Patent GB-1027008-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to antenna systems
IPC: H01Q3/42
Filed: 1962-12-18
Abstract: 1,027,008. Aerials; radio signalling. WESTERN ELECTRIC CO. Inc. Dec. 18, 1962 [Dec. 26, 1961], No. 47670/62. Headings H4A and H4L. An antenna system comprises an array of antenna elements each of which is associated with circuitry whose function is to accept a signal from an impinging wave-front and to re-radiate from that antenna element a signal which has a phase proportional in magnitude but opposite in sense to the phase of the accepted signal, said phases being compared with the same arbitrary reference phase. As described, a linear equi-spaced array of antenna elements 1, 2 . . . i, Fig. 1, is acted upon by radio wave fronts 11 at an angle A so that, considering the signal accepted by element 1 as a reference, with no phase lag, the signals accepted by elements 2 . . . i have phase lags proportional to their distances from element 1 multiplied by cos A and divided by the wavelength. Each antenna element such as i is associated with a diplexer 10 and a mixer 14, to which are fed the accepted signal of frequency #p/2# and phase lag #i, and power through a divider 13 from a local oscillator 12 of higher frequency #B/2#. The side band of frequency   #B/2#-#p/2#, which has a phase lead of #i, is filtered out, is amplified by an amplifier 16, and is applied to the diplexer 10 for transmission from the antenna element. If # B  is made approximately twice # P , so that # B  - # P  is nearly equal to # P , the re-radiated wave returns substantially in the direction from which the incident wave came. In another embodiment which is adapted for use with a communications repeater operating between two stations designated East and West, respectively, which may be either terminals or other repeaters, an antenna element receiving unit 18, Fig. 2 (not shown), accepts signals from both stations and a branching filter 20 separates them into an East and West message carrying signal with centre frequency #M/2# and an East station direction indicating signal with frequency #p/2#, the relative phase lag for each being #i, and a West to East message carrying signal with centre frequency #M/2# and a West station direction indicating signal with frequency #p/2#, the relative phase lag for each being #i. The direction indicating signals from the stations may consist of separate pilot signals or may be extracted from the carriers. A local oscillator 22, Fig. 2 (not shown), at the repeater provides power at a frequency #B/2# and this beats with the direction indicating signals in mixers 24, 30 from which side bands of frequencies #B-#p/2# and #B-#p/2# are extracted, with relative phase leads of #i and #i, respectively. Both side bands and the message carrying signal of frequency #M/2# and relative phase lag #i are taken to a mixer 28 from which a sideband of frequency (#M+2#B-#p-#p)/2# phase lead #i is extracted. Similarly, from a mixer 42 is extracted a side-band of frequency (#M+2#M-#p-#p)/2# and phase lead #i. In this way, the message carrying signals from the East station have been associated with the phase information, in opposite sense, from the West station, and vice versa. The outgoing signals after amplification are taken through a combining filter 36 to an antenna element transmitting unit 38. The antenna elements may comprise separate planar arrays 86, 88, Fig. 7 (not shown), for reception and transmission, respectively, with dimensions scaled inversely as the frequency used. Alternatively, where the antenna the elements are radially mounted on a surface 52, Fig. 4 (not shown), the transmitting and receiving units are arranged coaxially at different radial distances T and nR, respectively, n being the ratio of the received to the transmitted frequencies. In another embodiment scaling of the antenna element transmitting and receiving units is avoided, and one unit used for both functions by means of circuitry comprising frequency multiplication (Fig. 3, not shown). The sideband of frequency #B-#p/2# and relative phase lead #i from mixer 24 is taken with the mes-   sage carrying signal of frequency #M/2# and relative phase lag #i to a mixer 62 and an in-phase   signal of frequency #B-#p+#M/2# is extracted and applied to another mixer 66 and also by a bus 65 to all other East to West channels. Also connected to the mixer is an input of frequency   n(#B-#p/2# and phase lead n#i obtained by a cross-connection from mixer 30 through a frequency multiplier 61 of ratio From the mixer 66 is extracted an output of   frequency (n+1)#B-#p+#M-n#p/2# and phase lead n#i. Similarly, there is obtained from a mixer 68 an output of frequency and phase lead n#i. These outputs are taken to a combining filter 36 and thence via a directional filter to the common antenna element 18. It is stated that antenna systems of the kind described may be applied, for example to satellites carrying arrays (Figs. 6A, 6B, not shown), to terrestrial repeaters on towers subject to environmental displacements (Fig. 5, not shown), to the terminal stations of systems employing such repeaters, to fixed stations operating intermittently with several other scattered stations, and in mobile systems.