baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-0221622-A1 (WO)
Title: Vorrichtung und verfahren zur erzeugung und simulation von zweiphasenströmungen in chemischen oder elektrochemischen reaktoren, oder wärmetauschern
Inventor: DOHLE HENDRIK
IPC: H01M8/1009
Filed: 2001-09-07
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung und Simulation von Zweiphasenströmungen. Die Vorrichtung ist zumindest teilweise durchsichtig. Dadurch wird ein Einblick in das Innere der Vorrichtung gewährleistet. Zweiphasenströmungen, wie sie beispielsweise in Brennstoffzellen, Wärmetauschern oder anderen chemischen oder elektrochemischen Reaktoren auftreten, können leicht simuliert werden, wenn eine solche Vorrichtung Teil einer Brennstoffzelle, eines Wärmetauschers oder eines anderen Reaktors ist. Ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung und Simulation von Zweiphasenströmungen in einem elektrochemischen oder chemischen Reaktor, wie beispielsweise Brennstoffzellen, ist durch die Schritte gekennzeichnet: eine Gas freisetzende Lösung wird in eine zumindest teilweise durchsichtige Vorrichtung mit Mitteln zur Erzeugung von Zweiphasenströmungen geleitet, die Zweiphasenströmung wird erzeugt und aufgezeichnet.
Patent WO-0239687-A1 (WO)
Title: Verfahren und einrichtungen zur kompensation von störungen durch mehrwegeempfang
Inventor: JAECKEL KLAUS
IPC: H04L25/02
Filed: 2001-09-25
Abstract: Für ein stationäres Funkkommunikationssystem, umfassend eine Basisstation (1) und eine Vielzahl von Teilnehmerstationen (4), welches im Airinterface (3) mit DS CDM/CDMA und einem eingebetteten TDM/TDMA und TDD arbeitet, wird die Bestimmung der Kanalimpulsantwort mittels eines Offline-Verfahrens, welches auch in der Lage ist, den Fall eines Nicht-RICE-Kanals zu erkennen und zu berücksichtigen, durchgeführt. Es werden Berechnungsverfahren für Equalizerkoeffizienten in den I- und Q-Zweigen für eine komplexwertige Kompensation angegeben und digitale Equalizer mit kombinierter Vorwärts- und Rückkopplung verwendet, wobei für den Übertragungsweg von den Teilnehmerstationen zur Basisstation eine Kompensation durch Vorentzerrung in den Teilnehmerstationen erfolgt. Das Verfahren ist vorteilhaft in WLL-Systemen (Wireless Local Loop) anwendbar.
Patent WO-02065555-A1 (WO)
Title: Strahlungsemittierender halbleiterkörper und verfahren zu dessen herstellung
Inventor: LUTGEN STEPHAN
IPC: H01L21/208
Filed: 2001-11-15
Abstract: Die strahlungserzeugende Schichtenfolge (2) ist direkt auf einer Fensterschicht (3) aufgewachsen, die eine oder eine Mehrzahl von aufeinanderfolgenden AlgaAs-Schichten (4, 5, 6) aufweist. Die AlGaAs-Schichten sind mittels Flüssigphasenepitaxie oder einem ähnlichen Verfahren hergestellt und weisen entfernt von der Schichtenfolge (2) jeweils einen Al-Gehalt auf, bei dem AlGaAs für die erzeugte Strahlung durchlässig ist. Der Al-Gehalt nimmt, in jeder der AlGaAs-Schichten (4, 5, 6) in Richtung zur aktiven Schichtenfolge (2) hin ab. Die Fensterschicht (3) besteht alternativ aus einem freitragenden AlGaAs-Epitaxiesubstrat (7), das einen Al-Gehalt aufweist, bei dem AgGaAs für die erzeugte Strahlung durchlässig ist.
Patent WO-02058319-A1 (WO)
Inventor: EUCHNER MARTIN
IPC: H04L9/08
Filed: 2002-01-17
Abstract: A communication network with at least two terminals (A, B) and at least one central unit (C) for the management of codes (K), in which a code is disclosed (KAC, KBC) between each of the two terminals (A, B) and the central unit (C), with which the information to be secured can be transmitted between the both terminals (A, B) and the central unit (C) in a secure manner. Furthermore, a code (KAB) is transmitted from the central unit (C) to the both terminals (A, B), using the codes (KAC, KBC), by means of which information to be secured may be securely transmitted between the both terminals (A, B).
