Patent GB-800011-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to polymeric emulsifying and suspending agents
IPC: C09K23/00
Filed: 1955-01-05
Abstract: A method of preparing partial ester-partial alkali metal or ammonium salt or partial amide-partial amine, ammonium or alkali metal salt derivatives of polymers comprises copolymerizing (1) an alpha-beta olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride in from 20 to 69.6 per cent of (1) plus (2), (2) another monomer which forms a linear copolymer with (1), and (3) a small amount of a cross-linking agent having a plurality of CH2=CH< groups, and then either, (A) partially esterifying with a C1 to C18 monohydric alcohol followed by reaction in an inert organic liquid to convert up to 75 per cent of the remaining carboxyl groups into alkali metal or ammonium salts or, (B) reacting in an inert organic liquid with ammonia or a C1 to C18 mono-primary or secondary amine to form a partial amide with up to 100 per cent of the remaining carboxyl groups then converted to amine and ammonium salts, or up to 75 per cent converted to combined amine or ammonium and alkali metal salts.  Anhydrides specified are maleic, chloromaleic and 2,3-dicyanomaleic anhydrides, dimethyl-, diphenyl-, dibenzyl-, di(p-methylphenyl)- and dicyclohexyl-maleic anhydrides and citraconic anhydride.  Monomer (2) may be vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, vinyl 2-methoxy ethyl ether or a C1 to C10 alkyl vinyl ether such as those wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl or decyl. Crosslinking agents disclosed are divinyl-benzene and -naphthalene; squalene, myrcene, polymerized dienes such as polybutadiene; hexaallyl trimethylene trisulphone, triacrylyl and trimethacrylyl triazines; ethylene glycol diacrylate, allyl acrylate and cinnamate; diallyl maleate, phthalate and malonate; beta-styryl acrylic acid, acrylic and methacrylic anhydrides; divinyl, diallyl and diallyl ethylene glycol ethers; vinyl, allyl, methallyl and crotyl polyethers; divinyl and diallyl ketones; allyl-betaallyloxy propionate, allyl methacrylyl sucrose, monoallyl maleate, diallyl glycerol ether, methylene-bis-acrylamide and -methacrylamide, unsaturated polyester resins and, in particular, polyalkenyl polyethers such as di-, tri- and tetraallyl pentaerythritol and polyallyl sucrose, starch, sorbitol, inositol and raffinose. Optionally a fourth monomer may be included in the interpolymer and listed are styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, vinylidine chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl benzoate, diethyl maleate, ethylene, isobutylene and acrylic acid.  In examples the interpolymers are prepared in organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, hexane and heptane, using benzoyl peroxide as catalyst.  The alcohols used in forming the partial esters may be primary aliphatic alcohols and may contain t-amine or sulphonic acid groups and listed are the methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, t-butyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, lauryl, myristyl, octadecyl, cyclohexyl and benzyl alcohols, trimethylamino-, 2-dimethylamino- and 2-diethylaminoethanols, 1-dimethylamino-propanol, 2-di-n-butyl - aminoethanol, 8 - hydroxy quinoline, N-hydroxyethyl morpholine, dimethyl amino hexadecanol, p-hydroxy benzene sulphonic acid, and compounds such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl salicylate, phenol/methanol mixture and ethylene chlorohydrin.  The amines used in forming the partial amides or amine salts may be primary or secondary and disclosed are methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, octyl, decyl, lauryl, dimethyl, dibutyl, dioctyl, dilauryl, naphthyl, cyclohexyl, dicyclohexyl and diphenyl amines; aniline, monomethyl aniline, o-toluidine, sulphanilic acid, pyrrole and piperidine. The derivatives are readily formed from the interpolymer suspension, e.g. in benzene, without the necessity of dissolution. Sodium carbonate and hydroxide, and other alkali metal salts, hydroxides and oxides may be used to form the partial salts.  The examples illustrate the effect of pH and of various salts on the viscosity of one per cent mucilages of specified derivatives. Partial ester-partial amine salts (e.g. of trimethyl amino ethanol) are also referred to.  The derivatives are useful as emulsifying, stabilizing, suspending and thickening agents and as adhesives.  They will simultaneously emulsify oils, heptane and hexane &c. and at the same time suspend solids such as fillers, polishing agents, pigments, carbon black, waxes and resins, and as a result are useful in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, cleaning and polishing compounds, latex coating and impregnating compositions and textile printing and colouring compositions.  Specifications 731,226, 799,200 and 799,951 are referred to.