baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent NZ-589148-A (NZ)
Title: A programmable alternating current supplied motor
Inventor: YANG PEIQI
IPC: H02P23/00
Filed: 2011-10-03
Abstract: A programmable alternating current motor is disclosed. The motor comprises a controller (410), a sensor, a first detector mode, a switch and a second detector mode. The controller (410) has a programmable mode that is capable of programming motor characteristics. The sensor senses the frequency of the applied alternating current. The first detector mode is activated when the applied alternating current is within a range of frequencies outside those of normal supply frequencies. The switch switches the motor into programmable mode in response to the activation of the first detector mode. The second detector mode is activated by switching the motor into programmable mode and detecting changes in the alternating current supply frequency as programming data.
Patent NZ-590702-A (NZ)
Title: New process for isomerizing fused bicyclic structures and preparation of vitamin d analogs comprising the same
Inventor: MOUTOU JEAN-LUC
IPC: C07C35/21
Filed: 2011-01-25
Abstract: A process of preparation of a cis fused bicyclic derivative represented by formula (II) from a corresponding trans fused bicyclic derivative represented by formula (I), said process comprising the step of reacting said trans fused bicyclic derivative with an hydride base, wherein said fused bicyclic derivative comprises an optionally substituted cycloalkanone fused with an optionally substituted cycloalkane.
Patent NZ-592229-A (NZ)
Title: Foldable container for holding a pourable product
Inventor: OUILLETTE PAUL
IPC: B65D5/46
Filed: 2009-10-01
Abstract: 592229 Disclosed is a container with a corrugated cardboard outer to support and protect a fillable inner bladder. The container comprises an enclosure including a bottom portion, and a top portion including a plurality of corners, a first side, a second side, a third side, and a fourth side which form a plurality of sides which bound an interior of the enclosure. The plurality of sides have a lower perimeter and the bottom portion is formed from a plurality of bottom flaps extending from one or more of the plurality of sides. A side flap extends from the first side opposite the second side. A handle has a position selected from the bottom portion, the top portion, and one of the plurality of sides. A fillable bladder is positioned within the enclosure where an interior of the fillable bladder is accessible only through a single opening in the fillable bladder which is accessible through an opening in the top side of the enclosure, the opening being spaced apart from each of the plurality of corners. A first bottom flap of the plurality of bottom flaps is positioned adjacent the fillable bladder and has a flap perimeter which substantially matches the lower perimeter of the plurality of sides such that an uninterrupted bottom wall is provided, and the side flap being foldable relative to the first side and configured to be secured to a portion of the further side.
Patent NZ-595759-A (NZ)
Title: Substituted phenylureas and phenylamides as vanilloid receptor ligands
Inventor: KIM YONG-SOO
IPC: A61K31/415
Filed: 2010-05-06
Abstract: 595759 Disclosed herein are substituted phenylureas and phenylamides of formula (I), processes for the preparation thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and also to the use of these compounds for preparing pharmaceutical compositions. These compounds are useful for the treatment of diseases or disorders mediated by vanilloid receptors 1 (CR1/TRPV1 receptors). In specific embodiments the compound is N-((3-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-{ methylsulphonamido)phenyl)propanamide or 1-((3-tert-butyl-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-3-{ 3-fluoro-4-methylsulphonyl) phenyl)urea
Patent NZ-601327-A (NZ)
Title: Tapered spline connection for drill pipe, casing and tubing
Inventor: HUGHES WILLIAM JAMES
IPC: E21B17/02
Filed: 2011-01-25
Abstract: 601327 Disclosed are an apparatus and method for joining sections (302, 304) of piping together which are used to locate and produce hydrocarbons in underground environments. The apparatus comprises a first number of splines (310) located near a first end of a first cylindrical joint section (302). The first number of splines (310) are disposed on a circumferential outer surface of the first joint section (302) and extend in a first axial direction towards the first end and outwardly in a first radial direction from the circumferential outer surface. Each of the first number of splines (310) has a base, a tip and a pair of flanks extending from the base of the tip to wherein the pair of flanks forms an acute angle. A second number of splines (314) are located near a second end of a second cylindrical joint section (304). The second number of splines (314) are disposed on a circumferential inner surface of the second joint section (304) and extend in a second axial direction towards the second end and outwardly in a second radial direction from the circumferential inner surface. Each of the second number of splines (314) has a base, a tip and a pair of flanks extending from the base of the tip to wherein the pair of flanks forms an acute angle. Each of the first number of splines (310) is received between adjacent pairs of splines in the second number of splines (314) as the first end of the first joint section (302) and the second end of the second joint section (304) are joined together to form a connection (300) between the first (302) and second (304) joint sections.
