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2099100

2099101

2099102

Dimensional approaches to @entity146 diagnosis in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 is the compendium of disorder listings and diagnostic criteria used by clinicians in the United States and many other countries. The forthcoming fifth edition of the manual ( @entity4987 ) represents an opportunity to not only update diagnostic information in concert with recent advances in the science and practice of psychiatry, but also to more strongly consider the integration of systematically gathered @entity1 self-assessments of symptom severity. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To present information on planned changes to the DSM diagnostic assessment strategies that incorporate @entity1 -reported data. METHODS: Activities of the @entity4987 work groups and study groups related to @entity1 -reported assessments are summarized. These activities include critical reviews of past research, reviews of assessment instruments, development of assessment strategies incorporating dimensional assessments of @entity1 ' clinical symptoms, and testing of proposed strategies. RESULTS: Limitations of the current DSM diagnostic assessment system are discussed. With the current approach to diagnosis used in DSM-IV, clinicians must decide whether a @entity1 meets the diagnostic criteria set forth for a @entity74 as present or absent. This categorical approach to the diagnostic threshold constricts the range of clinical information that may be of high importance to treatment planning, prognosis, and monitoring treatment outcomes. Advantages to incorporation of a dimensional assessment strategy are also discussed. A dimensional approach to @entity146 diagnosis provides clinicians with more information, and with standardized dimensional rating scales, can give @entity1 self-reports a greater role in the clinical process. A description of the proposed methods for integrating dimensional assessments into @entity4987 is presented. Initial pilot testing of these changes to DSM indicate that clinicians and @entity1 / @entity1 informants found the dimensional measures to be useful, simple, and relevant to clinical care. DISCUSSION: The introduction of @entity1 -reported symptom assessments as part of the DSM would represent a major change in @entity146 practice, with implications for @entity1 care, mental health policy, and health care funding. The ultimate goal of such a change is to increase @entity1 satisfaction with care and improve treatment outcomes. These goals will be the subject of continuing evaluation after the @entity4987 is published. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: The use of @entity1 -reported dimensional assessments of symptom severity will aid in more comprehensive and systematized characterizations of baseline clinical status and subsequent changes in clinical status with treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: The use of principles of evidence-based medicine and measurement-based care are likely to increase in the United States as health care reform measures are put into place. The @entity4987 proposals for @entity1 -reported measures can serve as an initial method for gauging the outcomes of treatments. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: As with previous editions of the DSM, the changes implemented in @entity4987 will continue to be the focus of research efforts after publication. Results from this research will serve as the basis for further refinements in measurement recommendations.

2099103

2099104

2099105

Dimensional approaches to XXXX diagnosis in @entity4987 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 is the compendium of disorder listings and diagnostic criteria used by clinicians in the United States and many other countries. The forthcoming fifth edition of the manual ( @entity4987 ) represents an opportunity to not only update diagnostic information in concert with recent advances in the science and practice of psychiatry, but also to more strongly consider the integration of systematically gathered @entity1 self-assessments of symptom severity. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To present information on planned changes to the DSM diagnostic assessment strategies that incorporate @entity1 -reported data. METHODS: Activities of the @entity4987 work groups and study groups related to @entity1 -reported assessments are summarized. These activities include critical reviews of past research, reviews of assessment instruments, development of assessment strategies incorporating dimensional assessments of @entity1 ' clinical symptoms, and testing of proposed strategies. RESULTS: Limitations of the current DSM diagnostic assessment system are discussed. With the current approach to diagnosis used in DSM-IV, clinicians must decide whether a @entity1 meets the diagnostic criteria set forth for a @entity74 as present or absent. This categorical approach to the diagnostic threshold constricts the range of clinical information that may be of high importance to treatment planning, prognosis, and monitoring treatment outcomes. Advantages to incorporation of a dimensional assessment strategy are also discussed. A dimensional approach to @entity146 diagnosis provides clinicians with more information, and with standardized dimensional rating scales, can give @entity1 self-reports a greater role in the clinical process. A description of the proposed methods for integrating dimensional assessments into @entity4987 is presented. Initial pilot testing of these changes to DSM indicate that clinicians and @entity1 / @entity1 informants found the dimensional measures to be useful, simple, and relevant to clinical care. DISCUSSION: The introduction of @entity1 -reported symptom assessments as part of the DSM would represent a major change in @entity146 practice, with implications for @entity1 care, mental health policy, and health care funding. The ultimate goal of such a change is to increase @entity1 satisfaction with care and improve treatment outcomes. These goals will be the subject of continuing evaluation after the @entity4987 is published. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: The use of @entity1 -reported dimensional assessments of symptom severity will aid in more comprehensive and systematized characterizations of baseline clinical status and subsequent changes in clinical status with treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: The use of principles of evidence-based medicine and measurement-based care are likely to increase in the United States as health care reform measures are put into place. The @entity4987 proposals for @entity1 -reported measures can serve as an initial method for gauging the outcomes of treatments. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: As with previous editions of the DSM, the changes implemented in @entity4987 will continue to be the focus of research efforts after publication. Results from this research will serve as the basis for further refinements in measurement recommendations.

2099106

2099107

2099108

Low-dose inhaled @entity1223 attenuates the remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb XXXX -reperfusion.

multiple_choice

Heme oxygenase (HO) represents the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of @entity1446 into @entity1223 (CO), @entity68 , and @entity8864 . Recent evidence suggests that several of the beneficial properties of HO, may be linked to CO. The objectives of this study were to determine if low-dose inhaled CO reduces remote intestinal leukocyte recruitment, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress elicited by hindlimb @entity63 -reperfusion (I/R). Male @entity19 underwent 1 h of hindlimb @entity63 , followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Throughout reperfusion, @entity19 were exposed to AIR or AIR + CO (250 ppm). Following reperfusion, the distal ileum was exteriorized to assess the intestinal inflammatory response by quantifying leukocyte rolling and adhesion in submucosal postcapillary venules with the use of intravital microscopy. Ileum samples were also analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine expression [ @entity5 @entity39 factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta] and @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and @entity4466 reactive substances assays, respectively. I/R + AIR led to a significant decrease in leukocyte rolling velocity and a sevenfold increase in leukocyte adhesion. This was also accompanied by a significant 1.3-fold increase in ileum @entity1865 and 2.3-fold increase in @entity637 expression. Treatment with AIR + CO led to a significant reduction in leukocyte recruitment and @entity637 expression elicited by I/R; however, @entity1865 levels remained unchanged. Our data suggest that low-dose inhaled CO selectively attenuates the remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb I/R, yet does not provide protection against intestinal lipid peroxidation. CO may represent a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic treatment to target remote organs following acute @entity130 and/or I/R injury.

2099109

2099110

2099111

Low-dose inhaled XXXX attenuates the remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb @entity63 -reperfusion.

multiple_choice

Heme oxygenase (HO) represents the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of @entity1446 into @entity1223 (CO), @entity68 , and @entity8864 . Recent evidence suggests that several of the beneficial properties of HO, may be linked to CO. The objectives of this study were to determine if low-dose inhaled CO reduces remote intestinal leukocyte recruitment, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress elicited by hindlimb @entity63 -reperfusion (I/R). Male @entity19 underwent 1 h of hindlimb @entity63 , followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Throughout reperfusion, @entity19 were exposed to AIR or AIR + CO (250 ppm). Following reperfusion, the distal ileum was exteriorized to assess the intestinal inflammatory response by quantifying leukocyte rolling and adhesion in submucosal postcapillary venules with the use of intravital microscopy. Ileum samples were also analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine expression [ @entity5 @entity39 factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta] and @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and @entity4466 reactive substances assays, respectively. I/R + AIR led to a significant decrease in leukocyte rolling velocity and a sevenfold increase in leukocyte adhesion. This was also accompanied by a significant 1.3-fold increase in ileum @entity1865 and 2.3-fold increase in @entity637 expression. Treatment with AIR + CO led to a significant reduction in leukocyte recruitment and @entity637 expression elicited by I/R; however, @entity1865 levels remained unchanged. Our data suggest that low-dose inhaled CO selectively attenuates the remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb I/R, yet does not provide protection against intestinal lipid peroxidation. CO may represent a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic treatment to target remote organs following acute @entity130 and/or I/R injury.

2099112

2099113

2099114

Development of the indicator @entity535 oxidation technique to determine the availability of XXXX from dietary protein in @entity1707 .

multiple_choice

Standardized ileal ("true") digestibility is currently the best estimate of @entity535 digestibility, but it does not measure bioavailability. Growth assays to determine @entity535 bioavailability are expensive and laborious; thus, a rapid method is needed. Applying the principle of slope-ratio assay to the indicator @entity535 oxidation (IAAO) method, we hypothesized that the reduction in indicator oxidation per gram of @entity376 in feedstuffs relative to that per gram of free @entity376 represented the bioavailability of @entity376 , here termed "metabolic availability." Indicator oxidation in @entity1707 was linear over increasing @entity376 intakes (r = 0.90, P = 0.001) when the dietary @entity376 contents were 2 SD below the mean @entity376 requirement of the @entity1707 . @entity3587 were treated (raw, heated to reduce @entity376 availability, or heated with added @entity376 ) to test the responsiveness of the IAAO to differing @entity376 availability. Free @entity376 reduced indicator oxidation by 3.16% of dose oxidized per gram added @entity376 , whereas the addition of protein @entity376 as raw (-2.81%) and heated @entity3587 (-1.73%) reduced oxidation to a lesser degree. Adding free @entity376 to heated @entity3587 decreased indicator oxidation, evidence that heating had worsened the utilization of @entity3587 protein for protein synthesis by reducing the bioavailability of @entity376 alone. @entity3587 diets differed only in the availability of @entity376 ; therefore IAAO detected differences in @entity376 bioavailability. Because the IAAO technique responds to @entity376 available at the sites of protein synthesis, the metabolic availability covers all losses during digestion, absorption, and utilization of @entity376 . This method can determine the metabolic availability of @entity1522 of a feedstuff within 2 wk.

2099115

2099116

2099117

Development of the indicator XXXX oxidation technique to determine the availability of @entity1522 from dietary protein in @entity1707 .

multiple_choice

Standardized ileal ("true") digestibility is currently the best estimate of @entity535 digestibility, but it does not measure bioavailability. Growth assays to determine @entity535 bioavailability are expensive and laborious; thus, a rapid method is needed. Applying the principle of slope-ratio assay to the indicator @entity535 oxidation (IAAO) method, we hypothesized that the reduction in indicator oxidation per gram of @entity376 in feedstuffs relative to that per gram of free @entity376 represented the bioavailability of @entity376 , here termed "metabolic availability." Indicator oxidation in @entity1707 was linear over increasing @entity376 intakes (r = 0.90, P = 0.001) when the dietary @entity376 contents were 2 SD below the mean @entity376 requirement of the @entity1707 . @entity3587 were treated (raw, heated to reduce @entity376 availability, or heated with added @entity376 ) to test the responsiveness of the IAAO to differing @entity376 availability. Free @entity376 reduced indicator oxidation by 3.16% of dose oxidized per gram added @entity376 , whereas the addition of protein @entity376 as raw (-2.81%) and heated @entity3587 (-1.73%) reduced oxidation to a lesser degree. Adding free @entity376 to heated @entity3587 decreased indicator oxidation, evidence that heating had worsened the utilization of @entity3587 protein for protein synthesis by reducing the bioavailability of @entity376 alone. @entity3587 diets differed only in the availability of @entity376 ; therefore IAAO detected differences in @entity376 bioavailability. Because the IAAO technique responds to @entity376 available at the sites of protein synthesis, the metabolic availability covers all losses during digestion, absorption, and utilization of @entity376 . This method can determine the metabolic availability of @entity1522 of a feedstuff within 2 wk.

2099118

2099119

2099120

Development of the indicator @entity535 oxidation technique to determine the availability of @entity1522 from dietary protein in XXXX .

multiple_choice

Standardized ileal ("true") digestibility is currently the best estimate of @entity535 digestibility, but it does not measure bioavailability. Growth assays to determine @entity535 bioavailability are expensive and laborious; thus, a rapid method is needed. Applying the principle of slope-ratio assay to the indicator @entity535 oxidation (IAAO) method, we hypothesized that the reduction in indicator oxidation per gram of @entity376 in feedstuffs relative to that per gram of free @entity376 represented the bioavailability of @entity376 , here termed "metabolic availability." Indicator oxidation in @entity1707 was linear over increasing @entity376 intakes (r = 0.90, P = 0.001) when the dietary @entity376 contents were 2 SD below the mean @entity376 requirement of the @entity1707 . @entity3587 were treated (raw, heated to reduce @entity376 availability, or heated with added @entity376 ) to test the responsiveness of the IAAO to differing @entity376 availability. Free @entity376 reduced indicator oxidation by 3.16% of dose oxidized per gram added @entity376 , whereas the addition of protein @entity376 as raw (-2.81%) and heated @entity3587 (-1.73%) reduced oxidation to a lesser degree. Adding free @entity376 to heated @entity3587 decreased indicator oxidation, evidence that heating had worsened the utilization of @entity3587 protein for protein synthesis by reducing the bioavailability of @entity376 alone. @entity3587 diets differed only in the availability of @entity376 ; therefore IAAO detected differences in @entity376 bioavailability. Because the IAAO technique responds to @entity376 available at the sites of protein synthesis, the metabolic availability covers all losses during digestion, absorption, and utilization of @entity376 . This method can determine the metabolic availability of @entity1522 of a feedstuff within 2 wk.

2099121

2099122

2099123

The terrible choice: re-evaluating hospice eligibility criteria for XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To be eligible for the Medicare Hospice Benefit, @entity5 @entity1 with a life expectancy of 6 months or less must give up curative treatment. Our goal was to determine whether willingness to make this choice identifies @entity1 with greater need for hospice services. @entity1 AND METHODS: Three hundred @entity1 with @entity5 and 171 family members were recruited from six oncology practices. Respondents completed conjoint interviews in which their perceived need for five hospice services was calculated from the choices they made among combinations of services. @entity1 ' preferences for treatment were measured, and @entity1 were followed for 6 months or until @entity204 . RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity1 (13%) said they would not want @entity5 treatment even if it offered an almost 100% chance of 6-month survival. These @entity1 , who would have been eligible for hospice, did not have greater perceived need for hospice services compared with other @entity1 (n = 262; mean, 1.75 v 1.98; Wilcoxon rank sum test, P = .46), nor did their family members (mean, 1.95 v 2.04; Wilcoxon rank sum test, P = .80). Instead, independent predictors of @entity1 ' perceived need for hospice services included African American ethnicity, less social support, worse functional status, and a greater burden of @entity1109 . For families, predictors included caregiver burden, worse self-reported health, working outside the home, and caring for a @entity1 with worse functional status. CONCLUSION: The requirement that @entity1 forgo life-sustaining treatment does not identify @entity1 with greater perceived need for hospice services. Other characteristics offer a better way to identify the @entity1 who are most likely to benefit from hospice.

2099124

2099125

2099126

Sociodemographic features, affective symptoms and family functioning in hospitalized @entity1 with @entity4785 ( XXXX type).

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To study the sociodemographic features, co-morbid @entity148 and @entity308 and family functioning in @entity1 admitted with @entity4785 to a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. METHOD: @entity1 admitted between April 2004 to September 2004 in Psychiatry Unit, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar and diagnosed as @entity4785 ( @entity410 type) based on ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for @entity146 were included in the study. The sample size was 100. The demographic information was recorded, Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 scale and Family APGAR scale were administered. RESULTS: Majority of @entity1 were female (88%), uneducated (71%) and residing in rural areas (70%). Scores on @entity148 scale showed no significant relation with demographic variables except area of residence (p = 0.002). Scores on @entity308 subscale of HADS also showed a significant relation only with area of residence p = 0.05. @entity148 was present in 43% of @entity1 while 73% had clinical @entity308 . The relation between family functioning and @entity4785 was not significant in our sample. CONCLUSION: @entity4785 , @entity410 type, occurs mostly in females who are uneducated and residents of rural areas. Association of @entity308 with @entity4785 was significant, however our study did not show any significant relation between this disorder and family functioning.

2099127

2099128

2099129

Sociodemographic features, affective symptoms and family functioning in hospitalized @entity1 with XXXX ( @entity410 type).

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To study the sociodemographic features, co-morbid @entity148 and @entity308 and family functioning in @entity1 admitted with @entity4785 to a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. METHOD: @entity1 admitted between April 2004 to September 2004 in Psychiatry Unit, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar and diagnosed as @entity4785 ( @entity410 type) based on ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for @entity146 were included in the study. The sample size was 100. The demographic information was recorded, Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 scale and Family APGAR scale were administered. RESULTS: Majority of @entity1 were female (88%), uneducated (71%) and residing in rural areas (70%). Scores on @entity148 scale showed no significant relation with demographic variables except area of residence (p = 0.002). Scores on @entity308 subscale of HADS also showed a significant relation only with area of residence p = 0.05. @entity148 was present in 43% of @entity1 while 73% had clinical @entity308 . The relation between family functioning and @entity4785 was not significant in our sample. CONCLUSION: @entity4785 , @entity410 type, occurs mostly in females who are uneducated and residents of rural areas. Association of @entity308 with @entity4785 was significant, however our study did not show any significant relation between this disorder and family functioning.

2099130

2099131

2099132

Sociodemographic features, affective symptoms and family functioning in hospitalized XXXX with @entity4785 ( @entity410 type).

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To study the sociodemographic features, co-morbid @entity148 and @entity308 and family functioning in @entity1 admitted with @entity4785 to a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. METHOD: @entity1 admitted between April 2004 to September 2004 in Psychiatry Unit, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar and diagnosed as @entity4785 ( @entity410 type) based on ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for @entity146 were included in the study. The sample size was 100. The demographic information was recorded, Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 scale and Family APGAR scale were administered. RESULTS: Majority of @entity1 were female (88%), uneducated (71%) and residing in rural areas (70%). Scores on @entity148 scale showed no significant relation with demographic variables except area of residence (p = 0.002). Scores on @entity308 subscale of HADS also showed a significant relation only with area of residence p = 0.05. @entity148 was present in 43% of @entity1 while 73% had clinical @entity308 . The relation between family functioning and @entity4785 was not significant in our sample. CONCLUSION: @entity4785 , @entity410 type, occurs mostly in females who are uneducated and residents of rural areas. Association of @entity308 with @entity4785 was significant, however our study did not show any significant relation between this disorder and family functioning.

2099133

2099134

2099135

[Therapeutic local anesthesia for the management of XXXX . A clinical case series].

multiple_choice

The management of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity4513 ( @entity4513 ) is a challenging task. The aim of this longitudinal clinical case series was to document the effect of a 4% @entity21456 solution without epinephrine among ten @entity1 with @entity4513 . Once or on two successive days, 1.7 ml of the local anesthetics was injected buccally in the area of the perceived @entity158 . @entity158 intensity was recorded four times daily by each @entity1 , beginning at least two weeks prior to the treatment and ending at least four weeks thereafter. The main outcome parameter was @entity158 reduction (in percent) four weeks after treatment compared to the average @entity158 intensity before the injection(s). In addition, study @entity1 were asked to rate their satisfaction with the treatment. Four weeks after treatment, seven of the ten @entity1 experienced significantly less @entity158 than before. Among five individuals, there was a significant @entity158 decrease (about 30% or more). @entity1 satisfaction was not significantly associated with the amount of @entity158 reduction. Considering the limited treatment options and their side effects, injections with @entity1425 -free @entity21456 seem to be a measure worth to be taken into consideration. Although results gained from uncontrolled case series have to be interpreted with caution, the findings of this observational study sound promising.

