baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20100131866-A (KR)
Title: Changing system for electronic money and method thereof
Inventor: KIM JONG HO
IPC: G06Q40/02
Filed: 2009-06-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: An e-cash converting system and a method thereof are provided to converts mile information accumulated per country into on integrated mileage based on exchange rate of current country, thereby converting the converted integrated mileage into e-cash. CONSTITUTION: An integrated management server(200) collects country mileage information per country about a user from a service server per country(100). Considering exchanger rate per country, the integrated management server converts the collected mileage information into integrated mileage information. An e-cash service server(300) provides e-cash amount corresponding to integrated mileage information. According to the conversion result of e-cash, a user terminal(400) converts possession state of embedded e-cash.
Patent KR-20100134234-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method for managing multi application of portable terminal
Inventor: LEE SEI YON
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2009-06-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A multi application management device of a portable terminal for efficiently selecting an application through a thumbnail file is provided to classify the application through the thumbnail file by capturing the screen of the application. CONSTITUTION: A thumbnail generating unit(110) captures the last screen of applications. The thumbnail generating unit mixes the execution information of each application and each capture image. A screen management unit(120) displays a plurality of thumbnail files on a screen. If one is selected of a plurality of thumbnail files, an application control unit(140) activates the application corresponding to the selected thumbnail file.
Patent KR-20110000903-A (KR)
Title: Block structure and device of treating surfaces
Inventor: MOON SANG GI
IPC: A46B7/10
Filed: 2009-06-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: A block structure and a surface treating device thereof are provided to guarantee the nonslip function of a block formed since a grinding disk member is rotated, the top surface of the block is brushed, and a scratch pattern is formed. CONSTITUTION: A surface treating device of a block(B) comprises a grinding jig and a brush member(200). The grinding jig trains the top surface of block. The grinding jig is rotated by the motor to grind the top surface of the block. The brush member is detachably coupled with the lower part of the grinding jig through a separating unit.
Patent KR-20110002358-A (KR)
Inventor: JEON YOUNG CHAN
IPC: H04N5/44
Filed: 2009-07-01
Abstract: 본 발명의 실시 예에 따른 디스플레이장치의 데이터 저장 방법은 녹화 명령이 입력되면, 데이터가 저장될 저장매체의 포맷 형태가 제 1 포맷 형태 또는 제 2 포맷 형태인지 확인하는 단계; 상기 저장매체의 포맷 형태가 제 1 포맷 형태이면, 상기 데이터를 제 1 포맷 형태의 파일 데이터로 변환하는 단계; 상기 저장매체의 포맷 형태가 제 2 포맷 형태이면, 상기 데이터를 제 2 포맷 형태의 파일 데이터로 변환하는 단계; 및, 상기 변환된 파일 데이터를 상기 저장매체에 저장하는 단계를 포함하여 이루어짐을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-20110004128-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM DAE CHUEL
IPC: H01L21/301
Filed: 2009-07-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A wafer processing apparatus is provided to constantly maintain the thickness of a brick to be cut by varying the pitch of concavo-convexes arranged on the surface of a roller. CONSTITUTION: A first roller(120) comprises concavo-convexes(125, 135) arranged in on surface. The first roller comprises at least two divided regions from the start position to the end position of the concavo-convexes. A second roller(130) rotates to the same direction as the first roller. A wire(140) moves from the start position to the end point of the concavo-convexes. A brick(150) is cut by the rotation of the first roller and the second roller.
Patent KR-20110004735-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG OK SUN
IPC: E04G17/07
Filed: 2009-07-08
Abstract: 본 발명은 판재형상을 갖는 일측에는 길이방향으로 삽입공(111)이 형성되고 중간에는 원통부(120)가 구비되며 타측에는 걸림턱(130)이 부설되는 고정핀(110)과; 상기 삽입공(111)에 삽입하되 일측에는 길이방향으로 압착돌기(141)가 구비되는 웨지핀(140)과; 상기 고정핀(110)과 웨지핀(140)의 사이를 연결하기 위한 로프(150)를 포함하는 유로폼 및 알루미늄폼 겸용 고정구를 제공하기 위한 것으로, 본 발명은 유로폼 및 알루미늄폼과 상호 호환되므로 작업효율은 물론 활용범위를 향상시킬 수 있는 효과를 갖는다. 특히 본 발명은 종래와 같이 유로폼과 알루미늄폼에 따라서 각각의 고정구를 제작할 필요가 없으므로 제작비용을 절감할 수 있는 효과를 갖는다. 또한, 본 발명은 웨지핀과 고정핀을 서로 연결시켜 분실을 방지함은 물론 시공과정에서 웨지핀이 외부로 튕기면서 발생하는 안전사고를 사전에 방지할 수 있는 효과를 갖는다. 
