The Express.
London, England, 1851-04-25 00:00:00

LITERATURE.

L'Enatirseteenti dm Peewit, par E. CICINIT. Paris.
" On the 24th of February, 1848, a social miracle
=in the hands of France the central et Its
y. France, openly consulted, rapiis by taking
up a position in the scale of asthma ween Porte-
gdl oad Naples. There must be a eon et this
valuably servitude; the objoet of thew peps is to
dimmer this cause, and, if peeible, to protect futurity
wig the sets of its opeatiett."
This is M. (deism* stabesteat el the problem
*Mao hi sailed mesa to sere. Thome who are
=rnawith the isle pabliestima dthe eloquent
peohaeor at the othareity, will not hal
busk mph. that he &NM ems to the orm-
shako Ma the soladea lies in the bet
that the "et
rash& is in direct ma-
tradictioe with the asthma revoistics." "Chained
by the elzermatereee ef ite tails to the
Ala as Tame balms that it is. =Ugh es•
trued he the sod et a weer opeadatineAbe.
tame ts pelmet @pima every poet of
goverment which theme epee held bee
=tea pm. be ties le, to deasiwatmte two
The leek bet oaths& dales ere all perish.
=T. soccod, thud
t s se political liberty ran be
in haw ib's.
I hive *hews She mathases) Italy the slave of all Europe,
Illpala • slave w Peeemesl • slave withia sad whims"
i2gio: slave to Bastiol. ralsod a slaw to Juba,
lines of Aeratis—Aseseis breself. fhi
somber tty, a slam te Para& Ids Iss
tae weeds ma at liatego, I base Amos la its. the
asebsad. she lawsuit rreersoseeef chi beemlesi Ihdted
Posen ; • the Oka beeh, dr slavery et the albae de.
smaseehies of the resih: in be twos, a
Irresimbisjewa. ta be seemed a Basso
sconsar mills Oat the my
_teneedy_that is
to an evil et We stainitaile le the utter
et shwa sad state. lAses bat the
gerteratamidea between the two, aig the teaser

will inevitably overpower the latter. The one is a
compact, organised, single-minded body; the other is
scattered, loosely put together, swayed to and fro by
every change in the political atmosphere, and can
offer no resistance that is sufficient to oppose the
steady, unremittent attacks of its enemy. The two,
therefore, must not be placed in collision. The vsry
indifference manifested towards the national religion
by the great hulk of the French people is the cause
why so much danger is to be apprehended from the
efforts of the church. Because a religion is dead,
says M. Quinet, there is the danger. A living reli-
gion, like that of the puritans, may certainly mould
the government into a despotic form, but it commu-
nicates to it, at least, a portion of its own power and
energy, whilst a dead religion infallibly occasions
death to the state and to the people with which it is
politically and organically united. Bind a dead car-
lease to a living body, and watch the result.

Sine! argument on this subject (continues the author)
appears useless, I shall content myself with relating the
following narrative. The events took place a thousand
years before the modern era.
A large number of captives, some taken in battle, other
stolen from the coasts, were huddled together on a Greek
galley from Tenedos. The master of the vessel was direct-
mg its course towards an Italian port, where he intended to
sell his cargo. In the middle of the night, the captives
broke their chains and got possession of the galley. Cheat
was the rejoicing the sea had never heard such cries
delight.
" One thing troubles me," said one of the prisoners to his
companions, "it is that you have left the rudder in the pos-
session of those who were taking you to the slave market."
And he pointed towards an old man who apparently totally
careless of what was passing around him, managed the
rudder, and ever kept his eyes tiled upon a certain star.
" What"' answered the captives " don't you sec that this
old fellow is gluing up at the clouds, and does not care a rush
for what is going on around him, You are afraid of that

__„
worm-eaten handle in his trembling hands, but consider his
mte ; it is madness to think that he tan guide this vessel.
Yon are in want of a little hellebore, my good friend." So
they turned their bock upon their friendly adviser, and
sailed joyously [oWe:di the Fortunate Islands.
The old man, still smiling, kept his bold on the rudder;
and managed so well, that after creeping for some time
etrec to the shore, he gave but a single turn, and 10, they
were in port! They had arrived at Tarentum, a famous
slave-market. In a moment the merchants who had been
awaiting the cargo, boarded the vessel with arms in their
hands, Sung Ithemselves upon the captives, loaded them
with chains, and sold them for twenty denarii a-piece.
Psis o that time forth none of the unfortunates ever heard
IA of a vessel without making, who held the rudder?
The reader will be able to see from the above,
' what is the opinion of the author on the subject in
question. He believes that the catholic church has
fixed and immutable tendencies that cannot be cor-
rected or changed—that if changed it ceases to exist.
In the same manner as the whole body of natural
philosophers in Europe would experience a disgrace-
lid failure were they to endeavour to prevent the
magnetic needle from turning towards the north—se
would all the priests in the world try in vain to
hinder the spirit of the catholic church from
turning towards absolutism. M. Quinet might
have illustrated this position not only by
the examples which he has taken from the practice
of the church in catholic countries, but by the
bigoted conduct of that portion. of the English
church which delights in the assumption of the word
catholic, as a budge to distinguish it from the other
portion, which is content with the name protestant.
"'he author, however, is at no loss for illustration.
He is evidently full of his subject, and assists the
facts and the arguments of the philosopher with the
earnestness and the bitterness of the enemy. lie
dues not forget the merciless persecution of which he
has been the object, although it is but fair to state
that he never descends to invective, or even draws a
damnatory conclusion from insufficient facts. The
style, like that of all his writings, is declamatory, but
it is not inflated ; it is elevated but sustained.
The question of the education of the people is
involved in the larger one of the connexion between
the church and the state.
In countries where there is an uncontested state religion'
the question of education is at once resolved. The clergy,
masters of the conscience of the people and of their rulers,
must know better than any other persons what each sub-
, ject of the state should know or be ignorant of, that he may
fitly enter into their views, which are, in fact, the secrets of
=rO'went. As long as the state is regulated upon the
f the priesthood, this priesthood is the sole possessor ,1
dike knowledge of things, human and divine. It alone
beg the right of teaching. Such are the times of the tribe I
ef Levi in antiquity, and of the Society of the Jesuits, legit-
! Mei the principles of the council of Trent.
Dotwhen, by the operation of mighty revolutions' the
religion which was once that of the whole state has been
reduced to the sad condition of being obliged not only to
tolerate hostile religions, but even to meet them as equals,
then a question arises as to the consequent change in the
principle of authority and public instruction.
Now the first anomaly which would strike us is this.
Supposing that the said religions preserve any portion of
the power which regulates tuition, it follows that the doe-
' trine of one radically destroying the doctrine of the other,
the national tuition would amount to zero. Catholicism
destroying protestantism, and protestant= with the same
legal authority destroying catholicism, it is quite clear that
as far as authority or legal sanction is concerned the result
will be nought. Nay, it may be brought lower than
nought, that is to say, the result may be (alge-
braically spooling) negative, if after this official re-
ciprocal. negation of protestant= and catholicism, it
should happen that Judaism, with a legal sanction not in-
ferior in validity to that which is accorded to either of the
two, should appear not only to destroy both, but also Chris-
tianity itself, which is the ultimate foundation of each. For
this very reason, in all states where religious liberty is any-
thing more than a mere name, the clergy lose all right to
direct the public education.
Mr. Denison, and the fanatical majority. in the
National Society, will shout anathema against this
conclusion, but they may be assured that the worse
of events, both abroad and at home, is forted
men whose minds arc not blinded by predetermined
solutions to the same. Every attempt to conciliate
religious prejudice has failed, just in proportion as
the prejudice is most honest. You cannot, as M.
Quad well observes, make the Pope, Luther, sad
the Chief Rabbi, sit down at the same table. The
difficulty will only be increased if you endeavour to
bring in the President of the Wesleyan Con-
ference, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Posey,
the representatives of the independents, the baptists,
the quakers, the Unntingelonians, and of a hundred
other sects. Nothing demonstrate, so clearly the
absurdity of the claim to educate the nation put for-
ward by the particular sects as this, that the recog-
nition of the claims of all destroys the authority of
each.
This, however, is not all. When a religion, or
rather a church which has in time past exercised
sovereignty over a people, ceases to be the relight
of the state, what are we to understand by this
phenomenon ? Is it the effect of chance? Certainly
not. We are to understand that this religion at
church is no longer the soul of the state—that rhea
was before substance is now mere accident--4ine
the church has no longer a complete mar
prehension of the conelitution of the body politic.
If the whole march of creeds testifies that civil life
derives itself In cos direction, and ereissiestical life
in anotlser, we snot seabeds, sorely,. that the know-
ledge of kings &eine end know, whia was in times
past one mad indivisible, is now @operated. What
can the clergy do in the ties of events of which they
have no knowledge, soar which :they have no Gon-
na ? They are travelling in one direction and the
world in another. They may stead on the shore
and reprosch Society with demotion; they may look
over the troubled ocean with ignorant terror, and
smash rarity, and see the bolt over which they
have sow no control, tossing en the waves, on its
earn to a new world, full d incelearblesr=
unknown wondos, hot they have With@
the Tomos, dry have no leetensions to the
mimes which ragged. the end- or the art wile
lowimbes the meas.
These considerations, which have been pet do'
ward with wonderful force by M. ani vikk
Y has illestrated with extreorMory sip
rem to us decisive. Believing, to we do
esreioggiy, that Christianity is not osil, sot
girre" bat that it esirc flee
lopment of man', and Mealwecannot,
we cannot, however, so ler ever epee to
thetimecoy alibi pest end the ewslitslisa st the
,ent as net to see that d2theiflese PO mo-
ths meridiem growth at None so
;3•=mossup ealltiosio the itipaidid

