The Express.
London, England, 1851-03-27 00:00:00

Ttt rXl3rt%

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 27, 1851.

Downing-street, January, 7, 18.51.
Six,—l have already acknowledged Mr. Montagu's
letter to Mr. Ilawes of the 24th of October, and I have
expressed the satisfaction with which I have learned from
the further letters from Colonel Mackinnon, which were
enclosed in it, that all the uneasiness with respect to the
tranquillity of British Kaffruria had erased.
It is nut enough, however, that this alarm should
have passed away. Its occurrence points out the necessity
of endeavouring to ascertain and to remove the causes of
that discontent on the part of the chiefs which feems to
have been its origin. Though the statements furnished to
you by Colonel Mackinnon afford satisfactory evidence
that this feeling did not exist amongst the Kaffir popula-
tion generally, and that owing to their experience of the
beneficial effects of Briti-h rule in Kalfrana, the great
majority of these people showed little or no inclination to
support the chiefs in any attempt to throw off subjection
to British control, still it would be unsafe to presume that
if the chiefs should continue to be dissatisfied with the

...—.—.„
state of things which has arisen, their followers may not
hereafter he in.luced by their influence to join in an
attempt to effect a change by violence. It is also certain
that the relaxation which is now taking place of the ancient
ties of dependence which bound the people to their chiefs
is attended with con.iderable inconvenience in other re-

specie, besides its being calculated to create a discontent
on the part of the Litter, which is natural, at all omits, if .0
not well fosozial fa
The difficulties new experienced in British Kaffraria 132
appear to he of the same character with those which arc st,
very generally found to arise from similar causes in a par- at.
titular stage of the progress of barbarous tribes, when 30
brought under the authority of a civilised power. The
first effect of establishing such an authority is to put a stop '"
to the injustice and tyranny almost universally exercised is
over savages by their chiefs by enabling the population to 8.
appeal to the government for protection against the wrongs 25
which they may suffer. But it unfortunately happens that 33
it is impossible to protect the people from acts of violence
and injustice on the part of the chiefs, without gradually 61
breaking down the authority of the latter for all purposes, at.
and depriving them of the means of maintaining that social 23
position in their tribes to which they have been accustomed. le
It is obvious that the effect of thus breaking down the 23„
authority of the chiefs, and lowering their social position, i;i
must be, not only to create discs:intent among them, but so
also to impose upon the British government the tusk of sup- at
plying the place of that authority which it has superseded 17
in maintaining internal order among the tribes, and set- SO
tling the various disputes amongst individuals which must :,,G,ll
inevitably arise. But this is a task which the British go- 13
vernment possesses no adequate means of efficiently per- 20
forming, and I consider, therefore, that it is the wiser 20
policy, instead of destroying whatever of social organise- 20
Lion has hitherto existed among the savage tribes now 11,1
brought under our control, to endeavour to maiutaM as L.
much of it as possible, correcting the abuses and supply- ht,
ing the defects of the system. You will recollect that this 23
is the policy which 1 directed you to pursue with regard to 2C
Natal in my despatch of tho 10th December, 1847, and 10
having recently had occasion to enter more fully into Su
the subject in a despatch addressed to the governor of the 40
British ports on the Gold Coast, I cannot more clearly ex- 16
plain my views to you than in the words I have used in at.
writing to Sir W. Winniett, which convey instructions Itl
not less applicable to lialfruria than to Western Africa : 81-„
" if I am correctly informed as to the state of society
which existed in this part of Africa before it was modified 23
by the influence of British power, the chiefs were enabled 2:
to maintain their station and to live in the manner con-
sidered suitable to their rank, by means of exactions of a St
very arbitrary character, and by the forced and gratuitous I!
services of their people. These sources of income could ;3'
not but fail with the establishment of a more regular et.
system of government, and it would be good policy to pre- 31,
vent the discontent which this is calculated to excite in te
the chiefs, and to give them • substantial interest in the 10
' maintenance of the protectorate, by allowing them, as a rt
: substitute for what they have lost, salaries or emoluments 13
sufficient fir their support in a style of living fully equal 23
, to that to which they have lain accustomed, the duty being I 5
imposed upon them in return of acting as the executive
434
officers of the government is maintaining order and curry-
-20;
ing the law into effect.
Great care should be taken to make the performance 22i
of these duties the condition on which the proposed pay- 2ii
ments should be intuit., lest they should reduce those who 10
might receive them to the character of idle dependents on 20
se