       
     알루미늄폼, 알폼, 유로폼, 고정, 웨지핀, 고정핀, 분실, 안전사고, 방지
Patent KR-20110007408-A (KR)
Title: Semiconductor device having optical filter for the single chip three-dimension color image sensor and method for manufacturing same
Inventor: SUL SANG CHUL
IPC: H01L27/14
Filed: 2009-07-16
Abstract: PURPOSE: A semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to easily manufacture a digital optical system which requires color image and distance information. CONSTITUTION: A color pixel array includes a plurality of photo diodes on a semiconductor substrate. A distance pixel array is formed in the side of the photo diode. An optical inducer is formed on the photo diode and the distance pixel. A RGB-Z chip has a color pixel photo diode region(400) and a distance pixel region(410) on the semiconductor substrate.
Patent KR-20110008433-A (KR)
Title: Resistive-based touch panel
Inventor: OH YOUNG JIN
IPC: G06F3/041
Filed: 2009-07-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: A resistive-based touch panel is provided to prevent an electric disconnection or short by not using a conducting hole for connecting upper and lower electrodes. CONSTITUTION: An upper plate comprises an electrode(311) for generating top potential. A lower plate comprises an electrode(321) for generating lower potential. An FPCB(Flexible Printed Circuit Board)(330) is placed between the upper and the lower plates, and electrically connects the upper and lower electrodes. One end of the FPCB comprises a plurality of connection terminals(331,332). The connection terminals are connected to the electrode for generating top potential. The other end of the connection terminals are connected to the electrode for generating lower potential.
Patent KR-20110009352-A (KR)
Inventor: JANG SEONG GEUN
IPC: A01K61/00
Filed: 2009-07-22
Abstract: 본 발명의 특징적인 구성은 내부에 상부가 개구된 형태의 일정 깊이로 형성되어 흙을 채워 초목류를 심을 수 있도록 하는 식생공간이 형성되는 블록몸체와, 상기 블록몸체 양 측면에 상호 관계하는 형태로 돌출 및 천공되어 옹벽 축조시 양측으로 이웃하는 블록몸체의 결합위치를 결정하도록 형성된 연결돌기 및 연결공과, 상기 연결공을 통해 삽입된 연결돌기의 표면에 체결부재로 체결되어 이웃하는 두 블록몸체를 서로 결합시키는 연결플레이트와, 상기 식생공간을 양측으로 분리하도록 식생공간의 중심부분에 형성된 보강 프레임으로 이루어져 아파트 단지조성, 도로의 절성토부 시공, 사면의 안정성 확보를 위한 시공, 교량교대 날개벽 시공, 그 밖에 수로 및 제방공사에 범용으로 사용되는 식생블록에 있어서, 상기 블록몸체의 전방 하부면에 어류, 파충류 및 양서류등 수중동물들이 도피하거나 서식할 수 있도록 하는 일정 크기의 어소공간을 형성하되, 상기 어소공간이 형성된 블록몸체의 전면에는 수중동물이 이동할 수 있는 이동공이 형성되고, 블록몸체의 전면 하부 중앙에는 걸림편이 형성되며, 블록몸체의 상면 양측에는 걸림편이 끼워지는 걸림홈이 형성된 것이다. 
