baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20160117204-A (KR)
Inventor: MASAAKI IWAKURA
IPC: H01F27/24
Filed: 2016-03-21
Abstract: A coil device comprises: a bobbin (20) having a division unit on the outer circumference surface; a first wiring unit (30) which is wound around the outer circumference surface of one side of the division unit; and a second wiring unit (40) which is wound around the outer circumference surface of the other side of the division unit and includes an internal wiring layer (40a) and an external wiring layer (40b) which is located far away from the outer circumference surface of the other side than the internal wiring layer. The second wiring unit includes first and second wire units (42, 44) which are wound to be closed to each other in a wiring axis direction. In the internal wiring layer, one of the first and second wire units is arranged near the first wiring unit than the other. In the external wiring layer, the other of the first and second wire units is arranged near the first wiring unit than the one.
Patent KR-20170111722-A (KR)
Inventor: AHN BYOUNG HOON
IPC: H01M10/0525
Filed: 2016-03-29
Abstract: 본 발명은 바인더의 투입량을 조절하여 고점도에서의 1차 믹싱 공정을 수행함으로써, 전극 슬러리의 물성을 개선하여 드래그 라인(Drag line)을 최소화할 수 있는 리튬 이차전지용 전극 슬러리 제조방법 및 상기 이차전지용 전극 슬러리 제조방법을 사용하여 전극 불량률이 저감되고, 전지 안정성이 개선된 리튬 이차전지용 전극 제조방법, 이에 의해 제조된 전극 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지를 제공하는 것이다.
Patent KR-20170112249-A (KR)
Title: 스마트폰 사용제한 시스템
Inventor: KIM CHI HA
IPC: H04W4/00
Filed: 2016-03-31
Abstract: 스마트폰 사용제한 시스템이 개시된다. 본 발명의 실시예에 따른 스마트폰 사용제한 시스템은, 피보호자 애플리케이션이 설치된 피보호자 스마트폰; 보호자 애플리케이션이 설치된 보호자 스마트폰; 및 사용제한 서비스 서버;를 포함한다. 상기 보호자 애플리케이션은 피보호자 스마트폰을 사용 가능한 허용시간 및 피보호자 스마트폰의 화면에 잠금 페이지 출력시 사용 가능한 애플리케이션 정보를 설정받아 사용제한 서비스 서버로 전송한다. 상기 피보호자 애플리케이션은 피보호자 스마트폰의 사용 시작시각을 사용제한 서비스 서버로 전송한다. 상기 사용제한 서비스 서버는 상기 사용 시작시각으로부터 시간이 경과 하여 상기 허용시간에 도달하면 잠금 요청 메시지 및 사용 가능한 애플리케이션 정보를 피보호자 애플리케이션으로 전송한다. 상기 피보호자 애플리케이션은 잠금 요청 메시지에 따라 상기 사용 가능한 애플리케이션 정보로 구성된 허용메뉴를 포함한 잠금 페이지를 피보호자 스마트폰의 화면에 출력하여서 피보호자 스마트폰의 사용을 막는다.
Patent KR-20170112279-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM CHAN HONG
IPC: C09K3/18
Filed: 2016-03-31
Abstract: 본 발명은 연잎의 표면 구조 형성을 위한 초소수성(Superhydrophobic) 신소재의 효과적인 제작을 위한 혼합조성물에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 표면장력을 극대화시키기 위한 혼합조성물에 관한 것이다. 
본 발명은 연잎의 표면구조 형성을 위한 초소수성 신소재에 관한 것으로서 연잎의 표면구조를 형성함으로써, 표면장력을 극대화하여 초소수성(超疏水性)을 구현할 수 있다. 또한 친환경소재로 구성되어 2차 환경피해가 발생하지 않으며, 유지관리가 간편하고 장기적인 수명 확보가 가능한 잇점을 아울러 지니고 있다.
