baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent TW-I777420-B (TW)
Title: 顯像劑補給容器
Inventor: JIMBA MANABU
IPC: G03B27/52
Filed: 2012-06-06
Granted: 2022-09-11
Abstract: 本發明的目的是提供一種：可使「用來促使顯像劑接收部位移，而連接於顯像劑補給容器的機構」簡易化的顯像劑補給容器。
 
     在可通過「可裝卸於顯像劑接收裝置(8)，且可位移地設於前述顯像劑接收裝置(8)」的顯像劑接收部(11)來補給顯像劑的顯像劑補給容器(1)中，具有用來收容顯像劑的顯像劑收容部(2c)及卡合部(3b2、3b4)，該卡合部(3b2、3b4)可與前述顯像劑接收部(11)卡合，並伴隨著前述顯像劑補給容器(1)的安裝動作，使前述顯像劑接收部(11)朝向前述顯像劑補給容器(1)移動，而形成前述顯像劑補給容器(1)與前述顯像劑接收部(11)連接的狀態。
Patent TW-I807272-B (TW)
Title: Depletion mode high electron mobility field effect transistor (hemt) semiconductor device having beryllium doped schottky contact layers
Inventor: HWANG KIUCHUL
IPC: H01L29/778
Filed: 2021-03-11
Granted: 2023-07-01
Abstract: A semiconductor device having a substrate, a pair of Group III-Nitride layers on the substrate forming: a heterojunction with a 2 Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG) channel in a lower one of the pair of Group III-Nitride layers, a cap beryllium doped Group III-Nitride layer on the upper one of the pair of Group III-Nitride layers; and an electrical contact in Schottky contact with a portion of the cap beryllium doped, Group III-Nitride layer.
Patent TW-I756109-B (TW)
Inventor: CHUANG CHI-FENG
IPC: G09G3/20
Filed: 2021-04-19
Granted: 2022-02-21
Abstract: 一種顯示裝置，包括：具有最大感測器像素亮度值SV的感測器像素組、具有顯示像素亮度值DV的顯示像素組、以及具有模糊化像素亮度值BV的模糊化像素組。顯示像素組與感測器像素組之間的最小距離為1，模糊化像素組與感測器像素組之間的最小距離為Z，模糊化像素組與顯示像素組之間的最小距離為(1-Z)，而滿足BV=(1-Z)×SV+Z×DV。
Patent TW-I760266-B (TW)
Title: Self-drilling screw structure
Inventor: CHEN CHUN-YEN
IPC: F16B25/10
Filed: 2021-07-27
Granted: 2022-04-01
Abstract: A self-drilling screw structure is provided to solve the problem that the drill tip of the conventional self-drilling screw is easily damaged and cannot remove chips. It comprises: a rod body with a driving part at the first end; and a drill part with an opposite drill tip and a connecting part, the connecting part is connected to the second end of the rod body, and the two cutting edges located on two radially opposite sides of the drill tip, the drill portion has two chip grooves, and each of the two chip grooves extends from a cutting edge toward the connecting portion. The drill portion also has a reduced diameter section. The radial dimension of the reduced diameter section is gradually reduced from the connecting portion toward the drill tip, the reduced diameter section has two 
recessed portions, the two recessed portions respectively have a vertical surface and an inclined surface, and the two vertical surfaces are respectively connected to the two cutting edges , Each of the inclined surfaces is connected to the vertical surface and the chip groove respectively, and the inclined surface and the vertical surface form an angle.
Patent TW-I814085-B (TW)
Inventor: Xie jia-ying
IPC: H01Q1/50
Filed: 2021-09-15
Granted: 2023-09-01
Abstract: The present application provides an antenna structure including a metal frame, a feeding portion, a first grounding portion, a second grounding portion, a first radiating portion, a second radiating portion and a third radiating portion. When a current is fed into the feeding portion, the current flows through the first radiating portion and coupled to the third radiating portion through a second gap, the current is then grounded by the second grounding portion, thereby exciting a first operating 
mode to generate radiation signals in a first frequency band; when a current is fed into the feeding portion, the current flows through the first radiating portion and couples to the first gap and the third gap to the second radiating portion, which is then grounded by the first grounding portion, thereby exciting a second operating mode to generate a radiation signal in the second frequency band. The present application also provides a wireless communication device having the antenna structure.
