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London, England, 1847-10-16 00:00:00

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LONDON, SATURDAY, OCT. 16.
WERE we asked to point out, at the present time,
an example of the clan most wedded to the fallacy
of " protection "—most jealous of all encroachment
on what are termed " the privileges " which a less
enlightened age oonoeded—it is probable that we
should intuitively tarn to the neighbourhood of Min-
cing-lane, and direct attention to some specimen of
the interest known as " the West Indian."

Here, we should say, is your veritable man of one idea!
lie began with " protection " as a boon to a young co-
lcuist—he continued to demand it in the hope to stifle
competition fromthose who might require it for the same
purpose—with all the greed of advanced life he sought
for more and more as it grew leas and leas necessary to
his existence—it was conceded to him to his heart's
content—and —hic *et Mortgaged, broken, beg-
gared, here is the victim of your system. With
the finest soil of the earth beneath his feet,
with produce springing up around him almost
spontaneously, with streamlets from ten thousand
hills supplying a water-power of any extent,
with minerals absolutely within his grasp, for they
lie upon the surface of his soil—with harbours almost
unrivalled—with the trade winds blowing and the
gulf stream flowing around him —special gifts of na-
ture, as it were, for his commercial convenience—
with all these, and ten thousand other luxuries and
blessings, this man, neglectful of each and all of these
singular advantages, has toiled and laboured all his
days to produce one article which others can produce
cheaper than himself, and to obtain a market for it
at its dearest price by securing for himself a monopoly
of its sale ! His very efforts have ruined him; yet he
clings to his system still—an egregious instance of a
miserable infatuation !

Be it borne in mind that this is no exaggeration.
Amid the wreck of certain classes of commercial men
in our city, we hear yet a faint cry from this interest
for more " Protection" against—something, they
scarce know what ! "The fall in sugar has done it,
says the broken merchant, who had invested hundreds
of thousands of his capital in " protected " estates.
Did he ever think of inquiring whether a fictitious
" protection " might not have done it? Did he never
ask himself, when reflecting over the gradual dete-
rioration of his property which has been going on for
some quarter of a century—did he never inquire
whether the much-hugged principle of "protection"
might not have had some share is the ruin, by
contracting his resources, limiting his sphere of
action, narrowing his spirit of enterprise, chaining
him, as it were, to one commercial circle, in the centre
of which was a vortex of ruin into which he must be
gradually but inevitably drawn?
Experience teaches, even though too late, and truth
prevails, even though error has nearly done its work.
The West India interest,—we announce the fact with
the greatest gratification and the most lively hope,—
the West India interest, having learnt their lesson in
the dismal school of misfortune and ruin, are at last
beginning to discover their error. The latest advices
from Jamaica lead us to believe that a great
change is coming over the minds of a very
influential body of colonists regarding matters
of policy very materially affecting their interests.
The mercantile part of the community at least appear
to be in some doubt whether the wreck of " protec-
tion" now " enjoyed" by colonists is particularly worth
preserving. The Jamaica Horning Journal, now the
leading organ of this wiser portion of the colonial com-
munity, has for some time past addressed itself in every
succeeding number to the consideration of this import-
ant subject. The journal argues--" We have been
ruined under this system, which, if worth preserving
at all, should have been at least preserved in its inte-
grity : that integrity hes been destroyed by various
successive encroachments. We have now only a par-
tial protection, and things are getting worse.
In the mother country the principle of free
trade is paramount ; the interest of the mother
country and her colonies is identical ; let our trade
be placed in the same position as hers ; let us ask her
to give us the means of reducing the cost of transport-
ing our produce to her shores : let us ask her to
secure for us increased demand for that produce by a
reduction of the duties which at present enhance its
price; let her give us liberty to refine our sugar on
our own ground ; let her secure for as a more steady
demand for our productions, by permitting the use of
them in her breweries and distilleries, and let us have,
above all, free trade in the commodities of other coun-
tries." There is much justice in these demands.
The force with which they have been expressed, and
the impression they have made both abroad and at
home, may be best judged of by the proceedings of
those to whom each views would be most unpalatable.
In Jamaica the protectionists, i. e., the planting
attorneys and overseers in the parishes more distant
from the towns, have been meeting together to or-
ganise a counter-movement. At home the agitation
has evidently caused considerable alarm. Hear the
plaintive cry of our contemporary, the Horning
Herald, not usually urged to so strong a remon-
strance, except under the pressure of extraordinary
. _

