baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent DE-112018001045-B4 (DE)
Title: Hohlladung mit ringförmigem Strahl
Inventor: MACGILLIVRAY JOSEPH TODD
IPC: E21B43/117
Filed: 2018-02-01
Granted: 2024-02-01
Abstract: Hohlladung zur Verwendung in einem Bohrloch, umfassend:
 ein Gehäuseäußeres (228), wobei das Gehäuseäußere (228) eine Außenfläche (312) und eine Innenfläche (314), die einen Hohlraum bildet, umfasst;
 ein Gehäuseinneres (320), das innerhalb des Hohlraums angeordnet ist;
 eine torusförmige Auskleidung (330), die innerhalb des Hohlraums angeordnet ist und eine Basis des Gehäuseinneren (320) umgibt; und
 Sprengstoff (340), der innerhalb einer ersten Lücke (332) zwischen der Innenfläche (314) des Gehäuseäußeren (228) und der torusförmigen Auskleidung (330) und einer zweiten Lücke (334) zwischen der torusförmigen Auskleidung (330) und dem Gehäuseinneren (320) angeordnet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gehäuseinnere (320) einen ersten größeren inneren Abschnitt (322) und einen zweiten kleineren äußeren Abschnitt (324) aufweist, wobei der erste größere innere Abschnitt (322) eine Querschnittsform eines Pentagons oder Hexagons aufweist.
Patent DE-112018002915-B4 (DE)
Title: Harzzusammensetzung zum Tintenstrahldrucken und unter Verwendung derselben hergestellte Leiterplatte und Verfahren zum Herstellen der Leiterplatte
Inventor: HIDEHIRA YORIO
IPC: C09D11/30
Filed: 2018-03-21
Granted: 2023-10-05
Abstract: Harzzusammensetzung zum Tintenstrahldrucken, die aufweist:ein Epoxidharz in einer Menge von 1 bis 15 Gewichtsteilen bezogen auf 100 Gewichtsteile der Harzzusammensetzung;ein monofunktionelles Monomer auf Acrylatbasis mit einer cyclischen Struktur in einer Menge von 25 bis 80 Gewichtsteilen bezogen auf 100 Gewichtsteile der Harzzusammensetzung;ein wärmehärtbares Monomer auf Acrylatbasis in einer Menge von 1 bis 10 Gewichtsteilen bezogen auf 100 Gewichtsteile der Harzzusammensetzung;ein Mittel zum Einstellen der Viskosität in einer Menge von 1 bis 30 Gewichtsteilen bezogen auf 100 Gewichtsteile der Harzzusammensetzung;einen Photoinitiator in einer Menge von 5 bis 15 Gewichtsteile bezogen auf 100 Gewichtsteile der Harzzusammensetzung; undeinen Aminsynergist in einer Menge von 1 bis 5 Gewichtsteile bezogen auf 100 Gewichtsteile der Harzzusammensetzung,wobei das wärmehärtbare Monomer auf Acrylatbasis eine Acrylatgruppe und eine Isocyanatgruppe umfasst,wobei der Aminsynergist ein Acrylat mit 2 bis 5 tertiären Aminstrukturen ist, undwobei es sich bei dem monofunktionellen Monomer auf Acrylatbasis um eines oder mehrere handelt, die aus einer Gruppe ausgewählt werden, die aus Dicyclopentenylacrylat, Dicyclopentanylacrylat, Dicyclopentenyloxyethylacrylat, 4-tert-Butylcyclohexylacrylat, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexylacrylat, Acryloylmorpholin, cyclischem Trimethylolpropanformalacrylat, Isobornylacrylat, Tetrahydrofurfurylacrylat und 2-Phenoxyethylacrylat besteht.
