baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent RU-2021546-C1 (RU)
Title: Electric pump
Inventor: BABAJLOV BORIS G
IPC: F04D29/043
Filed: 1990-05-23
Granted: 1994-10-15
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: fluid to be pumped fills space of the electric motor when electric motor starts. Bearings made of metal-Teflon belt operate in dry friction regime. Thermosiphon circulation of fluid and pressure drop at inlet and outlet of the pump provides cooling the electric motor in operation. Axial forces is transmitted to a thrust bearing through face surfaces of working wheels and sand kicker. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 1 dwg
Patent RU-2019170-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for treatment of disseminated forms of breast cancer
Inventor: SIDORENKO YURIJ S
IPC: A61P35/00
Filed: 1990-06-27
Granted: 1994-09-15
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: single dose of chemopreparation is dissolved in 40 ml of physiological salt solution. Then it is mixed with 150 ml of donor plasma from the same group of blood as patient's blood and is incubated at 37-37.5 C within 1 h. Thus prepared preparation is intravenously injected by drops 3 times a week. EFFECT: improves transmission of antitumoral chemopreparations, decreases treatment time.
Patent RU-2051399-C1 (RU)
Inventor: VAZHENIN BORIS P
IPC: G02B27/22
Filed: 1990-10-02
Granted: 1995-12-27
Abstract: Использование: при создании цветостереоскопических географических и топографических карт, цветостереоскопических дисплеев и т. д. Сущность изобретения: с целью расширения технологических возможностей и области применения способа цветостереограмму строят из непосредственно контактирующих между собой крупных, размером более 20 крат к разрешению глаза в данной оптической системе, насыщенных цветных, различающихся цветовым тоном, а также белых и черных элементов, а для получения прямой цветостереомодели наблюдение проводят при сходящихся направлениях диспергирования диспергирующей оптической системы. 1 з. п. ф-лы, 1 ил.
Patent RU-2029480-C1 (RU)
Title: Ballet shoe
Inventor: KARPUKHIN ALEKSANDR A
IPC: A43B5/12
Filed: 1991-02-05
Granted: 1995-02-27
Abstract: FIELD: light industry branch. SUBSTANCE: a polymeric coating is applied on parts of a surface of revolution of a top portion and a walking surface of a sole of a ballet shoe. The polymeric coating may be smooth or shaped, laminate, or it may have a spot relief. Polymeric coatings, applied on the above mentioned portions of the ballet shoe, may be of polymers with different physical-mechanical properties and with different acoustical properties. The polymeric coating, had been applied on the portion of the surface of revolution of the top part of the shoe, preferably has a relief in the form of circles or ellipses and on the portion of the walking surface of the sole it is in the form of herringbone or network. EFFECT: enhanced service quality of shoe such as lowered "rattling". 5 cl, 4 dwg
Patent RU-2031080-C1 (RU)
Title: Vehicle lift
Inventor: FURSOV EVGENIJ G
IPC: B66F3/35
Filed: 1991-03-25
Granted: 1995-03-20
Abstract: FIELD: lifting of derailed vehicles. SUBSTANCE: lift has support base with locks fitted on lugs and lifting member made in form of inflatable flexible envelope. Support base has posts with cutouts engaging with locks. Reinforcement coating is provided on flexible envelope at side of engagement with vehicle. EFFECT: enlarged operating capabilities. 4 dwg
Patent RU-2022966-C1 (RU)
Title: (5-nitroquinolyl-8-thio,4-carboxyphenyl)mercury as an analytical reagent for photocolorimetric determination of sulfhydryl compounds
Inventor: VEKSLER KIRILL V
IPC: C07F3/10
Filed: 1991-05-27
Granted: 1994-11-15
Abstract: FIELD: analytical chemistry. SUBSTANCE: product: (5-nitroquinolyl-8-thio, 4-carboxyphenyl)mercury, empirical formula is C 16 H 10 HgN 2 O 4 S, yield is 9.6 g (40%). Reagent 1: aqueous solution of p-chloromercuribenzoic acid sodium salt. Reagent 2: solution of 5-nitro-8-mercaptoquinoline sodium salt in alcohol. EFFECT: enhanced effectiveness of reagent. 6 tbl
Patent RU-2036283-C1 (RU)
Title: Hydraulic actuator for multi-dipper excavator
Inventor: SHCHEMELEV ANATOLIJ MEFODEVICH
IPC: E02F9/22
Filed: 1991-05-30
Granted: 1995-05-27
