The Express.
London, England, 1851-05-24 00:00:00

PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Clams X., which professes to be devoted more
especially to the illustration of scientific subject., comprises
a great varit tv of heterogeneous articles. Philosophical
apparatus of all kinds. Daguerr,otypes, clocks and watches,
surgical and musical instrument., are classed together. It
is evident that the,. admit of several distinct divisions and
subdivisions. Sepa.-atiug, fur the present, philosophical
instruments from taee rest, they will admit of being sub-
divided into those used fur expetimental purposes, those
fur observing anti indicating the phenomena of nature, and
those delicate practical applications of science which stare( ly
require any mechanical force. In this order xe shall -
pamtely consider them, commencing with the
APPAILATV, eon ElrliliblniMrs.--In all Chelnieta
inves-
tigations the balail.re proves an essential instrument, the h.
ginning and end of ovary exact process in chemistry being stud
to consut in weighing. The importance of having balances
of great sensitiveness and accuracy has long been appre-
ciated. The Itoyal Society's balance, which turns mt st • t
edges upon planes of polished crystal, and has lot:}; It
considered as ono of the must delicate instruments,
yield the palm of sensitiveness to a magnetised balance in-
vented and exhibited by Mr. It. W. Fox, of Falmouth,
which is stated to be capable of weighing to the ten-thee-
sandth part of a grain. Specimens of very delicate balances
are exhibited rlso by Mr. Venting, of Store-street,
Btd-
ford-square, which turn with one-thousandth 'aura of o
grain when the beam is loaded with 1,000; and by clears.
De Grave and Co., of fit. Martin's•le-Grand.
The blowpipe is an important instrument in chemical
analysis, and several very convenient arrangements fur its
use are exhibited. The great fusing power of it coalmen
blowpipe depends upon the conceutratipn of th, heat of a
largo flame into a mall point, where the object to be
examined is :operated on. A. sere powerful blowpipe of
this kind is contributed by Mr. Collins, of the Polytechnic
Institution. The flame is produced by the issue of coal
gas through a tube about an inch and a half in
diameter, the top of which is covered with wire
guauze. The flame of the carburetted hydrogen g'
above the wire gauze is scarcely luminous, an.,
is free fromg smoke. The blowpipe, which is fixed near the
top of the gauze, is supplied with air by a email pa of
double bellows acted on by weights, and in this manner a
very regular blast may be obtained, and the whole volume
pt lium W 414 tan the win ;suss ma] bu steadily

limeeistrated for any required time. Meson. Knight and
Sans, of }ester-lane, have also a blowpipe to be worked
be doable hellos s. with a treadle of the °Winery construe-
bee, very nicely arranged, with an appropriate leow The
ogy.hydrogen blowpipe pre...cote the means el dilleining
much greater intensity of twat than wag at dm egeosissill of
chemists previous to its invention. The esabeatildia .1111
Sid the supporter of sombustioo being broiled tagra east.
ideation without the adulteration of other gem" wAlli
diminish the heat, the jet of Name pasemses the grealled
possible intensity, and will fuse all knows InthettSese. I.
ifs employment of this powerful sinlyilsol teens sem
danger has semen from the liability of LM Om es biz 11111
explode by the lame communicating with Wm before fbrei
issue from the orifice of the Umpire. The toterpeoh
lion of wire gause has been tried to provaat web amidst%
but the inflammability of the two games la ebb pore states b
so great, that the flame will sometimes per through doe
geese, or perhaps_ through fractures in it. Kr. Collins has
endeavoured effectually to prevent such an osenrrence by
interposing a chamber filled with small gravel, through
which the gas peeves before it reaches the dame. This
blowpipe is also arranged to serve the Impose of pro-
ducing the lime light, which may thus be readily applied to
the oxyshydrogen microscope.
Portable furnaces for the laboratory are exhibited in
several forms by Messrs. Knight and Sens; but we do not
observe among them any that present features of novelty.
A double air-pump, exhibited by the same firm, being the
patented invention of Mr. Siemens, deserves notice. The
principal difficulty of obtaining a vacuum by the air-pump
coasiste in the pressure of the atmosphere on the valve of
the piston. When the air in the receiver has attained a
certain degree of rarefaction, the specific gravity of the
whole content. of sir in the cylinder, when compressed into
its smallest space by the descent of the piston, as not equal
to that of the external atinsophere, and cannot theretore
lift the valve. The further rarefaction of the air is
consequently prevented, fur the ouly effect of continuing to
work the pump is to continually expand and compress the
samejair in the cylinder. 'f his difficulty. may be partially
removed by M. Siemens's plan of employing two cylinder',
one placed above the other. The upper cylinder Iv of less
diameter than the lower one ; consequently the pressure or,
the atmosphere on the piston, W. the air in the receiver becomes
exhausted, offers much less resistance to the working of the
pump than it it bore on the larger area of the piston be-
neath. By this contrivance a partial vacuum is continually
maintained in the upper part of the larger cylinder, the
pressure on the valve is thus diminished, and the pump will
continue to exhaust the air from the receiver considerably
longer than it would if the pressure of the whole atmosphere
were acting directly against the valve. The additional
complexity of the apparatus must, however, add materially
to the ditheuity of manufacture.
A variety of small chemical apparatue, including portable
laboraturies very conipactly fitted up, arc contributed by
Meters. Griffin and Cu., of Baker-street. Among the glues
'cods is a very convenient arrungement of a thermometer
for ezaminiug the temperatures of corrosive liquors. The
scale is enclosed in a glass tube united to the dice tttttt neter
tube above the bulb, by which means the mercury is
fully expses' to the actism of heat, whilst the indicating
scale is protected. An ,pparatus for conducting the pro
OM.* of evaporation and distillation in the laboratory on a
large scale, and free from the inconveniences of the, usual
modo, of conducting those Op, alien., is exhibited by
Illeeses. Coffey awl Smith, of Providenee-row, Finsbury.
Tie soot remarkable, however, of the chemical apparatus
for the lahonstory UM sonic large electrotyped glees otorts.
The outer surface of that part of the glavo exposed to heat
La- of copper deposited upon it by the electrotype
proems, 'lles metallic coatis% serves the two-fold purpose of
mire rapidly conducting the heat to the substances acted ash!
and of protecting the retorts from breaking on the first
application of the spirit-lamp, fur the heat being dietsi,
bested more equally, the irregular eximmion caused by the
nou-conducting pniperty of glasss is prevented. The exhi-
bitor of thew vowels is Mr. J. li. Edward. of Liverpool. Th. electrical apparatus for experimental purposes makes
a scanty display The voltaic arrangements pnyent little
that i• remarkable. The only thing deserving notice is a
syphon trough for a galvanic lottery made of gulls penths
and vulcanised India-rubber, invented by Mr. Wellway,
of !friend. Coutta percha pooemes properties that reader
it eminently useful in electrical experiments, and
it is daily coining more into use fer that pur-
poses. TIW evils feu the voltaic batteries employed
by the Electric Ti legraph Company have recently been
made of that material, which can be readily moulded into
the sequired water-tight compartments, and resists the
storroesess of acids. The eypleni trough is intended tu main-
tain the action of the buttery by supplying fresh mid, and
removing the sulphate of line, but it doss not seem to attain
that object iu m simple a manner as previous contrivances.
The apparatus for the excitement and reservation of fric-
tional electricity is principally ...Wilted to a few plate
machioes and Leyden Jars. Our plate machine,
siansfartereal by Messrs. Watkins and Hill, of Charing
Crofts is of large sixes, and is highly. hnishesl
with entgLio insulators. None of these machines, how-
reef, prosent any novelty in their construction ; mid it is
Worth acting that nest cove of the original and very COl/‘,
siest cylinder ~critical machines is to be men in the Exhi-
holism. The greatest novelty is a gutta perch.. electrical
machine exhibited by ..Ir. J. WesetniorLuel of Derby. An
tsdleo 11.416.1 M gotta percha is stretched upon two rollers
covered with cloth, to which rotary motion i. given by a
handle. The rubbers cousist of four brushes, two being
applied on the surface of the gotta perehe at each roller,
and the plectra-ay i. collected by news of insulated wilds
in the usual mode.

