The Express.
London, England, 1848-06-07 00:00:00

mistake the effect for the cause. In dense popula- a most salutary effect upon the Papal dominions and
Lions proportionally fewer children are born, but this those of Naples. It will deliver the people of them
is on account of the causes pointed out by MALrlics. countries from the dread of Austria—retrograde rulers
In long settled and thickly peopled countries, like and statesmen from all hopes of its succour. The
Great Britain. the local power of increasing the King of NAPLES, abandoned to himself, must return
means of subsistence lags behind the local tendency to constitutional ways or perish. And a congress,
to augment the population. Hence crowds of half- according to the recommendation of Gtonsavr, can
employed and unemployed poor; hence privations meet at Rome to knit the links and establish the
among the proprietary class of more limited means ; laws of an Italian federation.
hence discomfort, indigence, unavailing struggles, One happy characteristic of this revival of Italy
irritation and discontent, crimes, turbulence, all that is the utter absence of foreign aid or intervention
endangers the well-being and stability of a state. in its achievement. Neither French agents not
The great advantage which the United States English fleets have meddled therein. Even adv*,se
coheninstrtu.tionatal
possess over Great Britain is owing exeln- was neither influential nor to the purpose. Our envoy
Nicely to the facility of access enjoyed by the at Turin timidly dissuaded Cusau:s /roil
Population to wrote !ands far more eXtettaiVto p4i,siug the liberal Rubicon. Tns imminent
of
;Ilan they can occupy. More just and wise than the France was warnutaa M. rit LAmAaviNE inforinedthe
British, Americans are not; as witness the negroslavery Assembly, that Italy did not need Fonrenmehonanda
in the southern states and their Mexican war—as The peninsula has sufficed for its own redemption.
witness the poverty and crime in their large sea- Mr. Disnaehr made very merry Monday night
aullitphasthteeffgorertsat
for
petetetandoifnglibrleisamnd;
board cities. Yet such utter destitution as is expeg-
rienced by our pauper class, such years of toilm
inanition as fall to the lot of too large a proportion of governments to other countries. He ridiculed the idea
our operatives are unknown there. And in America of a constitution, a Lords and a Commons, as not
such outbursts of frantic diseffeetions to the institu- practicol. Hoes Mr. I)IsRAELI pretend at this time of
Cons of the country as every lustrum since I hl9 has day, that absolute governments are alone practical.?
witnessed here, are unknown, although their execu- We have two very pretty samples before us of such
Jive government is immeasurably weaker than ours, practical blessings ; one, the paternal government of
both from the nature of its constitution, and from the M ETTERN ten ; the other, the enlightened despotism
immense tracts of thinly-peopled country through of the Prussian monarch. Where are they ? How
which the rebellious might dodge and double to evade did they work ? How did the* resist the storm ?
its grasp. The rarity of absolute destitution, the Fanciful politicaltheorists are mucii given to make game
comparative paucity of those crimes which are the of constitutional government, and to taunt liberalism.
offspring of hopeless indigence, the absence of popular But at the same time they dare not avow a preference
disaffection in America, arc owing to the process of of despotism. Will they point out a medium? Will
dispersion from the dense es etre% or population to the they condescend to invent a system of government
lonely backwoods which is constantly in progress that is not despotic, and not constitutional ? Loins
there. Pirthiren was, perhaps, the only person that ever
Now in point of fact there are within the dominions made an attempt of the kind—his system of a Pena
of the British crown tracts of unappropriated waste milieu, of having a representative assembly, and
which need but the labour of man to make them teem making a mere stalking horse of it, whilst be really
with the means of human sustenance, scarcely, if at governed by courtiers and military, and by on_
all, inferior in extent to those possessed by the United constitutional influence. Surely this system has
States. Nor are these possible homes for the home- been tried in France, and we have seen
leas in the Old Country more difficult of access than its failure. It is still in course of trial
the prairies of the Far West are from the Atlantic sea- in Spain, and we see its results. A constitution and
board of America. A little intelligent foresight—a a representative system are certainly very old, very
little cordial co-operation—on the part of the people humdrum things—much used, mum abused, without
and government of Great Britain would make our any longer the claim of novelty. They are neither
colonies serve all the useful purposes to which the so original nor so poetical as the system of either
United States turn their waste lands. 1.01.:IS BLANC or Dr. FitaNCIA. But we must still
To this end it is oaly required to give the emi- be allowed to remain attached to this form of go-
grating propensity which is so active among our vernment, both for ourselves and for others, until
countrymen the form and direction of colonisation— some such SoLoN as the member for Buckinghamshire
to make it a public business. Ily making it a public shall prepare a better. And we sincerely hope that
affair we understand systematic colonisation, span- the Italians may try representative government,
taneous on the part of the emigrating settlers, but and the Spaniards recur to the same, as soon and as
conducted under the superintending guidance a a sincerely as possible.
