baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20090038100-A (KR)
Title: Micro mirror and micro mirror array using thereof
Inventor: YOON JUN BO
IPC: B81B7/02
Filed: 2007-10-15
Abstract: A micro mirror of an electrostatic driving mode and a micro mirror array using the same are provided to obtain a maximum rotation angle although a predetermined voltage is supplied between a first address electrode and a reflector. A micro mirror(200) includes an insulation substrate(210), an address electrode(220a), an electric charge part(240a), and a reflector(250). The address electrode, a stop electrode(280a), and supporting parts(270a,270b) are formed on the insulation substrate. The insulation substrate supports the reflector in order to separate the address electrode from the address electrode and the electric charge part. The address electrode is formed on the insulation substrate, and is made of conductive material. The electric charge part is insulated with a first address electrode and a second address electrode by a first insulation layer and a second insulation layer. A discharge-preventing layer is formed on a surface of the electric charge part.
Patent KR-20090038534-A (KR)
Title: Method for controlling broadcasting in wireless sensor network
Inventor: LEE SEOUNG BOK
IPC: H04B7/26
Filed: 2007-10-16
Abstract: A method for saving energy consumed in the broadcasting controlling the times of the broadcasting in wireless sensor network is provided to control the number of broadcasting according to the mean value of the time offset received in the wireless sensor network. A host node performs broadcasting operation according to the number of lower nodes(410). The time offset which the lower node according to broadcasting is produced. The calculated time offset is transmitted to the host node. The host node determines the time offset is transmitted from the lower node(420). The host node produces the mean value of the time offset(430). The host node compares the set up mean value with the calculated mean value(440). The host node resets the time of the broadcasting according to the calculated mean value(450).
Patent KR-20090040598-A (KR)
Title: Space context share method and space copier
Inventor: KWON OH BYUNG
IPC: G06Q10/04
Filed: 2007-10-22
Abstract: A space context share method using ontology and a space copier are provided to enable at least two users of different places to share at least one space, thereby attaching one store to another store even though the users do not move. If a share signal of a space copier located in a specific space to be copied is inputted, the space copier performs wireless communication with a sensing unit adjacent to the space copier and transmits an intrinsic identification number of the space copier to a storage unit(S502). A space file is searched, extracted and transmitted to the space copier(S504). The space file is comprised of at least one prestored context information by using the intrinsic identification number of the space copier. If a user selects at least one space file loaded in the space copier and displayed, information of the selected space file is set be shared, the set information is temporarily stored(S506,S508). The temporarily stored space file is stored in a storage unit(S510).
Patent KR-20090040939-A (KR)
Title: Antenna system using housings of electronic device and electronic device comprising the same
Inventor: RYOU BYUNG HOON
IPC: H01Q1/24
Filed: 2007-10-23
Abstract: An antenna system using a housing of an electronic device and an electronic device including the same are provided to easily perform a diversity antenna or a multi band antenna system without a distinct antenna device. An antenna system includes a first housing(210), a second housing(220), and a first connection device(240). The first housing is connected to a ground surface. The second housing is separated from the first housing as a fixed interval. The first housing and the second housing are made of conductive material. One end(222) of the second housing is connected to a first feed device(230). The first connection device is separated from one end of the second housing as a fixed interval, and connects the first housing to the second housing. The second housing has a rectangular shape.
Patent KR-20090041983-A (KR)
Title: Method for engine mount control and cluster with engine mount control logic
Inventor: PARK HAN GIL
IPC: B60K35/00
Filed: 2007-10-25
Abstract: An engine mount control method and an engine mount control logic embedded cluster are provided to control a solenoid valve accurately by adding or subtracting compensation RPM to/from the reference RPM to compensate. An engine mount control logic embedded cluster comprises a cluster dashboard receiving information from sensors and displaying abnormal condition of the vehicle, an RPM input unit in which RPM indicating the number of engine revolution per minute is input, an alternate signal input part in which the voltage state of the battery is input in order to sense whether the engine has started, and a control unit(10) compensating the reference RPM, control reference for a solenoid valve(11). The solenoid valve detects the RPM increases or decreases in starting due to the wear of the vehicle and closes/opens an engine mount in starting.
