The Express.
London, England, 1847-09-24 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 24, 1847.

kagi 1-4-4111141- F
riki whose t value depsymisangeg
taw **disbar of law, kr a pampa
his wealth, with profit to rarestutesta el
the highest public utility. For thi present piques we
have merely to remark, that as far as the
owners Of railways are samurais& this /easy
of a vast impersonation of Hebei is a awe deception.
The total mass with which statesmen king to tamper,
and on which certain publicist enviously look, dose,
indeed, form an immense accumulation of mousy I
but the several contributors to this whole—these
whom the imposition of new burthens, the withdrawal
of promised securities, the confiscation of profits
virtually guaranteed by the state, will aftlict—are in
truth, nothing less in the main than the wealthier
people of England. Our first railways were prinei-
pally made out of the savings of the middle 1111111•11
in the commercial and manufacturing digitises of
the north. They are new in a great mosso
become the property of the frugal and industries@ of
still narrow fortunes all over the United Kingdom.
To speak of " bloated capitalists," of " sordid ma. I
lionaires," with other such current and cant abuse, in
reference to a body thus composed, must proceed
either from a wilful desire to iure, or from an igno-
rance that is now scarcely credible. When we have
briefly described some principal elements of the rail-
way body,:it will appear not only, that the " public"
have no grounds for assailing it on the plea of ex-
sggerated
wealth, in an, sense in which the effects of
the asiault on the parties mailed can be excused by
the circumstances of the party attacked;—not only

this will be seen, but also that these elements now
form no trifling art of the " public" itself, a part,
too, which equity and statesmanship would call on us
to foster and protect, should a cry be raised on the
pretence of restraining an exaggerated prosperity.
Before going further, we shall meet an objection
that may easily be started here by the wise men,
whose knowledge of the internal state of this and
other just concerns of the country is each only as
can be culled from parliamentary returns. They will
produce the lista exhibited in late sessions, of the sub-
scribers to new schemes, and hold up as an utter dis-
proof of what we assert, the names,each with figures of
hundreds of thousands added to them, that have covered
parliamentary deeds. The returns, however, prove
merely that adventurous persons or rich aspitsliste• st
a certain stage of a new project (and partacolady
during a fever of speculation), were premed la *eke
up this responsibility for a time, in the Osallassit et-
pectation of dividing it afterwards at leisure
the parties on whose support the scheme would
be prosecuted. Your large subscribers act on
occasions as a temporary medium between the lees.
lature and the actual providers of railway capital ;
they are the speculators, especially, in speculating
times, who may get the bill ; but it is the oncestors
who make the railway. Nor can the former escape
from certain loss unless the scheme shall approve
itself as a proper investment for the savings
of the latter. It is those who, in all respects
determine the value of the prect, and supply
the funds for carrying it into effect; it is the pur-
chases of the real buyers of shares to hold, that
rule even the speculations of the share market. There
may be • good deal of this kind of froth on the sur-
face of the business, but its existence, as well as pro-
gress, is rooted in the solid bod 7 beneath. The dis-
tinction between the two classes it is material to insist
upon. It is not suffered to be overlooked in other
cases. No one would now admit as a reason for
taking the bread from those who eat it, that the corn
of which it was made had been collected, in the first
imotance, by speculators.
When an act is obtained for a new line, the process
et investment begins. The shares, and, in ordinary
times, the subscriptions, too, are mainly distributed
one pt persons of moderate means who think well
elite promise, and choose it as a vehicle of deposit for
savings, or a security, at something better than the
common rates of interest of small properties. The
time over which the payment of the capital is spread
by instalments renders it very convenient for such
Wand even for the laying by of a moderate
ye tr monthly surplus : and as soon as a general
opinion of the solidity of the system had begun to
prevail, it became a favourite resource for the
annuitant, who- could put something aside to leave
behind him—to the tradesman whose industry enabled
him to save up some annual surplus. By many
it has been resorted to as a kind of life insurance,
in order to the building up by degrees, at some
temporary sacrifice, of a small permanent fund ; in-
deed, on the whole, the capital of railways may be
said to be raised from the incomes of the country.
Let any one, therefore, enumerate the classes in
England, of moderate means, living within their in-
comes : the men of those teady frugal habits, and
thought for the future, which are justly extolled in
the abstract by economic philosophers—and he will
have the specifications of nearly eight-tenths of the
shareholders in a railway in progress of construction.
The limits of this class become enlarged when
the work is once done, and the line begins
to earn a regular dividend. From this moment
there may be observed a new process of
melting down the larger masses of shares,
in to smaller lots, which are now bought by a
still more careful class, for investment. Amongst
these we have half-pay officers, domestic servants,
spinsters of small incomes, some of the clergy, and
retired tradespeople; who, as the case may be, either
thus employ their savings in the hope of getting a
little better interest, or transfer their whole available
capital, for the same reason, to this, from some other
investment. Daughters' potions, widows' annuities
and in some instances of late the personalty of minors;
investments now get placed in railway stock. At the
same time, another process has been meanwhile going
on : the shares, as soon as a dividend begins to be
regularly yaid, immediately rise in the market, to a
point which reduces the purchasers' income from
them to a point very little higher than the
current rate of interest—a little margin being
left, on account of the chances of the divi-
dend changing; but in general the buyer into
a line fairly at work will get nothing more than
the ordinary commercial interest for his money, with
whatever hopes, in addition, may belong to the future
progress of the concerti. In all the older lines the
purchasers are now the majority of the shareholders;
end it must be remembered, when ten per cent.
dividends are discussed, that two-thirds, at least, of
those who are to receive them have purchased stock
at above 1001. premium. The list of persons of small
means, whom any serious assault on a property
they had every reason to deem secure, would
afflict, if not quite rain, we believe to comprise
already two-thirds in number of the share-
holders in all the principal railways. And
the impulse which is daily adding to the masa of per-
sons so interested in this matter, making it one that
now concerns a considerable section of the public, is
acting most continuously upon a clue that would
painfully feel a defalcation in their incomes. These,
and a very numerous tribe, a little richer, but by no
means of the " bloated millionaire" species, form the
bulk of railway owners; and from the manner in
which they have become proprietors, as well as from
their personal circumstances, there is every ream
for avoiding to injure, because of their moderate
means—certainly no reason for crushing them on the
Deere of immoderate wealth.