Patent KR-20160117365-A (KR)
Inventor: HIROTA KOICHI
IPC: H01F41/02
Filed: 2016-03-31
Abstract: The present invention relates to an R-Fe-B-based sintered magnet containing R_2(Fe,(Co))_14B intermetallic compound as a main phase. The magnet contains boride phases such as Ti, at grain boundary triple junctions but does not contain R_1.1Fe_4B_4 compound phase; and has a core/shell structure which the main phase is covered with grain boundary phases comprising an amorphous and/or sub 10 nm nano-crystalline R-Fe(Co)-M_1 phases or the R-Fe(Co)-M_1 phase and a crystalline or a nanocrystalline and amorphous R-M_1 phase having at least 50 at% of R, wherein R is rare earth element and essentially containing neodymium (Nd) and praseodymium (Pr). A surface area coverage of the R-Fe(Co)-M_1 phase on main phase is at least 50%, and a width of an intergranular grain boundary phase is at least 10 nm and on average at least 50 nm. According to the present invention, the magnet does not contain Dy, Tb and Ho or exhibits a coercivity of at least 10 kOe despite a low or a zero content of Dy, Tb and Ho.
Patent KR-20170117782-A (KR)
Title: 배터리 보호 방법 및 장치
Inventor: HAN KI WOOK
IPC: G01K7/22
Filed: 2016-04-14
Abstract: 본 발명의 다양한 실시 예들은 전자 장치에서 배터리를 보호하기 위한 방법 및 장치에 관하여 개시한다. 본 발명의 다양한 실시 예들에 따르면, 전자 장치에 있어서, 전자 장치에 전원을 공급하는 배터리; 상기 전자 장치의 시간 정보를 유지하기 위한 타이머; 배터리 온도를 측정하기 위한 써미스터; 및 상기 배터리, 상기 타이머, 및 상기 써미스터와 전기적으로 연결된 프로세서를 포함하고, 상기 프로세서는, 상기 전자 장치의 파워 오프 시 상기 배터리의 상태를 판단하고, 상기 판단하는 결과에 기초하여 상기 배터리를 보호하기 위한 서스펜드 진입을 제어하고, 상기 서스펜드 진입에 따른 슬립 상태에서 상기 타이머에 의해 웨이크-업 하여, 상기 배터리의 상태 정보를 획득하고, 상기 상태 정보에 기초하여 상기 배터리의 배터리 보호에 관련된 기능을 수행하도록 구성할 수 있다. 다양한 실시 예들이 가능하다.
Patent KR-20170119147-A (KR)
Title: 사물함, 이의 사용방법, 및 이를 포함하는 문
Inventor: PARK KI BUM
IPC: E05B17/10
Filed: 2016-04-18
Abstract: 본 개시는 사물함에 있어서, 측면, 후면, 상면 및 하면으로 둘러싼 제1 내부공간을 포함하는 몸체; 제1 내부공간을 개폐할 수 있는 제1 커버; 제1 커버를 잠금 또는 잠금 해제하는 제1 잠금장치; 제1 내부공간을 복수의 공간으로 나누는 이동가능한 격벽;그리고, 복수의 공간을 각각 개폐할 수 있는 복수의 제2 커버;를 가지는 것을 특징으로 하는 사물함, 이의 사용방법, 및 이를 포함하는 문에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20160137365-A (KR)
Title: Light-emitting diode with high efficiency
Inventor: KIM TAE GYUN
IPC: H01L33/14
Filed: 2016-04-20
Abstract: The present invention provides a high efficiency light emitting diode (LED) to prevent light adsorption by a barrier metal layer, so as to improve light extraction efficiency. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the LED comprises: a light emitting structure including a second conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer placed on an upper surface of the second conductive semiconductor layer, and a first conductive semiconductor layer placed on an upper surface of the active layer; at least one first electrode electrically connected to the first conductive semiconductor layer; a current blocking layer placed on a lower surface of the light emitting structure; and a second electrode electrically connected to the second conductive semiconductor layer. The second electrode includes; a first reflective metal layer in contact with the second conductive semiconductor layer; and a second reflective metal layer covering the lower surfaces of the current blocking layer and the first reflective metal layer, and coming into contact with a part of the second conductive semiconductor layer. A contact resistance of the second reflective metal layer and the second conductive semiconductor layer is larger than that of the first reflective metal layer and the first conductive semiconductor layer.
