Patent GB-381693-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in the manufacture and production of thermo-plastic polymerisation products from indene, or styrene, vinyl acetate and like mono-vinyl compounds
IPC: B29C48/00
Filed: 1931-09-15
Abstract: Indene or mono-vinyl compounds for example vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl chloroacetate, vinyl chloride or mixtures thereof or vinyl acetate and acrylic acid butyl ester or mixtures thereof together or with styrene or monovinyl aryl compounds such as styrene, methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, and vinylnaphthalene, are polymerized by avoiding in the complete heat polymerization any substantial auto-polymerization of the viscous primary polymerizations product by means of <PICT:0381693/IV/1> "concentration cooling" which includes all methods of cooling whereby the concentration of the homogeneous viscous mass in the polymerized product is maintained or increased. Volatile constituents may be evaporated from the batch, preferably under reduced pressure, thus allowing a definite temperature to be automatically maintained or suitable devices may be arranged in the reaction vessel for indirectly cooling with a liquid or a gas such as nitrogen, carbondioxide or air.  Automatic devices may be used for controlling the temperatures or a liquid may be used whose boiling point is the temperature desired for the polymerization such as water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, di-ethyl or propyl ethers, benzene, toluene, gasolene, mixtures of ethylene glycol and water or aqueous solutions of water soluble salts.  The boiling points may be varied by altering the pressure. In this process polymerization accelerators such as oxygen, benzoyl peroxide, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, peracetic acid or other organic peroxides, or completely or incompletely polymerized monovinyl compounds may be employed.  The purity of the starting material should be as high as possible as the presence of, for instance benzene, xylene or ethyl benzene in styrene reduces the strength of the final product.  Softeners such as phthalic esters, hydrocarbons of high boiling point such as benzylnaphthalene, tricresyl phosphate, chlorinated naphthalene, acrylic esters and indiarubber and fillers such as zinc oxide, quartz dust, lampblack, pigments, fish scale preparations or extracts or dyestuffs or mixtures of softeners and fillers, added before or after the start of the polymerization may be employed.  The hot reaction product may be pressed out of the reaction vessel by the employment of a difference in pressure as described in Specification 383,002 to give, by means of suitably shaped nozzles, thread or sticks, or it may be directly pressed into closed moulds or into open mould and pressed with a suitable dye. The polymerization process may be carried out continuously.  An apparatus suitable for carrying out the polymerization comprises a cylindrical vessel a containing two separate pipe coils b, c.  The funnel-shaped bottom is connected to an outlet pipe d, partly or completely surrounded by a heating device, which ends in a slot or nozzle e under which is an endless conveyer belt m.  In examples (1) styrene, its homologues, vinylacetate and similar compounds are continuously polymerized in a vessel through the heating coils of which is circulated at 140 DEG C. a gasoline fraction boiling at 145 DEG  C.  (2) Styrene is heated in an enamelled kettle containing a heating coil through which a lubricating oil flows and the polymerized mass may be removed by fusing and forcing nitrogen into the vessel so that the product is obtained in the form of a thread which may be comminuted or wound on a spool.  (3) Styrene, containing some ethyl benzene, is mixed with tricresyl phosphate and forced through a coil is at hot bath at a temperature of 110-120 DEG  C.; the outlet from the pipe is a nozzle and the polymerization product emerging therefrom is wound on a spool.  The product is easily comminuted and is then suitable for injection moulding.  (4) A mixture of styrene and polymeric styrene are heated by means of the lower heating coil in the apparatus shown, styrene is then added till the bottom of the upper coil is covered and the temperature in the lower coil elevated to soften the mass the upper coil controlling the temperature of the styrene at the desired polymerization temperature; polystyrene is drawn off on the endless band at the speed at which the styrene is added; the product may be disintegrated; the hot polymerization product may be directly pressed into a closed mould or into an injection moulding machine or the disintegrated cold material may be fed into a heated injection moulding machine; covers for electric switches or other electric insulating articles for electric or wireless apparatus, vanity boxes, powder boxes, knobs, handles, buttons, transparent or coloured artificial jewellery may thus be obtained; instead of styrene, its homologues, such as methyl or dimethyl styrene, vinylchlorbenzene, vinylphenol, vinyl acetate and similar compounds may be polymerized and disintegrated.  (5) Styrene is polymerized in a kettle provided with a reflux condenser at a reduced pressure; the product which may be pressed out of the kettle by means of nitrogen can be easily moulded by injection moulding or by heat pressure moulding.  (6) Styrene containing benzoyl peroxide is polymerized in the interstice of a double walled vessel by heating water in the inner vessel; a mixture of styrene and acrylic n-butyl ester may be similarly polymerized; benzene or ethyl alcohol may be used in the inner vessel. Specifications 233,649, 243,768, [both in Class 2 (iii), Dyes &c.], and 340,587, [Group III], also are referred to.  Chlorostyrene (vinylchlorbenzene) is prepared by acting with ethylene on monochlorbenzene in the presence of aluminium chloride and dehydrogenating the mixture of isomers of ethyl monochlorbenzene obtained.  Vinylnaphthalene is obtained by acting with ethylene on naphthalene in the presence of aluminium chloride and dehydrogenating the resulting mixture of a - and b -ethylnaphthalenes.  Chlorinated naphthalene is obtained by leading gaseous chlorine into fused naphthalene.  Dimethylstyrene is obtained by acting with ethylene on xylene in the presence of aluminium chloride and dehydrogenating the resulting mixture of different isomers of ethyl xylene.  Vinylphenol is obtained by acting with ethyl chloride on fused phenol in the presence of zinc chloride and dehydrogenating the resulting mixture of isomeric ethyl phenols.