baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2005530477-A (JP)
IPC: H02P21/14
Filed: 2003-03-28
Abstract: A control system for a multiphase permanent magnet motor compensates for physical variations among individual motor phase circuit elements. The control system successively develops a control voltage for switched energization of the motor phase windings that is closely matched with particular parameters of the corresponding windings. The system can be applied to a motor in which each stator phase component comprises a ferromagnetically isolated stator electromagnet, the electromagnet core elements being separated from direct contact with each other and formed with separate phase windings. A digital signal processor may be utilized that applies an algorithm incorporating the parameters as constant values, the parameters for a particular phase being accessed for generating the appropriate control signals for energizing that phase.
Patent JP-2005536599-A (JP)
IPC: C08K3/34
Filed: 2003-07-24
Abstract: Surface-crosslinked superabsorbent polymer (SAP) particles having a clay in the vicinity of the surfaces of the SAP particles a clay are disclosed. The clay is added to SAP particles during surface crosslinking to substantially reduce the generation, and recycling, of SAP fines, and to provide SAP particles having an improved acquisition rate of fluids and an improved permeability of a fluid through the swollen SAP particles. Diaper cores and absorbent articles containing the surface crosslinked SAP particles also are disclosed.
Patent JP-2005538292-A (JP)
IPC: F02B37/24
Filed: 2002-09-05
Abstract: A turbocharger comprises a variable nozzle device and an exhaust housing being mechanically and/or thermally decoupled from the variable nozzle device. Additional optional advantageous features are provided, including various axial and radial clearances and various sealing elements.
Patent JP-2006500580-A (JP)
Title: 高速半導体テストシステム
IPC: G01R31/3193
Filed: 2003-09-24
Abstract: 高速半導体テストシステムは、テストヘッド内のピンカードが放射方向に配列されるように設計されており、ＤＵＴはテストヘッド上の中央に設けられている。各ピンカードが放射状に配列されているため、中央に面したピンカードの側部はＤＵＴに近接しており、その結果として往復遅延（ＲＴＤ）が減少される。更に、それぞれのピンカードはＤＵＴから等距離に置かれる。従って、それぞれのピンカードとＤＵＴ間の経路長のばらつきが減少され、またこれにより、ＲＴＤの経路長が最小化される。
Patent JP-2006507007-A (JP)
Title: Ａｐｃ及びａｘｉｎ経路のモディファイヤーとしてのｌｏｃ１６９５０５および使用方法
IPC: G01N33/574
Filed: 2003-11-24
Abstract: ヒトＬＯＣ１６９５０５遺伝子はＡＰＣ及びＡＸＩＮ経路のモジュレーターとして同定されており、したがってこれらは欠陥ＡＰＣ及びＡＸＩＮ機能に関連する疾患の治療上の標的である。ＬＯＣ１６９５０５の活性を調節する作用剤を探すためにスクリーニングすることを含む、ＡＰＣ及びＡＸＩＮのモジュレーターを同定する方法が提供される。
Patent JP-2006511121-A (JP)
Title: ビデオイメージにおける細線を生成する方法及び装置
IPC: H04N5/208
Filed: 2003-12-10
Abstract: ビデオにおいて線を細くする方法及び装置は、互いに向かって傾き、第一の太さのエッジ（１７）に合流する空間的に離れた変わり目（１６）の対を持つ線信号（１５）であり、該第一の太さは前記ビデオにおいて与えられた幅の線を生成するエッジの太さである、該ビデオの該線信号（１５）を提供することを含んでいる。少なくとも１つ以上の変わり目（１６）が、該第一の太さより少ない第二の太さのエッジ（１９）を持つ新しい線信号（１８）を生成するために、該エッジ（１７）の中心に向かって移動され、前記ビデオにおいて与えられた線の幅を減少させる。
Patent JP-2006510437-A (JP)
Title: 医療センサ用二重コネクタ
IPC: A61B5/274
Filed: 2003-12-12
Abstract: 好ましくはインピーダンス・カルジオグラフィ・システム内にある医療電極に接続するための二重電極コネクタは、ベースを具えるコネクタハウジングであって、ベースが、ハウジング内の所定の位置に配置された所定の直径の２つの孔をベース内に有し、２つの孔のうちの第１の孔が二重電極コネクタの第１のコネクタに結合し、２つの孔のうちの第２の孔が二重電極コネクタの第２のコネクタに結合するハウジングと；ハウジングの表面に沿って配置された一対の付勢素子であって、一対の付勢素子のそれぞれが、ハウジングの２つの孔のそれぞれの孔に挿入された一対の電極スタッドのうちの一方に対して付勢されるよう適合させた付勢素子と；ツインワイヤケーブル及びベンドリリーフを含むケーブル組立体を含み、金属ラグの対のそれぞれが第１コネクタ及び第２コネクタの一方に接続され、ベンドリリーフがベースの孔の中に配置され、金属ラグの対のそれぞれの金属ラグにツインワイヤケーブルを柔軟に接続する。付勢手段は、患者に向かう挿入力がほとんど零で、二重コネクタを２つの電極に取り付けるのを補助するためハンドルを含めることができる。
Patent JP-2006513227-A (JP)
Title: ５−クロロ−ｎ−（｛（５ｓ）−２−オキソ−３−［４−（３−オキソ−４−モルホリニル）−フェニル］−１，３−オキサゾリジン−５−イル｝−メチル）−２−チオフェンカルボキサミドの製造方法
IPC: C07D333/38
Filed: 2003-12-24
Abstract: 本発明は、５−クロロチオフェン−２−カルボニルクロリド、（２Ｓ）−３−アミノ−プロパン−１,２−ジオールおよび４−（４−アミノフェニル）−３−モルホリノンから出発する、５−クロロ−Ｎ−（｛（５Ｓ）−２−オキソ−３−［４−（３−オキソ−４−モルホリニル）−フェニル］−１,３−オキサゾリジン−５−イル｝−メチル）−２−チオフェン−カルボキサミドの製造方法に関する。
Patent JP-2006505829-A (JP)
Title: 貯蔵コンテナ広告方法
IPC: G06Q30/02
Filed: 2003-10-28
Abstract: 広告収入を生み出す方法は、少なくとも一つの広告を表示するための少なくとも一つの広告面を備える移動表示体を先の所有者から購入するステップと、前記移動表示体を先の所有者に賃貸するステップと、少なくとも一つの広告主に少なくとも一部分の広告面を販売するステップとを含み、その少なくとも一つの広告主に広告媒体を提供する。少なくとも一つの広告主は先の所有者及び第三者を含むことができる。移動表示体は貨物或いは乗客を輸送する運搬用車両とすることができる。
Patent JP-2006508476-A (JP)
Title: コンピューティング・デバイスとのサーバ同期のための方法およびシステム
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 2003-02-25
Abstract: サーバのメイン・データベースとハンドヘルド・デバイスのローカル・データベースを同期させる方法とシステム。ユーザは、ハンドヘルド・デバイス内に存在するアプリケーションを使用して、ローカル・データベースの中でトランザクションを行う。同期オペレーション中、ハンドヘルド・デバイスとサーバが結合される。次に、システムは、アプリケーションを更新すべきかどうかを判定し、更新すべき場合、サーバに更新を行わせる。また、システムは、ローカル・データベースに対してユーザが行ったトランザクションに関連する情報を、ハンドヘルド・デバイスにサーバへ提供させる。システムは、そのトランザクション情報に基づいて、サーバにメイン・データベースに対してトランザクションを実行させる。また、システムは、データをサーバに、メイン・データベースから抽出させる。次に、サーバは、抽出されたデータの少なくとも一部をハンドヘルド・デバイスに提供して、ローカル・データベースを更新することができる。
Patent JP-2006187501-A (JP)
Title: Radiographic system
Inventor: MURAOKA SHINTARO
IPC: A61B6/00
Filed: 2005-01-07