Patent DE-112018005108-B4 (DE)
Title: Unvulkanisierte/Vulkanisierte Gummizusammensetzung für Reifen und Verwendung der vulkanisierten Gummizusammensetzung in Luftreifen
Inventor: KAZARIYA AYAKI
IPC: C08L9/00
Filed: 2018-09-10
Granted: 2023-10-05
Abstract: Unvulkanisierte Gummizusammensetzung für einen Reifen, wobei die Gummizusammensetzung Folgendes umfasst:einen Dienkautschuk;Siliziumdioxid; undeine heterozyklische Verbindung (wobei die heterozyklische Verbindung kein Siliziumatom enthält) mit einer Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe mit 3 bis 30 Kohlenstoffen und mindestens einem Typ Heterozyklus, der aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Piperazinring, einem Morpholinring und einem Thiomorpholinring ausgewählt ist,wobei die heterozyklische Verbindung eine Verbindung ist, die durch nachstehende Formel (I) dargestellt ist:in Formel (I) steht X7für mindestens einen Typ, der aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Stickstoffatom, einem Sauerstoffatom und einem Schwefelatom ausgewählt ist,X3, X4, X5und X6stehen jeweils unabhängig voneinander für ein Wasserstoffatom oder eine Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe,Wenn X7ein Stickstoffatom ist, n3 gleich 1 ist und ein oder beide X1und X2jeweils unabhängig voneinander für die Formel (I-1) stehen: -(A1)n1-1-R1-1, wenn nur ein X1und X2für die Formel (I-1) steht, stehen die verbleibenden Gruppen für mindestens einen Typ, der aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Wasserstoffatom, einer auf Sulfon basierenden Schutzgruppe, einer auf Carbamat basierenden Schutzgruppe und Formel (I-3) ausgewählt ist: -(R2-O)n2-H,in Formel (I-3) steht R2jeweils unabhängig für eine zweiwertige Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe, undn2 steht für von 1 bis 10.wenn X7mindestens ein Typ ist, der aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Sauerstoffatom und einem Schwefelatom ausgewählt ist, steht n3 für 0 und X1steht für Formel (I-1): -(A1)n1-1-R1-1,in Formel (I-1) steht A1für mindestens einen Typ, der aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einer Carbonylgruppe und Formel (I-2) ausgewählt ist: -R1-2(OH)-O-,n1-1 steht für 0 oder 1,R1-1steht für eine Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe, die von 3 bis 30 Kohlenstoffe aufweist, undin Formel (I-2) steht R1-2für eine dreiwertige Kohlenwasserstoffgruppe;wobei eine durchschnittliche Glasübergangstemperatur des Dienkautschuks von -50 °C bis -25°C ist,ein Gehalt des Siliziumdioxids von 80 bis 200 Massenteilen pro 100 Massenteile des Dienkautschuks beträgt, undein Gehalt der heterocyclischen Verbindung, bezogen auf den Gehalt des Siliziumdioxids, von 0,5 bis 20 Masseanteile beträgt.
Patent CZ-288550-B6 (CZ)
Title: Cooling process of hot granulated solid substances
Inventor: STRODER MICHAEL DR ING
IPC: B01J8/18
Filed: 1993-04-16
Abstract: The proposed cooling process of hot granulated solid substances is carried out under pressure higher than atmospheric pressure ranging up to 5 MPa within a fluidized bed. This fluidized bed is situated in a first cooling chamber (1a) having inlet (22) of granulated solid substances and in a second cooling chamber (1b) having discharge (23) of the granulated solid substances. A partition wall (7) having in its bottom area a hole (15) interconnecting both the cooling chambers (1a, 1b) separated the cooling chambers from each other. In cooling beds, the granulated solid substances are conducted predominantly in vertical direction from the granulated solid substance inlet (22) to the granulated solid substance discharge (23). Fluidization gas is introduced on bottom region of the both fluidized beds and heat is removed therefrom indirectly through cooling devices (6a, 6b) being flown by a cooling fluid. Height of the both fluidized beds ranges from 3 to 20 m and ration of the fluidized bed
Patent CZ-287590-B6 (CZ)
Title: Epicyclic gear
Inventor: PATOCKA VLADIMIR
IPC: F16H1/28
Filed: 1996-04-03
Abstract: In the present invention there is disclosed an epicyclic gear containing rotary driver (3) being coupled with input shaft of a driven machine through the mediation of a swinging coupling and being provided with three satellites (5) mounted rotatably on pins and being centered in a fixed crown wheel (1) and centering a sun gear (2). The invented epicyclic gear is characterized in that said driver (3 ) body (4) has a form of a cylindrical bush with internal coupling teeth in which fit on both sides and also in the center coupling teeth of toothed disks (7) between which the satellites (5) are mounted on the pins (6), whereby a transfer disk (8) external coupling teeth fit in internal coupling teeth of the driver (3) body (4) and the internal coupling teeth thereof fit in external coupling teeth of a hub (9) put on the driving machine (16) input shaft (17), whereby on the hub (9) there are mounted bearings (14) separated by a distance ring (12). A cover (10) being coupled with both the crown wheel and the distance ring (12) is put by its cylindrical part (11) on the bearings (12). Said cover (10) external coupling teeth fit in internal coupling teeth of a flange (13) that is fixedly coupled with the driven machine (16).
