baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20160147596-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM CHEONG GYUN
IPC: F17C13/04
Filed: 2015-06-15
Abstract: The present invention relates to a push-connection type opening/closing valve having a structure which blocks or allows a gas flow through the small hole in a step of performing a reciprocal motion by pushing or pulling a push type handle in an axial direction by installing an X-shape double lip ring on an outer circumferential surface of a protrusion type hollow cylinder including a small hole along a central axis in a middle part of a valve body. Since a spring is inserted into a closed cylindrical space formed between an inner circumferential surface of the valve body and an outer circumferential surface of the push-type handle, a gas flow is blocked by a sealing action of the X-type double lip ring while a valve is closed when a user holds the push-type handle, pushes the spring in a vertical lower direction, and rotates the push-type handle clockwise or counterclockwise in order to close a vertical opening/closing valve and block a gas flow. On the contrary, in case of opening the valve, the push-type handle is automatically returned to an original position by elastic recovery force of the compressed spring, so the valve is opened when the push-type handle is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise. Thus, due to the X-type double lip ring, gas leakage prevention in an axial direction is excellent, sealing durability and stability are high, opening/closing operation by the spring is easy, and effect that abraded particles generated during a connection step enter a sealing part to be operated as a cause of gas leakage is small in comparison with a type to close a valve by a screw. Moreover, due to a push type, a time required for the opening/closing operation is largely reduced, so workability is excellent.
Patent KR-20160149607-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE IL GU
IPC: G06Q50/00
Filed: 2015-06-18
Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, disclosed is a social network service based recommendation information providing device which comprises: a conversation pattern information obtaining unit configured to obtain conversation pattern information by using a mutual reaction history between users; a corresponding information search unit configured to search for corresponding information which corresponds to a message of one of the users in function control information of a user terminal; and a recommendation information providing unit configured to provide at least one recommendation information in the corresponding information to the users.
Patent KR-20160150365-A (KR)
Title: 가스 조리기기
Inventor: PARK CHAN YEOB
IPC: F24C15/06
Filed: 2015-06-22
Abstract: 본 발명은 가스 조리기기에 관한 것으로, 탑 플레이트에 포밍 형성되는 그레이트 장착부가 형성되고, 그레이트에 상기 그레이트 장착부와 대응하는 안착부가 형성되어 상기 그레이트가 정렬 장착되도록 함과 동시에 간결한 상면 구조를 가지는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-20160112900-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE RAE DEUCK
IPC: G08B25/14
Filed: 2015-06-23
Abstract: In a safety management system which wirelessly senses states of group members and understands the state of safety through a remote management server in a small group activity, the present invention relates to the safety management system using a beacon-attached raincoat comprising: a beacon which is attached on a predetermined position of the raincoat in order to operate the sensor such that state information and a unique ID code of a group member are wirelessly transmitted in a specific frequency; a safety manager smart phone which reads the ID code and the state information wirelessly transmitted from the beacon, and then corresponds the ID code and the state information to pre-stored location information to combine safety state information; a management server which receives the safety state information of a group member transmitted from the safety manager smart phone, extracts data that the safety manager needs, and executes an application program of the safety manager; and a database server which stores the safety state information transmitted to the management server and extracts the safety state information. The safety management system using a beacon-attached raincoat, according to the present invention, can immediately transmit the state information of the raincoat to a safety manager in the small group activity like a military operation or a club mountain climbing, can reduce system configuration elements in comparison with the existing system. Since a relay and a concentrator are unnecessary between a management server and the beacon, the present invention improves reliability in comparison with the existing system. Therefore, costs for a system building and management can be reduced.