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a radiographic system capable of surely forming a precise boundary position when failing to automatically detect a boundary position of a transmission image region.  <P>SOLUTION: When an automatic boundary detecting means 70 fails to automatically detect the boundary of the chest wall position when picking a display image region from an output image region, a boundary calculation means 71 automatically detects a marker boundary position never failing to automatically detect the boundary, calculates the chest wall position from the marker boundary position based on marker disposed position information on an imaging table to pick the display image region. Even if the automatic boundary detecting means 70 fails the automatic detection of the chest wall position, this constitution can surely find the proper chest wall position and make the display image easy to see for an operator.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006194258-A (JP)
Title: Heat insulation panel and heat insulation box body
Inventor: NAKANO AKIRA
IPC: F16L59/06
Filed: 2005-01-11
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To secure high heat insulation performance as a box body and reduce cost in manufacturing, storage, transportation, construction and retention of reliability.  <P>SOLUTION: A heat insulation panel 101 consists of surface materials 102 facing with keeping an interval, vacuum heat insulation material 103 provided in an inside space between the surface materials 102, filling heat insulation material 104 filled and foamed in the inside space between the surface materials 102, and a means 109 identifying heat insulation performance. Heat insulation performance can be adjusted by changing specifications the vacuum heat insulation material 103. Since number of thickness type of the heat insulation panel 101 can be reduced and thickness of the heat insulation panel can be reduced and heat insulation performance can be easily identified, cost for manufacturing, storing and transporting the heat insulating panel can be reduced. Moreover, since growth of crack can be suppressed by making vacuum heat insulation material 103 in double layer in the heat insulation panel 101, long term reliability of the heat insulating box body 113 can be secured.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006193286-A (JP)
Title: Sheet feeding device and jamming detection method for the device
Inventor: YASUKAWA RYOICHI
IPC: B65H3/06
Filed: 2005-01-14
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a sheet feeding device detecting jamming of a sheet early to reduce damage even if difference in sheet movement amount occurs.  <P>SOLUTION: A picking roller is disposed to a hopper end part on which sheets are loaded, the sheet loaded on the hopper is picked up and carried in a device, and the sheets are fed into the device one by one by means of a separator roller and a brake roller disposed to a separation part. In a sheet carrying passage, a means for measuring an actual sheet movement amount is disposed on an upstream end side of a range where the jamming of the sheet paper should be detected. A sheet passage detection means detecting the arrival of the sheet is disposed on a downstream end side of the jamming detection range. With respect to the distance of the jamming detection range, the jamming is detected by using the measured actual sheet movement amount and information on presence/absence of the sheet by the sheet passage detection means.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006033790-A (JP)
Title: Method for transmitting packet
Inventor: TATSUNO HIDEO
IPC: H04L47/265
Filed: 2005-01-14
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for transmitting packets, which secures a large-capacity band in a short time without exposing a network to risk even for a long distance transmission.  <P>SOLUTION: A transmitting side transmits a weighted band securing forward resource management packet which has a weight corresponding to a current virtual packet rate. A backward resource management packet looped from a receiving side is received. A transmission speed of the packet is adjusted according to the state of a congestion predicting signal written in the received packet.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005334623-A (JP)
Title: Handle of frying pan
Inventor: PARK MIN GYU
IPC: A47J37/10
Filed: 2005-01-17
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a handle of a frying pan on which a turner can be stably set to prevent surrounding environment from being soiled, improve a hygienic condition, and prevent burning of a turner.  <P>SOLUTION: A typical configuration of this handle of a frying pan includes a recess part 1b formed in the upper surface of the handle body 1 to stably set the handle 4a of a turner and wing shape projection parts 1c formed on both sides of the recess part 1b.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006195868-A (JP)
