baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20200126408-A (KR)
Title: 표시 장치 및 전자 기기
Inventor: KAWASHIMA SUSUMU
IPC: H01L27/32
Filed: 2019-02-26
Abstract: 화상 품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 표시 장치를 제공한다.  제 1 노드와, 제 2 노드와, 제 3 노드와, 표시 소자가 제공된 화소를 가지고, 우선 제 1 노드 및 제 2 노드에 동일한 화상 데이터를 기록한다.  다음으로 제 2 노드로부터 제 3 노드에 상기 화상 데이터를 판독함과 동시에 용량 결합에 의하여 상기 화상 데이터를 제 1 노드의 화상 데이터에 부가한다.  상기 동작에 의하여 소스 드라이버의 출력 전압 이상의 데이터 전위를 표시 소자에 공급할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20210002471-A (KR)
Title: 다중 연결 데이터양 보고 방법
Inventor: HAN FENG
IPC: H04W76/15
Filed: 2019-04-12
Abstract: 다중 연결 데이터 보고 방법이 제공한다. 다중 연결 데이터 보고 방법은, 제1 네트워크 장치가 제1 데이터양 보고를 획득하는 단계 - 제1 데이터 볼륨 보고는 제2 네트워크 장치를 통과하는 단말 장치의 데이터양을 나타내는 데 사용되고, 제1 데이터양 보고는 하나 이상의 서비스 품질(quality of service, QoS) 플로우의 QoS 플로우 식별자(QoS flow identifier, QFI), 하나 이상의 QoS 플로우가 속한 프로토콜 데이터 단위(protocol data unit, PDU) 세션의 식별자, 및 하나 이상의 QoS 플로우의 데이터양을 포함하고 있음 -; 및 제1 네트워크 장치가 제1 데이터양 보고를 제3 네트워크 장치에 송신하는 단계를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20200130855-A (KR)
Title: 준안정성 오스테나이트를 함유하는 코팅된 강의 승온에서의 압하
Inventor: GILL AMRINDER SINGH
IPC: C23C2/28
Filed: 2019-03-08
Abstract: 코팅 후 및 냉간 압연전 또는 냉간 압연 동안에 준안정성 강을 가온하면 오스테나이트가 마르텐사이트로 변태되는 것이 억제되어, 더 낮은 기기 부하량 및 유사한 부하량에서의 더 큰 압하량이 초래된다. 온간 압연된 강 자체는, 실온에서 냉간 압연에 의해 동일한 양으로 압하된 강과 비교할 때, 향상된 기계적 특성을 나타내었다.
Patent KR-20210003149-A (KR)
Title: 측정 간격 구성 방법 및 디바이스, 저장 매체 및 전자 디바이스
Inventor: HAN JIREN
IPC: H04W24/10
Filed: 2019-04-08
Abstract: 측정 갭 구성 방법 및 디바이스, 저장 매체 및 전자 디바이스가 제공된다. 방법은: 제1 네트워크 엘리먼트에 의해, 측정 타겟의 주파수 정보를 결정하는 것; 및 제1 네트워크 엘리먼트에 의해, 제1 인터페이스 시그널링을 통해 제2 네트워크 엘리먼트에게 주파수 정보를 통지하는 것을 포함하되; 제1 네트워크 엘리먼트 및 제2 네트워크 엘리먼트는 동일한 노드 상에서 구성된다. 측정 갭을 구성할 수 없다는 종래의 문제점이 해결된다.