2099136

2099137

2099138

Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of urocortins 1, 2 and 3 in healthy XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The @entity68019 ( @entity68019 ) peptides are emerging as potential therapeutic targets for @entity299 . However, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the PK/PD for all three Ucns. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Seven @entity742 received 1 g kg(-1) boluses of Ucn1, @entity68020 and @entity68021 . Population PK/PD models were developed to describe the time course of the haemodynamic effects. RESULTS The population estimate for Ucn1 clearance (0.486 L h(-1)) was lower than that for @entity68020 (21.7 L h(-1)) and @entity68021 (220 L h(-1)), while steady-state volumes of distribution were similar for Ucn1 and @entity68020 ( 8 L) but substantially larger for @entity68021 (23.5 L). Ucn1 disposition was adequately described by a two-compartment model, with a one-compartment model required for @entity68020 and @entity68021 . The half-life for Ucn1 was 2.9 h (a phase) and 8.3 h (b phase), and 15.7 and 4.4 min for @entity68020 and @entity68021 respectively. All Ucns produced significant @entity5691 and left ventricular systolic and mean arterial pressures, and decreases in left atrial pressure and peripheral resistance. Delayed-effect pharmacodynamic models best described the time course of haemodynamic responses, with effects more rapid and less prolonged for @entity68020 and @entity68021 than Ucn1. Similar and physiologically plausible estimated baseline (E(0)) effects were exhibited by all Ucns, whereas EC(50) values were generally greater for Ucn1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Relative to Ucn1, both the PK and haemodynamic responses to @entity68020 and @entity68021 occurred more rapidly. Our data provide important comparative information, useful to the rational design of future clinical studies.

2099139

2099140

2099141

XXXX following photodynamic therapy using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers in normal brain.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Failure of treatment for high-grade @entity11 is usually due to local recurrence at the site of surgical resection indicating that a more aggressive form of local therapy such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be of benefit. The increase in @entity2657 following PDT using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers was compared in terms of animal survival, MR imaging, and histopathological changes in normal brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fischer @entity35 were exposed to increasing laser light treatment following intraperitoneal injection of either the photosensitizers @entity2518 (ALA) or @entity26158 (AlPcS2a). Light treatment was applied either via an optical fiber inserted directly into the brain parenchyma or through a fiber applied to the surface of the intact skull. @entity4 development was followed by T2-weighted MR imaging. RESULTS: ALA and AlPcS2a PDT resulted in a fluence dependent increase in @entity2657 and mortality. AlPcS2a PDT showed significant @entity4 and mortality even at low fluences following interstitial light delivery, which was reduced with surface illumination. The mechanism of @entity4 was determined to be vasogenic by response to @entity134 therapy and confirmed on histological images. CONCLUSIONS: T2 and contrast enhanced T1 MRI scanning proved to be a highly effective and noninvasive modality in following the development of the @entity4 reaction and the degree and time course of blood-brain barrier dysfunction thus allowing the use of fewer animals. ALA mediated PDT induced a lower @entity4 reaction than that observed with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a.

2099142

2099143

2099144

Diagnosing the cause of XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity662 presents a diagnostic challenge in outpatient family medicine. Noncardiac causes are common, but it is important not to overlook serious conditions such as an @entity1187 , @entity1151 , or @entity55 . In addition to a thorough history and physical examination, most @entity1 should have a chest radiograph and an electrocardiogram. @entity1 with @entity662 that is predictably exertional, with electrocardiogram abnormalities, or with cardiac risk factors should be evaluated further with measurement of troponin levels and cardiac stress testing. Risk of @entity1151 can be determined with a simple prediction rule, and a D-dimer assay can help determine whether further evaluation with helical computed tomography or venous ultrasound is needed. Fever, egophony, and dullness to percussion suggest @entity55 , which can be confirmed with chest radiograph. Although some @entity1 with @entity662 have @entity712 , this is unlikely in the absence of @entity1353 ; a brain natriuretic peptide level measurement can clarify the diagnosis. @entity158 reproducible by palpation is more likely to be musculoskeletal than @entity63 . @entity662 also may be associated with @entity4697 , for which @entity1 can be screened with a two-item questionnaire. Clinical prediction rules can help clarify many of these diagnoses.

2099145

2099146

2099147

XXXX versus cerebral perfusion during pulmonary endarterectomy surgery (PEACOG): a randomised controlled trial.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: For some surgical procedures to be done, a @entity1 's blood circulation needs to be stopped. In such situations, the maintenance of blood flow to the brain is perceived beneficial even in the presence of deep @entity2332 . We aimed to assess the benefits of the maintenance of antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) compared with deep hypothermic @entity1167 (DHCA). METHODS: @entity1 aged 18-80 years undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy surgery in a UK centre (Papworth Hospital, Cambridge) were randomly assigned with a computer generated sequence to receive either DHCA for periods of up to 20 min at 20 C or ACP (1:1 ratio). The primary endpoint was change in cognitive function at 12 weeks after surgery, as assessed by the trail-making A and B tests, the Rey auditory verbal learning test, and the grooved pegboard test. @entity1 and assessors were masked to treatment allocation. Primary analysis was by intention to treat. The trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN84972261. FINDINGS: We enrolled 74 of 196 screened @entity1 (35 to receive DHCA and 39 to receive ACP). Nine @entity1 crossed over from ACP to DHCA to allow complete endarterectomy. At 12 weeks, the mean difference between the two groups in Z scores (the change in cognitive function score from baseline divided by the baseline SD) for the three main cognitive tests was 0 14 (95% CI -0 14 to 0 42; p=0 33) for the trail-making A and B tests, -0 06 (-0 38 to 0 25; p=0 69) for the Rey auditory verbal learning test, and 0 01 (-0 26 to 0 29; p=0 92) for the grooved pegboard test. All @entity1 showed improvement in cognitive function at 12 weeks. We recorded no significant difference in adverse events between the two groups. At 12 weeks, two @entity1 had died (one in each group) [corrected]. INTERPRETATION: Cognitive function is not impaired by either ACP or DHCA. We recommend @entity1167 as the optimum modality for @entity1 undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy surgery. FUNDING: J P Moulton Charitable Foundation.

2099148

2099149

2099150

Use of the wallstent for symptomatic relief of XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To report our experience with the Wallstent for the relief of congestive symptoms in @entity1 with @entity6323 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated five @entity1 with @entity6323 with a total of seven self-expandable stents. All obstructions were due to extrinsic compression; the procedures were indicated to relieve congestive symptoms in @entity1 unresponsive to other therapies or in whom other treatments were contraindicated. @entity1 were evaluated for decrease in @entity843 and @entity4 , @entity353 , and patency, where available. RESULTS: All procedures were straightforward and obstructions could be successfully canalized. Inferior venacavograms obtained immediately after the procedure showed complete revascularization and disappearance of collateral circulation. Follow-up was carried out until @entity204 in four @entity1 and until discharge in one. Of the five @entity1 , four showed clinical improvement and one had no improvement. There was no recurrence of congestive symptoms. Except for one @entity1 with partial migration of a stent, there were no important complications related to the procedure. CONCLUSION: Wallstents could be placed without complications in the IVC and were effective to ameliorate congestive symptoms in @entity1 with @entity6323 .

2099151

2099152

2099153

Application of genomic biomarkers to predict XXXX incidence in 2-year rodent @entity5 bioassays.

multiple_choice

Rodent @entity5 bioassays are part of a legacy of safety testing that has not changed significantly over the past 30 years. The bioassays are expensive, time consuming, and use hundreds of animals. Fewer than 1500 chemicals have been tested in a rodent @entity5 bioassay compared to the thousands of environmental and industrial chemicals that remain untested for carcinogenic activity. In this study, we used existing data generated by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to identify gene expression biomarkers that can predict results from a rodent @entity5 bioassay. A set of 13 diverse chemicals was selected from those tested by the NTP. Seven chemicals were positive for @entity2 incidence in female B6C3F1 @entity19 and six were negative. Female @entity19 were exposed subchronically to each of the 13 chemicals, and microarray analysis was performed on the lung. Statistical classification analysis using the gene expression profiles identified a set of eight probe sets corresponding to six genes whose expression correctly predicted the @entity2 incidence with 93.9% accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2 and 91.8%, respectively. Among the six genes in the predictive signature, most were enzymes involved in endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism, and one gene was a @entity34340 involved in lung development. The results demonstrate that increases in @entity2 incidence in female @entity19 can be predicted using gene biomarkers from a subchronic exposure and may form the basis of a more efficient and economical approach for evaluating the carcinogenic activity of chemicals.

2099154

2099155

2099156

Application of genomic biomarkers to predict @entity2 incidence in 2-year rodent XXXX bioassays.

multiple_choice

Rodent @entity5 bioassays are part of a legacy of safety testing that has not changed significantly over the past 30 years. The bioassays are expensive, time consuming, and use hundreds of animals. Fewer than 1500 chemicals have been tested in a rodent @entity5 bioassay compared to the thousands of environmental and industrial chemicals that remain untested for carcinogenic activity. In this study, we used existing data generated by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to identify gene expression biomarkers that can predict results from a rodent @entity5 bioassay. A set of 13 diverse chemicals was selected from those tested by the NTP. Seven chemicals were positive for @entity2 incidence in female B6C3F1 @entity19 and six were negative. Female @entity19 were exposed subchronically to each of the 13 chemicals, and microarray analysis was performed on the lung. Statistical classification analysis using the gene expression profiles identified a set of eight probe sets corresponding to six genes whose expression correctly predicted the @entity2 incidence with 93.9% accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2 and 91.8%, respectively. Among the six genes in the predictive signature, most were enzymes involved in endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism, and one gene was a @entity34340 involved in lung development. The results demonstrate that increases in @entity2 incidence in female @entity19 can be predicted using gene biomarkers from a subchronic exposure and may form the basis of a more efficient and economical approach for evaluating the carcinogenic activity of chemicals.

2099157

2099158

2099159

Production of autoantibodies against citrullinated antigens/peptides by XXXX B cells.

multiple_choice

Autoantibodies against citrullinated protein Ags ( @entity7134 ) are associated with the development of @entity309 ( @entity309 ). This immune response against citrullinated protein Ags, which is thought to be facilitated by certain MHC HLA-DR alleles, is highly specific for this disease and has been speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis. We have previously studied cultures of B cells for the production of Abs against HLA Ags. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of B cells in the production of @entity7134 in @entity1 with @entity309 . Peripheral blood B cells from @entity309 @entity1 and healthy @entity1 were cultured with EL4-B5, a @entity19 cell line expressing @entity1 @entity11603 , and with T cell factors to stimulate the in vitro production of Abs by B cells isolated from peripheral blood. @entity7134 were produced by cultured B cells from @entity309 @entity1 , as determined by reactivity to cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP). The results showed that 22% of the healthy @entity1 tested also had B cells that could produce @entity7134 . @entity1 with HLA-DR alleles carrying the @entity309 -associated shared epitope appeared to have more B cells with autoimmune potential for CCP than those without such HLA alleles (odds ratio 8.1, p = 0.001). In healthy individuals, anti-CCP-producing B cells were also observed more frequently if the @entity309 -associated MHC genes were present (odds ratio 8.0, p = 0.01). Analysis of B cells in cultures may shed light on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the development of @entity309 .

2099160

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2099162

XXXX dressings using different preparation and application modes: density and dissolution by simulated tissue pressure.

multiple_choice

AIM: To study the effect of different apical shapes in prepared simulated root canals on the application of a commercially prepared @entity6086 paste by a syringe or lentulo spiral. METHODOLOGY: Three different types of root canal preparation were performed in 90 simulated canals: group A to an apical size 20 and a 0.10 taper using hand and rotary instruments, group B to an apical size 30 and a 0.08 taper using GT rotary instruments and group C to an apical size 40 and a 0.04 taper using ProFile 0.04 instruments. The insertion of @entity6086 [ @entity15383 ] paste was accomplished using either a lentulo spiral or a syringe. After 1 week of simulated fluid pressure applied to the apical end of the canal using physiological saline solution, the solution was evaluated for released @entity15383 . The specimens were weighed initially, after preparation, after insertion of @entity15383 paste, after temporization with Cavit and after 1 week of simulated fluid pressure. Digital radiographs of the filled canals were taken and canal areas in mm2, gray values of the @entity15383 dressings, total area of voids in mm2, as well as location of voids in the apical, middle or coronal thirds of the root canals were measured. Analyses of variance, with Scheffe's post-hoc tests, as well as chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS: Canals in group C had significantly fewer (P < 0.01) radiographic voids than canals in groups A and B. Using a lentulo spiral resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) fewer voids compared with the injection technique. More voids were detected coronally compared with middle and apical root canal thirds (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Canal shape and method of application had an impact on the amount and radiodensity of @entity6086 dressings in simulated root canals. Canals prepared to an apical size 40 and a taper of 0.04 had the least number of voids; @entity15383 was placed with significantly fewer voids using a lentulo spiral compared with the injection technique.

2099163

2099164

2099165

A systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of XXXX .

multiple_choice

AIMS: Fish oils are widely believed to promote @entity65 by lowering blood pressure (BP) but the evidence supporting this is not conclusive. We aimed to systematically review existing evidence. METHOD: We undertook a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and crossover trials that evaluated the effectiveness of fish-oil supplements. We included trials enrolling adults who were given fish-oil supplements with at least 8 weeks' follow up. Effects on systolic and diastolic BP were assessed using meta-analysis. Meta-regression was undertaken to explore the relationship between dose of fish oil and BP outcomes. RESULTS: We included 17 studies, with a total of 1524 @entity1 . We explored the effects of fish-oil supplements in both normotensive and @entity101 @entity1 with BP 140/85 mmHg at least. Meta-analyses were performed using the inverse-variance method. Data from eight studies in @entity101 @entity1 found a statistically significant reduction in systolic and diastolic BP; 2.56 mmHg (95% CI 0.58 to 4.53) and 1.47 mmHg (95% CI 0.41 to 2.53), respectively. Nine studies in normotensive @entity1 showed a non-significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic BP. Meta-regression showed no significant relationship between dose of fish oil and the effect on BP. CONCLUSION: The small but statistically significant effects of fish-oil supplements in @entity101 @entity1 in this review have important implications for population health and lowering the risk of @entity64 and @entity299 . Their modest effects, however, mean that they should not be recommended as an alternative to BP-lowering drugs where guidelines recommend treatment.

2099166

2099167

2099168

Markers predicting response to bacillus Calmette-Gu rin immunotherapy in high-risk XXXX @entity1 : a systematic review.

multiple_choice

CONTEXT: Currently, bacillus Calmette-Gu rin (BCG) intravesical instillations are standard treatment for @entity1 with high-grade non-muscle-invasive @entity150 ; however, no markers are available to predict BCG response. OBJECTIVE: To review the contemporary literature on markers predicting BCG response, to discuss the key issues concerning the identification of predictive markers, and to provide recommendations for further research studies. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed and Embase databases in the period 1996-2010. The free-text search was extended by adding the following keywords: recurrence, progression, survival, molecular marker, prognosis, @entity876 , Ki-67, @entity995 , fibronectin, immunotherapy, cytokine, interleukin, natural killer, macrophage, PMN, polymorphism, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism, and gene signature. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: If thresholds for the detection of urinary interleukin (IL)-8, @entity8923 , and @entity5 necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand levels are standardised, measurement of these cytokines holds promise in the assessment of BCG therapy outcome. Studies on immunohistochemical markers (ie, @entity876 , Ki-67, and @entity995 ) display contradictory results, probably because of the small @entity1 groups that were used and seem unsuitable to predict BCG response. Exploring combinations of protein levels might prove to be more helpful to establish the effect of BCG therapy. Single @entity377 polymorphisms, either in cytokines or in genes involved in DNA repair, need to be investigated in different ethnicities before their clinical relevance can be determined. Measurement of urinary @entity1199 levels seems to be the most potent marker of all the clinical parameters reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1199 levels are currently the most promising predictive markers of BCG response. For future studies focusing on new biomarkers, it is essential to make more use of new biomedical techniques such as microRNA profiling and genomewide sequencing.

2099169

2099170

2099171

Markers predicting response to bacillus Calmette-Gu rin immunotherapy in high-risk @entity150 XXXX : a systematic review.

multiple_choice

CONTEXT: Currently, bacillus Calmette-Gu rin (BCG) intravesical instillations are standard treatment for @entity1 with high-grade non-muscle-invasive @entity150 ; however, no markers are available to predict BCG response. OBJECTIVE: To review the contemporary literature on markers predicting BCG response, to discuss the key issues concerning the identification of predictive markers, and to provide recommendations for further research studies. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed and Embase databases in the period 1996-2010. The free-text search was extended by adding the following keywords: recurrence, progression, survival, molecular marker, prognosis, @entity876 , Ki-67, @entity995 , fibronectin, immunotherapy, cytokine, interleukin, natural killer, macrophage, PMN, polymorphism, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism, and gene signature. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: If thresholds for the detection of urinary interleukin (IL)-8, @entity8923 , and @entity5 necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand levels are standardised, measurement of these cytokines holds promise in the assessment of BCG therapy outcome. Studies on immunohistochemical markers (ie, @entity876 , Ki-67, and @entity995 ) display contradictory results, probably because of the small @entity1 groups that were used and seem unsuitable to predict BCG response. Exploring combinations of protein levels might prove to be more helpful to establish the effect of BCG therapy. Single @entity377 polymorphisms, either in cytokines or in genes involved in DNA repair, need to be investigated in different ethnicities before their clinical relevance can be determined. Measurement of urinary @entity1199 levels seems to be the most potent marker of all the clinical parameters reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1199 levels are currently the most promising predictive markers of BCG response. For future studies focusing on new biomarkers, it is essential to make more use of new biomedical techniques such as microRNA profiling and genomewide sequencing.

2099172

2099173

2099174

Mapping the onset of XXXX : the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Recognizing the prodrome of a first @entity716 prospectively creates the opportunity of intervention, which could delay, ameliorate or even prevent onset. Valid criteria and a reliable methodology for identifying possible prodromes are needed. This paper describes an instrument, the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), which has been designed for such a purpose. It has two functions: (i) to assess psychopathology thought to indicate imminent development of a first-episode @entity914 ; and (ii) to determine if an individual meets criteria for being at ultra high risk (UHR) for onset of first @entity914 . This paper describes the pilot evaluation of the CAARMS. METHOD: Several methodologies were used to test the CAARMS. First, CAARMS scores in a group of UHR young @entity1 and the association between CAARMS scores and the risk of transition to @entity914 , were analysed. Second, CAARMS scores in a UHR group were compared to a control group. To assess concurrent validity, CAARMS-defined UHR criteria were compared to the existing criteria for identifying the UHR cohort. To assess predictive validity, the CAARMS-defined UHR criteria were applied to a sample of 150 non-psychotic help-seekers and rates of onset of @entity914 at 6-month follow-up determined for the CAARMS-positive (i.e. met UHR criteria) group and the CAARMS-negative (i.e. did not meet UHR criteria) group. The inter-rater reliability of the CAARMS was assessed by using pairs of raters. RESULTS: High CAARMS score in the UHR group was significantly associated with onset of @entity914 . The control group had significantly lower CAARMS scores than the UHR group. The UHR criteria assessed by the CAARMS identified a similar group to the criteria measured by existing methodology. In the sample of non-psychotic help-seekers those who were CAARMS-positive were at significantly increased risk of onset of @entity914 compared to those who were CAARMS-negative (relative risk of 12.44 (95% CI = 1.5-103.41, p = 0.0025)). The CAARMS had good to excellent reliability. CONCLUSIONS: In these preliminary investigations, the CAARMS displayed good to excellent concurrent, discriminant and predictive validity and excellent inter-rater reliability. The CAARMS instrument provides a useful platform for monitoring subthreshold @entity716 for worsening into full-threshold @entity914 .

