Patent GB-1056575-A (GB)
Title: A modulator for a light beam
IPC: G02F1/03
Filed: 1964-04-03
Abstract: 1,056,575. Modulating light. STANDARD TELEPHONES & CABLES Ltd. April 3, 1964 [April 10, 1963], No. 13828/64. Heading H4F. A monochromatic light beam 11<SP>1</SP> which passes through birefringent element 13, transparent electrode 20 and crystal 19, is reflected by reflecting electrode 21 and passes back through the crystal 19 and birefringent element 13 to light receiver 23, is modulated by applying a modulating voltage V between the transparent electrode 20 and the reflecting electrode 21, the crystal 19 having an electro-optical effect which causes the two linearly polarized components of the light beam to travel therethrough with different speeds dependent upon the voltage V. The sensitivity of this modulator is twice that of conventional modulators since the phase difference between the two linearly polarized components of the light beam caused by voltage V is doubled since the light passes twice through the electro-optical crystal 19. Birefringent element 13 may be a oaloite Rochon prism (as shown), a Wollaston prism (Fig. 2, not shown), a Senarmont prism, an Abbe polarization prism, i.e. a glass-calcite-glass double image prism, a Nicol prism having the light-absorbing side layer removed to allow emergence of the ordinary ray, or a single calcite plate and in the embodiment described the crystal 19 is a Z-cut KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) crystal. Light emitted at light source 11 is shaped by condenser system 12 into parallel rays of light and deflected by mirror 12<SP>1</SP> obliquely on to Rochon prism 13, Light 11<SP>1</SP> is monochromatic unpolarized light or as shown elliptically polarized light containing ordinary and extraordinary rays (circles and lines on arrow 54 represent the extraordinary and ordinary rays respectively). The ordinary ray leaves the Rochon prism along path 51 and is not used in this embodiment. The linearly polarized light (extraordinary ray) passes perpendicularly through the refracting surface 18 of Rochon prism 13 and along path 50 and is projected perpendicularly on to the KDP Z-cut crystal 19 through the nearly transparent mesh electrode 20, where it is converted into elliptically polarized light since if the electric intensity of the extraordinary ray is in the direction of either the X- or Y-axis then the linearly polarized components lying along the induced axes X<SP>1</SP> and Y<SP>1</SP> will travel with different speeds. (The electric field in the direction of the Z axis in the crystal produced by voltage V provides induced optical X<SP>1</SP> and Y<SP>1</SP> axes along the directions making an angle of - 45 degrees with the X and Y crystallographic axes of the tetragonal crystal.) This elliptically polarized light is then reflected by electrode 21 and passes again through the crystal and the ordinary ray, represented by arrow 57, passes through Rochon prism as indicated by arrow 53 to light receiver 23, and the extraordinary ray represented by arrow 58, passes through the Rochon prism as indicated by arrow 52 and is not used in this embodiment. The intensity of the modulated output light 21<SP>1</SP> varies in a non-linear relation with respect to the modulating voltage V and to provide linearity a one-eighth wavelength plate 24 of mica is placed between the Rochon prism and crystal 19 so that the phase-advancing and phase-retarding axes thereof are parallel to the induced X<SP>1</SP> and Y<SP>1</SP> axes of the crystal 19. This optically biases the reciprocating light by a quarter wavelength in total and thus serves as a quarter-wavelength plate used in a conventional modulator. Instead of using a mica plate to produce the one-eighth-wavelength phase difference a modified Fresnel rhomb EFI, Fig. 4, may be used. The incident linearly polarized light 60 is emitted perpendicularly to surface F1 as elliptically polarized light, i.e. one-eighth wavelength shift. This modified Fresnel rhomb is independent of the wavelength of the, light and turns the light path aside by approximately 72 degrees. The modulating voltage V may carry speech information. Crystal 19 may comprise any of the crystals of the KDP group which belong to the tetragonal system e.g. potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium dideuterium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen arsenate, and potassium dideuterium arsenate or any of the crystals of the ADP group which belong to the tetragonal system e.g. ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium dideuterium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen arsenate, and ammonium dideuterium arsenate, or crystals of the cubic system such as zinc sulphite and cuprous chloride. The electrodes for the modulating voltage when crystals of the cubic system are used may be disposed aside the light path (Fig. 3, not shown) and although this simplifies the manufacture of the electrodes the modulation degree is only half as large as that attainable when the crystal is so orientated that the light path and the direction of the applied voltage coincide. Further the reflecting surface must be small and spaced from the crystal face or be a dielectric multilayer reflecting film so as not to adversely affect the modulating electric field.