baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20040084058-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HAN JU
IPC: H04R1/00
Filed: 2003-03-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: An external artificial larynx device is provided to reduce troubles and total weight by simplifying a structure and excluding electronic components. CONSTITUTION: An external artificial larynx device includes a voice collection cup(10) for collecting air from a neck, a resonant hose(3), a vibration plate(16), and a voice generation tube(4) for generating voice. A connection tube(12) is formed at a lower end of the voice collection cup. A voice generation unit(20) is installed in the inside of the connection tube. One end of the resonant hose is connected to a bottom part of the voice generation unit. The voice generation tube is connected to the other end of the resonant hose. The voice generation tube includes a voice generation hole(5) and an auxiliary voice generation hole(6).
Patent KR-20040085266-A (KR)
Inventor: PYO SEUNG JONG
IPC: H04L12/22
Filed: 2003-03-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: A network IDS(Intrusion Detection System) having a dual buffer structure and an operating method thereof are provided to perform a sampling test for target packets according to a load of the network IDS by using system information of a packet which has intruded into a network, and to divide into two buffers. CONSTITUTION: A preprocessing module(320) collects packets of a network, and converts the collected packets into information which can conduct an intrusion decision. An attack system information DB(360) stores system information on the packets decided as being intrusion attack packets. A pre-detection buffer(330) stores packets which have intruded before. A new buffer(340) stores other packets which have not intruded before. A storage module(310) analyzes the preprocessed packets, and stores the packets in the two buffers(330,340), depending on whether system information of the packets exists within the DB(360). A detection module(350) sets checking priorities, detects the buffer(330), and checks whether the packets have intruded before.
Patent KR-20030051457-A (KR)
Inventor: ASAKURA KAORU
IPC: G01R31/36
Filed: 2003-04-17
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided are a capacity estimation method, a degradation estimation method and a degradation estimation apparatus for the lithium-ion cell, and the lithium-ion battery. CONSTITUTION: In the first capacity estimation method for a Li-ion cell, an elapsed time from the time when charge voltage in constant current charge reaches a predetermined voltage to the time when charge condition is changed to a constant voltage mode is used for calculating an estimated capacity of the Li-ion cell. In the second capacity estimation method, a charge current after a lapse of a predetermined time from the time when charge condition is changed to a constant voltage mode is used. In the third capacity estimation method, an elapsed time from the time when charge condition is changed to a constant voltage mode to the time when charge current becomes alpha (0 < alpha < 1) times is used.
Patent KR-20040094044-A (KR)
Inventor: LIM SANG REA
IPC: C09J175/04
Filed: 2003-05-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A polyurethane adhesive excellent in heat resistance is provided. And also a process is provided to produce polyester metallic yarn by using the polyurethane adhesive. The polyester metallic yarn has excellent adhesive property and heat resistance in high temperature dyeing process. CONSTITUTION: The polyurethane adhesive comprises: a main adhesive component produced by reacting an isocyanate compound, a polyester polyol having a molecular weight of 400-4000, a polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 400-3000, and a chain extender and then diluting by an organic solvent to have 30-70% of nonvolatile components; a crosslinking component produced by reacting at least one alcohol selected from trimethylol propane, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol and an isocyanate compound in the molar ratio of 1:2-4 and then diluting by an organic solvent to have 50-80% of nonvolatile components. And the process for producing the polyester metallic yarn contains the step of uniting an aluminum-vacuum deposited polyester film with a polyester transparent base film by the polyurethane adhesive.
Patent KR-20030066479-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM CHANG NYEON
IPC: C09K5/04
Filed: 2003-05-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a mixed coolant composition having new composition, which can show similar ability to that of the existing HCFC-22, and does not have the danger such as destruction of the ozone layer. CONSTITUTION: The mixed coolant composition for low temperature freezers, containing a mixture of fluorinated hydrocarbons, comprises a mixture containing 40-70 wt% of difluoromethane(HFC-32), 10-40 wt% of 1,1-difluoroethane(HFC-152a), and 10-20 wt% of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane(HFC-227ea); and 5-15 wt% of isobutane(R-600a). Also, the mixed coolant composition comprises a mixture containing 50-70 wt% of difluoromethane(HFC-32), 10-30 wt% of 1,1-difluoroethane(HFC-152a), and 10-20 wt% of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane(HFC-227ea); and 5-15 wt% of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane(HFC-236ea).
