Patent GB-1133631-A (GB)
Title: Neural logic circuits
IPC: G06N3/04
Filed: 1965-10-27
Abstract: 1,133,631. Electric selective signalling; neuron simulation. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA. 27 Oct., 1965 [27 Oct., 1964; 29 June, 1965], No. 44796/65. Headings G4G and G4H. [Also in Division H3] A circuit comprises an amplifier and has an input-output characteristic which for increasing values of the input has a region of substantially zero output followed by an abrupt digital step increase in output at a threshold value, followed by a region of analogue increase in output to a saturation value and a substantially constant output at the saturation value for high values of the input. In Fig. 20, signals (in general analogue) applied to excitatory inputs are summed at 356 and signals applied to inhibitory inputs are summed at 358. The sum signals are applied through respective transistors 360, 362, biased through resistors 384, 382 and potentiometer 386, to the inputs of a differential amplifier 390. The differential amplifier 390 has a left and a right current path, through transistors 392, 394 respectively, from a current source 396. The amplifier output, clamped to earth by diode 409, is applied via a two-stage amplifier 448, 450 to an output 472. This output is connected by feedback paths 473, 475 to the excitatory and inhibitory sum inputs respectively. Path 473 involves a resistor 474, and path 475 involves a resistor 476 and one or more diodes (two shown) 478, 480 in series. In the quiescent state most of the current in the differential amplifier 390 flows in the right hand path and the transistors of the two-stage amplifier 448, 450 are cut off. When the excitatory sum input exceeds the inhibitory sum input by at least a threshold value, set using the bias potentiometer 386, current flow in the differential amplifier 390 starts to change from the righthand path to the left-hand path, and the transistors of the two-stage amplifier 448, 450 conduct to produce an output at 472. This output is fed back via path 473 to reinforce itself, and therefore rises sharply. It is also fed back via path 475 and after an initial period while the voltage rises sufficiently to overcome the diodes 478, 480, the two feedbacks cancel in the differential amplifier 390 and the output 472 ceases to rise, having reached voltage V1 say. If the excitatory sum minus the inhibitory sum now increases, the output 472 increases linearly with it until substantially all the current in the differential amplifier 390 is flowing in the left-hand path when the circuit saturates and the output 472 will not increase further, having reached voltage V2 say. The circuit of Fig. 20 thus simulates a biological neuron and is called a "neuron". Fig. 18 (not shown), shows a neuron in block form. A summing network for the excitatory and inhibitory inputs feeds an amplifier (linear below saturation), which feeds a load via a switch closed when a threshold is exceeded. Fig. 19 (not shown), shows a modification in which the switch is replaced by a negativeresistance device, e.g. a four-layer diode. The switch in Fig. 18 (not shown), may be replaced by one shunting the amplifier and which is closed until the threshold is reached. Similarly, the negative-resistance device of Fig. 19 (not shown) may be replaced by such a device, e.g. a tunnel diode, shunting the amplifier. Networks are described having one or more neurons in a first level feeding a neuron in a second level via weighted resistors. Two inputs each feed neuron(s) in one or both levels via weighted resistors. Constant bias inputs are applied to some neurons via weighted resistors. The weighted resistors cancel the amplifying effect of the neurons or double or halve the effect of a given input. Networks with only one neuron are described. The networks described can be used as digital components for respectively performing the various non-trivial logical combinative operations on two bits, an output voltage of less than V1 being taken to represent binary 0 and an output voltage of V2 being taken to represent binary 1. Used as analogue devices, the networks perform such operations as passing the smaller or larger of the inputs or the magnitude of their difference to the output, or producing an output which is a maximum for equal inputs, or producing an output which is a minimum whenever both the inputs equal a predetermined value.