baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent NO-328720-B1 (NO)
Inventor: JOSHI RAJENDRA KUMAR
IPC: A61K9/50
Filed: 2000-10-18
Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of one or more salts of fumaric acid monoalkyl esters of the general formulaoptionally in admixture with dialkyl fumarate of the formulawherein A is a bivalent cation from the series consisting of Ca, Mg, Zn or Fe or a monovalent cation from the series Li, Na or K, respectively, and n denotes the numeral 1 or 2 depending on the type of cation, and, optionally, commonly used pharmaceutical excipients and vehicles for preparing a pharmaceutical composition in the form of micro-tablets or micro-pellets for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, neurodermatitis, psoriasis and enteritis regionalis Crohn.
Patent NO-323145-B1 (NO)
Inventor: ALMOSNINO PATRICK
IPC: H02N2/18
Filed: 2002-06-17
Abstract: The invention concerns a self-powered remote control device comprising transmitting means, a feeder circuit connected to said transmitting means, a generator supplying electric power connected to the feeder circuit, and control means associated with the electric power generator. The generator comprises at least a piezoelectric element receiving mechanical stresses produced by actuating the control means and supplying electric power to the feeder circuit. The invention also concerns an apparatus comprising at least a self-contained control device actuated by a mechanical action member. The invention further concerns an electric installation comprising means for receiving signals transmitted by at least a self-powered control device.
Patent NO-336099-B1 (NO)
Title: Fremgangsmåte for seismisk signalprosessering og apparat for generering av korrelasjonsspektrale volumer for å fastsette geologiske trekk
Inventor: BEMMEL PETER P VAN
IPC: G01V1/30
Filed: 2002-08-16
Abstract: En seismisk signalprosesseringsmetode vil analysere et resulterende sett av seismiske data generert som respons til den seismiske operasjon utført på en spesiell del av undergrunnen for å fastsette et sett med geologiske karakteristikker for den spesielle delen av undergrunnen. Når den seismiske signalprosesseringsfremgangsmåten utføres vil en krysskorrelasjonsteknikk anvendes. Spesielt vil et første datasett som representerer et standardsett med sammenligningstraser med kjente geologiske karakteristikker og som omfatter to eller flere traser med kjente geologiske karakteristikker men ikke omfatter en del av et inngangs seismisk volum krysskorreleres med et andre datasett med ukjente geologiske karakteristikker. Som resultat av krysskorrelasjon, vil en utgangsregistrering, kjent som et korrelasjonsspektralvolum genereres. Korrelasjonsspektralvolumer registrerer og viser frem graden til hvilken de ukjente geologiske karakteristikkene av datasett hovedsakelig tilsvarer én eller flere av de kjente geologiske karakteristikker i det første datasett.
Patent NO-342654-B1 (NO)
Title: Anvendelse av en Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bakterin for fremstilling av en vaksine for behandling eller forebygging hos griser seronegative for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Inventor: KEICH ROBIN LEE
IPC: A61P31/04
Filed: 2003-12-22
Abstract: Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår fremgangsmåter for å behandle eller forebygge en sykdom eller lidelse i et dyr forårsaket av infeksjon med Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) ved å administrere til dyret ved ca. tre (3) til ti (10) dagers alder en enkel dose av en effektiv mengde av en M. hyo-vaksine. M. hyovaksinen kan være en inaktivert eller modifisert levende fremstilling av hel eller del av en celle, en subenhetsvaksine eller en nukleinsyre eller DNA-vaksine. M. hyovaksinen administrert ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan syntetiseres eller produseres rekombinant.
Patent NO-342500-B1 (NO)
Title: Fremgangsmåte for behandling av en brukt potliner etter anvendelse i en aluminiumssmelteprosess, anlegg for prosessering av brukte potlinere, samt mineralprodukter omfattende rest behandlet ved nevnte fremgangsmåte
Inventor: COOPER KEVIN MICHAEL
IPC: A62D101/45
Filed: 2005-05-12
Abstract: Det beskrives en fremgangsmåte for behandling av en brukt potliner etter anvendelse i en aluminiumssmelteprosess. Metoden omfatter knusing og klassifisering av den brukte potliner, anbringelse av materialet i en ovn ved temperaturer over 450 ºC, oppvarming av det hele til en temperatur over 450 ºC, blanding av den oppvarmede, brukte potliner med vann for å gi reaksjonsgasser og rest, brenning av reaksjonsgassene, blanding av resten med vann i et godt ventilert område i et tidsrom på uker for å herde resten. Metoden omfatter også blanding av den herdede rest med andre kjemikalier eller mineraler for å gi spesifikke mineralprodukter.
