baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20070095119-A (KR)
Title: Remote controllable image display divice
Inventor: CHOI JEONG PIL
IPC: H04N21/475
Filed: 2006-03-20
Abstract: A remotely controlled display apparatus is provided to receive a select signal through a display unit included in a display apparatus directly and display a menu or contents corresponding to the select signal to control the display apparatus efficiently and remotely. A remotely controlled display apparatus includes a display unit(12), a signal detector(14), a memory(16), and a controller(18). The display unit displays an image or a menu, receives a signal for selecting an item of the menu and displays a sub-menu or corresponding contents. The signal detector detects the signal received through the display unit and calculates the coordinates of a region on the display unit, in which the signal is received. The memory stores the menu, the sub-menu, coordinate information of a region in which the sub-menu is displayed, and contents corresponding to the selected item. The controller reads contents of the sub-menu or the selected item corresponding to the coordinate information from the memory and transmits the contents to the display unit.
Patent KR-20060105621-A (KR)
Inventor: YAMAMOTO SHINYA
IPC: H01L21/02
Filed: 2006-03-30
Abstract: 냉각 대상 부재와 열교환하기 위한 냉매를 포함하는 냉각 장치는 냉매 통로와 냉각 수단을 포함한다.     냉매 통로는 냉매가 냉매 통로를 순환하도록 한다.     냉각 수단은 냉매를 냉매 통로에 공급하기 위해 냉매 통로와 연통된다.     냉각 수단은 냉동 회로, 압축기, 응축기, 감압 수단, 증발기, 냉매 공급 경로, 냉매 복귀 경로, 냉매 제어 수단, 그리고 제 1 압력 제어 수단을 포함한다.     냉매 제어 수단은 응축기를 냉매 통로와 연결함으로써 냉매가 기-액 2상 유동을 유지하게 하는 유량으로 냉매 통로를 순환하는 온 모드와, 응축기가 냉매 통로와 연결되지 못하게 함으로써 냉매가 냉매 통로를 순환하지 못하는 오프 모드를 가진다.
Patent KR-20070105783-A (KR)
Title: The system for removing the noise of wireless microphone and the method for controlling the same
Inventor: WANG DO SAN
IPC: H04R3/00
Filed: 2006-04-27
Abstract: A system for eliminating noise of a wireless microphone and a method for controlling the same are provided to prevent unexpected sound from being output and thus to output only the voice of a user. A wireless microphone(201) having noise elimination function comprises an input unit, a modulation unit(202), a mixing unit(203,217), and a transmission unit(204). The input unit receives a voice signal. The modulation unit modulates the received voice signal. The mixing unit mixes the frequency of the modulated voice signal with a reference frequency to generate a plurality of frequencies for one voice signal. The transmission unit transmits the plural frequencies corresponding to the one voice signal to a voice output unit.
Patent KR-20070106880-A (KR)
Title: On/off-line complex market system and method of the same
Inventor: CHA JI HYUK
IPC: G06Q30/06
Filed: 2006-05-01
Abstract: A system and a method for managing an online/offline complex shop are provided to enable an orderer to wear and order clothes quickly after the orderer wears a sample by quickly preparing the sample, as order information is transmitted to a fashion show room, an automatic coordination room, a sample dress room, and an order reception part automatically/quickly. An image capture controller(202) controls a camera of the show room and outputs goods information to a show room terminal. A coordination consultation terminal(302) provides registered coordination of the purchased goods and transmits a goods request signal to a dress room terminal(402) by receiving a customer number and the desired goods information. The dress room terminal displays customer/detail goods information and transmits a purchase signal to a sale window terminal(602). A sale window terminal receives/displays the customer/goods information and goods price information, and processes payment. A shop management server(700) controls shopping action by transceiving the information among the terminals and controlling the terminals, orders the goods to a maker server(820), requests a delivery company server(830) to deliver the goods, and transmits the fashion show/goods information to each local shop terminal(840).
