The Express.
London, England, 1848-03-30 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 30, 1848.

wages, but the borrowers in several instances have
' disregarded the act, and settled with the unfortunate
labourers by a very small part of their wages in
money, another part in food, and the remainder car-
ried over to the rent account, old arrears included.
To check this evil the Board of Works have issued the
following circular, by which it will be seen that they
are determined to refuse a second instalment until
they are satisfied that the lebourers have been paid
the full amount of their wages in money.
Sek-1 am directed by the Cornratmlosers of !Pat& Works to
point your attention to the first parsgraph Circular No. I, in which
It is stated that .` a strict and earthing inveetiztket will be made bY
the offence of the Commireioners of Public et as to the manner in
which the first or any future instalment shall have been expended."
In carrying out the threctiros of the coniesianioners you will bear in
mind the 29th section of the act, which is an follows : and be it
enacted, that all labourer, hired or employed to execute any works or
improvements effected under the authority of this act shall receive
the full value or consideration which shall be agreed to be given for
their labour rerpectively in the current coin of the realm, and net
otherwise." It will,pn consequence, beyour duty to ascertain whether
the labourers employed bare been actually paid in money, and that Do
deductions have been mad, as a set off for rent or delta of any kind
which may be doe to the employer. It is hoped anti expected that
very few, if any, of the owners under the terms of the act, who have
obtained loans, will endeavour to evade this clause of the act ; hut
that none may plead ignorance of the law you will take care to distri-
bute copies of this letter throughout your district; and likewise, in
making every progrees-thapection, you will call the attention of the
in charge- at the work to the requirements contained in Circu-
re': 1, and also to this oommunication, and leave a copy of both
with him.—l am, sir, your obedient servant, Its. C. Walesa, Stare-
tai7.—To —, Inspector of Drainate, under the act 10 Vic., c. 32.

the purpose. The grant sizes made for that object is well
known : to consider its in:quaky and injustice would On this
occasion lead us beyond our limits. A few peelers bee the
Lords' evidence on draining, and fr>m rrher gonsonk will
show the state of this important subject, for at this nseetent
it is the heavy land of the country upon which the ignatcst
increase of food may be grown.
At the present period of the year I am mewl Misr Is
dos for large drainages than absolutely in therable Oleor7l/7:I;
mention many that have hem szaeuted, and seas ender say owa
direction ; but the county Ida AM, Pelfierts ride bi
from widen I
lla me"
hstinately 'separated rater peril es to drakes%
maid teeny to efts Maris et abet I esealit he be the Mt prat-
=4,sol,- Thlo Met reepertion d Ida dm silk at Sent wants
odell ds.s=et et lestead. bet ft pmema one fa-
Mom et Uglily idea I beee atesedively oh-
Weed. end consider It Ic hp rgiet esseeadeal system
thet lie yet been introdassi Ore ems* le, lag et the
dine WM. Thome Hammed, esawitare ar, mar Feneburad=
km dried anniderably at kb etradness. The set et his d
vides hem about V. Se. to Si. pareft men tip tilerainage% cost-
keg Y eknetdiapert,Wotet-TheMouesvarWb haa practised
"dm 1111110. be telaramsed Metes Ids drains at about 21 teat ,
matt he One kieeneed tie Mame to So feet, and afterwards to
40 be% st the nee lime tareendar dr& at 14
irate. He bee preetned a rani deal of draindeT:f at= deep.
sad amileve Inn dap& le be quite an cheap, if not asepere the
Sams drabs and the narrower distance.—What Mid of lands
were lieu / Solid clay; would of Ken, clay.--I. the evens. of the
four Mt more in the Isbour and lees In the cod of the material 1—
Its I ter proportionate coat of labour in digging ie not so great u the
prepanianate diminution le the number of rode perms laid with
Sees; aid, therefore, the whole outlay is not grea In I
ow mesa, rather less per acre.
As to the efficacy of the pipe tile, which wee at first
doubted, Mr. Parkes said:
What is your opinion with regard to the efficacy of pipe Wes? My
opinion L quite settled on that point, via., that the pipe, or cylinder
tile, and the smallest sine used, which Is of an inch bare, forms the
best known conduit for the parallel drain.. I consider this to be
abundantly proved.—blow long would you have the inch pipe drains
I think from my observation and experience, I Would not be disposed
to lay drains of inch pipe longer than 300 yard. in any one continuous
drain. 1(1 had a field to drain 000 yards long, and its form was such
that I felt there was nonecerity for an intermediate main death, I
would flea of all lay 200 yr& of inch pipe, and then' wouldlay about
200 yerda of inch and a quarter, or inch and three-eighths pipe ; and
perhaps [ might finish with inch and seven-eighths or two Inches at I
the out fall. If a pipe of an inch bore sufßce to convey and discharge
all the water collected in a run of 300 yards, a pipe of double the
area
will suffice at the end of 600 yards, and a pipe of two radios diameted
pothers four times the area and capacity of an inch pipe.
