baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2000194752-A (JP)
Title: Patent evaluation system and computer readable recording medium recording patent evaluation program
Inventor: IWABORI KUNIO
IPC: G06Q10/00
Filed: 1998-12-25
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To more objectively evaluate the patent quality by comparing the arithmetic level value that is calculated from every inputted evaluation value with the evaluation level reference value to be divided into plural steps to decide a relevant level and displaying the decided evaluation level. SOLUTION: A decision display means 22 calculates the arithmetic level value such as the mean value and the total value from the inputted evaluation value by a prescribed operation. Then the reference value, i.e., the evaluation level reference value with which the patents to be evaluated are divided at least into three ranks 'A', 'B' and 'C' is compared with the arithmetic level value. Based on this comparison result, an evaluation level 'B', etc., is shown by a display means 25. Thus, the patent evaluation can be objectively shown in letters 'A', 'B' and 'C' which are extremely easy to understand. Thereby any employee of a patent department, etc., can clearly grasp the patent evaluation of his/her company.
Patent JP-H04208778-A (JP)
Title: Method for correcting contour and circuit thereof
Inventor: YUNNJIYUN PAAKU
IPC: H04N5/208
Filed: 1990-12-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: To make an outline part vivid at the time of video output by shortening the change time of a video luminance signal in a part, where the level of the video luminance signal is changed, to correct the outline. CONSTITUTION: A data selector 60 selectively outputs a third video luminance signal if first and second signals from a second gate 52 and a first gate 51 are '00' or '11', and the selector 60 selectively outputs a second video luminance signal if they are '01', and the selector 60 selectively outputs a fourth video luminance signal if they are '10'. Then, the change time of the video luminance signal is shortened by a signal in the outline part of the video luminance signal, namely, a part, where the level of the luminance signal is changed, to correct the outline. Thus, an outline correction signal which makes the outline boundary vivid is generated independently of the state of the video signal.
Patent JP-H04222423-A (JP)
Title: Secondary battery charger
Inventor: HARA KOICHI
IPC: H02J7/10
Filed: 1990-12-25
Abstract: PURPOSE:To bring about a fully charged state positively by temporarily discharging a secondary battery prior to start charging operation thereby preventing occurrence of memory effect. CONSTITUTION:A switching circuit 3 is connected to discharging circuit 2 side prior to starting the charging operation thus finishing the discharge operation of an Ni-Cd cell 4. Subsequently, the switching circuit 3 is switched to a charging circuit 1 side thus starting the charging operation. Since the Ni-Cd cell 4 is charged after it is discharged sufficiently, no memory effect occurs and a fully charged state is achieved reliably.
Patent JP-H04223613-A (JP)
Title: Voltage comparator
Inventor: HOSOYA SHIRO
IPC: H03K5/08
Filed: 1990-12-26
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a voltage comparator in which an offset error is not generated even when a power supply voltage fluctuates. CONSTITUTION:A second inversion amplifier 100 whose input/output terminals are short-circuited, is connected through a second capacity 9 having a capacity value which is 1/a times as much as the capacity value C of a first capacity 5, and an amplifier 10 of a gain (a+1), with an input terminal 61 of a first inversion amplifier 6. Thus, in an auto period (a first clock signal PHI1 is turned on, and a second clock signal PHI2 is turned off), both of the first and second inversion amplifiers 6 and 100 are turned into a balance state (the voltage of an input terminal is equal to the voltage of an output terminal), and in a comparing period (the first clock signal PHI1 is turned off, and the second clock signal PHI2 is turned on), only the second inversion amplifier 100 is held to be in the balance state. Thus, the voltage comparator with a high performance in which the offset error is not generated, can be obtained.
Patent JP-H04222985-A (JP)
Title: Fifo memory
Inventor: TANAKA TSUGUHIKO
IPC: G06F5/06
Filed: 1990-12-26
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a useful FIFO memory by setting in the final address being capable of housing the data in the memory array when the number of the writing clock in the register in the control circuit is stored and setting a capacity of the use region optically. CONSTITUTION:The number of the writing clock WCK being input when a reset signal is 0, is accounted with a counter number 4 and stored in the register in a writing address control circuit 2. This becomes a final address capable of storing the data. Next, after a reset signal becomes 1, the data is input while it synchronizes with the clock WCK and the writing address is made incremental, then an empty flag output EF changes to level 1. When the writing address attains the final address, subsequently it returns to the address 0. Here the full flag output FF becomes 0, then the writing is prohibited.
