The Express.
London, England, 1847-04-01 00:00:00

ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSION.

went would be made to sheolve the hon. and learned mem-
ber from attending one nr other of the committees.
PAUPER LUNATIC ASYLUMS.
Mr. NICIIOLL lugged to ask the right hon. gentleman,
the Secretary for the Home Department, whether her Ma-
jesty's government contemplated any alteration in the law
respecting pauper lunatic asylum, whereby counties or
b ,roughs having no asylum for the pauper lunatics thereof,
will be relieved from the duty of erecting or providing such
an asylum in conformity with the provisions of the act 8 & 9
Victoria, ch. 1'26, and the 9 & 10 Victoria, ch 84? also,
whether it was intended to enforce the performance of
that duty ?
Sir GEORGE GREY had no hesitation in answering,
that it was not in the contemplation of government to make
any such alteration in the law. With respect to the second
question, the right hon. gentleman was aware that under the
first act it was provided that if, within three years from the
pawing of the act any county or borough shall neglect to
perform that duty, the secretary of state was empowered to
call upou the justices to do so. The three years would not
expire until Aug. 1848, but at the expiration of that time the
home-aecretary would, of course, agoras the performance of
the duty imposed by the statute..

POOR REMOVAL ACT.
Mr. It. YORKE inquired whether, in the event of there
being no general revision this session of the poor-law system,
the government intended to repeal the Poor Removal Act.
Sir G. GREY was not prepared at present to answer the
question. 'rhe subject of the law of settlement was now
under the consideration of a select committee, end he would
rather reserve the expression of any opinion until that com-
mittee had presented their report to the house.
Mr. R. YORKE said that if the house did not receive any
information on the subject soon after the Easter recess, he
should feel it his duty to more fur leave to bring in a bill to
repeal the Poor Removal Act.
POOlt RELIEF (IRELAND) BILL.
On reading the order of the day for the bringing up the
Report on the Poor Relief (Ireland) Bill,
Mr. HAMILTON claimed permission to read tothe house
a letter he had received from Mr. Longfleld, of Kauturk, in
reference to a statement made on a former evening by the
leo, baronet, the member for Marylebone (Sir B. Hall), that
Yr. Longfield, though he received 6,0001. a year, had contri-
buted only 151. to the relief committee. Mr. Longfield in his let-
ter stated that his property in Kanturk was a rent-charge of
4361., and that to the relief committee of that union he had
given 301., or just double the sum stated by the hon. baronet.
He added, that instead of his income being 6,0001. it was
I only 3,0001. and that he subscribed the sum of 2501. to dif-
ferent relief committee' throughout Ireland.
Sit B. HALL replied that he had made the statement not
from his own knowledge, but from information contained in
letters which had been addressed to him, and he had now
in his hand two letters from rev. gentlemen resident in the
district of Kanturk informing him that his statements were
perfectly correct. In these disputes about Irish facto he
thought it would be well if a return, which on his motion
bad been ordered on the 4th Feb. last, was directed to be
made forthwith. That return would show the amount of
subscriptions given in each union in Ireland, and this would
prove whether or not the Irish landlords had done their
duty at this trying crisis
Mr. LBFROY had received many letters from gentle-
men resident in Ireland, complaining of the attacks made
upon *on in that house, not only by the hon. baronet
Eh.Mk B. Hall) but by the hon. member for Rochdale
S. Crawford), who was himself an Irishman. The
........d several extracts, and stated that he should
Ike ream in obtaining authentic means of vindi.
tawny of the Irish landlords from the unjust and tue•
attacks to which they had been subjected in that
home.
Mr. J. YOUNG begged to call attention to the terms
of the return moved fur on the 4th Fels. by the has.
baronet the member for Marylebone, who had now left the
house. A portion of the return was for " the amount et
any subscriptions for the relief of the poor in every union in
Ireland, distinguishing, first, the balance (if any) remaining
from the subscriptions of 1845 and 1846; secondly, the
private subscriptions advanced by owners, lesson, and emu.
piers of property, within each union; third, the subscrip-
tion, received from other mums; and fourth, the amount
received from public grants." Such a return would include
the names of ostentatious rich persons who wished to show
the extent of their charity, while from it would be excluded
the names of those who were resident on their property and
quietly discharging their duty to the poor around them.
Against such a return he must protest, as being calculated to
create invidious distinctions and to raise unjust inferences.
In hie opinion it ought to be expunged from the records of '
the house.
Sir G. GREY agreed in thinking that this return would
give a very incorrect view of the manner in which the resi-
dent Irish landlords had conducted themselves. The house
had, however, a right to demand the amount of the local
subscriptions, in respect of which public grants had been made.
He would, in the recess, undertake to consider if such a re.
turn could be given without making any invidious dis-
tinctions.
Mr. P. SCROPE thought the return as ordered most de-
sirable to be furnished to the house. He had hitherto re-
frained from stating the contents of letters he had received,
showing the neglect by the Irish landlords of the duties
which belonged to them, but if the hon. member for Lmg
-
ford ventured, alter the recess, upon their defence,he (Mr. P.
Scrope) should no longer keep back the information he had
received.
Mr. STAFFORD O'BRIEN hoped the house would be
spared this threatened recrimination. (Hear, hear.) It
was contrary to the spirit and temper which the government
had exhibited throughout the discussiion of the important
measures which they had curried through—measures which,
though he had opposed in parts, he should, as a magistrate
sod landlord, endeavour to carry Mao operation and effect,
with the same feeling and spirit of forbearance. (Hear.)
Mr. V. SMITH thought the return would he most unjust
sad invidious. The course would be to move, in case it was
presented, that it should not be printed.
Mr. GOULBURN suggered that, as the bon. member
for Cavan of course would not, in the absence of the hon.
member for Marylebone (Sir B. Hall), move to rescind the
order, it would be well that he should receive an assurance
from the government, that the return, so far as it related to
the amount of individual subwriptious, should not be made ,
until his hon. friend should have an opportunity, after the'
recess, of moving in the matter.
Mr. LAI3OUCHEItE said there was no difficulty, after
what bad been stated by his right hon. friend (Sir G. Grey),
in giving that assurance.
After a few words from Mr. TRRLAWNY, the converse.
tion dropped, and the report was brought up and received.
Sir G. GREY moved the insertion, JO clauses 1 and 2, of
words extending the provisions of those clauses to pp0000rr
persons disabled from labour by severe sickness or aeeldsat.
Inquiries were made, by Mr. P. Senora and Mr. G.
HAMILTON, an to the provisions for medical officers; in
amwer to which Sir G. GREY stated that the 13th clause
embraced the neeessery provisions.
The bill was ordered to be read a third time on Friday, the
16th Aril.
ARMY SERVICE BILL.
._. .. . -.

