The Express.
London, England, 1847-06-07 00:00:00

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LONDON, MONDAY, JUNE 7.

THE opponents and semi-opponents of the govern-
ment measures for the reform of convict treatment,
seem all to proceed on the supposition,•that these mea-
sures are contemplated as introducing a perfectly de-
finite and quite new system, which is to remedy all
defects and solve all difficulties. It strikes us that
Earl GREY and the Home Secretary are neither so
dogmatical nor ambitious. What they propose is to
suspend and discontinue such parts of the old system
as have notoriously failed and led to abuse, and to try
such substitutes for these as science, reflection, and
practical experience suggest.
Lord BROUGHAM'S and Lord MAHON'S objections,
therefore, seem altogether misplaced. They affect to
be horrified at the enormity of the change, and of its
taking place without especial parliamentary inter-
ference, examination, and sanction. Now, there is
nothing better than parliament and its committees for
fathoming and exposing an abuse. Committee, have
done this by the system of transportation, so as to
make it inconceivable how rational men can cling to it.
But to provide a remedy, to subetitute a new plan of
discipline and treatment, far this, parliamentary dis-
cussion can do little; and we may adduce, as a proof, the
stmaling, loose, and desultory debates of Thursday
and Friday nights.
Theorists are not wanting who propose certain
schemes of prison discipline and reform. How can
parliament test these ? The amount of our expe-
rience for the last years, is the impossibility of testing
those schemes in the other hemisphere. If tested at
all, they must be tested at home, and the preparations
and precautions taken for doing this in Portland

Island and elaewitsssim conjunction with Pentonville,
appear to be the lust that could be devised. As to
the objection of Lard MAHON against establishing
bagnes in this country, and against rivalling the work-
ing classes on the coast, these are met by the state-
ment that the present is an experiment. If the true
way be bit upon of managing prisoners in work-gangs
for the public service and their own reform, this way
may be afterwards practised in the colonies, or in any
latitude. But decidedly it must first be worked and
tried at home. If it is found to work well, except in
the respect of the convict being too near home, and
having facilities of escape, then the scene of probation
must certainly be removed from our shores.
The great expense, as well as the great difficulty,
of all such schemes is surveillance, the instra-
meets of which are rare to find in the colo-
nies. In those remote regions, too, people who
busy their minds with the state of convicts,
range themselves infallibly into two classes—either
the severe and the official, or the religious and
humane. Viewing the great question of prison dis-
cipline from such very different points of view, these
parties never work well together, but counteract, de-
nounce, and ridicule each other. The presence and
inspection of an impartial home government is neces-
sary. Pentonville would have failed abroad. And
we feel convinced, that if Norfolk Island had been in
the position of the Isle of Man, Captain MAcorocHlE
would have bad better success. As to the failure of
Norfolk Island altogether, and its horrid results, the
blame of this is to be cast upon no one system,
but on the change from one to the other—on the
promises held out to the convicts and then broken.
Government, which is so completely muter of all
that concerns convicts, is to them what providence is
to free mankind. Were such ruling powers to show
vacillating purposes, or commit a breach of faith,
what demons would not all mankind become?
There was one observation during the debate which
seems important, but which we do not comprehend.
It was asserted, as the opinion of the Bishop of
TASMANIA, that convicts should be placed in work-
gangs first, and subjected to separate confinement
afterwards. Surely such an opinion, coming from
such an authority, ought not to be lowly and isolatedly
flung before the public, without explanation or ar-
gument.
Though far from prepared to condemn the system
of Pentonville, we feel by no means perfectly, assured
of its efficiency and gnomes. Any system of minute
surveillance which actually precludes the possibility of
temptation or wrong, coupled with such indulgence as
commuting a prisoner's sentence, cutting off half its
duration, and promising comfort and restoration to
free life in prospect these are powerful incen-
tives, and at the same time guards for good
conduct. Apply the same quantum of discipline
and hope to the worst class in free life, and it will re-
claim them at least for the time. But is this a fair
trial, or a true, or a permanent one? For our part,
we are inclined to think that an infusion of Captain
MACONOCIIIE'S principle of allowing more scope to
the will and moral feelings of the prisoners, would be
ss desirable at Pentonville, as in the subsequent pro-
bationary stage of Portland Island.
The great question of how and where to deal with
convicts in the first instance, and how and where to
dispose of them at last, are very distinct, very wide of
each other, and very important. The attempt to
embrace all in one debate has, perhaps, been the cause
of the little utility of that debate, as far as information
was elicited, or any thing like a resolve approached.
The experiment of convict probation and reform is,
however, much more advanced than the remoter one of
how to dispose favourably of a convict population in
the colonies. In fact, this last depends upon the first,
and upon the efficacy of reform in the preliminary
stages. If these prove effectual, colonial objections
and home difficulties are solved. If they fail, we
must inevitably recur to the maintenance of penal
colonies.

