The Express.
London, England, 1847-04-13 00:00:00

Tans 1.-BtMe 44 popular education In 1849.

I la the
Provinces. No. a( Children of Children repetition
schools. ached age. at echo& echeols.
Loner Austria
:Upperm
631 Austria
107,336 81,491 ' 36,308
Carinthia A Candela 371 85,245 48,236 16,489
Illyrian Coast 197 62,462 12,707 3,934
Tyrol
Bohemia 3,309 342,143 511,444 226,339
Moravia ad Walk 1,924 290,033 977,681 174,832
Galicia. 2,070 538,123 81,361 36,061
Dalmatia 56 13,254 3,703 148
Lombardy .......
%Unice 1,628 260,212 82,949 651
Total 17;311 2,593,361 1,622,069 i 631,384

In Table 2 we see the labour which the Minister of
Public Instruction goes through, on account of the
varied mass of languages which are spoken through-
out the empire :
Tama L--nasals divided by languages.
d,4i7 seneols.

°arena

hallos 6.106 ss
.... tso66 st

liaegarima
viallactsiaa-.7

Ore* „
4 „
Annals
Mud 41136 „

10,293 do*,

Table 3 shows is the funds appropriated to the
support of these Mateo* whence it appears that to
schools which draw to the amount of 132,3461. from
municipal sources, and 117,492/. from foundations,
government allots no less than 88,290/. out of the
public treasury. The school money, which is very
moderate, brings in, nevertheless, 111,4401. in day
school', and 264,7391. in the free boarding schools :
T.■uL 151 appropriated to tie all at horAtutioos of edueatim

BY the end of this month, most, if not all, of the
new county, or small debts courts, will be in opera-
tion. The want of a cheap mashinery for the reco-
j very of debts under 20!. has been so long and vexa-
' tiously felt, that it will be no woreler if these new
tribunals aro inundated with plaints. Causes will
bring lawyers. However small or meagre the car-
case, the eagles will gather round it. Compensation
for the loss on write will be sought in the costs of the
county court. The dream of tribunals without attor-
neys, briefs without barristers, a statute without loop-
holes for chicane, and pegs to hang the pettifo,zgers'
springs on, is a pleasant, but we fear, a delusive, one.
There are symptoms in the courts already opened,
that " the profession" anticipates employment, and
will demand privileges. in me Ciergenweli
application has been made to the judge to take
those causes first in rotation in which attorneys or
counsel are employed. This has provoked reproof
and remonstrance. It is urged that these courts are
intended to serve the interests of the suitor, and not
of the attorney ; and that the convenience of the
former has a right to be consulted before that of the
latter. There can be little question of this. The
time of the tradesman claimant is, probably, as valu-
able to him as the attorney's time to the attorney.
We cannot see any ground for affording the pre-
ference applied for. One effect of it would be to
render the employment of professional aid a help to
the speedy hearing of a cause, and to induce the re-
taining of such assistance when it was not required
by the intricacy of the case.
It would call into activity the pestilent flock of
legal harpies whose usual prey has been withdrawn
from them by the institution of these courts. We
should have a set of touting attorneys and ear-
wigging banisters, their respectability measurable
by the exiguity of their fees. The mischief of such
a class allowed to impose itself without restraint
would go far to neutralise the benefits of the
new courts. The bill itself will not restrain them.
It is true that the provisions of the act keep their
court costs within narrow limits. But this is not
enough. The judges are bound, besides, to discoan-
tenanee the employment of these persons in all cues
unless where some legal difficulty renders them
necessary to justice. It is to be feared, however,
that the number of such cases may turn on'
to be considerable. It is not only the conducting
of a demand before the judge, which is to be thought
of. Tho preparation of the evidence to support a
claim is a matter not easy to unprofessional wits.
Those untrained in the laws of evidence are very apt
to mistake for proof everything which carries convic-
tion to their own minds. A tew failures from this
cause will drive many suitors to the habitual employ-
ment of attorneys, if not of counsel. Although the
costs are limited by the act (no attorney being entitled
to any fee at all, when the demand is under 405., nor
to more than 10s. for fee and costs when the demand is
under 31., nor more than 15s. in any case within the sum-
mary jurisdiction of the act, and no banister to more
than 11. 38. 6d., and that only in canes of debt above 5/.,
and by allowance of the judge in taxation) it will still
be in the power of attorneys to insist on ready money
payments for the getting -up of cases ; and the attor-
ney's costs as distinct from his court fee, in cases
above 51., are, in the same clauses which fixes the above
restrictions, left to be awarded at the discretion of the
judge. A very decent livelihood (in one sense of the
word) may no doubt be picked up under these condi-
tions by gentlemen of the law, who are about as un-
scrupulous as to the savouriness or source of their gains
as VESPASIAN himself. Besides, very nice legal ques-
tions may grow up in the discussion of very petty
claims, and in many cases the judge will shrink from
the responsibility of deciding such points by his sole
authority.
On such and similar grounds we do not anticipate,
nor do we think any perssn conversant with legal
matters can contemplate, the banishment of profes-
sional men from the new courts. It is certain that
however expenses might b.: diminished and cases
shortened by the exclusion, actions would often be
confused, and substantial injustice done by following
such a practice. We are afraid that reasonable men
must face the alternative, leaving it to the judges to
confine such professional aid to proper limits and
to justifiable canes. If they are careful to do this,
and to consider themselves lees as members of the legal
profession than as portions of a machinery for
lightening the intolerable burden of legal expenses
and securing prompt and cheap justice, we do not
think much need be feared from the employment of
attorneys and barristers in the new courts.
It would, indeed, be lamentable that any want of
firmness in this respect should impair the value of
this great boon to the public. We have spokes of
these courts as " new," but they are really older than
our superior courts of record. The great mass of the
judicial business of the country was carried on in such
warts during Saxon times. The first Norman con-
querors crushed them for a time, as being so many
focuses of resistance to the pressure of new insti-
tutions, and the encroachments of exaggerated
feudalism. But their suppression hardly lasted
for a century. HENRY I. was forced to restore them
to much, though not all, of their original importance.
The statute of Gloucester (6 Edward 1., e. 8)
secured to these court, the exclusive jurisdiction of
claims not exceeding 40s. in amount, and involving
simple questions of law. It was only the marvel-
lous obstinacy of our lawyers which kept up i
this limitation through all the fluctuations in the
value of money, up to our own times, when 401. would
hardly represent in kind the value of 40s. in the
13th century. This part of the subject has been
admirably illustrated by Mr. KFANE, in his pamphlet
on these court,, reprinted from the Law Magazine. '
The restoration of local jurisdiction in minor matters
, of contract is the greatest legal reform our times have
yet seen. We will not believe that such a work can ,
be rendered inoperative by anything that can be done
by the united pettifoggery of both branches of the
legal profession. But it will depend chiefly on the '
newly-appointed judges to neatralise any mischievous
effects likely to flow from even the necessary employ-
ment of professional advisers.