The house then went into committee on this bill.
Sir DE L. BVANB said he wished to make a few remark*
on some statements which had been made by the right hon.
gentleman, the late secretary at war. After declaring that
16 years was the average period of service entitling to a pen-
sion, the hon. and gallant officer proposed the extraordinary
boon to the soldier of a reduction of a single year. Such a
leontaiopathic measure would be perfectly nugatory. (Hear,
bear.) The hon. and gallant member for Liverpool had
appeared to chance himself with the care of the duties of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer; but he thought that right
hon. gentleman and the government at large might safely be
trusted with the pecuniary part of the question. As to the dis-
patch of the Duke of Wellington from the Peninsula, which
had been referred to, it did not appear that the slightest
difficulty had been experienced in re-enlisting the men.
' This fact was abundantly sufficieut to remove the fears which
had been expressed as to the operation of the bill now before
the house. To object to the bill because it made no provi-
, sem for honours and rewards, aa had been done by the hon.
sod gallant member for Liverpool, was entirely out of place ;
kr Ss resat measure was one relating to enlistment only,
net to rerenirds and honours to the army. He rejoiced to
/sow that, under the present management, many promotions
from the ranks were taking place ; in the last year, no fewer
than 43 non-commissioned officers had been promoted to
cornet-ships and ensigneies ; and another instance of the in-
creasing liberality of the government was in providing out-
fits for those officers. This, after all, aras but tardy justice ;
in these measures we had been anticipated by the French
and Russian governments. It had been made matter of
complaint that there was no general officer in the present
cabinet ; but there were at least four individuals who had
filled the office of secretary-at-war, and their opinion was of
es
great weight on a question of this kind as that of as many
general officers. The hon. and gallant member then pro-
ceeded to reply, at some length, to an attack which had been
made upon him in the Morning Posl, referring to a despatch
of the Duke of Wellington, in which his grace had expressed
an opinion that the pensions were inadequate, and that the
government had never taken an extended view of the sub-
ject,—he contended that the inference was that the noble
duke was favourable to the changes now proposed.
Mr. GOULBURN said, that no sufficient argument had
been offered by the right hon. the secretary at war against
the proposition that had been made on a former day for ex-
tending the period of enlistment to 14 Tears. lie thought
it extremely improbable that commanding officers would be
more backward to re-enlist men who had served 14 years—
and had thus had four years' more experience—than those
who had only served 10 years. By adopting the longer pe-
riod of 14 years, he oontended that the danger would be
avoided of introducing distinctions, and consequent dissatis-
faction, into the army. He thought it extremely improper
that attempts should be made to influence this important
discussion by surmises as to what might be the feelings of a
distinguished individual with whom the eovernment had
been in communication on this subject. (Hear, hear.) The
question of 7, 10, or 14 years service was a most impottant
one, and one which could not fail greatly to influence the
character of the army. By adopting limited service, he
believed that • better class of men might be obtaimed ;
but he wee decidedly in favour of not fixing the
period lower than 14 years. If the ten years' system
was adopted, its necessary result, after it had been some
years in operation, was, that one-tenth of the men in every
regiment would be annually discharged ; and this occurring
with regard to regiments in the colonies, would greatly en-
hance the expenses of transport. It was highly probable that
when a regiment was on active service abroad, all the men
whose periods bad expired would re-enlist ,• but in the colo-
nies, where there was little excitement, and little stimulus to
a military teeter, it mild not be doubted that the great bulk
of those discharged would not re-enlist. As to the amount of
pensions, he deprecated any interference on the part of this
house, but he thought it moat desirable that the well-con-
ducted soldier who had served 21 year, should receive, un-
der the regulation of the proper authorities, an amount of
pension which would place trim beyond the reach of want.
(utor.) go was confident that this might be dune without