Patent KR-20040104042-A (KR)
Title: Soot filtering apparatus of diesel vehicle
Inventor: CHO GYU BAEK
IPC: F01N3/00
Filed: 2003-06-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A soot filter of a diesel vehicle is provided to reduce the using amount of additive by intermittently supplying additional fuel containing an additive during the combustion of a fuel and to effectively regenerate the filter by increasing the temperature of exhaust gas. CONSTITUTION: An auxiliary injector(5) is installed in an exhaust manifold of an exhaust line or a shear of a filter. A mixed fuel storage tank connects with a nozzle and stores mixed fuel to be mixed with an additive. A pump pumps the mixed fuel to the auxiliary injector intermittently by connecting with the mixed fuel storage tank. Thereby, the using amount of the additive is reduced and the regeneration of particular materials in the filter is promoted.
Patent KR-20050003200-A (KR)
Inventor: YUN YO BAL
IPC: H04N5/50
Filed: 2003-06-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: An automatic channel tuning method is provided to automatically tune a broadcasting channel a viewer wants to watch by selecting digital and analog broadcasting channels in both of a general broadcasting region and a cable TV broadcasting region. CONSTITUTION: Automatic tuning is executed on only a previously set broadcasting mode and channel(201). When a broadcasting channel tuning editing key is provided by an input unit, OSD(On Screen Display) for broadcasting channel tuning edition is activated and a menu is output(202). When a selection key is provided from the input unit, a broadcasting mode and channel, selected from the menu and changed, are provided to a memory(205). The changed broadcasting mode and channel are updated on the previously set broadcasting mode and channel(206).
Patent KR-20030064359-A (KR)
Inventor: RIM CHUNG SAN
IPC: C09D5/00
Filed: 2003-07-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A coating liquid for the office work and its preparation method are provided, wherein the coating liquid is used to coat the surface of letters or numbers written on a document for preventing the forgery or alteration of the document. CONSTITUTION: The coating liquid is prepared by mixing a vinyl acetate resin powder and methyl alcohol in the ratio of 1:20 to prepare a vinyl acetate resin solution; mixing ammonium chloride and water in the ratio of 1:5 and heating the mixture to prepare an ammonium chloride aqueous solution; mixing the vinyl acetate resin solution, the ammonium chloride aqueous solution, a water-soluble melamine resin, glycerin and sodium silicate in the ratio of 30 : 1 : 30 : 9 : 30, pouring the mixture a rotation pulverizer and mixing and pulverizing the mixture for 24 hours to prepare a mixture solution; filtering the obtained mixture solution; and transferring the filtered mixture solution to a charge tank and charging a coating liquid container with the mixture solution.
Patent KR-20050008187-A (KR)
Inventor: KANG KI DONG
IPC: G06F3/00
Filed: 2003-07-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A character I/O(Input/Output) device for an apparatus in a vehicle is provided to change a form of the displayed character according to user's selection by displaying all characters wanted from the user and enabling the user to easily push the displayed character. CONSTITUTION: A character input part(30) comprises multiple character input keys corresponding to the character wanted from the user. A character display part(40) enables the user to confirm input by displaying the character inputted from the character input part. A character changing part(50) changes the form of the character to be inputted through the character input part. The character change part comprises the character keys(51-54) of the number corresponding to sorts of character forms to be inputted through the character input part.
Patent KR-20040012598-A (KR)
Inventor: ELMAN JAMES F
IPC: C08L67/03
Filed: 2003-08-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A liquid crystal cell with compensator layer and a fabricating method thereof are provided to readily offer the required degree of in-plane and out-of-plane compensation while reducing problems associated with a laminated compensator. CONSTITUTION: The liquid crystal cell has one or more compensator layers(50) which are contiguous to a surface of a constraint(40). Each of the compensator layers(50) contains a transparent amorphous polymeric birefringence material having an out-of plane birefringence which is more negative than -0.005.