There remain now but few native interests to sacrifice to
the foreigner. Let not Jamaica suppose that by swamping
them oho rights herself. She can never rise from her own
ruin upon the ruin of another section of the British people.
If she justly refers her latest disasters to the undue advan-
tages afforded by the legislature to the slave-owner of Cuba,
let her not imagine that prosperity will attend a similar policy
exercised, for instance, in favour of the foreiga shipowner, and 1
against the puritans prosperity of England. We will join I
heart and hand with every British subject in the empire to
uphold the rights of the British people against the wanton
legislation that places all at the mercy of the 'taunter ; but
to repair one evil, we will never sanction the commission of
*greater. It would be the act of madness to cast into the
sea the half of our fortune, simply because the other half
had been cruelly stolen from us. To demand a repeal of the
navigation laws u a compensation for put losses, is to con-
fess the truth and virtue of that principle which we hold to
be rotten at the core. Every step taken in the direction of
free trade leads us further into difficulty and trouble, whilst
hostile tariffs are raised for our destruction in every quarter
of the world. Every interest given up to the foreigner is a
national limb lost. It is not u with the human body, in
which the deprivation of one faculty gives power and acute-
ness to another. One branch of the body politic afflicted com-
municates its weakness to the whole. We are already plunged
into difficulty by the false steps we have just taken : irre-
trievable ruin awaits us if we carry out the mischievous policy
as far al it will reach.

Why this dolour ? Reader, we will explain. At
the close of the last parliament, Lord GEOII6E BEN-
TINCK gave notice of a motion for that uncertain
period, ' the next session," " to appoint a committee
to inquire into the state of our colonies in the West
Indies." " We will show you (said the protectionist
party) how your free-trade principles have dimmed
the lustre of some of the brightest jewels in the
British crown." " Do (says the .T,maica Jour-
nal)l appoint your committee, let us beseech
you. Let us have what you propose—a fair, candid,
open, and comprehensive inquiry. Give us but that,
and we will prove your protection to have been our
bane, and show you how free trade may be our
ialvation." Hence the source of the 'Anders tears.
Hence the lecture to the colonists, commencing with
the lachrymose allusion to the little that is left for a
" sacrifice to the foreigner."
We shall watch the movement of onr fellow-subjects
in the West Indies with infinite interest. If they
will permit us to offer to them a few words of advice,
it would be, that their agitation, now for almost the
first time directed to a practical and beneficial object,
should be conducted with all that temperate energy
and calm spirit of thoughtful inquiry, which won the
fight so gloriously at home. There will be no little
temptation to reply in wrath and anger to the fierce
and violent invectives by which they will no doubt be
assailed. They have, however, that mighty power
which rests invariably with the cause of truth; and
they have now, we are glad to find, an able and a
judicious press, free altogether from that scurrility

for which the papers of the colony were not lao6sinew
notorious. With such auxiliaries, success is already
half secured•

