baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20070055838-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HAK SOO
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2005-11-28
Abstract: 본 발명은 메모입력기능이 구비된 이동통신 단말기 및 그 동작방법에 관한 것으로서, 다수의 키버튼이 구비되는 입력부와, 상기 입력부의 키입력에 따라 문자 및 숫자가 동시 출력되는 표시부와, 상기 입력부의 키입력을 판독하여 상기 표시부를 통해 숫자 및 문자가 출력되도록 제어하고, 상기 입력된 문자를 메모로서 저장하는 제어부를 포함하여 구성되어, 대기화면을 통한 문자입력이 가능하고, 상기 입력된 문자를 메모로서 저장함으로서 빠른 메모입력이 가능하고, 대기화면 상에서 입력되는 문자의 종류 선택이 가능하게 되므로 편의성이 크게 향상되는 효과가 있다.  
       
     이동통신 단말기, 메모, 대기화면
Patent KR-20070058128-A (KR)
Title: Mask for semiconductor
Inventor: LEE JEON KYU
IPC: H01L21/027
Filed: 2005-12-01
Abstract: A semiconductor mask is provided to improve a DOF(Depth of Focus) margin of high density and isolated density regions by arranging an auxiliary layer at the high density region and/or the isolated density region. A mask includes a high density region(A) having a main pattern(110) only, and an isolated density region(B) isolated from the high density region and having the main pattern and an auxiliary pattern(120) adjacent to the main pattern. An auxiliary layer(130) is formed on at least one of the high density region and the isolated density region to adjust transmittance of exposure light. The auxiliary layer is arranged at the high density region in a positive type, while the auxiliary layer is arranged at the isolated density region in a negative type.
Patent KR-20070036552-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM YONG MI
IPC: G11C7/10
Filed: 2005-12-05
Abstract: 본 발명은 온-다이 터미네이션 테스트 장치에 관한 것으로서, 특히, 메인 온-다이 터미네이션 블럭의 풀업/풀다운 트랜지스터의 동작을 별도로 테스트하여 원하는 스펙 마진을 확보할 수 있도록 하는 기술을 개시한다.  이러한 본 발명은 풀업 테스트신호와 풀다운 테스트신호에 의해 메인 터미네이션부의 PMOS 구동부와 NMOS 구동부를 별도로 턴온/턴오프 제어하고, 풀업 저항이 많거나 적을 경우 PMOS 구동부를 튜닝(Tuning)하고, 풀다운 저항이 많거나 적을 경우 NMOS 구동부를 별도로 튜닝함으로써 스펙에서 제시된 값에 근접한 마진을 확보할 수 있도록 한다.   
       
     ODT, 풀업, 풀다운, 스펙, 테스트, 저항
Patent KR-20070034410-A (KR)
Title: 송수신기 은폐형 통신안테나
IPC: H01Q1/12
Filed: 2005-12-07
Abstract: 본 발명은 옥외, 특히 고층 건물의 옥상에 설치되는 통신안테나에 관한 것으로, 보다 상세하게는 송수신기를 외부에서 보이지 않게 은폐시키고, 바람의 저항을 적게 받아 옥상에 안정적으로 설치되고, 옥상에 설치하기 위해 별도의 천공작업이 필요치 않은 송수신기 은폐형 통신안테나이다. 
     	이와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명의 송수신기 은폐형 통신안테나는, 
     웨이트(Weight) 역할을 하는 받침체; 상기 받침체에 직립 고정되어 있는 지주대와, 상기 지주대에 결합되어 있는 상부 및 하부 지지부재를 포함하는 골격체; 그리고 상기 골격체의 외곽에 배열되는 형태로, 체결수단에 의해 상기 상부 및 하부 지지부재에 체결되어 내부에 위치한 송수신기를 은폐하는 복수개의 은폐봉;을 함하여 이루어진다. 
     그리고 상기 골격체의 지지부재에는 힌지결합되어 있는 개폐문이 구비되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하며, 
     상기 체결수단은 상기 은폐봉이 입되는 삽입공이 다수 형성되어 있으며 자유롭게 절곡 가능한 탄성부재와, 상기 탄성부재를 상기 지지부재에 고정시키는 고정부재를 포함하여 이루어진 것을 특징으로 한다. 