Lord 1. RUSSELL the introduction of a bill
for amending thecommie/dor, till Tuesday,
April 20.
COMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE.
kir. AOLIONBY wished to appeal to the house in COM.
quence of no notice having been sent to him till this morning
of his appointment as a member of a railway committee.
He thought that a notice should be sent to members who
were selected for any group, so that they might have an
opportunity of ascertaining whether there were any reasons
why they should not be put on it. This was, however, not
done, but only a general notice was sent. requeetiug to know
when he would be ready to serve. it was only this morning
that be received a notice that he was appointed chairman of a
group which sat on the 28th April. He was already on two other
committees which had not terminated their labours. The
railway committee would require from him continuous
attendance, and therefore he asked to be relieved from
serving upon one or other of the committees he had men-
tioned.
Mr. F. MAULS laid if the hon. and learned member would
repeat the statement he had just merle to the house to the
chairman of the committee of sekction, no doubt; an arrange-

tration a degree of wisdom, which is by no means
more the lot of cabinet winisters thun of town mayors.
In order that this new sod central authority should
not become a permanent ilie;atorship, it should not be
given to a minister; above M.'. not to the head of a
..litieal department, like the Secretary of the Horne
I ,'oe. We must own that we !mould have preferred
a committee of the Privy Council, notwithstanding I
Lord MORPETII'S objection, which we think a very
futile one, viz., the present unpopularity of such com-
mittees. Great reforms, even in health and education,
are not to be worked by smiles or summer sailing. It
is rough work; a little unpopularity is inevitable, and
Lord MORPETII'S new board will not escape it. How-
ever, we accept the board, and, as a board of
sanitary reform, destined to abdicate its powers,
as soon as the reform was complete, and a system of
health in towns established, we would give it much
greater powers than Lord MORPETII has thought fit
to claim. And greater powers, we think,his commis-
sion will want. As a permanent and fixed board,
exercising supervision, it would not require so much.
Government has been wise, we think, in entrusting
the execution and control of sanitory measures to the
municipal bodies. If these bodies are not fit for
each a task, what are they fit for? There may no
doubt be inconveniences, parties the unavoidable
drawbacks of a free system. But to tell the muni-
cipal bodies of England that they cannot direct or
control the opening and building of their own sewers,
would be directly outrageous. All that is required
is to enforce exertion and provide intelligence. But
the subject of the machinery by which the central
board is to direct monitory reform, is a subject to bo
treated separately and fully.
For the present, we shall conclude with a summary
of the provisions of the bill.
/It provides for the appointment of a Board of
Health and Public Works, to consist of three paid
members, one member of the government, and the
Chief Commissioner of Weeds and Forests as ex-

officio chairman. This board is to have the power to
direct inquiry into the sanitory condition of any town
or district, whether on petition from the place or
otherwise. The inspectors will then make a entry
and report, and the necessary powers for executing
any required works will be conferred on the lowa
administrative body.
This comprises the first or central stage of the
operations.
The local body, it is proposed, shall, in corporate
towns, be the existing town council. Unincorporated
towns may apply for incorporation for sanitary pur-
poses, or elect a body of commissioners, to which the
,antral board will nominate, as adjuncts, a num-
ber not exceeding one-third of those so elected.
The act is to be confined to England, including Lon-
don. It proposes to give a power to the crown, of
extinguishing all bodies of commissioners acting
under local acts, for any purpose connected with sant-
tory legislation, in order that their various powers
may vest in one and the same authority. The bill
also proposes the appointment of an inspector-general,
to be an engineer of eminence, and of a medical in-
spector-general, in addition to the local surveyors and
health officers to be appointed by the local authorities.
Provisions are to be inserted in the bill for enabling
such authorities to contract with gas and water com-
panies, to construct works, and, if necessary, compel
the sale of such works, as already existing. The
expense of permanent works will, by the bill, be
spread over a aeries of years, and imposed on occu-
piers, instead of owners, according tothe recommen-
dation in the report of the Health of Towns Associa-
tion on Lord LINCOLN'S bill.