Patent JP-H04225342-A (JP)
Title: Radiograph reader
Inventor: NAMIKI FUMIHIRO
IPC: H04N1/028
Filed: 1990-12-27
Abstract: PURPOSE:To enhance a condensing efficiency and also to reduce the variance of the condensing efficiency with reference to a position. CONSTITUTION:The reader is constituted so that the wall surface of a condenser 1 may gradually extend from an incident port 2 toward an outgoing port 3, and the area of the outgoing port 3 is made larger than that of the incident port 2. And also, the reader is constituted so that the photoelectric surface of a photoelectric converter 4 for converting condensed stimulated luminous light to an electric signal may have the size corresponding to the area of the outputting port 3 of the condenser 1.
Patent JP-H04214097-A (JP)
Title: Manufacture of superconductor thin film
Inventor: HARADA KEIZO
IPC: C01G1/00
Filed: 1990-12-13
Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the controllability of the crystalline orientation properties of an oxide superconductor thin film at the time of forming an oxide superconductor thin film on an Si wafer. CONSTITUTION:After the process of forming the film of a buffer layer by an Ln2O3 (where Ln denotes lanthanoide series elements) compound oriented in (100) or (110) is camed out, an oxide superconductor thin film is formed. A good oxide superconductor thin film having crystalline orientation properties in an optional direction can be manufactured.
Patent JP-H04108349-A (JP)
Title: Drink-type rice gruel charged in sealed vessel and preparation thereof
Inventor: MORI DAIZO
IPC: A23L7/10
Filed: 1990-12-20
Abstract: PURPOSE:To prepare drink-type rice gruel charged in a sealed vessel smoothly flowing out from the drinking can in a mixed state of rice granules and solution component in eating without mutual tacking of rice granules by using crushed rice as raw material rice. CONSTITUTION:1 pt.wt. crushed rice crushed to about a half size, 15-100 pts.wt. water or seasoning solution and an ingredient such as vegetable, as necessary, are charged in a vessel and sealed, then the vessel is rotated in a heat-sterilizing process at 1-20rpm.
Patent JP-H04234100-A (JP)
Title: Voice synthesizing method and device
Inventor: YAMAZAKI NOBUHIDE
IPC: G10L13/06
Filed: 1990-12-28
Abstract: PURPOSE:To allow the arbitrary setting of a change of synthetic voices by superposing the data of the element piece waveforms formed just before and the data of the element piece waveforms freshly selected by a data selecting means at a prescribed ratio by a complement data forming means. CONSTITUTION:The data of the element piece waveforms are successively outputted from an element piece waveform memory 4 of a waveform selecting section 6 according to the waveform selection data corresponding to the formed synthetic voices when the data are successively outputted from a rhythm forming section 2. The data of the element piece waveforms to be complemented according to arithmetic formulae are formed in a smoothing section 10 to which the data of the element piece waveforms are transferred. Further, the data of the element piece waveforms are superposed at a prescribed pinch by a superposing circuit 11, by which the data are edited and synthesized. The synthetic voices are outputted from a voice output means according to the data of the edited and synthesized element piece waveforms.
Patent JP-H04242861-A (JP)
Title: Inner product arithmetic circuit
Inventor: OKI MITSUHARU
IPC: G06F7/544
Filed: 1990-12-28
Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a concrete circuitry of the inner product arithmetic circuit obtaining the inner product between vectors while clarifying the conditions capable of reducing the number of multiplexers. CONSTITUTION:The inner product arithmetic circuit obtaining the inner product between a constant vector <dj> taking a result obtained by adding and subtracting a type of coefficient with the length shorter than the dimension while giving weight of power of 2 and an input vector <xj> in the same dimension taking an arbitrary number as an element is provided with addition/ subtraction circuits 5A, 5B and 5C adding each element of the input vector while giving weight each of coefficient extracted from all elements of the constant vector and multiplying circuits 6A, 6B and 6C multiplying respective coefficients to the outputs of these addition/subtraction circuits.