             
       
     통신안테나, 송수신기, 은폐, FRP, PC, 탄성부재, 개폐문
Patent KR-20070059752-A (KR)
Title: Washer fluid spraying apparatus for vehicles
Inventor: PARK SEUNG BUM
IPC: B60S1/46
Filed: 2005-12-07
Abstract: A washer fluid spraying apparatus for a vehicle is provided to reduce the manufacturing cost by regulating the spraying timing with a simple structure. A washer fluid spraying apparatus for a vehicle includes an injection nozzle(100) and a rotational guide section(200). The injection nozzle injects the washer fluid in one direction. The rotational guide section is rotatable with respect to the injection nozzle. One end of a wiper arm is fixed to the rotational guide section. A washer fluid discharge opening through which the washer liquid can be communicated is formed at a position spaced apart from the wiper arm. The injection nozzle is opened at a position where the injection nozzle is arranged on the same line as the washer fluid discharge opening by the rotation of the rotational guide section to spray the washer fluid through the washer fluid discharge opening.
Patent KR-20070063781-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for image adaptive color adjustment of pixel in color gamut
Inventor: KWAK YOUNG SHIN
IPC: H04N9/64
Filed: 2005-12-15
Abstract: An apparatus and a method for image-adaptively adjusting color within a color gamut are provided to maximize the reproduction effect of a preferred color by setting the optimum target color for each image. A color gamut boundary storage unit(320) stores information on a boundary of a color gamut to be converted. A reference target point storage unit(310) stores information on a reference target point of the color gamut. An area determination unit(340) determines whether pixels of an input image are included in the color gamut. A target color determining unit(330) calculates a representative value showing color characteristics of the pixels included in the color gamut, and calculates a final target color for converting the representative value to approach the reference target point. A color conversion unit(350) converts the pixels included in the color gamut to approach the final target color.
Patent KR-20060001927-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE BYEONG SU
IPC: H04B1/034
Filed: 2005-12-17
Abstract: 본 발명은 RF모듈이 장착된 MP3겸용 I2S 디지털 무선송신기에 관한 것으로, CD 플레이어, DVD 플레이어 등 디지털 오디오 주변장치를 본 MP3 플레이어에 연결하면 디지털 무선송신기가 되어 MP3에 다운로드 할 필요 없이 무선헤드폰이나 무선스피커를 통해 디지털 오디오 사운드를 선이 없이 청취할 수 있게 하고, 컴퓨터 USB 보조장치를 매개하지 않고서도 집에서나 차량 등 이동중에 두 명 이상이 동시에 무선으로 CD수준의 디지털 사운드를 즐길 수 있도록 한 것이다. 
     본 발명에 따르면, RF모듈이 장착된 MP3겸용 I2S 디지털 무선송신기는, 다른 MP3 플레이어나 CD 플레이어, DVD 플레이어 등 외부 오디오 주변기기를 통하여 출력되는 오디오 신호를 MP3플레이어의 입력단자를 통하거나 MP3 플레이어로부터 직접 출력되는 8가지 가변의 샘플링 오디오 신호를 D/A컨버터를 사용하지 않고 SRC를 통하여 I2S의 디지털 신호를 스캐닝하여 무선송신단으로 전송하여 주는 MP3플레이어의 I2S 출력단자부(200)와, 상기 MP3플레이어의 I2S 출력단자부에서 제공되는 디지털 신호를 제공받아 모뎀부(300)로 보내주는 무선송신단의 I2S 디지털 입력단자부(210)와, 상기 입력단자로부터 제공된 디지털 신호를 오디오 압축ㆍ인코딩(Audio Compression & Encoding)하여 RF 모듈부로 보내는 모뎀(Modem)부(300)와, 상기 모뎀부에서 제공된 2.4GHz 디지털 신호를 무선주파수로 변환하여 내장된 칩 안테나로 송출하는 RF모듈(RF Module)부(400)와, 상기 RF모듈로부터 입력받은  2.4GHz 디지털 무선신호를 외부로 송출하는 칩 안테나(Chip Antenna)로(500) 구성된 것을 특징으로 한다. 