Patent SK-284102-B6 (SK)
Title: Absorption body
Inventor: LINDQUIST BENGT
IPC: A61F13/53
Filed: 1994-09-08
Abstract: An absorption body (10) is disclosed which is suitable for use in sanitary napkins (16) or similar. The body includes at least one layer of an absorbent material and has a plurality of longitudinally extending embossed channels (12). In order to promote distribution of discharged body fluid across a considerable area of the absorption body, at least three channels (12) are present, and the layer of absorbent material provides the absorption body (10) with a basis weight of between about 80 and 240 g/m2, preferably between about 120 and 160 g/m2. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the absorption body.
Patent SK-279097-B6 (SK)
Title: R highpass filter connection of the third order with a high value of the input impedance
Inventor: STULRAJTER JOZEF
IPC: H03H11/00
Filed: 1993-04-28
Abstract: An input connector (5) of an operational amplifier (1) and an input connector (8) of an operational amplifier (2) are earthed. An input connector (6) of the operational amplifier (1) is connected to a resistor (R4) that is earthed, and a resistor (R3) that is connected to an output connector (13) of an operational amplifier (3). An output connector (7) of the operational amplifier (1) is connected to a resistor (R1) and a resistor (R2) that is connected to an input connector (12) of the operational amplifier (3). An input connector (9) of the operational amplifier (2) is connected to the resistor (R1) and a resistor (R5) that is earthed. An output connector (10) of the operational amplifier (2) is connected to a resistor (R6) which is connected to the input connector (12) of the operational amplifier (3) to which a resistor (R8) is connected and earthed, and, a resistor (R7) which is connected to the output connector (13) of the operational amplifier (3). The operational amplifiers (1, 2, 3) are earthed. The source (U1) of an input signal is connected to the input connector (4). There is an output signal (U2) on the output connector (14).
Patent SK-282324-B6 (SK)
Inventor: LINKA VIKTOR
IPC: B21K21/08
Filed: 1998-04-24
Abstract: Opísaný je spôsob výroby rúrkovitého porézneho telieska splynovacieho horáka, obzvlášť na spaľovanie kvapalných ropných produktov vo vyhrievacom agregáte, pri ktorom sa nástrih (3) tvaru pravidelného štvoruholníka zo siete hladko tkanej z drôtikov (1, 2) s priemerom d = 0,16 +/- 0,02 mm s veľkosťou štvorcových ôk (9) so stranou a = 0,19 +/- 0,03 mm, pričom hrany (31, 32) nástrihu (3) sú v podstate rovnobežné s osnovami drôtikov (1, 2), navinuté aspoň v troch tesných závitoch na tŕň (5) do tvaru rúrky, ktorých pozdĺžna os je v podstate rovnobežná s jednou osnovou drôtikov (2), potom sa rúrka vsunie do valcovej dutiny lisovacej matrice (6) a osadeným lisovacím tŕňom (7) sa zlisuje na rúrkovité porézne teliesko (4) tak, že jeho výška je 48 až 58 % výšky nezlisovanej rúrky a hrúbka jeho steny (TS) je 95 až 105 % hrúbky steny nezlisovanej rúrky.ŕ
Patent SK-280859-B6 (SK)
Title: Agents having anti-genotoxic properties
Inventor: KOSIKOVA BOZENA
IPC: C08H8/00
Filed: 1997-06-02
Abstract: Agents having anti-genotoxic properties contain lignine preparations or the derivatives thereof, preferably lignine plant polymeric derivatives produced as by-products during the production of cellulose, or preferably lignine plant polymers produced out of lignocellulose materials hydrolysis or the modified derivatives thereof.