As to the duration of tile drains:
Do not sou think that if a drain stand. good for five years it will
stand good for fifty? Certainly.—Or more than fifty! Decidedly, it
these pipes were made of as good material and as well worked as we
know Remelt bricks and tiles to have been. 1 can re no reason why
the drain file should not there as bog as those Roman brick. and
tiles; but there is a great variation in the Quality of clay and us the
skill of the manufacturer. There is some clay at Butleigh which the
manufacturers to whom I have drawn it say will be eternal, the
pipe made of it tinges° clear and its hardness is thereat.
And fiat land may be thus trained
If the drain to greater or matter, is It more liable to milt up ? I
should say there in so probability of silting up when the fall Is very
great ; and there is little or on more reason why they timid silt up
when they are fiat, provided the drain be deep. Deep draim pro.
vide for a heed of water in the mil at all times sufficient, even if the
country wan ahaolutely flat, to keep them scoured out ; for supposing
the drams to be tat, and that the meddle could only pars their
water by &pees, adoring erefore, supposing the water to keep accu-
mulating in the earth long coutinuous mina, it will do no
harm, beau.° the water at all time sinks too far beneath
the surface to be injurious. It cannot injure the roots of
plants or chill the ground. I should not hesitate to lay
drains with these pipes, though the land be quite flat. I they'd feel
quite sure of their maintaining themselves open, provided I lad a
little drip into every ditch. Mr. Simraonds to able to state
that in one of his fields he han oaten at all; it is perfectly flat and the
drains are laid with inch pipes. This field is flooded diner always
oace • year, and some
.yeazs oftener, from the River Medway, so much
ao that the field itself as flooded several inches deep, and it takes per-
haps a day or two before the voter Is all gone ; therefore his pipes
are all hall of water, the earth is full of water, ad it covers the sur-
face, but theme drains have never been stopped up. The moment the
water in the outran comes down to its original level the small drains
are evacuated, and they have never been silted up. The first rain
which follows the flood effectually clears them out.
As to the direction of the drains :
Asa general principle, would you conduct the drains diagonally
straw the ,lope or straight down ! If fields were naturally formed
like a mathematical plane, 'mooted do what we liked with them, and
I Would then agree practically with the doctrine of going up and
down the fall. 1 should see no occasion to diverge from that rule,
being perfectly satisfied that the water will travel always horizourally
and come into my drains; but I find very few fields where you
really can apply a universal rule; they have such curious forms—
some have little dells in them, and you have to plan your arrange.
meats to meet the circumstances. You really cannot have the corner
at right angles to the general parallel drains in all =CD As a theo-
retic rule, I 'should say I should use it ; but, practically, I am obliged
to change it very frequently.—ln all drains that you. have crewed
have you not found parallel drains existing Meg previous to the re.
cent Introduction! Yes; according to my observatious the oldest
drains, those ma& long before the memory of any tieing man, are
parallel with each other, and they are all up and down the (all. There
In nothing new in that principle, or in its practice.
With reference to the time within which water should bo
carried off Mr. Parkes said:
Do you think thateenerally for arable land, you would like to get the
water away very quickly or gradually I should be quite entistled if,
after twelve hours of continuous rain, all the water was carried off in
forty-eight hours afterward.. I mean that the drains should cease to
run in about tint time or somewhat lean—Do you think that would
answer better than carrying it off quicker? That is my opinion ; it is
not a veryeammon °einem, I believe; but few persons are permed
of any facts to:selling the time. their drains run.—Would you let all
the water percolate through the soil Yea. I would have the field
entirely eves, and nut one open furrow or gap of any description in
it, There has been a difference of opinion, but I find man) peon',
g.ving way on that subject. My opinion is, that one of the
greatest sources of fertility which nature has provided, and
the management of which she has put partly at our own
coalman*, in rain, and the one great object we have to ac-
complish is to make use of all that rain, and to make it go
through the ground, that it may operate In its Trims ways, both
;Mystically and chemically. The object of stealth:kg ism make rein
our (erne, and not our enemy ; to cause it to descend through the
oral ; then to remove it after it has done its work, and before it can
do any harm. Al! the, is accomplished by an efficient swam of
drainage. Land in a fair climate can scarcely be too humid, but
water ought never to Magnate upon it or in it. If our chemises would
turn their attention le the analysis of the water which errs from
drains, they would discover much that is at present unknown, and
particularly illustrate the superior effect of deep straining over
shallow draining.
As to small inch-bore pipes:
Will the arrangement of theseamall the pipes be found sufficient to
carry away the water and to admit the water to come in from the ground
to filter in; would your arrengemente for the pipes be found sufficient
for that? Yes; the quantity of water requiring to enter through the cre-
vices between each pair of pipes does not exceed one pint per hour,
when half an inch of rain falls in twelve hours. It is really a very
eanall quantity, not exceeding one third of an ounce, or about two
tramtalenthi of water per minute.
Mr. Parkes also gave an interesting account of some ex-
periments made as to the temperature of soils, which is
greatly raised by draining. Mr. T. Spencer, a Kentish
farmer, who bad drained stiff clay land at 33 feet apart, the
drains being four feet deep, said that " In all kinds of soil,
the deep drains will run first, and run longest, and run most
water.' Mr. Pusey, M.P., gave a decided opinion in favour
of deep draining
When you estimate draining at St. an acre, do you calculate upon
using an tracts pipe tube? It One done, in many instances, with a
larger pipe for that expense. discovery that has been made*
that by deepening lice drain below the old English depth in the eastern
counties ,which was 30 inches, you may very much diminish the ire.