       
      식생블록, 어소블록, 옹벽, 축조, 호안블록
Patent KR-20110010265-A (KR)
Title: A bed with a built furniture which controlled the rotary power
Inventor: KANG KWAN DONG
IPC: A47C17/70
Filed: 2009-07-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A collapsible bed is provided, which can prevent a bed from being drastically rotated by self-weight when the bed is ascended or descended. CONSTITUTION: A collapsible bed comprises: a supporting shaft(600) fixed to the main body through a bracket(300); a bed frame(400) rotated around the supporting shaft; a positioning plate(150) fixed to the supporting shaft in one side of the bed frame; and a plurality of springs which are installed in order to have different elastic force between fixing blocks fixed to the bed frame. The bed frame includes is equipped with a covering member performing a role of a supporting board.
Patent KR-20100012834-A (KR)
Title: Paper sheets separating mechanism
Inventor: MITSUYAMA TOSHIFUMI
IPC: G07F19/00
Filed: 2009-07-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A paper sheets separating device is provided to efficiently change a position of paper sheets by detaching one paper sheets from the stacked paper sheets through rotation moment on a pushing direction of the paper sheets. CONSTITUTION: A paper sheets separating device comprises the following: a first feeder(13b) discharging an end side of the paper sheet to an overlap unit; a second feeder(13c) installed on the same phase of a discharge part(11b) of a discharge roller and discharging the paper sheet; and a discharge roller which is located on an inner side of the discharge roller.
Patent KR-20110012588-A (KR)
Title: Leackage detection and monitoring of stored gas of liquified gas
Inventor: LEE JUNG SUK
IPC: G01M3/26
Filed: 2009-07-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method of monitoring the stored state of gas including carbon dioxide and a method of detecting the leakage of gas are provided to detect the leakage and the leaked amount of gas including carbon dioxide simply and accurately since the concentration of a tracer around a tank, which stores gas including carbon dioxide, is measured. CONSTITUTION: A method of storing gas including carbon dioxide is as follows. The gas including carbon dioxide is mixed with a gas phase or liquefied gas phase of tracer. The amount of the tracer is 1ppb to 100ppm. The mixture is stored. The density of the tracer is over two times of the gas in the storage condition of the gas. The tracer comprises one or more combinations of SF6, SF5CH3 and helium.
Patent KR-20110015099-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SUNG MOON
IPC: F03D9/00
Filed: 2009-08-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A wind power generator is provided to enable power to be regularly supplied since wind energy changes to electric energy by the coupling with a structure, including a street light or an iron tower. CONSTITUTION: A wind power generator comprises a fan(13), a driving shaft and a post(15). The fan is driven by external wind. The driving shaft drives the fan and is installed on the rear of the fan. The post supports the driving shaft on the rear of it. The driving shaft comprises a first generator(11) and a second generator(12). A split gear is coupled to the shaft of the second generator. The split gear is coupled to the driving shaft by a chain(17). The power of the driving shaft is delivered to the first generator and the second generator. A wind power generator(A) can rotate at an angle of 90° around the post by external wind.
Patent KR-20110017148-A (KR)
Title: Water purifier with ice maker
Inventor: NOH JIN HWAN
IPC: F25C1/22
Filed: 2009-08-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: An ice making water purifier is provided to perform an ice producing process and a water cooling process with one evaporator for removing a separate process for producing ice for cooling water. CONSTITUTION: An ice making water purifier(100) comprises the following: an ice generating unit(200) including an evaporator(210); and a circulating and cooling unit(300) circulating water stored inside a cold water tank(310) to the evaporator. The ice generating unit includes the evaporator, ice generating members(220) for flowing refrigerants, a tray member(230) storing the water to dip the ice generating members, and an ice storing space(240) for storing ice.
Patent KR-20110019309-A (KR)
Inventor: JEON BYUNG OK
IPC: H01B7/08
Filed: 2009-08-19
Abstract: 본 발명은 도전성 면상체에 관한 것으로, 특히, 면상체에 구비되는 도전선과 연결단자를 전기적인 안정되게 접속할 수 있고, 접속작업을 신속하고 간편하게 수행할 수 있는 도전성 면상체에 관한 것이다. 
