baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20170100738-A (KR)
Title: Socks helper
Inventor: OH JI SU
IPC: A41B11/00
Filed: 2016-02-26
Abstract: The present invention relates to a sock wearing assisting device which is a rubber model enabling a user to wear socks and shoes at the same time by inserting a hollow rubber model into a sock and inserting the rubber model into a shoe. The sock wearing assisting device is made of a rubber material. An opening portion is an ankle portion through which a foot is inserted and is formed in the shape of a cylinder. The cylindrical model is open in the shape of C on a foot hill portion to be separated in an easy manner. A circular shape of the opening portion through which a foot is inserted is larger than the size of a lower circle to enable the foot to be inserted in an easier manner. Under the opening portion, an L-shape bar, divided into two portions, is arranged on the foot heel portion. A bar is also arranged on a foot upper portion. When the user inserts the sock wearing assisting device into a sock, inserts the sock wearing assisting device in the shoe, inserts a foot into the rubber model, places the foot, holds a cylindrical portion of the rubber model, and pulls out the rubber model, the rubber model is separated and the user can put on a sock and shoe at the same time. When the sock wearing assisting device is used, the user can put on socks and shoes at the same time. Therefore, the sock wearing assisting device is convenient.
Patent KR-20160110132-A (KR)
Inventor: YORIOKA SEIJI
IPC: G08B5/36
Filed: 2016-03-04
Abstract: The present invention relates to a control device having a touch panel part for grain preparation equipment. The control device allows a user to grasp operating status at a glance, and helps the user to rapidly realize a cause of failure when the equipment is out of order. The touch panel control part has a line flow display function, an error display function, and a disorder log display function. The line flow display function turns a light on when the grain preparation equipment is operating normally to indicate a normal operating status. When the grain preparation equipment has a disorder, the error display function indicates the location of the disorder with a light, and also indicates a recovery sequence for the disorder. Also, after a disorder is occurred in the grain preparation equipment, the disorder log display function indicates a log of disorders occurred in the past.
Patent KR-20170104088-A (KR)
Inventor: YOON KUK WON
IPC: B63B59/00
Filed: 2016-03-04
Abstract: A management robot for a mooring line is disclosed. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the management robot for a mooring line may comprise: a frame provided to be moved along a mooring line installed in a floating marine structure, and forming a body; a docking unit enabling the frame to be attached to and detached from the mooring line; a moving unit having a plurality of driving wheels coming in contact with an external surface of the mooring line to be rolled and a driving operation unit operating the driving wheels; a cleaning unit cleaning the mooring line; and an observation unit observing the mooring line.
Patent KR-20160142222-A (KR)
Inventor: UENO TSUTOMU
IPC: C03B33/037
Filed: 2016-03-04
Abstract: Provided is a break system which allows a worker to skip a check job, and which can improve work efficiency after breaking. A break apparatus (18, 21) generates a substrate unit (G3) by breaking a substrate (G2) composed of a first substrate and a second substrate boned to each other. The break apparatus (18, 21) performs, when generating the substrate unit (G3), a process of breaking an end portion of the substrate opposite to a terminal so as to expose the terminal formed in the second substrate. The end portion broken by the break apparatus (18, 21) is separated from the substrate unit (G3) during a process of returning the substrate unit (G3). A check part (25, 29) checks whether the terminal exposed by the separation of the end portion from the substrate unit (G3) is properly exposed and dislodges the substrate unit (G3) with the terminal not exposed from a returning route.
Patent KR-20160125882-A (KR)
Title: 미끄럼 방지용 코팅지 및 그 제조방법
Inventor: CHOI MYEONG SAN
IPC: D21H17/37
Filed: 2016-03-21
Abstract: 본 발명은 미끄럼 방지용 코팅지 및 그 제조방법에 관한 것으로 수용성수지 100중량부에 대하여 물 40~80중량%를 첨가하여 수용성수지와 물의 혼합액을 만든 후 상기 혼합액에 대하여 블로킹 방지제 5~20중량%와, 왁스에멀젼 1~10중량%와, 전분 0.5~5중량%를 투입하고 교반, 분산시킨 코팅액을 종이의 양면 또는 단면에 도포시켜서 코팅처리함으로써 우수한 미끄럼 방지성과 아울러서 우수한 대전방지성과 함께 우수한 발수성과 내구성을 발휘하는 미끄럼 방지용 코팅지를 제공하는 장점이 있다.