Queasy of the draina—The committee have had very conflicting evi-
dence on the subject of the pipes to be used ; some holding that an
Inch pipe, and others holding that a two-inch pipe, in the proper.
ca
dimension.—Can you state what your opinion Di upon that subject .
I n state I have just bought 200,0110 inch pipes for cold clay land,
and I have not the least :ea of using them. Of course, as in the case of
the atmospheric railway, we cannot speak poeitively upon this enatter
without more experience. But, after all, the question of diameter is
a minor question, because you may get the two-inch pipes for ea. a
thousand more Oath the inch pipes, and the utmost you would ever
require, la thy opinion,would be 1,000 pipes per acre; eu that it would
onlimake a difference of 12a. per acre.
fin'
In the draining of stiff clays you have slated that the bent opinions
are in favour of deepdralning ; do you lay your pipe in the clay with-
out any loose atones or gravel, or brushwood, or anything about It,
and put it meeely in the clay? My own practice, on some of the
coldest and stiffest day. in Englatad, has been this • trading the enor-
mous expellee of stone or tile draining, I adopted the old English
draining of the eastern counties, which is a hundred years old ; that
Is
thorn, turf, or wedge draining and afterwards, ill consequence of
the rhea
of the inch pipes, thus put them at the bottom of those
&aim, which require nothuag but what somelabourersin meat &relies
understand how to do, and I find them anther ptly well.—What
nn
do you put over them ? Clay.—So that it is an Inch pipe, buried
clay three or foot feet deep, with clay all surrounding at, and yea the
water gets Into that pipe for the purpose of draining? Yee ; for
many years I thought it was madness to ram the wet clay upon the
top of a drain, and would do nothing of the kind; but experience
has satisfied me that it is the right plan. I can account for
lit if the
committee with to hear anything OD the subject. -
any with Dr. Buck:Land I examined once the side of a
clay pit, and he pointed out to me the minute flexures, the
effect of drought, which went down to the depth of four feet in the
ground, and it wars quite clear that the water could par de
liable own those
fissures; at the name time, after straining clay land, you ar to
disappointment if a wet summer follows, beesure these cracks do not
take place, mil the draining appears to have failed; but as soma ass
dry summer comes and forms there &sures, thee the water pares
down, and they do not become obliterated again. In the winter fol-
lowing the dry summer of Let year, during which the clay la d
n had
cracked to a great depth anti width, I made some drains,and I wee
astoniarad to fleet that with thirty feet interval, in very staff clay, they
carried off all the water at once.
Nevertheless, we find the most different and inconsistent
plans of draining used in the same district.

TAR CORPORATION—Tem Day.
At a meeting of the Dublin Corporation, held this day in
the City Assembly-house, the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor
in the chair, Mr. Maurice O'Connell, M.P., handed in the
following notice of motion:—
" ADDKESS ro THE QUEEN.—That on this day week I
will move that an humble address be prepared and presented
in the usual mode to her most gracious majesty:—
" 1. Congratulating her majesty, in the usual form, on
the birth of a princess, and expressing our loyal sympathy on
every event which may conduce to increase her Majesty's
domestic happiness.
" 2. Humbly entreating her Majesty to direct her imme-
diate advisers to pay particular attention to the wants and
wishes of the people of Ireland at the present moment.
"3. Humbly Migrating to kar vaajceay that the only
course to he meets, in our opinion, as dutiful and loyal sub-
jects' of her majesty, to preserve the integrity of the em-
pire, and to attach moat devotedly to her government the
hearts and hands of the people of Ireland, is the restoration
to Ireland as speedily as possible of her native parliament,
or, in short phrase, the total and immediate repeal of the so-
called legislative union."
Mr. O'Connell also handed in the following notice, to be
moved in came the foregoing be adopted :
" That with reference to the motion already banded in, a
circular be sent by the town-clerk to the mayors, ite , of the
various corporations in Ireland, stating the nature of the
aforesaid motion (should such pass this house), and inviting
them to join us in this constitutional movement, and to be
prepared with deputations in accordance therewith."
THE FRENCH ADDRESB.—The report laid on the table at
the last meeting of the council, recommending " that the
Lord Mayor and corporation should proceed to France, to
present the address adopted by the council to the republic
of that country, congratulating them noon their late glo-
, lions struggles in the cause of liberty," having been read by
the town.cleik,
Mr. O'Connell, M.P., moved its adoption, which was se-
conded.
The Lord Mayef said any gentleman who chose might ge,
but it would not be convenient to him to go. (Hear, hear.)
After a long discussion on the subject, the report was
adopted, and his lordship was allowed a fortnight to make
up his mind.—The council then separated.