Abstract: FIELD: earth-moving machines. SUBSTANCE: hydraulic actuator of multi-dipper excavator has a drive of working member. Piston cavity of the hydraulic cylinders is connected to hydraulic- pneumatic accumulator and one-side hydraulic cylinder. Block provided with cables are fixed on rods of these hydraulic cylinders, one of the cables is connected to pull rods provided for switching on friction gears, and another to ends of the frame, where this hydraulic cylinder is installed. EFFECT: high reliability. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2004289-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KOROGODSKIJ FELIKS N
IPC: A63F3/02
Filed: 1991-06-17
Granted: 1993-12-15
Abstract: Сущность изобретени , игра содержит доску с игровым полем и четыре различных по цвету группы шашечных фигур, по тринадцать шашечных фигур кажда  Игровое поле разделено на черные и белые  клетки и включает центральную и четыре дополнительные  пр моугольные части, примыкающие  к центральной части и имеющие цифровые обозначени  Клетки снабжены индексами. Центральна   часть состоит из п тидес ти белых и п тидес ти  черных клеток. Больша  сторона каждой дополнительной  части состоит из восьми, а меньша  - из  четырех клеток. 1 ил
Patent RU-2014755-C1 (RU)
Inventor: BASIJ VALERIJ T
IPC: H04N9/78
Filed: 1991-06-26
Granted: 1994-06-15
Abstract: FIELD: TV engineering. SUBSTANCE: device has analog-to-digital converter 1, unit 2 for separating total color videosignal to low-frequency and high-frequency components, two delay units 3,6, adder 4, two digital-to-analog converters 5,8, subtracter 7, two multipliers 9, 11, tuneable band-pass filter 10, complex frequency-modulated signal generator 12, differentiating unit 13, control signal former 14, complex signal frequency detector 15. Availability of tracking separation of color signal combined with frequency feedback, which reduces deviation of initial signal and availability of tracking rejection of color signal spectrum simultaneously with dynamic change in brightness band depending on peak-to-peak amplitude of brightness signal, allows to separate signals of color and brightness without distortion. High-frequency component of total color videosignal is transferred to the frequency. EFFECT: excluded distortion. 1 dwg
Patent RU-2047306-C1 (RU)
Title: Device for fraction separation of liquid mixtures
Inventor: SHISHKIN VIKTOR V
IPC: B01D3/10
Filed: 1991-06-26
Granted: 1995-11-10
Abstract: FIELD: separating materials. SUBSTANCE: device has evaporator, system for supplying initial mixture to the evaporator, and system for removing vapors and vat residue. The hose is positioned inside the space of the evaporator. The ends of the hose are bent inside toward each other to define a torus. Hopper-like branch pipes are positioned at the center of the torus. The branch pipes are drawn together through a tie by way of the driving reverse drum. The sprinkler is provided on one of the hopper-like branch pipes. The sprinkler injects initial mixture to the space to create rarefication when the ends of the hose and branch pipes are drawn together. EFFECT: improved design. 1 dwg
Patent RU-2044812-C1 (RU)
Title: Device for turning over a link of railway grid
Inventor: BOJKO NIKOLAJ F
IPC: E01B29/02
Filed: 1991-07-24
Granted: 1995-09-27
Abstract: FIELD: railway building. SUBSTANCE: device has two mechanisms 1 with ropes 2 secured to those. Ropes are provided with rail clamps 3 installed on ends of cross bar 4 suspended from cargo trolleys of laying crane using pulley block. Each mechanism 1 comprises two-step barrel with different step diameters. Individual ropes are hinged to the steps. The ropes are winded in different directions. Each mechanism 1 is also formed with a damper and ratchet gear with stopper. The damper is made in the form of adjustable disk brake coaxial with the barrel. Control system is used as contact/lever system with the lever connected to the stopper and interacting with cargo trolley of the laying crane at maximum cross bar rise. EFFECT: easy hailing railway grids. 2 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2029371-C1 (RU)
Inventor: VERETEKHIN VALENTIN PETROVICH
IPC: G08B13/00
Filed: 1991-07-01
Granted: 1995-02-20
Abstract: FIELD: antitheft devices. SUBSTANCE: device has normally open pair of contacts made in form of cup and pendulum. Thread of pendulum is made in form of rigid rod, and weight of pendulum is made in form of disk or cylinder. Axis of symmetry of weight coincides with axis of rod. Four holes are made in cup. Axes of holes are perpendicular in pairs and are arranged in horizontal plane of symmetry of disk or cylinder. Device provides smooth adjustment at complete elimination of influence of vehicle tilting. EFFECT: increased sensitivity of device and enhanced reliability of operation. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2044368-C1 (RU)