Patent KR-20070107218-A (KR)
Title: System for using smart card
Inventor: KIM KI JEOUNG
IPC: G06K17/00
Filed: 2006-05-02
Abstract: A system for using a smart card is provided automatically to execute an application program for executing the various additional services of the smart card when the connection of the smart card to an Internet communication terminal is recognized. A system(1) for using a smart card includes a smart card(10), a card reader(20), a communication terminal(30), a management server(40), and an application(50). The smart card mounts additional services thereon. The card reader reads the information mounted on the smart card. The communication terminal is capable of performing Internet communication and communication with the card reader. The management server manages the additional services. The application automatically executes an application program to execute the additional services when the connection of the smart card to the communication terminal is recognized, and is mounted on any one of the smart card, the card reader, and the communication terminal.
Patent KR-20070110720-A (KR)
Title: 6 Cement mortar composition for concrete surface without hexavalent chrome
Inventor: KWON HEE MOON
IPC: C04B22/14
Filed: 2006-05-15
Abstract: A hexavalent chrome-free cement mortar composition for constructing concrete floors in apartment houses is provided to realize improved smoothness and anti-cracking property sufficient for preventing cracking caused by drying or firing, while preventing a cancer or atopic diseases from being generated. A hexavalent chrome-free cement mortar composition for constructing concrete floors in apartment houses comprises: 20-30 wt% of cement; 60-70 wt% of sand; 3-5 wt% of fly ash; 3-5 wt% of anhydrite; 1-2 wt% of quick lime; 0.3-0.8 wt% of ferrous oxide heptahydrate; 0.3-0.3 wt% of a superfluidizer; 0.003-0.006 wt% of a thickening agent; and 0.1-0.2 wt% of a defoaming agent. In a variant, the cement mortar composition comprises 2-4 wt% of a CSA(calcium sulfate aluminate) type blower instead of 1-2 wt% of quick lime.
Patent KR-20060083385-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM SIN HO
IPC: G06F12/00
Filed: 2006-05-15
Abstract: 본 발명은 홍채보안장치가 구비된 USB 저장장치에 관한 것으로, 컴퓨터의 USB단자에 인터페이스되어 컴퓨터와의 데이터 교환이 가능하게 하는 USB 포트가 포함된 USB 저장장치(1)에 있어서, 상기 USB포트 및 상기 USB 포트와 저장장치간에 데이터 전송을 제어하는 USB 콘트롤러(120)로 이루어진 USB 인터페이스부(100); 컴퓨터로부터 상기 USB 인터페이스부(100)를 통해 입력되는 데이터를 저장하는 주기억장치부(200)와; USB 인터페이스부가 상기 주기억장치부로의 접근을 제어하는 주기억장치제어부(300)와; 원본홍채코드와 사용시 입력되는 참조홍채코드와의 일치여부를 판별하고 그 일치여부에 따라 상기 주기억장치제어부를 제어함으로 상기 저장장치(1)의 작동여부를 결정하도록 하는 홍채보안장치부(400)를 포함하는 구성을 특징으로 하며, 따라서 홍채고유의 식별장치를 보안장치로 이용하므로써 이동저장장치에 있어서 데이터 유출에 대해 고도의 잠금기능을 제공하는 효과가 있다. 
       
     홍채보안, USB 저장장치
Patent KR-20060081673-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SEUNG HAK
IPC: B25J5/00
Filed: 2006-05-25
Abstract: 본 발명은 센서 네트워크를 기반으로 하여 광범위하고 침입상황에 신속하게 대응하는 방범 로봇 시스템 및 방법에 관한 것이다. 즉, 본 발명의 센서 네트워크 기반의 광범위 방범 시스템은 인체 감지 센서를 통해 침입자를 감지하면 침입자의 위치를 RF신호로 송신하는 다수의 센서 노드와, 침입자의 위치를 수신하면 침입자의 위치로 이동하여 장착된 카메라를 통해 침입자를 촬영하거나 침입자에게 무단 침입에 대한 경고를 수행하는 다수의 방범 로봇으로 구성된다. 이와 같은 구성을 통해 각 방범 로봇은 센서노드로부터 담당 영역의 위치 정보를 수신하여 각 담당 영역의 적정 위치에서 대기하며, 광범위 방범 지역내 외부 침입자 발생 시 센서노드를 통해 침입자의 위치 정보를 수신 받아 상기 침입자의 위치로 이동한 후, 침입자에 대한 촬영 및 경고 등의 방범 역할을 수행하도록 함으로써, 다수의 무인 카메라 대신에 소수의 방범 로봇을 이용한 광범위한 영역에 대한 보다 보안성 높은 방범수행을 실현할 수 있으며, 적응적 로봇 배치 방법을 통해 침입자 발생 상황에 대한 보다 신속한 대응이 가능하게 된다. 