public authority—either a department appointed by
government, or elected by the people or their repre-
sentatives. The necessity of re-adjusting the balance
of population and the field of profitable employment
by some such public wrangem,nt has been felt in all
communities, ancient and modern, and that at a very
early period of their history. The early Greek colo-
nies generally originated in civil feuds; but wherever
history enables us to trace the causes of these feuds
they will be found to have originated in the local
pressure of population on the means of subsistence.
In the Italian states which preceded, or were contem-
porary with, the foundation of Rome, there were laws
by which all the chibiren born in certain years, perio-
dically recurring, were devoted to go out at a certain
age from the parent community to form new settlements.
'I he dispersion of the Teutonic race throughout
Europe was mainly owing to an analogous arrange-
ment. In the Old Testament we s, e the operation
of the law of nature which dictated these arrange-
ments in a still simpler and more primitive state
of society than any of those to which we have yet
alluded. And the unintermitting westward move-
ment of the population of the United States under the
auspices of the land department in Washington is
merely the operation of the same natural law under a
form adapted to a more complicated and civilised
social organisation.
Great Britain, too, may have, and must Imre, its
hardy pioneers and its land department, whereby our
unoccupied lands in Australia and elsewhere may be
made the means of relieving the incessantly recurring
local pressure of population on the means of subsist-
ence. The peace of our native land and the prosperity
of its children urgently demand the adoption
of immediate measures to this end. The
experience of the last thirty years, and tie discus-
sions of many master minds upon that experience
have supplied ample intelligence for organising
systematic colonisation. To rest contented with such
microscopical efforts as that recommended by Lord
AsttLEY, or even with merely supplying the urgent
want of labour in New South Wales, is to remain
blind to the necessities of the country—to the high
and special vocation of our age and country. To
think only of finding a new sphere of action for a few
reclaimed convicts, or an empty field upon which
the destitute peasantry of Ireland may be " shovelled
out," is to entertain a perverted and degrading notion
of the task of colonisation.
It will never do to send out the poor alone to our
colonies. To found and to carry on new settlements
capitalists and labourers must go forth together. Time
must elapse before the earth can be made to yield its
returns, and during this interval the labourer must
be supported. Capital is necessary to provide the
means of subduing the earth as well as of maintain-
ing its cultivator till the harvest can be reaped. Go-
vernment has been found inadequate to the task of
procuring implements, directing the application of
labour, and feeding the labourers. In new countries,
as in old, these objects can only be accomplished with
the necessary economy and effect by private enterprise,
stimulated by the prospect of individual gain. It is
not large capitalists who are required for this purpose;
buten admixture of men possessing some capital, among
those who possess nothing but their capacity for
labour, is indispensable. And the virtual monopoly
by which, in our comparatively narrow field of profit-
able investment in the old country, large capitalists
keep down small ones, renders the colonies even a
more desirable and necessary place of refuge for this
class than for the mere labourers. A beneficial scheme
of colonisation will require to be one which facilitates
the simultaneous emigration and settlement of em-
ployers and employed. The establishment and
carrying out of such a system, would benefit the
country in more ways than one. It would relieve the
immediate local pressure of population upon the
mcar,s of subsistence; and, by creating new markets
for the products of our home industry, new fields
whence to draw our raw Materials, it would retard
and alleviate that pressure in future.