2099175

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2099177

Imaging in XXXX .

multiple_choice

The goals of imaging in @entity135 are to establish @entity5 extent and size, to assess @entity66 , to evaluate for perineural @entity5 spread, and to distinguish recurrent @entity5 from post-treatment changes. MRI is the preferred modality for assessment of nasopharyngeal, sinonasal, and @entity5 , because of better contrast resolution, high frequency of perineural spread, and less prominent motion artifacts. MRI is the best modality to delineate the extent of intraorbital and intracranial extension of @entity5 . @entity5 of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx are frequently primarily imaged with CT, which is less affected by breathing and swallowing artifacts. MRI is also the initial study of choice for @entity5 confined to the oral tongue, and possibly also for other oral cavity locations because MRI is superior in detection of @entity5 spread into the bone marrow. There is no clear advantage of CT or MRI for evaluation of @entity66 . Positron emission tomography (PET) is very sensitive for metastatic lymph nodes that are at least 8 mm in size and is the technique of choice in dubious cases. Imaging-guided biopsies are performed whenever needed. For imaging of treated @entity135 , PET scans have been found to generally offer higher sensitivity than MRI or CT. Combined PET/CT may be the modality of choice because it almost completely eliminates the false-positive and false-negative PET findings. @entity1 with @entity135 who are referred to tertiary care centers commonly arrive with cross-sectional images obtained at other institutions. Reinterpretation of these studies by dedicated radiologists frequently leads to changes in findings, which alter treatment and affect prognosis.

2099178

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2099180

Impairment related to blood XXXX and/or @entity888 concentrations in suspected drugged drivers.

multiple_choice

Experimental studies have investigated effects of low oral doses of @entity4944 and @entity888 on psychomotor functions, while less work has been done on effects of high doses taken by abusers in real-life settings. There are indications that intake of high doses may impair traffic related skills, and that abuse of @entity889 may cause @entity2147 at the end-of-binge. The present study aimed at investigating the concentration-effect relationship between blood @entity889 concentrations and impairment in a population of real-life users. Eight hundred and seventy-eight cases with @entity4944 or @entity888 as the only drugs present in the blood samples were selected from the impaired driver registry at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health. In each case the police physician had concluded on whether the driver was impaired or not. 27% of the drivers were judged as not impaired, while 73% were judged as impaired. There was a positive relationship between blood @entity889 concentrations and impairment. The relationship reached a ceiling at blood @entity889 concentrations of 0.27-0.53 mg/l. Younger drivers were more often judged impaired than older drivers at similar concentrations. Despite the performance enhancing qualities of @entity889 demonstrated in some low dose laboratory experiments; this study revealed a positive relationship between blood @entity889 concentration and traffic related impairment.

2099181

2099182

2099183

Impairment related to blood @entity4944 and/or XXXX concentrations in suspected drugged drivers.

multiple_choice

Experimental studies have investigated effects of low oral doses of @entity4944 and @entity888 on psychomotor functions, while less work has been done on effects of high doses taken by abusers in real-life settings. There are indications that intake of high doses may impair traffic related skills, and that abuse of @entity889 may cause @entity2147 at the end-of-binge. The present study aimed at investigating the concentration-effect relationship between blood @entity889 concentrations and impairment in a population of real-life users. Eight hundred and seventy-eight cases with @entity4944 or @entity888 as the only drugs present in the blood samples were selected from the impaired driver registry at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health. In each case the police physician had concluded on whether the driver was impaired or not. 27% of the drivers were judged as not impaired, while 73% were judged as impaired. There was a positive relationship between blood @entity889 concentrations and impairment. The relationship reached a ceiling at blood @entity889 concentrations of 0.27-0.53 mg/l. Younger drivers were more often judged impaired than older drivers at similar concentrations. Despite the performance enhancing qualities of @entity889 demonstrated in some low dose laboratory experiments; this study revealed a positive relationship between blood @entity889 concentration and traffic related impairment.

2099184

2099185

2099186

A novel strategy for repairing preganglionic cervical root avulsion in XXXX by sural nerve grafting.

multiple_choice

OBJECT: In this study, the authors evaluated the efficacy of a new surgical strategy for reconnecting the injured brachial plexus with the spinal cord using fibrin glue containing acidic fibroblast growth factor as an adhesive and neurotrophic agent. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 with preganglionic @entity2685 , each with varying degrees of @entity3140 , underwent cervical laminectomy with or without sural nerve grafting. The treatment of each avulsed root varied according to the severity of the injury. Some @entity1 also underwent a second-stage operation involving supraclavicular brachial plexus exploration for reconnection with the corresponding segment of cervical spinal cord at the trunk level. Muscle strength was graded both pre- and postoperatively with the British Medical Research Council scale, and the results were analyzed with the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Muscle strength improvements were observed in 16 of the 18 @entity1 after 24 months of follow-up. Significant improvements in mean muscle strength were observed in @entity1 from all repair method groups at 12 and 24 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). Statistical significance was not reached in the groups with insufficient numbers of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' new surgical strategy yielded clinical improvement in muscle strength after preganglionic @entity2685 , such that nerve regeneration may have taken place. Reconnection of the brachial plexus to the cervical spinal cord is possible. Functional motor recovery, observed through increases in Medical Research Council-rated muscle strength in the affected arm, is likewise possible.

2099187

2099188

2099189

XXXX in @entity68022 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity68022 is a rare spondylo(epi) @entity1610 characteristized by delayed skeletal maturation and a constellation of @entity154 . Although metaphyseal irregularities/cupping have been noted, neither renal @entity1391 wasting nor @entity11089 have previously been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate @entity5886 and @entity11089 in @entity68022 . @entity1 : Two @entity1 with @entity68022 presenting with hypophoshpatemia by 3 years of age. METHODS: Routine biochemistries to assess @entity5886 and renal @entity1391 wasting; radiographs (rachitic changes) and DEXA scan ( @entity1555 ); @entity11648 levels, @entity15396 and @entity11648 gene analyses performed ( @entity1 1). RESULTS: Both @entity1 had @entity5886 , decreased TRP, and @entity11089 . Oral @entity3151 and @entity3873 improved metaphyseal mineralization, yet serum @entity1391 levels remained relatively low and renal @entity1391 wasting persisted. @entity15396 and @entity11648 gene analyses were negative, whereas serum @entity11648 levels were markedly elevated in @entity1 1. CONCLUSION: We now demonstrate an association between @entity68022 , @entity12146 , and @entity11648 elevation. Screening @entity3151 levels may thus uncover a potentially treatable component of this disease.

2099190

2099191

2099192

@entity12146 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity68022 is a rare spondylo(epi) @entity1610 characteristized by delayed skeletal maturation and a constellation of @entity154 . Although metaphyseal irregularities/cupping have been noted, neither renal @entity1391 wasting nor @entity11089 have previously been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate @entity5886 and @entity11089 in @entity68022 . @entity1 : Two @entity1 with @entity68022 presenting with hypophoshpatemia by 3 years of age. METHODS: Routine biochemistries to assess @entity5886 and renal @entity1391 wasting; radiographs (rachitic changes) and DEXA scan ( @entity1555 ); @entity11648 levels, @entity15396 and @entity11648 gene analyses performed ( @entity1 1). RESULTS: Both @entity1 had @entity5886 , decreased TRP, and @entity11089 . Oral @entity3151 and @entity3873 improved metaphyseal mineralization, yet serum @entity1391 levels remained relatively low and renal @entity1391 wasting persisted. @entity15396 and @entity11648 gene analyses were negative, whereas serum @entity11648 levels were markedly elevated in @entity1 1. CONCLUSION: We now demonstrate an association between @entity68022 , @entity12146 , and @entity11648 elevation. Screening @entity3151 levels may thus uncover a potentially treatable component of this disease.

2099193

2099194

2099195

Rapid magnetic resonance imaging-guided reduction of XXXX .

multiple_choice

The authors demonstrate the utility of an MR imaging-compatible traction board for the rapid reduction of craniovertebral junction (CVJ) deformities. To choose the appropriate surgical management, @entity1 with compressive @entity85 often undergo a trial of traction. Conventional traction trials require the treating surgeon to infer from plain radiographs the manner in which traction forces affect neural and ligamentous structures at the CVJ. To avoid overdistraction injury, low increments of weight are added in a gradual fashion, a process that typically requires 48-72 hours. The authors outline the use of an MR imaging-compatible traction board to determine reducibility safely and rapidly in 4 @entity1 with compressive @entity85 . Four @entity1 with advanced @entity85 underwent a trial of MR imaging-guided traction performed using an MR imaging-compatible spine board. Serial sagittal images were acquired at baseline and following each sequential addition of force. All @entity1 tolerated traction without neurological worsening. The neural elements were seen to be adequately decompressed in all cases during a single MR imaging session. @entity1 subsequently underwent craniocervical stabilization and fusion. Postoperative imaging showed maintenance of the @entity2850 . An MR imaging-guided trial of traction can facilitate the rapid and safe determination of the reducibility of @entity2850 in @entity1 with advanced @entity85 . Rapidly acquired sagittal MR images permit the surgeon to evaluate the effects of traction on the soft tissues at the CVJ, thereby expediting the traction trial and avoiding the risks of immobility in this often-fragile @entity1 population.

2099196

2099197

2099198

Idiopathic XXXX : new findings by ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the capabilities of ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR @entity6653 ); to compare with the commercially available @entity6653 standard-resolution system, StratusOCT, for imaging of @entity8038 ( @entity8038 ); and to demonstrate that UHR @entity6653 provides additional information on disease morphology, pathogenesis, and management. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, interventional case series. @entity1 : Nineteen eyes of 10 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity8038 in at least one eye. METHOD: All @entity1 were imaged with UHR @entity6653 and StratusOCT at the same visit. A subset of @entity1 was also imaged before and after treatment of @entity8038 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ultrahigh- and standard-resolution cross-sectional tomograms of @entity8038 pathology. RESULTS: Using both standard- and ultrahigh-resolution @entity6653 , we identified the following features of @entity8038 : (1) a lack of correlation between retinal thickening on @entity6653 and leakage on @entity941 angiography, (2) loss and disruption of the photoreceptor layer, (3) cystlike structures in the foveola and within internal retinal layers such as the inner nuclear or ganglion cell layers, (4) a unique internal limiting membrane draping across the foveola related to an underlying loss of tissue, (5) intraretinal neovascularization near the fovea, and (6) central intraretinal deposits and plaques. In 63% of cases, the presence of abnormal vessels and a discontinuity of the photoreceptor layer correlated with visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrahigh-resolution @entity6653 improves visualization of the retinal pathology associated with @entity8038 and allows identification of new features associated with it. Some of these features, such as discontinuity of the photoreceptor layer, are revealed only by UHR @entity6653 .

2099199

2099200

2099201

Prevalence of XXXX : a population-based study using the capture-recapture method in Spain.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Previous reports on the prevalence of @entity74 ( @entity74 ) were based on single source data, such as lists of members in a @entity1 association. These sources are likely to be incomplete. OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe the prevalence of @entity74 . METHODS: We obtained data from 3 incomplete sources (dermatology departments, a genetic testing laboratory, and the Spanish @entity5657 association) and combined them using the capture-recapture method. RESULTS: We identified 144 living @entity1 with @entity74 . Of these, 62.5% had @entity17433 and 30.6% had @entity37137 . The age distribution included fewer elderly @entity1 than expected. The prevalence of @entity74 in @entity1 younger than 10 years, the best estimate as less subject to bias, was 16.2 cases per million inhabitants (95% confidence interval 13.3-23.0). According to the capture-recapture model, 71% of the @entity1 were not being followed up in reference units, 92% did not have a genetic diagnosis, and 78% were not members of the @entity5657 association. LIMITATIONS: The prevalence of @entity74 in Spain and findings related to the Spanish health care system might not be generalizable to other countries. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity74 is higher than previously reported. Many @entity1 are not being followed up in reference units, do not have a genetic diagnosis, and are not members of a @entity1 association, indicating room for improvement in their care. Data suggesting a reduced number of older @entity1 might imply a shorter life expectancy and this requires further study.

2099202

2099203

2099204

The dual role of complement in the progression of renal disease in NZB/ XXXX @entity19 and alternative pathway inhibition.

multiple_choice

Complement plays a dual role in the progression of @entity1252 since it has important protective functions, such as the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells, but is also a mediator of renal @entity32 . To investigate this balance in a clinically relevant setting, we investigated how targeted inhibition of all complement pathways vs. targeted inhibition of only the alternative pathway impacts immune and therapeutic outcomes in NZB/ @entity53915 @entity19 . Following onset of @entity644 , @entity19 were injected twice weekly with @entity20305 -fH (inhibits alternative pathway), @entity20305 - @entity28966 (inhibits all pathways at C3 activation step), sCR2 (C3d targeting vehicle) or saline. Sera were analyzed every 2 weeks for anti-dsDNA antibody levels, and urinary albumin excretion was determined. Kidneys were collected for histological evaluation at 32 weeks. Compared to the control group, all @entity20305 -fH, @entity20305 - @entity28966 and sCR2 treated groups showed significantly reduced serum anti-dsDNA antibody levels and strong trends towards reduced glomerular IgG deposition levels. Glomerular C3 deposition levels were also significantly reduced in all three-treated groups. However, significant reductions of disease activity ( @entity633 and @entity631 ) were only seen in the @entity20305 -fH treated group. These data highlight the dual role played by complement in the pathogenesis of lupus, and demonstrate a benefit of selectively inhibiting the alternative complement pathway, presumably because of protective contributions from the classical and/or lectin pathways. The sCR2 targeting moiety appears to be contributing to therapeutic outcome via modulation of autoimmunity. Furthermore, these results are largely consistent with our previous data using the MRL/lpr lupus model, thus broadening the significance of these findings.

2099205

2099206

2099207

The dual role of complement in the progression of renal disease in NZB/ @entity53915 XXXX and alternative pathway inhibition.

multiple_choice

Complement plays a dual role in the progression of @entity1252 since it has important protective functions, such as the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells, but is also a mediator of renal @entity32 . To investigate this balance in a clinically relevant setting, we investigated how targeted inhibition of all complement pathways vs. targeted inhibition of only the alternative pathway impacts immune and therapeutic outcomes in NZB/ @entity53915 @entity19 . Following onset of @entity644 , @entity19 were injected twice weekly with @entity20305 -fH (inhibits alternative pathway), @entity20305 - @entity28966 (inhibits all pathways at C3 activation step), sCR2 (C3d targeting vehicle) or saline. Sera were analyzed every 2 weeks for anti-dsDNA antibody levels, and urinary albumin excretion was determined. Kidneys were collected for histological evaluation at 32 weeks. Compared to the control group, all @entity20305 -fH, @entity20305 - @entity28966 and sCR2 treated groups showed significantly reduced serum anti-dsDNA antibody levels and strong trends towards reduced glomerular IgG deposition levels. Glomerular C3 deposition levels were also significantly reduced in all three-treated groups. However, significant reductions of disease activity ( @entity633 and @entity631 ) were only seen in the @entity20305 -fH treated group. These data highlight the dual role played by complement in the pathogenesis of lupus, and demonstrate a benefit of selectively inhibiting the alternative complement pathway, presumably because of protective contributions from the classical and/or lectin pathways. The sCR2 targeting moiety appears to be contributing to therapeutic outcome via modulation of autoimmunity. Furthermore, these results are largely consistent with our previous data using the MRL/lpr lupus model, thus broadening the significance of these findings.

2099208

2099209

2099210

Strongyloides stercoralis: The Most Prevalent Parasitic Cause of XXXX in Gilan Province, Northern Iran.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity1712 occurs in a wide variety of situations such as @entity281 , @entity56 , and @entity5 . Most cases of @entity1712 of parasitic origin, especially those with a tissue migration life cycles consists of @entity1 @entity281 by helminth parasites. The aim of present study was to determine the parasitic causes of @entity1712 in @entity1 in a major endemic area of @entity1 @entity7736 in Gilan Province, northern part of Iran. METHODS: One hundred and fifty @entity1 presenting with an elevated @entity1712 attending @entity166 clinics with or without clinical symptoms, were examined. After clinical history evaluation and physical examination, coprological examinations were performed using the @entity406 -ether and the Kato-Katz techniques for detection of Fasciola sp. and @entity11333 . RESULTS: Forty two percent of @entity1 were infected with S. stercoralis, nine (6%) were found to be infected with Fasciola sp. while only a single @entity1 (0.7%) were infected by Ttrichostrongylus sp. CONCLUSION: Local clinicians in Gilan may consider @entity1712 as a suggestive indication for diagnosis of @entity1 @entity7736 , especially when microscopic stool and/or serological tests are negative. Based on the results, local physicians should consider S. stercoralis as the potential causes of @entity1712 in @entity1 with elevated @entity1712 .

2099211

2099212

2099213

High predictive accuracy of Aldosteronoma Resolution Score in Japanese @entity1 with @entity1369 -producing XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Primary @entity1368 caused by @entity1369 -producing @entity652 is the most common curable cause of secondary @entity101 , but despite resection, many @entity1 continue to require antihypertensive medications to control their blood pressure postoperatively. The Aldosteronoma Resolution Score is a preoperative 4-item predictive model for the complete postoperative resolution of @entity101 . Our aim was to validate the accuracy of this model in predicting postoperative resolution of @entity101 in Japanese @entity1 . METHODS: The records of 91 Japanese @entity1 who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for @entity1369 -producing @entity652 were surveyed retrospectively. @entity1 were distributed into 2 groups according to whether blood pressure was normal without antihypertensive medications at 6 months postoperatively. Clinical and biochemical data were evaluated at baseline and after the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: At 6 months, blood pressure had normalized in 45% of the patients without antihypertensive medications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity1 who had complete resolution of @entity101 were significantly more likely to have been taking <=2 antihypertensive medications preoperatively, have a duration of @entity101 of <6 years, and be female. The predictive accuracy of the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score was assessed using the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristics analysis. The value of the area under the curve was 0.81. CONCLUSION: Our external validation revealed that the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score developed using Western data can identify accurately Japanese individuals with @entity1369 -producing @entity652 who are likely to have complete resolution of @entity101 after adrenalectomy.

2099214

2099215

2099216

High predictive accuracy of Aldosteronoma Resolution Score in Japanese @entity1 with XXXX -producing @entity652 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Primary @entity1368 caused by @entity1369 -producing @entity652 is the most common curable cause of secondary @entity101 , but despite resection, many @entity1 continue to require antihypertensive medications to control their blood pressure postoperatively. The Aldosteronoma Resolution Score is a preoperative 4-item predictive model for the complete postoperative resolution of @entity101 . Our aim was to validate the accuracy of this model in predicting postoperative resolution of @entity101 in Japanese @entity1 . METHODS: The records of 91 Japanese @entity1 who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for @entity1369 -producing @entity652 were surveyed retrospectively. @entity1 were distributed into 2 groups according to whether blood pressure was normal without antihypertensive medications at 6 months postoperatively. Clinical and biochemical data were evaluated at baseline and after the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: At 6 months, blood pressure had normalized in 45% of the patients without antihypertensive medications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity1 who had complete resolution of @entity101 were significantly more likely to have been taking <=2 antihypertensive medications preoperatively, have a duration of @entity101 of <6 years, and be female. The predictive accuracy of the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score was assessed using the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristics analysis. The value of the area under the curve was 0.81. CONCLUSION: Our external validation revealed that the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score developed using Western data can identify accurately Japanese individuals with @entity1369 -producing @entity652 who are likely to have complete resolution of @entity101 after adrenalectomy.