Patent KR-20050015566-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM SAM SU
IPC: B60S1/34
Filed: 2003-08-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A wiper system for guiding bending is provided to prevent pedestrian injury against the wiper arm and the pivot shaft in bumping the pedestrian into the windshield glass of a vehicle, and to operate the wiper system actively by lifting up and down the pivot connecting part. CONSTITUTION: A wiper system is composed of a wiper arm(1) and a housing(2), and a first pivot shaft(10) and a second pivot shaft(20) are formed between the wiper arm and the housing with the double structure to transmit driving force of a motor to the wiper arm. The first pivot shaft is composed of a flexible shaft part(11) made of rubber to fit the second pivot shaft, and a shaft recessed part(12) guiding depression of the second pivot in reaching the critical impact point of the flexible shaft part in bumping a pedestrian into the windshield of a vehicle. A fitting groove(21) is formed in the second pivot shaft and inserted to the flexible shaft part.
Patent KR-20050017940-A (KR)
Title: Memory heat-radiation structure for portable computer
Inventor: KIM YE YONG
IPC: G06F1/16
Filed: 2003-08-11
Abstract: PURPOSE: A structure for radiating heat of a memory in a portable computer through conduction and convection is provided to discharge the heat generated from a memory module by installing a heat sink between the memory module and a memory cover, and largely improve operation reliability of the memory module by smoothly discharging the heat through the conduction/convection. CONSTITUTION: A memory slot(35) is formed by penetrating a case(32) at one side of a main body(30) and receives the memory module(38) at the inside. The memory cover(40) blocks the memory slot by being received to a penetrated part of the case. The heat sink(50) discharges the heat generated from the memory by being installed between the memory cover and the memory of the memory module.
Patent KR-20050019533-A (KR)
Inventor: KWON SUNG YONG
IPC: H04B1/38
Filed: 2003-08-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: A battery mounting structure of a portable information terminal is provided to simply detach a battery from a portable information terminal body while mounting a slot-type wireless data communication interface assembly, thereby realizing a compact appearance by contacting the battery with the terminal body through a rotative connection link. CONSTITUTION: A wireless data communication interface assembly(20) is mounted on a portable information terminal body(10). A dovetail groove(24) is configured on one side of the wireless data communication interface assembly(20). A battery(30) consists of a battery body, a combiner(32) having a dovetail projection(32a) inserted into the dovetail groove(24), and a connection link(34) rotatively connecting the battery body with the combiner(32). While the dovetail projection(32a) is inserted into the dovetail groove(24), the battery(30) is rotated.
Patent KR-20040018226-A (KR)
Title: Adaptive clock recovery
Inventor: SCOTT MARTIN RAYMOND
IPC: H04J3/06
Filed: 2003-08-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a method of recovering a clock signal in a TDM(Time Division Multiplexed) packet network with a source TDM clock and a destination TDM clock. CONSTITUTION: An output is supplied from a PDV(Packet Delay Variation) buffer(12). In order to minimize under-run events it is necessary to build up the PDV buffer(12) so that it contains sufficient packets to supply the TDM output for the majority of inter packet delays. When a packet arrives at a packet input(10) it is placed into the PDV buffer(12) in a queue(14). It also has its timestamp extracted and passed to a differencer(16). The remote timestamp is determined at the source device when the packet is created, by counting periods of the source TDM clock service. The Local timestamp is determined, when the packet is received, by counting periods of the local TDM clock. The differencer(16) subtracts the remote timestamp from the local timestamp to obtain the transit time.
Patent KR-20050021118-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE HYE SOO
IPC: H04N5/445
Filed: 2003-08-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method and apparatus for scheduling digital television broadcasting programs are provided to enable segment-based scheduling of the broadcasting programs without using an external server. CONSTITUTION: Meta data including segment-based broadcasting schedule information of digital broadcasting program is received(S2). A work to be done in broadcasting time of at least one segment selected using the meta data is reserved(S10). The reserved work is performed at the broadcasting time of the segment(S16). The reserved work corresponds to recording. The reserved work corresponds to a function of informing a user of the broadcasting time of the selected segment.