The Paris journals with our correspondence have
reached us. The opposition journals persist in
ascribing the expected proposition of the Cabinet to
protract for another year the present free importation
of subsistence to a latent propensity for free-trade in
general, and they intimate that what the Cabinet
dare not or cannot do directly and openly, it will
accomplish indirectly and gradually, by exciting the
fears of the public, creating an agitation without, and
thus frightening the monopolist interests in the
Chamber into the extension of free importation till
the harvest of 1848. This encroachment on the pro-
hibitive system being accomplished, they trust to
time and circumstances to render the permanent free-
dom
of importation inevitable. Such are the theses
of the principal journals of the opposition opposed
to the free-trade doctrines. The truth is, that the cabi-
net, or at least some principal members of it, have not
forgotten the blunder committed in the circular issued
last autumn by the minister of agriculture, assuring
'the public of an abundant harvest, the signs of
scarcity having been manifested before the ink was
dry with which it was written. They are determined
not to commit the sameblunderagain, and they propose
the extension of free importation as an absolute secu-
rity against the recurrence of the present 'scowls e
prices.
The banking establishments in France exhibit a
curious discordance in the commercial and financial
principles which guide them. The Bank of France
and its fourteen provincial branches, raised, as is well
known, some time since, their rate of discount to five per
cent., besides imposing certain other restrictions on the
commercial paper to be accepted by them. Some of
the
,rincipal provincial banks, nevertheless, have
iteeLi'ly resisted, throughout the whole crisis, any
similar proceedings. The bank of Lyons, for instance,
has maintained and still maintains its rate of dis-
count at three per cent. The Bank of Bordeaux,
which has for several years discounted local paper at
four per cent., still maintains the same rate of dis-
count, and accepts commercial paper even more libe-
rally than usual ; the only exception it makes to this
is in the case of bills drawn on Paris, and this merely
to prevent the refluence of paper from Paris upon its
establishment. For a time it refused to discount bills
on Paris at less than five per cent., but it now does
them at four and a half.

