baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20090052127-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK KI NAM
IPC: A23L11/20
Filed: 2007-11-20
Abstract: 본 발명은 면류 양념장 및 그 제조 방법에 관한 것으로서, 보다 상세하게는 쫄면류 양념장 및 그 제조 방법에 관한 것이다.  
     본 발명의 양념장은 고추장 15 - 30 중량%, 고춧가루 5 - 20 중량%, 설탕 10 - 30 중량%, 식용유 3 - 10 중량%, 식초 0.5 - 3 중량%, 멸치·다시다 육수 10 - 20 중량%, 마늘·생강 육수 5 - 20 중량%  및 석류 엑기스 0.5 - 3 중량%로 이루어져 있으며, 석류 엑기스가 혼합되어 있어, 면류과 함께 사용할 경우, 다양한 풍미와 기호를 제공할 수 있다.   
     석류 엑기스
Patent KR-20080063061-A (KR)
Title: System for printing and control method thereof
Inventor: IM JUNG HYUCK
IPC: G06F15/16
Filed: 2007-11-23
Abstract: A printing system and a control method thereof are provided to perform a printing job efficiently and shorten printing time by distributing and printing a document through a plurality of networked terminal devices, and enable a user to obtain prints conveniently without any collecting and arranging process by arranging printing data converted in the printing system and printing the printing data in arranged order. A first terminal(110a) converts a part of printing data of a document to be printed. Other terminals(110n) receive the remaining part of the document from the first terminal and convert the received document into printing data. An image forming device(120) prints the printing data received from the first and other terminals. The first terminal includes a printer driver(113a) dividing the document into a plurality of parts and a controller(112a) transmitting the divided documents to other terminals. The image forming device includes the controller(123) searching the terminal having the same printer driver as the first terminal and informing the first terminal of the searched terminals, and a storing part(122) storing information for the printer driver of the first and other terminals. A printing engine part(124) receives one document in which arranged printing data are integrated, and prints the arranged printing data on a paper.
Patent KR-20090053462-A (KR)
Inventor: JIN SANG SU
IPC: G06F13/14
Filed: 2007-11-23
Abstract: 본 발명은 직렬링크 인터페이스에서 송수신 신호가 최적의 이득, 주파수 및 파워를 갖도록 자동으로 가변 제어함과 아울러 최적의 신호 상태에서 자동 프리즈(Auto Freeze)가 가능한 직렬링크 인터페이스의 적응 제어 장치 및 그 방법에 관한 것으로, 이를 위하여 가변조절부에서 출력된 신호와 소정의 기준신호를 상호 비교하여 그 결과값을 카운트한 후 카운트된 결과값이 미리 설정된 증감 기준횟수를 초과할 경우 가변조절부의 출력을 제어하고, 상기 가변조절부의 출력을 제어할 때마다 증감 기준횟수를 누적하고, 누적된 증감 기준횟수가 미리 설정된 프리즈(Freeze)기준횟수를 초과할 경우 자동 프리즈 상태로 동작하는 자동프리즈적응제어부를 구비한다. 
     
     직렬링크 인터페이스, 적응 제어, 프리즈, 이득 조절
Patent KR-20080047994-A (KR)
Title: Lithium ion battery, battery assembly, battery assembly module, vehicle and method of manufacturing cathode electrode of lithium ion battery
Inventor: HISAMITSU YASUNARI
IPC: H01M4/13
Filed: 2007-11-26
Abstract: A lithium ion battery, a battery pack containing a plurality of the lithium ion batteries, a battery pack module containing the battery pack, a vehicle containing the battery pack module, and a method for preparing a cathode of a lithium ion battery are provided to improve heat resistance and lifetime. A lithium ion battery(1) comprises an anode(5); a cathode(4) which comprises an electrolyte solution-type cathode layer(7) and a gas absorption reinforced cathode layer(8); and an electrolyte layer(6) which comprises a supporting medium and an electrolyte and is formed between the anode and the cathode. Preferably the electrolyte solution-type cathode layer comprises a first cathode material and an electrolyte solution, the gas absorption reinforced cathode layer comprises a polymer cathode layer and a second cathode material, and the first cathode material has a thermal stability higher than that of the second cathode material.
