baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2010538394-A (JP)
Title: 編集インターフェイス
IPC: G06F3/048
Filed: 2008-08-28
Abstract: 【課題】改良されたグラフィックユーザインターフェイスを提供する。 【解決手段】ポータブル電子装置は、タッチ感知ディスプレイのユーザインターフェイスの１つ以上の領域にアイコン（例えば、グラフィックオブジェクト）を表示し、そしてユーザインターフェイスにおけるアイコンの位置の交換を指定するユーザ入力を検出する。ある態様では、ユーザインターフェイスにおける２つのアイコンの各位置は、ユーザインターフェイスの１つ以上の領域における位置を交換するように選択することができ、そして一方又は両方のアイコンは、それらの選択状態を示すようにそれらの視覚的な見掛けを変更することができる。 【選択図】図５
Patent JP-2010541082-A (JP)
Title: スプレッドシートのワークブックパーツライブラリー
IPC: G06Q10/00
Filed: 2008-09-29
Abstract: 【課題】   ワークブックの作者が、本明細書において「ワークブックパーツ」と称される、一組の論理的に別れた部分に、ワークブックを分割することを可能にする、システムおよび方法を開示する。ワークブックパーツ間の計算依存関係が、保持され得、全ての計算がスプレッドシート全体に渡って正確であるようにする。組織は、各ワークブックパーツを別々に管理することを可能にされ得、従って、特定のユーザーにより、アクセスして特定のワークブックパーツを閲覧または編集することを、拒否され得る。従って、多数の作者が、厳しく制御されるワークブックに寄与する場合、スプレッドシート管理の責任者には、それらの作者それぞれのアクセスを許可し、作者が関与する必要がある部分のみを、編集させることが、可能になる。
Patent JP-2011500691-A (JP)
Title: ビフェニルカルボン酸及びその誘導体
IPC: A61P25/28
Filed: 2008-09-26
Abstract: 【化１】       本発明は、Ｒ 1 、Ｒ 2 、Ｒ 3 、及びＲ 4 が明細書に定義されるようなものである化合物、及び／又は、その塩若しくはエステルに関する。   本発明は更に、アルツハイマー病の治療における前記化合物の使用、及びγ−セクレターゼ活性を調節するための前記化合物の使用に関する。
Patent JP-2011507519-A (JP)
Title: ｐＩＸ又はｐＶＩＩへの融合を介したヒトデノボｐＩＸファージディスプレイライブラリの設計及び作製、ベクター、抗体、及び方法
IPC: C07K19/00
Filed: 2008-11-21
Abstract: 本発明は、抗体又は抗原断片を作製するためのｐＩＸファージディスプレイライブラリを作製するための組成物及び方法に関する。
Patent JP-2011510002-A (JP)
Title: 調節された重合応力のための機能性樹脂組成物
IPC: C07C291/00
Filed: 2009-01-14
Abstract: 光重合性及び光開裂性の材料として記載されている新規組成物は、以下の式で記載され、モノマー内に１個または複数の重合性基を含有する。新規組成物は、光、熱または任意の他の好適なエネルギー源によって重合可能である。加えて、ハイブリッド反応または重合が同時にまたは順に促進されて、そのような新規モノマーの開裂性の性質により重力応力または他の力学的特性をより効果的に調整することができる。
Patent JP-2011510184-A (JP)
Title: 布地物品のリフレッシュの方法
IPC: D06M13/432
Filed: 2009-01-22
Abstract: 追加の洗浄処理の必要なしに布地物品をリフレッシュする方法。この方法は、家電製品のドラム内に処理する布地物品を入れる工程と、その布地物品を、抗菌活性剤及び脱臭活性剤を含む水性の布地リフレッシュ組成物に、約３０℃〜約１２０℃の温度で約１分間〜約１２０分間接触させる工程とを含む。
Patent JP-2011511295-A (JP)
IPC: G01N35/04
Filed: 2009-01-27
Abstract: Device for supplying an automatic analysis machine with reaction cuvettes, comprising means (10, 20, 22) that define a housing for a cassette (14) containing superposed rows of reaction cuvettes, a buffer storage zone (16) for reaction cuvettes as they leave the cassette (14) positioned in its housing, and destacking means (18) that take up the cuvettes as they leave the buffer storage zone (16) and convey them one by one to a point at which the cuvettes enter the analysis machine.
