baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent YU-46064-B (YU)
Title: Uredjaj za odvajanje ulja, masti, nafte i dertvata nafte iz otpadnih voda
Inventor: VOJISLAV ALIC
IPC: C02F1/40
Filed: 1987-08-03
Abstract: UREDJAJ ZA ODVAJANJE ULJA,MASTI, NAFTE I DERTVATA NAFTE IZ OTPADNIH VODA, koji se sastoji od rezervoara 101 za otpadnu vodu, gravitacionog odvajača 102, rezervoara 103 za vodu, rezervoara 104 za ulje, centrifugalnog odvajača 105, rezervoara 106 za vodu, filtera 107 i rezervoara 108 za prečišćenu vodu naznačen time, što je u središnu osu filtera (107) postavljen centrifugalni odvajač (105) koji je prstenom (27), učvršćenim za spoljni zid (26) centrifugalnog odvajača (105), učvršćen vijcima za poklopac (22) filtera (107), a prstenom (25), učvršćenim za spoljni zid konusnog danca (24) centrifugalnog odvajača (105), učvršćen vijcima za dance (15) filtera (107) za čiji su spoljni zid (17) učvršćeni dance (9) i poklopac (14) gravitacionog odvajača (102), pri čemu su gornji krajevi vertikalnih zidova rezervoara (101), (103), (104), (106) i (108) učvršćeni za dance (15) filtera (107), a donji krajevi navedenih vertikalnih zidova učvršćeni su za zajedničke dance (2).
Patent YU-49089-B (YU)
Inventor: JOVANOVIC DR SLOBODANKA
Filed: 1991-11-08
Abstract: Postupak za dobijanje supstituisanih ariloksi-2,3-epoksi propana, opšte formule (1) gde je Ar aril, supstituisana aril, aralkil, naftil, supstituisana naftil, heteroaril grupa, naznač en time, što se jedinjenje opšte formule (1) dobija reagovanjem odgovarajućeg arilhidroksi jedinjenja sa epihlorhidrinom u prisustvu katalizatora natrijum ili kalijum hidroksida i/ili baznih katalizatora tipa kvaternernih amonijum soli pri uslovima homogene katalize i jonoizmenjivačkih smola koje sadrže primame, sekundarne tercijerne amino grupe i kvaternerne amonijum grupe pri uslovima heterogene katalize. Prijava sadrži još 5 zavisnih zahteva.
Patent YU-47716-B (YU)
Title: Priprema hidrosmeše pri hidrauličnom izuzimanju, transportu i deponovanju pepela i šljake metodom recirkulacije
Inventor: STANKOVIC M
IPC: B65G53/62
Filed: 1989-10-09
Abstract: PRIPREMA HIDROSMEŠE PRI HIDRAULIČNOM IZUZIMANJU, TRANSPORTU I DEPONOVANJU PEPELA I ŠLJAKE METODOM RECIRKULACIJE naznačena time, što primarna hidrosmeša vode i pepela pripremljena u mešaču (1) odlazi do prihvatnog rezervoara ili jame (2), odakle se pumpom (3) doprema u taložnik (4) gde se hidraulično doprema i šljaka (6) i u kome se priprema sekundarna hidrosmeša na taj način što se u donjoj zoni taložnika povećava sadržaj čvrstih čestica odakle se hidrosmeša pumpom (8) potiskuje na deponiju dok se iz gornje zone taložnika (4) preliva relativno čista voda koja zajedno sa povratnom vodom sa deponije (13) i dodatnom vodom (5) preko cevovoda (7) odlazi u mešač (1) na pripremu primarne hidrosmeše, dok se hidrosmeša na deponiji uvodi u taložnik (9) u kome se priprema za istakanje tako da se na izlazu iz donje zone taložnika kontrolisano preko kolektora (14) i cevovoda (15) i (16) u deponiju ispušta hidrosmeša sa sadržajem vode koji je potreban za date okolnosti dok se višak relativno čiste vode preliva i vraća u proces preko sistema (13).