Patent KR-20160001668-A (KR)
Inventor: MAUREL HERVE
IPC: F16D25/08
Filed: 2015-06-24
Abstract: The present invention relates to an actuator (10) for a clutch of a vehicle. The actuator for a clutch of a vehicle includes: an output device (14) of the actuator to change a state of a clutch (E), wherein the state of the clutch is selected among a clutch connection state and a clutch disconnection state, by being acted to a control unit of the clutch (E) and moving between at least a first stopping position (P1) of an axial direction and a second moving position (P2) of the axial direction in the state of a load varied according to abrasion of the clutch (E) on a fixing reference unit (12); a control engine (18) for selectively displacing a driving unit (20) linked with at least an actuating device (22) applied to the output device (14); and an auxiliary unit (36) including at least an auxiliary spring (38) applying an auxiliary load to an auxiliary device (40), which is installed to move between a stopping foremost position determined by a first bearing unit (42) and an auxiliary foremost position determined by a second bearing unit (44) and to which the auxiliary device (40) moves by the auxiliary load through an application unit (52, 54, 58). The auxiliary device (40) is connected to the actuating device (22) through displacement by connection units (62, 64) capable of controlling a respective position of the auxiliary device (40) on the actuating device (22) in a one-way method, to compensate for the abrasion of the clutch (E) according to the second moving position (P2) in the axial direction in the load state of the output device (14).
Patent KR-20150084734-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM KYOUNG HO
IPC: H01M4/38
Filed: 2015-07-02
Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode comprising a current collector and an electrode material layer formed on the current collector, the electrode material layer comprising a first electrode material layer and a second electrode material layer which have different electrode active materials. According to the present invention, an electrode active material comprises a different first electrode material layer and the second electrode material layer, it is possible to increase the low-temperature output and energy density.
Patent KR-20170005529-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE JOON WOO
IPC: B60S1/04
Filed: 2015-07-06
Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a connection device of a wiper and a vehicle body comprises: a motor to drive a wiper; a motor bracket fixated to the motor; a cowl bracket fixated to a vehicle body by corresponding to the motor bracket; and a mounting unit forming a fixing structure between the motor bracket and the cowl bracket. The mounting unit can comprise a protrusion protruding from the motor bracket or the cowl bracket; and a socket where the protrusion is inserted to be fixated.
Patent KR-20170007930-A (KR)
Title: 제작이 용이한 싱크대용 상판
Inventor: KWON KI JUN
IPC: A47B77/02
Filed: 2015-07-13
Abstract: 본 발명은 제작이 용이한 싱크대용 상판에 관한 것으로서, 
수평플레이트; 
상기 수평플레이트의 후단부에 상방 돌출 형성된 수직플레이트; 
상기 수평플레이트의 전단부에 하방 돌출 형성된 스커트부;를 포함하되, 
상기 수평플레이트, 수직플레이트 및 스커트부는 벌크 몰딩 컴파운드를 압축성형하는 것에 의해 상호 일체로 형성된 것을 특징으로 하는 싱크대용 상판을 개시한다. 
본 발명에 의한 싱크대용 상판은, 상판을 이루는 각 부분이 벌크 몰딩 컴파운드를 압축성형하는 것에 의해 상호 일체로 형성됨으로써 별도의 조립 공정이 불필요하게 되고, 이에 따라 제작이 용이하며, 생산성이 향상되는 효과가 있다.
Patent KR-20170009128-A (KR)
Title: Circuit board and manufacturing method of the same
Inventor: LEE CHANG BO
IPC: H05K1/16
Filed: 2015-07-15
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a circuit board which includes an insulating layer, a first circuit layer embedded in one side of the insulating layer, a metal post disposed on the first circuit layer, and a barrier layer disposed on a part of the interface of the metal post and the first circuit layer. Also, the present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a circuit board which comprises a step of forming a barrier layer on at least one side of a carrier substrate, a step of forming a circuit layer on the barrier layer, a step of forming an insulating layer for embedding the circuit layer, a step of removing a part of the barrier layer to expose a part of the circuit layer, and a step of forming a metal post on the exposed circuit layer. So, the generation of a recess in the circuit board can be prevented.