Patent NZ-601347-A (NZ)
Title: Macrocyclic polymorphs, compositions comprising such polymorphs, and methods of use and manufacture thereof
Inventor: CHIU YU-HUNG
IPC: A61K31/7048
Filed: 2008-01-22
Abstract: 601347 Disclosed is a crystalline polymorph of a compound of formula (I) also known as 3-[[[6- Deoxy-4-O-(3,5-dichloro-2-ethyl-4,6-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2-O-methyl-?-Dmannopyranosyl] oxy]-methyl]-12(R)-[[6-deoxy-5-C-methyl-4-O-(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-?-DIyxo- hexopyranosyl]oxy]-11(S)-ethyl-8(S)-hydroxy-18(S)-(1(R)hydroxyethyl)-9,13,15-trimethyloxacyclooctadeca-3,5,9,13,15-pentaene-2-one characterized by a powder x-ray diffraction pattern with at least peaks at diffraction angles 2? of 7.6°, 15.4°, and 18.8° ± 0.1 and a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) endothermic curve starting at about 150°C and with a peak at about 158 °C. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polymorph. The compositions are useful in preventing or treating a bacterial infection in particular Clostridium difficile infection.
Patent NZ-601734-A (NZ)
Title: Use of histamine H4 antagonist for the treatment of post-operative tissue adhesions after surgical procedures
Inventor: THURMOND ROBIN L
IPC: A61K31/4184
Filed: 2009-06-11
Abstract: The disclosure relates to the use of a histamine H4 receptor antagonist in the preparation of a medicament for the inhibition of post-operative adhesion formation in a body between tissue surfaces in a body cavity having been subjected to a surgical procedure, wherein the at least one histamine H4 receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of:(a) 2-arylbenzimidazole ether compounds;(b) benzoimidazol-2-yl pyridines;(c) benzoimidazol-2-yl pyrimidines and pyrazines;(d) bicyclic heteroaryl-substituted imidazoles;pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates and mixtures of any of said histamine H4 receptor antagonists.
Patent NZ-614151-A (NZ)
Title: Solid forms of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid
Inventor: KESHAVARZ-SHOKRI ALI
IPC: C07D405/12
Filed: 2008-12-04
Abstract: Disclosed herein is the use of the crystal form I of 3-(6-(1-(2,2-Difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid (Lumacaftor) characterized by one or more peaks at 15.2 to 15.6 degrees, 16.1 to 16.5 degrees, and 14.3 to 14.7 degrees in an X-ray powder diffraction obtained using Cu K alpha radiation for the preparation of a medicament for treating cystic fibrosis wherein the medicament is adapted to comprise N-(5-hydroxy-2,4-ditert-butyl-phenyl)-4-oxo-1H-quinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor).
Patent NZ-623875-A (NZ)
Title: Treatment of degenerative joint disease
Inventor: BAR-OR DAVID
IPC: A61P19/02
Filed: 2012-10-10
Abstract: The use of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising diketopiperazine with amino acid side chains of aspartic acid and alanine (DA-DKP) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a degenerative joint disease.