     이에 따른 도전성 면상체는, 도전성 면상체에 있어서, 면상으로 형성되는 면상체; 상기 면상체에 길이방향을 따라 배치되는 적어도 한 라인 이상의 도전선; 연결단자가 접속되도록 상기 도전선에 형성되는 단자연결부를 구비하되, 상기 면상체는 섬유사를 포함하여 직조되고, 상기 단자연결부는 상기 연결단자의 접속시에 접속동작이 안정되게 수행되고 접속된 상태가 견고하게 유지되도록 보조단자부재를 구비한 것을 특징으로 한다. 
     이에 의해, 직물지와 같은 면상체에 도전선을 함께 직조하여 도전성을 갖도록 구성하게 되더라도 도전선과 연결단자와의 전기적인 접속관계가 안정되고, 그 접속작업 또한 신속하고 간편하게 수행할 수 있으므로 활동성과 착용감이 요구되는 다양한 장치에 폭넓게 효과적으로 적용할 수 있다. 
       
     도전성 면상체, 연결단자, 보조단자부재, 도전선조밀부
Patent KR-20110019901-A (KR)
Title: Host apparatus and method for sharing favorite thereof
Inventor: PARK HYUN JUNG
IPC: G06F17/00
Filed: 2009-08-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: A host device sharing a favorite sharing list and a favorite sharing method thereof are provided to omit a procedure for the search and the selection of an image reading device by sharing the favorite sharing list. CONSTITUTION: A universal image scanning device driver searches an image reading device, registers the image reading device on a favorite sharing list and selects the list as a sharing object. An input unit(120) receives a request signal for sharing the favorite sharing list. A network interface(130) searches a host device. If the searched host device is connected to the host device, the network interface transmits and receives the favorite list according to the request of the host device.
Patent KR-20110024688-A (KR)
Title: Recumbent bike with reciprocating motion
Inventor: KIM KIL SUB
IPC: B62M1/24
Filed: 2009-09-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: A reciprocating recumbent bicycle is provided to reduce the energy consumption of a user since a user can step pedals with lying. CONSTITUTION: A reciprocating recumbent bicycle comprises a freewheel gear(10), a driving member(20), a driving member fixing bearing(30), a saddle(40) and a saddle support(50). The driving member has a pedal(21) at the upper side of a pair of freewheel gears. A chain(22) meshed with the freewheel gear is formed at the rear side of the driving member. The saw blade is respectively formed into the central part inner side and the driving member is installed. The fixing bearing fixes the driving member to the upper of the connection point of which the driving member and the freewheel gear are meshed. The fixing bearing moves the driving member back and forth. The saddle has an upward inclined seat back. The saddle support supports the saddle to the lower of the saddle.
Patent KR-20110024830-A (KR)
Title: Method for preparing superhydrophobic polyethylene terephthalate fabric using nano silica particle and water-repellent agent
Inventor: MIN BYUNG GIL
IPC: D06M11/61
Filed: 2009-09-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for preparing polyethylene teraphthalate fabric using nano silica particle and water-repellent agent is provided to improve water repellent agent fabric performance. CONSTITUTION: A method for preparing polyethylene terephthalate fabric comprises: a step of applying dispersion solution in which silica particles are dispersed on a polyethylene terephthalate fabric, a step of fixing the silica particles on fiber surface and drying, and a step of treating with the water-repellent agent. The silica particle is prepared by mixing tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and ethanol, stirring to obtain a solution, mixing the solution, ammonium hydroxide(NH_4OH) and water(H_2O), and stirring. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or butanol. The water-repellent is fluorines.
Patent KR-20110026046-A (KR)
Inventor: NOH SI CHUNG
IPC: B65D81/24
Filed: 2009-09-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A sealing container using a sealing cap is provided to discharge oxygen inside the container through a gas outlet by inserting decomposition preventing gas into the container through a gas inlet. CONSTITUTION: A sealing container(100) using a sealing cap comprises the following: a gas inlet(130) formed on one side of the sealing cap(120) to insert decomposition preventing gas into the container; and a gas outlet(140) formed on the other side of the sealing cap. The decomposition preventing gas prevents the decomposition of stored food inside the container by discharging gas inside the container through the gas outlet.
Patent KR-20110027481-A (KR)
Title: Light emitting diode array and liquid crystal display using the same
Inventor: KANG TAE UK
IPC: G02F1/133
Filed: 2009-09-10
Abstract: PURPOSE: A light emitting diode array and liquid crystal display using the same are provided to reduce the temperature deviation of an LED string and decrease the forward voltage thereof. CONSTITUTION: A liquid crystal panel(10) includes upper and lower glass substrates which faces each other in relation to a liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal panel includes a pixel array displays the video data. The pixel array of the lower glass substrate comprises TFTs(Thin Film Transistors) which are formed in every cross section of data line and gate lines.
Patent KR-20110027936-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for heat treatment a substrate
Inventor: PARK SANG UK
IPC: H01L21/324
Filed: 2009-09-11
Abstract: PURPOSE: A device for processing a substrate by heat is provided to arrange the first and second hot plates which are in parallel with upper and lower parts of a substrate, thereby uniformly keeping heat absorbed according to a location of the substrate. CONSTITUTION: The first hot plate(100) supplies the first heat to a lower side of a substrate(10). The second hot plate(200) is in parallel with the first hot plate to supply the second heat to an upper side of the substrate. A supporter(300) supports the substrate from a lower part of the first hot plate through the first hot plate. A supporter lifting unit(400) vertically moves the supporter. A plate elevating unit(500) vertically operates the first and second hot plates.
Patent KR-20100032313-A (KR)
Title: Substrate processing apparatus and substrate processing method
Inventor: YANAI HIDEHIRO
IPC: H01L21/02
Filed: 2009-09-11
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus and a method for processing a substrate are provided to secure a resist exfoliation uniformity of a wafer by retreating a substrate transfer unit. CONSTITUTION: A substrate processing apparatus includes a process chamber(16), a substrate holder(41), a substrate transfer unit(40), a vent(49a), and a retreat space. The process chamber processes the substrate. The substrate holder is formed in the process chamber. The substrate transfer unit makes the substrate stand by. An exhaust hole surrounds the substrate holder. The retreat space retreats the substrate transfer unit.
Patent KR-20110031732-A (KR)
Title: Packaging container, method and device for manufacturing packaging container
Inventor: ISHIGURO TAKAHIRO
IPC: B65D77/20
Filed: 2009-09-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: A packing container is provided to easily open the container by forming a thinned portion or a cut portion on a sealing layer. CONSTITUTION: A packing container(100) includes the following: a container body(200) and a cover material(300); a flange unit(230) installed on the circumferential edge of an opening unit; a sealing layer(251) and a base layer(253) installed on either the container body or the cover material; and a thinned portion or a cut portion attached to the internal circumference side of the sealing layer.
Patent KR-20110032475-A (KR)
Title: 한국 음식 테마파크 조성방법
Inventor: KEE YOUN
IPC: G06Q50/12
Filed: 2009-09-23
Abstract: 본 발명 한국음식테마파크 조성방법은 한국 음식의 세계화는 물론 각 종류별로 음식을 정액제에 의해 무제한으로 맛을 볼 수도 있고, 또한 고객이 원하면 제조방법이나 프랜차이즈로의 활성화 신청등을 할 수 있다. 
     테마파크, 푸드코트
Patent KR-20110034290-A (KR)
Title: Swash plate type compressor
Inventor: LEE JUNG JAE
IPC: F04B27/08
Filed: 2009-09-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A swash plate type compressor is provided to smoothly supply of coolant into a flow path of a rotary shaft and to improving compression performance. CONSTITUTION: A swash plate type compressor comprises a cylinder block(112), a front head, a rear head, a rotary shaft, and a plurality of pistons. The cylinder block comprises a plurality of cylinder bores(112a). The front head and rear head comprise an outlet and are connected with front and rear end of the cylinder block. The rotary shaft comprises a flow path transferring coolant to cylinder bores through the front head and cylinder block. A through hole(114) is formed between cylinder bores. The through hole is communicated with a wash plate housing. A secondary inhalation flow path(115), connected to the flow path, is formed in the inner surface of the through hole.