Patent KR-20170011064-A (KR)
Inventor: KANG BONG HO
IPC: B63B25/16
Filed: 2015-07-21
Abstract: The present invention discloses a securing device of a storage tank for liquefied natural gas (LNG). According to the present invention, a securing device of a storage tank for LNG comprises: a first sealing wall contacting LNG and keeping the LNG liquid-tight; a first insulation wall installed in an outer side of the first sealing wall; and a second insulation wall installed in an outer side of the first insulation wall. The securing device comprises: an insulation wall securing device securing the first and the second insulation wall; and an insulation plug installed to insulate a space generated by an installment of the insulation wall securing device in an upper portion of the insulation wall securing device. As such, the present invention provides a securing device that is capable of stably securing a gap between the first and the second insulation wall, keeping an LNG storage tank insulated in a part of a space where the securing device is installed, so as to secure safety of a ship, etc., increasing convenience of installment work and a production thereof, and reducing production costs as well.
Patent KR-20170011706-A (KR)
Title: 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액ⅰ 제조방법. 외
Inventor: LEE YEON SU
IPC: C01B25/08
Filed: 2015-07-24
Abstract: 본 발명은 1. 그래핀에 CNT나 이산화티타늄 나노분말, 포스포린 중에서 1가지 이상을 선택하여 첨가 혼합하여 구성한 기능성 그래핀을 용매에 넣고 분산시켜 기능성 그래핀 슬러리로 구성한후, 냉동건조기에서 급속 동결, 진공 건조하여 용매를 승화시켜 기능성 그래핀 에어로젤로 구성한후, 용매에 넣고 기능성 그래핀 에어로젤에 펄스레이저를 조사하여 기능성 그래핀 에어로젤에 함유되어 있던 불순물을 제거하고, 보다 두께가 얇으며, 밀도가 크고 균일한 고품질의 기능성 그래핀을 박리하여 용매내에 분산시켜 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액Ⅰ을 구성하고, 2. 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액Ⅰ에 은나노 와이어, 구리 나노 와이어, 게르마늄 나노 와이어, 실리콘 나노 와이어, 산화아연 나노 와이어, 질화 갈륨 나노 와이어, 이산화티타늄 나노 와이어 중에서 선택한 나노 와이어를 첨가, 초음파로 분산시켜 보다 기능이 증가된 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액Ⅱ를 구성한후 3. 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액Ⅰ 또는 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액Ⅱ를 잉크젯 잉크에 첨가 분산시켜 잉크젯 코팅 할수 있는 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 잉크젯 잉크Ⅰ, Ⅱ를 구성한후 4. 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액Ⅰ, Ⅱ, 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 잉크젯 잉크Ⅰ, Ⅱ 중에서 1가지를 선택한 용액이나 잉크젯 잉크를 기판이나 태양광 패널, 방열판, 전자기기 외장 및 부품, 섬유, 금속 강판 중에서 코팅하고자 하는 제품 표면에 분사코팅 또는 잉크젯 코팅하여 구성한 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 제품에 관한 것이다. 
[색인어] 
기능성 그래핀 에어로젤, 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 용액, 고품질의 기능성 그래핀 잉크젯 잉크.
Patent KR-20170013615-A (KR)
Title: 수배전반의 도어 개방 장치
Inventor: LEE DEOK HWA
IPC: H02B1/38
Filed: 2015-07-28
Abstract: 본 발명은 수배전반의 도어 개방 장치에 관한 것으로, 캐비넷의 도어를 출입공간의 전면부위로 슬라이딩 가능하도록 하여 출입과 작업을 용이하게 하도록 함과 아울러 도어의 록킹이 가능하도록 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 
상기의 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명의 수배전반의 도어 개방 장치는, 
전력회사로부터 공급되는 전력을 분배하고 제어하게 되는 다수개의 전기기기가 내부공간에 설치되는 캐비넷을 구비한 수배전반에 있어서, 
상기 캐비넷의 전면부위에는 내부를 개방하기 위한 개방부가 형성되고, 상기 개방부의 상부 양측에는 후방으로 길게 슬라이딩 홈이 형성되며, 상기 개방부를 폐쇄하기 위한 도어의 상부 양측에는 후방으로 길게 슬라이딩 바가 설치된 구조를 가져서, 상기 슬라이딩 바가 슬라이딩 홈에 삽입되어 슬라이딩됨으로써 도어가 슬라이딩 되어 개방부를 개방 또는 폐쇄하도록 구성된다.