Title: Data access management device, information output device, data access management method and information output method
Inventor: MATSUURA AKITO
IPC: G06F12/00
Filed: 2005-01-17
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a data access management device capable of preventing the improper occupation of data.  <P>SOLUTION: This data access management device has: a data storage part 11 storing the data; a lock management part 12 managing a lock state related to the data stored by the data storage part 11; a reception part 13 receiving an access requirement to the data stored by the data storage part 11; a data access part 14 accessing the data stored by the data storage part 11 according to the lock state of the data to the access requirement; a decision part 15 deciding whether or not it is timing for outputting output information that is information related to a lock; an output information generation part 16 generating the output information; and an output part 17 outputting the output information when the decision part 15 decides that it is the timing for outputting the output information.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006199514-A (JP)
Title: Heat-resistant coating member
Inventor: ISHII TOSHIO
IPC: C04B41/89
Filed: 2005-01-18
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a heat-resistant coating member which is a heat-resistant coating member for supporting and melting, sintering, or heat-treating a metal or a ceramic in a vacuum, an inert gas atmosphere, or a reducing atmosphere and is lightweight and excellently heat-resistant, resistant to reaction or welding with the metal or the ceramic, and capable of being repeatedly used many times.  <P>SOLUTION: The heat-resistant coating member is prepared by coating the surface of a carbonaceous material having a coefficient of thermal expansion of 2×10<SP>-6</SP>to 7.3×10<SP>-6</SP>/°C with an undercoat film containing at least W and an upper layer film comprising a Y-based oxide.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006198899-A (JP)
Title: Humidity permeable laminated sheet
Inventor: KAWAMURA HIDETOSHI
IPC: A01K23/00
Filed: 2005-01-20
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a humidity permeable laminated sheet having high weatherability which does not cause delamination, cracking or the like in its edge face even if used outdoors for a long time and can be used over a long period of time.  <P>SOLUTION: The humidity permeable laminated sheet is constituted by laminating a porous polyolefin film and a nonwoven fabric comprising a thermoplastic resin, wherein the contact surfaces of both of the porous polyolefin film and the nonwoven fabric are fused in a gap-free state at the edge part of the laminated sheet.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006202416-A (JP)
Title: Optical pickup device
Inventor: HASHIMURA JUNJI
IPC: G11B7/135
Filed: 2005-01-20
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an optical pickup device for recording and reproducing information which is ready for four different types of optical recording media while it is low in cost and compact in size.  <P>SOLUTION: A first objective lens OBJ1 condenses light on information recording surfaces of a BD and HD which are optical disks using the flux of light having the shortest wavelength λ1, and consequently the flux of light emitted from a first semiconductor laser LD1 is effectively used. Optical paths from semiconductor lasers LD1-LD3 to the first objective lens OBJ1 or second objective lens OBJ2 are formed so that a condensing spot formed by the first objective lens OBJ1 and a condensing spot formed by the second objective lens OBJ2 may be different in location from each other in a face vertical to an optical axis, and accordingly switching the first objective lens OBJ1 and the second objective lens OBJ2 according to the information recording optical disc is not required and a moving mechanism is not required. Therefore, the simplification and miniaturization of an optical pickup device is possible.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006198190-A (JP)
Title: Pinball game machine
Inventor: ABE MASAMICHI
IPC: A63F7/02
Filed: 2005-01-20
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a pinball game machine which facilitates the elimination of the jamming with balls without requiring such a complicated work as opening the cover in the elimination of the jamming of the foul ball passage with balls.  <P>SOLUTION: The pinball game machine is provided with the foul balls passage 33 which guides the game balls, as shot with the shooter 7 but failing to reach the playing area A, to the lower tray 6. The foul ball passage 33 comprises a foul ball drop port 43, a foul ball receiving part 44 which is disposed below the foul ball drop port 43 and receives the foul balls dropping from the drop port 43, a foul ball discharge port 46 for discharging the foul balls to the lower tray, a foul ball guide path part 47 which forms a path to the foul ball discharge port from the foul ball receiving part and a cover member 40 able to cover the foul ball path 33. The cover member is provided with a through hole 50 which communicates with the inside of the foul ball passage 33 to enable the insertion of a ball jamming removing jig within the foul ball passage.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006198969-A (JP)