Patent JP-2011516939-A (JP)
Title: コードベースのウェブサイト試験
IPC: G06F13/00
Filed: 2009-02-19
Abstract: コードベースのウェブサイト試験のためのシステム及び方法を提供する。コードベースウェブサイト試験は、試験されるプログラムコードの識別済セクションの仕様のほかに、試験的掲載ページ構造中のプログラムコードの識別済セクションを置き換えるプログラムコードの１つ以上の代替セクションの仕様も有する。各プログラムコードセクションに関連した統計値を解析し、どのプログラムコードセクションが他のプログラムコードセクションよりも良い性能を有するかを判断する。
Patent JP-2011513661-A (JP)
Title: 多段変速機
IPC: F16H3/66
Filed: 2009-02-04
Abstract: 本発明の前進９速及び後進１速の多段変速機は、４組の遊星歯車セット（Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｐ３、Ｐ４）、回転可能な８本の軸（１、２、３、４、５、６、８、９）、及び、６つのシフトエレメント（０３、０５、１３、１６、１８、４９）を備えている。第１及び第２遊星歯車セット（Ｐ１、Ｐ２）は、シフト可能な前置ギヤセットを形成し、第３及び第４遊星歯車セット（Ｐ３、Ｐ４）は、メインギヤセットを形成している。遊星歯車セット（Ｐ１、Ｐ２）のリブは、軸（４）を介して互いに結合されている。軸（４）は、遊星歯車セット（Ｐ３）の太陽歯車に結合されている。遊星歯車セット（Ｐ１）の内歯歯車は、軸（８）を介して、遊星歯車セット（Ｐ２）の太陽歯車に結合されている。軸（８）は、クラッチ（１８）を介して、駆動軸（１）に結合可能である。遊星歯車セット（Ｐ１）の太陽歯車は、軸（３）によって、ブレーキ（０３）を介して、ハウジング（Ｇ）に結合可能であるし、クラッチ（１３）を介して、駆動軸（１）に結合可能である。遊星歯車セット（Ｐ２）の内歯歯車は、軸（５）によって、ブレーキ（０５）を介して、ハウジング（Ｇ）に結合可能である。遊星歯車セット（Ｐ４）の太陽歯車は、非回転軸（７）として、ハウジング（Ｇ）に結合されている。軸（６）は、遊星歯車セット（Ｐ３）のリブに結合されており、クラッチ（１６）を介して駆動軸（１）に結合可能である。軸（９）は、遊星歯車セット（Ｐ４）の内歯歯車に結合されており、クラッチ（４９）を介して軸（４）に結合可能である。出力軸（２）は、遊星歯車セット（Ｐ３）の内歯歯車と、遊星歯車セット（Ｐ４）のリブと、に結合されている。
Patent JP-2011513294-A (JP)
Title: 人参抽出物による先天免疫応答および適応免疫応答の活性化
IPC: A61P37/04
Filed: 2009-02-27
Abstract: 本発明は、有効量の人参画分、別の薬物または１つまたは複数の薬学的に許容可能なキャリアと組み合わせた該画分を含む薬学的組成物、または該画分を含む食品を被験体に投与することによる、被験体における状態を予防、処置、または改善するために先天免疫応答および適応免疫応答を活性化するための人参画分および方法に関する。本画分を、Ｐａｎａｘ  ｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｆｏｌｉｕｓから作製することができるか、ＣＶＴ−Ｅ００２、ＰＱ ２ 、ＰＱ ２２３ 、ならびにＣＶＴ−Ｅ００２、ＰＱ ２ 、およびＰＱ ２２３ 由来の精製画分から選択することができる。
Patent JP-2012139961-A (JP)
Title: Apparatus and system for forming image
Inventor: IKEDA JUNICHI
IPC: G03G21/00
Filed: 2011-01-05
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image forming apparatus and an image forming system that can obtain high printing performance by writing or reading of a raster image data in or from a memory at high speed.SOLUTION: The image forming apparatus 400 includes: a memory controller-integrated processor 21; a main memory 22 used as a work area of the memory controller-integrated processor 21; a frame memory 31 that stores the raster image data transferred from a DFE device 200; a memory controller 32 that controls of writing and reading the raster image data in and from the frame memory 31; a printer engine 26 that forms an image on the basis of the raster image data; and plotter ASICs 25a and 25b that reads the raster image data from the frame memory 31 through the memory controller 32 and supplies the printer engine 26 with the read raster image data.