the government.
" I have said that the condition on which the chiefs

f 0 AWrdu~
Amding, ottn es
and root Junction

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'llOO Kriet..l and Laster
30 iniester and Ilnlybead
43 I tub n.ad Ileits&Junc..
33 MA AnKllan (E 23 L. & L
aut -
LID. .
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should receive these salaries ought to be that of maintain- 2a
ing the general regulations which may be established, and 23
enforcing order in their several districts. For this pur-
pose they should have the assistance of a certain number
of the inhabitants of each district who (if this slight di* g
tinction were likely to affiird any encouragement to their 20
exertions) might be enrolled as constables, receiving some se
small annual fee fur their trouble.

20 Inaterit lott6oe6
23 ElmGrrs U6OO, Clam A .
((late F.. 62 ate U. .)
23 bo. elan s sal
22 East I aneashire .
6, W. New fPh u^es
30 VAli6burgh anti G1a0606,
23 FalinburAla, Etrth,Uunde.
21P. Exeter and Exmouth .

•"
The chiefs should not have the power of inflicting it.
punishments for offences by their own authority; but ~.515
should be required to bring the olleuders to be dealt with ;;..
by the nearest magistrate.
" '4o provide the funds necessary for making these pay-
ments, and meeting some other expenses for which pro- SI
vision win, I think, be required, it appears to me most
advisable to have recourse to taxes on land* and houses, or
perhaps to a pull-tax.
" The most convenient form of imposing a land tax in a 20
rude state of society I believe to be that of requiring from
all who cultivate the soil a tithe or some other fixed pro- SO
portion of the produce, as their contribution toward. the
public expenditure. This is the mode of raising a revenue s
fur public purposes which seems to have been the first
adopted by mankind in the earliest etages of civilisation, irg
and to have prevailed generally among all nations in the
remotest periods of which we know anything from 2$
history, while in Asia it continues to the present day to be .„
almost universal. It is also a mode of taxation which, in 275
an early stage of civilisation, when money is scarce, and Ili
when little capital lass been invested in land, seems to be so
the least burthensome that can be had recourse to, though 121
in a more advanced state of society it is the reverse. lam
of opinion that the circumstances of the Gold Coast at the
present moment arc precisely those in which the levy of
tithes of the produce of the soil would afield tho easiest so
and best means of raising from the people the means of
providing for the expenditure which is necessary in order 50
to supply that want of a more effective system of adminis-
tration which in the progress of improvement is beginning 121
to be felt. So
" The levy of tithes would have this further convenience,
that they might be received by the chiefs, to whom they al
would perhaps afford a more suitable equivalent for their
former exactions than a money payment, and from the ,t
tithes so received by them they might be required to rema- •
nemte the persons whose employment under the name of is
constables to assist in enforcing the law I have already
suggested. SO
" I should not, however, consider the imposition of tithes
as expedient or even safe unless it were guarded by giving
to the cultivator a right of commuting the payment of
tithes in kind for a money payment at a very low rate in
proportion to the extent of land in cultivation. By giving
the cultivator this right from the first the danger of check-
ing industry and improvemeut might be averted, while
the facility. of obtaining contributions in the first instance 1,
from men in a very barbarous condition, and among whom
money is very scarce, would be retained.
"If the levy of tithes did not, after adequately paying
the chiefs mid their followers, afford a sufficient surplus fur
other necessary expense*, it might be expedient also to im Io
-
pose a house tax, which ought to be very moderate in n
amount, and should be graduated on the principle of
requiring all permanent inhabitants to pay something, is_
while dwellings of greater value than the ordinary ones (ff
such there be) should be assessed at a somewhat higher 10
rate. I believe that very moderate taxes of this description
would act, for obvious reasons, rather as an encouragement
to industry than the reverse, and that if it were explained
to the population that these taxes were a substitute for the IN
arbitrary. exaction* to which they were formerly subject, 2t
and also intended to promote objects in which they are 10
greatly interested, they would be cheerfully submitted to." 4.
I have Mc., (Signed) Gant. 21
Governor Sir 11. U. Smith, Bart.. ie. S