GERMANY.

PRUSSIA.—BERLIN, JUNE 4.—Berlin is se
in a state of great excitement. The working
classes are loud in their demand for arms,
and that demand has been partly complied with by
the government. All kinds of rumours are afloat,
and a hundred events or circumstances of the most
trifling import in themselves arouse daily the sus-
picions of the public. The fact is, that ever since the
recall of the Prince of Prussia, hut more particularly
since the publication of the extraordinary draft of
the constitution, as drawn up by the government, in
usurpation of the rights of the constituent assembly
of Berlin, the operatives of the capital, and great
numbers of the middle clap, look upon every move-
ment of the cabinet and its subordinates with great
jealousy, if not with distrust ; and perhaps no better
proof of the correctness of that statement could be
given than the somewhat summary dismissal—for
such it may be called—of Gen. Aschoff from his post
of commander of the civic guard by that body itself,
upon the ground that he no longer possessed its
confidence.
AUSTRIA.—VIES SA, JUNE I.—The Russian am-
bassador is understood to be the only member of the
owl's dytonatique who has followed the court to Inn-
spruck. The others are said to have declared that
being accredited to the Austrian government, nct to
his Majesty personally, they remain, at least till
further instructions, at the seat of government. A
deputation of Vienna ladies, headed by a fashionable
milliner, have gone to Innsprack, to petition the
Empress to use her influence with her imperial spouse
Ito induce him to return to the capital.
The day of the diet—the Emperor's birth-day—
passed over at Vienna without any of the usual
demonstrations. Early in the evening, however, all
the houses in the suburbs were illuminated. In the city
the windows remained dark till a pretty advanced
hour; first one and then another, however, came to
be lit up, and ultimately the illumination might
be considered as general. In the evening, the Uni-
versity legion celebrated a feast of reconciliation
with the national :guard of the Carinthian quarter
which had been suspected of reactionary tendencies.
The Odeon, in which they met, was crowded, and
about midnight an improvised torch-light procession
took place, which visited in succession, with cordial
greetings, the houses of the new commandant of the
national guard, Col. Pannasch, the commandant of the
University legion, Professor Fuster, and the Minister
Pillensdorff. Everything went off with the beat good
humour.
The Emperor has been amusing himself at Inns-
pruck by awarding crosses to the officers and medals
to the soldiers who fought in toe streets ca: Milan. A
more praiseworthy exercise of his authority is an ex-
tension of the amnesty of the 28th of March—with
even greater latitud: than the original—to all who
had been sentenced in consequence of their participa-
tion in the revolutionary movements in Cracow and
Gallicia.
HESSE DARMSTADT.—It is believed that privy
councillor Eigenbrodt will be the successor of Baron
von Gagern as head of the cabinet; the latter having,
as previously stated, resigned that post on being
elected president of the constituent assembly at
Frankfort.
Tae CIIOLEILA.—The cholera is making sad havoc
again in Russia. According to the Berlinisehe Nach-
richter, there were in one week 155 cases in Moscow,
37 of which terminated fatally. The epidemic is also
ragingin Wiadimir and Tschernigorod, and in the go-
vernment of Podolia.

BELGIUM.—BausseLs, Juse 3.—lt ia reported
that the council of ministers have decided that M. Pennon
Rogier shall speedily replace the Prince:de Ligne an Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Paris..
HOLLAND.—THE HAGUE, JUNE 4.—The Prince
of Prussia intends to continue his journey to Berlin this
day.
LA PLATA.—We extract the following intelli-
gence from a private letter. dated 23r..1 of March, ISIS, which
has just arrived by the Brandywine from M rote Video :
" In great haste to catch this c ,nveyance, we have to com-
municate that, according to all appearances, nothing is
further from the mind of the int:rvention than to give up
this question. Negotiations op .ned yesterday. The min-
isters addressed themselves simultaneously to ?resident
Soarer and Gen. Oribe, and the Alecto took up a toniummi-
cation (supposed of the same nature) to the Buenos Ayrean
government. It in contradicted on authority that the French
raised the blockade. The sale of the Fame Rao or. to day.
