baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-2022068078-A1 (WO)
Inventor: HONG MENG
IPC: A61P35/00
Filed: 2020-12-14
Abstract: Provided are an anti-human CXCL-2 monoclonal antibody 3-D3, and a coding gene and the use thereof. The monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof binds to an extracellular region containing a chemokine CXCL-2, and has the effect of blocking the function of the CXCL-2. Also provided are an anti-human CXCL-2 monoclonal antibody and a preparation thereof, a variable region amino acid sequence and a gene coding sequence thereof, and the use thereof. Further provided are a monoclonal antibody capable of blocking the function of the human chemokine CXCL-2 and a coding gene thereof. The antibody can bind to the human CXCL-2 extracellular region, can specifically block the binding of the CXCL-2 to a ligand thereof, and can inhibit signal transduction. Therefore, the monoclonal antibody can be used as a blocking agent of the CXCL-2 signal channel, thereby becoming an antibody drug for use in tumor immunotherapy and in the treatment of acute and chronic infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.
Patent WO-2021208477-A1 (WO)
Title: Backlight module and display device
Inventor: WANG LINFENG
IPC: G02F1/13357
Filed: 2020-12-15
Abstract: A backlight module and a display device. The backlight module comprises: a front bezel (1); a liquid crystal display screen (2), the liquid crystal display screen (2) being disposed below the front bezel (1); a first bracket (3), the first bracket (3) being disposed below the liquid crystal display screen (2); a second bracket (4), the second bracket (3) being disposed below the first bracket (3), and a first accommodating cavity being formed between the first bracket (3) and the second bracket (4); and a diaphragm (5), the diaphragm (5) being disposed in the first accommodating cavity. By adopting a dual-bracket solution, a module structure of a sealed screen having a ground-side bezel can achieve the purposes of a narrow bezel and a small ground-side black edge of the liquid crystal display screen (2) simultaneously.
Patent WO-2021136361-A1 (WO)
Title: Motion vector difference for block with geometric partition
Inventor: ZHANG KAI
IPC: H04N19/119
Filed: 2020-12-30
Abstract: Motion vector difference for block with geometric partition is described. One example method of video processing includes determining, for a conversion between a current video block of a video and a bitstream of the current video, that the current video block is coded with a geometric partitioning mode; deriving at least one refined motion vector (MV) for the current video block by adding at least one motion vector difference (MVD) of multiple MVDs signaled or derived for the current video block to a MV derived from a merge candidate associated with the current video block; and performing the conversion based on the refined MV.
Patent WO-2022099907-A1 (WO)
Inventor: Zhuo Zeming
IPC: H01J49/04
Filed: 2020-12-31
Abstract: 本发明涉及一种质谱检测系统及离子源装置，离子源装置包括壳体、聚焦孔板、喷雾毛细管、气路组件及进样组件。壳体设有电离腔，壳体还设有与电离腔相通的进样口、出样口及进气口。出样口与进气口分别位于壳体的相对两端。聚焦孔板与壳体相连，聚焦孔板设有通孔。通孔与出样口相连通，通孔还用于与质谱仪的质谱入口连通。喷雾毛细管贯穿壳体伸入到电离腔的内部，喷雾毛细管的喷雾端对着通孔且形成的喷雾区域覆盖通孔。气路组件设有第一吹气端，第一吹气端与进气口相连通，第一吹气端的辅助气通过进气口进入到电离腔。进样组件的输出端与进样口相连通，进样组件的输入端用于通入待测样品。如此，离子源装置能够提高电离效率，保证检测效果。
Patent WO-2022141523-A1 (WO)
Inventor: CHANG JUNREN
IPC: H04W48/16
Filed: 2020-12-31
Abstract: 本申请公开了一种信息上报方法及相关装置，该信息上报方法包括：终端设备从第一网络设备接收能力查询消息，并获取第二网络设备的第一版本信息；所述终端设备根据所述第一版本信息，确定所述终端设备的第一能力信息；所述终端设备向所述第一网络设备发送所述第一能力信息。这样，第一网络设备可以向第二网络设备发送第一能力信息。第二网络设备接收第一能力信息，并对第一能力信息进行解析。由于第一能力信息是根据第二网络设备的第一版本信息确定的，避免了出现终端设备与第二网络设备的能力不对齐导致的兼容性问题，提高了终端设备与网络设备之间的兼容性，提升了通信效率。
Patent WO-2022151044-A1 (WO)
Inventor: FAN LUMING
IPC: H01L27/108
Filed: 2021-01-13