Patent NO-331441-B1 (NO)
Title: Transdermal granistetron
Inventor: WATKINSON ADAM CHARLES
IPC: A61K31/439
Filed: 2005-07-28
Abstract: Det beskrives adhesive plastre for transdermal administrering av granisetron, omfattende et akrylisk adhesiv inneholdende ikke-sure nukleofile enheter som vesentlig øker fluks av granisetron over huden.
Patent NO-340566-B1 (NO)
Inventor: VOS KOEN BERNARD
IPC: G10L25/90
Filed: 2007-10-31
Abstract: A wideband speech encoder according to one embodiment includes a narrowband encoder and a highband encoder. The narrowband encoder is configured to encode a narrowband portion of a wideband speech signal into a set of filter parameters and a corresponding encoded excitation signal. The highband encoder is configured to encode, according to a highband excitation signal, a highband portion of the wideband speech signal into a set of filter parameters. The highband encoder is configured to generate the highband excitation signal by applying a nonlinear function to a signal based on the encoded narrowband excitation signal to generate a spectrally extended signal.
Patent NO-342389-B1 (NO)
Title: Fremgangsmåte for å fjerne filterkaker i oljebrønner
Inventor: D'ALOISIO RINO
IPC: C09K8/62
Filed: 2008-02-06
Abstract: Fremgangsmåte for solubilisering av polymert materiale avsatt på et porøst medium som omfatter å bringe det polymere materialet i kontakt med en vandig sammensetning som omfatter: (a) en katalysator valgt fra: (ai) et kompleks med den generelle f ormel (I) , Fe` (L) n (y) s, hvor L er et bindemiddel valgt fra dem med den generelle formel (II), hvori X CH, N, (a2) et hydrooppløselig kobol t2, salt, foretrukket koboltacetat; (b) et oksidasjonsmiddel valgt fra: (bl) hydrogenperoksyd, (b2) MHSO, hvori M er et alkalimetall, foretrukket kalium; med den betingelse at katalysatoren (ai) kun kan anvendes i nærvær av oksidasjonsmiddelet (bl) og at katalysatoren (a2) kun kan anvendes i nærvær av katalysatoren (b2).
Patent NO-330970-B1 (NO)
Title: Drenerende golv med biologisk reaktor
Inventor: EIKELAND TORHILD HESSEVIK
IPC: A01K1/015
Filed: 2009-11-30
Abstract: Det beskrives en anordning ved et drenerende golvsystem for et oppholdsområde (1) for husdyr hvor et golv (14) er forsynt med en rekke dreneringsåpninger (141), idet en eller flere reaktorer (15) som er innrettet til å kunne bevirke en aerob nedbryting av næringsrik avløpsvæske (4), er anordnet i tilknytning til det bærende golvet (14) og er innrettet til å kunne motta den næringsrike avløpsvæsken (4) som dreneres gjennom golvets (14) dreneringsåpninger (141) og å lede en omdannet væske (5) bort fra oppholdsområdet (1).
Patent NO-334687-B1 (NO)
Title: Fremgangsmåte og system for levering av post
Inventor: OPHEIM STYRK
IPC: G07C9/33
Filed: 2010-11-05
Abstract: Postleveringssystem med en eller flere postbokser (12, 13) anordnet til å være offentlig tilgjengelige, hvor postboksen (12, 13) er forsynt med en dør (15) og muligens en brevsprekk (14), hvilken dør (15) er forsynt med en lås (26) for betjening av trådløse kommunikasjonsmidler, og hvilke postbokser (12, 13) er forsynt med en permanent geotag. Låsen (26) er innrettet for å tilknyttes en midlertidig eller en permanent utløserkode for å muliggjøre betjening av låsen (26) ved hjelp av en kortdistansekommunikasjonsenhet (20) forsynt med den tildelte midlertidige eller permanente utløserkoden. Oppfinnelsen vedrører også en fremgangsmåte for sikker levering av postartikler.