IN the midst of the triumph in which all oar con-
temporaries were about a fortnight ago indulgiig, on
the score of the meows of English policy in Ma.rld,
when NARVAEZ was said to be spurned by the QUEEN,
and French influence at a discount, we observed, that
no change could take place in Madrid of which
England could be either satisfied or proud. Not
beinsgratified or elated by our supposed triumph, we
are m no ways annoyed or depressed by what diplo-
matists and journalists call our defeat.
We admit all the advantages that must have been
derived from the admission to power of the truly
liberal party. It would have been no lees tree that
the ascendancy of this liberal government would have
depended in a very great measure on the power of an
individual—of a man possessed of the Queen's good
graces, and holding a most equivocal position. Fond
as we may be of liberal and constitutional govern-
ment, to owe its prevalence to the support of General
SERRANO was, to say the least of it, humiliating and
indecorous, and, moreover, uncertain.
We should almost prefer seeing liberalism
triumphant by means of a popular insurrection, per-
nicious as that is in its resulta,than that it should owe
its success to a Gomm'. Above all, it is a subject of
congratulation that England and its name are not
mixed up in any such combination. A government,
liberal or not, founded on the influence of General
SERRANO, not Queen ISABELLA, must have
assumed for its first duty to keep the QUEEN
from the persecution of her husband, the
miserable Don FRANCISCO. It may be just to do
this, and the QUEEN may have the best of rights
and grounds for her abhorrence ; bat it is not decor-
ous. The King of the Fila&crt made this royal mar-
riage, and linked together for his policy two beings
whose coming together produced mutual abhorrence
—a result foreseen. The result hitherto has been
the oblivion of every virtue, and the outrage of every
decorum. Such a condition of royal palaces might
pass in the last century, but in this it will not be
tolerated.
The King' of the FRENCH is said to have felt this.
The state of Madrid was not only a reproach to his
policy but to his conscience. And CHRISTINA, too, is
touched by the religious compunctions powerful at
her age. So it is said that these two old sinners have
resolved to make an effort to undo or mend their last
'rime. They were to make an effort, not only to
re-establish their joint influence in Madrid,
but to join to this end a mural one. Had the liberal
party triumphed, and constitutional government been
restored in its purity, it might have ended in the
dismissal of SERRANO, the divorce of the Queen, and
a second marriage. This, we need not say, was more
abhorrent to France than any contingency whatever.
So that a host of converging motives prompted the
King of the FRRNCH and Queen CHRISTINA, not only
to restore their influence in the palace of Madrid, but
to restore decorum with it, to Gish SERRANO, re-
unite the Spaniards, and offer.as the court phrase goes,
to the loyal population of Spain, an example of those
domestic virtues which are never so meritorious and
indispensable as upon a throne.
General NARVAEZ wne first despatched upon this
delicate and difficult mission. He came to Madrid
like a Turkish Capidgi Bertha, with &bowstring in his
pocket for SERRANO, who, by all accounts, was most
confoundedly frightened, and thought of taking refuge
in the British embassy, as he had done before. The
young Queen, however, had the courage which her
friend had not ; and when NARVAEZ breathed the
tone of menace towards SERRANO, he was driven from
the royal presence with choler and disdain. That was
the time for the liberals sad General SERRANO to
have acted. They ought to have taken NARVAEZ and
strangled him with his own bowstring, or, what is
tantamount,. have sent him out of the country by the
gendarmerie.
NARVARZ, however, though he failed with the
Queen, had half purchased, half intimidated, the
cabinet. And SALAMANCA humbly sent word by the
telegraphs to Bayonne and Paris, what terrible straits
poor NARVAEZ was in, that his threats were unavail-
ing, and that his not being cut off was merely owing
to the cowardice of SERRANO, and the treachery of
SALAMANCA.

On receipt of this telegraphic intelligence, Lerm
PHILIPPE called GONZALES BeAve, the old editor of
the Guiriguay, and wrote certain lettere signed with
his own royal hand, in which titles, indemnity, money,
' everything that man could desire, were offered to
the favourite if ho would quit his royal mistress, and
take his departure, that a reconciliation, at least in
seeming, between the Queen and her husband might
take place, and French influence be restored under the
laurels of matrimonial decorum.
SERRANO consented. He has pocketed the money
and is off. Queen ISABELLA has been observed in
continual tears. Queen CHRISTINA is on the road to
Madrid, or has already reached it. MUNOZ and SEE-
' RANO have, no doubt, met at some halt-way house, for
the communication of mutual advice. Were we

wrong in saying, that nothing could happen at
Madrid, of which England could find cause to be
either satisfied or proud?