Patent KR-20090045971-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK GYE JEUNG
IPC: H02K1/16
Filed: 2007-11-05
Abstract: 본 발명은 축 방향으로 회전자 및 고정자를 다단으로 구비한 모터, 및 그 모터를 구비한 구동장치에 대한 것이다. 더욱 상세하게는 코일을 구비한 코어와 자석을 구비한 요크를 축 방향으로 다단 구비한 모터 및 상기 모터를 구비한 구동장치에 대한 것이다. 
     본 발명의 일측면에 따른 모터는 고정축과, 회전자와, 고정자를 포함한다. 상기 회전자는 회전부를 축방향으로 다단 구비한다. 상기 회전부는 상기 고정축에 회전가능하게 결합된 요커(Yoke)디스크와, 상기 요커디스크의 일면에 원주방향으로 복수개 고정된 자석을 구비한다. 상기 고정자는 고정부를 축방향으로 다단 구비한다. 상기 고정부는 상기 요커디스크에 대향 하도록 상기 고정축에 고정된 코어(Core)디스크와, 상기 자석에 대응하도록 상기 코어디스크의 일면에 원주방향으로 복수개 고정된 코일을 구비한다. 
     본 발명에 의하면 고정자 및 회전자를 축방향으로 다단 구비한 모터를 제공함으로써 모터의 출력을 높일 수 있다.  
       
     모터, 전기스쿠터, 전기자동차, 출력, 다단
Patent KR-20090047195-A (KR)
Inventor: CHO BYEONG SON
IPC: F01K23/10
Filed: 2007-11-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 발전소의 냉각설비에 원활한 열교환 냉각수를 공급하는 순환수 공급시스템에 관한 것으로, 특히 순환수 공급시스템의 순환수 펌프의 작동이 멈추어도 다른 설비의 기화기에 냉각수를 공급할 수 있는 순환수 공급시스템의 바이패스 배관구조에 관한 것이다. 
     이를 위해 본 발명은 해수 인양펌프(1)에 의해 끌어들인 해수가 해수 공급관로(2)를 통하여 순환수 펌프(3)에 의해 발전설비의 콘덴서(4)로 공급되고, 이 콘덴서(4)를 냉각한 승온된 해수 냉각수는 냉각수 배출관로(5)를 거쳐 바다로 방출되는 순환수 공급시스템이 있어서, 상기 해수 공급관로(2)와 냉각수 배출관로(5) 사이에는 다수 개의 바이패스 개폐밸브(6)가 설치되어 이루어진 구조로 되어 있다.
Patent KR-20090042119-A (KR)
Title: Fluid dispenser
Inventor: PARK KANG HUN
IPC: F24D3/10
Filed: 2007-11-08
Abstract: A fluid dispenser is provided to improve durability and productivity by integrating the dispenser body with valve body. A fluid dispenser comprises a valve body(121) which has a first passage(125) and a second passage(126), a rotor(130) which is pivotally inserted inside the valve body, and sealing means which is installed between the inner circumference of the valve body and the rotor and prevents leakage. The first passage is formed in one side of a dispenser body(110) and is connected to the dispenser body. The second passage is connected to a pipe(14). The rotor forms a fluid passage(133).
Patent KR-20090014933-A (KR)
Title: Apparauts and method for transmitting/receiving of packet data in a mobile communication system using harq
Inventor: KIM SOENG HUN
IPC: H04W72/04
Filed: 2007-11-08
Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting/receiving packet data are provided to prevent recognition error of packet by classifying the packet of an HARQ(hybrid automatic repeat request) mode with semipermanent transmission resource. In mobile communications systems, a terminal device distinguishes semipermanent transmission resource. A transceiver(925) performs band down-conversion of received data, demodulation and decipher. A HARQ processor(910) comprises an HARQ processor(915) for semipermanent transmission resource and a processor(913) for general HARQ packet receiver. When the semipermanent transmission resource is allocated, a controller(920) receives a predefined HARQ identifier and stores the predefined HARQ identifier. When the semipermanent retransmitting packet is received, a controller controls the reception of the retransmitting packet by using the HARQ identifier.