Patent KR-20210018800-A (KR)
Title: 암 치료를 위한 항-oxMIF/항-CD3 항체
Inventor: THIELE MICHAEL ROBERT
IPC: A61K39/00
Filed: 2019-06-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 oxMIF를 특이적으로 인식하는 적어도 하나의 결합 부위 및 CD3을 특이적으로 인식하는 적어도 하나의 결합 부위를 포함하는 항-oxMIF/항-CD3 항체, 및 과증식성 질환의 치료, 특히 암의 치료에서의 이의 용도에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20200138441-A (KR)
Inventor: OISHI SATOSHI
IPC: F16H7/12
Filed: 2017-06-26
Abstract: 본 발명은 베이스(2)의 외통부(21)의 내주면과 아암(3)과의 사이에 외통부(21)의 직경 방향으로 끼워짐과 함께, 아암(3)에 계지되어, 외통부(21)의 내주면에 대하여 미끄럼 운동 가능한 원호면(60)을 가지는 마찰 부재(6)를 가진다. 마찰 부재(6)는, 아암(3)의 요동에 수반하여 외통부(21)의 내주면에 대하여 미끄럼 운동할 때에, 원호면(60)이 중심 축(R)을 통하는 수평면(HP) 이상의 높이에 머물도록 마련되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 보기 구동 벨트 시스템에 구비되는 오토텐셔너(1)에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20210010914-A (KR)
Title: 전기강 스트립 또는 시트, 이러한 전기강 스트립 또는 시트를 제조하기 위한 방법 및 이로부터 제조되는 적층 스택
Inventor: FLUCH RONALD
IPC: C09J7/30
Filed: 2019-05-20
Abstract: 평탄면 중 하나에 적어도 하나의 열경화성 수계 핫멜트 접착제 코팅이 제공되어 있는 전기강 스트립 또는 시트, 이러한 전기강 스트립 또는 시트를 제조하기 위한 방법 및 이로부터 제조되는 적층 스택이 개시되어 있다. 베이킹 공정에서 증가된 용융 점도를 가질 수 있기 위해서 상기 열경화성 수계 핫멜트 접착제 코팅이 에폭시 수지 또는 에폭시 수지 혼합물에 결합하고 3개의 아미노기를 가진 유기 아민, 즉 유기 트리아민 또는 이러한 유기 아민들의 혼합물인 예비 가교제를 갖는 것이 제시되어 있다.
Patent KR-20210003929-A (KR)
Title: Ir 반사 층(들) 및 규소 지르코늄 산질화물 층(들)을 갖는 코팅된 물품 및 이의 제조 방법
Inventor: DISTELDORF BERND
IPC: C03C17/36
Filed: 2019-07-16
Abstract: 저-방사율(로이(low-E)) 코팅은 은과 같은 재료의 또는 이를 포함하는 제1 및 제2 적외선(IR) 반사 층을 포함한다.  상기 코팅은 규소 지르코늄 산질화물의 또는 이를 포함하는 층을 포함하는 하부 유전체 부분, 및 주석산아연의 또는 이를 포함하는 층을 포함하는 중심 유전체 부분을 포함한다.  상기 코팅은 달성하고자 하는 바람직한 가시광선 투과율, 일관되고 낮은 방사율 값, 열 템퍼링(thermal tempering)과 같은 선택적인 열 처리 시의 열 안정성, 바람직한 U-값, 바람직한 LSG 값, 및 바람직한 착색 및/또는 반사율 값의 조합을 실현하도록 구성된다.  소정의 예시적인 실시 형태에서, 한 쌍의 유전체 층들 사이에 개재된 흡수체 층이 내부에 제공될 수 있다.  본 발명의 코팅된 물품은 절연 유리(IG) 윈도우 유닛과 관련하여 사용되거나, 일체형(monolithic) 윈도우 응용, 라미네이팅된 윈도우 등과 같은 다른 적합한 응용에 사용될 수 있다.
Patent KR-20210002120-A (KR)
Title: 흡연물품용 에어로졸-발생 기재
Inventor: RENAUD JEAN MARC
IPC: A24D1/22
Filed: 2011-02-18
Abstract: 1종 이상의 에어로졸 형성자를 포함하는 균질화된 담배 물질의 가닥(strand)과 함께, 상기 균질화된 담배 물질의 가닥들 다수를 포함하는 에어로졸-발생 기재 및 상기 에어로졸-발생 기재를 포함하는 흡연물품이 제공된다.