Thz French are about to land more force here, fox whisk
they have taken quarters; and it is generally believed the
English also, although this in not yet so certain. Lis now
believed that the Griffon (which left this with maid orders
ten days ago) has been sent to the Cape, to order hther the
troops which were under orders to return home."

Tint liberation of Italy may bo considered as de-
cided. The regular siege and capture of a strong
fortress garrisoned by Austrian troops, and within a
few miles of a large and well-supplied Austrian
army, which marched to its succour and was driven
back :—this is a feat of arms which replaces Italy in
the rank of nations, and, whatever may 13a the future
alternation of her fortune, shows the country
capable of successfully defeudisg her freedom and
independence.
The .uccessful expulsion of the Austrians not only
from Milan but the Milanese territory, their repulse
from Brescia, from Vicenza and Treviso, had already
given strong proofs of the gallantry of the Italian
citizen as well as soldier. But something more was
wanting to show that the Piedmontese could cope in
the severe and open struggles of war with the
Austrians. This has been now fully proved. The
Austrians have made their last effort. In the shattered
and divided state of their empire, they cannot
repeat such efforts. And the failure of ItAnerzst
may be considered as favourable to Austrian as to
Italian liberties. The withdrawal of the Emperor to
Innspruck must prove a false and idle step, unless he
can rally to his side a numerous and victorious army.
A defeated and discontented soldiery does not form the
elements for restoring an absolute monarchy. And
thus the expulsion of the Austrian general may prove
the safity of Vienna, as well as of Milan.
Italy, too, wins more than victory in the
field. The campaign has displayed the mar-
tial qualities of one of its native princes,
and endowed him with a reputation, now more neces-
sary than even hereditary claims to wield the popular
sceptre. CHARLES ALBERT will now indisputably
become sovereign of North Italy, from Venice to
Chamber'', while Modena, Piacenza, and the smaller
states beyond the Po, have also rallied of their own
free will to the same empire. The wealthier citizens
of Milan, threatened by the mob and a LEDRU-
ROLLIN government, are eager for CHARLES ALBERT'S
election. Venice is in the same sentiments. The
eat iblishment of a constitutional and Italian monarchy
throughout the breadth of North Italy cannot but have

Tile LONDON DISTRICT POST LETTER CAREERS.—
By order of the Marquis Clanricarde, Postmasteraeneral,
the above officers are ordered the retention of heir late
rise in pay from 21s. to 2.5.. per week, according to eniority,
They may now, if they choose, enter the General 'ost ser-
vice as vacancies occur, where they may have de oppor-
tunity of rising to 30s. per week, with the prospct of an
increased pension for length of service. MessraMoffatt,
Nt.r., and Masterman, M.P., have been the meansof effect-
ting this deArable change in favour of thise tarckorkiag
servants of the public.
TILE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. CiltraNT.--Yester-
day a half-yearly general meeting of the proprietorsof the
Grand Junction Canal Company was held, ai the !town
and Anchor Tavern, Strand, to receive the report fr the
past half-year. The lion. P. P. Doincrie it the
chair. It appeared from the report that the whae re-
venue for the half year amounted to 61,4411. NI Id.,
and the expenditure, including extraordinary weep and
income tax, to 20,6461. 3s. Ild., which left a bale= of
30,793/. Ils. 2.1., out of which the general committee mom-
mended a dividend of 21. 10a, to be paid, amountig to
23,6371.10 e. The report further states that, since Chritmas
last there has been a continued decrease in the genera ton-
nages of the canal, as compared with previous years, ant that
in consequence, as a measure of eelf.preservaiion, it vould
be necessary to extend the adoption of the new carving
system by railways, which had been commenced in Deem-
ber last, the results of which have been satisfactory and en-
conaging. The report was received and agreed to, Then
thauks were voted to the chairman, and the meting
separated