The Express.
London, England, 1851-08-01 00:00:00

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LONDON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 1.

TUE first requisite to the cure of an evil is to un-
derstand it. This is especially the ease in the mat-
ter of chancery reform, about which so many people
talk with singularly little knowledge. It was, there-
fore, with great satisfaction we saw Lord JOHN Hrs.
sELL's concession to the motion made by Mr. STUART
that two wm-!egal members should be added to the
commission now sitting to consider the practice and
procedure of the Court of Chancery. It is by no
means unlikely that the two clearheaded and un-
prejudiced laymen appointed may make sug-
gestions, without reference to the means of carrying
them out, which may usefully stimulate the
inventive faculties of the legal members. At
all events they will themselves get some insight
into the complex causes which often render
proceedings in Chancery difficult, complicated, and
tedious. . . .

That the proceedings in the Masters' offices are
those which most require amendment seems to be
admitted on all hands, and we anticipate that consi-
derable improvement, if nut a sufficient remedy, will
result from measures to be founded upon the investi-
gations of the commission as now constituted. It is
also certain that more effectual means of taking ac-
counts than those at present in use iu the Masters'
offices may be adopted; and this latter point has been
much insisted upon by Mr. Etticr.. That right
hon. gentleman appeared to be particularly sore
on the subject, and we think we have a
recollection of some complicated mercantile accounts,
in which he was interested, forming the subject of
litigation in Chancery, sufficient to account for his
feeling on the subject. But persons who have not
had any practical experience of long-standing and
disputed accounts, whether resulting in litigation or
not, probably do not form any adequate conception of 1
the difficulties involved in their investigation. It is
all very well to seek the aid of accountants to arrange
accounts which have been badly kept, and to educe
something like orderout of a mnssof confusion; butsuch
are by no means the main difficulties of the accounts
which most frequently come under the cognisance of
the Court of Chancery. There we often find not merely
confusion, but questions of fraud, imdue pressure,
and items or allowances improper in point of law or
conscience, forming important ingredients in the ac-
counts to be taken between the parties.
Take, for instance, questions between the owners
of West India estates and their agents and con-
signees in this country, which have formed the
objects of so many and such tedious Chancery suits.
Some few years ago certain persons interested in
West Indian property instituted proceedings against
the consignees, who as usual were ''also mortgagees
of the estate, to have their accounts investigated,
and it appeared that an original advance of five
thousand pounds having been made upon
security of the property, which was of great extent
and originally very p;oductive, and all its produce
having come into the hands of the lenders as
consignees, the debt, in the lapse of about ten or
twelve years, became swollen without any further
loan, merely by commissions, agency charges, and
the like, to upwards of twenty-five thousand pounds.
What became of that particular case we do not
know • but it is quite obvious that the persons in-
terested in cutting down such monstrous claims
would question and contest an immense number of
the items of which it consisted; and that the persons
who had made the charges would defend those items
to the last extremity. Charges of fraud and over-
reaching made by the complainant would arise and
be rebutted on an infinite number of items, each to
be made the subject of proof and disproof, and thus
each item would form a distinct issue to be contested
in the Master's office.

Again, an executor's account was disputed by a
near relative who had for some years lived with
the executor, shared a joint establishment, and re-
ceived from time to time considerable sums of money
in that frank, and perhaps unguarded way, in which
money payments are often made between members of
a fainEy resident in the same house. Afterwards,
the executor being called upon by the same relative
for a strict and hostile account of his executorship,
every item of expenditure in respect of the
joint establishment, and each payment made