Title: Inkjet printing machine and inkjet printing method
Inventor: ITO YUTAKA
IPC: B41J2/175
Filed: 2005-01-24
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an inkjet printing machine and an inkjet printing method, which avoid a decrease in productivity.  <P>SOLUTION: Data on the next page of manuscripts are analyzed when the remaining quantity of ink in a sub-tank falls short of a threshold during a printing operation. The printing operation is continued when the remaining quantity of the ink in the sub-tank is enough for printing. The printing operation is suspended when the remaining quantity of the ink in the sub-tank is not enough for printing, and restarted after the ink is refilled into the sub-tank from an ink cartridge. This enables a reduction in the number of ink refilling operations during the printing operation, and the avoidance of the decrease of the productivity. More specifically, the inkjet printing machine with the sub-tank can avoid the decrease of the productivity by adjusting the timing of refilling the ink.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006205190-A (JP)
Title: Method of joining dissimilar metals
Inventor: CHIN KENEI
IPC: B23K20/12
Filed: 2005-01-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of joining dissimilar metals capable of obtaining a high joining strength by increasing the area of breakage of a facing oxide film on a work surface in joining dissimilar metals by a diffusion bonding method using a friction stirring and joining method, and to provide a dissimilar metal joining method capable of preventing degradation of the joining strength by preventing the reduction of the thickness of a work at a joined portion as much as possible.  <P>SOLUTION: In the method of joining dissimilar metals, a second member 2 consisting of a metal different from that of a first member 1 overlaps the first member 1 having recesses 11, 12 from opening part sides of the recesses 11, 12 of the first member 1, and the first member 1 is joined with the second member 2 by pressing the second member 2 against inner faces of the recesses 11, 12 of the first member 1 while stirring the second member by the rotation of a rotary tool 3.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006207677-A (JP)
Title: Shaft coupling
Inventor: SAKAI YOSHITAKA
IPC: F16D1/05
Filed: 2005-01-27
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a shaft coupling in which accuracy of shaft-coupling is enhanced by constituting so that the diameter of tapered boss parts and flange parts are contractible by providing arcuate slits and a diameter-reducing slit formed in the shaft coupling main-body.  <P>SOLUTION: In the shaft coupling main-body 1, tapered boss parts 2 are integrally formed on both sides with the flange parts 4, and shaft holes 5 of both the boss parts are allowed to communicate with each other in the inside of the flange parts. The shaft coupling is provided with tapered caps 8, which conform respectively to the tapered boss parts 2, and can be fastened by bolts to the boss parts. The flange parts 4 have a pair of arcuate slits 14 and flexible coupling parts 16. The arcuate slits 14 are radially formed on borders 13 to the tapered boss parts 2 formed on both sides. The flexible coupling parts 16 couple the upper and lower slits. The tapered boss parts have axially diameter-reducing slits 15 from the arcuate slits to the end surfaces.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006204578-A (JP)
Title: Metallic double container and metallic vacuum double container
Inventor: MURAKAMI TOMIO
IPC: A47J41/02
Filed: 2005-01-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a metallic double container capable of easily sealing an exhaust hole in a simple structure without taking time for exhaust of a gap part, and a metallic vacuum double container using the same.  <P>SOLUTION: This metallic double container is characterized in that, in the metallic double container composed of an outer container and an inner container and provided with a gap between the outer container and the inner container, the outer container or the inner container is provided with the plurality of exhaust holes for vacuuming the gap part. The metallic vacuum double container of this invention is characterized in that the exhaust holes of the metallic double container, which is composed of the outer container and the inner container, provided with the gap between the outer container and the inner container, and provided with the plurality of exhaust holes for vacuuming the gap part on the outer container or the inner container, are sealed with a sealing material.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006209618-A (JP)
