baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent PT-105242-A (PT)
Title: Sistemas de sinalização
Inventor: CHADWICK SIMON
IPC: B61L27/04
Filed: 2010-08-09
Abstract: UM SISTEMA DE SINALIZAÇÃO FERROVIÁRIA INCLUI UM CENTRO DE BLOCO RÁDIO (9) ERTMS O QUAL FOI SOBREPOSTO NUM SISTEMA DE SINALIZAÇÃO COM UM ENCRAVAMENTO ELECTRÓNICO EXISTENTE (2), EXISTINDO AÍ UM DISPOSITIVO DE CONFIRMAÇÃO (10) ACOPLADO PARA RECEBER DADOS DE CONTROLO RELACIONADOS COM SEGURANÇA A PARTIR DE UMA INTERFACE DO ENCRAVAMENTO E DADOS DE NÍVEL CRÍTICO DE SEGURANÇA DO TERRENO JUNTO À VIA FÉRREA A PARTIR DE UMA INTERFACE DO ENCRAVAMENTO E FORNECER AO CENTRO DE BLOCO RÁDIO UMA VERSÃO DE NÍVEL CRÍTICO DE SEGURANÇA DOS DADOS DE CONTROLO, OU UMA VERSÃO DO MESMO COM INTEGRIDADE DE SEGURANÇA AUMENTADA, UTILIZANDO OS DADOS DE NÍVEL CRÍTICO DE SEGURANÇA DO TERRENO JUNTO À VIA FÉRREA.
Patent PT-107875-A (PT)
Title: Transmissor linc com eficiência melhorada para sinais de banda limitada
Inventor: RUI MIGUEL HENRIQUES DIAS MORGADO DINIS
IPC: H03C1/00
Filed: 2014-09-08
Abstract: O PRESENTE INVENTO REFERE-SE A UM TRANSMISSOR QUE UTILIZA UMA ARQUITETURA DE AMPLIFICAÇÃO LINEAR COM COMPONENTES NÃO-LINEARES (LINC) (I.E. UM TRANSMISSOR DO TIPO LINC) QUE AMPLIFICA SINAIS GERADOS A PARTIR DE ESQUEMAS DE MODULAÇÃO COM OFFSET (I.E. EM QUE AS COMPONENTES EM FASE E EM QUADRATURA DOS SÍMBOLOS ESTÃO DESFASADAS TEMPORALMENTE POR MEIO PERÍODO DE SÍMBOLO) DE BANDA LIMITADA E ENVOLVENTE CONTROLADA, RECORRENDO A AMPLIFICADORES DE POTÊNCIA (HPAS) NÃO-LINEARES COM ELEVADA EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA. EM PARTICULAR, O TRANSMISSOR RECORRE A UM BLOCO DE MODULAÇÃO DE MAGNITUDE (MM) PARA AJUSTAR CADA SÍMBOLO DA CONSTELAÇÃO ANTES DA OPERAÇÃO DE FILTRAGEM, RESTRINGINDO DESSA FORMA A ENVOLVENTE DO SINAL DE BANDA LIMITADA RESULTANTE A UMA GAMA DINÂMICA PREVIAMENTE DEFINIDA SEM ALARGAR O SEU ESPECTRO. DA REDUÇÃO DA GAMA DINÂMICA DA ENVOLVENTE DESSE SINAL RESULTA UM AUMENTO DA EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA DO PROCESSO DE COMBINAÇÃO DO SINAL DO TRANSMISSOR LINC, DE ONDE RESULTA UM AUMENTO DA EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA DO ESTÁGIO DE AMPLIFICAÇÃO DE POTÊNCIA. DA REDUÇÃO DA GAMA DINÂMICA DA ENVOLVENTE DESSE SINAL TAMBÉM RESULTA UM AUMENTO DA RESILIÊNCIA DO TRANSMISSOR LINC A DESEQUILÍBRIOS DE FASE OU DE GANHO ENTRE OS HPAS UTILIZADOS E UMA REDUÇÃO DA LARGURA DE BANDA DAS COMPONENTES DE SINAL LINC.