Railways are now, in fact, the savings banks of a
large and estimable, though far from wealthy, clam,
however those who look at the surface only may fancy
that such accumulations of money must necessarily
belong to the over-rich. No greater mistake than
this could exist ; and as the mistake may lead to the
perpetration of serious wrong, we have dwelt at un-
usual length on its correction, as a duty towards
a portion of the public well worthy of being taken
care of, and not the most forward or able to take care
of themselves. We repeat, that every blow struck at
the income of railways will but slightly affect a
limited number of the rich ; but will be painfully felt
by thousands upon thousands of the better sort of
those who are far otherwise.

THE notices of ducal embarrassments which have
of late so frequently appeared in our columns, cannot
fail to have suggested many reflections both on the
state of real property in this country and on our law
of debtor and creditor. It is now publicly stated that
the Duke of 13t,exttenitam's debts amount to nearly
two millions, and that when an execution was put
into his town house, an assignment of the duke's
"effects, down to his wines and wearing apparel, &c."
had been made to his son in satisfaction of some
claim. The result is, that the creditors are competent
to enforce their claim to their debtor's effects by litigation
in the courts of law. Bo it would appear that an-
other duke, of large landed estates in Glonoestenhire
and elsewhere, has had the same stringent measures

WI- ens Ids goods and chattel/ by his creditors,
iabst
sad that he hurried off to the oontinent with
his family, and "is tot expected to visit England
again for several years." What may be the extent of
the embarrassments of the nobleman last referred to
is not stated : but it is obvious that such ex-
treme proceedings would not have become necessary
until the state of the noble debtor's affairs bad got
into inextricable confusion. That landowners thus
situated have nothing more than a nominal inte-
rest in their estates must be plain, yet they will still
continue to exercise many of the rights of owner-
ship, and, probably, notwithstanding their insol-
vency, to receive some considerable part of the in-
come. This is unjust towards the creditors, who
ought to have the means of compelling a fall and ab-
solute surrender of all the property of their debtors,
and its equal distribution amongst their creditors.
This could be easily effected had the debtors been
traders ; and the only way of accounting for the
maintenanoe of the distinction between trading and
non-trading debtors is the fact that the landowners,
who form an indebted class, have made the law. The
abrogation of this mischievous distinction is now
loudly called for, and cannot be much longer post-
poned.
A letter has been addressed by the solicitors of the
Marquis of CIIANDOS to the daily papers, on the
subject et a paragraph on the Duke of BUCKING-
HAM'S affairs which seemed to impute some conceal-
ment of the assignment to his eon, in which those
gentlemen say, " the whole of the duke's interest in
his real and personal property was purchased by the
Marquis of CHANDOS, for considerably more than its
value, in Way lad;" and that all the usual means of
giving notice of that assignment to parties having
claims on, or interested in the property, were then
adopted. That the respectable solicitors we refer to
did all that was requisite to carry out the family
arrangements of the insolvent duke, nobody can
doubt; but their statement above quoted, places the
anomalous state of our law of debtor and creditor in
even a stronger light than it before appeared in con-
nection with the duke's affairs.