A MOVE is at length making to prepare for the
approaching assembly of the Hungarian diet. Great
interest attaches to this meeting ; for the government
party, on account of the election of the new palatine,
are for the liberal and independent party, in the hope
that some serious measures of improvement will take
place, which tend to assimilate Hungary to the highly
civilized states of Western Europe. The govern.
ment will, of course, propose the Archduke
STEPHEN, who as yet has little personal influence,
as he is very young ; but he is in every respect
unobjectionable. The independent liberals will,
of course, support the election of the archduke, as they
have strength enough in their constitutional forms to'
control the executive, and have no wish to shake the
monarchical principle. Even the republican, or ultra-
democratic party, would rather use the influence of
the crown to destroy the nobility, than raise a pri-
Tate nobleman to the dignity of palatine. The
I palatine is an office for life, with emoluments equal
to, and dignity surpassing, that of the Governor-'
General of India, inasmuch as his supremacy
extends over Europeans instead of Hindoos
In speaking of Hungary, we meat bear in mind that
this vast country is tenanted by several nations, not
only differing in language and religion, but even
geographically occupying distinct seats. The rich and
fertile plains of the centre and the south-west are the
home of the Magyars, or Hungarians proper, number-
ing more than four millions. These are for the most
part protestant., owning good estates in excellent
condition, producing corn, wine, and oil in abund-
ance. They are almost the only body of men who
have preserved the essence of civilisation under
the dangerous influence of material prosperity. They
are a proud, energetic, and although rough-man-
nered, are a kind-hearted and inoffensive people,
notwithstanding the formidable appearance of the
know jackets and swords which they sesame at their
public assemblies. Their activity of mind has been
kept alive by their religious separation from their
Greek and Roman catholic neighbours; as their
chivalrous spirit was invigorated, down to the com-
mencement of the present century, by the wars with
the Turks. The next people of numerical importance
are the Slovacks, inhabiting the north-west mountains,
a fine hardy nee for the most part catholics, and
kir SONlienla to feudal servitude, under
meting lords of the soil. In the northern
eountriee there are many protestant& Bat
the nobility, who are the large landowners,
although mostly Roman Catholics throughout all
Hungary, yet affect the distinctions of language and
dress of the real Hungarians, in whom the strength
of the nation lies. In the north of the Slovack
'Gantry, and amongst the Ruthenes of the Greek
pannindas, in the north-east mountains, people talk
at Hungary as if it were as distinct a country as the
west of Ireland was from the pale under the STUARTS.
The Slovacks of the north-west, and the Ruthenes
of the north-east, are both Slovenians, and descend-
ants of the aboriginal inhabitants. The former
number perhaps two millions the latter, in round
numbers, one million. The Wallachisas, an anoma-
lous remnant of the old Dacians, occupy a
long strip to the east, and, perhaps, are
also one million. The Myriam, or Croatians,
and Servian immigrants, occupy the south, in-
cluding the fertile valleys of the Save and Drave,
and the ancient province of Sirmium. Here is mate-
rial prosperity equal to that of the central plains ; but
the mental vigour of these noes is confined to the
nobility and gentry; the organisation of eoicety
being of too patriarchal a nature to allow much free-
dom of thought to the undermost strata. The Illyrian,
are nearly all catholica, and have hitherto been the
best supporters of the crown in all measures ex-
cepting the concessions recently made to the protest-
ant liberals. In the grand question set at rest by the
last diet, of parity of the religions persuasions, and
legality of the mixed marriages, the Illyrian influence
caused the Greek confession to be excluded from the
law. The crown immediately seized the opportunity
presented by this blunder of the popular assemblies,
and reaped golden opinions by an imperial ordinance
which extended the operation of the act to the chris:
dans of the Greek church.