Title: Digital output device and diagnosing method using digital output device
Inventor: SEKINO HIROMI
IPC: G05B23/02
Filed: 2005-01-31
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a digital output device and a diagnostic method capable of properly diagnosing the mounted state of a device to be controlled and the state of a self-device.  <P>SOLUTION: A current value detecting means 101 detects the current value of current caused to flow to a switch. A voltage detecting means 102 detects voltage outputted to a device. A diagnostic means 103 makes a diagnosis on the basis of the current value detected by the current value detecting means and the voltage detected by the voltage detecting means when the switch is turned on and when the switch is turned off. Also, a switch changeover means 105 changes states of the switch corresponding to one device. An influence detecting means 106 detects the existence/absence of influence of other devices on output wiring when the switch changeover means 105 changes states.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006215612-A (JP)
Title: Parking lot management system
Inventor: HARADA MASAO
IPC: G06Q50/00
Filed: 2005-02-01
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a parking lot management system capable of securing parking spaces preferentially for customers who are very likely to use stores for the purchase of commodities, etc.  <P>SOLUTION: The parking lot management system includes a management device 100 connected to a parking lot facility 110 and to a store facility 120. The management device 100 includes processing means including a parking lot facility control means 101, a means 102 for determining the number of preferred parking spaces, and a POS terminal information management means 103, and a management database 104 for managing information about the previous uses of the parking lot, etc. The management database 104 stores the information about the previous uses of the parking lot for such classifications as the kind of use (general or preferred parking), time zone, day of the week, particular date, weather. Based on a correction value set for each of the classifications, the means 102 for determining the number of preferred parking spaces can set the number of preferred parking spaces for the customers in possession of reward cards and the like.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006216828-A (JP)
Title: Polishing method using polishing liquid for metal
Inventor: TERASAKI HIROKI
IPC: B24B37/00
Filed: 2005-02-04
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a polishing method which enables high flattening, reduction in dishing amount and formation of a buried pattern of a highly reliable metallic film.  <P>SOLUTION: In the polishing method, the relation between a polishing velocity V1 of an upper layer and a polishing velocity V2 of a lower layer is V1>V2 in a lamination film consisting of at least two layers. A polishing liquid for metal is supplied to a polishing cloth on a polishing plate, the cloth is brought into contact with a polishing surface of a substrate as a semiconductor chip. A metal lamination film is formed by formation methods of two or more kinds, and the polishing surface and the polishing cloth are moved relatively, thus polishing a substrate surface.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006217413-A (JP)
Title: Electronic camera
Inventor: SUGIHARA MARI
IPC: H04N101/00
Filed: 2005-02-04
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electronic camera which detects the presence of a person with a high precision and is capable of automatically selecting a photographing mode or color correction processing in accordance with a scene.  <P>SOLUTION: The electronic camera includes; an imaging device which photoelectrically converts a subject image formed by a photographic optical system to generate an image signal; a skin color area detection part which generates skin color area data within a photographic screen on the basis of the image signal; a temperature distribution data generation part which generates temperature distribution data within the photographic screen; and a control part which compares the skin color area data and the temperature distribution data to detect a skin exposed part of a human body within the photographic screen and changes a photographic mode relating to an exposure condition on the basis of the detection result.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI