The Express.
London, England, 1846-10-08 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 8, 1848.

of Great Britain. This is no time for even the
minutest obstruction to the influx of food, from
whatever quarter it can be obtained. Starvation,
riot, and bloodshed, there have been already. Ail
good men are summoned to the rescue. And the battle
with Irish distress mu -A be fought in England, as
well as in Ireland. It requires all the real of indi-
vidual charity, backed by all the aid that Govern-
ment can bestow. The union, in this struggle, is
undeniably real and national. There is but one
interest. If the primary effect of opening the Ports
be help to England, that will soon prove itself gcoi
help to Irelaid.

HAD England a Public or a Government like that
of France, nothing could be more satisfactory or
glorious than the state of affairs in Western India.
Northward, too, is a tributary prince, whom we have
just installed, who owns England as his suzerain, yet
I is so wayward, avaricious, and faithless, that not a
day passes without affording pretext for our con-
fiscation of his empire. When it is added that this
prince is lord of Cashmere, it may be imagined with
what delight such a prey would be, even in imagina-
tion, devoured by the French. Southward of this prince,
ou the cmbranchment of the five rivers, exists the old
capital and court of Rusimr, garrisoned by British
bayonets and cannon; an infant Rajah nominally
reigning, under the influence of a dissolute mother
and her paramour. More Southward still we
have the wide valley of the Indus, lorded
over by one of these men whom the
French would revere as a hero ; one who has done
far more with Scinde than the French have done with
Algeria, since he has pacified it. Nevertheless, even
he has not succeeded in rendering it either healthy or
profitable.
But we have an ignoble habit in England of some-
times looking into accounts, and balancing profit and
loss. Glory is not of the same value to us as to our
neighbours ; it will not be received as sterling coin by
our population. It is very well for a holiday now and
then ; but an every day supply of it would be thought
not only extravagant but surfeiting. The present
prospect of another campaign in the Punjaub is,
therefore, anything but welcome. The confiscation of
GOOLAB'S hill country, by his own treachery, is not a
consummation we desire ; whilst to sweep away the
feeble an dissolute government of Lahore, would
necessitate the solving of a more difficult problem,
namely, what should we put in its place.
It is to be regretted that Lord HARDING WS arrange-
ments have not been attended with more stability.
He did for the best, no doubt. But it is a mortifying
sequel of last year's victories to be brought back to the
same position which we occupied before they were
achieved ; and to find the whole force, anxiety, expen-
diture, and attention of our governing powers, fixed on
that one frontier. The only excuse is, that the conquest
I of the l'unjaub was forced upon us, and that we were
unprepared for more than a temporary settlement.
Our great difficulty in India has been, that
wherever our arms subdued, there we were called to
replace a feudal regime of military service and go-
vernment, by the more modern system of taxation,
civil administration, and regular force. We may
have succeeded in this, but it has been by dint of
expenses, blood, and efforts of all kinds. And in doing
it, we have swept away the middle and upper classes
of the native and the Mohammedan race, which we
are obliged to supply by functionaries and officers,
who come from Europe for a limited number of years
to reap a harvest in India, and then bid it farewell.
How such a system works altogether, is a wide and a
grave question, into which we shall not now enter.

But how untoward and dangerous is the attempt-
ing, even the effecting, such a transition in states
which border upon wild or powerful foes, we need
scarcely remark. The Sikh state is feudal. A.
such it is able to defend itself against Belooch,
Persian, or Affghan. If we destroy this system
of feudal defence, we must provide against a long
period of transition to something better, which is
also a period of great weakness, great cost, and
almost continued war; for every feudatory, menaced
in his existence, becomes a rebel. Such was the
prospect that deterred Lord 11ARDINGE from at
once ejecting DutEEe and GOOLAB. Ile knew that
he could not substitute himself or the Indian govern-
' ment, as the immediate sovereign of wild and bigot
feudatories. To replace them would have been a rash
and weakening effort ; and he seems rather to have
grasped at such means of managing the country
as circumstances threw into his hands, than to

have struck out or pursued any scheme or pre-
conceived idea of his own. The first plan was to prop
up the court of Lahore as it was, with the prudent
GOOLAB as vizier. This would have been, perhaps,
the best. But it was defeated by the jealousies of
the old court. The division of the empire was then
devised, for which the impossibility of paying the
subsidy afforded a pretext. DrixEr was left at
Lahore, and GOOLAB raised to independent empire
in the north.

