," and laugheus bter.
D dogma promulgated in that e_j
pest and selling in the dearest m.aket,
i
ended that toy such a test the
IV 1 and military, were to he eet ecn;
the sages of ages had pronounced
spelt," lreature is the greateet
atest good ;" but the simple dettptu,f,
a p Huy for a was
sell
" and laughter.) This was the prere.
rnmetit had lounded this meneurc, pr
ere
▪ Li. it to-night was, that by its ad
ild be got at • much cheepce rate to
ontry was now in a different P
nly a• eren",...
stood at the end of the war, not
talsti int./peat uf other C,lltiet.l,
other'
a Mr. liuskuison, Mr. Wallace, aud

Total loss Z31,512 perineum.
I have no hesitation in telling your lordship that evtry
dignitary who conforms to the present custom, and sigma a
lease taking the usual fine, acts contrary to the laws of his
country, and wrongs the church in the above proportion.
This ce.culation is upon the presumption that the leases ars
i all for twenty-one year. If any of them are for three lives
the lou will be double.
Here under your own eye, by the abuse of management, is
a dead annual loss to the church of 31,5121. If the votes
of the separate dignitaries are added, and the whole fai h-
fully managed and fairly appled, there will be no more com-
plaints of destitution in the diocese of Lincoln.—ln the full
hope of witnessing 3 our lordship's most conscientious exer-
tions in the removal of these abucs I remain, your humble
servant. Alt OLD CiItALCIMAN.

IRELAND.
Drente, MAT 28.
The United Irishman—which it was stated confi-
dently for some days was to have been continued by
Mrs. Mitchel, and under the superintendence of the
Rev. Mr. Kenyon, the lately suspended parish priest
of Templederry—was last evening taken possession of
by the police, who carried off the types, Arc., on a dray.
Subsequently it appeared that Mr. Cavan Duffy had.
ou the day. previous, purchased all the materials, and
having intimated this circumstance to the authorities,
orders were issued to restore the property, and at
about 6 o'clock the types were brought back to the
office in Trinity-street. Other accounts say that Mr.
Mitchel, some days before his conviction, made a
deed of sale of his effects and of the copyright of the
United Irish:nan to Mr. John Martin, of Loughorne,
and the Rev. John Kenyon, both of whom intend to
continue the journal in the same spirit in which it
has heretofore been conducted. Mr. Devin Reilly is
said to be a part proprietor. On the production of
this deed of sale, the persons acting for the crown are
understood to have suspended the execution of the
sequestration.
i It is reported that, at a late hoer last night, the
private residence of Mr. Mitchel was searched by a
party of police, under Inspector Guy, with a view of
obtaining possession of objectionable documents, and
it is added that a large quantity of manuscripts were
seized.
Mr. Smith O'Brien returned to town last evening
1 from the county Wicklow, where he hod been Below r-
ing since his trial, for the benefit of his health. Soon
after his arrival he sent for hie physician, and, from
what has transpired, it is believed that the state of
his health is far from satisfactory; even the most i-au-
guine of his friends do not imagine that he can ap-
pear in public life for some time.
In the anxiety to follow the caravan which con-
veyed Mr. Mitchel yesterday beyond the line marked
out by the authorities, the people and the police, but
only in a few instances, came into conflict. The
former, of course, came off worst, and charges of
violence against the police have been the consequence;
that body, however, has demeaned itself in tac pre-
sence of very arduous duties for some days with
great propriety, forbearance, and courtesy.
No disturbance of public order followed the re-
moval of Mr. Mitchel last night. There was no talk
even of violence or disorder, and when the police in-
terfered, which last night was done with peculiar
gentleness, the people broke up and re-formed in
other quarters.
Today the fate of Mr. Mitchel is the subject of
universal conversation, but of conversation only. The
more violent among the clubs were indignant that no
demonstration was made yesterday : but the more
prudent thought it better to abstain from manifesta-
tions of weakness. To-day the propriety of raising
a fund for the wife and children of Mr. Mitchel
will be discussed by the clubs. Some very lils.ral
subscriptions have been contributed; among them
Dr. Atkinson, of the Freeman's Journal, 501. Mr.
Mi chel's circumstances are the reverse of affluent.
His chief support was the United Irishman, whicn is
now in the hands of the police.
A new journal will appear in a fortnight—the Ir?als
Tribune. It was believed that in anticipation of the
suppression of the United Irishman, Messrs. Mtchel
and Reilly had prepared its successor; but I 'leder-
stand the new organ is of chartist origin and prin.
ciples.
Among the recipients of intimidating letters from
the foolish friends of Mr. Mitchel was Mr. Henn.
He was menaced with assassination if he dared to
hold a brief for the crown. He held the briet, and
did his duty. Yesterday he walked the streets slows
and unaccompanied, and, of course, unharmed.
Mr. Ilitchers friends are anxious to know what
will be his final resting-place, the Bermudas or Nor-
folk Island. It has been conjectured that ministers
would accept the offer of expatriation from Mr.
Mitchel, with a pledge not to a...t er speak against
England from his new home in the States. On these
terms he might obtain a release.
The following has appeared in the Nation:
By virtue of this verdict John Mitchel is " put upon the
country ; " and we call on "the country " to meet the
responinbility in the only way it ought to be met. One man
more has been added to tne lie' of Ireland's mart) rs— one
man more has been ucriliced by England f.r his devo'ion to
Ireland. This personal ca-a points the summit of that pile
of wrongs which h..s been heaped upon us....NeWas 4,h•
ik
tinal*nd of patient endurance, and the ti ' veer Oak evil
unite and arm. We must do in a wee wee. maids as ma, Al
Lave done in a yecr before; every parts y, vskings,stieVs-
in
town must arise, and be carolled. T yen be' more: -ti
rest (Jr tne lord leader• of this cause b ,i p.diahoitour,ble' ..-;
retre,it or in sie.ory. Tb. rr must be nos‘i_ ..• Old Irel..n or' '_,
Young, or say distinction or difference Wet \ea, toilet .74
r, I;
t ii:r. • ' iii tr

