Patent GB-465111-A (GB)
Title: A process for the improvement of oils, fats and the like
IPC: C11B3/00
Filed: 1935-10-26
Abstract: Animal and vegetable oils and other glycerides of fatty acids are improved in odour, taste, consistency, and stability by mechanically mixing the glyceride with an aqueous solution of sugar which is then intensively fermented by sugar-fermenting microbes, and after fermentation has ceased separating the treated glycerides.  The process may be preceded, followed, or accompanied by treatment with an aqueous solution of structureless ferments, and/or the usual purification processes, e.g. bleaching or steam treatment or treatment with fuller's earth, silica gel, active carbon, or mixtures thereof.  The improved glycerides are also obtained when the process is applied to oil-containing materials prior to the usual extraction as by rendering, pressing, or by solvents.  Microbes specified. Saccharomycetes (yeasts) and those producing acetic, lactic, propionic, butyric, or other organic acid, e.g. bacillus Leichmann, bacillus bulgaricus, bacillus Delbrüucki, and streptococcus thermophilus; they may be used alone, mixed, or in succession. Ferments specified are pepsin, papain, rennet, and diastase; they decompose albumen, so disintegrating the cell walls of, and facilitating extraction from, oil-containing materials. The alcohols and acids produced interact in part to produce esters, such esters acting as aroma carriers; ethyl, butyl, or higher alcohol may be added to facilitate such esterification.  Materials treated.  Raw or rancid lard, beef-tallow, soya, peanut, linseed, turnip, cotton, maize, and liver, and other fish and marine animal oils, soya beans, cotton seed, rape seed, and lupines.  Fermentation.  This is effected between room temperature and 60 DEG  C. in pressence of suitable nutrient media such as magnesium sulphate, potassium carbonate, and ammonium phosphate.  Usually there are present buffer substances to maintain a pH value of 4--7; activators, e.g. sodium chloride; catalysts, e.g. metals, oxides, colloidal or other hydroxides, and salts; specified catalysts are nickel, tin, zinc oxide, nickel carbonate, stannous chloride, sodium sulphite, manganese salts, or mixtures thereof, especially such as interact to form a desired salt, e.g. sodium sulphite and stannous chloride to form tin sulphite.  The reaction may be controlled by adding sodium or magnesium sulphate or by application of ultra-violet light; it may be activated by a continuous mild oxidation as by air, ozone, hydrogen, or other peroxide, or permanganate or other per-salt; and it may be improved by passing air, carbon dioxide, or other gas harmless to the fermentation through the emulsion treated.  The purified oil may be separated by decantation, filtration or centrifuging, and is usually washed in hot water which may contain mild neutralizing agents, e.g. sodium bicarbonate or ammonia.  Margarine.  As a strong aroma of butter is imparted to the materials treated, margarine is advantageously made by subjecting the fat used to the fermentation process before churning and thereafter separating the products of metabolism without washing. When raw tallow is treated a yield of 90 per cent of fine tallow is obtained, and the scrap may be used in human food, e.g. as sausage filling.  Examples: (1) 100 kg. of whale oil are mixed with 100 kg. of 3 per cent sugar solution inoculated with 5 kg. of pressed yeast and emulsified whilst air is blown through.  When fermentation starts 2 kg. of sodium sulphite and 0,5 kg. of stannous chloride are added, and the emulsion maintained at 30 DEG  C. for 6 hours with air blowing.  After standing, the solution is drawn off and the oil washed, neutralized and filtered.  The treatment may be repeated; (2) 100 kg. of peanut oil are emulsified at 37--40 DEG  C. with 50 kg. of a 1 in 10,000 aqueous solution of rennet and blown with air for 2 hours, after drawing off the solution the oil is freed from albumen by filtration or centrifuging and emulsified at 42 DEG  C. with an equal amount of a solution of invert sugar inoculated with 5 gm. of a mixture of bacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus; air is blown through for 6 hours, the solution drawn off, and the oil washed, neutralized and filtered. The culture may be prepared by inoculating 5 litres of Raulin's solution with a culture of both organisms and incubating at 42 DEG C. until optimum acidity is attained.  Raulin's solution contains sugar, ammonium nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate, potassium carbonate and silicate, and sulphate of magnesium, iron and zinc. Specification 452,682 is referred to.ALSO:Animal and vegetable oils and other glycerides of fatty acids are improved in odour, taste, consistency, and stability by mechanically mixing the glyceride with an aqueous solution of sugar which is then intensively fermented by sugar-fermenting microbes, and after fermentation has ceased separating the treated glycerides.  