Patent KR-20040020838-A (KR)
Inventor: SAZUKA KIYOSHI
IPC: F21S8/10
Filed: 2003-09-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: To allow a headlight for vehicle, which is configured so as to form a predetermined light distribution pattern, to control light intensity distribution of the light distribution pattern finely even if the headlight uses semiconductor light emitting elements as light sources. CONSTITUTION: The headlight for vehicle comprises a plurality of lighting fixture units 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20D, which have light emitting diodes 32, 42, 52, and 62 as light sources respectively. The lighting fixture unit 20A and the lighting fixture units 20B, 20C, and 20D are used as a plurality of lighting fixture units, where the lighting fixture unit 20A have a light emitting diode 32, on which a single light emitting chip 32a is mounted, as a light source, and the lighting fixture units 20B, 20C, and 20D have light emitting diodes 42, 52, and 62, on which light emitting chips 42a, 52a, and 62a are mounted respectively, as light sources. Furthermore, a hot zone is formed by the radiation of the light from the lighting fixture unit 20A, and a diffusion region is formed by the radiation of the light from the lighting fixture units 20B, 20C, and 20D.
Patent KR-20050029427-A (KR)
Title: A fabrication method of a semiconductor capacitor having a diffusion-preventing layer
Inventor: KIM JONG PYO
IPC: H01L21/8242
Filed: 2003-09-22
Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor capacitor having a diffusion barrier is provided to reduce leakage current by eliminating a La-silicate layer from an interface between a bottom electrode and a barrier layer. A bottom electrode(105) is formed on an upper surface of a semiconductor substrate(100). A diffusion barrier(118) is formed on the entire surface of the bottom electrode. A dielectric layer(119) is formed on the diffusion barrier. A thermal process is performed on the semiconductor substrate including the dielectric layer, the diffusion barrier, and the bottom electrode. A top electrode(130) is formed to cover the bottom electrode having the dielectric layer. The diffusion barrier is formed by stacking a barrier layer(113) and an insertion layer(116).
Patent KR-20050030052-A (KR)
Title: Turbine vane controlling device of variable geometry turbocharger system and method thereof
Inventor: CHOI YOUNG HO
IPC: F02B37/12
Filed: 2003-09-24
Abstract: A turbine vane control device of a variable geometry turbocharger system and a method thereof are provided to enable exhaust gas recirculation control in all areas of an engine and to promote improvement of durability of a cylinder through improvement of noise and vibration by a stable vane opening change. A turbine vane control device of a variable geometry turbocharger system comprises an oil pressure detection part(210) detecting pressure of oil of a diesel engine; an engine rpm(revolutions per minute) detection part(220) detecting engine rpm of the diesel engine; a control part(230) analyzing signals input from each sensor and controlling a turbine vane opening degree of a variable geometry turbocharger according to a change of the pressure of oil followed by the engine rpm of the diesel engine; and a hydraulic control cylinder(240) driven according to the input of a turbine vane drive control signal supplied from the control part to execute turbine vane opening degree control action.
Patent KR-20050031801-A (KR)
Title: Automatic cooking apparatus and control method thereof
Inventor: KIM JUN BEOM
IPC: F24C7/08
Filed: 2003-09-30
Abstract: An automatic cooking apparatus and a control method thereof are provided to improve convenience by reducing the area of a user interface for selecting automatic cooking items and searching for many automatic cooking items quickly and easily. An automatic cooking apparatus is composed of a memory unit sorting plural cooking items into each cooking group and storing cooking data on cooking items corresponding to respective cooking groups, a search unit(112) selecting one of cooking groups by searching for plural cooking groups by a user and selecting one of cooking items by searching for cooking items corresponding to the selected cooking group, and a control unit automatically cooking food according to the cooking data of the cooking item selected by the search unit. The search unit comprises cooking group search parts(202a,202b) scrolling information on cooking groups on a display unit forward or reverse in a first direction, and cooking item search parts(204a,204b) scrolling information on plural cooking items corresponding to the selected cooking group on the display unit forward or reverse in a second direction.
