baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20010068430-A (KR)
Title: Manufacturing method of phosphor screen for CRT
Inventor: KIM MIN HO
IPC: H01J29/34
Filed: 2000-01-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method of manufacturing the fluorescent layer screen of a cathode ray tube is provided to reduce the manufacturing procedure by forming the fluorescent layer and the index stripe by a projection method using a laser. CONSTITUTION: In the method of manufacturing the fluorescent layer screen of a cathode ray tube(CRT), a black matrix layer is formed on the panel. At second step, a G color layer is formed by projecting the laser beam on the first projection film. At third step, a B color layer is formed by projecting the laser beam on the second projection film. At fourth step, an R color layer is formed by projecting the laser beam on the third projection film. At fifth step, a biogenic layer and an Al reflection layer are formed on the entire front of the panel. At sixth step, an index fluorescent layer is formed by projecting the laser beam on the fourth projection film. Lastly, the biogenic element is eliminated by firing the panel.
Patent KR-20000062455-A (KR)
IPC: D01G15/84
Filed: 2000-01-12
Abstract: The wire clothing for a carding flat has at least one of the wires (30) with a length at the holding section (34) at least as long as at the working section (36) so that, preferably with at least one of the clothing wires (30), the ratio between the lengths of the holding (34) and working (36) sections is at least 3:1 and especially at least 5:1.  With at least one of the clothing wires (30), the length of the working section (36) is ≤ 3 mm and preferably ≤ 1.5 mm at about 1 mm. The width of the clothing wire, at right angles to its longitudinal axis, is at least 0.2 mm and preferably at least 0.4 mm. The thickness of the clothing wire is ≤ 6 mm, on a plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis, and preferably 4.8 mm. The wire thickness:width ratio is ≤ 3. The clothing wire has a quadrilateral cross section at right angles to the longitudinal axis. The transit between the body of the clothing wire and its sharpened point is wholly within the card clothing carrier (10). One surface of the sharpened wire point is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the wire. The wire axis is pitched against the straight line from the tip through the carrier at an acute included angle of 5-30 degrees and preferably 5-20 degrees and especially at about 12 degrees , at the leading side (14) of the clothing carrier (10). The holding zone (12) of the carrier (10) transits into a mounting zone (16) at least at one edge, offset to the rear side (22) of the carrier (10) away from the wire working sections (36). The rear side (22) of the carrier (10) is parallel to the front side (14), and the front side (18) of the mounting zone (16) is parallel to the front side (14) of the carrier (10). A holder engages the front side (18) of the mounting zone (16), to press the carrier (10) against the surface of the card flat. Part of the holder passes through the mounting zone (16). At least one woven insert is embedded in the carrier, and preferably two woven layers are embedded in it, over each other and with a gap between them.
Patent KR-20010073530-A (KR)
Title: Stuffed Doll Featuring Personal Character
Inventor: KIM JIN SUNG
IPC: A63H3/02
Filed: 2000-01-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a stuffed doll with individual character formed which includes each peculiar face so that it gives special meaning to both a giver and a taker. CONSTITUTION: The stuffed doll with individual character formed is produced by the following steps of: (i) designing, cutting and sewing yarn like natural fiber or synthetic fiber, leather or so on in a correspondence to face to be shaped; (ii) applying proper curve to display the contour of individual face; and (iii) adhering or sewing hair(21), eyebrow(23), eye(25), nose(29), ear(33), mouth(36) or so on with proper size and form at proper place in a correspondence to face to be shaped.