Patent KR-20160052493-A (KR)
Title: System and method for managing retirement pension involving incentive
Inventor: ROH YONG WOO
IPC: G06Q20/10
Filed: 2016-04-22
Abstract: Disclosed are a system and a method for managing a retirement pension based on a incentives, etc. According to an aspect of the present invention, the system for managing a retirement pension linked with incentives, comprising: a retirement pension account management unit which receives incentive information of an employee from a corporation server and acknowledges whether a corporation has paid an amount corresponding to a predetermined ratio of the incentives of the employee information to a retirement pension account in the name of the employee based on the incentives information of the employee; and a fund management unit which transmits to a financial company server buyout instruction information of a financial product using a fund in the retirement pension account in the name of the employee, or transmits sell instruction information for the bought financial product to the financial company server. According to an aspect of the present invention, since all or a portion of a management incentives, etc. of an employee is changed into a retirement pension by using defined benefit type, defined contribution type, and mixed type retirement pension systems, it is possible to guarantee economic stability of the employee after retirement.
Patent KR-20160137375-A (KR)
Title: Manufacturing method of rivet member for connector and rivet member for connector
Inventor: JOUNG JAE OCK
IPC: H01R9/20
Filed: 2016-05-13
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a rivet member for a connector and a rivet member for a connector. Particularly, the present invention relates to a rivet member for a connector and a method of manufacturing a rivet member for a connector which comprises a first molding step of molding a horizontal part through casting, a second molding step of molding the rivet part through forging, and an assembling step of assembling the rivet part. The complicated shape of the rivet member can be manufactured and also thermal deformation can be minimized even at a high temperature. Plating detachment or cracking can be prevented during the caulking operation of the rivet part.
Patent KR-20170129551-A (KR)
Inventor: YOO HYUN KYUNG
IPC: H04L12/28
Filed: 2016-05-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a smart home based indoor environment control mode recommending device and a method thereof. The smart home based indoor environment control mode recommending device comprises: a sensor data managing unit; a home information managing unit; a mode managing unit; and a service recommending unit. When sensor data, which is collected by sensors in a home through a gateway device connected to a smart home, is received, the sensor data managing unit stores and manages the received sensor data in a sensor data database. The home information managing unit receives home information for member information and environment information in a corresponding space through a user terminal; and stores and manages the home information in a home data database. The mode managing unit learns a pattern by analyzing the sensor data received through the gateway device, and the home information received through the user terminal; configures an indoor environment control mode which corresponds to the corresponding space based on a learned result; and stores and manages the same in a mode data database. When a specific event is generated from the home information received through the user terminal, the service recommending unit learns the pattern by analyzing the sensor data and received through the gateway device, and the home information; extracts mode data corresponding to the learned pattern from the mode data database; and provides recommendation mode information to the user terminal. The smart home based indoor environment control mode recommending device comprises: the service recommending unit which provides the recommendation mode information extracted from the data database to the user terminal. The present invention increases completeness of a recommendation service.
Patent KR-20170130050-A (KR)
Inventor: HONG KYUNG JIN
IPC: F03D3/06
Filed: 2016-05-18
Abstract: 본 발명은 무동력 회전 반사수단이 구비된 태양광 발전장치에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 지상에 설치된 지주 상단에 고정 설치된 태양광패널 고정프레임과, 상기 태양광패널 고정프레임의 상면에 일정 기울기로 설치되어 수광된 태양광을 전기로 변환하는 태양광패널과, 상기 태양광패널의 일측 또는 주변에 설치되어 입사되는 태양광을 태양광패널 상면으로 반사시켜 태양광패널의 태양광 수광효율을 향상시키기 위한 반사수단을 포함하여 구성되되, 상기 반사수단은 태양광패널 고정프레임에 연결된 고정지지대에 회전 가능하게 고정되어 태양광패널의 측부에 설치되는 원통형 본체와, 상기 원통형 본체의 원주면에서 그 길이방향으로 다수개로 분할 형성되고 입사된 태양광을 반사시키도록 내면에 반사면이 구비된 복수개의 분할 반사판을 포함한 구성으로 이루어지고, 상기 본체의 중심부에 설치된 회전축의 선단부에는 풍력에 의해 일 방향으로 회전되면서 상기 본체를 회전시키는 바람개비가 설치된 구성으로 이루어진다.