Patent KR-20090054727-A (KR)
Title: The cushion of hydraulic cylinder for high voltage gis
Inventor: CHOI KYU BOK
IPC: H01H33/32
Filed: 2007-11-27
Abstract: A cushion of hydraulic cylinder for high voltage GIS is provided to prevent deterioration of a cushion function by releasing internal impact of a hydraulic cylinder which is generated in switching of a high pressure GIS(Gas Insulated Switchgear). A hydraulic cylinder cushion apparatus(100) for a high pressure GIS includes a cushion body(10) and a cushion ring(20). The cushion body is fixed to a cylinder tube for preventing the impact with a head block when a cylinder road is operated. An opening and closing passage(13) are formed in the cushion body, and a hydraulic oil passes through opening and closing passage of a cylinder rod. The cushion ring release impact in opening and closing of the cylinder rod, and the cushion body comprises an auxiliary ring(30).
Patent KR-20090065875-A (KR)
Title: Power supply to protect open load using electromagnetic induction
Inventor: HONG YOUNG GUN
IPC: G09G3/36
Filed: 2007-12-18
Abstract: A power supply device for detecting the open state of load by using electromagnetic induction is provided to detect current flowing on a current counterpoise unit by using electromagnetic induction, thereby facilitating the insulation design of a transformer. A power supply unit(210) supplies driving power for running one or more load. A current counterpoise unit(220) maintains the current balance of the driving power supplied to each load. A detection unit(230) detects current flowing in the current counterpoise unit through the electromagnetic induction, and the detection unit outputs a detection signal. A controller(240) determines open existence and nonexistence of the load according to the detection signal.
Patent KR-20090072313-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for making etching area on substrate
Inventor: YANG CHUNG MO
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 2007-12-28
Abstract: An apparatus for forming an etching region on a substrate is provided to prevent deformation and damage to a stamp by performing a hardening process of two hardening steps with two hardening parts. A chamber part(2) provides an encapsulating space of a fixed size. A stamp(4) includes a pattern surface for dividing an etching region and a non-etching region, and is fixed to a holder inside the chamber part. A stage(8) loads a substrate(G), and performs an up/down operation toward the stamp. A first hardening part(10) primarily hardens a chemical solution layer(G1) of the substrate by a thermal source or a light source after the substrate is attached with the stamp. A second hardening part secondarily hardens the chemical solution layer of the substrate by an ultraviolet ray after the substrate is separated from the stamp.
Patent KR-20070048698-A (KR)
Inventor: RISBERG TOVE
IPC: F28F/
Filed: 2005-06-14
Abstract: 판형 열교환기용 유입통로 배치물이 개시된다. 배치물은 판형 교환기의 유입통로에 배치될 분산개구부를 갖는 구성요소를 포함한다. 유입통로 배치물(1)은 유입통로(5)에 삽입될 때 대부분 들어맞는 실린더 벽을 형성하도록 배치된다. 실린더 벽은 부분적으로 또는 전체적으로 유입통로의 길이방향과 나란하게 연장되고, 판형 열교환기의 유입통로를 향해 밀접하게 배치되는 적어도 하나의 개구부(6)를 포함한다. 나아가 개구부(6)는 수직에 대하여 일정각도로 일 측방향으로 향하게 된다. 이와 같은 유입통로 배치물(1)의 용도 또한 개시된다. 
       
     실린더 벽, 판, 개구부, 슬롯, 유입통로
Patent KR-20070070155-A (KR)
Title: Semiconductor manufacturing apparatus
Inventor: TOKUDA NORIFUMI
IPC: H01L21/02
Filed: 2005-01-11
Abstract: A semiconductor manufacturing apparatus is provided for preventing breakage and deformation of a semiconductor substrate without deteriorating operability in processing. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus is provided with a stage (100) for placing the semiconductor substrate (30). The stage (100) is made of a metal and is provided with a first metal part (10), which abuts to the placed semiconductor substrate (30), and a conductive elastic body part (20) made of a conductive elastic body and abuts to the semiconductor substrate (30). A foreign material (40) is embedded in the conductive elastic body part (20).
