baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent FR-3116005-B1 (FR)
Title: Procédé de formation d’une solution aqueuse d’hydrure
Inventor: DELMAS JÉRÔME
IPC: B01J8/00
Filed: 2020-11-12
Granted: 2023-04-28
Abstract: Procédé de formation d’une solution aqueuse d’hydrure Procédé comportanta) la fourniture d’un dispositif (5) différent d’un engin sous-marin et comportant un système (10) de génération d’une solution aqueuse d’hydrure, le système comportant un réservoir de stockage (20) contenant une charge à dissoudre (25) comportant un hydrure, un réacteur de dissolution (30) et un liquide de dissolution aqueux, le réservoir de stockage et/ou le liquide de dissolution contenant un agent stabilisant alcalin,b) l’introduction d’un volume du liquide de dissolution dans le réservoir de stockage et la formation d’une solution aqueuse d’hydrure contenant au moins une partie de la charge à dissoudre mise en solution dans le liquide de dissolution,c) le transfert de la solution aqueuse d’hydrure dans le réacteur de dissolution pour favoriser la dissolution de l’hydrure dans le liquide de dissolution.  Figure pour l’abrégé : Fig. 1
Patent FR-3120773-B1 (FR)
Title: Sommier à cadre métallique
Inventor: SOUVRÉ MICHEL
IPC: A47C23/02
Filed: 2021-03-16
Granted: 2023-03-31
Abstract: Sommier à cadre métallique Sommier 1 à cadre métallique, le cadre 2 comprenant deux longerons symétriques 3, un par côté, deux longerons d’extrémité 4 en forme de U, deux longerons centraux 5 reliés aux longerons d’extrémité 4, et des pieds 6, dans lequel chaque longeron central 5 comprend un profilé réalisé en tôle à section transversale en U, une platine 12 d’extrémité monobloc avec le profilé et perforée pour vissage avec un des longerons d’extrémité 4, et une patte 11 opposée à la platine 12, prolongeant le profilé, et vissée avec une patte 11 de l’autre longeron central 5 et avec un pied 6 central, ledit pied 6 central étant pourvu d’un perçage selon un axe dudit pied 6, une vis venant en prise dans ledit pied 6 central et maintenant les deux longerons centraux 5, les pattes 11 reposant, l’une sur la surface supérieure dudit pied 6 central et l’autre sur ladite patte 11.
Patent FR-3122269-B1 (FR)
Title: Méthode d’apprentissage pour la détermination d’un niveau d’une grandeur physique à évolution spatio-temporelle en présence d’obstacles physiques dans une zone prédéfinie
Inventor: MENDIL MOUHCINE
IPC: G06N20/00
Filed: 2021-04-27
Granted: 2023-12-15
Abstract: Méthode, mise en œuvre par ordinateur, de détermination d’un niveau d’une grandeur physique à évolution spatio-temporelle en présence d’obstacles physiques dans une zone prédéfinie, comprenant :  dans une phase d’apprentissage (100), détermination (110), au moyen d’un apprentissage automatique recevant en entrée un premier ensemble d’obstacles physiques (11) et un premier ensemble de conditions initiales (12), d’un modèle (13) pour ladite grandeur physique dans la zone prédéfinie ;  - dans une phase d’exploitation (200), détermination (210) d’un deuxième niveau (24) de la grandeur physique dans la zone prédéfinie, à partir du modèle (13) pour ladite grandeur physique recevant en entrée un deuxième ensemble d’obstacles physiques (21), distinct du premier ensemble d’obstacles physiques (11), et un deuxième ensemble de conditions initiales (22).  Figure 2
Patent FR-3129908-B1 (FR)
Title: Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d’un système de régulation adaptative de vitesse d’un véhicule
Inventor: VIVET LUC
IPC: B60W30/14
Filed: 2021-12-06
Granted: 2023-10-27
Abstract: La présente invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif de contrôle d’un système de régulation adaptative de vitesse, dit système ACC, d’un premier véhicule (10). Le système ACC a comme cible un deuxième véhicule (11) circulant devant le premier véhicule (10). La vitesse latérale et la vitesse longitudinale du deuxième véhicule (11) sont déterminées. Un indicateur de probabilité que le deuxième véhicule (11) effectue un virage ayant un rayon de courbure déterminé est déterminé en fonction d’un rapport de la vitesse longitudinale sur la vitesse latérale. Un indicateur de pertinence associé au deuxième véhicule est déterminé en fonction de l’indicateur de probabilité. Le système ACC du premier véhicule (10) est contrôlé en fonction de cet indicateur de pertinence.  Figure pour l’abrégé : Figure 1
Patent FR-2112012-B1 (FR)
IPC: G04B19/28
Filed: 1970-04-21
Granted: 1974-03-01
Abstract: A watch case comprises two adjacent annular graduated discs rotatably mounted inside a caseband. The discs are supported on an annular frame member including an upper flange for guiding the inner disc and a lower flange clamped between the caseband and a bottom.
