The Express.
London, England, 1849-03-07 00:00:00

GERMANY.

PRUSSIA.—We have received the following let-
ters from our correspondent at Berlin:
BERLIN, Mason 3.
The first chamber agreed yesterday to present an
address in answer b the speech from the throne.
This morning the committee for training the address
was chosen in sections. To-morrow the project will
be placed in the bands of members, and on Monday
the debate will open. In the second chamber the
committee chosen in the sections to report onthe regu-
lations which, by the carrying. of Viebaha's moron in
the second sitting, were trovudonally accepted, was
announced. Then the house passed to the order of
the day, namely the verification of the elections. Von
Wrangel was observed to be present in a tribune. His
aide-de-camp was plating out to him the distin-
guished men among the new members.
Three fresh elections took place yesterday for the
first chamber. In the first electoral district was
chaser, in the place of Gresheim, the town-syndic
Howes. In the second were elected, in the room of
Caniphausen and Grceheim, Professor Dietrici, director
of the Statistic-office, and Knoblanch. Mown and
Knoblsnchwcrerepreeen'atives of Berlin in the Diet;
Knoblanch was also one of the Berlin members of the
National Assembly. Professor Bescler would have
been elected for the first electoral district, as he united
five-sixths of the votes, but his age, 39, falls short of
the ripe complement requisite for 'member of the upper
house. The Berlin members are now oomplet4: 5 are
in the first chamber, Kane, Dennenberger, Mower,
Dietrici, Knoblanch; and nine in the second, Wal-
deck, Behrends, Heinrick Simon, Rodbertus, Phillips,
Ziegler, Reuter, John Jacobs, and Jung. In the
National Assembly, Berlin had ten representatives,
four of whom arc again elected for the second cham-
ber, and cue for the first.
In the meeting of the right, on the night before
last, a motion was proposed by a knot of ultras for
demanding the expulsion from the second chamber of
all those members who had voted the refusal of taxes,
but found small adhesion, and had to be withdrawn.
Private meetings, to discuss their peculiar interests,
ere held by certain fractions of the opposition, such as
the Polish members. Viola, who seems to mums
the leadership of the right, has drawn up a pro-
gramme, to which he has obtained 156 signatures of
adhering members.
According to the Spenersche Zearing, England is
said to have consented to the invasion of Transylvania
by the Reagan troops. The Russian government had
first sent round a notice to the various powers that it
must, in self-defence, adopt that measure, however
loath to interfere in foreign affairs, for at present
there was equation of nothing lees than a huge rebel-
lion, which extended from Podolia into the Danubian
principalities.
This afternoon an English cabinet-courier arrived
with despatches, vitt Hamburg, front London, part
of which will be forwarded to-night, by another
queen's messenger, to St. Petersburgh.
A great portion of the Berlin electors for the Second
Chamber have presented a petition to the government
for the suspension of the state of siege, having been
moved by their electors (the ne-sedAkr) to make that
the subject of their deliberations. To this petition
the ministry has thought proper to return a very
haughty reply, recommending the electors to confine
themselves strictly to those questions which, by the
electoral decree of the 6th December, fall within their
function.

The Central Union for the Benefit of the Working
Classes are going to hold a general meeting on the
4th of April. One of the main sobjecte which
will fall under their conideration is understood to
be the government project of law for the amend-
ment of the manufacturing system in relation to
the workmen employed. The day before yesterday,
some riotoas manifestations on the part cd the cotton-
printers, assembled in front of the manufactory, had
to be put down by two companies of the guards.
The soldiers were commanded to load in the presence
of the rioters, who only retired when the word "firs°
was on the eve of being given.
BERLIN, Masan 4.
The appointment of Count Arnim to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs is ths clearest proof of the insin-
cerity of the demoostrations of the king and govern-
' went in favour of German unity. Count Arnim is an
old diplomat of the Metternich schools in whose reign
he was Pruden Ambassador at.the Court of Vienna,
having bean antecedently minister at Paris, where,
by the way, he was succeeded by another
Arnim, the Baron, of whom William Humboldt-aid
he win to ph s • grand* Me Wittman* en Phnom
Count An's introduction into the ininisUyllest be

therefore hailed as the sure.t symptom of an intimate
understanding well Austria. Now Austtia's pre-
tensions to resist the formation of a Gannet se-
federate state, of which she does no: fors part,
amount to planting the greatest pocaible impediment
in the way of teat union which Plurals pretends to
favour, and which is only p amicable with the
leincerest co-operation, and in fact under the very
-auspices of Prussia. The Peesisin king alluded
in his speech to the continuance of his faith in the
get at scheme, and of his endeavours to promote it.