Patent KR-20170017433-A (KR)
Title: 머리 받침 구조체
Inventor: RYU HONG SIK
IPC: A47G9/10
Filed: 2015-08-06
Abstract: 본 발명은 모발의 헤어스타일의 변형을 최소화하면서 부분적으로 머리 지압이 가능한 머리 받침 구조체에 관한 것으로서, 시트; 상기 시트 상방으로 돌출되며 서로 이격되어 어레이 배열된 복수개의 지지컬럼; 및 사용자 머리를 수용할 수 있도록 상기 복수개의 지지컬럼 각각의 단부에 형성된 쿠션체;를 포함하는 머리 받침 구조체를 제공한다.
Patent KR-20170021142-A (KR)
Inventor: SHIM GYU HO
IPC: B63J3/00
Filed: 2015-08-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a technology for supplying hot potable water using the waste heat of thermal oil collecting the heat included in the exhaust gas of an engine. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus for supplying hot potable water for producing hot potable water by using the waste heat of thermal oil collecting the heat included in the exhaust gas of the engine while circulating a thermal oil circulation unit, and relates to a method for supplying hot potable water. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus for supplying hot potable water for producing hot potable water by using the waste heat of thermal oil can reduce both of the energy required for cooling the thermal oil and the energy required for producing hot potable water, thereby significantly reducing the entirely consumed energy.
Patent KR-20170024402-A (KR)
Inventor: RHEE SE YONG
IPC: F21V1/02
Filed: 2015-08-25
Abstract: 본 발명의 일 실시예에 따르면, 광원에 의해 조사되는 빛을 확산시키는 확산판; 상기 확산판의 외주를 지지하여 고정하며, 측벽을 따라 레일홈이 형성되는 복수의 프레임; 상기 레일홈과 연통되는 내부공간이 형성되며, 인접하는 상기 프레임에 양 단부가 각각 결합되어 복수의 상기 프레임을 서로 연결하는 연결캡; 상기 레일홈에 삽입되기 위한 절곡부가 형성되며, 상기 연결캡 및 인접하는 상기 프레임에 고정되어 상기 프레임 및 상기 연결캡을 보강하는 고정 플레이트를 포함하는, 조명 장치가 제공된다.
Patent KR-20170024442-A (KR)
Title: Profile mesuring apparatus of roll and profile measuring method of roll using the same
Inventor: KWON HYUCK CHEOL
IPC: B21B38/00
Filed: 2015-08-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to a profile measuring apparatus of a roll attached to one side of a roll to accurately and conveniently measure a profile of the roll, and a profile measuring method using the same. The profile measuring apparatus of the roll comprises: a fixing means fixated on a roll; a displacement reference shaft rotatably fixated on the fixing means; a major axis frame integrally fixated on the displacement reference shaft, fixating a displacement sensor to be varied; an angle indication hand to display an inclination of the major axis frame with respect to the displacement reference shaft; an angle display board to display gradations to visually measure the inclination of the major axis frame by a position of the angle indication hand; and the displacement sensor variably fixated on the major axis frame.
Patent KR-20170024938-A (KR)
Title: Motor Control center
Inventor: KIM JIN YEOL
IPC: H02B11/173
Filed: 2015-08-26
Abstract: The present invention relates to a motor control center which is a system for central control of power for operation of various types of electric motors, and more particularly to a motor control center in which a control unit is disposed in an external container so that the control unit can slide. According to the present invention, various types of control parts to be disposed in the control unit are inserted into a pair of mobile bars, spaced apart from each other, through sliding, and a wire arrangement bar is fastened and installed between the pair of mobile bars spaced apart from each other. Accordingly, a plurality of control parts to be accommodated in the control unit, retractable through sliding, can be inserted into the mobile bars and can be fastened to a bottom plate; thus a plurality of control parts can be fastened in an integrated manner, thereby providing convenience of operation. The control parts can slide by using the mobile bars, and thus locations thereof can be desirably adjusted. Wires and the like for connections of the control parts can be neatly and efficiently arranged by using the wiring arrangement bar, and thus wiring can be convenient and interference attributable to wires can be prevented. Furthermore, provided is an effect in which inspection, repair, and replacement related to the control parts, wires, and the like can be conveniently performed.