The process may be preceded, followed, or accompanied by treatment with an aqueous solution of structureless ferments, and/or the usual purification processes e.g. bleaching or steam treatment or treatment with fuller's earth, silica gel, active carbon, or mixtures thereof.  The improved glycerides are also obtained when the process is applied to oil-containing materials prior to the usual extraction as by rendering, pressing or by solvents.  Microbes specified are saccharomycetes (yeasts) and those producing acetic, lactic, propionic, butyric, or other organic acid e.g. bacillus Leichmann, bacillus bulgaricus, bacillus Delbrücki, and streptococcus thermophilus; they may be used alone, mixed, or in succession.  Ferments specified are pepsin, papain, rennet, and diastase; they decompose albumen, so disintegrating the cell walls of and facilitating extraction from oil-containing materials.  The alcohols and acids produced interact in part to produce esters, such esters acting as aroma carriers; ethyl, butyl, or higher alcohol may be added to facilitate such esterification.  Specified materials treated are raw or rancid lard, beef-tallow, soya, peanut, linseed, turnip, cotton, maize, and liver and other fish and marine animal oil, soya beans, cotton seed, rape seed, and lupines.  The fermentation treatment is effected between room temperature and 60 DEG  C. in presence of suitable nutrient media such as magnesium sulphate, potassium carbonate, and ammonium phosphate. Usually there are present buffer substances to maintain a pH value of 4-7; activators e.g. sodium chloride; catalysts e.g. metals, oxides, colloidal or other hydroxides, and salts; specified catalysts are nickel, tin, zinc oxide, nickel carbonate, stannous chloride, sodium sulphite, manganese salts, or mixtures thereof, especially such as interact to form a desired salt e.g. sodium sulphite and stannous chloride to form tin sulphite.  The reaction may be controlled by adding sodium or magnesium sulphate or by application of ultra-violet light; it may be activated by a continuous mild oxidation as by air, ozone, hydrogen or other peroxide, or permanganate or other persalt; and it may be improved by passing air, carbon dioxide, or other gas harmless to the fermentation through the emulsion treated.  The purified oil may be separated by decantation, filtration or centrifuging, and is usually washed in hot water which may contain mild neutralizing agents e.g. sodium bicarbonate or ammonia.  As a strong aroma of butter is imparted to the materials treated, margarine is advantageously made by subjecting the fat used to the fermentation process before churning and thereafter separating the products of metabolism without washing.  When raw tallow is treated a yield of 90 per cent. of fine tallow is obtained, and the scrap may be used in human food e.g. as sausage filling.  In examples: (1) 100 kg. of whale oil are mixed with 100 kg. of 3 per cent sugar solution inoculated with 5 kg. of pressed yeast and emulsified whilst air is blown through.  When fermentation starts 2 kg. of sodium sulphite and 0,5 kg. of stannous chloride are added, and the emulsion maintained at 30 DEG  C. for 6 hours with air blowing.  After standing, the solution is drawn off and the oil washed, neutralized and filtered. The treatment may be repeated; (2) 100 kg. of peanut oil are emulsified at 37-40 DEG  C. with 50 kg. of a 1 in 10000 aqueous solution of rennet and blown with air for 2 hours; after drawing off the solution the oil is freed from albumen by filtration or centrifuging and emulsified at 42 DEG  C. with an equal amount of a solution of invert sugar inoculated with 5 gm. of a mixture of bacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus; air is blown through for 6 hours, the solution drawn off, and the oil washed, neutralized and filtered.  The culture may be prepared by inoculating 5 litres of Raulin's solution with a culture of both organisms and incubating at 42 DEG  C. until optimum acidity is attained.  Raulin's solution contains sugar, ammonium nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate, potassium carbonate and silicate, and sulphate of magnesium, iron and zinc. Specification 452,682 is referred to.ALSO:Animal and vegetable oils and other glycerides of fatty acids are improved in odour, taste, consistency, and stability by mechanically mixing the glyceride with an aqueous solution of sugar which is then intensively fermented by sugar-fermenting microbes, and after fermentation has ceased separating the treated glycerides.  The process may be preceded, followed, or accompanied by treatment with an aqueous solution of structureless ferments, and/or the usual purification processes, e.g. bleaching or steam treatment or treatment with fuller's earth, silica gel, active carbon, or mixtures thereof.  The improved glycerides are also obtained when the process is applied to oil-containing materials prior to the usual extraction as by rendering, pressing, or by solvents.  Microbes specified are saccharomycetes (yeasts) and those producing