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2099400

2099401

2099402

Studies on the brush border membrane of XXXX duodenum. II. Membrane protein metabolism.

multiple_choice

@entity19 duodenal microvillus membrane protein metabolism was measured using radioactive labelling techniques. Labelled @entity1522 were introduced into the lumen of ligatured duodena. Following exposure to label, brush border membranes were isolated and analyzed. Experiments measuring the specific activity of protein labelled with a single @entity535 revealed that total membrane protein appeared to turnover in about 14 hr. Protein in the mucosal homogenate had a faster turnover rate. Turnover rates of individual proteins were measured with single and dual isotope experiments. Membrane protein was solubilized with @entity214 ( @entity214 ) buffer. Single isotope experiments showed that all polypeptides separated on @entity214 -gels were maximally labelled at 6 hr after injection. Bands did not incorporate label linearly. Rates of loss (degradation) of label from membrane proteins in the seventeen bands appeared to be related to the estimated molecular size of the proteins. Rates were highest for larger polypeptides. A double isotope technique, in which proteins were allowed to incorporate the same @entity535 in two isotopic forms, delivered with a set time interval intervening, revealed that the ratios of the second label to the first in the @entity214 -separated polypeptides were highest for larger proteins and lowest for smaller polypeptides. Certain assumptions were outlined and the ratios taken as measures of turnover of proteins. Loss of label due to cell sloughing is discussed. A mixture of labelled @entity1522 (excluding @entity368 ) was used to show that differences in @entity368 contents of different proteins was not an explanation for the variation in level of @entity368 radioactivity in different bands. For specific activity measurements throughout, protein in gels was quantitated with reference to the uptake of Coomassie stain. The use of this stain was validated by the finding that, at low protein concentration, the amount of stain taken up was proportional to the amount of bovine serum albumin or membrane protein loaded.

2099403

2099404

2099405

Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult XXXX , @entity26962 L.

multiple_choice

The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult @entity26962 , @entity26962 , despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits. The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells. The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occuring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher @entity26 requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport. Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. "Mitochondria-rich" and "mitochondria-poor" superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble " @entity2865 cells" of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to @entity2865 cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to @entity2865 cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat.

2099406

2099407

2099408

Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult @entity26962 , XXXX L.

multiple_choice

The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult @entity26962 , @entity26962 , despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits. The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells. The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occuring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher @entity26 requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport. Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. "Mitochondria-rich" and "mitochondria-poor" superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble " @entity2865 cells" of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to @entity2865 cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to @entity2865 cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat.

2099409

2099410

2099411

Donor MHC gene to mitigate rejection of transplantation in recipient XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Donor organ rejection continues to be a significant problem for @entity1 receiving transplants. We therefore tested whether transferring a donor' @entity9855 histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene to the recipient would mitigate the rejection of transplanted hearts in @entity19 . METHODS: @entity8023 gene from donor @entity19 was amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligated into a @entity1 expression vector, which was then transfected into thymus ground mass cells collected from the recipients. Clones stably expressing the transgene were then injected into the recipients' thymus visualized using ultrasound. Control @entity19 were administered cells previously transfected with empty vector. Following heart transplantation, cardiac activity was monitored electrocardiographically. Recipient thymus cells were tested for MHC antigenicity using flow cytometry and spleen cells were subjected to mixed lymphocyte culture tests. Finally, the transplanted hearts were sectioned, stained and examined under light microscopy. RESULTS: Southern analysis following nested PCR revealed clear expression of @entity8023 gene. Following transplantation, electrocardiosignals were detectable highly significantly longer in recipients administered thymal cells expressing donor @entity8023 than in those receiving control cells. Flow cytometric analysis using an anti- @entity8023 ) antibody confirmed its expression in @entity8023 ) treated recipients but not in control @entity19 . Mixed lymphocyte cultures containing @entity8023 ) treated cells showed significantly less proliferation than those containing control cells. Hearts from control @entity19 showed substantially greater lymphocyte infiltration than those from @entity8023 ) treated @entity19 and large areas of @entity39 . CONCLUSION: Rejection of transplanted hearts can be mitigated substantially by introducing the donor's MHC into the recipient.

2099412

2099413

2099414

Extracorporeal shock wave treatment for non-inflammatory chronic XXXX : a prospective, randomized and sham-controlled study.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity1069 /chronic @entity2371 ( @entity2723 /CPPS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by @entity158 in the perineum, pelvis, suprapubic area, or external genitalia and variable degrees of voiding and ejaculatory disturbance. The analgesic effect of extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT) was an interesting phenomenon with an unclear mechanism discovered by chance in the applications for @entity1791 , on which ESWT has become an increasingly popular therapeutic approach as an alternative option for the treatment of a number of soft tissue complaints. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of ESWT in non-inflammatory (IIIB) @entity2723 /CPPS. METHODS: @entity1 diagnosed with IIIB @entity2723 /CPPS were randomized to either ESWT (group 1, n = 40) or the control (group 2, n = 40). Group 1 received 20 000 shock wave impulses in 10 sessions over a two-week period, whereas group 2 received only a sham procedure. The total scores and sub-domain scores of the National Institutes of Health @entity1069 Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) for both groups were assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, end-point, and 4-week and 12-week follow-up visits. RESULTS: The mean total NIH-CPSI score of group 1 was significantly decreased from baseline at all post-treatment time points (P < 0.01 for all). Decreases in @entity158 domain and quality of life (QOL) scores were also significant. In group 2, no significant decreases of total NIH-CPSI score and @entity158 domain score were found at all post-treatment time points. At the end-point of treatment, 71.1% of group 1 exhibited perceptible improvement in total NIH-CPSI compared with 27.0% of group 2 (P < 0.001); additionally, 28.9% of group 1 exhibited clinically significant improvement compared with 10.8% of group 2 (P < 0.01). Moreover, a greater number of @entity1 in group 1 at 4-week and 12-week follow-up were rated as responders (perceptible and clinically significant response) compared with group 2. CONCLUSION: ESWT exhibits a potentially therapeutic role in the treatment of @entity2723 /CPPS.

2099415

2099416

2099417

Experimental evidence for a motivational origin of @entity73 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic criteria and empirical evidence support the existence of @entity73 in @entity308 . However, @entity308 , @entity393 and low self-efficacy might influence cognitive performance. METHOD: Goal-setting instructions were used to promote motivation in @entity308 @entity1 and control subjects during neuropsychological assessment. The resulting performance was compared with performance using standard instructions. Sixty in- @entity1 with @entity308 and 60 age- and education-matched healthy control subjects were assessed with standard neuropsychological tests [the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Digit Symbol Test (DST), the Regensburg Word Fluency Test (RWT), and the Number Combination Test (Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test, ZVT)] using either goal-setting or standard test instructions. RESULTS: @entity308 @entity1 showed lower baseline performance and lower generalized self-efficacy (p<0.0005) than controls. However, goal-setting instructions significantly improved @entity1 ' memory performance by 10% [AVLT: F(5, 54)=3.611, p=0.007] and psychomotor performance by 13% [ZVT: F(3, 56)=3.667, p=0.017]. Consequently, @entity1 and control subjects demonstrated similar results when goal-setting instructions were applied. Goal-setting instructions showed a statistical trend, increasing @entity1 ' performance in the DST by 12% [F(1, 58)=2.990, p=0.089], although their verbal fluency measured by the RWT did not increase. No significant correlations of increased performance with generalized self-efficacy were found. CONCLUSIONS: @entity73 in @entity308 @entity1 are influenced by motivational shortcomings. Because generalized self-efficacy failed to correlate to increased test performance, future research needs to disentangle the effective components of goal-setting instructions. Task-specific self-efficacy as well as enhancement of task-focused attention might underlie the significant goal-setting effect in @entity308 @entity1 .

2099418

2099419

2099420

Experimental evidence for a motivational origin of XXXX in @entity308 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic criteria and empirical evidence support the existence of @entity73 in @entity308 . However, @entity308 , @entity393 and low self-efficacy might influence cognitive performance. METHOD: Goal-setting instructions were used to promote motivation in @entity308 @entity1 and control subjects during neuropsychological assessment. The resulting performance was compared with performance using standard instructions. Sixty in- @entity1 with @entity308 and 60 age- and education-matched healthy control subjects were assessed with standard neuropsychological tests [the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Digit Symbol Test (DST), the Regensburg Word Fluency Test (RWT), and the Number Combination Test (Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test, ZVT)] using either goal-setting or standard test instructions. RESULTS: @entity308 @entity1 showed lower baseline performance and lower generalized self-efficacy (p<0.0005) than controls. However, goal-setting instructions significantly improved @entity1 ' memory performance by 10% [AVLT: F(5, 54)=3.611, p=0.007] and psychomotor performance by 13% [ZVT: F(3, 56)=3.667, p=0.017]. Consequently, @entity1 and control subjects demonstrated similar results when goal-setting instructions were applied. Goal-setting instructions showed a statistical trend, increasing @entity1 ' performance in the DST by 12% [F(1, 58)=2.990, p=0.089], although their verbal fluency measured by the RWT did not increase. No significant correlations of increased performance with generalized self-efficacy were found. CONCLUSIONS: @entity73 in @entity308 @entity1 are influenced by motivational shortcomings. Because generalized self-efficacy failed to correlate to increased test performance, future research needs to disentangle the effective components of goal-setting instructions. Task-specific self-efficacy as well as enhancement of task-focused attention might underlie the significant goal-setting effect in @entity308 @entity1 .

2099421

2099422

2099423

[Computerized tomographic study about the effect of neurocentral cartilage on the etio-pathogenesis of XXXX ].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the potential effect of neurocentral cartilage (NCC) on the etiology of @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ). METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with @entity1615 (Group A) and 30 control subject with normal spine (Group B) were included in this study. The age is matched. Both groups were divided into two subgroups according to the age and each subgroup has 15 @entity1 . The younger @entity1 were put into subgroup A1, B1 and the older @entity1 put into subgroup A2, B2. Computed tomography (CT) scanning was carried and the pedicle length, the angle composed by pedicle and vertebral midline (alpha) and the angle composed by NCC and vertebral midline (beta) at periapical vertebrae (T7-T10) were analyzed. RESULTS: The pedicle length showed no significant difference between group A and group B or between subgroup A1 and @entity3750 . In each subgroup, no significant difference was found in alpha angle or beta angle between left side and right side (concave side and convex side). CONCLUSIONS: No significant pedicle growth has been found during pubertal both in @entity1615 and normal @entity1 . Few affect of neurocentral cartilage on the etiology of @entity1615 has been found, which might because of low growth activity of NCC during puberty.

2099424

2099425

2099426

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the symptomatic management of chronic @entity1069 /chronic XXXX : a placebo-control randomized trial.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the symptomatic management of chronic @entity1069 /chronic @entity2371 . DESIGN: A pretest, posttest randomized double blind design was used in data collection. @entity1 : Twenty-four @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1069 IIIA and IIIB of the @entity1118 ( @entity1118 ) were referred for physiotherapy from the Urology department. INTERVENTION: Pre treatment @entity158 level was assessed using the @entity1118 ( @entity158 domain) index. The TENS group received TENS treatment, 5 times per week for a period of 4 weeks (mean treatment frequency, intensity, pulse width and duration of 60 Hz, 100 microS, 25 mA and 20 minutes respectively). The Analgesic group received no TENS treatment but continued analgesics; the Control group received no TENS and Analgesic but placebo. All subjects were placed on antibiotics throughout the treatment period. OUTCOME MEASURES: Post-treatment @entity158 level was also assessed using @entity1118 @entity158 index. RESULT: Findings of the study revealed significant effect of TENS on chronic @entity1069 at p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: TENS is an effective means of non-invasive symptomatic management of chronic @entity1069 .

2099427

2099428

2099429

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the symptomatic management of chronic XXXX /chronic @entity2371 : a placebo-control randomized trial.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the symptomatic management of chronic @entity1069 /chronic @entity2371 . DESIGN: A pretest, posttest randomized double blind design was used in data collection. @entity1 : Twenty-four @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1069 IIIA and IIIB of the @entity1118 ( @entity1118 ) were referred for physiotherapy from the Urology department. INTERVENTION: Pre treatment @entity158 level was assessed using the @entity1118 ( @entity158 domain) index. The TENS group received TENS treatment, 5 times per week for a period of 4 weeks (mean treatment frequency, intensity, pulse width and duration of 60 Hz, 100 microS, 25 mA and 20 minutes respectively). The Analgesic group received no TENS treatment but continued analgesics; the Control group received no TENS and Analgesic but placebo. All subjects were placed on antibiotics throughout the treatment period. OUTCOME MEASURES: Post-treatment @entity158 level was also assessed using @entity1118 @entity158 index. RESULT: Findings of the study revealed significant effect of TENS on chronic @entity1069 at p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: TENS is an effective means of non-invasive symptomatic management of chronic @entity1069 .

2099430

2099431

2099432

Systemic high-dose intravenous XXXX for central nervous system @entity3 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Treatment options for @entity1 with recurrent central nervous system (CNS) @entity3 are limited. Rapid infusion of high-dose intravenous @entity1499 ( @entity2033 IV @entity1500 ) penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has reported activity in leptomeningeal @entity3 . METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for all @entity1 treated with @entity2033 IV @entity1500 (3.5 g/m2) for CNS parenchymal or leptomeningeal @entity3 . Radiographic response rate, survival, and @entity137 were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-one @entity1 and one @entity1 with a median age of 52 years (range 33-76) were treated with a total of 141 cycles (median 4, range 1-13). Twenty-nine @entity1 had @entity0 , and one each had @entity5 of unknown primary (CUP), @entity957 of the @entity135 , and @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). An objective radiographic response and stable disease were each observed in nine @entity1 (28%), and 13 (44%) @entity1 progressed. Prior treatment with low-dose @entity1500 for @entity262 did not affect response (P = 0.8). The median overall survival (n = 32) was 19.9 weeks (range 2.9-135.4+) with one @entity1 alive at 135.4 weeks. Myelosuppression and elevated serum hepatic transaminases were the most common acute @entity137 (21% and 9% of @entity2033 IV @entity1500 cycles, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2033 IV @entity1500 is effective in the treatment of CNS @entity3 with disease control (response or stable) as a best response in 56% of assessable @entity1 . Further study is warranted.

2099433

2099434

2099435

Systemic high-dose intravenous @entity1499 for central nervous system XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Treatment options for @entity1 with recurrent central nervous system (CNS) @entity3 are limited. Rapid infusion of high-dose intravenous @entity1499 ( @entity2033 IV @entity1500 ) penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has reported activity in leptomeningeal @entity3 . METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for all @entity1 treated with @entity2033 IV @entity1500 (3.5 g/m2) for CNS parenchymal or leptomeningeal @entity3 . Radiographic response rate, survival, and @entity137 were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-one @entity1 and one @entity1 with a median age of 52 years (range 33-76) were treated with a total of 141 cycles (median 4, range 1-13). Twenty-nine @entity1 had @entity0 , and one each had @entity5 of unknown primary (CUP), @entity957 of the @entity135 , and @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). An objective radiographic response and stable disease were each observed in nine @entity1 (28%), and 13 (44%) @entity1 progressed. Prior treatment with low-dose @entity1500 for @entity262 did not affect response (P = 0.8). The median overall survival (n = 32) was 19.9 weeks (range 2.9-135.4+) with one @entity1 alive at 135.4 weeks. Myelosuppression and elevated serum hepatic transaminases were the most common acute @entity137 (21% and 9% of @entity2033 IV @entity1500 cycles, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2033 IV @entity1500 is effective in the treatment of CNS @entity3 with disease control (response or stable) as a best response in 56% of assessable @entity1 . Further study is warranted.

2099436

2099437

2099438

XXXX following pancreatic @entity130 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Major @entity130 to the pancreas is uncommon, but associated with significant overall morbidity and mortality. A vast majority of these adverse outcomes can be attributed to the presences of associated injuries. Among those @entity1 who survive the initial injury, however, the subsequent development of @entity532 represents a significant source of adverse outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 257 @entity1 admitted from January 1996 to April 2007 were identified from the @entity130 registry database at our institution. One hundred and eighty-three @entity1 surviving more than 48 h after admission were selected for analysis. These @entity1 were grouped according to the surgical management utilised to address their pancreatic injuries: either resection or operative drainage. After exclusion of @entity1 with associated @entity1317 , those undergoing drainage had lower rate of associated hollow viscus injuries (51.9% vs. 69.9%; p = 0.016) and lower rates of associated solid organ injuries (44.2% vs. 70.9%; p < or = 0.001). @entity1 undergoing drainage were noted to have a higher incidence of @entity9007 formation (19.5% vs. 9.0%; OR: 2.47, 95% CI, 0.92-6.67; p = 0.068), but lower hospital lengths of stay (18.7+/-18.5 vs. 33.8+/-63.5; p = 0.001). No difference in mortality was noted between the two populations (5.7% vs. 3.0%; p = 0.700). After multivariate analysis @entity9007 formation was the only complication that proved different between the two management groups, with @entity1 undergoing operative drainage more commonly developing this adverse sequela (OR: 2.93, 95% CI, 1.02-8.36; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of @entity1317 , the choice of surgical management did not affect adjusted mortality or the overall occurrence of @entity532 . Individuals treated with operative drainage alone, however, were significantly more likely to develop a post-operative @entity9007 than their resectional counterparts.

2099439

2099440

2099441

@entity532 following pancreatic XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Major @entity130 to the pancreas is uncommon, but associated with significant overall morbidity and mortality. A vast majority of these adverse outcomes can be attributed to the presences of associated injuries. Among those @entity1 who survive the initial injury, however, the subsequent development of @entity532 represents a significant source of adverse outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 257 @entity1 admitted from January 1996 to April 2007 were identified from the @entity130 registry database at our institution. One hundred and eighty-three @entity1 surviving more than 48 h after admission were selected for analysis. These @entity1 were grouped according to the surgical management utilised to address their pancreatic injuries: either resection or operative drainage. After exclusion of @entity1 with associated @entity1317 , those undergoing drainage had lower rate of associated hollow viscus injuries (51.9% vs. 69.9%; p = 0.016) and lower rates of associated solid organ injuries (44.2% vs. 70.9%; p < or = 0.001). @entity1 undergoing drainage were noted to have a higher incidence of @entity9007 formation (19.5% vs. 9.0%; OR: 2.47, 95% CI, 0.92-6.67; p = 0.068), but lower hospital lengths of stay (18.7+/-18.5 vs. 33.8+/-63.5; p = 0.001). No difference in mortality was noted between the two populations (5.7% vs. 3.0%; p = 0.700). After multivariate analysis @entity9007 formation was the only complication that proved different between the two management groups, with @entity1 undergoing operative drainage more commonly developing this adverse sequela (OR: 2.93, 95% CI, 1.02-8.36; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of @entity1317 , the choice of surgical management did not affect adjusted mortality or the overall occurrence of @entity532 . Individuals treated with operative drainage alone, however, were significantly more likely to develop a post-operative @entity9007 than their resectional counterparts.