This rather hurried arrangement does not appear to
have been fortunate or well-judged. The court of
Lahore, shorn of half its empire and its resources, with
its capital occupied by British troops, has ceased to com-
command the respect of its fanatic soldiers and subjects;
whilst GOOLAII, by character an avaricious and cun-
ning intriguer, would apparently have acquitted him- ,
self better as Vizier at Lahore, than as chief of moun-
tain feudatories. He is without the bold courage of the
military chief. He is at once despised and feared by
those mountain feudatories, previously almost indepen-
dent, and the more unwilling to accept his !apacious
and inglorious yoke. The result is, that we have
thrones to support, the occupants of neither of which
are true to us ; and whose removal, consequently, we ,
shall, sooner or later, be compelled to undertake.
One advantage of the division might certainly appear
to be, that a separate attempt may be made to re-
organise each portion, and that the disadvantage of
having both united against us may thus again be
avoided. But it is uncertain whether even this is
secured. .

The tarrying of Lord HARD:INGE, not only in
India, but on the north-west frontier, shows his
anxiety—and a very laudable one it is—to carry
out and render secure a conquest forced upon him,
and with which his name and fame must be eternally
connected. Some months back the Governor-General
was bent upon recall, and ambitious of wearing his
laurels in England. Now he remains, perforce, to
carry out the policy which he himself originated, and
of which none can so advantageously hold the threads
and direct the completion. The evacuation of Lahore,
which was to take place on the Ist October, or the
i prolonging its occupation in consequence of a request
from the Sikh court, would bring matters to a crisis.
The next mail, however, can bring us no tidings of
this. We must await that of November.

THERE is to be a meeting of the Irish landlords in
Dublin. This step appears to be promoted by
two parties ; by landlords, who feel or fear that the
operation of the Labour Rate Act will impose pecu-
niary burdens upon them heavier than they can bear ;
and by political leaders, who think they see in the
present crisis an opportunity of augmenting the num-
ber of their partisans, and of promoting ulterior ob-
jects. These two parties are irreconcileable, their
aims incompatible; and though it would be rash to
predict confidently, the most probable consequence of
their coming together will be a dispute as to what the
convention legitimately can or cannot do; a secession
I of one or the other section of its promoters ; a waste
of time; and neglect of the measures urgently called
for to meet the coming and already existing destitu-
tion.
No one who has watched the progress of the pre-
sentment sessions under the Labour Rate Act, can
doubt that in many, in most cases, the presentments
have been in excess. They are more in amount than
is required, more than the baronies can bear. The
cause of this is obvious. The presentments have