Patent KR-20010073919-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus For Preventionning Sliding Of Vehicle
Inventor: KIM WON DAE
IPC: B60C27/00
Filed: 2000-01-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: A vehicle slippage preventing device is provided to easily couple a snow chain on a wheel with a small force even for a user having no experience of coupling the snow chain and couple the snow chain regardless of the size of the wheel fixing slippage prevention pins to a supporting circular plate via a predetermined elastic element. CONSTITUTION: A vehicle slippage preventing device includes a plurality of prevention pins mounted on a circumferential surface of a wheel(52) for preventing the slippage of a vehicle and formed in the shape of trapezoid having a larger area in a part contacting a tire bottom surface than a part contacting a road surface, connection elements for connecting neighboring slippage prevention pins for dispersing force, a supporting plate(36) for fixing extension rods to the center of the plurality of slippage prevention pins and having a plurality of guides(34) formed radially to a central shaft for guiding the back and forth motion of the respective extension rods and an elastic fixing element(32) for fixing ends of the extension rods to the respective guides and the connection parts of the central shaft, and coupling elements for coupling the supporting plate to the wheel.
Patent KR-20000053591-A (KR)
Inventor: YAMAKUCHI HIROTARO
IPC: G01N29/34
Filed: 2000-01-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A system and a method for detecting a liquid in a container as a detection object by using an ultrasonic sensor are provided to commonly detect a liquid received in a container regardless of the thickness and the quality of the material of the container plate. CONSTITUTION: In an operation frequency setting mode, an operation frequency setting element(9) outputs an ultrasonic wave radiation instruction to a variable oscillation circuit and radiates ultrasonic waves from a detection element(2) by a plurality of times while changing frequencies. Data of the radiated wave forms(6a) or reflected wave forms(6b) is input via a band pass filter(14) to a receiving circuit(12) and a resonant frequency between a piezo-electric element of the detection element and an LPG tank(3) is detected according to a difference of damping property of the wave forms. The detected resonant frequency is registered in a memory(17) as an operation frequency.
Patent KR-20010077283-A (KR)
Title: an electric signboard
Inventor: SON JAE SEL
IPC: G09F9/00
Filed: 2000-02-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is an electric signboard for the advertisement to freely install the electric signboard on a curved area by attaching foldable boards divided by each letter to the area. CONSTITUTION: A board(10) arranged luminous diodes(11) as a unit contains a memory chip(12) and a variety of devices(13). Each board(10) is connected by electric wires(14) and a connector(14a). A case(20) covers each board(10) and has slant sides(21) in both sides. A connecting device(30) is installed on one slant side(21) to enable the board(10) to fold. The other slant side(21) includes a couple of guide pieces having hanging hooks.
Patent KR-20010084527-A (KR)
Title: Processs for the preparation of polyethylene naphthalate based polymers
Inventor: CHO HYEON NAM
IPC: C08G63/78
Filed: 2000-02-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for preparing a polyethylene naphthalate-based polymer is provided, to minimize the amount of by-product by reducing the amount of ethylene glycol and to reduce the time of esterification, thereby improving the quality and the productivity. CONSTITUTION: The method comprises the steps of adding at least one kind of primary alcohol to a slurry comprising naphthalene dicarboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid or its derivatives containing the acid as a main component, and ethylene glycol or glycol or its derivatives containing ethylene glycol as a main component, to esterify the slurry and to obtain an esterified product containing bis(β-hydroxyethyl)naphthalate or its oligomer as a main component; and polycondensing the mixture continuously to obtain a polyethylene naphthalate-based polymer. Preferably the dicarboxylic acid or its derivatives are 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid dimethylester, or dimethyl terephthalate; the glycol or its derivatives are ethylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol or 1,4-butane diol; and the primary alcohol is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and n-butane diol.
Patent KR-20010092966-A (KR)
Title: Upper frame for gas appliances
Inventor: CHOO GWANG TAEK
IPC: F24C15/10
Filed: 2000-03-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: An upper frame for gas device is provided to prevent the upper glass plate from being dropped, by firmly attaching the upper glass plate onto the main body of the gas device. CONSTITUTION: An upper frame has an attachment portion(211) to which an outer periphery of a glass plate(100) is fitted and attached by a silicon(400), wherein the attachment portion is formed at the inner upper portion of the main body of the frame, and the glass plate has a burner opening(110) penetrating through the glass plate. The main body of the frame has a contact surface(212) contacting the upper surface of a gas device body(300), wherein the contact surface is formed at the lower end of the main body of the frame. The contact surface has a plurality of stopper grooves(212a) formed at a predetermined spacing, and the attachment portion formed at the inner upper portion of the main body of the frame has a plurality of inlet grooves formed at a predetermined spacing so as to allow the silicon to be introduced into the inlet grooves. The gas device body has a plurality of stopper protrusions(310) to be inserted into and coupled with stopper grooves formed at the contact surface.