Patent KR-20160117327-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM MIN AH
IPC: A61B5/00
Filed: 2016-03-30
Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat blocking effect evaluating method and an infrared irradiation device therefor. More specifically, the heat blocking effect evaluating method evaluates a heat blocking effect level with respect to an infrared ray permeating a skin through temperature and erythema index comparison.
Patent KR-20170115135-A (KR)
Title: 액정 표시 장치
Inventor: KIM KWI HYUN
IPC: G02F1/1362
Filed: 2016-04-04
Abstract: 본 발명의 일 실시예에 따른 액정 표시 장치는 기판, 기판 상에 배치되는 제1 게이트 라인, 제1 게이트 라인 상에 배치되는 데이터 라인, 제어 전극이 제1 게이트 라인과 연결되고 일 전극이 데이터 라인과 연결되는 제1 스위칭 소자 및 제1 스위칭 소자의 타 전극과 연결되는 제1 서브 화소 전극을 포함하는 제1 서브 화소부, 제어 전극이 제1 게이트 라인과 연결되고 일 전극이 데이터 라인과 연결되는 제2 스위칭 소자, 제2 스위칭 소자의 타 전극과 연결되는 제2 서브 화소 전극 및 제어 전극이 제1 게이트 라인과 연결되는 제3 스위칭 소자를 포함하는 제2 서브 화소부 및  제1 서브 화소 전극과 적어도 일부가 중첩되는 제1 스토리지 라인 및 제2 서브 화소 전극과 적어도 일부가 중첩되는 제2 스토리지 라인을 갖는 스토리지 배선을 포함하고, 제3 스위칭 소자의 일 전극은 제1 및 제2 스토리지 라인과 서로 다른 층에 배치되어 제1 및 제2 스토리지 라인 모두와 연결되며, 제3 스위칭 소자의 타 전극은 제2 서브 화소 전극과 연결된다.
Patent KR-20170118992-A (KR)
Title: 컨트롤러, 유기발광표시장치 및 그 구동방법
Inventor: KWON SANG GOO
IPC: G09G3/3233
Filed: 2016-04-15
Abstract: 본 실시예들은, 각 서브픽셀 마다 유기발광다이오드, 트랜지스터 및 캐패시터가 배치되는 유기발광표시패널과, 다수의 데이터 라인을 구동하는 데이터 드라이버와, 다수의 게이트 라인을 구동하는 게이트 드라이버와, 파워 온 신호의 발생 시, 미리 정해진 센싱 조건을 충족하는 경우에만 각 서브픽셀의 센싱 노드와 전기적으로 연결된 센싱 라인의 전압을 선택적으로 센싱하는 유기발광표시장치 및 그 구동 방법과, 선택적인 센싱을 제어하는 컨트롤러에 관한 것이다.  
이러한 본 실시예들에 의하면, 불필요하고 의미 없는 센싱 프로세스가 진행되는 것을 방지해줄 수 있고, 이를 통해, 센싱 구동에 따라 구동되는 트랜지스터의 열화 및 수명 단축을 방지해줄 수 있다.