been voted •on most occasions by a majority re-
lying upon Government to disallow a large proportion
of them. They have been voted by magistrates and
sworn cess-payers, wkQ would have curtailed them,
but feared to encounter popular IXIiIIIII it' they did so.
They have been voted within sight of excited mul-
titudes, always on the verge of destitution, and now
with famine staring them in the face; and
under the denunciations of, we sincerely be-
lieve, sympathising al.d well-meaning priests,
who owe their hold upon the people
to the belief that they aie identified with them,
' and who really arc so. Lacking courage to stem this
torrent of excitement, the magistrates and eess-payers
leave to Government the unpopular task of cur-
-1 tailing the excessive votes. They leave it to bear
the whole of the vituperation sure to be poured upon any
one who dares to exercise an independent judgment,
and proportion the actual aid to the actual need. Can
a constitutional Government refuse to sanction votes
asked fur by three-fourths of the community, and voted
by the remaining fourth? It must act in accordance
with public opinion, and through the instrumentality of
the people. It cannot do even what is right and times-
sary, where all are against it or silent. The British
Government is sincerely anxious to aid Ireland : but
if the landed aristocracy and middle class, instead of
acting in the same spirit, instead of taking upon them
their fair share of the burden, and resolutely ascer-
taining what that is, pass extravagant votes in the
hope that the chapter of accidents may enable them
to escape scot-free,—they place Government in such a
position that it has no choice but to swim with the
stream or be swamped ; and they must take the con-
sequences.
The alleged inability of the landlords to exercise
their free judgment at presentment sessions, is a proof
of their habitual neglect, we will not say of their
duty, but of the dictates of common prudence. In
England and Scotland it is difficult, we might say
impossible, for any one to triumph over the land-
lords at meetings in rural districts, even with justice
on his side. How comes it that the Irish landlords
' at rural meetings, even when they profess to temper
common sense with humanity, are utterly power-
less? How comes it that the support of the land-
lords, in England the county candidate's passport
to success, is in Ireland the warrant for his re-
jection? Because, for generations back, the Irish
landlords have acted in defiance of their duties.
Because the rural population knows nothing of the
great majority of them, except as rent-exactors. These
landlords, for even so long a time, have been wasting
their means in striving at a display above their means,
and then engaging in political jobs to replace them.
Men may be absentees by haunting the Vice-Regal
Court of Dublin, as well as by spending their rents at
London or Paris. Men may live on their estates, yet
be practical absentees. While the Irish landlord has
thus been neglecting his duties, the Priest has been
discharging them ; and has in consequence inherited
the landlord's share of influence in addition to his own.
We believe that while Mr. O'CONNELL and the Nation
generalise the epithets of " Sa.s.enagh," and
" stranger enemy," the Irish peasant personifies them
in the landlord, whom he knows not under the old
Saxon name of "bread-divider," but solely as rent-
taker.

This is the source of thelandlords' impotence among
their countrymen. This it is that has placed them in
the position from which they seek to escape by ex-
posing Government to odium for merely seeking to
deal fairly with landlord and peasant alike, while
they would fain keep all to themselves. And now,