all the sciences, moral and physical, has taken place,
if not outside of Christianity, at least outside of the
church. Whence proceeds the greater strictness of ethical
science? From its separation from dogmatic theology.
Whence our greater knowledge of the principles of
law? From the disuse of canon law. -Whence the
freer development of political life? From the virtual
separation between church and state. All these
great elements of our social constitution owe their
extraordinary growth to the fact of their being
emancipated from the church. It is impossible to ,
deny that there arc a thousand important ramifi-
cations in civil society with which the church has
now nothing to do, which have grown up without ,
its aid, and will continue their course onward to
perfection without its assistance. It follows as a -
consequence that the education which society claims •
for its younger members cannot be entrusted to the
ecclesiastical body. This consideration acquires ad-
ditional force from the lad that amidst all differences
of sect, there is one common ground on which all I
meet—that of the nation. If English society Sou-
riches, in spite of all diversity of belief, the primary
education given to English youth ought to be such
as to keep back this sectarian element, which is
sure to make its appearance early enough. The
primary school should be a place where the younger
generation may learn that in spite of startling dif-
ferenees of dogma, all members of society are of one u
great family. 54
We must refer our readers to M. Quint's book for ja
an admirable exposition of these principles, and of io
others equally important. We take our leave of ri
him with the following extract from his letter to the Ist
Archbishop of Paris, which we commend to the espe wl
-
cial attention of those who are interested in the most ;;,
important question of the day—the education of the ir
people: s
160
TThosewho cause divisions are those who would have each ,
sects each church, a separate world, for ever shut up in it- ts
self without any contact of education, even with what ap- 21. I
proximates the most closely to it ; who :de,ire that future 20., I
generations should meet nowhere within the rompu,s of a Ir
common creed ; who wish that men front the cradle to the iOt
tomb, should walk aide by side without union or recogni-
tion: who, finally, seek to make of France many Frances, M.
each one in hostility with all the rest, each one accustomed 13
to launch eternal anathemas against the other.
Those who unite and edify are those who, paying all due tact
respect to particular churches, think that they are all eon- sa
tamed in a still greater church—Clitistianity itself. For so
this reason, far from systematically sequestrating each be- IC
lief, far from sharpening and tipping with venom the points 14-
of difference, they hold it to be their duty to bring toge-
I thee, even though for a abort alum of time only, the intelli ya
-
• genets that are destined gm ana oat and the same society. as.

FIRST SPRLNG MEETLNO. I st.,

THIS DAY.
ttly litectrae reurroa.l
MATCH.—Sotterley received from Bordeaux.
SWEEPSTAKES.
First half of Ab. M.
Guy Mannering .. 1
Firebolt .. 2
l'rincess filly .. .. 3
NEWMARKET STAKES.
Midas .. 1
Confessor .. .. 2 isi!
Abderhanuut .. 3 to
to
Six ran. Won by a neck. st

WINDING-UP OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. I so.

EASTERN COUNTIES AND SOUTHEND JUNCTIOIY
RAlLWAY.—Yesterday a meeting was held before his 30
Honour Sir Wm. Horne, for the further settlement of the b 3
list of contributories. The case of Mr. John Mainwaring, "

of Eagle Hall, Cheshire, occupied the sitting. and he was
sought to be placed on the list as having been one of the cs
members of the provisional committee, who agreed to take at
100 shares. Mr. Cannon the secretary of the company, IL'
was examined at considerable length by Mr. Williams' who
appeared as counsel for Mr. Msinwaring, but no direct
evidence was adduced of any consent to act on the provi cis
-
sional committee by Mr. Mamwaring, though he agreed by
letter to take shares, and the case was adjourned fur further 301
proof. The witness, in the course of his examination,
admitted that he was one of the original promoters, but he NJ
could not charge his memory with the fact as to whether
400 shares each were reserved for the 21 members of the II
intnaging committee. Had no shares allotted himself, nor
did he apply for any, though his signature appeared in the
subscription contract deed ter 1,2301. ; but he did not know ••
to what character or under what circumstances he signed it. Di
—Mr. H. Harris, who appeared for one of the provisional
committee, said that these subscription contracts were usuall y SI
" got up " at the period to delude the public and the House
of Commons.

DIRECT EXETER, PLYMOUTH, AND DEVONPORT 20
RAlLWAY.—Yesterday, at a meeting of this company, IS
further proceedings were adjourned, alter some discussion, gl
until the result of the appesl now before the Lord Chan- in
teller is known. It is understood that an application it
likely to be made to the court to rescind the order fof 20
winding up this company. So

PUBLIC SALES.
APRIL 24.—8 y Mr. W.B. GRAY, at the Mart.—Lease-
hold house and shell-fish shop, No. 357, Strand, held for 21 20
years at a rental of 2301. per annum, furniture and fixtures
to be taken by valuation-1,1901.
Mr. LUPIN Fox, at the Mart.—A copyhold cottage reel-
deuce, known as Box Villa, Twickenham, let for 321. per er
annum, quit rent 2s. Bd. per annum, fines nominal; 23
knocked down fur 5901. Se
The beneficial lease of business premises, N 0.166, Strand,
let fur the whole term at 2001. per annum, held fur 16i
years at 1631.-1401.
Leasehold house and plot of land, 9, Leman-street, St.
Saviour's, Southwark, let for 401. per annum, held for 61
ran dependent on the survivor of three lives, at 10/. 16s.
Mr. E. PALMER, at the Mart.—Absolute reversion to
ammainth part of 5,0001. Consols, receivable at death of •
sentleman aged 59 years-2151.
Messrs. Ilexay RAINES and Sox, at Garraway's.—Lease
and goodwill of the Globe wine and spirit stores, at the
corner of Stephen-street, Limon-grove, held for an unex- 10
pired term of 41 years, at a rental of 40/. per annum, fur- 2?
niture, fixtures, and stock to be taken as usual-84)1d fur 4
2,8301. le2l
Lease and possession of the Hotel de Paris, Nos. 58 and
59, Haymarket, held for 20 years unexpired, at 2201. per IP
annurn...-S.lol_ as.

annum—ooto.
Mr. Mt&KELL, at Garraway's—Leasehold house and ii
shop, 2, Grove-place, Bruton-road, let for 321., term 49 ,
Jean at 101.-49d1. Ss.
Two freehold houses Boundry•street, Shoreditch, pro- so
diming 341. per annum--3951. SS
Messrs. TOPPIN, litilrOilD, and Co., at the Mart, lease- 10
hold house, 23, Tonbridge-street, New-road, St. Pancras, 4
let for 421., held for 651 years, at 101. 10s.-2401. w
A leasehold beer-shop, also in Tonbridge-street, let for 5
361., held fur 63 years, at 161. 165.-1301. N. 1
IA

RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS.

LIPRRPOOL, APRIL 24.—Our share market to-day is -
firmer than for some days previously ; and the operations 01,.
effected are with more spirit at a full support of yesterday's
quotations. Caledonian, 151—East Lancashire, n
white and Yorkshire, 641 I—London and North Wes- ki
tern, 130 I—Ditto (new shares), 611 p.—Midland 641 65
641—Ditto (1 shares), 121 d.—North British, 101—North
Btafibrdshire, 61 (I.—Shrewsbury and Birmingham (13/. ss. to
3d. A), 9 5-16—Shrewsbury and Hereford, d.—South 34
Eastern and Dover, 26; I—York and North Midland, 271. 00
MANCRISI3IIO, APRIL 24.—Tbe market was not so firm 17,
as it was yesterday, and prices of same descriptioas of 6
stock suffered a decline. London and North Westering were go
done at 180; ditto (C. quarters) at 31-16, being 1-16 lower to
than yesterday. 131
Laing, Aeon 24.—A rather better tone has prevailed I°
GB 'Change this morning. More business has been done,
and the quotations generally show an advance wpm yester- 10
W's rates. Closing sales :—Caledonians, 161; East and pa
est Yorkshire Preferences, 51 e. ; Leeds and Thinks, 10
ELMidland Stock, 65 ; Lancashire and Yorkshires, 641 ; 00
Fifths, 61 du. ; North Westerns, 101 die ; Wharf- .6•
ls. dis. ; London and North Western Quarters, 61
11=NORAII, APRIL 24.—This market opened firm,
bleame flatter towards the middle of the day,—Shrews-
key mad Birmingham B's were done at 31. ls. 3d., 31, and
W. db.
lIIIIPTOL, APRIL 24.—We had an active and firm mar-
kets sad in some doseriptions a good deal of business was
dasm—Oreut 'Westering closed at 59; Midlands, at 641 ;
South Eastern% 281; Lancashire and Yorkshires, 64 ;
London and Blaekiv4ls, 81; Vale of Meath, dis.; West
Cornwall, 6 dia.
Paso, Arllo&22.—Versgufflei ?lit hank), 172 60; do.
C. 11•021), 173 90,664mnd Urines. 40; Plati sea Swm. 0.;
sad Beim, See ; Musette' 203;
Sok ; Onin Mar), 437144 ina Mii•484.264;"
Odom ea OWN.. 411_; t._ en l'ad; owl
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