Patent KR-20170118350-A (KR)
Title: 직렬 송수신기
Inventor: YOU CHANG SUNG
IPC: G06F13/42
Filed: 2016-04-15
Abstract: 직렬 송수신기는 다수의 레인을 포함하는 사용자 인터페이스, 레인 각각에 대응하는 다수의 코어 및 각 레인을 통해 각 코어를 경유한 데이터를 서로 상이한 기기로 전송하는 송수신부를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20170119151-A (KR)
Title: 콘크리트 거더의 스트럿 현장 시공 방법 및 이에 이용되는 정착 플레이트 구조체
Inventor: KO YOUNG KON
IPC: E01D101/26
Filed: 2016-04-18
Abstract: 콘크리트 거더의 스트럿 현장 시공 방법이 개시되며, 본원의 스트럿 현장 시공 방법은, 스트럿의 외주 중 절반에 대응하는 제1 하프 실린더형 거푸집을 상기 스트럿이 생성되는 공간에 대응하여 설치하고, 상기 제1 하프 실린더형 거푸집의 끝단 상에 제1 하프 정착 플레이트 유닛을 설치하는 단계와, 상기 스트럿이 생성되는 공간에 스트럿 철근망을 배치하고, 상기 스트럿 철근망을 상기 제1 하프 정착 플레이트 유닛에 형성된 제1 하프 간격 홀 둘레에 접합하는 단계와, 상기 스트럿의 외주 중 나머지 절반에 대응하는 제2 하프 정착 플레이트 유닛을 상기 제1 하프 정착 플레이트 유닛과 연결하여 정착 플레이트 구조체를 형성하고, 상기 스트럿 철근망을 상기 제2 하프 정착 플레이트 유닛에 형성된 제2 하프 간격 홀 둘레에 접합한 다음, 상기 제1 하프 실린더형 거푸집에 제2 하프 실린더형 거푸집을 결합하여 폐합 실린더형 거푸집을 형성하는 단계와, 상기 폐합 실린더형 거푸집 내측에 콘크리트를 타설하고 양생한 다음 상기 폐합 실린더형 거푸집을 제거하는 단계를 포함할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20170119156-A (KR)
Title: 관성력을 이용한 소화기 점검 시스템 및 그 동작 방법
Inventor: YANG HOE SUNG
IPC: A62C37/50
Filed: 2016-04-18
Abstract: 본 발명은 관성력을 이용한 소화기 점검 시스템 및 그 동작 방법에 관한 것으로서, 본 발명의 실시예에 따른 관성력을 이용한 소화기 점검 시스템은 점검대상 소화기에 가해지는 관성력을 측정하고, 측정된 측정 관성력 데이터를 송출하는 소화기 점검용 모듈, 및 상기 소화기 점검용 모듈을 활성화하기 위한 소화기 점검 요청 신호를 송출하며, 상기 소화기 점검용 모듈에서 전송되는 측정 관성력 데이터에 따른 점검 결과를 서버로 전송하는 스마트 디바이스를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20160057359-A (KR)
Title: Pipe supporting frame for earthquake-proof construction
Inventor: KIM DAI SIK
IPC: F16L3/20
Filed: 2016-04-20
Abstract: The present invention relates to a pipe support for earthquake resistance that quickly absorbs seismic waves to minimize impacts on a pipe. The pipe support for earthquake resistance includes a first insert plate (104) embedded in a ceiling formed by depositing concrete; a first seismic wave absorbing means (106) connected to the first insert plate (104) to absorb the impact of seismic waves; a second insert plate (108) embedded in a ceiling formed by depositing concrete at a regular interval from the first insert plate (104); a second seismic wave absorbing means (110) connected to the second insert plate (108) to absorb the impact of seismic waves; a first vertical channel (112) installed in the first seismic wave absorbing means (106) to absorb the impact of seismic waves; a second vertical channel (114) installed in the second seismic wave absorbing means (110) to absorb the impact of seismic waves; and a horizontal channel (116) installed between the first vertical channel (112) and the second vertical channel (114) to absorb the impact of seismic waves.
Patent KR-20160053903-A (KR)
Inventor: WEY HO CHEON
IPC: H04N21/258
Filed: 2016-05-02
Abstract: A disclosed embodiment relates to a device and a method for processing a video, which are capable of improving security of content included in the video. The device for processing a video comprises: a loading unit configured to load an original video; and encoding unit configured to generate an encoded video containing a header and a payload by encoding the loaded original video; and a security information inserting unit configured to insert security information including information on authority to play the video to the header or the payload.