Patent KR-20090051913-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM DAE HEE
IPC: G06K9/20
Filed: 2007-11-20
Abstract: 본 발명은 표정 인식을 위한 얼굴 영상 입력 장치 및 그의 동작 방법에 관한 것으로, 사용자 신체에 장착된 초음파 발신부로부터 발신되는 초음파 신호를 수신하는 초음파 수신부; 상기 초음파 신호를 분석하여 상기 사용자가 얼굴 영상 획득 구역내에 위치하는지를 판단하는 거리 측정부; 상기 사용자가 얼굴 영상 획득 구역내에 위치하면, 상기 얼굴 영상 획득 구역을 촬영하여 상기 사용자의 얼굴 영상을 획득하는 영상 획득부; 및 상기 얼굴 영상을 광원별 선형변환행렬을 통해 변환한 후 기준 광원 보정행렬을 통해 보정하여 광원별 얼굴 보정 영상들을 획득하고, 상기 광원별 얼굴 보정 영상들 중에서 기준 얼굴 비율과 가장 유사한 얼굴 검출 비율을 가지는 하나의 얼굴 보정 영상만을 출력하는 영상 처리부를 포함하여 구성되며, 이에 의하여 시스템 자원이 불필요하게 낭비되는 것을 방지하고 시스템 동작의 효율을 증대시킬 뿐만 아니라 촬영된 얼굴 영상을 D65(데이 라이트) 광원 하에서의 색상 값으로 보정하여 표정 인식을 위한 작업이 보다 정확하게 수행되도록 할 수 있다.   
       
     얼굴 영상, 영상 입력, 표정 인식, 이미지 처리
Patent KR-20090053293-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HYUN SEOB
IPC: G06Q50/10
Filed: 2007-11-23
Abstract: 본 발명은 온라인게임에서의 동영상 재생장치 및 그 방법에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 게임 클라이언트 내에 동영상 콘텐츠 재생기를 포함시켜 온라인게임과 동시에 다양한 동영상(영화, 드라마, 게임 영상, VOD 등)을 즐길 수 있도록 해주는 온라인게임에서의 동영상 재생장치 및 그 방법에 관한 것이다. 
     이를 위한 본 발명은 사용자가 게임을 진행하면 상기 게임 서버와의 통신을 통해 온라인게임을 처리하는 게임처리부; PC에 저장된 동영상을 관리하는 동영상 관리부; 및 게임 진행도중 사용자가 상기 동영상 관리부를 통해 PC에 저장된 어느 하나의 동영상을 선택하면 이를 재생시키는 콘텐츠 재생기;로 이루어진 게임 클라이언트;로 구성된 것에 특징이 있다. 
       
     온라인게임, 게임 클라이언트, 게임 서버, 게임 동영상, 영상 재생기,
Patent KR-20090054693-A (KR)
Title: Louver and open/closing structure of the same
Inventor: LIM HEON BOOK
IPC: E06B7/086
Filed: 2007-11-27
Abstract: A louver and an opening and closing structure are provided to prevent rainwater or the wind from coming though crevice between the louver frame and slat. A louver(1) comprises a rectangular louver frame(2), a plurality of slats(50) which are arraneged in the traverse direction, and a support bar(40) which is installed in the louver frame and permitted to rotate and wherein the slat is fixed. The slats are vertically arranged. An opening and closing structure of the louver is a structure moving the slat installed within the louver frame. The slat is combined in one side of a rotating member and the other side of the rotating member is combined in a guide bar. A supporting protrusion is combined in the end of the slat and the end protrudes. The supporting protrusion is combined through the insertion hole of the rotating member in the guide groove of the guide bar.
Patent KR-20090057630-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for loading and unloading of freights
Inventor: KIM DAE KYUNG
IPC: B65G67/60
Filed: 2007-12-03
Abstract: An apparatus of loading and unloading freight is provided to deal with restriction in space and height flexibly and improve work efficiency. An apparatus of loading and unloading freight is composed of a turntable(150), a conveyor part(140), a telescopic part(130), a master part(120), and a fork part(110). The turn table is rotatable around a lift plate. The conveyor part and the telescopic part are mounted on the turntable. The telescopic part passes through between conveyor rollers of the conveyor part perpendicularly to the progressive direction of the conveyor part. The master part moves back and forth in multiple stages by the telescopic part. The fork part is raised or lowered by the master part.
