baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20120109776-A (KR)
Title: Instructional material for studying english and method for editing the same
Inventor: KIM JEONG HEE
IPC: B42D1/00
Filed: 2011-03-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: An English learning textbook is provided to improve learning efficiency of a leaner by repeatedly making the learner peruse a meaning and explanations of an English sentence. CONSTITUTION: Words which are included in a predetermined English sentence are successively and respectively listed in a partition of a third line(L3) of a table which forms a plurality of lines and a plurality of columns. A pronunciation symbol and stress of the words listed in the third line are successively and respectively listed in a partition of a first line(L1) of the table. A meaning and explanations of the word listed in the third line are successively and respectively listed in a partition of a second line of the table. [Reference numerals] (A1) Spirit; (A10) Go away; (A11) And; (A12) Instead of an object(the sprit); (A13) Instead of verb(went away); (A2) Show; (A3) Ivan; (A4) Tell; (A5) Acquainted contents; (A6) Spirit; (A7) Verb connection; (A8) Go; (A9) Away; (D1) Spirit; (D10) Go away; (D11) And; (D12) Instead of an object(the sprit); (D13) Instead of verb(went away); (D2) Show; (D3) Ivan; (D4) Tell; (D5) Acquainted contents; (D6) Spirit; (D7) Verb connection; (D8) Go; (D9) Away; (E1) 1.spirit; (E10) 10.did; (E2) 2.show; (E3) 3.ivan; (E4) 7.tell; (E5) 6.to spirit; (E6) 5.go; (E7) 4.go away; (E8) 8.and; (E9) 9.spirit; (L2,L4) Acquainted contents; (L6) A spirit shows. Ivan tells to go away to the spirit. The spirit did it.
Patent KR-20120111565-A (KR)
Title: Spindle supporting structure of driver-drill
Inventor: KWON YOUNG SHIN
IPC: B23B45/00
Filed: 2011-04-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A spindle supporting structure of a driver drill is provided to prevent a gear case from being damaged with a washer by transferring external force generated when a spindle rotates to a steel ball, thereby preventing damage to a motor and shakes caused by an abrasion of a gear case. CONSTITUTION: A spindle supporting structure of a driver drill comprises a spindle(120), a plurality of balls(123), a first washer(140), and a second washer. The spindle penetrates a bush and gear case. The plurality of balls is placed in between a bush and gear case and arranged in the circumference of the spindle. The first washer comprises a first horizontal unit(141) arranged in outside of the balls and touched to the balls and a vertical unit(143) arranged perpendicular to the spindle and touched to the balls. The second washer is arranged to be faced to the vertical unit and touched to the balls arranged in an inner side of the first washer. The second washer is arranged in between the ball and gear case.
Patent KR-20110061520-A (KR)
Title: Method for production of gdp-l-fucose by overexpression of guanosine-inosine kinase in recombinant escherichia coli
Inventor: SEO JIN HO
IPC: C12N15/63
Filed: 2011-04-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for preparing GDP-fucose with high productivity and high yield is provided. CONSTITUTION: A GDP-fucose by culturing E.coli is prepared by overexpression of GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase, GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3,5-epimerase-4-reductase, phosphomannomutase, mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase, and guanosine-inosine kinase using recombinant E.coli. The overexpresison is controlled by an induction promoter. The culture is fed-batch culture of a pH-stat method.
Patent KR-20110115555-A (KR)
Inventor: ZHU LIZHONG
IPC: H04L27/18
Filed: 2011-04-15
Abstract: 통신 디바이스(500')는, 동위상(In-phase; I) 변조기 및 믹서 회로(503'- 506a')와 이들에 연결된 I 파워 증폭기(512a') 회로를 갖는 동위상(I) 회로 -  상기 I 회로는 디지털 기저대역 I 신호(601a' - 601b')를 변조하고 증폭하여, 증폭된 I 신호를 생성하도록 구성됨 - 과, 직교 위상(Q; Quadrature) 변조기 및 믹서 회로(503'- 506b')와, 이들에 연결된 Q 파워 증폭기 회로(512b')를 갖는 Q 위상 회로 -  Q 회로는 디지털 기저대역 Q 신호(601c'- 601d')를 변조하고 증폭하여, 증폭된 I 신호와 분리된 증폭된 Q 신호를 생성하도록 구성됨 - 를 포함한다. 통신 디바이스는 예를 들어, I 및 Q 신호 입력 사이에서 디지털 기저대역 I 신호와 디지털 기저대역 Q 신호를 선택적으로 스위칭하여 디지털 기저대역 I 및 Q 신호에 대한 선택적 위상 시프트를 제공하도록 구성된 프로세서(530')를 포함한다.  예를 들어, 컨트롤러는 디지털 기저대역 I 및 Q 신호를 선택적으로 위상 시프트할 수 있고 I 및 Q 파워 증폭기 회로를 제어하여 증폭된 I 및 Q 신호의 진폭을 변경할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20120131470-A (KR)
Title: Read circuitry for OTP memory
IPC: G11C17/00
Filed: 2011-05-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: A read circuit for an OTP memory is provided to minimize a current flowing in a fuse of a memory cell which stores binary information, thereby increasing the lifetime of the fuse. CONSTITUTION: A precharge device precharges a bit line(BL) with a ground voltage(VSS) before a read operation. An enable signal notifies the beginning of a reading operation. A pull-up device continuously pulls up the voltage of the bit line in the read operation. The difference of a current value between the pull-up device and a fuse is read. The difference of the current value is different according to the program state of the fuse. [Reference numerals] (AA) Sense amplifier
Patent KR-20120131504-A (KR)
Title: Semiconductor device and method for forming the same
IPC: H01L21/8242
Filed: 2011-05-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: A semiconductor device and a forming method thereof are provided to secure sufficient electrostatic capacity by implementing an amplification type capacitor in not only a DRAM with a planar gate structure but also in a DRAM with a vertical gate structure. CONSTITUTION: A first single crystal layer(104) is formed on a semiconductor substrate(100). A second single crystal layer(118) is formed on the upper side of the first single crystal layer. A first top electrode(120) is formed in the sidewall of the second single crystal layer. A second top electrode(122) connects adjacent first top electrodes. A third single crystal layer(124) is formed on the upper side of the second single crystal layer. A conductive layer(128) is formed on the upper side of the third single crystal layer.
Patent KR-20120134270-A (KR)
Title: Device for sensing force
Inventor: LEE DONG HYEOK
IPC: G01L1/22
Filed: 2011-06-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A force measuring device is provided to use an elastic thin plate including an elastic deformation unit, thereby precisely measuring and enlarging a measurement range. CONSTITUTION: A force measuring device comprises an elastic thin plate(110) and a deformation measurement module(120). The elastic thin plate comprises a carbon fiber plate and includes one or more elastic deformation units. The elastic deformation unit is elastically transformed by external force. The deformation measurement module is provided to the elastic deformation unit, thereby measuring the physical deformation of the elastic deformation units caused by external force.
Patent KR-20120134371-A (KR)
Title: Transparent plasma display panel having mirror function, and method of manufacturing the same
Inventor: CHOI KYUNG CHEOL
IPC: H01J17/49
Filed: 2011-06-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A transparent plasma display panel and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to increase luminescence intensity of a transparency fluorescent material layer by generating surface plasmon resonance. CONSTITUTION: A bottom panel forms one cell with a top panel. A transparency fluorescent material layer(150) is arranged between transparent barrier walls. A dielectric spacer layer(155) is arranged under the transparency fluorescent material layer. A metal nanofilm(165) is formed under the dielectric spacer layer. The metal nanofilm increases luminescence intensity of the transparency fluorescent material layer by generating surface plasmon resonance. [Reference numerals] (105) Top transparent substrate; (130) Top transparent dielectric layer; (135) Protection layer; (150) Transparent fluorescent layer; (155) Dielectric spacer layer; (160,165) Metal nano film; (170) Bottom transparent dielectric layer; (180) Bottom transparent substrate; (200) Top panel; (300) Bottom panel
Patent KR-20120138000-A (KR)
Title: Blind antenna
Inventor: RYOU BYUNG HOON
IPC: H01Q1/24
Filed: 2011-06-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A blind antenna is provided to easily operate in a plurality of frequency bands by using each blind wing as an antenna. CONSTITUTION: A blind includes a plurality of wings(10). An antenna is formed in at least one wing and includes a first antenna(20a) and a second antenna(20b) which operate in different frequency bands. A feeding line(31) connects the antenna to a feeding unit(30). A ground line(41) connects the antenna to a ground(40).
