baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20090035835-A (KR)
Title: Unified system for managing building equipment using 3 dimensional virtual space and method thereof
Inventor: YOON JEONG SOO
IPC: G06Q50/10
Filed: 2007-10-08
Abstract: A system for integratedly managing facilities within a building by using a 3D virtual space and a method thereof are provided to offer a user interface screen in which control and security are easy to a manager through the same screen as the actual structure. A 3D image information DB(522) stores 3D virtual space image information and facility identifier information which is matched with icon images. A 3D screen processor(523) implements the real space inside a building in a 3D virtual space image and displays it so as to be selected by an icon. A central operation processor(524) generates a control signal including the facility identifier information or outputs the state of a corresponding facility which corresponds to an icon matched with the facility identifier information. A communication unit(521) transmits the control signal to an integrated management server(540), or receives an event signal from the integrated management server.
Patent KR-20090043127-A (KR)
Inventor: SEON JONG HO
IPC: B60J5/10
Filed: 2007-10-29
Abstract: 본 발명은 차량의 트렁크 외측에 설치되는 테일게이트(tail gate)의 개폐장치에 관한 것으로서, 특히 테일게이트를 리어콤비램프와 리어글래스를 기준으로 상부와 하부로 분리하여 후방공간이 협소한 경우라도 개방이 용이하고 개방감이 뛰어나며, 적은 힘으로도 개방을 할 수 있는 차량의 테일게이트 개폐장치에 관한 것으로서, 차량후방루프패널(1)에 힌지(3)로 결합되어 회동되는 차량용 테일게이트에 있어서, 상기 테일게이트는 상, 하부테일게이트(20, 30)로 분리되어 상부테일게이트(20)와 하부테일게이트(30)와의 사이에 설치된 회동수단(40)에 의해 상부 및 하부테일게이트(20, 30)가 개폐되는 것을 특징으로 한다. 이와 같은 본 발명은 테일게이트가 닫혀 있을 때, 상부와 하부를 연결하는 링크와 가스 리프트를 비롯한 2단 개폐장치가 외부로 노출되지 않다는 것과 차체의 힌지와 테일게이트 상부 링크의 힌지를 체인으로 연결함으로써 2단의 개폐동작을 연동했음에 특징이 있으며, 이 결과 테일 게이트의 전개시에 차체 힌지에서부터 끝단까지의 거리가 줄어들기 때문에 개폐시에 필요한 힘을 줄이고 개방감을 키워 키가 큰 화물도 적재가능하며 테일 게이트가 완전 전개되었을 때 하단부가 상단부 위로 겹쳐지면서 공간이 줄어듦으로써 차량 후방 공간이 부족한 경우에도 테일 게이트를 전개할 수 있다, 또한 상부테일게이트 중심축의 이송레버를 통한 슬라이드 이동으로 하부테일게이트만이 작동할 수 있어 필요시 간편하게 테일게이트의 하부만을 열어 화물을 적재할 수 있는 특유의 효과가 있다. 
       
           테일 게이트,  힌지.
Patent KR-20090043733-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM BYUNG DOO
IPC: H04W4/02
Filed: 2007-10-30
Abstract: 본 발명은 무선 네트워크로 구성된 실내 인프라를 이용하여 수신된 신호의 세기로부터 단말의 위치를 계산하는 실내 위치결정방법 및 장치에 관한 것으로, 무선액세스 포인트로부터 수신된 신호세기를 이용한 실내 위치결정장치에 있어서, 미리 생성된 각 참조위치에서의 무선액세스 포인트로부터 수신한 신호세기에 대한 데이터베이스를 포함하며, 신호세기 획득부가 무선액세스 포인트로부터 수신된 신호세기를 수집하며, 거리 및 위치계산부가 신호세기 획득부에서 수집한 수신신호세기로부터 무선액세스 포인트와 단말 사이의 거리를 계산하고, 계산된 거리로부터 단말의 대략 위치를 계산하며, 검색공간 설정부가 거리 및 위치계산부에서 계산된 대략 위치를 중심으로 데이터베이스의 검색공간을 설정하며, 상관검사 및 위치계산부가 검색공간 설정부에서 설정한 검색공간에 대한 상관검사를 통하여 단말의 정밀 위치를 계산하도록 함으로써, 향상된 연산속도를 제공할 수 있으며, 또한 실내에서의 자재관리, 인력관리, 긴급 구난서비스 등과 같은 다양한 위치기반(LBS) 서비스를 제공하기 위한 목적으로 사용될 수 있다. 
