Patent GB-943101-A (GB)
Title: Electrolytic shaping
IPC: B23H7/30
Filed: 1959-10-26
Abstract: A method of removing material from a workpiece W for shaping or making cavities or holes therein comprises providing a small gap between the work W and a conductive tool 31, supplying liquid electrolyte through a closed passage to the gap, e.g. through a passage in the tool 31, under at least 25 p.s.i. pressure, and causing relative movement between the tool 31 and the work W whereby the tool advances into the work at a rate to keep the gap of substantially constant width, the tool 31 being cathodic and the work W anodic.  Embodiments in which the tool 31 moves and the work W is stationary are described first.  In one embodiment, Fig. 14, the tool 31 is mounted on a ram 135 which is advanced at a pre-determined rate by a link 161 which is moved by a shaft 151 rotated by worm gearing 155, 157, rotary motion being imparted to the ram and tool by interengaging pin 171 and slot 169.  Liquid electrolyte is supplied via 145, 143 to the hollow tool 31.  In another embodiment, Fig. 15 (not <PICT:0943101/C3/1> <PICT:0943101/C3/2> <PICT:0943101/C3/3> <PICT:0943101/C3/4> shown), the tool 31 is advanced pneumatically, pressure due to the liquid in the gap being balanced by the air pressure advancing the tool.  This embodiment may be employed to cut cavities in the edge of a super alloy disc mounted on a rotary indexing table to make turbine blades, Fig. 15a (not shown). Alternatively, the tool may be spring mounted, the same control of the gap spacing being achieved, Fig. 17 (not shown). In another embodiment, Fig. 57, electrolyte delivered through a bore 491 acts on a shank 499, which supports the tool 503, to advance them towards the work W, liquid pressure in the gap balancing the pressure on the shank 499. The gap can be adjusted by manipulating a needle valve 513 in the bore 511 of the tool. In this and the previous embodiment (Figs. 15, 17) the electrolyte is circulated. Electric automatic control systems for moving the tool or the work are described with reference to Figs. 10 to 13 (not shown), (see Division G3). Tapered cavities may be produced by varying the rate of feed of the electrode.  In one embodiment in which the work W is moved horizontally and the tool 415 is adjustable but stationary, Fig. 50, electrolyte is delivered to the gap via vertical holes in an extension 439 from a central bore in the tool 415. Air blasts remove liquid from the working face, in which electrolytic action cuts a slot. In a modification, Fig. 54, a number of parallel staggered holes 449 may be provided in the tool 447, which may have a contoured, tapered lower surface 451 to shape the work. In another embodiment, Fig. 1 (not shown), electrolyte is pumped to a hollow, upstanding tool adjustably positioned in a pan, the work being vertically movable by means of worm gearing driven by a variable speed electric motor which is reversible. The motor speed is manually adjusted from the readings of pressure gauges in the liquid supply line to give a constant gap width. The use of a constant pressure pump, pressure regulator, spring-loaded relief valve and flowmeter is mentioned, and reference is made to an automatic control system operated by a transducer sensitive to the liquid flow rate or to the electric current, no details being given.  Numerous shapes and cross-sections of hollow tools are described, and materials mentioned are copper, brass, stainless steel and titanium, and the tool may be tipped with tantalum, black platinum, tungsten, silver or silver tungsten. The tools may have a ceramic or vitreous enamel outer coating and may be provided with lips, and may have one only or a plurality of passages. Further, the tip of the tool may be oblique (see Fig. 19, not shown). In making holes in a workpiece, a metal backing or a plastic or rubber sponge may be clamped behind the work (see Figs. 20-22, not shown), or a closed chamber full of liquid electrolyte placed behind the work.  The tool may carry a perforated plate (see Figs 5-7, not shown) at its tip, or a porous metal element, Fig. 26 (not shown) to obtain more uniform removal.  The tool may comprise a plurality of parallel tubes (see Figs. 27-31, not shown) which may be produced by substituting a suitable negative of the required tool for the work and reversing the electric connections in an etching apparatus to shape the tool. Further tools having a plurality of passages terminating in a flat or shaped tip are described with reference to Figs. 32-38 (not shown) and the tools may include slots, Figs. 34, 35, or transverse passages, Figs. 36-38, for escape of used electrolyte. In another embodiment, Fig. 42, the passages 365 are in a side face 359 of the tool, escape passages 367 being provided.  A thin tool for final shaping is described with reference to Figs. 44, 45 (not shown).  The use of A.C. is mentioned, and the temperature of the electrolyte may be controlled by heat exchangers or thermostatically operated immersion heaters, temperatures of 50  DEG C. to 70  DEG C. being preferred. Current densities of 100 to 3000 amps per square inch of effective electrode area are mentioned. Electrolytes mentioned include (parts by weight): (1) KNO3 23.3, Rochelle salt 13.3, KCl 28.0, NaNO2 18.6, and 4.8 parts "hexametaphate salts"; (2) KCl 30, KNO3 10, Rochelle salts 10, and potassium citrate 10; and (3) 5% to 10% solution of acetic acid, where aluminium is the work metal.  Electrolyte (1) is for polishing the interior of a cavity, e.g. by the apparatus Fig. 24 (not shown). A process for reproducing a coin is described, in which a disc electrode of porous sintered bronze is employed (see Fig. 26, not shown) connected anodically and advanced periodically towards a coin to be reproduced, which is connected cathodically. A voltage of 4 is applied for 1 or 2 seconds during stationary periods to shape the electrode, which, as cathode, is then advanced towards a steel workpiece at 6 volts to shape the work.  Two embodiments are described in which there is no relative movement of the electrode and work.  In one, Fig. 25 (not shown), a tubular workpiece is polished by being mounted, axis vertical, in a copper cylinder to which electrolyte is pumped, the liquid leaving by the bore of the workpiece.  In the other, Fig. 56 (not shown), a spring is deburred by being mounted vertically between electrodes and electrolyte passed longitudinally through the spring.  Specification 753,467 is referred to.