Patent JP-H02500777-A (JP)
Title: ブレーキトルク負荷結合装置
IPC: G01M17/04
Filed: 1987-11-04
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H04502022-A (JP)
Title: 水溶性ポリウレタンまたはポリウレタン尿素ディスパージョン、エラストマー状形態をフレーク化しならびに該ディスパージョンを用いて繊維表面構造に高温ライニングする方法
IPC: C09J175/04
Filed: 1989-11-18
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S62501237-A (JP)
Title: 光フアイバとその製造方法
IPC: C03B37/027
Filed: 1985-12-20
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S60500515-A (JP)
Title: コミユニケ−シヨン　バス　インタ−フエイス　ユニツト
IPC: H04Q9/00
Filed: 1983-12-05
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S63502111-A (JP)
IPC: C10N30/08
Filed: 1986-12-23
Abstract: Compositions useful as pour point depressants, novel compounds within such compositions, and processes for making same, as well as lubricant oil compositions containing same, are disclosed. The novel compounds are encompassed by the general structural formula (I) Ar(R)-[Ar'(R')]n-Ar'' (I)  wherein the Ar, Ar' and Ar'' are independently an aromatic moiety containing 1 to 3 aromatic rings and each aromatic moiety is substituted with 0 to 3 substituents, (R) and (R') are independently an alkylene group containing about 1 to 100 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of (R) or (R') is CH2, and n is 0 to about 1000; with the proviso that if n is 0, then (R) is CH2 and each aromatic moiety is independently substituted with 0 to 3 substituents with one aromatic moiety having at least one substituent, the substituents being selected from the group consisting of a substituent derived from an olefin and a substituent derived from a chlorinated hydrocarbon. The composition of the invention includes compounds varying in molecular weight from about 271 to about 300,000.
Patent JP-S57500086-A (JP)
IPC: G07F/
Filed: 1981-02-05
Abstract: A coin testing apparatus comprises transmitting and receiving coils (14) and (15) on opposite sides of a coin passageway (11). The transmitting coil is connected to high and low frequency oscillators (16) and (17). The output of the receiving coil is separated into the high and low frequency components by a high pass filter (21) and a band pass filter (22). In the high frequency channel the signal is amplitude controlled by a voltage controlled amplifier (23) rectified by a rectifier (24) and smoothed by a long time-constant circuit (26). The initial rise in level caused by a coin entering between the coils (14) and (15) is detected by an instantaneous level change comparator (32) which responds to the rate of change of signal level at the output of the long time-constant circuit (26) becoming equal to preset threshold and causes a normally closed switch (27) to be opened. When the switch (27) is closed a comparator (31) compares the signal with a reference value from a source (30) and adjusts the gain of the amplifier (23) until the signal corresponds to the reference value. Upon the arrival of the coin the switch (27) is opened and a long time-constant circuit (28) causes the gain of the amplifier (23) to be maintained at the level before the arrival of the coin. A window comparator (33) compares the difference in voltage with voltage ranges for acceptable coins. A similar arrangement is provided in the low frequency channel but with two differences. The switch (27) in the low frequency channel is operated by the same instantaneous level comparator as is used for the high frequency channel and instead of a rectifier (24) a novel sample and hold technique is used for providing a d.c. signal from the output of the amplifier (23).
Patent JP-H06503032-A (JP)
IPC: B01D35/06
Filed: 1992-05-28
Abstract: A rotary filtration system comprising a device having a fluid filtration gap between a filter and a rotating member (e.g., a disc), a filter pack for use in the rotary filtration device, and a cartridge formed by structurally connecting (and optionally fluidly connecting) two or more of the filter packs is disclosed. In the filter pack, the filter lies adjacent a permeate collection member, which also desirably can support the filter. The permeate collection member has one or more passageways for collecting the permeate that flows through the filter and is connected to a permeate collection header in the device. The filter pack and device are designed so that the filter pack may be easily inserted into and removed from the device, preferably by moving the filter pack in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft that rotates the rotating member. Desirably the rotating member and/or filter has one or more spiral grooves in fluid communication with fluid in the gap. Several rotating members and filter packs may be interleaved to increase filtration device capacity and make more efficient use of equipment space. In such a device, the rotating members can be mounted on a common shaft for rotation in unison and can have spiral grooves on both major faces of each rotating member.
Patent JP-H02502117-A (JP)
Title: 保持器組立体
IPC: F16D65/09
Filed: 1988-04-04
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H08501840-A (JP)
IPC: E02D7/02
Filed: 1993-06-08
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/AT93/00097 Sec. 371 Date Dec. 5, 1994 Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 5, 1994 PCT Filed Jun. 8, 1993 PCT Pub. No. WO93/25765 PCT Pub. Date Dec. 23, 1993Device for driving piles, preferably poles, into a foundation. The device for ramming pole foundations limits idle times between ramming operations and takes the form of a self-propelled rail-road or dual purpose vehicle that can be driven on rails laid on a ballast or over a road surface and the vehicle can swivel over 360 DEG  with a top in relation to the undercarriage, with an operation cabin, a counter weight and a hoisting arm being arranged on the noted top, with a turning and tilting unit being provided at a free end of the hoisting arm, with a leader having a rammer mounted in a guiding unit, wherein, in the working position, the leader stands vertically and the top is turned 90 DEG  with respect to the direction of the rails and, when the ramming operation is finished, the leader is centrally clamped by the guiding unit and is turned 90 DEG  by the turning and tilting unit, with the leader and rammer then being shouldered by the hoisting arm and the device can thus be driven to the next ramming position.