       
     무선 네트워크, 실내 위치, 핑거프린팅, 검색공간
Patent KR-20090048164-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM JU HOAN
IPC: G01M99/00
Filed: 2007-11-09
Abstract: 본 발명은 구조가 간단하면서도 정밀한 검사가 가능한 검사장치에 관한 것이다. 
     본 발명에 따르면, 피검사물(1)이 공급되는 공급부(10)와, 이 공급부(10)의 후단에 배치되며 둘레부에는 피검사물(1)이 끼워지는 이송홈(26)이 형성되어 회전되는 제1 캠부(20)와, 상기 제1 캠부(20)의 타측에 상기 제1 캠부(20)와 부분적으로 중첩되도록 배치되며 둘레부에는 상기 피검사물(1)이 끼워지는 이송홈(36)이 형성되어 회전되는 제2 캠부(30)와, 상기 제2 캠부(30)의 타측에 배치되는 배출부(40)와, 상기 제1 캠부(20)와 제2 캠부(30)를 동기적으로 회전시키는 회전구동부(50) 및, 상기 제1 캠부(20)와 제2 캠부(30)의 상부에 배치되는 검사부(60)로 구성된 검사장치가 제공된다. 
       
     검사, 건전지, 캠, 이송, 회전
Patent KR-20090049356-A (KR)
Inventor: CHO BO HYEONG
IPC: H01L21/00
Filed: 2007-11-13
Abstract: 본 발명은 상면에 포트 플레이트가 형성된 본체부, 상기 포트 플레이트의 중앙에 설치되어 레티클이 수용된 파드가 장착되는 스테이지, 상기 본체부의 내부 상측에 상기 본체부 또는 스테이지의 승강시 간섭되지 않는 위치에 설치되고, 상기 레티클에 표기된 식별정보를 판독하는 광학 문자 판독부 및 상기 본체부와 상기 광학 문자 판독부 사이에 설치되고, 레티클 식별정보 판독 동작 시 상기 광학 문자 판독부를 식별정보 판독 위치로 이동시키고 식별정보 판독 후에는 상기 광학 문자 판독부를 원위치로 복귀시키는 이송부를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광학 문자 판독기능을 갖는 로드 포트를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 
     상기와 같은 본 발명에 따르면, 로드 포트 내에 광학 문자 판독부를 구비함으로써 반송대상 레티클(또는 마스크)에 기록된 식별정보를 하여 레티클의 공정 이력 관리를 자동화할 수 있는 효과가 있다.  
       
     로드포트, SMIF, 레티클, 마스크, 광학문자판독, OCR.
Patent KR-20080052379-A (KR)
Title: Paper money arrangement apparatus
Inventor: SASAKI AKIHIRO
IPC: G07D7/00
Filed: 2007-11-15
Abstract: A paper money arranging apparatus is provided to prevent an abnormal collecting state of paper money in a temporary collection part when the paper money is inputted in an abnormal state. A paper money arranging apparatus includes a paper money input hole(1), a discrimination unit(2) for discriminating a kind, a normal state, and damage of the paper money, an inside/outside inversion unit(4) for arranging two sides of the paper money on the basis of a discriminating result of the discrimination unit, and a collection unit(6) including a plurality of temporary collection parts for collecting the paper money according to the kind, the normal state, and the damage of the paper money on the basis of the discriminating result of the discrimination unit. A transfer monitoring sensor is installed on a transfer path(3) for connecting the inside/outside inversion unit with the collection units. A collection unit collects the paper money when a paper money interval is shorter than a predetermined paper money interval.
Patent KR-20090051863-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM DONG SOO
IPC: H01L33/58
Filed: 2007-11-20
Abstract: 본 발명은 발광다이오드 패키지 및 그의 제조방법에 관한 것이다. 