Patent KR-20100036994-A (KR)
Title: Sealed battery and manufacturing method thereof
Inventor: YAMASHITA SYUICHI
IPC: H01M50/169
Filed: 2009-09-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: A sealed battery is provided to improve drawing efficiency of current by employing a sealer having a safety valve with excellent conductivity. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing a sealed cell sealed by caulking a sealing body around an opening of a bottomed cylindrical outer can comprises the steps of: producing a terminal cap made of an iron-based material, the terminal cap(5) including an external terminal projecting toward an outside of the sealed cell, a flange(5b) in a periphery of the external terminal, and a hole(5c) in the flange, the hole having a diameter smaller on an inner side than on an outer side of the sealed cell; producing a safety valve made of an aluminum-based material, the safety valve(3) including a conductive contact portion projecting toward an inside of the sealed cell, a peripheral portion(3b) in a periphery of the conductive contact portion, and a pin-like projection(3c) in the peripheral portion; riveting the pin-like projection of the safety valve and the hole of the terminal cap together by inserting the pin-like projection into the hole and crushing a tip of the pin-like projection; and welding the terminal cap and the safety valve by applying high-energy radiation to a part of the terminal cap that is in a vicinity of a riveted part.
Patent KR-20110038202-A (KR)
Title: Battery sensor unit and method for manutering the same
Inventor: JANG JI SANG
IPC: H01M10/48
Filed: 2009-10-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: A battery sensor unit and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to prevent thermal damage and property degradation of an electronic device mounted on a PCB assembly. CONSTITUTION: One end of a shunt resistor(20) is bonded with a terminal clamp. A PCB assembly(30) directly contacts an oxidation preventing unit to detect the state of a battery. A connection terminal(40) bonds a bonded part with the other end of the shunt resistor, connects the other end of the connection terminal with a ground cable, and fixes and insulates the central part of the connection terminal to and from a terminal clamp. A protection case surrounds the entire bonding parts of a PCB assembly, a shunt resistor, and the connection terminal.
Patent KR-20110039702-A (KR)
Title: Multi-mode wheel
Inventor: YOM KYU HWAN
IPC: B60B19/02
Filed: 2009-10-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A multi-mode wheel is provided to enhance flatland driving ability and obstacle pass ability with a least number of wheels without the size increase or the number increase of the wheels. CONSTITUTION: A multi-mode wheel comprises a first wheel frame(1) and a second wheel frame(2). The first wheel frame comprises first convex parts and a first concave part. The first convex parts are formed radially from the central axis(4). The first concave part is concavely formed between the convex parts. The second wheel frame comprises second convex parts and a second concave part. The second convex parts are formed radially from the central axis. The second concave part is concavely formed between the convex parts.
Patent KR-20110039975-A (KR)
Title: Copper oxide supported catalyst for hydrocarbon steam cracking, method for preparing the same, and method for preparing olefin by using the same
Inventor: SONG JONG HUN
IPC: B01J21/06
Filed: 2009-10-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: A catalyst for pyrolyzing hydrocarbon vapor, a method for preparing the same, and a method for manufacturing olefin using the same are provided to improve the productivity by reducing the increase of a differential pressure in a reactor. CONSTITUTION: A complex catalyst for pyrolyzing hydrocarbon vapor is prepared by mixing and sintering an oxide catalyst and a silicon carbide carrier. The oxide catalyst is one or more selected from a group including compounds which are represented by chemical formulas 1 to 4. A copper oxide carried on the surface of the complex catalyst is further added. In the chemical formula 1, j is between 0.5 and 120, and x satisfies the atomic valence of the j. In the chemical formula 2, A represents Ti, Nb, Mo, V, Co, Ni, W, Fe, or rear earth elements. j is between 0.5 and 120, and k is between 1 and 50. x satisfies the atomic valence of the j and k. j/k is between 0.5 and 5. In the chemical formula 3, i is between 0.1 and 50, and k is between 0.5 and 100. x satisfies the atomic valence of the i and k, and i/k is between 0.01 and 3. In the chemical formula 4, A represents Ti, Nb, Mo, V, Co, Ni, W, Fe, or rear earth elements. i is between 0.1 and 50, j is between 0.01 and 30, and k is between 0.5 and 100. x satisfies the atomic valence of the i and k, and i/k is between 0.01 and 3.