Patent KR-20170055397-A (KR)
Title: A LNG Carrier
Inventor: LEE SANG BONG
IPC: B63H21/38
Filed: 2016-05-27
Abstract: According to the present invention, an LNG carrier comprises: a liquefied gas storage tank storing liquefied gas; a boil-off gas compressor supplying boil-off gas generated in the liquefied gas storage tank as a fuel of an engine; a reliquefying device liquefying the remaining boil-off gas which is not supplied to the engine. The present invention increase output of the engine to reduce the remaining boil-off gas which is not supplied to the engine in order to reduce the remaining boil-off gas introduced to the reliquefying device.
Patent KR-20170137381-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG JIN YOUNG
IPC: F16C29/06
Filed: 2016-06-03
Abstract: The present invention provides a ball bushing for lift guide of a susceptor of a deposition equipment, comprising: a spline having a shaft hole into which a guide shaft is inserted inside thereof, having a plurality of first ball grooves radially formed on the outside of the shaft hole, and having a plurality of second ball grooves formed on a front end and a rear end of an outer circumference; a housing having a cylindrical shape with one side opened to be embedded with the spline, and inserted with the spline to come in and out; a plug member inserted into an opening portion of the housing preventing a deposition material from being introduced into the housing; a plurality of balls inserted into the first ball grooves and the second ball grooves to be rotated, and being in point contact with the guide shaft; an unlocking portion to restrict or release the plug member inserted into the housing to open/close the housing; and a discharge portion to pressurize the spline to the outside of the housing if the plug member is separated from the housing to come in and out by the unlocking portion, and pressurizing the plug member and the spline to the outside of the housing.
Patent KR-20170138287-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE HYUN JONG
IPC: A61K8/34
Filed: 2016-06-07
Abstract: Provided is a fusion polyphenol which is composed of: a peptide consisting of amino acid sequences represented by sequence number 1; and a polyphenol connected with the peptide or a derivative thereof. The fusion polyphenol of the present invention increases stability of polyphenol as well as skin permeability and skin residual rate. In addition, cosmetic products containing the fusion polyphenol bring outstanding skin conditioning effects.
Patent KR-20170112865-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM WON SAM
IPC: H01L51/50
Filed: 2016-06-16
Abstract: 본 발명에 따른 화합물의 혼합물을 인광 호스트 물질로 이용함으로써, 유기전기소자의 높은 발광효율, 낮은 구동전압을 달성할 수 있으며, 또한 소자의 수명을 크게 향상시킬 수 있는 유기전기소자, 그 전자장치를 제공한다.
Patent KR-20170143057-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM EU SUK
IPC: H05B1/02
Filed: 2016-06-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to an air mattress. According to the present invention, the air mattress comprises: a rectangular parallelepiped air storage part having a plurality of connection threads; an air inlet part including an air inlet and an air inlet cover which are placed on one side of the air storage part; a power part including a sheet heating element coupled to the upper surface of the air storage part, a receptacle to supply power to the sheet heating element, and a controller to set the temperature and operation time; and a seat part to surround the air storage part and sheet heating element. Thus, since the temperature is maintained for a long time, excellent heat insulation is provided. Accordingly, the temperature is kept for a relatively long time even if the power supplied to the sheet heating element is cut off; thereby providing an effect capable of remarkably reducing consumption power. Moreover, provided are effects that are helpful to users health through anion and far infrared rays generated from the upper surface of the sheet part coated with pulverized natural stone or charcoal, which makes the anion and far infrared generation part unbreakable even if air inside the air mattress is discharged for storage or transport.
