Patent GB-929483-A (GB)
Title: Information addressing, storing and retrieval system
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 1962-04-10
Abstract: 929,483. Digital data storage; digital electric calculating. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. April 10, 1962 [April 10, 1961], No. 13761/62. Class 106 (1). An item of data is associated with an identifier and from the distribution of characters within an identifier is derived a storage address for the item which is such that for a given set of data items it is probable that all storage addresses, which each hold several items of data, will be equally filled. The preferred store is a magnetic disc store and the recording and reading techniques are conventional. An address defines a section of a single track of one of the discs and comprises five decimal digits. In the embodiment described the data items are initially recorded one to a punched card. The identifier is a twenty-five alpha-numeric character word which may be a catalogue number, insurance serial number or the like. An analysis of the identifiers of all the cards, or at least a statistical sample, is first necessary. The preparatory steps are as follows:- (1) The frequency of characters occurring in a particular order of the identifier is found. The most frequent character is placed at the centre of a histogram and less frequent characters ranged on either side (Fig. 3). The characters are ranked according to their positions, left to right in the histogram. (2) The cumulative frequency of each rank is found by forming the ratio of the number of cards occurring in ranks up to and including the rank being considered to the total number of cards. Since the cumulative frequency of rank 36 is 1, an intermediate cumulative frequency is found by averaging the cumulative frequencies of ranks 1 and 2, 2 and 3, &c. (3) From tables of the standardized cumulative distribution function, t is found which corresponds to the intermediate cumulative frequency calculated in step (3) (t is the normal deviate). (4) These steps are repeated for every order of the identifier numbers. The input apparatus must therefore associate with each possible character in each order of an identifier a t value. This is done by means of plugboards. For each order a character is plugged to a rank which is associated with apparatus such as manual selector switches which generates the predetermined value of t when the character is sensed. From these values of t the apparatus deriving the address computes the standard deviation d m  of the arithmetic mean of the t values. The function t(d m ) is computed and the first five significant figures used as a memory address. In this way the area under the Gaussian distribution curve of identifiers has been subdivided into equal areas. Formally, it is necessary to compute where n is the number of orders in an identifier, and Apparatus for doing this is shown in Fig. 7. As the characters of an identifier are recognized the t values are gated from storage 72 to an adder 75. They are multiplied by (in the present case) (25) <SP>- ¢</SP> in circuit 78 which supplies a signal defining the upper bound of the integration to be performed in circuit 80. Integrator 81 provides the function exp ( - x<SP>2</SP>/2) for integrator 80 which operates between limits - 6 (a sufficient approximation to - #) and that set by multiplier 78. In circuit 84 the output of integrator 80 is multiplied by (2#)<SP>- ¢</SP> to give the memory address. The integrators may be digital differential analyzer circuits. Instead of having twenty-five different values for t for each character (depending on its rank in each order of the identifier) less can be used by averaging the intermediate cumulative frequencies of the ranks 1 in groups of adjacent orders, and doing the same thing for all the other ranks. If not all identifiers have the same number of orders, where blanks occur in an identifier these are filled sequentially by the characters of the same identifier. This simplifies the computation of d m  by making n effectively a constant.