Patent KR-20070038138-A (KR)
Inventor: BUDAKER MARTIN
IPC: F16H25/22
Filed: 2005-07-18
Abstract: 본 발명은 나사형 스핀들(2)과 너트(3)를 구비한, 차량의 특히 자동차의 전기 기계식 조향 시스템을 위한 볼 베어링 헬리컬 기어 기구에 관한 것이며, 상기 나사형 스핀들(2)과 너트(3)에는 너트(3) 내부에 하중을 지지하는 볼 베어링(5)을 함께 수용하기 위한 볼 베어링 경로(4)가 제공되며, 너트(3)는 볼 베어링을(5)을 볼 베어링 경로(4) 내로 배출 및 도입하기 위한 볼 베어링 경로 변경 부재들(6)을 포함한다.  특히 나사형 스핀들(2)에 횡방향 힘이 작용하는 경우 볼 베어링 헬리컬 기어 기구(1)의 균일한 저소음 작동에 의해 볼 베어링이 안내되기 위해, 볼 베어링 경로(4)로의 전이 영역(8)에 볼 베어링 경로 변경 부재들(6)를 갖는 너트(3)는, 접촉 또는 가압 각도(22)의 높이에서 볼 베어링 경로(4)의 고딕식 경로 프로파일(16)의 포크 구조가 전이 영역에서 형성되고 볼 베어링(5)에 대한 나사형 스핀들(2)의 볼 베어링 경로(4)의 접촉면이 대략 연속해서 점진적으로 변경되어 하중 도입 및 하중 배출 구역(10)으로부터 부드러운 볼 베어링(5)의 규정된 도입 및 배출을 보장하도록 구성된다.  볼 베어링(5)은 볼 베어링 경로(4) 내에서 대략 두 개 이상의 나사 터언에 걸쳐서 폐쇄된 체인(7)으로 배치된다.  
     
      볼 베어링 헬리컬 기어 기구, 나사형 스핀들, 너트, 볼 베어링 경로
Patent KR-20070029841-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving a data symbol stream
Inventor: ROUQUETTELEVEL STEPHANIE
IPC: H04B7/08
Filed: 2005-07-07
Abstract: A transmitter comprises a block generator (109) which divides a data symbol stream into data symbol blocks. A divide processor (111) divides each block into a first set of data symbols stored in a first set buffer (113) and a second set of data symbols stored in a second set buffer (115). A space time block encoder (117) codes the first set in accordance with a space time block code to generate a coded set of data symbols. A parallel processor (119) then creates a plurality of parallel data streams from the coded set and the second set. Each of the parallel data streams is allocated to one of a plurality of antennas (129-135). A plurality of parallel stream transmitters (121-127) transmits the parallel data streams in parallel in a communication channel from the plurality of transmit antennas (129-135). ® KIPO & WIPO 2007
Patent KR-20070055516-A (KR)
Inventor: SUGIMORI YASUO
IPC: H03F1/02
Filed: 2005-09-14
Abstract: 정전 용량 검출 소자에 의한 검출 정밀도를 저하시키지 않고, 소규모의 회로 구성으로 저소비 전력의 신호 증폭 회로를 제공한다.  교류 결합(AC coupled)된 증폭기(2)와, 상기 교류 결합의 기준이 되는 직류의 바이어스 전압 V1을 발생하는 전압 발생 회로(3)와, 상기 바이어스 전압 V1을 증폭기(2)에 전달하는 전달 수단 R4를 구비한다.  정전 용량 검출 소자(1)가 출력하는 미소 전압 신호를 교류 성분으로 하여 바이어스 전압 V1에 중첩시켜서 증폭한다.  전술한 바와 같이 구성된 신호 증폭 회로는, 이하와 같은 특징이 있다.  즉, 정전 용량 검출 소자로부터 보았을 때, 전달 수단 R4의 입력 임피던스가, 정전 용량 검출 소자(1)의 출력 임피던스보다 높아지도록 구성된다. 
