Patent GB-672227-A (GB)
Title: Transducer device electromechanically sensitive to flexure
IPC: H01L41/113
Filed: 1949-11-28
Abstract: 672,227. Piezo-electric crystals. BRUSH DEVELOPMENT CO. Nov. 28, 1949 [Dec. 28, 1948], No. 30441/49. Class 40 (viii). A piezo-electric transducer element comprises a body free from structural discontinuities, one portion of which is of a dielectric material polarized to have a certain electromechanical transducing characteristic, and another portion is arranged to have a different transducing characteristic, so that mechanical reaction between the two portions causes the element to operate by bending. The difference in the transducing characteristics may be produced either by different polarizing treatment of portions of a homogeneous body, or by arranging for the several portions of the body to have different compositions. In Fig. 5, a dielectric bar 21, preferably of a polycrystalline barium titanate ceramic, is fixed on a base 27 so that endwise movement of a shaft 29 to bend the bar causes simultaneous compression and extension of the opposite side portions of the bar. These portions have different transducing characteristics and so a voltage appears between terminals 25, 26 connected to electrodes 22, 23. The two side portions of the bar 21 may be polarized in opposite senses, or one portion may be unpolarized. In one method the whole bar is polarized in one direction from a high-tension source. The polarization of one side-face is then destroyed by heating to a temperature above 120 C., by means of a current flowing through a temporary electrode applied to that face. Alternatively one face may be heated by hot air from a nozzle while cold air from another nozzle plays on the opposite face. In such an element the unpolarized portion merely acts as a stiff backing to the polarized portion to provide the bending action. If only one half of one side is depolarized, and the non-contiguous half of the other side, a twister element is produced. The same result is produced by fixing two oppositelypolarized bender elements together by the longer edges. To produce an element having the two side portions polarized in opposite senses, the element is polarized with a high voltage, and one portion is depolarized. The element is then subjected to an opposite polarizing voltage of lesser magnitude. This polarizes the depolarized portion, and only partially reduces the polarization of the first portion. Another method of producing portions having different transducing characteristics is to have a structurally non-composite bar having different portions of different composition. Thus if one side of a barium titanate bar is subjected to a reducing atmosphere at about 1700 C., that side is rendered relatively conductive. Then when a voltage is applied across the element, the greater part of the voltage drop appears across the untreated barium titanate because of the low conductivity, and the piezo-electric action takes place in this part, the high-conductivity portion then acting as a stiff backing to produce bending. Fig. 16 shows an element 211 having oppositely-polarized low-conductivity outer portions, and a high-conductivity inner portion. This concentrates the transducing effect in the outside layers where the bending moment is greatest. The element is produced by reducing a titanate body to its high conductivity condition and subsequently oxidizing the outer layers to restore the low conductivity and large transducing effect. The outer layers are then oppositely polarized by connecting electrodes 22, 23 to one pole of a high-tension source 74, the other pole of which is connected by temporary conductive paste or solder 71 to the central high-conductive layer. Specifications 648,403, 648,404, 672,226, [Group V], and 672,228 are referred to.