Patent FR-2528556-B1 (FR)
Inventor: GAUTIER GEORGES GUSTAVE ANDRE
IPC: F28C3/06
Filed: 1982-06-10
Granted: 1988-01-29
Abstract: 1. A direct-contact process for transferring heat between a gaseous fluid at a liquid fluid, in which the gaseous fluid is introduced at one end of a vertical cylindrical chamber (1) and extracted at the other end of said chamber, the gaseous fluid circulating in said chamber as a cylindrical column with fluid streams substantially parallel to one another and in which the liquid is introduced through the chamber wall and sprayed within said chamber, from a plurality of coaxial spraying nozzles located at the centre and spaced apart in the direction of the gaseous fluid and fed from a common liquid feed source under pressure, as a plurality of coaxial thin conical sheets extending from each spraying nozzle to the chamber periphery, each conical sheet corresponding to a nozzle, the conical liquid sheets sprayed from the various nozzles being independent and serially crossed by the gaseous flux, characterized in that the sprayed liquid in each sheet is collected at the periphery of the sheet on the chamber wall.
Patent FR-2521555-B1 (FR)
IPC: A61K31/64
Filed: 1983-02-17
Granted: 1985-05-17
Abstract: The present invention is directed to N-((alkylamino)carbonyl)-N-(((alkylamino)carbonyl)oxy)acylamides and their use in inhibiting the growth of HeLa cells, P<sub>388</sub> leukemia or MX-1 carcinomas in mammals.
Patent FR-2532581-B1 (FR)
Inventor: STEPHAN WALTER A
IPC: B29C70/34
Filed: 1983-09-05
Granted: 1987-01-23
Abstract: Hollow tubular members for the transmission of compressive, tensile, bending and torsional forces. The hollow member is made of fibre-reinforced plastics and comprises a tubular central portion and tapered conical end portions which form an integral whole with the central portion. A synthetic organic polymer is used as the reinforcing fibre.
Patent FR-2573105-B1 (FR)
IPC: E01F15/00
Filed: 1984-11-14
Granted: 1987-04-24
Abstract: 1. A crash barrier formed by at least one horizontal rail (3) constituted by wooden rail elements (4) and by wooden posts (5) each supporting two adjacent rail elements (4), each rail element (4) being provided at each of its ends with a metal support enabling it to be connected to the adjacent end of the next rail element, characterized in that each metal support is formed by a metal plate (6, 15, 21, 26) which is driven into an associated slot (7, 22, 23) formed at each end of each rail element (4) and which is fixed therein by means of at least of one bolt (9) passing through the rail element (4) in a direction perpendicular to that of the slot (7, 22, 23).
Patent FR-2579133-B1 (FR)
Inventor: GLEMET MICHEL
IPC: C08K7/14
Filed: 1985-03-25
Granted: 1987-09-25
Abstract: Material characterised in that between the thermoplastic polymer and the fibres there is a second thermoplastic polymer, different from the first and compatible therewith, promoting wetting of the fibres. 
<??>The material is obtained by placing between the fibres and the thermoplastic polymer a second thermoplastic polymer promoting wetting of the fibres and chosen from low-viscosity polymers or polymers whose polarity is increased relative to the corresponding original polymers.