       
     증폭기, 드레인 전류, 가속도 센서, 임피던스, 바이어스 전압, 정전 용량, 저항기, 교류 결합
Patent KR-20070044490-A (KR)
Inventor: O'NEILL ALAN
IPC: H04L47/80
Filed: 2005-07-20
Abstract: 다수의 사용자(510, 520, 530) 및 서로 다른 사전 할당 자원 집합(512, 522, 532)을 포함하며, 상기 사전 할당 자원 집합 중 제 1 집합으로부터의 자원들을 사용하도록 제 1 사용자가 지정되는 통신 시스템에서 사용하는 방법은 상기 제1 사용자가 상기 제 1 사용자에게 지정된 사전 할당 자원을 초과하는 통신 서비스에 대한 자원을 요청할 때를 결정하는 단계; 상기 제 1 사용자가 상기 제 1 사용자에게 지정된 사전 할당 자원을 초과하는 자원을 요청하고 있다는 결정에 응답하여, 제 2 사전 할당 자원 집합(514, 524, 534)으로부터 상기 제 1 사용자에 대한 재할당 자원을 제공하는 단계; 상기 재할당 자원의 적어도 일부에 대해 제 2 사용자를 크레디트(credit) 하는 단계; 및 상기 재할당 자원의 적어도 일부에 대한 요금을 상기 제 1 사용자에게 청구하는 단계를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20070083659-A (KR)
Title: Lateral seal of a casting gap formed between two casting rollers of a strip casting machine
Inventor: BARBE JACQUES
IPC: B22D11/06
Filed: 2005-09-15
Abstract: Disclosed is a lateral seal of a casting gap formed between two casting rollers of a strip casting machine. Said lateral seal can be placed against the casting rollers on the front face. The inventive lateral seal (10) comprises a first moist part (12) and a second part (13) that is assigned to the front faces of the casting rollers (1, 2). Said second part (13) forms a type of snout shape encompassing two legs which extend along the front faces of the casting rollers, join each other at the bottom, above a kissing point, so as to form a common area, and between which the first part (12) protrudes from above. An insulating layer (18) which separates the two parts (12, 13) from each other is inserted between said first and second part.
Patent KR-20070073792-A (KR)
Title: Pump with selectable outlet pressure
Inventor: WILLIAMSON MATTHEW
IPC: F04D15/00
Filed: 2005-09-20
Abstract: Two embodiments are provided. In the first embodiment a variable capacity vane pump has a slide ring which is moveable to alter the capacity of the pump and the pump can be operated at either of at least two selected equilibrium pressures. The slide ring is moved by a control piston with dual control surfaces, the control piston being received in a housing on the pump case and the two control surfaces cooperating with the housing to form two chambers in which pressurized working fluid can be received. When pressurized fluid is supplied to only one chamber, the pump operates at a first equilibrium pressure and when pressurized fluid is also supplied to the second chamber, the pump operates at a second equilibrium pressure. If the relevant areas of the chambers differ, three equilibrium pressures can be selected between by applying pressurized fluid to one, or the other or both chambers. In the second embodiment, a fixed capacity pump has a pressure relief valve piston with two control surfaces forming chambers with the pump housing similarly to the first embodiment, such that the pump can be operated at either of at least two selected equilibrium pressures.
Patent KR-20070093979-A (KR)
Title: Communication route optimization method, corresponding apparatus and system
Inventor: HIRANO JUN
IPC: H04W88/18
Filed: 2005-12-14
Abstract: It is an object of the present invention that a suitable correspondent router or suitable route is found when route will be optimized between a mobile node (MN) or a mobile router (MR) and a correspondent node (CN) by using a correspondent router (CR). MN 125, the home agent (HA) 140 of MR 120 or a plurality of CRs forms collaborating relation in advance. A member of the collaborating relation maintains addresses of other members belonging to the same collaborating relation. When the address of CN 160 is embedded in the header portion (mobility header) of data 201 from MN or MR, HA refers to its list of other members to search a suitable CR 142 for CN 160. HA sends RBU message 204 including binding information of MN or MR to the found suitable CR 142. Thereby, MN or MR can establish a tunnel with CR and route is optimized.
Patent KR-20070094762-A (KR)
Title: Vaccines against neisseria meningitidis
Inventor: TANG CHRISTOPH MARCEL
IPC: A61K38/04
Filed: 2005-12-23
Abstract: Various polypeptides, or a variant or fragment thereof or a fusion of these are described which are useful in a vaccine. The polypeptide may be a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID Nos (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68); or a fragment or variant thereof or a fusion of such fragment or variant, and is useful in a vaccine against Neisseira meningitidis.