Patent KR-20120138442-A (KR)
Inventor: KANG YOON JUNG
IPC: A63B45/02
Filed: 2011-06-15
Abstract: 본 발명은 교육용 축구공과 축구화에 관한 것으로서, 구체적으로는 축구공에 축부를 표시하여 교육자와 피교육자의 소통을 원활히 하기 위한 교구에 관한 것이다.  
본 발명은, 축구공 표면의 임의의 위치에 표시된 기준표지(1)와, 상기 기준표지(1)가 축구공의 수직 정점이 되도록 놓인 상태에서 전?후 ?좌?우 4개면 중 일정한 축부 표지가 표시된 면이 1개 이상 포함되며, 상기 축부표지는 면 중앙에 표시된 가로방향의 제1 축부 표지(3)와, 면 중앙에 표시된 ×자 방향의 제2 축부 표지(5)와, 면의 좌측 아래에 ＼방향으로 표시된 제3 축부 표지(7)와, 상기 제3 축부 표지와 좌우 대칭인 ／방향의 제4 축부 표지(9) 중 어느 하나로 구성된다. 
본 발명에 따른 축구화는 신발 좌우 안쪽면 중앙에 신발의 길이방향으로 가로로 표시된 제1 축부신발표지(30)와, 신발 발등면에 신발의 길이방향을 따라 표시된 제2 축부신발표지(50)와, 상기 제1 축부신발표지 아래에 위치하는 엄지발가락 안쪽부위에 표시된 제3 축부신발표지(70)와, 상기 제3 축부신발표지의 반대편에 위치하는 새끼발가락 바깥부위에 표시된 제4 축부신발표지(90)가 표시된다.
Patent KR-20120139893-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI SEUNG LAK
IPC: G06F3/14
Filed: 2011-06-20
Abstract: 본 발명은 스마트폰 등 휴대 단말을 위한 사용자 인터페이스로서 휴대 단말을 잡은 손으로 터치 조작이 가능한 휴대 단말을 위한 움직이는 사용자 인터페이스 제공 장치 및 방법에 관한 것으로, 한 손으로도 단말 조작이 가능하도록 단말 장치의 움직임을 감지하여 기울임 방향 또는 단말 장치를 잡은 손에 따라 사용자 인터페이스 화면의 콤포넌트를 이동시키는 사용자 인터페이스를 제공한다.
Patent KR-20130007685-A (KR)
Title: Rainwater recirculation hybrid system with containment removal equipment and small hydro-power generator
Inventor: KIM CHEONG GYUN
IPC: F03B13/00
Filed: 2011-06-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A hybrid system connected with a pollutant treatment device and a hydropower generator is provided to remove floater and solid at the same time by micro and nanobubbles. CONSTITUTION: A hybrid system using rainwater comprises a complex pollutant treatment device(32), a conical rainwater storage tank(29), bubble generators, and a floater storage tank(34). Rainwater passes through a circular pipe(33) of the complex pollutant treatment device by a centrifugal pump(31) to generate centrifugal force. Pollutants are firstly separated by the centrifugal force, and floaters return to a furrow by a discharge valve(35) and pump(36). The pollutants are secondly separated by nanobubbles and micro bubbles generated by the bubble generators, annular pipes and elbow-type bubble nozzles. Micro floaters sucked by a vacuum pump(46) are delivered to the floater storage tank, and returned to the furrow. [Reference numerals] (AA) Upstream; (BB) Rainwater; (CC) Midstream; (DD) Downstream; (EE) Drinking water; (FF) Agricultural water; (GG) Water for a farm; (HH) Water for livestock; (II) Water for living; (JJ) Fire water; (KK) Water for power generation; (LL) First step; (MM) Second step; (NN) Third step; (OO) Fourth step
Patent KR-20130001839-A (KR)
Title: Mineral water manufacturing method
Inventor: JUNG DAE JUNE
IPC: C02F1/68
Filed: 2011-06-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of a mineral liquid is provided to provide a mineral liquid which improves prevention of a disease and biological activity control, and immunity. CONSTITUTION: A manufacturing method of a mineral liquid comprises: a step of mixing a mineral mixture powder comprising one or more selected from Si, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Ti, Na, P, S, I, Mu, V, Cu, Co, Cr, and Sr; a step of sintering the mixture at 1500-1700°C for one hour, and crushing into 200 mesh; a step of injecting a molding agent into the powder, and stirring, compressing and cooling the powder to form a mineral powder to form a mineral block; a step of putting a plasma water-treatment unit into one end of the quartz; a step of causing an ozone optical catalytic reaction; a step of generating a mineral mixed water; a step of injecting the mineral mixed water into a venturi unit; a step of electrolyzing the mineral mixed water. One side end of the first venturi unit and the other end of the second venturi unit is connected to each other. [Reference numerals] (AA) Start; (BB) End; (S110) Raw mineral material sintering and crushing step; (S120) Mineral block manufacturing and filter constructing step; (S130) Ozone optical catalytic reaction step; (S140) Mineral mixing step; (S150) Venturi processing step; (S160) Electrolyzing step; (S170) Post-treatment step