The National says that the Minister of Finance is
disposed to bring into the Chambers a project of law
having for its object to release several of the railway
oempanies from the engagements they have contracted
with the state, and to grant increased time to others.
The latter expedient we know has been offered long
since, but declined, as being altogether inadequate to
relieve the exieting embarrassments; and it is believed
in the best-informed quarters, that a majority of the


Chamber would oppose any measure to c.incel the
contracts made with the state.
La Frew states that it is certain that the Count de
Montemolin has effected a loan of 200,00%. and that
his arri.N.l in Spain is immediately (..ipecte(t. men,
time his Highness is to be seen nightly in his box tt
Covent-garden.
We have received, in anticipation of tlri French
journals, the draft of the project of law on the twit
which was to have been delivered to the members of
the chamber on Sunday evening. It is exp cted that
the discussion of this project will lead to Important
debate=, involving the whole question of ,ree trade.
The measure now proposed is direct to •hc
tion of several nrohibeilinst s the modificatio rarinn,
existing duties, and to the absolute free adolission of
numerous articles, especially those which ire metal
for the construction of merchant vessels, an I the con.
elusions of treaties of commerce with Hanna and
New Grenada.

The prohibitions to be discontinued air, ct fifteen
classes of articles, the most important of which
nankeens, chemical productions, cashmeres add
carriages. The reduction of duties affects hair and
woollen thread, guano, soda, and potash, p•ilk had.
kerchiefs, and crape alms Is It is proposed to admit
free of all duty, whatever may be the toxi,t of their
importation, or in whatever bottoms they nay arrive,
115 articles of the tariff, and to exempt from duty
ISS other classes of objects, provided the; arrive in
French bottoms or by land.
No Madrid mail arrived in Paris on Sunday.

The discordances manifested among the Swim cantons
give increased grounds of uneasiness for thetranquillitv
of the confederation. We announced sometime sineethU
the Vorort, or executive body of the confederacy, men
after its establishment in the canton of Berne, alarmed
a note to the cantonal government of Lucerne, demand-
ing explanations touching extensive military prep.
rations which were known to be in prove on in that
canton. The answer given to this was calculated only
to increase the alarm, and, indeed, rendered it mane-
fest that the design of the seven cantons of the uhra.
montane league was to carry into effect their object,
independently of and even in opposition to the federal
government and legislature. A further manifestation
of this has just been made by a declaration addressed
by the seven cantons to the cantons of the confedera-
tion, of an intention to re-establish the convents of
Argovia. This question thus reanimated hos been
already decided by a vote of the diet, from which the
league of the seven cantons now appeals.

CONSTANTINOPLE, MlllOl 27.
The Porte, as I had predicted in my former letter,
has rejected the counter proposition of M. Coletti.
The Turkish government is still further determined in
adhering to their original demand by the warm sup-
port given them by the British cabinet. The dee
patches received from the Foreign-office by Mr.
Wellesley, on the 25th inst. condemn, in the
strongest manner, the conduct of the Grel govern.
ment, and advise the British minister to aid the Porte
by every possible means, to obtain a full and entire
satisfaction. On the Ist of April, the delay accorded
by the ultimatum will expire ; if, therefore, within
four days, the government of King Otho do not yield,'
rupture will be inevitable. Anaval force has arrived
from Malta at the Piraeus, consisting of the Rodney, the
Albion, and the VaNquari, and Lord Pahnerstoe has
renewed his demand for the payment of the Greek kiati.
M. de Bourg ueney has received instructions from his go.
vernment, by the same steamer as that which brought
Mr. Wellesley despatches. They are of that equivocal
character which harmonises with the prew nt anoma-
lous position of the French ambassador. Ills endue.
throughout the affair is approved of, and a word or
two of feeble praise is given to the I'orte. Coca&
tory measures are recommended, and there is a
good deal of hypothetical reasoning upon the
serious consequences of too mach precipitation.
It is evident that the French government do not wish
to break with the Porte after their recent professions
of friendship, but that, at the same time, they will
not abandon Coletti. Independent of political rea-
sons, neither M. Onizot tor 'M. Bourqueney will feel
disposed to show themselves inimical to the Greek
minister as long as he remains the attached friend of
M. Piscatory. M. Piscatory is intimately connected
with the French press, and he is, moreover, a de
and one of the most influential members of a
party in the chambers. These are the reasons w y
M. Piscatory has created for himself an almost inde-
pendent position at Athens, and why he has of late
rather dictated to than received instructions from his
government. I can aver, from personal observation.
that M. de Bourqueney has shown, in the course of
this affair, more anxiety about the opinion of M. Pis-
catory than of that which the Minister of Foreign
Affairs might form of his conduct.
Accounts from Asia Minor state that Bederhan Bey
had refused to lay down his arms on the appeal of the
Porte. He was placing the defiles in the mountains
of Kurdistan in a state of defence, and was making
every preparation for opposing the advance of the
Turkish troops. The roads are not safe, and the
caravans are pillaged by the marauders.
On the 22d inst. the newly constructed govern-
ment silk manufactories at Brume were consumed by
fire. It is supposed the damage exceeds 300,0001.
We hear that the Sultan ties subscribed munifi-
cently to the fund raised in aid of the distressed
Irish.