Patent KR-20070094787-A (KR)
Title: Ceramic multilayer board and method for manufacturing same
Inventor: KAWAKAMI HIROMICHI
IPC: H01L23/12
Filed: 2006-03-03
Abstract: A ceramic multilayer board having excellent migration proofness and a high bonding strength between a resin sealing material and a ceramic multilayer board main body, and a method for manufacturing such ceramic multilayer board are provided. The multilayer board main body (2) is entirely covered with a siloxane film formed by PVD method, including lands (16, 17) and external electrodes (24, 25). The thickness of the siloxane film is set below 100nm. Then, external electrodes (13, 14) of a mounting component (11) are electrically connected on the lands (16, 17) of the multilayer board main body (2) by a solder (19) and are firmly fixed. Then, a resin sealing material (4) for sealing the mounting component (11) is formed on the multilayer board main body (2).
Patent KR-20070103411-A (KR)
Title: Braking device for a rail vehicle
Inventor: WIESAND MANFRED
IPC: B60T17/22
Filed: 2006-02-14
Abstract: The invention relates to a braking device for a rail vehicle, in which a braking control unit is linked to braking units via a data bus system. According to the invention, the data bus system is designed to transmit telegrams and a fail-safe unit is assigned to the data bus system to identify transmission errors. Said fail-safe unit is linked on the output side to braking units of the service brake and the emergency brake, in order to trigger the braking units in the event of a transmission error.
Patent KR-20070094828-A (KR)
Title: Framework for providing digital home services
Inventor: JACOBY RONALD
IPC: H04N7/173
Filed: 2006-01-05
Abstract: The systems and methods of the present invention provide for a number of improvements to the TV consumption process, including personalization, community viewing, shared presence and context, messaging, access to ratings and recommendations (including community reviews), alerts, etc. One method that the present invention provides allows for the indication of a given user's context to be provided to other users, such as users in the given user's social network. The method comprises generating an indication of a change in context for a given user, the context comprising information regarding an action of the given user. The indication of the change in context for the given user is propagated to one or more users in the social network for the given user. The indication of the change in context of the given user is presented to users in the given user's social network in conjunction with TV content.
Patent KR-20070099647-A (KR)
Title: Variable reflector device
Inventor: KUIPER STEIN
IPC: G02B3/14
Filed: 2006-01-09
Abstract: A variable reflector device, comprising a reflector (6) arranged to direct light from a light source (7) and a casing (5) containing the reflector (6), a portion of said casing (5) being transparent to light directed by the reflector (6). The reflector (6) is formed by a meniscus (2) at an interface between two immiscible fluids (3,4) contained in said casing (5). According to this design, the spatial distribution of light from the light source is changeable by changing the shape of the meniscus between the two fluids. Since a change in shape of the meniscus is effected by a displacement of fluids rather than of mechanical parts, the change in reflector shape can generally be performed faster and with less energy consumption than is the case with previously known designs. Further, a meniscus between two immiscible fluids can, due to the nature of fluids, take on several different shapes, which is not the case when a solid body reflector is utilised.
Patent KR-20070115901-A (KR)
Title: Photodiode having hetero-junction between semi-insulating zinc oxide semiconductor thin film and silicon
Inventor: SHIMIZU KATSUYA
IPC: H01L31/10
Filed: 2005-06-16
Abstract: A photodiode which eliminates sensitivity reduction in a short wavelength region such as blue, an unavoidable problem posed by doping, resolves response reduction by the scattering of acceptor ions of impurities due to doping of impurities at the same time, and has very high sensitivity and fast response in a UV-IR range. A photodiode having a hetero-junction between a semi-insulating zinc oxide semiconductor thin film and silicon and comprising, basically, n-type silicon (1) and a semi-insulating zinc oxide semiconductor thin film (3) formed on the n-type silicon, characterized in that the n-type silicon forms a cathode region, and the formation of a semi-insulating zinc oxide semiconductor thin film produces a p-type inversion layer (4) at the upper portion of the n-type silicon in contact with the semi-insulating zinc oxide semiconductor thin film, the p-type inversion layer forming a photo-detection region and an anode region.