2099442

2099443

2099444

Clinical outcome of active extravasation in XXXX .

multiple_choice

The purpose of this study was to determine the necessity for splenectomy in @entity1 with active extravasation on contrast enhanced CT secondary to @entity130 . We reviewed cases of @entity130 and classified these according to the American Association for the Surgery of @entity130 (AAST) grading scale. The presence of active extravasation and associated injuries was assessed. Chart review was then performed to determine age, sex, mechanism of injury, indications for splenectomy, and clinical outcome. Of 82 cases evaluated, 12 grade I, 15 grade II, 30 grade III, 17 grade IV, and 8 grade V injuries were present. Eighteen @entity1 were actively extravasating. Of extravasating @entity1 , 13 eventually underwent open splenectomy or embolization and five (27.8%) were managed expectantly with success. Of grade IV injuries, 9/17 showed active extravasation, of which six underwent splenectomy. Of grade V injuries, 3/8 showed active extravasation, and all three underwent intervention. Splenectomy may not be necessary in appropriately chosen @entity1 with active extravasation from the spleen in blunt @entity1661 .

2099445

2099446

2099447

Effects of thyroid hormone on the adaptation in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormone acts on structural and functional maturation of the @entity1 small intestine, mitochondrial pathways, and several protein-gene interactions. Therefore, it is one of the most important regulators of intestinal epithelial differentiation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of thyroid hormone on the adaptation in an experimental model of @entity5277 . METHODS: @entity35 were divided into three groups: sham (bowel transection and @entity254 ), @entity5277 (75% bowel resection and @entity254 ), and @entity5277 -thyroid hormone (75% bowel resection and @entity254 , and was administered @entity1954 ). The evaluation of adaptation parameters, histopathological and biochemical analysis were performed in all groups. RESULTS: @entity1954 treatment resulted in a significant increase in adaptation parameters, villus height-crypt depth, and enterocyte proliferation, whereas significant decrease was seen in apoptotic index in jejunum. Enterocyte proliferation and most of the adaptation parameters changed significantly in ileum following the treatment with @entity1954 as in jejunum. The changes in ileal villus height-crypt depth and apoptotic index were not statistically significant. Serum levels of free @entity1954 were lower in the @entity5277 group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that thyroid hormone treatment in the @entity1375 phase of @entity17142 enhances intestinal adaptive response.

2099448

2099449

2099450

XXXX -eluting stents for the treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions: a strategy of extensive lesion coverage with drug-eluting stents.

multiple_choice

The recanalization of a chronic @entity1563 (CTO) is hampered by a high rate of lesion recurrence. The goal of the present study is to assess the effect of @entity1311 -eluting stents in CTOs in a strategy of extensive stent coverage and the optional use of additional bare metal stents (BMSs). In 82 consecutive @entity1 , a CTO (duration > 2 weeks) was successfully recanalized with implantation of one or more Taxus stents. These @entity1 underwent a repeat angiography after 5.0 +/- 1.5 months and were assessed by quantitative angiography. The @entity1 were compared with 82 clinically and lesion-matched @entity1 from a consecutive series of 148 @entity1 with CTOs treated by BMS in the preceding time period. In 21 of the 82 @entity1 , additional lesions in the target artery not directly related to the original occlusion site were treated with BMSs (hybrid approach). The history of @entity6 , extent of @entity453 , clinical symptoms, and angiographic features were similar in the Taxus and BMS group. Periprocedural adverse events were 3.3% with Taxus and 3.3% with BMS, but 12 months MACE was significantly lower in the group with exclusive use of Taxus (13.3% vs. 56.7%; P < 0.001), mainly due to a lower @entity75 revascularization of 10.0% as compared to 53.4% (P < 0.001). There was only one late reocclusion with Taxus (1.7%) as compared to 21.7% with BMS (P < 0.05). However, in the hybrid group, the MACE rate was considerably higher, with 33.3%. Our data of a 80% reduction of target vessel failure as compared to BMS, with a lower risk of late reocclusions without increased acute adverse events, demonstrate the benefit of @entity1311 -eluting stents in CTOs. However, diffuse @entity731 in CTOs should be covered completely by the drug-eluting stents.

2099451

2099452

2099453

Uptake of the XXXX -vaccination within the free-of-charge childhood vaccination programme in Denmark.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Persistent infection with @entity1082 ) is a prerequisite for cervical @entity5 , which causes 175 yearly deaths and substantial morbidity in Denmark. In January 2009, HPV-vaccination for 12 year-old @entity1 was introduced into the free-of-charge childhood vaccination programme. Due to concerns about potential poor compliance we determined the uptake and identified determinants for vaccination after the first year of the programme. METHODS: All vaccinations given within the vaccination programme are reported to a central register, which we linked to demographic information found in the Danish civil register. We calculated vaccination uptake and used Cox regression survival analysis to compare the uptake rates between demographic subgroups in the population, e.g. by number of siblings, age of mother (at the daughter's birth) and place of origin. RESULTS: The uptake among the 33,838 eligible @entity1 was 80%, 75% and 62% respectively for the three HPV-doses. All subgroups had uptake above 68% for the first HPV-vaccination. @entity1 with mothers younger or older than the reference group of 25-34 years had a lower uptake rate (adjHR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.97 and adjHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88-0.94 respectively). @entity1 with 5 or more siblings had lower uptake rate than @entity1 without siblings (adjHR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.87). @entity1 born in other EU/EFTA-countries had lower uptake rate than Danish-born @entity1 with Danish-born parents (adjHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.67-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of routine HPV-vaccination in Denmark resulted in a relatively high uptake, indicating little reason for major concern about barriers towards the vaccination in Denmark. Population groups with reduced uptake were identified, but as they were small in number their effect on the overall vaccination coverage was marginal. Nonetheless, these groups should be targeted in future acceptance studies and vaccination awareness campaigns.

2099454

2099455

2099456

The effect of insecticides on XXXX cell cultures.

multiple_choice

The effect of p,p'-isomers of @entity318 and its derivatives @entity3603 , @entity5980 and @entity22818 on @entity3569 cells in culture was studied. At different concentrations and various times of treatment the proliferation rate was inhibited most strongly by @entity3603 and @entity318 , whereas @entity5980 exhibited a markedly weaker influence. @entity22818 was the least toxic compound of the four. The cytogenetic effects were also different. Again, @entity22818 induced the least damage. Only enhanced gap rates but no chromosome breaks were observed. @entity5980 was more active, and higher break rates occurred. @entity3603 and @entity318 were by far the most damaging compounds, and they raised the gap and break rates markedly. However, no induction of configuration anomalies was found in any experiment. Chronic treatment of the cells for 3 months with @entity318 at 8 ppm did not alter the proliferation rate, the sensitivity to acute treatment with higher @entity318 concentrations or the chromosomal aberration rates. The results are discussed in relation to the relevance of differential pesticide effectivity in organs of higher animals and @entity1 .

2099457

2099458

2099459

Reduced XXXX carrier polymorphisms and neural tube defect risk.

multiple_choice

The reduced @entity1501 carrier (RFCI) is essential for @entity1501 transport into cells. Low @entity1501 is an important cause of @entity601 ( @entity601 ), and a single-nucleotide polymorphism ( @entity68025 ) ( @entity47607 ) in the RFCI gene has been reported to be a NTD risk factor. We investigated @entity68025 and a 61 bp tandem repeat polymorphism as potential risk factors for @entity601 , using a large homogeneous Irish population by case/control comparison, log-linear analysis, and transmission disequilibrium testing. No association was found between @entity601 and @entity68025 in mothers [p = 0.23, odds ratio (OR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-1.09], fathers (p = 0.11, OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66-1.04), or cases (p = 0.36, OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.72-1.12) when compared to controls or through log-linear modeling for dominant or recessive effects or with the transmission disequilibrium test for preferential allele transmission. Using log-linear models, a significant protective case effect was seen for the 61 bp polymorphism (p = 0.0039, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.85). When analyzed by genotype, individuals homozygous for a single copy of the 61 bp sequence were underrepresented in cases as compared to controls, although these results did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.081, OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.23-1.09, goodness of fit p = 0.42). We compared the frequencies of @entity68025 and the 61 bp polymorphism in African-Americans and American-Caucasians. The frequencies of @entity68025 polymorphism differed significantly between the two populations (p = 0.0001). This large study does not confirm previous reports that @entity68025 is a risk factor for @entity601 . The previously unstudied 61 bp tandem repeat, however, has a possible protective NTD effect in our Irish population. This requires confirmation in other studies.

2099460

2099461

2099462

WHO classification of XXXX : principles and application.

multiple_choice

@entity4281 is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm ( @entity2328 ) and is frequently diagnosed as a space occupying lesion in the liver. The growth pattern resembles that of a @entity5 with infiltration throughout the liver, spreading into neighbouring organs and @entity3 formation in distant organs. Thus, one of the prevailing differential diagnoses is @entity96 . Guided by the @entity96 , the European Network for Concerted Surveillance of @entity4281 and the WHO Informal Working Group on @entity8434 proposed a clinical classification for @entity4281 . It was designated as PNM system (P = parasitic mass in the liver, N = involvement of neighbouring organs, and M = metastasis). As for TNM in oncology, single PNM categories were combined into four stages, I to IV. The system was developed by a retrospective analysis of 97 @entity1 ' records from two treatment centers (Besan on/France and Ulm/Germany). Recently, this WHO classification was applied to 222 @entity1 in 4 clinical centers around the world (Besan on/France, n = 26; Urumqi/China, n = 46; Sapporo/Japan, n = 58; and Ulm/Germany, n = 92). All @entity1 could be classified who had been diagnosed in the period from January 1998 to June 2005. The stage grouping indicated center differences, but appeared to segregate @entity1 according to various treatment regimens. The WHO classification not only serves as a tool for the international standardization of disease manifestation but also aids to evaluate the outcome of a chosen diagnostic and treatment procedure in different treatment centers in Europe and Asia.

2099463

2099464

2099465

MR imaging of the small bowel in XXXX .

multiple_choice

MR and CT techniques optimized for small bowel imaging are playing an increasing role in the evaluation of @entity29 . Several studies have shown the advantage of these techniques over tradition barium fluoroscopic examinations secondary to improvements in spatial and temporal resolution combined with improved bowel distending agents. The preference of MR vs. CT has been geographical and based on expertise and public policy. With the increasing awareness of radiation exposure, there has been a more global interest in implementing techniques that either reduce or eliminate radiation exposure [Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2277-84]. This is especially important in @entity1 with @entity102 such as @entity29 who may require multiple studies over a lifetime or in studies that require sequential imaging time points such as in assessment of gastrointestinal motility [Froehlich JM, Patak MA, von Weymarn C, Juli @entity1577 , Zollikofer CL, Wentz KU. Small bowel motility assessment with magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005;21:370-75]. A recent study showed that certain subgroups of @entity1 with @entity30 may be exposed to higher doses of radiation; those diagnosed at an early age, those with upper tract @entity32 , penetrating disease, requirement of intravenous @entity230 , infliximab or multiple surgeries [Desmond AN, O'Regan K, Curran C, et al. @entity30 : factors associated with exposure to high levels of diagnostic radiation. Gut 2008;57:1524-29]. Therefore it has been suggested that techniques that can reduce or eliminate radiation exposure should be considered for imaging [Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2277-84]. Owing to the excellent softtissue contrast, direct multiplanar imaging capabilities, new ultrafast breath-holding pulse sequences, lack of ionizing radiation and availability of a variety of oral contrast agents, MR is well suited to play a critical role in the imaging of @entity29 . In this article we will review the technical issues related to the performance of MR enterography and enteroclysis and discuss the role and controversies of using MR in the assessment of @entity29 .

2099466

2099467

2099468

Treatment for XXXX by low-dose, total-body, irradiation-based conditioning and hematopoietic cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The use of low-dose, irradiation-based preparative regimens have allowed the extension of allografting to older and medically infirm @entity1 . The study reported here assessed outcomes for @entity1 with @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) in different stages of their disease, who were not considered candidates for conventional hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) because of age and/or other known risk factors and were given minimal conditioning followed by HCT from related or unrelated donors. @entity1 AND METHODS: The present study included 122 @entity1 with @entity3052 , who were conditioned with 2 Gy @entity348 ( @entity348 ) on day 0 with or without preceding @entity3118 (30 mg/m2/d from days -4 to -2), and given postgrafting @entity205 at 6.25 mg/kg twice daily from day -3 and @entity618 at 15 mg/kg twice daily from day 0. RESULTS: Durable engraftment was observed in 95% of the @entity1 . Cumulative incidences of @entity2132 grades 2 to 4 at 6 months were 35% after related and 42% after unrelated HCT, respectively. With a median follow-up of 44 months (range, 26 to 79 months), 51 @entity1 were alive, of whom 48 were in complete remission (CR). Cumulative nonrelapse mortalities were 10% and 22%, and cumulative mortalities from disease progression were 47% and 33% at 2 years for related and unrelated recipients, respectively. Overall, 2-year survival was 48%, and disease-free survival was 44%. @entity1 receiving transplantation in @entity3432 had 2-year overall survivals of 44% after related and 63% after unrelated HCT, respectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that HCT from related and unrelated donors after low-dose @entity348 is a promising treatment for elderly @entity1 with @entity3052 .

2099469

2099470

2099471

Prevalence of the @entity1701 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The antiphospholipid ( @entity12009 or Hughes') syndrome, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), and the @entity4555 ( @entity4555 ) are associated with @entity1252 , @entity5 , @entity281 , and drugs. It has been described in @entity1 with @entity13571 ( @entity13571 ). OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity12009 in @entity1 with @entity13571 attending a @entity1333 clinic and the prevalence of @entity1 with positive aCL and/or the @entity4555 who do not fulfil the classification criteria for @entity12009 . METHODS: All case notes of @entity1 attending the @entity1333 clinic over a 12 month period were reviewed. Outpatients and inpatients were both included and were assessed for features of the @entity12009 and presence of aPL. @entity1 with positive aCL or @entity4555 tests were classified according to the significance of these results. RESULTS: Of 144 @entity1 with @entity13571 , 25 had positive aCL or @entity4555 on at least one occasion, representing a point prevalence of 17%. Of these, nine had definite @entity12009 (classified by the Sapporo criteria) and a further four @entity1 had clinical and serological features of @entity12009 , although insufficient to satisfy the Sapporo criteria. Twelve had only positive aPL. CONCLUSION: The @entity1701 , aCL, and the @entity4555 may occur in association with @entity13571 .

2099472

2099473

2099474

Prevalence of the XXXX in @entity13571 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The antiphospholipid ( @entity12009 or Hughes') syndrome, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), and the @entity4555 ( @entity4555 ) are associated with @entity1252 , @entity5 , @entity281 , and drugs. It has been described in @entity1 with @entity13571 ( @entity13571 ). OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity12009 in @entity1 with @entity13571 attending a @entity1333 clinic and the prevalence of @entity1 with positive aCL and/or the @entity4555 who do not fulfil the classification criteria for @entity12009 . METHODS: All case notes of @entity1 attending the @entity1333 clinic over a 12 month period were reviewed. Outpatients and inpatients were both included and were assessed for features of the @entity12009 and presence of aPL. @entity1 with positive aCL or @entity4555 tests were classified according to the significance of these results. RESULTS: Of 144 @entity1 with @entity13571 , 25 had positive aCL or @entity4555 on at least one occasion, representing a point prevalence of 17%. Of these, nine had definite @entity12009 (classified by the Sapporo criteria) and a further four @entity1 had clinical and serological features of @entity12009 , although insufficient to satisfy the Sapporo criteria. Twelve had only positive aPL. CONCLUSION: The @entity1701 , aCL, and the @entity4555 may occur in association with @entity13571 .

2099475

2099476

2099477

Predictors of relapse rate in XXXX clinical trials.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The annual relapse rate has been commonly used as a primary efficacy endpoint in phase III @entity15 ( @entity15 ) clinical trials. The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of different possible prognostic factors available at baseline to the on-study relapse rate in @entity15 . METHODS: A total of 821 @entity1 from the placebo arms of the Sylvia Lawry Centre for @entity15 Research (SLCMSR) database were available for this analysis. The univariate relationships between on-study relapse rate and the baseline demographic, clinical, and MRI-based predictors were assessed. The multiple relationships were then examined using a Poisson regression model. Two predictor subsets were selected. Subset 1 included age at disease onset, disease duration, sex, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at baseline, number of relapses in the last 24 months prior to baseline, and the disease course ( @entity3780 [ @entity3780 ] and secondary progressive [SP]). Subset 2 consisted of Subset 1 plus @entity2287 enhancement status in MRI. The number of @entity1 for developing the models with no missing values was 727 for Subset 1 and 306 for Subset 2. RESULTS: The univariate relationships show that the on-study relapse rate was higher for younger and for female @entity1 , for @entity3780 @entity1 than for SP @entity1 , and for @entity1 with positive enhancement status at entry (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05). A higher on-study relapse rate was associated with a @entity66 duration, lower entry EDSS, more pre-study relapses, and more enhancing lesions in T1 at entry. The fitted Poisson model shows that disease duration (estimate = -0.02) and previous relapse number (estimate = 0.59 for one, 0.91 for two, and 1.45 for three or more relapses vs no relapses) remain. The authors were able to confirm these findings in a second, independent dataset. CONCLUSIONS: The relapse number prior to entry into clinical trials together with disease duration are the best predictors for the on-study relapse rate. Disease course did not contribute independently because its effect is covered by the pre-study relapse rate. @entity2287 enhancement status, given the other covariates, has no significant influence on the on-study relapse rate.