Patent PT-109959-A (PT)
Title: Dispositivo para a restrição da circulação de veículos
Inventor: JESUS GONZALEZ GARCIA
IPC: E01F13/02
Filed: 2017-03-10
Abstract: DISPOSITIVO PARA A RESTRIÇÃO DA CIRCULAÇÃO DE VEÍCULOS QUE COMPREENDE: UM POSTE (P) DOTADO DE UM CORPO (1) COM UMA PORÇÃO INFERIOR (11) SUSCEPTÍVEL DE SE ACOPLAR A UMA BASE (B). A BASE (B) COMPREENDE: UM CORPO INFERIOR (2) DOTADO DE UMA CAVIDADE ABERTA SUPERIORMENTE; UMA TAMPA FIXA (3) COM UMA JANELA PARA A INTRODUÇÃO DA PORÇÃO INFERIOR (11) DO CORPO, E UMA FECHADURA (32) DE TRINCO GIRATÓRIO; E UMA TAMPA MÓVEL (4) QUE COMPREENDE: DOIS APÊNDICES QUE FORMAM UM EIXO HORIZONTAL DE ROTAÇÃO DA REFERIDA TAMPA MÓVEL (4) ENTRE UMA POSIÇÃO DE ABERTURA E UMA POSIÇÃO DE FECHAMENTO DA JANELA, E UMA PASSAGEM QUE É DISPOSTA EM FRENTE DA JANELA DA TAMPA FIXA (3) NA POSIÇÃO DE ABERTURA DA TAMPA MÓVEL (4).
Patent PT-115228-A (PT)
Title: Sistema e processo de fabricação em larga escala de matrizes tridimensionais de fibras alinhadas por eletrofiação
Inventor: ANTÓNIO MANUEL GODINHO COMPLETO
IPC: D01D5/00
Filed: 2018-12-21
Abstract: A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO DIZ RESPEITO A SISTEMA E PROCESSO DE ELETROFIAÇÃO EM CONTÍNUO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE MATRIZES TRIDIMENSIONAIS DE FIBRAS POLIMÉRICAS ALINHADAS. O SISTEMA DA PRESENTE INVENÇÃO COMPREENDE UM TUBO CAPILAR DE ELETROFIAÇÃO (3) COM POLARIDADE POSITIVA, UM CONJUNTO DE MULTI-ELÉTRODOS COM POLARIDADE NEGATIVA INSERIDOS NUM SUPORTE PERIFÉRICO (15), TENDO CADA ELÉTRODO (7) MOVIMENTO CONTROLADO PERMITINDO A SUA EXPOSIÇÃO OU RETRAÇÃO-OCULTAÇÃO AO TUBO DE ELETROFIAÇÃO (3), UMA MESA COLETORA CENTRAL (17) DAS FIBRAS ELETROFIADAS, A QUAL É RECOBERTA COM ORIFÍCIOS (6,16) LIGADOS A UMA CÂMARA E A UMA BOMBA DE VÁCUO (13). A FORMAÇÃO DAS MATRIZES TRIDIMENSIONAIS ALINHADAS (30) OCORRE POR DEPOSIÇÃO DE CAMADAS, AO EXPOR OS ELÉTRODOS (7) EXPOSTOS AO TUBO CAPILAR (3), COM O DISTANCIAMENTO CONTROLADO DA MESA COLETORA CENTRAL (17), RELATIVAMENTE AO TUBO DE ELETROFIAÇÃO (3). A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO TEM APLICAÇÃO NA ÁREA MÉDICA, NA ENGENHARIA DE TECIDOS, EM PARTICULAR NA MEDICINA REGENERATIVA.