Patent KR-20220098525-A (KR)
Title: Biosensor
Inventor: MA DONG HEE
IPC: C12Q1/26
Filed: 2021-01-04
Abstract: The present invention relates to a biosensor which comprises: a substrate; and a working electrode and a reference electrode formed on the substrate, wherein the working electrode includes: a working electrode layer formed on the substrate; and an enzyme reaction layer formed on the working electrode layer. The enzyme reaction layer includes: one or more enzymes selected from a group consisting of a glucose oxidase, a glucose dehydrogenase, a lactate oxidase, and a lactate dehydrogenase; a mediator; and a pH buffer solution, wherein the pH buffer solution includes 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid (MES). Accordingly, provided is the biosensor having enhanced accuracy and precision by minimizing a measurement error according to pH of a sample.
Patent KR-20220100448-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK SEUNG HA
IPC: C08K3/22
Filed: 2021-01-08
Abstract: The present invention relates to a steel cord for a radial tire and the radial tire including the same. As the steel cord for the radial tire, the steel cord comprises a plating layer containing copper, zinc and cobalt. An objective of the present invention is to provide the steel cord with improved aging adhesion to a tire tread rubber.
Patent KR-20220052245-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM SEO YOUNG
IPC: F25B21/02
Filed: 2021-01-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling and heating system for protective clothing. The cooling and heating system for protective clothing, according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: a housing; a thermoelectric module provided inside the housing; at least one inlet fan introducing air into the housing; and a connection hose having one end communicating with the housing and the other end coupled to a connection holder provided in protective clothing. The housing is physically divided into an inner circulation space containing one surface of the thermoelectric module, and an outer circulation space containing the other surface of the thermoelectric module. The inlet fan comprises an internal inlet fan which communicates with the inside of the protective clothing and introduces air inside the protective clothing into the inner circulation space. As only the inner air of the protective clothing is introduced into the inner circulation space, cooled air or heated warm air is supplied to the inside of the protective clothing through the connection hose.
Patent KR-20210015984-A (KR)
Inventor: JANG HA JUN
IPC: G03F7/20
Filed: 2021-01-25
Abstract: The present invention relates to a light extraction structure and a lighting device for a curing machine. The light extraction structure can further maximize a scattering effect, increase durability, and exhibit sufficient energy uniformity for use as a lighting device for a curing machine.
Patent KR-20220107656-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM AN SIK
IPC: B43K29/08
Filed: 2021-01-26
Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a multifunctional mechanical pencil that is economical, convenient to use and store, and can be used efficiently, by being configured to allow school supplies such as a compass and a box cutter blade to be provided thereon. To this end, the present invention comprises: a mechanical pencil; a compass (20) provided on the top side of a button of the mechanical pencil; and a box cutter blade (30) formed on one side of the mechanical pencil, wherein a space portion (14) having a lid is formed on one side of the mechanical pencil.
Patent KR-20220109887-A (KR)
Title: Grafting film and grafting method using the same
Inventor: CHOI JUNG IL
IPC: A01G22/00
Filed: 2021-01-29
Abstract: In a grafting film inserted into a junction area between a plurality of plants to be grafted according to an embodiment of the present invention, a first coating material is applied to the upper surface of the grafting film, a second coating material is applied to the lower surface of the grafting film, and at least one through hole passing through the grafting film can be formed in the grafting film. By using the grafting film coated with different materials (e.g., enzymes) on the upper and lower surfaces, grafting between two plants, which had not been grafted through simple contact, can be smoothly induced.
Patent KR-20210103947-A (KR)
Inventor: SHIN JUNG KYUN
IPC: C04B35/645
Filed: 2021-02-01
Abstract: A ceramic back cover for a mobile device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. According to the present invention, the manufacturing method of the ceramic back cover for a mobile device comprises: a first step of preparing a flat ceramic sheet; a second step of firing the ceramic sheet; a third step of processing the fired ceramic sheet; and a fourth step of forming a portion of an edge of the processed ceramic sheet to be a curved surface. Thereby, control of a ceramic shape is advantageous by firing the flat ceramic sheet, permittivity control is possible, and processing features are excellent by processing the flat ceramic sheet.