     이에 따라, 무선송신기로서는 다른 외부 오디오 주변장치를 MP3플레이어에 연결하면 다운로드 할 필요 없이 주변 오디오 장치의 사운드를 무선헤드폰이나 무선스피커를 통해 디지털 오디오 사운드를 선이 없이 청취할 수 있으며, MP3로서는 기존의 통신방식의 MP3플레이어와 달리 컴퓨터 USB장치를 이용하지 않고도 디지털 방식을 이용하여 노이즈가 없는 CD품질의 음악을 차량 등 이동중이나 작업중 또는 운동중에도 선에 걸리는 불편함이 없이 자유로이 들을 수 있는 효과가 있다. 
       
     RF,무선, 송신기, MP3, I2S, 2.4GHz, 디지털, PMP, DMB, 스테레오, 음성전송방식
Patent KR-20070064737-A (KR)
Title: Method of receiving a call in subscriber's absence in the mobile communication terminal
Inventor: OH DONG SIK
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2005-12-19
Abstract: A method for receiving a missed call in a mobile communication terminal is provided to quickly notify a caller that a receiver is not able to receive a call, prevent an amount of traffic of a base station from being increased due to the missed call, and prevent a battery from being wasted. A corresponding base station attempts call connection to a corresponding receiver during a preset time interval when a caller accesses a receiver through the base station. It is recognized that a receiver is absent, and the reception number of the missed call is increased when the call connection is not achieved within the time interval(S28). It is determined whether the increased reception number of the missed call exceeds the preset reception number of the missed call, thereby adjusting the time interval(S29).
Patent KR-20070066203-A (KR)
Title: System and method for connection corresponding priority between audio system and mobile station
Inventor: KIM DONG YEOL
IPC: G11B20/10
Filed: 2005-12-21
Abstract: A connection system according to priority between an audio system and a portable terminal and a method therefor are provided to offer connection priority in Bluetooth connection between the audio system and the portable terminal and efficiently connect the audio system with the portable terminal. If a certain connection command is received, an audio system(110) selects a certain portable terminal(130) according to predetermined priority, confirms an identification number of the selected portable terminal(130), and identifies a Bluetooth address identifier corresponding to the identification number. The audio system(110) transmits a connection command to the corresponding portable terminal(130) through the identified address identifier, and receives a response according to the connection command. If the connection command is received through Bluetooth from the audio system(110), the portable terminal(130) transmits the response according to the connection command through the Bluetooth address identifier.
Patent KR-20070066554-A (KR)
Title: Refrigerator
Inventor: LEE BYUNG KIL
IPC: F25D11/00
Filed: 2005-12-22
Abstract: A refrigerator is provided to mold a receiving container by using a plurality of gates for reducing a thickness of the container while securing molding performance, wherein the container has a thickness increased partially for positions to reinforce. A refrigerator includes a receiving container(30) having a first reinforcement part(32) positioned at a weld line(W) and formed thicker than any other positions. A second reinforcement part(34) is positioned at a part to which a load is concentrated when keeping food, wherein the second reinforcement part is thicker than any other positions. The receiving container has flange parts(33) at right and left corners to be supported in a storing chamber, wherein the flanges are provided with the second reinforcement parts. The first and second reinforcement parts have a thickness in the range of 2.5-3.3mm, and the other positions have a thickness of 2.0mm.
Patent KR-20070071045-A (KR)
Title: Method for forming metal line in semiconductor device and method for manufacturing semiconductor device using the same
Inventor: KIM DONG JOON
IPC: H01L21/28
Filed: 2005-12-29
Abstract: A method for forming a metal line in a semiconductor device, and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device using the same are provided to remove surface defects generated through etching processes by using two annealing processes under a hydrogen atmosphere. A first interlayer dielectric film(11) is formed on a substrate(10). A contact plug(12) is inserted within the first interlayer dielectric film. A portion of the first interlayer dielectric film is etched to form a hole(14) for exposing the contact plug. A first annealing process using H2 gas is performed to detach OH radicals which are generated at a surface of the substrate. A second annealing process using H radical is performed to remove defects which are generated at the surface of the substrate during an etching process of the first interlayer dielectric film. A first metal layer is formed to be isolated in the hole so as to be connected to the contact plug.