Patent ZA-892306-B (ZA)
Title: Toothbrush having a flexible handle portion
Inventor: HALM HANS
IPC: A46B7/06
Filed: 1989-03-29
Abstract: The problem of providing a toothbrush with a head (10) which has flexibility relative to the handle (14) is solved by incorporating within the handle (14) a resiliently flexible portion (18) which comprises at least one transverse V-shaped fold (22) formed integrally with the remainder of the handle (14) and in a plane of 30 DEG  to 150 DEG  to that in which the handle (14) lies. Additional control of the flexibility may be achieved by the incorporation of a longitudinal structural rib (24) across a U-shaped fold (22).
Patent ZA-912913-B (ZA)
Title: Novel 2,9-disubstituted-4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-ones
Inventor: KENNIS LUDO EDMOND JOSEPHINE
IPC: A61K31/445
Filed: 1991-04-18
Abstract: Compounds of formula <CHEM> pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, and stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein  Alk is C1-4alkanediyl, and D is <CHEM>  wherein R<1> represents C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, carboxaldehyde, carboxyl, C1-10alkylcarbonyloxyC1-4alkyl;  each R<2> represents hydrogen or C1-4alkyl; R<3> represents C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl or methyl substituted with phenyl, 5-methyl-2-furanyl or 3-pyridinyl; and R<4> represents C1-3alkyl, phenyl, 5-methyl-2-furanyl or 3-pyridinyl,   which compounds are potent antagonists of dopamine and are therapeutically useful in treating patients suffering from acute psychoses. Compositions containing these compounds as active ingredient and processes of preparing said compounds and compositions.
Patent ZA-951372-B (ZA)
Title: Antibody purification
Inventor: SHADLE PAULA J
IPC: C12N15/09
Filed: 1995-02-20
Abstract: This invention relates to the application of hydrophobic interaction chromatography combination chromatography to the purification of antibody molecule proteins.
Patent ZA-956986-B (ZA)
Title: Methods of inhibiting viral replication.
Inventor: GLASEBROOK ANDREW LAWRENCE
IPC: A61K31/40
Filed: 1995-08-21
Abstract: A method of inhibiting viral replication comprising administering to a human in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the formula    <IMAGE>  (I)  wherein R1 and R3 are independently hydrogen, -CH3,   <IMAGE>   wherein Ar is optionally substituted phenyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidine, hexamethyleneamino, and piperidino; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof.
Patent ZA-957114-B (ZA)
Title: Cyclohexadiene derivatives
Inventor: URBAHNS KLAUS
IPC: A61P7/06
Filed: 1995-08-24
Abstract: Cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derivs. of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and their salts are new: A = 6-10C aryl or pyridyl, opt. substd. by 1-3 of NO2, CN, halogen, 3-7C cycloalkyl, CF3, 1-6C alkylthio, 1-6C alkyl and 1-6C alkoxy; R1 = H or 1-8C alkyl; R2, R3 = , 1-6C alky lor 1-6C acyl; D = NO2 or 2-8C alkoxycarbonyl.
Patent ZA-961647-B (ZA)
Title: Human t-cell line infected with hiv-2 which secretes functionally intact hiv-2 gp 160
Inventor: SARNGADHARAN MANGALASSERIL GOP
IPC: C12N5/0783
Filed: 1996-02-29
Abstract: A novel cell line chronically infected with HIV-2NIHZ virus secretes the precursor of the viral envelope proteins in extracellular medium. The cells grow well in serum-free medium which enables the concentration of the conditioned medium of the cells to be greatly increased (>100 fold). Such a concentration step is otherwise impossible to achieve if the cells are grown under conventional conditions using 10% fetal calf serum. A specific affinity procedure is provided to purify the gp160 protein from the concentrated conditioned medium of cultures of 100 liter batches using a mouse monoclonal antibody to the HIV-2 gp41 protein, which is a part of the gp160 protein. This purified HIV-2 gp160 reacts with high specificity and sensitivity with the anti viral antibodies of HIV-2 infected humans by several criteria such as i) ELISA, ii) western blot analysis, and iii) radioimmuno-precipitation of metabolically labeled gp160 from the same cell line. The purified HIV-2 gp160 from this cell line is therefore a diagnostic tool for the detection of HIV-2 infection in humans. In view of the predicted oligomeric property of gp160 and its close conformational similarity to the virion envelope, the purified gp160 can also be useful for the development of vaccine strategies against HIV-2 in humans.
