The Express.
London, England, 1847-01-15 00:00:00

OUIZOT TO THE COUNT DE FLAHAULT,

PARIS, Dec. 3, 1816.—Monsieur le Comte,—The charge
d'affaires of Austria communicated to me, on the 18th of
last month, the despatches of the Prince de Metternich,
dated the 6th. announcing to the government of the king,
that the incorporation with the empire of Austria of the
city and territory of Cracow, had been resolved upon by the
courts of Vienna, Berlin, and St. Peteriburg, and explaining
the motives of that resolution. I transmit you a copy an-
n.:F(l On the 20th the Swiss minister and the charge
d'alfaires of Russia made mea communication exactly similar.

I made the king acquainted with it in council. The govern-
meat of the king felt a deep and painful surprise. We received
in February and March last, as in 1836 and 1938, au
assurance that the occupation of Cracow by the troops of the
three powers was a measure purely military, not political,
commsnded by necessity, and which would end with the
necessity. They say now, that a temporary occupation is
not sufficient, and that the measure adopted by the three
morns is indispensable to guarantee definitely in their states
order and peace, incessantly disturbed by conspiracies and
insurrections, of which Cracow was the universal focus. But
while the suppression of the little state of Poland put an
red effectively to these disorders, it was necessary that its
independent existence should be the unique, or at
least the principal cause of it. This supposition is
ant admissible. The fermentation of the ancient
Polish provinces, so frequently springing to birth,
proceeds from a cause more general and more powerful.
These are the eeparafed members of a great state, violently
destroyed, which agitate and rise rebelliously again. The
treaties which recognise such deelf,do not muse to disappear
all at once the aeguish and the social complaints which result
from it. Time, justice, a kindness unequivocally active, a
good prolonged government, win only succeed there, for they
are the only means that the civilisation of Europe renders
at this day possible or practicable. The sovereigns and
statesmen united in the congress of Vienna had so judged of
It. They wi-hed, at the same moment, when united Europe
consecrated the division of Poland, to give to the Polish
nation and to the conscience of Europe, disturbed by the
division, a certain moral satisfaction. They had at the same
time opened before their Polish subjects perspectives
of amelioration for the institutions and the in-
terior government of the country. Grave troubles
were ahlo to interrupt the coarse of this policy,
at once wise and generous, but not to cause it to be entirely
abandoned and abolished. Nothing compromises a power
more than to declare itself unable to accomplish slowly and
with time its own promises and hopes given to itself. The
destruction of the little state of Cracow could remove some
means of acti in front the spirit of I'oiieh conspiracy and in-
surrection hut it can also encourage and even irritate the
sentiments which bring to birth so obstinately there deplor-
able undertakings. And, at the same time, it detracts from
the authority of the influences which could prevent them.
It weakens throughout Europe, in this sad question, the
principles of order and maintenance, for the advantage of
blind pensions and violent designs. The 9th article of the
treaty of Vienna imposed upon the republic of Cracow an
obligation to banish from its territories pudic disturber',
and the three protectiug powers had, without doubt, the
right to require this obligation to be fulfilled. But had it
no other means for the attainment of its end, than
to abolish the independence of this little state, and it-
self to suppress it? The boundaries of the republic so
narrow, the immense force of the three great powers
in the states by which it is confined, the rights of
protection conferred ulna these same powers by the 6th
article of the treaty, all lead us to believe that measures,
combined with care and guarded vigilantly in their execu.
tinn. would have been sufficient to combats the evil aka-
ciously, without having recourse to these extreme Means,
which, in suppressing mute dangers, create from them very
frequently new one., and sometimes more weighty. It was
in every case the incontestable right of all the powers who
concurred at the treaty of Vienna, to interpose in the delibe-
rations and decisions of which the republic of Cracow was
the object. The Prince of Metternich says in his despatch
of the 6th of November, that the three courts have
created for themselves, 3rd May, 1815, the little state of
Cracow, and that they. had forthwith presented to the mi-
mes' oeVienna for regestration the convention passed between
them." The government of the king could not admit sostrange
an assertion to the prim iplet, and even to the language of the
great transactions which constitute the public nght of