Inventor: POLISHCHUK ALLA S
IPC: H01L39/24
Filed: 1991-10-22
Granted: 1995-09-20
Abstract: FIELD: cryogenic radio engineering. SUBSTANCE: process consists in sputtering of target of specified composition with beam of ions of inert gas. Negative ions of oxygen with energy 1.5-10.0 eV which are released from target in process of its bombardment with ions of argon are collected on growing film in process of sputtering. Ions of oxygen are collected, for instance, by their feeding to growing film of positive voltage. EFFECT: simplified and reduced cost of technological process, increased critical temperature of manufactured films.
Patent RU-2004933-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KUTAEV YURIJ F
IPC: H03M7/30
Filed: 1991-12-18
Granted: 1993-12-15
Abstract: Изобретение относитс  к автоматике и вычислительной  технике и может быть использовано в  системах технического зрени , в коррел ционных  устройствах робототехнических систем и систем  распознавани  образцов. Целью изобретени   вл етс  расширение области применени  путем обработки  разнопол рного входного сигнала, упрощение  преобразований путем информационного  сжати  при центрировании раздельно положительных  и отрицательных амплитуд входного сигнала  относительно усредненных положительных и отрицательных  амплитуд входного сигнала соответственно  и знаковой модул ции сигнала локального  признака, получаемого при центрировании, относительно  вышеуказанных усредненных амплитуд  Устройство, реализующее способ информационного  сжати  видиосигнала. содержит коммутаторы  12.3, дискретизатор 4. компараторы 5,6,7,8. элементы  9 и 10, накопители 11 и 12, блоки счета 13 и 14,  элементы хранени  15 и 16. регистры 17 и 18, делители  19 и 20, блоки задержки 21-21 элемент  вычитани  22, сумматоры 24 и 25. В данном предложении  на каждом уровне информационного сжати  сигналы общей и локальных признаков и модулированный  сигнал локального признака удовлетвор ют  условию взаимодополн емости, позвол    точно восстанавливать задержанный исходный сигнал  Сигналы локальных признаков, формируемых  устройством, могут быть использованы в задачах  точного опознавани  и точной координатной прив зки  сигнала, пары амплитуд общих признаков  уровней могут служить дл  быстрого предварительного  грубого опознавани  или грубой координатной  прив зки 1 за ф-лы 3 ил
Patent RU-2014194-C1 (RU)
Inventor: ZLOBAREV VLADIMIR A
IPC: B23K37/04
Filed: 1992-01-20
Granted: 1994-06-15
Abstract: FIELD: welding equipment. SUBSTANCE: device has cantilever mandrel 1 on which shell 2 is positioned. Shell 2 is moved along mandrel 1 by pusher 3 and is moved upon a start wedge surface of a weldable butt locking device. When a bed is moved simultaneously with lifting of the wedge locking device the ends of the shell edges slide through the wedge surface opposite to each other and are brought into coincidence in one plane. EFFECT: improved structure. 2 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2023958-C1 (RU)
Inventor: ISACHENKO ALEKSEJ M
IPC: F23C5/14
Filed: 1991-12-29
Granted: 1994-11-30
Abstract: Использование: в индивидуальном пользовании. Сущность изобретения: печь содержит корпус с конвенционным кожухом, камеру сгорания с входным дымоходным патрубком, испарительную горелку с устройством для ее зажигания, топливный бак, соединенный со штуцером горелки. Боковые стенки корпуса выполнены в виде усеченного перфорированного конуса, соприкасающегося верхними кромками с отверстиями на дне камеры сгорания. По вертикальной оси конусообразных стенок прикреплены коаксиально установленные две трубки с зазором, верхнее отверстие наружной трубки заварено и расположено выше внутренней трубки, у основания наружной трубки на стенках выполнены газовыпускные отверстия, а внутри корпуса горелки в горизонтальных плоскостях расположены лопастные завихрители. Устройство для зажигания горелки выполнено в виде лотка с удлиненной ручкой, установленного с возможностью перемещения по направляющему поддону, закрепленному за горизонтальную плоскую опору. Корпус горелки выполнен в виде кольца, закрепленного на горизонтальной опоре, при этом штуцер горелки прикреплен к кольцу при помощи упоров и подводящего топливопровода, которые выполнены с возможностью свободного входа сверху в радиальные пазы кольца, а нижние кромки горелки выполнены с возможностью свободного входа сверху в паз кольца, расположенный по его окружности выше установленных в радиальные пазы упоров штуцера. 3 ил.