Patent TW-I793792-B (TW)
Title: 發光二極體背光驅動器及顯示像素的發光二極體顯示驅動器
Inventor: LIN CHUN-FU
IPC: F21V23/00
Filed: 2021-10-08
Granted: 2023-02-21
Abstract: 本發明公開了一種發光二極體背光驅動器，其包括至少一驅動晶片，用來驅動一背光模組，該至少一驅動晶片設置在至少一覆晶薄膜封裝上，且不直接接觸該背光模組，以減少熱傳遞到該背光模組。
Patent TW-I790774-B (TW)
Title: 生物體電極組成物、生物體電極、生物體電極之製造方法、高分子化合物及複合體
Inventor: HATAKEYAMA JUN
IPC: C08L101/00
Filed: 2021-10-12
Granted: 2023-01-21
Abstract: 本發明之課題係提供可形成導電性及生物相容性優異，輕量且能以低成本製造，被水潤濕抑或乾燥時導電性均不會大幅降低的生物體電極用之生物體接觸層的生物體電極組成物、以該生物體電極組成物形成生物體接觸層的生物體電極、及其製造方法。一種生物體電極組成物，含有(A)離子性高分子材料與粒子之複合體，前述(A)成分含有與聚合物鍵結之粒子，該聚合物含有具有選自氟磺酸、氟磺醯亞胺、及N-羰基氟磺醯胺中之任一者之銨鹽、鋰鹽、鈉鹽、鉀鹽、銀鹽之結構的重複單元。
Patent TW-I811934-B (TW)
Inventor: GRANT MICHAEL
IPC: G10L19/00
Filed: 2014-01-16
Granted: 2023-08-11
Abstract: Apparatus and methods for generating an encoded audio bitstream, including by including program loudness metadata and audio data in the bitstream, and optionally also program boundary metadata in at least one segment (e.g., frame) of the bitstream. Other aspects are apparatus and methods for decoding such a bitstream, e.g., including by performing adaptive loudness processing of the audio data of an audio program indicated by the bitstream, or authentication and/or validation of metadata and/or audio data of such an audio program. Another aspect is an audio processing unit (e.g., an encoder, decoder, or post-processor) configured (e.g., programmed) to perform any embodiment of the method or which includes a buffer memory which stores at least one frame of an audio bitstream generated in accordance with any embodiment of the method.
Patent TW-I805202-B (TW)
Title: Bifacial solar sound-insulation module and bifacial solar sound-insulation device
Inventor: CHEN RUEI-TANG
IPC: H02S10/30
Filed: 2022-01-25
Granted: 2023-06-11
Abstract: A bifacial solar sound-insulation module, includes a solar cell unit, and a microporous sound-insulation unit. The solar cell unit has a first illuminated surface and a second illuminated surface that are spaced from each other, and can convert light energy into electricity when any one of the first illuminated surface and a second illuminated surface is illuminated. The microporous sound-insulation unit is transparent, and has a plurality of micropores that are spaced from one another. By virtue of the conversion of the solar cell unit and the design of the microporous sound-insulation unit, the bifacial solar sound-insulation module can not only absorb sound to reduce noise, but also convert sunlight in different directions into electricity. A bifacial solar sound-insulation device is also provided.
Patent TW-I803218-B (TW)
Title: 半導體裝置及半導體模組
Inventor: KOYA SHIGEKI
IPC: H01L27/04
Filed: 2022-03-03
Granted: 2023-05-21
Abstract: 本發明提供一種難以產生由熱失控所引起之破壞的半導體裝置。於基板上，3個以上之複數個單元並排配置於第1方向。於基板上配置有導體突起。複數個單元之各個包含雙極電晶體、以及連接於雙極電晶體之鎮流電阻元件。導體突起連接於複數個單元之雙極電晶體之射極層。複數個單元之雙極電晶體相互並列地連接。複數個單元中，端部之第1單元中所包含之鎮流電阻元件之電阻值大於端部以外之至少1個第2單元中所包含之鎮流電阻元件之電阻值。
Patent TW-I813286-B (TW)
Title: Acoustic wave device and fabrication method thereof
Inventor: LIN SHIH-MENG
IPC: H03H3/02
Filed: 2022-05-12
Granted: 2023-08-21
Abstract: An acoustic device includes a piezoelectric substrate and a transducer. The piezoelectric substrate has a surface. The transducer is disposed on the surface of the piezoelectric substrate. The transducer includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a dielectric block. The first electrode extends along a first direction, and has a first end. The second electrode extends along the first direction, and has a second end. The first electrode and the second electrode are spaced apart from each other along a second direction. The dielectric block is disposed at the first end of the first electrode and is located on the surface of the piezoelectric substrate. The surface of the piezoelectric substrate includes a first electrode region in contact with the first electrode, and a dielectric block region in contact with the dielectric block, and a pressure across the dielectric block region is no less than a pressure across the first electrode region.