having done what they can in their respective locali-
ties to weaken Government at a time when it most
needs to be strengthened, they are going to meet in
Dublin, to increase public distrcction and waste pre-
cious time by talking when they should be acting.
In one way we can conceive that a committee of in-
telligent leaders among the land-owning class might
at this moment make themselves useful in I tublin. We
hear much of the destitution that prevails, and have
no doubt as to its extent and intensity. But down to
the moment at which we write, we are destitute of any
tangible or specific details as to the amount of food in
the country, or the numbers and local distribution of
those who require food and extra employment. There
is food enough in some parts of Ireland : it is not in
every barony that the people have lost their whole
available sustenance, and are destitute of employ-
ment. What localities require assistance I How
many people require assistance ? What amount of
assistance da they require ? Give us the means
to proportion the aid to the exigency. No-
where dues there appear to have been any sys-
tematic or persevering attempt on the part of
the Irish public, to elicit this information, or to
give it publicity. Yet in no part of the empire could
it be more easily effected by voluntary effort. The
exact boundaries of every town-land have been ascer-
tained by the Ordnance Survey. The diet popula-
tion of every parish and barony has been ascertained
by the last census. There are relief committees in all
parts of the country, and the county lieutenants have
been instructed to organise such committees in sub-
divisions of every barony. With little exertion, these
committees might prepare accurate statistical returns
of the amount of destitution in their respective dis-
tricts, and of the local means to provide fur it. A
central committee in Dublin might work these up
into a complete return, which would at once serve
Government as a guide in the direction of its exer-
tions, and inform the general public of the
empire where relief was required, and to
what amount. Had a tithe of the destitution
now existing in Ireland befallen England or
Scotland, such a step would have been taken
long ago ; because Englishmen and Scotchmen are
accustomed to help themselves, or, if they cannot, to
proportion their requests for aid to their actual wants.
But in Ireland it has ever been too much the habit to
lose heart and self-reliance.

It is not enough to say that there are a thousand
here, and three thousand there, who have lost all th, it
potatoes. Extraordinary means of relief are not re-
quired for the whole of these. There are ordinary
permanent means of relieving part of them; it is
only the surplus in whose behalf extraordinary efforts
are required. There are in Ireland 130 Poor-law
Unions, with their boards of guardians and their
workhouses. There are in Ireland 664 district dispen-
saries,lol fever hospitals, 41 infirmaries. There is in
Ireland some available employ meat from private
individuals; and there are public works actually in
progress. What proportion of the destitute can be
taken in charge by these ordinary means of relit!? It
is only for the surplus that extraordinary means
require to be called. into play. Let the landlords, the
general public of Ireland, drew up a distinct account
of what is required to be done, and what they can
themselves do; let them be doing, even while pre-
paring this statement ; and no extra aid that is re-
quired will be grudged. But give us the means to
detect and check the jobbing and peculation of those,
who in every country are too ready to thrust them-
selves forward on such occasions to waste and absorb,
in " management," the funds advanced for distress.