Patent KR-20090062525-A (KR)
Title: 자동차의 도어빔 설치 구조
Inventor: KO JE KYUNG
IPC: B60J5/00
Filed: 2007-12-13
Abstract: 본 발명은, 도어의 일 측단에 장착되어 차체의 힌지에 체결되는 힌지 브라켓에 도어빔의 일 측단이 결합되고, 도어의 반대 측단에 장착되어 도어 래치를 보호하는 래치 보강재에 도어빔의 반대 측단이 결합되는 것을 특징으로 하는 자동차의 도어빔 설치 구조에 관한 것으로서, 이러한 본 발명에 의하면, 자동차의 측면 충돌시 도어빔에 가해지는 충격력이 도어빔의 양 측단에 결합된 힌지 브라켓과 래치 보강재를 통해 자동차 차체로 전달됨으로써, 도어빔이 받는 충격력이 최소화되므로 도어빔이 차량 내부로 침입되는 정도가 줄어들게 되고, 따라서 자동차의 측면 충돌시 승객의 안전성이 향상될 수 있게 된다.
Patent KR-20090067321-A (KR)
Title: A compact disk player for vehicle
Inventor: LEE RAE JUN
IPC: G11B17/05
Filed: 2007-12-21
Abstract: A compact disk player for a vehicle is provided to prevent a lever form being deviated from location in which the lever is operated by forming a plurality of levers on a lever device and forming a protrusion, coupled on a guide hole, in each lever. A compact disk player for a vehicle comprises: a main body(10) in which a disc is inserted and drawn; a loading motor being formed inside the main body and providing the driving force in order to be loaded to the location in which the disc is reproducible; a rotary shaft(15) rotating with the driving force of the loading motor to move the disc inside the main body; and a guide device(30) including a first lever and a second lever rotating to guide insertion or draw of the disk. The first lever comprises: a first guide hole guiding the rotation of the second lever; a first protrusion providing frictional force to the second lever. The second lever comprises: a second guide hole guiding the rotation of the first lever; and a second protrusion providing the frictional force to the first lever.
Patent KR-20080059075-A (KR)
Title: Submarine boat
Inventor: MALLETSCHEK ANDREAS
IPC: B63G8/38
Filed: 2007-12-21
Abstract: A submarine boat is provided to simply extract and recover a communication buoy by releasing or winding a guide cable from/to a winding machine. A submarine boat includes a communication buoy(8), a carrier(6), a winding machine(14), and a guide cable(12). The communication buoy is installed at the carrier. The communication buoy is extracted to an outer deck through an opening formed at the outer deck disposed at a rear part of the submarine boat. The communication buoy is connected to the guide cable. The guide cable is released from the winding machine. The communication buoy is connected to the submarine boat in a data-communicable manner as well as a mechanical manner.
Patent KR-20090069518-A (KR)
Title: Inhibitor switch for a vehicle
Inventor: KIM JUNG KEUN
IPC: F16H59/00
Filed: 2007-12-26
Abstract: An inhibitor switching apparatus is provided to prevent the thermal deformation and unstable formation by forming a rib passing through a rib receiving hole. The cover plate is arranged in the upper end of a base plate(120). The base plate opening(121) is formed in the base plate. The outer side of the base plate includes the base plate mounting unit(127). A plurality of fixed terminals(310,320) is arranged on the one side of the base plate opening. The pivot bar and the movable terminal part are arranged in the internal space of the base plate. The through hole(123) of base plate is formed in the through hole of cover plate.
Patent KR-20090072197-A (KR)
Title: Fluidized bed scrubber using porous media for gas purification
Inventor: JUNG DAE IL
IPC: B01D53/02
Filed: 2007-12-28
Abstract: A fluidized bed scrubber for gas purification is provided to offer excellent removal efficiency of gas and a wide operation range compared with a conventional fluidized bed, and to minimize size of the whole system efficiently. A fluidized bed scrubber for gas purification includes a gas introduction portion(1), a washing pipe(2), a droplet removing portion(3), a fluidized bed(4), a gas distributor(41), a first mesh net(42), and a second mesh net(44). The toxic gas purified through the gas introduction portion is flowed into the inside of a container. The fluidized bed is comprised of a plurality of porous media(43). The washing pipe supplies cleaning water to the fluidized bed. The droplet removing portion removes a minute water drop included in exhaust gas passing through the fluidized bed. The gas distributor is installed at a lower part of the fluidized bed, and supports the fluidized bed.