Patent TW-I799290-B (TW)
Title: 基板處理裝置及基板處理方法
Inventor: NISHIHATA HIROSHI
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 2017-08-10
Granted: 2023-04-11
Abstract: 即便為在對可旋轉地被支撐之基板供給第1或
第2處理液而處理基板的基板處理方法中，包含有使基板低速旋轉之工程的情況，亦按種類回收來自基板的處理液。
 
     
     
       在顯像處理裝置中，係在正型顯像處理
之際，使分配部(152a)上升，並將來自晶圓(W)的正型顯像液從分配部(152a)與固定罩杯(154)之間引導至正型用回收口，在負型顯像處理之際，使分配部(152a)下降，並將來自晶圓(W)的負型顯像液從分配部(152a)與外周壁(153a)之間引導至負型用回收口。在分配部(152a)下降時，該分配部(152a)之內周側端下降的階差(154d)被形成於固定罩杯(154b)的外周端，使得在負型顯像處理之際，負型顯像液不會被引導至正型用回收口，並且，分配部(152a)之上面的角度α被形成為比形成階差(154d)的上部之傾斜面的角度β大。
Patent TW-I815534-B (TW)
Title: 旋轉工具用套筒
Inventor: OSAFUNE KATSUMI
IPC: B25B21/00
Filed: 2022-07-01
Granted: 2023-09-11
Abstract: 本發明提供一種在相對於旋轉工具的拆裝時防止用於與旋轉工具的插入方塊連結的銷落下的旋轉工具用套筒。旋轉工具用套筒在設置到圓筒狀的主體部的連接部的外周面設置有與供O形密封圈嵌合的第1槽平行且沿周向形成的第2槽，從軸向看來，第2槽形成於與第1貫通孔重疊的位置，並且形成於使從圓筒軸線朝向第1貫通孔的假想線以圓筒軸線為中心移動了±45度以上且小於90度時的範圍內。
Patent TW-I807904-B (TW)
Title: 深度識別模型訓練方法、圖像深度識別方法及相關設備
Inventor: LEE CHIEH
IPC: G06T7/10
Filed: 2022-07-04
Granted: 2023-07-01
Abstract: 本申請涉及影像處理，提供一種深度識別模型訓練方法、圖像深度識別方法及相關設備。在本申請中，對第一圖像及第二圖像進行實例分割，得到多個靜態對象、多個動態對象及每個動態對象的動態位置，基於像素點數量及預設位置從動態對象中選取目標動態對象及特徵動態對象，根據目標動態對象及對應的特徵動態對象的動態位姿矩陣、靜態對象的靜態位姿矩陣、動態位置、預設的閥值矩陣和初始投影圖像生成目標圖像和目標投影圖像，將待識別圖像輸入到由預設初始深度圖像、目標圖像、目標投影圖像及深度識別網路生成的深度識別模型中，得到識別結果。
Patent TW-I812423-B (TW)
Inventor: LIN CHIN TE
IPC: G06F30/20
Filed: 2022-08-23
Granted: 2023-08-11
Abstract: The present invention relates to a distributed structure design system, comprising: a user layer configured to execute a smart structure design model to receive a plurality of basic design variables and generate a plurality of design conditions accordingly, wherein the design conditions are divided into a plurality of first design conditions and a plurality of second design conditions; a serving layer configured to receive the plurality of second design conditions and 
assign the plurality of second design conditions to a plurality of computing power units independent to each other to execute a structure analysis; a computing layer comprising a plurality of computing power units to execute the structure analysis to acquire a plurality of second analysis results based on the plurality of second design conditions. The user layer is configured to receive the plurality of second analysis results, train the smart structure design model accordingly and input the plurality of first design conditions into the smart structure design model to acquire a plurality of first analysis results.