Patent NZ-630279-A (NZ)
Title: Process for preparing crystalline sorafenib tosylate
Inventor: SRIRAM RAMPALLI
IPC: C07D213/81
Filed: 2012-12-31
Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of crystalline Sorafenib (4-{ 4-[({ [4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]amino} carbonyl)amino]phenoxy} -N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide)) free base- Form-SSB, characterized by X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least 5 characteristic 2θ°peaks selected from the XRPD peak set of 9.9, 11.4, 12.6, 14.6, 15.2, 15.6, 18.1,18.6, 21.8, 22.5, 22.9, 23.6, 24.8, 25.2 ± 0.202θ° comprising reacting 4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-methyl picolinamide (III) with 4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylisocyanate (IV) in a high boiling organic solvent selected from methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or mixtures thereof, at a temperature ranging between 75-90 °C, to yield crystalline Sorafenib base- Form-SSB. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition comprising crystalline Sorafenib base- Form-SSB, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein crystalline Sorafenib base - Form-SSB is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least 5 characteristic 2θ°peaks selected from the XRPD peak set of 9.9, 11.4, 12.6, 14.6, 15.2, 15.6, 18.1, 18.6, 21.8, 22.5, 22.9, 23.6, 24.8, 25.2 ± 0.20 2θ° and DSC isotherm performed at heating rate of 10°C/min comprising a single endothermic peak having an onset at 205.1°C and a peak melting point of 207.7°C. Further disclosed is a process for the preparation of Sorafenib tosylate Form-I characterized by X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic 2θ°peaks of 4.4, 13.1. 14.7, 16.6, 17.8, 20.4, 20.7, 21.4, 22.8± 0.20 2θ°, using crystalline Sorafenib base- Form-SSB, comprising steps of: a) reacting 4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-methylpicolinamide (III) with 4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylisocyanate (IV) in a high boiling organic solvent selected from methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or mixtures thereof; at a temperature ranging between 75-90 °C, to yield crystalline Sorafenib base (II)- Form-SSB; and b) combining crystalline Sorafenib base - Form-SSB with p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone at a temperature below 35°C, to give Sorafenib tosylate (I).
Patent NZ-704326-A (NZ)
Title: Trimmable rudder
Inventor: ROLLA PHILIP
IPC: B63H25/38
Filed: 2013-08-27
Abstract: A trimmable rudder system for a marine vessel such as a planing power boat which allows rudder blades to be positioned with respect to each other to collectively achieve a hull trim change while maintaining the rudder blades substantially aligned with the water flow direction past the rudder blades so as to achieve the hull trim change substantially without increased hydrodynamic appendage drag beyond levels provided by rudder based steering systems. This may allow for a low-drag, highly efficient, trimming system for a planning power boat.
Patent NZ-710308-A (NZ)
Title: Method and apparatus for controlling audio frame loss concealment
Inventor: SVEDBERG JONAS
IPC: G10L19/025
Filed: 2014-01-22
Abstract: In some previously proposed methods for frame loss concealment, the parameter freezing and extrapolation technique and re-application of the same decoder model even for lost frames does not always guarantee a smooth and faithful signal evolution from the previously decoded signal frames to the lost frame. This can lead to audible signal discontinuities with corresponding quality impact. Disclosed herein is a method for controlling a concealment method for a lost audio frame of a received audio signal. When an original concealment method is used to create a substitution, a transient condition that could lead to suboptimal reconstruction quality frame is detected (101) in a property of a previously received and reconstructed audio signal. When the transient condition is detected, the original concealment method (102) is modified by selectively adjusting a spectrum magnitude of a substitution frame spectrum. When the original concealment method is used to create the substitution frame, a second condition that could lead to suboptimal reconstruction quality is further detected (101) in a statistical property of observed frame losses. When the second condition is detected, the original concealment method is further modified (102) by selectively adjusting the spectrum magnitude of the substitution frame spectrum.