Abstract: 本申请提供一种存储器、环栅场效应晶体管以及制备方法。该存储器可以包括：存储矩阵、至少一根源极线、至少一根字线和至少一根位线；存储矩阵包括多个环栅场效应晶体管；至少一根字线连接多个环栅场效应晶体管的栅极，至少一根源极线连接多个环栅场效应晶体管的源极，至少一根位线连接多个环栅场效应晶体管的漏极；其中，环栅场效应晶体管的纳米线的材料为硅锗(SiGe)。在本申请中，对于下一代逻辑工艺(如GAA工艺)来说，通过在存储器中使用与逻辑工艺相同工艺制作的环栅场效应晶体管组成的存储阵列，使得存储器能够与逻辑工艺相兼容。
Patent WO-2021169690-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LI DINGYI
IPC: G06F15/163
Filed: 2021-01-22
Abstract: Provided is a processor communication method, comprising: when a downlink data packet is detected, a first processor sending a main control interruption signal to a second processor; the first processor receiving a controlled response signal returned by the second processor according to the main control interruption signal; and the first processor sending the downlink data packet to the second processor according to the controlled response signal, and resetting the main control interruption signal after the sending is completed, wherein the reset main control interruption signal is used for instructing the second processor to reset the controlled response signal after the processing of the downlink data packet is completed.
Patent WO-2021179828-A1 (WO)
Title: 一种药物组合物在制备治疗急性肺损伤药物中的应用
Inventor: JIA ZHENHUA
IPC: A61P11/00
Filed: 2021-01-28
Abstract: 一种药物组合物在制备治疗急性肺损伤药物中的应用，所述药物组合物由麻黄、石膏、连翘、黄芩、桑白皮、苦杏仁、前胡、半夏、陈皮、贝母、牛蒡子、金银花、大黄、桔梗、甘草制成。
Patent WO-2021244058-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHAO NAN
IPC: H04R3/00
Filed: 2021-02-02
Abstract: Provided in the embodiments of the present application are a process execution method, a device, and a readable medium. The method comprises: detecting a work state of a pair of headphones, identifying a movement state of a user via an accelerometer built in the headphones, determining a target process associated to the movement state in the work state, and executing the target process, thus implementing the triggering of various target processes by the headphones on the basis of the movement state of the user, obviating the need for the user to trigger via a hand movement or speaking, and increasing the degree of convenience of triggering various target processes; moreover, target processes corresponding to same movement state of the user may be different in different work states of the headphones, implemented on the headphones is the triggering of more target processes, thus solving the problem in which it is difficult for the user to trigger a target process by means of a hand movement or speaking in some scenarios.
Patent WO-2021179864-A1 (WO)
Title: 码本反馈方法、网络设备、终端设备及计算机存储介质
Inventor: HUANG YINGPEI
IPC: H04B7/0456
Filed: 2021-02-04
Abstract: 本申请实施例公开了码本反馈方法、网络设备、终端设备及计算机存储介质，包括：网络设备向终端设备发送第一指示信息，所述第一指示信息用于指示至少一组基向量集合，所述基向量集合包括FDbasis集合或SD-FD-basis集合。本申请实施例可降低码本反馈量，提高码本反馈效率。
Patent WO-2022083035-A1 (WO)
Title: Procédé de préparation de résine de dispersion de ptfe ayant une structure cœur-écorce
Inventor: CHEN ZHENHUA
IPC: C08F214/26
Filed: 2021-02-08
Abstract: Divulgué dans la présente invention est un procédé de préparation d'une résine de dispersion de PTFE ayant une structure cœur-écorce, caractérisé par : l'ajout d'un hydrocarbure contenant du fluor et d'un monomère modifié contenant du fluor en tant qu'agents de nucléation dans un stade de nucléation d'une période de polymérisation initiale; l'ajout d'une petite quantité d'un tensioactif non-PFOA pour réguler une structure de noyau de particule; et l'ajout du même ou d'un autre tensioactif non-PFOA dans une étape de croissance pour stabiliser un liquide de dispersion. Selon le procédé, l'utilisation d'un tensioactif PFOA peut être évitée, la quantité d'utilisation de tensioactif est faible, et la stabilité d'émulsion est bonne; la résine de dispersion de PTFE préparée a une structure multicouche cœur-écorce, une faible pression d'extrusion, une bonne stabilité thermique et d'excellentes propriétés mécaniques, et est particulièrement approprié pour préparer des tuyaux de petit calibre au moyen d'une extrusion pâteuse à taux de compression élevé.