Patent ZA-200106105-B (ZA)
Title: Highly purified ethyl EPA and other EPA derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Inventor: PEET MALCOLM
IPC: A61P9/10
Filed: 2001-07-25
Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation comprising EPA in an appropriately assimilable form where of all the fatty acids present in the preparation at least 90%, and preferably at least 95%, is in the form of EPA and where less than 5%, and preferably less than 3%, is in the form of DHA is provided for the treatment of a psychiatric or central nervous disorder. The preparation may be administered with conventional drugs to treat psychiatric or central nervous disorders including anxiety, sleep disorder, attention deficit, hyperactivity, schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.
Patent ZA-200108944-B (ZA)
Title: Cell adhesion-inhibiting antiinflammatory and immunesuppressive compounds.
Inventor: LINK JAMES
IPC: C07D207/16
Filed: 2001-10-30
Abstract: The present invention relates to cinnamide compounds of formula (I), in which at least one of R1 to R5 is a "cis-cinnamide" (a) or a "trans-cinnamide" (b) and the other variables are as defined in the claims, that are useful for treating inflammatory and immune diseases, to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and to methods of inhibiting inflammation or suppressing immune response in a mammal. <CHEM>
Patent ZA-200200025-B (ZA)
Title: Method for protecting power semiconductors of a power converter and converter implementing same.
Inventor: MONNOM OLIVIER
IPC: H03K17/082
Filed: 2002-01-02
Abstract: The active clamping control method involves using at least one power interrupter connected to a clamping device with a voltage threshold, preferably connected between the power terminal and the control of interrupter. In this way the maintenance of maximum allowable voltage at the interrupter poles is ensured, by inhibiting the clamping function when the interrupter is off. The mechanism for maintaining the maximum allowable voltage includes an inhibition interrupter connected between the clamping device and the control of power interrupter. Independent claims are included for an active control device.
Patent ZA-200208666-B (ZA)
Title: Cut resistant fabric for protective textiles.
Inventor: VANASSCHE ROGER
IPC: B32B5/02
Filed: 2002-10-25
Abstract: A fabric comprising elongated steel elements is provided. This fabric is to be used to provide cut-resistance or reinforcement for protective textiles. Elongated steel elements are in contact relationship, so improving the resistance to knife cutting actions.
Patent ZA-200301001-B (ZA)
Title: Method for producing paper machine clothing.
Inventor: HANSEN ROBERT A
IPC: D21F1/10
Filed: 2001-10-03
Abstract: A papermaker's fabric is manufactured by spirally winding a laminated structure in a plurality of turns. The laminated structure has a bottom layer and a top layer, both of which are strips having a common width. The bottom layer and the top layer are laminated to one another in a transversely offset manner, so that an unlaminated portion of the bottom layer is along one lateral edge of the laminated structure and an unlaminated portion of the top layer is along the other lateral edge. When the laminated structure is spirally wound, the unlaminated portion of the top layer in one turn overlies the unlaminated portion of the bottom layer in an adjacent turn. These are joined to one another to form the papermaker's fabric from the spirally wound structure.
Patent ZA-200404459-B (ZA)
Title: Improved windshield wiper having reduced friction characteristics
Inventor: SHARABURA SCOTT D
IPC: B60S1/38
Filed: 2004-06-07
Abstract: A wiper blade made of a compound having a methyl vinyl silicone polymer, a filler, and a friction-reducing additive is provided. The friction-reducing additive is present in an amount from between about 5 and 42 weight percent. The average particle size of the friction-reducing additive is preferably less than about 25 microns, thereby permitting extrusion of the compound into the shape of a wiper blade. Polytetrafluoroethylene is preferred as a friction-reducing additive, but other substances, such as boron nitride or graphite could be used.