LORD CLARENDON'S PRACTICAL INSTRUCTORS AND
FATHER Maruzw.—Father Mathew has borne the fol.
lowing high testimonial to the value of the poor-law

instructors
Cork, March 23,1818.--My dear Sir,—Flora your position, as secre-
tary to the Royal Agricultural Society, an office which you fill with
so much benefit to the country and credit and honour to yourself, I
take the liberty to enclose you my annual eulawriution to the admi-
rable institution for affonling practical in-truction in husbandry to
the fanner. throughout Ireiand. If his Excellency the Earl of Claren-
' don, who now happily presides over the destinies of this country,
othouW leave no other monument of his government, it would glorify
his name to the latest posterity, as one of the greatest benefactors
of the Irish people. iO.l have teen the precursor of this new insti-
tute, the project of which is now matured by our illustrious Viceroy,
and I conc.ude you are the egtnt in the present salutary movement,
otherwise I would not have preeumed to trouble you with, I regret to
be obliged to say, my small subscription. If I had the means, I
would most cheerfully present a large donation ; for in my journey-
loge through the country I hove already Wtneseed the most bene-
ficUl results born the practical instruction thin given to the small
farmers; and your identifying yourself with this measure will umpire '
the public with confidence, by bringing to its aid all the powerful ma-
chinery of the Royal Agricultural society.—Apologising for this in-
trusion on your time, I am, with sincere esteem, dear au, your affec-
Sante friend, Tuaokeui Mernew.—Edward Sullen, Eoq, becre-
..

THE CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.—SIR,—I cannot
refrain from addressing • few lines to you upon the
critical state of Ireland at this moment. Something
must be done by the English parliament to relieve
both parties in Ireland : for we have but two, rich
and poor. As to the English government trying to
satisfy the demands and clamour of parties in Ireland just
now, the thing is impossible, for the two dissatisfied
sections of the people are directly opposed in their
ultimate views and demands; and only in opposition
to English rule are they united. For, supposing them to
have obtained the repeal of the legislative union, dissensions
even greater than at present would spring up between the
landlord or gentry class and the lower order; landlords
would at once try to knock up the poor law and parish
relief system, whilst the lower order would find work as
hard to be got, and wages full as low, as before the repeal
was granted them, whilst small landlords would have to
contend for tenure with • much less tractable body than the
late English House of Commons. We are differently placed
here from the people of England; there is no middle class in
whom the government of this country could be placed—it
must be one either of the nomination of gentry or rabble.
Perhaps to satisfy the trading class the landlords would im-
poseau import duty on manufactured goods. This I know
is spoken of, and it is with this view that traders and arti-
sans in one large town join the repeal movement. But this
would not exist many months till our agricultural interest
would find they had lost their largest, and, I might say,
their only, customer, and would be in arms a second time.
The agricultural interest is the one to be settled
first in order to pacify Ireland. Traders have no-
thing to complain of at present more than their
brethren of England and Scotland. The agricultural
interest, high and low, is the staple of Ireland,
and the one requiring the intervention of parliament, first
to commence with the gentry class. The present poor law
presses most unequally upon the good and bad landlord,
from the present electoral division ; for, let a landlord resid-
ing upon his own estate employ hundreds of hands, and be
in the same division with an absentee estate, he must bear
his neighbour's burthen as well as his own ; and absentee
or mortgaged estates in Ireland are so numerous, as to pre-
clude the possibility of a good landlord getting clear of them
under the present system of division. Surely this grievance
could be adjusted. Good landlords do not cry out so much
against peore rates, as their mode of assessment ; and absentee
or mortgaged estates are always overrun with pauperism.
The grievances of the lower orders are of a much more com-
plicated nature, and more difficult to remedy. Long leases,
or no leases at all, have led to much of this state of things.
Long leases led to sub-letting, and to this may be traced the
great poverty of Ireland. So much has been raid of this
subject, I need ray nothing; the thing is how to remedy it.
One or two things might be done ; first, enact that on and
after this date all land let at a yearly rent shall be let at
and on lease not exceeding 21 years, es in Scotland ; all
mach land not so let must be sold fee simple ; and enact
that landlords shall have no power of distraint
(or rent or ejectment from holdings taken on and
after such date, save upon the lease—this for
the future. Now for the past ; enact that any per-
son or persons, having an interest of, say 20 per cent., in
any holding, may call a valuation of such holding under the
courts and authorities named for the purpose, and so pay off
all such other interests upon such holding at the value named
by the courts. This no party could object to; for they would
receive full compensation in money for their interest. These
two measures would soon reduce land to two hands—viz.,
one landlord and one tenant; from this would spring up a
mutual co-operation which would very soon work wonders in
this distracted country ; es at present few landlords
have their lands free of middle-men, or men receiving 10,
20, 30, or even SO per cent. between him and the «cups ing
tenant, so none above the tenant has interest enough in the
land to advance money fur its permanent improvement—
their only cry from top to bottom is rent, rent, rent' As to
tenant-right, so much spoken of lately in parliament, it is
an absurdity which few would press if properly understood.
In those counties where tenant-right exists even to 101. per
acre there are no leases, or almost none ; where they are is
only the exception ; none is the rule. Here is its absurdity.