Patent JP-2012142495-A (JP)
Title: Plasma etching method and plasma etching apparatus
Inventor: MORIKAWA YASUHIRO
IPC: H05H1/46
Filed: 2011-01-05
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a plasma etching method and a plasma etching apparatus with which it becomes possible to form a pattern having a high aspect ratio and a uniform inner diameter.SOLUTION: With the plasma etching method according to the present invention, a substrate W, on whose surface a mask pattern is formed, is placed in a vacuum chamber 21, a plasma of a gas introduced into the vacuum chamber 21 is generated, the substrate W is etched using the plasma while applying a high-frequency electric field to the substrate W, and a frequency of the high-frequency electric field is changed in accordance with advancement of the etching of the substrate W. As a result, it becomes possible to change directivity of the etching (between isotropic etching and anisotropic etching). Through switching between a frequency, at which the isotropic etching is performed, and a frequency at which the anisotropic etching is performed, it becomes possible to form a pattern having a uniform inner diameter by suppressing enlargement and reduction of the pattern.
Patent JP-2012146148-A (JP)
Title: Information processor and program
Inventor: TACHIBANA TATSUTO
IPC: G06F11/28
Filed: 2011-01-12
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To synchronize the simulation time of simulators which simulate respective functions of a simulation target device without lowering processing efficiency of the respective simulators.SOLUTION: An information processor includes a plurality of simulators 502-504 and a simulator connection part 501 for holding advance unit time and managing the reference time. Each simulator executes simulation processing when receiving a restart instruction from the simulator connection part 501, and notifies the simulator connection part 501 of time information when it is turned to an instruction waiting state of waiting for an instruction from the simulator connection part 501. The simulator connection part 501 instructs the simulator to restart when the time information notified from the simulator does not reach the reference time, updates the reference time so as to advance by the advance unit time when the time information notified from all the simulators becomes the time after the reference time, and instructs all the simulators to restart, whose time information have not reached the updated reference time.
Patent JP-2011150338-A (JP)
Title: Additive package of toner
Inventor: MATTISON JR DENNIS A
IPC: G03G9/08
Filed: 2011-01-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toner excellent in charging characteristics and blocking property.  <P>SOLUTION: The toner comprises toner particles containing a crystalline resin, an amorphous resin, a colorant and wax, into which a silica surface-treated with polydimethyl siloxane, a silica surface-treated with silazane, a sol-gel silica surface-treated with silazane, surface-treated titania, metal oxide comprising cerium oxide and/or tin oxide, zinc stearate, and polymethylmethacrylate are mixed by use of appropriate mixing energy. A method for producing the toner is also provided.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2012148303-A (JP)
Title: Apparatus and method for arranging reinforcing bar
Inventor: KATO TAKEHIRO
IPC: B21F23/00
Filed: 2011-01-18
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an apparatus and a method for arranging reinforcing bars capable of continuously arranging the reinforcing bars which are successively conveyed to a predetermined location at the arrangement position of an automatic welding machine.SOLUTION: The apparatus includes two rotary shafts 14a, 14b arranged parallel to each other in the horizontal direction, and a plurality of oscillating plates 12a, 12b which are fixed to extend downwardly in the axial direction of each rotary shaft at the predetermined spacing, and turnable around the rotary shafts. When viewed in the axial direction of the rotary shafts, a reinforcing bar passage is formed between the oscillating plate 12a fixed to one of the rotary shafts and the oscillating plate 12b fixed to the other of the rotary shaft. Reinforcing bars can be fed to different positions 23a-23h in the width direction by turning the oscillating plates fixed to both rotary shafts while the passage is maintained.