Patent RU-2091788-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of quantitative determination of nitazol in biosubstrates
Inventor: MAYAKOVA TATYANA I
IPC: G01N30/06
Filed: 1992-03-24
Granted: 1997-09-27
Abstract: FIELD: analytical methods. SUBSTANCE: sample to by analyzed is treated with acetonitrile in 1:1 proportion, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15-20 min, and chromatographed on column with reversed-phase silica gel sorbent using for elution 30-50% methanol aqueous solution with pH 3.2-3.3 with rate 100 mcl/min. Nitazol is detected at wavelength 348 nm and its concentration is determined from calibration curve. EFFECT: Facilitated procedure.
Patent RU-2034448-C1 (RU)
Title: Greenhouse
Inventor: SHARUPICH VADIM P
IPC: A01G9/22
Filed: 1992-05-12
Granted: 1995-05-10
Abstract: FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: this greenhouse includes multi-stage narrow-rack hydroponic devices having nutrient solution supply trays 1, optical radiation sources 3 and 21 and soil cell 5 motion limiter 7. Each tray 1 is provided with cylindrical vegetation rack 4 holding soil cells 5 in its external housing 9 and cylindrical knife 14 for cutting above-surface leaves 15 of plants 6, for example, salad. Soil cell 5 motion limiter 7 has perforations which are coaxial relative to soil cells 5, have close intimate contact with latter and allow fixing them in desired position. Vegetation rack 4 is positioned under tray 1 for revolution about its axis and provided with inner guides 18 along which knife 14 executes reciprocating motion. EFFECT: more sophisticated design. 6 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2047363-C1 (RU)
Title: Rotor vertical mill
Inventor: SMETANIN VALERIJ G
IPC: B02C13/14
Filed: 1992-06-02
Granted: 1995-11-10
Abstract: FIELD: grinding materials. SUBSTANCE: cylindrical rotor with ribs define the grinding chamber together with the housing with ribs. The grinding chamber is vertical. The rotor is suspended on the drive by way of a universal joint. The bottom of the housing has the spherical surface. The radius of the spherical surface is equal to the distance between the bottom and axis of the universal joint. The ribs of the rotor can be made up as a comb. EFFECT: improved design. 2 cl, 2 dwg
Patent RU-2047761-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for breaking down unstable mountain mass
Inventor: ZHELUNITSYN YURIJ P
IPC: E21C37/00
Filed: 1992-06-10
Granted: 1995-11-10
Abstract: FIELD: road construction; mining industry. SUBSTANCE: method involves the use of a charge with heavy metal placed at a distance from the massif to be demolished. The facing is directed toward the massif. The charge is a spherical segment is shape. The charge is exploded to break down the massif. EFFECT: simpler method; higher efficiency.