in the confidence of family life were ig-
nored, and the executor was required and
ieTt uliFi tamnw.daasiY:ol ahndle)ec°thll; pdayt
accomplishedetnht ie
Master's office. And hundreds of analogous cases
ahbordhaisinnlrciteluedlltraentnntidov
eitiOhamacabvcelecoex in the
contesting of item by item in the
might be mentioned. What could accountants do in
' such cases, where there are no admitted data on
which they arc to proceed? It may be said that niort-
rigors and consignors who have for years submitted
to be pillaged by correspondents into whose power
they have delivered themselves, or executors
who in the confidence of private life have incurred
expenses or made payments without written agroF-
picots or receipts should lose their property for their
folly, but that is not the law of this country, nor
would the people of this nation consent to the esta-
blishment of any such principle as law. When men,
therefore, conic to unravel and investigate in a court
of justice, a tangled series of transactions which have
gone on for years, does any sane person suppose that
such a suit can be decided in the same way as one
'in which the question simply is whether A has got
possession of B's close of land, or C has broken iris
promise to marry D ?
Again there is another class of suits in Chancery,
involving the ascertainment of the rights or protec-
tion of the interests of numerous persons and classes
of persons whose rights and interests arc rever-
sionary or contingent ; or who, perhaps, are not
themselves as vet in existence. And this arises
from the desire, the morbid desire as we think, of
so many of the owners of property to limit and re-
strict atter their own death its enjoyment and devo-
lution to the utmost extent the law permits. We
have often pointed out the numerous evils arising from
the power the law gives to limit property to
unborn children, yet it is this power and its
constant exercise by the owners of every species of
property which give rise to many of the long and
complicated Chancery suits we frequently hear of.
Yet, except in the case of entails of laud, where the
economical evils of the system are so palpable, we
much doubt whether the public mind is at all prepared
I to alter the law by restricting the power of limiting
property within more reasonable bounds. Nothing
is more common than for testators to give money or
other personal estate to trustees, to apply the income
to their children for life, and after their own children's
decease to their children—who are probably infants
—for their lives, and afterwards to their children ;
and very frequently they point out the way in
which the property is to be disposed of in the event
of their infant grand-children dying without issue.
Here the cvcnts.on which the ultimate destination
of the property is to be decided cannot be known for
years, and no final disposal of the property can be
made until the infant grand-child, made tenant for
life, shall have a child of the age of twenty—a
period extending on an average to forty-five or fifty
years. This sort of case was refereed to in the recent
debate by the MASTER of the ROLLS, when he said :
Comment had been made upon a bill which was filed in
1815—the motion to pay money into court not 'sting made
until 1851. This was easily explained ; the Court of Chan-
cery acted as trustee. In the case in question the sum of
80,0001. was left to a lady fur her life, to be divided at her
death among some children. She lived until 1849; and on
her death questions arose which had never arisen before;
and thereupon there was a speedy application to the court,
and a speedy decision. The bill was certainly filed in 1815;
but all this time the court had been acting undisturbed as
a trustee. The nature of the trusteeship was this, that
from a devolution of interest, new questions were constantly
being raised; and when the Court of Chancery was acting
as a trustee, the public imagined that it was tngagcd over
an enormous interval of time only upon one single case.
Now, in such a ease as that, supposing the gift to
have been to the lady for her life with remainder to
her children, and it she had nt children then to
other persons ; now during her life it could not be
certainly known that she would have no children.
and the interests of the persons in remainder might
be very different during her life, and after her death
without issue. It is thus the complexity of the
interests in property which create much of the
complication of suits in chancery, and while
determined to do all we can to aid the
enforcement of thorough and practicable amend-
ments of the procedure in the Court of Chan-
cery, we accede to Mr. IlErnett's caution
not to be "led away by extravagant clamour
or untounded complaints?' So the enormous amount
of property administered by the five equity judges
may be contrasted with the duties by the fifteen
judges of the common law courts, certainly, with-
out any disadvantage to the courts of equity.
But while we shall endeavour to avoid the extra-
vagant exoneration which has characterised so
much that has been written and said about the Court
of Chancery, and which, in fact, obstructs its eine-
tive amendment, we shall to the utmost aid the
efforts of those who desire to adapt its machinery to
the exigencies of mankind and the spirit of modern
times. This will be best done by getting rid of all
causes of delay not dependent on the circumstances
of the matter in contest, but without limiting the
various steps in proceedings to periods so short as to
prevent either ]arty from presenting his ease in a
complete form for the decision of the court.
Experience, however, lends us to the belief that
the time now given for some of the proceedings in a
cause may be usefully abridged, and this with the
increased judicial power the court is about to receive,
by the institution of a court of appeal, will do much
to expedite the termination by final decision of suits
in chancery.
There will yet remain three most important points
on which amendment is required ; namely, first to
diminish the number of references to the master, by
making. it imperative upon the court to act at once
on its own view of a matter wherever it can do so
without risk of injustice; secondly, to simplify and
expedite proceedings in the masters' offices; and,
thirdly, to investigate, and if necessary remodel the
whole method of taking evidence in Chancery suits.
On all and each of these topics we shall be prepared
to show that great ameliorations can be made,
though no one is free from questions of some dif-
ficulty.