Patent KR-20010093596-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM YOUNG BUM
IPC: A44B15/00
Filed: 2000-03-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: A key ring informing check points is provided to solve problems that house wives are often worried about whether or not household gas are regulated during their absence due to forgetfulness, and safety accident can be occurred if gas is not turned off resulting in a leakage. CONSTITUTION: The key ring informing check points comprises a sensing part consisting of resistance R1, R2 and R3 as a means for sensing the key when a user touches a key; an oscillator consisting of crystal X1 and capacitors C2 and C3 and a microcomputer part(4) consisting of microcomputer U1 as a means for giving start pulse so as to generate voice in a voice generating part(5) by judging the sensing of the key if it is sensed in the sensing part(8); an oscillator consisting of resistance R4 and capacitor C1 and a voice generating part(5) consisting of voice generating chip U2 as a means for generating voice by receiving start signals from the microcomputer part(4); and a speaker as a means for sounding voice to the outside.
Patent KR-20000071520-A (KR)
Title: 용량 가변형 압축기
IPC: F04B27/10
Filed: 2000-03-30
Abstract: 용량 가변형 사판식 압축기에 있어서, 피스톤을 개재한 크랭크실 내압과 실린더 보어 내압의 차가 과대하게 된 경우에도, 구동축(6)이 축방향으 이동하는 것을 막는다. 힌지기구(13)는, 구동축(6)상에 고정된 러그 플레이트(11)로부터 연장되는 지지아암(14)과, 사판(12)으로부터 연장되는 가이드 핀(15)을 구비한다. 가이드 핀(15)의 헤드부(15a)는 지지아암(14)에 형성된 가이드 홀(70)내에 걸어맞춤되어 있다. 가이드 홀(70)을 구획하는 지지아암의 두께부 일부(73)에는 절결면(74)이 형성된다. 절결면(74)은 힌지에 클리어런스(C2)를 형성한다. 이 클리어런스(C2)에 의해 사판(12)은 구동축(6)을 당기는 일없이 이동하는 것이 가능하게 된다.
Patent KR-20010069181-A (KR)
Title: The side crank rod pin
Inventor: CHO SANG YEUN
IPC: F16C7/02
Filed: 2000-04-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: An eccentric crank rod which passes through a dead point is provided to stop a small end part of the crank rod by passing a vertical line always for improving the start and the speed, for passing top and bottom dead centers easily without any heavy flywheel, and increasing a compression ratio of a gasoline or diesel engine without any knocking or mechanical efficiency decrease. CONSTITUTION: An eccentric crank rod which passes through a dead point includes a large end part(3), a small end part(5), a curved part(4) connecting the large and small end parts integrally, and an eccentric pin(6) mounted to the small end part, wherein the large end part is formed of a lower end part and an eccentric part of a crank shaft pin(1), and the small end part is provided with the eccentric pin, so that an end portion of the small end part is stopped by passing a vertical line always in spite of the force applied to the eccentric pin due to the eccentric gravity(7) applied to the large end part, the polygonal part and the eccentric pin.