The influence of the crown is founded upon tradi-
tional acquiescence throughout Hungary. It is
powerful, too, from the immense patronage in wealth
and honours that it exercises and holds the catholic

body through the especially rich benefices of the
Roman catholic charch, which is as well endowed
as the Church of England. Hungary is consequently the
only country besides England, where church prefer-
ment is sought by the aristocracy. With the pro-
testants the crown is all powerful when it displays a
wish to respect the national rights, and allow mea-
sures really adapted to benefit the country to be intro-
duced. Linder the ministry of the present chancellor,
the crown las followed this system. Consequently the
Illyrian and violent conservatives now form the oppo-
sition. The ultra-liberals have little influence, and the

moderate conservatives and moderate liberals join with
the crown in all useful suggestions, and make its influ-
ence on such occasions paramount. Although this truly
constitutional state of things is not very much relished
at court or in Prince METTERNICA'S bureau, yet the
Austrians have found one advantage, which partly
reconciles them to it, as Hungary has never given
them less trouble than since this course was introduced
by Count SCECZENY. By the junction of this party
with the crown, the peasants have been freed from
many oppressive feudal burthens, have been allowed
the privtleges of free men, in the right to purchase
land, and to hold public offices. The parity of reli-
gions confessions was their work in the last diet. In
the coming diet the grand measure is expected to be
the subjection of the lands of the nobles to the land-
tax, and the abolition of the frontier duties levied
between Hungary and the other provinces of the
empire. On this extremely interesting subject more
in a future article.

AT last there seems to be a prospect that the public
records will be properly housed ; that the nation will
see its matchless collection of historical monuments
taken out of that state of jeopardy to which .• Bo
merchant of ordivary prudence would subject his
books of account" It was satisfactory to hear from
the CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER last week, that
the preposterous notion was abandoned of making
shift with any refuse room to be found in the Houses
of Parliament. The present government have done
wisely to give up this expensive crotchet of Mr. GouL-
BURN'S. For years the public records have been made
the cat's-paw of the Victoria Tower. And even when
it was aimitted by Mr. BARRY that the tower would
not hold them, or even half of them, Mr. GOULBeRN
still clung to using it as a make-shift as far as it
would go, and erecting additional buildings adjacent!
But at last this costly whim--for costly indeed it
would have been, besides being of the most unapt
kind,—has been given up, and the government have
determined to give the nation a suitable repository,
expressly built to accommodate its records. We have
reason to believe that the site of the new building
is by this time determined on, and that the record
repository will be on the Rolls estate, in Chancery-
lane. This site, adjacent to all the inns of court, is
certainly the best that could have been chosen for the
convenience of the lawyers, who are the parties that
have most need to search the records. We have under-
stood that the new building, a part of which is pro-
posed, it is said, to front Fleet-street, will be made
conducive to the improvement and ornament of the
metropolis, and possibly be connected with a new
line of street projected by the City to branch from
the w cat end of Cheapside and be situate midway
between Holborn and Fleet-street. If the plans are
matured thus far,
iit is to be hoped that no unneces-
sary delay will take place in at once beginning the
structure. The ground on the Rolls estate has been
kept vacant and unprofitable for at least a dozen
years whilst this question has been under dis-
cussion. An set will probably be necessary to
obtain possession of all the ground requisite for
the new building, necessarily very large ; but
still, the commencement of it need not be postponed
until the act is obtained, and we should regret that
the present ministry, having been the first to give
proper heed to this question, should not place their
decision beyond jeopardy and secure to themselves
the honour of founding the national record repo-
eitory, and the means of preserving the people's evi-
dences of their history, constitution, and rights for all
, time. A small vote should therefore be taken even
this session. There would be none that would be
more generally approved. It might be certain that
even Messrs. HUME and WILLIAMS would second the
motion, for it is the worst kind of extravagance to be
spending some 2,000!. a year for temporary accommo-
L' elation, watchmen, firemen, and precautionary mea-
sures, one instant longer than can be helped. Had
the management of the public records been connected
with party politics,wo should have had the repository
built long ago. It will be all the more creditable to
; the present government, therefore, to be able to rank
; the erection of a public record-office among their ad-
ministrative improvements.