--..,---
We find a man, confessedly insolvent, owing
nearly two millions sterling, and possessed of a
life-interest in estates said to be of the annual value
of 80,0001., besides a large amount of valuable
personal property. Pressed by creditors whom he
can no longer keep at bay, the duke assigns " the
whole of his interest in his real and personal pro-
perty" to his son as a purchaser. Now, the son can
have no means of making such a purchase but by
raising money upon his reversionary interest in the
family estates, of which the Duke is life tenant; for
the Duke's life interest is not his to sell. The judg-
ment debts registered against him amount to more
than the value of his life interest; and when the
Marquis of CiIANDOB purchased that interest in May
last he must have taken it charged with all registered
judgments. Any lawyer will see what a mess of
complicated litigation this young nobleman has sub-
lacted himself to ; unless, as wns probably the calcu-
tion, the difficulties which the state of the law
enables a non-trading debtor to throw in the way of
his creditors, may force them into the acceptance of a
composition.
Now had the law been equal, had the privileged and
non-privileged debtor been equally amenable to a law
for compelling the rateable distribution of the effects
of an insolvent debtor, all this would have been
avoided. The duke must have surrendered all his
interest in property, whatever it might have been,
which would then have been openly dealt with on
behalf of the creditors. Possibly, an arrangement
between the creditors and the next taker of the estate
would have been made for absolutely selling parts of
the property, and giving up the residue to the Mar-
quis of CruNnos at once ; but that would have been
the subject of clear and open contract. The creditors
would have made their own share of the bargain.
Now, they must accept whatever is offered to them, or
become individually involved in a litigation of the
most expensive and difficult kind. To creditors, the
absence of a general law oT insolvency, applicable
alike to traders and non-traders, is a grievous injus-
tice. New does the actual state of the law con-
duce to the real comfort or credit of those for
whose protection it is avowedly continued. Can any
one doubt that the Duke of BUCKING lIAM would
have stood in a far ' her position than he does now,
had he been obli to give a full account of his
tty
affairs, after a fran surrender of all his effects, which
no one doubts would, under such circumstances, have
been made ? But more than that ;is it not absolutely
certain that had the law of bankruptcy been in opera-
tion against him, he would have been compelled to
effect some general arrangement before his affairs
had been involved in such irretrievable ruin ? The
worst enemies of our landed proprietors are
those who aid them in the maintenance of pri-
vileges and distinctions not sanctioned by utility.
But though the denial of the power to apply the
effects of insolvent landed proprietors, so fir as they
will go in satisfaction of their debts, is a grievous
wrong to their creditors—it is even a less evil than the
effect produced upon large masses of land. The credi-
tors when dealing with their noble and acred debtors
might, and ought to, have regulated their trans-
actions with reference to the imperfect and anomalous
condition of the law. It is possible, nay probable,
that many of them have received some advantages in
the shape of a high rate of interest or otherwise, for,
perhaps, some considerable period, and that their
loans to the great landowners with settled estates par-
took of the nature of hazardous speculations. Indeed,
it is by no mesas unlikely that the embarrassments of
the pnvileged debtors may have been greatly augmented
by the hard terms upon which they were compelled
to go into the market as borrowers. For it is an in-
structive fact,thatthe legal privileges and exemptions
by which the landholders have surrounded their pro-
perty, place them atagreat disadvantage when they be-
come borrowers. But, upon the occupiers of the settled
estates of these embarrassed proprietors, the landlord's
insolvency acts with much hardship: Such occupiers
are generally yearly tenants ; for the nominal land-
-1 owner always clings to an indirect influence over the
property with a tenacity strong in proportion to his
want of beneficial interest. They are overrun with
game; the repairs of their farms, which, where the
estates are held by yearly tenants, must necessarily
fall upon the landlord, have been neglected, and during
the embarrassed owner's lifetime, whether the pro-
perty be managed by family or creditors' trustees, the
largest yearly rental will be extracted, and the least
possible allowance for repairs will be made. Aa for
improvements, they are quite oat of the question.

The substance of the following was given in a
second edition of the Express last evening
We have our foreign despatches, with Paris letters
and papers of Wednesday.
The assumption by M. Guizot of the nominal presi-
dency of the cabinet, of which he has long been the real
head. has been solong expected, that this event, which
was announced in the Moniteur by royal ordonnanee
on Wednesday, excited little interest and caused no
surprise. " Marshal Soult," says the official notifica-
tion of this event, " has addressed a letter to the King,
praying him to accept his resignation of the functions
of President of the Council. In this letter the
illustrious chief of the cabinet of the 29th
October, states that after having served the state for
sixty-four years, he beseeches the king to allow him
to take that repose he has deserved by inch long and
glorious services. The king, not without manifesting
the deep regret he felt at this separation, thought it
incumbent on him to accede to a desire as legitimate
as nobly expressed. He has, then, accepted the re-
signation of Marshal Soult. In consequence, the king
has tuned an ordonnance which confers on M. Guizot
the title of President of the CounciL This ordonnanee
will appear to-morrow in the Moisiteur."
The following is the letter addressed by Marshal
Soult to the King, on the occasion of his resignation :
Soultberg (Tarn), Sept. 16.—Sire: I was in the service of
my country arty-three years ago, when the old monarchy
was stall standing, before the first dawning, of our national
revolution. A soldier of the republic, and lieutenant of
Napoleon, I ban taken part without ceasing in the immense
struggle for the independence, the liberty, end the glory of
France, and I was among those who sustained it till the last
d 1,4, Your majesty deigned to believe that my services
. ht be useful to the new, and not less patriotic, struggle
which God and France have called on you to sustain for the
firm establishment of our constitutional order ; and I rwder
thanks to your majesty for it. It is the honour of m life
that my name thus occupies a place ia all the labours,
warlike and petite, which have sawed the triumph
of our great cause. The confidence of your ma-
jesty sustained me in the lest service. that I en-
deavoured to reader. My devotedness to your majesty
and to France still exists as strongly as ever ; but I feel that
my strength is not equal to it. Let your Majesty permit me
to devote what strength remains to me to repose and reflec-
tion, now that I am arrived at the end of my laborious
career. I have devoted to you, sire, the activity of my
latter year-.gin me the repose of my old services ; and
plinth me to place at the foot of your Majesty's throne my