2099217

2099218

2099219

High predictive accuracy of Aldosteronoma Resolution Score in Japanese XXXX with @entity1369 -producing @entity652 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Primary @entity1368 caused by @entity1369 -producing @entity652 is the most common curable cause of secondary @entity101 , but despite resection, many @entity1 continue to require antihypertensive medications to control their blood pressure postoperatively. The Aldosteronoma Resolution Score is a preoperative 4-item predictive model for the complete postoperative resolution of @entity101 . Our aim was to validate the accuracy of this model in predicting postoperative resolution of @entity101 in Japanese @entity1 . METHODS: The records of 91 Japanese @entity1 who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for @entity1369 -producing @entity652 were surveyed retrospectively. @entity1 were distributed into 2 groups according to whether blood pressure was normal without antihypertensive medications at 6 months postoperatively. Clinical and biochemical data were evaluated at baseline and after the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: At 6 months, blood pressure had normalized in 45% of the patients without antihypertensive medications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity1 who had complete resolution of @entity101 were significantly more likely to have been taking <=2 antihypertensive medications preoperatively, have a duration of @entity101 of <6 years, and be female. The predictive accuracy of the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score was assessed using the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristics analysis. The value of the area under the curve was 0.81. CONCLUSION: Our external validation revealed that the Aldosteronoma Resolution Score developed using Western data can identify accurately Japanese individuals with @entity1369 -producing @entity652 who are likely to have complete resolution of @entity101 after adrenalectomy.

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2099222

Low dose of transdermal XXXX gel for treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal @entity1 : a randomized controlled trial.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate safety and efficacy and identify the lowest effective dose of a new transdermal @entity53 (E2) gel for relief of menopausal symptoms in a population of postmenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study. Postmenopausal @entity1 with at least 60 hot flushes per week applied 0.87 g/d (n=136), 1.7 g/d (n=142), or 2.6 g/d (n=69) E2 gel or placebo gel (n=137) topically for 12 weeks. The changes from baseline in hot flush frequency and severity at 4 and 12 weeks and changes from baseline in @entity194 at 12 weeks were examined. RESULTS: With increasing E2 doses, mean trough serum E2 increased from 17 to 29 pg/mL. By weeks 3-5, E2 gel reduced moderate-to-severe hot flush rate by at least seven hot flushes per day (P<.001) and reduced the severity score (P<.01). The numbers needed to treat for benefit for an 80% and 100% decrease in hot flush number were 3.2 and 6.3 for the 0.87-g/d group and 1.3 and 2.3 for the 2.6-g/d group. At week 12, vaginal pH was more acidic and vaginal maturation index more mature compared with placebo (P<.001). The lowest dose improved most bothersome @entity194 (P<.05). @entity53 gel was well tolerated at the site of application and produced no unexpected adverse effects. The 0.87 g/d dose produced fewest adverse events. CONCLUSION: The 0.87 g/d dose of this new transdermal E2 gel, which delivers an estimated 0.0125 mg E2 daily, delivered the lowest effective dose for treatment of vasomotor symptoms and @entity194 in a population of postmenopausal @entity1 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00391417. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

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2099225

Low dose of transdermal @entity53 gel for treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal XXXX : a randomized controlled trial.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate safety and efficacy and identify the lowest effective dose of a new transdermal @entity53 (E2) gel for relief of menopausal symptoms in a population of postmenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study. Postmenopausal @entity1 with at least 60 hot flushes per week applied 0.87 g/d (n=136), 1.7 g/d (n=142), or 2.6 g/d (n=69) E2 gel or placebo gel (n=137) topically for 12 weeks. The changes from baseline in hot flush frequency and severity at 4 and 12 weeks and changes from baseline in @entity194 at 12 weeks were examined. RESULTS: With increasing E2 doses, mean trough serum E2 increased from 17 to 29 pg/mL. By weeks 3-5, E2 gel reduced moderate-to-severe hot flush rate by at least seven hot flushes per day (P<.001) and reduced the severity score (P<.01). The numbers needed to treat for benefit for an 80% and 100% decrease in hot flush number were 3.2 and 6.3 for the 0.87-g/d group and 1.3 and 2.3 for the 2.6-g/d group. At week 12, vaginal pH was more acidic and vaginal maturation index more mature compared with placebo (P<.001). The lowest dose improved most bothersome @entity194 (P<.05). @entity53 gel was well tolerated at the site of application and produced no unexpected adverse effects. The 0.87 g/d dose produced fewest adverse events. CONCLUSION: The 0.87 g/d dose of this new transdermal E2 gel, which delivers an estimated 0.0125 mg E2 daily, delivered the lowest effective dose for treatment of vasomotor symptoms and @entity194 in a population of postmenopausal @entity1 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00391417. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

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2099228

Risk of XXXX in a randomly selected nonclinical sample of the Swedish population.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk of @entity250 as a result of childhood @entity458 or sexual assault in a randomly selected nonclinical sample of @entity1 and @entity1 . METHODS: In 1996, a randomly selected sample of 2,810 Swedish males and females completed a 322-item interview and questionnaire. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to assess risk of @entity250 and analysis of variance was employed to test differences by gender and abuse or assault history in regard to seeking assistance for @entity250 . RESULTS: For females with a history of childhood @entity458 , an increased risk of anorgasmia for more than 12 months was found for @entity1 aged between 31 and 45 years (OR 1.21, P=.009). For females with a history of sexual assault; an increased risk for @entity458 was found for @entity1 who between the ages of 16 and 30 years (OR 1.51, P=.03), 31 and 45 years (OR 1.28; P=.02), 46 and 60 years (OR 1.21, P=.03), and 61 and 84 years (OR 1.62, P=.04); lubrication problems in the past year for @entity1 between 46 and 60 years (OR 1.28, P=.02) and for more than 12 months (OR 1.38, P=.02). No statistically significant increased risk of @entity250 was found for males with a history of childhood @entity458 . Males who reported a history of sexual assault as an adult had a significant increased risk of @entity2754 in the last 12 months if they were between the ages of 31 and 45 years (OR 2.00, P=.008) or 46 and 60 years (OR 2.11, P=.02). @entity1 most often reported @entity250 to their gynecologists (18%) or midwives (8.4%), whereas @entity1 reported their @entity250 to their physicians (5.6%) or urologists (4.3%). CONCLUSION: Future research should focus on predictors of @entity250 and resilience subsequent to childhood @entity458 and sexual assault as an adult. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

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@entity995 , lack of familial history and older age does not exclude germline XXXX gene mutation.

multiple_choice

Conclusive identification of @entity996 mutations in @entity995 is predicted to improve the clinical management of affected @entity1 and relatives. However, despite clear clinical benefits, @entity996 screening remains difficult, most of the alterations being unique and randomly distributed throughout the entire coding sequence. In this report, we present the results of a constitutional @entity996 analysis undertaken in our institution over the last four years. The detection of @entity996 gene deletion or mutation was performed by Southern blot and sequence analyses in 73 @entity1 (including three families with 2, 3 and 3 probands, respectively). Complementary constitutional chromosome and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of @entity996 gene were applied in cases where @entity995 was suspected despite negative detection. Altogether, germline abnormalities were found in 11% (4/36 @entity1 ) of @entity995 (median age, 21.5 months) and 86% (32/37 @entity1 ) of sporadic bilateral or positive @entity995 (median age, 5 months). The spectrum of germline alterations found in 31 distinct families included 12 nonsense mutations (39%); 10 point insertions or deletions with frameshift (32%); 4 mutations and 1 deletion affecting splice sites (16%); 2 missense mutations (6%); and 2 large deletions (6%). A total of 15 mutations have not been previously reported. In this small series, splicing mutations were associated with @entity66 whilst most of the frameshift mutations were identified in @entity1 with an early age at diagnosis, @entity66 or @entity74 . This study confirms that screening for constitutional @entity996 mutation should become an integral part of current management of any @entity1 affected by @entity995 irrespective of the @entity5 laterality and familial background.

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2099234

XXXX , lack of familial history and older age does not exclude germline @entity996 gene mutation.

multiple_choice

Conclusive identification of @entity996 mutations in @entity995 is predicted to improve the clinical management of affected @entity1 and relatives. However, despite clear clinical benefits, @entity996 screening remains difficult, most of the alterations being unique and randomly distributed throughout the entire coding sequence. In this report, we present the results of a constitutional @entity996 analysis undertaken in our institution over the last four years. The detection of @entity996 gene deletion or mutation was performed by Southern blot and sequence analyses in 73 @entity1 (including three families with 2, 3 and 3 probands, respectively). Complementary constitutional chromosome and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of @entity996 gene were applied in cases where @entity995 was suspected despite negative detection. Altogether, germline abnormalities were found in 11% (4/36 @entity1 ) of @entity995 (median age, 21.5 months) and 86% (32/37 @entity1 ) of sporadic bilateral or positive @entity995 (median age, 5 months). The spectrum of germline alterations found in 31 distinct families included 12 nonsense mutations (39%); 10 point insertions or deletions with frameshift (32%); 4 mutations and 1 deletion affecting splice sites (16%); 2 missense mutations (6%); and 2 large deletions (6%). A total of 15 mutations have not been previously reported. In this small series, splicing mutations were associated with @entity66 whilst most of the frameshift mutations were identified in @entity1 with an early age at diagnosis, @entity66 or @entity74 . This study confirms that screening for constitutional @entity996 mutation should become an integral part of current management of any @entity1 affected by @entity995 irrespective of the @entity5 laterality and familial background.

2099235

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2099237

Disparities in routine XXXX screening for Medicaid managed care members with a work-limiting disability.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Examine disparities in routine mammography for @entity1 who qualify for Medicaid, because of a work-limiting disability. METHODS: Individual-level data were obtained for @entity1 enrolled in Massachusetts Medicaid Managed Care plans who met the 2007 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) criteria for the @entity0 screening measure (n=35,171). Disability status was determined from Medicaid eligibility records. Mammography screening was modeled using multivariate logistic regression. Separate models for @entity1 with and without a disability were also estimated. RESULTS: Although unadjusted @entity0 screening rates were roughly equal for @entity1 with and without disability, after adjusting for confounders disability status had a significant negative association with screening mammography (OR=0.74; p<0.0001). Living farther from a mammography facility or having a diagnosis of domestic violence reduced the odds of screening for @entity1 with disabilities, but not for other @entity1 . Having a higher illness burden was more detrimental to screening for @entity1 with a disability than for those without. Both groups benefited similarly from the first 26 ambulatory care visits, but the impact of additional visits on screening was much larger among @entity1 with disabilities. CONCLUSION: Nationwide, rates of routine mammography for Medicaid managed care plans averaged below 50% in 2006. Given that a majority of eligible @entity1 served by Medicaid have disabilities, and studies have shown that @entity1 with disabilities are more likely to be diagnosed with late stage disease, a focus on improving rates of screening for @entity1 with disabilities is overdue.

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2099240

Palmar and dorsal fixed-angle plates in XXXX of the distal radius: is there an advantage of palmar plates in the long term?

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Current surgical approaches to the distal radius include dorsal and palmar plate fixation. While palmar plates have gained widespread popularity, few reports have provided data on long term clinical outcomes in comparison. This paper reports the result of a randomised clinical study comparing dorsal Pi plates and palmar, angle-stable plates for treatment of comminuted, intraarticular @entity174 of the distal radius over the course of twelve months. METHODS: 42 @entity1 with unilateral, intraarticular @entity174 of the distal radius were included and randomised to 2 groups, 22 were treated with a palmar plate, 20 received a dorsal Pi-plate. Results were evaluated after 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively focussing on functional recovery as well as radiological results. RESULTS: The palmar plate group demonstrated significantly better results regarding range of motion and grip strength over the course of 12 months. While a comparable increase in function was observed in both groups, the better results from the early postoperative period in the palmar plate group prevailed over the whole course. Radiological results showed a significantly increased palmar tilt and carpal @entity11373 in dorsal plates, with other radiological parameters being comparable. Pain levels were decreased in dorsal plates after hardware removal and failed to show significant differences after 12 months. However, complications such as @entity397 were more frequent in the dorsal plate group. CONCLUSIONS: Functional advantage of palmar plates gained within the first 6 weeks prevails over the course of a year. Both groups demonstrate further gradual increase of function after 6 months, although dorsal plates did not catch up completely. Improved early postoperative function seems to be the cornerstone for the best possible results. @entity1 with dorsal plates benefit from hardware removal more than palmar plates in terms of reduction of pain levels. The advantage of palmar plates is a faster functional recovery with lower complication rates. This is especially important in the elderly population. Radiological results did not show a superiority of palmar plates over dorsal plates.

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2099243

XXXX presenting atypical radiologic findings: a case report.

multiple_choice

A 69-year-old @entity1 was referred to our hospital due to a @entity96 that was incidentally noted on ultrasound (US). US revealed a pedunculated mass of 5 cm in diameter, with a heterogeneous echo pattern. On arterial phase dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), a tiny enhancing dot in the upper aspect of the mass was seen; whereas, the main portion of the lesion appeared as hypoattenuating. The @entity5 was of low intensity on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images, and showed slightly heterogeneous high intensity on T2-weighted MR images. The most characteristic feature of the @entity5 was its exophytic appearance. On post- @entity2287 hepatic arterial dominant-phase MR images, the @entity5 showed nodular enhancement centrally, with progressive spread of enhancement on later images. Angiography showed dilatation of the right @entity99 and C-shaped opacification. Since we could not rule out malignancy for these nonspecific radiologic findings, a partial resection of the liver was carried out, resulting in a pathological diagnosis of @entity99 . This @entity2695 had @entity8855 and @entity82 , causing a heterogeneous appearance on MR images. The @entity5 presented an exophytic appearance, which caused some diagnostic @entity911 .

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2099246

Effect of temperature on the XXXX composition obtained after alpha-amylolysis of starch

multiple_choice

The hydrolysis of starch to low-molecular-weight products (normally characterised by their dextrose equivalent (DE), which is directly related to the number-average molecular mass) was studied at different temperatures. Amylopectin @entity415 starch, lacking amylose, was selected because of its low tendency towards retrogradation at lower temperatures. @entity10948 alpha-amylase was added to 10% [w/w] gelatinised starch solutions. The hydrolysis experiments were done at 50, 70, and 90 degrees C. Samples were taken at defined DE values and these were analysed with respect to their @entity1735 composition. At the same DE the oligosaccharide composition depended on the hydrolysis temperature. This implies that at the same net number of bonds hydrolysed by the enzyme, the @entity1735 composition was different. The hydrolysis temperature also influenced the initial overall molecular-weight distribution. Higher temperatures led to a more homogenous molecular weight distribution. Similar effects were observed for alpha-amylases from other microbial sources such as @entity10679 and @entity8220 . Varying the pH (5.1, 6.2, and 7.6) at 70 degrees C did not significantly influence the @entity1735 composition obtained during @entity10948 alpha-amylase hydrolysis. The underlying mechanisms for @entity10948 alpha-amylase were studied using pure linear oligosaccharides, ranging from @entity21840 to @entity38368 as substrates. Activation energies for the hydrolysis of individual oligosaccharides were calculated from Arrhenius plots at 60, 70, 80, and 90 degrees C. Oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerisation exceeding that of the substrate could be detected. The contribution of these oligosaccharides increased as the degree of polymerisation of the substrate decreased and the temperature of hydrolysis increased. The product specificity decreased with increasing temperature of hydrolysis, which led to a more equal distribution between the possible products formed. Calculations with the subsite map as determined for the closely related alpha-amylase from @entity10679 reconfirmed this finding of a decreased substrate specificity with increased temperature of hydrolysis. Copyright 1999 John Wiley _ Sons, Inc.

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2099249

Maintenance of sinus rhythm with XXXX CR initiated before cardioversion and repeated cardioversion of @entity955 : a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

multiple_choice

AIMS: To assess the effect of @entity1406 in combination with repeated cardioversion on maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive outpatients with persistent @entity955 ( @entity955 ) were randomized to treatment with @entity1406 CR or placebo in a double-blind fashion. Study treatment was started at least one week before direct current (DC) cardioversion. @entity1 were followed once a week during the first 6 weeks after cardioversion. In case of relapse during this period, a second cardioversion was performed. Total treatment time was 6 months. A total of 168 @entity1 were randomized to @entity1406 (n = 83) or placebo (n = 85). The dose of study treatment at cardioversion was 169 +/- 47 mg in the @entity1406 group and 180 +/- 40 mg in the placebo group (P = 0.12). In an intention-to-treat analysis, 46 @entity1 (55%) in the @entity1406 group and 34 @entity1 (40%) in the placebo group (P = 0.04) had SR 1 week after cardioversion, and 38 @entity1 (46%) in the @entity1406 group compared with 22 @entity1 (26%) in the placebo group had SR after 6 months (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A treatment strategy of @entity1406 CR started before cardioversion in combination with prompt second cardioversion in case of early relapse (1-6 weeks) significantly increases the proportion of @entity1 in SR during six months of follow-up.

2099250

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2099252

Maintenance of sinus rhythm with @entity1406 CR initiated before cardioversion and repeated cardioversion of XXXX : a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

multiple_choice

AIMS: To assess the effect of @entity1406 in combination with repeated cardioversion on maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive outpatients with persistent @entity955 ( @entity955 ) were randomized to treatment with @entity1406 CR or placebo in a double-blind fashion. Study treatment was started at least one week before direct current (DC) cardioversion. @entity1 were followed once a week during the first 6 weeks after cardioversion. In case of relapse during this period, a second cardioversion was performed. Total treatment time was 6 months. A total of 168 @entity1 were randomized to @entity1406 (n = 83) or placebo (n = 85). The dose of study treatment at cardioversion was 169 +/- 47 mg in the @entity1406 group and 180 +/- 40 mg in the placebo group (P = 0.12). In an intention-to-treat analysis, 46 @entity1 (55%) in the @entity1406 group and 34 @entity1 (40%) in the placebo group (P = 0.04) had SR 1 week after cardioversion, and 38 @entity1 (46%) in the @entity1406 group compared with 22 @entity1 (26%) in the placebo group had SR after 6 months (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A treatment strategy of @entity1406 CR started before cardioversion in combination with prompt second cardioversion in case of early relapse (1-6 weeks) significantly increases the proportion of @entity1 in SR during six months of follow-up.

2099253

2099254

2099255

XXXX in Australia.

multiple_choice

@entity1822 is an uncommon @entity5 for which the management varies widely between individual gynaecologists and gynaecological oncology units. We have performed a retrospective review of @entity1 treated at both the Royal @entity1 's Hospital in Melbourne (1970-1997) and King George V Hospital in Sydney (1987-1993). In addition we have performed a survey of Certified Gynaecological Oncologists (CGO's) to assess the current management of uterine @entity1822 in Australia. The results show varied management practices exist in Australia, many of which are not supported by evidence in the current literature. Oophorectomy in the premenopausal @entity1 appears unnecessary unless the ovaries are macroscopically involved. The role of pelvic lymphadenectomy is debatable. This practice was recommended by many CGO's, yet these nodes are rarely positive unless obvious extrauterine disease is present. Adjuvant chemotherapy appears not to have a role at present unless in a trial setting. Adjuvant radiotherapy does appear to have a potential palliative role as it prevents locoregional relapse, although survival is not prolonged. Until suitable phase 3 trials are available, gynaecological oncology units should be meticulous in prospectively recording the clinical course of their @entity1 and critically analyzing their current management strategies.

