The Express.
London, England, 1853-11-17 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EYERtNG, NOVEMBER 17, 1

'to wriggle out of their pledge to remain neutral, sod
array themselves on the side of Russia:
Next in importance to the question' how Austria
will act, is the question, what are England and
France going to do? Both have declared their
determination to maintain the rights of the Turkish
SULTAN ; both base declared that the retention of the
Danubian Provinces by Russia would be a cases belli ;
why do they viten I.t!lgilid and inert, now that the
Russians have endeavoured by force of arms to
retain possession of these provinces ? Is the
Montenegrin game to be played over again ?
In the Montenegrin war the Powers remained
inactive, until it Rai clear that Oxea PACHA WY
on the eve of reducing the insurgent Montene-
grins ; then, and not till then, they interfered, and
by their diplomatic cords tied the arms of
the victorious general behind his back, and
prevented him from effectively re-establishing the
authority of his sovereign. Do France and England
intend now also to stand idle lookers on, while
Ohara PAcuA advances from victory to victory, only
to interfere when the case of the Russians becomes
palpably hopeless, in order to save the CZAR from
the consequences of his arrogant and inqinitous aggres-
sions on Turkey ? France and England owe it to
their own reputation,—owe it to the peace and

liberties of Europe of which they alone are able to be
the protectors,—to co-operate sincerely, promptly, and
energetically with the Porte, not merely to drive the
Russians out of Turkey, but to substitute for the
defunct treaties of Kainardji, Adrianople, &c.,
equitable arrangements conducive to the lasting
pima, freedom, and prosperity of Europe.
One other remark must be here made. Bu-
charest is reported to have been in flames in three
places. Should this prove true, there can be no doubt
that the Russians will be found to have been the
incendiaries. The cannon and mortars which galled
the Russians at Oltenitu were those of Turtukain,
which could scarcely have been moved up to Bucharest.
It nowhere appears that the Turks who had crossed
the river carried a besieging train of artillery along
with them, nor, in the state of the weather, is it
probable that they could in so few days have brought
one to bear upon Bucharest. If it shall turn out
that Bucharest has been fired, it will in all probability
be found also that this has been a last effort of
Russian spleen, while writhing under the disgrace of
defeat. This, then, is the humanity, equity, piety,
of the Czaa! Will he plunder, slay, and burn the
unfortunate Wallachians, whose protector he called
himself ?

THE London and North Western 'Railway Company
have, it appears, offered prises to their workmen at
Wolverton and Crewe for prolloiency in mechanics and
other accomplishments, to be adjudged by tko

Inspectors of Schools. Surely this is to be looked
upon as a decisive sign that we aro awakening to
the fact that it is better to have men than
machines to work for us—that the working man
who knows something about the movements, and
construction, and principles of the almost vital
mechanism around bim, is an infinitely more
useful help than the one who has little more know-
ledge than the metal which enters into 'the construc-
tion of the machines which he superintends. One
thing is certain: unless the knowledge of this fact
becomes generally acted upon, we may look forward
at no distant period to a time when our ignorance
on the subject will be attended with the most
grievous effects upon the prosperity of the
country. As a proof of its importance, we
may state that a gentleman well qualified to
pronounce an opinion on a question of this kind,
and who has just returned from a tour of inspection
in the United States, has declared that in some of
the mills now in operation in that country there
are workmen who on account of their superior
intelligence, skill, and knowledge of the principles
involved in their labours, and having perhaps the
advantage of superior machines, areenabled to produce
four times as many goods as many ordinary workmen
employed in a similar manner in England. We may
add that one consequence of his statements has been,
that a deputation of competent persons is on the point
of being sent from this country to investigate the con-
dition of the manufactories in the United States,
—principally with reference to the education of the
workmen.

Every inquiry into the state of manufacturing
industry shows clearly that, since the facilities of
communication between various countries have been
so wonderfully augmented, the superiority which
any particular country is able to vindicate to itself
from that source is gradually diminishing. We must
not look to be made rich by our mineral ores, unless
we know how to work them up better than other
nations. The cotton trade has enriched England,
although not a particle of cotton can we get that
does not traverse a distance of three thousand miles.
It is manual skill and scientific knowledge which we
shall require, not 'limey to stand in the van of other
nations, but even to hold our own. The working
classes must be educated.