REPRESENTATION OP Rocuatt.E.—The prenent
member fur Rochdale, Mr. Sharman Crawford, has signified
hie intention of retiring at the next general election; end
it is stated that it is in contemplation to invite Mr. Roger
Fenton, son of the lint member for the borough, to become
a candidate.

HEREPORDSTIIRE RErBESENTATTON.—Mr. Wegg-
Prosser retires at the di..elution of parliament. The choice
of the protectionists has fallen upon the Hon. E. Banbury
(brother of Lord Bateman) and Mr. King King. The free
leakier', when the election comes, will bestir themselves to
mire a liberal colleague for Mr. Cornwall Lewis.
THE NEvr VICE-CIIANCELLORSIIIP is expected to
be given to Mr. George Turner, or to Mr. Kinderidey ; it was
said yesterday in Lincoln's-inn that the chanties are in
favour of Mr, Turner, who is at present member for
Coventry.
QUICK PASSAGE: LIVERPOOL, WEDNESDAY.—OIIe
of the aunt remarkable passages ever made across the At-
lantic under sail only has just been accomplished by the
new American ship 1 yphoun. She sailed from Portsmouth
C.S., for Liverpool on her trial trip, coming over in
ballast only, and entered the Mersey to-day, completing
the passage in the extraordinarily short time of 14days from
port to port.
NAVIGATION or TUE TIL►YES. —The opinion is
very prevalent that the intricacy of the navigation at the
mouth of the Thames renders it perfectly secure against the
approach of any foreign ships unprovided with pilots. For
the purpose of undeceiving those persons who entertain this
opinion, it may be mentioned that the Governolo (Sardinian
man of war steamer of 1,400 tons, and mounting 12 kmg 68-
pounders, lately arrived at Woolwich) found her way from
Spithead, through the Downs and up the river toWoolwich
without a pilot, though not a man or officer on bowl had
ever been up the river before.

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MONEY MARKET.
THIS DAY. _

Two o'Czoits.
The Consol market opened with a steady appear-
ance this morning, which was further strengthened
by another purchase on public account; but the
demand for money in contusion with the settle-
ment in the railway share market, where the
rates of "continuation' for carrying over arc almost
unparalleled in magnitude, has naturally brought
forward sellers of money stock, and
.prices are now
quoted at a decline of 1. The business marked is
at 961 and 1 fur money, and 961 for the account
of the 10th of April; whilst the present
quotation of the market is 961 to 1, and 961
to 4 respectively. No other stock hos met with the
least attention in this department.
Exchequer Bills also show the effect of the tempo-
rarily increased value of money, the rate of premium
being quoted Is. lower. The I,OOOL bills mark 535.
and Cals. prem.; ditto small, 595.; whilst India Bonds
have been sold at 61s. prem. for all sizes.
In the foreign stock market the settlement of the
account is in progress, and the arrangements requi-
site have imparted an upward tendency to several of
the more speculative descriptions, including Mexican
Bonds, which have reached 331 fur the account of
the 16th of April, and Peruvian. Other stocks are
firm at late rates. The business list is as follows:
Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cent. Bonds, 58 to 1.
Grenada One-and-a-Hall per Cents., 17. Mexican
Bonds, 331, 4; Ditto for the account, 334,1. Peru-
vian Four-and-a-Half per Cents. 1849, 85; ditto for
account, 851 ; ditto Deferred, 39, 1. Portuguese
Five per Cents. Converted 1841, 35! ; ditto Four per
Cents., 344. Spanish Active Five per Cents., 211;
ditto Coupons, ; ditto l'assive Bonds, 6; ditto
Three per Cents., 3141.