Patent RU-94027066-A (RU)
Inventor: BYKOV V A
IPC: B23Q7/02
Filed: 1994-07-20
Abstract: FIELD: automatic line for production of electronic device; charging pill-type articles. SUBSTANCE: device has hopper 1 with pills, orientation unit 2 and unit 3 to feed pills to instrument unit (mould). Hopper 1 is mounted on horizontal plate 5 by means of posts 4 and is provided with vertical partition 6. orientation unit 2 has shaft 7 with holes 8 located in lower portion of hopper 1. Stationary mounted on shaft 7 are orientating members 9 made on form of cylindrical sectors limited by upper and lower diametric planes, upper ones having longitudinal grooves 10. Number of holes 8 in shaft 7 corresponds to number of orientating members 9. Axes of holes 8 coincide with axes of symmetry of grooves 10. Material guides 11 are rigidly secured by their upper ends on shaft 7 over perimeter of holes 8. Number of orientating members and, consequently, material guides depends on dimensions of charged pills and size of mould which, in their turn, depend on type of manufactured articles and conditions of process of manufacture. Mounted on plate 5 is horizontal pneumatic cylinder 12 whose rod 13 is connected with shaft 7 by lever 14. Unit 3 which provides delivery of pills into instrument unit (mould, not shown in Dwg) has first vertical pneumatic cylinder 15 rigidly secured on plate 5 from lower side. Rod 16 of pneumatic cylinder 15 is connected with gate housing 17. Holes 19a, 19b, 19c are made in upper horizontal wall 18 of housing 17. Distances between rows of holes are equal to each other. Lower ends of material guides 11 are rigidly secured on upper wall 18 over perimeter of holes 19b. Two rows of holes 21a, 21b coaxial with holes 19a and 19b are made in lower horizontal wall 20 of housing 17. Gate 22 is arranged inside gate housing 17 with clearance relative to walls 18 and 20. Horizontal pneumatic cylinder 23 is mounted on wall 20. Rod 24 cylinder 23 is coupled with gate 22. Gate 22 has holes 25b, 25c whose axes coincide with axes of holes 19b and 19c. Mounted on outer side of lower wall 20 is horizontal gate 26 with holes 27a, 27b whose axes are displaced relative to axes of holes 21a, 21b. Gate 26 is coupled with lever 28 installed on outer side of lower wall 20 for angular turning. EFFECT: uniform automatic distribution of charged articles over mould; prevention of plug formation.
Patent RU-94031014-A (RU)
Inventor: AKHMETZJANOV F M
IPC: B21B1/02
Filed: 1994-08-23
Abstract: FIELD: metallurgy, namely, metal pressure forming upon making rolled bars. SUBSTANCE: method comprises steps of heating slab or ingot, making blank by rolling slab or ingot in thick sheet rolling mill, cutting rolled pieces has been received to strips, rolling strips for making necessary shapes in bar rolling mills. EFFECT: versatility of method, enlarged assortment of products rolled in well known equipment. 1 cl
Patent RU-94041058-A (RU)
Inventor: OVCHINNIKOV N A
IPC: G21F9/12
Filed: 1994-11-08
Abstract: FIELD: water cleaning from impurities, including radioactive isotopes; decontamination of natural water systems (rivers, ponds, lakes, reservoirs). SUBSTANCE: water is decontaminated by introducing natural or man-made sorbents onto water reservoir surface using their sorbing and ion-exchange properties. EFFECT: facilitated procedure.
Patent RU-94041246-A (RU)
Inventor: TERESHIN K JA
IPC: A61K31/00
Filed: 1994-11-15
Abstract: FIELD: medicine, dermatology. SUBSTANCE: method involves the local administration of heparin and fibrinolysin by electrophoresis. EFFECT: enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of torpid psoriasis forms treatment.
Patent RU-94041508-A (RU)
Inventor: SAMOKHVALOV V A
IPC: F41H11/08
Filed: 1994-11-16
Abstract: FIELD: road traffic. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to gears obstructing movement of transportation vehicles. Frame 1 which carries folded anti-automobile obstacle, cylinder 2 with piston 3 and rod 4 is installed at shoulder of traffic lane. Gas from source 6 can be supplied into internal space of piston formed by bottom of cylinder 2 and piston 3. Rod 4 is connected to front end of anti-automobile obstacle. Cylinder 2 is positioned between center and extreme rows of joints of obstacle. Anti-automobile obstacle is composed of set of crossing plates 7 jointed in crossing points and at ends by means of axles 8 having separable tenons put on them and arranged vertically upward relative to plane of plates 7. Separable tenons 5 are put on axles 8 of center and extreme rows only most distant from cylinder 2. EFFECT: automation of process of installation of anti-automobile obstacle across traffic lane with the aid of fast-action facility placed at road shoulder. 1 dwg
Patent RU-94045455-A (RU)
Inventor: GORUNOV N N
IPC: H02J7/10
Filed: 1994-12-27
Abstract: FIELD: regulated voltage supplies; electrical engineering; power supply to various active and reactive loads. SUBSTANCE: device has thyristor regulator, transformer with O-shaped magnetic circuit mounting concentrically arranged primary and secondary windings each built up of two coils wound on different legs, and load terminals; novelty is that primary winding of transformer is connected to ac load power terminals through thyristor regulator, starting and finishing leads of secondary winding are connected to rectifier bridge input, and center tap, to additionally installed output terminal for feeding DC loads; one of rectifier bridge outputs is connected to plus output DC voltage terminal and second one, to minus DC voltage terminal through reactor; connected in front of reactor is capacitor whose other leas is connected via mode-of-operation switch to one of rectifier inputs or to plus output DC voltage terminal; coils of transformer primary and secondary windings wound on one of legs are chosen with turn ratio of 1/3n andand on other leg, 2/3n and, respectively, where nis total number of primary winding turns and nis total number of secondary winding turns. EFFECT: enlarged functional capabilities, improved performance characteristics of device.