Patent FR-2598967-B1 (FR)
Inventor: BALMISSE MICHEL
IPC: B29K105/04
Filed: 1986-05-23
Granted: 1988-11-25
Abstract: 1. A method of producing moulded polyurethane foam upholstery comprising several juxtaposed and/or superimposed zones of different flexibility, characterised in that it involves dividing a mould (1) by arranging therein one or more receivers (2) and/or one or more separators (3) made of expanded polystyrene, simultaneously pouring different foaming mixtures of polyurethane each of different flexibility into one of the volumes defined by the walls of the separators (3) and of the mould (1) and/or by the walls of the receivers (2), covering the mould (1), subjecting the mould (1), filled with polyurethane foams, to the temperature originating from an external heat source and/or from the exothermic reaction of the foams, in order not only to polymerise the polyurethane foams but also to shrink the expanded polystyrene, this shrinkage at temperature (T) determining the transformation of said expanded polystyrene into a layer (6) of flexible material serving to interconnect the polyurethane foams of different flexibilities which had been poured simultaneously.
Patent FR-2599236-B1 (FR)
Inventor: VARIN MICHEL
IPC: A47L9/06
Filed: 1986-05-30
Granted: 1989-03-10
Abstract: The suction head comprises a housing (1) provided with a suction tube (2) and closed by a bottom sole plate (4) which has at least two longitudinal channels in the form of grooves communicating with the tube via at least one window (14). According to the invention, at least one removable blade (19) carrying a thread-pickup cloth (20) having oriented fibers is suitable for being received in one of the channels and for at least partially obstructing a window, with the fibers being directed towards the window which is left unobstructed.
Patent FR-2627654-B1 (FR)
Inventor: SAKAI MASANORI
IPC: G03G15/01
Filed: 1988-10-14
Granted: 1995-08-11
Abstract: There is disclosed an image processing apparatus capable of reading image (at 1) and synthesizing it (at 12) with another standardized image signal supplied from outside and stored (at 3) in a memory provided in the apparatus.
Patent FR-2652077-B1 (FR)
Inventor: JACQUES BLONDEL GUY
IPC: C02F1/14
Filed: 1989-09-15
Granted: 1991-10-31
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FR90/00646 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 13, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 13, 1992 PCT Filed Sep. 11, 1990 PCT Pub. No. WO91/04228 PCT Pub. Date Apr. 4, 1991.In a method for producing fresh water using solar energy, the method involving the use of an installation comprising a structure oriented toward the sun and permeable to solar radiation, forming a greenhouse including a preheating and reheating chamber and an evaporation chamber into which water containing impurities is introduced to be evaporated by the indirect influence of the solar radiation in the air trapped under the structure, the air being conveyed to a temperature exchanger such that the vapors carried thereby will be condensed and collected, the improvement comprising evaporation of the water containing impurities on mounds of capillary material scattered and distributed over the entire span of the evaporation chamber.
Patent FR-2672053-B1 (FR)
Inventor: PHILIPPE MAJ
IPC: C08G69/40
Filed: 1991-01-30
Granted: 1993-04-23
Abstract: Block copolyetheramides, well adopted for conversion into a wide variety of useful thermoplastic elastomer shaped articles, have the formula: in which D is the residue of a diacid oligamide having an &upbar& Mn ranging from 300 to 3,000 and/or the residue of the diacid chain limiter, PE is the residue of a polyetherdiol having an &upbar& Mn ranging from 200 to 5,000,xis a straight or branched chain (cyclo)aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, n is a number ranging from 1 to 4, and m is an average number ranging from 2 to 50; these are prepared by polycondensing a multiblock polymer having the formula: with a diamine H2N-X-NH2.
Patent FR-2683712-B1 (FR)
Inventor: HIOT JEAN-CLAUDE
IPC: A61B19/00
Filed: 1991-11-18
Granted: 1995-12-29
Abstract: This cap (1) has a housing (9) adapted to receive one end of the pin (2), and a tapped hole (11) emerging transversely in this housing, adapted to receive a fastening screw (12) allowing the pin (2) and cap (1) to be joined firmly together; the screw (12) is initially made in a single piece with the end part (4) of a shaft (7) of the fastening member (3), a weakened zone (13) being made at the transition between the screw and the end part (4). The surgeon first covers the pin (2) with the cap (1), then screws the screw (12) until the latter locks the pin (2), and the end of the screwing causes breakage of the weakened zone (13), so that only the screw (12) remains locked in place in the cap (3) fixed to the pin (2). This cap prevents any migration of the pin and protects the neighbouring tissues.