THE discoveries effected by Sir THOMAS MITCIIELL
in his attempt to reach Port Essington by an overland ,
route from the junction of the Darling and Macquarric
rivers—of which an account appears in this day's
publication—are more practically useful than brilliant.
His party do not appear to have met with any stirring
adventures, and comparatively little has been added
by their researches to the light thrown by Dr. LEICII-
HARDT on the physical geography of that part of the
Australian continent. lint Sir THONI has laid open
extensive tracts of country—available in the first place
for the pioneer operations of the stockholder, and ulti-
mately for those of the tiller of the soil—easily acces-
sible from the Bathurst district by the route of the
Maequarrie and Narran, from New England by the
Darling and the Narran.
These discoveries will, it is to be hoped, act as a
spur to urge on government to attempt a final
and satisfactory settlement of its misunderstandings
with the stockholders of New South Wales—since
the obvious advantage to be derived from promoting
emigration in the present state of the country has not
had that effect. Already, almost all the lands within
the previously explored regions of New South Wales
arc occupied as sheep or cattle stations by stock-
holders. That enterprising clam will immediately
precipitate themselves into the new country. It will
be a heavy drawback on the progress of the colony
if they are to carry along. with them all that uncer-
tainty as to their actual rights—all that precarious-
ness of tenure, which has for some years contributed
to render the value of property in Australia fluctu-
ating and deceptive, and to keep alive jealousies and
grudges between government and the subject.
The controversy with the stockholders has, on the
part of the government, been carried on, hitherto, too
much as if it were merely a land-granting question.
In point of fast, it has passed that stage, and merged
to a great extent in a land-tenure question.
As long ago as 1836, Mr. WAKEFIELD, when exa-
mined before the committee of the House of

ghe epprtgo.

MAILS.

The West India =tils, including three for Mexico, Honduras, and
the ilavannalt, will be made up on the morning Mike 2nd April.
The overland mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Grew*, the lonian Ulundi,
Ervitt, Aden, Ceylon, India, llong•Kong, and China, rile Soutnam;aon,
will be MAC up on the morning of the and
The mean for Width North Amerka, Bermuda, and the United
States, will be mark up on the evening of the 3rd April.
The Sarah Sande steamer is appoints:] to roil *MI Liverpool 011 the
Otto April, for New York ; letters in time on the sth AWL
The mails for the Brent* the River Plate, Monte Video, Pernien-
=Bthia, Madeira, and Buena, Ayres, will be made op tut the
of the Stb AprO.
The mails for Vigo, Oporto Lisboa, Madeira, Cadiz, and Gibraltar
ail IDs made no en the morning of the 7th April.
The event:mit timed mails, via Marseilles, to the Mediterranean,
=Adele, Ceylon, India, ]long Kong, Re., will be made up oa the
tithe 7th April.
11111 MMUS for New South Vales, Van Diemen's Land, and New
Zola will be made tip on the evening of the 30th April.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Tye Ailsrthis Moos ot the " DAILY NEWS^ Awl " EXPREsS '
base boos =WED b SO, FLEST-STREET, to No. to.
DOUVIDISIWOIIIIIIT,PLIZY-MEET, contiguous to the Yrtetles
. .

. -
red...l;libllt 0— Yea
•.• eetwerdeseseete Yodel Ihr The Espouse, London evening paper
sane be at tbe Ogee by Two *dock on the day ot publicatioe.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE
Tars Mr --Numb% $0 =la. part 2 ; Altaracam, 47 rola. pest 1
ToAtaaaow—llaralap, 0 ada. past 3; Aftarnaaa, 10 win. pa.* 3.

LONDON, THURSDAY, APRIL 1.

LAWS, regulating or interfering with matters pecu-
liarly local, like the Sanitory Hill just proposed by
Lord MORPETA, are, like Indian idols, easily shaped
and carved, and require no wonderful effort of art
to give them symmitry. The great difficulty and
the great care are to be met with arid observed in
building the car which is to support the idol, in
framing thehuge wheels and axks, pole and canopy;—
the machinery, in short, on which the idol is to be
moved through the throng.
As to the expediency and necessity of improving the
sanitory condition, not merely of towns but villages,
there is little use in wasting words, or crowding
figures. There is not one of 114 that hath not suffi-
cient demonstration under his eyes and nose each

day, and overpowering and disguiting demonstration
after a little search. These sights and scenes, too,
appeal, not merely to our feelings of humanity for
the poor, but to a more homely sense of conservation
for ourselves. Stench and fever expand and One-
trate the dwellings of the rich, as well as the hovels
of the poor.
If the question be merely, shall it be done, the
answer is a universal affirmative. But the more im-
portant question is, how ? Our race and country are
both of them of self-governing habits. From time
immemorial there have been in England municipal
rights, local administration, authorities elect. Shall
we cashier all these, because they have been tardy or
reluctant in the making of sewers and the widening
I of streets? Nor is it merely shall we, but can
' we? These considerations end queries do but
afford a glimpse of the host of difficulties,
which mu-t have met the first imaginers of a sanitory
1•w 011 the very threshhold. And, no doubt, by such
• statesman as Lord MORPETII, the representative of
a world of busy and populous towns, they were well
examined, weighed, and wisely solved.
That some central authority should exist, some
power to afford intelligence where it is wanting, to en-
iwee activity where it is slack, and overcome stupid re-
sistance where it chooses to entrench itself in disease
and filth, is manifest And the first question is, where
it should be lodged? Our own opinion of these newly
and necessarily created centres of authority is, that
they should be trusted with great powers for a time,
and for the purposes of the reform to be carried into
effect, with provision for these powers expiring, and for
authority in a great measure returning, the reforms
being once effected, to those local magistrates to whom,
in our system, they rightly appertain. Such is our
opinion of boards, whether for administration of
poor-law, the extension of education, or the enforcing
of sanitory provisions and regulations.
We would meet the objections to the dictatorial
powers of commissioners, or the centralising tendency
of boards in the capital, by rendering temporary, at
least, the first fulness of power, and marking the
limit of its duration. Without this, we can well con-
ceive the general resistance likely to be offered by all
towns and localities to a permanent system of legis-
lstion, which would render the people automatons,
and require for the spring and source of all adrainis-

Commons on the disposal of waste lands in the colo-
nies, pointed out the inexpediency of making
grants of such lands on any other tenure than fee-
,imple. lle showed that quit-rents, and all analogous
arrangements for the conveyance of only a limited or
terminable proprietary right, bad uniformly ended
in a remission of arrears, and transformation of

the-tenant right into a fee-simple right; and that,
until the crown acquiesced in this losing arrangement,
quit-rents, and all other sorts of rents, had served
merely as a provocative to litigation and bad blood
between the crown and the colonists.
. . .

These views prevailed : since that time there have
nominally been no conveyances of waste lands effected
in the colonies, except on the terms of ax out and out
sale. But, de flan, in New South Wales, a new kind
of tenant-holding under the crown has been allowed
to creep in. The " limits of location" have been
arbitrarily fixed, and no sales of waste lands allowed
beyond them. At the same time, stockholders have
been allowed to occupy the " cattle-runs " outside of
those limits with their herds and flocks, on paying
annually a certain sum for their annually renewable
licenses. Call these licenses what you will in the tech-
nical language of the law—let lawyers make what
fine-spun distinctions they like between lands occupied
under a license, and lands held under a lease--the
stockholders of New South Wales are, in the accep-
tation of common sense, rent-paying tenants of the
crown. And the precariousness of their tenure under
a title which must be renewed every year, together
with the advantage taken by the local authorities of
this unprecedented and anomalous sort of tenure, to
claim the right of depriving a stockholder of his
license and station, not for any breach of contract, but
utterly unconnected with it, for moral delinquencies,
or alleged moral delinquencies, has opened up a wide
field for oppression and abuse.
The stockholders are naturally anxious to render
their condition more secure, less exposed to the arbi-
trary caprices of men in authority. And Government
has ehewn a desire to meet their wishes. But an obsta-
cle is interposed by the difficulty of bringing the two
parties to agree as to what is the actual situation, and
what are the equitable claims of the stockholders.
In the progress of this controversy, individual stock-
holders may have made exorbitant demands, and the
natural disposition of mankind to take the most fa-
vourable view of their own case renders it highly
probable that the whole body may have asked more than
regard for the general interests of the community
would make it fair to concede to them. But on the
other hand, there can be little doubt that government
have too much disregarded the fact, that the stock-
holders are in possession, that they are in possession
by its own act, and that possession, most
.especially
in the awe of parties so rem .to, is nine points of the
law.
The general tenor of the news received from the
colony, ever since the arrival of the present governor,
has been such as to inspire a hope that an arrange-
ment could be more easily effected now, than seemed
possible a year ago. It would be of no use to rake
up old grievances, for the purpose of allotting to all
parties their respective shares of blame ; enough, that
in the hands of the late governor, the dispute with the
stockholders had become an embittered personal quar-
rel. The latest accounts from New South Wales
indicate a growing disposition among all parties

to settle the matter amicably. Surely, son,: l farmers regard the landowner. This to a great
means inig:.`t be devised by which the preca- extent, accounts for the way in which It; farmers re•
rious tenant-t..nure of the stockholders in their I garded the Agricultural College 11 s a landowners'
" runs," mighf be commuted for full proprietary scheme.
rights over a less extent of soil, on the payment
of a reasonable fine. This having been done, the
country might 6c divided into townships, within
which the owners of tie uranted lands might have a
right of pasturage over the angraneed lands, so long
as they remained ungri. nted, proportioned to the
extent of land held by encl. • The private property of
each individual would thus be distinctly defined ; his
right to use the common stoc:•••, and the duration of
that right, would also be distil. ctly defined. And by
pushing ou the demarcation of .townships as fast as
population projected itself into the new country, each
adventurer would know with eertai.ity that he was to
receive for his money so much land in absolute pro-
perty, and along with it a right of commonage, the
extent and duration of which, and its consequent
value, the circumstances of the district would enable
him to estimate with tolerable precision.