Patent ZA-975840-B (ZA)
Title: Multiple milling on crankshafts.
Inventor: SNATORIUS ROLF
IPC: B23C3/06
Filed: 1997-07-01
Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for machining of workpieces (10) like crankshafts or similar components which are rotated about their own axis during machining, at least two mutually independently operating rotary milling tools (15, 16, 21, 22) performing material-removing operations simultaneously at different points on a workpiece. In order to maximize the edge life of the tools used, with special regard to the most uniform wear possible on all the rotary milling tools, it is proposed that the rotation speed of the tools be matched or varied to provide an optimum cutting operation and the rotation speed of the second and any other rotary milling tool be controlled dependently upon the tool rotation speed predetermined by the matching or variation.
Patent AT-413798-B (AT)
Title: Production of microencapsulated volatile substances (especially in feedstuff manufacture) involves spray drying an O/W emulsion containing water, a solvent aid, natural polymers and the volatile substance
Inventor: HUTZINGER MICHAEL DR
IPC: A23L27/00
Filed: 2003-01-29
Granted: 2006-06-15
Abstract: Production of volatile substances in microencapsulated form involves spray drying an o/w emulsion containing water, a solvent aid, natural polymers and the volatile substance to give a flowable powder, the difference between the inlet and outlet temperatures being 70-100[deg]C.
Patent AT-410673-B (AT)
Title: Detecting Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome, from underexpression of phosphoprotein ARPP-19, in tissue or body fluid
Inventor: LUBEC BARBARA DR
IPC: G01N33/68
Filed: 2001-03-22
Granted: 2003-06-25
Abstract: Detecting Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome comprises determining, in a tissue or body fluid sample, from a human at risk, the content of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein of molecular weight 19 kD (ARPP-19) and comparing this with a reference level.  An Independent claim is also included for a kit for detecting ARPP-19 comprising a molecule that detects ARPP-19 and a reference value.
Patent GB-2365057-B (GB)
Title: Scaffold manhole cover
Inventor: HALTON SETH
IPC: E04G5/00
Filed: 2000-07-27
Granted: 2005-02-02
Abstract: A hatch for a scaffolding platform comprises a cover attached to a toe-board via. straps 4. Said cover may comprise a frame 1 infilled by stiffeners or mesh 2, and hinges 3. To prevent horizontal movement of the frame relative to the hinges 3 stops 5 may be provided on the frame 1.
Patent GB-2377621-B (GB)
Title: Storage holder for containers
Inventor: FINN THOMAS
IPC: B65D51/24
Filed: 2002-07-12
Granted: 2003-12-17
Abstract: A storage device (1) comprises a container holder shaped as a base plate having therein on one side at least one recess (2) shaped to receive the mouth (14) of a corresponding generally cylindrical container (11). A set of lugs (4) project inwardly from the inside wall (5) of the recess in the holder. The lugs arc spaced from the base of the recess and from each other in such manner as to allow a corresponding set of container lugs (12) externally provided on the rim (13) surrounding the mouth of the container to pass through the spaces (6) between the holder lugs when the mouth of the container is entered into the recess. The container lugs are capable of passing above the holder lugs when the container is entered in an upright position into the recess in the holder, and the container is rotated in one direction to bring the corresponding sets of lugs into register with one another, with the container lugs above the holder lugs. The container is then supported in position within the device which is, for example, itself secured to the underside of a horizontal shelf. The container is removable from the holder by manual rotation of the container in the opposite direction, the rotation being sufficient to bring the container lugs into register with the spaces between the holder lugs, thus enabling the container to be removed from the holder. <IMAGE>
Patent GB-2452976-B (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to in-vehicle storage
Inventor: BUTLER TIM
IPC: B60R5/04
Filed: 2007-09-24
Granted: 2012-04-18
Abstract: A storage compartment 10 that may be located beneath the seating, cargo compartment or central console of a vehicle, is provided for excluding odours from the interior of the vehicle. The storage compartment is formed by side walls 11, 12, 13 or 14, a floor 15 that may be a non-absorbent surface, and a closure 16 that may have a seal and be pivotally attached to at least one of the walls. A first valve 18 provides gaseous communication into the storage compartment and a second valve 19 provides gas flow from inside the storage compartment to outside the vehicle. Valve 18 may be a one-way valve additionally configured to introduce air from the HVAC system if the vehicle has one. Valve 19 may be a one-way valve serving as drafter.