Patent FR-2700481-B1 (FR)
Inventor: RIONDEL ALAIN
IPC: B01J19/18
Filed: 1993-01-18
Granted: 1995-02-24
Abstract: Process for producing dicyclopentenyloxyethanol of formula by reacting dicyclopentadiene with ethylene glycol in the presence, as catalyst, of a cationic ion exchange acidic resin, characterised in that it consists in blending the cyclopentadiene and ethylene glycol in a blending tank (1) in order to obtain a mixture, and in placing the mixture in contact with the catalyst in a container (cartridge, cartouche) (12) which is distinct from the blending tank (1).
Patent FR-2715338-B1 (FR)
Inventor: PETERS HENRI
IPC: F16C11/06
Filed: 1994-01-25
Granted: 1996-04-12
Abstract: The universal joint with high mechanical resistance, esp. to abrasion, impact and crushing, consists of an inner spherical element (1) in an outer cage (3). The spherical element is made from a very hard steel, pre-treated at 882-1029 N/mm2 in its core and having a surface hardness of 55 HRC to a depth of 1.5 - 3 mm. The cage is forged and machines from an austenitic manganese steel, with an inner diameter slightly greater than that of the spherical element to give it a circumference 1 - 25 mm longer. The cage's inner surface is cold-forged to give a hardness of 38 - 44 HRC to a slight depth - a few tenths of a millimetre, while its core material retains its ductility. The spherical element is fitted into the cage by pressure after the cage has been cut (5) and opened, and then welded (7) after closing. For universal joints of large diameter (300 mm and more) the materials from which the spherical element and cage are made can be reversed.
Patent FR-2703536-B1 (FR)
Inventor: AGAHI-KESHEH DARIOUSH
IPC: H01P3/08
Filed: 1994-03-29
Granted: 1996-04-05
Abstract: A switch circuit for a cellular radiotelephone operable in a TDMA communication scheme. The switch circuit is disposed upon a plurality of tandemly-positioned ceramic substrates having transmission lines disposed upon one of the ceramic substrates. The switch circuit alternately connects transmitter circuitry to an antenna or receiver circuitry to the antenna, thereby alternately to permit transmission or reception of signals generated by, or received by the radiotelephone. Because circuits disposed upon ceramic materials are of low insertion losses, the switch circuit is advantageously utilized to form a portion of the radiotelephone.
Patent FR-2746309-B1 (FR)
Inventor: VIDAL LAURENT
IPC: A61K8/41
Filed: 1996-03-22
Granted: 1998-04-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for dyeing keratin fibres, in particular human hair, containing, in a medium which is suitable for dyeing:as coupler, at least one compound of formulaor one of the addition salts with an acid, withR1 denotes, in particular, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, a heterocycle, halogen,R2 denotes, in particular, hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, arylthio, alkylthio,R3 has the same meanings as those for R1,Za and Zb, which are different, denote C=O or CR4, with R4 having the same meanings as R1;and at least one oxidation base.
Patent FR-2756856-B1 (FR)
Inventor: BACH PHILIPPE
IPC: E04B2/86
Filed: 1996-12-09
Granted: 1999-02-26
Abstract: This element, which serves as casing, consists of a caisson (1) in the form of a right-angled parallelepiped, for being vertically erected and attached to adjacent elements by its narrow lateral vertical edges; this element is characterised in that its external surface (14), initially plane, has vertical recesses (4) the width of which can be increased or, on the contrary, decreased, such that it is possible to give to the element (1) a concave or a convex curvature.
Patent FR-2785541-B1 (FR)
Inventor: CUPFERMAN SYLVIE
IPC: A61K8/37
Filed: 1998-11-09
Granted: 2002-09-13
Abstract: An antimicrobial system comprises at least one polyol (selected from 4-8C polyols, glycerol mono-(3-9C alkyl) ether or glycerol (3-9C alkenyl) ether) and 2-hydroxy-4-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohepta-2,4,6-triene-1-one. Independent claims are also included for: (1) an antimicrobial system comprises at least one polyol (selected from octane-1,2-diol, pentane-1,2-diol, sorbitol, glycerol mono-(3-9C alkyl) ether or glycerol (3-9C alkenyl) ether) and sodium capryl-lactyl-lactylate; and (2) a composition comprising at least one of the antimicrobial systems described above.