ELECTION COMMITTEES—YESTERDAY.
Dt:SLIN.—The commi tee appointed to try the I
merits of the several petitions presented against the return
made at the late election for the city of Dublin, aesernblen
yesterday morning. It consisted of Lord Robert Grosvenor,
chairman, the Marquis of Ormilsy, Mr. Sotheton, Mr.
Bright, and Mr. Hamm. The first petition is that against
the return of Mr. John Reyn this, on the ground of want of
qualification ; and secondly, b• cause his majority was merely
colourable by reason of bad votes. The petitioners there-
fore pray a scrutiny. The second petition was against the
return of Mr. Grogan, and contained allegations of bribery
and treating. Mr. Murphy, Q C., of the Irish bar, ap-
peared for Mr. Grogan ; Mr, Serjeant Murphy and
Mr. Norton for the' petitioners against Mr. Reynolds
Mr. Setjesnt Kinglake a. d Mr. C. R ,we were counsel
for Mr. ttevnolds, and prosecuted the petition against Mr.
Grogan. The committs e tit ailed to proceed with the peti-
tion against Mr. Reynolds in the first instance. After a pre-
liminary objection egainst the recognisancea had been argued,
the committee gave leave to the petitioners to put in fresh
reeognbance., which having hi en done, Mr. Serjeant Mur-
phy eeticeeded to open the case against Mr. Reynolds, and
proposed to go into the scrutiny first, as probably they might
thus obtain the seat from that gentleman, and be saved
entering upon an invidious and very unpleasant inquiry.
Mr. Rowe, for Mr. Reynolds, resisted the adoptien of such a
course, on the ground of expense. The committee decided
that Mr. Serjeant Murphy had the right to conduct the case
in his own way. The sent and return were then put in, and
the committee adjourned.
LEtcesTEß.—Mr. Ker Seymer, chairman.—Robert
Eden:nth, a waiter at the Bell, in Leicester, said he had fre•
queotly seen Mr. Staines (an alleged agent of the sitting
members) in what wt., called the committe-room, as well
an in the private room of Sir Joshua Welmsley, He had
also seen Mr. W. Rowlett, jun , Mr. Joseph Elds, Mr.
John Ellis, Mr. Robert Elvis, the two Messrs. Harris, and
Dr. Noble repeatedly in the committee room ; they were
engaged in conducting the election. Mrs. Sansome, the
irifs of Mr. D. Sansome, proved that her husband had been
out of the way ever since D comber last, the period at which
the petition was presented. The rest of the day was spent
in proving the agency of patties.
CUEVIENTIAM.—The committee concluded their
laboun by unseating Sir W. Jones.