Patent KR-20070072188-A (KR)
Title: Liquid crystal display using optical sensor in light emitting diode-back light unit
Inventor: KIM NAM SU
IPC: G02F1/13357
Filed: 2005-12-30
Abstract: An LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) using an optical sensor of an LED(Light Emitting Diode) backlight is provided to exactly control the light by an optical sensor, thereby improving the brightness and color properties of the LCD. A light sensor(112) is fixed at the lower portion of a cover bottom(130). A PCB(Printed Circuit Board)(100) is attached to the upper portion of the cover bottom. The two or three LEDs(116) are arrayed and fixed to the substrate. An optical sheet(128) is separated from the front of the substrate at a constant distance. An LCD panel(122) is installed at the upper portion of the optical sheet. The LEDs include one or more side radiation type LEDs and red, green and blue LEDs. The optical sensor is fixed at a side of the substrate. A liquid crystal board(114) is stacked at a light receiving portion of the optical sensor.
Patent KR-20050013178-A (KR)
Title: 좌석 구조
IPC: B60N2/06
Filed: 2003-07-17
Abstract: 통상 사용시에 있어서 주로 진동 흡수 기능을 담당하는 면형상 스프링부재 (40) 가, 시트백 (20) 에 가해지는 후방 모멘트에 의한 그 시트백 (20) 의 변형과 함께 후방으로 변위되는 지지 프레임재 (130) 에 걸어맞춰지고, 타단이, 쿠션 프레임의 앞가장자리 부근에 형성된 앞가장자리 프레임 (102) 에 걸어맞춰진 구조이다.     따라서, 전방 또는 후방으로부터 소정 이상의 충격력이 가해진 경우에는, 그 면형상 스프링부재 (40) 는, 시트백 (20) 에 가해지는 후방 모멘트에 의해 장력이 상승하여, 쿠션 프레임 (100) 의 사이드 프레임 (101) 의 변형에 의해 저하된 시트백 (20) 의 후방 모멘트 강도를 재상승시키는 기능을 한다.
Patent KR-20050057316-A (KR)
Title: Method and device for commencing a casting process
Inventor: HOHENBICHLER GERALD
IPC: B22D11/06
Filed: 2003-08-18
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving the conditions at the commencement of a casting process in a twin-roll casting device, which does not use a dummy bar, said method comprising the following steps: an operating casting thickness is set and the casting rolls are rotated at a casting-roll peripheral speed, which corresponds to a reduced commencing casting speed in relation to the casting speed for stationary operation; molten metal is fed into one of the rotating casting rolls and into the molten metal chamber that is configured from lateral plates lying against the rolls and a cast metal bar with an essentially constant, predetermined cross-sectional size is formed, whilst the casting speed is simultaneously increased to a strip forming casting speed; the casting speed is subsequently increased to a strip separating speed, which is significantly higher than the speed sufficient to cause solidification and the metal strip that has been cast up to this point is separated; the stationary operation casting speed is set; the following cast metal strip is deviated onto a strip transport unit and the stationary casting operation commences. The invention also relates to a twin-roll casting device for carrying out said method.
Patent KR-20050057642-A (KR)
Title: Video-information encoding method and video-information decoding method
Inventor: YAGASAKI YOICHI
IPC: H04N19/503
Filed: 2003-10-09
Abstract: A video-information encoding apparatus and decoding apparatus with a guarantee of a fixed processing time. By limiting the amount of data to be input into/output from a CABAC encoding unit and decoding unit on a unit-of-encoding basis, such as one picture, slice, macroblock or block, and by encoding uncompressed video data, it is possible to provide a video-information encoding apparatus and decoding apparatus with a guarantee of a fixed processing time. Thereby, an apparatus with a guarantee of the processing time can be mounted.
Patent KR-20050046018-A (KR)
Inventor: ARIGA TATSUYA
IPC: G01M13/04
Filed: 1998-03-16
Abstract: When a bearing inspecting device comprising a vibration detector (1), a vibration analyzer (3) and a judging device (5) is used, the vibration of a bearing (B) is detected with the vibration detector (1), while the effective value, the maximum value, the crest factor, the outer ring occupation factor, the inner ring occupation factor, the roller occupation factor, the rotation occupation factor, etc. of the vibration are measured with the vibration analyzer (3). The judging device (5) judges whether the bearing (B) is acceptable or not in accordance with whether the measured values exceed respective reference values or not. When a bearing inspection device comprising a quantitative analyzer (30) and a judging device (32) is used, the metal content of the grease sampled from the bearing (B) is measured with the quantitative analyzer (30). The judging device (32) judges whether the bearing (B) is acceptable or not in accordance with whether the measured value exceeds a reference value or not.