Patent FR-2791257-B1 (FR)
Inventor: TOUMI BEATRICE
IPC: C08G77/42
Filed: 1999-03-22
Granted: 2001-05-11
Abstract: The use of grafted silicone polymer as tensing agent in anti-ageing cosmetic compositions is new.  The composition comprises at least one grafted silicone polymer comprising polysiloxane part (a) and part (b) consisting of non-silicone organic chain (with one of these two parts constituting the main chain of polymer and the other part being grafted on this main chain), as tensing agent in the cosmetic composition for reducing or erasing skin ageing signs, especially erasing or reducing wrinkles and/or providing face-lift, or in manufacture of such composition.  Independent claims are also included for: (1) Composition containing, in physiologically acceptable medium, at least one grafted silicone polymer as claimed, and one or more vegetable proteins as well as one or more draining, lypolytic, de-infiltrating, thinning, hardening, anti-glycant and/or vaso-protector compounds, such as extracts of Indian chestnut, ivy, holly, Bupleurum chinensis and algae, caffeine, and rutine derivatives; and (2) cosmetic treatment of ageing skin, especially wrinkled, comprising application of at least one grafted silicone polymer as claimed in sufficient quantity to smoothen the skin owing to its tightening effect.
Patent FR-2800309-B1 (FR)
Inventor: LADIRAT CHRISITAN
IPC: B01J4/00
Filed: 1999-10-28
Granted: 2001-11-30
Abstract: A drawing-off device (18) is used to empty a molten material (28) such as glass contained in a cooled crucible (10), in which there is an elongated pour orifice (30), a cooled slide valve (32) and a bar (36) forming a thermal bridge between the molten material (28) and the bottom (24) of the crucible (10), along one end (30a) of the orifice (30).
Patent HU-223048-B1 (HU)
Title: Expansion grade and structure to spanning joints of road
Inventor: GALLAI GUSTAV
IPC: E01D19/08
Filed: 2000-02-29
Abstract: The finger plate (7) for spanning an expansion joint in a roadway has cavities (10) in which bridging components (13) are arranged that extend from the base (14) of the cavity between the fingers (9) in the direction of their length over the finger point(15).  An Independent claim is included for a device for spanning an expansion joint in a roadway.
Patent HU-223401-B1 (HU)
Inventor: PRESTON JOHN CLEMENT
IPC: E04G3/18
Filed: 1998-05-15
Abstract: A találmány építő-rakodó állvány emeleti födémszerkezethez rögzíthető,fix tartószerkezettel, és ehhez képest meghatározott távolságig azépületből konzolszerűen kitolható tartószerkezettel, amely fixtartószerkezetnek (4) üzemszerűen az épületből kiálló szakasza van,amelyen alul, az épület födémszegélyén (18) kívülről ütközőkonzolszerkezet (7) van rögzítve. A találmány továbbá hibrid építő-rakodó állvány, épületen belül emeleti födémszerkezethez rögzíthető,az épületből konzolszerűen kinyúló fix tartószerkezettel, és ehhezképest meghatározott távolságig az épületből konzolszerűen kitolhatótartószerkezettel, amely fix tartószerkezetnek (4) üzemszerűen azépületből kiálló szakaszán alul, az épület födémszegélyén (18)kívülről ütköző konzolszerkezet (7) van rögzítve. ŕ
Patent WO-03060460-B1 (WO)
Title: Criblage multi-cible
Inventor: FURKA ARPAD
IPC: C40B30/04
Filed: 2003-01-02
Abstract: La présente invention concerne des procédés d'identification de macromolécules naturelles présentant un intérêt pharmaceutique et de leurs ligands macromoléculaires ou synthétiques. Les cibles et leurs ligands sont identifiés en une seule expérience de liaison s'exécutant avec des échantillothèques de cibles à plusieurs composants et des échantillothèques de ligands à plusieurs composants.