2099478

2099479

2099480

Comprehensive analysis of transcriptional promoter structure and function in 1% of the XXXX genome.

multiple_choice

Transcriptional promoters comprise one of many classes of eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory elements. Identification and characterization of these elements are vital to understanding the complex network of @entity1 gene regulation. Using full-length cDNA sequences to identify @entity1021 ( @entity1021 ), we predicted more than 900 putative @entity1 transcriptional promoters in the ENCODE regions, representing a comprehensive sampling of promoters in 1% of the genome. We identified 387 fragments that function as promoters in at least one of 16 cell lines by measuring promoter activity in high-throughput transient transfection reporter assays. These positive functional results demonstrate widespread use of alternative promoters. We show a strong correlation between promoter activity and the corresponding endogenous RNA transcript levels, providing the first experimental quantitative estimate of promoter contribution to gene regulation. Finally, we identified functional regions within a randomly selected subset of 45 promoters using deletion analyses. These experiments showed that, on average, the sequence -300 to -50 bp of the @entity1021 positively contributes to core promoter activity. Interestingly, putative negative elements were identified -1000 to -500 bp upstream of the @entity1021 for 55% of genes tested. These data provide the largest and most comprehensive view of promoter function in the @entity1 genome.

2099481

2099482

2099483

Jack Barney Award. The changing spectrum of XXXX : diagnosis and management.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Management of @entity1518 is universally accepted, but management of @entity1518 is less well defined in both @entity1 and adults. METHODS: Records of @entity1 with @entity1518 diagnosed over 6 years were reviewed. @entity1 were grouped into typical or atypical based on ligament of Treitz location. Outcomes were evaluated using chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Of 275 @entity1 , 148 diagnosed with @entity1518 underwent Ladd's procedure. Based on symptoms, 91 of 127 @entity1 with @entity1518 were managed operatively. The remaining 36 @entity1 were asymptomatic or had reflux symptoms only and were observed. Six of 36 subsequently required surgery due to symptoms, but 30 remain asymptomatic. No observed @entity1 developed @entity20943 . The overall postoperative complication rates were higher for atypical versus @entity1518 , 27% versus 16% (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Close observation with repeat contrast study is an acceptable management option for @entity1 with @entity1518 who are asymptomatic or exhibit only reflux symptoms.

2099484

2099485

2099486

The jugular foramen XXXX : review of the large surgical series.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Jugular foramen @entity808 are uncommon pathological conditions. This article is constituted for screening these @entity5 in a wide perspective. MATERIALS: One-hundred-and-ninty-nine @entity1 published in 19 articles between 1984 to 2007 years was collected from Medline/Index Medicus. RESULTS: The series consist of 83 male and 98 female. The mean age of 199 operated @entity1 was 40.4 years. The lesion located on the right side in 32 @entity1 and on the left side in 60 @entity1 . The most common presenting clinical symptoms were @entity393 , @entity392 , disphagia, @entity2055 , and hoarseness. @entity5 removal was achieved in 159 @entity1 . In fourteen @entity1 @entity5 reappeared unexpectedly. The @entity5 was thought to originate from the glossopharyngeal nerve in forty seven cases; vagal nerve in twenty six cases; and cranial accessory nerve in eleven cases. The most common @entity260 were lower @entity129 and @entity2103 . @entity5173 , @entity693 , @entity1174 and @entity2267 were seen as other complications. CONCLUSION: This review shows that jugular foramen @entity808 still have prominently high morbidity and those complications caused by postoperative lower @entity128 are life threat.

2099487

2099488

2099489

The effect of premorbid demographic factors on the recovery of neurocognitive function in traumatic brain injury XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Premorbid demographic backgrounds of injured individuals are likely to reflect more accurately the status of @entity1 with @entity130 ( @entity130 ) than clinical factors. However, the concrete study about the relationship between the demographic factors and neurocognitive function in @entity130 @entity1 has not been reported. The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of premorbid demographic factors on the recovery of neurocognitive function following @entity130 . METHODS: From July 1998 to February 2007, 293 @entity1 (male: 228, female: 65) with a history of @entity542 , who had recovered from the acute phase, were selected from our hospital to include in this study. We analyzed the effect of premorbid demographic factors including age, sex, educational level and occupation on the recovery of neurocognitive function in each @entity130 subgroup as defined by Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score. Intelligence and memory are components of neurocognitive function, and the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS) and the Korean memory assessment scale (K-MAS) were used in this study. The results were considered significant at p<0.05. RESULTS: The higher level of education was a good prognostic factor for intelligence regardless of GCS score and younger age group showed a better result for memory with an exception of severe @entity130 group. In the severe @entity130 group, the meaningful effect of demographic factors was not noted by the cause of influence of severe @entity1545 . CONCLUSION: The demographic factors used in this study may be helpful for predicting the precise prognosis and developing an appropriate rehabilitation program for @entity130 @entity1 .

2099490

2099491

2099492

Relationship of the @entity565 control test with pulmonary function and exhaled XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The Asthma Control Test (ACT) is a short, simple, @entity1 -based tool for identifying @entity1 with poorly controlled @entity565 ; however, its value in practice has yet to be demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationship of ACT scores and clinical parameters, including pulmonary function tests, peak expiratory flow (PEF) indices, and exhaled @entity842 (eNO) levels. METHODS: The study included 105 @entity1 with @entity565 who underwent routine checkups by @entity565 specialists since September 1, 2006, through January 31, 2007. All @entity1 had been taking inhaled corticosteroids with or without other medications for @entity565 for at least 3 months. The @entity1 completed the ACT questionnaire and underwent testing for eNO and spirometry. PEF indices, including PEF percentage of predicted value (%PEF), lowest PEF during 1 week expressed as a percentage of the highest PEF (Min%Max PEF), and PEF variability, were also analyzed in @entity1 undergoing PEF monitoring. RESULTS: The ACT scores ranged from 8 to 25 (median, 24), and total control was obtained in 45 @entity1 (42.8%). The PEF indices and eNO values in the total control group were significantly better than those in the less controlled groups. However, the ACT scores were weakly correlated with percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (r = 0.219), %PEF (r = 0.387), Min%Max PEF (r = 0.354), PEF variability (r = -0.351), and eNO values (r = -0.310). Total control of ACT included uncontrolled conditions in physiologic and inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSION: ACT should be used in combination with pulmonary function tests and/or eNO measurements.

2099493

2099494

2099495

Relationship of the XXXX control test with pulmonary function and exhaled @entity842 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The Asthma Control Test (ACT) is a short, simple, @entity1 -based tool for identifying @entity1 with poorly controlled @entity565 ; however, its value in practice has yet to be demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationship of ACT scores and clinical parameters, including pulmonary function tests, peak expiratory flow (PEF) indices, and exhaled @entity842 (eNO) levels. METHODS: The study included 105 @entity1 with @entity565 who underwent routine checkups by @entity565 specialists since September 1, 2006, through January 31, 2007. All @entity1 had been taking inhaled corticosteroids with or without other medications for @entity565 for at least 3 months. The @entity1 completed the ACT questionnaire and underwent testing for eNO and spirometry. PEF indices, including PEF percentage of predicted value (%PEF), lowest PEF during 1 week expressed as a percentage of the highest PEF (Min%Max PEF), and PEF variability, were also analyzed in @entity1 undergoing PEF monitoring. RESULTS: The ACT scores ranged from 8 to 25 (median, 24), and total control was obtained in 45 @entity1 (42.8%). The PEF indices and eNO values in the total control group were significantly better than those in the less controlled groups. However, the ACT scores were weakly correlated with percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (r = 0.219), %PEF (r = 0.387), Min%Max PEF (r = 0.354), PEF variability (r = -0.351), and eNO values (r = -0.310). Total control of ACT included uncontrolled conditions in physiologic and inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSION: ACT should be used in combination with pulmonary function tests and/or eNO measurements.

2099496

2099497

2099498

Computerized XXXX : a novel strategy of coronary angioplasty superior to a standard manual approach.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Mechanical @entity130 caused by PCI is a primary @entity256 and subsequent @entity75 revascularization (TLR). To minimize this @entity130 , we developed a computerized angioplasty pressure @entity1652 (CAPSID) for gradual inflation. The objective of this prospective randomized study was to examine whether use of CAPSID reduces early and late @entity299 in @entity1 undergoing PCI. METHODS: @entity1 undergoing PCI were eligible and randomized to CAPSID or @entity661 (plain old @entity661 ). In the CAPSID group, a slow, @entity661 was performed by a personal computer. Stenting was used in both groups only for suboptimal results. @entity1 with total occlusions and vein grafts were excluded. Clinical follow-up for major adverse @entity299 (MACE) was performed at 6 and 12 months, with repeat coronary angiography performed for clinical symptoms or positive stress testing. RESULTS: A total of 234 @entity1 completed the study. At 1-year follow-up, the CAPSID group had a significantly lower rate of MACE (21% vs. 37%, P<.005). In @entity1 who underwent angiography, there was a significantly lower rate of restenosis in the CAPSID group (20.2% vs. 35.5%). The reduction in TLR was even more pronounced in the subgroup undergoing stenting (8% vs. 24%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that gradual computerized balloon inflation is more effective than standard @entity661 in reducing adverse coronary events. The combination of CAPSID and subsequent stent deployment was especially effective in reducing TLR.

2099499

2099500

2099501

Evidence for the presence of carbonic anhydrase 29-kDa isoenzyme in salivary secretions of three ruminating species and the gelada XXXX .

multiple_choice

Salivary glands are highly variable in composition of their secretions and thus could be one of the primary ways by which species adapt or react to their environments. It has been hypothesized that feeding adaptation correlates with saliva composition. Hence, animals of different families using identical feeding niches should possess similar salivary proteins. For the first time, salivary secretions of grass-eating @entity291 , @entity1237 , @entity20770 and gelada @entity3474 were compared by @entity214 -gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Salivary protein patterns were similar among individuals of the same species but varied largely among species. However, all samples showed proteins of apparently 29 and 42 kDa, identified as carbonic anhydrases (CA) by immunoblotting. The @entity68026 (42 kDa) was highly expressed in @entity291 and @entity20770 saliva, but showed lower expression in @entity1237 saliva and could not be detected in gelada @entity6599 . The CA-II (29 kDa) was found in saliva of all species tested and was shown in ruminating animals not to originate from cellular debris of the oral mucosa or ingested food. The results demonstrate that besides @entity68026 , CA-II is another CA isoform secreted especially in ruminant saliva. Furthermore, the two CA isoenzymes detected may form a complementary system, protecting mucosa from acidity and helping to maintain a constant @entity3157 concentration in the @entity2133 and digestive tract.

2099502

2099503

2099504

Magnetic resonance assessment of myocardial perfusion via catheter-based ventricle-coronary vein bypass in porcine XXXX model.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of VPASS with physiological measurements, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histology in a porcine model of @entity583 . BACKGROUND: A catheter-based ventricle-to-coronary vein bypass (VPASS) has been proposed as a potential treatment strategy for refractory @entity453 @entity1 . METHODS: In an acute setting, the VPASS implant was deployed percutaneously in three @entity1707 . The partial pressure of @entity26 ( @entity4095 ) in the anterior interventricular vein (AIV) and left ventricle (LV) were measured before and after VPASS implant with various combinations of balloon occlusion in the AIV and left anterior descending artery (LAD). In a separate chronic study, the VPASS procedure was completed on three @entity1707 with a mid- @entity432 . Thirty days post-VPASS procedure, angiography, contrast-enhanced MRI, and histology were performed to assess @entity296 . Perfusion was analyzed using the average percent signal intensity change (APSIC) in the anterior walls (AW) and inferior walls (IW). RESULTS: The VPASS implant was performed without complication. Post-VPASS implantation, the distal AIV PO(2) increased up to the LV PO(2) level during simultaneous AIV and LAD blockage (432 +/- 24 mmHg). At day 30, quantitative perfusion analysis demonstrated no difference in APSIC between AW and IW (125 +/- 26% vs. 137 +/- 38%, P = 0.46). Delayed enhancement and histology showed focal @entity1188 . CONCLUSIONS: VPASS implant with simultaneous AIV and @entity432 allows perfusion of oxygenated blood to the distal AIV, which in the setting of an acute @entity583 model was capable of rescuing most of the myocardium at risk.

2099505

2099506

2099507

Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of XXXX @entity3 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Radiosurgery is increasingly used to manage @entity320 @entity3 . We reviewed our series of @entity1 who underwent radiosurgery for @entity320 brain @entity3 to assess clinical outcomes and identify prognostic factors for survival and cerebral disease control. METHODS: Two hundred forty-four @entity1 had radiosurgery for the management of 754 @entity3 . A mean of 2.6 @entity5 were irradiated per procedure. The median @entity5 volume was 4.4 cm3. The median margin and maximum doses used were 18 and 32 Gy, respectively. RESULTS: The median survival was 5.3 months after radiosurgery (mean, 10 mo; range, 0.2-114.3 mo). @entity1 survived a median of 7.8 months (mean, 13.4 mo) from the diagnosis of brain @entity3 and 44.9 months (mean, 69 mo) after the diagnosis of the @entity5 . Survival was better in @entity1 with controlled @entity262 (12.7 mo), single brain @entity3 (6.8 mo), and a Karnofsky performance score of 90 or 100% (6.3 mo). Sustained local control was achieved in 86.2% of @entity5 . Increased @entity5 volume and previous evidence of @entity548 increased the risk of local failure. Multiple lesions and failure to provide systemic immunotherapy were predictors for the occurrence of new brain @entity3 , which developed in 41.7% of the @entity1 . Symptomatic radiation changes occurred in 6.6% of the @entity1 . Overall, 71.4% of the @entity1 improved or remained clinically stable. @entity75 was the cause of death in 40.5% of the @entity1 , usually from the development of new @entity3 . CONCLUSION: Gamma knife radiosurgery for @entity320 @entity3 is safe and effective and provides a high rate of durable local control. Improved survival can be achieved in @entity1 with single @entity3 , controlled @entity262 , and a high Karnofsky performance score.

2099508

2099509

2099510

Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of @entity320 XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Radiosurgery is increasingly used to manage @entity320 @entity3 . We reviewed our series of @entity1 who underwent radiosurgery for @entity320 brain @entity3 to assess clinical outcomes and identify prognostic factors for survival and cerebral disease control. METHODS: Two hundred forty-four @entity1 had radiosurgery for the management of 754 @entity3 . A mean of 2.6 @entity5 were irradiated per procedure. The median @entity5 volume was 4.4 cm3. The median margin and maximum doses used were 18 and 32 Gy, respectively. RESULTS: The median survival was 5.3 months after radiosurgery (mean, 10 mo; range, 0.2-114.3 mo). @entity1 survived a median of 7.8 months (mean, 13.4 mo) from the diagnosis of brain @entity3 and 44.9 months (mean, 69 mo) after the diagnosis of the @entity5 . Survival was better in @entity1 with controlled @entity262 (12.7 mo), single brain @entity3 (6.8 mo), and a Karnofsky performance score of 90 or 100% (6.3 mo). Sustained local control was achieved in 86.2% of @entity5 . Increased @entity5 volume and previous evidence of @entity548 increased the risk of local failure. Multiple lesions and failure to provide systemic immunotherapy were predictors for the occurrence of new brain @entity3 , which developed in 41.7% of the @entity1 . Symptomatic radiation changes occurred in 6.6% of the @entity1 . Overall, 71.4% of the @entity1 improved or remained clinically stable. @entity75 was the cause of death in 40.5% of the @entity1 , usually from the development of new @entity3 . CONCLUSION: Gamma knife radiosurgery for @entity320 @entity3 is safe and effective and provides a high rate of durable local control. Improved survival can be achieved in @entity1 with single @entity3 , controlled @entity262 , and a high Karnofsky performance score.

2099511

2099512

2099513

Antibodies to XXXX and peripheral nerve function in the DCCT.

multiple_choice

Antibodies to the smaller isoform of @entity367 decarboxylase (GAD65Ab) have been linked to the presence of @entity16 in @entity164 1 @entity6 in several small studies. We attempted to confirm this association by measuring GAD65Ab, GAD65Ab epitopes and IA-2Ab in 511 @entity1 who participated in the @entity6 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). We also tested for correlations between these autoantibodies and C-peptide and glycemic control. We only included @entity1 for whom serum was available from the first 4 years of their illness. The presence or @entity16 was determined by electrophysiological studies, autonomic testing and clinical evaluation at baseline and 5 years into the trial or at close out. Samples from controls ( @entity1 without @entity16 at 5 years) were selected for @entity1 who had similar C-peptide responses to a standardized meal at baseline. The @entity1840 Ab index correlated with HgbA(1c) only in the adult @entity1 and only at baseline. The adults initially in poor control (upper tertile for glycemia) had higher GAD65Ab and lower C-peptides. The GAD65Ab index was not significantly different in @entity1 with confirmed clinical @entity16 at 5 years versus controls matched for C-peptide (.248+/-.03 versus .278+/-.03). Epitope analysis, based on the blocking of conformational epitopes by recombinant @entity1334 , revealed that the binding to multiple epitopes was decreased in the @entity1 with @entity16 .

2099514

2099515

2099516

Spatial heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion predicts local XXXX channel expression and action potential duration.

multiple_choice

AIMS: In the heart, there is not only a transmural gradient of left ventricular perfusion and action potential duration (APD), but also spatial heterogeneity within each @entity296 , where local blood flow and energy turnover vary more than three-fold between individual regions. We analysed at high spatial resolution whether a corresponding heterogeneity also extends to ion channel gene expression and APD. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the open-chest @entity235 , left ventricular 300 microL samples of very low or high flow were identified by radioactive microspheres and expression levels determined by quantitative PCR. The distribution of epicardial APD was assessed by mapping local activation repolarization intervals (ARIs) and QT interval (QT). @entity32552 , the @entity972 channel mediating IKr, and @entity52742 , the interacting protein modulating Ito, were increased in Low flow (3.3- and 2.5-fold, P < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively; n = 6 hearts, 30-31 samples each) as compared with High flow areas. This suggested enhanced repolarizing currents in Low flow areas, and in consequence, mathematical model analysis predicted a shorter local APD upon enhanced @entity32552 and IKr. Epicardial mapping revealed a patchy, temporally stable APD pattern (n = 11), a small apico-basal gradient and an APD prolongation induced by the @entity32552 blocker @entity2781 predominantly in areas of short basal ARI or QT, respectively (n = 9). In addition, in Short QT areas, @entity32552 expression was three-fold increased (P < 0.05, n = 4). CONCLUSION: The spatial pattern of perfusion is matched by the novel patterns of K+ channel expression and APD. Whenever this newly recognized intramural dispersion of APD increases, it may contribute to arrhythmogenesis.