Patent KR-20220078435-A (KR)
Title: 블라인드 디코딩을 수행하는 단말, 이를 포함하는 통신 시스템 및 이들의 동작 방법
Inventor: LIM JU HYUK
IPC: H04W72/04
Filed: 2021-02-01
Abstract: 본 개시의 예시적 실시예에 따른 단말의 동작 방법에 있어서, 기지국으로부터 하향링크 제어 채널을 수신하는 단계, 참조 정보를 기반으로 집성 레벨들(aggregation levels)에 대한 디코딩 우선 순위를 결정하는 단계, 상기 디코딩 우선 순위에 따라 상기 집성 레벨들 각각에 대응하는 제어 채널 후보들에 대한 후보 필터링 기반 블라인드 디코딩을 수행하는 단계 및 상기 디코딩 결과를 기반으로 하향링크 제어 정보를 수신하는 단계를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20220111446-A (KR)
Inventor: AN SUNG HO
IPC: C11D7/36
Filed: 2021-02-02
Abstract: The present invention relates to a lens preservative solution containing a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer, and more particularly, to a lens preservative solution containing an MPC polymer having improved wearing comfort by reducing the amount of protein adsorption. The lens preservative solution containing the MPC polymer of the present invention contains the MPC polymer and the preservative solution.
Patent KR-20220112113-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SEUNGHAK
IPC: G01N33/28
Filed: 2021-02-03
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for analyzing an oil type using unresolved complex mixture (UCM) information of gas chromatography. The method for analyzing an oil type using UCM information of gas chromatography, according to the present invention, comprises the steps of: determining a maximum intensity time point and a maximum width for a standard UCM; generating a chromatogram for measuring an oil contaminant; measuring a maximum intensity time point and a maximum width of a measurement UCM; and determining an oil type of the oil contaminant.
Patent KR-20220120871-A (KR)
Title: Server for providing service for popular voting and method for operation thereof
Inventor: KIM WON SIK
IPC: G06Q50/10
Filed: 2021-02-24
Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention relate to a server for providing a popularity voting service and an operation method thereof. According to various embodiments of the present invention, provided are the server and operating method thereof, wherein based on the number of voters participating, if users participate in voting in excess of a certain number, a final score for candidates is calculated by prioritizing the number of votes, and when a certain number or less users participate in voting, an artificial intelligence model may be introduced to calculate the final score for the candidates by prioritizing the qualitative aspects of the candidates.
Patent KR-20220013299-A (KR)
Inventor: KANG DONG HWA
IPC: G16H50/50
Filed: 2021-02-25
Abstract: According to embodiments, disclosed are an oral cavity image processing device and an oral cavity image processing method. The disclosed oral cavity image processing method comprises: an operation of acquiring an oral cavity image generated by scanning teeth; an operation of segmenting the teeth of the oral cavity image; an operation of generating a customized curve based on one or more teeth included in the oral cavity image; and an operation of arranging the segmented teeth from the oral cavity image to be aligned on the customized curve, and obtaining a final position of a tooth. According to the present invention, an adequate final position for a patient can be obtained.
Patent KR-20220122857-A (KR)
Title: Multiple pressurization Fixed belt
Inventor: KIM KYONG BOK
IPC: A61H1/02
Filed: 2021-02-26
Abstract: The present invention relates to a multiple-pressurization type fixing belt for chest and waist which includes a rigidity reinforcing agent to prevent the belt from stretching. A tip end of the belt is connected to a retractor, which is a ratchet, and the other end of the belt is fixed or firmly connected to the retractor. A handle of the proposed retractor is prepared so that one end of a leveling belt and the retractor are simply separated from each other.
Patent KR-20220088621-A (KR)
Title: 기판 처리 장치 및 기판 처리 방법
Inventor: PARK JUNG HOON
IPC: H01L21/67
Filed: 2021-03-02
Abstract: 본 발명은 기판 처리 장치에 관한 것으로, 본 발명의 일 실시예에 따른 기판 처리 장치는, 내부에 처리 공간을 갖는 챔버; 상기 처리 공간 내에 배치되며, 기판을 지지하는 지지 유닛; 상기 처리 공간으로 공급된 공정 가스로부터 플라즈마를 발생시키는 플라즈마 생성 유닛을 포함하되; 상기 플라즈마 생성 유닛은 제1 전극; 및 상기 제1 전극과 대향되게 배치되는 제2 전극을 포함하며, 상기 제2 전극은 전자기파가 투과 가능한 재질로 제공될 수 있다.