Patent WO-2022170524-A1 (WO)
Inventor: CHEN XINGQUAN
IPC: G06F1/16
Filed: 2021-02-09
Abstract: 本申请公开一种扩展坞，包括：主体结构（100），设有至少两个扩展接口（110）；两个夹持结构（200），均连接于主体结构（100），并在左右方向上对设置，至少一个夹持结构（200）能够相对于主体结构（100）在左右方向上滑动，至少其中一个夹持结构（200）至少设有一个导电结构（210），导电结构（210）包括第一电连接件（211）和第二电连接件（212）；位置调节垫（120），可拆卸地连接主体结构（100）的上侧面，并用于供笔记本电脑的下侧面的后侧区域搭放。该扩展坞与笔记本电脑成连接为一个整体，并且能够作为一个整体持续使用，减少了笔记本电脑与扩展坞插拔次数，延长笔记本电脑的使用寿命。
Patent WO-2022088562-A1 (WO)
Title: Multi-rotor spray rod structure and control method therefor
Inventor: SHEN YUE
IPC: B64C39/02
Filed: 2021-02-24
Abstract: Disclosed are a multi-rotor spray rod structure and a control method therefor. The multi-rotor spray rod structure comprises a support rod (10); multiple rotors, motors (2), connection flanges (3), pesticide liquid pipes (4), nozzles (5), GPS modules (7), a vision module (8), a pesticide liquid and battery box assembly (11), and a millimeter-wave radar (13) are provided on the support rod; multiple pairs of rotors are symmetrically distributed on the support rod; the rotors comprise auxiliary rotors, adjusting rotors, and main rotors. The GPS modules are used for providing precise GPS data for a controller during path planning and flight stages; the vision module and the millimeter-wave radar are also symmetrically fixedly at both sides of the multi-rotor spray rod, respectively, and extend downwards by means of supports after being fixed by means of the connection flanges, and are used for measuring a moving speed and the height of the spray rod. According to the multi-rotor spray rod structure, when the spray rod works in edge and corner areas of farmland, the rotors can be controlled, by controlling the multiple pairs of rotors to be in different attitudes, to enable the spray rod to perform a yawing movement, and the multiple nozzles of the spray rod are controlled according to the density of crops, thereby achieving accurate variable spraying.
Patent WO-2022178805-A1 (WO)
Inventor: FANG JIA
IPC: H01P1/18
Filed: 2021-02-26
Abstract: Provided are a phase shifter and an antenna, belonging to the technical field of communication. The phase shifter provided in the embodiments of the disclosure comprises a phase shifter, which is divided into a first feed region, a second feed region and a phase shift region. The phase shifter comprises: a first substrate and a second substrate, which are arranged opposite each other; a dielectric layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a first feed structure and a second feed structure, wherein the first feed structure is electrically connected to one end of a signal line, and the second feed structure is electrically connected to the other end of the signal line; the first feed structure is located in the first feed region; the second feed structure is located in the second feed region; an inner recess is formed in a first base and/or a second base; and the inner recess is located on an edge of the first feed region and/or an edge of the second feed region, and each inner recess is filled with a conductive structure.