Patent KR-20170025116-A (KR)
Title: 스터드 용접용 용가재
Inventor: MOON JOUNG HYUN
IPC: B23K11/00
Filed: 2015-08-27
Abstract: 본 발명의 일 실시예에 따른 스터드 용접용 용가재는 스터드 용접기의 용접건에 고정되는 헤드부, 상기 헤드부로부터 돌출되는 축부 및 상기 축부에 연결되고 용접 모재에 용융되는 바텀부를 포함하되, 상기 헤드부 및 상기 바텀부 지름보다 상기 축부 지름이 작게 형성될 수 있다.
Patent KR-20160030047-A (KR)
Inventor: BAZZO MAURIZIO
IPC: B29C45/28
Filed: 2015-09-01
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for injection molding of plastic materials. The apparatus comprises at least one injector (3, 3a to 3d) including a valve pin (7) movable between a closed position and an open position. The injector performs injection molding on plastic materials by using the apparatus including the valve pin (7) movable between the closed position and the open position by a rotary electric actuator (8, 8a to 8d). At least one step is provided of detecting the value of torque developed by the electric rotary actuator (8, 8a to 8d) when the valve pin (7) is in the path from the closed position to the open position, and the torque value detected is used to pilot the molding process.
Patent KR-20170027624-A (KR)
Title: Cardle for wireless charging and electronic device applied thereto
Inventor: BAE CHANG SEOK
IPC: G04G19/00
Filed: 2015-09-02
Abstract: According to various embodiments of the present invention, in an electronic device configured to detachably hold an external electronic device, provided is a device which includes a housing, a power interface which is included in the housing and is configured to receive power from an external power source, a conductive pattern which is electrically connected to the power interface and is configured to transmit the power to the outside wirelessly, and a plurality of members which are arranged around the conductive pattern and are attracted by a magnet. Accordingly, the present invention can supply a free charging method to a user by inducing a right alignment position for wireless charging.
Patent KR-20170028110-A (KR)
Title: Cable-type secondary battery
Inventor: KWON YO HAN
IPC: H01M4/13
Filed: 2015-09-03
Abstract: The present invention relates to a cable-type secondary battery comprising: a cable-type electrode assembly including an internal electrode and a separation layer covering the outer surface of the internal electrode and preventing short circuit of the electrode; and a sheet-type external electrode covering the outer surface of the electrode assembly. The cable-type secondary battery satisfies formula, C >= W. In the formula, C is the circumference of a cross section perpendicular to the length direction of the cable-type electrode assembly and W is the width of the sheet-type external electrode.
Patent KR-20170030830-A (KR)
Inventor: HONG CHAN YOUNG
IPC: A61Q19/00
Filed: 2015-09-10
Abstract: The present invention relates to a skin external application agent composition including aesculetin as an active ingredient. More specifically, the present invention relates to a skin external application agent composition including aesculetin as an active ingredient, for skin aging prevention, anti-oxidation, or anti-inflammation. The skin external application agent composition including aesculetin as an active ingredient according to the present invention prevents the degradation of skin elasticity and promotes skin moisturization by promoting the generation of hyaluronic acid and the expression of a synthetic enzyme, controls skin wrinkles and promotes the regeneration of skin by promoting the collagen synthesis of skin fibroblasts and controlling a collagenase activity, shows an anti-oxidant effect by removing free radicals, and has an excellent anti-inflammatory effect ensured by controlling the generation of NO in charge of inflammation reaction. Thus, the skin external application agent composition of the present invention can be used as an active ingredient which is effective for a functional skin external application agent composition.
Patent KR-20170037128-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM BAE JIN
IPC: F16K3/02
Filed: 2015-09-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to a two-way gate valve comprising: an upper housing (100); a first blade (200); a first shaft (300); a lower housing (400); an L-motion block (500); a moving unit (600); a first driving unit (700); a second shaft (900); and a second driving unit (1000). The present invention intends to provide a two-way gate valve capable of repairing the first blade without drive constraints, and enabling correct operation of the first blade.