Patent WO-02062696-A1 (WO)
Title: Vorrichtung zum aufrichten einer wippstütze eines kranes
Inventor: BOES ALFRED
IPC: B66C23/82
Filed: 2002-02-01
Abstract: Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Aufrichten und Ablegen einer Wippstütze eines eine Unterkonstruktion, einen Oberwagen, ein Gegengewicht und einen Hauptausleger (2) Kranes, der mit einem am Kopf des Hauptauslegers angelenkten wippbaren Hilfsausleger versehen ist, wobei das freie Ende der im Kopfbereich des Hauptauslegers angelenkten Wippstütze über eine feste Abspannung mit dem Kopfbereich des Hilfsauslegers einerseits und über eine feste oder längenveränderbare Abspannung mit dem Oberwagen oder dem Hauptausleger oder dem Gegengewicht andererseits verbunden ist. Dabei ist ein aufgerichteter Hilfsbock (12) im Bereich des Auslegers (1) angeordnet, der einen zum Aufrichten der Wippstütze (5) erforderlichen Hebelarm bildet.
Patent WO-03034821-A1 (WO)
Inventor: FRIEDEL JUERGEN
IPC: A01N25/34
Filed: 2002-02-28
Abstract: L'invention concerne un insecticide composé de particules granulées à symétrie de rotation, présentant une forme lenticulaire ou de disque obtenue par expansion d'une masse gélatineuse compactée, puis extrudée et finalement coupée en tranches. Le granulé appât selon l'invention peut être semé sur de grandes distances de façon uniforme avec une densité élevée, et résiste à l'eau et à l'usure.
Patent WO-02084688-A1 (WO)
Title: Verfahren zum betreiben eines schaltgerätes mit einem zuschaltbaren strombegrenzer und zugehörige anordnung
Inventor: BRANSTON DAVID WALTER
IPC: H01H9/46
Filed: 2002-04-04
Abstract: Bekannt ist beispielsweise ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Leistungsschalters mit wenigstens einer Hauptstrombahn und zugeordnetem Nebenstrompfad mit Lichtbogenlöscheinrichtung. Dabei kann ein Strombegrenzer verwendet werden, welcher bei hoher Strombelastung vom Nichtstrombegrenzungsbetrieb in den Strombegrenzungsbetrieb schaltet. Gemäß der Erfindung sind Maßnahmen zur Rückstellung des Strombegrenzers beim Übergang vom Strombegrenzungsbetrieb in den Nichtstrombegrenzungsbetrieb vorgesehen. Speziell bei Leistungsschaltern sind Massnahmen zur Verhinderung einer Rückkommutierung des Lichtbogens vom Nebenstrompfad auf die Hauptstrombahn und/oder Massnahmen zur Rückstellung des Strombegrenzers bei Rückkommutierung des Lichtbogens vorgesehen. Bei einer zugehörigen Anordnung zur Ausführung des Verfahrens sind Mittel (30 bis 50) im Leistungsschalter (20) und/oder Strombegrenzer (1) zur Verhinderung eines Schaltversagens von im Nebenstrompfad des Leistungsschalters (20) angeordneten Strombegrenzer (1) vorhanden. Insbesondere der Strombegrenzer kann ein PTC-Limiter (1) sein.
Patent WO-03095845-A1 (WO)
Title: Hydrauliksystem mit druckabhängiger dämpfung
Inventor: ZIMPFER MICHAEL
IPC: F16H61/4148
Filed: 2003-05-07
Abstract: Hydrauliksysteme (1) enthalten in der Regel Dehnschlauchleitungen und andere Dämpferelemente (21, 22), die je nach generierter Druckpulsation mit ein oder mehreren, in Reihe geschalteten Schlauchkammern versehen sind. Gemäß der Erfindung werden bei Betrieb des Hydrauliksystems die Dämpfungsmaßnahmen abhängig vom Druck zugeschaltet. Dadurch ist im Umlaufbetrieb ein niedriger Druckverlust und eine erhebliche Energieeinsparung möglich. Erreicht wird dies durch eine direkte, die Dämpfer überbrückende Leitungsverbindung zwischen Druckquelle (2) und Verbraucher (3). Diese Kurzschlussleitung wird durch ein Ventil gesperrt, wenn ein Druckanstieg im System auftritt.