Patent KR-20010103176-A (KR)
Inventor: KWAK JI HYE
IPC: C09K11/08
Filed: 2000-04-26
Abstract: 본 발명은 표면 코팅을 이용한 이트륨 실리케이트계 형광체 및 그 제조 방법(Yttrium silicate phosphor using a surface coating and Manufacturing method thereof)을 기재한다. 본 발명에 따른 표면 코팅을 이용한 이트륨 실리케이트 형광체의 제조 방법은, St-thiogallate형광체를 Ga(NO 3 ) 3 , Eu(NO 3 ) 3 를 적절히 교반한 후 SrCO 3 를 녹인다음, 미리 준비된 Y 2 SiO 5 :Tb형광체를 섞고 NaOH로 pH를 맞추고 S을 섞은 후, 건조(drying) 공정과 거르기(sieving) 공정을 거쳐 750℃에서 4시간 소성함으로써, Y 2 SiO 5 :Tb 형광체에 Sr-thiohallate 형광체를 코팅한다.
Patent KR-20010097815-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE GI HAN
IPC: G06K19/073
Filed: 2000-04-26
Abstract: 본 발명은 소정의 (운영)처리 프로그램부와 데이터부 및 카드 판독기 접속 인터페이스부를 포함하여 구성된 스마트 카드의 집적회로(IC) 칩에 의료보험카드와 관련한 정보를 기록저장하고 기록저장된 정보는 암호화 코드를 통해서만 갱신, 삭제할 수 있도록 하여 의료보험카드에 등재된 구성원 각자에게 발급함으로써 의료기관에서는 진료받는 의료기관의 기록 및 진료받는 해당환자의 병명 등을 기록할 수 있도록 하고 의료보험 관장 기관에서는 의료기관 등의 부당 청구행위 등을 추적 조사할 수 있도록 하고, 의료인의 입장에서는 해당 환자가 타 의료기관에서 진료받은 진료이력을 확인할 수 있도록 하여 의료보험카드의 이용 효율성과 관리 효율성을 향상시킨 스마트 카드를 이용한 의료보험카드에 관한 것이다. 한편, 본 발명은 소정의 스마트 카드 판독기와 일반 범용 컴퓨터(PC)를 통해 데이터의 입출력이 가능하도록 의료보험카드와 관련한 정보를 스마트 카드의 IC 칩에 기록저장하고, 스마트 카드의 IC 칩에 기록저장된 정보를 상기 스마트 카드 판독기와 일반 범용 컴퓨터(PC)를 이용하여 입출력할 수 있도록 함으로써 효율적으로 의료보험카드의 전자화를 달성할 수 있도록 한다.
Patent KR-20010104579-A (KR)
Inventor: BAE DONG GUK
Filed: 2000-05-15
Abstract: 본 발명은 인터넷을 이용한 웹사이트의 평가방법에 관한 것이다. 본 평가방법은 년령, 주거지, 직업, 취미, 수입, 소유차량, 성별, 관심분야를 포함하는 인적데이타를 갖는 다수 네티즌의 표본방문단에게 가입을 유도하여 모집하는 단계와, 상기 인적데이타에 기초하여 직업, 취미, 수입, 성, 관심분야, 소유차량, 년령을 포함하는 방문인자별로 상기 표본방문단을 관리하는 단계와, 상기 표본방문단으로부터 상기 방문인자별로 특정 웹사이트에 적합한 목적표본방문단을 추출하는 단계와, 상기 목적표본방문단에게 웹사이트의 도메인과 방문과제를 발송하는 단계와, 상기 목적표본방문단이 평가할 수 있도록 상기 웹사이트의 도메인을 웹포스팅으로 링크시켜 상기 목적표본방문단에게 환경을 제공하는 단계와, 상기 웹사이트의 도메인에 상기 방문과제에 따라 방문과정을 소정의 시간동안 수행하는 단계와, 수행된 상기 방문결과에 기초하여 상기 표본방문단의 구매성향과 클릭버튼배치의 효율성과 구매에 이르는 확율과 구매에 이르지 못한 원인 중 적어도 어느 하나를 분석 및 평가하는 단계와, 상기 평가를 상기 도메인에게 실시간으로 전송하는 단계를 포함한다.이에 따라, 웹사이트의 시장성을 파악하고 최적의 웹사이트 콘텐츠를 제작할 수 있는 효과가 있다.
