Patent GB-1051776-A (GB)
IPC: G21C21/02
Abstract: 1,051,776. Fuel elements. COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE. Oct. 7. 1964 [Oct. 17, 1963: Aug. 14. 1964], No.40911/64. Heading G6C. A process for the fabrication of nuclear fuel elements suitable for high-temperature operation comprises the following successive stages: (i) preparing a fuel core by moulding a plastic paste obtained by adding a binder to a refractory powder containing a fertile or fissile material; (ii) positioning an envelope around the fuel core, the envelope being made up of one or more layers formed from a plastic paste containing a refractory material and a binder; and (iii) treating the fuel core together with its envelope in a gaseous hydrocarbon atmosphere at 800 to 1000 C. so as to ensure welding between the fuel and the envelope and the sealing of the jacket. The powdered fuel material may be UO2 to which graphite powder has been added and a mouldable or extrudable paste is prepared by the addition of a binder which has high swelling power in the presence of water and a low coking yield (less than 30%), being for example one or more of the following: polysaccharides, gums, mucilages, starches, alginates. The particle size of the fuel material can vary over a wide range, e.g. from a few microns to 400 microns. In the case of hydrolyzable materials such as UC and UN, a drying oil such as linseed oil or China wood oil (tung oil), usually prethickened by the blowing of hot air through it, may be used. It is also possible to make use of diethylcellulose dissolved in a volatile solvent such as orthodichlorobenzene, benzene or toluene. The fuel core obtained by moulding the above paste may be rendered impermeable by means of a thermal cracking process, provided with a certain degree of impermeability by a partial thermal cracking process, or allowed to retain its porosity. The protective jacket is usually formed of graphite but this may in certain applications be advantageously replaced either partially or wholly by another material, e.g. BeO which is very stable at high temperatures and has excellent neutron-moderating properties. It may also be introduced into the composition of the fuel core. In order to improve the impermeability and strength or to facilitate the machining of the jacket, this may be made up of two superimposed layers, the first layer being impregnated with gaseous hydrocarbons at 800 to 1000 C. so as to make the layer as impermeable as possible and to form a surface hydrocarbon zone, and the second layer being similarly impregnated with gaseous hydrocarbons so as to render it impermeable and to form a bond between the layers. The outer layer having a thickness of the order of 1 mm., binding agents such as drying oils or diethylcellulose dissolved in a volatile solvent are preferably employed for this layer. The refractory material in the first layer should preferably have a particle size less than 100 microns and in the second layer between 20 and 100 microns. In one particular example, UO2 particles having a mean diameter of the order of 100 microns are admixed in the proportion of 13 parts by wt. UO2 per 100 parts by wt. artificial graphite with 1À5 parts by wt. vegetable gum to which mixture is then added sufficient water (approximately 25 parts by wt.) to obtain a paste of thick consistency which is compression moulded in the shape of balls 4 cm. in diameter. The composition of the jacket material is 98 parts by wt. of artificial graphite dust having a particle size between 50 and 100 microns and 2 parts by wt. of vegetable gum. After mixing, about 30 parts by wt. of water are added to obtain a paste of thick consistency which is moulded around the fuel cores to obtain balls 6 cm. in diameter. After drying in free air for 48 hours, the balls are placed in a muffle-type furnace, the temperature of which is progressively increased during a period of 20 hours to 900 G. whilst a circulation of natural gas is maintained within the furnace at a pressure slightly above atmospheric. These conditions are maintained for 350 hours in order to form an impervious jacket around the fuel core which is then ready for use in a " pebble bed " type reactor.