Patent RU-2039794-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for production of fish fat
Inventor: ISAEV VYACHESLAV A
IPC: A23L17/00
Filed: 1992-03-10
Granted: 1995-07-20
Abstract: FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: into ground fish mass dye and/or aromatic principle are added, their quantities being 0.05-90 of raw material mass. Then acid is added, the process is followed by mixing within 60 min and by centrifugation. Thus aromatized and/or colored fat of fish are prepared. EFFECT: improves efficiency of the method. 4 dwg
Patent RU-2067182-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for prognostication of coal seam outburst hazard in place of seam opening
Inventor: BELSKAYA NINA RAFAILOVNA
IPC: E21F5/00
Filed: 1992-07-01
Granted: 1996-09-27
Abstract: FIELD: mining industry. SUBSTANCE: method for prognostication of coal seam outburst hazard in place of seam opening includes prognostication of seam outburst by the sizes of relieved zone in front of the opening. When opening face approaches the coal seam, exploratory hole is drilled to fully cross the seam. Rate of gas emission q 1  from hole is measured before its stabilization. Then, one more hole is drilled and gas emission rate q 2  is measured by similar procedure. Ratio value   by nomograph is used to determine radius R of relieved zone and to compare with safe radius R R s . Part of seam in point of opening is considered nonhazardous if R>RR s . EFFECT: higher efficiency. 3 dwg
Patent RU-2042697-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of utilization of spent clay drilling liquid
Inventor: SHARIPOV AMIR U
IPC: B09C1/08
Filed: 1992-07-10
Granted: 1995-08-27
Abstract: FIELD: oil and gas mining industry. SUBSTANCE: method involves addition of hardener plugging liquid containing cement and cement dust at the ratio of cement phase to the clay phase of drilling liquid 2.25-15.7, respectively. EFFECT: improved method of drilling liquid utilization. 1 tbl
Patent RU-2044555-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KHARRI NILSSON
IPC: B01D33/21
Filed: 1992-08-25
Granted: 1995-09-27
Abstract: Дисковый фильтр, включающий по меньшей мере один фильтровальный диск 3, частично погруженный в резервуар для фильтруемой жидкости или суспензии, причем названный фильтровальный диск содержит множество кольцеобразно расположенных фильтровальных секторов 4 и с возможностью вращения относительно собирающего лотка 6 для твердого вещества, осаждающегося на внешней стороне фильтровальных секторов 4 и падающего с них вниз. Каждый фильтровальный сектор имеет отверстие для фильтрата, посредством которого внутренняя часть фильтровального сектора сообщена с аксиальным каналом 8 для выгрузки фильтрата. Отверстие для фильтрата расположено на заднем в отношении направления вращения краю фильтровального сектора 4 и соединенного с передней относительно вращения стороной аксиального канала 8. Вследствие этого фильтровальные секторы 4 могут быть выполнены так, чтобы они были расположены радиально наружу, а также радиально внутрь аксиальных каналов 8. 5 з. п. ф-лы, 8 ил.
Patent RU-2067790-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KHANS-ULRIKH DUMMERSDORF
IPC: C10J3/02
Filed: 1991-02-26
Granted: 1996-10-10
Abstract: Использование: в плазменной технике, в частности в плазматронах, использующих водяной пар в качестве плазменного газа. Сущность изобретения: для уменьшения эрозии электродов ограничивают охлаждение электродов. Температуру хладагента и/или состав плазменного газа, включающего водяной пар, выбирают таким образом, чтобы температура конденсации плазменного газа была ниже температуры поверхности охлаждаемых термически высоконагруженных элементов плазматрона. Температура охлаждаемых элементов определяется температурой хладагента. В качестве хладагента используется горячая вода с температурой не менее 80 град.С. Температуру конденсации плазменного газа понижают путем добавления газа с более низкой температурой конденсации, чем у водяного пара, например, воздуха. 2 с. и 12 з.п. ф-лы.