Even where it amounts to 191. per acre the tenant
has no redress, if the landlord chooses to raise his rent Ss. or
101. per acre—none in the world. The landlord can do
it at pleasure. And, I assure you, it is a common practice
amongst such tenants in the province of Ulster, to conceal
their comforts, leave their houses uncleaused and dingy out-
side, and their fields ill-fenced, and everything as deplorable-
looking as possible outside, for fear of the landlord's advancing
their rents. Such is his power, such their dread, even in
this boasted province of tenant-right.—J. B. JOHNSTON,
March 2.5.

BRITISH HUSBANDRY.—LAND DRAINING,
So important has the promotion of the drainage of
our heavy agricultural soils been deemed, that in 1845 the
House of Lords appointed a select committee to inquire into
the expediency of a legislative enactment to enable the pro-
prietors of entailed estates to charge them with money, for
the purpose of draining. Now, the history of modern drain-
ing for agricultural purposes is curious, as illustrating the
absence of enlarged and intelligent attention to agricultural
improvement, which until recently was a characteristic of
English landowners. The committee of the House of Coin-
mote, which in 1833 inquired into that once standing topic
" agricultural distress," reported that the evidence disclosed
tke fact of a remarkable change which had taken place in
English agriculture since the commencement of the present
century. The light upland soils had by means of turnip
husbandry been converted from rye and oat growing land
to land largely productive of wheat, and were then
more sought for by farmers of skill and capital
than the strong deep soils, which had once been
deemed almost exclusively the wheat land of this country.
The change had been most useful, for the light lands, when
under good cultivation, were lees affected by season than the
deep lands, and were found, year by year, actually more
productive than the soils naturally better suited fer wheat.
The difficulty of cultivating the deep land in a wet season,
and the frequent injury of its crops from redundant mois-
ture, formed the great objection to the deep land. Imme-
diately after 1833 there followed three fine warm seasons, is
which the strong lands were, all over England, extremely
productive. Indeed, such was the general productiveness of
our home crops, that the low prices caused another outcry of
agricultural diitress, and led to the appointment of another
committee, to inquire into its origin. The phenomenon of
the fertility of the strong lands again attracted much of
the attention of the committee, and amongst other witnewea
was Mr. Smith of Deanston, produced; by Mr. Lefevre (now
the Speaker) to show that by means of frequent and paral-
lel drains at the depth of 30 inches strong land might be so
freed from superabundant moisture as to be ploughed deeper
and cultivated with no more dependence on season than the
light land.. From that time the attention of the agricultural
world his been turned to the means of draining the strong
land. Mr. Smith's plan was to fill the drains for eight or
ten inches with gravel or broken stones, such as are used for
road mending, and the expense, from 81. to 101. per acre, of
the work formed the great obstacle to its extensive adoption.
1 Draining tiles, the only durable material that could b., sub-
stituted for stones, then cost about 60s. p. r 1,000, and 2,500
were required to drain an acre according to Mr. Smi
lfth's
plan. The English Agricultural Society applied itse
to the subject, and various machines were invented for
making tiles of various forms, by which, and tke competition
amongst tile makers, the price has now been reduced to
about 20s. per thousand. In the inquiries and discussion
pon the subject, it came out that there was nothing new in
hlr. Smith's plan of frequent or " furrow" draining, as it
was called, that practice having. been in use in the eastern
counties of England from time immemorial. The differences
made by Mr. Smith were the use of gravel in the place of
thorns, bushes, or wood, for forming The drain, an
dd
one
the
digging the drains somewhat deeper. h latter wto facilitate subsoil ploughing—that is, deepening the soil
without turnips
.it up to the surface. Indeed, there is no
' I doubt that draining was introduced into the eastern counties
mode
by the Romans, for Columella describes the
of draining land in terms which accurately represent
the ordinary Essex " land ditching" as it is locally
designated. 'Subsequently, Mr. Parkes, an able agricultural
engineer, proved that by laying the drains deeper, namely,
at three, four, or even five feet, where practicable, they
might be made leas frequent, and would be more effectiv
for drying the land. He also showed that a pipe or cylin-
e
drical tile of an inch bore was amply sufficient to carry off
all the surface water from wet land. Springs whic
different
h result
from accumulations of water require, of course, a
ireatmt.
en
' The best system of draining strong lind, advocated by
Mr. Parkes, and supported by Mr. Pusey, m.r., has not as
yet been appreciated ley some of the more backward agri-
culturists. They still fear to lay their drains deep, and to
tmbsd them firmly it day ; but the better and cheaper
practice is steadil making its Inf.
One of the objectsy of the Lords' committee was to make
out a case for advances by government for draining the
lands which are entailed, the fetters of entail and prime-
geniture preventing the owners from improving out of their
own incomes. or fr.= borrowing money upon the estate for

IRELAND.
MARCH 28.
The general topic of conversation to-day is the ap-
proach of Mr. John O'Connell yesterday to deposition.
He barely saved himself by having the address to the
Queen referred back to committee. This body met
to-day to consider his address and the amendment of
Mr. Galway. The latter was adopted. Mr. John
O'Connell, on hearing it, withdrew his address. Mr.
Galway's address, it is said, refers to the great
national capabilities of Ireland—to her prosperity
before and her poverty since the union—and, as the
latter is traceable to that measure, it calls for the ex-
ercise of the prerogative in convening an Irish parlia-
ment. Mr. John O'Connell's more elaborate paper
will be added for her Majesty's information.