Two important memorials have been addressed to
the Lords of the Treasury by the Manchester Cham-
ber of Commerce. One of these urges their Lord-
ships to take into immediate consideration the pro-
visions of the navigation laws, with a view to remedy
the restraints to which they subject trade. It is brief,
and simply states the opinion of the memorialists,
that these laws are impolitic, and that it is impossible
to retain them against the United States and seVe:al I
other nations.
The other memorial is levelled against tyre system
pursued by the East India Company ta respect to
bills and the rate of exchange. Tkie Chamber of
Commerce, after premising that b.,. the Act 3 and 4
William IV., the East India Conrininy are precluded
from engaging in trade so loNg as the government of
the Anglo-Indian territorica are entrusted to them,
proceeds to state :
..11u: notwithstanding the veal of parliament so dialir.ctly

down. the lloneurable the Last India Coanreinv commenced, imme-
diately after the 'etas's' of the act, a an stern of destine which doubly
interfered with otho rs of the trading subjects of hie majesty, hr disturb-
ing the prig. both of gonals and money. Under the plea of procuring
tie sofa receipt of funde fur the diacharge of the homaarablecompany'a
liabilities In this coon ry, warehouses were opened at all the pen&
drones, where money advances were mode to them who were willing
to deposit goods, to be controlled by consignment to the company
In Leselmhall-street ; and at the name time they Wooed bills on
In return for mosey paid to them in London. The effects
of this double narration could not be long concealed; the
markets of Indio were ruffled,—becoming elevated at one time by
the power which the company's money advances there gave to
bold adventurers arid reckless speculators; and bnaruid at :mother,
wee,' 'eat", Wrroatrl ar,,,,tio were log in Lg. disturbonees
like these render imposehle that safe and equitable system of Cyan-
merce b. which alone the solid intereSe !of both producer Lind con-
somme can be intemationaliy developed; and these disturfoneee
have been further aggravated by the arbitrary "twiner in which the
honourable company hare been in the habit .of fixing the rate of ex-
change at which their advances in India, or theoc bills in !melon, hove
been granted. It Is, therefore, no source of wonder to your
riali tae What India has been visited by periods of commercial depres-
sion and disarm,* more frequently and :Lore severely than any other
portion of her Maje-ty ',dominions; and they 010 not hesitate to express
their opinion thot such will continue to be the case so long no the sys-
tem of which they clonal:du shall be permitted to be practised."
The memorial then enters into an historical resume
of the ineffectual efforts made by the Chamber to
obtain an alteration of the system by applications to
the Treasury and the Board of Control. A notifica-
tion of the Governor-General of India in August,
1813, is quoted, stating that the local governmea had
recommended the home authorities to discontinue the
practice as unnecessary wad mischievous. 1/ocuments
are also quoted to show that dissatisfaction had been
excited at Calcutta by the home government persist-
ing in the practice, and that it had been discontinued
at Bombay. The memorial, after intimating the
latter fact, proceeds :
" But notwithstanding this publided declar..tion of the local govern-
ment, other interests prevailed, mad the 'v-tern wear still continued.
In the early part of this year, however. the news arrived that the
honourable company had ems. el their hypothecating warehouses in
India. and had announced that no further advances on the hvpothees.
tion of goods would be made in any of the presidencies, during the
move n( the then (official year; that La, from lkocernlair 22' 1845, to the
Is! of May, 181 G. In the hope that wiser counsels were about to pre-
vail, and feeling that no permanent good to India couid arise from a
temporary ahmadontnent of tie system, Your memonalists forthwith
addressed a memorial to the court of directors of the honourable corn-
pane, dated Ist of May, expressing their satisfaction at the
closing of the hapothecating warehouses, and praying that the
' system might lie finally abandoned, and that the fact of
such final abandonment might be promulgated by them-
selves throughout all the preoidencies. To this memorial
ft was replid that the court did not deem it expedient to shanden
that system of remittance ; and within a few weeks the honourable
court published a nonce in London thatadrunees on the hypothecation
of good+ in India would be made there to the extent of 800,000/. up to
the Ist May, lilt. Tour ir.eanosnalisLa cannot know the motive,•
which have induced this inisehievoin Mr.,: for experience has proved
that if confidence could be placed in the discretion and continuity of
purpow of the Court of Directors, abundance of means would be pro-
vioinl for the legitimate want.' of the government, by payments unto
their London treasury aptinat ball. on India. The ordinary require-
meuts of the honourah ,ao company in England are ilout ;1,000,000/.
a-year during the yea 1845, when the pawning oval, m was in toner,
the receipts by them in London as tint bill. on India amounted to
3,183,7214.; and from the lith of January to the Coth of September, of
the present year, the rum so paid in London amount to 2,29t1,0e0f.,
being at the rate of 3,300,000/. for the year."
The memorial concludes in these words:
"Your memorialist, are aware that a money pressure has existed
for some time In India, towards which many comers may have
comb:tied ; but they believe that no cane contributes mote to din.
tun:cage and pressure than the >hewn' of which they compiain. It
cannot be expected that kuletillalik capital can tiow into In aa, either
for It., ordinary occupation,- of COIiUMITV, or is amide-anon to land
culture, so long as every operation and every interest ran be arbitra-
rily In'erfered with by the pawning propensities of the government..
Imtia hoe long sneered foam these came.. Commercial capital has,
indeed, been used by stare, but never without ampicion of danger;
nor will it be fully applied until released fruit the apprehension of
being ore onseioualy brought into a rivalry with the government, or
being suddenly end dospothially insured by an interference with the
natural current uf the exchange."