Patent JP-H11506721-A (JP)
IPC: H01M6/16
Filed: 1996-06-05
Abstract: Disclosed is a process for treating manganese dioxide containing ion-exchangeable cations by replacing the ion-exchangeable cations present in the manganese dioxide with lithium by a process comprising first replacing ion-exchangeable cations present in the manganese dioxide with hydrogen. This readily is accomplished by slurrying the manganese dioxide in an aqueous acid solution. The resulting acidic manganese dioxide then is neutralized with a basic solution of a lithium containing compound, such as lithium hydroxide. This neutralization step serves to accomplish replacement of the previously introduced hydrogen, by ion-exchange, with lithium. The manganese dioxide then is washed with water, dried, and heat-treated at an elevated temperature, in conventional manner, to convert the gamma manganese dioxide to a mixture of the gamma and beta forms, which then is used as the active cathodic component in an electrochemical cell.
Patent JP-H10504842-A (JP)
Title: 二重担体免疫原性構築物
IPC: C07K17/10
Filed: 1996-06-05
Abstract: (57)【要約】
分子量が70kDa以上である高分子量の分子を含む少なくとも一つの第一担体と、該第一担体に複合化したT-依存性抗原を含む少なくとも一つの第二担体とから構成される二重担体免疫原性構築物が開示される。該二重担体免疫原性構築物は、ハプテンや抗原のような成分をさらに含んでいてもよい。該免疫原性構築物は、疾患の診断、治療、及び予防に用いるのに適している。
Patent JP-S60501337-A (JP)
Title: 再配置可能なマルチコネクシヨン交換ネツトワ−ク
IPC: H04Q3/52
Filed: 1984-04-16
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S59501314-A (JP)
Title: 新規なビタミンｄ類似体
IPC: C07C67/00
Filed: 1983-06-22
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H02502525-A (JP)
Title: 粉末の配分方法および装置
IPC: A61M16/00
Filed: 1988-03-15
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S59501577-A (JP)
Title: 自体浮上型水上スキ−
IPC: B63B35/81
Filed: 1983-08-02
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S58501421-A (JP)
Title: カツタヘツド用調整装置
IPC: B23Q17/22
Filed: 1982-09-11
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S61501472-A (JP)
Title: や金用容器の電磁式充てんレベル測定装置
IPC: B22D11/16
Filed: 1985-07-03
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H10502527-A (JP)
Title: ＴＧＦ−βファミリーの新規な成長／分化因子
IPC: A61P15/00
Filed: 1995-06-30
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明はTGF-βファミリーのタンパク質、そのタンパク質をコードするＤＮＡ及びそのタンパク質を含有する医薬組成物に関する。
Patent JP-S60500129-A (JP)
Title: 改良されたシ−アンカ−もしくはこれと同様の装置
IPC: B63B21/48
Filed: 1983-11-23
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S63500416-A (JP)
Title: 電子的情報配布システム
IPC: H04N7/16
Filed: 1986-07-14
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H11512938-A (JP)
Title: 適応負荷センサを備えた歯ブラシ
IPC: A61C17/00
Filed: 1996-06-19
Abstract: (57)【要約】
適応負荷センサ（１２）を備えた歯ブラシ１０が開示される。本発明の歯ブラシは、駆動組立体１８により振動させられるブラシヘッド１６を含む。負荷センサは、駆動組立体により要求される電流を監視して、歯ブラシが受ける機械的負荷を決定する。負荷センサ組立体が、瞬間的最大圧力負荷を表わす適応閾値信号を生じる。検出された負荷電圧が適応閾値信号を越えるならば、負荷センサ組立体が駆動組立体を消勢して、歯ブラシが過大な負荷を受けた警報を使用者に与えるように警報信号を生じる。
Patent JP-H06500514-A (JP)
Title: アンチロック流体圧ブレーキ装置
IPC: B60T8/42
Filed: 1992-02-06
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S63500453-A (JP)
IPC: C07D519/00
Filed: 1986-07-25
Abstract: Esters, acetal ethers, thioethers and nitrogen substituted derivatives of certain bicyclic compounds are disclosed which are useful as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and/or cytoprotective agents and in treatment of hyperproliferative skin disease. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed.
