baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent IE-38150-L (IE)
Title: Desacetoxycephalosporins and intermediates
IPC: C07F7/18
Filed: 1973-05-07
Abstract: A penicillin sulfoxide is heated in the presence of silylating agent to produce a novel silyl ester azetidine-2-sulfenate which, by treatment with acid, is converted to a desacetoxycephalosporin compound.
[US3944545A]
Patent IE-45036-L (IE)
Title: Salt of cefuroxime.
IPC: A61P31/04
Filed: 1977-04-27
Abstract: A special crystalline form of the L-lysine salt of the antibiotic cefuroxime is described. The salt has improved properties that permit it to be used in areas where cefuroxime itself and known derivatives of cefuroxime cannot be used.
[US4128715A]
Patent IE-42997-L (IE)
Title: Rifamycins
IPC: A61K31/395
Filed: 1976-05-10
Abstract: Novel rifamycin compounds of high antibiotic activity. Such compounds are obtained by reacting 3-amino-4-deoxo-4-imino-rifamycin S with aldehydes.
[US4226765A]
Patent FI-851453-L (FI)
Inventor: WALKER STEPHEN J
IPC: F16L15/00
Filed: 1985-04-11
Abstract: An improved tubular connector 10 includes a firsttubular member 12, a second tubular member 14, the members having external grooves 28, 30 near their ends which are to be jointed, a plurality of latching segments 32 having internal projections 34 adapted to engage in the grooves of both said first tubular member and said second tubular member and also having external tapered surfaces, and an actuator ring 36 having an internal tapered surface 38 matching and engaging the external tapered surfaces of said latching segments. Movement of the actuator ring in one direction wedges the segments into tight latching engagement with said grooves on the tubular members and movement in the other direction releases the segments to allow them to disengage from said grooves on said tubular members. An external retaining groove 46 is formed in one of the tubular members, and a split ring 44 is positioned in the external retaining groove and engages the actuator ring to exert a force thereon which retains it in each of its extreme positions.
Patent IE-891005-L (IE)
Title: New process of preparation for trifluoromethylvinyl derivatives starting with appropriate halogenovinyl derivatives
IPC: A23K1/16
Filed: 1989-03-30
Abstract: Products of formula (A): <IMAGE> in which the cyclopropane link is a (1R, trans) structure, the geometry of the double bond is Z, Z1 denotes an aryl radical optionally substituted by a halogen atom, R1 denotes one of the groups: <IMAGE> in which X1 denotes a hydrogen or fluorine atom, and R14 denotes a hydrogen atom or one of the methyl, ethynyl or cyano radicals.
Patent IE-781298-L (IE)
Title: C0-catalyst
IPC: C08F4/62
Filed: 1978-06-28
Abstract: For the polymerization of ethylene, as such or with one or more alpha-olefines, a novel catalyst composition is suggested, which has a high yield of polymer per weight unit of catalyst. Such compositions are prepared from a titanium compound in which the valency of Ti is 3 or more, said compound being reacted with the vapors of one or more metals of the group consisting of Al, Cr, Mn, V, Ti, Zr, Mo, Zn and Ca in the presence of a halogen donor which is preferably an organic halide, certain inorganic halides being capable of being used provided that the halide metal has at least two degrees of valency. The composition is used in association with an aluminium hydrocarbyl halide. Yields as high as 30,000 grams of polymer per gram of elemental Ti can be obtained. (From US4297462 A) [FR2395777A1]
Patent IE-821688-L (IE)
Title: Apparatus for measuring light reflected by a coloured area¹of skin
IPC: G01N21/47
Filed: 1982-07-14
Abstract: The invention concerns a novel apparatus for measuring the reflectance of a coloured area of skin in response to green light as a means for assessing the degree of erythema or pigmentation of the area of skin. <??>The apparatus (shown in partial cross-section in Fig. 2) has a mutually screened, green light emitting diode (10) and photosensitive electrical component (8) (typically a cadmium sulphide photoresistor or a silicon photodiode), arranged in a holder (1) and connected to conventional electronic circuitry, so that the amount of light reflected by the area of skin and impinging on the component (8) may be measured and then displayed on a voltmeter allowing a quantitative assessment of erythema or pigmentation. <??>The apparatus has both medical, veterinary and cosmetic applications, for example in assessing the response to treatment of inflammation of the skin, or a safe level of exposure to UV light. 
[EP0072185A2]
Patent IE-38341-L (IE)
Title: Transmission of colour pictures
IPC: H04N1/48
Filed: 1973-10-01
Abstract: Device for the transmitting and reproducing of color pictures by the trichromatic method making use of a device which, for analyzing or reproducing a flat document line by line, uses a device for illuminating by a light point describing a circular path, connected with a suitable optical device and comprising synchronizing means for ensuring the required succession of the three colors, for example, blue, green, red, both on transmitting and on receiving.
[US3922714A]
Patent IE-39926-L (IE)
Title: Compositions containing indanyloxyalkanoic acid compounds
IPC: C07D257/04
Filed: 1974-10-03
Abstract: 1475177 Compositions containing indanyloxyalkanoic acid derivatives MERCK & CO Inc 7 Oct 1974 [11 Oct 1973] 43373/74 Heading A5B [Also in Divisions C2] Therapeutic compositions having diuretic activity and which are preferably administered orally comprise (1) a compound of formula including racemates and enantiomers, wherein R' is C 1-5 alkyl, C 3-5 alkenyl or alkynyl, Ph- C 1-3 -alkyl, Ph-C 3-5 -alkenyl or optionally substituted aryl or thienyl, and R is C 1-5 alkyl, cycloalkyl or optionally substituted aryl or thienyl, or CRR<SP>1</SP> form C 3-7 -ring cycloalkyl; X<SP>1</SP> is H, Me or halogen, and X<SP>2</SP> is Me or halogen, or X<SP>1</SP>-X<SP>2</SP> form a C 3-4 hydrocarbylene chain; and Y is C 1-4 alkylene or haloalkylene, together with (2) (a) 0.25-5.00 moles of a pyrazinoylguanidine compound, (b) 3.50-7.00 moles of 6-phenyl-2, 4, 7-triaminopteridine, or (c) 2.20-4.40 moles of spironolactone. (1) and (2) may be combined in the form of a salt.
[GB1475177A]
Patent IE-43628-L (IE)
Title: Process for the preparation of azines.
IPC: C07C241/02
Filed: 1976-09-17
Abstract: A process is described for the production of azines by contacting in the liquid phase ammonia, hydrogen peroxide and a carbonyl compound, either an aldehyde or a ketone. The reaction takes place in the presence of an amide (I) of a monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acid, wherein at least one of the ionization constants is below 5 x 10-5, and further in the presence of an inorganic or organic catalyst (II), having the atomic structure H-X-Y=Z, H representing hydrogen, X and Z representing oxygen or nitrogen and Y representing carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, selenium or tellurium. It is possible for X, Y or Z to carry other substituents, providing valency rules are obeyed. The process is carried out in the presence of the ammonium salt (III) of the carboxylic acid corresponding to the amide (I), at the rate of at least 0.1 mole of the ammonium salt (III) per mole of hydrogen peroxide employed.
[US4093656A]
Patent IE-882160-L (IE)
Title: Self-supporting body comprising boron carbide and a parent¹metal
IPC: C04B35/58
Filed: 1988-07-15
Abstract: Self-supporting bodies are produced by reactive infiltration of a parent metal (10) into boron carbide (12) typically resulting in a composite comprising a boron-containing compound and metal. The mass to be infiltrated may contain one or more inert fillers (14) admixed with the boron carbide (12) to produce a composite by reactive infiltration, which composite comprises a matrix of metal and boron-containing compound embedding the filler (14). The relative amounts of reactants and process conditions may be altered or controlled to yield a body containing varying volume percents of ceramic, metal and/or porosity.
Patent IE-872279-L (IE)
Title: Crystalline n-(s-3-methylheptanoyl)-d-gamma-glutamyl-glycyl¹-d-alanine.
IPC: C07C57/03
Filed: 1987-08-26
Abstract: A process and intermediates for the manufacture of S-3-methylheptanoic acid from S-citronellol; a novel crystalline form of immunoregulatory N-(S-3-methyl-heptanoyl)-D-gamma-glutamyl-glycyl-D-alanine, an immunoregulatory agent; and an improved process and intermediates therefor.
Patent IE-822366-L (IE)
Title: Earring fitting
IPC: A44C7/00
Filed: 1982-09-29
Abstract: EARFITTINGS FOR EARRINGS The invention provides an earfitting for an earring to be worn on pierced ears, comprising an earring post (1) which in use is positioned in the pierced hole in the ear lobe, and a spearhead (2) hingedly mounted on the end of the earring post to be positioned behind the ear lobe, such that the earring post and spearhead can be mutually aligned to enable the earfitting to be passed through the ear lobe, whereafter the spearhead can be turned with respect to the earring post to secure the earfitting in place. Preferably means (8,9) are provided for temporarily locking the earring post and spearhead in mutual alignment.
[CA1207543A]
Patent IE-883687-L (IE)
Title: Method of inhibiting the activity of leukocyte derived cytokines
IPC: C07D473/06
Filed: 1988-12-09
Abstract: A family of compounds effective in inhibiting interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity, and the activity of other leukocyte derived cytokines is comprised of 7-(oxoalkyl) 1,3-dialkyl xanthines of the formula    <IMAGE>  (I)  in which R1 and R2 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of straight-chain or branched alkyl radicals with 2 to 6 carbon atoms, cyclohexyl, alkoxyalkyl and hydroxyalkyl radicals, and A represents a hydrocarbon radical with up to 4 carbon atoms which can be substituted by a methyl group. The inhibition of Il-1, TNF, and other cytokines in mammals is implicated in allerviation of a wide variety of disease conditions.
Patent NO-802601-L (NO)
Title: Fremgangsmaate til fremstilling av forbedrede katalysatorer og anvendelse derav i hydrokarbonomdannelsesreaksjoner
Inventor: TELFORD CLIVE DAVID
IPC: C07C67/00
Filed: 1980-09-03
Abstract: Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av en zeolittsammenset-ning hvor noen eller alle kationer er blitt utbyttet med galliumioner. Zeolitten har høyt silisiumdioksyd— til aluminiumoksyd-forhold og fremstilles ved en ut-krystallisering fra en vandig oppløsning inneholdende en blanding av en kilde for silisiumdioksyd, en kilde for aluminiumoksyd og minst to andre komponenter valgt fra gruppen bestående-av alkalimetallioner, ammoniakk og en organisk nitrogenholdig base. Det nye . ligger i at man vasker den utkrystalliserte zeolitten med syreholdig og/eller deionisert vann, kalsinerer det vaskede produkt ved forhøyet temperatur, kontakter det kalsinerte produkt med en syre, koker den syre-behandlede zeolitten under tilbakeløp med en oppløs-ning av en galliumforbindelse,: hvorved man får fremstilt en galliumutbyttet zeolitt og vasker denne med vann for å gjøre den i alt vesentlig fri for eventuelt impregnert gallium eller galliumforbindelser. Den foreliggende zeolittsammensetningen kan brukes som en katalysator for hydrokarbonomdannelsesreaksjoner.
Patent NO-812813-L (NO)
Inventor: KAIRISALO PEKKA JUHANI
IPC: C07D233/64
Filed: 1981-08-20
Abstract: Process for the preparation of cimetidine, wherein N-cyano-N min -methyl-N sec -(2-mercaptoethyl)guanidine is reacted with 4-halomethyl-5-methyl-1H-imidazole in water or in a water-containing medium at the pH-range of 8.0 to 9.5. Pure cimetidine crystallizes from the reaction mixture immediately without any particular operations with a yield higher than 70 %.
Patent NO-832784-L (NO)
Inventor: LESHER GEORGE YOHE
IPC: C07D471/04
Filed: 1983-08-01
Abstract: Naphthyridines of formula (I) 
<CHEM>
 , where R is -alkyl, R min  is hydrogen or methyl, R sec  is hydrogen or alkyl, and Q is hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, cyano, carbamyl, carboxy or aminocarbamyl, are useful as cardiotonic agents (I, Q is hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, cyano or carbamyl) and/or intermediates therefor (I, Q is carboxy, aminocarbamyl, hydrogen, amino, cyano or carbamyl). Also shown are pyridinones of formula II 
<CHEM>
 where R and R min  are as above and Q min  is hydrogen or cyano, which are useful as cardiotonics (II, Q min  is hydrogen) and/or intermediates (II, Q min  is cyano or hydrogen). Processes for preparing the compounds of Formulas I and II are shown.
Patent NO-833326-L (NO)
Inventor: WILLIAMS BOLIE C III
IPC: E21B33/06
Filed: 1983-09-15
Abstract: A ram-type blowout preventer having a body with a central bore extending therethrough and with guideways extending outward from the central bore, a ram in each of the guideways and having a recess on its front face, a front packer positioned in said ram recess and including a backing portion and an insert portion, the insert portion being tightly interengaged with said backing portion.
Patent NO-840782-L (NO)
Inventor: SYGNATOR HENRY ANTON
IPC: B23C5/14
Filed: 1984-03-01
Abstract: Form relieved rotary milling cutters such as 18 are rotated at unusually high speeds to produce high performance drill screws at improved rates of production. The cutters can be adjusted in a simple manner to achieve variations in the geometry of the drill point 17, and the speed of the cutters can be controlled carefully to maintain the quality of the products and maximize the life of the cutters. The screw blanks are held down by unusually high forces during cutting to prevent rotational and axial movement of the screw blanks.
Patent NO-842048-L (NO)
Inventor: DIVISEK JIRI
IPC: C25B13/04
Filed: 1984-05-23
Abstract: The invention concerns a NiO-based ceramic oxide diaphragm for the alkaline water electrolysis. The diaphragm, in accordance with the invention, contains 0.5 to 10% by weight (estimated as Ti based on the oxide mass) of titanium oxide in the porous NiO layer. Diaphragms of this type are obtained, in particular, by the oxidative sintering of a mass of nickel powder which has been applied under pressure to a nickel support, especially one consisting of nickel wire gauze. In the process the titanium is in the form of titanium metal, titanium oxide or a titanium compound which is added to the initial nickel powder. The titanium is present in the form of its oxide after the oxidation sintering treatment. In an alternative embodiment of the process, an already sintered porous mass of nickel or nickel oxide can be impregnated with a titanium compound and calcined to convert the titanium compound to its oxide.
Patent NO-851534-L (NO)
Inventor: ANDREASSON KURT
IPC: G06K17/00
Filed: 1985-04-17
Abstract: when recording an inventory, a video-camera having a microphone and optics making possible total views, as well as detail views on a larger scale of the individual objects is used. When the recording is terminated the cassette (22) is sealed by means of a cylindrical body (32) introduceable in a cylindrical passage (27) in the cassette casing, the body being provided with at least one extending lip (38) engaging an opening in the side wall defining the passage (27).The lip may be forced outwards by depressing a piston (39) in the body (32). The piston is provided with at least one cam, which catches the lip (38) and will be retained thereby.An arm (34) directed sidewardly from the body (32) carries a member (335) at its distal end adapted to lock the lid (24) of the cassette.
Patent NO-852122-L (NO)
Inventor: ARMAND MICHEL
IPC: C08L85/00
Filed: 1985-05-28
Abstract: Macromolecular material of ionic conduction constituted by a salt in solution in a polyether. The polyether is polycondensed and/or cross-linked and presents at least two chains connected to each other by a bridge that comprises a silicon, cadmium, boron or titanium atom connected to one of the chains by an oxygen atom. Application to producing electrodes and electrolytes for electrochemical accumulators.
Patent NO-855213-L (NO)
Inventor: BARBIER PIERRE
IPC: C07D309/30
Filed: 1985-12-20
Abstract: Oxetanones of formula (I) and their salts with weak acids are new: R1 and R2 = 1-17C alkyl (opt. having up to 8 double or triple bonds and opt. interrupted by an O or S atom which is not alpha to an unsatd. C atom), phenyl, benzyl or -C6H4-X-C6H5, all opt. ring-substd. by 1-3 1-6C alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio; X = O, S or (CH2)m; m = 0-3; R3 = H or 1-3C alkyl or alkanoyl; R4 = H or 1-3C alkyl; R5 = H, Ar or Ar-(1-3C) alkyl or is 1-7C alkyl, opt. interrupted by Y and/or substd. by Z; or R4 and R5 together make a 4-6 membered satd. ring; Y = O, S, NR6, CONR6 or NR6.CO; Z = OR7, SR7, NR7R8, CONR7R8 or NR7.COR8; n = 0 or 1, and if 1 then R5 = H; Ar = phenyl, opt. substd. by up to 3 R9 or ORa; R6, R7, R8 and R9 = H or 1-3C alkyl. Where R3 = HCO and R5 = isobutyl, or R3 = MeCO and R5 = carbamoylethyl and also R2 = undecyl or 2,5-undecadienyl and R1 = n-hexyl, then R4 is not H. Also new are ethanol derivs. (III): when R1 = n -hexyl and R2 = undecyl or 2Z,5Z-undecadienyl, at least one asymmetric C atom in the ring or in beta-position to the ring has the R configuration. -
Patent NO-871311-L (NO)
Inventor: BLYTHIN DAVID JOHN
IPC: A61K31/55
Filed: 1987-03-27
Abstract: Esters, acetal ethers, thioethers and nitrogen substituted derivatives of certain bicyclic compounds are disclosed which are useful as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and/or cytoprotective agents and in treatment of hyperproliferative skin disease. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed.
Patent NO-880322-L (NO)
Inventor: TACK ROBERT DRYDEN
IPC: C10L1/24
Filed: 1988-01-26
Abstract: A crude oil or fuel oil composition comprises a major proportion by weight of a crude oil or a fuel oil and a minor proportion by weight of a polycarbonate containing the group <CHEM> where n is an integer of two or more and A is an alkylene, aralkylene or arylene radical, provided the alkylene group can be interrupted by one or more hetero atoms or by one or more carboxylic ester, carbamoyl, urethane, urea or tertiary amino groups. A typical polycarbonate has the formula <CHEM> where R are C10 to C30 alkyl groups. i
Patent NO-882574-L (NO)
Inventor: SIEMER GERD
IPC: E04D13/03
Filed: 1988-06-10
Abstract: Skylight frame (2) for connection of a building member covering a roof opening (1), the said frame preferably being composed of PU foam (7), optionally with a fixed insert, and being surrounded on at least three sides by a thin sheet-metal frame (5). The skylight frame has an approximately wedge-shaped projection (8) at its top end and metal portions (13, 14) foamed into place and plastic-coated for connection of roofing foils. <IMAGE>
Patent NO-921236-L (NO)
Inventor: MONSAN PIERRE
IPC: A61K38/00
Filed: 1992-03-30
Abstract: Novel prepn. of a basic fibroplast growth factor (bFGF) comprises (a) forming an adduct between heparin or heparan sulphate and a bFGF which has a 9-10 Leu-Pro bond, (b) treating the adduct with pepsin A or cathepsin D to cleave the bond and (c) releasing from the adduct the bFGF thus obtd. The bFGF may be of formula (I). NH2-(AA)x-Leu-Pro-Y-COOH (I). (AA = any amino acid residue, x = 0 or an integer; (AA)x may be eg. Ile Thr Thr, Thr Thr or Thr; y = the amino acid sequence of (11-155) bFGF.
Patent NO-932097-L (NO)
Title: Myke farmasoeytiske kapsler som inneholder lysinclonixinat og fremgangsmaate for deres fremstilling
Inventor: VASQUEZ CARLOS A
IPC: A61K9/48
Filed: 1993-06-09
Abstract: Myke gelatinkapsler med en fyllmasse som omfatter lysinkloniksninat som aktiv ingrediens i en hydrofil grunnmasse er beskrevet. Kapslene oppviser god lagringsstabilitet og hurtigere inntredende terapeutisk virkning ved oral tilførsel. Den hydrofile grunnmasse omfatter polyetylenglykol med en midlere inolekylvekt på 200-1000, eller en blanding av polyetylenglykol og/eller propylenkarbonat, 3-10 vektprosent glycerol og 5-15 vektprosent vann. De myke gelatinkapslene kan anvendes til behandling av smerte eller inflam- matoriske tilstander.
Patent NO-932334-L (NO)
Inventor: ABBOTT RONALD GORDON
IPC: C07B37/00
Filed: 1993-06-24
Abstract: Process for removing acid-soluble oil composition produced as a by-product from an alkylation reaction catalyzed by a sulfone-containing HF catalyst. In this process for regenerating used HF alkylation catalyst which contains a sulfone component, acid-soluble oil is removed by contacting said mixture with an adsorbing material, such as carbon or alumina. <IMAGE>
Patent NO-941234-L (NO)
Title: Anordning for montering av en blende i et rörledningselement for vanntilförsel, særlig med henblikk på anbringeles av en måler
Inventor: ZINSIUS JOSEPH
IPC: E03B9/00
Filed: 1994-04-06
Abstract: Anordning for montering av en blende (7) i et rørlednings- element (1) for vanntilførsel, omfattende en indre flens (6) for anbringelse av blenden (7), dannet inne i rørlednings- elementet, idet blenden har en rundtgående kantflens (9) for anlegg mot flensen (6), mens en diffusor (11) som bevirker fastholding har en av sine ender i anlegg mot blenden (7), idet en diffusorholder (14) har en ende i anlegg mot den enden av diffusoren (11) som er motsatt av blenden (7), mens den andre enden av holderen har elastiske ben (18) som ved elastisk sammenkobling samvirker med en ringformet utsparing (22) dannet i rørledningselementet (1).
Patent NO-942854-L (NO)
Title: Farmasöytiske blandinger med gode opplösningsegenskaper
Inventor: NIKFAR FARANAK
IPC: A61K9/48
Filed: 1994-08-01
Abstract: Det er tilveiebrakt en ifetroban-blanding som har gode opplcsningsegenskaper selv ved eldning, og som ved disperge- ring i vann har en pH på minst 7 og innbefatter et salt av ifetroban, ett eller flere basifiseringsmidler, så som magne- siumoksyd eller kalsiumkarbonat, og som i tablettform innbe- fatter ett eller flere fyllstoffer så som mannitol og/eller mikrokrystallinsk cellulose, ett eller flere nedbrytningsraid- ler så som crospovidon, ett eller flere smeremidler så som magnesiumstearat, eventuelt ett eller flere glidemidler så som kolloidalt silisiumdioksyd, ett eller flere bindemidler så som for-gelatinert stivelse (tørr-bindemiddel) eller polyvinyl- pyrrolidon (våt-bindemiddel) og eventuelt et filmbelegg inne- holdende et filmdannende middel så som hydroksypropylcellu- lose, og et plastifiseringsmiddel så som l,2,3-propantriol- triacetat.
Patent NO-944764-L (NO)
Inventor: BRYANT HENRY UHLMAN
IPC: A61K47/48
Filed: 1994-12-08
Abstract: The present invention provides aqueous inclusion complexes of certain known benzothiophene compounds, particularly Raloxifene, and water soluble cyclodextrins. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions of such inclusion complexes, and methods of using these complexes for inhibiting bone loss and reducing serum cholesterol in mammals.
Patent NO-944845-L (NO)
Title: Innretning for registrering av stötströmmen i lynavledere eller lignende
Inventor: JORDAN ERNST-GUNTER
IPC: H01L31/02
Filed: 1994-12-14
Abstract: Innretning for registrering av støtstrømmer l lyn- avledere, overspennlngsavledere eller andre av støtstrømmer eller pulsformede strømmer (kortslutnlngs- eller jordslutnlngsstrømmer) gjennomstrømmet elektrisk leder. En magnetlserbar databærer, som er forsynt med lagret data, er anordnet l en rommesslg tilordning til en elektrisk leder gjennomstrømmet av støtstrømmene slik at l tilfelle av en støtstrøm er minst en med lagret data belagt sone til databæreren anordnet l magnetfeltet som oppstår rundt lederen når denne gjennomstrømmes av støtstrømmer. For å kunne registrere kvantitativt og kvalitativt overspennlngsforekomster over et lengre tidsrom og kunne tilordne disse overspennlngsforekomstene til de respektive tidspunkter blir databæreren (2) anordnet kontinuerlig eller l trinn diskontinuerlig- forskyvbar l forhold til den elektriske lederen (i) over et registrerlngstldsrom slik at tilsvarende tidsforløpet er respektive etter hverandre følgende soner med lagret data anordnet i magnetfeltet som oppstår rundt lederen (i) når denne gjennomstrømmes av støtstrømmer.