2099256

2099257

2099258

Perfusion pressure manipulation in porcine XXXX : effects on intestinal hemodynamics.

multiple_choice

Limited information is available about selection of the threshold for arterial blood pressure in critically ill @entity1 , particularly in @entity295 when normal organ blood flow autoregulation may be altered. The present experimental study investigated whether increasing perfusion pressure using @entity1063 in normotensive @entity2259 affects intestinal macro- and microcirculation. Nine @entity1707 received continuous i.v. administration of @entity796 (PSAE) to develop hyperdynamic, normotensive (mean arterial pressure [MAP] 65 mm Hg) @entity295 . @entity1063 was used to achieve 10-15 % increase in MAP. Mesenteric arterial blood flow (Q(gut)), ileal mucosal microvascular perfusion (LDF(gut)) and ileal-end-tidal PCO(2) gap (PCO(2) gap) were measured before @entity1063 , after 60 min of @entity1063 infusion and 60 min after @entity1063 infusion had been discontinued. During a 12 h period of PSAE infusion all @entity1707 developed hyperdynamic circulation with significantly decreased MAP. Although the mesenteric blood flow remained unchanged, infusion of PSAE resulted in a gradual fall of ileal microvascular perfusion, which was associated with progressively rising PCO(2) gap. @entity1063 which induced a 10-15 % increase in perfusion pressure (i.e. titrated to attain near baseline values of MAP) affected neither Q(gut) nor the intestinal blood flow distribution (Q(gut)/CO). Similarly, @entity1063 did not change either LDF(gut) or PCO(2) gap. In this @entity2259 , @entity1063 -induced increase in perfusion pressure exhibited neither beneficial nor deleterious effects on intestinal macrocirculatory blood flow and ileal mucosal microcirculation. The lack of changes suggests that the gut perfusion was within its autoregulatory range.

2099259

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2099261

@entity35 embryo fibroblasts transformed by XXXX display highly metastatic and angiogenic activities in vivo and deregulate gene expression of both angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors.

multiple_choice

The comparative tumorigenicity in @entity35 and @entity19 of cell lines derived from FR3T3 and transformed by either @entity9829 , ras, SV40 lt, or @entity291 @entity1185 virus type 1 ( @entity10368 ) oncogenes was investigated. @entity1178 -transformed cells were as tumorigenic and metastatic as Ras-transformed cells. Latencies were short, and numerous pulmonary @entity3 were observed in all injected animals. In contrast, @entity5 induced by s.c. injection of SV40-transformed cells developed slower, and none of the animals who received injections i.v. presented with @entity3 . @entity10368 -transformed cells had an intermediate tumorigenic and metastatic activity. Microvessels present in the different @entity5 were revealed by immunostaining with Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia lectin 1. @entity5 obtained with @entity1178 -transformed cells exhibited more neovascularization than those induced by the other oncogenes. By comparison to FR3T3 cells or SV40- or @entity10368 -transformed cells, @entity1178 -transformed fibroblasts repress the antiangiogenic thrombospondin-1 and SPARC genes, whereas we found that they express higher levels of gene expression of the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor. Finally, as compared with cells before passage in animals, thrombospondin-1, SPARC, and VEGF gene expression was also deregulated in cell lines isolated from primary @entity5 induced by @entity10368 -transformants. Our results indicate that the high transforming potential of @entity1178 , evidenced as soon as transformation is established in vitro, correlates with deregulation of gene expression of both angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors leading to rapid neovascularization of @entity5 .

2099262

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2099264

XXXX embryo fibroblasts transformed by @entity1178 display highly metastatic and angiogenic activities in vivo and deregulate gene expression of both angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors.

multiple_choice

The comparative tumorigenicity in @entity35 and @entity19 of cell lines derived from FR3T3 and transformed by either @entity9829 , ras, SV40 lt, or @entity291 @entity1185 virus type 1 ( @entity10368 ) oncogenes was investigated. @entity1178 -transformed cells were as tumorigenic and metastatic as Ras-transformed cells. Latencies were short, and numerous pulmonary @entity3 were observed in all injected animals. In contrast, @entity5 induced by s.c. injection of SV40-transformed cells developed slower, and none of the animals who received injections i.v. presented with @entity3 . @entity10368 -transformed cells had an intermediate tumorigenic and metastatic activity. Microvessels present in the different @entity5 were revealed by immunostaining with Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia lectin 1. @entity5 obtained with @entity1178 -transformed cells exhibited more neovascularization than those induced by the other oncogenes. By comparison to FR3T3 cells or SV40- or @entity10368 -transformed cells, @entity1178 -transformed fibroblasts repress the antiangiogenic thrombospondin-1 and SPARC genes, whereas we found that they express higher levels of gene expression of the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor. Finally, as compared with cells before passage in animals, thrombospondin-1, SPARC, and VEGF gene expression was also deregulated in cell lines isolated from primary @entity5 induced by @entity10368 -transformants. Our results indicate that the high transforming potential of @entity1178 , evidenced as soon as transformation is established in vitro, correlates with deregulation of gene expression of both angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors leading to rapid neovascularization of @entity5 .

2099265

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2099267

A new approach for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve in the XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a new technique for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve and to determine frequency of inadvertent injection into the @entity12897 with this technique. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Thirty @entity1641 cadaver forelimbs. METHODS: Each of 3 clinicians injected 0.5 mL of a 1% aqueous solution of new @entity6693 as a marker at the medial aspect of the accessory carpal bone of 10 limbs. Immediately after each injection, the lateral palmar nerve was identified by dissection of and inspected for proximity of dye, and the @entity12897 was inspected for the presence of dye. RESULTS: New @entity6693 solution was observed to surround the nerve (29 limbs) or to lie within 2 mm of it (1 limb). Dye was not found in the @entity12897 of any specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Using this technique, perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve can be consistently achieved, and the @entity12897 is unlikely to be penetrated by the needle during the procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The technique described provides an accurate and simple method for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve proximal to the origin of its deep branch. This technique can be used to anesthetize the lateral palmar nerve for diagnosis of @entity158 originating in the palmaroproximal aspect of the metacarpus without risk of inadvertently desensitizing structures within the @entity12897 .

2099268

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2099270

XXXX of the ovary: a case report and literature review.

multiple_choice

@entity424 is a @entity11 with differentiation toward ependymal cells that usually arises in the central nervous system. @entity43 is extremely rare, and the treatment strategies for this disease have not been established. This is the first report of a @entity1 with advanced @entity43 who received fertility-sparing surgery and is now alive without disease. A 23-year-old Japanese @entity1 , gravida 0, presented with a chief complaint of @entity1625 and @entity353 . She underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy for suspected @entity43 . Microscopic examination revealed a highly cellular @entity5 composed of small cells with hyperchromatic, round-to-oval nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. Perivascular pseudorosettes, ependymal rosettes, and extensive @entity39 were observed. After thorough pathologic examination, she was diagnosed as having @entity43 . Postoperatively, she received adjuvant chemotherapy and underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery that preserved the uterus and right ovary. Her menstrual cycle has resumed, and she is alive without evidence of disease 16 months after the start of treatment. Although rare, primary @entity43 must be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of @entity43 , especially in young @entity1 . Administration of @entity2879 -based chemotherapy along with cytoreductive surgery is a potential standard treatment for advanced @entity43 .

2099271

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2099273

@entity1808 type 1 and type 2 receptors bind XXXX through different types of epitope recognition.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to demonstrate that the principle of molecular recognition underlying high-affinity binding of @entity1808 to the type 2 ( @entity11082 ) receptor is distinct from that of the type 1 ( @entity1809 ) receptor. In general, the same functional pharmacophores in hormones are used to bind and activate different subtypes of cell surface receptors. However, the binding of @entity1808 to the @entity11082 receptor is distinct from that of the @entity1809 receptor. DESIGN AND METHODS: To systematically evaluate the effect of modification of @entity1808 side chains on binding to both the receptors, several analogs of @entity1808 were synthesized. @entity35 @entity1809 or @entity11082 receptors expressed in COS1 cell membranes were used to determine the affinity of analogs using radioligand competition binding experiments under equilibrium conditions. RESULTS: Modifications of all @entity1808 side chains affected binding to the @entity11082 receptor to nearly similar extents. In contrast, binding to the @entity1809 receptor was significantly affected by modifications at side chain positions 2, 4, 6 and 7. In accordance with previous observations that Tyr4- or @entity815 8-modified @entity1808 analogs antagonized vasoconstriction mediated exclusively by the @entity1809 receptor, binding to the @entity1809 receptor was significantly dependent on Tyr4 or Phe8 of @entity1808 whereas binding to the @entity11082 receptor was not. Rather surprisingly, the affinity profile of several @entity1808 analogs towards the @entity11082 receptor was similar to the measured affinity of the constitutively active @entity68023 mutant @entity1809 receptor. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the @entity11082 -receptor pharmacophore is very distinct from that of the @entity1809 receptor. The @entity1809 receptor is in a constrained conformation and is activated only when bound to @entity1808 . In contrast, the @entity11082 receptor is 'relaxed' in that no single interaction is critical for binding, like the @entity68023 mutant @entity1809 receptor, which is constitutively active.

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2099276

XXXX type 1 and type 2 receptors bind @entity1808 through different types of epitope recognition.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to demonstrate that the principle of molecular recognition underlying high-affinity binding of @entity1808 to the type 2 ( @entity11082 ) receptor is distinct from that of the type 1 ( @entity1809 ) receptor. In general, the same functional pharmacophores in hormones are used to bind and activate different subtypes of cell surface receptors. However, the binding of @entity1808 to the @entity11082 receptor is distinct from that of the @entity1809 receptor. DESIGN AND METHODS: To systematically evaluate the effect of modification of @entity1808 side chains on binding to both the receptors, several analogs of @entity1808 were synthesized. @entity35 @entity1809 or @entity11082 receptors expressed in COS1 cell membranes were used to determine the affinity of analogs using radioligand competition binding experiments under equilibrium conditions. RESULTS: Modifications of all @entity1808 side chains affected binding to the @entity11082 receptor to nearly similar extents. In contrast, binding to the @entity1809 receptor was significantly affected by modifications at side chain positions 2, 4, 6 and 7. In accordance with previous observations that Tyr4- or @entity815 8-modified @entity1808 analogs antagonized vasoconstriction mediated exclusively by the @entity1809 receptor, binding to the @entity1809 receptor was significantly dependent on Tyr4 or Phe8 of @entity1808 whereas binding to the @entity11082 receptor was not. Rather surprisingly, the affinity profile of several @entity1808 analogs towards the @entity11082 receptor was similar to the measured affinity of the constitutively active @entity68023 mutant @entity1809 receptor. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the @entity11082 -receptor pharmacophore is very distinct from that of the @entity1809 receptor. The @entity1809 receptor is in a constrained conformation and is activated only when bound to @entity1808 . In contrast, the @entity11082 receptor is 'relaxed' in that no single interaction is critical for binding, like the @entity68023 mutant @entity1809 receptor, which is constitutively active.

2099277

2099278

2099279

Heart valve involvement in XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity2314 is a rare @entity2315 leading to an accumulation of glycosphingolipids in all tissues and organs including the heart. Among the pathologies of @entity296 , reviews and registry data list affection of heart valves and its hemodynamic significance as predominant alterations during progression of the disease. We thought to approach this uncertainty with a systematic observational study. In a single center study, 111 @entity1 with genetically proven @entity2314 were systematically investigated by echocardiography for abnormalities of the valves in the left (aortic and mitral valve) and right heart (pulmonary and tricuspid valve). In addition, 60 @entity1 were followed by echocardiography for 2.7 +/- 1.5 y (range 1 to 6). Both @entity849 and regurgitation were classified as mild, moderate or severe. Overall, no @entity1 had severe @entity340 . The most frequent findings were mild aortic (n = 17), mitral (n = 57) and tricuspid (n = 38) @entity338 . Only two @entity1 showed mild @entity472 . Moderate aortic (n = 1), mitral (n = 2) or tricuspid (n = 1) regurgitation were rarely detected. All @entity2314 @entity1 in advanced stages (n = 9) had only mild @entity339 and one of them had mild aortic and @entity339 , moderate @entity997 and mild @entity472 . Thirty @entity1 had completely normal valve function. There was no significant change toward hemodynamic relevant @entity340 during follow-up. Mild @entity1002 are frequent in @entity2314 . However, these @entity340 are not the major limitations for the @entity2314 heart.

2099280

2099281

2099282

Pulmonary venous flow in @entity1121 as assessed by the transoesophageal approach. The additive value of pulmonary venous flow and left atrial size variables in estimating the mitral inflow pattern in XXXX .

multiple_choice

AIMS: This study was conducted to assess the characteristics of the pattern of pulmonary venous flow and to document the interaction of this flow and left atrial function with the pattern of mitral inflow in @entity1121 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Pulmonary venous and mitral flows were evaluated by the transoesophageal approach in 80 @entity1 with @entity1121 . Left atrial size and function were measured by the transthoracic approach. Their values were compared with those obtained from 35 normal controls. Twelve @entity1 showed significant (> 2+) @entity339 . As a group, @entity1121 @entity1 showed increased atrial reversal flow and longer deceleration time of the diastolic wave, but a wide variability of pulmonary venous flow patterns were observed. Thirty @entity1 (37.5%) had pseudonormal mitral flow patterns. Stepwise multilinear regression analysis identified the ratio of systolic to diastolic pulmonary venous flow velocity, the ratio of velocity-time integrals of both flow waves at atrial contraction, the left atrial minimal volume and the systolic fraction as independent predictive variables of the mitral E/A wave velocity ratio (r = 0.82). By logistic regression, the former three variables were selected as independent predictive covariates of a pseudonormal mitral flow pattern (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 90%). The ratio of velocity-time integrals of both atrial waves was the most important predictive variable in both analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The observed variability in the configuration of pulmonary venous flow velocity waveform is related to what occurs in transmitral flow in @entity1 with @entity1121 . Significant @entity339 is not an independent correlate of pseudonormal mitral inflow patterns in these @entity1 . Our results further emphasize the complementary, additive value of the pulmonary venous flow velocity pattern and left atrial size in the interpretation of the mitral flow velocity pattern, and indirectly suggest the underlying increased left ventricular filling pressures of @entity1 with @entity1121 and pseudonormal mitral flow patterns.

2099283

2099284

2099285

Pulmonary venous flow in XXXX as assessed by the transoesophageal approach. The additive value of pulmonary venous flow and left atrial size variables in estimating the mitral inflow pattern in @entity1121 .

multiple_choice

AIMS: This study was conducted to assess the characteristics of the pattern of pulmonary venous flow and to document the interaction of this flow and left atrial function with the pattern of mitral inflow in @entity1121 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Pulmonary venous and mitral flows were evaluated by the transoesophageal approach in 80 @entity1 with @entity1121 . Left atrial size and function were measured by the transthoracic approach. Their values were compared with those obtained from 35 normal controls. Twelve @entity1 showed significant (> 2+) @entity339 . As a group, @entity1121 @entity1 showed increased atrial reversal flow and longer deceleration time of the diastolic wave, but a wide variability of pulmonary venous flow patterns were observed. Thirty @entity1 (37.5%) had pseudonormal mitral flow patterns. Stepwise multilinear regression analysis identified the ratio of systolic to diastolic pulmonary venous flow velocity, the ratio of velocity-time integrals of both flow waves at atrial contraction, the left atrial minimal volume and the systolic fraction as independent predictive variables of the mitral E/A wave velocity ratio (r = 0.82). By logistic regression, the former three variables were selected as independent predictive covariates of a pseudonormal mitral flow pattern (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 90%). The ratio of velocity-time integrals of both atrial waves was the most important predictive variable in both analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The observed variability in the configuration of pulmonary venous flow velocity waveform is related to what occurs in transmitral flow in @entity1 with @entity1121 . Significant @entity339 is not an independent correlate of pseudonormal mitral inflow patterns in these @entity1 . Our results further emphasize the complementary, additive value of the pulmonary venous flow velocity pattern and left atrial size in the interpretation of the mitral flow velocity pattern, and indirectly suggest the underlying increased left ventricular filling pressures of @entity1 with @entity1121 and pseudonormal mitral flow patterns.

2099286

2099287

2099288

Safety and effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy: results of a XXXX model of @entity6275 .

multiple_choice

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is applied successfully in various @entity74 . Since shockwaves have demonstrated significant bactericidal effectiveness in vitro, safety and effectiveness of ESWT in vivo were evaluated in a @entity95 model of @entity4034 . @entity6275 was induced by injecting @entity8191 and @entity794 into the proximal tibia of 12 New Zealand white @entity95 . Four and five wk after the initial operation, soft focused ESWT was applied twice to the infected limbs. Clinical parameters and laboratory values were followed and blood samples were taken for culture before and 30 min after ESWT. Following sacrifice after 8 wk, lungs, spleen and kidneys were studied histologically for signs of @entity295 and @entity325 . Tibial @entity4034 was assessed clinically, and by radiologic, microbiologic and histologic procedures. Signs of bacterial spreading were not detectable after ESWT, neither in blood cultures nor in histologic analyses of representative organs. Temperature, body weight, C-reactive protein and white blood cell levels also remained unchanged after ESWT. Of particular interest, histologic scores of @entity4034 were significantly decreased in the ESWT-group compared to the untreated control (p = 0.019). However, @entity794 was still detectable in tissue samples of all animals. This is the first study investigating the effects of ESWT applied to infected target areas. ESWT of infected bone did neither induce bacterial spreading nor worsening of @entity281 , and the results suggest the reported treatment protocol of ESWT to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic @entity79 .

2099289

2099290

2099291

Safety and effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy: results of a @entity95 model of XXXX .

multiple_choice

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is applied successfully in various @entity74 . Since shockwaves have demonstrated significant bactericidal effectiveness in vitro, safety and effectiveness of ESWT in vivo were evaluated in a @entity95 model of @entity4034 . @entity6275 was induced by injecting @entity8191 and @entity794 into the proximal tibia of 12 New Zealand white @entity95 . Four and five wk after the initial operation, soft focused ESWT was applied twice to the infected limbs. Clinical parameters and laboratory values were followed and blood samples were taken for culture before and 30 min after ESWT. Following sacrifice after 8 wk, lungs, spleen and kidneys were studied histologically for signs of @entity295 and @entity325 . Tibial @entity4034 was assessed clinically, and by radiologic, microbiologic and histologic procedures. Signs of bacterial spreading were not detectable after ESWT, neither in blood cultures nor in histologic analyses of representative organs. Temperature, body weight, C-reactive protein and white blood cell levels also remained unchanged after ESWT. Of particular interest, histologic scores of @entity4034 were significantly decreased in the ESWT-group compared to the untreated control (p = 0.019). However, @entity794 was still detectable in tissue samples of all animals. This is the first study investigating the effects of ESWT applied to infected target areas. ESWT of infected bone did neither induce bacterial spreading nor worsening of @entity281 , and the results suggest the reported treatment protocol of ESWT to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic @entity79 .