be the existence of the million and a half of filiabitants of,
Ospen, as the air they breathe. ;Net a tark, nor s leaf.
ffige• fibre of the giant tree, nor a portion of the Illrfet
Nibs, of the fruit-husk or of the Aril. but has its otter pc-\
Maar and especial use. Front' .this national tree the CrU
game tillage r derives his clothing, ;edging,
,food, lighh '
inditilft, music, in short, nearly all that he needs or cares
The colt ttMe, yarn, and rope prepared from the outer
husk of the cocoa-nut will be found amongst many
other fibrous substance* MSS and prepared, some of
which have a rich and silky texture combined with
strength, giving fair promise of working ap well for a
' variety of useful purposes. The cotton and flax movement
has not been disregarded in India, and a few individuals
at Singapore. Madras, and Colombo have for some time
been engaged in experiments with the indigenous fibrous
plants with which most parts of tropical India abound. The
specimens of fibres and cordage produced from the wild
plantain, aloe, and pine apples are of a superior quality,
both as regards colour and texture, and from the latter there
have been some beautiful fabrics manufactured in the east.
This plant, although requiring hot-house treatment in
Europe, grows freely in the most sterile spots in India, so
that the production of the raw material is a matter of no
difficulty. The fibres of the It:bacon, the Sanseveira,
Keylanica, and other plants, are perhaps better adapted fur
1 cordage and matting than for any fine purposes.
Amongst the edible grains of Ceylon, race, of course,
Agues prominently as the staple article of food of most
eastern nations. There are innumerable varieties of this
pain, sonic being only reared in rich, damp, low lands,
whilst other and poorer qualities arc grown in dry and
lofty situations. Cheapas is this food in India, we know that
may thousands of the rural population of Ceylon are too
poor to obtain more than en occagional meal of it, subsisting
for months together upon wild jungle, roots, a few
and herbs, and an uncertain supply of small fish boiferirinto
a sort of stew, with a little of their " Corraksn," or " Kol-
loo," a description of fine grain, of which many specimens
are exhibited. Paddy is simply rice in its natural state, be-
fore it is freed from the hum or akin.
Cabinet-makers and (*snobs( tin of furniture will no doubt
look with interest upon the many beautiful specimens of
Ceylon 1611046. Their varied colour and texture arc admir-
ably displayed in the richly carved ebony tables to be found
in this collection, at which the Cingalcse artificers have
well exercised their craft of carving and inlaying. The
more beautiful and durable of those woods are the ebony,
satin-wood, sod calamander, and we cannot but regretthat
growing as they do in the depths of the more distant forests,
remote from water conve)yance, the cost of bringing them to
a port of shipment enhances their value so much, and
with the expense of a lung voyage places them beyond the
reach of many in this country. The foresters of Ceylon tell
us the ealamander tree does not arrive at maturity until:Mk'
years old ; be this as it may, it is certainly a tree of remark-
ably slow growth, for we have seen one which had been
planted thirty years previously, and still a mere sapling.
The dried medicinal plants, roots, seeds, gums, and resins
form a rather numerous collection, though scarcely possess-
ing interest for the general visitor. With the many medi-
cinal oils exhibited they will prove of more value to some of
our naturalists and pharmaceutical chemists after the Exhi-
bition, when we presume they will be left for analyses anal
experiment. As yet but little is known of the Indian
pharmacmaria ; anal, although we are quite aware that the
medical lore of the East is disfigured by the grossest super-
stitions and absurdities, we equally believe that much valu-
able information might be gathered by medical practi-
tioners serving in tropical India from a study of the art as
practised by the natives of Ceylon and other countries.
In addition to the essential oil of cinnamon, which is chiefly
employed in confectionery and medicine, Ceylon produces
other oils of great fragrance, and of value to the perfumer
anal soupniaker, such as the ails of lemon gram, citronella,
and mint.