Patent KR-20170142353-A (KR)
Inventor: AN JUI LIP
IPC: E21C25/16
Filed: 2016-06-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a rock removal device and a rock removal method using the same capable of easily quarrying stone and ensuring convenience of post-processing without damaging the quarried stone by cutting a rough stone depending on the required size to quarry stone without crushing stone in a stone mountain by blasting. The present invention comprises a first wire fixing bar, a second wire fixing bar, a cutting wire, and a control unit. The first wire fixing bar is inserted into at least one drilled hole and comprises: a guide bar having a guide groove formed on a side part thereof; a guide roller inserted into the guide groove and moving up and down; and a cylinder disposed at an upper part of the guide bar and controlling the upward and downward movement of the guide roller. The second wire fixing bar is inserted into at least one drilled hole and comprises: a guide bar having a guide groove formed on a side part thereof; a guide roller inserted into the guide groove and moving up and down; a cylinder disposed at an upper part of the guide bar and controlling the upward and downward movement of the guide roller; and an auxiliary guide roller provided on one side of the guide roller. The cutting wire is connected to the first wire fixing bar and the second wire fixing bar to cut a rock layer vertically or horizontally. The control unit is connected to the cutting wire to control a vertical or horizontal cutting operation of the cutting wire.
Patent KR-20160150050-A (KR)
Title: Memory circuit
Inventor: PLAVEC LUBOMIR
IPC: G11C7/12
Filed: 2016-06-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a memory circuit, including: at least one bit cell (12) having a first terminal (15) and a second terminal (17), storing data and coupled to one bit line (16) among the terminals (15, 17); at least one current switch (20) connected to the bit line (16) and a current source (22) and capable of operating to selectively supply current to the bit cell (12); and a sense amplifier (30) connected to a sensing node (33) on the bit line (16), and having at least one input (31), wherein the sensing node (33) is located on the bit cell (12) and at least one current switch (20).
Patent KR-20180002985-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM SUN TAE
IPC: F16K11/02
Filed: 2016-06-30
Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for injecting a fixed amount of sample gas for a gas chromatograph, which is provided in a gas chromatograph to inject a fixed amount of sample gas into a column. The apparatus of the present invention comprises: a first three-way valve including a first inlet connected to a carrier gas inlet path into which carrier gas is introduced, a second inlet located adjacent to the first inlet, and a third inlet located adjacent to the first and second inlets, respectively and connected to the column through the carrier gas inlet path; a second three-way valve including a fourth inlet connected to the second inlet, a fifth inlet located adjacent to the fourth inlet and connected to a sample gas inlet path into which sample gas is introduced, and a sixth inlet located adjacent to the fourth and fifth inlets, respectively; a sample loop connected to the sixth inlet and filled with sample gas introduced through the sample gas inlet path; a third three-way valve including a seventh inlet connected to the sample loop, an eighth inlet located adjacent to the seventh inlet and connected to a sample gas outlet path from which the sample gas introduced through the sample gas inlet path is discharged, and a ninth inlet located adjacent to the seventh and eighth inlets, respectively and connected to the carrier gas inlet path between the third inlet and the column; and a control unit controlling the first, second, and third three-way valves to be opened and closed such that the sample gas filled inside the sample loop is injected into the column.
Patent KR-20180005051-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE NAM HEE
IPC: A61K8/02
Filed: 2016-07-05
Abstract: The present invention relates to a hair growth solution composition using natural substances, which uses natural substances, has no side effects, and has excellent effects of preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth by promoting blood circulation in the scalp of a user and supplying nutrients thereto. Specifically, the hair growth solution composition is prepared by the steps comprising: a) washing and drying Perilla frutescens, Houttuynia cordata, green tea, Eclipta prostrata, Achyranthes, the stems of oriental melon, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelica Gigas, and Solomons seal; b) heating each of the dried Perilla frutescens, Houttuynia cordata, green tea, Eclipta prostrata, Achyranthes, stems of oriental melon, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelica Gigas, and Solomons seal in step a) in a water bath to prepare an extract of Perilla frutescens, an extract of Houttuynia cordata, an extract of green tea, an extract of Eclipta prostrata, an extract of Achyranthes, an extract of stems of oriental melon, an extract of Cnidii Rhizoma, an extract of Angelica Gigas, and an extract of Solomons seal; and c) mixing the extracts prepared in step b) together.