Patent NZ-711187-A (NZ)
Title: Compositions and methods for treating cardiovascular disease
Inventor: BREW JOHN
IPC: A61P29/00
Filed: 2012-02-03
Abstract: Provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutic compound that normalizes lipid levels, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. In an embodiment the composition comprises: - a therapeutic compound with a log P value of 2.0 or more which is a NSAID or a PPAR gamma agonist (provided that the PPAR gamma agonist is not a fibrate) - at least 50% by weight of a pharmaceutically-acceptable lipid-adjuvant, the pharmaceutically acceptable lipid-adjuvant including at least 25% by weight of the composition a first pharmaceutically-acceptable lipid adjuvant that is solid at a temperature of about 20°C, and at least 20% by weight of the composition a second pharmaceutically acceptable lipid-adjuvant that is liquid at a temperature of about 20°C, and is a fatty acid having at least 12 carbons, a glycerolipid, a sphingolipid, a sterol lipid, a prenol lipid, a saccharolipid, or a polyketide; wherein the composition is formulated to be solid at a temperature of about 15ºC or lower and have a melting point temperature of about 25°C or higher. Exemplified therapeutic compounds include ibuprofen and gemfibrozil.
Patent NZ-711743-A (NZ)
Title: Opposed piston internal combustion engine with inviscid layer sealing
Inventor: JESWINE WILLIAM
IPC: F02B75/24
Filed: 2014-03-17
Abstract: An opposed internal combustion piston engine comprising: a. an engine case comprising: i. a pair of combustion cylinders aligned with one another; and ii. a crankcase, wherein the pair of combustion cylinders are separated by the crankcase; and b. a scotch yoke assembly housed with the crankcase, the scotch yoke assembly comprising: i. a scotch yoke base; ii. a scotch yoke guide shaft rigidly connected to the engine case within the crankcase; and iii. a pair of combustion pistons rigidly connected to the scotch yoke base, eliminating the need for wrist pins and pivoting members, wherein each one of the pair of combustion pistons is configured to move within one of the pair of combustion cylinders in concentricity and without actual contact between heads of the pistons and walls of the combustion cylinders, wherein the combination of the combustion pistons moving within the combustion cylinders forms a near frictionless inviscid layer between the walls of the combustion cylinders and the heads of the combustion pistons, the near frictionless inviscid layer consisting of air or a mixture of air and fuel that eliminates the need for a lubricant within the combustion cylinders and external cooling.
Patent NZ-723357-A (NZ)
Title: Computing long-term schedules for data transfers over a wide area network
Inventor: KANDULA SRIKANTH
IPC: H04L45/121
Filed: 2015-03-11
Abstract: Various technologies pertaining to scheduling network traffic in a network are described. A request to transfer data from a first computing device in a network to a second computing device in the network includes data that identifies a volume of the data to be transferred and a deadline to transfer the data, where the data is to be transferred prior to the deadline. An optimization process computes a long-term schedule based upon the request, where the long-term schedule defines flow of traffic through the network over a relatively long time horizon. A short-term schedule is computed based on the long-term schedule, where the short-term schedule covers fewer time units than the long-term schedule, and includes a routing table. The routing table is transmitted to a network infrastructure device so devices in the network are configured based upon the short-term schedule.
Patent NZ-724761-A (NZ)
Title: Fatty acid composition and use thereof
Inventor: BHAGGAN KRISHNADATH
IPC: C11B3/00
Filed: 2015-03-31
Abstract: A fatty acid composition comprises: greater than 60% by weight stearic acid; from 3 to 30 % by weight oleic acid; and less than 10% by weight palmitic acid. The composition may be used in the preparation of a triglyceride.
Patent NZ-752060-A (NZ)
Title: Pharmaceutical compositions of 5-ht6 antagonist
Inventor: MUDIGONDA KOTESHWARA
IPC: A61K31/496
Filed: 2017-09-29
Abstract: The present invention relates to an immediate release (IR) pharmaceutical composition comprising 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methoxy-3-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl) methyl]- 1H-indole or pharmaceutically acceptable salt (s) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The present invention also relates to methods of preparation of said pharmaceutical compositions.
