Patent GB-1087374-A (GB)
Title: Method and apparatus for identifying remote target characteristics
IPC: G01S13/26
Filed: 1966-03-09
Abstract: 1,087,374. Radar; noise generators. BARRINGER RESEARCH Ltd. March 9, 1966 [March 12, 1965], No. 10274/66. Headings H3B and H4D. Impedance discontinuity characteristics of a target are determined at a remote station by transmitting a train of pulses from the station towards the target, the pulses having a wide frequency spectrum, and determining in the resultant echoes, the changes in phase of amplitude, of selected frequency components within said spectrum, caused by said characteristics. Two main embodiments are described: (a) determining, from an aircraft, the moisture content of various depth layers of a proposed landing site, and (b) determining, from an aircraft, the thickness of freshwater ice. In embodiment (a), Fig. 4, the pulses have a width less than 100 n. sec., a repetition of 10 kc./s. and a frequency content extending from 50 mc/s. to 500 mc/s. The lower the frequency component the greater will be its depth of penetration, and the higher the frequency component the greater will be its resolution. Each pulse is produced by shock exciting a wide band antenna, such as a log planar spiral, Fig. 1 (not shown), by a voltage step function or impulse having a rise time of the order of 1 n. sec., Fig. 2 (not shown). Alternatively, a plurality of pulsers, tuned to frequencies distributed within the required spectrum, may be simultaneously triggered, Fig. 5 (not shown). The echo pulses are fed to a bank of tuned amplifiers 15-18 (only four are shown for simplicity) respectively tuned to 50, 100, 200 and 400 mc/s. The amplifier outputs are detected at 20-23 and the detected outputs are passed through crystal fillers 24-27 all tuned to the repetition frequency of 10 kc./s. This increases the S/N ratio. After a second detection at 28-31 the signals are passed through variable gain D.C., amplifiers 32-35. In a calibration procedure, a single reflecting plane is set up, and the D.C. amplifiers are relatively adjusted to give output signals of equal amplitude. The thus normalized signals, after passing through a bank of AGC amplifiers having their amplification controlled by an altitude determining device to counteract decrease of signal with increase of height, are fed to a recording or telemetering device 41. This may comprise a multichannel recorder, a C.R.T. display with each frequency component represented by a vertical trace or means causing the automatic monitoring of the ratio between minimum and maximum signals to provide a direct indication of the presence of layered soil. The signals may be recorded on tape for computer processing on ground. In embodiment (b), Fig. 6 (not shown), the frequency is determined at which quarter-wave cancellation occurs between returns from the upper and lower surfaces of the ice. The frequency range content of the pulses is from 186-558 mc/s., and the echoes are fed to a tuned amplifier bank (63-66) respectively tuned to 558, 335, 239, and 186 mc/s., to a detector bank (67-70) and to a repetition frequency tuned filter bank (71-74). The outputs of the filters are fed to a minimum amplitude discriminator (75) which causes the actuation of the corresponding thickness indicator lamp (76-79). For greater thicknesses the output of detector (67) is fed to a bank of tuned amplifiers (80-83) respectively tuned to 140, 112, 93 and 70 mc/s. The amplifiers are also connected to detectors (84-87), filters (88-91), a minimum amplitude discriminator (92) and thickness indicator lamp (93-96). A rectified pulse from (67) caused by the upper surface of the ice will cause the tuned amplifiers to ring. If the following pulse caused by the lower surface occurs one half wavelength after the fits for one of the amplifiers, then the ring of that amplifier will be cancelled and a signal minimum will occur. Other stated uses of the invention are the investigation by satellite of the moon's crust, and the identification of an aircraft by the effect its characteristic shape has on the various frequency components.