     이와 같은 본 발명은 발광다이오드 패키지 바디와 상기 발광다이오드 패키지 바디가 실장되며, 플레이트 형상으로 여러 종류의 회로 패턴이 표면에 형성된 인쇄회로 기판과 상기 발광다이오드 패키지 바디를 상기 인쇄회로 기판 상에 밀봉하며 빛의 진행 경로를 변환하는 렌즈를 포함하여 형성되는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-20090055049-A (KR)
Title: Holder for dental photo mirror
Inventor: KIM SEOK PIL
IPC: A61C19/04
Filed: 2007-11-28
Abstract: A mirror holder for the oral cavity photograph shooting is provided, which prevents the mirror from being steamed up by the breath of a patient. A mirror holder for the oral cavity photograph shooting comprises: a base(12) in which the insertion hole is formed; an air jet nozzle(16) formed in the base; a compression air supply line(19) which supplies the compressed air to the injection nozzle and is connected and fixed to one side of the base; a handle(17) which is formed in the compression air supply line and is connected to the base; a valve(18) which is installed at the handle and controls the compressed air supplied to the injection nozzle.
Patent KR-20090056014-A (KR)
Title: Photosensitive resin composition and black matrix comprising the same
Inventor: CHOI DONG CHANG
IPC: G03F7/028
Filed: 2007-11-29
Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition, a black matrix comprising the same and a liquid crystal display including the black matrix are provided to play an curing accelerator promoting the activity of a photoinitiator as well as promoting the adhesion with only an adhesion curing accelerator. A photosensitive resin composition comprises an adhesion curing accelerator having a structure of chemical formula 1; an alkali-soluble resin binder; a multifunctional monomer with an ethylenically unsaturated double bond; a photopolymerization initiator; and solvent. In chemical formula 1, R1, R2, and R3 are independent and are selected from an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, and an aromatic group, wherein at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is an alkoxy group; Rx is an alkylene group; and n is 1 or 2.
Patent KR-20090057701-A (KR)
Title: Manufacturing method of soybean paste
Inventor: CHOI MI KYUNG
IPC: A23L11/20
Filed: 2007-12-03
Abstract: A method for preparing soybean paste using Salvia plebei powder is provided to improve the preference of soybean paste by immersing Meju in a saline solution and adding Salvia plebei powder to the Meju. A method for preparing soybean paste using Salvia plebei powder comprises the following steps of: steaming and pulverizing soybeans and molding the soybeans into Meju; naturally fermenting the Meju; washing the surface of the fermented Meju; dividing the washed Meju into several pieces and drying the divided Meju; dipping the dried Meju in a saline solution and aging the dipped Meju; and mixing 1-8 parts of Salvia plebei powder and 100 parts of the aged Meju. The Salvia plebei powder contains less than 15wt% of moisture.
Patent KR-20090060697-A (KR)
Title: Wireless interference cancellation repeater and repeating method thereof
Inventor: KIM JOO WAN
IPC: H04B17/40
Filed: 2007-12-10
Abstract: A wireless interference cancellation repeater and a repeating method thereof are provided to grasp the number and location of servicing FA and select the optimized interference cancellation algorithm for the grasped information, thereby performing an interference cancellation operation. An FA(Frequency Allocation) search unit(303) searches a frequency band of an input signal to grasp the number and location of FA to be services. The first BPF(Band Pass Filter)(304) filters the signal. An interference signal cancellation unit(305) cancels an interferential signal from the signal. The second BPF(306) filters the signal. An algorithm selector(307) selects an optimal interference cancellation algorithm based on the information grasped in the FA search unit and provides the optimal interference cancellation algorithm to each part.
Patent KR-20080063078-A (KR)
Title: In-vehicle electronic apparatus and in-vehicle electronic system
Inventor: TAKIMOTO TATSUHIKO
IPC: G08G1/0968
Filed: 2007-12-12
Abstract: An in-vehicle electronic device and an in-vehicle electronic system are provided to enable the passenger's discomfort to be mitigated and to reduce manufacturing cost for the in-vehicle electronic apparatus. An in-vehicle electronic apparatus(100) comprises a receiver for receiving first audio information, which is navigation audio information output by a portable navigation apparatus(10), and second audio information through the portable navigation apparatus, and an audio selector outputting the first audio information to at least one of the multiple audio outputting portions when the audio information is the first audio information, and outputting the second audio information to the multiple audio outputting portions, when the audio information is the second audio information. A controller is provided to control the operation of the audio selector.