Patent WO-03099656-A1 (WO)
Title: Luftfahrzeug mit einer rettungseinrichtung
Inventor: MELLMANN GERHARD
IPC: B64D17/80
Filed: 2003-05-22
Abstract: Es besteht die Aufgabe, die Sinkgeschwindigkeit eines in Flugnot befindlichen Luft­fahrzeuges zum Zeitpunkt der Erdberührung auf ein solches Mass zu verringern, dass Menschen und Material weitestgehend nicht geschädigt werden. Dazu wird vorgeschlagen, einen Fallschirm (7) und einen oder mehrere tragfähige Bal­lons (8, 9, 10) einzusetzen und die tragfähigen Ballons (8, 9, 10) jeweils als einen kraft­aufnehmenden Airbag auszubilden. Die tragfähigen Ballons (8, 9, 10) werden unterhalb des Masseschwerpunktes des Luftfahrzeuges angeordnet. Dabei besitzen die Ballons (8, 9, 10) durch ihre Grösse und der Wahl des Traggases insgesamt eine solche Tragfähig­keit, die kleiner als die Tragfähigkeit des Fallschirmes ist.
Patent WO-03100279-A1 (WO)
Title: Verfahren und vorrichtung zum modulieren des von einer fahrzeugkupplung übertragenen moments
Inventor: SEREBRENNIKOV BORIS
IPC: F16D48/06
Filed: 2003-05-26
Abstract: Bei einem Verfahren zum Modulieren des von einer Fahrzeugkupplung übertragbaren Moments, insbesondere während des Einrückens der Kupplung beim Anfahren, wird das Moment in Abhängigkeit von einer nur aus der Drehzahl der Kupplungsscheibe ab­geleiteten Grösse moduliert.
Patent DE-1801688-A1 (DE)
Title: Ultrasonic vibrator with silicone rubber plate
Inventor: POKLEKOWSKI DR-ING G
IPC: G10K11/02
Filed: 1968-10-08
Abstract: A block of homogeneous material with a small damping factor is fixed to the face of the vibrator. The free face area of the bock is much greater than that of the vibrator and the block length equals half the wave length of the ultrasonic vibration. This block is made of aluminium or aluminium alloy. A plate made of silicon rubber with a low damping factor and a sound wave resistance equal to the average of that of the medium of propagation and of the vibrator, with thickness of a quarter wave length is bonded to the free face of the block.
Patent DE-1809755-A1 (DE)
Title: Separating solids from liquids
Inventor: HOMER RICE ARCHIE
IPC: C02F3/12
Filed: 1968-11-19
Abstract: Waste is aerated in a tank into which it is continuously fed and from which it is continuously drawn off. During the drawing-off, the waste is conveyed in a relatively thin layer upwards along a surface inclined at an angle of at least approx. 45 degrees to the horizontal, the lower end of the surface being immersed in the tank, so that the solids in the waste settle on this surface and continuously slide back into the tank.
Patent DE-1904243-A1 (DE)
Title: Carpet underlay of porous plastic
Inventor: SOMMER WERNER
IPC: A47G27/04
Filed: 1969-01-29
Abstract: The carpet underlay is made of porous plastic, having a sponge-like structure inside with burr-type tops on their surface, using extruded polyurethane soft-foam impregnated with solns. or dispersions of polymerisate with a Shore hardness A of 60 to 90, to an extent of 100 to 600% wt.
Patent DE-1929668-A1 (DE)
Title: Meat pickling needles can yield away from - obstructions
Inventor: ORTNER JOSEF
IPC: A23B4/28
Filed: 1969-06-11
Abstract: Meat pickling neeldes can yield away from obstruction Needle set in the up- and -down carrier can move lengthways against spring and swing out of the axes of their bearings there. Bushes house the needles and are set in the carrier.
Patent DE-1939035-A1 (DE)
Title: Microbiological production of xlite
Inventor: ONISHI HIROSHI
IPC: C12P7/18
Filed: 1969-07-31
Abstract: By inoculating a culture medium contng. D-xylulose as principal carbon source, inorganic salts and N-sources with microorganism capable of forming xylite from D-xylulose and cultivating the medium under aerobic conditions until xylite forms and multiplies in the medium. Xylite is used as a sweetener or medicament for diabetics.