2099517

2099518

2099519

WITHDRAWN: Orthotic devices for treating XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity158 is a frequently reported condition in active adults. A wide variety of conservative treatment strategies have been described. As yet, no optimal strategy has been identified. Application of orthotic devices e.g. knee braces, knee straps, forms of taping of the knee, active training devices, knee sleeves and inlay soles to support the foot have been advocated to treat this condition. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of foot and knee orthotics for treatment of @entity158 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials register (Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2000; EMBASE (January 1988 to March 2000); CINAHL (January 1982 to March 2000) and PEDro (up to March 2000). Relevant orthotic companies were contacted. The date of the most recent search was May 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of knee or foot orthotics for treatment of @entity158 were selected. Trials describing the use of orthotic devices in conjunction with operative treatment were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three reviewers independently assessed methodological quality of the identified trials by use of a modified version of the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group assessment tool, consisting of 11 items. Two reviewers extracted data without blinding. Trialists were contacted to obtain missing data. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials involving 362 @entity1 were included in this review. Five other trials await possible inclusion if further information can be obtained. Due to clinical heterogeneity, we refrained from statistical pooling and conducted analysis by grading the strength of scientific evidence. The level of obtained research-based evidence was graded as limited as all trials were of low methodological quality.This limited research-based evidence showed the Protonics brace at six week follow-up was significantly more effective for decrease in @entity158 ( @entity353 ( @entity353 ) between groups 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8 to 3.6), functional improvement on the Kujala score ( @entity353 45.6; 95% CI 43.4 to 47.7) and change in patellofemoral congruence angle ( @entity353 17.2; 95% CI 14.1 to 20.3) when compared to no treatment. A comprehensive programme including tape application was significantly superior to a monitored exercise programme without tape application for decrease in worst @entity158 ( @entity353 1.6; 95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) and @entity158 ( @entity353 1.2; 95% CI 0.2 to 2.1), and clinical change and functional improvement questionnaire scores at four weeks follow-up.The trials reported statistically significant differences in @entity1 satisfaction after applied therapy ( @entity353 3.3; 95% CI 0.5 to 6.1) in favour of the McConnell regimen compared with the Coumans bandage at six weeks follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from randomised controlled trials is currently too limited to draw definitive conclusions about the use of knee and foot orthotics for the treatment of @entity158 . Future high quality trials in this field are warranted.

2099520

2099521

2099522

Direct intramyocardial injection of mesenchymal stem cell sheet fragments improves cardiac functions after XXXX .

multiple_choice

AIMS: Cell transplantation is a promising approach for @entity1 with @entity583 . However, following injection, retention of the transplanted cells in the injected area remains a central issue, which can be deleterious to cell transplantation therapy. We hypothesized that the use of cell sheet fragments, with the preservation of extracellular matrix (ECM), may significantly increase cell retention and thus improve cell therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sheet fragments with ECM were fabricated. @entity583 was created in male syngeneic Lewis @entity35 . Thirty minutes after @entity583 , an intramyocardial injection was conducted with a needle directly into the peri- @entity1188 areas. There were four treatment groups (n > or = 10): sham; @entity1391 buffered saline; dissociated MSCs; and MSC sheet fragments. Echocardiography and pressure measurements were assessed postoperatively. At retrieval, the hearts were fixed for histological evaluation. After injection, the MSC sheet fragments remained intact, while the complete cell sheets were torn into pieces. The results obtained in the echocardiography and pressure measurements revealed a superior heart function in the MSC sheet fragment group compared with the dissociated MSC group (P < 0.05). The MSC sheet fragments were able to conform and align their inherent ECM along the interstices of the muscular tissues at the injection sites, while only a few cells were identified in the dissociated MSC group at 12 weeks postoperatively. Additionally, transplantation of the MSC sheet fragments stimulated a significant increase in vascular density (P < 0.05) and enhanced the graft/host cell connection. CONCLUSION: The MSC sheet fragments may serve as a cell delivery vehicle by providing a favourable ECM environment to retain the transplanted cells and improve the efficacy of therapeutic cell transplantation.

2099523

2099524

2099525

Acupuncture for XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is often used for @entity2701 prophylaxis but its effectiveness is still controversial. This review (along with a companion review on 'Acupuncture for @entity2704 prophylaxis') represents an updated version of a Cochrane review originally published in Issue 1, 2001, of The Cochrane Library. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether acupuncture is a) more effective than no prophylactic treatment/routine care only; b) more effective than 'sham' (placebo) acupuncture; and c) as effective as other interventions in reducing @entity10 frequency in @entity1 with episodic or chronic @entity2701 . SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane @entity158 , Palliative _ Supportive Care Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field Trials Register were searched to January 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized trials with a post-randomization observation period of at least 8 weeks that compared the clinical effects of an acupuncture intervention with a control (treatment of acute @entity10 only or routine care), a sham acupuncture intervention or another intervention in @entity1 with episodic or chronic @entity2701 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers checked eligibility; extracted information on @entity1 , interventions, methods and results; and assessed risk of bias and quality of the acupuncture intervention. Outcomes extracted included response (at least 50% reduction of @entity10 frequency; outcome of primary interest), @entity10 days, @entity158 intensity and analgesic use. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven trials with 2317 @entity1 (median 62, range 10 to 1265) met the inclusion criteria. Two large trials compared acupuncture to treatment of acute @entity10 or routine care only. Both found statistically significant and clinically relevant short-term (up to 3 months) benefits of acupuncture over control for response, number of @entity10 days and @entity158 intensity. Long-term effects (beyond 3 months) were not investigated. Six trials compared acupuncture with a sham acupuncture intervention, and five of the six provided data for meta-analyses. Small but statistically significant benefits of acupuncture over sham were found for response as well as for several other outcomes. Three of the four trials comparing acupuncture with physiotherapy, massage or relaxation had important methodological or reporting shortcomings. Their findings are difficult to interpret, but collectively suggest slightly better results for some outcomes in the control groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In the previous version of this review, evidence in support of acupuncture for @entity2701 was considered insufficient. Now, with six additional trials, the authors conclude that acupuncture could be a valuable non-pharmacological tool in @entity1 with frequent episodic or chronic @entity2701 .

2099526

2099527

2099528

@entity1138 and the endoscopic treatment of XXXX : are two applications better than one?

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopic treatment of @entity850 by airway dilation, despite short-term improvement, is often associated with long-term relapse. @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) inhibits fibroblast proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, and thereby modulates wound healing and @entity2318 . @entity1139 application at the time of endoscopic dilation and laser surgery has been suggested to improve outcomes, but this has not been studied in a rigorous manner. This study examines the hypothesis that two topical applications of @entity1139 given 3-6 weeks apart will result in decreased @entity2318 / @entity256 of the airway, when compared to a single topical application. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 with @entity850 due to @entity32364 , postintubation @entity850 , or @entity2883 entered a protocol to receive three endoscopic @entity515 laser and dilation procedures over a 3-month interval. At the first procedure, after radial @entity515 laser incision and airway dilation, all @entity1 received topical application of @entity1139 (0.5 mg/mL) to the airway lesion. One month later, a second endoscopic incision and dilation was performed and the @entity1 were randomized to either a second application of @entity1138 -C or to application of saline placebo. A third dilation procedure was performed 2 months later, without @entity1139 application. @entity1 were followed for up to 5 years for relapse of @entity1224 with clinical symptoms sufficient to require a subsequent procedure. RESULTS: The relapse rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 7%, 36%, and 69% for @entity1 treated with two applications of @entity1139 compared to 33%, 58%, and 70% for @entity1 treated with one application of @entity1139 . The median interval to relapse was 3.8 years in the two-application group, compared with 2.4 years in the one-application group. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial suggests that, in the endoscopic management of @entity850 , two applications of @entity1139 given 3-4 weeks apart after airway radial incision and dilation reduces the @entity256 rate for 2 to 3 years after treatment when compared to a single application. However, @entity256 and delayed symptom recurrence continues so that at 5 years the relapse rates are the same. Thus, @entity1139 may postpone, but does not prevent, the recurrence of symptomatic @entity850 in the majority of @entity1 .

2099529

2099530

2099531

XXXX and the endoscopic treatment of @entity850 : are two applications better than one?

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopic treatment of @entity850 by airway dilation, despite short-term improvement, is often associated with long-term relapse. @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) inhibits fibroblast proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, and thereby modulates wound healing and @entity2318 . @entity1139 application at the time of endoscopic dilation and laser surgery has been suggested to improve outcomes, but this has not been studied in a rigorous manner. This study examines the hypothesis that two topical applications of @entity1139 given 3-6 weeks apart will result in decreased @entity2318 / @entity256 of the airway, when compared to a single topical application. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 with @entity850 due to @entity32364 , postintubation @entity850 , or @entity2883 entered a protocol to receive three endoscopic @entity515 laser and dilation procedures over a 3-month interval. At the first procedure, after radial @entity515 laser incision and airway dilation, all @entity1 received topical application of @entity1139 (0.5 mg/mL) to the airway lesion. One month later, a second endoscopic incision and dilation was performed and the @entity1 were randomized to either a second application of @entity1138 -C or to application of saline placebo. A third dilation procedure was performed 2 months later, without @entity1139 application. @entity1 were followed for up to 5 years for relapse of @entity1224 with clinical symptoms sufficient to require a subsequent procedure. RESULTS: The relapse rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 7%, 36%, and 69% for @entity1 treated with two applications of @entity1139 compared to 33%, 58%, and 70% for @entity1 treated with one application of @entity1139 . The median interval to relapse was 3.8 years in the two-application group, compared with 2.4 years in the one-application group. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial suggests that, in the endoscopic management of @entity850 , two applications of @entity1139 given 3-4 weeks apart after airway radial incision and dilation reduces the @entity256 rate for 2 to 3 years after treatment when compared to a single application. However, @entity256 and delayed symptom recurrence continues so that at 5 years the relapse rates are the same. Thus, @entity1139 may postpone, but does not prevent, the recurrence of symptomatic @entity850 in the majority of @entity1 .

2099532

2099533

2099534

Antioxidant-sensitive XXXX effects on characteristics of @entity35 liver mitochondrial population.

multiple_choice

Whole mitochondrial population and three mitochondrial fractions were resolved by differential centrifugation from liver homogenates from euthyroid, @entity1378 (ten daily i.p. injections of @entity1954 (T3), 10 microg/100 g body weight) and @entity1378 @entity270 -treated (ten daily i.m. @entity270 injections, 20 mg/100 g body weight) @entity35 . Homogenates and mitochondrial preparations were examined for their protein content, oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and susceptibility to oxidative stress. In all groups, antioxidant level was smaller and oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, and susceptibility to oxidants were greater in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. T3 treatment was associated with increased oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, and susceptibility to oxidative stress, and decreased antioxidant levels in all preparations. It was also associated with increased mitochondrial protein content of homogenate and altered quantitative presence of the mitochondrial fractions. The @entity270 effects on the T3-induced changes were different for the different parameters. @entity270 did not modify the mitochondrial protein content in liver and oxidative capacity of the various preparations, reduced the changes in both susceptibility to oxidants and contribution of each fraction to the whole mitochondrial population, and reinstated euthyroid values for antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. The incomplete recovery of euthyroid resistance to oxidants in @entity270 -treated @entity35 is due to the vitamin inability to reinstate the levels of both antioxidants and hemoproteins, on which such a resistance depends. The @entity270 effect on the composition of the mitochondrial population is more difficult to explain, because of the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial population modulation by thyroid hormone. However, available data suggest that such a modulation occurs through changes in the turnover of the mitochondrial fractions to which an induction of mitochondrial protein synthesis and accelerated antioxidant-sensitive degradation contribute in different measure.

2099535

2099536

2099537

Antioxidant-sensitive @entity1954 effects on characteristics of XXXX liver mitochondrial population.

multiple_choice

Whole mitochondrial population and three mitochondrial fractions were resolved by differential centrifugation from liver homogenates from euthyroid, @entity1378 (ten daily i.p. injections of @entity1954 (T3), 10 microg/100 g body weight) and @entity1378 @entity270 -treated (ten daily i.m. @entity270 injections, 20 mg/100 g body weight) @entity35 . Homogenates and mitochondrial preparations were examined for their protein content, oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and susceptibility to oxidative stress. In all groups, antioxidant level was smaller and oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, and susceptibility to oxidants were greater in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. T3 treatment was associated with increased oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, and susceptibility to oxidative stress, and decreased antioxidant levels in all preparations. It was also associated with increased mitochondrial protein content of homogenate and altered quantitative presence of the mitochondrial fractions. The @entity270 effects on the T3-induced changes were different for the different parameters. @entity270 did not modify the mitochondrial protein content in liver and oxidative capacity of the various preparations, reduced the changes in both susceptibility to oxidants and contribution of each fraction to the whole mitochondrial population, and reinstated euthyroid values for antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. The incomplete recovery of euthyroid resistance to oxidants in @entity270 -treated @entity35 is due to the vitamin inability to reinstate the levels of both antioxidants and hemoproteins, on which such a resistance depends. The @entity270 effect on the composition of the mitochondrial population is more difficult to explain, because of the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial population modulation by thyroid hormone. However, available data suggest that such a modulation occurs through changes in the turnover of the mitochondrial fractions to which an induction of mitochondrial protein synthesis and accelerated antioxidant-sensitive degradation contribute in different measure.

2099538

2099539

2099540

Good clinical response to anti-psoriatic treatment with adalimumab and XXXX does not inflict a direct effect on compartmentalization of T-cell subsets: a pilot study.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: The most recently introduced therapeutics for @entity1569 are biologicals which can target the T-cell-mediated pathology of @entity1569 in a direct or indirect manner. The present pilot study focuses on and compares the effect of a conventional systemic agent ( @entity1499 ; @entity1500 ) with the effect of a TNF-binding biological (adalimumab) on @entity1569 -associated T-cell subsets in peripheral blood (PB) and lesional skin. Insight is provided in the hypothesized compartmentalization of these T-cell subsets between PB and the cutaneous compartment. METHODS: Immunohistochemical stainings of designated T-cell subsets on psoriatic skin sections were performed and similar subsets were isolated from PB specimens by flow cytometry. These counts were correlated with clinical severity. RESULTS: Results showed that adalimumab had a greater clinical effect than @entity1500 treatment after 12 weeks. In the dermis, only the CD3+ T cells were significantly reduced after 12 weeks of adalimumab therapy, whereas for @entity1500 only CD3+ T cells in the epidermis and CD45RO+ T cells in the dermis reduced significantly. However, PB T-lymphocyte populations did not show significant shifts in quantification of T-cell subsets. CONCLUSION: Therefore, recompartmentalization of @entity1569 -associated T-cell subsets between PB and lesional skin was not induced in this study as a therapeutic principle. Consequently, recompartmentalization of T-cell subsets does not seem an obligatory event in order to achieve good clinical response.

2099541

2099542

2099543

Adrenal gland tumorigenesis after gonadectomy in XXXX is a complex genetic trait driven by epistatic loci.

multiple_choice

Postgonadectomy adrenocortical tumorigenesis is a strain-specific phenomenon in inbred @entity19 , assumed to be caused by elevated LH secretion and subsequent ectopic @entity25326 ( @entity25326 ) overexpression in adrenal gland. However, the molecular mechanisms of this cascade of events remain unknown. In this study, we took advantage of the @entity19 dependency of the phenotype to unravel its genetic basis. Our results present the first genome-wide screening related to this pathology in two independent F2 and backcross populations generated between the neoplastic @entity7840 /2J and the nonsusceptible C57BL/6J strains. Surprisingly, the postgonadectomy elevation of serum LH was followed by similar up-regulation of adrenal @entity25326 expression in both parental strains and their crosses, irrespective of their @entity5 status, indicating that it is not the immediate cause of the tumorigenesis. Linkage analysis revealed one major significant locus for the tumorigenesis on chromosome 8, modulated by epistasis with another quantitative trait locus on chromosome 18. @entity1017 , a secondary phenotype after gonadectomy, showed a significant but separate quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7. Altogether, postgonadectomy adrenocortical tumorigenesis in DBA/2J @entity19 is a dominant trait that is not a direct consequence of adrenal @entity25326 expression but is driven by a complex genetic architecture. Analysis of candidate genes in the tumorigenesis linkage region showed that @entity35184 ( @entity35184 ), a @entity5 suppressor gene, is differentially expressed in the neoplastic areas. These findings may have relevance to the @entity1 pathogenesis of @entity774 and @entity16663 in postmenopausal @entity1 and why some of them develop @entity28 .

2099544

2099545

2099546

Clinical significance of chronic XXXX .

multiple_choice

A longitudinal study of @entity1 with persistent @entity12828 was carried out to evaluate the clinical significance of this condition. Twenty-five outpatients were studied by means of serum amylase, isoamylase ( @entity3505 germ-inhibition method), and @entity62964 determination; macroamylase detection; and abdominal ultrasonography over a one-year period. Cellulose @entity598 electrophoresis was carried out to validate the @entity3505 germ-inhibition tests; the results of the two assays were closely correlated, except in three @entity1 with @entity12828 . At the time of the study, none of the @entity1 had evident signs or symptoms of @entity660 . At initial evaluation, @entity3505 germ test demonstrated an elevation of only salivary isoamylase in 16 @entity1 , both pancreatic and salivary isoenzyme in two, and only pancreatic isoamylase in six @entity1 (three with @entity12828 ). Normal salivary and pancreatic isoenzymes were found in one with predominantly pancreatic isoamylase. At the 12-month follow-up, @entity12828 had disappeared in six cases and salivary isoamylase elevation in three; pancreatic isoamylase remained abnormally high in all eight @entity1 in whom it was elevated at initial evaluation, and @entity62964 was abnormally high in three @entity1 with elevated pancreatic isoamylase. Of the five @entity1 with true @entity788 , one had a juxtapapillary duodenal diverticulum, one showed a slight ultrasound alteration of the pancreas, and one had a past history of acute @entity788 . In our study, most cases of chronic @entity12828 were of nonpancreatic origin. In the @entity1 with elevated pancreatic isoamylase, there was no clinical evidence of @entity660 , although a subclinical pancreatic involvement could not be excluded in some.

2099547

2099548

2099549

Treatment of XXXX using an immediate motion protocol.

multiple_choice

The results of treatment after closed reduction of @entity3029 vary. Twenty consecutive @entity1 with closed @entity3029 were treated prospectively on a rapid motion, nonimmobilized functional regimen. This treatment protocol emphasizes immediate active range of motion under close supervision. No slings or splints were employed. Final range of motion averaged -4 degrees to 139 degrees. All @entity1 attained final extension within 5 degrees of the contralateral side. Each @entity1 achieved his final range of motion within an average of 19 days after reduction of the dislocation. Arm circumference returned to normal at an average of 6.5 days. There was one redislocation. After treatment, all @entity1 met qualification for graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy and were able to pursue unrestricted athletic and career options. Our findings suggest that an aggressive immediate motion rehabilitation allows nearly full final elbow motion and an excellent functional outcome.

