Patent GB-927340-A (GB)
Title: A continuously self-calibrating differential detection system
IPC: G01N21/35
Filed: 1961-09-04
Abstract: 927,340. Error compensation in radiation measuring devices. BARNES ENGINEERING CO. Sept. 4, 1961 [Sept. 6, 1960], No. 31712/61. Class 40 (3). The invention relates to means for compensating for changes in detector and circuit parameters in measuring devices which operate by determining variations in radiant energy in the infra-red, visible, and ultra-violet, to give an indication on an electrically operating device. It depends for its operation on the interruption of the measuring beam at a given frequency and the interruption of a calibrating beam, also passing through the system, at an even multiple of the given frequency so that signals of the higher frequency can be separated out and used retro-actively to control the response of the detecting means. In one embodiment the invention is applied to an instrument for the detection of small amounts of hydrocarbons in air. The hydrocarbons have an infra-red absorption band at 3.4 Á. Incoming radiation from the test volume is directed by apertured mirror 1 and curved mirror 2 on to the aperture in a mask 3 in front of which is a rotating chopper 4. The chopper disc has two concentric bands moving through the field of view of the aperture; the first has alternate reflecting sections and openings and the second alternates reflecting and blackened sections at double the frequency of the first. The aperture is viewed by two detectors 9, 11 via beam-splitting prismatic reflector 7 and lens 6. A filter 8 in front of detector 9 passes a narrow band centred on 3.4 Á whilst a filter 10 before detector 11 does not transmit in this region. The chopper disc 4 includes means for generating synchronous signals at the double frequency. The outputs from the two detectors are each amplified and applied to synchronous rectifiers and separators. The double-frequency signals from each of the latter are applied in opposition to a potentiometer and the difference output fed back degeneratively to adjust the gain of the amplifier in the channel from detector 9. The potentiometer is adjusted for initial calibration and thereafter variations due to changes in the components are balanced out. The basic frequency signals may be applied to an indicator or recorder responsive either to the ratio or the difference between them. In a modification of the above instrument a single detector is used and the chopper disc has four concentric bands passing through the mask aperture. The two outer bands are viewed through a filter similar to filter 8 and comprise respectively mirror and aperture portions alternating at frequencies 2f and 1f. The inner bands are viewed through a filter corresponding to filter 10 and the first of them has mirror and aperture portions alternating at a frequency 1f and out of step with the outer band next to it. The innermost band is similar to, but out of step with, the outermost (2f) band. The optical system is so arranged that measuring beam is directed through the middle two bands only and the detector views a reference plate through the outer and innermost bands (Figs. 4 and 5, not shown). In the detector circuit of this embodiment (Fig. 6) the signals are amplified and fed to a synchronous rectifier 44. The 2f frequency signal is applied to servomotor 46 to control potentiometer 50 which injects a compensating signal having both 1f and 2f components into the input. This modified embodiment gives only a difference signal output. In both the embodiment and modification the sample to be tested may be its own source, providing its radiation is sufficiently different from that of the background, or a specific source, whose radiation is modified by the sample may be used. In a system in which the colour of successive items 52, 53, or a continuous strip, is compared with that of a standard 54 light from source 51 is reflected from both the sample and the standard through a chopper disc 55 having two sets of apertures so that the sample beam is interrupted at half the frequency of the standard beam. The combined beams are directed by a mirror and lens system to fall on a pyramidal mirror beam splitter 63. One of the four beams which serves as a reference beam passes through a neutral grey attenuator to a detector 68 whilst the other beams pass through colour filters (for example blue, green and yellow) to detectors 71, 70, and 69 respectively. As indicated in Fig. 10 the double frequency output of the reference channel is compared with a voltage reference source 72 to control the gain in the reference channel to compensate for system element variations in this channel. It is also compared with the double frequency output of each of the other channels to control the gain in these channels to compensate for any variations therein. A recorder may be used to record the ratio or difference between the outputs at the basic frequency of each of the colour channels and the reference channel. The light source 51 may be moved in an arc as indicated by arrows on Fig. 7 to check the effect of variations in the angle of light incidence. Fig. 11 shows a system for determining the amount of one or more constituents in a fluid flowing through a sample cell 76. Infra-red radiation from source 75 is collimated and directed through and also to the side of cell 76. The radiation passing through the cell is chopped by disc 55 at a basic frequency whilst that passing to the side of the cell forms a reference beam and is chopped at double the frequency. The radiation falls on a prism 78 and is dispersed into a spectrum. A reference detector 68 receives either a wavelength not absorbed by sample material or (as indicated by dashed lines) undispersed radiation reflected from the front face of the prism whilst another detector 80 oscillates through the spectrum. The circuitry may be similar to that shown in Fig. 10 for the reference and one other channel aid the output of the system may be recorded or displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope as a wavelength/intensity trace showing absorption bands. The prism 78 may be replaced by a diffraction grating. In radiation mapping from an aircraft a collecting mirror 83 looking downwards through a window in the aircraft directs radiation to a plurality of detectors (usually infra-red sensitive) 84 arranged along the curved focal plane so that each views a narrow strip of terrain. A chopper 55 chopping radiation passing through the window at a basic frequency and similar radiation from reference source 85 directed to mirror 83 at double that frequency. The circuitry, again, is similar to that shown in Fig. 10, it being normally unimportant which is regarded as the reference channel. If only relative changes are of interest the reference source 72 shown in Fig. 10 may be omitted.