Patent WO-2022183462-A1 (WO)
Inventor: WANG SHUKUN
IPC: H04W48/12
Filed: 2021-03-05
Abstract: 本申请实施例提供一种SCG的管理方法及装置、终端设备，该方法包括：终端设备在SCG去激活后，确定PSCell的状态；所述终端设备在所述PSCell处于具有休眠行为的激活状态的情况下，执行针对所述PSCell的CSI测量并上报CSI测量报告。
Patent WO-2022052429-A1 (WO)
Title: 一种传感装置
Inventor: SHAN HUAFENG
IPC: G01D11/30
Filed: 2021-03-05
Abstract: 一种传感装置，包括：底座（1）、调节架（2）；其中，底座（1）与调节架（2）可转动连接，调节架（2）设有感应探头（21）。通过结构上的调整，避免安装于床底的传感装置受感应区域受限，无需多个传感装置即可满足全角度感应，且运输方便，不易损坏。
Patent WO-2022062327-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHANG MIN
IPC: H02M7/5387
Filed: 2021-03-12
Abstract: Provided is an improved switched-coupled-inductor quasi-Z-source inverter, the main body structure thereof comprising a DC power supply (V g ), a first inductor (L 1 ), a first capacitor (C 1 ), a first diode (D 1 ), a second diode (D 21 ), a third diode (D 22 ), a second capacitor (C 2 ), a third capacitor (C 21 ), a first winding (N 21 ), a second winding (N 22 ), a third winding (N 23 ), a fourth winding (N 24 ), and six power switching tubes (S 1–S 
 6 ). The second diode (D 21 ), third diode (D 22 ), third capacitor (C 21 ), first winding (N 21 ), second winding (N 22 ), third winding (N 23 ), and fourth winding (N 24  form a boost unit, and the six power switching tubes (S 1–S 
 6  are series-connected in twos to form a three-phase bridge arm of the inverter; the first winding (N 21 ), second winding (N 22 ), third winding (N 23 ), and fourth winding (N 24 ) are coupled in twos and all are coupled in the same direction; the unique manner of connection among the four coupled inductor ends having the same name effectively reduce the current stress on the winding, reducing wear and tear, and furthermore, reducing the resonance problem of the converter circuit, and has a high output efficiency.
Patent WO-2021185372-A1 (WO)
Title: Battery, manufacturing method therefor and use thereof
Inventor: Chen Daixiu
IPC: H01M10/48
Filed: 2021-03-20
Abstract: A power battery module, which includes a battery pack, a heat exchange medium and a module shell, wherein the battery pack comprises several battery cells and power connecting sheets; the power connecting sheets are electrically connected to adjacent battery cells; the shell wraps around the exterior of the battery pack and a sampling module; the sampling module comprises a flexible circuit board and a protection apparatus; the flexible circuit board is electrically connected to several temperature sensors and current sensors; the temperature sensors are connected to the power connecting sheets, and the current sensors are electrically connected to the power connecting sheets; the protection apparatus comprises an outer insulating layer and an inner insulating layer; the outer insulating layer covers the outer surface of the flexible circuit board; and the inner insulating layer is sandwiched between each of the power connecting sheets and each of the battery cells.
Patent WO-2021204239-A1 (WO)
Title: Method for calculating carrier specific scaling factor outside measurement gap and communication apparatus
Inventor: WANG XUESONG
IPC: H04W24/08
Filed: 2021-04-09
Abstract: The present application provides a method for calculating a carrier specific scaling factor (CSSF) and a communication apparatus. In an EN-DC scenario, a terminal device receives configuration information of NR frequency points, which do not require MG support for serving frequency inter-system measurement, non-serving frequency inter-system measurement, PSCC intra-frequency measurement, SCC intra-frequency measurement, and inter-frequency measurement, sent from a network device; and the terminal device calculates the CSSF outside MG of each NR frequency point to be measured in all measurement types, so that the CSSF of NR inter-system measurement can be comprised in the calculation of the CSSF outside MG, thus preventing the problem that the terminal device cannot report the measurement result of the inter-system measurement within a measurement delay.
Patent WO-2021218837-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHOU WENYU
IPC: G06F16/9537
Filed: 2021-04-25
Abstract: Disclosed is a reminding method, comprising: receiving a first opening operation; in response to the first opening operation, opening a reminder application; setting one or more reminding items in the reminder application; receiving a second opening operation; in response to the second opening operation, opening a map application; receiving an input destination in the map application; acquiring, in the reminder application, a first reminding item associated with the destination, wherein the first reminding item belongs to the one or more reminding items; and triggering the reminding of the first reminding item. In this way, the reminding time of memorandum information/a reminding item can be accurately ascertained.
