Patent GB-1045243-A (GB)
Title: Production of fruit or vegetable juices
IPC: A23L2/82
Filed: 1964-01-21
Abstract: Juices of edible fruits or vegetables substantially free of insoluble solids are produced by pulverizing the fruit or vegetable into a fine pulverulent fluid mass comprising both insoluble solids and juice, mixing a filter aid with the fluid mass and, without prior separation of the insoluble solids from the juice, filtering the fluid mass through a filter comprising a fine mesh sheet material precoated with filter aid to separate the juice from the insoluble solids, and collecting the juice thus produced, provided that, except when the fruit or vegetable is substantially free from pectin, pectin is removed by depectinization with a pectic enzyme and in activation of the enzyme, at least the depectinization being carried out prior to filtration of the fluid mass.  The pulverizing is accomplished by crushing, cutting or grinding, and pulping the produce through a food pulper.  Filter aid powders which may be derived from marine or fresh water diatoms, diatomaceous earth or silica and perlite volcanic rock, having a mean particle size (as measured on the longest particle diameter) of about 2 to 25 microns are preferred; the more difficult the separation of the insoluble solids from the juice, the smaller the particle size of filter aid powder employed.  Thus, suitable particle sizes for filtering fluid masses of apples and of grapes are 4.5-5.6 microns and 5.6-11.0 microns, respectively. Normally about 25 to 100 lbs. of filter aid are added to each short ton of the fluid mass at any time prior to filtering.  The sheet material of the filter may consist of stainless steel screens or cloths and deckings of linen, cotton, "Orlon" (Trade Mark), Nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride-polyvinylidene chloride and other plastics having 100-175 by 30-125 threads per inch.  Nylon cloth of 157 x 108 threads per inch, polypropylene cloth of 116 x 34 threads per inch, polyethyelene cloth of 105 x 40 threads per inch and polyvinyl chloride-polyvinylidene chloride of 123 x 53 threads per inch are illustrative.  The filtering may be assisted by applying a vacuum to the filter surface opposite the precoated surface or by applying a pressure to the fluid mass at the precoated surface.  According to an example directed to the production of polished apple juice, washed apples were pulverized to a fine slurry by running through a hammermill and then pulping the resulting pomace.  After thirty per cent of its volume had been vapourized into steam and fractionated to isolate and collect the volatile flavour essence, the fluid mass, now partially concentrated, was cooled under vacuum to 140 DEG F.and pumped into holding tanks where it was treated for a period of 45 minutes with a de-pectinizing enzyme.  The fluid mass was then pasteurised at 180 DEG F.for three minutes (thereby de-activating the enzyme) and then recooled to 140 DEG F. After the addition of 50 lbs. of filter aid powder per short ton of fruit processed, the fluid mass was filtered through a rotary vacuum pre-coat drum filter of surface area 50 sq.ft., equipped with a leaching bar at the top of the drum for continuously washing the surface of the filter aid coating on the drum surface and a knife mechanism advancing at the rate of about 0.0002 inch per revolution to shave the full length of the filtering surface as it returned to the sump of apple pulp. At the commencement of filtration a pre-coat of up to five (preferably three) inches in thickness had been built up on the surface of the drum and a vacuum or pressure of between 15 and 25 (preferably 23) inches of mercury was applied.  The filtered juice obtained was evaporated down to 70% dissolved solids concentration.  Finally the concentrated juice was cooled to 60 DEG F., and a part (approximately 65%) of the volatile flavour essence collected prior to filtration was returned and thoroughly blended. Other examples are directed to producing the juice of crab apples, grapes (after removal of stems), cherries, strawberries, onions, celery and carrots; many other fruits, including citrus fruits, and vegetables are mentioned.  The process may also be applied in the production of fermented juices either before or after the fermentation.ALSO:Juices of edible fruits or vegetables substantially free of insoluble solids are produced by pulverizing the fruit or vegetable into a fine pulverulent fluid mass comprising both insoluble solids and juice, mixing a filter aid with the fluid mass and, without prior separation of the insoluble solids from the juice, filtering the fluid mass through a filter comprising a fine mesh sheet material precoated with filter aid to separate the juice from the insoluble solids, and collecting the juice thus produced, provided that, except when the fruit or vegetable is substantially free from pectin, pectin is removed by depectinisation with a pectic enzyme and inactivation of the enzyme, at least the depectinisation being carried out prior to filtration of the fluid mass.  The pulverizing is accomplished by crushing, cutting or grinding, and pulping the produce through a food pulper.  Filter aid powders which may be derived from marine or fresh water diatoms, diatomaceous earth or silica and perlite volcanic rock, having a mean particle size (as measured on the longest particle diameter) of about 2 to 25 microns are preferred; the more difficult the separation of the insoluble solids from the juice, the smaller the particle size of filter aid powder employed.  Thus, suitable sizes for filtering fluid masses of apples and grapes are 4.5-5.6 microns and 5.6-11.0 microns, respectively.  Normally about 25 to 100 lbs. of filter aid are added to each short ton of the fluid mass at any time prior to filtering. The sheet material of the filter may consist of stainless steel screens or cloths and deckings of linen, cotton, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride-polyvinylidene chloride-polyvinylidene chloride and other plastics having 100-175 by 30-125 threads per inch.  Nylon cloth of 157 x 108 threads per inch, polypropylene cloth of 116 x 34 threads per inch, polyethylene cloth of 105 x 40 threads per p  inch and polyvinyl chloride-polyvinylidene chloride of 123 x 53 threads per inch are illustrative.  The filtering may be assisted by applying a vacuum to the filter surface opposite the pre-coated surface or by applying a pressure to the fluid mass at the precoated surface.  Examples are directed to producing the juice of apples, crab apples, grapes (after removal of stems), cherries, strawberries, onions, celery and carrots; many other fruits including citrus fruits, and vegetables are mentioned. The process may also be applied in the production of fermented juices either before or after the fermentation.