2099292

2099293

2099294

The potential use of maternal size in priority setting when combating childhood XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To devise a strategy for assessing the nutritional status of a household and specifying the major needs in combating childhood wasting, distinguishing between inadequate food availability, poor parental care and/or the need for improved public health measures. DESIGN: An evaluation of the relationship between @entity1 's wasting, stunting, or underweight and mothers' or adult @entity1 's body mass indexes (BMIs) in the same household. A household was designated as 'malnourished' on the basis of a single @entity1 's weight/height of < -2.0 s.d. or at risk of being malnourished if the Z-score was below--1.5. Adult @entity1 's BMI was taken to signify adequate household food availability. Sibling concordance of anthropometric measures was investigated. RESULTS: A wide variety of prevalence of severe (BMI < 16.0), moderate (BMI 16.0-16.9) and marginal (17.0-18.4) @entity3147 existed in the various study areas. The worst condition was recorded in India, while 18% of the @entity1 in Zimbabwe were classified as obese. Similarly wide variation in the prevalence of @entity1 wasting and stunting was observed, with the Indian @entity1 again faring worst and those in Zimbabwe the best. The within-household analysis of concordance gave higher concordance for height than for weight between siblings. Mothers' BMI was highly correlated with the BMI of all other adult @entity1 in the same household and the BMI of all the @entity1 was found to be as useful as that of the mother for relating to @entity1 's anthropometry. Households with mothers of normal body weight but wasted @entity1 were designated as in need of public health measures and improved parental care rather than of enhanced food security. The distribution of households on this combined basis of maternal BMI and @entity1 nutritional status highlighted very diverse situations in the various study areas, with higher proportions of combined maternal and @entity1 @entity3147 in India and in some areas of Ethiopia, while in Zimbabwe only 1-2% presented this condition. On this basis, the principal problem in India was food security; in Zimbabwe household security was rarely apparent, so public health measures and maternal care were designated as problems. In three Ethiopian communities there was a mixture of needs. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively simple household-based approach is proposed to discriminate the most pressing needs in combating childhood @entity3147 , and a policy-making tool is suggested for setting priorities in community action.

2099295

2099296

2099297

The course of mental health after XXXX and induced abortion: a longitudinal, five-year follow-up study.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Miscarriage and induced abortion are life events that can potentially cause mental distress. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the patterns of normalization of mental health scores after these two pregnancy termination events. METHODS: Forty @entity1 who experienced @entity2208 and 80 @entity1 who underwent abortions at the main hospital of Buskerud County in Norway were interviewed. All subjects completed the following questionnaires 10 days (T1), six months (T2), two years (T3) and five years (T4) after the pregnancy termination: Impact of Event Scale (IES), Quality of Life, Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale (HADS), and another addressing their feelings about the pregnancy termination. Differential changes in mean scores were determined by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and inter-group differences were assessed by ordinary least squares methods. RESULTS: @entity1 who had experienced a @entity2208 had more mental distress at 10 days and six months after the pregnancy termination than @entity1 who had undergone an abortion. However, @entity1 who had had a @entity2208 exhibited significantly quicker improvement on IES scores for avoidance, grief, loss, guilt and anger throughout the observation period. @entity1 who experienced induced abortion had significantly greater IES scores for avoidance and for the feelings of guilt, shame and relief than the @entity2208 group at two and five years after the pregnancy termination (IES avoidance means: 3.2 vs 9.3 at T3, respectively, p < 0.001; 1.5 vs 8.3 at T4, respectively, p < 0.001). Compared with the general population, @entity1 who had undergone induced abortion had significantly higher HADS @entity148 scores at all four interviews (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), while @entity1 who had had a @entity2208 had significantly higher @entity148 scores only at T1 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The course of psychological responses to @entity2208 and abortion differed during the five-year period after the event. @entity1 who had undergone an abortion exhibited higher scores during the follow-up period for some outcomes. The difference in the courses of responses may partly result from the different characteristics of the two pregnancy termination events.

2099298

2099299

2099300

[Breast conserving surgery in locoregional treatment of @entity0 after XXXX ].

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To report characteristics and outcome of @entity0 after irradiation for @entity978 with special focus on breast conservation surgery. @entity1 AND METHODS: Medical records of 72 @entity1 who developed either @entity513 in situ or stage I-III invasive @entity0 after @entity978 between 1978 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Median age at @entity978 diagnosis was 23 years old. Median total dose received by the mediastinum was 40 Gy, mostly by a mantle field technique. @entity0 occurred after a median time interval of 21 years. @entity513 and @entity513 in situ represented respectively 71% and 19% of the cases. Locoregional treatment for @entity0 consisted of mastectomy with or without radiotherapy in 39 @entity1 and of lumpectomy with or without adjuvant radiotherapy in 32 @entity1 . The isocentric lateral decubitus radiation technique was used in 17 @entity1 after breast conserving surgery (57%). With a median follow-up of 7 years, 5-year overall survival rate and locoregional control rate were respectively 74.5% and 82% for @entity189 and 100% and 92% for in situ @entity189 . Thirteen @entity1 died of progressive @entity0 and @entity0 was diagnosed in ten @entity1 (14%). CONCLUSIONS: Breast conserving treatment can be an option for @entity0 that occur after @entity978 despite prior thoracic irradiation. It should consist of lumpectomy and adjuvant breast radiotherapy with use of adequate techniques, such as the lateral decubitus isocentric position.

2099301

2099302

2099303

[Breast conserving surgery in locoregional treatment of XXXX after @entity978 ].

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To report characteristics and outcome of @entity0 after irradiation for @entity978 with special focus on breast conservation surgery. @entity1 AND METHODS: Medical records of 72 @entity1 who developed either @entity513 in situ or stage I-III invasive @entity0 after @entity978 between 1978 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Median age at @entity978 diagnosis was 23 years old. Median total dose received by the mediastinum was 40 Gy, mostly by a mantle field technique. @entity0 occurred after a median time interval of 21 years. @entity513 and @entity513 in situ represented respectively 71% and 19% of the cases. Locoregional treatment for @entity0 consisted of mastectomy with or without radiotherapy in 39 @entity1 and of lumpectomy with or without adjuvant radiotherapy in 32 @entity1 . The isocentric lateral decubitus radiation technique was used in 17 @entity1 after breast conserving surgery (57%). With a median follow-up of 7 years, 5-year overall survival rate and locoregional control rate were respectively 74.5% and 82% for @entity189 and 100% and 92% for in situ @entity189 . Thirteen @entity1 died of progressive @entity0 and @entity0 was diagnosed in ten @entity1 (14%). CONCLUSIONS: Breast conserving treatment can be an option for @entity0 that occur after @entity978 despite prior thoracic irradiation. It should consist of lumpectomy and adjuvant breast radiotherapy with use of adequate techniques, such as the lateral decubitus isocentric position.

2099304

2099305

2099306

Width/length ratios of normal clinical crowns of the maxillary anterior dentition in XXXX .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the clinical crown of the 3 tooth groups of the maxillary anterior sextant of the permanent dentition of normal subjects with respect to (i) width, length and the width/length ratios and (ii) determine if there is a correlation between tooth dimensions or tooth group ratios and subject height. Subjects (> or = 20 y.o.) were recruited for this study if (i) the free gingival margin on the facial surface of teeth in the maxillary sextant was positioned apical to the cervical bulge, (ii) there was no evidence of @entity6730 ; as determined by lack of a detectable CEJ and (iii) the marginal tissue was knife edged in form, firm in consistency and coral pink in color. Teeth were excluded if (i) there was evidence of gingival alteration, i.e., @entity8032 / @entity1373 , @entity32 , altered passive @entity203 , @entity6730 , @entity1464 or history of periodontal surgery, or (ii) there was evidence or history of incisal edge/proximal tooth alteration as in, i.e., restorative intervention, @entity130 or occlusal wear into dentin. At least 1 suitable tooth from each tooth group of the maxillary anterior dentition had to be present. A maxillary impression was taken and poured in yellow die stone. The widest mesial-distal portion and the longest apical-coronal portion of the test teeth were measured. Gender, ethnicity and subject height (SH) were recorded for each @entity1 . Due to a limited ethnic diversity only data from the Caucasian group were analyzed. The mean coronal tooth width (mm) of males versus females was CI: 8.59 versus 8.06, @entity3162 : 6.59 versus 6.13 and CA: 7.64 versus 07.15. The mean coronal tooth length (mm) of males versus females was CI: 10.19 versus 9.39, @entity3162 : 8.70 versus 7.79 and CA: 10.06 versus 8.89. All width and length measures were significantly greater for males than for females. The mean coronal tooth width/length ratios for males versus females was CI: 0.85 versus 0.86, @entity3162 : 0.76 versus 0.79 and CA: 0.77 versus 0.81. A comparison between genders of the width/length ratios of the CI and @entity3162 were found not to differ, however the CA ratio for females was significantly greater than for males. A statistically significant difference was found to exist between the mean (cm) SH for males versus females: 181.2 versus 164.0. A positive correlation (p < or = 0.0001 to 0.0691) was found to exist between tooth group width/height ratios within genders. No significant correlation was found between any of the tooth dimensions or tooth group ratios and SH. The results of this study indicate that within male and female Caucasians, the mean width/length ratio of the maxillary 3 anterior tooth groups is 0.81. As well, within both genders there is a positive correlation between tooth group width/length ratios. The significance of these findings with respect to periodontal mucogingival plastic surgical procedures is discussed.

2099307

2099308

2099309

XXXX and control of vascular tone in the @entity1 forearm: influence of post-transplant @entity101 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The use of @entity205 after organ transplantation is associated with a high incidence of @entity101 , but the underlying mechanisms for this process are not clear. We investigated the effects of blockade of basal release of endothelial @entity842 and the effects of endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilators and vasoconstrictors in @entity1 treated with @entity205 after heart transplantation. DESIGN: We measured blood pressure and forearm blood flow responses to brachial artery infusions of @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ), @entity1854 , @entity934 , @entity1063 and vasodilating and vasoconstricting doses of @entity2232 in eight @entity1 early (< 3 months) and in 11 @entity1 late (> 18 months) after transplantation. RESULTS: Diastolic blood pressure was higher late after transplantation, but calculated forearm vascular resistance was lower (P < 0.01). Thus, increased forearm vascular resistance does not contribute to the increase in blood pressure. The vasoconstrictor response to @entity7293 was similar in both groups but a reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator response to @entity934 was seen late after transplantation. However, impaired smooth muscle responsiveness to @entity842 may have contributed to this finding, since the response to @entity1854 tended to be reduced. Vasoconstrictor responses to @entity1063 and @entity2232 were comparable but no vasodilation was seen with low doses of @entity2232 late compared with early after transplantation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings in the forearm circulation question the concept of generalized increases in vasoconstrictor responses or a disturbance of tonic, basal release @entity842 in the pathogenesis of @entity205 -induced @entity101 . Although the forearm vasodilator responses to the stimulation of endothelial @entity842 production and release by @entity934 , and to low doses of @entity2232 , were impaired, these findings could be explained by the increase in blood pressure rather than @entity205 itself.

2099310

2099311

2099312

@entity205 and control of vascular tone in the @entity1 forearm: influence of post-transplant XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The use of @entity205 after organ transplantation is associated with a high incidence of @entity101 , but the underlying mechanisms for this process are not clear. We investigated the effects of blockade of basal release of endothelial @entity842 and the effects of endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilators and vasoconstrictors in @entity1 treated with @entity205 after heart transplantation. DESIGN: We measured blood pressure and forearm blood flow responses to brachial artery infusions of @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ), @entity1854 , @entity934 , @entity1063 and vasodilating and vasoconstricting doses of @entity2232 in eight @entity1 early (< 3 months) and in 11 @entity1 late (> 18 months) after transplantation. RESULTS: Diastolic blood pressure was higher late after transplantation, but calculated forearm vascular resistance was lower (P < 0.01). Thus, increased forearm vascular resistance does not contribute to the increase in blood pressure. The vasoconstrictor response to @entity7293 was similar in both groups but a reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator response to @entity934 was seen late after transplantation. However, impaired smooth muscle responsiveness to @entity842 may have contributed to this finding, since the response to @entity1854 tended to be reduced. Vasoconstrictor responses to @entity1063 and @entity2232 were comparable but no vasodilation was seen with low doses of @entity2232 late compared with early after transplantation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings in the forearm circulation question the concept of generalized increases in vasoconstrictor responses or a disturbance of tonic, basal release @entity842 in the pathogenesis of @entity205 -induced @entity101 . Although the forearm vasodilator responses to the stimulation of endothelial @entity842 production and release by @entity934 , and to low doses of @entity2232 , were impaired, these findings could be explained by the increase in blood pressure rather than @entity205 itself.

2099313

2099314

2099315

@entity205 and control of vascular tone in the XXXX forearm: influence of post-transplant @entity101 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The use of @entity205 after organ transplantation is associated with a high incidence of @entity101 , but the underlying mechanisms for this process are not clear. We investigated the effects of blockade of basal release of endothelial @entity842 and the effects of endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilators and vasoconstrictors in @entity1 treated with @entity205 after heart transplantation. DESIGN: We measured blood pressure and forearm blood flow responses to brachial artery infusions of @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ), @entity1854 , @entity934 , @entity1063 and vasodilating and vasoconstricting doses of @entity2232 in eight @entity1 early (< 3 months) and in 11 @entity1 late (> 18 months) after transplantation. RESULTS: Diastolic blood pressure was higher late after transplantation, but calculated forearm vascular resistance was lower (P < 0.01). Thus, increased forearm vascular resistance does not contribute to the increase in blood pressure. The vasoconstrictor response to @entity7293 was similar in both groups but a reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator response to @entity934 was seen late after transplantation. However, impaired smooth muscle responsiveness to @entity842 may have contributed to this finding, since the response to @entity1854 tended to be reduced. Vasoconstrictor responses to @entity1063 and @entity2232 were comparable but no vasodilation was seen with low doses of @entity2232 late compared with early after transplantation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings in the forearm circulation question the concept of generalized increases in vasoconstrictor responses or a disturbance of tonic, basal release @entity842 in the pathogenesis of @entity205 -induced @entity101 . Although the forearm vasodilator responses to the stimulation of endothelial @entity842 production and release by @entity934 , and to low doses of @entity2232 , were impaired, these findings could be explained by the increase in blood pressure rather than @entity205 itself.

2099316

2099317

2099318

Concurrent chemotherapy with hyperfractionated accelerated thoracic irradiation in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effect of hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy combined with low dose radiosensitisers followed by standard dose chemotherapy in the treatment of unresectable stage III @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Forty-seven @entity1 received thoracic radiotherapy (1.5 bid x 5 days x 4 weeks) in combination with low dose daily (3-6 mg/m2) @entity900 +/- weekly @entity5713 chemotherapy (step I), followed by three cycles of standard dose chemotherapy alone consisting of @entity900 (75-80 mg/m2) and @entity5713 (8-16 mg/m2) given at 3-4 week intervals (step II). RESULTS: The overall response rate was 70% (21% CR). The progression free interval and the median survival duration were 10.4 months and 17.3 months, respectively. The 3 year survival rate was 21%. The site of first progression was local in 44%, distant in 41%, and simultaneous in 15% of @entity1 . Levels of @entity137 were significant but acceptable with the use of prophylactic therapy. Grade 3 or 4 @entity137 was observed in 28 and 19% of @entity1 during step I and II of the study, respectively. There were three deaths associated with @entity137 . All occurred prior to the implementation of the prophylactic therapy for @entity2910 . @entity358 were reported in 25% of @entity1 in step I, and @entity3794 , primarily asymptomatic, was observed in 51% of @entity1 . @entity1503 was moderate. Two @entity1 died of @entity1398 / @entity55 . CONCLUSION: Concurrent chemotherapy and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy appears moderately effective in controlling @entity5 growth as measured by response rates and survival estimates. @entity137 is considerable but manageable and compatible with results from other combined modality studies.

2099319

2099320

2099321

XXXX doped with 2 peptide sequences from laminin.

multiple_choice

In the field of neural tissue engineering, electrically conducting, biocompatible surfaces are of great interest. Over the past several decades conducting polymers have been studied as candidate surfaces because they fit these criteria. Several attempts have been made to combine the conductivity and biocompatibility of conducting polymers with biomolecules that could promote specific cell attachment and growth. In this report the laminin fragments CDPGYIGSR ( @entity15340 ) and RNIAEIIKDI ( @entity9289 ) are used as dopants in electropolymerization of the conducting polymer @entity25213 ( @entity25214 ). The electrical properties of the resulting films are analyzed by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry and compared to gold. @entity25214 / @entity9289 surfaces consistently demonstrate the lowest impedance and largest charge capacity for a given deposition charge. Next, in vitro studies using primary neurons cultured in a defined media and primary astrocytes in a serum containing media were performed; neuron density and neurite length, as well as astrocyte density, were quantified. Surfaces doped with a combination of the two peptides ( @entity25214 / @entity9289 - @entity15340 ) consistently supported the highest neuronal density. It is shown that surfaces doped with the laminin fragment @entity9289 had significantly longer primary neurites than either the @entity15340 doped or @entity25210 doped @entity25214 surfaces. Finally, the astrocyte studies demonstrate that @entity25214 surfaces have significantly less astrocyte adhesion in culture than the common electrode material, gold.

2099322

2099323

2099324

Selective non-operative management of XXXX : survey of practise.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of evidence attesting to the effectiveness and safety of selective non-operative management (SNOM) of @entity18329 . However, much of the research which supports this conclusion has originated from a few centres, and the actual utilisation of SNOM by @entity130 surgeons is not known. We therefore conducted a survey to assess the acceptance of this strategy and evaluate variations in practise. METHODS: Electronic questionnaire survey of @entity130 surgeons in the United States of America, Canada, Brazil, and South Africa. Responses were compared using Chi(2) and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: 183 replies were received. 105 (57%) respondents practise SNOM of @entity18329 , but there are marked regional variations in the acceptance of this strategy (p<0.01). Respondents who had completed @entity130 (p<0.01) or critical care (p<0.01) fellowships, and those who practise in a higher volume centre (defined as >50 penetrating @entity3511 seen per year) (p<0.01) are more likely to practise SNOM of gunshot wounds. Most surgeons who practise SNOM regard peritonitis, @entity29 , and being unable to evaluate a @entity1 as a contraindication to attempting non-operative management. Almost all regard CT as essential. Respondents' preparedness to consider SNOM is related to injury extent. CONCLUSIONS: SNOM of @entity18329 is practised by @entity130 surgeons in all four countries surveyed, but is not universally accepted, and there are variations in how it is practised.

2099325

2099326

2099327

High incidence of XXXX in @entity1985 of childhood.

multiple_choice

In recent adult literature, there have been reports of an increasing incidence of @entity628 ( @entity628 ) among @entity1 with @entity1985 . To examine whether this observation is also relevant to the pediatric population we utilized our hospital computerized database to analyze the data on @entity1 with primary @entity1985 seen first between the years 1984 and 1995. A questionnaire was also sent to all metropolitan Kansas City pediatricians to identify possible @entity1 outside the database. The inclusion criteria were clinical @entity1985 or @entity644 with a kidney biopsy. A total of 148 @entity1 (group A) were identified; 86 of them from metropolitan Kansas City (group B). In group A the incidence of @entity1987 ( @entity1987 ) and @entity628 was 52.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44%-60%] and 23.0% (95% CI 16-29%), respectively and in group B 54.7% (95% CI 44%-65%) and 24.5% (95% CI 15%-33%), respectively. Those numbers were significantly different from the International Study of @entity8 in @entity1 (IS-KDC) reported incidence of 76.4% for @entity1987 and 6.9% for @entity628 . Similar to the ISKDC, in our population @entity1 over 6 years had a higher incidence of @entity628 than younger @entity1 (32.8% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.028). The annual incidence rate for @entity1985 in group B was 2.2 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year, of which @entity1987 comprised 1.22 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year and @entity628 0.5 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year. The annual incidence rates of both primary @entity1985 (3.6) and @entity628 (1.6) were significantly higher in African-Americans, than Caucasians (1.8 and 0.3 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year, respectively). Our study indicates nearly no change in the annual incidence of pediatric primary @entity1985 , but a higher incidence of @entity628 with reciprocal decline in the incidence of @entity1987 . The possibility of primary @entity1985 being caused by a non- @entity1987 entity is further raised among African-American and in @entity1 over 6 years. We conclude that our perception of primary @entity1985 of childhood as a benign condition has to be carefully reexamined and a more-guarded prognostic approach adopted in our geographic area.