Patent DE-1945481-A1 (DE)
Title: Stabilised bitumen for water-repellent - comps
IPC: C08L95/00
Filed: 1969-09-09
Abstract: Bitumen compositions for binders, layers or film applied to acidic building aggregates used in underground constructions, for bulkheads or roads, made by either mixing into the bitumen a non-extending, water-repellent oil (silicone or paraffin oil) or a clay (montmorillonite, illite, kaolin) with a molecular sieve character or alternatively by applying Fe formate to the aggregate, converting it by heating during mixing to Fe2O3 when the oxide on the surface will strongly bind the applied bitumen to the surface. Such bitumen coatings have good water repellency and good adhesion.
Patent DE-1950276-A1 (DE)
Title: Carbon dioxide separation from gases by absorption - with activated potassium carbonate solutions
Inventor: SCHINGNITZ MANFRED
IPC: C10K1/12
Filed: 1969-10-06
Abstract: Absorption rate of K2CO3 solutions is raised by adding 0.001 - 0.5 (0.05-0.25) mol/1 K monomethyl-alpha-aminopropionate, K taurate or K methyl taurate, depending on K2CO3 concentration and absorption temp. Thus absorption rate was increased by 80% by adding 4 weight % K monomethyl-alpha-aminopropionate to 1 molar K2CO3 solution. Used for purifying natural, town, or synthesis gas.
Patent DE-1956264-A1 (DE)
Title: Compressed air operated plastic sheet - cutter
Inventor: GLANZ FRANZ
IPC: B26D1/04
Filed: 1969-11-08
Abstract: Cutting knife moving transversely across conveyed plastic sheet is rigidly mounted in a holder sliding in a guide tube. In the starting position, the holder forms a plug, sealing the mouth of a compressed air chamber, which is preferably coaxial with the guide tube. A release mechanism retains the holder in this position, releases it, and the holder is then returned after the cutting stroke by a return ram, to re-seal the compressed air chamber.
Patent DE-2009021-A1 (DE)
Title: Photographic films having improved friction props
IPC: G03C1/81
Filed: 1970-02-26
Abstract: Photographic films having increased friction properties are obtained by adding to the flow soln. of the photographic film, a poly-dimethylsiloxane emulsion contng. 10-40 wt.% polydimethylsiloxane and 1-50% EtOH, such that the photographic film soln. contains 1-50 g. poly-dimethylsiloxane and 0.1-25 g. EtOH per kg. of film binder. The poly-dimethylsiloxane has a viscosity of 1,000-200,000 cSt. The emulsion can also contain a silicic acid having a loss on burning of 5-8%, a BET surface area of 200-300 m.2/g. and a particle size 4 mu. Gelatin is claimed as a hydrophilic film binder. These photographic films have excellent friction props., abrasion resistance, dirt resistance and a better image quality when developed.
Patent DE-2010021-A1 (DE)
Title: Rubber or plastic tube with fibre reinforce- - conductors
IPC: F16L11/08
Filed: 1970-03-04
Abstract: The reinforcement layer embedded around the rubber or rubbery plastics tube core is made from textile fibres at least part of which comprise flexible electrical conductors. The reinforcement layer is surrounded by the tube's outer casing made from non-abrasive rubber compound. Typically the reinforcement consists of three textile fibres inter-twined with the conductor which has a rectangular cross-section and conducting metal surfaces surrounding a plastic tape.
Patent DE-2011692-A1 (DE)
Title: Packaging pouch made of composite film
IPC: B65D27/04
Filed: 1970-03-12
Abstract: The flat pouch is made from an at least three layered composite film comprising a plastic (e.g. polyethylene) inner layer, a metal (e.g. aluminium) intermediate layer and an outer layer (e.g. polyamide or polypropylene). The composite film is folded at its lower side to form a pocket having a display window formed e.g. from a single layer of polyethylene.
Patent DE-2019167-A1 (DE)
Title: Extraction of wort from beer
Inventor: LENZ CONRAD
IPC: C12C7/16
Filed: 1970-04-21
Abstract: The wort extraction installation has a filtration tank with a perforate bottom and a rotary agitator carrying members for moving the brew. The bottom of the tank has slits arranged in concentric circles and the agitator has cleaning elements which automatically and progressively enter individual slits to clean them and leave the slits as the agitator rotates.