Patent KR-20220124569-A (KR)
Title: System and method for disposing advertisement in mobile web page
Inventor: LEE SU MO
IPC: H04M1/724
Filed: 2021-03-03
Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and method for outputting an advertisement on the Web of a mobile terminal, which create a background advertisement layer corresponding to an advertisement space, display the background advertisement layer by scrolling the content space when input is detected in a user terminal, and display an advertising space of a part corresponding to a screen space generated by the movement of a content space among the advertising spaces of the background advertisement layer as an advertisement output space in the screen space generated by the movement of the content space, so that when an advertisement is displayed on the user terminal, unnecessary information for a user can be minimized.
Patent KR-20220128024-A (KR)
Title: Copolymer composition, method for preparing the copolymer composition and resin composition comprising the copolymer composition
Inventor: KIM YOON HO
IPC: C08L67/04
Filed: 2021-03-12
Abstract: The present invention relates to a copolymer composition and, more particularly, to a copolymer composition, a manufacturing method thereof, and a resin composition comprising the same, wherein the copolymer composition comprises: 90 to 99 wt% of a graft copolymer; and 1 to 10 wt% of an acrylic copolymer. The graft copolymer comprises: 80 to 95 wt% of a rubbery polymer containing an alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer unit with 2 to 18 carbon atoms; and 5 to 20 wt% of an alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer unit with 1 to 18 carbon atoms. The acrylic copolymer comprises: 75 to 95 wt% of a methyl (meth)acrylate monomer unit; and 5 to 25 wt% of an alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer unit with 2 to 18 carbon atoms. The acrylic copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of 8,000,000 to 12,000,000 g/mol. The shock resistance of the resin composition can be enhanced.
Patent KR-20210039353-A (KR)
Title: Virtual keyboard display method, virtual keyboard and display device
Inventor: WANG ZHONGYI
IPC: H05B33/02
Filed: 2021-03-22
Abstract: The present application discloses a virtual keyboard display method, a virtual keyboard, and a display device and relates to the field of virtual keyboard technology. A specific implementation method is to divide a virtual keyboard into a plurality of virtual button areas and a luminous effect display area by processing the obtained virtual keyboard separately after obtaining the virtual keyboard to display the virtual button areas of the virtual keyboard and perform a luminous effect display in the luminous effect display area. In the prior art, a virtual keyboard has a single form, which causes a problem in that the display effect is bad, but in the present application, the virtual keyboard is divided into the virtual button area and the luminous effect display area to perform a dynamic luminous effect display of lighting in the luminous effect display area and enrich the content of the virtual keyboard display.
Patent KR-20220132227-A (KR)
Title: The desk with blind
Inventor: CHOI SO YEON
IPC: A47B13/08
Filed: 2021-03-23
Abstract: The present invention is a desk that provides comfort by fixing blinds to the desk so that students can receive education safely in a place where a lot of students gather, such as private educational institute. By using the blind (11), contact with both sides and face-to-face are reduced as much as possible, reducing the anxiety of COVID-19 infection, and the blind is fixed to the desk (20) via a blind support (10).
Patent KR-20220132761-A (KR)
Title: Skin-lightening Composition Using an Extract of Broccoli Sprout or a Fermentation Thereof
Inventor: KIM SEUNG YOUNG
IPC: A61K8/9789
Filed: 2021-03-24
Abstract: The present invention discloses a composition for skin whitening using a broccoli sprout extract or a fermented product thereof that inhibits melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. According to the present invention, the composition for skin whitening using the broccoli sprout extract or the fermented product thereof can be provided.
Patent KR-20220135078-A (KR)
Title: Harmful bird repellent of pellet type and manufacturing method thereof
Inventor: PARK BYUNG KWON
IPC: A01N37/44
Filed: 2021-03-29
Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of a pellet type harmful bird repellent, which comprises the following steps: mixing oregano essential oil, thyme essential oil, clove essential oil, citronella essential oil, spearmint essential oil, peppermint essential oil, and methyl anthranilate, which are main components of the harmful bird repellent; inserting the mixture into a ceramic and coating with a coating agent; adding and mixing an adhesive and a curing agent; and molding the mixture in a pellet molding machine. An objective of the present invention is to provide a pellet type harmful bird repellent which exhibits excellent repellent efficacy against harmful birds and can be conveniently sprayed on farmland by workers, and a method for manufacturing the pellet type harmful bird repellent.