Patent RU-95100257-A (RU)
Inventor: SHARKO G V
IPC: H04L7/00
Filed: 1995-01-10
Abstract: FIELD: computer equipment, message (package) switching centers of data transmission network of automated control system. SUBSTANCE: device controlling data transmission over radio channel has synchronizer 1, AND gates 2,4,17 and 18, flip-flops 3 and 16, pulse former 5, analysis intervals generator 6, unit 7 determining intensity of incoming flux, comparator 8, OR gates 9, 12 and 15, decoder 10, address identification units 1111÷11,, switching unit 13, address extraction unit 14, delay element 19. Analysis of intensity of incoming flux is carried out in such circuit in previous and present intervals of analysis. On this basis and on basis of analysis of addresses of senders decision is made on authorization or nonauthorization of access to addressee. EFFECT: development of device controlling data transmission over radio channel to ensure possibility of its operation in not-completely communication channel of multiple access having quickly changing dynamic structure. 1 cl, 5 dwg
Patent RU-95101204-A (RU)
Inventor: FILIN A N
IPC: B24B7/17
Filed: 1995-01-27
Abstract: FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: parts, which are fed with a constant speed, are set in rotation before they enter the zone of grinding. The speed of rotation should be proportional to the length of the surface to be machined and reversely proportional to product of the value of the feeding speed by one revolution of the part by a time period for which the surface passes through the zone of grinding. EFFECT: enhanced smoothness of parts.
Patent RU-95103541-A (RU)
Inventor: KHAJRULLIN I KH
IPC: G01N27/90
Filed: 1995-03-14
Abstract: FIELD: testing end measuring technique, nondestructive methods of testing parameters of magnetic field and article quality. SUBSTANCE: sectionized magnetically conducting strip tips 3 are arranged on poles of "П"-shaped magnet 1. Measuring windings 2 are connected in series and embrace said tips. EFFECT: enhanced discrimination and resolution of flaw detection. 1 cl, 1 dwg
Patent RU-95106925-A (RU)
Inventor: SELIVERSTOV M I
IPC: F28D15/00
Filed: 1995-05-03
Abstract: FIELD: heat-power engineering. SUBSTANCE: heat is supplied to one section of thermal tube and pressure of saturated vapor of heat-transfer agent is simultaneously measured. Rate of pressure rise of saturated vapor is selected as check parameter. If, there is no fixed gas inside thermal tube. EFFECT: enhanced reliability of check; possibility of estimate of presence of fixed gas in thermal tube. 2 dwg
Patent RU-95107516-A (RU)
Inventor: GOJKHENBERG M M
IPC: F02C7/06
Filed: 1995-05-16
Abstract: FIELD: gas-turbine engines. SUBSTANCE: while engine is running, air goes from its compressor to supercharge chamber 4 wherefrom it flows on one side through labyrinth gland 6 to gas-air channel 5 and on other side arrives at breather chamber 3 through labyrinth gland 7. Small amount of air entering breather chamber 3 goes to oil space. Main portion of air is expelled from breather chamber 3 through constant-drop valve 9 into the atmosphere. pressure in breather chamber 3 is always lower than in supercharge chamber 4 and is ensured by adjustment of valve 9. EFFECT: reduced amount of high-pressure air ingress in oil space and its discharge through breather which reduces oil consumption.