Patent CZ-281864-B6 (CZ)
Inventor: BOIGEGRAIN ROBERT ING
IPC: C07D231/12
Filed: 1991-08-20
Abstract: 3-Amidopyrazolové deriváty obecného vzorce I  nebo I'. Tyto 3-amidopyrazolové deriváty mají  účinnost na centrální nervovou soustavu a  zejména na systémy regulace neuropeptidů,  přičemž například vytěsňují tritiovaný nebo  jodovaný neurotensin z jeho specifických  receptorů. Způsob přípravy uvedených derivátů a  farmceutických kompozic, které tyto deriváty  obsahují jako účinnou látku.ŕ
Patent CZ-280169-B6 (CZ)
Inventor: ALDORF JAN ING
IPC: B24B41/06
Filed: 1991-09-03
Abstract: Zařízení na upínání tyčí na pojezdovém voze,  sestávající z upínacích pák (1) s výměnnými  čelistmi (2), uchycených na rámu (13) vozu a  opěrných pák (3) s přestavitelnými čelistmi (4),  upevněných na horním průběžném hřídeli (5). Na  upínacích pákách (1) je čepy (8) uchycen  teleskop (7) s vinutími pružinami ukončený  třmenem (10). Třmen je upevněn čepem (9) třmenu  (10) na pákách (14) spodního průběžného hřídele  (11). V poloze " upnuto " se třmen (10) opírá o  doraz (15), umístěný na spodní straně rámu (13)  vozu.ŕ
Patent CS-277103-B6 (CS)
Inventor: MORISAK ZDENEK ING
IPC: F16D66/00
Filed: 1990-06-06
Abstract: Vypínací mechanismus spojky motorových vozidel
a traktorů je tvořen z přesouvaoí objímky
/3/ s vypínacím ložiskem /2/ a se
dvěma protilehle orientovanými dvojicemi
výstupků /13,14/ na vnějším obvodě, pro napojení
výklopné vidlice /7/. Vnitřním průměrem
je přesouvaoí objímka /3/ suvné uložena
na pevném pouzdru /4/, které upevňuje
tento celek přes izolační vložku /5/ ke
spojkové skříni /6/. Přesouvaoí objímka
/3/ je oddělena na vnějším povrchu mezi
každou z dvojice výstupků /13,14/ od zakončení
/10/ výklopné vidlice /7/ elektricky
nevodivou podložkou /8/. Na vnitřní ploše
každého prvého výstupku /14/ je umístěna
elektricky nevodivá podložka /8/. Výklopná
vidlice /7/ nasunutá zakončeními /10/ mezi
obě protilehle orientované dvojice výstupků
/13,14/ je v klidovém stavu prostřednictvím
pružného elementu /18/ dotlačena zakončeními
/10/ k elektricky nevodivé podložce /8/
na prvých výstupcích /14/. Druhé výstupky
/13/ jsou od zakončení /10/ oddáleny o mezeru
/15/. Ustavovací kroužek /17/ uložený
v přesouvaoí objímce /3/ udržuje polohu vypínacího
ložiska /2/ přesouvaoí objímky
/3/ o vůli /11/ od vypínacích páček /1/.
Přesouvaoí objímka /3/ a/nebo pevné pouzdro
/4/ jsou spojeny vodičem /9/ přes kontrolní
svítilnu s jedním z pólů zdroje elektrické
energie.
Patent CZ-281829-B6 (CZ)
Inventor: GRAFEN PAUL
IPC: C07D311/72
Filed: 1993-03-05
Abstract: Je popsán způsob výroby d,1-.alfa.-tokoferolu, popřípadě d,1-.alfa.-tokoferylacetátu kysele katalýzovanou reakcí 2,3,5-trimethylhydrochinonu (TMH) s fytolem nebo isofytolem v rozpouštědle za zvýšené teploty a popřípadě následující esterifikací získaného tokoforelu anhydridem kyseliny octové, spočívající v tom, že se reakce provádí v přítomnosti směsi kyseliny orthoborité a určitých alifatických dikarboxylových nebo trikarboxylových kyselin, s výhodou směsi kyseliny orthoborité a kyseliny oxalové.