Patent KR-20130004656-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for assigning physical cell identifier of radio access network
Inventor: HAN SEON UK
IPC: H04W16/18
Filed: 2011-07-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A PCI(Physical Cell Identity) assigning method of a radio access network which is capable of appropriately assigning physical cell identity is provided to calculate a PCI reuse distance in consideration of traffic distribution and cell distribution by topographical factors when increasing cells in a radio access network. CONSTITUTION: A PCI reuse distance calculation unit(302) calculates an average distance between specific cells and the number(N) of adjacent cells having handover possibility according to the PCI assigning request of the specific cells. The PCI reuse distance calculation unit calculates a PCI reuse distance based on the calculated average distance between the specific cells and the adjacent cells. A PCI assigning unit(303) assigns PCI to the specific cell based on the PCI reuse distance calculated by the PCI reuse distance calculation unit. [Reference numerals] (301) Interface; (302) PCI reuse distance calculation unit; (303) PCI allocation unit
Patent KR-20120004937-A (KR)
Title: High efficiency amplifier with reduced electromagnetic interference
Inventor: CHEN JIANLONG
IPC: H03F3/217
Filed: 2011-07-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A high efficiency amplifier with reduced EMI is provided to reduce EMI(Electro-Magnetic Interference) by efficiently driving a switched power amplifier. CONSTITUTION: An output stage(280) provides a signal of high power to a load. A first overlap protection circuit(250a) generates timing non-overlap from a first control signal for the output stage. A first edge control circuit(260a) slowly forms a transient part of the signal with high power. The first edge control circuit reduces EMI by decreasing overshoot and undershoot of the signal with high power.
Patent KR-20130007890-A (KR)
Title: Microboat
Inventor: KONG SEONG HO
IPC: B81B7/00
Filed: 2011-07-11
Abstract: PURPOSE: A micro boat is provided to reduce energy consumption as a separate energy source is not necessary so that semi-permanent operation can be possible. CONSTITUTION: A micro boat comprises a first substrate(100) and a second substrate(200). The first substrate comprises a heating member(120). The second substrate comprises a nozzle(230). A micro chamber is formed by bonding the first and second substrates. [Reference numerals] (AA) Water
Patent KR-20130010730-A (KR)
Title: Deposition source and deposition apparatus with the same
Inventor: LEE JONG WOO
IPC: C23C14/24
Filed: 2011-07-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: A deposition source and a deposition apparatus including the same are provided to improve luminous efficiency by improving the uniformity of a co-deposition rate and a co-deposition region of a dopant and a host. CONSTITUTION: A first host evaporation source(110) includes a first evaporation unit(110a) and a second evaporation unit(110b). The first evaporation unit includes a crucible(111) and a first heating unit(113). The second evaporation unit includes a crucible(121) and the second heating unit. A second host evaporation source(130) includes a third evaporation unit(130a) and a fourth evaporation unit(130b). A dopant evaporation source(150) includes a crucible(151) and a heating unit(117).