Patent KR-20050033104-A (KR)
Title: A terminal mounting structure of substrate in jungtion box
Inventor: KIM HYUN JIN
IPC: H05K7/14
Filed: 2003-10-04
Abstract: A terminal mounting structure of a substrate for junction box is provided to facilitate an implementation process of a terminal on the substrate by insert-welding the terminal onto the substrate while assembled on a terminal plate and a plate cover. A substrate(10) has a predetermined size. A terminal(30) includes a substrate coupling portion(31), electrically connected to the substrate(10), a component coupling portion(32), extended on the substrate(10), and a connector for coupling the substrate coupling and component coupling portions(31,32). A terminal plate(20) is implemented on the substrate(10) and includes a connector mount where the connector is implemented and a penetrating portion where the substrate coupling portion(31) penetrates. A plate cover(40) is implemented on the terminal plate(20) and includes a penetrating portion where the component coupling portion(32) penetrates. The plate cover(40) supports an upper surface of the connector of the terminal(30).
Patent KR-20050034328-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE HAE RIM
IPC: F24F1/00
Filed: 2003-10-09
Abstract: 본 발명은 공기 조화기에 관한 것으로서, 더욱 상세하게, 흡입구가 배면에 위치되게 하고, 토출구가 전면에 위치되도록 함으로써, 배면에서 흡입된 실내 공기가 전면으로 토출되게 하는  공기 조화기의 실내기에 관한 것이다. 
     본 발명에 따른 공기 조화기의 실내기는 흡입구는 베이스의 배면에 적어도 하나 형성되고, 토출구는 전면 프레임의 양측면에 형성되며, 상기 흡입구와 상기 토출구 사이에 공기 안내가이드가 형성되는 것을 특징으로 한다. 
     본 발명에 따른 공기 조화기의 실내기에 의하면, 흡입구가 실내기의 배면에 형성되도록 함으로써, 실내기 운전시 및 정지시에 열교환기가 외부에 노출되지 않도록 하고, 흡입구로 부터 토출구까지 실내공기가 일직선 형태의 유로를 형성하도록 함으로써, 공기 유동에 의한 마찰 및 소음을 감소시키는 효과가 있다.
Patent KR-20050036477-A (KR)
Inventor: JI HEON PYEONG
IPC: A47L9/00
Filed: 2003-10-16
Abstract: 본 발명은 진공 청소기에 관한 것으로써, 특히 배기필터의 장착 구조를 개선하여 공기 유동에 따른 저항을 감소시켜 압력 손실을 줄일 수 있도록 함과 더불어 탈취 필터의 성능 저하를 최대한 저감시킬 수 있도록 함으로써 제품에 대한 사용자의 신뢰도를 향상시킬 수 있도록 한 진공 청소기의 배기 구조를 제공하고자 한 것이다. 
     이를 위해 본 발명은 외부로부터 흡입한 각종 오염물이 집진되는 집진 공간을 가짐과 더불어 진공 흡입력을 발생시키는 흡입력 발생부가 구비되며, 오염물이 분리된 공기가 배출되는 배기구를 가지는 청소기 본체; 그리고, 상기 청소기 본체의 배기구에 장착되며, 서로 별개의 구성을 이루는 탈취 필터체 및 고성능 필터체:가 포함되어 구성됨을 특징으로 하는 진공 청소기가 제공된다.
Patent KR-20050037140-A (KR)
Inventor: CHA JIN SOK
IPC: F24F3/16
Filed: 2003-10-17
Abstract: 본 발명은 펌프를 냉각시키는 쿨링팬의 전방측에 평막모듈이 배치되도록 구성함으로써 쿨링팬으로부터 발생된 압축공기가 평막모듈 내부로 직접 유입될 수 있도록 하여 별도의 공기 공급수단이 필요하지 않을 뿐 아니라 산소 발생량도 높일 수 있는 평막형 산소발생기에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20050040006-A (KR)
Inventor: GONG DONG HWA
IPC: C08L27/06
Filed: 2003-10-27
Abstract: 본 발명은 환경친화적 랩 필름용 폴리염화비닐 수지 조성물에 관한 것으로, 폴리염화비닐 수지 100중량부, 디에틸렌글리콜 에스테르계 가소제 21 내지 50중량부, 안정제 1 내지 2.5중량부, 보조안정제 6 내지 19중량부, 및 방담제 1.1 내지 2.9중량부를 포함하여 이루어지며, 본 발명에 의한 랩 필름용 폴리염화비닐 수지에 의하여 인장강도, 신율, 경도, 투명도 및 점착성이 우수할 뿐만 아니라, 환경호르몬이 전혀 검출되지 않는 환경친화적 랩 필름용 폴리염화비닐 수지 조성물을 제공하는 효과가 있다.
