Patent GB-1030090-A (GB)
Title: Electrodialysis of electrolytic solutions
IPC: C01D3/06
Filed: 1964-12-22
Abstract: <PICT:1030090/C6-C7/1> <PICT:1030090/C6-C7/2> In electrodialysis apparatus having means for flushing the electrodes, scale is prevented from building up in the electrode chambers by periodically reversing the direction of the direct current and simultaneously reducing or stopping the flow of electrolyte to the anode chamber to allow the acid generated in the anode chamber to reach a concentration sufficient to substantially dissolve any scale contained therein.  In the illustrated embodiments the diluted stream is collected whereas a concentrated waste stream is used to flush the cathode.  Use of an outside source of electrode flushing electrolyte is also referred to.  The electrode flushing is such that the acidity of the anolyte is allowed to increase to at least pH4 and the pH of the catholyte is prevented from reaching a basicity greater than 9.5. The D.C. is reversed manually or automatically, e.g. with reversal at equal time intervals, at periods not greater than 5 hours, e.g. 10 to 100 minutes.  Fig. 1 shows an electrodialysis apparatus comprising electrodes 3,3A and anion and cation permselective membranes A, K defining chambers 7, 9.  Liquid to be desalted is supplied at 13. With electrode 3 as anode and 3A as cathode, chambers 7 and 9 are diluting and concentrating respectively. Valve 21 is switched so as to withdraw diluted liquid at 23 whereas valve 21A is switched so that concentrated liquid flows through cathode chamber 5A and outlet 27A.  A portion may be bled off at 26A.  On reversing the polarity of the electrodes, the chambers 7 and 9 change functions and the valves 21 and 21A are switched so that the concentrated stream flushes the new cathode and there is no flow past the new anode thereby allowing the acidity to increase in the anode compartment.  In a modified arrangement, different solutions are fed to the chambers 7 and 9 and the flow to these chambers is interchanged on reversing the polarity of the electrodes.  Fig. 2 shows an electrodialysis cell having end electrodes connected in parallel and a common central electrode. There is parallel electrolyte flow in each of stages A, B, C, D. Electrolyte to be desalted is supplied at 13 and flushing of the electrodes is similar to the arrangement shown in Fig. 1.  Flow from stage to stage may be by internal or external manifolding.  The membranes need not be alternately anion and cation permselective but may be arranged as disclosed in Specification No. 1,005,125. Electrodialysis of naturally occurring waters, sugar solutions, industrial solutions and radioactive liquids such as milk is referred to.  Examples 1 and 2 are of electrodialysing to desalt a solution containing Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4 and HCO3 ions.  Suitable electrodes may be of noble metal such as Pt or Rh or may be of Nb or Ti coated with noble metal, e.g. Ti coated with Pt.  The electrodes may be flat and non-foraminous.  Alternatively they may be of mesh or expanded metal and support the membrane bounding the electrode chamber and allow turbulent flow of liquid through the chamber. Expanded metal electrodes are made from electrolytic valve metal coated with a noble metal.