Patent RU-2035463-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of alkyldisilanes synthesis
Inventor: KLOKOV BORIS ALEKSEEVICH
IPC: C07F7/08
Filed: 1992-08-26
Granted: 1995-05-20
Abstract: FIELD: organic chemistry. SUBSTANCE: product of the formula R 1 -Si(R 2 ) 2 -Si(R 2 ) 2 -R 1  , where R 1  and R 2  - are similar or different alkyls; conversion is 98.0%. Reagent 1: R 1 Cl 2 Si-SiCl 2 R 2 . Reagent 2: R 2 MgCl. Reaction conditions: in toluene medium with ethylated vat waste of methylchlorosilanes direct synthesis at their mass ratio (1:1)-(1:2) in the presence of ethyl ether. EFFECT: improved method of synthesis. 2 cl, 2 tbl
Patent RU-2061704-C1 (RU)
Inventor: SHMAGIN VALENTIN P
IPC: C08F136/04
Filed: 1992-09-30
Granted: 1996-06-10
Abstract: Использование: промышленность синтетического каучука. Сущность: проводят полимеризацию бутадиена-1,3 или изопрена в среде углеводородного растворителя в присутствии анионного инициатора, состоящего из магнийорганического соединения /1/ -С 4  -C 10  -диалкилмагний или продукт взаимодействия магния с бутадиеном -1,3, изопреном или пентадиеном-1,3 и натрийорганического соединения /2/ ф-лы RONa, где R -C 1  -C 10  -алкил или -R'O(CH 2 ), где R' -C 1  -C 4  -алкил, n=2-4. Мольное соотношение /1/:/2/ от 0,1:1,0 до 10:1. Предварительно в полимеризационной зоне формируют комплекс соединения /2/ с изопреном в среде углеводородного растворителя, затем вводят соединение /1/. 2 табл.
Patent DE-10012182-C1 (DE)
Title: Surface treatment device for contaminated floor surface has differential pressure switch monitoring suction system for extraction of removed material for safety shut-down
Inventor: SCHAFFER KARL
IPC: B23Q11/00
Filed: 2000-03-13
Granted: 2001-08-09
Abstract: The surface treatment device (1) has a machining tool, e.g. an abrasive roller (3) and a cooperating suction device, providing a closed suction system for extraction of the removed surface material. A differential pressure switch (23) provides automatic shut-down of the surface treatment device when the pressure difference between the suction system and the outside air drops below a given value. An independent claim for an application of a surface treatment device for treatment of contaminated floor surfaces is also included. -
Patent DE-10057670-C1 (DE)
Title: Antenna element for transmission and/or reception of electromagnetic waves uses mesh embedded in flexible material of automobile tyre
Inventor: DOLLINGER FRANZ
IPC: B60C23/04
Filed: 2000-11-21
Granted: 2002-03-14
Abstract: The antenna element is at least partially formed as a flexible mesh of conductive fibres which is enclosed by a flexible material (3) forming part of an automobile tyre (1), the antenna element positioned outside the steel girdle of the tyre, or incorporated in one of the tyre flanks and coupled to a sensor (6), e.g. a passive acoustic wave sensor.
Patent DE-10125675-C1 (DE)
Title: Process for heating a substrate comprises placing the substrate onto a heating device covered with a glass ceramic plate, heating from below to the process temperature for the coating, and removing from the heating device, and coating
Inventor: EGGERT HARTMUT
IPC: C23C16/458
Filed: 2001-05-25
Granted: 2002-10-02
Abstract: Process for heating a substrate comprises placing the substrate onto a heating device (3) covered with a glass ceramic plate (2) and having a recess (4) for the substrate; heating the substrate from below to the process temperature for the coating; and removing the substrate from the heating device and inserting into a coating chamber and coating.  An Independent claim is also included for a device for heating a substrate.  Preferred Features: The glass ceramic plate consists of two detachable plates having different openings. The temperature in the heating device is 500-800 deg  C. The coating process is carried out using CVD, PVD, PECVD, PICVD, LPCVD or TCVD.
Patent DE-10137435-C1 (DE)
Title: Re-tensioning device for uniformly maintaining tension in overhead railway power cable, has cylindrical weight with at least two concrete parts that are assembled at non-horizontal contact surface transverse to that of adjacent weight body
Inventor: BUHLA PETER
IPC: B60M1/26
Filed: 2001-07-31
Granted: 2003-01-23
Abstract: The device has cylindrical weight bodies made of concrete stacked on a holder connected to the cable. At least one of the weight bodies consists of at least two concrete parts (2) that are assembled at non-horizontal contact surfaces. The contact surfaces of the parts of adjacent bodies are mutually transverse.