Patent JP-2012148374-A (JP)
Title: Water jet peening method and device
Inventor: MATSUI YUJI
IPC: B23P17/00
Filed: 2011-01-20
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To shorten WJP (Water Jet Peening) work time by minimizing the scanning distance of an injection nozzle when a workpiece to be subjected to WJP is thoroughly worked.SOLUTION: The nozzle is moved to a starting position (S15), and a high-pressure pump 5 is started. Optimum supply pressure and standoff are searched and set (S16 to S25). When the nozzle scans in an X shaft direction, distribution of shock wave generating positions and WJP width are calculated (S32), and scanning pitch in an axial direction is set (S36). When the nozzle reaches an end position in the X shaft direction, scanning is stopped, and the nozzle is scanned in a Y shaft direction by the scanning pitch set in S36 (S38). Such rectangular scanning in the X and Y shaft directions is repeated (S31 to S39). When the nozzle reaches a scanning end position, the high-pressure pump is stopped (S40), and work is terminated.
Patent JP-2012160866-A (JP)
Title: Illuminating device and image read apparatus using illuminating device
Inventor: AMAMIYA FUMIMASA
IPC: F21V8/00
Filed: 2011-01-31
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an illuminating device without variation in light intensity distribution in which shading, especially inhomogeneity in an image read by an image read apparatus is not likely to occur by appropriately positioning a light source which faces a light guide body.SOLUTION: An illuminating device of the present invention comprises: a light guide body including an end surface from which light enters, a diffusion reflection surface diffusely reflecting light entered from the end surface and a light emitting surface emitting the light diffusely reflected by the diffusion reflection surface toward an irradiation surface; and a light source facing at least one end surface of the light guide body. The light emitting surface of the light guide body is formed of a peripheral surface. The diffusion reflection surface is arranged at a position forming an optical axis normal which passes the center of a circle forming the peripheral surface and is emitted from the light emitting surface. The light source mounted on a circuit board is arranged at a position on the optical axis normal of the diffusion reflection surface and deviated to the light emitting surface side with respect to the center of the circle.
Patent JP-2012160013-A (JP)
Title: Data analysis and machine learning processing unit, method, and program
Inventor: FUKUMOTO KEISHI
IPC: G06F12/00
Filed: 2011-01-31
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reuse intermediate data utilized in a past processing in Map Reduce.SOLUTION: Mapper and Reducer detect, during processing of data which is input, a parameter value, a use position, and a usage source function from the data, as information relating to a parameter utilized in a mapping means and a reducing means, store them in a distributed file storage means, refer to a parameter given to a job, collate it with information relative to the parameter stored in the distributed file storage means and store intermediate data as a cache in the distributed file storage means or a local storage means if a prescribed condition is satisfied, and refer to the parameter given to the job and make the Reducer execute if the intermediate data is stored in the distributed file storage means or the local storage means.
Patent JP-2012159260-A (JP)
Title: Temperature adjusting device
Inventor: MATSUMOTO TAKEO
IPC: F25B29/00
Filed: 2011-02-02
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a temperature adjusting device capable of performing the temperature adjustment of a plurality of systems of liquids precisely without increasing cost.SOLUTION: The temperature adjusting device includes: a plurality of heat exchangers 31, 32 which perform the temperature adjustment of liquid by means of low temperature parts 31b, 32b and high temperature parts 31a, 32a; a circulation pipe 36 which branches a coolant discharged from a compressor 34 into high temperature side circulation pipes 37, 41 and low temperature side circulation pipes 40, 45; a plurality of low temperature side valves 39, 43 which control coolant circulation amounts of the low temperature side circulation pipes 40, 45; a plurality of high temperature side valves 38, 42 which control the coolant circulation amounts of the high temperature side circulation pipes 37, 41 linked with the corresponding low temperature side valves 39, 43; a condenser 46 which cools the coolant passing through the respective low temperature side valves 39, 43; a coolant reheat part which introduces the coolant discharged from the condenser 46 and the coolant discharged from the respective high temperature parts 31a, 32a to respective low temperature parts; and a plurality of expansion valves 52, 54, 56 which expand the coolant before introducing the coolant to the respective low temperature parts 31b, 32b in the coolant reheat part.