Patent GB-2172087-B (GB)
Title: Implement attachable to a tractor
Inventor: LAMSFUSS UWE
IPC: A01B71/06
Filed: 1985-08-12
Granted: 1988-12-21
Abstract: A drive line (26) for an implement (14) attachable to a tractor (10) includes two double cross bearing universal joints (32 and 34). During turns between passes over crop the power delivered by the line must turn through a working angle as large as 90 DEG . but for such a tight turn each joint turns the power through two angles of only 22 1/2 DEG  thus enabing full power to be used between passes without undue wear. The implement (14) is attached to lower links (18) of the tractor (10) by way of a yoke (16) which in turn is connected to a drawbar (12) of the implement (14) via a pair of channel-shaped supports (20, 22) rigid with, and at right angles to, one another. One support (20) receives the forward end of the drawbar (12) in its channel and is connected thereto by a vertical pivot pin (21). The other support (22) similarly receives the yoke (16) to which it is connected by a horizontal pivot pin (23). There is thus provided a drive and an arrangement for attaching the implement (14) to the tractor (10) which permits tight turns to be made efficiently.
Patent HU-217086-B (HU)
Inventor: DR BANHIDI GYOERGY
IPC: A61K33/14
Filed: 1995-03-10
Abstract: Mikrőelemekkel dúsítőtt, féreghajtó hatású, tömbbé préselt, nátriűm-klőrid-alapú nyalósó, amelynek minden kilőgrammja 1–100 gbenzimidazőlszármazék hatóanyagőt, 1–100 mg mőlibdént és 1–100 mgkőbaltőt tartalmaz fiziőlógiailag elfőgadható szervetlen sófőrmájában. A találmány szerint úgy járnak el, hőgy a pőrfinőmságúraőrölt nátriűm-klőrid minden kilőgrammjáhőz 1– 100 gbenzimidazőlszármazék hatóanyagőt, 2–200 mg ammóniűm-heptamőlibdátőtés 4–600 mg kőbalt(II)-klőridőt adagőlnak, az elegyet hőmőgenizálják,5–35 ml vízzel elkeverik, végül a keveréket ismert módőn, présgéppeltömbbé alakítják. ŕ
Patent HU-217362-B (HU)
Title: Process for the preparation of n-amino 1-hydroxy-alkylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acids and intermediates usable in the process and the new intermediates
Inventor: DAUER RICHARD R
IPC: C07F9/547
Filed: 1994-08-24
Abstract: A process for continuously producing alkylpyrophosphonate, alkylpyrophosphate and multimers thereof and for producing 4-amino-1-hydroxyalkylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acids or salts thereof.
Patent IT-1051235-B (IT)
Title: Phosphate treatment of industrial and - drinking water
Inventor: VOGEL H
IPC: C02F/
Filed: 1970-07-15
Granted: 1981-04-21
Abstract: Main water stream is fed through a metering apparatus and moves the vaned wheel which, with an endless screw, is on the shaft of an agitator, so that the phosphate solution in the space (at the bottom of the shaft) is homogenised and injected in metered fashion into the stream, while fresh water is fed by a secondary stream into the phosphate space (around the shaft). Apparatus is described. Specif. precipitation of hardness salts is prevented and metal corrosion is reduced.
Patent IT-1244138-B (IT)
Title: Vacuum desiccation method and desiccator
Inventor: BABOTH BELA
IPC: F26B/
Filed: 1990-07-20
Granted: 1994-07-08
Abstract: The object of the present invention is a method of desiccation according to which the material is dried with air that transmits heat so that the transmitted heat is sent indirectly by a means of heat transmission that does not come in contact with the material being dried and the condensate that precipitates is eliminated. The essence of the method consists of the fact that a low-pressure chamber is formed near the material being dried where the moisture contained in the material is made to evaporate. The object of the present invention is also a vacuum desiccator. <IMAGE>
Patent IT-1237203-B (IT)
Title: Production process for highlighter paper, tied multiple time on the surface however diversified and regrouped in a notepad, and sheets obtained using this process.