As gotta perelta is almost the worst known conductor of
idertrietty, or, in other W.W.1., as it is the brat Chine, the
MTh. Anntil of it for of electricity seems to
• considerable advantages. It is stated that the amount
of vitt-Unity r arit...l by this patent mwl • greatly attires-cf.
th. entiument of an equal surface of glass. The arrange-
Wrlll exhibited is very cons...skid for working, but it seems
open It improvement in the form of the rubbers, which do
out appear to hi coo:sect...4l with the earth. There is
inentitmetl in the catalogue one of Mr Armstrong'.
hydro-chs•trir marl -14, but it reaped our observa-
tion, if it he placed awing the philosophical instruments.
Aswan portable arrangement of that apparatus, for show•
nog the excitement of eksiricity by the issue of high-
pressure steam, is one of the wants of experimental
philosophy which we wish to we supplied. If instrutnects
of the kiwi were to ISt easily pits uncl, the researches into
that mode of enritiing electricity would, we anticipate,
throw much kat On the science. if nut add material to
line 114111/Intis appliances of that mysterious agent.
nutty ellnintors of electric telegraphs, and the number of
plans each um has contrived fur transmitting lightning
prose hOll actively the minds of inventors an
working to aptly that power in the best manner; this, how•
till. In at be hof the subject whi.l we must reserve fur
future mutat:ration.

The division of " Manufactures" in this department pre-
sents nothing worthy of comparison with any other part
of the East. Ceylon has ever depended upon conti-
nental India and Europe fur its limited supply of
tine fabric., and all that we find it producing
are a few dull, coarse checked dialog, from the
Jaffna looms, some heavy and rather durable towelling
from the liatticaloa weavers, anal lighter flimsy go •ds from
th.• Chilao district. We may, however, mention that some
of the Cingalese dyers turn out many beautifully executed
robes or couthoys, painted iu the richest colours and of curi-
ous devices by hand. These will sell fur as much as of.
each to the native chiefs; the Manchester manufacturers
have in vain attempted to imitate thaw cloths by the aid of
mad •ry, fur their ateam•produeed goods will with die t-
culty realise Vrs. each a piece. few painted mats and royal
Kaudian whips and tassels, for decorating temple elephants
at festivals, bear sorry testimony to the taste and skill of
the natives of Ceylon. Pottery in that island is still
at the lowest possible ebb, and the specimen
here ahowu of the tea-puts front which Rajah
Singh, the Kandyan tyrant, was wont to refresh
himself, gives us a poor idea of the value of the
royal Mock of crockery. Equally primitive and uncouth
are the models of agricultural implements used by the
Cingolese cultivators. Light, indeed, must be the soil, and
the ap the animal labour, where such ploughs and harrows
can he employed. The tualela of ploughs struck us as
being precisely similar to those we have seen carved on
some ancient hgyptian obelisk., and doubtless those imple
meats have received nu improvements since the dark, bye-
a • time wheu Kama poured into the cities and pLinis of
Lanka his devastating hordes of warriors.
The palonquius and bullock carts of Ceylon present no
feature differing from those of other parts of ludia. To any
•inacquainted with eastern countries, the Ilarrack Carrottie,
or bullock-cart of Col lon, would appear the most rude au I
ill-adapted vehicle fur carrying on the inland teat& of any
place. This is, however, not the case, and looking to
the dangerous precipices over which the loaded cart is not
%infrequently hurled in its mountain journey to the interior,
we must admit that, with some slight alterations, they
would be the very best fur the purpose of hill transport.
The whole of the cotton produced in the Tinnivelly and
other district+. of Southern India is conveyed hundreds of
miles to the port of shipment across a country through
which n o roads whatever exist : it is clear, therefore, that
for such journeys none but the roughest and strongest vehi-
cles can be of any service.
The models of the fishing canoe anal the trading dhoney
of Ceylon are interesting, from their peculiar build and
fittings. The dloonies, even to the largest size of 200 ton.,
are held together but by threads of cuir twine, yet these
frail barks serve to carry on the greater part of the coasting
trade, and a portion of the carrying trade with the Malalmr
• and Coromandel coasts. They are chiefly navigated by
Tamils and Mailmen; the utmost nautical skill of these
people consists in steering their vessels by well known land-
marks; they never lose sight of laud, our fail to cast anchor
at sunset ur when it blows fresh.

CIE.VTIMIL"fIONS CEYIA)N.
Visitor+ to the Ceylon
Exhibition will derive no inform item from the official
catalogue nuariling this seetion ol the colonial department.
On the einitrary, u perusal of it will but nerve to bewilder
them. It is true, the spertator will n.l. the "gilt sprinkler
under a file.. ease," from the ('aunts., Grey, and the cin-
namon and cinnamon oil, which appear in the two leading
paragraphs of this section of the catalogue ; hut beyond
thew• two instances, all is Otte inexplicable mass of confu-
sion. Innumerable articles figure in the catalogue, which
are nowhere to he found, while some of the most interest-
ing object+ from Veylou are not mentioned in the offi-
cial list.
In giving a short account, therefore, of the articles in
this division, we must set the catalogue aside, and
touch upon the several objects as we find them placed.
Following the general arrangements, we will eornmenee with
raw materials, under which we have animal and vegetable
substance employ.l as food or in manufacture. We must
cunt, ”s to a little v:isappointment at finding nu specimens of
they gem. of the ocean for which Lanka has heiPn famed
since the days of Cleopatra. when the " barbaric pearl "
was brought westwani by the adventurous trailers of the
Nee to astonish and delight the princes of the world.
A collection of pearl. within their shells, in various stages
of growth, accompanied by models of the boats, diving ap-
paratus, itc., employed in the fishery, would have heen
highly interesting. Not finding any of these, we pass on
to the article for which Ceylon has been equally long and
desmvedly noted—cinnamon. The samples exhibited of
this aromatic and valuable spire are of first-rate quality,
and merit the notice of such as are curious in these matter..
Besides the e.gse containing these specimens of unrivalled
spes may be seen the curiously simple instruments with
which the Singalese l'halias," or cinnamon peelers,
strip off and scrape ott' the delicate Lurk from
the long green sticks. Specimens of these latter are also
shown. In bottles are likewise exhibited the highly
aromatic oil distilled from the dried bark, and some of the
lowers of the shrub, which have been stated by traveller+
of old to perfume the air +anciently to be distinguished
many miles at sea. This property we may state to be en-
tirely fabulous, the blossom and leaves possessing no aroma
whatever. Strangers visiting the cinnamon gardens near
Colombo cannot Evil to be *truck with their singularly beau-
tiful appearance, well planted so thew are with the gra,-
ful laurel, the rich green foliage of which contrasts strongly
with the snow like sand in which it grows, and in which !
alone it flourishes. The culture of the spice was ever a
strict monopoly in the hands of the Portuguese and Dutch
ircienasent+, a. well as with the British authorities, until
ISTI, since when the growth and export of the article have
been free to all.