THE way in which the preseat panic has been
brought about is not difficult to trace. We are
averse to threading the mazes of commercial ope-
rations, which must be so familiar to the majority of
oar readers. But it is useful to point out what future
and permanent ills, as well as immediate and tempo-
rary ones, may flow from persisting in present legis-
lation. Let us therefore show in what way mercan-
, tile distress and the present panic are connected.
Our currency, as everybody knows, is composed
partly of notes and partly of bullion. In round num-
bers we may, perhaps, safely assume that the notes
and bullion represent equal amounts. That there was
no superfluity of either before 1846 is well known ;
on the contrary, complaints were loud on the
restrictions imposed on paper issues. We may,
therefore, say that the money, whether notes or coin,
then inpublic handa,was required to keep up the circu-
lation necessary for trade, and no more. The failure
of the harvest in 1846 occasioned an export, according
to estimates that are high authority, of eight millions
of gold. Such an event has happened before, and,
although invariably attended with commercial pres•
sure, yet never made the impression that it has on
this occasion. We say this advisedly, and the proofs
will not be slow in making their appearance.
When an export of bullion like that which we have
experienced takes place, it is a born"; fide payment, but
one not unwillingly paid by such as confide in the
power of the national industry to make it up again.
There is, however, no fund out of which it can be
taken, except the national savings, unless it be looked
upon as an advance or a mortgage upon the national
earnings. It is fair to look upon it in the latter
light ; because, if not interfered with, the course
lof transactions is to stimulate markets abroad
and to bring the gold back again to pay for orders, at
improved rates of profit. But, of course, this sup-
poses that we manufacture cheaper than others, other-
wise these orders will not come to us. It also supposes
that we continue to manufacture, otherwise the orders
are not of much use when they come. As the expor-
tation of bullion, however, makes money tight., the
first impediment to the manufacturer is aligher rate
of discount than usual. The natural result in ordinary
times is to substitute paper for the gold that has left,
as small money is required to pay wages. If no re-
striction were imposed on credit, good houses
would use sparingly of their power, and
would keep themselves in a condition to profit by
the conjuncture. Foolish houses would perhaps over
exert their power, and would ultimately be losers.
But even these would have done what was most
wanted: they would have stimulated the production
which must ultimately make up the previous loss of
coin, and have kept hands employed. Another result
would show itself if there were no restrictions on
credit. The bullion exported for corn would have been
locally replaced by notes issued on tangible and visible
secunty in the respective neighbourhoods, whence the
supplies for exportation were abstracted. In a
healthy state of credit, a large sum might go out of
, the country without at all affecting the Bank cellars.
There is no heinous crime in renewing merchants'
, bills on existing and not perishable goods. It has
• always been, and will be, the practice in emergencies.
; But when this salutary exertion of credit is checked,
; the extremities cannot part with the circu-
lating medium until all payment of wages ceases.
• People are slow at making up their minds to
• throw thonninds out of work. In the mean time,.
I therefore, there is no resource but to exert credit as
; long as is practicable. to get gold for exportation
from the Bank of England. Now, the law of 1814

THE EXPRESS, SATURDAT'EVENiNG, OCTOBER 16, 1847.

pisdeillits the extend= af Bank paper when Vali
not deposited to a correepondkig amount (the f
millions on governmenteredit being'already abseebed
in costomary channels). There is, therefore, no alter:
native but for the Bank to restrict its diecou.ta and
to occasion a general preesure. Some parties cannot
bear this pressure, and give way. Want of confidence
rushes in. and checks the usual exertions of credit in
the shape of bills, a paper partly supplementary to
the notes that circulate coin, but partly pledged as
I security for the notes. This pots an effectual stop to
production, and, consequently, to wages. It is in this
manner that the law of 1844 has disorganised
our circulation. By throwing all the onus of meet-
ing the demand for bullion for exportation on the
Bank, which would have been, and ought to
be, scattered over our producing (manufacturing)
district, and which would there be met by credits,
until the gold re-flowed in exchange fur exported
goods, it paralysed the power of the Bank to discount
bills. Nor could these bills be discounted in the
country, since the country banker was deprived of the
power of issuing to replace the gold exported. But
the check that we have now experienced and which,
on the recurrence of a similar calamity, Clearly must:
be repeated, will have a strong tendency, to divert
o-ders for goods into other channels, and not only
mercantile distress, but the ruin of whole branches of
trade, may easily be the direct consequence of this
legislation.
Our statement, to be correct, supposes that our im-
ports of cotton, silk, wool, and other raw materials,
go on as before, notwithstanding the export of gold.
They may even be larger than usual on such an occa-
sion. The bills that require discount are drawn
against these goods as they pass from one hand to the
other, from the importer to the manufacturers, from
these to the exporting merchants. It is easy to see that
this business should not be mixed up with the ex-
port of gold for corn, with which it is but
remotely and contingently connected. But this
trade is meet intimately connected with the payment
of wages, wad, therefore, it will not bear a contrac-
tion of the currency.
Now, the mischief done by destroying the credit
of our merchants is this. They are obliged to refuse
to accept bills when they see no chance of discounting
the bills they draw. the foreign grower, therefore,
looks out for trading staples where he can get his
bills accepted, and is thus driven to seek connexions
at Hamburg, Amsterdam, Havre, and Bremen, whence
the raw material finds its way into other manufactur-
ing districts that are oar rivals. It is owing to simi-
lar disturbances of credit, although originating ie
another way, that the great cities of the middle ages
lost the manufactures that we appropriated and im-
proved. War and bad government destroyed the
trade of Portugal, Spain, and Flanders. Holland and
England obtained it. Bad management may give it back
to those countries without an accompanying war, and
they will not be slow in appropriating what we
thus thoughtlessly throw away.