2099550

2099551

2099552

Risk factors of local relapse in XXXX : the importance of age.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The objective of the present analysis is to know what risk factors affect local relapse in @entity0 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 1165 @entity1 diagnosed with early @entity0 were included. Boost dose was modulated in the presence of risk factors. @entity1 with one risk factor received a boost of 10 Gy, while 20 Gy was administered in those with two risk factors. RESULTS: Median follow-up was of 60 months. Mean age of @entity1 was 56.7+/-10.8 years. Local risk factors were present in 82.8% of @entity1 . The probability of remaining free of local recurrence at 5 and 10 years is 97.7% (CI 95%: 96.7-98.7) and 94.5% (CI 95%: 92.1-96.9). Only age showed an impact in local relapse on multivariate analysis. @entity1 40 years or younger had a relative risk of local relapse of 5.27 and @entity1 41-50 of 3.7 with respect to @entity1 older than 50 years. CONCLUSION: @entity1 40 years or younger have a higher risk of local failure than older @entity1 . Other risk factors such as @entity5 size, @entity3821 or margin status could be masked by an increase of radiation dose.

2099553

2099554

2099555

[Current management of XXXX . Retrospective study of 31 cases and literature review].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To establish some therapeutic criteria about the treatment of @entity2758 of III, IV and V grade of Spetzler and Martin and to analyse the results in the subgroup of preoperative embolization plus surgery. METHODS: We perform a retrospective analysis of a group of 31 @entity1 with @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ) treated in our center between 1999 and 2004. There were 19 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 , with a mean age of 31.6 years old (range, 1-62a). Their symptoms upon admission were @entity932 in 77.4%, @entity410 in 12.9%, @entity10 , @entity63 event and incidental finding in 3.2% each group. Diagnostic angiography was performed in 29 cases and anatomopathologic diagnostic in 2 cases. The @entity600 were classified with Spetzler and Martin Grading Scale, in 10.3% grade I, 24.1% grade II, 37.9% grade III, 24.1% grade IV and 3.4% grade V. @entity1 were classified in 6 subgroups of treatment (surgery, embolization, radiosurgery, embolization plus surgery, embolization plus radiosurgery and conservative treatment). RESULTS: @entity2758 grade III, IV and V (19 @entity1 ) were treated with surgery (6 cases), embolization plus surgery (5 cases), but also other kind of treatments (embolization alone, radiosurgery and conservative) were used. Functional results in these groups of @entity1 were 36.8% (7 cases) with no symptoms or slights symptoms (modified Rankin 0-1), 52.6% (10 cases) minor disability (mRankin 2), 5.3% (1 case) moderate disability and 5.3% (1 case) mortality. We observe a high rate of postembolization @entity548 in the group of @entity1 in which the combination of preoperative embolization plus surgery was used. In these cases, early surgery was performed with a good functional recovery. There was one case of postoperative mortality. CONCLUSION: We should consider some factors like the natural history, clinical presentation ( @entity548 ), angiographic features (deep arterial supply, aneurisms), Spetzler and Martin Grading and the clinical condition of the @entity1 before treating a @entity1779 . In the subgroup of treatment with embolization plus surgery, we recommend to achieve a @entity887 > 50%, not to obliterate more than 50% in one session, to perform staged embolization waiting from 4 to 6 weeks between procedures, and from 1 to 3 weeks between the last embolization and surgery.

2099556

2099557

2099558

XXXX presenting as ascites: a case report and review of the literature.

multiple_choice

Here we report an unusual case of @entity784 presenting as ascites. A 49-yr-old @entity1 was admitted to the hospital for abdominal discomfort associated with increasing abdominal girth over the course of 3 mo. She also complained of @entity390 , @entity391 , and @entity294 . On physical examination, a tense and distended abdomen and @entity4 of the lower extremities were noted. Neither @entity828 nor @entity3329 was found. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a large abdominal/pelvic mass surrounding the small bowel and omentum and small nodes in the para-aortic and mesenteric regions. The cytospin prepared from the peritoneal fluid was hypercellular and composed of a population of monotonous, noncohesive cells with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and a single prominent central nucleolus. The cells were positive for leukocyte common antigen and Leu-22 ( @entity12910 ) but negative for keratin, @entity16601 , @entity5855 , kappa, lambda, CD3, @entity5823 ( @entity5823 ), S-100, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Morphologic and immunologic findings were suggestive of T-cell @entity706 . @entity3191 rarely present as ascites; this case demonstrates the value of effusion cytology in making this diagnosis.

2099559

2099560

2099561

Paired ventricular pacing: an alternative therapy for postoperative junctional @entity591 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

Junctional @entity591 (JET) is one of the most life-threatening @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity299 , and medical management is difficult. Paired ventricular pacing ( @entity12468 ) may provide a safe alternative mode of management. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of @entity12468 for the management of postoperative JET in @entity1 with @entity299 . A retrospective collection of data was done from 1981-1995. @entity12468 was successfully tried in five postoperative @entity1 (age range: 37 days to 22 years, median: 10 months). Onset of JET was 3-60 hours (mean +/- SD, 19 +/- 23 hours) postoperatively. The maximal JET rate was 261 +/- 39 beats/min. @entity12468 was used as the first line of management in three @entity1 and was successful in all @entity1 . It resulted in an instantaneous increase in blood pressure from 66 +/- 9 to 94 +/- 15 mmHg (42% increase) and was required for 12 +/- 14 hours (range 2-36 hours). No complications were noted. Therefore, in our experience, this is a safe alternative modality for the control of postoperative JET.

2099562

2099563

2099564

Paired ventricular pacing: an alternative therapy for postoperative junctional XXXX in @entity299 .

multiple_choice

Junctional @entity591 (JET) is one of the most life-threatening @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity299 , and medical management is difficult. Paired ventricular pacing ( @entity12468 ) may provide a safe alternative mode of management. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of @entity12468 for the management of postoperative JET in @entity1 with @entity299 . A retrospective collection of data was done from 1981-1995. @entity12468 was successfully tried in five postoperative @entity1 (age range: 37 days to 22 years, median: 10 months). Onset of JET was 3-60 hours (mean +/- SD, 19 +/- 23 hours) postoperatively. The maximal JET rate was 261 +/- 39 beats/min. @entity12468 was used as the first line of management in three @entity1 and was successful in all @entity1 . It resulted in an instantaneous increase in blood pressure from 66 +/- 9 to 94 +/- 15 mmHg (42% increase) and was required for 12 +/- 14 hours (range 2-36 hours). No complications were noted. Therefore, in our experience, this is a safe alternative modality for the control of postoperative JET.

2099565

2099566

2099567

Age dependence of T1 perfusion MRI-based hemodynamic parameters in XXXX kidneys.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To determine the association between renal cortical perfusion parameters from T1-DCE magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and age in @entity1 kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five @entity1 (mean age: 53 years, SD = 15 years) were imaged using inversion recovery (IR)-prepared FLASH (pulse repetition time [TR] = 4.4 msec, echo time [TE] 2.2 msec, inversion time [TI] = 180 msec, FA 50 degrees , matrix 128 x 256, 0.3 sec/slice) during the injection of Gadolinium- @entity12306 . Tissue concentration-time courses were deconvolved. @entity8 ( @entity8 ), volume of distribution (RVD), and mean transit time ( @entity98 ) were derived from the resulting impulse response function. RESULTS: Mean @entity8 , RVD, and @entity98 were 127 mL/min/100 mL (SD = 81 mL/min/100 mL), 40 mL/100 mL (SD 23 mL/100 mL), and 22 sec (SD = 9 sec). A significant moderately negative correlation was found between @entity8 and age (R = -0.447, P = 0.007), RVD and age (R = -0.420, P = 0.012). @entity98 and age did not show a significant correlation (R = 0.017, P = 0.924). Repeating this analysis for each gender revealed a moderate age dependence of @entity8 (R = -0.600 with P = 0.009) and RVD (R = -0.540 with P = 0.021) in the male group only. CONCLUSION: T1-DCE quantitative perfusion MRI was sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate a significant negative correlation of @entity8 and RVD with @entity1 age. This was due to a moderate age dependence of these quantities in males that seems to be absent in females.

2099568

2099569

2099570

Dysregulation of the Hedgehog pathway in XXXX hepatocarcinogenesis.

multiple_choice

Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation promotes @entity5 in several endodermally derived tissues, but its role in the pathogenesis of @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is unknown. Although normal hepatocytes lack Hh signaling, activation of the Hh pathway in endodermal progenitors is required for liver development. Thus, we hypothesized that hepatocarcinogenesis may involve regulation of Hh signaling. This pathway is activated when Hh ligand binds to its receptor, Patched (PTC). In an unoccupied state, PTC normally functions as a @entity5 suppressor that inhibits @entity2751 ( @entity2751 ), a proto-oncoprotein, from activating downstream components and transcription of target genes. Here we show that in HCCs, overexpression of the @entity2751 proto-oncogene, as well as an increase in the stoichiometric ratio of @entity2751 to Ptc mRNA levels, correlated with @entity5 size, a prognostic indicator in @entity157 biology. In one @entity5 we identified a novel @entity2751 mutation in an evolutionarily conserved residue. We also demonstrated that @entity157 cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B) expressed Hh pathway components and activated Hh transcriptional targets. In Hep3B cells, @entity5050 , an inhibitor of wild-type @entity2751 , had no effect, but @entity57952 , a blocker of oncogenic @entity2751 , inhibited Hh signaling activity by 50%, decreased expression of the hepatocarcinogenic oncogene, @entity517 , by 8-fold, and inhibited the growth rate of Hep3B cells by 94%. These data support our hypothesis that Hh signaling is dysregulated in @entity1 hepatocarcinogenesis. We demonstrate that overexpression and/or tumorigenic activation of the @entity2751 proto-oncogene mediates @entity517 overexpression which plays a critical role in hepatocarcinogenesis and suggests that @entity2751 is a prognostic factor in @entity157 tumorigenesis.

2099571

2099572

2099573

[The clinical efficacy of XXXX -eluting stents versus @entity1311 -eluting stents in complex and diffuse coronary lesions].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of @entity3446 -eluting stents to @entity1311 -eluting stents in complex and diffuse coronary lesions. METHODS: 138 consecutive @entity1 with complex and diffuse coronary lesions were enrolled from April 2004 to August 2005; they were implanted with more than 25 mm long @entity3446 -eluting stents or @entity1311 -eluting stents. Unsuccessful cases were excluded. All @entity1 received medical treatment according to guideline. @entity117 300 mg and @entity1397 75 mg once daily were continually administered for 6 months after the procedure. The @entity1 were followed up after 6 months. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 138 @entity1 , including 124 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 . There were 129 (87.8%) C ACC/ @entity75 . The average reference vessel diameter was (2.91 +/- 0.43) mm. The average lesion length was (36.36 +/- 12.27) mm. The average stent length per lesion was (40.25 +/- 12.79) mm. There was no difference of @entity1 and lesion baseline characteristics between the groups of @entity3446 -eluting and @entity1311 -eluting stents. At the end of follow up, in-stent restenosis rate (5.9% vs 17.7%, P = 0.023) and in-segment restenosis rate (9.4% vs 21.0%, P = 0.048) in the group of @entity3446 -eluting stents were less than that in the group of @entity1311 -eluting stents. The difference was also seen in in-stent late luminal loss [(0.26 +/- 0.46) mm vs (0.60 +/- 0.66) mm, P = 0.001)] and in-segment late lumens loss [(0.16 +/- 0.52) mm vs (0.45 +/- 0.65) mm, P = 0.003)]. There was no difference between the @entity3446 -eluting stents group and @entity1311 -eluting stents group in the incidence of @entity75 revascularization (7.1% vs 12.9%, P = 0.223). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with complex and diffuse coronary lesions, the use of the @entity3446 -eluting stent was associated with a decrease in the extent of late luminal loss, as compared with use of @entity1311 -eluting stents, suggesting that @entity3446 -eluting stent might be more suitable to be used in small vessel.

2099574

2099575

2099576

[The clinical efficacy of @entity3446 -eluting stents versus XXXX -eluting stents in complex and diffuse coronary lesions].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of @entity3446 -eluting stents to @entity1311 -eluting stents in complex and diffuse coronary lesions. METHODS: 138 consecutive @entity1 with complex and diffuse coronary lesions were enrolled from April 2004 to August 2005; they were implanted with more than 25 mm long @entity3446 -eluting stents or @entity1311 -eluting stents. Unsuccessful cases were excluded. All @entity1 received medical treatment according to guideline. @entity117 300 mg and @entity1397 75 mg once daily were continually administered for 6 months after the procedure. The @entity1 were followed up after 6 months. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 138 @entity1 , including 124 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 . There were 129 (87.8%) C ACC/ @entity75 . The average reference vessel diameter was (2.91 +/- 0.43) mm. The average lesion length was (36.36 +/- 12.27) mm. The average stent length per lesion was (40.25 +/- 12.79) mm. There was no difference of @entity1 and lesion baseline characteristics between the groups of @entity3446 -eluting and @entity1311 -eluting stents. At the end of follow up, in-stent restenosis rate (5.9% vs 17.7%, P = 0.023) and in-segment restenosis rate (9.4% vs 21.0%, P = 0.048) in the group of @entity3446 -eluting stents were less than that in the group of @entity1311 -eluting stents. The difference was also seen in in-stent late luminal loss [(0.26 +/- 0.46) mm vs (0.60 +/- 0.66) mm, P = 0.001)] and in-segment late lumens loss [(0.16 +/- 0.52) mm vs (0.45 +/- 0.65) mm, P = 0.003)]. There was no difference between the @entity3446 -eluting stents group and @entity1311 -eluting stents group in the incidence of @entity75 revascularization (7.1% vs 12.9%, P = 0.223). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with complex and diffuse coronary lesions, the use of the @entity3446 -eluting stent was associated with a decrease in the extent of late luminal loss, as compared with use of @entity1311 -eluting stents, suggesting that @entity3446 -eluting stent might be more suitable to be used in small vessel.

2099577

2099578

2099579

Testis structure and function in a nongenetic hyperadipose XXXX model at prepubertal and adult ages.

multiple_choice

There are few data for hormonal levels and testis structure and function during postnatal development in @entity35 neonatally treated with @entity5542 ( @entity5542 ). In our study, newborn male pups were ip injected with @entity5542 (4 mg/g body weight) every 2 d up to 10 d of age and investigated at prepubertal and adult ages. Plasma levels of leptin, LH, FSH, prolactin, @entity251 (T), @entity2819 , and free T4 (FT4) were measured. @entity5542 @entity35 displayed elevated circulating levels of @entity2819 and hyperadiposity/hyperleptinemia, regardless of the age examined; conversely, circulating prolactin levels were not affected. Moreover, prepubertal @entity5542 @entity35 revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in testis weight and the number of Sertoli (SC) and Leydig cells per testis. Leptin plasma levels were severalfold higher (2.41 vs. 8.07; P < 0.05) in prepubertal @entity5542 @entity35 , and these animals displayed plasma LH, FSH, T, and FT4 levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data indicate that testis development, as well as SC and Leydig cell proliferation, were disturbed in prepubertal @entity5542 @entity35 . Adult @entity5542 @entity35 also displayed significantly higher leptin plasma levels (7.26 vs. 27.04; P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) LH and FSH plasma levels. However, T and FT4 plasma levels were normal, and no apparent alterations were observed in testis structure of @entity5542 @entity35 . Only the number of SCs per testis was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the adult @entity5542 @entity35 . In conclusion, although early installed hyperadipose/hyperleptinemia phenotype was probably responsible for the reproductive axis damages in @entity5542 animals, it remains to be investigated whether this condition is the main factor for hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal @entity409 in @entity5542 @entity35 .

2099580

2099581

2099582

Monte carlo model of stricture formation in photodynamic therapy of normal XXXX esophagus.

multiple_choice

@entity34 ( @entity34 ) is FDA-approved for use in @entity1 with Barrett's esophagus using porfimer @entity1372 (2 mg per kg) and a recommended light dose of 130 J cm(-1) for high grade @entity1141 . Despite uniform drug and light doses, the clinical outcome of @entity34 is variable. A significant number of @entity34 cases result in esophageal strictures, a side effect related to excessive energy absorption. The purpose of this project was to model esophageal stricture formation with a Monte Carlo simulation. An original multilayer Monte Carlo computer simulation was developed for esophageal @entity34 . Optical absorption and scattering coefficients were derived for mucosal and muscle layers of normal porcine esophagus. Porfimer @entity1372 was added to each layer by increasing the absorption coefficient by the appropriate amount. A threshold-absorbed light dose was assumed to be required for stricture formation and ablation. The simulation predicted irreversible @entity16 with a 160 J cm(-1) light dose and damage to the muscle layer with an additional 160 J cm(-1) light dose for a tissue porfimer @entity1372 content of 3.5 mg kg(-1). The simulation accurately modeled photodynamic stricture formation in normal @entity1707 in vivo esophageal tissue. This preliminary work suggests that the absorbed light threshold for stricture formation may be between 2 and 4 J per gram of tissue.

2099583

2099584

2099585

Expression of @entity4206 and @entity9486 in XXXX and its possible clinical relevance.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: Assess @entity4206 and @entity9486 expression in @entity5513 and its correlation with clinical and radiological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: medical records of 34 @entity1 who were operated on for @entity5513 during a 3-year period (2001-2003) were evaluated retrospectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the @entity808 was performed with @entity4206 and @entity9486 antibodies and clinical @entity1 characteristics were correlated with the immunoreactivity results. RESULTS: 41% of the @entity5513 specimens showed @entity4206 and @entity9486 staining. Correlation between both proteins was 100%. Age of the @entity1 tended to be older when staining was positive, but no statistical significance was achieved. Likewise, @entity5 size was bigger for positive @entity5 but, again, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between gender and immunostaining. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Expression of @entity4206 and @entity9486 was demonstrated in almost half of the @entity1 studied. Although both proteins were more prevalent in older @entity1 and bigger @entity5 , this difference was not statistically significant, probably due to the reduced sample size. No differences were found in laterality, gender or audiogram. However, the expression of these two proteins in almost half of the @entity5 shows that they can play a role in the development and progression of @entity5513 , although further studies are needed.