Europe. Independent powers, who treat on a footing of
perfect equality, and deliberate on common interest., are
never called upon to register determinations and actsadopted
without their participation. In the matter of Cracow and
Poland, remembrances and public documents attest that
prolonged uncertainties, long discussions between the re-
presentatives of all the powers at the congress of Vienna,
preceded the conclusion of this special treaty of the 3rd of
May, which governed, they say to-day, the interests of the
three participating pawers of Poland without any meeting of
the other powers of Europe. Even the text of the treaty of
Vienna, that the fate of Poland was decided by an European
deliberation. It is Poland that this treaty is occupied
on, in the first place, as the molt important of the
general questions upon which it ought to declare itself.
Articles 1,2, 3,4, 6, determine the portion of each of the
three co-partaking powers in the territory of the Grand
Duchy of Warsaw. There is not the slightest difference
between these articles and those which give to Prussia a por-
tion of the Mates of the King of Saxony. The foundation
of the re public of Cracow is placed in the same tank as the
stipulations which have formed other states, instituted Vuie
(10111,1, recognised the free towns of Germany, create. the
Germanic Confederation. Two articles only of the special
treaty of the 9th of June, viz., 10 and 118, mention the spe-
cial treaty concluded between the three powers on the ltd
of May, and they declare that the dispositions containe.i is
this treaty shall have " the same force and weight as if they
were word for word inserted in the general aft."
Certainly, far from rendering the existence of the republic
of Cracow more precarious, these words, adopted and
signed by all Europe, had for their object to give
it stronger and more authentic guarantees. The go-
vernment of the king then makes use only of an evi-
dent right, and M the same time it accomplishes ask imperious
duty in protesting solemnly against the suppression of the
republic of Cracow, an act positively contrary to the letter as
well ae to the meaning of the treaty of Vienna of the 9th
June, 1815. After long and mighty agitations which have
so deeply shaken Europe, it is by the respect of treaties and
of all the rights they consecrate that the order of Europe is
founded and maintained. No power can free itself without
freeing the others at the same time. France has given no
esample of a similar blow to the policy of conservation and
peace. France has not at all forgotten the melancholy sa-
crifices imposed upon her by the treaties and of 1815. It
could rejoice in an act which would authorise it, by a just
reciprocity, to consult for the future only the foreseeing Cal-
culation of its interests. And it is it that re-
calls to a faithful observation of these treaties the
powers which have reaped the principal advantages
of them. It is that which preoccupies itself (specially in the
maintenance of the rights acquired, and of the respect of the
independence of states. I charge you to give Prince Met-
ternich communication of this' despatch, and to send him a
copy of it.
OVIZOT TO COVNT ST. AIIL•IIIE.
PAIN, Dec. 3, 1846.—Monsieur le Comte,—By my
despatch of 19th November last, in informing Count de
Jarnac of the communications made to me by M. de Thom
on the subject of the republic of Cracow, and of its incorpo-
ration to the Austrian monarchy, I requested him to wait
upon Lord Palmerston, and to sr& him for us what line of
conduct he intended following in this circumstance, and
if be felt diepoeed to come to an understanding
with us, Lord Palmerston replied to M. de Jarnac,
that having received a few days previously • similar com-
munication, he had already prepared a reply which the
cabinet had approved of, and which would be dispatched the
day after, or the 23rd November, a copy of which would be
sent to Lord Norrnanhy, to be communicated by him to me.
Lord Normanhy came, in fact, on Friday last, Nov. 27, to
communicate to me, wiihout leaving me a copy—a despatch
dated the 23rd, addressed by Lord Palmerston to Lord
Ponsonby, and in which, establishing that the suppression of
the republic of Cracow did not seem to him jus-
tified by necessity, and that the courts of Vienna.
of Berlin, and of St. Petersburg, hove not themselves
alone, the right of accomplishing it. The English govern-
ment protests, in virtue of the treaty of Vienna, of June 9,
1815, against the execution of this measure, which had been
announced to him. I have just, according to the orders of
Ste king, addressed to his representatives at the three courts
the expressions of the sentiments of hi+ government on the
destruction of the state of Cream, and our formal protests
tion against that measure. I send you herewith my despatch,
requesting you to communicate it to Lord Palmerston, and
to leave hlm a copy of it.