Patent DE-2041585-A1 (DE)
Title: Cyclone solid/gas heat exchanger of reduced height - has several funnel shaped lower outlets for solids
Inventor: HEINEMANN OTTO
IPC: F27B7/20
Filed: 1970-08-21
Abstract: A thermal exchange appts. for fine solids and a gas, comprising at least one cyclone with tangential inlet for the solids-gas mixture and dip pipe for upward removal of purified gas and bottom outlet for the solids, is constructed with the lower part formed of a number of adjacent funnel units. The funnels are arranged symmetrically about the cross section of the cyclone.
Patent DE-2045809-A1 (DE)
Title: Thermoplastic strands - cooled with liquid coolant after extrusion then dried by their own remaining heat
IPC: B29C48/05
Filed: 1970-09-16
Abstract: At least one interruption is provided in the cooling sequence during which the surface temp. of the strand approaches that of the core with sufficient heat remaining to self dry the strands afterwards. This system is particularly good for thick strands where a high temperature differential can occur between inner and outer regions.
Patent DE-2051525-A1 (DE)
Title: Foam mould opening mechanism - comprises upper and lower rail tracks defining vertical spacing of half moulds
IPC: B29C33/00
Filed: 1970-10-20
Abstract: A mould for making foamed components, comprising upper and lower half moulds fixed to separate frames, is so constructed that the upper frame and half mould can be raised by a limited distance from the lower frame and half mould, then pivoted to one side through a vertical plane to effect complete separation. The lower frame runs in rollers on a pair of rails, the upper frame in rollers on a higher pair of rails, the rail paths comprise three sections; in the first the vertical distance between rails is such that the mould is completely closed in the second the rails still run parallel but at a higher vertical spacing so that the half moulds are separated by a limited distance while in the third stretch of track one of the upper rails follows a higher path so that the raised upper frame and half mould are tilted right over to one side.
Patent DE-2062925-A1 (DE)
Title: 6-aminopenicillanic acid prepn
IPC: C07D499/42
Filed: 1970-12-21
Abstract: 6-APA is prepd by reacting an N-R1CO substd penicillanic acid (where R1 = H or 1-17C carboxylic residue) with a cpd. R2X (where X = halogen, R2 is R'R"M, where R' and R" = opt substd. alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, aralkyloxy or halogen, or R' and R" together form a ring, and M = B, Al or P; or R'R"R'"M', where R'" is as R' or together with R' or R" forms = O or =S, and M' = C, Si, S or Ge, with the proviso that when M = Si, R'=R"=R'" = halogen or at least one forms a =C-O-Si= link, or R'R"R'"R''"P, where r' is as above and R", R'" and R"" are halogen, or R= and R'" together form a ring or =O or =S; or R'SO2-, where R' is as above but not halogen), in presence of acid binder, converting the mixed anhydride formed to the corresp. iminohalide; reacting this with an alcohol R3OH (where R3 is opt substd alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl) to form an imino ether; and acid hydrolysing this.
Patent DE-2111823-A1 (DE)
Title: Metal pressure casting - control system
Inventor: KARABEK YASAR DIPL-ING
IPC: B22D18/08
Filed: 1971-03-12
Abstract: The installation in which the melt is transferred into the mould bottom from underneath from the ladle bottom of a pressurised casting ladle via a lockable transfer pipe, has a pressure control system incorporating a timer and also a signalling device from the casting mould, which assures that the mould is part filled first at a slow rate followed at a faster rate. The casting rate is adjusted by pressure adjustments in the space above the melt level in the totally enclosed ladle. The system does away with human control and automatically assures uniform casting quality.
Patent DE-2114510-A1 (DE)
Title: Tube drawing with plug - with lubricant undercut
IPC: B21C9/00
Filed: 1971-03-25
Abstract: In the drawing operation the workpiece tube is firstly reduced in dia. round a cylindrical portion of a multiazone plug by passage through a pre-forming die, this being followed by reduction to its final dia. and wall thickness between the second working portion of the plug and the drawing die. The prefd. design has an undercut between its two working sections in which lubricant is built up, which has been injected into the tube and which is compressed during drawing by the workpiece tube exercising hydrodynamic lubrication permitting large reductions in area.