IPC: B42F/
Filed: 1989-11-22
Granted: 1993-05-26
Abstract: Described is a process to produce highlighter paper, tied multiple times on the surface but diversified and grouped in multiple overlaid copies to make a notepad. The process uses handmade paper with a smooth side, appropriately printed and a felt side where the grooves occur, this is suitable for housing centres with a layer of glue, with numerous gaps and adhesions. The layer of glue is particularly thinner in respect to the depth of the abovementioned grooves.
Patent IT-1062057-B (IT)
Title: Polyolefin fibre reinforced conglomerates - are crack resistant and useful for construction
Inventor: CAMPRINCOLI P
IPC: C04B16/06
Filed: 1976-04-28
Granted: 1983-06-25
Abstract: Reinforced conglomerates for construction are composed of cement, gypsum, concrete and analogous materials strengthened with polyolefinic fibres contg. Mg silicate and gp. 2A and 3B metal oxides. Polyolefins used as obtd. by homo- or copolymerisation of monomers of formula R-CH CH2(where R is alkyl, aryl or hydrogen), to give crystalline copolymers of ethylene/propylene contg. mainly propylene, polybut-1-ene polypent-1-ene, poly-4-methyl pent-1-ene, polystyrene, etc. Pref. polyolefin is polypropylene composed of isotatic macromolecules prepd. by stereospecific polymerisation of propylene. Mg silicates may be natural or synthetic and include talc, steatite, tremolite, serpentine, anthophyllite and prochlorite. PRef. metal oxides are CaO, MgO, BaO, SrO and Al2O3. The conglomerates are resistant to flexion and cracking.
Patent IT-1038208-B (IT)
IPC: B23K20/00
Filed: 1975-05-16
Granted: 1979-11-20
Abstract: 1502965 Welding by pressure; welding electrical contact PHILIPS ELECTRONIC & ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES Ltd 16 May 1975 [21 May 1974] 20840/75 Headings B3R and B3A In a method of welding a wire 9 (e.g. gold) to a semi-conductor body 1, an electric spark discharge between an electrode 10 and the end of the wire 9 melts the wire to form a ball 11 below a recess 8 in the welding surface 6 of a welding tool 5, preferably an ultrasonic sonotrode, whereupon the tool 5 presses the ball 11 on to a contact place 2 of the semi-conductor body 1 to produce the weld. The welding tool 5 also produces a weld between the wire 9 and a supply conductor, without the formation of a ball 11 (Fig. 6, not shown). The electric spark discharge may be provided by way of a transformer fed by a discharge capacitor, the discharge time being less than 5 msec. and the energy of the discharge (hence the size of the ball) determined by the capacitor voltage. The recess 8 can either be a groove transverse to the wire 9, which is fed to the welding surface by way of a hole in a separate plate (not shown) or an aperture 7 in the welding tool, or a cone having an apex of 120 degrees. On completion of the weld to the supply conduction the tool remains in its welding position as the wire is snapped by pulling.
Patent IT-1133158-B (IT)
Title: Picture printing machine on containers
Inventor: SKRYPEK JOHN P
IPC: B41F/
Filed: 1980-10-03
Granted: 1986-07-09
Abstract: The machine prints pictures in two or more colours on containers of cylindrical or truncated-cone section, having a head rotating about a vertical main axis in a frame. Cores at angular intervals on the head extend radially from the axis and rotate about individual axes. The head is indexed so that each core is brought successively into printing stations spaced round the axis. Each station has a printing roller on a radial axis mounted in an auxiliary frame also housing the inking mechanism. Cores and rollers are driven in synchronism with each other in conjunction with the indexing mechanism. Each auxiliary frame tilts about a horizontal axis in relation to the main one so as to align the outer surface of the printing roller and to adjust the position at which the picture is transferred to the container on the cores.
Patent IT-1140125-B (IT)
Title: Knitted fabric unroving appts.