Patent KR-20130016947-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOUNG JAE WOONG
IPC: H01L33/28
Filed: 2011-08-09
Abstract: 실시예는 발광소자, 발광소자의 제조방법, 발광소자 패키지 및 조명시스템에 관한 것이다. 
실시예에 따른 발광소자는 제1 도전형 반도체층; 상기 제1 도전형 반도체층 상에 활성층; 상기 활성층 상에 제2 도전형 반도체층; 상기 제2 도전형 반도체층 상에 복수의 산화아연(ZnO) 나노 라드(nano rod); 및 상기 산화아연 나노 라드 상에 탄소나노층;을 포함할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20130018431-A (KR)
Title: Ferritic stainless steel with excellent oxidation resistance, manufacturing method thereof and fuel cell interconnector using the same
Inventor: KIM DONG IK
IPC: H01M8/04
Filed: 2011-08-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A ferrite-based stainless steel with oxidation resistance, a manufacturing method thereof, and a fuel cell interconnector using the same are provided to have excellent electric conductivity and oxidation resistance by having a compact oxide film on the surface of the ferrite-based stainless steel. CONSTITUTION: A ferrite-based stainless steel with oxidation resistance is composed of a ferrite-based stainless steel and a chrome oxide film. The ferrite-based stainless steel contains chrome. The fraction of crystal orientation measured by EBSP is 5% or more. The chrome oxide film is formed on the surface of the ferrite-based stainless steel. [Reference numerals] (AA) Spinel oxide film(relatively bright portion); (BB) Chrome oxide film(dark portion); (CC) Ferrite-based stainless steel
Patent KR-20130019913-A (KR)
Title: Oil mixing preventing system
Inventor: LEE SOO JOON
IPC: B60K15/077
Filed: 2011-08-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: An oil mixing preventing system is provided to discharge nonconformity fuel by detecting. CONSTITUTION: An oil mixing preventing system comprises a fuel analyzer(100), a auxiliary fuel tank(200), and a control device(300). The fuel analyzer determines whether the fuel is nonconformity fuel by analyzing the injected fuel from a lubricator. The auxiliary fuel tank temporarily saves the injected fuel. The control device controls a valve of the auxiliary fuel tank in order to discharge the saved fuel in the auxiliary fuel tank according to analyzed results. [Reference numerals] (200) Auxiliary fuel tank; (300) Control device; (400) Main fuel tank
Patent KR-20130020155-A (KR)
Title: Rotatiing mop using force distribution method
Inventor: LEE JAE HYUN
IPC: A47L13/24
Filed: 2011-08-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: A rotating type mop in a power distribution method is provided to exert large power with the same power by dispersing power by a dispersion external gear when washing a mop. CONSTITUTION: A rotating type mop in a power distribution method includes a mop part(20). A mop part includes a main body(100) and a operating unit. A hole is formed in the center of a main body, a fixed internal gear(110) formed in the inner circumference is formed in the lower surface, and a mop(21) is inserted in a lower peripheral part. A operating unit includes a operation case(210), a dispersion external gear(220), a operation part(230), and a operation link(240). An operation case is fixed by penetrating the hole of the main body and forms three projecting parts. Three dispersion external gears are interlocked with a fixed internal gear in order to rotate in the each projecting part of the operation case. An aperture is formed in order to rotate in the center of each dispersion external gear, and an operation part having a fixing hole is fixed to a bar(10) by penetrating the hole of the main body. An operation link inserted into the peripheral part of the operation part is formed.