This, of course, is a truism. It has been declared
often and often in our own columns. Within the
last few weeks there has been a public discussion
carried on between some esteemed representatives
of many of the parties into which the friends
of education are divided. Dr. WATTS, Mr. HIN-
TON, Mr. SWAINS, and Mr. LovarT, have all
put forward views which, however they may diverge
in some respects, all coincide in the very great im-
portance of the subject. Nevertheless, there is one fea-
ture of the case which has not yet received its due
portion of attention. The American artisans of
whom we have spoken are,—independent of their
specificqualifications,-4n educated race. The majority ,
of American operatives carry with them into the fac-
tory minds stored with the principles of the sciences 1
involved in the operations in which they will have to '
be engaged. They have had their faculties
educed,—brought out in youth. They are
all ready to draw conclusions from the great ,
mass of experiment before them. They ore not
blind, unreasoning creatures. This cannot be said
to apply universally to the United Kingdom. Sir
ROBERT KANE, in his eloquent address on the distri-
bution of the prizes in Queen's College, Cork, alluded
feelingly to the manner in which the educational
arrangements of the new colleges were impeded
by the " low state of preparation to which
students were brought in the preparatory
schools." Now, for " /out state of prcparutiuu"
amongst the middle classes, we may write "no state
of preparation" amongst the artisan civil.. The bulk
of our rural and manufacturing population are seldom
able or willing to grant their children the needful
means of education. As soon as a child's labour
becomes valuable in the field or the factory, the
untaught creature is drafted off to work, and so con-
,' tiuues from infancy to maturity and old age in a mill-
, j horse routine, without ever making any improve-
. ment beyond that in mere manual skill. To some
very small fraction of the whole, a mechanics' insti-
-1 tute may afford a partial means of repairing the kiss
which the want of education has occasioned. But how
great will be their struggles compared With those of
; the American michunie, who begins the process of
t • self-education. He has already in early lite had his
, faculties tiluc.fil, brought out. He merely eJntinues
a process which commenced in youth. The
, Englishman in general wants rudimentary
knowledge. It is this and no other cause
r I which so greatly impeded the progress of Mechanics'
Instituter amongst us. Those who ought to patronise

suchiplines have nothing to start from. While, time-
foreoes bail with satisfaction the endeavours of the
London and North Western Company to exciti a spirit
of scientific inquiry amongst their men, we must still
look for the great improvement in our working slaws
to a more complete education in youth. If this an
accomplished, we may look to the time when Eng-
land shall become the nursery of scientific workmen.
Oar manufactures are taking root, not only in our
colonies, but amongst foreign nations, under, in some
respects, more favourable auspices than at home: but
if we would not fear these offshoots as future rivals we
must maintain our superiority by the better appli-
cation of intellect to machinery. To do this,
science must no longer be the exclusive possession of
the recluse student. We can never as a general rule
make our working men philosophers, but we can let
them take their position in the world of workers, fur-
nished with some of the results of philosophy. This
will give them something to begin with, and the best
of them will not be slow to improve upon it. Living
in a more educated atmosphere, they will be more
likely to make their education tell upon the materials
they work with, and England may owe in the ooming
days as much to the intellectual capabilities of her
operatives u she has in times past to their strong
arms and love of labour.

THE POPE IN THE PULPIT.

-

ROME. Nov. 8. I
On Sunday afternoon the Roman Forum pre-
sented a spectacle of rare interest and scenic effect,
Pio None having taken a sudden resolution to hold
forth to the assembled multitude, from the steps of
the church of San Guiseppi dei Falegnaaii, over the
Mamertine Prison, whither the ancient crucifix,
which has been adored there for many centuries, had
just been brought back in the midst of a splendid
processional train after its fifteen days sojourn in the
church of San Carlo al Corso. His Holiness was ac-
t companied by his court and the Cardinal Vicar, and
took the text of his sermon from the parable of
the sower, in the 13th chapter of Matthew, and
dwelt forcibly upon the verse " But while men slept,
his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat
and went his way." Without making any direct
political allusions, his Holiness evidently hinted at
the party dissensions represented in his mind by the
tares, and the ceaseless insidiousness with which they
were sown by the inimicus home' representing,
no doubt, republicanism in general; but the
main tendency of his discourse was merely moral,
and was delivered with eitreme energy of diction
and abundance of oratorical gesticulation. Indeed
the Pope's powerful voice was taxed to the utmost to
convey his meaning to the immense congregation
drawn together by so novel a preaching ; and as a
guard of grenadiers and Swiss kept the space clam
for a considerable distance round the church, only
those persons who got near the front ranks were abb
to appreciate the expressions as well as the gestures
of his Holiness. The official paper of yesterday
evening does not venture upon the substance of the
Papal discourse, but merely commends it as consist-
ing of " efficacious and salutary words, which will
be with difficulty forgotten by those who had the
good fortune to hear them," a good fortune which it is
to be supposed the editor of the Itoman journal did
not himself obtain.

Altogether his Holiness took a very gloomy view
of the morals of his subjects, and told them he re-
gretted that they had made so little progress in
spiritual reformation since he had last exhorted them
to repeat from the pulpit of St. Andrea della Valle
six years ago, but he trusted to obtain the Divine
blessing for them, through the intercession of the
apostles Peter and Paul, over whose prison he then
stood. The Pope then followed the crucifix into the
church, listened to the Ambrosian hymn, and re-
ceived the blessing of his sacristan, Monsignor Cas-
tellani; after which, accompaaied by the Cardinal
Vicar, his suite, and the Homan municipality, and
preceded by the banners of the fourteen rwni or
districts of Rome, he slowly ascended the right hand
road to the Capitol, turning bark once more to give
his benediction to the crowd that filled the Forum
below, front the Temple of Concord to that of Auto-
ninus and Feasting, stretching nearly as far as the
arch of Titus. _ .

The people, although by no mesns enthusiastic,
were respectful, and the beauty of the dry, the rich-
ness and variety of the costumes, and above all the
classic remembrances of the locality, rendered the

whole scene extremely impressive.
The duration of the Pope's sermon, in case less
exalted preachers should feel inclined is that im-
portant matter to follow the example of the Supreme
Pontiff, was exactly twenty-four minutes.

THE RUSSIAN FLEET IN THE BALTIC.

Nov. 15.

By intelligence just received at this port, we learn
that the Russian fleet in the Baltic had not only gone into
winter (porters, but had been partially dismantled, and
sharp frost having set in, would be by the present time
frozen in. One division of this fleet had taken up its
quarters at Crons!adt, and the other two divisions at Port
Baltic, tLe latter place being rarely selected as the winter
rendesvous of the fleet. Revel is its usual winter station ;
but this port is very indifferently defended, whilst Port
Baltic is almost unassailable, only one ship-of-war being
able to approach it at a time, and that much exposed to the
shot of the fortifications. For these reasons, under present
circumstances, it is suggested Port Baltic has been selected
as the winter quarters of the greater portion of the
fleet. The Russian fleet in the Baltic sea is di-
vided into three divisions, each of which comprises
9 line-of-battle ships, independently of frigates and smaller
vessel.. The flag-ship of each division is a threedecker,
and these are the only three•deeken in the fleet.
Activity in the formation of a screw steam fleet in the
Baltic is not diminished, but has rather increased. Three
84 gun ships, to be fitted with the screw, have received
their engines, as also two frigates; the machinery having
been made in England. Another 84 gun screw ship was
building at St. Petcrsburgh, and two other ships of the
same armament ire on the stocks at Croustadt, " rebuild-
ing," the Russian dockyards having a system of pulling
their ships to ; ieces after a few 'years' service, and then
budding them again of, in a great measure, the old ma-
terials. A 52 gun screw frigate had also arrived at Cron-
stadt, from Archangel, to be fitted out.
. _

The discharge fronithe &mien service of British sub-
jects in its employ bad not, to the date of the departure of
the intelligence that has arrived here, been universal ; but
it was so with reg►rd to all those whose terms of contrast
had expired—a considerable number of persons. In no case
had a contract of service been renewed. The general dis-
charge of all British subjects was, howev,r, expected to
take place, in consequence of the present aspect of the rela-
tions of the two countries.

HOUSEBREAKING AND SUICIDE,—On the 9th ling
the house of Mr. E. Stott, a farmer, at Westholme, near
Oldham, wee rubbed ; and a man named John Mills was
soon afterwards apprehended on the charge, and on Saturday
afternoon he banged himself in Oldham lock-up. Oo
uday evening an inquest was held on the body, and a
verdict of 1:lo de m returned. The coroner (Mr. Dearden)
said he quite concurred in the decision, unusual as it was. He
believed the last verdict of the kind he had recorded was
shout seven years ago, at Rochdale. The law required
that the body should be interred within twenty tour hours
of the finding of the jury, and between the hours of 9 and 12
o'clock at night. The verdict having been uelivered before
o'cluck, it became imperative that it should take place on
that eight. He thtreforo issued his w to the police
autliotities, requiring them to see to its fulfilment. A coffin.
the lust that could be put together in the short time, was pro-
cured, and it soon became ~owed abroad, and shortly before
twelve o'clock a great number of persons had assembled in
the churchyard and about the house where the body ley,
many seeming greatly 4: as their feelings end notions
of pr.ipriety and decency were outraged. The body was
removed in a cur. procured hastily, and followed by the
hither and a few other relatives, a Large crowd following at
a distance. There were many amoogst these best acquainted
with the desperate character of the deceased, who showed
no sympathy, but spoke out and said he did not deserve
Christian burial. The body was interred in the lower
part of the churchyard, about a quarter to 12, without any
ceremony or observance whatever. At thi, mome,,t the eit-
citemeut seemed so great, that it was I, sled an attempt
would he made to take it up again ; hue the grave was
quickly thou, auil the poliee all pats, SJ hat
shortly alter 12 the whole had dispersed, and nu iLsturbancy
whatever OCCllll7l.(l.—Manchesto Examiner.

rue MANCIIESTER ATHENA:UM had a narrow
escape frbut destruction by fire yebterday at 'oration. The
fire in a large stove in the news-zoom had ignited the floor,
but some boards having been torn up, the flames were fortu-
nately discovered is time to check their profiraea

LATEST FROM ABROAD.

RUSSIA AND TURKEY.

TRIESTE, Nov. 18.
By the Africa we have advice. from Constanti-
nople to the 7th inst.:-
61A new project of note arrived yesterday morn-
ing, with instructions to the e:-;:inssidorg Vnglerd
!And Fran:4 10 reu,immena it to the Porte ; bat there
appeals to be a decided objection on the part of the
Porte to its being signed. The city is perfectly
tranquil.
„Several Russian prisoners of war have arrived
from Batoum, and more are expected.
u The fort of Chekwetit, taken by the Turks on
the 28th of October, contained 2,000 muskets, four
cannon, and 1,000 men.
u A small Turkish squadron is cruising in the
Black Sea. _ _ _ _

" Two British and two French line-of-battle ships
are lying off Therapia for the present.
"No further reinforcement is. expected from the
Dardanelles.

a Exchange, 11. sterling, 136 piasters."

VIENNA, WIDNZSDAT.
We have news from Constantinople to the 7th. A
new note, it is said, is pressed upon the Porte by the
Powers.

More prisoners have arrived from Asia.

ITALY.

ROME, Nov. 10.

Mr. Freeborn in Rome, and Mr. Moore in Ancona,
have succeeded in obtaining from the government an
abrogation of the vexatious quarantine regulations
lately enforced against British vessels. The Austrian
commandant at Ancona would not give up the
Lazzaretto, and moreover represented to the papal
authorities the absurdity of supposing that the
cholera could be brought by vessels forty days at see.

FRANCE.

PARIS, WISDNIJIDLY EVININO.

Official telegraphic despatches from Vienna an-
nounce that the Turks have been attacked on the
island between Ruschtashuk and Giurgewo. The
Russians for a moment obtained possession of the
island, but were immediately driven off with great
loss.

At Oltenitza, on the 11th, the fighting *as begun
by the Russians, the Turks repulsed them, and in
turn attacked the Russian entrenchments.

head-quarters were, on the

ith, at Budeschti, twelve miles from Oltenitza.
It wu rumoured at Vienna that the Turks had
crossed at Hirssowa, and had reached Slobodseja, to
the number of 10,000.