Patent JP-H06505362-A (JP)
Title: ポリシリコン薄膜トランジスター
IPC: H01L21/30
Filed: 1992-01-08
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H03505285-A (JP)
Title: 移植通過路
IPC: A61F2/04
Filed: 1988-05-02
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H10510484-A (JP)
Title: 物体の位置を捜し当てるための方法
IPC: G01S17/87
Filed: 1996-06-27
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、物体の位置、特に搾乳ロボットの感知器マトリックス(１０)を使用して動作 範 囲内で雌牛の乳首の位置を捜し当てるための方法に関する。この方法は、感知器マトリックス(１０)を使用して識別された上記位置が、上記位置を求めている工程中にもっともらしさについてチェックされ、もっともらしくない位置の場合には、別の診断ステップが実行されることを特徴としている。
Patent JP-S63501165-A (JP)
Title: 少なくとも１つの電気式位置指示器を有する油圧シリンダ
IPC: G01B7/00
Filed: 1985-10-29
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H03505914-A (JP)
Title: 調節自在のビード幅を有するタイヤ検査機
IPC: G01M17/02
Filed: 1988-05-25
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-S63501384-A (JP)
IPC: G02B6/38
Filed: 1986-10-16
Abstract: The invention relates to the mounting of a movable member such as an optical mirror (3) by bridges (4-7) between a pair of supports (1,2). The supports (1,2), bridges (4-7) and mirror (3) are integrally formed from a silicon substrate. A pair of electrically conductive paths (8,9) are formed by doping or metallising portions of the assembly so that by passing controlled currents through the paths, thermal expansion of parts of the paths will cause deflection of the mirror (3). The assembly is particularly useful for deflecting optical beams.
Patent JP-H05506386-A (JP)
Title: 真空掃除機用ベルト駆動装置
IPC: A47L5/30
Filed: 1992-02-14
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent JP-H08501091-A (JP)
IPC: A01N63/02
Filed: 1993-08-20
Abstract: Combinations of imidazol and/or one or more imidazol derivatives with general structural formula (I) in which the residues may be as follows: R1 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, R2 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, R3 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, R4 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, where R4 may also, and preferably when R1, R2 and R3 are a hydrogen atom, be the residues -CH2-CH2-NR5R6 and -CH2-CH(NR5R6)-COOR7, where R5 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, R6 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, R7 = H, C(1 - 25) alkyl, and of a substance active against micro-organisms or a mixture from the lantibiotics group.
Patent JP-H06503459-A (JP)
IPC: H04L47/30
Filed: 1992-09-21
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for monitoring and controlling the data flow in a packet data net or a datagram net comprising lines and nodes, the lines via nodes connecting by the network comprised terminals between which traffic takes place in the form of data packets or datagram. Every line and every node comprises a process preceded by a certain queue of data packets/datagram. Data packets are sent in to the net from the terminal for with a given frequency during a given time interval. If during this interval no throttling order is received from the following process, the frequency is increased by a given factor. This occurs successively until a given maximum frequency is reached. If on the other hand a throttling order is received during the interval, the frequency is instead reduced by a given factor which also occurs successively until no throttling order is received during an interval. <IMAGE>
Patent JP-H10506969-A (JP)
Title: 熱的に不安定な粘性素材を運搬する方法
IPC: B29C41/34
Filed: 1996-07-23
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は熱的に不安定な粘性化合物をパイプを介して運搬する方法に関し、この方法において、（ａ）化合物は運搬中Ｘ 1 部分ストリームＴ 1 に分割され、ここでＸ 1 は式Ｘ 1 ＝Ｑ (N-1) に従って計算され、ここで、Ｑ及びＮは互いに独立した正の整数であり、（ｂ）粘性化合物は同じ速度の部分ストリームで運搬される。
Patent JP-H02501167-A (JP)
IPC: G06V30/194
Filed: 1988-08-26
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/GB88/00710 Sec. 371 Date May 9, 1989 Sec. 102(e) Date May 9, 1989 PCT Filed Aug. 26, 1988 PCT Pub. No. WO89/02134 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 9, 1989.A temporal sequence of signal vectors X (e.g., generated from a speech signal) is supplied in parallel to elements in an array each of which (after training of the array) provide an output  eta indicating the vector's similarity to a reference vector. Persistence is built into the elements so that signals forming a "trajectory" within the array, corresponding to an input sequence are simultaneously available for recognition (preferably by a further such array). Arrays may be cascaded to allow for longer sequences.