Patent PL-88994-B1 (PL)
Title: Process for oxidizing phenols to quinones[us3796732a]
IPC: C07C50/02
Filed: 1972-05-17
Abstract: 1364796 Quinones F HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE & CO AG 17 May 1972 [17 May 1971 17 Dec 1971] 23119/72 Heading C2C A process for the manufacture of quinones o the general formula in which at least one of the symbols R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 represents a methyl group and the otherf symbols represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group comprises oxidizing a phenol of the general formula in which the symbols R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 have the significance given earlier and the symbol X represents a hydrogen, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom with the acid of oxygen or an oxygen containing gas in a solvent in the presence of copper and halogen ions as a catalyst and, if desired, in the presence of a complexing agent, but only in an amount up to a ratio of copper atoms : complexing agent molecules which is equal to 1 : 2. Complexing agents mentioned include akyl or phenyl derivatives of trivalent elements of the fifth main group of the periodic system, e.g. amines, phosphines and arsines. Examples describe the preparation of 2-, 2,3-di-, 2,6-di-, 2,3,5-tri- and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl quinones.
[GB1364796A]
Patent PL-149889-B1 (PL)
Title: Weedicidal specific
IPC: A01N43/40
Filed: 1987-07-21
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of controlling the growth of weeds at a cereal crop locus which comprises applying to the locus (a) diclofop, which is (R,S)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propionic acid or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) diflufenican which is N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)nicotinamide.
Patent PL-159684-B1 (PL)
Title: Openwork bucket for handling in particular steel ingots
IPC: B65D1/38
Filed: 1989-01-31
Abstract: 1. An open-work basket for transport, especially of steel ingots, with container space expanding upwards is made of an open-work structure, and with a catch with a lifting eye, characterised in that the bottom consists of a carrying cross bar (2) and a carrying bar (3) situated at a right angle to each other, and of horizontal ribs (4) joined on one side with the carrying bar (3), and on the other side with vertical belts (5) which in turn at the basket level are joined with horizontal crown belts (6), and besides, in the basket axis, a carrying pole (1) is located joined with the bars (2 and 3) at the bottom and cross braced with ribs (7), whereas at the top, the pole (1) is ended with a catch with a lifting eye (9) substantially extending beyond the basket.<IMAGE>
Patent PL-161715-B1 (PL)
Title: Method and device for making insulating wool of liquid metallurgical slag
Inventor: NABOZNY MARIAN
IPC: C03B37/00
Filed: 1989-12-12
Abstract: 1. A method of production of insulation wool of liquid metallurgical slag, which uses a stream of waste gas, characterised in that on the melted slag coming out of a outlet of a device for spout forming is exerted a stream of hot waste gas coming out of waste gas nozzle and a stream of compressed air coming out of air nozzle, which while producing negative pressure in a passage flow opening cause suction of the stream and atomising it, the small particles thus created are defibered, however, the temperature of hot waste gas is regulated by the intensity of compressed air stream flow.2. A device for production of insulation wool of liquid metallurgical slag containing a flow-opening for the liquid slag located in the axis of the body and equipped with air or waste gas nozzles, characterised in that in the body (1) is located a combustion chamber (3), to which is connected waste gas nozzle (4) at the outlet connecting to the air nozzle (5), however the inclination angle of the waste gas nozzle (4) in relation to the vertical axis of the body (1) is 5-45 degrees, and the angle of inclination of the air nozzle (5) in relation to the vertical axis of the body (1) is not greater than 45 degrees.<IMAGE>
Patent PL-162500-B1 (PL)
Inventor: DYMARKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF
IPC: G01R29/24
Filed: 1990-02-16
Abstract: 1. Sposób pomiaru potencjału metalowej konstrukcji
w środowisku elektrolitycznym polegający na
szybkich pomiarach potencjału konstrukcji, znamienn
y tym , że potencjał konstrukcji (3) obarczony sygnałem
zakłócającym, wynikającym z omowego spadku
napięcia, występującego pod wpływem przepływu prądów
ochronnego i błądzących, mierzy się w okresie
czasu rzędu kilkudziesięciu milisekund elektrodę odniesienia
(1), a następnie na ten potencjał nakłada się
różnicę potencjałów reprezentującą sobąjedynle omowy
spadek napięcia, wynikający z przepływu prądu ochronnego
i prądów błądzących, zmierzonego pomiędzy elektrodą
odniesienia (1) a dodatkową elektrodą (2), przy
czym przed każdym następnym pomiarem, elektrody
odniesienia (1)1 dodatkową (2) zwiera się ze sobą przez
rezystancję na okres czasu wynikający z rezystancji 1
pojemności i obwodu zwarcia Jednocześnie podczas
zwarcia elektrody te odlzolowuje się od masy mierzonej
konstrukcji (3).