The only journal that comments at any length
upon NL de is Onerron.iiire's article is the Union.
It observes that under a regime incompatible with
complete publicity of parliamentary debates, and
with entire liberty of the press, the deliberately ex-
premed opinions of a deputy placed at the head of the
two leading government newspapers are invested
with considerable authority, and fix upon the writer
a degree of responsibility not easy to measure. The
sum of his argument, according to the Union, is in
the first place to establish the failure of diplomacy
and to repudiate the doctrine of " localized war," and
in the next to invite all Europe to take part in an
arbitration, audit necessary to coalesce against Russia.
The confession of the utter failure of the Vienna

conference is cited with much unction in the words
which I quoted textually yesterday. But the Union
hesitates to admit that the conference can have been
so grossly ignorant as M. de la Onerronniere as-
sumes, and in accordance with its legitimist prin-
ciples, attributes the impotence of the conference to
the predominance of revolutionary principles in the
councils of the world. On this head-the opinions of
the Union are of small importance, but it is entitled
to more attention when it qualifies as an extreme
opinion the assumption of the government
writer that it is possible to form a coali-
tion of all Europe against Russia. The
Union evidently doubts whether it is safe to
infer from the proposition that Prussia and Austria
are "interested inresisting Russia, that they may be
relied upon in taking part against her at the last
' extremity, and sees in M. de la Guerronniere's man-
ner of stating the question a general war in per-
spective. It concludes as follows :
Suppose the suggested arbitration to fail, what awaits
Europe ? In our opinion there is butane indisputable pro-
position in M. de la Guerronniere's whole article. It is t hia,
" While Russia and Turkey give their blood, we, and others
with ur, lose our prospenty, our labour, and our well-
being." That, in truth, is the public calamity which
Europe is now reduced to suffer. In any cue, we do not
think articles in the tone and form of that which we have
just analysed are likely to avert the evils which menace the
world. _ _ . .

The Gazette de Cologne pretends that, at the sug-
gestion of Russia, Austria will object to the sojourn
of the Hospodars Stirbey and Ghika, at Vienna, and
that in consequence they will go to Paris. -
The Mentor packet, which left Constantinople on
the sth November, has arrived at Marseilles.
The Patrie says it is positively informed that, on
the 9th of November, nearly 100,000 Turkish soldiers
I had crossed the Danube, and that more were con-

tinually crossing.
At the Bourse there his been the slight fall of 10c.
is the Threes. Business is still very languid. Bank
of France shares fell 25fr. It is reported that the
directors will raise the rate of interest to-morrow.

A Council of Ministers was held yesterday after-
noon at the Palace of Fontainebleau. The lifoniteur
states that there will be several Cabinet Councils
during the stay of their Majesties. The Moniteur
also says that the fete day of the Empress was cele-
brated yesterday ets famslie at Fontainebleau. The
Bishop of Adras said mama in thl chapel of the palace
in presence of their Majesties and their court, and
the persons who are staying at the palace on invite-
don.
By decree of the Emperor, Count Eugene Dubois,
who has been appointed Director-General of Rail-
roads, is named Councillor of State in non-activity,
and M. de Calvimont, Prefect of the Dordogne, is
named Maitre des Requetes of the first class, in place
of Count Dubois.
A meeting of about 150 British residents and
visitors was held this day at Meurice's Hotel, for the
purpose of testifying respect and admiration of the
late Lieut. Bellot. His Excellency Lord How den pre-
sided, and in an eloquent speech dwelt on the great
merits of the late gallant sailor. A series of appro-
priate resolutions were then proposed and carried
unanimously.
The trial of the Opera Comique conspirators was
brought to a conclusion on the 15th. The judges
retired, and after forty minutes' deliberation re-
turned. The court condeumned Folliet, Alix,
and Decroix to eight years banishment; Ruault,
Lux, Gerard, de Meren, !starlet, Gabrat, and Copinot,
to transportation; Monchiroud to ten years' deten-
tion; lurenne, Matz, and Mazille, to seven years'
detention ; Maillet, Denez, Jaud, Commits, and Joiron,
to five years de.eutiou ; Rihault de Laugardicre to
five years' imprisonment; and Follot to three years'
imprisonment. " Detention," according to the French
law, differs from imprisonment in being more severe,
having an infamous character attached to it, and car-
rying with it surveillance of the police for life.
The accused, on hearing their condemnation,
uttered no cry.
'fhe court then rose; it was five o'clock in the
morning.