Patent KR-20070012760-A (KR)
Title: Arundo donax composite panal and method thereof
Inventor: ALTHEIMER ERNETT
IPC: B27J1/00
Filed: 1999-06-16
Abstract: Composite panels and pulp, and paper products of the pulp, are produced from Arundo donax. In the fabrication of the composite panels, Arundo donax is comminuted (20) to a suitable size, combined with a binder (40, 50), and consolidated (80) into panels that meet standards for construction and/or furniture grade panels. The Arundo donax particulates may be combined with wood particulates to produce a mixed furnish that can be used in the preparation of composite panels. Comminuted Arundo donax is treated, in conventional pulping processes, to produce a high tensile strength pulp that can be used in the production of paper. The pulp has a lighter color than wood pulp, and thereby uses less bleaching chemicals to achieve a desired whiteness. The pulp can be combined with wood pulp to produce a variety of products. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007
Patent KR-20070028593-A (KR)
Title: Cationic photopolymerizable epoxy resin composition, minute structural member using the same and method for manufacturing minute structural member
Inventor: SHIBA SHOJI
IPC: G03F7/004
Filed: 2005-06-24
Abstract: A cationic photopolymerizable epoxy resin composition includes an epoxy resin, a cationic photopolymerization initiator, an inhibitor of cationic polymerization and a compound that has a fluoroalkyl group and also has a substituent at its terminal, with the substituent being allowed to cross-link react with the epoxy group of the epoxy resin. The cationic photopolymerizable epoxy resin composition further includes a thermal cationic polymerization catalyst. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007
Patent KR-20070038538-A (KR)
Title: Methods of using regenerative cells to promote wound healing
Inventor: HEDRICK MARC H
IPC: A61K35/28
Filed: 2004-07-01
Abstract: Cells present in adipose tissue are used to promote wound healing in a patient. Methods of treating patients include processing adipose tissue to deliver a concentrated amount of regenerative cells obtained from the adipose tissue to a patient. The methods may be practiced in a closed system so that the regenerative cells are not exposed to an external environment prior to being administered to a patient. Accordingly, in a preferred method, cells present in adipose tissue are placed directly into a recipient along with such additives necessary to promote, engender or support a therapeutic benefit.
Patent KR-20070042542-A (KR)
Inventor: ABRAHANTES PEREZ MARIA DEL CAR
IPC: A61P31/04
Filed: 2005-07-05
Abstract: 본 발명은 다른 조직의 유래로 활성화된 내피 세포의 종양 세포의 성장을 억제할 수 있는 조성물에 관련된 것이다. 상기 조성물의 조성은, 분자의 말단을 통해 내부 메티오닌으로부터 C-말단 분획에 상응하는 세라리신의 폴리펩티드 분획으로, 이들 사이에 조합되어질 수 있고 선택적으로 조성물의 항종양 효과를 강력하게 하는 프로디기오신과 조합될 수 있다. 조성물 내에서 프로디기오신은 0.1-100 nM의 농도로 되어질 수 있다. 이 조성물의 항-증식성 활성은 어팝토틱 메커니즘에 의해 매개되어진다. 이의 "생체 내" 투여는 항종양, 항혈관신생 및 악성종양에 대한 보호효과를 가진다. 
     세라리신, 메티오닌, 어팝토시스, 항종양,
Patent KR-20070042999-A (KR)
Title: Method of producing automotive parts
Inventor: BAUMGARTEN JENS
IPC: G05B19/18
Filed: 2005-07-19
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a bodywork component of a motor vehicle that has first been shaped and is then thermally surface-treated, said method comprising iterative simulated steps with variable geometric data of tools that are used in the shaping process. According to the invention, a continuous check verifies whether the expected geometric data of the component lies within the permitted tolerance range of the nominal geometric data of the component. If this is not the case, the geometric data and the generation of corrected tool geometric data is modified. This takes place in two stages, the first stage for the shaping steps and the subsequent stage for the process steps of the thermal surface treatment.