Patent JP-2012163352-A (JP)
Title: Management system of x-ray exposure amount
Inventor: SUZUKI YOSHIKUNI
IPC: G01N23/04
Filed: 2011-02-03
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an appropriate management system of an X-ray exposure amount to every product substrate having a different mode of exposure.SOLUTION: A management system of an X-ray exposure amount used for an X-ray imaging apparatus which takes an image of a principal imaging part of a substrate mounted with electronic components with X-ray comprises: substrate identification means which identifies a substrate W for every product; and accumulated exposure amount integration means which calculates an accumulated exposure amount H of the identified product substrate. The accumulated exposure amount H of X-ray imaging is calculated for every product substrate, so that each product substrate can be controlled not to be exposed at a level exceeding the upper limit, even in the case that every product substrate has a different exposure amount due to, for example, re-inspections or spot checks.
Patent JP-2012165502-A (JP)
Title: Power generator and illuminating apparatus
Inventor: KATO KENJI
IPC: H02P9/08
Filed: 2011-02-03
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a power generating mechanism and its application apparatus that are widely applicable even in a use in which power generation with low torque is desired, such as a power generator for bicycles.SOLUTION: In a circuit in which a circuit including a coil and a switch is connected to a load circuit via a flyback transformer or transformer, as a magnet moves from A to B, a change rate of a magnetic field increases to its maximum. Thus, also a voltage generated in the coil increases to its maximum. Provided are a generator and its application product that are characterized in that, by applying a varying magnetic field to the coil, and opening the switch at a time that maximum electromotive force is reached or in its proximity, high voltage pulses are generated, and are rectified and output by the load circuit.
Patent JP-2012063738-A (JP)
Title: Optical element and manufacturing method thereof
Inventor: YASHIKI KAZUHIRO
IPC: G03H1/18
Filed: 2011-02-04
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide optical technology with which a reflective layer can be formed stably and with high positional accuracy.SOLUTION: An optical element comprises: a relief structure formation layer 110; a first layer 120' composed of first material having refractive index different from material of the relief structure formation layer; and a second layer which is composed of second material 130' different from the first material, covers the first layer, and in which the ratio of an amount of the second material in a second region R2 against an apparent area of the second region R2 is zero or smaller than the ratio of an amount of the second material in a second sub region SR2 against an apparent area of the second sub region SR2.
Patent JP-2012161263-A (JP)
Title: Rooftop garden system in flat roof of building
Inventor: ITO TAKASHI
IPC: A01G7/00
Filed: 2011-02-04
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a rooftop garden system in a flat roof of a building, capable of effectively utilizing a part other than a planting part of a rooftop of the flat roof of the building as a living space while retaining a waterproof function in the rooftop, and permitting easy replacement of the part to be utilized as the living space with the planting part.SOLUTION: In the rooftop garden system of the flat roof of the building, a waterproofed layer is formed on top of the flat roof of the building, and the planting part is formed on the top of the waterproofed layer. The planting part is disposed in a region on the top of the waterproofed layer, and a spreading plate is spread on the other region on top of the waterproofed layer to form a non-planted region. The planting part is formed by setting an edge frame around a planting base. The edge frame and the planting base are detachable from the top of the waterproofed layer, and the spreading plate is also detachable from the top of the waterproofed layer.