.-.. ..... S2 0 per week
210 ditto
... *******
*****************6s. to 22
112275. pe
, tiny
, Is. to 7* ditto
didittrto
„ 7s. to** ditto
-- .... ..... ... ,. 7s. to es. ditto
-nal. „ 7s. to to. ditto
. Loiterers
kriekt.iyere 1ak0arar5........„....
Blatt:m.lllUL
I%unit*, and iliac" _. „ Gs. to 7s. ditto
o.donet-inakeio - „ „ 6s. to 7a. ditto
11 tokniatlet a.........« Be. to 6* ditto
*outlets ... "Is. per week, anti board and to aging
B.oiers -...- ditto ditto ditto
bluienrnkers Li 2 per week
Bout- intro ... 3 0 ditto
whet:l.lols - .... -... 2 5 ditto
SA*)Cre „„...- .... 2 2 ditto
body-makers (cootaslekito) 2lO ditto
e*i I Lige-unikers
%% heelers
o**3l-saittbs
Ditto panders
Thornier*
tiaddil, 2 2 ditto
Ship* light;
ILi 2 weights

Compositors
W.o..s.ioskers .......

Curriero

Beam-men
hal.rs
uU.i a sad

THE Times has of late been besprinkling Mr.
COBDEN pretty liberally with its Billingsgate. No-
body heeded this much, or cared for it. The value of
abuse or praise from the Times is now pretty cor-
rectly estimated. Whatever it is the cue of that
journal to say of any person, at any time, it says with
all the coarse strength of language it is master of.
That it will moat probably, at the prompting of sell.
interest, to plea,,e the public, say directly the reverse
of the same person within a few weeks, or months at
the utmost, it knows well, but puts no bridle on its
tongue on that account. Trimmers between interest
and character might express themselves more guard-
edly in orderto make their inconsistency less striking,
but the Times has long thrown all consistency
to the winds, and brazenly avows the fact. It
calculates that strong language will be read
asd, therefore, uses strong language. And the public
buy the paper and read this strong language at its
real value as a stimulant for the passing hour. No.
body troubles his head because himself or a friend is
blackguarded in the columns of the limes.
But this chartered libertine of the press rather
oversteps the limits of public tolerance, when finding
vituperation unavailing it has recourse to the falsifica-
tion of intelligence. Some time ego the Times was
pleased, in one of its high-spiced leading articles, to
throw discredit upon Mr. COBDEN'S statements re-
specting the management of our ships of war. On
Friday last Mr. COEDEN vindicated the accuracy
of his statements in the Howe of Commons.
As was to be expected, there was a liberal
outpouring of professional wrath at his presumption.
But there was no denial of his facts, and there were
some marked admissions of their truth. Two of
these admissions the Times has entirely suppressed,
and the third it has toned down in such a mariner us
to render it almost unapparent.
After Mr. BAILLIE COCHRANE had gone to the
verge of pirliammtary language with regard to Mr.
COBDEN—if indeed not a little beyond it—the CHAN-
CELLOR OF TILE EXCHEQUER rose, and in the fairest
and moat handsome manner declared that " the state-
ment made by his hon. friend the member for the West
Riding had been completely borne out by the farts ;
and he hoped that he would not be induced, by the
personalities which had fallen from the last speaker,
to continue the discussion." This statement of the
CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER is omitted in the
report of that gentleman's speech the Times published
on Saturday morning.
Mr. IleuE, in the course of the debate, commented
strongly upon the attempt which had been made to
run down his honourable friend the member fur the
West Riding, arid congratulated him upon the
triumphant manner in which he had established his
statements from the official documents furnished by
the Admiralty. Mr. HUME'S speech is entirely sup-
pressed in the Times report.
Captain Mims complained with much soreness
of the language used by Mr. CoBDEN, respecting the
navy and the Duke of WELLINGTON, but of the
matter of fact he said it " was not in question ;
for lie (Capt. HARRIS) admitted that there had been
too much harbour work." The hon. captain was nut
strictly accurate when he said the matter of fact had
not been questioned; its truth had been vehemently
denied. But our business is with the Times, which in
reporting Capt. llARRta's speech omits the admis-