PennArs there is no kind of education so much
wanted in Englund as agricultural education. From
the landowner, the lord of thousands of acres, to the
labourer, who earns his weekly pittance by manual
labour, none of the classes whose livelihood is derived
directly from the land have any knowledge of the
great business whereby they live, which deserves any
other title than empirical. Traditional practices, and
the rudest and loosest observations, form all that con-
stitutes the knowledge of the practical farmer and
the farming labourer. Facilities of locomotion often
seem to effect in this respect but little improvement.
The farmer, or the labourer, going from one district
to another, usually carries with trim the prejudices
and customs of his original home, and applies them
without much consideration of the circumstances of

his new location. A correspondent in Perthshire,
whose letter we published on Tuesday, well observes,
" the people want training in agriculture, and an in-
tellectual education fitting thereto at least," and after-
wards adds, " there is no business in the world but
requires training. Agriculture alone has been left to
the caprice of untutored human nature ;" and he closes
his letter with this melancholy truth, " the
landlords, as a mass, have no knowledge
of the treasures lying ready to be dug out of the soil,
and hare none qualified to direct, and but a sorry
squad to execute, the work." All this is perfectly true.
The farming labourer undergoes no training what-
ever. He is left to pick up a knowledge of any par-
ticular department of farm-work as he best may, nor
does he receive any intellectual cultivation which
might help him to observe, and to profit by, the expe-
rience of others. There is no doubt that mach might
be done by good local schools; and in rural districts
industrial teaching should be largely combined with
other instruction. The culture and nature of plants,
the care and habits of animals, the effects and causes
of atmospheric changes, ought to be taught tho-
roughly to all the youthful peasantry. To persons
not practically acquainted with husbandry, the dif-
ference between individual labourers is scarcely cre-
dible. " Some men are better worth a guinea a week
than others are seven shillings," is a common expres-
sion amongst farmers, and it is literally true. And '
this difference is usually to be traced to early training
and association. The good or the inferior men belong
to good or bad families, or good or bad sets ; and we
use the words good and bad in an industrial, not a
moral, sense, for it is too often the case that some of
our most energetic labourers are the most prone to ir-
regularities of conduct. This arises mainly from de-
fective education and want of early habits of moral
restraint.

But, beyond the school teaching which every agri-
cultural labourer ought to receive, we think some-
thing in the nature of apprenticeships would be found
most advantageous, both to masters and men. And
to make such engagements useful, the working men
themselves should have an interest in teaching any
particular branch of industry in which they are
expert. For instance, an experienced shepherd or
cowherd (servants of great value and very scarce)
might be permitted every year to receive one or two
lady as assistants, from whose earnings a moderate
sum might be deducted by the experienced workman
as the price of instruction. The great obstacle to
this, as well as to all else, that can be suggested from
elevating the rural labourers, is the low rate of wages
which the generally inferior cultivation of our soil
has induced. But this obstacle, though great,
is not insurmountable; and we sincerely hope,
that in the movement in favour of educa-
tion for the working classes, which is com-
mencing, the agricultural labourer will not be lost
sight of. Improvement in the quality of rural labour
would assuredly tend to increase its reward. To illus-
trate this, we may refer to the advance which, during
the last twenty years, has taken place in the vete-
rinary art from the improved education of its practi-
tioners. Formerly, the farrier and the cow-leech ob-
tained their diploma in the blacksmith's shop : the
manual dexterity required to nail iron on the hoof of
a horse was su2posed to confer knowledge sufficient
to administer medicines to live stock. The remunera-
tion obtained by such professors of veterinary art was
sufficiently low. Now, however, there is, in nearly
every district, a veterinary practitioner of some edu-
cation, who is daily becoming more and more em-
ployed by farmers, greatly to the advantage of their
stock ; and that, notwithstanding the charges of vete-
rinary surgeons are higher than farmers at first
I acceded to. - - - .

Our correspondence and the Paris papas of Tues.
dal hare reached us.
fhe effect of the article published in the Jour..al
des .12K;buts on Monday, and referred to in our Paris
correspondence of yesterday, was to produce au im.
mediate and considerable fall in the different kinds of