FRANCE.

PARIS, THURSDAY EVENING,

The club of the Rue des l'yramidcs and the Rue
de Itivoli, have fixed on the following list fur the
commission of permanence :—MM. de Bar, Barthe-
lemy, Sauvaire-Barthelemy, Berryer, Ilochcr,
villiers, Changarnier, Didier, Druet-DCavaux,
Dufougcraise Gouin, Grouchy, Hubert De Lisle,
Qermertc, La Tourette, Montebello, Mont igny, Morte-
mart, Mouchy, l'oujoulat, D'Olivier, Pussy, Rut-
hieres, Vitet. The present Board of the Assembly is
maintained.

You will observe from this list of candidates
that the opposition against the l'ismident's go-
vernment is at the present moment greatly
abated. Last year only one name could be
cited which had the least colour of friendliness to
Louis Napoleon, that of Leon Faucher. Among the
2.5 at present put forward, there are eight who voted
in favour of the government against the motion of
censure which dissolved the cabinet of M. tlaroehe,
and three who were neutral on that occasion. True
it is that the remaining fourteen gave their adherence I
to the vote of censure, but none of them are distin-
guished by any strong animosity against the Elysee,
with the exception of Gen. Changurmer, whose ap-
pointment seems to have been considered as enough
to give the stamp of opposition, without adding any
more active adversaries of the President. The ab-
sence of Lamoriciere is remarkable, and must be con-
sidered as a mark of disapprobation of the virulent
personality which has characterised the attitude of
hostility still maintained by that African general
against Louis Napoleon. Fur the rest, the candi-
I dates selected are remarkable for their gravity, mo-
deration, and respectability. Ten of them are legi-
I timists, and only one name, that of Henri I)idier,
belongs to the decided Left.
The Ordrc publishes another list, differing some-
what
from that approved by the two clubs, but which
is also supported by a great number of votes. In
this fresh group appear the names of Beugnot, Bixio,
de Broglie, Cavaignae, Changarnier, Charras, Cro-
ton, Delessert, Dufaure, de Flavigny, Grevy, Jules
de Lasteyrie, Labrousse, Mole, de Montigny, do
Mornay, Poujoulat, de ltemusat, Sauvaire-Barthe-
lemy, St. Priest, Vesin, and Yitet. The latter list,
you will observe, is far less favourable than that of
'1 the clubs to the Elysee.
In the Assembly s sitting to-day M. Lupin was re-
elected president by 342 votes against l 6 given in
,1 favour of M. Michel do Rourges, and 33 lost votes.
The principal subject of yesterday's debate was
; the bill for prolonging till the 31st of December,

The last state of the poll in the elections of the
Nord is greatly in favour of M. Waisse. whose
election 1.4 certain. Ile has obtained 35,000 votes,
while his antagonist, M. Delurovere, has hardly
polled 10,0(N). The ballots of shout Its' sections
have still to be examined. but their result will not
change the fortune of the day.
M. Croton has presented a report in favour of the
credit of 030,000 fr. opened to the Minister of Com-
merce for the expenses connected with the London
Exhibition. The report of M. Denjov on the supply
of a million of francs demanded for diocesan edifices,
recommended the adoption of the bill, which was
unanimously voted by the committee.
M. Cirardin, in answer to the published statement
concerning an interview between himself and Ledru
Rollin, admits that an interview of five hours took
place between them on the 2lth inst.; and expresses
his surprise that a circumstance so conformable to
his previous political relations with the exiled agita-
tor should be announced as a startling fact.
The Court of Assizes of Doutty has sentenced the
tplrend of the Ibis do Primerit to three months im-
prisonment and 500 fr. fine for a seditious article on
the right of meeting in assembly. M. Cremieux
defended the prosecuted editor.
M. Charles Ilugo, editor of the P:rr,u was
yesterday evening lodged in the Omeiergcrie to
undergo the imprisonment to which he had been
sentenced for an article against the punishment of
death, which was construed to be an attack on tho