resignation of prisalleney of the council, with which you
deigned to invest me. 1 am'. enjoy this repute in the midst
that "'swag' secant?? semen the great wisdom of our
majesty has aimed to prg..oe, and to all those who have
served her and love her. My
.!rratitude for the goodness of
your Majesty, m wishes for yo.ie 13,rnierity, and that of
your august family, will accompany l that repose to my
last day, and will not maw to equal the unchangeable de-
votedneas and the profound raped with whLtt I have the
honour to be, sire, your Majesty's most humble and most
obedient servant, MAMMAL DIX Da DLLIWIII.
General Nervier was announced to hare passed
through Bordeaux, by the journals of that city, on
the 18th. His at rival was expected in Paris on 'Tues-
day ; and L' Union Monarchique, on Wednesday,
affrms that it had taken place.
Nereus is in Paris. As the telegraph was invisible for
three days, he arrived without being announced. The grand
policy marches on from surprise to surprise, if it can be said
to march at all. Maria Christina yesterday held council
after council at her hotel in the rue de Courcelles, and the
telegraph was at work throughout the day. The retreat of
Narrate appears to have been as prudent as it was rapid.
Already it is represented as an set of great ability. It is repeat-
ed that in Spain, contrary tiother countries, the abeentees
are always in the right. It is almost certain that a military
movement was on the point of being attempted in the even-
ing of the 16th, while all the ministers were amusing them-
selves at the circus. Their own police was at fault, but that
of the English embassy was watching over them. This
discovery made the illustrious epee elpagnol comprehend
how necessary his presence was at Paris. Could a simple
chargé d'affaires suffice to confound the French prep, ca-
pable as it is of so many outrages against his adored Queen ?
The old minister Goren, and the young general came to an
understanding at half a word. Narvaez, however, knew that
Queen Isabella would not sign the order for his arrest, but
he at the tame time knew how duet-Elating are people's minds
at the Palacio Real of Madrid. The Christina. of Paris affirm
that Mr. Bulwer was left upon a volcano ; that the mines
prepared by Narvaes have, perhaps, already exploded ; that
the all-powerful Serrano, converted to moderadism, has be-
come the most devoted agent of the grand policy and other
rodomontades espagnoks, as Brantome called them.
The King and Queen and the other members of
the royal family went to Compiegne on Tuesday
evening.
The Duke Decaree, who was reported to be dan-
gerously ill, is recovered.
Advice., more or lees obscure and indefinite, have
been received from the western frontier of the French
colony in Africa, which however are now alleged to be
confirmed by private letters received from Fez by Moor-
ish merchants in Gibraltar. It has been already stated
that two extensive Arab tribes, which had been set-
tled within the French colony, had entered the ter-
ritory of Morocco, and sat down near Taza. These
tribes relied on the protection of Abd-el-Kader. They
were, however, attacked by the Imperial troops, and
nearly exterminated, before the Emir could come to
their aid. According to the present accounts, the I,
Emir suffered further checks in the same iiitarter,
and has been obliged to fall back, abandoning the
Rif, a district which has obeyed him for a consider-
able time. He was obliged finally to take refuge in
the desert. Various rumours were in circulation ;
some that he was still living, some that he was
wounded, and some that he was killed. Abd-el-
Kader however, has been killed so often by the
French journals, and their southern correspondents,
that lie attention is given to such accounts.

ThTjournals and—despatches from Afadrid of the
17th have arrived. The moderados and Afrancesadoe
set no bounds to their rage against England on ac-
count of the failure of the Narvaez-Christina-Louis-

Philippe intrigue. Through their organ, EI Heralds,
they now charge England, in explicit terms, with the
intention of carrying into effect a policy the end of
which would be the marriage of Isabella with the
Count Montemolin. For this purpose, Espartero is
recalled, jho Cortes to be dissolved, and another
elected, to pals a law dissolving the marriage of
Isabella and Don Francisco d'Assis. Then the
Count of Montemolin is to enter on the stage, and to
be married to Isabella. But this is not to be the
" be-all and the end-all " of this Anglo-Spanish
drama. A union between Spain and Portugal is to
be effected, and the entire peninsula incorporated
under the protection of England, and under the
united crowns of Isabella and Count Montemolin,
with right of succession in the male line, the rights
of the Duchess of Montpensier being cancelled. As
a fee for all this trouble, England is to have the
picking and choosing of the Spanish colonies,
which would convert the magnificent island of Cuba
into a dependency on the crown of Great
Britain. Meanwhile the subserviency of the penin-
sula to England would to rendered permanent by
the inevitable hostility of her rich and powerful
northern neighbour and relative,who so lately thought
he had levelled the Pyrenees. Such are the lucu-
brations of the moderadoe.