securities. The Five per cents. fell one harper cent,
and the Threes above a quarter. Railway shares in
general underwent a corresponding change. It was
affirmed, however, and with some truth, on Tuesday,
that the unfavourable change in the market was not
due to this cause alone. The difficulties in which the
Minister of Finance finds himself involved, owing to
the unusual delay in the transmission of funds from
the receivers-general, also begin to produce their
effect. These were noticed by as fully on a former
occasion, and begin to exhibit that aggravation which
was sure to arise from the imprudence and want of
foresight in the department of finances, which led the
minister to decline accepting the offer of advances
formerly made by the receivers-general. A further
cause of embarrassment at present is the financial
condition of many of the great lines of railways. In
the fever of speculation which seized all classes daring
the last two years, these great enterprises were un-
dertaken on schemes or conditions which now turn
out impossible to be performed without loss. Leases
have been accepted, the shortness of which ren-
ders it indispensable that a large portion of
the profits should be absorbed for a sinking
fund. But this is not all ; the estimates of the lines
which in England are made by the companies and
merely accepted by parliament, are, on the contrary
in France, made by the government and accepted by
the companies as part and parcel of their bargain.
These estimates have, in many cases, proved to be
greatly under the actual cost of the lines ; the com-
panies have, therefore, been called on to provide a
much larger capital than was stipulated for when they
made their contracts with the state, while, neverthe-
less, they enjoy no extension of their lease nor any
other adequate means of replacing this augmented
capital. Under such circumstances, some of the com-
panies find their directors shrinking from their res-
ponsibility of conducting the enterprise, surrendering
their trusts, and throwing the concern back upon the
body of proprietors. To relieve these, and similar
embarrassments, government has proposed to refund
to the companies a portion of the deposits paid by the
latter to the state, in proportion to the capital which
they have expended; but this expedient is considered
on all hands inadequate to the exigencies of the crisis.
A meeting of the cabinet was to have been held on
Tuesday or Wednesday for the discussion of this
question. It was expected that one of the
most important of the great trunk-lines, the
Paris and Lyons, world be immediately brought
to a stand. This is one of the lines in which the
actual expenses have greatly exceeded the estimate,
indeed, been very nearly doubled. The directors,
who are to meet about the middle of the month, will,
it is understood, resign their functions, having de-
cided not to take, under existing circumstances, the
responsibility of conducting the concern.
It has appeared strange, that notwithstanding a
general fall in the price of grain in the markets,
which are within the radius which supplies Paris,
the price of bread for the first fortnight of April
should suffer a further increase. The cause of this,
however, is easily explained, the price being regu-
lated not by the price of grain for the last fortnight,
but the preceding one. The present fall of grain, if
it be sustained, will only produce its effect on the
price of bread in the second fortnight of April. The
present price of bread in Paris is 2,1 d. per lb.
A director of the Imperial Bank of St. Petersburg
had arrived in Paris for the purpose of arranging
with the Bank the details of the financial operation
proposed by the Emperor.
The chambers have rejected the proposed tax on
dogs.
Prince Polignac, minister of Charles X., rendered
celebrated for signing the ordonnance which produced
the revolution of July, died on Monday night of an
attack of gout, at St. Germain en Laye.
The frigate La Bayonnaise, which sailed from
Cherbourg on the 15th, will take M. Forth-Rouen,
envoy of the King of the French to China. The seat
of the mission will be established at Canton. M.
Forth-Rouen will be accompanied by Count de
Noailles, Secretary of Legation, and an interpreter.

But not only do labourers in husbandry require
more education, their masters are often quite as
much in want of instruction. Farmers, as a clam,
are not merely deficient in scientific knowledge which
might be eminently useful in their business ; but they
want that accuracy, order, and habit of observation
and comparison, which other branches of industry
find essential to success, and which would be equally
valuable in husbandry. Few farmers keep well-
arranged accounts from which they can tell, with any
approach to accuracy, what portions of their business
are moet or least profitable. Fewer, still, keep any
correct or detailed record of their operations. The
most petty traders are usually better accountants than
farmers employing the
.largest capital. Yet, who
have so much leisure during the largest portion of the
year for self-instruction and study as farmers, though
they make so little use of it?
Nothing would tend to correct this so much, as the
adoption of the business of farming by the more edu-
cated classes. 'fhe prejudices of the landowners,
however, at present, prevent that. No man of educa-
tion would submit to hold a farm as a yearly tenant,
or to the cap-in-hand system which prevails on Eng-
lish estates. . .

The letters and journals of Madrid of the 25th ult.
have been received. . . .

The debate on the Address in the Cortes was con-
cluded on the 24th, when the address was voted with-
out an amendment. A conversation took place, in
which MM. Mon, Mendizabal, and the Minister of
Finance took part, on the subject of the claims of the
foreign creditors of the state. The question of raising
funds for the benefit of these claimants, by mortgage
or otherwise, ou the church property, which was de-
clared to be the property of the state, was advocated
and opposed. 'this discussion, however, led to no
result. El Foment° of the 23rd says, that Carlist
bands are spread over the country, and, what is
worse, give themselves up to deplorable excesses.
El novo, of the 25th, says that news was re-
ceived from Cadiz, dated 20th March, to the effect
that intelligence had been received from Portugal
that two battalions of volunteers, amounting to 700
men, had left the city of Faro, and that they
had embarked for Evora. On the 6th these
two battalions passed Aya Monte, commanded by one
Maldonado, a political chief, and president of the re-
volutionary junta of Faro. They directed their march
towards Evora, to reinforce the garrison. It was
said that horses and artillery had been sent by land.
Much indignation was expressed by the ministerial
journals at what they call the infamous calumnies
upon Queen Isabella published in some of thejournals
of Paris and London, and they say that instructions
have been sent to the Spanish minister, at Paris, to
prosecute La Patric for defamation. The family of
Count Bresson has left Madrid for Paris, and the
furniture of his hotel had been sold.