2. Układ pomiaru potencjału metalowej konstrukcji
w środowisku elektrolitycznym, składający się
z miernika sprzężonego z obwodem wykrywania przerwy
w pracy źródła ochrony katodowej, do którego dołączona
jest mierzona konstrukcja oraz elektrody, znam ienny
tym , że elektroda odniesienia (1)1 dodatkowa elektroda
(2) połączone są z kluczującym układem (8), który przez
wzmacniacz (9) zwarty Jest z Jednym z wejść sumatora
(10), a do drugiego wejścia podłączona Jest metalowa
konstrukcja (3), zaś wyjście sumatora (10) zwarte jest
miernikiem (11), przy czym z masą całego układu połączona
Jest elektroda odniesienia (1).
Patent PL-162139-B1 (PL)
Title: Method of making foundations in non-homogenous weak and compressible soils
Inventor: PRZYSTANSKI JERZY
IPC: E02D27/36
Filed: 1990-04-26
Abstract: 1. Method of making building foundations, in particular on non-uniform weak and compressible ground, with compensatory cushions, a compensatory mat and ballast columns, characterized in that on the bottom of the trench, whose depth is preferably 0.5m greater than the foundation level, a compensatory cushion (3) is made, preferably from earth selected so that its grain-size distribution and consolidation are appropriate for the cohesiveness of the earth in the trench (1), with a thickness dependent on the size and type of load and the ground-water conditions, and a foundation (4) is made on this cushion using a known method.<IMAGE>
Patent PL-163570-B1 (PL)
Title: Fixed catalyst reactor with internal heat exchange
Inventor: SZTABA RYSZARD
IPC: B01J8/06
Filed: 1990-05-18
Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor with internal heat exchange and with a solid catalyst particularly suited for carrying out an exothermic reaction and is provided with two spaces (1, 2) which are separated by means of a membrane through which the heat passes from the one space into the other. The same reaction medium of the varied stages of conversion flows into both spaces the medium exchanging the heat through the membrane, and the one space /1/ and the second space /2/ are filled with the grains of a catalyst or with the grains of a catalyst together with the grains of a non-active substance. <IMAGE>
Patent PL-162770-B1 (PL)
Inventor: KAMINSKI MIECZYSLAW
IPC: E04H7/30
Filed: 1990-07-03
Abstract: Zbiornik na materialy sypkie zbudowa- ny z walcowych segmentów w zmniejszaja- cej sie ku górze srednicy, którego dolny segment zawiera lej zsypowy, znamienny tym, ze segment (1, 6, 7) sa miedzy soba polaczone za posrednictwem sprezystych elementów (4) rozmieszczonych symetrycz- nie na ich zewnetrznym obwodzie, przy czym jeden koniec sprezystego elementu (4) jest przytwierdzony do pierscienia (5) zamoco- wanego u dolu wokól wyzszego segmentu (6 lub 7) a drugi koniec do kolnierza (8) usytuo- wanego wokól krawedzi nizszego segmentu (7 lub 1), natomiast dolny segment (1) jest zamocowany do fundamentu (3) takze za po- moca opartych nan elementach sprezystych (4) z drugiej strony pierscienia (5) dolnego segmentu (1). PL
Patent PL-169232-B1 (PL)
Title: Method of obtaining hydroxylamine
Inventor: MANTEGAZZA MARIA A
IPC: B01J29/04
Filed: 1992-07-09
Abstract: Direct catalytic process for the production of hydroxylamine by means of the oxidation of ammonia with H2O2, wherein the catalyst is composed of silicon, titanium and oxygen and has a crystalline (as in the case of titanium-silicalites, for example) or amorphous structure.