Patent KR-20090062488-A (KR)
Title: Method for preparing graft copolymer with minimized volatile organic compound emissions
Inventor: JEUN JAE WOOK
IPC: C08F279/00
Filed: 2007-12-13
Abstract: A graft copolymer is provided to minimize volatile organic compounds, to ensure excellent flowabillity, outer appearance, mechanical strength and thermal stability, good polymerization stability and excellent degree of grafting. A method for preparing a graft copolymer minimizing emission of volatile organic compounds comprises the steps of: polymerizing rubbery polymer latex and a graft monomer mixture in the presence of a polymerization initiator to prepare a first graft copolymer latex; injecting the balance of a graft monomer mixture in the first graft copolymer latex and at the same time, injecting a first polymerization initiator through 2-5 hours and then injecting a second polymerization initiator to perform polymerization .
Patent KR-20080056653-A (KR)
Title: Image sensor, focus detection device, and imaging device
Inventor: KUSAKA YOSUKE
IPC: G02B7/34
Filed: 2007-12-14
Abstract: An image sensor, a focus detection device, and an imaging device are provided to determine a relationship between the first focus detection pixel groups and the second focus detection pixel groups so as to make compatible two demands from a photographing function and a focus detection function, to improve image quality, and improve the focus detection performance. An image sensor comprises first focus detection pixel groups(320), and second focus detection pixel groups. Each of the first focus detection pixel groups is formed by disposing in the array of the imaging pixels a plurality of first pixels adopting a split pupil method. Each of the second focus detection pixel groups is formed by disposing in the array of the imaging pixels a plurality of second pixels adopting a split pupil method different from the split pupil method adopted in the first pixels, wherein a relationship between a number of the first focus detection pixel groups and a number of the second focus detection pixel groups is determined in correspondence to directions of positions assumed by the first focus detection pixel groups and the second focus detection pixel groups relative to a center of the image sensor.
Patent KR-20090069567-A (KR)
Title: A pattern of semiconductor and method for designing pattern using the same
Inventor: JEON HAENG LEEM
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 2007-12-26
Abstract: A pattern of semiconductor and a method for designing pattern using the same are provided to revise easily the pattern by comparing an influence of astigmatism through a line pattern. The pattern of a semiconductor device comprises a pattern(100) of a first group about a hole pattern on an exposure mask. The pattern in the first group comprises a first square pattern(11) as the first group pattern(10) and a plurality of first rectangular patterns. The pattern in the first group comprises a pattern(21) of the second square as the second group pattern(20) and a plurality of second rectangular patterns.
Patent KR-20090069796-A (KR)
Title: Multi inductively coupled plasma reactor with multi laser scanning line
Inventor: WI SOON IM
IPC: H05H1/46
Filed: 2007-12-26
Abstract: A multi inductively coupled plasma reactor with a multi laser scanning line is provided to generate the plasma with high density uniformly by controlling current balance uniformly. A multi inductive antenna assembly(30) includes a plurality of antenna bundles for inducing the capacitively coupled plasma inside the reactor body. A multi laser scanning line is comprised of the plurality of laser scanning lines inside the reactor body. The multiple discharge chamber body has the multiple discharge chamber where the plurality of antenna bundles are installed. The plurality of gas inlets for injecting the reactive gas to the multiple discharge chamber are equipped in the multiple discharge chamber body. The multi laser scanning line includes a gas injection slit formed in the multiple discharge chamber body in order to be opened to the inside of the reactor body in the multiple discharge chamber. A main power supply source(40) supplies the wireless frequency power source to the plurality of antenna bundles. A laser supply source(80) comprises the multi laser scanning line.
Patent KR-20090073693-A (KR)
Inventor: JEONG SAM JOO
IPC: E01F15/00
Filed: 2007-12-31
Abstract: A strong guardrail and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to prevent a vehicle from being deviated by rapidly absorbing impact in collision and protect wild animal by facilitating the movement of the animal. The upper end and lower end of an existing guardrail(3A) are formed in a circular, ellipse, or rectangular shape. The both sides of the upper and lower ends are formed to be rounded in a ski blade(3B). One or more metal bands are formed inside a post(2A) to make bending resistance stronger than the post or the guide beam. A sunshade or an anti-dazzle screen is set up on the cap of the post to block light of the vehicle on the opposite side.