The Paris journals of Friday and Saturday have
reached us. It will be remembered that in the course
of last year a new ministerial journal was established,
bearing the title of L'Epoque, which was generally
given out by its conductors to be more especially the
personal organ of M. Guizot. Notwithstanding the re-
gular advantages which this paper enjoyed from its
admitted ministerial character and other .till more solid
advantages which it was believed to share from funds
disposable by all ministers in France, it languished,
and finally failed. In its dying hour its list ef sob-
scribers, and other property and advents...B,l4mm
I bought by M. E. de Giranim, the editor and chief
proprietor of La Prue, who, thereby, was let be-
I hind the curtain of its stage machinery, and neces-
eerily allowed to share the secrets of its past history.
M. do Girardin was then the friend and supporter of
the Soult-Guizot cabinet. lie is now its inoet bitter
enemy and unpitying assailant. Prompted, as it
should seem, by a spirit of political hostility, be has
lately, in one of the leading articles in La Preset,
affirmed, that until its final absorption by La Preue,
the journal L'Epoque had derived a part of its
gains from "selling privileges of theatres" (that is to
say, government licences or royal patents far
theatres), " promises of peerages, and of titles
of nobility, crosses of the legion of honour,
midi/noes of the ministers, and even minis-
terial favours," the meaning of all which 14
that the said journal dispensed the patrassiti
of the state for a pecuniary consideration ! Os this
extraordinary statement appearing in La Prase,
under the responsibility of M. E. de Girardin, •
member of the Chamber of Deputies, a resolution was
adopted by the Chamber of Peers to summon M. E.
de Girardin to its bar, to answer for a contempt of
the chamber; but for this it was necessary first is
obtain the consent of the Chamber of Deputies, the
alleged offender being a member of that house. This
application was formally communicated to the cham-
ber on Friday, by a messenger of state, and the
question was referred to a committee, to decide whe-
ther M. de Girardin should be authorised to present
himself before the higher chamber. Before this com-
mittee M. de Girard= will be at liberty to produce his
justification, and its report will be made accordingly.
It appears that La Prase had net only affirmed
that promises of the peerage were openly sold by
L'Epoyee, but that there was a regular tariff or mar-
ket price for them, fixed at 80,000 f., equivalent to
3,200/. sterling! It was said in the Salle des Con-
ferences on Friday, and repeated in the journals
of Saturday, that M. Emile de Girardin had been
heard to declare, in the Chamber of Deputies, en
Thursday, in the midst of a numerous group of his
colleagues, that he actually had in his possamon
svi-
dance to prove that a sum of eighty thousand hums
had been paid at the office of the Epoque for pro-
mises of the peerage, and that each promises bra
been made with the full cognisance of a minister. I
It is contended on the part of M. de Girardin, that
his assertion does not affect the dignity of the higher
chamber, but only the honour of the minister to
whom such corruption is ascribed, and that conse-
quently the lower chamber will not consent to his
prosecution by the peers. Be this as it may, we
shall be enlightened by the committee of the chamber
I before another day passes.
The ministerial repose is disturbed also from ano-
ther quarter. A Marseilles journal, known to receive
the personal confidence of Marshal Bugeaud, an-
nounces that, "availing himself of the royal permis-
sion, graciously conceded to him in advance, the
Governor of Algeria has resigned the cares and re-
sponsibilities of his exalted position, and is about im-
mediately to return to France." It is added, that a
seat will be provided for him in the cabinet. It will
be remembered that the marshal has just returned
.from a military incursion on the peaceable popula-
tion of the Kabyles, having carried fire and the
sword through their villages and towns, and reduced
them to a forced submission and tribute; and that
this expedition was undertaken and executed
in the face of the declared disapprobation of the
representative chamber, and of the scarcely less ex-
plicit disavowal of the cabinet. After the expedition
became un fail accompli, but not until then, and until
the presence of M. Bugeaud in Paris was imminent,
M. Guizot reluctantly, and at the eleventh hour, ac-
cepted the responsibility of it.
The government project of law for the continuance
of the unrestricted importation of provisions till next
October, with liberty to protract it still longer, at the
discretion of the cabinet, has been modified in the
committee. It was to be distributed on Friday to the
Chamber of Deputies. M. Leon Faucher and M.
Blanqui have presented an amendment, to the effect

that the laws shall remain in operation to 31st July,
1848 and that, up to the same date, the import
duty on oxen, cows, heifers, calves, sheep, led
pigs shall be reduced to 25e. per heed.
and that meat of all descriptions, whether fresh c;
salted, shall only pay a duty of 23e. per 100 kilo.
grammes. The chamber objects to give the die.
cretionary power to the cabinet, but meets the dim
culty by extending the present freedom of impoeie,
tion absolutely till next February, at which time the
Chamber will be again in session, and may be applied
to foe a further extension if required.
It is stated in the opposition journals that M. Thiers
has proposed and carried ix the bureaux an imporket
modification of the project of law of the tariff. This
modification has been adopted almost unanimously in
the bureaux. It includes the following heads:—t, A
reduction of the duties on coffee and sugar. 2. A
duty to be laii on unwrought British copper, with
view to favour the importation of copper from South
. •

The Duke of Montebello, who has just arrived in
Paris, has been sworn into office as Minister of Maritie
and the Colonies.