From the contemplation of these many objects illustra-
tive of the history of bygone ages, let us turn to things
hearing the impress of European intelligence and progres-
sion—from the types of Eastern intellect to the spirit of
Western civilisation. We behold this latter in the four
I models of buildings and machinery employed in the curing
of Ceylon coffe. These we believe to he the first of the kind
shown in this countrT, certainly they are the only models
of coffee works in the Exhibition, and they hear ample testi-
mony to the uutirin t energy which Englishmen bring to
bear upon all their undertakings, in whatever part of the
world they may be placed. The cultivation of coffee as an
article of export has not been carried on in Ceylon for
more than about eighteen years. l'revious to that time the
plant was permitted to grow wild about the native villages,
and the berry was gathered when but half ripe, for fear of
rubbery. This miniature fruit was exposed to the sun for
a few days on the hare damp ground, when it was beaten
in a " paddy pounder," or wooden pestle and mortar, to free
it from its outer shell, and was then hung in bags amidst
the smoke of the hut until bartered fur a little saltdish or a
slip of grey cloth. To this day the Cingalase hollow no other
mode in the preparation or their coffee. The European
planter erects brick and stone works, and iron and brass
machinery, and lays down acres of cemented drying
ground., well polished, or piles of platform, with moveable
tray., to spread his valuable and cared-for crop un. The
first of the works here exhibited is the " pulping•house," in
which the fresh•gatben.l fruit, "in the cherry," as it is
termed, is passed through machines called " pulpers,"
which tearuff the outer husk or pulp, and allow the beans in
the inner " parchment " skin to fall through to cisterns below,
containing water. There they are allowed to remain fur
12 or 18 hours, at the end of which time the coffee is well
washed to free it from the mucilage of the " cherry," and
placed on cemented drying grounds, or raised platforms
with trays, as exhibited in the second model. These move-
able tray. have been introduced upon estates at a great alti-
tude, where showers are frequent and sudden. By their
means a few coolies will run in under cover several thou•
sands of bushels of parchment coffee in a very few minutes.
The peeling-house is the next building. here the coffee,
when perfectly dry, is brought to have the parchment or
second skin removed, which is done by means of large
wooden wheel. revoking on their edges within a circular
trough ; in this trough the coffee is placed, and in about
Id miuuas the peeling is completed, the notice power being
; coolies, bullocks, water or steam. After this process nothing
1.1.111111111 to be done previous to bagving and shipping,
save mousing the chaff and faulty beans. The fourth
and last model to describe is that of a building and appa-
ratus patented by a Mr. Ulerihew for curing coffee by
means of but air. This, we hear, is coming into use ou the
hill plantations, where open air drying 14 for a long period
quite impossible. Great delay and injury has hitherto
occurred on many estates from a long prevalence of wet
weather, during which the moist green coffee lying in
heaps in the stores is certain to undergo fermentation and
become what is called in the trade " country damaged." In
Clerihew's process this is prevented by passing a constant
stream of dry warm air through the heaps of coffee, which
is thus not only kept from decomposition, hut actually kiln-
dried ready for " peeling." A specification and plan ac-
company the model, and we learn that the apparatus for
the supply of hot air may be applied to any ordinary stove.
The cost of a complete set of coffee works for a plantation of
300 acres was wont to be 3,0001. to 12,0001. in the days
of lamented " protection:" at the present time the same
amount would suffice to fell. plant, and bring into bearing
an estate of that size• including the erection of the neces-
sary stoves and machinery.

Coffee, which is next in it. individual value to cinnamon.
is too well known to tall fcir any account of it from us. In
Ccyhm, however, the culture of this berry has of late years
assumed .o much importance, that we mod .ay a few words
coarsening it in pawing. Looking at the three articles we
have sinned in referenee to their prevent commercial posi-
tion in that island, we should have reversed their position,
placing coffee drat on the list and pearls last, for. by a sin-
gular coincidence, the pearl fisheries of Ceylon ceased to be
productive at precisely the period when coffee planting
commented its rapid strides in that colony. The samples
shown are six in number, comprising the gatherings of
some of the moat elevated estates as well as of the native
or uncultivated berry. Most of thew will bear favourable
eumparimn with the specimens exhibited from Java, Borneo.
and Madras, yielding the palm to Mocha alone. Ceylon, which in 1836 pomemed but half a dozen plantation. now THE BOOKSELI.ERS AND THE EIIIIIIMION.—SIT-- ex
estatpoes andrts full'carious natisy 340,000 cwts. of coffee, the produce 0f320 The booksellers of London liming unanimously agreed to
e garden., yielding employment to give each of their issiistants a holiday and the necessary
800 Europeans and about in,ooo coolie,
expenses to enable them to view the Great Exhibition,
A gigantic specimen of the great national food of the may I take the liberty of calling the attention of the
Ceylonese—the rucou-nut—i. to to be seen, though perhave I shopket•pers of London (through the medium of your not admired, save when wrought into some fanta.tieal y valuable paper) to this generous act, and strongly adrift' cursed driukiug-eup. Nevertheless, this fruit, as well as them to follow so good an esawple.—A BUOISE:4.IM. As-
every part of the noble paha which bean it, is ea accvsnary lIITANT.