Patent KR-20050041180-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE JONG SUNG
IPC: G06F7/50
Filed: 2003-10-30
Abstract: 본 발명은 계수 처리단의 게이트수를 최소화시킬 수 있는 이산/역이산 여현 변환장치에 관한 것으로, 전송되는 양자와 또는 역양자화 데이터를 이용한 가산기 기반 분산연산을 이용한 양자화/역양자화 장치에 있어서, 입력값을 보수화시키는 전처리수단 및 상기 전처리수단의 출력 계수를 처리하는 계수처리수단를 포함한다. 본 발명의 계수 변형은 음(-)의 값을 전처리수단에서 처리하여 계수 처리단의 Non-Zero 비트를 감소시켜 전가산기의 개수를 줄일 수 있다. 가산기-기반 분산연산 IDCT에서 Non-Zero 비트의 감소에 의한 전가산기의 감소는 면적의 감소를 비롯하여 계산 속도를 증가시키는 큰 효과를 볼 수 있다. 위와 같이 변형된 계수 방식을 적용한 가산기 기반 분산연산 구조를 이용하면 종래와 같은 방식으로 설계된 IDCT보다 최소한의 Non-Zero비트를 얻을 수 있었고, 이를 사용하여 계수 처리단에서의 Non-Zero비트를 짝수 부분에서 약 64%, 홀수 부분에서는 53%가 감소시킬 수 있다.
Patent KR-20050041550-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HYUNG KI
IPC: H01L21/8242
Filed: 2003-10-31
Abstract: 본 발명은 반도체소자의 제조방법에 관한 것으로서, 비트라인 상에 전하저장전극이 형성되는 소자에서 하드마스크층 패턴과 중첩되어있는 비트라인를 형성하고, 비트라인과 하드마스크층 패턴의 측벽에 절연 스페이서를 형성한 후, 상기 비트라인 사이에 전하저장전극용 콘택 마스크를 사용하여 감광막 패턴을 형성하고, 나머지 부분을 층간절연막으로 메우고, 다시 상기 감광막 패턴을 제거하여 전하저장전극 콘택홀을 형성한 후, 상기 콘택홀을 메우는 콘택플러그를 형성하였으므로, 비트라인 측벽의 절연 스페이서의 손상이 방지되어 비트라인의 캐패시턴스 증가가 방지되고, 하드마스크층 상부의 손상이 발생하지 않아 균일한 상태에서 콘택플러그 형성공정이 진행되므로 과식각을 하지 않아 고정시간이 단축되고, 콘택플러그의 단락 불량이 방지되어 공정수율 및 소자의 신뢰성을 향상시킬 수 있는 이점이 있다.
Patent KR-20040041017-A (KR)
Inventor: LAUNAIS HERVE
IPC: B23K26/26
Filed: 2003-11-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A single-passing laser welding method for a T-assembly of metal parts is provided to secure welding seam without a defect of a shape and to promote minimization of deformation of the assembly during welding. CONSTITUTION: A single-passing laser welding method for a T-assembly of metal parts is used for the assembling of metal parts arranged in a T-shape. A stem of the T-shape comprises a stem plate(10) having parallel surfaces. The assembly is approached from the head side of the T-shape through the outer surface. The single-passing laser welding method has steps of T-assembling parts in a close contact state and assembling the assembly through the outer surface of the T-head by two welding portions parallel to each other and perpendicular to the upper surface of the head of the T-shape, to make each of axes of welding come in contact with one of the plates constituting the stem of the T-shape.