respect due to the law.
In the course of a long personal article against IC
Thiers, Dr. VCron alludes thus to the design of
bringing forward the Prince do Joinville a, a candi-
date for the presidency :
The African generals and M. Thiers do not yet dream of
a ilictatordiip, but the follow hig in the plan of campaign
concerted amongs them. Their re win for voting, without
explanations, against the re-eligibility of Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte is, that they have a new candidate for the presi-
dency of the republic. This candidate is the Prince de
Joinville. If our information be correct, votes are recruited
for the prince even at Claremont. It is well known that
this new candidate would not obtain a decidve majority,
hot he would diminish the numlier of votes which M. LOUiR
Napoleon ilonnparte might obtain. They imagine that if
they (WI be fortunate enough to divide the moderate party
in the election of the President of the Republic, the present
National Assembly., when called on to decide on the votes
more or less unconstitutional, might proclaim the Prince
de Joinville President of the Republic. If all these plans
cannot be accomplidual, they will at least have weakened
the re-elected President of the Republic; and they would
hope thus to restrain the devotedness of certain parties and
shackle the government of the republic.
The funds recovered somewhat at the close from
the depression of yesterday. The Fives closed at
95.55, with a rise of 25c. The Threes ruse lac. and
closed at 57.20.
have just heard that the list of the clubs for
the Committee of Permanence has passed entirely
without exception.

ITALY.

ROMAN STATES.

The Giwlittle di Bonus, of the 2:Srd, contains tho
following edict of Cardinal Antonelli, dated the 21st :

From the budget of the year 111.51, and the report of the
Pro-Minister of Finance, which has now been discussed,
the lloliness of our Lord has learnt that there is a large
deficit in the receipts of this year compared with the ex-
penses. While his holiuess is confident that circumstances
will be favourable to the state, and enable it to balance the
expenditure with the receipts; and while at the same time
the holy father has directed that the present system et
public administration shall be of cnciously reformed with
the aid of the consult.. of the state for the financial depart-
ment, it has nevertheless been considered advisable to pro-
vide for urgency of the present year, However, rather
than alter the present system of taxation while such
reforms arc contemplated, it has been judged expedient
to have recourse fur this time to an extraordinary tax on the
dollies reale (duty to the crown), and to a proportionate
tax on the commune,. Hence, having taken the opinion of
the council of state, the holiness of our Lord has published
the following in his sovereign name: Art. 1. the (lairs
rests is increased by a two-monthly quota for the present
year 18.51 ; and the said increase, is to he divided into tour
equal instalments, corresponding with the two-monthly pay-
ments still to be effected iu the course of the present year,
including that of the 30th of June last. Art. 2. But as the
third and last portion of datira, which was paid beforehand
by tax-payers in 1848, would have to be returned this year,
it has been decided that the said amount shall be with-
I held, but shall be compensated by a proportionate dimi-
nution in the amount of the first and last instalment;
mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Art. 3. One mil-
lion of seudi (6,000,000 fr.) is laid upon the con.munm cf the
I state. This sum shall be paid by them according to the
Icompound ratio of their population and taxation in three
instalments during the present year. Art. 4. The com-
munes are authorised to raise their quotas, ei:her from the
sums at their disposal according to their budget, or by in-
creasing the present contributions, or else by I,vying new
taxes according to the existing laws. Art. .1. The Pro-Mi-
nister of Finance is entrusted with the execution of these
articles, the distribution of the taxes, and the publication
of the regulations on the subject.

NAPLES, JULY 24.
The material for the trials of the accused of May
15 is now complete, and has been officially published
't he pamphlet opens with praises of the King, and
the terrible extremities to which his Majesty was
pushed by the factious opposition of a few; in fact,
the disasters of May 13, 184$, are narrated without
the cause, nor is the royal pardon mentioned which
followed. I will supply this important omission of
the government narrative from a work published at
Turin, by M. Massari, ex-deputy of the Neapolitan
parliament. That gentleman observes: " The mi-
I matey offered the programme for the solemn ecre-
mony. In one of the articles it was said, the depu-
ties would take an oath to the King and the statists,
and nothing more,—without, in fact, mentioning the
, manifesto of April 3, which conferred on the elective
!assembly the right to srolycre, or modify the consti-