The Eco del Comereio says that on the IGth
reports were in circulation that a military insurrection
wan ready to break out at Pampeluna for a regency,
In consist of the King, Castanos, and Nemec.
" Such," mays that journal, " seems to be the project
of the revolutionary party." This plot wu to have
been executed on the 15th. It was said that Queen
Christina had gone to Bordeaux, and intended to re-
turn to Spain. In oonaequence of this the government
gave orders to the authorities on the frontiers, by
telegraph, to arrest any member of the royal family
who should attempt to pan the frontier with-
out the formal authorisation of the Queen,
previously obtained. The Captain-General of Na-
varre, and some of the authorities of Andalusia,
were said to be implicated in this affair. It was said
that precautionary measures have been taken around
the palace.

The most important item of Italian news is the i
flight of the Duke of Lucca from his territories and
his beloved bat too liberal subjects, and his with-
drawal to the Austrian territories, accompanied by
denunciation of all the Lucchera have done and dis-
avowal of all that he (the duke) had promised them.
This is no doubt preliminary to the threatened march
of the Austrians to occupy the dushy, which we an-
nounced some days back.
To eliminate the truth from the mass of obscure
sad incompatible reports which arrive from Italy is no
euy task. One day we are confidently assured by jour-
nals reputed to be in the confidence of the French minis-
try that three British ships are lying at anchor in
Ancona, and this is circumstantially confirmed by
paragraphs reaching us in rapid succession in the
journals of the Roman, Tuscan, and Sardinian states,
as well as in those of the Rhine and Bavaria. Bat lo ! '
the next day, the Journal des Delats pronounces such a
statement absolutely illusive, on the authority of a
private letter from Ancona, dated the 13th.
Cardinal Ferretti has sent a circular to the civil
and military authorities throughout the Roman states,
containing detailed orders as to how they are to pro-
ceed in the event of an invasion of the Roman states
by foreign troops. We gave an outline some time
since of the instructions intended to be embodied in
this document. Governors of fortresses and com-
manders of garrisons, and all other posts, are ordered
to resist, as far as the forces at their command may
allow, such an aggression : but if, overpowered by
superior numbers, they are compelled to retreat,
then, having taken under their charge all the mili-
tary stores, the public functionaries and clergy, they
are gradually to fall back towards the capital, upon
the line 'of the Appennines, the Tiber, and Civita
Castellani'. . .

Accounts received from Messina say that the sTs-
tern of terror is still pursued there. The fidelity
of the troops was doubtful . On the 13th twenty-five
young men, including individuals of all ranks, were
led out and shot. The population of the localities
suspected of disaffection were decimated. The Jour-
nal des Debate contradicts these reports, but gives no
authority for its contradiction, except a letter from
Mashie, dated the eleventh, acidrem to a mercantile
firm at Lyons, which says that the emeutes which
took place on the first days of the month, although ,
attended with no serious co uences, produced
general alarm and a suspension of ' and that
all the communications between Messina and Reggio
were intercepted.
The German Journal of Frankfort mays, that at Mo-
dena the effervesoence had become so great that grave
disorders were feared from day to day. The reforms
made by the Pope and the sovereigns of Tuscany and
Lucca were urgently solicited, but the duke not only
opposed such demands in the moat resolute manner,
but also ordered several persons to be arrested.
The Nuremburg Correspondent, under the date of
Vienna, 14th inst., says, Mat it was generally thought
tkat the occupation of Ferrara would soon cease. On
the one hand, the decree of the Pope against the
clandestine press had removed a great cause of ap-
prehenion to Austria ; and on the other, the camp of
Forli, however aggressive it might seem, gave
guarantees for the preservation of tranquillity in
The German Journal of Frankfort affirms that the
British government has sent a note to Rome and
Turin, declaring positively to these two courts that in

the event of their independence being menaced they
may securely reckon on the support of Eng Lind.
Lettere hem Bologna of the 11th say that some
excitement was created in that city by the arrival of
the Prince of Canino coming from Florence en NW.:
to the scientific congress at Venice. The prince ap.
peared in the uniform of the national guard, and alter
I having visited the eitriiiii,;i legate and the archbishop,
went to view the barracks of natio,,al.Fuurd, and
several times addressed the crowd a-Mch followed him,
He likewise visited Ferrara, where the presence of ',1:1)
Austrians did not prevent similar manifestations. A
multitude of citizens attended him with torches to
the palace of the Cardinal Legate Ciacchi, and to that
of the archbishop.
General Bentivoglio, the commander-in-chief of
I the pontifical forces collected near Forli, issued an
order of the day immediately on arriving there, to
Ilthe following effect :
I am again called by his holiness to take the command in
chief of all the troops composing the 2nd and 3d divisions.
The aim of the honourable mission which has been entrusted
to me by our sovereign's kindness is to join in one sole
thought of love so many hearts which are wholly devoted to
him, to maintain order by every means in my power, and to
constitute myself the centre of direction. Well-tried eau.
pence gives me the conviction that all will vie to prove their
zeal, by showiag themselves faithful to their duty and de-
serving of the trust the best of sovereigns has reposed in
It will be grateful to me to he able to present to the Pope,
not only the assurance of your affection, but the honourable
testimony of your conduct. Long live Pius IX, ! May God
keep and protect him! Eternal honour to whomever may
serve him with zeal !
The German Journal of 11•ankfort, under the date
of Vienna, Sept. 14, says:
On the day before yesterday a numerous diplomatic recep.
tion was held at Prince Meturnich's. The ambassadors of
France, England, Russia, Prussia, and of the Italian States,
were present. It was remarked that Prince Metternich con.
versed principally with the nuncio of the Pope and the Sar-
dinian ambassador. The position taken by the court of
Turin with respect to our government is no longer a mys-
tery ; and it is to be more and more regretted that Austria
should be in some measure left insulated in the question
of Italy. It is rumoured in some diplomatic circles
that the cabinet of St. Petersburg had sent a
very laconic answer to the deelaration in which our
court mentioned its intention of reinforcing the garrison
of Ferrara. It appears the Russian cabinet has merely taken
cognisance of the communication, though it tacitly acknow-
ledges the rights of Austria iu tkiarespect. The news from
Venetian Lombardy is far from being satisfactory. M. Kol-
lowrath did not arrive before to-day.