Patent KR-20090073907-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method for most controlling using bluetooth
Inventor: PARK CHUL WOO
IPC: H04B7/24
Filed: 2007-12-31
Abstract: An apparatus and a method for media oriented system transport controlling using Bluetooth are provided to control the operation of each electronic device by connecting a plurality of electric devices to MOST(Media Oriented System Transport) network. An MOST conversion device performs a Bluetooth device inquiry process and pairing procedure(S300). The MOST conversion device produces and outputs the list of Bluetooth devices(S310). The MOST conversion device outputs a function list realizable(S320). The MOST conversion device is inputted the information selecting the Bluetooth device and the select function information for using(S330). The MOST conversion device performs paging with a selected Bluetooth(S350). The MOST conversion device determines whether the Bluetooth device capable of performing the optional functions or not(S360). The MOST conversion device determines the presence of the other Bluetooth device capable of the selection function(S370). The MOST conversion device automatically performs the paging procedure with a Bluetooth device capable of the selection function(S380).
Patent KR-20070053336-A (KR)
Inventor: NOMURA SHUZO
IPC: F28D1/06
Filed: 2004-09-15
Abstract: 병렬 상태로 배치되고, 둘레 방향으로 연통한 복수의 환상 유로(24)와, 상기 환상 유로(24)에서의 유입구와 유출구의 위치가 둘레 방향으로 어긋나도록 상기 환상 유로(24)에 형성된 복수의 유입구 및 유출구와, 서로 다른 환상 유로(24, 24)에 형성된 상기 유입구와 상기 유출구를 연통하고, 상기 환상 유로(24) 내에 돌출시킨 복수의 연통관(25)으로 열교환 유로(21)를 구성한다.  상기 열교환 유로(21)에 유체 공급관(22) 및 유체 배출관(23)을 연통하여 열교환 장치를 구성한다.
Patent KR-20070085260-A (KR)
Title: Device and systems for electrostatic discharge supression
Inventor: SHRIER KAREN P
IPC: H02H9/00
Filed: 2005-09-16
Abstract: A device (10) for suppressing electrostatic discharge comprises first and second multilayer structures (14, 16) surrounding an electrostatic discharge reactance layer (12), the resistance of said electrostatic discharge reactance layer (12) varying in response to the occurrence of an electrostatic discharge signal. Each multilayer structure (14, 16) comprises a barrier layer (18), a terminal layer (20) and an electrode layer (28). Alternatively, a conductive layer (80) can be used instead of a second multilayer structure (16). An ESD suppression device (110) can be embedded in a printed circuit lard (122, 210) providing a way to protect board components from harmful ESD events.
Patent KR-20070085428-A (KR)
Title: Gasket assembly
Inventor: BOEVE GREGORY ANDREW
IPC: F16J15/08
Filed: 2005-10-18
Abstract: A gasket assembly includes a plurality of carriers. Each carrier has at least one non-sealing aperture and at least one sealing aperture. The sealing aperture has a seal which extends around a perimeter of the sealing aperture and is attached to the carrier. The plurality of carriers comprises a stack of carriers with each of the carriers in the stack being in touching contact with at least one other of the carriers. The non-sealing apertures of the carriers are aligned to and associated with the sealing apertures such that each seal extends through aligned and associated non-sealing apertures in the other carriers to provide a first sealing surface at a first outer surface of the stack and a second sealing surface at a second outer surface of the stack. The carriers in the stack may be joined together to form the gasket assembly. The seals may include various materials, including elastomers, such as those commonly used in automotive vehicle applications.
Patent KR-20070085879-A (KR)
Title: Light-emitting device
Inventor: DEN TORU
IPC: B41J2/455
Filed: 2005-11-09
Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a new light-emitting device with the use of an amorphous oxide. The light-emitting device has a light-emitting layer existing between first and second electrodes and a field effect transistor, of which the active layer is an amorphous.
