Patent GB-993132-A (GB)
Title: Improving the taste of edible plant extracts by dialysis
IPC: B01D61/44
Filed: 1961-09-27
Abstract: The taste of edible plant extracts such as fruit and vegetable juices is improved by bringing the extract and an electrolyte solution into contact with respective oposite sides of an ion-selective membrane to change the pH value of the extract to a desired value affording improved taste by substitution of ions from the electrolyte for ions originally present in the extract. Thus the pH of grapefruit juice and orange juice may be raised from 3.1 and 3.3 to 3.6 and 3.8, respectively, utilizing a membrane formed entirely of anion-exchange material, for example a film of styrenized polythene, and caustic alkali solution. Similarly, the pH of tomato juice may be reduced from 4.2 to 3.7 utilizing a membrane formed entirely of cation-exchange material and dilute sulphuric acid. The electrolyte solution may contain one or more of the following ions, as appropriate:- hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, sulphate, acetate, citrate, lactate, chloride, hydroxyl, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate and phosphate.  The ion exchange may occur under the influence of an electric field. The extract and the electrolyte solution may flow through a multichamber electrodialysis apparatus having a plurality of alternating extract and electrolyte solution chambers separated from each other by ion-selective membranes and a direct current may be passed in series through the chambers and membranes between electrodes disposed in two end chambers. The desired pH value is achieved by controlling the relative flow rates of extract and electrolyte solution, and the current density. The direction of the current may be periodically reversed, for example automatically at 30-minute intervals, to remove materials which tend to stop up the pores of the membranes, thereby to keep the electrical resistance of the membranes substantially constant.  The solution flowing in the two end chambers may be the same as or different from that flowing through the other electrolyte solution chambers.  A preferred apparatus, adapted to deliver at least 250 U.S. gallons per hour of juice, employs twelve juice compartments, thirteen electrolyte solution compartments and two electrode compartments substantially rectangular in cross-section with the membranes having an approximate area of three feet square.  Stainless steel electrodes produce an effective current density of the order of 20 amperes per square foot, and the anolyte and catolyte solutions are predominantly of sodium hydroxide or sodium sulphate.  The flow of electrolyte solution through the apparatus is at right angles to the flow of the extract.  The power consumption for treating 1,000 gallons of extract is 80 kilowatt-hours. By decreasing the thickness of each frame from 1/4 inch to 1/8 inch the voltage requirements could be halved.ALSO:The taste of edible plant extracts such as fruit and vegetable juices is improved by bringing the extract and an electrolyte solution into contact with respective opposite sides of an ion-selective membrane to change the pH value of the extract to a desired value affording improved taste by substitution of ions from the electrolyte for ions originally present in the extract. Thus the pH of grapefruit juice and orange juice may be raised from 3.1 and 3.3 to 3.6 and 3.8 respectively, utilizing a membrane formed entirely of anion-exchange material, for example a film of styrenized polythene, and caustic alkali solution. Similarly, the pH of tomato juice may be reduced from 4.2 to 3.7 utilizing a membrane formed entirely of cation-exchange material and dilute sulphuric acid.  The electrolyte solution may contain one or more of the following ions, as appropriate:- hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, sulphate, acetate, citrate, lactate, chloride, hydroxyl, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate and phosphate.  The ion exchange may occur under the influence of an electric field.  The extract and the electrolyte solution may flow through a multichamber electrodialysis apparatus having a plurality of alternating extract and electrolyte solution chambers separated from each other by ion-selective membranes and a direct current may be passed in series through the chambers and membranes between electrodes disposed in two end chambers.  The desired pH value is achieved by controlling the relative flow rates of extract and electrolyte solution, and the current density.  The direction of the current may be periodically reversed, for example automatically at 30-minute intervals, to remove materials which tend to stop up the pores of the membranes, thereby to keep the electrical resistance of the membranes substantially constant.  The solution flowing in the two end chambers may be the same as or different from that flowing through the other electrolyte solution chambers.  A preferred apparatus, adapted to deliver at least 250 U.S. gallons per hour of juice, employs twelve juice compartments, thirteen electrolyte solution compartments and two electrode compartments substantially rectangular in cross-section with the membranes having an appropriate area of three feet square.  Stainless steel electrodes produce an effective current density of the order of 20 amperes per square foot, and the anolyte and catolyte solutions are predominantly of sodium hydroxide or sodium sulphate.  The flow of electrolyte solution through the apparatus is at right angles to the flow of the extract.  The power consumption for treating 1,000 gallons of extract is 80 kilowatt-hours.  By decreasing the thickness of each frame from 1/4 inch to 1/8 inch the voltage requirements could be halved.