Patent GB-1047773-A (GB)
Title: Improvement in systems for measuring a distance
IPC: G01S13/12
Filed: 1963-07-18
Abstract: 1,047,773. Pulse radar. CSF-COMPAGNIE GENERALE DE TELEGRAPHIE SANS FIL. July 18, 1963 [July 19, 1962], No. 28535/63. Heading H4D. In a microwave pulse radar, the transmitted pulses are synchronized with points of predetermined phase less than 360 degrees of first cycles of a reference wave, those points are selected so that the time interval between two successively transmitted pulses varies only slightly from a predetermined mean value, the frequency of the reference wave is varied to bring other points of a predetermined phase less than 360 degrees of second cycles of the reference wave into time coincidence with received pulses (which may be echoes or pulse retransmitted by the target), the second cycles are offset with respect to the first cycles by an integral number of cycles (including zero), and the frequency of the reference wave is measured. The invention is particularly suitable for short range measurement. In the embodiment a mixer 3 produces a wave A, Fig. 2A (not shown), of frequency f = f 0  - f 1  where f 0  is the frequency of a stable oscillator 1, f 1  is the frequency of a voltage-controlled variablefrequency oscillator (V.F.O) 2, and f 0  is higher than any f 1 . Pulse generator 4 produces train B, Fig. 2B (not shown), as the signal input to electronic switch 6 the threshold of which is at the dashed-line level shown in Fig. 2C (not shown), and the switching input of which is a sawtooth generated by a thyratron 5; the sawtooth flyback is triggered by a positive-going pulse of train B at a phase 0 degrees of wave A and the sawtooth rising slope is arranged such that its period corresponds to not less than the maximum range of the system plus the delay in the transponder interrogated. The output pulses from switch 6, Fig. 2D (not shown), synchronize the pulses, Fig. 2F (not shown) radiated by transmitter 9. In order to compensate for the time delay r inherent in the transmitter a wave, Fig. 2G (not shown), of frequency f but delayed from wave A by r is produced at the output of a mixer 11, the phase of the output of stable oscillator 1 (frequency f 0 ) being changed in phase by a variable capacitance diode phase shifter 10 controlled by the output of an integrator 15 fed from a phase discriminator 14 the inputs to which are the outputs of mixer 11 and of a pulse shaper 13, Fig. 2F, fed from a detector 12 connected to a local aerial 34. Range measurement is effected by varying frequency f, by means of V.F.O. 2, so that the target response pulse received at aerial 31 occurs at the end of the first half-cycle of wave-phase position, Fig. 2G, following pulse radiation. To this end, gating pulses, Fig. 21 (not shown), centred on phase position # and of width 2r are produced by a monostable multivibrator 17: triggering of a bi-stable multivibrator 7 is effected by the output, Fig. 2D, of switch 6 and by the ensuing negative pulse across diode 8 resulting in pulse, Fig. 2E (not shown), the lagging edge of which triggers multivibrator 17. Frequency f is varied such that the received pulse occurs during the gating pulse and is then varied more accurately by direct comparison between the received pulses and wave, Fig. 2G. The target response pulse H, Fig. 2H, is applied to a coincidence circuit 18 which also receives gating pulse, Fig. 21. To make pulse H fall within pulse I, frequency f begins from a minimum valve f m  corresponding to maximum system range, oscillator 2 being designed such that when its control voltage input is zero it oscillates at a maximum frequency f 1 M =f 0  - f m  and increasing positive control voltage from an integrator 20 increasingly lowers f 1 . Pulse H<SP>1</SP>, Fig. 2H (not shown), is generated by differentiating the leading edge of pulse I in unit 21 and is applied to a phase discriminator 19 via an electronic switch 23 which is closed when there is no voltage at its control input from integrator 22 fed from coincidence circuit 18. Thus phase discriminator 19 functions initially with pulse H<SP>1</SP> to cause f to increase until target response pulse H falls within pulse I; the output of discriminator 19, via integrator 20, then causes f 1  to correspond to target range as measured by frequency meter 26 which may be calibrated to allow for inherent transponder delay. When received pulses disappear the time-constant of integrator 20 affords a limited " memory " period The time-constant of integrator 22 causes a resumption of search, by closing switch 23, only after a predetermined time interval. If the search produces no result, the search cycle is automatically resumed by means of a controlled impedance 25 coupled to integrator 20 and to a resonant circuit 24 fed with wave G; as shown in Fig. 3 (not shown), integrator 20 is connected to the emitter 40 of a transistor and resonant circuit 24 is coupled to the transistor base by transformer 42 and diode 41. When the frequency f of wave G reaches a maximum value corresponding to a minimum range, circuit 24 resonates and causes the discharge of integrator 20; search is thereby resumed from frequency f m . If search continues indefinitely without result an alarm signal can be provided. The radar may be applied as an altimeter.