Patent GB-1020477-A (GB)
Title: Method of and apparatus for, controlling a continuously operating distillation process
IPC: B01D3/42
Filed: 1964-01-27
Abstract: 1,020,477. Distillation columns; control systems. SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ N.V. Jan. 27, 1964 [Jan. 28, 1963], No. 3460/64. Heading BIB. During the continuous distillation of a variable stream of a feed mixture, which may vary as regards composition or flow rate or both, in a fractionating column I, which is heated by reboiler 10, the column being operated at a pressure above atmospheric and the rate of supply of heating medium to the reboiler being governed by a valve which is kept as wide open as is consistent with the maximum permissible pressure-value P max ., the degree of separation of the components of the mixture is maintained at the required value by automatic adjustment of the degree of cooling of the overhead fraction by condenser 5, the reflux ratio, and the rate of withdrawal of the overhead and bottom fractions from the system via pipes 8 and 4, respectively, while the column-pressure varies freely between Pmax. and a predetermined minimum value P min  In the embodiment shown, a control valve 26 is provided in the overhead vapour-pipe 3, but it could instead be incorporated in line 27 for the supply of cooling-medium to condenser 5, or in the cooling-medium discharge line. The pressure in the column is measured with gauge 28 which is connected to selector 23 via minimum-value controller 29, and is also connected via maximum-value controller 30 to valve 24. If the pressure in the column, measured with gauge 28, becomes higher than P max ., controller 30 will close valve 24 so far that the pressure again becomes approximately equal to P max . Controller 29 compares the measured value of the column-pressure with the set value corresponding to P min ., and if the pressure becomes lower than this value, the output signal from controller 29 becomes smaller until it is transmitted by selector 23 to valve 26 so as to close it so far that the pressure becomes approximately equal to P min  The feed is introduced into the column through pipe 2 which is associated with heatexchangers 2a and 2b, these being used only if a cheap source of heat is available. The rate of withdrawal of the top fraction and of the bottom fraction are controlled by valves 12 and 17 so that the liquid-level in accumulator 6 and in the bottom of the column, respectnively, are maintained within predetermined limits. The composition of the bottom fraction is measured by meter 21 which transmits a signal to controller 22, where the measured and set values are compared ; the controller then supplies, via selector 23, a signal which adjusts valve 26. The reflux-return valve 20 is controlled in accordance with the variation from a set value of the composition of the overhead fraction, measured by meter 18. Rapid pressure fluctuations in the column may be suppressed by a controller which influences (1) the rate of heat removal from the overhead vapours, or (2) the rate of heat supply to the reboiler, or (3) the level of condensate in the reboiler if use is made of a condensing heating medium, or (4) the rate of pressure variations at the head of the column. Instruments 18 and 21 may be chromatographic analysers, or may be instruments for measuring infra-red or ultraviolet absorption spectra, viscosity, refractive index, or flash point. Alternatively, the difference in temperature between two trays may be measured, or the difference in vapour pressure between the product obtained and the desired product.