Ho tried to give a tone of enthusiasm to this para.
eiaph of his speech, but he failed. He folt
the hypocrisy, and Ise felt it the more that ell
present felt it too—his conscience made a coward of
him, and the word German unity stuck in his throat.
In fact, the paragraphs were concocted just to keep up
the farce a little longer ; to save his consistency before
the gullible public, while he and his ministers were
doing all they could to undermine the object which
they styled greet, glorious, and so forth. No; the
King oY Prussia will be pointed out hereafter u the
Ail fees it gran rift:do : as one who shirked the high
task, the glorious position, which the voice of liberal
Germany would have summoned him to.
Among other shills of the Brandenburg ministry,
there cannot be a more pitiful manmuvre than the
mode in which they have stooped to gain over the
,small shop-keening clams; (as one most influential in
elections), by pandering to the narrow prejudices of a
section of society which is., perhaps, more easily de-
ceived with respect to its trim interests than any
other. In fact, the restrictions imposed by the decree
of the 10th of Februery on the gnoarbeireiheit. re-
strictions which are at once galling to the native
tradesman, illiberal towards the foreigner, and detri-
mental to the national commerce, were a sop
thrown to the " kleine geworbatand," ti the
little tradesmen, to toss up their prentice-caps
for the Brandenburg ministry at the elections.
As this law will form one of the main
subjects of dimension in the present parliamentary
sesame, and has been the greatest piece of botch-
work the country has yet received, in the
gar a degree legiohtleq, at tbs. hands' of this
or any other ministry In fait, the meet retro-
grade since the commencement of Prussian constitu-
tional history in 1807, I shall notice here a few of
its provisions, mere particularly as they will come
to-morrow under the discussion of the Free Trade
Society established by Dr. Maerker, soon after the
visit of Mr. Cobden, in 1847, which holds a meeting
for that purpose.
What should we say to a law in England which
subjected a shoemaker to an examination whether
he could construct a shoe to the satisfaction of an
inspecting jury appointed by the government, before
he liad liberty to open a shop for the sale of shoes, to
past up his name as a shoemaker, or to form ens of a
list which should be called the guild of shoemakers?
The very division of labour, without more, makes it
clear that the public may be provided with excellent
shoos by the combined Uhl of workmen none of
whom, perhaps, single-handed, could turn out a nett
&aide. The salesman is but &no. her branch of the
same divided labour, to whom the mystery of shoe-
making may be not only in part, but wholly,
unknown, without any detriment to the commonweal.
Oursystem apprenfeeship provides the condition of
sufficient expeneree in a licensed handicraftsman;
but, over and above the apprenticeship, the new law
in Prussia institutes the examination. Another pro-
vision is that a man who has chosen one calling may
not change his mind cad enter another. The un-
happy shoemaker, once enrolled as a member of the
shoemaking guild, may nct change his mind, and
b. come for instance a tailor; he is doomed for ever to
make shoes or to turn gentleman at large. A
third regola''on of the sine enactment leaves it in
the hands of tt.e guilds to grant or not, as they see
fit, license to any foreign tradesman to settle in the
various towns. The prejudicial manner in
which this rule would work agcinst the in-
tere.ts of the native industry, leaving alone
tee illabarality of the exclusion to which foreigners
would be subjected inevitably by referring their
application to the guilds, will be made clearer by an
example. Berlin, at this moment, makes excellent
hats., and even sends that article to Paris. Now this.
hat-making dexterity, which has become the source
of a thriving trade, was introduced by three French-
men. These foreigners would,, if the hat-making
guild had Nen able to vote them out, have been
infallibly excluded, and so Berlin would have lost its
pre-eminence in a profitable industry. Berlin also
produces a vast number of manufactured articles with
which the provincial towns are supplied. By the new
law the local guilds will have the power of excluding
these imports from the capital: so that, in fact, in Prussia
the socialist schemes of Prudhon have already partially
carried into effect by the Brandenburg ministry.; for
every village cubbl« r may insist on the gentry in hie
civic circumference employing. him or one of his
fellow-guild-men to make Om hoot.. So that in
fact the Brandenburg ministry has carried protection
to its extreme limit; and while the movement of the
Zollverein took away the commercial fetters of the
German states to weive them into one great compre-
hensive chain, which chain the next great national
movement would hove flung off, perhaps altogether,
the men who are cried up as having saved the mo-
narchy of Prussia are digging a line of commercial
cireamvallation about every village.