Our Paris accounts of Thursday are fall of the
clandestine escape of Queen Christina, Munoz, and
suite, from her hotel, to cross the Pyrenees.
Galignani's paper, which was authorised by the
officials at the Rue des Courcelles to contradict the
statement of the departure of the Queen two days
after her Majesty had actually departed, and was in-
structed to affirm that her Majesty was then in her
palace in the Rue des Courcelles, is quite indignant at
the part it has been made to play in this comedy.
Only three days ago (says that respectable journal), when
it was announced by one of our contemporaries that the
Queen had quitted Paris, we stated that it was untrue. We
did this with the full conviction of the correctness of our
statement, for it was the result of an inquiry made at the
house, where a positive assurance was given that ahe was
still there, and we saw nothing to indicate that any decep-
tion was practised. It appears, however, that the reply made
to our inquiry was intentionally false, and that every means,
even to leaving the guard at the door, which is supposed to
be mounted only when the Queen is at Paris, was adopted
to conceal her departure.
_ _

A " deception" however was practised, and the
journalist was duped by one more cunning and less
scrupulous than himself. The National comments on
the projects of the Queen-mother alter this fashion :

Isabella's holidays are over, and the poor Queen is now
about to behold around her the troubles and annoyances of
those tiresome political matters which she had taken such a
divutt to. Capital projects of sermonising are attributed to
Christina. She reckons on the all-powerful infiuenoe which
she formerly exercised over her daughter, to lead her back
by her counsels and example to the virtuous path of legiti-
mate; affection, and of the moderado party. It is said that
we are to behold a new edition revised and amended, of the
marriage of last year. Our cabinet is about to do over again
what has been so maliciously undone by Mr. Bulwer. Will
it obtain this reconciliation of the royal couple ? For that,
Paquo must show forth and England withdraw. We bare
strong doubts that success will crown the attempt on the one
hand, and that the other party will consent to it. Besides,
if the presence of Queen Christina does not resolve all diffi-
culties, another journey is in preparation here from which
marvels are expected. The Duke de Montpensier, it is laid,
is to proceed to Madrid, and ia to declare solemnly before the
assembled Cortes that he renounces all claims to the throne
—of France. After that, if Lord Palmerston be not satisfied,
it must be because he is justly represented u a man without
mercy, a faithless busy-body, and an enemy of the family.