Patent KR-20050086628-A (KR)
Title: Human monoclonal antibodies against cd25
Inventor: SCHUURMAN JANINE
IPC: G01N33/68
Filed: 2003-11-14
Abstract: Isolated human monoclonal antibodies which bind to and inhibit human CD25, and related antibody-based compositions and molecules, are disclosed. The human antibodies can be produced by a hybridoma, a transfectoma or in a nonhuman transgenic animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, capable of producing multiple isotypes of human monoclonal antibodies by undergoing V-D-J recombination and isotype switching. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the human antibodies, nonhuman transgenic animals, hybridomas and transfectomas which produce the human antibodies, and therapeutic and diagnostic methods for using the human antibodies.
Patent KR-20050083892-A (KR)
Title: Pivoting optical device
Inventor: ROSMALEN GERARD E
IPC: G11B7/09
Filed: 2003-10-29
Abstract: Pivoting optical device comprising a first part (15) and a second part (17) with optical means which is pivotally movable relative to the first part about a first pivot axis (19), said optical means defining an optical laser beam path (21) in the general longitudinal direction of the second part, and further comprising bearing means (23) comprising the first pivot axis and a point laser source (25) fixedly connected to the first part for providing a laser beam in the general direction of said second part. According to the invention, the laser source is located in said optical laser beam path in the general longitudinal direction of the second part, and the bearing means present an open center region (29) so that a laser beam is allowed to pass from the laser source to the second pivotally movable part.
Patent KR-20050085322-A (KR)
Title: Conveyor belt cleaning system
Inventor: BEHYMER LANCE E
IPC: B65G15/18
Filed: 2003-10-22
Abstract: Cleaning assembly for a conveyor belt system (20) of the type having first and second endless belts (22, 24) which each traverse a separate belt travel path and together define a generally upright article transport path (45) between opposed top faces (34, 38) of the belts. The cleaning assembly includes a belt wiping blade assembly (60) for moving liquids and debris from a belt, an absorbent material (120) downstream from the blade assembly for wiping excess liquid from the belt, and belt edge seals (190) disposed between the opposed top faces of the belts along the article transport path.
Patent KR-20050088101-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus to perform translation in a modular system comprising network nodes and a switching fabric
Inventor: LEBIZAY GERALD
IPC: H04L29/06
Filed: 2003-11-12
Abstract: A method and apparatus to perform protocol translation for a modular system. The method comprising: receiving at least in first packet created in accordance with a first protocol; determining a packet type for said first packet; selecting a second protocol based on said packet type; and translating said at least one first packet to at least one second packet in accordance with said second protocol.
Patent KR-20050084183-A (KR)
Title: Particle trap with coated fibre layer
Inventor: BRUECK ROLF
IPC: B01D53/88
Filed: 2003-11-07
Abstract: The invention relates to a high- temperature resistant fibre layer (1), made from metal fibres, for an open particle trap (2), for the purification of exhaust gases from mobile internal combustion engines (13), characterised in that the fibre layer (1), at least in a section (3), comprises a catalytically-active and/or adsorbent coating (4), in particular, for an oxidation catalyst and/or a three-way catalyst and/or a SCR catalyst.
Patent KR-20050096095-A (KR)
Title: Fully digital controller for cantilever-based instruments
Inventor: PROKSCH ROGER
IPC: G01Q60/24
Filed: 2003-12-18
Abstract: A controller for cantilever-based instruments, including atomic force microscopes, molecular force probe instruments, high-resolution profilometers and chemical or biological sensing probes. The controller samples the output of the photo-detector commonly used to detect cantilever deflection in these instruments with a very fast analog/digital converter (35). The resulting digitized representation of the output signal is then processed with field programmable gate arrays (31) and digital signal processors (32) without making use of analog electronics.
