The Express.
London, England, 1848-12-02 00:00:00

GERMANY.

IN the course of oar exposure of the scandalous
waste of the mineral property of the church com-
mitted by the Durham clergy, we have more than
once had occasion to refer to the University of Dur-
ham. Our refereoct s have not been altogether com-
plimentary to the institution. And as, in spite of
remonstrances, we cannot consent to the withdrawal
of the adverse opinions already expressed, some
further reasons shall be assigned for them.
No doubt the foundation of a University of Dur-
ham has been advantageous to general education and
to the church in that diocese. AY little doubt that
the church therein had ample superfluous wealth
wherewith to found the institution. But the Uni-1
versity, as founded, is an establishment for the imme-
diate benefit of the wealthy. The advantages to be I
derived from it by the poor are mediat've and in-
direct; they can flow only from the improve-1
ment thereby accomplished in the dames imme-
diately and directly benefited, and can be received
only in a general and very diluted form. Yet it
stands contessed and recorded by the organs of the
clergy, that the spiritual condition of the mining po-
pulation of the diocese of Durham is most deplorable,
that the state of the general population is rot at all
satisfactory, and that in no diocese is dissent more
prevalent in the large towns. Not indeed (as a cor-
respondent the other day supposed) that dissent is to
be regarded as an evil ; far from it—under such cir-
cumeances it is a positive blessing ; but its prevalence
in Durham speaks the degree of usefulness and
activity in Churchmen. Such being the state
of a peat part of the diocese of Durham, it follows
irresistibly that, as the church, which bishop. in
their Cnarges tell us, is the inheritance of the par,
the first thoughts of Dr. VAN MILDCRT, and of
the other founders of Durham University ought
in 1831. to have been how to apply the
ecclesiastical wealth, they had in such abund-
ance to spare, to the removal of this chief want
of the diocese. That sup, lied, they might then have
reasonably and properly applied their still super-
abundant means to measures calculated to confer on
the wealthy those benefits they had already bestowed
on the poor. And in reversing this the natural order
of improvement, they have certainly laid the univer-
sity they established open to the charge of having, by
its foundation ia'.e. *peed the soir:tual itnie ',meet),
of the diocese of Durham generally, for which no ade-
quate provision has yet been made.
Net can it be admitted that the foundation and en-
dowment of the university were a judicious applica-
tion of an amount of superfluous wealth, likely to do
a great deal of good as it has been laid out, but am
fitted from its amount to do !much if applied to the
eztetsice of the parochial system. For it is notorious
that in the diocese of Durham the church has means
which if properly applied are far more than sufficient
to carry out to its fullest practical extent the paro-
chial system and to have founded the university also.
So far the argument is in favour of the postpone-
ment of the university until the greater claims on the
church in Durham have been satisfied. But the uni-
versity having been established, the question arises,
does its foundation repose on sound principles ? We
think not.
For, in the first place, it is an exclusive university.
While it admits dis-enters to its studies, it denies
them degrees or academical honours. Now, in addi-
tion to all the conclusive reasoning against this per-
nicious and persecuting principle as practised at Cam-
bridge, there is a practical argument against its
adoption at Durham quite irresistible. Dissent is pre-
valent in that diocese ; and yet, though the large
amount of dissent therein is greatly the conse-
quence of the past neglect of the church, the first
thing that the church does when it has become peni-
tent for its own past defaults, is thus to punish die-
@enters! This we say is, under such circumstance.,
perfectly intolerable.
The system adopted at Durham is the collegiate
one. Already the University contains one College for
the wealthier, and one Hall for the poorer students.
This is, in the second place, objectionable. For the
cost of founding an university on this system involves
an amount of expenditure which might be tar more
profitably laid out, as the King's and University Col-
leges in London testify; and the division of the de-
partmental colleges into receptacles for comparative
wealth and poverty, is an odious distinc. ion for which
neither Oxford nor Cambridge can be quoted as af-
fording precedents, and against which education itself
is levelled.
What may be the means assigned by the church to
the University of Durham has not been steed. At
its foundation 3,0001. a year was understood to be as-
signed to it out of dean and chapter property. By
two later orders iu council certain t states belonging to
extinguished canonries were conveyed to its use, as
also a sum of money. The old Castle of Durham has
been appropriated to its reception. And two succes-
sive prelates and other pious persons have founded ex-
hibitions. But what the yearly revenues so derived
amount to, no where appears. That they are, how-
ever. extravagantly and injudiciote-ly laid out is very
apparent.
The head of the university is the Warden. Its
founder proposed to attach to this office a stall in the
cathedral church of Durham ; and in pursuance of
that intention he made one of the prebendaries the
first Warden. Subsequent legislation has, however,
decided (and very judiciously) that the office shall in
future be permanently attached to the Deanery of
Durham. The precut Warden, as stated, has a stall
certainly worth 1,500/. a year, in return for which he
has little, we might almost say, nothing, to do; and
although hereafter the wardenship and the deanery
will only be worth conjointly 1,0001. a year, the
Venerable CHARLES THORP, the first Warden, has
procured for himself out of the university funds (in
substantial breach of his patron's, Dr. VAN 111tLDERT's
intentions), 5001. a year as Warden. This we bold to
be a piece of wanton and ungracious extravagance.
Whatever income the university has, it is, the
public are told, insufficient to carry out the intention
of its founders and the wishes of its senate. Yet no
less than 3,0001. a year of that income is thrown
away on twenty-four fellowships—thrown away, not
because fellowships are in their proper places useless,
but because the educational benefit of Durham Uni-
versity to the community might be greatly increased,
by the economical application of this large sum to
I strictly educational purposes, iniread of using it as a
means of rivalling older and richer universities. And
in like manner another 6001. a year is expended on
scholarships.
The consequence of this very injudicious expendi-
ture is, that there is a want of proper professor in
the university ; that those who are professors are
obliged to teach various and inconsistent branches of

FRANCE.
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.
ammo or xov. 30.
At 2 o'clock M. Marren, President, took the chair.
M. JOLT ascended the tribune, and said that be had re-
ceived, in the morning, a letter from Bayonne, announcing
that, on reaching Santander, the 69 Spanish soldiers who
had mutinied on board the Montenesa, had been tried by
court-martial; that 15 had been sentenced to death, 18 to
the galleys, and the others to transportation to Havannah.
As the penalty, however, could not be carried into effect
without the sanction of the captain-general of the presence,
H. Joly entreated the cabinet, in the name of humanity, to
interfere on behalf of those unhappy victims of despotism.
None of the ministers being present, M. Joly repeated
the above statement when they entered the hall.
090. CAvaloteAC replied that he had every 119100 to be-
lieve that the delay in the execution of the sentence was
owing to the official interference of the minister of the repuh-
lie at Madrid, and that in all cases the government would
lees no tame in forwarding instructions to that effect to M.
de LIIS9IO.
The order of the day being interpellations on the affairs of
Italy
M.,LEDRU ROLLIte rose and said that the lest official ac-
counts from Rome annouricad that the city was calm. That
result might be anticipated from the tenor of the despatches
of the ambassador. The first shots were fired by the Swiss
seen/Übe people. M. d'Harcourt himself admitted that
I the event was not a mere emote. It was, in fact, something
more grave and significant. The whole army had sided with
the people and declared that they wished for a constitution,
and an independent assembly to frame it. It was under
those circumstances when no violence was nor could
be intended against the Pope's person, that the ex-
pedition was resolved upon. Thu was a Know resolution.
He believed that intervention perilous for the Pope himself,
when he considered that the last revolution in Rome bad
been effected to the cries of " Down with the foreigners! "
" Down with the Swiss!" M. Rossi bad been murdered
because he was regarded as a foreigner. Had the French
government consulted the Pope, had the apostolic nuncio in
Paris been committed, the intervention would not have taken
place. The m yeement at Rome was not directed against re-
ligion, not a word WJI uttered against dogmas; tt was en-
tirely political. M. Ledru Rollin then reminded the cabinet
of the programme of the revolution of February, which
pledged the republic to assist all nations who wished to assert
their independence, and asked if the cabinet had re-
sponded to the appeal of Milan and Lombardy, when
tey claimed the support of France. No, it had not I
even as yet prevailed on Austria to appoint a place I
to carry on the negotiation. Had it found a word to
protest against the murder of Robert Blum? No. But I
when a prince engiged in a struggle with his subjects, the
French government hastened to the assistance of the former
against tee people. la conclusion, he maintained that the
President of the Executive Government had no right to take
on himself to send off an expedition without consulting. the
National Assembly, and perhaps involving France in a
Kurrpean war without her consent.
M. MLONTALEMBEItT, who followed, said he took a dif-
ferent view of the Italian question. He was not coming to
defend the government, but he could not help thanking it
for the glorious initiative it had assumed, and the Assem-
bly for the handsome manner in which it had hailed the
resolution of the government. The question did not rest at
Milan, it was at Rome, where resided the spiritual sovereign
over two hundred millions of men. It was an an-
-1111 nee good fortune and honour for the republic to
have placed the sword of Charlemagne at the disposal
of the virtuous Pius IX., the most innocent, the
most irreproachable of men, who had kept every promise he
had made to his people, and irecribed on his banner, " Am-
nesty and Relorm." The glorious pontiff had been insulted
and besieged by a vile populace, and defended only by about
80 old men, armed with halberds, and who were not Swig
solders, as asserted by M. Ledru Rollin. M. de Mendes'.
bert found fault with the instructions given to M. de Cor-
celles, inasmuch as they were confined to protect the person
of the Pope. His person was infinitely dear and sacred for
him, but there was still something more dear and sacred,
which was his authority. Now, the ambassador declared
that that authority was null, for he wrote that none of
his acts were free and voluntary. He could not,
he said, admit the comparison drawn by M. Ledru
Rollin between the revolutions of France and
Rome. " Could I," he exclaimed " compare the National
Assembly of France with that Assembly, on the steps of
which the murder of M. Rug was perpetrated, and whia.
nevertheless, continued ondisturbedly to read its minute:
without a single word of the incident listing mentioned dar-
ing the entire sitting ? Could I compare that conduct with
that of the French Assembly on the 15th of May end the
23rd of June? (No, no.) Can I compere our brave army,
so admirable in the field, so generous after victory, with
that military rubble of Rome, assailing in hie palms a
father who had loaded them with benefits? Can I com-
pare our national guard, who bravely joined in all the
exploits of the army, with those national guards coldly look-
ing on at the murder of U. Rossi, and =akin/ no attempt to
Meyer i• or to arrest the murderer i " M. Montatembert
then begged lame to say a few words in favour of a few-
mer colleague who bad been at all times his adversary.
He had combated him as a professor, as a peer of Frause,l
anu an embamador; but he now paid him a sot mss homer.
All his errors had been effaced by the glory of his death. Me
bad nobly served France, and honoured her by his des&
M. de Montalembert added that he had voted that the
French republic was democratical because he could not con-
ceive an aristocratical republic; but he did not vote the de-
meaned poignard, celebrated by the Romans as the aven-
ger and triumph of the democratical cause.
M. ROOM/ QUINIT, who spoke next, amidst the noise
of private conversation, concluded by declaring that the sup-
pression of the Roman revolution by French troops would
be an attempt against the Italian nationality, and a violation
of the principles of the revolution of February.
M. C. Duette, the next speaker, fully approved the deter-
mination of the French government.
M. Jut= Frina, who followed, condemned the inter-
ference of France as inopportune and impolitic. He then
undertook to prove, by historical citations, that the temporal
power of the Pope was not intimately connected with his
spiritual power. The question at issue was an Italian, not
a French question. He nest contested the right of the chief
of the executive, in virtue of the constitution, to declare war
se even to commit an act of hostility—without the sane.
lion of the Assembly. The Pope was not only safe, but
free. He had accepted the programme of the new ministry,
and was not exposed to the dagger of assassins. Cireum-
stetson, he maintained, bad not been sufficiently pressing to
induce the government to adopt so important a resolution
without prey ously consulting the Assembly, unless the pre-
sident of the council thought that the Assembly would not
grant it its sanction.
11, DUVAVEIR, Minister of the Interior, said that a few
days ago the President of the Connell had apprised the As-
sembly of the motives that had arrested the negotiations
relative to Lombardy, without any objection being raised.
He then proceeded to read the despatches of M. d'Harcourt
to demonstrate that the government had been justified in
ordering the expedition to sail for Clefts, Vecchia. It was
the very calmness of the Roman population in pretence of the
murder of M. Rossi that had filled the ministry with appre-,
&mien for the security of his Holiness, knowing besides that
be had only 100 Swim to defend his person, and that on the
18th, the date of the last despatch, he protested spinet the
violence that was offered him. It was not a declaration of
war, as asserted by M. Fevre. The government had sent
three steam-frigates to cruise before Civita Vecchia.
Teams had been embarked to he landed in cue of
necessity, and the instructions given to M. Candles
were of such a nature that he could adopt no decisive resolu
don without the co operation of the Assembly. His mission
was confined to the protection of the Pope's person, for
which three steam-frigates and a brigade had been placed at
big disposal. That was not a declaration of war. Had the Pope's
safety been compromised, the government would have been
reproached with having delayed so long acting and using the
power confided to it by the Assembly. Had the Assembly
blamed that act, it would have countermanded, on Tuesday,
the departure of the expedition, which had, perhaps, not yet
sailed from Marseilles. He could not tell how far the inter-
nation might proceed. That would depend on cir-
cumstances ; but in all cases the government would
adopt no measure without consulting the superior
' authority of the National Assembly. The govern-
went considered it a sacred duty to insure the liberty
of the Pope, but it meant to extend the intervention as
far as IC Montalembert desired. When the Pope took the
glorious initiative of bestowing reform on his subject', several
powers protested against his determination ; but France de-
clared that his Holiness was perfectly free to grant his peo-
ple whatever ionitotio she thought proper. It had been
said that Austria would interfere in imitation of France. He
did not know what Austria would do, but what be knew was
that, it the Pope had found refuge at Milan or Vienna, the I
French government would have been deservedly condemned
fur net having acted in time. In conclusion, he ridiculed
the idea of involving 'ranee in a war by a measure devoid ell
all hostility, and said that, as it would be an unjust war,
France would know how to repel it.
M. LLKOCHZIACQUiLIO having insisted on the ministry
telling on what day the expediting had sailed, General
Lamoriciare replied that the order for the steam frigates to
sail from Coulon to Marseilles had been forwarded on Sun-
day afternoon, and repaired on the following morning;
that M. Corcellee left Paris on Monday evening ; and that
since then no intelligence had reached the government.
M. Jetne Pavan again ascended the tribune, and de-
clared that the government should have apprised the As-
sembly of that resolution on Monday.
()nevi' CAVAIONLO replied that the government had
only forwarded orders on Sunday to the Maritime Pre-
fect at Toulon to send the frigates to Marseilles, but
that 'be order contained not a word respecting their ulterior
destination. On Monday it was too late, when the council
adopted its final rest lotion, to apprise the Assembly of it.
Gen C4lOlOOOO having concluded, several orders of the
day were proposed, but the Assembly gave priority to the

PRUSSIA.—We have intelligence from Berlin to
the 29th ult. On that day the fraction of the
Assembly at Brandenburg had met, but (Ilia
adjourned for want of the necessary quorum.
When the fraction of the Assembly remaining at
Berlin were ejected from Nlylins's hotel on the 28th
ult., the official papers were seized, and Herr Jacob,
was not even allowed to take a note of them. Al tg,,
officer who effected the seizure (a certain Blumenthal)
was leaving the room, the above dtputy—the intrepid
one who so lately told the King that it was the ecd,
fortune of monarchs not to hear the truth—oerp
plainly informed the officer that he (Jacoby) looked
upon the seizure of the documents of the parliament
as a robber, !men.s:.o4b).

The artillery stationed in the Castle since the city
has been declared in a state of siege was removed -
the 28th —an evident proof that no further apprehea.
sions are entertained for the peace of the city.
Herr Grabow has, it is said, resigned his place es g
representative in the Prussian Constituent Assembly,
Every day brought fresh tidings of disturbances in
various districts occasion. d by the unsettled state of
affairs. Some of these reports have, hos ever, heel
peaty exaggerated, and other attempts have egsia
been defeated. Dr. Stockman and others who et.
tempted to create disturbances in Thuringia have
been abandoned by their followers, and arrested and
sent off to Erfurt. On the 25th a regiment of the
line marched from Magdeburg to Halberstadt, where
unfavourable symptoms have occurred. A body ri
infantry and cavalry with eight cannon was to follow
the next day. Five battalions of the landwehr have
likewise been despatched with the utmost expedition
to Thuringia.
AUSTRIA.—The Wiener Zeitunq of the 25th tilt
contains the following notice from the governor of the
Ili, excellency the field.marshal Prince Winditchgrati
having addressed to me, as the governor of the city sf
Vienna, the following proclamation, whereby the official
preceedings against all who have b •en noticed as having
taken part m the last outbreak which took place in tka
month of October, as well as the ordinary proceedings bs.
fore military courts martial, are ordered to be brought be
fore the local civil authorities, so far as relates to suet cisi.
liens, and so far aa the same may consist with the military
street regulations ; I do hereby give notice thereof to the
inhabitants of Vienna, as also to those residing within In'
circle iodicat' d in the state of siege, in order that this act of
clemency may become generally known and be thankfully
received ; and that the still small portion of the evil-minded
population may hereby receive warning to return to hod
courses and to order, any departure from which principle
will again he repressed with the utmost reverity.—Wm.
DEN, Field-Manhel and Governor.
PROCLAMATION.—A% I, according to my prodamatise
of the 20th and 23rd of October, fell myself compelled to put
in force the threatened measure of military law, upon Um
entry of the imperial troops in the interior of the city, I
also felt myself under the necessity of addressing a wren
and warning notice to all who then presumed to preach ap
sedition. cr who, by means of constantly renewed edlectite
of people and revolts, kept the population of the city it "
constant state of feverish excitement, whereby their bee.
nets and credit were injured, and they became generally in.
poverished ; and, is a word, by which they were exposed to
all the horrors which lawlessness could bring upon nu.
kind ; I have now room for hope that I have obtained this
end, and, as already some of the moat dangerous of tows
disturber' have been dealt with according to the military
laws, that there are amongst the misled, or rather of ths
inculpated, a portion worthy of being pardoned ; I now
further order that, from the present moment, all inquiries
that shall be brought forward respecting those who stn
share in the last disturbance shall not be brought before a
military commission, but before the ordinary civil tribunal'
for the trial of criminal eases, so far as relates to such Ma-
hone, by which proceeding such mitigation of punishment
may be given as could not have been carried out under the
strict rules of a military court-martial. AI regards all other
regulations imposed in my proclamation of the Ist of tba
month, relating to the duration of the state of siege, they
are still to remain unaltered in full force. —" Assam
PRINCE WINDISCHORATZ, Yield.Marshal.—lleadAnutm,
Schenbrunn."
A letter from Pestb, of the 11th ult., announce'
an attempt made to assassinate Oen. Bern.
FRANKFOItT. The Frankfort journals gate
that a plot for a republican and socialist rising, std
for the assassination of several members of the Oeo
man parliament, has been discovered in that city.
A large meeting of membt rs had been held in ace
of the principal hotels, for the purpose of heeling
,ches from Rodbertus and Schulze, deputies flag
the Berlin assembly, in contradiction of what they
stated to be the partial and prejudiced report given
by Baseermann in the Frankfort assembly on the lath
ult. But Rodbertue's speech was a failure. No
little rancour and animosity were exhibited, bat
a few conciliatory speeches gave matters a happier tun.
DENMARK.—Dates from Copenhagen to N0v.25
state that great satisfaction has been caused by the fact
that Russia and England have declared themselves ter
more favourably and energetically for Denmark then
hitherto, and this at a moment in which the negons
tions for peace are opened in London, whither Coos
eellor Treshon was to proceed on the 26th. Major-
General Oxholm preceded him a week ago, and will
have prepared the English cabinet for the fende
mental conditions upon which the present ministry in
conjunction with the King and the Diet, is discoed
to negotiate.

FRANCE.—Tnn Pool no PARIS.—At the lad
sitting of the municipal council it was resolved that, mw
dering the necessity for continuing the distributions of relit
to the necessitous of the Seine, it is indispensable that the
loan of 6,000,000 francs, in addition to 3,000,000 granted by
the state, should be realised, and the prefect .is aufhoriwd to
create 6,000 bonds of I,ooofr. each, bearing interest at 5 fee
cent., payable half.yearly ; that the premium of 1 per Best,
panted by the decree of the 16th ult., shall be converted
into graduated lets to be drawn for ; and that the reizabioa
ment of the bonds, and the payment of the interest mar
mium shall be made out of the 5 centimes 4.lothe, the leg
of which is authorised, in addition to the four direct Wee
during the six years from 1849 to 1854 inclusively.
Itas
drawings are to take place on the first day of each haltymf,
and in advance, from Ist July, 1849. The ten first.dran
numbers shall enjoy, in order, left forming the prunes.
The payment of the bonds, and the premiums to be attached
to them ts to he made in the month succeeding that in whisk
the drawing is made. The prefect is authorised to lase the
said bonds with premiums to the amount of 3,000,000 fr, to
voluntary contributors, and in case of need to treat with the
Bank of France for a provisional loan of 3,000 0001 r. epee
deposit of an adequate number of the said bonds.
HOLLAND. ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION
ABROAD OPEN TO ALL.—The Amsterdam Society for the
Improvement of Architecture offer a prise of 500 DufolDutch
florins, and a certificate of merit, for the beat design re
theatre capable of containing from 2,0(0 to 2,500 perms.
Each design must be accompanied by en explanatory me-
moir, written in French, and not in the handwriting of the
author. Foreigners are invited to compete. The name
ie
to be sealed up, and the design, diet inguished by a matt,
must be sent in by November 1, 1819. A letter add:easel
M.Wamsinck, Secretaire, Societe pour la Propagation de
PArehitecture , Amsterdam, wuld, doubtless, obtain all
the necessary particulars for anoy who may desire to Mee
them.
TURKEY.—A correspondent at Constantinople
writes on the 16th ult. to the Univers :—" Important news is
bet arrived from Moldo- Wallachia. The domicile of. Omer
roonsk General of the Ottoman troops, had been violated,
upon the order of General Du Hamel, by Russianan o soldiers,
under the prets at of arresting a young Wallachifficer,
accused, but wrongfully, of haring taken part in therm's.
Mon. The real intention of the diplomatic general was only
tos g a
in r
ss et the
.Floipanles.thatt.uth.de Tzuff.reknsdcoi,ulcod :Lc
ipmeroteyctotfhtheate
Porte, has made a protest, and the divan has assembled, and
willagain o
of
calledthe
Cesarupo isn
thatltuos:hat to
occupation withdraw
shia her troops.
o 6.0010ra t
foile e

CUBA.-1 he government of this island has pub-
lished the following orders for encouraging the import °
coal "Foreign *hips which shall import, in coal, a number
of tons superior to that carried upon their papen, shall pal
only four reale dollar) per ton of tonnage duty, and tho
charges of the captaincy of the port. Vessels which idull
bring whatever other merchandise, in addition to the cool,
shall forfeit all right to the above disposition. The Wry
of coal is free of all duty." In transmitting these repels*
tions to his government, M. Wert, the Belgian calm' 11
Savannah, 'emeriti', that they may prove of advantage w
gian shipping visiting Cuba to take in wears. lie esti-
maßeltes that the saving upon the tonnage duties. fo
those which carried coal, would be etiaal to
1 dollar and 1 h retie per ton. The corsumPtios
of coal in the island, he &ads, amounted in the
year 1847 to 405,400 quintal, hut the rapid waste of the
woodlands in the interior, joined to the Menem of steam
navigation, and the use of steam engines on the rsilrosrls.h,
the sugar wales and indu,trial establishments, matt 9011,
augment the consumption. The average sale prior of do
daring the present year has been ala dollars the MCI 01
about 2.55. 6d., to which add the economy on teazle
duties as now ordered, and the gross product would be 7 dh
oi•
tars l reale per ton ; a rate of return which he deems so,-
factory, and which circumstances might improve.he cor
T
mil communicates also important information, it io said, oboes
the import of iron and nails into Cuba ; but this is not mad!
public, lsut has bets laid before the chambers of commerce of
Liege and CharlaroL