TRADE AND NAVIGATION OF NORTH
GERMANY.
The following brief, and in some respects necessarily
incomplete, revii.w of the trade and shipping of the various
states and territories of North Germany more immediately
.:posed to the injurious consequences of a state of warfare,
will perhaps be of more than usual interest under existing
circurnstaiicem. It will place the Manchester Commercial
Associationowhich have taken the lead in impressing upon
the governmr nt, by memorial and deputation, the urgency
and importance of bringing its accepted friendly mediation
betwixt the contending parties to a prompt and peaceful
issue, in possession of the more precise facts and figures
which en intellieent body of merchants will best know how '
and moot opportunely to tura to account in furtherance of
their objects. We begin with Hamburg, premising that the
returns, which are the latest we have received, and assuredly
the latest yet made public here, are not in all respects
brought down to the same date. This default of complete.
ness does not, however, materially affect the general view
which it is desirable to present, sr the considerations which
it is calculated to suggest
The number of Teasels which entered the port of Ham-
burg from the sea during the quinquennial period from 1810
tr 1844, gives an annual average of 3,252, of 481,000 tonnage.
These figures show an inerease in the navigation of more
than 125 per cent in the epace of thirty years. In the year
1845, a total of 3,990 vessels entered tram the am, viz.:
435 coming from Teineatlan it ports;
1,366 coming from British ports;
1,901 coming from other ports of Europe.
Of the values of the commodities imported in the same
year by this mass of shipping we have no specific returns,
hut, taking the maritime commerce, imports and exports
together, at the same rate of proportion to the general corn-
mercisl utivernent as in 1843, which comprised the traffic
with the interior of Germany, inclusive of a portion of that
through Altona, we shoul4 have about 221 millions sterling
of gee borne trade upon atotal aggregate movement of nearly
35 millions. As, however, 452 vessels more entered the
port of Hamburg in 1845 than in 1843, whilst proportionally
the sailings might be in the same ratio, the collective value
of imports and exports by sea would probably be in excess
also in the termer year.
For the years anterior to 1845 we have more precise and
abundant materials to work upon, without, however, being
enahl d to detach altogether the special movement ef trade
and navigation fro m the general movement, which compre-
hends that carried on by the Elbe awl by land-carriage.
The sea and river navigation together *hews the following
results for the years stated :
1812. 1843. 1834.
Entries and railings of
veleta together
'Tonnage
T..e ears 1841, 2, tied 3 show a much greater shipping
and trading activity than 1841. In 1841 the excess of
shipping employer was equal to 148,477 tonnage, in 1812
to 100,175, in 1843 to 109,30.5 tons, mere than in 184-4.
The entries and sailing' fur 1844 were thus distributed :
Entries, 7,649, of 680,488 tonnage ; sailing', 6,744, of 593,180
tonnage. In this movement of navigation the trade with
Great Britain in 1842 employed 2,320 vessels, entries and
gs together, of 391,129 tonnage- but in 1814 only
2,187 vessels, of 383.775 tonnage. The country next in
order fir the importance of its connexion by sea traffic '
with Hamburg, is Holland, which in 1812 had, inwards
and ow waist's together, 802 yeast's, of 57,225 tonnage, in
the trade; in 1811 reduced to 696 vessels, of 41,708 ton-
nage. The trade with Prussia, almost all by the Higher
Elbe, occupied 682,000 tons, inwards and outwards, in
1812; in 1844, 496,052 tons. With Hanover, chiefly fluvial
uovigatiun also, tho wnusge employed, inwards and out-