       
     방범 로봇, 신속한 대응, 광범위, 센서 네트워크, 적응적 배치
Patent KR-20060125515-A (KR)
Title: Image forming apparatus
Inventor: OMATA HARUHIKO
IPC: G03G15/00
Filed: 2006-05-30
Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided to make it possible to obtain the maximum bearing amount of transparent toner under a stable image forming condition by using a transparent toner having an amount equal to the maximum bearing amount of each colored toner. Each of colored toner image forming units(Pa,Pb,Pc,Pd) forms a colored toner image by forming an electrostatic image and developing the electrostatic image with colored toner. Each of the colored toner image forming units forms a toner image by a colored toner. The colored toner image forming units use different toner colors. A transparent toner image forming unit(Pe) forms a transparent toner image by forming an electrostatic image and developing the electrostatic image with transparent toner. The transparent toner has a smaller charge amount per unit weight than each colored toner. Transfer units(1a,1b,1c,1d,1e) transfer the colored toner images and the transparent toner image on a transfer medium.
Patent KR-20070115446-A (KR)
Title: Chair
Inventor: JAE HAI YOUNG
IPC: A47C7/48
Filed: 2006-06-02
Abstract: A chair is provided to be adjusted to support properly user's waist and back that change according to the movement of a sitting person, and to achieve acupuncture effects by letting protrusions of a cushion member stuck to a user's body. A chair includes legs(10) supported by the ground, a seat plate(20) and a backplate. The backplate includes a backplate frame(31) and plural cushion members(35). The backplate frame includes a couple of support portions(32). The lower end portion of the support portion is coupled with the seat plate or the legs. Plural coupling holes(34) are formed on the inner side in a longitudinal direction of the support portion. A connection shaft(37) is installed on the center portion of both ends of the cushion member, and coupled to the coupling holes. Three or more protruding portions(39) are formed on the cushion member.
Patent KR-20070064227-A (KR)
Title: Method for network id collision-detection and the network id anti-collision
Inventor: LIU YONG
IPC: H04W8/26
Filed: 2006-06-05
Abstract: A method for detecting and solving a PAN(Personal Area Network) ID collision is provided to detect a PAN ID collision by providing an EPID(Extended PAN IDentifier) and creating a PAN ID report command and a PAN ID update command and to solve a PAN ID collision by providing a new PAN ID. A new node, which tries to access a PAN, scans beacon frames from neighbor PANs(S310). The new node accesses a desired PAN after negotiations. Then the new node judges whether one or more neighbor PANs exist(S320). In case one or more neighbor PANs exist, the new node creates a PAN ID report command frame(S330). Then the new node judges whether a PAN ID collision is generated(S340). If a PAN ID collision is detected, the new node configures a PAN ID collision flag(S360). Then the new node transmits the created PAN ID report command frame to the coordinator of the connected PAN(S370).
Patent KR-20070117904-A (KR)
Title: Automobile door outside handle
Inventor: KIM YUN O
IPC: B60J5/00
Filed: 2006-06-09
Abstract: An automobile door outside handle is provided to improve assembling work and to reduce weight and manufacturing cost by changing a support portion of a return spring and forming projections at a rotation shaft. An automobile door outside handle comprises: a rotation shaft formed integrally with a balance weight(53) and including combining projections(61a) at both ends thereof, a handle base(60) including a combining unit that is rotatably combined with the combining projection of the rotation shaft provided at one side and a support plate(62) projected from the other end, and an elastic member(70) supporting the balance weight and the support plate of the handle base elastically.