Patent ZA-200407711-B (ZA)
Title: Process for preparing a finely self-emulsifiable pharmaceutical composition
Inventor: GAO PING
IPC: A61K9/107
Filed: 2004-09-23
Abstract: An orally deliverable pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a drug of low water solubility and a solvent liquid that comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, at least one pharmaceutically acceptable fatty acid and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable organic amine, wherein (a) a substantial portion, for example at least about 15% by weight, of the drug is in dissolved or solubilized form in the solvent liquid, and (b) the fatty acid and the organic amine are present in total and relative amounts such that the composition is finely self-emulsifiable in simulated gastric fluid. A process for preparing such a composition is also provided.
Patent ZA-200503200-B (ZA)
Title: Systems and techniques for resstoring and maintaining intervertebral anatomy.
Inventor: FOLEY KEVIN T
IPC: A61F2/30
Filed: 2005-04-20
Abstract: Techniques and systems for distracting a spinal disc space and supporting adjacent vertebrae are provided. Trial instruments are insertable into the disc space to determine a desired disc space height and to select a corresponding implant. Implants can be also self-distracting and the implant providing the desired disc space height can be implanted in the spinal disc space.
Patent ZA-200506014-B (ZA)
Title: Routing procedure for a communication system
Inventor: KAURANEN KARI
IPC: H04W60/00
Filed: 2005-07-27
Abstract: A mechanism for performing routing in a communication system including a radio access network and a plurality of core networks connected to the radio access network. In order to accomplish a mechanism whereby the routing of a registration request to a serving core network, and also the rejection of a registration request, can be carried out in a controlled manner, a core network is first selected for a registration request received. The registration request is then forwarded to the selected core network and, in response to at least one predetermined criterion being fulfilled, the selected core network is notified that the registration request is to be served by that core network, i.e. that the registration request cannot be rerouted to another core network.
Patent ZA-200705049-B (ZA)
Title: Beverage machine with height-adjustable device for controlling distance between beverage recipient and outlet
Inventor: CHRISTOPHE BOUSSEMART
IPC: A47J/
Filed: 2007-06-08
Abstract: A beverage machine for the preparation of beverages comprises: 
- a frame (10), and 
- a beverage outlet (14) adapted to deliver a beverage in a recipient (9) placed in a beverage service area (2), The machine comprises a drip collecting means (8) which is configured to be selectively placed below or around the beverage outlet (14) to collect liquid or froth when the machine is not delivering the beverage and/or when the recipient is removed from the beverage service area.
Patent ZA-202304852-B (ZA)
Title: Radio network performance optimization system and method
Inventor: CHOWDHURY SHOMENATH ROY
Filed: 2023-04-28
Abstract: Described herein is a radio network performance optimization system and method. The present invention is configured to improve network performance field processes, network performance solution, network performance data analytics as well as management information. The system includes a field process automation module, a network performance data analytics module and a management module. The field process automation module is configured to automate field processes in a drive testing procedure. The network performance data analytics module is configured to perform centralized automated analytics on the data retrieved from the field process automation module. The management module is configured to provide manage the field process automation module and the network performance data analytics module.
Patent MX-348020-B (MX)
Title: Steel for leaf spring with high fatigue strength, and leaf spring component.
Inventor: MAMORU AKEDA
IPC: C22C38/50
Filed: 2010-12-15
Abstract: Disclosed is steel for a leaf spring with high fatigue strength, which contains, in mass%, 0.40-0.54% of C, 0.40-0.90% of Si, 0.40-1.20% of Mn, 0.70-1.50% of Cr, 0.070-0.150% of Ti, 0.0005-0.0050% of B and 0.0100% or less of N, with the balance made up of Fe and unavoidable impurities. Also disclosed is a leaf spring component with high fatigue strength, which is obtained by shaping the steel for a leaf spring. The Ti content and the N content in the steel for a leaf spring satisfy the following relation: Ti/N = 10. The leaf spring component has been preferably subjected to shot peening that is carried out in a temperature range from room temperature to 400ËC, while applying a bending stress of 650-1900 MPa to the leaf spring component.
Patent MX-338690-B (MX)
Title: Plug space plug filter with flavor bead.