2099586

2099587

2099588

Expression of @entity4206 and XXXX in @entity5513 and its possible clinical relevance.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: Assess @entity4206 and @entity9486 expression in @entity5513 and its correlation with clinical and radiological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: medical records of 34 @entity1 who were operated on for @entity5513 during a 3-year period (2001-2003) were evaluated retrospectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the @entity808 was performed with @entity4206 and @entity9486 antibodies and clinical @entity1 characteristics were correlated with the immunoreactivity results. RESULTS: 41% of the @entity5513 specimens showed @entity4206 and @entity9486 staining. Correlation between both proteins was 100%. Age of the @entity1 tended to be older when staining was positive, but no statistical significance was achieved. Likewise, @entity5 size was bigger for positive @entity5 but, again, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between gender and immunostaining. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Expression of @entity4206 and @entity9486 was demonstrated in almost half of the @entity1 studied. Although both proteins were more prevalent in older @entity1 and bigger @entity5 , this difference was not statistically significant, probably due to the reduced sample size. No differences were found in laterality, gender or audiogram. However, the expression of these two proteins in almost half of the @entity5 shows that they can play a role in the development and progression of @entity5513 , although further studies are needed.

2099589

2099590

2099591

Expression of XXXX and @entity9486 in @entity5513 and its possible clinical relevance.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: Assess @entity4206 and @entity9486 expression in @entity5513 and its correlation with clinical and radiological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: medical records of 34 @entity1 who were operated on for @entity5513 during a 3-year period (2001-2003) were evaluated retrospectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the @entity808 was performed with @entity4206 and @entity9486 antibodies and clinical @entity1 characteristics were correlated with the immunoreactivity results. RESULTS: 41% of the @entity5513 specimens showed @entity4206 and @entity9486 staining. Correlation between both proteins was 100%. Age of the @entity1 tended to be older when staining was positive, but no statistical significance was achieved. Likewise, @entity5 size was bigger for positive @entity5 but, again, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between gender and immunostaining. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Expression of @entity4206 and @entity9486 was demonstrated in almost half of the @entity1 studied. Although both proteins were more prevalent in older @entity1 and bigger @entity5 , this difference was not statistically significant, probably due to the reduced sample size. No differences were found in laterality, gender or audiogram. However, the expression of these two proteins in almost half of the @entity5 shows that they can play a role in the development and progression of @entity5513 , although further studies are needed.

2099592

2099593

2099594

[ XXXX and differential diagnosis].

multiple_choice

Clinical evaluation of the nipple-areolar complex is a routine component of the breast screening examination. All persistent unilateral nipple lesion should be viewed with suspicion and @entity4098 should be considered. The diagnosis is established by nipple scrape cytology. It is a rare variant of @entity513 in situ. The breast imaging work-up should include a search for an underlying @entity5 , present in over 80% of cases, not infrequently multifocal. Preoperative MRI is useful if breast conservative surgery is contemplated because of the high rate of @entity5 on mammograms and ultrasound. Erosive @entity11449 is a benign process that may simulate @entity4261 isolated to the nipple. Less frequently, @entity1491 , @entity1490 and @entity320 may be more difficult to differentiate clinically and share the unilateral and chronic features of @entity4261 . Biopsy is needed for diagnosis. Cutaneous extension of a @entity0 is rare but should be suspected in @entity1 with retraction and/or fixed nipple. @entity484 is characterized by the bilateral nature of the process, the absence of @entity85 , the presence of flare-ups and the favorable response to local @entity134 therapy.

2099595

2099596

2099597

Randomized trial of behavioral family systems therapy for @entity6 : maintenance of effects on XXXX outcomes in adolescents.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Studies showing that family communication and conflict resolution are critical to effective management of type 1 @entity6 in adolescents have stimulated interest in evaluating psychological treatments targeting these processes. Previous trials have shown that Behavioral Family Systems Therapy (BFST) improved parent-adolescent relationships but not treatment adherence or glycemic control. This study evaluates a revised intervention, BFST for @entity6 (BFST-D), modified to achieve greater impact on @entity6 -related family conflict, treatment adherence, and metabolic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 104 families of adolescents with inadequate control of type 1 @entity6 was randomized to either remain in standard care (SC) or to augmentation of that regimen by 12 sessions of either a multifamily educational support (ES) group or 12 sessions of BFST-D over 6 months. Pertinent measures were collected at baseline and at follow-up evaluations at 6, 12, and 18 months. RESULTS: BFST-D was significantly superior to both SC and ES in effects on @entity3916 , while effects on treatment adherence and family conflict were equivocal. Improvement in @entity3916 appeared to be mediated by improvement in treatment adherence. A significantly higher percentage of BFST-D youth achieved moderate or greater improvement (>0.5 SD) in treatment adherence compared with the SC group at each follow-up and the ES group at 6 and 18 months. Change in treatment adherence correlated significantly with change in @entity3916 at each follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the efficacy of BFST-D in improving @entity3916 , but further research is needed to identify the mechanisms of this effect and to achieve cost-effective dissemination of the intervention.

2099598

2099599

2099600

Randomized trial of behavioral family systems therapy for XXXX : maintenance of effects on @entity6 outcomes in adolescents.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Studies showing that family communication and conflict resolution are critical to effective management of type 1 @entity6 in adolescents have stimulated interest in evaluating psychological treatments targeting these processes. Previous trials have shown that Behavioral Family Systems Therapy (BFST) improved parent-adolescent relationships but not treatment adherence or glycemic control. This study evaluates a revised intervention, BFST for @entity6 (BFST-D), modified to achieve greater impact on @entity6 -related family conflict, treatment adherence, and metabolic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 104 families of adolescents with inadequate control of type 1 @entity6 was randomized to either remain in standard care (SC) or to augmentation of that regimen by 12 sessions of either a multifamily educational support (ES) group or 12 sessions of BFST-D over 6 months. Pertinent measures were collected at baseline and at follow-up evaluations at 6, 12, and 18 months. RESULTS: BFST-D was significantly superior to both SC and ES in effects on @entity3916 , while effects on treatment adherence and family conflict were equivocal. Improvement in @entity3916 appeared to be mediated by improvement in treatment adherence. A significantly higher percentage of BFST-D youth achieved moderate or greater improvement (>0.5 SD) in treatment adherence compared with the SC group at each follow-up and the ES group at 6 and 18 months. Change in treatment adherence correlated significantly with change in @entity3916 at each follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the efficacy of BFST-D in improving @entity3916 , but further research is needed to identify the mechanisms of this effect and to achieve cost-effective dissemination of the intervention.

2099601

2099602

2099603

Development of an electronic decision tool to support appropriate treatment choice in adult @entity1 with XXXX --Epi-Scope( ).

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Given the continuous knowledge progression and the growing number of available @entity734 ( @entity734 ), making appropriate treatment choices for @entity1 with @entity302 is increasingly difficult. While published guidelines help for separate clinical aspects, @entity1 with a combination of specific characteristics may escape proper guidance. This study aimed to determine the appropriateness of @entity734 for particular clinical variables and to offer treatment recommendations for adult @entity1 with @entity302 in a user-friendly format for practicing neurologists. METHODS: Using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, the appropriateness of @entity734 as initial/second mono-therapy and combination therapy was assessed in relation to selected clinical variables by a Belgian panel of 13 experts in @entity302 . Panel recommendations for particular @entity1 profiles were determined by the outcome of these separate ratings. RESULTS: The appropriateness outcome of individual @entity734 was not substantially different between first and second mono-therapy; valproate was considered appropriate for all types of generalised and partial @entity410 . The outcome for combination therapy was highly dependent on the type of AED and @entity410 . With respect to co-morbidities and co-treatments, @entity4677 and @entity4481 proved to have the least contra-indications. For the elderly and with respect to factors related to the female reproductive system the appropriateness of @entity734 showed a more diffuse pattern. Although caution was deemed necessary for some combinations, the @entity734 were never considered inappropriate regarding their drug interaction profile. CONCLUSIONS: The Epi-Scope( ) tool that displays appropriateness recommendations for highly specific, possibly complex cases, supports optimal treatment choices for adult @entity1 with @entity302 in daily practice.

2099604

2099605

2099606

Development of an electronic decision tool to support appropriate treatment choice in adult XXXX with @entity302 --Epi-Scope( ).

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Given the continuous knowledge progression and the growing number of available @entity734 ( @entity734 ), making appropriate treatment choices for @entity1 with @entity302 is increasingly difficult. While published guidelines help for separate clinical aspects, @entity1 with a combination of specific characteristics may escape proper guidance. This study aimed to determine the appropriateness of @entity734 for particular clinical variables and to offer treatment recommendations for adult @entity1 with @entity302 in a user-friendly format for practicing neurologists. METHODS: Using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, the appropriateness of @entity734 as initial/second mono-therapy and combination therapy was assessed in relation to selected clinical variables by a Belgian panel of 13 experts in @entity302 . Panel recommendations for particular @entity1 profiles were determined by the outcome of these separate ratings. RESULTS: The appropriateness outcome of individual @entity734 was not substantially different between first and second mono-therapy; valproate was considered appropriate for all types of generalised and partial @entity410 . The outcome for combination therapy was highly dependent on the type of AED and @entity410 . With respect to co-morbidities and co-treatments, @entity4677 and @entity4481 proved to have the least contra-indications. For the elderly and with respect to factors related to the female reproductive system the appropriateness of @entity734 showed a more diffuse pattern. Although caution was deemed necessary for some combinations, the @entity734 were never considered inappropriate regarding their drug interaction profile. CONCLUSIONS: The Epi-Scope( ) tool that displays appropriateness recommendations for highly specific, possibly complex cases, supports optimal treatment choices for adult @entity1 with @entity302 in daily practice.

2099607

2099608

2099609

Four novel mutations of the @entity5660 gene cause combined XXXX with or without limited neck rotation.

multiple_choice

CONTEXT: The @entity68027 LIM-homeodomain transcription factor gene is required for development of the @entity4611 in @entity19 . @entity1 @entity5660 gene mutations have been reported in five subjects with a phenotype consisting of GH, prolactin, TSH, LH, and FSH deficiency; abnormal pituitary morphology; and limited neck rotation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the frequency and nature of @entity5660 mutations in @entity1 with @entity2338 or @entity7961 ( @entity7961 ) and characterize the molecular consequences of mutations. DESIGN: The @entity5660 sequence was determined. The biochemical properties of aberrant @entity5660 proteins resulting from observed mutations were characterized using reporter gene and DNA binding experiments. @entity1 : The study included 366 @entity1 with @entity2338 or @entity7961 . RESULTS: In seven @entity1 with @entity7961 from four consanguineous pedigrees, four novel, recessive mutations were identified: a deletion of the entire gene (del/del), mutations causing truncated proteins (E173ter, W224ter), and a mutation causing a substitution in the homeodomain ( @entity51303 ). The mutations were associated with diminished DNA binding and pituitary gene activation, consistent with observed hormone deficiencies. Whereas subjects with del/del, @entity68028 , and @entity51303 mutations had limited neck rotation, @entity1 with the W224ter mutation did not. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5660 mutations are a rare cause of @entity7961 involving @entity2338 , prolactin, TSH, and LH/FSH in all @entity1 . Whereas most @entity1 have a @entity2338 manifesting after birth, milder forms can be observed, and limited neck rotation is not a universal feature of @entity1 with @entity5660 mutations. This study extends the known molecular defects and range of phenotypes found in @entity5660 -associated diseases.

2099610

2099611

2099612

Four novel mutations of the XXXX gene cause combined @entity7961 with or without limited neck rotation.

multiple_choice

CONTEXT: The @entity68027 LIM-homeodomain transcription factor gene is required for development of the @entity4611 in @entity19 . @entity1 @entity5660 gene mutations have been reported in five subjects with a phenotype consisting of GH, prolactin, TSH, LH, and FSH deficiency; abnormal pituitary morphology; and limited neck rotation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the frequency and nature of @entity5660 mutations in @entity1 with @entity2338 or @entity7961 ( @entity7961 ) and characterize the molecular consequences of mutations. DESIGN: The @entity5660 sequence was determined. The biochemical properties of aberrant @entity5660 proteins resulting from observed mutations were characterized using reporter gene and DNA binding experiments. @entity1 : The study included 366 @entity1 with @entity2338 or @entity7961 . RESULTS: In seven @entity1 with @entity7961 from four consanguineous pedigrees, four novel, recessive mutations were identified: a deletion of the entire gene (del/del), mutations causing truncated proteins (E173ter, W224ter), and a mutation causing a substitution in the homeodomain ( @entity51303 ). The mutations were associated with diminished DNA binding and pituitary gene activation, consistent with observed hormone deficiencies. Whereas subjects with del/del, @entity68028 , and @entity51303 mutations had limited neck rotation, @entity1 with the W224ter mutation did not. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5660 mutations are a rare cause of @entity7961 involving @entity2338 , prolactin, TSH, and LH/FSH in all @entity1 . Whereas most @entity1 have a @entity2338 manifesting after birth, milder forms can be observed, and limited neck rotation is not a universal feature of @entity1 with @entity5660 mutations. This study extends the known molecular defects and range of phenotypes found in @entity5660 -associated diseases.

2099613

2099614

2099615

Mobile telephone XXXX reminders can reduce nonattendance in physical therapy outpatient clinics: a randomized controlled trial.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether @entity851 ( @entity851 ) reminders reduce nonattendance in physical therapy outpatient clinics. DESIGN: Prospective single-blinded randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Two physical therapy outpatient departments in metropolitan acute public hospitals. @entity1 : @entity1 with an appointment in a physical therapy outpatient clinic and who provided a contact mobile telephone number were included. @entity1 were excluded if their appointment was scheduled for the same day on which they made the appointment. INTERVENTION: @entity1 allocated to the intervention group received an @entity851 reminder before their next appointment; @entity1 allocated to the control group did not receive a reminder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was rate of nonattendance without cancellation. Secondary outcomes were cancellation and attendance rates and exploration of other factors associated with nonattendance. RESULTS: @entity1 (N=679) were allocated to receive either an @entity851 reminder (n=342) or no reminder (n=337). The nonattendance rate for @entity1 who did not receive a reminder (16%) was more than nonattendance for @entity1 receiving the @entity851 reminder (11%; odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.51; number needed to treat, 19; 95% CI, 9-275). There were no differences in cancellation or attendance rates between groups. Exploration of other factors found that @entity1 who were younger with a neck and trunk musculoskeletal or a @entity4094 and who were scheduled to have an initial appointment or an appointment on a Monday or Friday were significantly predictive of increased nonattendance. CONCLUSIONS: @entity851 reminders can reduce nonattendance in physical therapy outpatient clinics.

2099616

2099617

2099618

Progress toward the genetic treatment of the XXXX .

multiple_choice

The @entity8674 are @entity417 that are caused by mutations that reduce or abolish expression of the beta-globin gene. They can be cured by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, but this therapeutic option is not available to most @entity1 . The transfer of a regulated beta-globin gene in autologous HSCs is a highly attractive alternative treatment. This strategy, which is simple in principle, raises major challenges in terms of controlling expression of the globin transgene, which ideally should be erythroid specific, differentiation- and stage-restricted, elevated, position independent, and sustained over time. Using lentiviral vectors, May et al. demonstrated in 2000 that an optimized combination of proximal and distal transcriptional control elements permits lineage-specific and elevated beta-globin expression, resulting in therapeutic hemoglobin production and correction of @entity417 in beta-thalassemic @entity19 . Several groups have by now replicated and extended these findings to various @entity19 models of severe @entity8453 , thus fueling enthusiasm for a potential treatment of @entity8674 based on globin gene transfer. Current investigation focuses on safety issues and the need for improved vector production methodologies. The safe implementation of stem cell-based gene therapy requires the prevention of the formation of replication-competent viral genomes and minimization of the risk of insertional oncogenesis. Importantly, globin vectors, in which transcriptional activity is highly restricted, have a lesser risk of activating oncogenes in hematopoietic progenitors than non-tissue-specific vectors, by virtue of their late-stage erythroid specificity. As such, they provide a general paradigm for improving vector safety in stem cell-based gene therapy.

2099619

2099620

2099621

[Fourier transform spectral analysis of cutaneous blood flux in XXXX ].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: @entity409 is an early event and a critical step in the pathogenesis of @entity785 . Accurate and sensitive tests are needed to correctly assess the degree of microvascular @entity409 . Spectral analysis of skin blood flow contains a characteristic low frequency reported to be associated with endothelial function in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that the relative amplitude of the oscillation recorded for this low frequency spectrum (0.008 to 0.021 Hz) would be less pronounced in @entity1 with @entity785 than in healthy subjects and in @entity1 with primary @entity2407 . @entity1 AND METHOD: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity785 , twenty @entity1 with primary @entity2407 and eleven healthy subjects were enrolled. Skin perfusion was recorded at rest for 30 minutes using laser Doppler flowmetry on the pad of the left third left. Fourier transform spectral analysis was applied to obtain the mean amplitude of the cutaneous blood perfusion signal of the total spectrum from 0.008 to 1.6 Hz and the mean amplitude of each characteristic frequency in the laser Doppler flowmeter blood @entity450 . RESULTS: The relative amplitudes of each characteristic frequency in the laser Doppler flowmeter blood @entity450 were not statistically different in the three groups, particularly for frequency spectrum from 0.008 Hz to 0.021 Hz. CONCLUSION: Fourier transform spectral analysis of baseline cutaneous blood flow does not provide significant information. Further studies are required, perhaps using wavelet spectral analysis or stimulated conditions.

2099622

2099623

2099624

Heterologous overexpression of membrane-anchored subunit II of XXXX chloroplast @entity855 synthase and its detergent-free purification as a soluble protein.

multiple_choice

Subunit II is one of the four nonidentical subunits of the membrane integral, proton-transporting moiety (CFo) of the chloroplast @entity855 synthase. In chloroplasts of @entity2772 leaves, it is the only nuclear-encoded CFo subunit. It has been deduced that CFoII is not an additional subunit typical for photosynthetic organisms with no counterpart in @entity526 , but equivalent to @entity526 subunit b (Tiburzy, H.-J. and Berzborn, R. J. (1997), Z. Naturforsch. 52c, 789-798). Heterologous expression of subunit II was achieved by using the bacterial expression vector pT7-7. Recombinant subunit II (IIrec) does not integrate into the bacterial membrane nor does it precipitate into inclusion bodies. Gel filtration chromatography indicates that IIrec forms higher order aggregates. In three chromatographic steps approx. 10 mg of soluble IIrec of electrophoretic homogeneity are obtained from one liter of bacterial culture without using detergents. Thus, a eukaryotic membrane-anchored protein has been overexpressed in @entity526 and has been purified in a soluble form.