2099328

2099329

2099330

High incidence of @entity628 in XXXX of childhood.

multiple_choice

In recent adult literature, there have been reports of an increasing incidence of @entity628 ( @entity628 ) among @entity1 with @entity1985 . To examine whether this observation is also relevant to the pediatric population we utilized our hospital computerized database to analyze the data on @entity1 with primary @entity1985 seen first between the years 1984 and 1995. A questionnaire was also sent to all metropolitan Kansas City pediatricians to identify possible @entity1 outside the database. The inclusion criteria were clinical @entity1985 or @entity644 with a kidney biopsy. A total of 148 @entity1 (group A) were identified; 86 of them from metropolitan Kansas City (group B). In group A the incidence of @entity1987 ( @entity1987 ) and @entity628 was 52.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44%-60%] and 23.0% (95% CI 16-29%), respectively and in group B 54.7% (95% CI 44%-65%) and 24.5% (95% CI 15%-33%), respectively. Those numbers were significantly different from the International Study of @entity8 in @entity1 (IS-KDC) reported incidence of 76.4% for @entity1987 and 6.9% for @entity628 . Similar to the ISKDC, in our population @entity1 over 6 years had a higher incidence of @entity628 than younger @entity1 (32.8% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.028). The annual incidence rate for @entity1985 in group B was 2.2 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year, of which @entity1987 comprised 1.22 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year and @entity628 0.5 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year. The annual incidence rates of both primary @entity1985 (3.6) and @entity628 (1.6) were significantly higher in African-Americans, than Caucasians (1.8 and 0.3 cases/10(5) @entity1 per year, respectively). Our study indicates nearly no change in the annual incidence of pediatric primary @entity1985 , but a higher incidence of @entity628 with reciprocal decline in the incidence of @entity1987 . The possibility of primary @entity1985 being caused by a non- @entity1987 entity is further raised among African-American and in @entity1 over 6 years. We conclude that our perception of primary @entity1985 of childhood as a benign condition has to be carefully reexamined and a more-guarded prognostic approach adopted in our geographic area.

2099331

2099332

2099333

Evaluation of side effects and XXXX ' perceptions during tooth bleaching.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this nightguard vital bleaching (NGVB) study was to compare @entity22322 ( @entity22322 ), @entity146 ( @entity146 ), and other side effects, as well as @entity1 ' perceptions during tooth bleaching, from treatment with experimental 5 and 7% @entity273 (HP) bleaching solutions with those of a commercially available 10% @entity12946 (CP) product. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-one @entity1 completed the study wearing a scalloped maxillary treatment tray without reservoirs with the different concentrations of bleaching gels for 30 minutes twice a day for 7 days. Parameters evaluated were changes in gingival index (GI), nonmarginal gingival index, nongingival oral mucosal index, and tooth vitality. @entity1 were seen pretreatment, after 7 treatment days, and 1 week post-treatment. A daily log form to record @entity22322 and @entity146 was completed by each @entity1 as well as a sensitivity questionnaire at each appointment. Additionally, at 10 months post-treatment, a questionnaire was sent to the @entity1 concerning @entity22322 and @entity146 relative to the treatment process. RESULTS: Data from end-of-treatment questionnaires, daily log forms, and clinical examination revealed a statistical difference (p < or = 0.05) in the @entity1 ' ranking of and days of @entity22322 and @entity146 between group S (7% HP) and group T (10% CP, control group) at the end of active treatment. There also existed a statistical clinical change in the GI levels for groups R and S compared with the control group T. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in any of the parameters evaluated among the three products at 7 days or 10 months post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 in group S reported significantly more @entity22322 , @entity146 , and days of each compared with the control. There also existed a significant clinical change in the GI levels for groups R and S compared with the control group T. There was no significant difference among the three products at 7 days post-treatment. After ending treatment, @entity22322 / @entity146 was resolved in 2 to 3 days and did not recur during the 10 months post-treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The experimental HP bleaching solutions, as described in this study, can be used in NGVB with no long-term side effects as evaluated in this study for up to 10 months post-treatment.

2099334

2099335

2099336

Single particle reconstruction of the @entity1 apo- @entity69 - XXXX receptor complex.

multiple_choice

Most organisms depend on @entity68 as a co-factor for proteins catalyzing redox reactions. @entity68 is, however, a difficult element for cells to deal with, as it is insoluble in its ferric ( @entity596 ) form and potentially toxic in its ferrous ( @entity8798 ) form. Thus, in vertebrates @entity68 is transported through the circulation bound to @entity69 ( @entity69 ) and delivered to cells through an endocytotic cycle involving the @entity8282 ( @entity8282 ). We have previously presented a model for the @entity69 - @entity8282 complex in its @entity68 -bearing form, the diferric @entity69 (dTf)- @entity8282 complex [Cheng, Y., Zak, O., Aisen, P., Harrison, S.C., Walz, T., 2004. Structure of the @entity1 @entity69 receptor- @entity69 complex. Cell 116, 565-576]. We have now calculated a single particle reconstruction for the complex in its @entity68 -free form, the apo- @entity69 (apoTf)- @entity8282 complex. The same density map was obtained by aligning raw particle images or class averages of the vitrified apoTf- @entity8282 complex to reference models derived from the structures of the dTf- @entity8282 or apoTf- @entity8282 complex. We were unable to improve the resolution of the apoTf- @entity8282 density map beyond 16A, most likely because of significant structural variability of @entity69 in its @entity68 -free state. The density map does, however, support the model for the apoTf- @entity8282 we previously proposed based on the dTf- @entity8282 complex structure, and it suggests that receptor-bound apoTf prefers to adopt an open conformation.

2099337

2099338

2099339

Single particle reconstruction of the @entity1 apo- XXXX - @entity69 receptor complex.

multiple_choice

Most organisms depend on @entity68 as a co-factor for proteins catalyzing redox reactions. @entity68 is, however, a difficult element for cells to deal with, as it is insoluble in its ferric ( @entity596 ) form and potentially toxic in its ferrous ( @entity8798 ) form. Thus, in vertebrates @entity68 is transported through the circulation bound to @entity69 ( @entity69 ) and delivered to cells through an endocytotic cycle involving the @entity8282 ( @entity8282 ). We have previously presented a model for the @entity69 - @entity8282 complex in its @entity68 -bearing form, the diferric @entity69 (dTf)- @entity8282 complex [Cheng, Y., Zak, O., Aisen, P., Harrison, S.C., Walz, T., 2004. Structure of the @entity1 @entity69 receptor- @entity69 complex. Cell 116, 565-576]. We have now calculated a single particle reconstruction for the complex in its @entity68 -free form, the apo- @entity69 (apoTf)- @entity8282 complex. The same density map was obtained by aligning raw particle images or class averages of the vitrified apoTf- @entity8282 complex to reference models derived from the structures of the dTf- @entity8282 or apoTf- @entity8282 complex. We were unable to improve the resolution of the apoTf- @entity8282 density map beyond 16A, most likely because of significant structural variability of @entity69 in its @entity68 -free state. The density map does, however, support the model for the apoTf- @entity8282 we previously proposed based on the dTf- @entity8282 complex structure, and it suggests that receptor-bound apoTf prefers to adopt an open conformation.

2099340

2099341

2099342

Single particle reconstruction of the XXXX apo- @entity69 - @entity69 receptor complex.

multiple_choice

Most organisms depend on @entity68 as a co-factor for proteins catalyzing redox reactions. @entity68 is, however, a difficult element for cells to deal with, as it is insoluble in its ferric ( @entity596 ) form and potentially toxic in its ferrous ( @entity8798 ) form. Thus, in vertebrates @entity68 is transported through the circulation bound to @entity69 ( @entity69 ) and delivered to cells through an endocytotic cycle involving the @entity8282 ( @entity8282 ). We have previously presented a model for the @entity69 - @entity8282 complex in its @entity68 -bearing form, the diferric @entity69 (dTf)- @entity8282 complex [Cheng, Y., Zak, O., Aisen, P., Harrison, S.C., Walz, T., 2004. Structure of the @entity1 @entity69 receptor- @entity69 complex. Cell 116, 565-576]. We have now calculated a single particle reconstruction for the complex in its @entity68 -free form, the apo- @entity69 (apoTf)- @entity8282 complex. The same density map was obtained by aligning raw particle images or class averages of the vitrified apoTf- @entity8282 complex to reference models derived from the structures of the dTf- @entity8282 or apoTf- @entity8282 complex. We were unable to improve the resolution of the apoTf- @entity8282 density map beyond 16A, most likely because of significant structural variability of @entity69 in its @entity68 -free state. The density map does, however, support the model for the apoTf- @entity8282 we previously proposed based on the dTf- @entity8282 complex structure, and it suggests that receptor-bound apoTf prefers to adopt an open conformation.

2099343

2099344

2099345

[Analysis of XXXX kinases gene mutations in core binding factor related @entity3052 and its clinical significance].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of several @entity669 kinases (TKs) gene mutations including @entity2467 , @entity7801 and @entity4016 @entity4017 in core binding factor related @entity3052 (CBF- @entity3052 ), and analyze their impact on clinical characteristics and prognosis. METHODS: Mutations of @entity2467 , @entity7801 -ITD and @entity7801 -TKD were detected by genomic DNA PCR and sequencing, and @entity4016 @entity4017 mutation screening by allele-specific PCR in 58 newly diagnosed CBF- @entity3052 @entity1 [28 @entity3052 with inv(16) and 30 with t(8;21)], and analyze the @entity1 clinical characteristics and prognoses. RESULTS: @entity2467 aberrations were detected in 32.8% cases, including 6 cases mutated in exon 8 (mutKIT8) and 13 mutated in exon 17 (mutKIT17). MutKIT8 was more prominent in inv(16) than in t(8;21) @entity1 (21.4% vs 0, P = 0.009). Only 2 cases had @entity7801 -ITD and 7 (12.1%) @entity7801 -TKD mutations. The result of @entity4016 @entity4017 mutation screenings in these CBF- @entity3052 @entity1 was negative. The frequency of receptor @entity669 kinases(RTK) mutations was 46.6% and only one case had two kinds of missense mutations (mutKIT8 _ TKD(+)). Median age of onset was higher for mutKIT17 than for wide-type @entity2467 (wtKIT) @entity1 (55 vs 31, P = 0.003). @entity2467 mutations were significantly associated with decreased overall survival (OS) and continuous complete remission (CCR) rates (P = 0.053, and 0.048 respectively), and so did more for exon17 mutated @entity1 reduced (P = 0.005, and 0.013 respectively). @entity7801 -TKD mutation showed no effects on prognosis of CBF- @entity3052 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: RTK mutations are common in @entity1 with CBF- @entity3052 . @entity2467 mutations frequently and JAK2V617F mutation rarely appear in CBF- @entity3052 . @entity2467 mutations, especially mutKIT17 confers higher relapse risk and poorer prognosis.

2099346

2099347

2099348

[Analysis of @entity669 kinases gene mutations in core binding factor related XXXX and its clinical significance].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of several @entity669 kinases (TKs) gene mutations including @entity2467 , @entity7801 and @entity4016 @entity4017 in core binding factor related @entity3052 (CBF- @entity3052 ), and analyze their impact on clinical characteristics and prognosis. METHODS: Mutations of @entity2467 , @entity7801 -ITD and @entity7801 -TKD were detected by genomic DNA PCR and sequencing, and @entity4016 @entity4017 mutation screening by allele-specific PCR in 58 newly diagnosed CBF- @entity3052 @entity1 [28 @entity3052 with inv(16) and 30 with t(8;21)], and analyze the @entity1 clinical characteristics and prognoses. RESULTS: @entity2467 aberrations were detected in 32.8% cases, including 6 cases mutated in exon 8 (mutKIT8) and 13 mutated in exon 17 (mutKIT17). MutKIT8 was more prominent in inv(16) than in t(8;21) @entity1 (21.4% vs 0, P = 0.009). Only 2 cases had @entity7801 -ITD and 7 (12.1%) @entity7801 -TKD mutations. The result of @entity4016 @entity4017 mutation screenings in these CBF- @entity3052 @entity1 was negative. The frequency of receptor @entity669 kinases(RTK) mutations was 46.6% and only one case had two kinds of missense mutations (mutKIT8 _ TKD(+)). Median age of onset was higher for mutKIT17 than for wide-type @entity2467 (wtKIT) @entity1 (55 vs 31, P = 0.003). @entity2467 mutations were significantly associated with decreased overall survival (OS) and continuous complete remission (CCR) rates (P = 0.053, and 0.048 respectively), and so did more for exon17 mutated @entity1 reduced (P = 0.005, and 0.013 respectively). @entity7801 -TKD mutation showed no effects on prognosis of CBF- @entity3052 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: RTK mutations are common in @entity1 with CBF- @entity3052 . @entity2467 mutations frequently and JAK2V617F mutation rarely appear in CBF- @entity3052 . @entity2467 mutations, especially mutKIT17 confers higher relapse risk and poorer prognosis.

2099349

2099350

2099351

Long-term use of antimalarial drugs in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate long-term use of antimalarial drugs and to analyse all causes of discontinuation. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of a cohort of @entity627 patients on antimalarials, during a maximum period of 17.5 years. Case was defined as antimalarial treatment discontinuation due to: a) lack of efficacy, b) adverse events, and c) other causes. Survival techniques were used to estimate the incidence rate (IR) per 1,000 @entity1 -years with the 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) of antimalarial treatment discontinuation. Cox regression models were conducted to evaluate possible associated factors to antimalarial discontinuation. RESULTS: One thousand, two hundred and ninety-one medical records were reviewed, and 778 @entity1 were included. @entity1 started 869 different courses of treatment, with a total follow-up of 2,263 @entity1 -years. The IR of global discontinuation was 204 (95% CI 186-224). Fifty-two per cent of the treatments stopped were related to adverse events, 14% to lack of efficacy; and 34% to other reasons (refusal to take medication, ocular comorbidity, remission, or pregnancy). Adverse events discontinuations were related to non-ophthalmologic reasons in 54.5% ( @entity344 ), and to ophthalmologic adverse events in 45.5%. Nine @entity1 suffered definite presence of @entity989 (IR: 3.97 [IC 95%: 2.06-7.62]) and one of them irreversible @entity1018 (IR: 0.44 [IC 95%: 0.06-3.12]). @entity1 , increasing age, and @entity503 vs. @entity6383 use, increased the risk of discontinuation due to ophthalmologic adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that antimalarials have a good balance between benefit and risk. However, we noted a number of discontinuations due to both inefficacy and adverse events. The potential for an unusual but serious ophthalmologic @entity137 emphasises the importance of close ophthalmologic monitoring.

2099352

2099353

2099354

Differential effects of nerve impulses on adrenergic storage vesicles in XXXX heart.

multiple_choice

The effects of increasing and decreasing activity in sympathetic neurons on light (D420 = 1.05) and heavy (D420 = 1.15) populations of adrenergic vesicles have been determined. @entity1063 (NE) was used as a marker for the soluble contents of the vesicles, and @entity935 beta-hydroxylase was used as a marker for the vesicle membranes. Cold exposure was used to increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system. A 40% decrease in the NE content of the @entity35 heart with no change in the activity of @entity935 beta-hydroxylase was observed after 70 minutes at 5 degrees C. The fall in NE content was completely blocked by pretreating the animals with @entity14523 . Separation of light and heavy populations of vesicles was achieved with linear @entity969 density gradients. Cold stress of 70 minutes duration led to a marked decrease in the NE content of the light vesicles. Blocking adrenergic nerve impulses with @entity14523 resulted in an increase in total NE in the heart but had no effect on @entity935 beta-hydroxylase activity. The initial effect of @entity14523 was to increase the NE content of the light vesicles. The administration of @entity8490 for 6 hours caused an approximately equal loss of NE from both vesicle populations. The decrease in total heart NE was about 25% and could be prevented by pretreating the animals with @entity14523 . These results suggest that the light vesicle fraction is involved in the rapid or short-term responses to changes in nerve impulse frequency. Changes in the NE content of the heavy vesicles in @entity35 heart were seen only after longer times, suggesting that these particles may function only as auxiliary storage sites for the neurotransmitter.

2099355

2099356

2099357

Patterns of XXXX in scaphoid nonunion: a 3-dimensional and quantitative analysis.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To clarify quantitatively the 3-dimensional deformity of the carpus in scaphoid nonunion on the basis of @entity174 location. METHODS: Three-dimensional computed tomography was used to examine 20 @entity1 with scaphoid nonunion. Displacements of the distal and proximal fragments of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and capitate were visualized and quantified using a 3-dimensional image-matching technology. Cases were categorized as distal @entity174 (16 cases) or proximal @entity174 (4 cases) based on the location of the @entity174 line relative to the dorsal apex of the scaphoid ridge where the dorsal scapholunate interosseous ligament is attached. RESULTS: The displayed @entity174 showed that the proximal fragment of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum rotated into extension and supination. The distal fragment of the scaphoid and capitate translated dorsally without notable rotation. The @entity174 was less remarkable than that in distal fractures. Most distal scaphoid nonunions had dorsal intercalated segment instability deformity patterns, whereas a dorsal intercalated segment instability occurred in only 1 case of a proximal @entity174 . CONCLUSIONS: Whether the @entity174 line passes distal or proximal to the dorsal apex of the scaphoid determines the subsequent @entity85 . Dorsal translation of the distal fragment might be one of the factors in the development of degenerative change at the radial styloid.

2099358

2099359

2099360

Hepatoprotective effect of Leucophyllum frutescens on @entity35 albino @entity35 intoxicated with XXXX .

multiple_choice

Many hepatoprotective herbal preparations have been recommended in alternative systems of medicine for the treatment of @entity99 . No systematic study has been done on protective efficacy of Leucophyllum frutescens to treat @entity99 . Protective action of L. frutescens @entity1042 extract (obtained by maceration) was evaluated in an animal model of hepatotoxicity induced by @entity4314 ( @entity14605 ). @entity35 albino @entity35 were divided into five groups. Group I was normal control group; Groups II-V received @entity14605 . After inducing @entity99 , Group II served as control @entity14605 ; Group III was given @entity9601 as reference hepatoprotective; and Groups IV and V received different doses of plant extract. Liver marker enzymes were assayed in serum. Samples of livers were observed under microscope for the histopathological changes. Levels of marker enzymes such as @entity493 aminotransferase (ALT) and @entity492 aminotransferase (AST) were increased significantly in @entity14605 treated @entity35 (Group II). Groups IV and V intoxicated with @entity14605 and treated with L. frutescens @entity1042 extract significant decreased the activities of these two enzymes. Also these groups resulted in less pronounced destruction of the liver architecture, there is not @entity82 and have moderate @entity32 compared with Group II. The present study scientifically validated the traditional use of L. frutescens for @entity409 . In conclusion the @entity1042 extract of L. frutescens aerial parts could be an important source of hepatoprotective compounds.