Patent KR-20170124728-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI YOON LA
IPC: C12Q1/68
Filed: 2016-05-03
Abstract: The present invention relates to a genotype diagnostic kit capable of confirming whether cross contamination, which can be generated in a banking process of a patient-derived heterograft model or a cell-derived heterograft model, and to a method for determining the degree of cross contamination using the same. According to the present invention, it is possible to determine all the cross contamination of genes associated with a mouse, have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to be close to 100%, quickly examine the contamination, and be very useful for predicting mouse contamination. Therefore, the present invention, by predicting the contamination of genes related to human and mouse in advance, can be applied to the evaluation of anticancer drug efficacy using the patient-derived heterograft model or the cell-derived heterograft model, and can make a significant contribution to a cell bank using the patient-derived heterograft model or the cell-derived heterograft model, thereby being very useful in the medical industry.
Patent KR-20170099734-A (KR)
Title: Contactor with guide and mobile electronic apparatus with the same
Inventor: RYU JAE SU
IPC: H05K5/00
Filed: 2016-05-12
Abstract: Provided are a guide-connected contactor and a portable electronic device having the same. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the guide-connected contactor comprises: a conductive elastic unit having an elastic force to be electrically in contact with a circuit board of an electronic device or a bracket connected with the circuit board; a function element connected to the conductive elastic unit and performing at least one function among an electric shock prevention function for preventing a leakage current of external power introduced from a ground of the circuit board of the electronic device, a communications signal transfer function for passing a communications signal introduced from a conductive case or the circuit board, and an ESD protection function for passing static electricity without electrical breakdown if the static electricity is introduced from the conductive case; and a guide having a through-hole into which the function element is inserted and a fixing unit for fixing the function element to the inside of the through-hole, and having a shape corresponding to a groove portion provided in the conductive case of the electronic device.
Patent KR-20170128989-A (KR)
Inventor: LIM BONG SOON
IPC: G11C16/04
Filed: 2016-05-16
Abstract: A memory device may have a vertical structure where a row decoder, a page buffer, and a peripheral circuit are disposed below a memory cell array. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the row decoder and the page buffer may be arranged asymmetrically. The peripheral circuitry may be arranged in a region where the row decoder and the page buffer are not arranged. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the row decoder and the page buffer may be symmetrically disposed about the boundary of planes. The peripheral circuit may be disposed in a region including some of the boundaries of the planes. Integration can be improved.
Patent KR-20170131862-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK JAE YONG
IPC: C12Q1/68
Filed: 2016-05-23
Abstract: The present invention relates to two SNP markers existing in 3-UTR of PD-L1 gene, and an information providing method for predicting response and prognosis with respect to anticancer agent treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer using the same. Specific genotypes of the SNP markers of the present invention have a significant correlation with response and survival prognosis with respect to paclitaxel-cisplatin anticancer agent treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, thereby being used for conveniently and effectively predicting reactivity with respect to an anticancer agent and survival time of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Patent KR-20170131981-A (KR)
Inventor: MIN BUM KI
IPC: H01L21/02
Filed: 2016-05-23
Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for forming a mask having a metamaterial comprises the steps of: forming a UV blocking film on a UV transmitting substrate; patterning the UV blocking film, and forming a mask including the patterned UV blocking film and the UV transmitting substrate; preliminarily preparing a metamaterial; and transferring the metamaterial to the mask. According to the method for forming a mask having a metamaterial, the metamaterial can be transferred to the mask while intactly maintaining a shape of the metamaterial regardless of a surface structure of the mask, so that the optical properties of the metamaterial transferred to the mask are not changed.
Patent KR-20170132992-A (KR)
Inventor: SEO JUNG HOON
IPC: G06F1/16
Filed: 2016-05-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to an automotive HMI system based on user motion recognition. The system includes: an HMI terminal for recognizing a motion of a user and providing haptic feedback corresponding to an analysis result transmitted from the outside by corresponding to the recognized motion; and a control module for controlling an electronic component of a vehicle based on the motion of the user recognized by the HMI terminal. The control module transmits a normal recognition signal or a recognition error occurrence signal to the HMI terminal by analyzing the motion of the user. Accordingly, the present invention can control the vehicle by recognizing the motion of the user.