TO THH VORPION COMMAS:
air
Richmaed was on TuiZ Timm of attusual excite-
twat and festivity, in consequence of Its bavhnt been fixed
upon as the locale fur a grand entertainment te which the me-
tropolitan local commissioners had invited their continental
coadjutors. The dinner took place at the Castle hotel, but
the whole town claimed the honour of sharing In the
s' Wellkommen " which formed the appropriate motto of
Me dud of invitation. The flags of all nations flaunted
anus the erten., while in the centre of the town a hand-
Assume trophy was exhibited, in which branches of trees
were tastefully interwoven with banners of various
colours and devices. Crowds of well-dressed people oc-
' cupied every available corner,by whom the strangers, as they
arrived, by each succeeding train, were welcomed with all
the heartiness of English hospitality. The dinner took
place in the grand banquetting hall of the hotel, which was
most tastefully fitted up for the occasion. The walls
were hung with the flags of all nations, and the tables were
decorated with several of those wondrous specimens of
electro-metallurgy with which the Messrs. Elkington have
almost superseded the use of solid plate. The festivities
commenced with the reception on the lawn, which slopes
pleasantly down to the river, and in the centre of which the
band of the 2nd Life Guards, under the superintendence of
Mr. Grattan Cooke, were stationed, and played several
operatic selections in the course of the evening. A regatta
formed a prominent feature in the amusements, upon which
the strangers gazed more with wonder than edification ;and
that nothing might be wanting to complete the fete, all the
itinerant musicians for twenty miles around had collected
under the terrace and opposed their nigger melodies and
banjo /symphonies to the more refined strains of the military
band. While on the lawn a deputation from the town pre-
sented themselves, and delivered the following addreva to
Lord Ashburton, the chairman of the day, and his distin-
guished guests:
To her Majesty's Commissioners and the Foreign Com-
missioners of the Great Exhibition of Ins/I.—The inhabi-
tants of Richmond, represented by us, to whom its local
government is rounded. the clergy, magistrates, and vestry
of the parish, beg to offer to you, her Majesty's Commis-
sioners, and these, your illustrious guests, their warmest
congratulations on the completion of that grand idea which,
by bringing the industrial representatives of the whole
world together, is calculated to secure the blessings of
' Peace on earth, goodwill towards men.' We feel parti-
cularly gratified that, in the administration of the rites of
hospitality, Richmond should hove been chosen as the
first and fittest place in which this industrial congress of
nations may sit at the same board and rejoice together.
Possessing no municipal constitution, we are unable
to address you in any corporate capacity. We would,
however, remind our foreign eisinits that, by our ad-
mirable local organisation, there is no part of this country,
however distant Irons the metropolis, or however distant !
to fame which inessessee not in its parochial authoriti. a the':
means of local government and local administration—thus a
place 'int no higher rank than that of a village is :
able, by its constituted authorities, to hold out the hand of
friendship, and proffer its welcome to you, the representa-
tives of the world. We trust that the labours in which
you have all so worthily shared will not he without their
reward in inducing the freest intercourse between all
nation. that each may contribute to the welfare of others;
and that the interchange of productions may promote that
greatest of worldly blessings, the interchange of social uffee-
' dins. We would not arrogate to ourselves a superiority
war other nation+. In seeking for unrestricted intercourse.
es seek not to create a superiority. Our glory will be but
the reflected glory of all nations who, in attending this
peat gatherintt and heaping the riches of its industry upon
ear shorts, base inaile us for the time the centre of that
ftht whose beams are destined to illumine all mankind.
Yet we cannot forget that, 1 ill years ago, upon the banks of
that noble miser, whose peaceful beauties now lend a charm
to this meeting, a poet-prophet breathed forth the Hawing
lines, a vision now realised—
The time shall come, when, free a' sea, or wind,
Unbound st Thames Mill flow for ail mankind ;
Wbide warms cater with its swelling tide,
Awl ram but kiln the regions thee divots:
Earth's di-tant I nil. our glory shah behold,
And the new win id launch Meld t o meet the old.
With every wish for your continued prosperity and happi-
ness, and that you may long live to witness the successful
issue of your arduous toils, we remain your sincerest friends
and fellow•citizeris of the world, Tilt INHABITANTS Or
HICHNIUNU.•'

BANQUET.:
'iromuts

social and political relations of mankind we VIII .01 blind
to. We were like full-Hedged birds sitting od the brink of
the nest, conscious of fresh powers, hut *aortal of the,
mighty range which their development had brought within.
our tope. But it wait not so with Prince Albert; he felt that
God has not given us the genius of discovery, had not en-.
trusted us with dominion over the powers of nature, that
it should all end in cheapness. Ile felt that nations might
be brought together with their works and that through this
Industrial Congress tome advance might be made towards
that unity of mankind, that universal peace which has
been the dream of philanthropic men from Sully to Elihu
Iturritt ; but those good men mistook their means of ac-
tion, and brought ridicule upon their sacred mis-ion.
They thought peace might be enforced by Amphytrionie
torment, that they could quell the hot blood of
controversy and fright it into propriety ; they thought that
the lust for war might be controlled by the fear of
war—that a majority would always be on the side of peace.
But a sounder philosophy has taught us that prevention is
better than punishment; and as we seek to keep peace
among citizens by softening their hearts, by training and
civilisation' so also we might soften the hearts of nations,
one towards eh., other, by such meetings as this. In this
faith—in this steadfast faith—he got this ark reared—the
ark of a new covenant among nations. In this faith he
sent forth his missives into all lands; in this same faith the
nations of the earth have responded to his appeal ; they have
understood his meaning, and have sent you, gentlemen, to
represent them in this first great giithenng. I was right,
then, when I called l'rince Albert the author of this Exhi-
bition. I am right, then, when I summon you to rise in your
places and fill your glasses to the brim, and drink health and
happiness to Prince Albert, and to all who are near and dear
to him.