Patent KR-20070118347-A (KR)
Title: Method and circuit for efficiency improvement of battery using electric driving unit
Inventor: CHOEN CHANG LYEOL
IPC: H02J7/02
Filed: 2006-06-12
Abstract: A method and a circuit for improving efficiency of a battery operating an electric driving unit are provided to increase operation reliability of the electric driving unit by boosting and charging a voltage as high as a driving voltage of the electric driving unit using a PWM signal of a control device. A circuit for improving efficiency of a battery operating an electric driving unit(20) includes a battery(10) and an input unit, and a control unit, a boosting control part(100), and a switch(200). The control unit waits for a signal from the input unit and generates a PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) signal and a switching signal according to a signal and a control order of the input unit. The boosting control part adds the PWM signal outputted from the control unit to a real output voltage of the battery and stores the result value in a condenser for preliminarily charging so that the value is equal to a driving voltage of the electric driving unit. The switch provides the voltage charged in the condenser for preliminarily charging of the boosting control part for the electric driving unit. The switch changes polarity of the charged voltage and is controlled by the control unit.
Patent KR-20060080153-A (KR)
Inventor: KANG MIM SOO
IPC: G06F15/00
Filed: 2006-06-12
Abstract: 본 출원은 특허출원 제 10-2001-0016356호를 분할 출원한 것으로서, 본 발명은 광고 콘텐츠에 노출된 사용자가 그 광고 콘텐츠에 대한 응답을 제공했을 경우, 그 응답 시간에 따라 차등적으로 보상을 제공하는 광고 운영 방법 및 그 광고 콘텐츠에 관한 것이다. 
     이를 통해 광고주는 사용자들의 즉각적인 반응을 유도할 수 있고, 적극적으로 반응한 사용자는 더 높은 보상을 받을 수 있기 때문에, 광고 효과가 극대화 될 수 있다. 
       
     광고, 응답 시간, 차등적 보상
Patent KR-20070113065-A (KR)
Title: Installation of wheel on base-surface of vessel
Inventor: CHOI SANG JIN
IPC: B65D88/10
Filed: 2006-06-14
Abstract: A method for installing a wheel on a bottom surface of a vessel is provided to improve adhesive force by using FRP(Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) manufactured by mixing and solidifying unsaturated polyester resin and glass fiber. A method for attaching a wheel(2) to a plastic product or a wood product comprises an attachment plate of the wheel and an attached surface of the product opened by unsaturated polyester resin and glass fiber to which the unsaturated polyester resin is absorbed.
Patent KR-20060131660-A (KR)
Title: Liquid discharge head and recording device
Inventor: KITAKAMI KOICHI
IPC: B41J2/16
Filed: 2006-06-15
Abstract: A liquid discharge head and a recording device are provided to narrow a width of each individual liquid chamber to perform high resolution, and prevent generation of cracks of a vibration plate to increase a lifespan of the liquid discharge head. A liquid discharge head includes a discharge port(2), a liquid chamber(5), a piezoelectric device(6), and a vibration plate(7). The discharge port discharges liquid. The liquid chamber is in communication with the discharge port. The piezoelectric device includes one electrode layer independently disposed corresponding to the liquid chamber, the other electrode layer, a piezoelectric layer inserted between the one and the other electrode layers, and a piezoelectric drive part for deforming the piezoelectric layer. The vibration plate is interposed between the piezoelectric device and the liquid chamber. The piezoelectric drive part is in full contact with the vibration plate.
Patent KR-20060082070-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK YOUNG HO
IPC: A61F9/02
Filed: 2006-06-24
Abstract: 본 발명은 작업용 보안경에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 얼굴로 향하는 보안경의 안경테 내측 전체에 미세통공이 형성된 발포수지로 된 밀착패드가 부착됨에 따라, 상기 밀착패드에 의해 얼굴과 안경테의 사이로 분진이나 이물질이 유입되는 것을 효과적으로 막을 수 있게 되고, 안경테가 얼굴의 피부를 짓누르지 않아 착용감을 향상시킬 수 있게 되며, 호흡에 의해 렌즈에 습기가 맺히는 현상도 방지할 수 있게 됨으로써, 작업자의 눈을 보다 안전하게 보호할 수 있게 되고 작업의 효율성도 크게 향상시킬 수 있게 된 작업용 보안경에 관한 것이다.  
     본 발명에 따르면,  눈의 시야를 확보하여 주는 렌즈와; 상기 렌즈가 양측에 고정되고, 얼굴에 착용할 수 있도록 인체공학적인 구조를 가진 안경테;로 구성된 통상의 작업용 보안경에 있어서, 상기 안경테의 내측 전체에 안경테와 얼굴의 피부의 사이에 틈이 생기지 않고 밀착되게 하는 밀착패드가 부착 설치됨을 특징으로 한 작업용 보안경이 제공된다.  