Patent KR-20120023568-A (KR)
Title: Storage facility for roll articles
Inventor: KATAOKA HIROYUKI
IPC: B65G1/14
Filed: 2011-08-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: A roll shaped storage facility is provided to install in the small space. CONSTITUTION: A roll shaped storage facility comprises a receiving shelf(2), a conveyance device(3), and a control device. The receiving shelf comprises a roll receiving unit(1) and a retainer receiving unit(9). The conveyance device sends back a roll(R) and a shaft retainer(6). The control device controls the conveyance device. The control unit performs receiving and releasing of a roll body and a retainer. The roll receiving process controls the conveyance device to send back the roll body from a roll receipt station(4) to the roll receiving unit. The roll releasing process controls the conveyance device to send back the roll body from the roll receiving unit to a roll releasing station(5).
Patent KR-20130025685-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI MUN KYOUNG
IPC: F02C6/18
Filed: 2011-09-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A cogeneration apparatus using a hybrid system of solar energy and a gas turbine and a method thereof are provided to operate for 24 hours even if the solar energy is not supplied by complementarily using a solar collector and a combustor. CONSTITUTION: A cogeneration apparatus using a hybrid system of solar energy and a gas turbine comprises a compressor(12), a solar collector(14), a combustor(16), a turbine(18), a power generator(20), and a heat exchanger(22). The compressor compresses gas flowed in. The solar collector heats the gas by solar energy. The combustor combusts after supplying fuel to the gas discharged from the solar collector to generate combustion gas. The turbine is rotated by the combustion gas. The power generator produces electricity by the power generated in the turbine. The heat exchanger heat-exchanges exhaust gas exhausted from the turbine and fluid to generate the heated fluid or steam. [Reference numerals] (12) Compressor; (16) Combustor; (18) Turbine; (20) Power generator; (26) Controller; (AA) Fuel
Patent KR-20130030905-A (KR)
Inventor: SUNG MYOUNG SEOK
IPC: H01L31/0445
Filed: 2011-09-20
Abstract: 실시예에 따른 태양전지는 오목부를 포함하는 지지기판; 및 상기 지지기판 상에 위치하는 광흡수층, 버퍼층 및 전면전극층을 포함한다.
Patent KR-20110113604-A (KR)
Inventor: CHANG MAN IK
IPC: G06F3/01
Filed: 2011-09-30
Abstract: 본 발명은 입력부, 표시부 및 제어부를 포함하는 단말기의 멘토 서비스 단말기, 방법 및 그 방법을 기록한 기록매체에 관한 것이다. 
본 발명에 따르면, 사용자가 그들 스스로 자신의 삶에 대해서 질문을 던지게 하고, 그들 삶의 근원적인 것을 찾도록 유도할 수 있으며, 이를 토대로 자신만의 성공적인 그리고 행복한 삶을 살아갈 수 있는 해답을 찾을 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다.
Patent KR-20130037106-A (KR)
Title: Pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of a disease caused by motorneuronal cell death
Inventor: CHOI EUI JU
IPC: A61K31/7105
Filed: 2011-10-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diseases caused by motorneuronal cell death is provided to suppress polyubiquitination and to stabilize SMN protein. CONSTITUTION: A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diseases caused by motorneuronal cell death contains one or more selected from the group consisting of ASK1(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1) protein or a fragment thereof, ASK1 protein or a gene of the fragment thereof, and an ASK1 protein overexpression vector, as an active ingredient. The fragment contains an amino acid sequence of sequence number 2. The ASK1 gene has a nucleotide sequence of sequence number 3. The ASK1 fragment gene has a nucleotide sequence of sequence number 4.
Patent KR-20130039517-A (KR)
Title: Spindle motor
Inventor: YOO HO JUN
IPC: G11B19/20
Filed: 2011-10-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A spindle motor is provided to compensate power of a reduced permanent magnet by increasing a coil inductance value when a general permanent magnet which includes a ferrite magnet is used. CONSTITUTION: An armature includes a core(11). A rotator is arranged on an upper part of the armature and includes a permanent magnet which is faced with the core. The armature is located on an upper part of a stator. The stator supports the rotator to be rotated. Poles(11b) are arranged as a radial shape based on a center unit of the core. A coil(12) is wound on the poles. A connection unit(11c) is formed among the poles.