2099625

2099626

2099627

Heterologous overexpression of membrane-anchored subunit II of @entity2772 chloroplast XXXX synthase and its detergent-free purification as a soluble protein.

multiple_choice

Subunit II is one of the four nonidentical subunits of the membrane integral, proton-transporting moiety (CFo) of the chloroplast @entity855 synthase. In chloroplasts of @entity2772 leaves, it is the only nuclear-encoded CFo subunit. It has been deduced that CFoII is not an additional subunit typical for photosynthetic organisms with no counterpart in @entity526 , but equivalent to @entity526 subunit b (Tiburzy, H.-J. and Berzborn, R. J. (1997), Z. Naturforsch. 52c, 789-798). Heterologous expression of subunit II was achieved by using the bacterial expression vector pT7-7. Recombinant subunit II (IIrec) does not integrate into the bacterial membrane nor does it precipitate into inclusion bodies. Gel filtration chromatography indicates that IIrec forms higher order aggregates. In three chromatographic steps approx. 10 mg of soluble IIrec of electrophoretic homogeneity are obtained from one liter of bacterial culture without using detergents. Thus, a eukaryotic membrane-anchored protein has been overexpressed in @entity526 and has been purified in a soluble form.

2099628

2099629

2099630

Shoulder hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the indication, perioperative announcements, selection of prosthesis and clinical results of shoulder hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of @entity6342 . METHODS: A total of 55 @entity1 who suffered from @entity6342 were treated by shoulder hemiarthroplasty. The mean age was 55.6 years and mean follow-up period was 25.1 months. The scoring system modification for hemiarthroplasty (SSMH) had been adopted for evaluation at the latest follow-up. RESULTS: The @entity158 was obviously relieved in all @entity1 . Fifty @entity1 were painless and 5 @entity1 had @entity158 . The mean range of motion was 100 degrees (90 degrees-110 degrees) in abduction, 95 degrees (80 degrees-100 degrees) in forward flexion, 35 degrees (30 degrees-40 degrees) in external rotation and internal rotation was confined at L2 level (L1-L3). The mean SSMH score was 27.9 (24-29). Fifty @entity1 (90.1%) were satisfied with the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty is an effective method to treat @entity6342 . The proper selection of @entity1 and prosthesis, good operation skill and enough functional exercise are the key points of successful treatment.

2099631

2099632

2099633

Quality of life in XXXX .

multiple_choice

Morbidity and mortality related to @entity2395 have been reduced significantly with modern medical treatment, and quality of life (QOL) should now be considered an important index of effective health care. An assessment of QOL differs from other forms of medical assessment in that it focuses on the individuals' own views of their well-being and assesses other aspects of life, giving a more holistic view of well-being. There is very little published work on evaluation of QOL in @entity2395 . A suitable tool should be reproducible, sensitive to the major features of the condition that affect @entity1 ' lives, and applicable in the range of different cultural, age, and social settings. Such an instrument would be valuable in evaluating new forms of treatment and in comparing health outcomes between different clinics. Two instruments have been assessed, one derived from the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire, and one designed specifically for @entity2395 , which assesses psychosocial and clinical burden, as they affect adult @entity1 , parents, and @entity1 . Further studies are required to develop and assess such tools for use in @entity2395 . Another approach is to seek @entity1 ' own views of their routine treatment and the extent to which medical treatment affects QOL. Results from @entity1 questionnaires in the United Kingdom and Cyprus are consistent in finding problems with organization of transfusions, insufficient options with chelation therapy, and poor communication. Practical measures could be taken to address these issues.

2099634

2099635

2099636

[Clinical profiles and surgical outcomes of coronary obstruction due to XXXX : a single institution experience].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical profile of @entity583 ( @entity583 ) due to retrograde @entity1580 of aortic root and the relevant predictors of in-hospital death. METHODS: The clinical data of 207 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1580 ( @entity1580 ), who were hospitalized and underwent operation between December 2003 and October 2007, were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Eight of the 207 @entity1 were diagnosed as with @entity583 due to retrograde @entity1580 of aortic root, 6 males and 2 females, aged (49 +/- 14). Surgical repair of the aorta and coronary revascularization was implanted: ascending aorta replacement in 2 cases, hemi-arch replacement in 5 cases, arch replacement in 1 case; coronary artery bypass grafting in 5 cases, and coronary repair in 3 cases. In-hospital death occurred in 4 of the 8 @entity1 (50%) who all had preoperative @entity177 and developed @entity810 ( @entity810 ) after surgery. Univariate analysis identified preoperative @entity177 an independent predictor of in-hospital death (The preoperative serum @entity1011 (sCr) level of the surviving @entity1 was (80 +/- 30) micromol/L, significantly lower than that of the deceased @entity1 [(176 +/- 67) micromol/L, P = 0.02]. There were no significant differences in other parameters between the surviving and deceased groups. CONCLUSION: @entity583 due to type A @entity1580 is associated with high operative mortality. @entity177 attributes to development of @entity810 after surgery and the unfavorable outcome. Renal function before surgery is essential for risk stratification in this lethal condition.

2099637

2099638

2099639

XXXX and isolated disseminated @entity5642 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) is a well-known complication of an @entity6703 . However, clinical experience has shown that, in some @entity1 , clinical @entity548 may be the initial presentation. Mortality in this subset of @entity1 is high. This report describes a @entity1 with a suspected @entity6703 who survived and in whom the initial presentation was post partum @entity548 . CLINICAL FEATURES: During the post delivery repair of a fourth degree perineal tear a 29 yr old prima gravida was noted to have excessive @entity3556 despite a well contracted uterus. Laboratory investigations revealed a decrease in hemoglobin from 126 g x l(-1) to 86 g x l(-1) and a severe disseminated @entity1003 (PT 27.5 sec, APPT 149 sec, direct fibrinogen < 0.6 g x l(-1), FDP > 640 g x l(-1)). Treatment included massive blood component therapy and, eventually, total abdominal hysterectomy. The @entity1 subsequently recovered without sequelae. In the absence of any other explanation, the @entity1003 was considered to be secondary to @entity6703 . CONCLUSION: @entity6703 remains an important cause of maternal mortality. Clinical reports, reviews of the literature, and the development of the national registry have all contributed to our understanding of this syndrome. Contrary to earlier beliefs, not all @entity1 present with sudden @entity891 . As the present case illustrates, a less common presentation is the development of an isolated @entity5642 in the peripartum period without antecedent hemodynamic or respiratory instability. Therefore, anesthesiologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for the disorder in order to facilitate early recognition and treatment.

2099640

2099641

2099642

@entity6703 and isolated disseminated XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) is a well-known complication of an @entity6703 . However, clinical experience has shown that, in some @entity1 , clinical @entity548 may be the initial presentation. Mortality in this subset of @entity1 is high. This report describes a @entity1 with a suspected @entity6703 who survived and in whom the initial presentation was post partum @entity548 . CLINICAL FEATURES: During the post delivery repair of a fourth degree perineal tear a 29 yr old prima gravida was noted to have excessive @entity3556 despite a well contracted uterus. Laboratory investigations revealed a decrease in hemoglobin from 126 g x l(-1) to 86 g x l(-1) and a severe disseminated @entity1003 (PT 27.5 sec, APPT 149 sec, direct fibrinogen < 0.6 g x l(-1), FDP > 640 g x l(-1)). Treatment included massive blood component therapy and, eventually, total abdominal hysterectomy. The @entity1 subsequently recovered without sequelae. In the absence of any other explanation, the @entity1003 was considered to be secondary to @entity6703 . CONCLUSION: @entity6703 remains an important cause of maternal mortality. Clinical reports, reviews of the literature, and the development of the national registry have all contributed to our understanding of this syndrome. Contrary to earlier beliefs, not all @entity1 present with sudden @entity891 . As the present case illustrates, a less common presentation is the development of an isolated @entity5642 in the peripartum period without antecedent hemodynamic or respiratory instability. Therefore, anesthesiologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for the disorder in order to facilitate early recognition and treatment.

2099643

2099644

2099645

Effects of XXXX upon superficial layer neurons in the superior colliculus of the hamster: in vitro studies.

multiple_choice

Intracellular recording techniques were used to evaluate the effects of @entity1063 (NE) on the membrane properties of superficial layer (stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum) superior colliculus (SC) cells. Of the 207 cells tested, 44.4% (N = 92) were hyperpolarized by > or = 3 mV and 8.7% (N = 18) were depolarized by > or = 3 mV by application of NE. Hyperpolarization induced by NE was dose dependent (EC50 = 8.1 microM) and was associated with decreased input resistance and outward current which had a reversal potential of -94.0 mV. Depolarization was associated with a very slight rise in input resistance and had a reversal potential of -93.1 mV for the single cell tested. Pharmacologic experiments demonstrated that @entity3044 , @entity452 , and @entity19526 all hyperpolarized SC cells. These results are consistent with the conclusion that NE-induced hyperpolarization of SC cells is mediated by both alpha2 and beta1 adrenoceptors. The alpha1 adrenoceptor agonists, @entity7202 and @entity2647 , depolarized 35% (6 of 17) of the SC cells tested by > or = 3 mV. Most of the SC cells tested exhibited responses indicative of expression of more than one adrenoceptor. Application of @entity19526 or @entity452 inhibited transsynaptic responses in SC cells evoked by electrical stimulation of optic tract axons. Inhibition of evoked responses by these agents was usually, but not invariably, associated with a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane and a reduction in depolarizing potentials evoked by application of @entity2227 . The present in vitro results are consistent with those of the companion in vivo study which suggested that NE-induced response suppression in superficial layer SC neurons was primarily postsynaptic and chiefly mediated by both @entity2263 and beta1 adrenoceptors.

2099646

2099647

2099648

Sub-chronic psychotomimetic XXXX induces deficits in reversal learning and alterations in @entity7053 -immunoreactive expression in the @entity35 .

multiple_choice

Acute administration of the psychotomimetic @entity12781 ( @entity212 ) can mimic some features of @entity161 , while a repeated treatment regimen of @entity212 may provide a more effective way to model in animals the enduring @entity73 observed in many @entity161 @entity1 . The present study aims to investigate behavioural and neuropathological effects of sub-chronic @entity212 administration. The @entity73 induced by sub-chronic @entity212 was examined using a previously established operant reversal-learning paradigm. Subsequently, the effect of sub-chronic @entity212 on @entity7053 -immunoreactive ( @entity7053 -IR) neurons was assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. @entity35 were trained to respond for food in an operant reversal-learning paradigm for approximately 6 weeks, followed by sub-chronic administration of @entity212 (2mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 7 days followed 7 days later by behavioural testing. Six weeks post @entity212 , brains were analysed using immunohistochemical techniques to determine the size and density of @entity7053 -IR in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Sub-chronic @entity212 significantly reduced (p <0.001) percentage correct responding in the reversal phase relative to the initial phase, an effect that persisted throughout the experimental period (4 weeks). The density of @entity7053 -IR neurons was reduced in the hippocampus, with significant reductions in the dentate gyrus and CA2/3 regions (p <0.001). There were significant changes in the frontal cortex, with a reduction (p <0.01) in the M1 (motor area 1) region and increases in the M2 (motor area 2) region and cingulate cortex (p <0.01-p <0.001). These results parallel findings of profound hippocampal and more @entity51 of @entity7053 -IR neurons in @entity161 , and provide evidence to suggest that sub-chronic @entity212 can induce a lasting @entity73 , an effect that may be related to the observed @entity528 .

2099649

2099650

2099651

Sub-chronic psychotomimetic @entity12781 induces deficits in reversal learning and alterations in XXXX -immunoreactive expression in the @entity35 .

multiple_choice

Acute administration of the psychotomimetic @entity12781 ( @entity212 ) can mimic some features of @entity161 , while a repeated treatment regimen of @entity212 may provide a more effective way to model in animals the enduring @entity73 observed in many @entity161 @entity1 . The present study aims to investigate behavioural and neuropathological effects of sub-chronic @entity212 administration. The @entity73 induced by sub-chronic @entity212 was examined using a previously established operant reversal-learning paradigm. Subsequently, the effect of sub-chronic @entity212 on @entity7053 -immunoreactive ( @entity7053 -IR) neurons was assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. @entity35 were trained to respond for food in an operant reversal-learning paradigm for approximately 6 weeks, followed by sub-chronic administration of @entity212 (2mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 7 days followed 7 days later by behavioural testing. Six weeks post @entity212 , brains were analysed using immunohistochemical techniques to determine the size and density of @entity7053 -IR in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Sub-chronic @entity212 significantly reduced (p <0.001) percentage correct responding in the reversal phase relative to the initial phase, an effect that persisted throughout the experimental period (4 weeks). The density of @entity7053 -IR neurons was reduced in the hippocampus, with significant reductions in the dentate gyrus and CA2/3 regions (p <0.001). There were significant changes in the frontal cortex, with a reduction (p <0.01) in the M1 (motor area 1) region and increases in the M2 (motor area 2) region and cingulate cortex (p <0.01-p <0.001). These results parallel findings of profound hippocampal and more @entity51 of @entity7053 -IR neurons in @entity161 , and provide evidence to suggest that sub-chronic @entity212 can induce a lasting @entity73 , an effect that may be related to the observed @entity528 .

2099652

2099653

2099654

Sub-chronic psychotomimetic @entity12781 induces deficits in reversal learning and alterations in @entity7053 -immunoreactive expression in the XXXX .

multiple_choice

Acute administration of the psychotomimetic @entity12781 ( @entity212 ) can mimic some features of @entity161 , while a repeated treatment regimen of @entity212 may provide a more effective way to model in animals the enduring @entity73 observed in many @entity161 @entity1 . The present study aims to investigate behavioural and neuropathological effects of sub-chronic @entity212 administration. The @entity73 induced by sub-chronic @entity212 was examined using a previously established operant reversal-learning paradigm. Subsequently, the effect of sub-chronic @entity212 on @entity7053 -immunoreactive ( @entity7053 -IR) neurons was assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. @entity35 were trained to respond for food in an operant reversal-learning paradigm for approximately 6 weeks, followed by sub-chronic administration of @entity212 (2mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 7 days followed 7 days later by behavioural testing. Six weeks post @entity212 , brains were analysed using immunohistochemical techniques to determine the size and density of @entity7053 -IR in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Sub-chronic @entity212 significantly reduced (p <0.001) percentage correct responding in the reversal phase relative to the initial phase, an effect that persisted throughout the experimental period (4 weeks). The density of @entity7053 -IR neurons was reduced in the hippocampus, with significant reductions in the dentate gyrus and CA2/3 regions (p <0.001). There were significant changes in the frontal cortex, with a reduction (p <0.01) in the M1 (motor area 1) region and increases in the M2 (motor area 2) region and cingulate cortex (p <0.01-p <0.001). These results parallel findings of profound hippocampal and more @entity51 of @entity7053 -IR neurons in @entity161 , and provide evidence to suggest that sub-chronic @entity212 can induce a lasting @entity73 , an effect that may be related to the observed @entity528 .

2099655

2099656

2099657

Changes in causes of XXXX in @entity785 , 1972-2002.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Survival of @entity2631 has changed since the renal crisis treatment has become possible. AIMS: To document the changes in survival and organ system causes of mortality in @entity785 ( @entity785 ) over the past 25 years in @entity1 from a single medical centre. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 evaluated at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA between 1 January 1972 and 31 December 1996 were studied. Survival was determined in five 5-year time periods between 1972 and 1997. Causes of @entity204 included @entity2631 -related ( @entity8 , @entity120 , @entity3794 ( @entity3794 ), gastrointestinal (GI), heart and @entity177 ) and non- @entity2631 -related ( @entity5 , @entity65 or @entity66 , @entity281 , @entity944 , other and unknown) causes. RESULTS: The 10-year survival improved steadily from 54% to 66% during each of the time intervals. There was a significant improvement in survival for @entity1 during 1982-91 compared with those during 1972-81 (p<0.001), even when @entity1 with renal crisis were excluded (p<0.005). The frequency of deaths due to renal crisis significantly decreased over the 30-year time period, from 42% to 6% of @entity2631 -related deaths (p<0.001), whereas the proportion of @entity1 with @entity2631 who died of @entity3794 increased from 6% to 33% (p<0.001). The frequency of @entity120 , independent of @entity3794 , also significantly increased during this time period (p<0.05). There were no changes in @entity2631 GI- and heart-related deaths, nor in any of the non- @entity2631 -related causes, although @entity1 with @entity2631 were less likely to die from @entity2631 -related problems in the past 15 years. CONCLUSION: The change in the pattern of @entity2631 -related deaths over the past 30 years demonstrates that the lung (both @entity120 and @entity3794 ) is the primary cause of @entity2631 -related deaths today. It is important that @entity146 searches continue to develop better therapies for these severe @entity358 of @entity785 .

2099658

2099659

2099660

Changes in causes of @entity204 in XXXX , 1972-2002.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Survival of @entity2631 has changed since the renal crisis treatment has become possible. AIMS: To document the changes in survival and organ system causes of mortality in @entity785 ( @entity785 ) over the past 25 years in @entity1 from a single medical centre. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 evaluated at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA between 1 January 1972 and 31 December 1996 were studied. Survival was determined in five 5-year time periods between 1972 and 1997. Causes of @entity204 included @entity2631 -related ( @entity8 , @entity120 , @entity3794 ( @entity3794 ), gastrointestinal (GI), heart and @entity177 ) and non- @entity2631 -related ( @entity5 , @entity65 or @entity66 , @entity281 , @entity944 , other and unknown) causes. RESULTS: The 10-year survival improved steadily from 54% to 66% during each of the time intervals. There was a significant improvement in survival for @entity1 during 1982-91 compared with those during 1972-81 (p<0.001), even when @entity1 with renal crisis were excluded (p<0.005). The frequency of deaths due to renal crisis significantly decreased over the 30-year time period, from 42% to 6% of @entity2631 -related deaths (p<0.001), whereas the proportion of @entity1 with @entity2631 who died of @entity3794 increased from 6% to 33% (p<0.001). The frequency of @entity120 , independent of @entity3794 , also significantly increased during this time period (p<0.05). There were no changes in @entity2631 GI- and heart-related deaths, nor in any of the non- @entity2631 -related causes, although @entity1 with @entity2631 were less likely to die from @entity2631 -related problems in the past 15 years. CONCLUSION: The change in the pattern of @entity2631 -related deaths over the past 30 years demonstrates that the lung (both @entity120 and @entity3794 ) is the primary cause of @entity2631 -related deaths today. It is important that @entity146 searches continue to develop better therapies for these severe @entity358 of @entity785 .