The toast was received with loud and general cheering.
The next toast was, "The Foreign geutlemen who were
their guests that evening." In proposing it the CHAIR-
MAN said—. My next toast is to you, gentlemen commis-
sioners of foreign countries, in whom: honour, and for whose
welcome, the representatives of your several governments
have consented to accept our invitation, and to associate
themselves with us, your fellow-labourers in this metropolis.
We rejoice in this your visit; we are proud of these marks
of your confideuet,. When England sent to tell you that
she would raise an edifice of 14140 to contain all that
nature had given must precious—all that man had pro.
dured most useful, most ingenious, most beautiful—
when she offered to your productions equal favour
with her own, you trusted her, you trusted both
her power and her will, you hastened from the uttermost
parts of the earth to contribute your choicest offerings to
the shrine of industry, and gloriously have you done your
part. That we had before confessed your excellence, your
superiority in a thonsaud works, is attested by our factories
dotted on your shores, by our merchautothips crowding
your sets. We confess it now in the day of trial before
the world. We apprehend from your 8.11.1.1.1.5 no national
impoverishment, for we know, that to purchase from you
we must have money, and to have money we must sell
something of our own ; and as both those ope-
ration, are the spontaneous acts of individuals,
for their private gain, the results of both must
be a gain to the nations engaged in the
exchange, for the gains of a nation are made up of the gains
of its people. Nor in your SUMew do we see cause for
shame, cause fork:4o%l,T, cause for repining; far from it:
we we in it the hand of God, working flu. the goed of all.
It has phased him to give to all nations the same genius or
discovery, the same divine spirit, but at the Mule time to
vary the conditions under which it is exercised. Diversity
of soil., of climate; diversity of lenge:iv to vary the
chanthis of thought, of usages to vary men's wants—all
these concur to give to each nation its peculiar excellencies
in the market of the world, and those varieties of excellence
promote not only interchange of commodities, but of ideas,
of experience, of inventions, of good eerviecs, without
which the several states of Europe, with all their boasted
knowledge, all their civilisation, would sink in a few short
years into the condition of China or Japan. It is in this
persuasion that we have laboured to promote this Exhibi-
tion, that we have hailed your arrival within our shores;
but, now that we have met face to face, now that we have
shaken hands, it iv not political economy, hut it is a kindly
spirit--a spirit of affectionate regard, that bids us raise our
glasses to our lips and wish you all a !!e arty welcome.
The toast having been duly honoured,
M. Von V lEBAUN returned thanks as follows: Gentle-
! men,—May I take the liberty to express the most
sincere thanks of the foreign col 1111 l issioners for the kind hos-
pitality with which they are honoured by the commissioners
of the Metropolis. London is, at this time, the greet est I
and most opulent city in the world, the British nation the
moist wealthy, and perhaps the must mighty of all nations.
It has not always been eu. There W. 04 a time in which the
Herman nation prevailed, in which Ratishon and Cologne
Irefr the chief centres of intercourse awl opulence among
all the European nations. But the wealth and happiness of
this country and her capital creates only feelings of satis-
faction and a joyful acknowledgment on account of the ap-
plication mule at present ut the immense influence
of the English metropolis. The great Exhibition or
Industry, gentlemen, is ma an undertaking such
.1.4 was used in former times by powerful nations
fin. promoting egotistical purposes against their
weak neighbours. This comparative representation of
the industrial works of all reactions, this acquaintance with
the origin of the best, finest, and heapest product, in each
branch for the human requests, and for the endallishment
of human life, is an event who.: advantages will benefit
the whole of mankind, from the most remote dwellings of
the Alps to the Himalaya and the Alleglianya. For this re-
sult the invitatiou to this Great Exhibition has been re-
ceived with ardour by the civilised nations of the earth. In
nay country nearly all the important branches of industry
have transmitted their products, and the industrious works
of more than 1,700 German exhibitors are presented. Gen-
tlemen, to your aspect and 4414.ml:dim' allow me to express
the wish that feelings of concord in this must honoured
society, that an harmonious eu-operation for a useful and
noble purpose may penetrate all civilised nations of the
globe, and may unite them in the common work of adapt-
ing the stores of nature to the happiness of human life,
and the high destination of the human mind. May also the
li.nevolent and judicious members of the metropolitan coin-
miseion enjoy themselves a full measure of the happy re-
sults of their indefatigable working for their gnat enter-
prise. Vichalin in conclusion "'The Health
of the Metropolitan Commissioner- "
Mr. CRACE made a brief ee'