Patent PL-174942-B1 (PL)
Inventor: BINKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF
IPC: H02J9/06
Filed: 1994-07-22
Abstract: Układ zasilania stacyjnych urządzeń
sterowania ruchem kolejowym, wyposażony
w tablicę rozdzielczą, zespół łączeniowy
sieć-sieć-agregat, tablicę kontrolną i
ładowarkę akumulatora, znamienny tym,
że na wejściu dwóch linii zasilających
oraz wyjściu ładowarki akumulatora (9)
posiada dyskryminatory okienkowe (1) i (7),
odpowiednio napięcia przemiennego i stałego,
przy czym dyskryminatory (1) połączone
są z tablicą kontrolną (8) i poprzez
zespół łączeniowy sieć-sieć-agregat (2) z
przekaźnikiem kolejności wirowania faz (3)
połączonym z kolei z tablicą kontrolną (8)
i zespołem przeciwprzepięciowym (4).
Patent PL-182836-B1 (PL)
Title: Bituminous composition
Inventor: HEIMERIKX GERARDUS W J
IPC: C08L53/00
Filed: 1996-02-15
Abstract: The present invention provides a bituminous composition which comprises a bituminous component and a block copolymer composition comprising at least one block of a conjugated diene and at least one block of a monovinylaromatic hydrocarbon, wherein the block copolymer composition has a vinyl content of at least 25% by weight based on the total diene content and a diblock content of 25 wt% or less, and any diblock copolymer present has an apparent molecular weight which is in the range of from 100,000 to 170,000; and the block copolymer composition per se.
Patent PL-184299-B1 (PL)
Title: Electrochemical treatment process employing electric pulses of alternating polarity
Inventor: GIMAEV NASICH Z
IPC: B23H3/02
Filed: 1996-07-09
Abstract: Method of electrochemically machining an electrically conductive workpiece (2) in an electrolyte by applying bipolar electric pulses between the workpiece (2) and an electrically conductive electrode (6), one or more current pulses of normal polarity alternating with voltage pulses of opposite polarity. The amplitude (Un) of the voltage pulses is adjusted between two predetermined values (Un1, Un2) derived from the occurrence of a given surface quality of the workpiece (2) and the occurrence of wear of the electrode (6). The derivation is effected by means of at least one test which precedes the machining of the workpiece (2). During the test the amplitude (Un) of the voltage pulses is increased gradually from an initial value to a final value. The two predetermined values (Un1, Un2) are determined upon the occurrence of a sign reversal in the difference between successive values of a parameter which is representative of a property of a gap (5) between the electrode (6) and the workpiece (2). The parameter may be the amplitude (Umin) of a global minimum in the voltage across the gap (5) during the current pulses, which global minimum results from an oscillatory movement of the workpiece (2) and the electrode (6) relative to one another. The parameter may also be the integral (Qn) of the current across the gap (5) during the voltage pulses; or the integral (Fp) of the voltage across the gap (5) during the current pulses; or the resistance across the gap (5); or the size (St) of the gap (5).
Patent PL-183038-B1 (PL)
Inventor: KORGIEL HENRYK
IPC: F16L37/08
Filed: 1997-04-19
Abstract: Gniazdo szybkozłącza dla czynnika
gazowego zawierające gwintowaną tulejkę
łączącą osadzoną w gwintowanej nakrętce,
znamienne tym, że tulejka (1) ma co najmniej
dwa wzdłużne rowki (6) na części
gwintowanej a nakrętka (4) ma taką samą
ilość występów (5) na wewnętrznej powierzchni,
przy czym rowki (6) i występy (5)
są rozmieszczone identycznie na obwodzie.