Inventor: LEE ROBERT E
IPC: A24D3/04
Filed: 2011-03-28
Abstract: A filter component (220) for a smoking article (200) includes an upstream segment (230) of filter material; a downstream segment (240) of filter material in a spaced apart relation to the upstream segment (230) of filter material so as to define a cavity (250) therebetween, and a single flavor bead (260) disposed in the cavity (250). The flavor bead comprises tobacco particles and water and has (260) an outer diameter, which is at least 75% of the spaced apart relation of the upstream segment (230) of filter material and the downstream segment (240) of filter material. The outer diameter of the flavor bead (260) does not exceed an outer diameter of either the upstream or
Patent MX-339470-B (MX)
Title: Nicotine containing formulation.
Inventor: MEHTA BHARAT PRAVINCHANDRA
IPC: A01N43/40
Filed: 2010-12-01
Abstract: Disclosed is nicotine containing solid oral transmucosal dosage forms containing a therapeutically effective amount of nicotine polacrilex, citric acid monohydrate, sucrose and liquid glucose. The dosage form is preferably in the form of lozenge.
Patent MX-354416-B (MX)
Title: Nalbuphine-based formulations and uses thereof.
Inventor: SUPLIE PASCAL
IPC: A61K9/20
Filed: 2011-08-18
Abstract: An immediate-release oral pharmaceutical formulation comprising nalbuphine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one hydrophilic granulation substrate, one hydrophilic binder and one lubricant.
Patent MX-335984-B (MX)
Title: Multimode traction system.
Inventor: HAPKA ROGER J
IPC: B60K23/04
Filed: 2011-12-13
Abstract: A vehicle (2, 102) is described having plural modes of operation for a front and rear differential (68, 72) and whereupon start-up of the vehicle, the front and rear differentials are opened to their most open position.
Patent MX-355445-B (MX)
Title: Tube and baffle arrangement in a once-through horizontal evaporator.
Inventor: PAUL J CHAPMAN
IPC: F22B17/00
Filed: 2013-01-17
Abstract: Disclosed herein is a once-through evaporator comprising an inlet manifold; one or more inlet headers in fluid communication with the inlet manifold; one or more tube stacks, where each tube stack comprises one or more inclined evaporator tubes; the one or more tube stacks being in fluid communication with the one or more inlet headers; where the inclined tubes are inclined at an angle of less than 90 degrees or greater than 90 degrees to a vertical; one or more outlet headers in fluid communication with one or more tube stacks; and an outlet manifold in fluid communication with the one or more outlet headers; and a baffle system comprising a plurality of baffles; the baffle system being disposed adjacent to a tube stack so that the baffle system contacts a tube.
Patent MX-337569-B (MX)
Title: Prion protein ligands and methods of use.
Inventor: MAMMOND DAVID J
IPC: C07K5/083
Filed: 2005-06-02
Abstract: Ligands that bind to prion proteins and methods for using the ligands for detecting or removing a prion protein from a sample, such as a biological fluid or an environmental sample. The ligands are capable of binding to one or more forms of prion protein including cellular prion protein (PrPc), infectious prion protein (PrPsc), and recombinant prion protein (PrPr). Prions from various species, including humans and hamsters, are bound by the ligands. Also provided is a method of treating or retarding the development of a prion-associated pathology in a subject.
Patent MX-344944-B (MX)
Title: Encrypted optically variable image.
Inventor: KARLO IVAN JOLIC
IPC: G07D7/128
Filed: 2013-10-23
Abstract: A method for creating an encrypted image, having encrypted image pixels, from a 5 halftone image having halftone pixels and a two-tone image having two-tone pixels, wherein each encrypted image pixel has a first region and a second region, wherein for each encrypted image pixel: both the first region and the second region have a first colour when a corresponding halftone pixel has a first halftone value; and depending on a value of a corresponding two-tone pixel, the 10 first region has one of the first colour and a second colour and the second region has the other of the first colour and the second colour when a corresponding halftone pixel has a second halftone value.
Patent MX-342151-B (MX)
Title: Sucker rod apparatus and method.
Inventor: Russell p rutledge
IPC: E21B43/12
Filed: 2012-08-09
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a fiberglass rod with connectors on each end. Each connector has a rod-receiving receptacle having an open end, a closed end, and axially spaced annular wedge shaped surfaces such that the compressive forces between the rod and the respective connector are defined by the shape of the wedged surfaces.