liesakobsgeseted by COMM indopeptient efts material
er mechanical difficulties; sleds:6las altogether oat of
the confticting interests sad sesiprocal .pealomies of
the great European states. It was the object of Me-
i hemet Ali to surmount these obstacles, by inducing
the several governments supposed to be interested
to join in the • execution of so • grand an
enterprise as that which would have had for
its object the intersection of the Isthmus of
Suez, by a great high road for European com-
merce. In this, however, he failed. He then had
recourse to the more promising expedient of trying
to awaken the spirit of private enterprise among the
great commercial and financial interests of Europe,
and in this he seems to be at the point of success.
The last despatches from the Levant brought the
intelligence that the agents of a joint company,
formed of capitalists and merchants of London,
Paris, and Vienna, had arrived, or were :en route for
the theatre of the projected operations. In this matter
Mr. Stephenson, the well-known engineer of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, represents the
English interests ; M. Talabot, the French ; and M.
Negrelli, the engineer of the railway between Vienna
and Trieste, the Austrian.
The purpose of the colossal project is to cut a ship
canal between Suez and the ancient Pelnsium, following
very nearly the course of the ancient canal, the traces
of which still exist on the isthmus. The projected
canal is to have width and depth sufficient to float a
first-rate man of war. A port will be constructed at
Suez, and another at Fermium. From the reports
which have reached us, it appears that surveys have
already been made to a sufficient extent to remove all
doubt as to the practicability of the project within
those limits of expenditure which would secure the
support of prudent capitalists. The chief doubt rested
on the construction of the proposed port at Pelusium ;
but' M. Negrelli has already made a survey and esti-
mates sufficiently exact to leave no fears oa that
head. The parties are, at the time we write, on the
spot, and actively engaged in the prosecution of the
affair.
The prospect of the realisation of such a pro-
ject has revived the idea, long since suggested, of a
railway following the same route. It is not im-
possibm, however, that both projects may be realised,
and that even with advantage to each other. The
works necessary for the one will be equally available
for the other, and every one conversant with en-
gineering will perceive in how many ways each, in
actual operation, may aid the other. It would be a
glorious spectacle to behold those wonders of art and
science—the loromotire, the ship, the railway, and the
canal at work upon the sands of deserts that were for
centuries untrodden save by the pilgrim and the
cameL Yet such a result may be far from remote.

The company we refer to has been constituted for
several months back, and has devoted its inquiries to
the question between a railway and a canal. It has
decided in favour of the latter. It is proposed to
divide the execution of the works between the en-
gineers of the nations above-named. The English
engineer, Mr. Stephenson, is to construct the port of
Suez; the Austrian engineer, M. Negrelli, is to take
charge of the port of Pelusium and the French en-
gineers are to construct the canal.

- -
It was reported that Marshal Soult was dan-
gerously ill.
Lord Brougham has arrived in Paris, and alighted
at the Hotel Meurice.
The Union IllOnarehique says :
We learn, from good authority, that an offer of the peerage
has been several times made to the Duke d'lslay, who has
somewhat rudely declined the honour, reserving his inde-
pendence for the next amino. M. Thiel., sides with the Duke
d'lslay, who highly disapproves of the nomination of the
Duke d'Aumale to the post of governor.gentral of Algeria.
The Prow says :
M. de Bacourt is appointed ambassador from France to the
court of Spain. Thu nomination has been made under the
same influence that, in 1842, decided the selection of Hr.
Bulwer. This similarity dispenses with our making any
reflection upon this nomination.

Letters from Genoa of the 6th say that the Sar-
dinian government has refused the organisation of the
civic guard at Genoa, in answer to a petition to that
effect which had been presented to the King. Oa
the 2nd inst., the birth-day of King Charles Albert
was celebrated at Genoa, where the theatre of Carlo-
Felice was illuminated, and a hymn in honour of the
King performed. This was received in profound
silence by the audience, who adopted this negative
method of expressing its dissent from the government
on the subject of the civic guard.
Letters from Naples are quoted by the Augsburg
Gazelle, which seem to contain the origin of the
report of the intended clemency of the King, given
authoritatively by the Journal des D,,bals a day or
two since. According to these, two • Calabrian land-
owners, condemned to death, were pardoned, and
favourable influences were ascribed to some diplo-
matic remonstrances. Concessions to the spirit of

reform were also spoken of as likely. Many. -persons
were of opinion that the ministry, which is retro-
grade, would be changed; that Sicily would obtain a
separate administration ; that Naples would be de-
dared a free port ; and that the restrictions on the
press would be relaxed. All these, however, were
mere rumours.