tution. The elected of the nation, therefore, met
together in private to consider the matter amongst
themselves. . . . The real promoters of the dis-
aster congratulated themselves on the promptness
with which events seconded their aims and desires."
The author justly blames the deputies for this act.
Whilst they were discussing, the enemies of the con-
stitution were employed in exciting the people to
revolt, and the barricades were formed—lo,ooo
troops quietly looking on at a dozen boys heaping
together fragile barriers! Prima farie this is a
strong justification of his Majesty's conduct on that
awful day—the people were in revolt, a few boys
and a few national guards were opposing the opening
of parliament. The fight took place, and the royal
troops followed up their victory by unnecessary
bloodshed and plunder, which was eventually stopped
by the remonstrances of Admiral Ilaudin, whose
fleet was then in the Bay of Naples. Without'
accusing his Majesty with the " sin of omission " in
not promptly disper,ing the deluded victims of re-
volt. let us sec what follows. Nine days after the
13th of May the following royal decree appeared :
Neapolitans! Profoundly pained by the horrible events
of the 15th of May, our greatest desire is to ameliorate, as
much as is humanly possible, the consequences. Our most
firm and immutable will is to maintain the constitution of
the 10th of February (1818) pure, immaculate from every
description of attack. :With being alone compatible with
the real and present necessities of this part of Italy—such
shall he the sacred ark in which the destinies of our loved
subjects and our crown arc placed, The legislative cham-
bers shall again be immediately convoked, and the wisdom,
firms, so, and prudence which we shall expect from them
will materially waist us in grave and useful reforms. Re-
turn, then, to your onlinary occupation., believe in the
fullness of your souls, in our loyalty, in our religion, and
in our sacred and spontaneous oath, and live in the fullest
certainty that our incessant occupation shall be to abolish as
mom as together with the state of siege, the memory
of the unhappy events which have afflicted us.
(Signed) FEMDINANDO
Such is the solemn promise and pardon published
a few days after the disasters of May, couched
in language which is only surpassed by the awful
oath of the constitution. And yet forty five men,
who have remained in prison more than two years,
are now brought to trial. More than WO were
taken with arms in their hands, but only 45 are ac-
cused. On looking over the names, I find they are
ex deputies and government officials, conspicuous for
their constitutional opinions, and like the celebrated

42 of the last trials, victims of political hatred, and
no doubt like them will be sent to the galleys in
chains. Tht„c gentlemen have already revealed
enough to prove that the real authors of the street
fight do not appear. I shall, however, reserve their
statements until they can be presented in a more
complete state, continuing the narrative of events
which followed May 15, 1418.
The parliament was again called; its conservative
character and moderation may be seen in the records
of that assembly. Several ifscful reforms past, but
never received .the signature of the King. At length
the finance was to be voted; the King then closed
the parliament, and shortly after, out of 101 depu-
ties, 24 were thrown into prison, and 52 exiled them-
selves from the Two Sieilies. in all i 6 victims. The
reaction had now triumphed; the King felt himself
sure of the army, and the events of Europe no longer
threatened from without. The old corrupt police
machinery was recalled, and the irritated hounds of
despotism have since hunted the whole kingdom, far
the last two years, crowding the prisons, and ruin-
ing families in all directions. It is enough to be
denounced by a spy, to be thrown into prison, and
eventually removed to the galleys. Poem and his
c•impanious already wear the chain, mid others will
assuredly be added to these early victims. It is a
crime to mention the word constitution—it is high
treason to refer to that unity of Italy which his
Majesty solemnly contracted with Charles Albert.
It is here generally believed that the French army
will shortly leave Rome, and leave his Holiness with
a mixed garrison of Austrians and Neapolitans.
This, however, may be simply the wish of the
powers that be.