Business in Bank Shares is upon a steady scale, at
about former rates. London and Westminster shares
are firm. The lust prices realised arc :—Bank of
Australasia (401. paid), 331; Commercial of London
(201. paid), 2.5; London Joint Stock (101. paid),
171, ; London and Westminster (201. paid), 27i ;
Provincial of Ireland (23/. paid), 43; South Australia
(23/. paid), 331 1; Union of Loudon (101. paid), 121.
In Dock Shams the chief business has been in
East and West India Stock, but with no change in
prices. London stock is a shade weaker, but St.
Katharine continues firm. The sales are: Commer-
cial, 84; East and West India, 144, 1431, 144; Lon-
don, 115.' St. Katharine, 76; Southampton, 15.
We observed in this morning's paper that the Spa-
nish American Committee were reported to have re-
ceived advicts from Buenos Ayres and Venezuela,
which they had not communicated to the public.
We have now to lay before the bondholders the fol-
lowing communication in reference to Venezuela:
The Committee of Spanish American bondholders have
received a letter from their Vethauclan agent, dated La
Cluayra, Feb. 22, 1841, of which the following is an ca-
tract: "My representation to Congress (urging them to
make arrangements for providing fur the arrears of inte-
rest) was presented and read in the Chamber of Repre-
sentatives on the Bth instant. It was at once passed to the
Committees of Finance and Foreign Atfairs, for them
jointly to report upon it. lor the present the Finance
Committee is occupied on the formation of a new law upon
public credit, that has been recommended by the chamber
as urgent, and to be considered preferably to every other
matter before the committee."

Whether the Spanish-American committee re-
ceived any information as to the proceedings in the
Venezuelan Congress previously to the arrival of the
Avon, we are not able to state, but, as the bill was
laid before the Congress ou the Bth February, and
the committee say their agent wrote on the 22nd
February, it may very well have happened that ad-
vices were receivedrto the United States before those
by the Avon. Certain it is that on Monday it was
reported in the City the committee had received ad-
vices from Venezuela and Buenos Ayres. What the
advices are from Buenos Ayres we are not informed,
but the bondholders will be very glad to hear some
account from Buenos Ayres, Equador, and Guate-
mala.

The case of " Wadsworth against the Queen of
Spain" has brought other litigants into the Lord
Mayor's Court. It is now the turn of the Queen of
l'ortugal to be summoned, and the various defaulting
kings and states may in turn be brought before the
same tribunal. The claim yesterday, whicli was reported
exclusively in that day's Express, was on the
part of a general creditor of the Queen of Portugal
upon a fund for the payment of dividends. Sir F.
Thesigcr, who appeared for the Portuguese authori-
ties, represented that it would be a hardship upon
the Portuguese bondholders to have their funds so
attached, but the ground on which the Recorder
directed a verdict to be given for the London Joint-
Stock Bank against the attachment was because it
was not shown that the Queen of Portugal or
the Portuguese government had any control over
these funds, which were under the direction
of the corporation or junta of public credit
specially and distinctly appropriated to the
payment of dividends. It was held, in fact, that
the disposition of the Portuguese government
over the funds has ceased, and that no general cre-
ditor can come in and claim the property of the
bondholders. However desirable it may be to en-
large the powers of bondholders in recovering their
claims, yet it is very evident there is a conflicting
interest of the bondholders that monies duly appro-
priated for dividends shall not be turned from their
purpose. The present decision is, therefore, particu-
larly important, and it is likely to influence that in
the ease of "Wadsworth against the Queen of S ~n."
The following are the latest quotations of cxc ,ge
at foreign places on London :
Previous Latest
Quotations. Quotations.
Florence (3 months) 291. 85 2W. 90
Madrid
Maples

Pah of Spain, Trinidad
(90 days)
orne 4BO

Trieste