Patent GB-1148724-A (GB)
Title: Liquid crystal optical device
IPC: G02F1/139
Filed: 1966-04-18
Abstract: 1,148,724. Light modulators. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA. 18 April, 1966 [26 April, 1965], No. 16826/66. Heading H4F. [Also in Division H1] The optical properties of a "guest" material (dispersoid) which is mixed with a nematic liquid crystal "host" material are varied by applying an external electric or magnetic field to the mixture which controls the molecular orientation of nematic liquid crystal host material, this increase in the degree of molecular ordering of the host material causing a corresponding ordering of the guest material. In one embodiment the absorption spectrum of a guest pleochroic dye is controlled by mixing it with a nematic host, e.g. the colour exhibited by a pleochroic dye in polarized light is controlled, and in a second embodiment the absorption spectrum, i.e. the colour, of a dye whose spectrum is a function of electric field in the vicinity of the dye molecules is controlled by mixing the dye with a nematic host, these effects providing the basis for optical modulators and optical display devices. In a first embodiment, Fig. 1, a monochromatic plane polarized light beam passes through modulator 3 which comprises a mixture 4 of a nematic liquid crystal, e.g. p-n-butoxy benzoic acid or butyl anysilidene amino cinnamate, and a pleochroic dye, e.g. methyl-red or indolphenolblue, supported between two transparent conducting electrodes 6 and 7 across which the modulating field, source 10, is applied. If plane polarized white light is incident on mixture 4, the colour of the mixture varies as the applied electric field varies due to the change in the amount of ordering of the dye molecules, i.e. the amount of light absorbed by the material at any one frequency in the absorption band is varied. Since the source 1 is monochromatic as shown, the beam passing from the mixture 4 is intensity modulated by the modulating signals from source 10, the emission line of the source 1 being arranged to match the absorption spectrum of the dye mixed with the nematic material. Electrode 7 is arranged to serve as a heating element when the host material is one which exhibits a nematic state at a temperature above ambient temperature. In Fig. 2 (not shown), which is the same as Fig. 1 but without the polarizer 2, an intensity modulator utilizes a dye, e.g. methyl-red, whose absorption spectrum is a function of the electric field in the vicinity of the molecules of the dye mixed with the nematic host. As an electric field is applied across the mixture the ordering of the dipole moments of the nematic host increases and the electric fields in the vicinity of the dye molecules become more ordered varying the absorption spectrum of the mixture. In a further embodiment flake-like particles of aluminium are dispersed in a nematic material and an electric field is applied across the mixture which increases the ordering of the nematic material, thus causing the particles to align. By varying the electric field the orientation of the particles is varied and a beam of light, e.g. white light, is intensity modulated. Reflective particles dispersed in a nematic material forms the basis for a reflective modulator. In a further embodiment, Fig. 3, a mixture 50 of nematic host and guest material is supported between two conducting transparent electrodes 51 and 52 by surface tension to form a display panel 49. The mixture is prepared (see Specification) so that the molecular axes of the molecules are essentially parallel to each other and to the electrodes. Light source 56 generates a light beam whose emission spectrum includes the absorption spectrum of the pleochroic dye, e.g. white light. The beam enters polarization modulator 57, across which the image video signal is applied and is caused to scan electrode 52 by means of a scanning device 60, e.g. a rotating mirror. The electric field produced by source 53, A.C. or D.C., across mixture 50 causes an ordering of the dye molecules in addition to the ordering established when the mixture was wiped on to one of the electrodes. The colour exhibited by the panel 49 in plane polarized white light will therefore depend upon the direction of polarization of the light passing through the mixture 50 due to the pleochroism of the dye molecules. For a larger colour variation a plurality of display panels each with a different dye may be employed. Instead of varying the polarization the field across the mixture may be varied. A video signal intensity modulated electron beam may be employed to scan the mixture rather than scanning the light beam. Instead of employing a pleochroic dye a dye whose absorption spectrum is a function of local molecular field may be mixed with a nematic material, in which case the scanning light beam need not be polarized and an electric field across the mixture produces the colour variations. Reflective aluminium particles may be mixed with the nematic material to form a display device, a video signal intensity modulated scanning electron beam being employed.