Patent WO-2021219062-A1 (WO)
Inventor: PANG HUAN
IPC: C09J7/25
Filed: 2021-04-29
Abstract: The present application provides a protective film, comprising an adhesive layer and a base film layer that are stacked. The adhesive layer is used for adhesion to a foldable display screen; the base film layer comprises one or more high-modulus base films and one or more low-modulus base films; the elastic modulus of the high-modulus base film is greater than the elastic modulus of the low-modulus base film; the high-modulus base films and the low-modulus base films are stacked alternately; a surface layer in the base film layer distant from the adhesive layer is the high-modulus base film. The protective film of the present application can be firmly attached onto a foldable display screen, and will not rebound and warp as the display screen is bent many times, thus protecting the foldable display screen comprehensively and effectively. The present application further provides a protective film assembly comprising the protective film, a display screen assembly, and a terminal.
Patent WO-2022121233-A1 (WO)
Title: Cadre à structure en échelle multifonctionnel
Inventor: YANG MINGSHUN
IPC: E06C1/18
Filed: 2021-05-13
Abstract: L'invention concerne un cadre à structure en échelle multifonctionnel, comprenant un premier cadre en échelle (10), un deuxième cadre en échelle (20), et des ensembles de pivotement et de liaison (30). Le premier cadre en échelle (10) comprend : un tube supérieur (11), le tube supérieur (11) étant constitué d'un corps de tube plein en forme de « ㄇ » ; deux premiers tubes longitudinaux (12), disposés dans la même direction et comportant chacun une extrémité reliée à demeure à l'une des deux extrémités du tube supérieur (11), et l'autre extrémité de chaque premier tube longitudinal (12) étant en outre pourvue d'une ouverture de tube (121) ; au moins un premier composant de marche (13), s'étendant en travers et disposé à demeure entre les deux premiers tubes longitudinaux (12) ; et deux premiers éléments de fixation (14), disposés à demeure respectivement sur les deux premiers tubes longitudinaux (12). Le deuxième cadre en échelle (20) comprend : deux deuxièmes tubes longitudinaux (21), formés par des corps de tube plein et agencés de façon à correspondre aux premiers tubes longitudinaux (12), et chaque deuxième tube longitudinal (21) étant pourvu d'une ouverture de tube ; deux deuxièmes éléments de fixation (22), disposés à demeure respectivement sur les deux deuxièmes tubes longitudinaux (21) et correspondant respectivement aux deux premiers éléments de fixation (14) ; et au moins un tube transversal de marche (23), qui est formé d'un corps de tube plein et s'étend en travers et est disposé à demeure entre les deux deuxièmes tubes longitudinaux (21). Les deux ensembles de pivotement et de liaison (30) sont agencés à demeure respectivement au niveau d'articulations entre le tube supérieur (11) et les premiers tubes longitudinaux (12), et relient ensemble de manière rotative et pivotante le deuxième cadre en échelle (20) au premier cadre en échelle (10). Le cadre à structure en échelle multifonctionnel peut être utilisé en tant que cadre en échelle pour pneu, et peut également prendre la forme d'un escabeau pliable en forme de A, est pratique à ranger ou à transporter, et augmente la hauteur de marche d'un escabeau en forme de A.
Patent WO-2021249111-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LI XI
IPC: G02B7/02
Filed: 2021-05-14
Abstract: A control method for an imaging system. The imaging system comprises a display apparatus and a dimming lens arranged on a display side of the display apparatus. The dimming lens can move in a direction close to or far away from the display apparatus, so as to adjust the object distance from the display apparatus to the dimming lens. The control method comprises: when a dimming lens moves to a set position, determining an object distance; according to the object distance, calculating the image distance from a virtual image, formed by the dimming lens, of a display image of a display apparatus to the dimming lens; and according to the calculated image distance, and a correlation between an image distance and the resolution of a display image, determining a resolution corresponding to the calculated image distance, and then controlling the display apparatus to display the display image according to the determined resolution.
Patent WO-2021249439-A1 (WO)
Inventor: MAO YUFEI
IPC: G06T7/00
Filed: 2021-06-09
Abstract: Systems and methods for image processing are provided. The systems may include obtaining an initial image relating to a blood vessel. The system may include determining a centerline of the blood vessel based on the initial image. The system may also include determining one or more images to be segmented of the blood vessel based on the centerline and the initial image. The system may also include determining a boundary of the lumen of the blood vessel and a boundary of the wall of the blood vessel in the each image for each of the one or more images. The system may further include analyzing the blood vessel based on the one or more boundaries of the lumen and the one or more boundaries of the wall.