Patent KR-20220136692-A (KR)
Title: Heat dissipation antenna for wireless power transmission, heat dissipation antenna module for wireless power transmission module and electronic device comprising the same
Inventor: JANG KIL JAE
IPC: C08L101/00
Filed: 2021-04-01
Abstract: A heat dissipation antenna for wireless power transmission is provided. The heat dissipation antenna for wireless power transmission according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: an antenna unit in which a conductive wire having a rectangular cross section and extending in one direction is wound in a predetermined shape on the same plane so as to be spaced apart from each other; a polymer matrix disposed along one side of the conductive wire from the front end to the rear end of the conductive wire so that some or all of them are in contact with both sides of the conductive wire in order to dissipate heat generated from the conductive wire when wireless power signal is received; and an insulative heat dissipation part in which the insulative heat dissipation filler is dispersed in the polymer matrix. According to this, it is possible to improve heat dissipation efficiency of heat that may be generated in the coil when transmitting or receiving a wireless power signal. In addition, by improving the magnetic characteristics of the antenna to improve signal convergence when receiving a wireless power signal, it is possible to dissipate heat more quickly while minimizing heat generation. Furthermore, it is possible to prevent variations in antenna characteristics by preventing deformation of an antenna pattern.
Patent KR-20220143328-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE JI EUN
IPC: B25J11/00
Filed: 2021-04-16
Abstract: In general, a cleaning robot cleans, as a machine, a predetermined area or place rather than a person cleaning. However, if users use the cleaning robot while charging the same by using a charger, people are caught in a charging line or hurt or have difficulty in cleaning an area far. In addition, the cleaning robot may be discharged during cleaning. In addition, various places cannot be cleaned with one cleaning robot. According to the present invention, a cleaning robot stores energy, received from the sun, in a secondary battery so that a separate charging cable is not required, and uses eco-friendly energy. In addition, the cleaning robot can use a vacuum adsorption method, a magnet for cleaning an insect screen, and a method for the floor, thereby being used without restrictions in place, and can use a variety of cleaning methods, thereby being more convenient. In addition, the cleaning robot can select a direct method and use an infrared sensor, thereby cleaning an area by itself. In addition, the cleaning robot can set a desired cleaning method or time by using a smartphone application.
Patent KR-20220144050-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HUI JIN
IPC: B01D53/26
Filed: 2021-04-19
Abstract: The present invention relates to a spray drying system and a spray drying method. The spray drying system of the present invention comprises: a drying device which sprays a liquid raw material, mixes the sprayed raw material with a drying gas and dries the raw material; a collecting device which is connected to the drying device, separates a dried product and a residual gas from the raw material, collects the product, and discharges the residual gas; a foreign matter removing device connected to the collecting device, removing a foreign matter included in gas discharged from the collecting device, and discharging the residual gas; an exhaust gas condensing device connected to the foreign matter removing device and condensing gas discharged from the foreign matter removing device; and a moisture removing device removing moisture contained in exterior air supplied to the drying device. The spray drying system is capable of preventing contact with the moisture during drying of the raw material.
Patent KR-20210046638-A (KR)
Title: Method for processing titanium alloys for reducing modulus of elasticity and low elastic modulus titanium alloy produced by the same
Inventor: LEE TAE KYUNG
IPC: B21B37/16
Filed: 2021-04-22
Abstract: The present invention relates to a titanium alloy processing method for reducing modulus of elasticity and low elastic titanium alloy produced thereby, wherein the titanium alloy processing method for reducing modulus of elasticity comprises the following steps of: heating a titanium alloy; water-cooling the heated titanium alloy; and inserting the water-cooled titanium alloy into a multi-pass caliber-rolling machine to perform a multi-pass caliber-rolling process.