Patent GB-875368-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to spectrum tracking apparatus
IPC: G01S7/288
Filed: 1957-09-03
Abstract: 875,368. Automatic frequency control systems; doppler radar. LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS Inc. Sept. 3, 1957 [Oct. 10, 1956], No. 27801/57. Classes 40(5) and 40(7) Relates to means for automatically controlling the frequency of an oscillator to equal the mean frequency of an input signal having a continuous frequency spectrum with a Gaussian-type amplitude-frequency or power-frequency distribution, the mean frequency being such that the areas of the spectrum on either side of the mean frequency are equal. As shown in Fig. 9 the input signal at terminal 75 is heterodyned in demodulators 72, 73 with phase quadrature outputs from a local oscillator 71 of instantaneous frequency f to give first and second difference frequencies which are selected by low-pass filters 76, 77 and applied to phase shift circuits 78, 79 having a differential phase shift of 90 degrees over a wide frequency range, signals derived from the outputs from the phaseshift circuits 78, 79 being multiplied together at 86 to give a D.C. error signal which is integrated to give a control signal which is applied to control the frequency of the oscillator 71 to maintain said frequency equal to the mean frequency of the input signal. The difference signal output from the demodulator 72 is also applied to a narrowband low-pass filter 90 such that when the frequency of the oscillator 71 approaches the centre of the spectrum, the amplitude of the output from the filter 90 increases and operates a relay 80 to connect capacitors Cl and C2 in the filters 76, 77 thereby reducing their band width and hence reducing the noise input to the system with a consequent improvement in the tracking accuracy. The operation of the relay 80 in response to an output from the filter 90 is subjected to a 3 second delay by a Miller integrator 91 to prevent operation of the relay 80 by a large amplitude sideband, Fig. 8 (not shown), and the discharge time constant of the integrator 91 is made relatively large, e.g. 11 secs., to prevent alternation between narrow and widebamd operation during intermittent signal fading. The inputs to the multiplier 86 are derived from the outputs from the phase-shift circuits 78, 79 by heterodyning said outputs in modulators 81, 82 with 300 kc./s. and 301 kc./s. signals respectively from a source 83, the resultant modulation products being applied to the multiplier 86 through amplifiers 84 and 85; the D.C. error signal is then produced by selecting the 1 kc./s. component outputs from the multiplier 86 by means of a feedback amplifier 87 with a twin-T network in the feedback loop and applying the selected components to a synchronous detector 88 together with a 1 kc./s. reference signal obtained by heterodyning the 300 kc./s. and 301 kc./s. outputs from the source 83 in a mixer 89. The Specification shows that for a spectral component of the input signal of frequency fs, the outputs from the low-pass filters 76 and 77 will be E sin 2## pt and E cos 2## pt where #p=#s-# and is positive or negative according to whether the frequency fs is higher or lower than the frequency f. The corresponding outputs from the phase shift circuits 78, 79 will therefore be in phase or anti-phase and will result in a D.C. error signal of amplitude proportional to E<SP>2</SP> or -E<SP>2</SP> in the output from the synchronous detector 88, the error signals contributed by the various spectral components being combined in the integrator to give a resultant control signal of amplitude proportional to the difference between the sum of the positive components derived from spectral components above the oscillator frequency f and the sum of the negative components. Since the control signal is derived from components proportional to E<SP>2</SP> the oscillator 71 will track the mean frequency of the power spectrum of the input signal. If it is required to track the amplitude spectrum, the gain of the amplifier 85 is arranged to be so high that its output is amplitude limited in the multiplier 86; if such limiting occurs only for spectral components of large amplitude then a combination of amplitude and power spectrum tracking is obtained. The invention is described as applied to an aircraft pulse Doppler radar navigation system as disclosed in Specification 875,369 in which three or four divergent beams are directed downwards from the aircraft so that the echo signal produced by each beam comprises a Doppler frequency spectrum superimposed on the R.F. carrier, the mean frequency # d  of the spectrum being proportional to the component of the aircraft velocity in the direction of the beam. Fig. 5 (not shown) illustrates a three-beam system described more fully in Fig. 6 of Specification 875,369 in which the carrier frequencies of the three echo signals are reduced in frequency by successive heterodyning with local oscillators coherent with the transmitted carrier and then combined to give three signals having mean frequencies, Fig. 3a (not shown), proportional to the generalised Doppler variables Dx, Dy, Dz which are proportional to the components ofthe aircraft velocity along X, Y, Z axes fixed relative to the aircraft, single frequencies corresponding to the mean Doppler frequencies being then produced by frequency tracking as described above with reference to Fig. 9. Fig. 6 shows a modification using the same arrangement of three beams shown in plan view in Fig. 2s (not shown) in which the carrier frequency of each signal is reduced to 500 kc./s. and single frequencies corresponding to the mean frequencies 500kc./s.+#d 1 , 500 kc./s.+#d 2 , 500 kc./s.+#d 3  are produced in the frequency trackers 32. The outputs from the trackers 32 are applied together with a 500kc./s. reference signal to a unit, Fig. 7, in which different combinations of the inputs are applied to three discriminators 64-66 of the type disclosed in U.S.A. Specification 2,858,425 producing (1) pulse trains having recurrence frequencies proportional respectively to the Doppler variables Dx, Dy, Dz and (2) polarity signals indicating the sense of said variables. Specifications 866,103, 875,371 and U.S.A. Specifications 2,909,656 and 2,481,659 also are referred to.