Patent KR-20050084413-A (KR)
Inventor: EGUCHI KUNIHIKO
IPC: C01B31/04
Filed: 2003-12-18
Abstract: A lithium ion secondary battery capable of very successfully achieving both performances that have been conventionally incompatible and difficult to accomplish concurrently - a high initial charging/discharging efficiency and a large discharge capacity, and also being provided with both of excellent quick discharge characteristics and cyclic characteristics; and constituting materials thereof. Specifically, composite graphite particles comprising a carbon material, lower in crystallinity than graphite having an X-ray diffraction interplanar spacing d002 of less than 0.337 nm, on the at least surface portion of the graphite, wherein the aspect ratio of the composite graphite particles is up to 3, 0.5-20 mass% of the composite graphite particles consists of the carbon material, and a ratio (I1580/I1360) between a peak intensity (I1580) at 1580 cm-1 at the Raman spectrum of the composite graphite particles and a peak intensity (I1360)at 1360 cm-1 is at least 0.1 and less than 0.3, and a production method therefore; and a cathode material and a lithium secondary battery using the composite graphite particles.
Patent KR-20050098856-A (KR)
Title: Generalized two-stage data estimation
Inventor: PAN JUNG LIN
IPC: H04B1/707
Filed: 2004-01-08
Abstract: Symbols are to be recovered from signals received in a shared spectrum. Codes of the signals received in the shared spectrum are processed using a block Fourier transform (FT 34), producing a code block diagonal matrix. A channel response of the received signals is estimated. The channel response is extended and modified (36) to produce a block circulant matrix and a block FT (38) is taken, producing a channel response block diagonal matrix. The code block diagonal matrix is combined (40, 44, 46) with the channel response block diagonal matrix. The received signals are sampled and processed using the combined code block diagonal matrix and the channel response block diagonal matrix with a Cholesky algorithm. A block inverse FT (60) is performed on a result of the Cholesky algorithm to produce spread symbols. The spread symbols are despread to recover symbols of the received signals.
Patent KR-20050097992-A (KR)
Title: Improved megasonic cleaning efficiency using auto-tuning of an rf generator at constant maximum efficiency
Inventor: BOYD JOHN
IPC: B08B3/10
Filed: 2003-12-23
Abstract: System and method of cleaning a substrate (202) includes a megasonic chamber (206) that includes a transducer (210) and a substrate (202). The transducer (210) is being oriented toward the substrate (202). A variable distance d separates the transducer (210) and the substrate (202). The system (200) also includes a dynamically adjustable RF generator (212) that has an output coupled to the transducer. The dynamically adjustable RF generator (212) can be controlled by a phase comparison of an oscillator output (306) voltage and a phase of an RF generator output voltage. The dynamically adjustable RF generator (212) can also be controlled by monitoring a peak voltage of an output signal and controlling the RF generator to maintain the peak voltage within a predetermined voltage range. The dynamically adjustable RF generator (212) can also be controlled by dynamically controlling a variable DC power supply voltage.
Patent KR-20050090475-A (KR)
Title: Enhanced rake structure
Inventor: HACKETT WILLIAM C
IPC: H04B1/7117
Filed: 2002-12-17
Abstract: A rake architecture for a frequency division duplex (FDD) and use also in TDD and TD-SCDMA type communications system, designed to significantly reduce the memory capacity required and thereby also reduce an area on the die of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) into which the memory is integrated. A single circular buffer (60), preferably of the shared memory type is shared by all of the rake fingers (RAKE FINGERS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) of a rake receiver to significantly reduce the hardware and software required to time align multipath signals (DATA IN) received by a UE from a base station. The unique time alignment technique also reduces the number of code generators (62, 64 and 66) required to track a plurality (typically three) of base stations.
Patent KR-20050110640-A (KR)
Title: Conjugated molecular assembly, method of fabricating the assembly and device including the assembly
Inventor: AFZALI AR DAKANI ALI
IPC: H01L51/30
Filed: 2004-03-19
Abstract: A conjugated molecular assembly includes a substrate, and an extended conjugated molecule attached to the substrate, the extended conjugated molecule including a first conjugated molecule having a first functional group for attaching to the substrate, and a second conjugated molecule which is covalently linked to the first conjugated molecule.