ŕ
Patent CZ-286271-B6 (CZ)
Title: Process for preparing concentrate of anti-D immunoglobulin G exhibiting specific activity
Inventor: HODLER GERHARD
IPC: C07K16/00
Filed: 1994-12-22
Abstract: In the present invention there is described a process for preparing anti-D immunoglobulin G preparation from human plasma and containing anti-D IgG or plasma fractions containing  anti-D IgG, whereby  the invented preparation process is characterized in that: (A) plasma or plasma fractions with pH ranging from 3,5 to  6,5 and with conductivity in the range of  2 to 4 mS/cm are subjected to ion-exchange adsorbent chromatography having as functional groups carboxymethyl groups, anti-D IgG is then bound to the adsorbent, (B) the adsorbent with the bound anti-D IgG is first washed in a solution with pH ranging from 5 to  8 and with conductivity in the range of 2 to 4 mS/cm, the anti-D IgG is then eluted and subsequently (C) the eluted anti-D IgG with pH ranging from 6 to  8 and with conductivity in the range of  2 to 4 mS/cm is brought into reaction with an alkali adsorbent  exhibiting ion-exchange properties in order to prevent binding of undesired components and in the end the anti-D IgG is thickened. The non-infectious anti-D concentrate being obtained in great yield exhibits high specific activity of more than 1 percent by weight of anti-D IgG per one gram of the total IgG.
Patent CZ-297798-B6 (CZ)
Title: Method for sliding and positioning sleeve-shaped cable joint and device for making the same
Inventor: PILLING JUERGEN
IPC: B25B27/28
Filed: 1996-03-22
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of and device for sliding and positioning sleeve-shaped resilient radially expandable components (8), made of a highly resilient material, without exerting great force, on cylindrical or conical basic bodies (10) the outer diameters of which are larger than the inner diameters of these sleeve-shaped components (8), such as for example parts of a cable fitting set slid and positioned on a cable end prepared in a manner known per se for a cable terminal or cable connection. Immediately before the component (8) is slid onto the basic body (10), a plurality of elongate thin flexible bar-like slide tongues (2) are distributed around periphery in the cavity of the sleeve-shaped component (8), which has an approximately circular cross-section. The slide tongues (2) are inserted at slight lateral spacings from one another. On these slide tongues (2), the expanding sleeve-shaped component (8) is pushed slidingly onto the basic body (10) with only slight exertion of force. The slide tongues (2) are then withdrawn. A sliding sleeve is used to fit the component onto the basic body, said sleeve comprising a transverse cover (1) which forms a spacer or partial annular band and connects a plurality of laterally mutually spaced, elongate thin flexible bar-like slide tongues (2) made of a material which can slide more easily than the material of the basic body (10).
Patent CZ-283436-B6 (CZ)
Title: Method of determining content of biological fuel in a mixture with mineral fuels
Inventor: SIMEK JIRI DOC RNDR CSC
IPC: G01N33/26
Filed: 1995-12-27
Abstract: A drop of sample of fuel is treated with a drop of saturated alcoholic solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and a drop of alcoholic solution of alkaline hydroxide, the mixture is heated up until it slightly effervesces while producing hydroxamic acids, and then the mixture is acidified by a drop of 0.5 M of hydrochloric acid and treated with a solution of iron (III) chloride with a concentration of 1% by weight. The presence of methyl ester is indicated by the origination of a violet-red to violet colouring. The intensity of the colouring is proportional to the content of bio-fuel in the sample. Determining the content of bio-fuel in the fuel sample is performed by measuring the intensity of the colour of the achieved mixture by a spectrophotometer in a visible radiation spectrum. When determining the content of bio-fuel in the fuel sample the intensity of the colour can be preferably compared with the calibration line. Using this method it is possible to determine as low levels of methyl esters in the fuel as 2% by weight.
Patent CZ-291376-B6 (CZ)
Title: Human apolipoprotein A-I variant and pharmaceutical composition containing thereof
Inventor: ASSMANN GERD
IPC: C12N15/12
Filed: 1996-05-20
Abstract: The present invention relates to a human apolipoprotein A-I variant containing cysteine in position 151, further to corresponding nucleic acids and vectors containing them. Claimed are also pharmaceutical compositions in which the above components are comprised as well as their use, particularly in gene therapy.