The correspondence and journals of Madrid cos.
Sane to be destitute of any other interest than such
as arises from the intelligence of the existence of the
same estrangement and separation of the Queen end
her consort. The latter still continues at the Pardo
the former at Madrid. The Nuncio had arrived, and
become the object of the most respectful attentions oa
the part of the Ministers of State sad other authori-
ties. This prelate is reported to be animated nits
the most conciliatory spirit. It Was admitted, even in
circles opposed by party to the measure, that govern-
ment had decided on restoring Espartero to his rant
and honours, and inviting his return to his country,
as well as that of a great number of other officers now Le
I exile. The protocol for the intervention in Portugal,
formed the subject of conferences in the cabinet ana
with the Portuguese ambassador, Cosset De Thome
(Costa Cabral), at which several questions of &tiff
were settled.

PARIS.
The Chamber of Deputies has just rejected, after
four days' debate, the proposal presented by M.
Bizouio, for establishing a uniform taxation of 20
centimes (2d.) upon the transmission of letters
through the French post-office. The majority was
but a slight one, and, in order to obtain even that,
government found itself under the necessity of Th.
Whig the convictions of its own partisans, by invoking
the plea of state necessity. The absolute majority
out of 349 voters was 175; and the ministry, which
in general possesses a majority of 90 or 100, only
obtained on this occasion 187 votes. Several members,
about 30 in number, remained absent from the chamber,
being equally unwilling to vote against theirconvictions,
or be instrumental in giving a check to the minion!.
Reform, has in fact, bbeeeen adjourned—not rejrcted.
The ministry will br obliged next session to propose
the same measure to the chambers; such a heists .
tion is, indeed, required at their hands from public
opinion, which has shown itself favourable to reform
in 76 out of 86 councils general, and in the Chamber
of Deputies, where, notwithstanding an adverse vote,
unanimity generally prevails in its favour.
Before the adoption of the uniform rate of postage
in England, the average of the graduated tax, accord-
ing to distance, was 81d., or 83 centimes; that of
France at present is 45 centimes, or ltd. This scale
comprises eleven different zones, in each of which
the charge rises in a ratio of 10 centimes (Id.). This,
a letter, weighing under a quarter of an ounce, and
brought by post a distance of 40 kilometres (25 miles),
pays 20 centimes (2d.) ; the same letter, carried be
40 kilometres, and as far as 80 kilometres (50
miles) pays 30 centimes (3d.) ; from 130 kil. to 150
(93 mires), 40 cent. (4d.) ; from 150 kil. to 220 (136
miles), 50 cent. (5d.); from 220 to 300 kit. (187
miles), 60 cent. (6d.) ; from 300 to 400 kil. (248
miles) 70 cent. (7d.) ; from 4110 to 500 kil. (310
miles), 80 cent. (8d.); from 500 to 600 kil. (375
miles), 90 cent. (9d.); from 600 to 750 kiL (465
miles), 1 franc (10d.); from 750 to 900 kiL (558
miles), If. 10c. (11d.); and beyond 900 kiL, IL 20c.
(nearly a shilling.)
When letters, instead of remaining in a dish ibeting
office, had to be sent into the rural parishes, an addi-
tional tax of 10 cent. (Id.) was taken. This addl.
tional penny was, however, abolished in 1846; mad
the rural service, a moat expensive one, in whirl
upwards of 10,000 postmen were employed daily, k
carried on without any additional expense to the
receiver of letters. The abolition of this penny es
caused a loss to the treasury of three millions of ft=
per annum. On the Ist of January, 1847, the pay-
ment on money orders was diminished from 5 to 2
per cent ; and the consequent increase in this deport.
ment has been such as to compensate for the reduction.
A few years ago, the postage on a letter from Lon-
don to Faris cost 2 francs. Since the postage has been
reduced to 1 franc, the number of letters has doubled,
and the revenue remains the same. The poat-office
authorities in France have made treaties with foreigt
powers which are a step towards uniform postage:
As, for instance, lettere from England to the East, pro
France, only pay a postage of 20 centimes per single
letter, from Calais to Marseilles, whilst a letter from
Paris to Marseilles costs 1 franc 10 centimes. Accord-
ing to the terms of a recent convention, letters ad-
dressed from France to Geneva, or Bile, or from
either of those towns to any portion of the French
territory, when poet.-paid, only coat 30 centimes;
whereas, a letter addressed to Mulhausen, for instance,
costa 70 centimes. The French, therefore, at a mile
from the frontier, pay double the postage which the
Swim do for letters carried in the same mails.
This has given rise to a proposal made by the mer-
chants of Bale to those of Mulhausen, to forward
their letters via Bale, upon payment by the latter to
the former of one-half the profits to be made by the
transaction. When the inhabitants of Mules*
awcopomroryerplainwooasede, thagiofvtithogisthoelineilrang:tlieteyoomodenfetrotliso:utdmthohenut'tt asothetraeia:
portant reduction was at hand.
In England, before Mr. Rowland Rill's reform, the
papers were the only prints which were posted free.
Every other species of print should pay as letters,
a very high rate of postage. This gave rise to eon-
siderable*auds. Now in France, on the contra*
that uniform postage which has been rejected for
letters exists for all kinds of prints. For the sum ef
ofi.rourontrycentato. a
tFhre:ilejrournalA
sghlestftoofllli:liwwle Ellsloof(th4.
octavo pages) costs 3 centimes (I belay), mod
printed advises comprised in less than 5 octavo page,
are carried from Paris to Marseilles, or Bavosne to
Strasbourg, that is, a distance of 1,300 kilometre
(870 miles) for one centime and a quarter.
milliaea d
In 1845, the post-office carried seventy
papers and prints, and 116 millions of paid
The weight of administration letters, which Ile re°,
of charge, is almost double that of paid letters ;.
it is calculated that each paper 011 which 4 centimes
is paid, costs, on an average, more than 12 centthereTee
to the administration. There is a dead lo m,
of 8 centimes, or, in other words, the tariff, a":,
to make up for the loss on the journals, overcharrik"
letters.
terinothf e dfieollanteoewhiroichoodhas
monjustyconaolieection,_the.t_Mt
the principle and application o the.
ado.
arf
=3 of 20 centimes. And first he
aslatiteressedthain:Ethneglainlanpithbdl,eidetTrotypoethnditifoannthsa:maithbeveierb:eofnrebyflaela
111,1:traym..r:.
Theilderippeermesananßah2sonwrepacri,niancnkreaclexannfrotsedtdnitoreed7curecntedteis7Oafthitinlipost4oe;thit:e nag:1111.7.--berwmf:
, to 839,0001. But there is a more direct oar ;
'this. In France, in 1826, there wee a eirCidabil.lintA
about seventy-three millions of letters; sad in tr-_,
120 millions. The increase in twenty yen IT
therefore, been only three millions per annum.
England, leaving aside the increase of niterll!
lions which immediately followed the refore,
increase is on an average from 30 to 40 milli?ss r
letters per annum ; and taking that proPatte*_„„
1856 the number of letters will be sight times Fr',
othanoidotow,
wasillinexlceedß39,
tanwo.ood thde-rea-hveonlfuem,
millions
nliows bred
M. Damon says, also, that the uniform~ ragtag:..
centimee, which, is double that which exists ia
land, would destroy the revenue of the poatir,;
and this is the way he reasons on the subject: tam --
million,
to office, g
iene of letters
an average• sumof 3
rswhichcirculate at prey
office rnatat
francs per annum. At the uniform rate they we=
only give 19 millions, and,,,in order to make MI
deficiency, an increases' - millions of leteteer g