Patent DE-2116819-A1 (DE)
Title: Fireproofing wood during tree growth
IPC: A01G7/06
Filed: 1971-04-06
Abstract: Wood is fireproofed by injecting aqs. solns. of fire-resistant substances into a growing tree via channels drilled into the trunk whereby the substance penetrates the entire wood by the movement of the sap. Pref. the aqs. solns., pH 4-8, contain 10 wt.% (NH4)3 PO4 and a water-soluble dye to visualise distribution through colour changes. The drill holes form rectangular lattices at right angles to the axis of the tree, and treatment can be complete in 1 week during hot sunny weather.
Patent DE-2118087-A1 (DE)
Title: Injection head - for extruding thermoplastic sheets or panels,designed to prevent outlet slit widening
IPC: B29C48/07
Filed: 1971-04-14
Abstract: The head has a fan shaped fore run zone whose inlet is connected to the extruder and with a cruved compensating zone which connects the fore run zone to a flat lip zone according to Parent Patents in which the plane of the lip flow channel extends perpendicular to the plane of the fore run zone. Pref. the compensating zone runs tangential to the lip zone and the feed channel runs from the extruder to the fore run zone perpendicular to the plane of the fore run zone.
Patent DE-2132935-A1 (DE)
Title: Screen printed electrical capacitors - with glass frit binder for dielectric compatible with primary electrode alloy
Inventor: VIERNICKEL KONRAD
IPC: H01G4/008
Filed: 1971-07-02
Abstract: The capacitors are produced by screen printing, with the prim. electrode printed on a base plate and the counter-electrode sepd. from the prim. electrode by >=1 layer of dielectric ceramic and binder. The materials used are: (a) for the prim. electrode, >=2 of Pd, Au, Ag; (b) dielectric ceramic based on BaTiO3 and/or TiO2; (c) for the binder, the 3- or 4-component systems Bi2O3-CdO-SiO2, PbO-Bi2O3-B2O3 or PbO-SiO2-ZnO-Al2O3 or a combined system from the individual constituents of these systems. These combinations of binder and prim. electrode alloy do not undergo an undesirable reaction and obviate the need to use relatively expensive Pt-Au pastes for the prim. electrode.
Patent DE-2141460-A1 (DE)
Title: Plastic coating for swimming pools - plasticised pvc sheeting tautly fixed by use of metal strips fixed onto the edge of
Inventor: DIERSEN HORST
IPC: E04H4/00
Filed: 1971-08-19
Abstract: The pools can be made of concrete, stone, etc. The plastic will not wrinkle even when warmed. Metal strips angled in the longitudinal direction are gaplessly stuck or welded onto the edge of the plastic sheets, which have been shorted by the amount to be stretched. The strips are coated with a plasticised PVC coating on the contact side and are lacquered on the other side. The film is fitted by first fixing one strip and with it one edge of the sheet in the desired position and then fixing the other strip/edge with the sheet under tension. The strips used at the bottom of the pool have the PVC coating inside the angle and the strips used at the edge of the pool have the coating outside the angle.
Patent DE-2154926-A1 (DE)
Title: Electrical machine brushes - with extended life through form of lubrication
IPC: H01R39/22
Filed: 1971-11-04
Abstract: Brushes for use with either slip ring or commutator machines, but esp. motor vehicle alternators, may have a minimum life enhancement of four times, by lubricating with a mixture of octacle - cyclamine, and a halogen hydrogen radical e.g. a compound of Cl, Br, I. F or At and esp. chloral hydrate. This is intimately bonded with the brush material and applied either as a surface layer with molecular dissemination or by impregnation.
Patent DE-2156045-A1 (DE)
Title: Intensifying/attenuating phototropic effects - by applying a dc field
Inventor: GLIEMEROTH GEORG DR
IPC: G02F1/01
Filed: 1971-11-11
Abstract: Intensification or attenuation of the phototropic effect of a phototropic layer mounted between two ligth transmitting electrodes by the application of a reversible d.c. field to a thin layer of phototropic material contg. >=1 light-insensitive Men+1 cation, >=1 Me(n-1)+ cation and >=1 anion, where n = 1,2 or 3. Method is esp. applicable to phototropic glasses.