Patent KR-20170135405-A (KR)
Inventor: SIM WOO GYEONG
IPC: B29C47/00
Filed: 2016-05-31
Abstract: 노래방, 영화관, PC방, 게임방, 클럽 등 다중인원이 운집하는 장소에서 사람들 바로 앞에 설치하여 쉽게 손, 신체 접촉이 가능한 곳에서 사용하는 대형 영상장치의 플라스틱 스크린 및 그 제조방법에 관한 것으로, 베이스 층과 상기 베이스 층 상에 마련된 스크린 층으로 이루어진 플라스틱 스크린을 제조하는 방법으로서, (a) 상기 스크린 층용으로서 안료, 난연제, 대전방지제, UV 안정제 및 수지를 혼합하고 압출하여 펠릿(pellet) 상으로 성형하는 단계, (b) 상기 베이스 층용으로서 수지를 준비하는 단계, (c) 상기 단계 (a)의 펠릿과 상기 단계 (b)의 수지를 다중 압출 성형하여 스크린용 필름을 제조하는 단계, (d) 상기 단계 (c)에서 제조된 필름을 종횡으로 연신하는 단계를 포함하고, 상기 단계 (c) 및 (d)는 무광 롤러에 의해 실행되는 구성을 마련하여, 스크린에 술, 음식물 등의 이물질이 붙어도 쉽게 물청소 등이 가능하게 할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20170142343-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE HEE YOUNG
IPC: G02B17/02
Filed: 2016-06-17
Abstract: Two rotary plates where lenses having power are attached to both sides of a mirror are rotated to adjust the eyesight. The present invention allows a person having bad sight to see oneself well.
Patent KR-20170142453-A (KR)
Inventor: YOON SEUNG KYU
IPC: H01M10/633
Filed: 2016-06-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a determining circuit for the dual protection to high temperature, and a driving method thereof, and more specifically, to a determining circuit for the dual protection to high temperature which has a dual structure on a protection determining circuit for determining whether the temperature inside of a battery is required to perform a protection function, thereby preparing for the case of the generation of defects on a circuit element; and to a driving method of the determining circuit.
Patent KR-20160082500-A (KR)
Inventor: NOH CHANG HO
IPC: H05B33/14
Filed: 2016-06-28
Abstract: Provided are organometallic complexes for efficiently emitting light, an organic electroluminescence device using the same and a display device. The organometallic complexes are represented by a following chemical formula 1-S-2. So, the organometallic complexes can emit light efficiently.
Patent KR-20180003889-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for biometic information
Inventor: AN IL SIN
IPC: G02B5/30
Filed: 2016-07-01
Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting biometric information. The apparatus includes a polarized light emitting part for emitting polarized light to a specimen, and a polarization detection part for receiving light reflected from the specimen and detecting information on the specimen. The polarized light emitting part includes an emitting-side polarizing plate for generating linearly polarized light and a phase retarding plate for holding the linearly polarized light or converting it into elliptically polarized light, and then emitting it to the specimen. The polarized light detection part includes a reflecting-side polarizing plate for selectively passing light reflected from the specimen on the basis of the polarization characteristic according to a direction, and an ultra-spectral sensor for measuring light passing through the reflecting-side polarizing plate by an image for each wavelength. It is possible to detect biometric information nondestructively and sensitively.
Patent KR-20170007130-A (KR)
Title: Plasma processing apparatus
Inventor: ARAMAKI TOORU
IPC: H05H1/46
Filed: 2016-07-04
Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a plasma processing apparatus having a simple structure and a higher response characteristic. To achieve the above objective, there is provided a plasma processing apparatus that includes a processing chamber which is disposed in a vacuum vessel and is decompressed internally, a sample stage which is disposed in the processing chamber and on which a sample of a process target is disposed and held, and a plasma formation unit which forms plasma by using process gas and processes the sample by using the plasma. The plasma processing apparatus also includes: a dielectric film which is disposed on a metallic base configuring the sample stage and connected to a ground and includes a film-like electrode supplied with high-frequency power internally; a plurality of elements which are disposed in a space in the base and have a heat generation or cooling function; and a feeding path for supplying power to the plurality of elements, wherein a filter to suppress a high frequency is not provided on the feeding path.