tie per cent., mud take place. In England the
daring the first year was 120 per cent, and
sbe ehanoss of an increase, are, perhaps, greater in
poem than they were iu England. The local
on of rvernment allows the English to
personally an amount of business which
ologianion obliges the French to do by means of
owespondence. Weide., though the wealth of
less considerable. as it is divided amongst
rater number of persons, the middling class, that
of the small proprietary, represents a number of',
owns, moat of whom write, and will communicate
each other by poet, as soon as the postage of
wens becomes cheap. We find, from an account •
finance, to the chamber bthe former minister
that in a radius at small distances, out of
eery ten letters, nine are written by persons of the
pre and labouring classes. Whilst the inverse pro-
pose exists for greater distances, from whence it
nay be concluded that the poor will write more few
nontly from long distances, when the postage to be
• will be placed within the reach of their means.
MDamon then says that the expenses of
the post-office will increase, whilst the re-
nege will decrease ; this is a manifest ex-
The post-office in Franco is so regu-
laed as to be able easily to carry and distribute a
mow number of letters. There is an immense num-
lora people employed in. it. By law the transfer of
yeAns.b.v railway is acquired almost free of expense,
rd there are none of those expenses which the Eng-
la post-office is obliged to support.
Not only will postal reform not destroy the re-
melt, bat it is from henceforth the only means of
reserving it in France. Smuggling of totters is at
relent considerably extended. It deprives the post-
age of at least 30 or 40 millions of letters per an-
neal. The may advantage it possesses over the regu-
kr service is its cheapness; itis slower and more irro-
raw ; bat as soon as all the great lines of railwa
b*ll y
have been contracted, it will combine all ad-
vantsgee. Letters will then go as fast as by poet,
and with the same regularity. If the present tariff
is kept up, if the French, when they enjoy a circula-
tion by railway, have the same interest in carry-
ing themselves the letters for which the post-office
woad make them pay too dearly, smuggling of let-
tere will then gain an immense extension. A mer-
chant, for instance, going from Paris to Lyons, will
take with him, say SO letters, which he will throw
into the post on his arrival. The revenue will thus
fell off in proportion. If the post-office wishes, there-
kee, to keep this revenue, it must reform its tariff;
in this matter the interest of the treasury and that of
the public is the same.
The councils-general will, in their sittings of
August next, renew their demonstration in favour of
Old Warm, and a movement may be expected on
the part of public opinion, which will become as irre-
sistible as that of which Mr. Rowland Hill gave the
signal in England. n.