Patent NZ-763537-A (NZ)
Title: Chewable formulation
Inventor: AGARWAL PRIYANKA
IPC: A61K47/00
Filed: 2014-03-17
Abstract: The present invention relates to a chewable formulation for delivering a nutritional or pharmaceutically active agent to an animal target. The chewable formulation comprises a nutritional ingredient or an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active agent, and a plasticiser. The chewable formulation is formed by extrusion and the formulation contains substantially no unbound water, nor is any water added in the manufacturing process. The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a shelf stable chewable formulation which comprises mixing the nutritional or pharmaceutically active agent with a fat, lipid or fat and lipid to obtain a first composition, adding one or more plasticizers to the first mixture to obtain a second composition, extruding the second composition at a temperature sufficient to melt the fat and lipid, and allowing the extruded second composition to cool to room temperature thereby providing the chewable formulation.
Patent PT-100934-A (PT)
Inventor: HULTIN-STIGENBERG ANNA
IPC: C22C38/42
Filed: 1992-10-07
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/SE92/00688 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 3, 1994 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 3, 1994 PCT Filed Oct. 2, 1992 PCT Pub. No. WO93/07303 PCT Pub. Date Apr. 15, 1993.Precipitation hardenable martensitic stainless steel of high strength combined with high ductility. The Iron-based steel comprises of about 10 to 14% chromium, about 7 to 11% nickel, about 0.5 to 6% molybdenum, up to 9% cobalt, about 0.5% to 4% copper, about 0.4 to 1.4% titanium, about 0.05 to 0.6% aluminium, carbon and nitrogen not exceeding 0.05% with iron as the remainder and all other elements of the periodic table not exceeding 0.5%.
Patent PT-102414-A (PT)
Title: Production of S-ethyl azepano-1-carbothioate herbicide consists of reaction of ethanothiol with carbamoyl chloride derivative using environment friendly process
IPC: A01N47/16
Filed: 2000-02-04
Abstract: Production of a constituent of agricultural herbicides comprises production of S-ethyl azepano-1-carbothioate from ethanothiol and N,N-hexamethyleno carbamoyl chloride. The process obviates the need to use ethyl chlorothioformiate which presents ecological problems.
Patent PT-104540-A (PT)
Title: Processo antibacteriano para funcionalização bioactiva de materiais têxteis biomédicos, geriátricos e pediátricos, à base de lã
Inventor: GOUVEIA ISABEL CRISTINA
IPC: D06M11/00
Filed: 2009-04-27
Abstract: O PRESENTE INVENTO DIZ RESPEITO A UM MÉTODO DE FUNCIONALIZAÇÃO DA LÃ COM L-CISTEÍNA, PARA OBTENÇÃO DE UM EFEITO BIOACTIVO ANTIBACTERIANO, PERMANENTE, APLICÁVEL EM MATERIAIS TÊXTEIS BIOMÉDICOS, GERIÁTRICOS E PEDIÁTRICOS. ESTA INOVAÇÃO É, PREFERENCIALMENTE, UTILIZADA PARA O ACABAMENTO DE FIBRAS PROTEICAS COMO A LÃ. O PROCESSO CONSISTE NA APLICAÇÃO DE L-CISTEÍNA ÀS FIBRAS DE LÃ, POR PROCESSOS DE ESGOTAMENTO, COM EFEITO BACTERICIDA COMPROVADO SOBRE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS E KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA. A INIBIÇÃO DO CRESCIMENTO E EFEITO BACTERICIDA DAS ESTIRPES MENCIONADAS FORAM VERIFICADOS DE ACORDO COM A NORMA JIS. 1902-2002. O FENÓMENO DE INIBIÇÃO DO CRESCIMENTO BACTERIANO OCORRE ATRAVÉS DO AUMENTO DE GRUPOS TIOL (SH-) LIVRES, NA FIBRA DE LÃ TRATADA COM O AMINOÁCIDO L-CISTEÍNA. AQUELES GRUPOS FORAM DETERMINADOS, QUANTITATIVAMENTE, USANDO O REAGENTE DE ELLMAN OU ÁCIDO DITIO-BIS-(2-NITROBENZÓICO) (DTNB), DE ACORDO COM PROCEDIMENTOS DESCRITOS NA LITERATURA.