TURIN, Jet.v 23.
Nothing further has transpired with regard to the
trial of the Aldborouglia Comparisons the most un-
fasourahle are naturally drawn here between the influence ,
of the British and American governments, as shown in the
respe Yive eases of these young men and the American ,
tray :11er recently imprisoned in Hungary and liberated on
the energetic demand of Mr. McCurdy, the United States ,
minister.
Arrested in the Austrian dominions, under circumstances ,
which might or might not have justified the suspicion of ,
the government, it is certain that it was its' intention to ,
have tried him secretly, and that it was only Mr. Mc Curtly's
threat of immediately demanding his passports if the
alleged delinquent was not brought to his residence, which
effected his deliverance.
Here, on the contrary, is a country which is not Austrian,
English subjects are incarcerated for a transgression which
is neither proved in fact or in degree, by an Austrian
military tribunal, kept incommunicate, and subjected to a
private trial.
The introduction by the Austrians into Italy—not only
into Austrian Italy, but into the l'apal States—of the prac-
tice of flogging women for political offinecie—in one case for
hissing the Austrian troops, and of extracting confession
from suspected persons by the lash, may give some measure
of the brutality of Austnan courts-martial. But if, leaving
these foreign military occupants, we turn to the native
authorities adminktering what is called justice in all the
Italian states (except Sardinia), we shall find them consti-
tuted, I will not say in a manner calculated to alienate con-
fidence, for that would convey no correct impression of the
reality. but to render it impossible that they should not
have committed many of the atrocities and injustices laid
to their charge. There was always much no doubt to com-
plain of in the character of public office rs in the Italian
states, but the present astonishing depravity of a bench and
constabulary literally recruited from the bagnio, is a new
and unfortunate effect of recent revolution and of the state
of public feeling.
Naples—singularly enough, through the greater demo-
ralisation of national character—has undergone in this
respect the least change for the worse, though there the
principle has been studiously disseminated and diligently
accepted that in political eases those suspected of disaffection
must be punished by all means, fair or foul, and under every
imaginal.le pretext and subterfuge.
The trial of Poeriu (which it is said that Mr. Gladstone
is about giving to the world) will convey some faint idea of
the manner in which justice is administered in the kingdom
of the Two Sieilies ; but in other parts of Italy, and espe-
cially in the Papal States and Lombardy, hatred to the
existing government is so unanimous and so strong that
sufficient persons of common respectability cannot in any
class be found to serve them. In the Papal. States, fur in-
stance, there are, no doubt, individuals enough of ordina-
rily fair antecedents, in circumstances sufficiently tempting,
and indifferent enough in polities to render them desirous of
office and its emoluments ; but so general and so intense
is the public feeling that such individuals dare not brave it.
They know that relatives, friends, and neighbours would
point at them the finger of scum, and brand them with
infamy, and therefore choose, even in their extremest need,
to forego the advantages of employment rather than par-
chase them at the expense of becoming outcasts from the
society and bosoms of all near and dear to them. This
fact, together with the natural suspicion which the Papal
government entertains of all who have expressed themselves
hostile to it, and in which category, almost without excep-
tion, the whole population must be ranged, have forced the
l'ope to recruit his public servants, high and low, amongst
the most degraded of mankind.
With regard to the police arid abirri, it was shown to me
that a majority at least consists of felons and jail birds.
Against these underlings I have one conclusive case, which
renders superfluous further comment, but which I shall
pass over now to speak of their superiors. To attempt to
convey some idea of how the Roman bureaucracy is
composed, I shall cite individual eases as they
came in a couple of days' inquiry and inves-
tigation to my notice. The priest, Tagliani, was being
spoken of with some indignation, as having been
decorated with a fresh order and pensioned by the
l'ope. Tagliani, I found, bail formerly been sentenced for
participation in highway robbery. This, however, was not
brought with acrimony against him, and it was observed
that perhaps Cardinal Antonelli might patronise, through
sympathy. highwaymen in consideration of his own uncle,
the hriplild CLISp3/031i (the hero of the " Gentle Zittclla,"
which is sung about our streets), and who is still expiating
his numerous robberies and murders in the galleys, in which
several other of jhe cardinal's relatives have been located.
Wc neat passed tl:c present commandant of the papal artil-
lery. A large proportion of the former officers had Seen
killed or wounded on the bastions of Rome by the French,
the remainder were of course turned out. A Swiss sub-
miter's, whom many years ago they had seen broken and
impelled for einbezilement, has now been advanced to the
1110111M1141 of the whole body.
if death have not removed him,

There are instance, in which, as with Bokhare, their ina-
bility to reach the oppressive government must oblige Eng-
lishmen to forego protection. But that this is not the ease
either with Austria or Italy has been proved at Vienna by
the recent firmness of Mr. M`Curdy, and in Italy by the
" invisible government."
The invisible governinent, as it is called, declares that
it forbids assassination, and protects its enemies from
the dagger to reserve them for extermination by the
sword, but cannot always restminthe popular vindictiveness
as well as it pretends. After the flogging of the woman
Maria Biagio at I'errugia, it placed on the walls in Lom-
bardy and in Romagna that it gave up to public vengeance
the officer who should repeat "this infamy." The Austrian
commandant of Lodi took no heed of this warning, and
was stabbed dead on the fourth day after has transgression.
Since that example, reprehensible as it may have been, I
have heard no further instance of woman-flogging•