FRANCE.—TorLoN, JUNE I.—The steamer Ana-
l:Mall, coma by Lieut. Cornulier, which had received
eden to be ready for sea as soon as despatches arrived, has
jut taken her departure. We learn that she is bound direct
kr Lisbon, with despatees for the Commander of the
French squadron in tLe Tagus, and our ambassador at the
roan of Portugal. The Anacreon carries nut instructions
commending with the results of the conference held at
Leaden on May 21, between the plenipotentiaries of Spain,
hence, England, and Portugal. The corvette. Solon, Capt.
Jeans, has also received orders to prepare to go to Portugal,
sad will leave in two or three days with despatches expected
from Paris. The steam corvette, Velem, Capt. Berard, is
atom ee out of harbour, and will, it is said, replace the In-
k/sal on the western tout of Algeria. She takes out urgent
dispatches for the Prince de Joinsille, who is in command
tithe Mediterranean squadron, and will be probably found
at Algiers. It is rumoured here that the squadron under the
enders of the Prince will be sent to Lisbon.
HAVE.E.—The Cuurrier du Havre states that con-
siderable disappointment and vexation has been experienced
in consequence of the Transatlantic Steam Navigation Com
pany not having
.despatched its first boat, for New York, on
the 31st ult., as it had announced would be done. It ap-
pears that the passengers who had arrived at Havre were
forwarded to Cherbourg, the steamer not having arrived
from that port, as expected, at the expense of the company,
but whin they arrived there, they found, to their surprise
and mortification, that, by a delay in the formalities or the
Ministry of Marine, the boats had not yet been placed at the
dispnainon of the company. All the passengers acquit the
company of blame in this matter, but many of them have,
as they bad a right to do, in their just anger, withdrawn
their engagement., reerit.dert to proceed to New York by
• mina Ws veyaUCC..
SWITZERLAND.—GENEVA, JUNE I.—The conn-
ed if state, elected under the new constitution, is as follows :
WC James Fazy, Itilliet-Constant, hfoulinie, stns, Baltha-
sar Decrey, Francois Janie, Frederic Dordier, A. L. Puns.
All these were members of the provisional government
atablished after the revolution of the 7th October, and, of
coarse, belong to the liberal party. The conservatives say
that they have generally abstained from voting.
OERMANY.—AUSTRIA.—The diet of Prague
Ira by a majority of 80 to 7, reaolved to and an address to
the Emperor of Austria, intreatiog him to modify the cen-
mashie on the public press.
The Doke and Duchess of Bordeaux arrived at
Venice on the 24th ult.
PRUSSlA.—Baniust, JCNE I.—We have before
gated that the Israelites of Konigsberg intend to celebrate
their sabbath on Sundays instead of Saturdays. The
Inselites of Offenbach, in Hesse, intend to follow their
example.
ITALY.—The treaty of commerce and navigation
between Naples and Prussia, acting in the name of the Zell-
wain, which was concluded the 27th January lit, has just
been ratified. It establishes perfect reciprocity, and caeca,
int, that merchandise and products coming from Prussia
alike states of the Zollverein, shall pay 10 per cent. le as
au the merchandise and products coming from other states
now pay according to the Neapolitan tariff ; and next, that
Prussia engages itself to obtain the consent of the Zolleerein
to the importation of oil in casks to the Mates of the
Ullman at 20 per cent. less than it pays at prement.
VRNEZUELA.—We learn from the Journal de la
Ham that estimates (Me ',sorra de (a Hacienda) of 1847
have been published by order of the executive. They eon-
hin a review of the financial and commercial position of the
. The public revenue amounted in 1845 to
&lira, 60posas (dollars); in 1846, to 2,465,040.76 ; being
la increase of 214,721'16. The expenditure in 1845 was
2,782,821'17 posos ; in 1846, it was 2,172,106'78 Lbeing a
reduction of 610,214.89. The national debt has been
diminished to the extent of 200,009 pours ; and the debt due to
foreigners does not now exceed 20,962,217'87. The total vane
ofimpers in 1846, was 5,536,259 paws; of exports 7,120,297.
The vs as of the articles admitted free of daty.ia 921,999.14
(724,03115 in gold, in silver, the rest books, printing, paper,
Am); the value of articles subjected to an ad valorem duty
258,231.12; and the value of articles subject to specific
duties 4,256,008.56. On the 4,514,239'68 pours worth of
dutiable goods the sum of 1,646,48116 was levied, or
Moat 30 per ant. overhead. The Journal de la
Raye sarcastically remarks—" Under such a system
the smuggler's chancel ought to be good." More than half
of the imports and exports pass through Guiana. The har-
bours next in importance are Angostura (new Ciudad
Bolivar) sad Maracaibo. The last-named port has a transit
trade with New Grenada, which emanated in 1846 to
104,187 dollars. The comparative tables tithe trade of 1846
and the 14 years preceding it, show a tossidarable falling off
in the export of cotton and indigo. For the two last years
there is an increase in the export of sugar, but it has not yet
regained its former amount. Coons has inert/wed a little,
and coffee s great deal. The quantity of tobaccoexported
has varied much from year to year, but, on the whole, it
has been increasing. The total value of exports varies little
from year to year, though the values of particular items do.
Inc 1842 it was 7,602,99612., and in 1846 it was 7,120,297.23.

gbc goal.
The Queen held a court on Saturday at Rucking-
ham Palace. H.R.H. Prince Oscar of Sweden Ina pre-
'meted to her Majesty, at en audience, by Viact. Pahaeraton,
G.C.8., her Majesty's principal Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, and conducted by Col. the Hon. Sir E.
Curt, K.C.H., her Majesty's Mader of the Cererconies.
H.R.H. was attended by Baron de Rehausen, Swedish Charge
d'Affaires, and Col. B. Drummond, Groom in Waiting to
the Queen, and also by Capt. Haffner of the Swedish Royal
Navy. The Queen was attended by Lord Camp, Lord in
Wai Waiting, and Major the Hon. A. N. Hood, Groom in
ti.
H.R.ng H. the Duchess of Kent visited the Queen and
Prince Albert on Saturday.
Visa Palmerston had an audience of her Majesty
on Saturday.
H.R.H. Prince Albert, attended by Capt. the Hon.
A. H. Gordon, visited H.R.H. Prince Oscar of Sweden on
Saturday afternoon, at the residence of the Swedish
Chargé d'Affaires in Halkin-street West.
The Royal dinner party on Saturday, at Bucking-
ham Palace, included If.R.H. the Duchess of Kent, H.H.H.
Prince Omar of Sweden, H S.H. the Prince of Leiningen,
Baron de Rehausen, Swedish Charge d'Affaires, the Duchess
of Sutherland, Viscount Palmerston, Earl Spencer, Lord
G. Lennox, Capt. Haffner (Aide-de•Camp to Prince Oscar),
and Col. B. Drummond. The band of the Coldstream
Gunk attended during dinner. Shortly before S o'clock
the Queen and Prince Albert, and their illustrious visitors,
kft the Palace, in five carriages, for Her Majesty's Theatre,
to honour the performance with their presence The august
party consisted of her Majesty the Queen, H.R.H. Prince
Albert, tl.llll. the Duchess of Kent, H.R.H. Prince Oscar
of Sweden, 14.8.11. the Prince of Leiningen, Baron de
ftehausen, the Duchess of Sutherland, the Viacom:arse Joce-
ljn, Earl Spencer, Lady A. Bruce, Baroness de Speth, Lady
C. Cocks, Ron. Mies Paget, Lord Camoys, Lord O. Lennox,
Capt. Haffner, Major the Hon. A. N. Hood, Col. B. Drum-
mond, Lord A. Paget, and Capt. the Hon. A. H. Gordon.
Yesterday morning Her Majesty and her Royal
°Swig ladaillair natal early walk.