       
     작업용 보안경, 안경테, 렌즈, 밀착패드
Patent KR-20060081687-A (KR)
Inventor: CHO TEAG IL
IPC: H04N19/51
Filed: 2006-06-28
Abstract: 본 발명은 동영상 압축 및 복원에 관한 것으로, 특히 움직임 벡터를 이용하여 움직임 예측을 통해 동영상을 압축하게 될때, 1/4 픽셀(quarter-pixel) 까지 확장하여 움직임 벡터를 구하도록 하여 이에 따라서 영상을 압축하여 전송하도록 한 1/4 픽셀 움직임 벡터를 이용한 동영상 압축방법에 관한 것이다. 
     일반적인 종래 움직임 벡터 검출 방법에 있어서는 1 픽셀 단위의 움직임 벡터를 구한다음 이에 대한 매크로 블록과 이와 인접한 픽셀에 대응하는 매크로 블록과의 보간 즉, 상기 두 매크로 블록간의 단순 평균값을 이용하여 1/2 픽셀(half-pixel)까지 움직임 벡터를 구하도록 한다.  
     본 발명에서는 1 픽셀 단위의 움직임 벡터에 대한 매크로 블록과 이와 인접한 픽셀에 대응하는 매크로 블록과의 보간이 단순 평균값이 아닌 위치에 따르는 가중치를 사용하여 움직임 벡터의 단위를 최소 1/4 픽셀 단위까지 계산하도록 하므로써, 영상 압축 효율이 높아지므로, 영상 복호가 완료된 후에는 보다 향상된 화질을 제공할 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 
       
     움직임 벡터, 1/4 픽셀
Patent KR-20080003988-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for eliminating speckle and apparatus laser display using apparatus for eliminating speckle
Inventor: SHIN SUNG CHUL
IPC: G02B27/18
Filed: 2006-07-04
Abstract: An apparatus for eliminating speckle and a laser display apparatus using the same are provided to modulate phase of a laser in all regions by performing minute adjustment of a grating region. An apparatus(130) for eliminating speckle includes a micro mirror array eliminating speckle of a projected image by converting phase of an incident laser beam at random. The micro mirror array comprises a number of micro mirrors performing round rotating motion or vertical round translational motion for a reflection plane. The micro mirror includes the reflection plane having a circular shape or a polygonal shape. The micro mirror adjusts an operation pattern of each micro mirror by reflecting a phase conversion pattern fabricated by a computer hologram technique.
Patent KR-20080004238-A (KR)
Title: A method of establishing a quality control strategy for a ship production
Inventor: SHIN SANG HO
IPC: G06F17/00
Filed: 2006-07-05
Abstract: A method of establishing a system for the quality management strategy of ship building is provided to collectively deal with the following steps of setting up a process for establishing the level of the quality management strategy and goal, establishing a system for the standard structure and the outcome evaluation of quality management, setting up a process and a structure for self-inspection; breeding up engineers for managing grade and quality of the whole work process; systemizing documents for quality through information management; managing the documents, bringing up cooperative companies, establishing an evaluation system; and dealing with demands of a ship owner. A method of establishing a system for the quality management strategy of ship building follows the data-analysis steps: a quality index output step which makes inspection error rate, cancellation rate, nondestructive-test error rate, inspection success rate, progress rate, quality cost and comment contents in each part of quality; and a report step which analyzes and reports references, such as quality information acquired in each part of quality and a quality index of another company.
Patent KR-20070019538-A (KR)
IPC: H04N7/173
Filed: 2006-07-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 IP 기반의 방송 시스템에서 방송 수신을 위한 서비스 가이드(service Guide)의 억세스 프래그먼트의 구조와 그 송수신 방법 및 장치에 대한 것으로서, 본 발명에 따른 상기 억세스 프래그먼트 구조는 상기 방송 서비스가 방송 채널과 양방향 채널 중 어느 채널로 전송되는지 여부를 지시하는 속성 정보와, 상기 속성 정보가 지시하는 채널과 관련된 전송 토롤로지 정보 또는 전송 스킴 정보 중 적어도 하나에 대한 요소를 포함하여 구성됨을 특징으로 한다. 따라서 본 발명에 의하면, 서비스가 전송되는 채널별로 전송 스킴/전송 토폴로지와 프로토콜을 효율적으로 지원하는 억세스 프래그먼트의 송수신 방안을 제공하여 이동 단말의 서비스 접근을 보다 효율적으로 수행할 수 있다. 