The Sardinian government having resolved to
fortify Suze, a village situated at the foot of Mont
Cenis, which forms the head of the great road to
Turin, and is considered the key of the mountain,
plans have been drawn up by the military engineers,
and the works are to commence next spring. A
strong garrison is to be established in the place.
The Augsburg Gazelle has the following from
Naples, dated the Ist:
A project was going on here to compel the papal nuncio,
Mgr. Garibaldi, to go through the street of Toledo with the
Pontifical flag, with • view to excite the people, but the
project was defeated by the police. Patrols are moving in
the streets day and night, and in many places the posts are
doubled. On Sunday last a council was held at the palace
to consider whether it would be proper to prohibit the pro-
cession of the Madona, as it was feared that at would be made
a pretext for disturbances. It was decided to allow the pro-
cession to take place, but the garrison was kept is readiness
for action.

The irritation produced at Berne, and among the
radical cantons of Switzerland, by the alleged furtive
intervention of France in favour of the Sonderbund,
continues to increase. By letters received from Berne
to the 10th instant, another train, of seven waggons,
succeeded in reaching the territory of Neufchatel,
where it was on the 9th instant. The federal direc-
tory, also, had received information of ten waggons,
loaded with arms and ammunition, destined for the
canton of Friburg, which had arrived at Pontarlier
on the night of the Bth or 9th, and which were
allowed to be deposited in the hotel of the sub-pre-
fecture. The indignation against the French govern-
ment, excited by this, was not confined to Switzer-
land, but was manifested in the department of the
Doubs (in the territory of France). It will be reesl-
lected that the canton of Neufchatel is a Prussian
principality, and, not like the other Swiss cantons,
a republic. The Prussian General Prue!, its
governor, had already communicated with the
federal commissioner, Mr. Stockmar, who had
been sent from Berne to remonstrate against
the disregard of the decrees of the diet, which
had forbid the cantonal authorities to allow the trans-
mission of arms through their respective territories to
the cantons of the league.
It was reported that some sharp words were inter-
' changed between the general and the federal envoy.
' The Lake of Neufchatel is traversed night and day by
armed steamers, sent by the Vaudais government to
intercept other supplies of arms from France to Fri-
burg, which are known to be expedited by the lake.
The Grand Council of Glaris has voted, by a large
majority, instructions to its delegates similar to those
given by Zurich, to support the execution of the de-
crees of the diet. The journals of Berne, of the 12th,
report that a great quantity of arms and ammunition
were seized near Eastabayer by the carbiniers of
Vaud, which were cruising on the lake. The Vorort '
has required the cantons of Zurich, Berne, Soleure,
Argau, Vaud, and Geneva, to establish military posts
wherever movements of troops shall be observed.
The Council of State of Zurich have ordered the pur-
chase of 450 waggon horses.
Letters from St. Gall say that the government of
the canton have determined to repulse the efforts of
the Sonderbund. The civic guard will be organised,
and three companies of Chasseurs called under arms.
The canton of Glaris has voted the same instruc-
tions to its delegates as those of Zurich, by a ma-
jority of 80 against 10, so far as regards the dissolu-
tion of the Sonderbund, and by 76 against 13, as
regards the expulsion of the Jesuits.,