Lord .kSIIIIU ItTON returned the following reply : I
On the part of our illustrious guests, I big to ac-
knowledge the complimentary terms in which you have
hailed their visit to your beautiful Tillage. You have ,
shown them that, though in this room they might have
considered tbemselves only as the guests of the metropoli-
tan and local commissioners, they are, in fact, the instant ' I
they set their foot user the threshold, the guests of all , I
Englishmen. lam sure I speak their sentiments when I I
assure you, in their name, that they are most sensible of L
your kindness.
At half-past six o'clock the guests were all summoned to I
table by sound of trumpet, and the Right ILm. Lord
Asunrnruv took the chair, surrounded by the following
distinguished company, of whom it wag well remarked that
they contained amongst their number the representatives of r I
every civilised state in the world.
His Excellency the Turkish Minister, Lord Stanley, of
Alderkv ; M. Li: Marquis d'Azeglio, the Sardinian Minis• i
ter; Knit lion. Earl Cleinville, his Excellency the I 1
American Minister, M. Le Bonin Dupin, his Excellency II
the Belgian Minister, his Excellency the Prussian Ambit's- +I
1.311. Pr, M. Maritschalchi, Chargi d'Affsirs de Franey; I I
Viscount Canning, Chevalier de Colquhoun, ('barge I
do Affoin de Saxony ; Chevalier du Itibeiro, Charge ! •
do Affairs de Portugal; lion. Horace Greeley, Sir H.II
Moutetiore, 11. T. Hope EN., M. Dumas, Chevalier Do I
Burg, Gen. Poncelet, J 'K. Brunel, EN., J. l'axtun, Esq., 11
Scott Russell, Esq., Sir E. N. Buxton, Signor Carlo
Trebhi, 1). J. Anstead, Esq., Alderman Salomon, M. '1
Barron, M. Jules Janin, J. G. Croce, Esq., J. Webb, Esq.,
Dr. Holley, It. Besley, Esq., J. Appold, De
Beyne, M. Karnensky, Alderman Wire, G. Cotton', Esq., I I
Don R. do la Sages, Don Manuel de 1(360.4i, J. D. Alleroft,
Esq., J. Evans, EN., V. rigging. Esq IL. Bower.(
bank, Esq., Captain Owen, I', De la Rue, Esq., E.
Bond, E.q., Thomas Burberv, It. Benham, ,
EN., D. Evans, Esq., William Eel.,
Esq.,
J. Crocker, jun., Esq.' lion. ' Sec. Odenheimur, M.
Sallendrouze, M. IValwoski, Prof. Colladon, M. lieydt,
Dr. Seyfforth, M. C. Buseheek, Dr. l'ereira, C It. Cocky-
rell, Mahomed Elmcadden M. Santillana, Henry G.
Bohn, Esq., P. Graham, Esq., S. Lewis, Esq., J. Jackson,
Esq., W. Swaisland, Fay , Dr. Schuler, Dr. Steinbeis, M.
Schreiber, J. l'earee Esq., Professor E. Taylor, b
Ramon Echevsrria, D'on J. Villiena, S. Morley, E., T.
Christy, Esq. R. Westenholz, Stahlschmidt, I). Dewar,
Esq., J. B. ievington, Esq., M. 'teener, A. 0. Wilde,
Esq., F. Bosley, Esq., E. Stone, Esq., Cockerell, Esq.,
lbiv. J. Colley, A.M., Prnfessor Corridi, Dr. Sehafhoutl,
M. Nolnick, Charles Wentworth Dike, Esq., M. J.
Schiedmayer, C. Brand, Esq., Col. C. B. Challuner, P. ;
Rath, E. Snell, Esq., M. Mairroganni, J. Wilke, Esq., Wil-
liam Barber, EN., 11. Brett, Esq., Chevalier de Leueisa,
It. A. Rubinson, Esq., B. Dunkin, Esq., M.'l'. Boehm, M.
Schubarth, Dr. Playfiiir, J. J. :Unlit, Esq., M. 0. Satan-
drowse, M. Ellissen, 11. Wilkinson, Esq., I). Biddle, Esq.
C. F. Stansbury, Esq., J. Vyse, W. S. Answortli,,
Esq., D. Davis, Esq., 'l'. J. Miller, Esq., F. J. Vanseller,
Esq., J. Blyth, EN., G. Godwin, EN., . Lannehy, Esq.,
M. von Vielahn, M. Wedding, Professor Owen, Charles
Fos, Esq., Dr. Varrentrapp, Cul. Lloyd, C. Barry, Esq., J.
Field, Esq., M.Cuylits, M. Fremont, Esq., F. Fuller, Esq.,
William Bird, Esq., M. F. Odernheimer, Maudsley,
Esq., J. B. Bunning, Esq., H. Cole, Esq., Owen Jones,
Esq., Col. Morin, Dr. Spurgin, Jain! James, Esq., 8. M.
Ilubert, Esq. Captain Abdul !lamed, J. Bell, EN., T. B.
Simpson, Esq., 0. Obbard, Esq., E. Riddle, Esq., N. S.
Dodge, Esq„ J. Fisher, Eq., G. F. Itoutledge, Itsq., Rev.
J. B irlow, J. la worth, Esq., W. Freeman, Esq., J. Bag-
gaily, Eq., William Leaf, Esq., M. Ares Dufour, J.
Wakefield, Esq., J. I'. Foster, Eq., M. Oros, A. Salomon.,
Esq., M. G. Roman, J. Hair, Eq., E. Richards, EN., P.
S. Phillips, Esq., O. Taylor, Eq., 8. (farmed, Esq., J.
Kean, Esq., llolyland, EN., J. Scott, E.q., J. Tysron,
Esq., William Harding, Esc'., W. Palmer, Esq., T. Saun-
ders, Eq., William Since, Esq., John Hunt, Esq.
It is almost needless to add that the dinner combined all
the refinements of French cookery, with the more solid
attractions of the English cuisine, and that the wines were
of the finest quality, and in the greatest abundance. Not
the least ohject of curiosity to the foreign guests were the
evolutions of Mr Marker, the toast master. Indeed,
the impression with many of them was that he was the prin-
cipal orator of the evening, as was evidenced by their en-
thusiastic cheering each time he addressed his usual brief
but impressive observations to the company.
On the removal of the cloth,
The CHAIRMAN said he rose to propose a toast which
he was sure would receive a hearty welcome from their ho-
noured guests ; he meant " Health and happiness to his
illustrious mistress, who had received them with such a
cordial greeting." (Cheers.) To the English guests he
knew that no prefatory observations were necessary to
isiluee them to pledge the health of their Queen. (Loud
cheers.)
The national anthem was then sung by the Misses Pyne,
Messrs. Halton and Young, and all the company, foreign
and English, joined in the chorus with great enthusiasm.
Amongst other., we perceived that M. Jules Janin paid
marked attention, and appeared much to enjoy this respect
in which constitutional monarchy is held in this country.
The CHAIRMA N next gave the health' of Prince Albert,
Albert l'rince of Wales, and the rest of the royal family.
This is a toast which ever finds a ready and loving response
in the hearts of all Englishmen. With them it is the out-
burst of loyalty; but with you, gentlemen, our honoured
guests, it has another significancy. You know that Prince
Albert is the patron of this Exhibition, but you know little
of the difficulties which he had to encounter in bringing it
to its present successful issue. lie found the houses of
, parliament indifferent, ready to listen to objections however
frivolous. He found the leaders of parties, leaders of pub-
, lie opinion, shrink from the responsibility of defending it.
He found the press hostile, the government paralysed by
the thought that, if it failed, they would have thousands to
pay, if it succeeded they would have millions to keep in order.
He found the public bewildered : it knew not what to do, w hat
• to wish, what to expect. Who then was for it ? No one
s save the Prince, and the small knot of enterprising men
whom ho had associated with himself and partially in-
, spired with his enthusiasm. The fact was, we were not
prepared for it. We talked indeed of progress ;we en•
• joyed like children to whisk to Exeter in four hours ; like
children we delighted to see Nasmyth's hammers squeeze
• au orange or crush an anvil ; we admired the physical
results of progress, but the effect of our discoveries on the