Patent KR-20080042036-A (KR)
Title: Method for producing foam rubber moulded parts and moulded parts produced by this method
Inventor: SCHMID OLIVER
IPC: B29C44/12
Filed: 2006-01-02
Abstract: For producing foam rubber moulded parts, for example spheres, balls, discs, sheets, cylinders or profiled pieces, it is proposed that only the outer layer (4) of the moulded part consists of foam rubber. For this purpose, firstly a solid or hollow inner core (3) of rubber or plastics material is positioned in a casting mould (1) with a cavity (2) made to match the outer dimensions of the moulded part. Subsequently, a dish-shaped intermediate space (4) between the inner core (3) and the inner wall (2a) of the cavity (2) of the casting mould (1) is filled with a mixture of a rubber composition and a blowing agent. After filling, the casting mould (1) is heated to a temperature at which the blowing agent is converted into a blowing gas, which makes the rubber composition expand, and at which the rubber composition in foam form is vulcanized to form an open-cell rubber. The finished, vulcanized moulded part is subsequently removed from the casting mould (1) and an outer skin that may be present is removed from the moulded part.
Patent KR-20070122204-A (KR)
Title: Zirconia- and cerium-oxide-based sintered bead
Inventor: NONNET EMMANUEL
IPC: C04B35/486
Filed: 2006-02-27
Abstract: The invention relates to a sintered bead having the following chemical composition, expressed in percentage by weight to give 100 %, namely: ZrO2 + HfO2 = 78-85 %; CeO2 = 15 %; Al2O3 > 0.1 %; additive > 0.1 %; impurities < 1 %, said additive being selected from MnO, MnO2, Fe 2O3, CuO, TiO2, Y2O3, Sb2O3, ZnO and mixtures thereof. The invention is suitable for use in microgrinding and microdispersion.
Patent KR-20080003347-A (KR)
Title: An application programming interface for discovering endpoints in a serverless peer to peer network
Inventor: WEISBERG TOMER
IPC: H04Q7/24
Filed: 2006-04-20
Abstract: Methods are described that facilitate presence publication which may include authorizing publication of presence at a first endpoint, if the publication is authorized, assembling a presence data structure, and broadcasting the presence data structure from the first endpoint. The method may also include the presence structure including a friendly name, contact information, and endpoint information. The method further including contact information in at least one of XML format, vCard format, and the endpoint information obtained from a peer name resolution protocol. The method may additionally include the presence data structure encoded as at least one of a generic discovery protocol message, a simple service discovery protocol message, and associating a globally unique identifier with the discovery protocol messages. The method may include a user entity authorizing presence publication, the user entity setting at least one of a default parameter authorizing publication of all presence, some presence, or no presence.
Patent KR-20070122492-A (KR)
Title: Method and device for recognizing a clutch slipping point
Inventor: KULBE ROLAND
IPC: F16D48/06
Filed: 2006-04-26
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recognizing a slipping point of a clutch that is connected to a driving motor. According to said method, the rotational speed of the driving motor as well as rotational speed values of the wheels that are driven by the driving motor are determined. The invention further relates to a device for carrying out the disclosed method. Because the exact clutch slipping point has to be used as a disengagement criterion for an automatic disengagement process of an electric parking brake in a motor vehicle, for example, a transmission ratio (f) that is formed from a quotient of the rotational speed values (vrad) of the wheels and the rotational speed (n) of the driving motor is determined, and the clutch slipping point is identified when the transmission ratio (f) and the rotational speed (n) of the driving motor are provided with a local minimum.
Patent KR-20080006573-A (KR)
Title: Optically anisotropic film, brightness increasing film, laminated optical film, and image display device using the same
Inventor: ICHIHASHI MITSUYOSHI
IPC: G02B1/08
Filed: 2006-03-29
Abstract: An optically anisotropic film comprising a liquid crystal compound forming a nematic phase or smectic A phase, the liquid crystalline phase satisfying the following inequality: n(450 nm)/ n(550 nm) < 1.0 in which each n(U) represents an intrinsic birefringence at a wavelength of U, wherein the optically anisotropic film (A) has an absolute in-plane retardation (Re) of 40 nm or less and a retardation in the thickness direction (Rth) of-10 nm or less.