2099361

2099362

2099363

Hepatoprotective effect of Leucophyllum frutescens on XXXX albino @entity35 intoxicated with @entity4314 .

multiple_choice

Many hepatoprotective herbal preparations have been recommended in alternative systems of medicine for the treatment of @entity99 . No systematic study has been done on protective efficacy of Leucophyllum frutescens to treat @entity99 . Protective action of L. frutescens @entity1042 extract (obtained by maceration) was evaluated in an animal model of hepatotoxicity induced by @entity4314 ( @entity14605 ). @entity35 albino @entity35 were divided into five groups. Group I was normal control group; Groups II-V received @entity14605 . After inducing @entity99 , Group II served as control @entity14605 ; Group III was given @entity9601 as reference hepatoprotective; and Groups IV and V received different doses of plant extract. Liver marker enzymes were assayed in serum. Samples of livers were observed under microscope for the histopathological changes. Levels of marker enzymes such as @entity493 aminotransferase (ALT) and @entity492 aminotransferase (AST) were increased significantly in @entity14605 treated @entity35 (Group II). Groups IV and V intoxicated with @entity14605 and treated with L. frutescens @entity1042 extract significant decreased the activities of these two enzymes. Also these groups resulted in less pronounced destruction of the liver architecture, there is not @entity82 and have moderate @entity32 compared with Group II. The present study scientifically validated the traditional use of L. frutescens for @entity409 . In conclusion the @entity1042 extract of L. frutescens aerial parts could be an important source of hepatoprotective compounds.

2099364

2099365

2099366

Hepatoprotective effect of Leucophyllum frutescens on @entity35 albino XXXX intoxicated with @entity4314 .

multiple_choice

Many hepatoprotective herbal preparations have been recommended in alternative systems of medicine for the treatment of @entity99 . No systematic study has been done on protective efficacy of Leucophyllum frutescens to treat @entity99 . Protective action of L. frutescens @entity1042 extract (obtained by maceration) was evaluated in an animal model of hepatotoxicity induced by @entity4314 ( @entity14605 ). @entity35 albino @entity35 were divided into five groups. Group I was normal control group; Groups II-V received @entity14605 . After inducing @entity99 , Group II served as control @entity14605 ; Group III was given @entity9601 as reference hepatoprotective; and Groups IV and V received different doses of plant extract. Liver marker enzymes were assayed in serum. Samples of livers were observed under microscope for the histopathological changes. Levels of marker enzymes such as @entity493 aminotransferase (ALT) and @entity492 aminotransferase (AST) were increased significantly in @entity14605 treated @entity35 (Group II). Groups IV and V intoxicated with @entity14605 and treated with L. frutescens @entity1042 extract significant decreased the activities of these two enzymes. Also these groups resulted in less pronounced destruction of the liver architecture, there is not @entity82 and have moderate @entity32 compared with Group II. The present study scientifically validated the traditional use of L. frutescens for @entity409 . In conclusion the @entity1042 extract of L. frutescens aerial parts could be an important source of hepatoprotective compounds.

2099367

2099368

2099369

XXXX -D and its receptor @entity7802 : two novel independent prognostic markers in @entity356 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity7 ( @entity7 )-D and its homolog @entity9961 influence lymphangiogenesis through activation of @entity7802 ( @entity7802 ), and have been implicated in lymphatic @entity5 spread. Nodal dissemination of @entity356 critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of affected @entity1 . Therefore, we analyzed expression and prognostic significance of @entity9205 along with @entity9961 , and @entity7802 in @entity356 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity9961 , @entity9205 , and @entity7802 were analyzed in 91 R(0)-resected primary @entity356 , corresponding noncancerous gastric mucosa, and lymph node @entity3 employing immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. Blood and lymph vessel densities were assessed after staining with @entity2279 and @entity14600 -specific antibodies. RESULTS: @entity9205 and @entity9961 were detected in 67.0% and 50.5% of @entity356 , respectively. Healthy gastric mucosa was negative for @entity9961 and in 12.5% positive for @entity9205 . Presence of @entity9205 (P = .005) or @entity9961 (P = .006) was correlated with lymphatic @entity3 and decreased survival ( @entity9205 , P < .05; @entity9961 , P < .05). @entity7802 was correlated with @entity189 -specific survival (P < .05), and @entity797 multivariate regression analysis qualified @entity9205 and @entity7802 , but not @entity9961 , as independent prognostic parameters. In lymph node-positive @entity356 , presence of @entity9205 / @entity7802 was associated with poor survival, whereas absence of @entity9205 / @entity7802 defined a subgroup of @entity1 with clearly favorable prognosis. CONCLUSION: @entity9205 and @entity7802 are novel independent prognostic marker molecules aiding to identify @entity1 with poor prognosis after curative resection of @entity356 . Combined analysis of the @entity9961 / @entity9205 / @entity7802 system can be useful to identify @entity1 with unfavorable clinical outcome and thereby may help to refine therapeutic decisions in @entity356 .

2099370

2099371

2099372

@entity7 -D and its receptor @entity7802 : two novel independent prognostic markers in XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity7 ( @entity7 )-D and its homolog @entity9961 influence lymphangiogenesis through activation of @entity7802 ( @entity7802 ), and have been implicated in lymphatic @entity5 spread. Nodal dissemination of @entity356 critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of affected @entity1 . Therefore, we analyzed expression and prognostic significance of @entity9205 along with @entity9961 , and @entity7802 in @entity356 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity9961 , @entity9205 , and @entity7802 were analyzed in 91 R(0)-resected primary @entity356 , corresponding noncancerous gastric mucosa, and lymph node @entity3 employing immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. Blood and lymph vessel densities were assessed after staining with @entity2279 and @entity14600 -specific antibodies. RESULTS: @entity9205 and @entity9961 were detected in 67.0% and 50.5% of @entity356 , respectively. Healthy gastric mucosa was negative for @entity9961 and in 12.5% positive for @entity9205 . Presence of @entity9205 (P = .005) or @entity9961 (P = .006) was correlated with lymphatic @entity3 and decreased survival ( @entity9205 , P < .05; @entity9961 , P < .05). @entity7802 was correlated with @entity189 -specific survival (P < .05), and @entity797 multivariate regression analysis qualified @entity9205 and @entity7802 , but not @entity9961 , as independent prognostic parameters. In lymph node-positive @entity356 , presence of @entity9205 / @entity7802 was associated with poor survival, whereas absence of @entity9205 / @entity7802 defined a subgroup of @entity1 with clearly favorable prognosis. CONCLUSION: @entity9205 and @entity7802 are novel independent prognostic marker molecules aiding to identify @entity1 with poor prognosis after curative resection of @entity356 . Combined analysis of the @entity9961 / @entity9205 / @entity7802 system can be useful to identify @entity1 with unfavorable clinical outcome and thereby may help to refine therapeutic decisions in @entity356 .

2099373

2099374

2099375

@entity7 -D and its receptor XXXX : two novel independent prognostic markers in @entity356 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity7 ( @entity7 )-D and its homolog @entity9961 influence lymphangiogenesis through activation of @entity7802 ( @entity7802 ), and have been implicated in lymphatic @entity5 spread. Nodal dissemination of @entity356 critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of affected @entity1 . Therefore, we analyzed expression and prognostic significance of @entity9205 along with @entity9961 , and @entity7802 in @entity356 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity9961 , @entity9205 , and @entity7802 were analyzed in 91 R(0)-resected primary @entity356 , corresponding noncancerous gastric mucosa, and lymph node @entity3 employing immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. Blood and lymph vessel densities were assessed after staining with @entity2279 and @entity14600 -specific antibodies. RESULTS: @entity9205 and @entity9961 were detected in 67.0% and 50.5% of @entity356 , respectively. Healthy gastric mucosa was negative for @entity9961 and in 12.5% positive for @entity9205 . Presence of @entity9205 (P = .005) or @entity9961 (P = .006) was correlated with lymphatic @entity3 and decreased survival ( @entity9205 , P < .05; @entity9961 , P < .05). @entity7802 was correlated with @entity189 -specific survival (P < .05), and @entity797 multivariate regression analysis qualified @entity9205 and @entity7802 , but not @entity9961 , as independent prognostic parameters. In lymph node-positive @entity356 , presence of @entity9205 / @entity7802 was associated with poor survival, whereas absence of @entity9205 / @entity7802 defined a subgroup of @entity1 with clearly favorable prognosis. CONCLUSION: @entity9205 and @entity7802 are novel independent prognostic marker molecules aiding to identify @entity1 with poor prognosis after curative resection of @entity356 . Combined analysis of the @entity9961 / @entity9205 / @entity7802 system can be useful to identify @entity1 with unfavorable clinical outcome and thereby may help to refine therapeutic decisions in @entity356 .

2099376

2099377

2099378

XXXX and quality of life following thoracic sympathetic block for palmar @entity1119 : electrocautery hook versus @entity702 clip.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracic sympathetic block is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for treatment of primary @entity1119 . The purpose of this study was to decide which one of using electrocautery hook and @entity702 clip is the appropriate procedure for primary palmar @entity1119 by assessing the @entity3190 ( @entity3190 ) and quality of life (QOL) of @entity1 after sympathetic block. METHODS: Between October 2007 to August 2010, 120 @entity1 with primary palmar @entity1119 were randomly divided into two groups, electrocautery hook group (60 @entity1 ) and @entity702 clip group (60 @entity1 ). All @entity1 were treated by sympathetic block at T4 level. The @entity3190 was graded based on severity and location; the QOL was classified to 5 different levels based upon the summed total scores (range from 20 to 100) before and after surgery. The variables were compared. RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up period was 2 months. All @entity1 were cured. Three @entity1 in electrocautery hook group and 1 @entity1 in @entity702 clip group had a unilateral pneumothorax on chest X-ray, but none of them was necessary to have chest drainage. Neither perioperative mortality nor serious complications such as @entity943 or arrest were observed during the operation. No @entity1168 or @entity4820 occured. @entity3190 was not more common in @entity1 in @entity702 clip group than in those in electrocautery hook group (P = 0.001). Moderate and severe @entity3190 was few in all @entity1 , and there was no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.193). Most of the @entity1 feel a notable improvement of the the QOL; nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.588). CONCLUSIONS: Both electrocautery hook and @entity702 clip used for sympathetic block at the T4 level are effective, safe, and minimally invasive for palmar @entity1119 . Because of the lower severity of @entity3190 and the similar improvements in the QOL after operation, we prefer to use of @entity702 clip for treating palmar @entity1119 .

2099379

2099380

2099381

@entity3190 and quality of life following thoracic sympathetic block for palmar XXXX : electrocautery hook versus @entity702 clip.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracic sympathetic block is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for treatment of primary @entity1119 . The purpose of this study was to decide which one of using electrocautery hook and @entity702 clip is the appropriate procedure for primary palmar @entity1119 by assessing the @entity3190 ( @entity3190 ) and quality of life (QOL) of @entity1 after sympathetic block. METHODS: Between October 2007 to August 2010, 120 @entity1 with primary palmar @entity1119 were randomly divided into two groups, electrocautery hook group (60 @entity1 ) and @entity702 clip group (60 @entity1 ). All @entity1 were treated by sympathetic block at T4 level. The @entity3190 was graded based on severity and location; the QOL was classified to 5 different levels based upon the summed total scores (range from 20 to 100) before and after surgery. The variables were compared. RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up period was 2 months. All @entity1 were cured. Three @entity1 in electrocautery hook group and 1 @entity1 in @entity702 clip group had a unilateral pneumothorax on chest X-ray, but none of them was necessary to have chest drainage. Neither perioperative mortality nor serious complications such as @entity943 or arrest were observed during the operation. No @entity1168 or @entity4820 occured. @entity3190 was not more common in @entity1 in @entity702 clip group than in those in electrocautery hook group (P = 0.001). Moderate and severe @entity3190 was few in all @entity1 , and there was no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.193). Most of the @entity1 feel a notable improvement of the the QOL; nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.588). CONCLUSIONS: Both electrocautery hook and @entity702 clip used for sympathetic block at the T4 level are effective, safe, and minimally invasive for palmar @entity1119 . Because of the lower severity of @entity3190 and the similar improvements in the QOL after operation, we prefer to use of @entity702 clip for treating palmar @entity1119 .

2099382

2099383

2099384

@entity3190 and quality of life following thoracic sympathetic block for palmar @entity1119 : electrocautery hook versus XXXX clip.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracic sympathetic block is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for treatment of primary @entity1119 . The purpose of this study was to decide which one of using electrocautery hook and @entity702 clip is the appropriate procedure for primary palmar @entity1119 by assessing the @entity3190 ( @entity3190 ) and quality of life (QOL) of @entity1 after sympathetic block. METHODS: Between October 2007 to August 2010, 120 @entity1 with primary palmar @entity1119 were randomly divided into two groups, electrocautery hook group (60 @entity1 ) and @entity702 clip group (60 @entity1 ). All @entity1 were treated by sympathetic block at T4 level. The @entity3190 was graded based on severity and location; the QOL was classified to 5 different levels based upon the summed total scores (range from 20 to 100) before and after surgery. The variables were compared. RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up period was 2 months. All @entity1 were cured. Three @entity1 in electrocautery hook group and 1 @entity1 in @entity702 clip group had a unilateral pneumothorax on chest X-ray, but none of them was necessary to have chest drainage. Neither perioperative mortality nor serious complications such as @entity943 or arrest were observed during the operation. No @entity1168 or @entity4820 occured. @entity3190 was not more common in @entity1 in @entity702 clip group than in those in electrocautery hook group (P = 0.001). Moderate and severe @entity3190 was few in all @entity1 , and there was no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.193). Most of the @entity1 feel a notable improvement of the the QOL; nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.588). CONCLUSIONS: Both electrocautery hook and @entity702 clip used for sympathetic block at the T4 level are effective, safe, and minimally invasive for palmar @entity1119 . Because of the lower severity of @entity3190 and the similar improvements in the QOL after operation, we prefer to use of @entity702 clip for treating palmar @entity1119 .

2099385

2099386

2099387

Clinical and molecular features of @entity17903 due to the XXXX mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu( @entity3915 )) gene.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial DNA mutation @entity68024 in the @entity3915 ) gene causes respiratory chain @entity9714 . The main clinical feature appears to be a progressive @entity3055 with proximal @entity425 . OBJECTIVE: To report on clinical and molecular features in 4 novel @entity1 with the @entity68024 mutation. DESIGN: Case reports. @entity1 : Four @entity1 (3 of whom are from the same family) with a @entity121 caused by the @entity68024 mitochondrial DNA mutation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Identification of the @entity68024 mutation by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: All 4 @entity1 had an adult-onset progressive @entity3055 with proximal @entity425 , resulting in exercise intolerance. In 2 unrelated @entity1 , upper limb reflexes were absent with preservation of at least some lower limb reflexes. Other features including @entity393 , recurrent @entity10 , @entity1736 , progressive external @entity4610 , and @entity308 were present. CONCLUSION: While the dominant clinical features of the @entity68024 mutation were exercise intolerance and proximal @entity425 , other features of @entity17903 , previously not described for this mutation, were present.

2099388

2099389

2099390

Clinical and molecular features of XXXX due to the @entity68024 mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu( @entity3915 )) gene.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial DNA mutation @entity68024 in the @entity3915 ) gene causes respiratory chain @entity9714 . The main clinical feature appears to be a progressive @entity3055 with proximal @entity425 . OBJECTIVE: To report on clinical and molecular features in 4 novel @entity1 with the @entity68024 mutation. DESIGN: Case reports. @entity1 : Four @entity1 (3 of whom are from the same family) with a @entity121 caused by the @entity68024 mitochondrial DNA mutation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Identification of the @entity68024 mutation by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: All 4 @entity1 had an adult-onset progressive @entity3055 with proximal @entity425 , resulting in exercise intolerance. In 2 unrelated @entity1 , upper limb reflexes were absent with preservation of at least some lower limb reflexes. Other features including @entity393 , recurrent @entity10 , @entity1736 , progressive external @entity4610 , and @entity308 were present. CONCLUSION: While the dominant clinical features of the @entity68024 mutation were exercise intolerance and proximal @entity425 , other features of @entity17903 , previously not described for this mutation, were present.

2099391

2099392

2099393

Clinical and molecular features of @entity17903 due to the @entity68024 mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu( XXXX )) gene.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial DNA mutation @entity68024 in the @entity3915 ) gene causes respiratory chain @entity9714 . The main clinical feature appears to be a progressive @entity3055 with proximal @entity425 . OBJECTIVE: To report on clinical and molecular features in 4 novel @entity1 with the @entity68024 mutation. DESIGN: Case reports. @entity1 : Four @entity1 (3 of whom are from the same family) with a @entity121 caused by the @entity68024 mitochondrial DNA mutation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Identification of the @entity68024 mutation by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: All 4 @entity1 had an adult-onset progressive @entity3055 with proximal @entity425 , resulting in exercise intolerance. In 2 unrelated @entity1 , upper limb reflexes were absent with preservation of at least some lower limb reflexes. Other features including @entity393 , recurrent @entity10 , @entity1736 , progressive external @entity4610 , and @entity308 were present. CONCLUSION: While the dominant clinical features of the @entity68024 mutation were exercise intolerance and proximal @entity425 , other features of @entity17903 , previously not described for this mutation, were present.

2099394

2099395

2099396

Altered nuclear factor-kappaB inducing kinase expression in insulin-resistant XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is an underlying feature of both type 2 @entity6 and @entity209 . Currently, it is unclear whether nuclear factor (NF)-kB inducing kinase ( @entity10179 ) plays a role in the development of insulin resistance. The present in vivo study investigated the roles of @entity10179 and @entity15385 ( @entity15385 ) in @entity28 -induced insulin resistance using animal models. METHODS: @entity10179 expression was evaluated by Western blotting in male @entity3237 (ob) @entity19 and C57BL/6J @entity19 fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (45% fat). After @entity2449 and @entity3378 treatment, @entity10179 expression was investigated during the improvement of insulin resistance. RESULTS: @entity10179 was increased by about 1-fold in the renal tissues of @entity3237 (ob) @entity19 and C57BL/6J @entity19 fed a HFD for 12 weeks. After 1 and 3 weeks of high-fat feeding, we observed an almost 50% decrease in @entity10179 and @entity15385 expression in the liver and renal tissues of C57BL/6J @entity19 . @entity10179 expression was significantly lower in the liver and renal tissues of HFD-fed @entity19 that were treated with insulin sensitizers, @entity2449 and @entity3378 . However, @entity15385 expression was increased after @entity2449 treatment in both tissues. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a possible role of @entity10179 in the liver and renal tissues of insulin-resistant @entity19 .

2099397

2099398

2099399

XXXX : isolation and characteristics.

multiple_choice

@entity2718 can be grown readily in @entity7978 ( @entity7978 ) containing 0-1-0-4% of o-, m- or @entity607 , or @entity3971 . We recommend 0-2% of @entity3971 or @entity607 in @entity7978 for the isolation of this organism. The characteristic "cornfield" growth in @entity7978 in 25-ml Universal containers is described. @entity413 , @entity948 , @entity3649 , @entity3913 , @entity9592 , aesculin and @entity2656 are fermented with production of acid and gas; @entity7969 , @entity969 , glycogen, soluble starch and @entity5121 are fermented with production of acid only. @entity1132 and @entity579 starch are not fermented by any strain, and @entity7836 is not attacked. @entity1507 is reduced to @entity3542 . @entity15494 and @entity104 are not produced. Gelatin is attacked by all strains, but in some cases prolonged incubation is required. Hyaluronidase is produced, but not deoxyribonuclease. A lethal toxin appears to be produced. Strains possess shared and strain-specific antigens.