Patent HU-227941-B1 (HU)
Inventor: BARTOS ANDOR ZOLTAN
IPC: A24D1/18
Filed: 2008-11-21
Abstract: A találmány tárgya különböző gyógyanyagokkal töltött, több hengerrészből álló cigarettapatron és gyógycigaretta, amelynek három részes műanyag hengerébe csúsztatott patronok egyikébe szárított, darabolt 5-8 g dohány tömegéhez viszonyítva 0,5-15% tömegrész mennyiségben szárított, darabolt mentát, 5-10 tömeg% mennyiségben szárított, darabolt kamillát, 1-5 tömeg% tengeri sót, 1-5 tömeg% szárított, darabolt aloe verat tesznek, amit a hatékonyság növelésének érdekében dúsítanak az 5-8 g dohány súlyára számítva egyenként 2 tömeg% menta, kamilla, aloe vaera illóolajjal.
Patent HU-223663-B1 (HU)
Title: 9-[2-(acetyl-thio-phenyl)-propanoyl-amino]-pyridazo[1,2-a][1,2]diazepine derivatives, use of them, process for preparing them and pharmaceutical compositions of enkephalinase and ace inhibitor activity..
Inventor: FLYNN GARY ALAN
IPC: A61K31/55
Filed: 1993-04-21
Abstract: The present invention relates to certain novel mercaptoacetylamido pyridazo[1,2]pyridazine, pyrazolo[1,2]pyridazine, pyridazo[1,2- a] [1,2]diazepine and pyrazolo[1,2- a ][1,2]diazepine derivatives useful as inhibitors of enkephalinase and of ACE.
Patent JP-2983986-B1 (JP)
Title: コンクリ―トブロックの成型装置
IPC: B28B7/26
Filed: 1999-02-08
Granted: 1999-11-29
Abstract: 【要約】
【課題】        前後両面が化粧面のブロックの複数個 を同時に成型することを可能にし、もって生産性を飛躍 的に上昇させる。
【解決手段】    コンクリートブロックの前面を化粧面 に成型するための前板、後面を化粧面に成型するための 後板および左右の端面を成型するための端板で型枠を形 成し、前板と後板の進退で型枠を開閉する成型装置にお いて、２組の型枠を前後に配列し、前側型枠の前板の前 に前部カム１７を、前側型枠の後板と後側型枠の前板と の間に中間カム１８を、後側型枠の後板の後に後部カム １９をそれぞれ設け、油圧シリンダ２０のピストンロッ ド２０ａの往復運動によりリンク機構２２、２２ａ、２ ５、２６、２９、３０、３１、３３、３２を介してカム １７、１８、１９に９０度の往復回転をさせて型枠を開 閉する。
Patent JP-2955268-B1 (JP)
Title: 定量ベルトコンベヤ装置
IPC: B65G11/16
Filed: 1998-03-20
Granted: 1999-10-04
Abstract: 【要約】
【課題】  本発明はばら材料６の連続定量ベルトコンベ ヤ装置において輸送むらを解消し、連続定量精度を向上 することを目的とする。
【解決手段】  ベルトコンベヤ１の上側移行部１’の上 面に向って対向方向に下向に傾斜する対向スカート２、 ２を上記移行部１’の移行方向に設け、該スカート２、 ２の両外側に垂直板３、３を設け、対向スカート２、２ 間に供給ホッパ４を開口４’し、開口部４’の終端側に 上記移行方向と直交する水平すり切り板５を設けてな り、対向スカート２、２の下端を上側移行部１’との間 に僅かの間隙ｔを介して臨ませ、上側移行部１’、対向 スカート２、２及び水平すり切り板３に囲繞される移送 ばら材料６の断面が逆台形に形成されることを特徴とす るものである。
Patent NL-2015818-B1 (NL)
Title: Method and gas refining installation for providing a gas stream having a wobbe index within a required range.
Inventor: MARCEL ANTON FRANCISCUS TE BRAAK
IPC: F23K5/00
Filed: 2015-11-19
Granted: 2017-06-06
Abstract: The invention relates to a method an gas refining installation for providing a gas stream having a Wobbe index within a required range. The method and gas refining installation both make use of refining an unrefined gas stream into a refined gas stream with a Wobbe index above 5 said required range, and bypassing or feeding an unrefined gas stream to said refined gas stream, thereby obtaining a combined gas stream having a Wobbe index within said required range. Use can be made of either a feedback loop or a feedforward loop.