2099661

2099662

2099663

Prefrontal dysfunction following unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECT: Pre- and postoperative cognitive function was evaluated in 25 @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ) who underwent unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy ( @entity12468 ) to clarify the effects of this operation on cognitive function. METHODS: Cognitive function was assessed before surgery and 1 month and 3 months afterward by using a battery of neuropsychological tests consisting of orientation, digit span (forward and backward), digit learning, 5-minute memory of five words, similarities, serial sevens, animal name listing, and the kana pick-out test, as well as the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State. Preoperative evaluation revealed that @entity1 experienced difficulties in performing the neuropsychological tasks of reasoning and abstraction, working memory of numerals, word fluency, and concept formation compared with 36 healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). A simple regression analysis showed strong relationships in a negative fashion between preoperative (r = 0.81, p = 0.002) and 1-month (r = 0.79, p = 0.0059) and 3-month (r = 0.85, p = 0.0016) postoperative gross-total scores and Hoehn and Yahr staging. Preoperative and postoperative scores at 1 month and 3 months were analyzed by analysis of variance, but only the Fisher's post hoc test revealed the source of difference. All tasks except orientation (p = 0.0292) were unchanged in the 10 @entity1 who underwent surgery on the right side. The scores for this task at 1 month postsurgery were significantly lower (p = 0.0203) but improved to preoperative values by 3 months. In the 15 @entity1 who underwent surgery on the left side significant differences among tasks were revealed for serial sevens (p = 0.0471) and animal naming (p = 0.0425). The scores for these tasks were significantly lower at 1 month postoperatively (p = 0.0431 for serial sevens and p = 0.0408 for animal naming), but improved by 3 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: The present data revealed that @entity73 in @entity1 with @entity191 relates to advancement of Hoehn and Yahr stage, but @entity12468 is not associated with significant long-lasting @entity73 .

2099664

2099665

2099666

Various indications for a modified Atkins diet in intractable childhood XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: We reviewed retrospectively our experiences with @entity1 with @entity302 who were indicated for a modified Atkins diet (MAD). METHODS: Twenty @entity1 (8 female, 12 male) who were aged 2-17 years with @entity302 and tried the MAD between September 2008 and December 2010 were enrolled. Outcome measures included @entity410 frequency, adverse reactions and tolerability of the diet. RESULTS: Finally 9 @entity1 maintained the MAD with favorable @entity410 outcomes (a reduction of @entity410 frequency by over 50%) or successfully completed the diet therapy. Two @entity1 who required a long-term trial of the diet therapy respectively due to @entity8433 and uncategorized mitochondrial cytopathy derived from cytochrome c oxidase defect, respectively, successfully maintained the diet treatment without any significant complications. In 7 @entity1 , the ketogenic diet (KD) was not only effective but also too restrictive or caused serious unwanted events. Five of them maintained the @entity410 outcome previously achieved by the KD with the MAD. Ten @entity1 began the MAD because they were reluctant to start the KD. Unfortunately, only 2 @entity1 maintained the MAD with favorable @entity410 outcomes. One @entity1 who chose the MAD to bridge the KD and complete discontinuation of the treatment successfully completed the diet therapy. CONCLUSION: A long-term treatment with the MAD was well tolerated. Moreover, the MAD can successfully substitute the classic KD in @entity1 who showed improvement in @entity410 outcomes by the KD but could not tolerate it.

2099667

2099668

2099669

XXXX -dependent @entity3963 activation triggers hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in OK renal epithelial cells.

multiple_choice

Oxidative stress induces activation of @entity3963 ( @entity3963 ), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase families. However, it is unclear in renal epithelial cells whether the @entity3963 activation is involved in cell survival or cell death in @entity274 -treated cells. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of the @entity3963 activation in @entity274 -induced apoptosis of renal epithelial cells using opossum kidney (OK) cells, an established proximal tubular epithelial cell line. @entity274 resulted in a time- and dose-dependent apoptosis of OK cells. @entity274 treatment caused marked sustained activation of @entity3963 . The @entity3963 activation was prevented by @entity4286 and @entity5732 , inhibitors of @entity1366 upstream kinase @entity16629 . Apoptosis caused by @entity274 was prevented by @entity5732 . Transient transfection with constitutive active @entity12363 increased the @entity274 -induced apoptosis, whereas transfection with dominant-negative mutants of @entity12363 decreased the apoptosis. @entity274 produced hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspases-3. @entity274 -induced @entity3963 activation was inhibited by the Src family selective inhibitor @entity24023 and the @entity470 inhibitor @entity20830 . The presence of @entity20830 , but not @entity24023 , prevented @entity274 -induced cell death. Taken together, our findings suggest that the @entity3963 activation mediated by @entity470 plays an active role in inducing @entity274 -induced apoptosis of OK cells and functions upstream of mitochondria-dependent pathway to initiate the apoptotic signal.

2099670

2099671

2099672

@entity470 -dependent XXXX activation triggers hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in OK renal epithelial cells.

multiple_choice

Oxidative stress induces activation of @entity3963 ( @entity3963 ), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase families. However, it is unclear in renal epithelial cells whether the @entity3963 activation is involved in cell survival or cell death in @entity274 -treated cells. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of the @entity3963 activation in @entity274 -induced apoptosis of renal epithelial cells using opossum kidney (OK) cells, an established proximal tubular epithelial cell line. @entity274 resulted in a time- and dose-dependent apoptosis of OK cells. @entity274 treatment caused marked sustained activation of @entity3963 . The @entity3963 activation was prevented by @entity4286 and @entity5732 , inhibitors of @entity1366 upstream kinase @entity16629 . Apoptosis caused by @entity274 was prevented by @entity5732 . Transient transfection with constitutive active @entity12363 increased the @entity274 -induced apoptosis, whereas transfection with dominant-negative mutants of @entity12363 decreased the apoptosis. @entity274 produced hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspases-3. @entity274 -induced @entity3963 activation was inhibited by the Src family selective inhibitor @entity24023 and the @entity470 inhibitor @entity20830 . The presence of @entity20830 , but not @entity24023 , prevented @entity274 -induced cell death. Taken together, our findings suggest that the @entity3963 activation mediated by @entity470 plays an active role in inducing @entity274 -induced apoptosis of OK cells and functions upstream of mitochondria-dependent pathway to initiate the apoptotic signal.

2099673

2099674

2099675

Release of XXXX kinase by antigen, @entity112 , and catecholamines.

multiple_choice

In @entity8765 treated, ovalbumin sensitized anaesthetized @entity840 protracted anaphylactic shock was produced by i.p. injection of antigen, and serum @entity908 kinase (CK) activities were determined 4, 6, or 17 hrs thereafter. Significant increases above nonsensitized controls were obtained. In nonanaesthetized @entity840 shock course and serum CK increase were considerably accelerated. @entity112 increased the serum CK only when given in high amounts (10 mg/kg) s.c., in the presence or absence of @entity8765 . I.p. injection of @entity112 in @entity8765 treated animals had no effect. @entity1425 (1 or 10 mg/kg) given as a s.c. depot in oil produced a significant increase of serum CK, as well as @entity1063 (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg). @entity34776 reduced the effect of @entity1425 . In isolated perfused @entity840 hearts a significant CK liberation occurred already within the first hour after eliciting @entity2021 . Nonanaphylactic hearts released CK too, but significant amounts were obtained only in the total 4 hrs after ovalbumin administration. Isolated anaphylactic hearts incubated in Tyrode solution liberated significantly more CK than did nonsensitized control hearts. The findings are discussed in view of a possible @entity296 in @entity2021 .

2099676

2099677

2099678

Release of @entity908 kinase by antigen, XXXX , and catecholamines.

multiple_choice

In @entity8765 treated, ovalbumin sensitized anaesthetized @entity840 protracted anaphylactic shock was produced by i.p. injection of antigen, and serum @entity908 kinase (CK) activities were determined 4, 6, or 17 hrs thereafter. Significant increases above nonsensitized controls were obtained. In nonanaesthetized @entity840 shock course and serum CK increase were considerably accelerated. @entity112 increased the serum CK only when given in high amounts (10 mg/kg) s.c., in the presence or absence of @entity8765 . I.p. injection of @entity112 in @entity8765 treated animals had no effect. @entity1425 (1 or 10 mg/kg) given as a s.c. depot in oil produced a significant increase of serum CK, as well as @entity1063 (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg). @entity34776 reduced the effect of @entity1425 . In isolated perfused @entity840 hearts a significant CK liberation occurred already within the first hour after eliciting @entity2021 . Nonanaphylactic hearts released CK too, but significant amounts were obtained only in the total 4 hrs after ovalbumin administration. Isolated anaphylactic hearts incubated in Tyrode solution liberated significantly more CK than did nonsensitized control hearts. The findings are discussed in view of a possible @entity296 in @entity2021 .

2099679

2099680

2099681

Quantitative trait loci controlling @entity599 containing XXXX , @entity1853 and @entity462 , in @entity1460 seeds.

multiple_choice

@entity1460 [ @entity1460 .] is the single largest source of protein in animal feed. However, a major limitation of soy proteins is their deficiency in @entity599 -containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 (Met) and @entity462 ( @entity2569 ). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Met and @entity2569 concentration in @entity1460 seed. To achieve this objective, 101 F(6)-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87-984-16 x TN93-99 were used. Ground @entity1460 seed samples were analyzed for Met and @entity2569 concentration using a near infrared spectroscopy instrument. Data were analyzed using SAS software and QTL Cartographer. RIL differed (P<0.01) in Met and @entity2569 concentrations, with a range of 5.1-7.3 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for @entity2569 and 4.4-8.8 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for Met. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis were 0.14 and 0.57 for @entity2569 and Met, respectively. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat molecular genetic markers were screened in the RIL. Single factor ANOVA was used to identify candidate QTL, which were confirmed by composite interval mapping using QTL Cartographer. Four QTL linked to molecular markers Satt235, Satt252, Satt427 and Satt436 distributed on three molecular linkage groups (MLG) D1a, F and G were associated with @entity2569 and three QTL linked to molecular markers Satt252, Satt564 and Satt590 distributed on MLG F, G and M were associated with Met concentration in @entity1460 seed. QTL associated with Met and @entity2569 in @entity1460 seed will provide important information to breeders targeting improvements in the nutritional quality of @entity1460 .

2099682

2099683

2099684

Quantitative trait loci controlling XXXX containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 and @entity462 , in @entity1460 seeds.

multiple_choice

@entity1460 [ @entity1460 .] is the single largest source of protein in animal feed. However, a major limitation of soy proteins is their deficiency in @entity599 -containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 (Met) and @entity462 ( @entity2569 ). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Met and @entity2569 concentration in @entity1460 seed. To achieve this objective, 101 F(6)-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87-984-16 x TN93-99 were used. Ground @entity1460 seed samples were analyzed for Met and @entity2569 concentration using a near infrared spectroscopy instrument. Data were analyzed using SAS software and QTL Cartographer. RIL differed (P<0.01) in Met and @entity2569 concentrations, with a range of 5.1-7.3 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for @entity2569 and 4.4-8.8 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for Met. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis were 0.14 and 0.57 for @entity2569 and Met, respectively. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat molecular genetic markers were screened in the RIL. Single factor ANOVA was used to identify candidate QTL, which were confirmed by composite interval mapping using QTL Cartographer. Four QTL linked to molecular markers Satt235, Satt252, Satt427 and Satt436 distributed on three molecular linkage groups (MLG) D1a, F and G were associated with @entity2569 and three QTL linked to molecular markers Satt252, Satt564 and Satt590 distributed on MLG F, G and M were associated with Met concentration in @entity1460 seed. QTL associated with Met and @entity2569 in @entity1460 seed will provide important information to breeders targeting improvements in the nutritional quality of @entity1460 .

2099685

2099686

2099687

Quantitative trait loci controlling @entity599 containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 and @entity462 , in XXXX seeds.

multiple_choice

@entity1460 [ @entity1460 .] is the single largest source of protein in animal feed. However, a major limitation of soy proteins is their deficiency in @entity599 -containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 (Met) and @entity462 ( @entity2569 ). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Met and @entity2569 concentration in @entity1460 seed. To achieve this objective, 101 F(6)-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87-984-16 x TN93-99 were used. Ground @entity1460 seed samples were analyzed for Met and @entity2569 concentration using a near infrared spectroscopy instrument. Data were analyzed using SAS software and QTL Cartographer. RIL differed (P<0.01) in Met and @entity2569 concentrations, with a range of 5.1-7.3 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for @entity2569 and 4.4-8.8 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for Met. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis were 0.14 and 0.57 for @entity2569 and Met, respectively. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat molecular genetic markers were screened in the RIL. Single factor ANOVA was used to identify candidate QTL, which were confirmed by composite interval mapping using QTL Cartographer. Four QTL linked to molecular markers Satt235, Satt252, Satt427 and Satt436 distributed on three molecular linkage groups (MLG) D1a, F and G were associated with @entity2569 and three QTL linked to molecular markers Satt252, Satt564 and Satt590 distributed on MLG F, G and M were associated with Met concentration in @entity1460 seed. QTL associated with Met and @entity2569 in @entity1460 seed will provide important information to breeders targeting improvements in the nutritional quality of @entity1460 .

2099688

2099689

2099690

Quantitative trait loci controlling @entity599 containing @entity1522 , XXXX and @entity462 , in @entity1460 seeds.

multiple_choice

@entity1460 [ @entity1460 .] is the single largest source of protein in animal feed. However, a major limitation of soy proteins is their deficiency in @entity599 -containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 (Met) and @entity462 ( @entity2569 ). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Met and @entity2569 concentration in @entity1460 seed. To achieve this objective, 101 F(6)-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87-984-16 x TN93-99 were used. Ground @entity1460 seed samples were analyzed for Met and @entity2569 concentration using a near infrared spectroscopy instrument. Data were analyzed using SAS software and QTL Cartographer. RIL differed (P<0.01) in Met and @entity2569 concentrations, with a range of 5.1-7.3 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for @entity2569 and 4.4-8.8 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for Met. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis were 0.14 and 0.57 for @entity2569 and Met, respectively. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat molecular genetic markers were screened in the RIL. Single factor ANOVA was used to identify candidate QTL, which were confirmed by composite interval mapping using QTL Cartographer. Four QTL linked to molecular markers Satt235, Satt252, Satt427 and Satt436 distributed on three molecular linkage groups (MLG) D1a, F and G were associated with @entity2569 and three QTL linked to molecular markers Satt252, Satt564 and Satt590 distributed on MLG F, G and M were associated with Met concentration in @entity1460 seed. QTL associated with Met and @entity2569 in @entity1460 seed will provide important information to breeders targeting improvements in the nutritional quality of @entity1460 .

2099691

2099692

2099693

Quantitative trait loci controlling @entity599 containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 and XXXX , in @entity1460 seeds.

multiple_choice

@entity1460 [ @entity1460 .] is the single largest source of protein in animal feed. However, a major limitation of soy proteins is their deficiency in @entity599 -containing @entity1522 , @entity1853 (Met) and @entity462 ( @entity2569 ). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Met and @entity2569 concentration in @entity1460 seed. To achieve this objective, 101 F(6)-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87-984-16 x TN93-99 were used. Ground @entity1460 seed samples were analyzed for Met and @entity2569 concentration using a near infrared spectroscopy instrument. Data were analyzed using SAS software and QTL Cartographer. RIL differed (P<0.01) in Met and @entity2569 concentrations, with a range of 5.1-7.3 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for @entity2569 and 4.4-8.8 (g kg(-1) seed dry weight) for Met. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis were 0.14 and 0.57 for @entity2569 and Met, respectively. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat molecular genetic markers were screened in the RIL. Single factor ANOVA was used to identify candidate QTL, which were confirmed by composite interval mapping using QTL Cartographer. Four QTL linked to molecular markers Satt235, Satt252, Satt427 and Satt436 distributed on three molecular linkage groups (MLG) D1a, F and G were associated with @entity2569 and three QTL linked to molecular markers Satt252, Satt564 and Satt590 distributed on MLG F, G and M were associated with Met concentration in @entity1460 seed. QTL associated with Met and @entity2569 in @entity1460 seed will provide important information to breeders targeting improvements in the nutritional quality of @entity1460 .

2099694

2099695

2099696

Classification of the @entity850 owing to median arcuate ligament compression, based on severity of the XXXX with subsequent proposals for management during pancreatoduodenectomy.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: After pancreatoduodenectomy in @entity1 with @entity850 or @entity3885 , it becomes problematic to maintain the upper abdominal organ blood flow, especially to the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the @entity850 caused by median arcuate ligament (MAL) compression and to classify it according to preoperative image findings. METHODS: From January 1989 to November 2010, 562 @entity1 underwent operations for diseases of the pancreatic head region in our department. To diagnose celiac artery compression by the MAL, angiography was used in the early period and 3-dimensional image reconstruction of multidetector-row computed tomography was used from 2004. The morphologic characteristics of the @entity850 were analyzed during intraoperative treatment. RESULTS: Twelve (2.1%) @entity1 were diagnosed with MAL compression, and 8 of these @entity1 only underwent MAL division to restore the celiac artery blood flow. One @entity1 required conservation of the collateral circulation, and 2 @entity1 needed arterial reconstruction. In the analysis of the level of origin of the @entity1593 , there were no remarkable differences between nonstenotic and stenotic cases, or between mild and severe stenotic cases. Morphologic grades were defined based on the preoperative image findings and consequent intraoperative treatments. CONCLUSION: Preoperative grading of @entity850 could make pancreatoduodenectomy safer with maintenance of the upper abdominal organ blood flow in @entity1 with MAL compression.

2099697

2099698

2099699

Classification of the XXXX owing to median arcuate ligament compression, based on severity of the @entity850 with subsequent proposals for management during pancreatoduodenectomy.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: After pancreatoduodenectomy in @entity1 with @entity850 or @entity3885 , it becomes problematic to maintain the upper abdominal organ blood flow, especially to the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the @entity850 caused by median arcuate ligament (MAL) compression and to classify it according to preoperative image findings. METHODS: From January 1989 to November 2010, 562 @entity1 underwent operations for diseases of the pancreatic head region in our department. To diagnose celiac artery compression by the MAL, angiography was used in the early period and 3-dimensional image reconstruction of multidetector-row computed tomography was used from 2004. The morphologic characteristics of the @entity850 were analyzed during intraoperative treatment. RESULTS: Twelve (2.1%) @entity1 were diagnosed with MAL compression, and 8 of these @entity1 only underwent MAL division to restore the celiac artery blood flow. One @entity1 required conservation of the collateral circulation, and 2 @entity1 needed arterial reconstruction. In the analysis of the level of origin of the @entity1593 , there were no remarkable differences between nonstenotic and stenotic cases, or between mild and severe stenotic cases. Morphologic grades were defined based on the preoperative image findings and consequent intraoperative treatments. CONCLUSION: Preoperative grading of @entity850 could make pancreatoduodenectomy safer with maintenance of the upper abdominal organ blood flow in @entity1 with MAL compression.