Mr. Blake, of :tlyshall, the gentleman who has at-
tained, through the praiseworthy exertions of Mr.
Ponlet Scrope, a somewhat unenviable reputation as
an asserter of the rights of property, has been die.
missed from the commission of the peace. This
step, it is said, was taken by Lord Clarendon, pre-
of
Vilna to the affair being mooted in the Ileum
Commons.
The celebrated snuffmakers, Lundy Foot and Co.,
have published the following
" Ewe: Brides, Dublin, March 28, 1848.
Sir,—Vntil we read your latter addressed to the Earl of
Clarendon, we were not aware that the government had
quartered troops, or bud an ambuscade,' in either of our
houses of business in this city.
LUNDT FOOT and Co.
" John Mitchell, ESQ., the United Irishman."
The old sin of jobbing appears to be at work under
the Land Improvement Act. It is provided by the
statute that all labour should be paid. in money

SCOTLAND.
EDINBURGH, MARCH 28.
The season has been singularly unfavourable for
sowing in this quarter. Alternately for about a week
past we have had days of sunshine and rain,—the first
being warm and cheerful, and the latter gloomy and
heavy to extremity. The farmers will be kept rather
late with their operations, as scarcely anything has
yet been sown. In put days, prices, with such
weather, would have been oscillating frightfully, but
since the repeal of the corn duties the grain-dealers
I
regard all the " clouds that lower upon " the town
with great philosophy. Foreign supply puts
them beyond all apprehension about home
crops, while, practically, they still greatly de-
, rend on the latter. It is at no time safe to hold large
1, quantities of grain here, as a sudden influx of Baltic
ousels into Leith would lower prices ; corn met..
dim* therefore, buy steadily, and in small quanti-
ties; and for this kind of trade the home market
affords the best facilities. Experience has accord-
ingly demonstrated the utility of the new system, in
equalising prices, while, so far as cultivation is con-
cerned, more ground is worked than ever. The more
intelligent farmers never dreaded the repeal of the
corn laws, but recognised the necessity of foreign
grain all along ; and certainly not without reason, as
none of the wheat grown in Scotland is convertible
into good bread unlessmixed with foreign wheat.
The Forth and Clyde Canal Company have discon-
tinued running their passenger boats, and have sold
their horses. Sir John Gladstone has had the freedom
of Burraisland conferred on him, the box containing
the document being inscribed as " Presented by the
magistrates and town council, to Sir John Gladstone
of Fugue, Baronet, as a mark of their respect for his
public-spirited exertions in erecting a low-water pier,
and otherwise promoting the prosperity of the
I distraint burgh."

frUSII
MR. LUCAS'S MUSICAL EVENINGS.—The second
of these classical entertainments took place last evening.
The performance began with Mendelssohn's Quartet in D,
played by Messrs. Seinton, 13Iagrove, Hill, and Lucas. This
masterpiece of art, worthy to be placed beside the most
exquisite works of Mozart and Beethoven, was executed
with admirable precision, force, and expression. The
brilliant and impetuous finale, especially, was given with
immense effect. It is cunous that there are in this quartet
several ideas which are found in other works of the author ; in
the first movement everybody will recognise the wailing oboe
passage in the finale of the A minor symphony; and in the
concluding movement we have the most prominent pas-
sage of the " Wedding March" in " A Midsummer Night's
Dream." Were these passages urconecious reminiscence* of
the quartet, or were they taken from it on purpose ? The
PROVINCIAL. nest piece was Haydn's 41st quartet, in 0 ; a light and
graceful composition, the leading pert of which was
IHICELNOHANIMIRE. played by Mr. Blagrove, with hie usual beauty of tone and
AYLESBURY ELECTION. —Yesterday the polling delicate execution. Beethoven's sonata in A, for the p'sno-
cornmepeed at eight o'clock and ended at four, when Mr. forte and violoncello (the finest duet ever written for :hese
Dick, the protectionist candidate, wig declared to \se returned. instruments) received the greatest justice from Mn. Ander-
The poll, et its close, WI stated by the tory committee, Wei: eon and Mr. LIICIIIIM hose admirable execution fully developed
Dick, 614 ; Houghton, 345 ; majority for Dick, 269. The the bold and original ideas of the composer. Beethoven's
successful candidate thanked the electors. Mr. H ougbton quer et in E minor (the second a the Itaseureoffsky set)
also spoke from the steps in front of the County llall, and concluded the concert. These soirees are more numerously
Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Houghton's secouder, likewise addressed the attended than they have been in any previous season. Last
night every seat was occupied, and many distinguished
assembly, intimating that Mr. Dick had purchased Mr.