Patent KR-20180009966-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE WOOK SEONG
IPC: H01M8/18
Filed: 2016-07-20
Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode for a redox flow battery, installed in a redox flow battery and moving an electrolyte to generate electricity, which comprises: an electrode body composed of a conductive material; and an onion-like carbon (OLC) coating layer positioned on the electrode body and having sp^2 bonded carbon atoms and defects generated by damage to the bond between the carbon atoms. The electrode increases a mid-gap state within a band gap having a carbon structure and increases a dangling bond on an OLC surface by the defect of the OLC coating layer, thereby increasing catalytic activity for [VO]^2+[VO_2]^+ oxidation, reduction and bonding reactions.
Patent KR-20180011514-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK MOON KYU
IPC: G11B20/04
Filed: 2016-07-25
Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention comprises: an audio power input port for receiving a vehicle voltage that is a voltage from a battery of the vehicle; a DC/DC converting portion for converting the vehicle voltage into a predetermined converting voltage and outputting the converting voltage; a speaker which is driven by being authorized with the converting voltage; an operation panel being selected with one play mode between a CD mode and a radio mode; and a control portion for outputting an audio of the play mode selected through the operation panel through the speaker.
Patent KR-20170015256-A (KR)
Title: Pressure sensor
Inventor: BUCK REINHOLD
IPC: G01D11/24
Filed: 2016-07-30
Abstract: The present invention relates to a pressure sensor (1) which is able to efficiently prevent signal distortion. The pressure sensor (1) comprises a sensor assembly (2) and an evaluation unit (5). The sensor assembly (2) comprises a sensor (22) and an electrode arrangement (23). The sensor generates a signal under action of a pressure profile. The electrode arrangement (23) transmits the signal to the evaluation unit (5). The evaluation unit (5) has an electrical circuit board (51). The electrical circuit board (51) is made of an electric insulation material having a specific volume resistance of 10^15 cm or greater at room temperature. The electric circuit board (51) has a high temperature area (51.1) which closely faces the sensor assembly (2), and a room temperature area (51.2) which far faces a high temperature area (51.1) and the sensor assembly (2).
Patent KR-20170074162-A (KR)
Title: 스마트 폰 자판 입력에 사용되는 연속 입력에 따른 진동신호 출력 장치 및 그 방법
Inventor: KIM JIN RYONG
IPC: G06F3/01
Filed: 2016-08-10
Abstract: 본 발명은 스마트 폰을 이용하여 자판을 연속해서 입력하는 경우 진동신호로써 연속 입력 횟수를 식별할 수 있는 장치 및 방법에 대한 것으로, 입력신호 인식부, 연속 입력신호 판단부, 진동신호 생성부를 포함할 수 있으며, 이를 스마트 폰 자판 입력에 사용되는 연속입력에 따른 진동신호 출력 장치를 이용함으로써 연속입력 방식을 사용하는 스마트 폰의 가상자판으로 텍스트를 입력하는 경우 특정 키의 연속입력횟수를 기억할 필요 없이 진동신호로 식별하는 기능을 제공하여 사용자가 가상자판에서 문자를 입력하는 시간을 줄이고 정확도를 증가시키는데 그 목적이 있다.
Patent KR-20160100883-A (KR)
Inventor: ETTER THOMAS
IPC: B22F7/00
Filed: 2016-08-11
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing entirely or partially a three-dimensional (3D) metallic article/component. The method of the invention comprises: (a) a step of successively manufacturing a 3D metallic article/component (11) from a metallic base material (12) by means of an additive manufacturing process by scanning with an energy beam; thereby (b) a step of establishing a controlled grain orientation in a first and a second direction of the article/component (11); and (c) a step of realizing a second grain orientation by applying a specific scanning pattern of the energy beam (14) aligned with a cross section profile of the article/component, or by characteristic load conditions of the article/component (11).
Patent KR-20170052453-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HAG CHUNG
IPC: A61H15/00
Filed: 2016-08-15
Abstract: The present invention relates to an abdomen massage device intended to massage the abdomen while internal organs are being brought down to belly skin by laying a user down. To this end, the abdomen massage device comprises: an upper body bed by which a bent upper body of a user is supported; and an abdomen massage unit positioned on a lower portion of the upper body bed so as to massage the abdomen of the user who lies with his/her face down. The upper body bed is installed while being separated some distance away from a bottom surface.