By the Levant mail we have received the journals
and a large mass of correspondence, including letters
from our correspondent at Constantinople of the 7th,
Athens the 10th, and Malta the 14th. One letter
'from Constantinople assures us that despatches had
arrived to the government of the Porte, bringing
the details of a victory gained by the troops of the
Sultan over the insurgents in Albania, where au
engagement took place between Argarocastro and
Beret. The details of this will probably reach
us, rw Vienna.

The report of the desperate state of M. Coletti is
' confirmed in our Athens letter. The telegraph has
since brought news of his death. What the effect of
this may be on the possibility of solving the Gra-co-
Turkish dispute it is impossible now to foresee. The
portfolio of foreign affairs was given, ad interim, to
M. Glaraki, Minister of Public Instruction.
Letters from Ancona of the 10th, quoted by the
Augsburg Gazette, say that King Otho has written to
the Emperor Nicholas, to ask his intervention to settle
the quarrel with the Porte.

CONSTANTINOPLE, SEPT. 7.
Accounts have been received from Erzeroum to the
3rd Aug. The troops who rebelled on mount of their pay
being in smear have returned to their duty, and all is tranquil;
they are preparing to set out for the campaign in Khorassan.
The rebellion in Albania is not yet put down ; nearly all
the country is in arms. Many of the fortified towns, it is
true, are in the hands of the emperor's troops, but the coun-
try is possesaed by the rebels, who hold them shut up, like
i mice n their traps, with but little to eat, and no means of
getting out in safety. The government journals here would
have the world to believe that, with the exception of Janina,
the country is quiet. In the provinces of Tchameuria, Toe-
eerie, Liaponria, and Beret, not a soldier can move from his
stronghold but he is hunted down like a mad dog. Djouleka
is in the mountains between Delvino and Argyrocastro ;
he has with him about 6,000 men. The intention of the
insurgents is said to be to form a junction at one point, and
thence make a direct attack upon the Ottoman army, now lying
inactive at Ooritza. The rebel army will amount to 20,000 men.
Letters received here from TifPs mention that the
cholera had re-appmred in that city, in Koutais and in Kars:
that it had also invaded Erzeroum, and the ports of Ridout,
Khale, and Batoum, in the Black Sea, only 60 leagues from
Trebisonde. The Russian army in the Caucasus is suffer-
ing dreadfully from cholera. Yesterday, immediately after
the arrival of an extraordinary courier from the beat
quartets of the may in Roumelia, there was a grand council
of misielless bad, ender the presidency of the Grand Vizir,
lin the °country home of Rifsat Pacha. There was a report
of an engagement having taken place. Ardechir Bey, one of
the Kurdish chiefs, who was the principalcauseof the success
of the Turkish troops in that country, has been named
governor pro tempore of Kurdistan. The time named for
the withdrawal of the ezequaturs from the Greek consuls,
the 21st inst., is looked for with much anxiety. Bederhan
Bey bas not yet arrived, but is daily expected.

ATHENS, fiery. 10.
It was the expectation of everybody that this mail
would have taken the news to France and England of the
exit, from this scene of turbulence, strife, and ambition, of
the great worker of all the evilsunder which this oppressed
kingdom has been labouring. Coletti has had a serious
attack of his old malady. The surgeons of the French ship-
of-war in the Pincus, were called in consultation, and gave
it as their decided opinion he could not survive many days.
After keeping his bed for 14 days he has been relieved, and
again rallied; so much, indeed, that hopes are entertained of
his recovery. Daring Coletti's illness the portefeuille for
foreign affairs has been confided to H. Glaraki, the Minister
of Public Instruction. It is not supposed that Coletti will
ever again enter into public life. Two are mentioned
as likely to succeed him, M. Christidi and M. Glaraki.
In the event of M. Riga Palamedee being elected president
of the council, as wished for by thevernment party, it will
be necessary to appoint a minister for foreign affairs who has
the same ideas as himself, which M. Christidi has not.
Afflicting accounts are daily received from Eubea : the large
property which Grizzioti possessed there is entirely ravaged
and destroyed by the volunteer troops under the orders of
General Gardizuoti. Grizziotti's wife is confined to her
house under the charge of a detachment of soldiers. All in-
tercourse, even with her relations, is forbidden. The time
allowed by the Porte for the adjustment of the dispute will
expire on the 21st. Coletti's illness will farnisk another ex-
cuse for delay. Rear-admiral Turpin, having been relieved
by Rear-admiral !lemon', has left this station and returned
Ito France, The small-pox has disappeared, and the heat
greatly abated.