       
     OMA BCAST, Service Guide, Access Fragment, Access Type, IP multicast
Patent KR-20080007966-A (KR)
Title: Simultaneous interpretation service system
Inventor: HYUN SANG SOO
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2006-07-19
Abstract: A simultaneous interpretation service system using a mobile phone connected with a wireless headset is provided to enable a user to talk with a foreigner freely by implementing a simultaneous interpretation service through a wireless headset and the microphone/speaker part of a mobile phone. A simultaneous interpretation service system consists of a mobile phone(3) and an interpretation service center. The mobile phone(3) comprises a key part(31), a communication part(32), a call module(33), a microphone/speaker part(34), a control part(35), a display part(36), a channel communication part(37), and a wireless headset(39). The key part(31) has specific keys to select a desired language and to access the interpretation service center. The communication part(32) communicates with the interpretation service center. The call module(33) processes the voice signals inputted and outputted through the communication part(32). The microphone/speaker part(34) is composed of a microphone and a speaker. The control part(35) outputs a language selection screen through the display part(36) when a specific key is inputted. When a specific language is selected, the control part(35) executes automatic dialing to the interpretation service center. The control part(35) makes the contents of a call supplied through the wireless headset(39) and the microphone/speaker part(34) at the same time. The display part(36) outputs a screen to select a simultaneous interpretation language according to the control of the control part(35). The channel communication part(37) communicates with the wireless headset(39) in a Bluetooth communication method. The wireless headset(39) provides an interpreter's voice, inputted through the channel communication part(37), to the first or second language user. Also the wireless headset(39) transmits the first or second language user's voice to the call module(33) through the channel communication part(37).
Patent KR-20080008040-A (KR)
Title: Method for recommending broadcasting program and apparatus thereof
Inventor: JEONG JIN GUK
IPC: H04N5/445
Filed: 2006-07-19
Abstract: A method and an apparatus for recommending a broadcasting program are provided to select broadcasting program channels as much as the number of initially-recommended broadcasting programs and display broadcasting program frames corresponding to the selected broadcasting program as a recommendation screen so that a user is able to select a desired broadcasting program. A method for recommending a broadcasting program comprises the following steps of: selecting broadcasting program channels as much as the number of initially-recommended broadcasting programs(S810); displaying broadcasting program frames, corresponding to the selected broadcasting program, as a recommendation screen(S820); and enabling a user to select one channel of the selected plural broadcasting programs(S840).
Patent KR-20080009979-A (KR)
Title: Method for making of funtion key in earphone
Inventor: KIM DONG IL
IPC: H04B1/38
Filed: 2006-07-25
Abstract: A method for implementing a function key of an earphone is provided to improve user convenience by simply performing a particular function of an external device connected to an earphone. When a magnetic member is attached on one surface of a holder having a hall sensor, the hall sensor senses a magnetic field generated from the magnetic member(S210,S220). If the sensed value of the magnetic field is greater than or the same as a threshold value, the hall sensor outputs a signal 'A', and if the sensed value is smaller than the threshold value, the hall sensor outputs a signal 'B'(S230,S250). The hall sensor outputs a control signal, and the control signal is transferred to an external device via a connection terminal of a cable(S240).
Patent KR-20080017163-A (KR)
Title: Roast method and apparatus
Inventor: HAN EIN KYUNG
IPC: A47J37/00
Filed: 2006-08-21
Abstract: A roasting method and device are provided to prevent smell and smoke from being spread out when cooking foods by ejecting an air around a heat source and forming an air shielding layer. A roasting method comprises the steps: locating a heat source(1) at a center; installing an air ejecting unit(2) with an ejection hole(3) formed upward around the heat source; driving an air actuator(5) for supplying air to the air ejecting unit; and ejecting air upward through the ejection hole so as to form an air shielding layer around the heat source.