Patent PT-115827-A (PT)
Title: Dispositivo auxiliar de marcha musical inteligente para utilização de um doente com parkinson
Inventor: ANABELA CORREIA MARTINS
IPC: A45B3/00
Filed: 2019-10-08
Abstract: A DOENÇA DE PARKINSON CARACTERIZA-SE POR VÁRIAS DISFUNÇÕES, SENDO A DIFICULDADE DE MARCHA A MAIS INCAPACITANTE, COM AS CONSEQUENTES RESTRIÇÕES NAS ATIVIDADES DA VIDA DIÁRIA E NA PARTICIPAÇÃO SOCIAL. ESTA DOENÇA NÃO TEM CURA E É DEGENERATIVA. MAIS TARDE OU MAIS CEDO, ESTAS PESSOAS SENTIRÃO NECESSIDADE DE AJUDA PARA LIDAR COM A PERTURBAÇÃO DA MARCHA, SENDO BASTANTE COMUM O RECURSO A UMA BENGALA OU OUTRO APARELHO AUXILIAR DE MARCHA. A PRESENTE INVENÇÃO CONSISTE NUM AUXILIAR DE MARCHA INSTRUMENTADO, ESPECIFICAMENTE CONCEBIDO PARA FACILITAR A MARCHA DAS PESSOAS COM DOENÇA DE PARKINSON, QUE FORNECE ESTÍMULOS MUSICAIS EFICAZES E AJUSTADOS EM TEMPO-REAL AO PADRÃO DE MARCHA DO UTILIZADOR, O QUAL É CONSTITUÍDO NUM MODO DE REALIZAÇÃO POR UMA PEGA (1) QUE INCORPORA UM BOTÃO (5) QUE INCLUI UMA LUZ SINALIZADORA, UM TUBO DE SUPORTE, UMA INTERFACE EXTERNA (6), UMA FONTE DE ENERGIA (7) RECARREGÁVEL E PELO MENOS UMA UNIDADE SENSORIAL.
Patent RO-82236-A (RO)
Inventor: KOSKINEN ERKKI
IPC: B65D88/16
Filed: 1981-08-13
Abstract: The invention concerns a flexible container (10) for transporting and storing bulk goods (a so-called largesize bag) comprising a shell bottom (12) filling aperture (13) and arranged to be liftable by its upper end, and in the shell (11G) of which have been formed pleats (21), the lower parts of these pleats being folded to be complanar with the bottom. With a view to strengthening the vulnerable region of the bottom and to enabling the manufacturing of the container to be readily automated, the invention teaches closing of the tubular container blank by a seam (20), known in the art, located substantially in the central area of the bottom and folding down the upper plane of the plate into the plane of the bottom and its affixing to the lower plane by a seam. The opposing planes of the pleats may be interconnected by a seam in their marginal area, and they may also be affixed to each other substantially centrally by additional seams, which may be substantially parallel with the seam connecting the lower plane of the pleat to the bottom.
Patent RU-94013094-A (RU)
Inventor: FURSOV B A
IPC: A61F2/06
Filed: 1994-04-13
Abstract: FIELD: medicine, cardiosurgery. SUBSTANCE: conduit has xenopericardial plate made in the form of trapezium. In the case lower base of trapezium is uniformly near set and fixed to seat of prosthetic appliance of aortic valve and longitudinal edges of plate are sewn in proximal section spaced at least by 10 mm. Biological valve-bearing aortic conduit, as a version, has right-angled xenopericardial plate, one of sides of which is equal to circumference of seat of prosthetic appliance of aortic valve and pressed by continuous seam to upper base of trapezium. EFFECT: increased reliability.