Patent PL-179706-B1 (PL)
Title: Vechicle wheel and method of making same
IPC: B60B3/16
Filed: 1996-02-06
Abstract: The invention concerns a vehicle wheel comprising a rim and a wheel disc which is connected thereto and is secured to a hub or brake drum with a plurality of connecting bosses for the tyre bolt screw holes disposed over the periphery of the bolt-pitch circle. The connecting bosses have spherical or conical sunk holes, and the region surrounding the sunk holes is cambered outwards. The wheel disc comprises abutment surfaces for the hub or brake drum which are distributed over the periphery. According to the invention the region (6) of the connecting boss (1, 1', 1"), which region surrounds the sunk holes (2, 23), is significantly thicker in all the cross-sectional planes than the more remote region which forms the wheel disc (5), the region (6) surrounding the sunk holes (2, 23) forming an integral unit with the more remote region (5). The region directly adjacent the sunk holes (2, 23) has the greatest thickness (9) which continuously decreases radially outwards, viewed from the axis (7) of the sunk hole (2), and then merges in a rounded or tangential manner into the region which has an almost constant thickness (10) which corresponds substantially to the initial thickness of the circular blank on which the wheel disc (5) is integrally formed.
Patent PL-175226-B1 (PL)
Title: Dark-green-coloured salt for beneath-glaze colouring of ceramic ware
Inventor: BATUGOWSKA HALINA
IPC: C09C1/34
Filed: 1994-05-19
Abstract: Dark green salt for underglaze colouring of pottery - Characterized in that: It consists of 1-5 parts by mass of cobalt nitrate, 40-100 parts by mass of chromic chloride solution in glycerine, 3-8 parts by mass of boric acid in glycerine and 40-60 parts by mass of water.
Patent PL-189182-B1 (PL)
Title: Derivatives of quinazoline
Inventor: GIBSON KEITH HOPKINSON
IPC: A61K31/517
Filed: 1996-04-23
Abstract: The invention concerns quinazoline derivatives of the formula (I) wherein n is 1, 2 or 3 and each R<2> is independently halogeno, trifluoromethyl or (1-4C)alkyl; R<3> is (1-4C)alkoxy; and R<1> is di-[(1-4C)alkyl]amino-(2-4C)alkoxy, pyrrolidin-1-yl-(2-4C)alkoxy, piperidino-(2-4C)alkoxy, morpholino-(2-4C)alkoxy, piperazin-1-yl-(2-4C)alkoxy, 4-(1-4C)alkylpiperazin-1-yl-(2-4C)alkoxy, imidazol-1-yl-(2-4C)alkoxy, di-[(1-4C)alkoxy-(2-4C)alkoxyl]amino-(2-4C)alkoxy, thiamorpholino-(2-4C)alkoxy, 1-oxothiamorpholino-(2-4C)alkoxy or 1,1-dioxothiamorpholino-(2-4C)alkoxy, and wherein any of the above-mentioned R<1> substituents comprising a CH2 (methylene) group which is not attached to a N or O atom optionally bears on said CH2 group a hydroxy substituent; or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof; processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and the use of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitory properties of the compounds in the treatment of proliferative disease such as cancer.
Patent PL-193299-B1 (PL)
Title: Method of improving seeds
Inventor: JOFUKU DIANE K
IPC: C07K14/415
Filed: 1997-08-19
Abstract: The invention provides methods of modulating seed mass and other traits in plants. The methods involve producing transgenic plants comprising a recombinant expression cassette containing an ADC nucleic acid linked to a plant promoter.
Patent PL-187877-B1 (PL)
Title: Steel railroad cross-ties and method of making them
Inventor: HILL KERRY
IPC: E01B3/16
Filed: 1997-08-27
Abstract: A steel railroad sleeper (1) of inverted channel section whose open ends can selectively be closed by end plates (4) detachably connected one to each open end of the sleeper (1) and whose sides incline downwardly and outwardly from the upper rail supporting surface of the sleeper (1), the sleeper (1) being produced by cold forming strip steel. The sleeper (1) may be produced by cold pressing or cold rolling and the end plates (4) may also be produced by cold forming steel strip. In one embodiment the sleeper (1) has a waisted section (8) of reduced width. This waisted section (8) may be positioned generally midway along the length of the sleeper (1). The central section of the sleeper interior may be filled with a material to prevent the ingress of ballast to this central region.