MALTA, Barr. 14.
The French steamer from Alexandria has brought
intelligence that the French general, Ferniack, died on the
24th, at Cairo, of dysentery. He was buried at Alex-
andria with all the honours due to his rank. Baron Ansel=
Rothschild has left Egypt for Europe. The French direct
steamer Egyptus arrived here on the 7th, bringing us London
files to the- 30th. The Flamer left here on the 23rd, at two,
a.m., with the Indian mail (brought by the Ariel, at nine,
P.M., of the 22nd out only 80 hours from Alexandria, a dis-
tance of 820 miles), and arrived in Marseilles on the 27th,
at 8.30 P.M. She was 114 hours going a distance of 650
miles. The Cairo, French steamer, left here on the 24th,
at two P.M., and arrived on the 28th, at six am., or in 88
hours. With such tube as the Volcano and Flamer, between
this and Marseilles, what is the use of having a fast steamer
between Malta and Alexandria ? Had there been, or was
there, a vessel similar to the Ariel, the distance could be
done easily during summer in 60 hours, and in 70 during
winter, when N.W. winds prevail. There has been a report
that the Peninsular and Oriental Company intend to take
up the line to Marseilles in October : the sooner the better,
for the gallant commanders of the steam tubs in question miurt
be disgusted with a service so humiliating to their feelings
of maritime superiority.
When the news of the doings in Italy became public in
' Malta, Italians, refugees, and others, might be seen in groups
in various parts of the city, in dose confabulation. Admiral
Parker, with his squadron, hove in sight at sunset on the
9th. The admiral came in at 9 p.m., in the Gladiator
steamer, Capt. Robb. The next morning the Hibernia,
Trafalgar, and Superb, came in, and misted the batteries
and the flag of Rear-Admiral Sir Lucius Curtis. The Lo-
cust cams in on the 9th from Athens. The country is as
tranquil as usuaL Coletti was very ill with his old com-
plaint—so bad, indeed, that it was reported he could not live
a day longer. The report here is, that Admiral Parker in-
tends to recall the three line-of battleehips from Athens, and
sail with the whole fleet, on a cruise, off the coast of Naples.

FRANCE.—PARIS, Barr. 23. FRENCH EMBASSY
ro CIUNL.—The Bayounalse, with M. Forth Rouen, the
envoy to China, after quitting the Canary Ishimis, went to
Bahia, in Brasil, where it was to leave the Viscount and
Viieountess de Banal, who aooompanied the Princess de
Joinville to Francs. The Bayonnaise was to remain at
Bahia three weeks, to take in provisions, then to proceed to
Hobart Town, and afterwards ascend to the east of China
by the Caroline and Marianne Islands. This circuit is
necessary to avoid the monsoon, which rages in October and
November in the Strata of Sunda and the China Sea. M.
Forth Bonen will, therefore, in all probability, not reach
Canton before the commencement of the winter of next year,
which will make two years from the departure of his
embassy.
STATISTICS OF BILBAO IN FIANCE. France
product. annually 70,000,000 beebelktres of wheat, and
112,000,000 hence. of Waist
than 2f Nagai sad the k sad
hectolitre is a
triflemoreifimoreilogramme
mentioned below is a Unlooses than b. or 1,000 grammes.)
For the making of 100 kliogniaunes Of door into bread then