Patent RU-95108633-A (RU)
Inventor: MULLAGULOV M KH
IPC: F26B25/12
Filed: 1995-05-26
Abstract: FIELD: materials drying equipment. SUBSTANCE: unit can be used for drying various materials and also agricultural crops such as sunflower seeds, pulse and fodder crops, hay, straw, medicinal herbs, etc. Covering of drying chamber is constructed of three layers for energy saving. This design of drying chamber allows for utilizing residual heat of drying agent which when flowing through lower space and contacting with walls of middle layer gives additional heating to chamber. This reduces specific consumption of fuel. EFFECT: high efficiency.
Patent RU-95108638-A (RU)
Inventor: GUTMAN L M
IPC: B63C9/11
Filed: 1995-05-26
Abstract: FIELD: individual safety means used in emergency conditions. SUBSTANCE: hydraulic safety overalls is formed as one-piece dry-type suit having sleeve parts with mitten, trousers parts with boots, body members, inflatable safety members fixed on body members, drop veil, additional drop veil with face recess and sealing shield, internal heat insulation and sealing member positioned at the level of shoulder girdle. Trapezium-shaped drop veils are fixed to front and rear parts along throat perimeter and provided with zipper-type fastener and arced tubular members (tores) extending along connecting edges of both veils. EFFECT: increased efficiency, convenient usage and enhanced reliability in operation.
Patent RU-95113207-A (RU)
Inventor: SERDZHO I AL VARADO
IPC: A01N43/18
Filed: 1995-07-24
Abstract: FIELD: pesticides. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to method of monocotyledons weed control in the presence cereals. Invention relates to also derivatives of 4-(2,6-disubstituted-phenoxy)-coumarins that can be used as herbicide agents and methods of their synthesis. EFFECT: improved method of synthesis, enhanced effectiveness.
Patent TW-200409979-A (TW)
Title: Flexible electronic-optical transmission bus
Inventor: SHEN LEE-CHENG
IPC: G02B6/12
Filed: 2002-12-10
Abstract: There is provided a flexible electronic-optical transmission bus which constructs a flexible light wave-guide and an electrical bus together to transmit high speed signal and low speed signal at the same time, wherein the low speed signal is transmitted by the electrical bus and the high speed signal is de-serialize by a signal de-serializing/serializing device into a transmitting signal and a receiving signal. The transmitting signal is converted by an electronic-optical transmitter into light transmitting signal for being transmitted by the light wave-guide to an electronic-optical receiver at another end and converted back into electrical signal. Furthermore, the transmitting signal and receiving signal are serialized by another de-serializing/serializing device into the same electronic transmission channel.
Patent TW-200412029-A (TW)
Title: Ring oscillator with faster response by current-guiding circuit
Inventor: LIN CHUNG-MING
IPC: H03L7/06
Filed: 2002-12-18
Abstract: A ring oscillator for generating a clock. The oscillator includes a plurality of delay units, each delay unit has a first driving circuit with a positive input port, a negative output port and a first control port; a second driving circuit with a negative input port, a positive output port and a second control port; and a current guiding circuit. The first driving generates an output at the negative output port inverted to an input at the positive input port, and controls the level of the output according to a current received by the first control port. The second driving generates an output at the positive output port inverted to an input at the negative input port, and controls the level of the output according to a current received by the second control port. The current guiding circuit is for adjusting the currents received by the first control port and the second control port according to signal level at the positive and negative output ports. Wherein the delay units are connected in series to generate the clock.
Patent TW-200411708-A (TW)
Title: Cathode ray tube and picture display device
Inventor: KRUN MARCELLINUS PETRUS CAROLUS MICHAEL
IPC: H01J29/50
Filed: 2002-12-27
Abstract: The invention relates to a cathode ray tube (CRT) having an electron gun (1), which is provided with a beam-forming part (20) for forming an electron beam (EBR, EBG, EBB). The electron beam is imaged onto a display screen (3) by means of the electron gun (1) and deflection means (2). In operation, the deflection means (2) deflect the electron beam (EBR, EBG, EBB) towards any position on the display screen (3), thereby constituting a deflection lens (2'), the lens strength of which varies with the deflection angle. The electron gun (1) is further provided with an electron lens (30) near the beam-forming part (20), for forming the electron beam (EBR, EBG, EBB) into a crossover (10R, 10G, 10B) in the vertical direction. Said crossover is shiftable along the gun axis (MA) so as to compensate for the varying power of the deflection lens (2'). The crossover (10R, 10G, 10B) may be located anywhere between the electron lens (30) and the deflection means (2). This is particularly advantageous for large deflection angles, such as angles of 120 degrees or more.