FRANCE.—TOULON, APRIL 10.—The steam-
frigate Montezuma arrived at this port on the 9th, from
Senegal. She brought home the captain, officers, and Crew
of the Caratbe. M. Montagnis de la Rogue has sent a list
of the men drowned during the wreck of this vessel . they
are 20 in number.

DEATH OF COUNT DOUMERC.—It was but a few
days since that we announced the death of General Drouot,
to. day we have to announce the decease of one of his brotben
in arms, Licut..General Count Doumerc, who died at Pans,
on the 30th ult. Jean-Pierre Doumerc was born at Mont-
auban in 1767. Owing to the protection of a relative who
was commissioner-general of stores of LOWS XVI., at the

age of of fifteen he accompanied the escort appoint-4;d to ac-
company the envoys of Tippoo-Saib beck to India. This
was the commencement of him military career, which
closed with the French campaign of 1814. Few actions
took place in which he did not take • prominent
and distinguished part, having served in the different
French armies in all parts of Europe. The second re.
storatio• in 1815 compelled him to leave Paris ; bat he
returned there at a later period, and lived a retired life. lo
1823, at the time of the intervention in Spain, the Duke de
Beaune, then minister of war, offered him the command of
the cavalry in that expedition. This, however, he declined.
and did sot enter into active service again, until after tke
revolution of July. Marshal Gerard intrusted him with the
command of the 18th military division. Having reached the
appointed age for retiring from the Denim, he Wm a 5
grand cross of the legion of honour. For the last ahem
years of his life he had lived in private retirement.
ITALY.—ROME, MARC!! 31.—Disturbances took
place at Rome on the 30th ult. A mob of 500 indiri-
duals attempted to pillage the bakers' shops in the Sorra
faubonrg di San Pietro. The troops were called out mad
dispersed the mob. The price of bread is raised considerable,
and the people blame Cardinal Gizzi for having allowed the
exportation of corn until the rabbi° reached the price of 12
Roman scudi. The present price is 13 scudi. It ."
ported that Cardinal Gizzi intended resigning his 015ee
of
Secretary of State, on the plea of bad health. Cardinal
Cialetri had left as delegate to Ferrara. Some disturbers.
had taken place at Bologna 2,000 peasants shack
for triple the amount of their usual wages. The
troops were called out, and prevented them hunt
marching on the town. The ringleader have been snout
Fresh corn riots have taken place at Viterbo, and some me.
sons hose been murdered. The delegates, who had d°
troops at their disposal, took to their heels. The Pope sits
greatly incensed at their cowardice. Suspicion hasing..hew
excited that the monks of a monastery at Dodi, near Peso'
Ries, were in secret communication with the enemies of et
Pope, the monastery was watched, and the suspicion brio/
confirmed, it was surrounded by the troops and marched
The monks have been dismissed.
ANCONA, MARCH 31. The prohibition on the
exportation of corn from Greece has been extended to the
Ist June. The Chevalier Agresti, who was sent by the Kill
of Naples to Malta to sign the arrangement with the Mlle
of Capua, had returned without haring succeeded is his
mission. The Prince objected to certain clauses in the ar•
rangement ; but it is hoped that these objections will be se
moved.
GERMANY.—PitaifiIa.—KONIGSBERO, APRIL 4.
—One of the excise houses In this town was burnt on the
inst. The act was said to have been that of incendiaries
who intended to smuggle in meal and meat during the cos"
fusion. The difficulty in getting in the taxes is daily mete
felt. Rye is from 70 to 80 silo. gra. per bushel. Cana
quantities of grain are to be sent to the Rhine, where ri°l
are higher still.—Cologne Gazette.
AUSTRIA. —GALICIA. LEMBERG, MARC!! 30:
Some alarm was felt at Lemberg on the 29th ult., owing to
rumours elan intended rising against the Germans. It wr
said that the water in all the fountains had been polies,.
The governor of Posen announced that every military Pre'
caution had been taken. It was remarked that the pow
at the powder magazines had been doubled, and also at the
public fountains, which latter feet probably gave rise to WW,
rumour. Great anxiety still was felt, ea these measame m
precaution were still sacred to. The misery in some Med
of Galicia is extreme: the peasants have been reamed Mew;
necessity of slaughtering their horses. Lane sloostitd.
corn were exported from Podolia.