Patent KR-20180007966-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HYO JEONG
IPC: F21S6/00
Filed: 2016-07-15
Abstract: The present invention relates to a wall-mounted 360 degree rotating stand, which comprises: a power supply unit having a circular manipulation device; a first stage of a rotating unit located below the power supply unit; a second stage of a rotating unit located between reference number 102 and 104; a third stage of a rotating unit located on a sensor; a sensor unit located below the reference number 104; an illumination 1 located within the reference number 102; an illumination 2 located within a reference number 103; an illumination 3 located within the reference number 103; an illumination 4 located within the reference number 104; an illumination 5 located within the reference number 104; and an illumination 6 located within the reference number 104. Therefore, the securing of a position and an illumination operation are easy.
Patent KR-20180008018-A (KR)
Inventor: RHEE YOUNG KYOUNG
IPC: A61K35/747
Filed: 2016-07-15
Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition containing lactobacillus Sakei K040706 as an effective component for preventing or treating colitis and, more specifically, relates to a pharmaceutical or food composition containing lactobacillus Sakei K040706 (Entrustment No. KCCM11472P) as an effective component for preventing or treating colitis. The lactobacillus Sakei K040706 of the present invention is capable of enhancing immunity including functions of increasing the productivity of NO in a colon and reducing damage to the tissue of the colon, thereby becoming useful for relieving and treating colitis.
Patent KR-20180010650-A (KR)
Inventor: SHIN MOON WOONG
IPC: D06M14/04
Filed: 2016-07-22
Abstract: The present invention relates to a processing method of a cosmetic fiber by mixing nano and micro-capsules which can broaden the range of selection of functional cosmetic substances, and can satisfy the adhesive properties, the durability and the discharge sustainability at the same time so as to maintain and express the properties of the cosmetic substances after rubbing for a long time or washing for many times without significantly damaging the properties of capsule particles and fibers themselves, by attaching the capsules using a binder.
Patent KR-20160094357-A (KR)
Title: Dehydrogenation catalyst and manufacturing method same
Inventor: LEE JAE YEON
IPC: B01J37/02
Filed: 2016-07-25
Abstract: Disclosed are a dehydrogenation catalyst capable of preparing isobutene and propene in a high yield through direct dehydrogenation from isobutene in C4 LPG and propane in C3 LPG; and a preparation method thereof. The present invention provides: a dehydrogenation catalyst for converting a C3 or C4 paraffin-based hydrocarbon into an olefin-based hydrocarbon through direct dehydrogenation of the C3 or C4 paraffin-based hydrocarbon, and a preparation method thereof, wherein the catalyst is characterized in that an active metal and an active auxiliary metal are supported on an alloy (ZnO-Al_2O_3) support comprising alumina (Al_2O_3) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
Patent KR-20180012388-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK JONG KAB
IPC: B23K26/352
Filed: 2016-07-26
Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of a shadow mask in which a mask pattern is formed and a shadow mask manufactured thereby. The method comprises: a wet etching step of forming a wet etching pattern by performing wet etching on the upper side of a base; and a laser processing step of forming a continuous laser processing pattern on the wet etching pattern by performing laser processing on the upper side of the base in which the wet etching pattern is formed or on the lower side of the base. By using a combination of the wet etching and the laser processing, a decrease in labor productivity due to a conventional laser processing can be solved and a high-quality shadow mask by wet etching can be provided.
Patent KR-20170021741-A (KR)
Inventor: SHINOZAKI HIROYUKI
IPC: H01L21/683
Filed: 2016-08-11
Abstract: Provided are a substrate adsorbing method, a substrate holding device, a substrate polishing device, an elastic film, and a substrate adsorption determining method and a pressure control method for the substrate holding device, to properly handle a substrate. The method to adsorb a substrate onto a top ring includes: an evacuating process of evacuating at least one of a plurality of areas, formed between the upper surface of the elastic film and the top ring in a concentric circle form, in a state in which the lower surface of the substrate is supported by a support member and the upper surface of the substrate touches the lower surface of the elastic film; a flux measurement process of measuring the flux of gas in an area located more outwards than the area to be evacuated; a determining process of determining whether the substrate is adsorbed onto the top ring or not based on the flux of gas; and a separation process of separating the support member from the elastic film, onto which the substrate is adsorbed, after the adsorption of the substrate onto the top ring is determined.