I mentioned yesterday the election of Professor
Dietrici for the first chamber. This gentleman was
the chairman of the Free-trade Society ; but since the
protest of the Free-trade Society against the retro-
grade edict of the ministry, Dietrici resigned his
connection with them, and secured his election by
passing over to the protectionists.
AUSTRIA.—Our intelligence from Vienna retches
to the 2nd inst.
The following official article appears in the Wiener
Zeitung :
The recently published mount of Lieut. Field Marshal
Von lignin's ezpeditim to Ferrara, has informed the pub-
lic that this city has been obliged to pay a fine of 200,000
wadi, over and above the sum of 6,000 midi which were
destined for the Austrian Consul Bertursi, as en indemniti.
cation [for the plunder of his Upon the proposition
of nisi/tees his majesty has been pleased to order that the
former sum be immediately placed at the disposal of his
holiness the Pope, is order to prove thereby in the clearest
manner, to the rightful sovereign of the city of Favors,
that the expedition undertaken by the imperial
troops, was on the justest and most die
interested motives, and was brought about by the
tweessity alone of inflicting well-merited punishment on a
city which bed violated its duties towards the legitimate go-
vernment, as well as the principles of popular rights and
humanity. At the same tine, it was thought that the fine
imposed on the insurgent el y could not be better employed
than by placing the amount in the heads of the holy father,
in order that it may be applied —if suck be his pleasure—to
the mitigating of a pinion of the misery which the reign of
terror in his states daily suspends over so many victims of
the revolution.
As usual, the Mseyar and Austrian accounts from
the seat of war in Hungary are quite at variance one
with the other. Ace riling to the former, the insur-
gent General Bern has gained a brilliant vieory over
Puchner, and on the 16th ult,l took Ifermannstadt
by storm. This victory, which is announced in the
official Hungarian journal (Koziony) of the 21st.,
was celebrated on the previous day by a
solemn " Te Deem " in the church of Debreczin,
where Kosmith still resides. During the fi4ht Bem
received a wound in the left hand, and was subse-
quently obliged to have three fingers amputate!. It
is added in the Magyar account, that there
are no more Ruseisns to be seen in Siebenbiir-
gen, and that in South Hungary, near
Arad, the insurg.nte recently obtained an
important victory, 300 of the Leiningen regiment
passing over to their side. The Magyars, moreover,
claim another victory on the 28th ult. over Windiach-
rate, near Zibakhaza, and assert that 2,000 Croat:ans
have deserted from the imperial ranks. Kosauth has
conferred the title of field-marshal on General Kis, and
re-appointed General L. Messrs Minister of War.
During the sitting of the Hungarian Diet at De-
breczin, on the 12th ult., Kossuth declared that the
court at 011mntz was indirectly endeavouring to ne-
gotiate for a cessation of hostilities, So far the Mag-
yar accounts. The impirial intelligence is to the
effect that Windiachgratz had marched towards Gs on-
pos,andthattheinsurgentshadfied before him in four
different directions; that the Austrian general Schnlzig
had attacked and defeated Dembinski, and that by
the removal of the head-quarters of Windisehgratz to
Hatvan, the imperialists had formed an unbroken
militsry cordon from Waitzen to Losoncz, and from
Hatvan to Szolnok. The Austrian government have
officially announced that Croatia, Schivonia, the
Banat, and Siebenbargen are no longer placed under
the Hungarian admitstration.
•
OVER.—We have intelligence from this city
2. Both chambers, after having declared,
opposition to ministers, in favour of the pronthlga-
Lion of the bill of fundamental rights (voted in the
Freektort national assembly) have all bat mini=
I requested the cabinet to remain in ode*,