BELGIUM.—BRI'SS. El.q, JAN. 13.—The Minister
of th, Interior laid before the Chamber-of Representatives,
yesterday, a bill for increasing the number of members of
both chambers. Before the Christmas vacation, a leading

member of the opposition, M. DeMoe, gave notice that he
would move for official information from ministers relative to
the number of relisimas communities in this country, the
number of inmates in each, and to other 'objects respectihg
those congregations. Yesterday, the Minister of Justice
stated, in reply to the questions, that the number of realer-
nked religious institutions would be fond in the bulletin
officiel, but that he could not state the exact number of
inmates, because the heads of those establishments were
only bound to give an account of their revenues, and not of
the parsons who might be residing in them. With respect
to non-revogoised religious cow,. unities, he would refer
the honourable member to the Alninnac Royal, a copy of
which was distributed to every deputy.—M.Delfusre remarked,
in reply, that ho was not at all satisfied with the minister's
explanation. There was a very easy way to procure infor-
mation respecting the number of inmates in religious insti-
tutions, viz., by means of the annual C9llllll which takes
place in every commune. Every year he (M. Delfosse) was
tolled upon by the police to give his name, his age, his pro-
f( ohm, &c., and to answer similar inquiries rapecting all
the persons in his houso. He did not understand why he (a
representative of the nation) should he required to enter into
such details reap-sting his household, whilst members of re.
Heiman communities were, it appears, left untroubled with
such questions. Ile had anticipated the refusal of the go-
vernment to enter into the details asked for, and he could
only attribute that refusal to its desire to envelope in mys-
tery everything relating to the clergy.—This afternoon the
Chamber was engaged with the diwussion of the budget of
the Minister of Justice.—The average price of wheat for
the week ending Jan. 9 was 271 27c., and of rye 21f. 71c.,
being au increase of S4c. on the former, and of 10e. on the
latter, compared with the quotations of the preceding weak.
ITALY, ItomE.—The Diario di Roma, of the 2d of
Jan., rays :—Our city has once more been the scene of those
acts which speak of the love of the subjects for their sove-
reign. On New Year's-day an immense multitude assembled
on the Pismo del Popolo, with the intention of proceeding
to the Quirenal to wish his Holiness many returns f the
year and all possible congratulations for the universal good
of the church and of his states. At eleven in the morning, the
whole population, preceded by music, and chanting hymns,
went to the Quirenal, passing through the Cerro, and the
streets leading to Monte Cavallo. A large crowd occupied
the heights of the Quimial mount. When his Holiness ap-
peared on the balcony of the palace, a cry of joy and satis-
faction arose on all sides. The holy father gave his blessing
to the people, who replied in one Amen! His holiness re-
mained on the balcony to hear a hymn, composed expressly
for the ocnsion, and expressed his satisfaction to the car-
dinale that surrounded him. The crowd then quietly dis-
persed.
GERMANY.—Caaoow, JaN. s.—For some days
the frontiers of the kingdom of Poland bordering upon the
former republi^, as well as those along Galicia, have been
occupied by a large body of Russian troops, consisting
10,000 men under the command of Lieut.-General Rudi-
ger. The staff of the army is stationed at Michaelswiteh.
The object for assembling so large a body of men has not yet
transpired, as no events at that place can have given rise
to it.
SWEllEN.—Srocialow4.—We learn from Stock-
holm that the English government had consented to defray
half the expenses for the running of a steamboat between
England and Sweden. One of the principal merchants of
Goldenburg has arrived at Stockholm for the purpose of
settling this affair; and it is hoped that this regular com-
munication will commence in the sin itg.
THE RIVER PLATE—The Chaim, from Monte
Video, arrived in the Mersey this afternoon. She sailed on
the 14th of November. In politics or commercial matters
nothing new had transpired since the last amounts.

MEXICAN LETTERS OF MARQVF---It is understood
that three privateers have been fitted out and despatched.
They sailed under Spanish names. The object is said to he
to stop outward-bound American shipping which may have
specie on board. The report, or the fact, is already creating
a difficulty in insurances.

COLONIAL.
BRITISH. NORTH AMERICA.

CANADA.--We have papers from Montrevl and
Quebec, to the 28th ult. ; from Toronto, to the 23rd; and
from Hamilton, to the Mid. They have all fairly assumed
the colour of the season, as hares do in arctic regions.
Everything about them is redolent of winter. The curling
clubs of Montreal seem to have been driving their channel.
atones over the ice, as eagerly as ever their Scotch kindred
did on moorland lochs ; and advertisements of " lines of
stages " intimate that " the sleighs will start."
Politica, like dormice, appear to he slumbering during the
cold weather. The only sign of vitality was an announce-
ment which appeared simultaneously is all the Montreal
newspapers, about the 23rd of December, that a requisition
to the Mayor, desiring him to prepare an address to he pre-
sented to his Excellency Lord Elgin, upon his arrival, was
lying for signature at the News oom, and some other
public places. The controversy as to who was Mayor of
Montreal, noticed in our arrivals from Canada by the previous
packet, had been decided in favour of Mr. Mills.
On the 21st of December it was intimated in the Ga-
zette that the provincial parliament was further prorogued
from the 24th of December to the 2d of Fehruary.
NOVAt SCOTIA.—EMIGRANTS.—The Nora Sro-
lion furnishes soma distressing accounts of the con-
dition of a number of emigrants on board the vessel
Tennessee. The vessel had put into Halifax, owing to
her leaky condition, and the passengers took the oppor-
tunity to lodge a complaint against the muter of the vessel,
for not having provided them necessary provisions and fuel
for their comfort, and having demanded from each a rum for
head money. From the statement of these passenger', it
appeared that the daily allowance of food to each adult was
one pound of bread, meal, or rice. The case mu examined
before his worship the mayor, and the statements from both
sides received. After patient investigation it was found that
the city authorities could not interfere, further than to en-
force the captain to obey the letter of the law. Several
benevolent individuals, however, proceeded to the spot
where the poor people were staying, in order to relieve their
distress.
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BERNIUDA.—STEAM NAVIGATION.—The Royal
Gazet:e publishes the prospectus of the West India aad
United States Steam-boat Company, proposing to establish
a semi-monthly line of steamers to ply between New York
and the West Indian Islands. It is intended to have the
steamers arrive at New York, ao as to connect with the
Liverpool line.