The troubles of New Zealand are not yet over. We
have been favoured with the perusal of a letter from
Wellington, dated the 26th a May, from a month to
five weeks later than the previous recounts from that
quarter. The letter came by way of Valparaiso. The
writs is a person whose veracity and firmness warrant
confidence in his statements :
" We are inn state of great al rem :aid consternation, owing to the
cireuurdwwe of Montihamita, the Wairau taurderer, having, with his
tribe, (alien sudiksilv upon some at out-is't on the Hull,
and killed and u I MAW till ; al-o a ; odd it to this he threatens
to k!ll every white man here. We are using every effort of Which we
are eandile at tdrengthen ounelve' ..cainst any attach that may be
made ow in but the want of sufilvient military force heightens our
apprelansion of il.mger simuid curls an is.vurranee tale pilaw."

The Hon. Hobert Boyle has been appointed one of
tho grooms in waiting on her Majesty; and it is
believed that Earl Cowper will succeed Lord Thanet
as Lord 'Lieutenant It the County of Kent.

It understood that Mr. Justice Erie will go to
the Queen's Bench, and Mr. Vaughan Williams to
the Common Pleas.

EXPRESS FROM PARIS.

The Paris journals of Tuesday announce the arrival
of the Prince de Joinville, at half-past 11 o'clock on
the preceding day. Two hours afterwards he accom-
panied the King and the Due de Neinours to a
general review of the troops garrisoned in Paris,
which took place in the court of the Tuileries, pre-
paratory to the departure of certain regiments.
The telegraph chronicles the triumphant advance
of the French Princes in Spain. On the 4th inst., at
11 o'clock, u.m., they were at Miranda-de-Ebro, and
reached Burgos in the evening of the same day, at six
o'cLek. At eight the following morning they pro-
ceeded onwards for Buitrago. It is stated that their
Royal Highnesses met with the same reception in
Castile as in the Basque provinces, and that in all
places they were welcomed with the loudest acclama-
tions. It was reported that some informality had
been detected in the marriage contract of the Prince
with the Infanta, which might cause some delay. It
was also said that Lord Normanby had declined
dining at the Chateau of St. Cloud on Tuesday, the
birth-day of the King.
M. Dranit, the Opposition Deputy, whose election
had been declared void, atter the sharpest discussion
of the last short session, has been re-elected at Poitiers
by a majority of 32 votes. a greater number than at
his last election. This was to be expected.
The sums withrawn from the savings b-inks of
Paris continue to increase weekly. During the week
ending Monday last they amounted to 814,048 francs,
the new deposits to 602,616 only.
A letter from Brest, dated October 2, states that
the French troops bound for Oceania were to embark
immediately. The Minister of Marine, Vice-Admiral
Mackau, was to prolong his stay at Brest until the Gth
of October.
M. Bernhard da Silva Cabral embarked, on the
2.ird ult., at Cadiz for Marseilles, on hoard the Gundo
Guditona. From Marseilles he intends to come to
' Paris.
General Polo, brother-in-law to Cabrera, his aide-
de-camp Chincilla, and another superior officer of the
old C'arlist army of Aragon, have been arnsted within
the last few days, at Carpentras. Two other Spanish
refugees, Abbe Ma-anus and M. Colei, have also been
arrested at Avignon.
PARIS, OM 6. Cour* dr I Fen, igise, for miner.—Five per Cents.,
117.0. Three per Cents., ti2.6i. • Shares or the Hank. 3195; Rent e
de !Caplet ( rothselul4). 101; Bom'an !OM ; Belgian Five per
Cents. !Mt)), 100; Mtn (VW). 112 i ; (Sank $1141,9, 13;0;
tianneron &to, 1172.50. Esehantre on L•sulort, .P 3 days. 23.:0 ;
three months, 23.3.5. The Five per Cents. ells al far the account • t
117.35; tae Three per Cents. at 82.03.

Our colvices from Madrid are of the Ist instant.
All the capital was on the tiptoe of expectation for
the arrival of the French princes, and great prepara-
tions making for the festivities to take place on the
celebration of the two marriages definitively settled
:or the 10th instant.
El Tiempo announces the expected recognition of
Queen Isabella by the Northern Powers. A letter
from Berlin asserts that Count de Below is to be the
Ambassador of the King of Prussia at the Court of
Madrid,
The Era del Omit-rel.,' has paid the fine to which it
was condemned, and appeared as usual on the 30th.
In the evening of the 29th, the General Officers of
the garrison of Madrid waited on the Queen and the
Infanta to coogratulate them on their approaching
marriages.
A Madrid letter of the 30th ult. states that tilt;
Spanish Government had intended to publish a very w.e_
tenstve amnesty on the occasion of the double marilege,
but that th • movement of the Carlists. and the sum), esed
collusion of some of the leaders of the Progresaist rstrty,
will necessarily render it much more limited than it
would have been; if, indeed, the amnesty be not
altogether postponed.
The artillery corps of Spain has determined, says a
letter from Madrid, to offer to the Duke of Cadiz and
the Duke de Monpensier two magnificent swords from
the manufactory of Toledo. The scabbards are to be of
silver, and arc t' represent snakes intertwined. Those
weapons are to be enclosed in boxes covered with
morocco leather, lined with velvet, and ornamented
with allegorical gildings.
It was generally reported on the Paris Bourse that
Mr. Bulwer was to leave Madrid during the celebra-
tion of the marriage festivities.
MAIMID, OCT. I. —Three wr Cents , ; roar per Cents., 21i ;
Fire per Cent.., 12. Other prkes as our I qnotations.