Patent KR-20070070184-A (KR)
Title: Use of an mtor inhibitor in treatment of uterine leiomyoma
Inventor: RUFFOLO ROBERT R JR
IPC: A61P35/00
Filed: 2005-10-21
Abstract: The invention provides for the use of an mTOR inhibitor in the treatment or inhibition of fibroids.
Patent KR-20070084040-A (KR)
Title: Diaminoalkane aspartic protease inhibitors
Inventor: BALDWIN JOHN J
IPC: C07D211/22
Filed: 2005-10-07
Abstract: Diaminoalkanes of Formula I have now been found which are orally active and bind to aspartic proteases to inhibit their activity. They are useful in the treatment or amelioration of diseases associated with elevated levels of aspartic protease activity. The invention also relates to a method for the use of the compounds of Formula I in ameliorating or treating aspartic protease related disorders in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
Patent KR-20070074621-A (KR)
Title: Method and system for battery state and parameter estimation
Inventor: PLETT GREGORY L
IPC: G01R31/36
Filed: 2004-11-29
Abstract: A system and a method for estimating the state of a battery and parameters are provided to estimate the state of a battery pack system and parameters by using kalman filtering and dual extended kalman filtering. A method for estimating the state of a battery(20) and parameters comprises a step of estimating SOC(State Of Charge) in a battery where the SOC forms one of internal states and a step of estimating SOH(State of Health) in a battery where the SOH forms one of internal parameters. The step of estimating SOC in the battery is composed of steps for predicting the internal state of the battery including SOC as one of the internal states; predicting uncertainty in predicting the internal state; correcting the prediction of the internal state and uncertainty; predicting the internal state to estimate SOC and calculate uncertainty for SOC; and applying an algorism for repeating the uncertainty predicting and correction steps.
Patent KR-20070085987-A (KR)
Title: Liquid discharge head
Inventor: IMANAKA YOSHIYUKI
IPC: B41J2/14
Filed: 2005-11-01
Abstract: A recording head including outlets (100a, 100b) disposed in a staggered pattern so that the distances from an ink inlet (500) to the outlets differ alternately for adjacent outlets. A recording head includes an outlet group including a plurality of outlets on at least one side of an ink inlet. The outlet group includes first outlets (100a) and second outlets(100b), wherein the distance from the ink inlet to the first outlets differs from the distance from the ink inlet to the second outlets. First recording elements (400a) and second recording elements (400b) including heat resistors are provided. The first recording elements and second recording elements correspond to the first outlets and the second outlets, respectively, and are disposed in first ink channels and second ink channels, respectively. The first recording elements are rectangular, whereas the second recording elements are substantially square.
Patent KR-20070086585-A (KR)
Title: Polysilazane-based coating and use thereof for coating films, especially polymer films
Inventor: BRAND STEFAN
IPC: C09D183/00
Filed: 2005-10-25
Abstract: The invention relates to a coating for coating films, which comprises, dissolved in a solvent, polysilazane or a mixture of polysilazanes of general formula (I)-(SiR'R'-NR''')n-, wherein R' R'', R''' are the same or different and independently represent hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or (trialkoxysilyl)alkyl group, wherein n is an integer and is selected in such a manner that the polysilazane has a number average molecular weight of 150 to 150.000 g/mol, and at least one catalyst. The invention also relates to a method for coating films, especially polymer films, to coated films and to film composites.
Patent KR-20080077043-A (KR)
Title: Recordable optical recording medium and method for manufacturing same
Inventor: SABI YUICHI
IPC: G11B7/2437
Filed: 2006-11-16
Abstract: Disclosed is a recordable optical recording medium which is excellent in recording/reproducing characteristics and productivity, and enables to reduce the production cost. Specifically disclosed is a recordable optical recording medium (10) having a structure wherein an inorganic recording film (6), a dielectric film (4) and a light-transmitting layer (5) are sequentially arranged on a substrate (1). The inorganic recording film (6) is composed of a metal film (2) and an oxide film (3) sequentially formed on the substrate (1). When the inorganic recording film (6) is irradiated with light, oxygen in the oxide film (3) is separated therefrom by photocatalysis, thereby increasing the oxygen concentration on the metal film (2) side and greatly changing optical constants.