~propoNctl

in French.

The next toast was " 'f he Foreign Ministers."
M. VAN DE WE%'ER (Belgian minister), on rising to
return thanks, exprewscd himself deeply grateful for the
honour paid to himself and colleagues. Ile wished to add
one word more upon that subject which had already been
so much but not eufficieutly extolled, he meant the wonder-
ful Crystal Palace. (Hear, hear.) Poets, philosophers, I
anal statesmen were everywhere writing and speaking uhout
it, but he should say after all, in homely English phrase,
" the Palace speaks for itself." (Loud cheers.) Murmurs of
every kind had obstructed its progress, but now he hoped
that every dissentient voice was silenced. Even so late as
the 30th of April they had heard much loud declamation
and many low grumblings against that magnificent under-
taking ; but since the Ist of May there haul been a complete
silence in all these quarters. (Loud cheers.) It was only
another proof of what was once said by a witty Frenchman,
" Rion ne reussit si hien quo le niece's." (Hear, hear.) If
there were still any who looked gloomily on the Great Exhi-
bition, he could only say that not only in heart but in head
they must have a peculiar organisation. ([dear, hear.)
There was a point upon us hieh, as a foreign minister, he
wished to express his deep gratitude to the English people.
When he saw the whole civilised world responaing to the
appeal which had been made by Prince Albert, and sending
to this country the richest proiluets of their industry and
arts, he felt how deep must be the general confi-
dence in British institutions, and how nobly that
confidence had been fulfilled by the people in whom it was
placed. (Loud cheers.) But the strangers were nut then
so well aware as now that every claw of persons in this
country would vie with each other in giving the best re-
ception and the noblest hospitality to all who should visit
their shores in this " industrial crusade." (Loud cheer,..)
He had expected such a result, for he had long lived among
the English people, and he knew that the best feelings of
the human heart were developed in the conduct of that
great nation. He begged in conclusion to acknowledge
with gratitude the compliment which had been paid to his
colleagues and himself.
M. C. DCPIN then rose, and proposed the health of the
Royal Commissioners as follows Messieurs, La Cons-
minion Francsise que j'ai l'houneur de presider ne pourait
pas recevoir un temoignage plus dr:licit et plus agrealdc
do votre hospit dite, qu'rn la chargeant par ma vole do
Voile proposor un toast qui reunim, j'en suis certain, lc suf-
frage de tousles wears. Ce toast dolt plaire aux citoyens
des treis royuumes, par un juste sentiment de fierte nation-
ale. Ce memo toast va plaice aux nations strangers, car it
leur fouraira !'occasion, si desires., de reinercier en public
votre Commission Royale qui preside avec un admirable
susses au rapprochement, a l'union, des industries du monde
enticr. Dee le premier jour od sa formation nous fat an-
none,,e, elle me parut mentor d'etre profondement etudice
par les esprit refiechis de taus les pays appeles au cuncours
qui nous miserable. Cote commission ports• le sceau, Ic
cachet, des institutions liberates de votre terre fortunee.
Superieure A la division des partial, elle en reunit les illus-
trations pour s'inspirer par l'harmonie des mettles esprit
qui se livrent ailleurs cos combat de geants oa la victoire
appartient d qui sect le mieux votre patrie. bans eette
Commission je vois votre aristocratic representee, non pox
seulement par des nom, illuxtree depuis des Weeks, mais
par les services les plus toccata et les plus bi-
gamies ; representee par feloquence et les grands talents
politiques ; reprisentie or meme temps, comma; aux jours
fortunes des Nlecenc et des Medieis, par la protection magni-
fique des artistes et des arts. bans la mime commission jr
voW vos Communes, qui soot le peuple organise, ropresentet s
'nisi par feloquence • cost la quo ji• reconnais cent intelli-
gence nee et profunde des inter...to nationaux qui suivis,
semis, defendus, a travers les siecles, par la constance admi-
futile de were gouyerneraent representatif, a fait de votre
pays, petit io sue Weed sur la carte du globe, Is Capitale,
Ia Rome, la Ciritas imperiosa d'un sixieme du genrehu-
main, en meme temps que le foyer attractif et tout-puis-
sant de la richesse et du commerce des deux rnondes. A
ciiti des hommes publics dont !'Europe suit tous lea nonts,
d'autres norm celebres aussi se pressent qui repreientent
la science, par la Societe Royale de Londree, dont Newton
fonda la grandeur; ['architecture, la sculpture, et la
peinture, par Ia Societe Royale des Beaux Arts, que
Iteyeolds allustra ; l'art nourrieier des nations par
la Societe Royale d'Agrieulture ; enfin eee admi-
rabiesrivages et votre sal, les docke, les ports et kw phares, les
trayaut publics qui couvrent et fccondent Tot
pone, les Canaan et les routes, surtout en for, sea arteres pro-
digieuses de vot re vie collect i ve,i Is sont representm par la soei-
. etc fibre des iogenieurs civil", socicte doutje suis fier d'avoir