Deering's interest, by agreeing to pay all the expenses con- dadioari were preeent. it. They. well deserve encourage-
neetedl with his late contest for the borough. meat, not only from their intrinsic excellence, but from the
LANCASHIRE. elegant manner in which they are given, and the attention
THE PLUNDER OF POOR EMIGRANTS IN LIVER- bestowed on the oomfortable accommodatios,of the company.
root—Tke imprritions and extortions practised upon poor THE MUSICAL UNION.—This society has coin-
persons, particularly the Irish, who seek Liverpool as a port rammed its meetings for this season, which is its fourth. It
of embarltation to America, is thus expmed in a letter pub- now has above 300 members, al belonging to the fashion-
lished in the Liverpool Courier of Wednesday :—ln order to able world, many of whom are ladies. 'The formation of
give you (says the writer), a more correct idea of its opera- such a society for the cultivation of the most severe and elu-
tion, I shall minima a case in point. Patrick Murphy, wife, steel description of music, its flourishing state, and the man-
LORD ROSSE'S TELESCOPE. and family, residing at present in the town of Longford, in- nor in which its meetings are attended, prove the rapid pro-
At a recent meeting of the Royal Academy, Dr. tend to emigrate ; he writes, as he supposes, to a (rived of greet of the art among the higher classes in this country. 'The
Romney Robinson gave a most interesting account of the his, residing in Liverpool, to know the rate of passage and society has PrineeAlbertfor itspetron; the DukeofCambridge
present condition of Lord Rave's great telescope. In the time of sailing of the packets for New York, or some is its president, and its affairs are managed by a committee
1843 the learned professor submitted to the academy the other port in America, and all ether requisite information. of which the Earl of Falmouth is chairman. The musical
first fruits of its performance ; since then the enormous in- In a few days he gets an answer from his false friend, giving director it Kr. Elia, a mat competent and efficient lane-
strument has done nothing. Lod why 'The doctor an- him every information, and who will not forget to tell him denary. The first meeting of this season was held at
swen this, and adds some most interesting information on to write and state on what day he expects to be at Liverpool, Willis's Rooms oil Tuesday. The pieces performed were
the recent discoveries in the heavens:— and by what beat, that he may meet him oo the pier heed, Hayda's quartet in 13, No. 79; a ;quartet by Schumann, for
"He had often been asked why this telescope had given and conduct him and family to biz house, probably in Dub- the pianoforte, violin, viola, and violoncello ; and Mendell-
''
since. His English friends, though doubtless to- lira. Regent, Stewart, or Qatairn street. Nothing particular lobes quartet in E flat, op 12. The performers were brit
quainted with all of the sufferings of Ireland that appeared occurs until his arrival in Dublin, where he meets with and second violins, Messrs. F ' and P" -
in the daily press, had but a very inadequate conception of a gang of sharpers, or what il technically termed, Hill ; violoncello, Signor
the treerwhebning mature withwbich those miserable years " man-catchers," who will endeseour all in their Roeckel. The only ao•
bore on the persosal exertion. ,sf that class whom the posi- power to persuade him and family to take their passage of Schumann, a vole
lion in society which raised them above actual want, bound from Dublin; but having in his posseeneis the letter from Germany, but not '
to aid encourage, and iostruct their unhappy country- the "man-catcher' in Liverpool, who has given him every' 'very elaborate work, e
men. Lord Room is not a man to seek enjoyment and caution upon this point, he refuses to comply with the Dub deficient in imagination,
knowledge in the lateen's while he had duties to Perform lin seekers, and proceeds toLiverpool Mune of thesteeiners; other pieces, it was co'
on earth, and he gave himself exclusively to their perform- sod, according to appointment, meets with his friend on the from this specimen, to s—__ .
=CO. Some pans of the machinery, which could be finished quay immediately on his arrival, to whom he r tys • well- nienn's music. Mendelasohn's
by his workmen without superintendence, were proceeded merited compliment for ha" punctuality end lindnem in works, composed, we b.l:-
with ; and the resolution of the great nebula of Orion, iin- meeting him, by a hearty 'hake of the hand. The "man- and yet ke clearness
perfectlynbeereed, was communicated jos and published be catcher" then promises him all the comfort of a Roma. He ful treatment of the ..
Dr. Nichol, of Glasgow. Some of thetmen, in the genera then gets them some refreshment, and tells sageurry compositions of its class.
distress, became careless, and the speculum was tarnished out 4,, tri order to proceed id once to secure itc., as alkleadamai at Ike same

DaVNLENNESS IN GLAtioow.—Despite the great distress
in Glasgow, arising from want of employment, drunken.
nese continues as rife as ever-1.50 being the number of
the inebriated picked out of the streets en Saturday evening
last. Instead of keeping these parties till sober and then
dismissing them, their names and addresses should be taken
down and some means adopted of preventing them from
receiving parochial aid.
It is proposed that the works of the Ayrshire Iron Com-
pany should be sold, and a meeting has been called for the
12th of April to consider the propositi-..n,

s " Presented oy ine
.___ . _
> Sir John Gladstone
fr Olt
f their respect for his .
jog a low-water pier, Ma. LUCAS'S MUSICAL EVENINGS.—The second
, .
, prosperity of the of these classical entertainments took place last evening.