Patent JP-2011168479-A (JP)
Title: System and method of operating catalytic reforming mechanism for use with gas turbine engine system
Inventor: VELKUR CHETAN BABU
IPC: C01B3/38
Filed: 2011-02-10
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a system and method, relating to hydrocarbon reforming for generating hydrogen, more particularly, for use in monitoring a catalyst and a reformate stream within a catalytic reforming assembly.  <P>SOLUTION: The catalytic reforming assembly includes a catalytic reformer coupled in flow communication with a combustion gas source 206 for channeling a flow of the combustion gas 204 to a catalytic reformer, wherein the catalytic reformer includes a catalytic bed 213. The catalytic reforming assembly further includes: an injector 214 coupled to the catalytic reformer for injecting a quantity of an oxidizer gas into the catalytic reformer to form a mixture gas including the oxidizer gas or the combustion gas, wherein the mixture is channeled across the catalyst bed to form a reformate stream; a temperature sensor coupled to the catalytic reformer for measuring a temperature of the catalyst bed; an oxidizer gas sensor 222 coupled to the catalytic reformer for measuring a level of the oxidizer gas in the reformate stream; and a controller 226 coupled to the temperature sensor and to the oxidizer gas sensor and configured to determine a health of the catalyst bed based on the catalyst bed temperature or the oxidizer gas level.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2012170200-A (JP)
Title: Load control device
Inventor: SHIMIZU HIROSHI
IPC: H02M1/08
Filed: 2011-02-11
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reconcile capacitor miniaturization and motor drive efficiency improvement.SOLUTION: An inverter comprising a bridge connection of IGBTs 51-56 and a smoothing capacitor 57 are arranged in parallel across a DC power supply. A communication arbitrating microcomputer 10 and power semiconductor driving microcomputers 15 instruct (S106-S118) a switching rate adjustment circuit 30 for adjusting the switching rate of switching signals controlling the IGBTs 51-56 to slow the switching rate of the switching signals with increasing temperature of the smoothing capacitor 57 estimated from a signal output from a temperature sensor 57a for outputting a signal depending on the temperature of the smoothing capacitor 57.
Patent JP-2012170235-A (JP)
Title: Manufacturing method of motor waterproof structure
Inventor: SHU SHOKEN
IPC: H02K15/12
Filed: 2011-02-15
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a motor waterproof structure which achieves excellent heat radiation.SOLUTION: A water proof structure is manufactured in next steps. A motor stator member exterior part is covered with a first coating material composed of wax, and the first coating material is covered with a second coating material composed of a thermosetting resin. At least one opening is left in the second coating material and the second coating material is heated to be cured. At the same time, the first coating material is softened and melt to be discharged from the opening. Then, the opening is sealed to complete a dustproof and waterproof structure of a motor stator. This structure protects the motor stator member and achieves heat radiation and weight reduction by utilizing a space formed with the first coating material removed.
Patent JP-2012169981-A (JP)
Title: Multi-channel broadcasting system
Inventor: YONEYAMA MINORU
IPC: G09F19/00
Filed: 2011-02-16
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a multi-channel broadcasting system for controlling display of digital television broadcast together with content.SOLUTION: A multi-channel transmitter 34 simultaneously transmits a signal of digital television broadcast and a signal including content and control information. A multi-channel receiver 37 receives a signal outputted from the multi-channel transmitter 34. The multi-channel receiver 37 includes a tuner 17 outputting a television signal of a channel designated from the signal of the digital television broadcast, which is included in the received signal; an image data storing section 21 storing the content included in the received signal; and a control section 19 controlling the tuner 17 based on the control information included in the received signal and controlling display of a video signal outputted from the tuner and the content stored in the image data storing section 21.
Patent JP-2012173304-A (JP)
Title: Electro-optical device and electronic apparatus
Inventor: TAKAHASHI SHIGEYA
IPC: G09F9/30
Filed: 2011-02-17
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce a flicker and to perform high quality display in an electro-optical device such as a liquid crystal device.SOLUTION: The electro-optical device comprises: a transparent substrate (10s); multiple transparent pixel electrodes (9) provided on a first surface side of the transparent substrate; reflective films (61, 62) provided between the transparent substrate and the multiple transparent pixel electrodes; multiple pixel transistors (30) provided between the transparent substrate and the reflective films, corresponding to the multiple transparent pixel electrodes; and a light detection element (600) which is provided on a side of a second surface different from the first surface, of the transparent substrate, and which is provided so that at least one part does not overlap with the reflective films viewed from a normal direction of the second surface, and which detects light having passed through the transparent substrate.