Patent SK-283376-B6 (SK)
Title: Gypsum wood fibre product having improved water resistance
Inventor: SONG WEIXIN
IPC: B28B1/30
Filed: 1997-12-16
Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved composite material; more particularly to a composite gypsum board product having improved water resistance, which is especially useful for making building products. Specifically, the present invention relates to an improved gypsum/wood fibre building board having enhanced water resistance through the addition of a wax emulsion to the gypsum and wood fibre during the board manufacturing process.
Patent SK-284610-B6 (SK)
Title: Vaccine comprising an avirulent, non-capsulated genetically modifying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and method for its production
Inventor: INZANA THOMAS J
IPC: A61K39/02
Filed: 1997-06-17
Abstract: Described are vaccines used in veterinary applications, namely particularly vaccines for vaccination of swine against pleuropneumonia comprising an avirulent, non-capsulated genetically modifying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which lacks DNA sequences coding for capsule synthesis, which are located in front of hybridized place of BamHI-Xbal fragment in pCW-1C, as is illustrated in figure 1. Mentioned is also method for production of these vaccines.
Patent SK-288673-B6 (SK)
Title: Hygienic container for biodegradable waste and method of hygienization
Inventor: MARYNCAK MIROSLAV
IPC: C05F9/02
Filed: 2016-11-09
Abstract: Biodegradable municipal waste container sanitizer containing temperature measuring accessories, measuring fluid levels, pressure sensors and distribution valves consists of two sanitation columns between which a water heating column is placed, wherein the sanitation columns form at least two horizontally positioned cylindrical sanitation tanks (1) interconnected by first interconnecting pipe (2) with a filling inlet (15) in the upper sanitation tank (1) and an outlet (16) of processed material in the lower sanitation tank (1). A sludge pump (4) is arranged between the upper sanitation tank (1) and the lower sanitation tank (1) in the forced circulation branch (3). The water heating column for the sanitation tanks (1) forms at least two horizontally disposed cylindrical water tanks (5) interconnected there between by second connecting pipes (6) with a cold water inlet (7) to the upper water tank (5) and the system pipe (22) water spray through the heated water outlet (8) from the bottom water tank (5) and the water pump (9). The set of heat exchangers (10) located inside the sanitation tanks (1) is connected to the outlet of the water pump (9) by its inlet and connected to the outlet of the water tank (5) or the heat exchanger assembly (10) by its inlet and outlet connected to the outlet (24) from an external hot water source and to an external hot water source (25). The sanitary tanks (1) have a built-in worm agitation system (14); wherein microwave dual band heating sources (20) are associated with the sanitation tanks (1).
Patent CZ-297946-B6 (CZ)
Title: Preassembled frontal assembly for vehicles
Inventor: MOLARI AURELIO
IPC: A43B5/04
Filed: 2000-01-26
Abstract: The present invention relates to a preassembled frontal assembly for vehicles, comprising a support structure (12) which is intended to be mounted on a vehicle with a movement along a longitudinal direction (X). The support structure (12) carries at least one headlight (14) which, in the position of assembly on the vehicle, rests at least partially against the internal surface of a respective lateral body panel (16). Each headlight (14) is rotatably mounted on the support structure (12) between a preassembly and a final assembly position, about a slant axis (A) passing through the headlight (14) upper connecting point (24) and lower connecting point (26), wherein the upper connecting point (24) is shifted backwardly with respect to the lower connecting point (26), so that in the pre-assembly position a lateral zone (20) of the headlight (14) is shifted backwardly and downwardly with respect to the position of the same zone (20) in the final assembly position.
Patent CZ-302072-B6 (CZ)
Title: Diazabicyclic derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions in which the derivatives are comprised and their use
Inventor: SCHRIMPF MICHAEL R
IPC: A61P25/00
Filed: 2001-04-27
Abstract: In the present invention, there are disclosed diazabicyclic derivatives of the general formula III in which the general symbols have specific meanings, pharmaceutical compositions in which the derivatives are comprised as well as the use of the derivatives to control synaptic transmission in mammals.