ars milted 600 grammes al Limn 900 g rummies of salt,
sad upon on memo It of wits:. To obtain from
the ores a Mai eINI Wary lase apassiday of dough when put
in mestere* TIM pants lesolte. hi • loaf of 6 kilos. the
shilikoml hew. 11111114 be 9M plumes, for a loaf of 2 kilos.
card ter • loaf el ens pod 76 grammes. The
of Peek tektite See weiskte as its data, cal-
who, la idle the Om, dot die teat itheold weigh 30 per
Na owe Thee the mere wet*
wisa of
mit deer is it. Flour of
the lint gmilln orb ia Par at 70tr. fre. the sick
lop gllu., swift IX kilos.ls
of Inead obtained therefrom is
asW fee 796 t. We. Thus the dilierenes in price between the
dent curd dee bread made tram it is 9fr. 25c. ; and this con-
yearn to he malty the wee whatever ms y be the prim'
fibroid. Is Franc. it Lreamed that 49,600,000 metrical
quintals of dour are lanneßy mole into bread (the metrical
Wand is VII lb.), and odeigssodi the bakers annually
e3rb 457,875,000 f., aid hithiseet between the Prim of
re flour consumed in gamEmibia and of the bread proctuad
ha it is 60,000,000 f: If the MB which M. Arsgo pro-
to establish on the Tibia he Grenelle, to be moved
Fa
edturhine placed in the Sabo, to grind sufficient flour for
supply of all Paris—if this wets at work, and were em-
ployed to grind the flour of all France, it would produce •
saving of 100,000,000 f. Supple that in addition to this still
the vast bakehouse which hat been talked of for supplying
the capital with all the bread it consumes were actually
erected and brought into work, it would cause a saving of
its,ooo,ooor. ; and if it could be extended to the consump-
tion of all France, the loving would amount to 400,000,000 L
PARIS Plusmhs.—The printers of Paris have been
for some yeses past in the habit of dining together about
the commencement of autumn. This year, on applying to
the Prefect of Police for the customary permission, a refusal
was given. The men, finding a public dinner thus ren-
dered impossible, appointed a committee to seek out private
premises suited to receive their usual number of guests,
namely, five or six hundred persons. M. Gerbes, a master
printer, placed at the orders of the committee an en-
closed piece of ground in the commune of Vaugirard,
and there they erected a large marquee, under which
tables were laid out for the dinner. The men, on Sun-
day, were on the point of sitting down to table, when two
commissaries of police entered, and, in the name of the
authorities, ordered the men to disperse. Some of the jour-
nals, in
narrating these circumstance., stated that • Large
armed force was in attendance on the occasion, and that
great violence had been used towards the printers. The
ucn (cur Parisien denies the troth of this statement,
and says : "It is not exact, as these journals an-
nounce, that order war troubled for a single instant. The
men dispersed at once when called on to do so, and the armed
force never interfered. The soldiers who were in attendance
had been ordered to attend only to enforce, if necessary, the
injunctions of the authorities."
BELGIUM.—THE LINEN MANUPACITRE.—The
linen manufacturers of the town of Ath have sent a petition
to the ministers of war and justice, demanding the abolition
of the linen manufactures in state prisons. Nothing less,
they say, will suffice to raise the market of Ath, which is
now almost abandoned, whilst during the empire, and even
previously, it was the chief place where the best linen was
manufactured for the use of the army.

that the prisoners should be left in utter solitude. At
Pentonville they were visited not lees then Isuetase them a
day. He could not urge too strongly the great einelose of
a frequent intercommunication between the gelossee end I
the chaplains, directors, and other asihsellise.
The Chairman then read the folloe gg.wpestl4esoe the
sent subjects of discussion :
CENTRAL OBSIILVATORY.—The Tarim' parts of the build.
ing should be connected with a central point of inspection,
from which the head of the establishment may inspect, with-
out being under the necessity of moving, all the essential
branches of the service. Regard must be had to the inter-
nal dietribotion of the 'militias to the arrangement of the
galleries, and to the choice of the materials of construction,
in order that no material obstacle may thwart that inspection.
CILIA. —ln the dieposision and immurement of the cells.
must be bad to the following conditionc—l. The
regard
be large enough to allow of the prisoners' taking
elude., carrying on trades, and enjoying sufficiect space
and air for the preservation of their health. The space
should vary from 28 to 35 cubic metres. 2nd. They should
be lighted up, ventilated, and heated in a suitable manner.
3rd. Their construction should be such asto allow of no

communication between their inmates. 4th. They should
be furnished with bed and bedding, with a fixed wash-hand
basin with a tap, with a watereleeet and with other neces-
sary article*. The prisoner. should also have the means of
giving the alum to the attendants in case of ilium or acci-
dent, or under any circumstance in which their presence
might be necessary. 6. The prisoners should be subjected
to an easy but unperceived inspection.
SPECIAL CELLE.—In penal prisons it is necessary to have
a certain number of special cells for the infirmary, for special
punishments, for the different callings, and for prisoners
on their first arrival. The cells for infirmaries, chiefly re-
served for patients who cannot be suitably attended win the
ordinary cell, should be moru spacious than the former, and
should be disposed in such a manner as to allow of the free
access of the attendants. One cell of that kind for every 40
or 60 prisoners would possibly be sufficient. Calls for
punishment should be stronger than others, and should be
built in such a manner as to be easily darkened, if mom-
sary. One such cell would be sufficient for about 100 pri-
sone». The dimensions of the cells for the exercise of
certain trades should correspond with the use to which they
are to be put. They should be situated in preference on the
lower stories, and their number must depend on the nature
of the trades carried on in the prises. In prieens where
prisoners are constantly arriving, a certain number of cells
should be made in which each prisoner may be placed tem-
porarily, previous to being seen by the surgeon, and such
cells might be of smaller dimen.ions than others.
HEATING AND VENTILATION.—WheCTIN the system of
ventilating by heating may be, its results should be the fol-
lowing :—A sufficiency to each cell of fresh air, or, if neces-
sary, of air tempered for each prisoner, without the inconve-
nience of draughts. The extraction from each cell of • quan-
tity of foul air equivalent to the quantity of pure air intro-
duced ; and the carrying on of the heating and ventilation'
without facilitating the means of communication, whether of
soon-I or otherwise, between the different cells.
Colonel JERE and others spoke on the foregoing subjects,
and the discussion on them was adjourned till the following
day.