Patent KR-20170037771-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for detecting resonance frequency of grid-connected inverter and method thereof
Inventor: IM JI HOON
IPC: H02J3/38
Filed: 2015-09-25
Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for detecting a resonance frequency of a grid-connected inverter, capable of detecting a frequency close to an actual resonance frequency, and a method thereof. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises: a harmonic current extraction step of filtering a grid current of the grid-connected inverter to extract a harmonic current; a first coordinate conversion step of converting coordinates of a harmonic component having an integer-times frequency of a default frequency to extract a direct current (DC) component from the harmonic current; a maximum harmonic component extraction step of comparing the amplitude of the DC component of the harmonic component to extract a harmonic component having the maximum; a second coordinate conversion step of converting coordinates of an inter-harmonic component having a non-integer-times frequency within a preset frequency range with respect to the frequency of the harmonic component having the maximum to extract the DC component; and a resonance frequency detection step of comparing the amplitude of the DC component of the harmonic component having the non-integer-time frequency with the amplitude of the DC component of the harmonic component having the maximum to detect the frequency of the harmonic component having a bigger value as a resonance frequency.
Patent KR-20170037432-A (KR)
Inventor: BAK SEONG TEAK
IPC: F16K27/02
Filed: 2015-09-25
Abstract: 본 발명은 탄력적 기밀구조를 가지는 삼중편심밸브에 관한 것으로서 더욱 상세하게는 복수개의 탄성홈로를 가지는 밸브시트에 밸브디스크가 탄력적으로 접촉됨에 따라 기밀성이 보다 향상되는 탄력적 기밀구조를 가지는 삼중편심밸브에 관한 것이다.  
이를 위해 본 발명은 중앙부에 원형단면의 관통 유로가 형성되는 밸브바디와; 상기 밸브바디의 관통 유로가 형성되는 내주면을 따라 배치되는 밸브시트링와; 상기 밸브바디의 관통 유로 내주면을 따라 배치되되 상기 밸브시트링의 외면과 접함에 따라 밸브시트링이 고정되도록 하는 리테이너와; 상기 밸브바디의 관통 유로 내에 회전가능하도록 수용배치되며 상기 밸브시트링의 중앙부에 형성되는 관통구에 외주면이 접촉 또는 이탈함에 따라 관통 유로를 선택적으로 개폐하는 밸브디스크와; 상기 밸브바디의 관통 유로 내에 회전가능하도록 수용배치되어 관통 유로의 유류를 개폐하는 밸브디스크와; 상기 밸브바디 내측으로 일정부분 수용되어 상기 밸브디스크와 결합함에 따라 밸브디스크를 선택적으로 회전시키는 밸브축을 포함하고, 상기 밸브바디의 유로 중심과 밸브디스크의 회전 중심이 어긋나는 1차편심과, 상기 밸브축의 중심과 상기 밸브디스크의 중심이 어긋나는 2차편심 및 상기 밸브디스크의 양측 외주면의 연장선이 만나는 점과 밸브바디의 유로 중심이 어긋나는 3차편심을 포함하도록 이루어지되, 상기 밸브시트링의 내면은 상기 밸브바디의 내주면에 형성되는 안착면에 접하고 타측인 외면은 상기 리테이너와 접하여 배치되되, 상기 밸브시트링의 내면과 외면에는 각각 하나 이상의 탄성홈로가 형성된다.
Patent KR-20160147616-A (KR)
Inventor: RAUT SAMANTRAY BIPLAB
IPC: H04N21/2385
Filed: 2015-09-30
Abstract: Disclosed are a multi-channel video streaming method for providing a reduced bit rate while transmitting data streams and a system thereof. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method includes receiving multiple encoded data streams from each of multiple devices. The method also includes decoding multiple advanced video coding (AVC) encoded data streams to obtain multiple images. Each of the images corresponds to each of the images provided by the devices. The method includes grouping the images into individual images and/or subsets based on the correlation coefficients calculated between the images. The method also includes transmitting the individual images and/or the subsets thereof to another system in an encoded format.