Patent GB-964536-A (GB)
Title: Bonding method of value in the treatment of metals
Inventor: ANDREW ALFRED TRESHAM
IPC: C22B5/06
Filed: 1961-11-16
Abstract: A method of bonding a block of an exothermic conditioning agent for molten metal to the inside surface of a vessel to hold molten metal, which comprises providing between said block and said surface a composition containing ingredients co-reacting exothermically on firing to generate a high melting fluid slag which on cooling sufficiently bonds the block to said surface. Conditioning agents include any agent added to molten metal to modify its chemical composition or physical characteristics such as degassing agents, desulphurizing agents, grain refining additives, alloying additives, carburizing compounds, inoculants for cast iron, phosphorus-containing additives for copper alloys and additives for removing any undesired ingredients or impurities from molten metal. The exothermic composition may be provided as loose powder or granules, mixed with a binder to form a damp paste, or as a preformed disc.  The conditioning tablet or block may be applied over the exothermic composition before, during or after ignition but before the molten slag has chilled; or the tablet may have attached thereto or embedded therein an exothermic composition. Vessels pre-heated before introducing molten metal to ensure that any refractory lining is dry may have sufficient residual heat to ignite the exothermic mixture; otherwise a fuse primer or blow-torch may be used for ignition. The exothermic composition may be a "Thermit" (Registered Trade Mark) mix of iron oxide and aluminium or it may contain any readily oxidizable metal such as Al, Si or Mg with any oxidizing agent, e.g. iron oxide, manganese dioxide, or alkali metal or alkaline earth metal nitrates or chlorates or mixtures thereof; preferably with a siliceous material, e.g. Ca silicide, ferro-silicon, silicon or sand for ready slag formation.  The composition may also contain 0.1-15.0% of fluoride to steady the exothermic reaction, e.g. alkali metal and alkaline earth metal fluorides and complex fluorides (e.g. Na or K fluorides, Na or K cryolites), aluminium fluoride, titanofluorides, silicafluorides and borofluorides. The exothermic composition generates a high enough temperature to form liquid slag and slowly plasticizes at the temperature of the molten metal, whereby the conditioning agent may be retained well within the body of molten metal.  In an example, a degassing conditioning block-60% marble chippings, 28% marble powder and 12% sodium silicate-is fused to the bottom of a refractory lined steel vessel with a composition as follows: 46% Ca silicide, 23% mill-scale (Fe oxide), 23% Mn dioxide ore and 8% K chlorate. Vessel pre-heat at 600  DEG C. ignites the composition which heats exothermically to 1600-2000  DEG C. to form a fluid glassy slag chilled by the cooler lining; and molten copper alloy is then poured into the vessel.  A small portion only of the carbonate is decomposed by the exothermic heat, the bulk remaining to effectively degas the copper alloy of occluded or dissolved hydrogen. Exothermic heat serves to further dry out treating agent and thereby further ensure the removal of moisture as a source of hydrogen.  If exothermic heat might damage the conditioning agent heat insulating material, e.g. compacted grog, may be introduced between the exothermic mixture and the tablet.  Other examples quoted as possible applications of gas-generating conditioners are the removal of (i) Mg from Al by chlorine generated from hexachlorethane, (ii) Al from Cu-base alloys, e.g. brass, bronze by O2 gas from a tablet of mixed oxidizing agents, and (iii) the addition of H2 from the water of crystallization of borax into diecasting molten metal to counteract contraction hot tears.