Patent GB-719773-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to the determination of the number and/or sizes of particles or the like in a collection thereof
Inventor: GILLINGS DAVID WILLIAM
IPC: H03K21/00
Filed: 1950-05-04
Abstract: 719,773. Electronic counting-apparatus. NATIONAL COAL BOARD. May 4, 1951 [May, 4, 1950], No. 11078/50. Class 106 (1). [Also in Group XL(b)] The total number of particles and the number in each of several size groups in a collection is determined by scanning the collection or an image of it along a number of parallel lines by a beam of radiation or of charged particles so that an electric signal is produced each time the beam traverses the particle. The invention is described with reference to determining the number and size distribution of coal dust particles, on a slide, the apparatus being such that particles of such a size as to overlap two or more scanning lines are counted only once in the appropriate size group. Scanning methods.--Cover slips carrying the dust may be mounted on standard microscope slides by a ring of melted wax around the edge. A beam of light may be directed through the cover slip and slide on to a photo-electric cell which produces a pulse each time the beam is obscured by one of the particles. Alternatively a photo-micrograph may be prepared and scanned either by transmitted light or the photo-micrograph may be opaque or trans'ucent, the cell receiving reflected light. A photo-micrograph of the particles may be focused on to the screen of a conventional television camera, the image being scanned by an electron beam. The images of the particles themselves may be focused on to the screen. The screen is scanned over a rectangular area, the scanning lines being parallel to one side of the rectangle. Provided the scanning lines are parallel, however, they may be curved. The cross section of the beam should be less than that of the smallest particle likely to be encountered. Counting system (Fig. 5).-Negative puses produced by the scanning means are directed to a number of counting channels only one of which will be considered shown between dotted lines 45, 46. There should, however, be as many ehannels as particles liable to be encountered in a single scanning row. Counting valves 42A, 43A are arranged in a conventional counting ring in which each anode is direct-coupled to the control grids of all other valves in the ring (this direct coupling is not shown) and is connected through a selective connection, usually a condenser but in this case an electronic switch comprising valves 141, 158 to the next valve in the ring. Only one valve conducts at any time, and each received impulse blocks the conducting valve and renders the rest in the chain conducting. As each valve blocks it triggers a pulse generator which after an interval slightly less than the line scan time renders that valve again conductive so as to respond to a second pulse from a particle already encountered in the preceding scanning line. In the Figure negative pulses from the scanning apparatus pass through cathode follower 150 and diode 49 to block valve 43A (assuming this to be the only conducting valve in the ring). When the valve blocks the positive pulse developed at its anode is used to trigger the normally blocked valve 59 of a pair of valves 59, 65 forming a conventional flip-flop circuit which now reverses. The constants of the flip-flop circuit are such, that it reverts to its normal state just before the end of the period taken to scan a single line of the sample. The positive pulse produced at the anode of tube 59 is then fed via diode 154 to make valve 43A conductive again thus blocking all other valves in the chain: The signal developed across resistor 152 in the anode circuit of valve 59 is fed to winding 68 of a uniselector which is then prevented from homing and the pulse generated at the anode of this valve when it becomes conductive is fed to a further winding 76 to move the uniselector one step. At the end of the " engaged " period when the flip-flop restores to its normal position the negative pu'se produced at the anode of valve 65 is fed over the uniselector wiper to one of counters 81-84 which are also supplied with pulses direct from the scanning device. The counter to which the insulator arm feeds the pulse does not operate if it receives both pulses and hence only registers when the scanning of a wide particle is finished. One counter is associated with the corresponding contact of the uniselector 'in each channel and each particle is registered on the counter to which the unise'ector has stepped when the counter receives its single pulse. Transference of signals from scanning device to free channel.-When valve 59 unblocks at the commencement of the scanning period for which valve 43A is held blocked the anode .voltage of valve 59 is fed to the grids of triode sections 140 and 85 of double triode valves 141, 158, while part of the signal is reversed in polarity by a triode 155 and fed to the grids of triode sections 88, 142. During normal operation when the preceding valve in the chain is blocked, valve 43A would be conducting. If the valve is " engaged ", however, i.e. waiting for a second pulse from a particle, the signal is transferred to another valve to render it conducting. For example, when valve 42A blocks, a negative pulse is applied to the grids of triodes 88, 85. If valve 43A is " engaged " only triode sections 88 and 142 are conducting (since valve 59 is conducting) and the negative signal appears at the cathode point 143 and is passed to the pairs of triodes associated with the next valve in the ring. If valve 43A is " disengaged ", triodes 85 and 140 conduct and the negative pulse from valve 42A produces a posititive pulse at anode point 166 which is used to render valve 43A conductive and responsive to the next signal from the scanning means. An arrangement is described with reference to Fig.' 3 of the Provisional Specification in which the counting valves are triodes and the electronic switch comprises one double triode only.