The performance began with Mendelssohn's Quartet in , I
played by Messrs. Seinton, Blagrove, Hill, and Lucas. This
)espite the great distress masterpiece of art, worthy to be placed beside the most
employment, druaken• exquisite works of Mozart and Beethoven, wee executed i
I being the number of with admirable precision, force, and expression. The ' 3
eta an Saturday evening brilliant and impetuous finale, especially, was given with
ts till sober and then immense effect. It is cunous that there are in this quartet
idresees should be taken several ideas which are found in other works of the author ;in
preventing them from the first movement everybody will recognise the wailing oboe
pasesge in the finale of the A minor symphony; and in the
he Ayrshire Iron Corn-
concluding movement we have the most prominent pas-
/ has been called for the
sage of the " Wedding March" in " A Midsummer Night's
den, Dream." Were these passages urconecious reminiscences of
the quartet, or were they taken from it on purpose ? The
riiL.next piece was Haydn's 41st quartet, in 0; a light and I
MRE. graceful composition, the leading pert of which was
played by Mr. Blagrove, with his usual beauty of tone and I
esterday the polling delicate execution. Beethoven's sonata in A, for the piano-
ided at four
forte and violoncello (the finest duet ever written for these
m declared to \ when Mr.
re returned. instruments) received the greatest justice from Mrs. Ander-
he tory committee, was : eon and Mr. LIICIIIIM hose admirable execution fully developed
ity for Dick, 269. The the bold and original ideas of the composer. Beethoven's
electors. Mr. H oughton quer et in E minor (the second et the Itaseurnoffsky set)
of the County Hall, and
lick had purchased Mr. concluded the concert. These soirees are more numerously 6
re
er, likewise addressed the attended than they have been in any pvious moon. Last
night every seat was
occupied, and many distinguished
pay all the expenses mu' dilettanti were present. ,L.They. well deserve cm:mirage-
, borough. meat, not only from their intrinsic excellence, but from the
tE• elegant manner in which they are given, and the attention
MIGRANTS IN LIVER- bestowed on the comfortable accommodatioiof the company.
ions practised upon poor THE MUSICAL LNION.—This society has coin- :
i seek Liverpool as a port latticed its meetings for this season, which is its fourth. It
expmed in 1 letter pub- now has above 300 members, all belonging to the fashion- .1
Wednesday :—ln order to able world, many of whom are ladies. 'The formation of i
correct idea of its opera- such a society for the cultivation of the most severe and elm-
:. Patrick Murphy, wife, sicel description of music, its flourishing state, and the man-
the town of Longford, in- nor in which its meetings are attended, prove the rapid pro-
le supposes, to a friend of greet of the art among the higher classes in this country. 'The
IT the rate of passage and society haa Primed Albertfor itspatron; the Duke of Cambridge
As for New York, or some is its president, and its affairs are managed by a committee
,er requisite information. of which the Earl of Falmouth is chairman. The musical .
om his false friend, giving director it Mr. Elia, a most competent and efficient (ant-
sill not forget to tell him tionary. The first meeting of this season was held at 1
expects to be at Liverpool, Willis's Rooms on Tuesday. The pieces performed were
set him oo the pier-head, Haydn's quartet in 13, No. 79; a ;quartet by Schumann, for
I house, probably in Dub- the pianoforte, violin, viola, and violoncello ; and Mendel/.
treet. Nothing particular soda's quartet in E flat, op 12. The performers were first
in, where he meets with and second violins, Moen. Swinton and Deloffre ; viola, Mr.
is technically termed, Hill; violoncello, Signor Piatti ; and pianoforte, Herr
4.4 . ,
I ,
endeavour all in their Broad. The only novelty was the pianoforte quartet
ay to take their passage of Schumann, a voluminous composer, estel in
possessisis. the letter from Germany, but not known in thin n • • •
who has glum him ever: very elaborate work, evincing great con r St Pla .
,a to comply with the Dub deficient in imagination, bare-62'6,-Ind le "lJnlilte Hag, sew
pool Inoue of thesteossers; other pieces, it was coldly received; an *felt no fiefaresAX
,eats with his friend on the from this specimen, to emend our knowledt et Harr fidta,' ~0 ..
....114t
to whom he ts a well- morn's music. Mendelssohn's quartet -alf kil suffikelr4 '
.Z44,04,411iipt . .
,ctuality end • damn in works, composed, we believe, when heexa **IOC X
)f the hand. The "man- and yet he dearness of design, beatifies if rg
le comfort of a home. He ful Hesgment of the Instruments, rend 4115.111, ;
:, and tells thous to hurry compositions of its class. It is one at a kr. • (. Cit
ice to secure *eve/age, as alkllOULegi at the same pv.......01.,aud all V.i'lrig
.... _ .
--......L.,_ ....-

ans. Swinton an Deloffre ; viola, Mr.
ignor Piatti ; and pianoforte, Herr
r novelty was the pianoforte quartet
44,
voluminous composer, estelis.
known in this n • •
evincing great con r sr ma
ion, brvlrttn;—ind za . "Unlike the, ma
coldly received: an leit no &AMAX
to extend cm. knowing/ et Haft Seitt,' '
Z. 4 "ialtoot
idelmohn's quartet '
N believe, when beinTa Iffitittor
of design, Amities ra:4; rg
instruments, mud aillar
Imo. It is au or • kir:- ' CA
lame pe;.:951., ma all v)10t
..---.,1---0 •
—.....!...._,