Patent GB-577855-A (GB)
Title: System utilising electrical pulses for measuring distances
IPC: G01S13/524
Filed: 1942-04-10
Abstract: 577,855. Radio-echo apparatus. STANDARD TELEPHONES & CABLES, Ltd. April 10, 1942, No. 4783. Convention date, March 5, 1941. [Class 40 (v)] [Also in Group XXXVI] In a distance measuring system utilising the reflection of electromagnetic waves from an object and in which reflections from other objects cause unwanted indications, means are provided for suppressing some or all of the unwanted indications. As shown in Fig. 2 a pulse generator 5 controls a transmitter 6 supplying an antenna 7. A receiver 13 connected to an antenna 14 receives waves after reflection. The antennae 13; 14 may be continuously rotated or turned through a small arc. A line 8 supplies synchronising voltages from the pulse generator 5 to a cathode ray oscillograph 9. A delay circuit 10 is connected between the pulse generator 5 and the oscillograph 9 so as to provide pulses of delayed phase to be combined with the pulses at the output of the receiver 13. The delay introduced by the circuit 10 is equal to or a multiple of the time for a pulse to travel to and from a reflecting object, the output of the circuit being connected to the oscillograph in opposition to the output of the receiver 13. By adjusting the delay any of the undesired reflections may be eliminated. Several connections may be made to the circuit 10 so that pulses having different delays oppose different incoming pulses which it is desired to eliminate. The delay network 10 may be arranged as shown in Fig. 3. A number of inductances 11 are connected in series with each other and a number of condensers 12 are connected in shunt therewith. The line is terminated by an impedance 20 equal to the characteristic impedance of the line. The output is taken from any or all of the terminals 21. In order to obtain a greater delay the oscillograph 9 may also be connected to the input of the network 10, impedances 23, 24 being connected to the terminals 21 so as to cause reflections which are transmitted as echoes to the input of the network, thereby doubling the delay produced. These echoes are conveyed to the oscillograph 9 and oppose the pulses produced by waves reflected from fixed objects. The change in frequency caused in pulses reflected from a moving body, due to the Doppler effect, may be employed to differentiate such reflections from those caused by fixed bodies. The difference of frequency may be observed on an oscillograph by beats produced between the waves reflected from fixed objects and those reflected from the moving objects. The beat effect between waves reflected from a moving object and other waves from another source having a frequency equal to that of the transmitted pulses may be used. If the waves produced by another source for mixing with the incoming reflected waves are continuous, the resulting pulses obtained by combining the continuous waves with those reflected from the flxed objects will appear as pulses of constant amplitude on the screen of the oscillograph, and the resulting pulses produced by mixing the continuous waves with those reflected from the moving object will appear as a pulse of varying amplitude. The cathode ray of the oscillograph may be modulated so that a spot appears on the screen only during a portion of the time required to. sweep the beam across the screen. The time of this portion is slowly and continuously varied so that only a single pulse, whether of constant or variable amplitude, appears on the screen at one time. In another arrangement shown in Fig. 4 a portion of the received waves is retarded and combined with unretarded pulses 'so that only pulses due to reflection from moving objects appear on the oscillograph screen. A transmitter 6 controlled by a pulse generator 5 supplies an antenna 7. Reflected waves are received on an antenna 14 and converted into controlling pulses by a receiver 13. A blocking circuit 22 connected between the pulse generator 5 and the receiver 13 de-sensitises the receiver during transmission of pulses from the antenna 7. The pulse generator 5 is also coupled to the sweep circuit of the oscillograph 9 in order to synchronise the sweep circuit with the pulse generator. A commutator 15, delay circuit 16, and decoupling circuit 17 are connected between the receiver 13 and the oscillograph 9. The commutator 15 is synchronised with the pulse generator 5 so that its rate of switching is equal to the sweep frequency rate, the delay circuit being adjusted to have a delay equal to the time between transmitted pulses. Received reflected waves are converted into controlling pulses at the output of the receiver and are transmitted to the delay circuit 16. On the transmission of a second pulse from the receiver the commutator changes so that this pulse is transmitted direct to the oscillograph, which it reaches at the same time as the previous delayed pulse. Since the direct and delay circuits are connected in opposition the pulses due to reflections from fixed objects cancel out. During the interval between the first and second transmitted pulses a moving object will have moved a short distance and the direct and delayed pulses do not completely cancel. In a modification, Fig. 5, the transmitter equipment includes a modulator 19 and a pilot oscillator 18 which is preferably controlled by a quartz crystal. Energy from the oscillator 18 is combined with energy produced in the receiver 13 by the received reflected waves and produces pulses of an amplitude varying at a frequency determined by the speed of the moving object as well as pulses of constant amplitude corresponding to reflections from fixed objects. All of these pulses are supplied to the commutator 15, delay circuit 16, and decoupling circuits 17. A peak corresponding to a moving object is produced on the oscillograph scale, the position of which indicates the distance of the object, the rate of variation of amplitude of the peak giving an indication of the speed of the object. Instead of the commutator 15 two receivers may be connected to the antenna 14. One receiver is connected directly to the oscillograph and the other is connected through a delay circuit.