FRANCE.—PARIS SAYINGS BANK.—The follow-
ing is the movement of the Paris Savings Bank during the
last week:—Deposits made on Sunday, 28th, and Monday,
29th March, by 3,558 depositors, of whom 318 new,
493,302 f. ; reimbumments made to 2,559 deposimrs, of
whom 757 closed their balance, 1,029,055 f. ; funds bought
on demand of depositors for an amount of capital of
110,305 f. 35e.; demands of reimbursement on 28th March,
875,221 f.
MR. O'CONNEI.i..—Mr. O'Connell let Paris on the
29th inst. by the five o'clock train for Orleans, accom-
panied by his youngest son, D. O'Connell, and the Rev. Dr.
Miley, his chaplain. Mr. O'Connell was to sleep at Orleans,
and to proceed en poste to Lyons on Tut. slay.
DEATH OF A.NOTIIER OF NAPOLEON'S GENER%LS.
—We have to announce the death of General Coast
Drouot, at Nancy, on the 24th. Count Drouot was born in
that town in 1774. He entered the service. as lieutenant of
artillery, in 1793, after having studied in one of the military
schools. He made the carapsigns in Egypt, and obtained,
by his conduct, the notice of Napoleon. In 1808 he was
nominated colonel of :he artillery of the Imperial Guard.
He served in all the campaigns of the Empire, comprising
those of Rusaia and Saxony in 1812 and 1813. Having risen
to the rank of lieutenant-general in.-1813, and aide-de-camp
to the Emperor, he distinguished himself greatly at the bat-
tles of Lutzen, Bautaen, and daring the difficult campaign of
1814 in France. After the fall of Napoleon, lie ace,mYs-
bled him to the island of Elba. At Waterloo he did his ut-
most to change the fortunes of the day, and after the defeat
rallied the remains of the army under the walls of Leon. For
this he was brought to a court-martial by the government d
the Restoration, hut defended himself with such names',
that a majority of his judges declared him not guilty. Since
then he lived retired, at Nancy, where he gained universal
esteem. He steadily refused all the offer's that were mah,
him by the present government, and possessed no other dis-
tinction than his rank in the army, and the Grand Cross of
the Legion of Honour. Napoleon had the highest opinion
of the deceased. He called him " The Sage," and always re-
gretted that he had not followed his advice to remain at
Elba. He left him by his will a sum of 100,000 fr. ; ell of
which General Druot spent in charity.
SWITZERLAND. FRIBERG.—The Rerue de
Geneve, of the 23rd of March, states, that the position of the
political prisoners at Friburg is most trying. Those who
are unable to obtain assistance from their friends are suffv-
ing from hunger ; and, in several prisons, the straw uport
which the unfortunates lie has never been renewed, OW
forming en accumulation of vermin and dirt painful to
think of.
HOLLAND.—THE HAGUE, MARCH 30.—ILLYgas
or Tni Ktoo.—The Mao: Courant (evening paper of the
29th) published bulletins of an attack of palpitation in the
heart from which the king has been suffering. His WIWI
first felt a sudden oppression in the region of the heart ac-
companied by violent palpitations ; bleeding was had recourse
to, sines which operation the king has almost entirely*
covered.
GERMANY.—VIENNA, MARCH 24.—The news
that the Emperor of Russia had bought fifty milli°, ci
French stock, was received by extraordinary soli, 114
Vienne, on the 23rd ult. A rise was immediately manifest

The redemption of the farmer class, then, must
come by the elevation of the farmers themselves ;
and there are many men amongst them earnestly
desirous of promoting that object. With that view,
they are amongst the best supporters of educational
establishments which are especially connected with
agriculture. With the main body of farmers there is
a disposition to discountenance such establishments.
Thus, on referring to the report of a meeting of the
proprietors of the Agricultural College at Cirencester,
we find it stated by Mr. HOLLAND, one of the council,
that " great difficulties arose, in the first instance,
from the fact of eo much prejudice existing in the
minds of tenant-farmers generally, who could not be
induced to take any interest whatever in the under-
taking. Those tenant-farmers, whose conduct formed
an exception to the rule, subjected themselves to a
great deal of unpleasant scoffing at fairs and markets,
or wherever they happened to meet their neighbours.
Had it not been for the persevering conduct of the
latter class it would have been difficult for the bene-

volent founder of the college to carry out his inten-
tions." It must, however, be observed in palliation
of the mode in which the west country farmers are
said to have treated the supporters of the Agri-
cultural College, that it was an institution got up by
the landowners, who have pertinaciously kept their
tenantry in a state of dependence and insecurity,
and devoured their capital with game. Even the
offer of improved education, presented under such
auspices, might not unreasonably be suspected by the
farmers. This feeling of distrust on the part of the
tenant-farmers towards the landlords was often
strongly expressed before the game-law committee
of last session. As an instance: a Hampshire farmer
having stated that it was often agreed by landlords
that game should not be so abundant as to injure the
tenants, yet such agreements were seldom obsffved,
was asked, " How has he (the tenant) not the full
benefit of his agreement ?" To which he replied,
" Because landlords, generally speaking, are so en-
lightened and so well-informed, that they twist and
twirl themselves about the tenant by promises of this
sort" Oddly as that is expressed, it pretty correctly
I indicates the sort of distrust with which the tenant-