Inventor: MOSS TREVOR ADRIAN
IPC: D04B/
Filed: 1981-12-11
Granted: 1986-09-24
Abstract: An end of yarn from knitted fabric is directed by guides to a rotary winding former, rotated by a variable-speed drive motor via a slip clutch which allows the speed of the former to adjust to the resistance of the yarn to unravel from the fabric, so that the yarn is not broken by over-high tension. Pref. yarn is led to the former by a traverse mechanism comprising a shaft reciprocated endwise and carrying a traverse guide. Used for reclaiming yarn from spoilt or surplus knitted garments or garment parts.
Patent IT-1123623-B (IT)
Title: Benzofuran herbicidal aq. suspensions esp. for sugar beet - contain polycarboxylated vinyl polymer and surfactant
IPC: A01H/
Filed: 1976-11-12
Granted: 1986-04-30
Abstract: Herbicidal aqs. suspension contains a substituted benzofuran herbicide of formula (I): (where R1,R2,R3 independently = H or alkyl or R1 and R2 together or R2 and R3 together=alkylene; R4=hydroxy, opt. substd. alkoxy, opt. substd. alkenyloxy, opt. substd. alkynyloxy, opt. substd. aryloxy, alkylthio, NR6R7, -OOCR13, -OSO2R14 or -OOR15 or R3 and R4 together = O or =N-R16. R6, R7 = opt. substd. alkyl or together with the N atom form an opt. substd. heterocyclic; R13 = opt. substd. alkyl, opt. substd. alkenyl, opt. substd. alkynyl, opt. substd. aryl, mono- or dialkylamino, opt. substd-alkoxy, opt. substd. aryloxy, opt. substd. arylamino, opt. substd. alkenyloxy or opt. substd. alkynyloxy; R14= opt. substd. alkyl or opt. substd. aryl; R15= alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; R16 = alkyl or cycloalkyl; R5= R8CO-, R9SO2-, R9-SO-, R31R32NSO2; R8 = halogenated alkyl; R9 = opt. substd. alkyl or opt. substd. aryl; R31, R32 independently = H or opt. substd. alkyl and R10, R11, R12 independently = H, alkyl, halo, cyano, acyl or alkoxy). (I) has m.pt. >=50 degrees C and a water solubility >=0.1% at 25 degrees C. In addn. to water the compsn. also contains a polycarboxylated vinyl polymer as suspension agent, a surface activeaagent having a reversible thickening temp. of 45 degrees C or above and, when the surface active agent is not a sequenced copolymer of ethyleneoxide and propylene oxide, a deflocculating agent. Esp. useful for control of weeds in sugar beet but may also be used to control weeds in sunflowers, tobacco, pastures, crucifers etc. Usually 0.5-8kg/hectare (pref. 1-4 kg/hectare) of (I) are applied, after sowing. The suspension may be used at the post-emergent stage but is pref. used pre-emergence. The pref. cpd. (I) is 2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulphonate (ethofumesate).
Patent IT-1195533-B (IT)
Title: Simple economic and reliable perchloryl fluorine prodn. process
Inventor: RIGO CLAUDIO
IPC: C01B/
Filed: 1983-04-22
Granted: 1988-10-19
Abstract: Low- and medium activity wastes comprising max. 50kg/m3 are treated by chemical pptn., filtration, pH adjustment, treatment of the soln. by selective reverse osmosis (boric acid/nitrates) followed by ion exchange sepn. of nitrate impurities from the radioactive boric acid portion, which can be returned to the chemical pptn. The recovered nitrate soln. can be used again
Patent IT-1203758-B (IT)
Inventor: FALCONE CLAUDIO
IPC: C12N15/63
Filed: 1986-03-27
Granted: 1989-02-23
Abstract: Vectors for the cloning and expression of heterologous genes in yeast, said vectors being characteristic in that they contain at least: the entire DNA of the pkD1 plasmid (isolated from Kluyveromyces drosophilarum) or a part of the same, as well as a DNA segment bearing any heterologous gene and the sequence necessary for the expression of said gene. The high stability of yeasts transformed by said vectors allows their utilization on an industrial scale in various biotechnological fields.