Patent KR-20070086761-A (KR)
Title: Etching method and etching apparatus
Inventor: NISHIZUKA TETSUYA
IPC: H01L21/3065
Filed: 2005-11-18
Abstract: An etching method wherein an article to be treated, which has an undercoat layer being composed of a silicon-containing material and, formed thereon, a layer to be etched being composed of a tungsten-containing material, is subjected to an etching treatment in a treating chamber capable of being evacuated to vacuum in the presence of a plasma, characterized in that a chlorine-containing gas, an oxygen-containing gas and a nitrogen-containing gas are used as an etching gas.
Patent KR-20070094907-A (KR)
Title: Method of detecting and correcting relay tack weld failures
Inventor: LAURENT TIM M
IPC: H01H47/00
Filed: 2005-11-22
Abstract: A method of detecting and attempting to correct a relay tack weld failure of its contacts is presented. This method senses the failure of a relay's contacts to open once it has been commanded to trip. This sensing may directly sense relay conditions, or may indirectly determine the failure by sensing a system parameter that shows the effects of the failure. Once the failure of the relay to open has been determined, the relay is again energized in an attempt to break loose the relay tack weld. If the relay fails to open after this first attempt, the relay may again be repulsed. Preferably a relay check timer is utilized to ensure that the system has stabilized before a repulse is attempted. A relay pulse timer may be used to control the pulse duration during these attempts. The number of attempts may also be limited.
Patent KR-20070093994-A (KR)
Title: Heat stabilized moulding composition
Inventor: GIJSMAN PETER
IPC: C08K3/08
Filed: 2006-01-09
Abstract: The invention relates to non-fibrous-reinforced thermoplastic moulding compositions comprising a metal powder as a heat stabilizer wherein the metal powder has a weight average particle size (dm) of at most 1 mm and the metal in the metal powder is selected from the group consisting of elementary metals from Group VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table, and mixtures thereof, and next to the said metal powders a thermoplastic polyamide with an Mw of at most 50.000 g/mol, or a blend of at least two thermoplastic polymers with Tmelt or Tg differing by at least 20 °C, or a second thermostabilizer. The invention also relates to the use of these compositions and high temperature applications.
Patent KR-20070091197-A (KR)
Title: Elastic mesh structure
Inventor: YAMANAKA MASAKI
IPC: D04H3/03
Filed: 2005-12-20
Abstract: A lightweight elastic mesh structure exhibiting durability and cushion properties suitable for furniture, bedding such as a bed, seat for vehicle, seat for vessel, and the like, excellent in chemical resistance and light fastness, exhibiting soft resilience, and excellent in cushion properties at low temperature. Random loops are formed by winding a continuous wire of 300 decitex or above, respective loops are brought into contact under fused state, and the majority of contact part is fusion-bonded to produce a three-dimensional random loop bonded structure, which is an elastic mesh structure wherein the continuous wire principally comprises low density polyethylene resin having specific gravity of 0.94 g/cm^3 or less.
Patent KR-20070104894-A (KR)
Title: Package for pharmaceutical, medical or similar products, particularly pesticides or plant protection products
Inventor: FONTANA ANTONIO
IPC: A01M1/20
Filed: 2005-12-28
Abstract: A package (1) for pharmaceutical, medical or similar products, particularly pesticides or plant protection products, comprising a substantially flat element (2) for supporting indications (T) prescribed for a pharmaceutical, medical or similar product, particularly a pesticide or plant protection product, a first receptacle (3) for containing a container (4) of the product which is formed in the substantially flat element (2), and first means (5) for connecting the container (4) and the substantially flat element (2).
Patent KR-20070097128-A (KR)
Title: Automotive radar systems and techniques
Inventor: WOODINGTON WALTER GORDON
IPC: G01S13/931
Filed: 2001-08-16
Abstract: A radar detection process includes computing a derivative of an FFT output signal to detect an object within a specified detection zone. In one embodiment, a zero crossing in the second derivative of the FFT output signal indicates the presence of an object. The range of the object is determined as a function of the frequency at which the zero crossing occurs. Also described is a detection table containing indicators of the presence or absence of an object within a respective radar beam and processing cycle. At least two such indicators are combined in order to detect the presence of an object within the detection zone and with changing range gates in each of the antenna beams the coverage of the detection zone can be varied.