MADRID, Orr. 9.
The Gazette of to-day informs us that 1). Francisco
Serrano has been appointed captain-general of Grenada, in
the room of D. Jose Manes, dismissed. It is said that the
new captain-general will set out for Grenada on Monday.
My last letters will have prepared you for some such result
as this. Even the appointment to so high a post must be
considered equivalent to the infliction of a disgrace upon one
in Serrano's late position. For, to all intents and purpose",
this general was, during six months, the King of Spain—a
King as absolute as the Sultan or the Emperor of Russia.
He set up and pulled down ministries at will ; the decrees
which governed the land were inspired by him ; he was the
dispenser of all appointments. His auomalous position and
unlimited power, fruit of the incompatible and forced mar-
riage, could only continue to east by the suppression
of the constitutional powers of thestate. Aceordingly,nosooner
had he emerged victorious from his struggle with the Sotomayor
cabinet than the coxes were suspended by the ministry
which followed, and accepted his sway. And as long as he
retained the Queen's favour there appeared every chance of
his basing a dictatorship upon the royal prerogative. Decree-
law was getting every month more and more the fashion,
aad people began to fear there was some idea of getting rid
of the cortex altogether. But Serrano, however formed to
gain affection', seems to have been singularly destitute of
those qualities by which a sentiment of attachment is che-
rished. Devoid of accomplishments, not even gifted with
the animal spirits for which the Spaniards of the south are
so remarkable, without fancy or wit, or any of thine intel-
lectual resources which give a man ascendancy in private
life, it is scarcely a wonder that he was incapable of keeping
alive for a longer period the devotion which lifted him so
Mph above the level of his fellow-subjects.
fo-morrow is the Queen's birthday. A levee will be held
I at the palace at four in the afternoon, and a ball will be
given is the evening.
The appointment of the Countess of Mantijo to be came-
rera mayor is considered as a pledge that the court intends
to be as gay and brilliant as possible this winter. The poor
old Eco looks quite rueful at this news, declaring that the new
successors to power want to spoil the Queen's candid simple
and homely tastes, and to cheat her of her popularity by in-
sulting with such frivolities the misery of the people. The
Erieswiol, on the other hand, is highly delighted, and
thinks such recreation wholesome and proper.
General Loigorri, Count of Villa-Hermosa, and oortes-de-
puty, is appointed political chief of Madrid.
Don Fedrriso Roncali, Count of Alcsy, is appointed Cap-
tain-General of New Castile.
The Garette contains a decree effecting some alterations in
the organisation of the Council of Agriculture and Com-
merce. Don Pedro Colon, Duke of Veragus, is appointed
vice-president of the agricultural section of the said council,
in place of the Marquis of Remiss (dismissed); and Don
Manuel Mazarredo (Minister of War in the Pacheco cabinet)
is named vice-president of the commercial department.
The Minister of Grace and Justice promulgates a decree.
in which he promises to present before the Cones a bill for
regulating the appointment of judges, &c.
I hear that it is determined to make Mon Minister of
Finance. This appointment looks very French, and may
be taken as a symptom that Nereus will not turn a deaf ear
to the counsels of Louis Philippe. Another cheep is
spoken of in the cabinet, but upon authority of which I am
less sure. It is said that Gonzales Bravo, who is just re-
turned to Madrid, will be inside Minister of State, while
NarMez will take the portfolio of war. Cordons is to
go out.
The Correo has given up the ghost. Its last moments
were most calm.
Salamanca is on very good term with Narvaez, who
visited him yesterday morning.
I hear that Nunez was closeted the day before yesterday
with all the capitalists who are friendly to him, and that
upon his demanding the maximum which they could furnish
him in the shape of coin at the present moment, the sum
total of their offers did not erred 40,0001.
The decrees appointing the present ministers are said to
have been written in the hand of Narvaez.
The Prensa was seized yesterday ; and the Eco hears that
decrees of proscription are in readiness to be launched at
about a do:en of the principal liberal editors.
General Dominguez, uncle of Serrano, is said to have re-
signed his command of the halberd;ers.
Senor Sootier& is talked of as the Queen's confessor to be.

It is known that the Viceroy of Egypt has, for
many years cherished the hopes of seeing executed a
means of transit for European commerce and corre-
spondence between the Mediterranean and tho Red
Sea, more efficient than the clumsy and inconvenient
means at present used for the transport of the pas-
sengers and despatches of our Indian empire between
Alexandria and Suez. This project, however, has

RUSSIA.—Sr. PETIRSBURO, OCT. I.—The Em-
peror of Russia has commanded the appointment of • corn-
minion in fit. Petersburg, which is to remove the difficul-
ties that now oppose themselves to the free importation of
Polish products into the old Russian provinces. The Grand
Duke Constantine is said to be nominated president of the
commission. From the official report of the Russian Aca-
demy, respecting the state end progress of the cholera, it
would sppear that in its spread eastward and westward, it
hu proceeded with less rapidity. The intenseness of its
effects appears to depend essentially upon local circum-
stances. Upon an avenge, every fourth person fell a victim
to this disease.