Patent WO-2022227246-A1 (WO)
Inventor: Xu ziqian
IPC: C07F9/10
Filed: 2021-06-17
Abstract: 一种活性磷脂，所述活性磷脂的丙酮不溶物由大豆活性磷脂组成，由活性磷脂层状液晶脱水制得，所述活性磷脂复水后恢复为层状液晶。所述活性磷脂的干基丙酮不溶物含量为92-96g/100g，含水量≤2g/100g，感官指标为黄色颗粒或者粉末。所述活性磷脂的制备方法是，将大豆油脚与原料水反应、沉降得到分层的水相和活性磷脂层状液晶，所述水相的电导率为2-12mS/cm，将活性磷脂层状液晶干燥、粉碎即得。目前，所有的浓缩磷脂和所有的丙酮萃取法粉末磷脂都是活性磷脂和失活磷脂的混合物，表面活性较差。该活性磷脂，填补了行业目前没有活性磷脂产品的空白，从根本上解决了磷脂表面活性差的难题。
Patent WO-2023279442-A1 (WO)
Title: Échantillon test de semi-conducteur et son procédé de préparation
Inventor: DING RUI
IPC: H01L21/66
Filed: 2021-07-22
Abstract: Échantillon test de semi-conducteur et son procédé de préparation, qui sont utilisés pour résoudre le problème d'effet indésirable d'un conducteur métallique sur le contraste d'imagerie d'une région d'injection d'ions dans des technologies d'imagerie telles que la SSRM, ce qui permet d'améliorer la qualité de balayage d'image de la SSRM. Le procédé de préparation comprend les étapes suivantes consistant à : fournir un produit à analyser, le produit comprenant une couche d'interconnexion conductrice et une région de dopage semi-conductrice qui est située sous la couche d'interconnexion conductrice; retirer sélectivement un matériau conducteur de la couche d'interconnexion conductrice, remplacer le matériau conducteur par un matériau non conducteur et remplacer la couche d'interconnexion conductrice par une couche sacrificielle isolante; et prendre, comme échantillon test, un produit qui contient à la fois la couche sacrificielle isolante et la région de dopage semi-conductrice.
Patent WO-2022028254-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LUO LINJIE
IPC: G06T19/20
Filed: 2021-07-22
Abstract: 提供一种定位模型优化方法、定位方法和定位设备。定位模型优化方法包括：输入场景的定位模型，定位模型包括三维点云和三维点云中的每个三维点对应的多个描述符；计算三维点云中的每个三维点的显著性，并且如果显著性大于预定阈值，输出该三维点以及与该三维点对应的多个描述符到场景的优化定位模型中；以及输出场景的优化定位模型。
Patent WO-2023272842-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LI CHENG
IPC: A62B18/02
Filed: 2021-07-26
Abstract: The present utility model relates to the technical field of respirators, and in particular to an air flow guide valve nozzle and a respirator comprising same. The air flow guide valve nozzle comprises a valve seat, a one-way valve plate, and an exhaust pipe; the exhaust pipe is mounted on the valve seat and an exhaust outlet is provided at the end of the exhaust pipe; one end surface of the one-way valve plate may be attached to the exhaust outlet to seal the exhaust outlet, and the other end of the one-way valve plate is rotatably connected to the valve seat. According to the air flow guide valve nozzle of the present utility model, discharged gas converges in the exhaust pipe, and under the pressure action of exhaled gas, the one-way valve plate flips outward around a hinge point between the one-way valve plate and the valve seat to open. Based on the lever principle, the one-way valve plate may easily open under the condition of the passage of a slight air flow, such that exhaust gas can be discharged in time, smooth breathing is ensured, and the use experience of a user is effectively improved; by means of the respirator of the present utility model, the current problems that vapor blocks a non-woven fabric and a filter cloth on the inner side of a mask, respiratory resistance is high, exhaust gas is difficult to discharge, a displacement ratio of exhaust gas is low, and glasses are atomized by vapor can be effectively solved.