Patent TW-200305081-A (TW)
Title: Semiconductor device
Inventor: YANAGAWA MIKI
IPC: G06F13/36
Filed: 2003-03-04
Abstract: A semiconductor device that can transmit data in wide bus width regardless of the width of an external data bus connected thereto. In a semiconductor device on the data output side, m-bit internal data is divided into n blocks. A data selection circuit selects m/n pieces of data at a time and a data output section outputs these pieces of data to an external data bus of a width of L(=m/n) bits. At this time an output control circuit controls the selection of data by the data selection circuit and a synchronous signal output section outputs a synchronous signal indicative of selected data. In a semiconductor device on the data input side, a data input section accepts data transferred via an external data bus and a data get circuit outputs the data to an internal data bus corresponding to a synchronous signal a synchronous signal input section accepted. By getting data corresponding to all synchronous signals, the data get circuit will get m-bit data.
Patent TW-200402275-A (TW)
Title: Toothbrush assembly
Inventor: KEMP JAMES
IPC: A46B5/00
Filed: 2003-03-31
Abstract: A child's toothbrush includes a handle in the form of a toy, such as a rocket or a vehicle, and contains a removable vehicle, figurine, other toy or sundry product therein, and wherein the toothbrush head may be detachable from the handle.
Patent TW-200409414-A (TW)
Title: Card edge connector connection jig and card edge connector connection mechanism
Inventor: YAMAMOTO MASAKAZU
IPC: H05K1/11
Filed: 2003-05-15
Abstract: The short circuit metal fitting 12 is made to realize such an arrangement that the distance from the contact position of the connection terminals 3 of the electronic circuit board 1 and the short circuit metal fitting 12 in the opening section of the short circuit metal fitting 12 to the contact position of the electronic circuit board 1 and the connector pin 11 of the card edge connector 10 is shorter than the length of the connection terminals 3 in a connection direction and longer than the distance from the contact position of the connector pin 11 and the connection terminals 3 to the back ends of the connection terminals 3 when the electronic circuit board 1 is completely inserted in the card edge connector 10. On this account, it is possible to provide a card edge connector connection jig and a card edge connector connection mechanism capable of preventing breakage of an electronic device etc. due to transient current generated at the time of connection between the electronic circuit board and the card edge connector.
Patent TW-200403402-A (TW)
Title: Dustproof cover support structure of shock absorber
Inventor: MIYAZAKI TOMOHIRO
IPC: B60G13/00
Filed: 2003-05-15
Abstract: A dustproof cover support structure of a shock absorber in accordance with the present invention is a dustproof cover structure of a hydraulic shock absorber 10 that comprises a cover-receiver 50 that supports an end surface of a dust cover 30 is disposed on an upper surface of a spring seat 21. The cover-receiver 50 is fitted and fixed to an engaging portion 21C provided on the spring seat 21 without holding a damper tube 11.
Patent TW-200427349-A (TW)
Title: Array-type MEMS capacitive-type microphone
Inventor: Bai ming-xian
IPC: H04R1/04
Filed: 2003-05-30
Abstract: The present invention provides an array-type MEMS capacitive-type microphone that contains the followings: a base station capable of electrically connecting on a substrate; a capacitive-type microphone apparatus accommodated in the base station, in which the capacitive-type microphone apparatus is formed through the MEMS technique and is provided with a substrate and capacitive-type microphone unit formed in array type on the substrate; and a simulated calculation apparatus connected electrically with the capacitive-type microphone apparatus. After each capacitive-type microphone unit receives a voice source, its associated capacitance is changed and is converted into the electronic signal. The simulated calculation apparatus uses the electronic signal of the capacitive type microphone unit to perform an operation simulation so as to make the array-type MEMS capacitive microphone have high directional characteristic and high signal/noise ratio.