en.:cd by the Mexican mail of the
iii,„"s of Dcl Monte and Boleno, is
the former, the quantity of
tihro2::irycesEcaicotolfsuftnahtetory.
ore raised exceeds the means reduction, and might
be much further increased. There is a large quantity
both of smelting and common ore. The profit for
July is 15,000 dollars, and for August, 18,000. The
mines look well in every cart. Possession of the
celebrated Cerro-del-Butte mine was obtained on the
3rd of August. The other mines of St. Francisco,
are also promising well.
SOUTH A E 111 (:.k.—l'Eur.--By way of Panama,
and brought by the Medway steamer, advice' have been
received to-day from Lima, to the 13th of August. Politi-
cally they have no importance. The repub:ic was in the
enjoyment of perfect tranquillity. General Castilla, the
l'resident, says a private letter, " appears to be firmly fixed,
and the last thing people seem to think of is a revolution."
Although Peru has sow been two years with internal peace,
commerce was only beginning to revive after so lung a check.
Confidence had, however, just received a severe shock, the
remains of long former depression, in the failure of the house
of Puch and Ilerro, large native buyers, or intermediate
wholesale dealers, perhaps the largest, betwixt mercantile
importers and retailers. Thee had called their creditors
together. The failure was of 'large amount, but it was ex-
pected that with time they would he able to pay all, although
the loss might be equal to 50 per cent. for the creditors, from
the delay. Two leading English hopses in Lima were the
largest creditors.
MEXICO.— Extract !tom a private letter dated
Mexico, 28th August :
Political affairs here are in such a confused state, that it is almost
impossible to understand what is gang en ; however, I will tell you
all I know. You will already have heard by the last packet, of the
pronunciamento in Vera Cruz., in favour of Santa Anna, and that an
invitation was immediately sent to him to return to the republic. Two
days after the arrival of thin news here, the troops followed the
example of the Vera trur.,,nos, and pronounced for Santa and Fede-
ration. Pariahs hid a few days before, on the ground of his going to
march to the north, delivered over the governmeut into the ham.. of
General Bravo, and a liberal ministry had been formed, whose inten-
tion it was to have at once made peace with North America ; and by
carrying through some liberal motions, have at least for a short time
sustained the different restless parties. This, however, failed with the fede-
ralist., and the followers of Santa Anna, and the revolution broke out.
The fallen administration slid not attempt to make any resistance, and
thus no blood was shed, and all passed off quietly. General Stan ;a
man without any reputation or followers) took upon himself the
charge of &traits and Gamer Farhat. the chief of the Federalists,
assists him in the eseteise of the duties until the arrival of Santa
Anna. lie was expected to arrive by the last packet, but this was
not the rase, as he hail hired a steamboat for the occasion, in which
lie art ived three days later, and although it was reported heti• that
the Commodore of the American squadron hail inlets not to allow
hiss to enter into Vera Cruz, which Was of course very natural, being
a Mexican general, yet lie was permitted to land In the middle of the
day without Ming Moksted, and is now on his war to Mexico to take
the reins of government, with the emustitutino 0f.1821, consequently
Federaton. The soldiers, and the personal friends of Smite Antic
excepted, no one in in his favour, but set the people allow those
things to take their course, without troubling their heads ohs tter
it is for their good or nod, or at least without taking any steps to pre-
vent it. That the Americans have allowed Santa Anna Meister the
republic is a circumstance which no one as yet van exPl,lin oats-fat.
writs ; he has no doubt been in communiattion with the American
governnsent, but whether he has promised to make a speedy peace,
and intends being at once at the bead of the government, to deceive
them and carry on the war vigorouslv, or whether it is really his par-
par to make peace, and is eatable of doing so, is not known. At the
calne time, the American forces in the north, in four bodies, are
marching on indifferent directions. One proceeds into Nuevo Mynas,
a second has alnotly taken 1111.0-141111 of Monclova ; a third, the '
principal detachment, is on the road towards Monterey, and the '
volunteer', keeping along the coast. are in possession of clan Fern:auto,
and are odd to he at the present moment past Sista la Marina. It
appears also that Ciudad Victoria, the capital of Tantaulipaa aan the
a•-taps stutter the name of Aguayo), has already fallen into their
hinds, and (;t4 only knows how this will era The Americ.in
squadron in Vera Cruz remains quiet ; and it rmpears that it
is •not their intention to undertake anything against that place.
The Mexicans in general still are of opinion that they are capable of
carrying on the war, whereas all the foreigners and all Mexicans of
judgment are, since the battles of Palo Aitsiand itesaeco de Guerrero,
of quite a contrary opinion, and are no doubt right, for the Mexican
troops leave every place where the Americans make their appeartnee.
There is no douht that a peace at the but
moment would he a
most disgraceful one for the Mexicans, but what arc they to do? If
they carry on this war it will be quite a- disgraceful, for In that ease
we shall see the Americans enter triunsphantly into the capital of
Mexico, far it is the general opinion that the troops will not face the
Americans a second time. The distance the Americana hart marched
from the Mexican boundary is about 450 leagues ; and the distance
from where they are to the c spiral, about kV; that is to say the more
advanced body.