Patent KR-20010106802-A (KR)
Inventor: SONG HUI WON
Filed: 2000-05-23
Abstract: 본 발명은 가정용 기기 제어시스템 및 제어 방법에 관한 것으로 특히, 이동단말기의 인터넷 접속 및 데이터 통신을 통해 유선 및 무선으로 가정용 기기를 제어할 수 있는 가정용 기기 제어시스템 및 가정용 기기 제어 방법에 관한 것이다.  이와 같은 가정용 기기 제어시스템은 다수의 가정용 기기와, 외부로부터 입력된 제어신호에 따라 상기 가정용 기기를 제어하는 고정단말기, 무선통신망을 통해 상기 제어신호를 송신하는 이동단말기, 그리고 상기 무선통신망을 통하여 이동단말기의 제어를 받아 상기 고정단말기로 상기 제어신호를 유선통신망을 통해 송신하는 유무선 포털사이트를 포함하여 구성된다.  따라서 유무선 인터페이스로 홈 네트워크로 연결된 다수의 가정용 기기를 제어할 수 있으며 이동단말기의 메뉴 기능을 이용할 경우 상세한 제어가 가능하다.
Patent KR-20000054224-A (KR)
Inventor: SIM SEONG SIK
IPC: H04M3/00
Filed: 2000-05-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A switching system is provided to increase subscriber lines by connecting an exchange server with wireless communications terminals, to connect the switching system with a public switched telephone network(PSTN) or a data communication network(4) through the wireless communications terminals. CONSTITUTION: A switching system using a wireless communications terminal comprises an exchange server(12), a telephone(8), and communications terminals(8,10). The exchange server is connected to a public switched telephone network(PSTN)(2) or a data communications network(4). The telephone is connected to the exchange server. Many wireless communications terminals are connected to the PSTN or the data communications network through a relay center(18) of a communications carrier. The switching system is connected to the PSTN or the data communications network through the wireless communications terminals.
Patent KR-20010111158-A (KR)
Title: 손잡이부분 회전형 손잡이
Filed: 2000-06-08
Abstract: 기존의 손잡이에도 간단히 적용할 수 있고 인간공학적으로 손목이나 팔이 방향에 무리가 오지않도록 주체부분에 대하여 손잡이부분이 회전하는 손잡이를 제공한다. 
     한 쌍의 반할원통체(3,3)를 주체부분(1a)에 회전가능하게 덮어서 원통형상의 손잡이부분(6)을 구성하고, 그 손잡이부분(6)에 인접시켜서 주체부분(1a)에 한 쌍의 반할원반체(7,7)를 측면방향에서 덮어서 원반형상의 스토퍼체(11)를 구성하고, 나사(10)에 의하여 스토퍼체(11)를 주체부분(1a)에 체결하여 고정한다.
Patent KR-20000054608-A (KR)
Inventor: CHO GWANG SEOP
IPC: H01J61/35
Filed: 2000-06-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: A fluorescent tube partition type flat fluorescent lamp is to solve a spacer problem in a flat lamp having a large surface, thereby realizing a light and thin flat lamp and obtaining a uniformity of a luminance. CONSTITUTION: A fluorescent tube partition type flat fluorescent lamp comprises a fluorescent tube(3) which is arranged at a regular interval between an upper plate(1) and a lower plate(2) to serve as a partition and a supporter of the flat lamp, a fluorescent material(4,5) which is coated on the upper and lower plate, and a sealing member(6) which is formed on an edge of the lower plate to sealingly bond the upper and lower. In the lamp, the fluorescent tubes which are arranged between the upper and lower plate is served as a spacer for supporting the upper and lower fluorescent plate and a partition for diving a discharging space.
Patent KR-20020000390-A (KR)
Inventor: JUNG MIN SU
IPC: H04W76/02
Filed: 2000-06-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for tracking CDMA code timing is provided to precisely achieve code timing synchronization, regardless of a change in a signal gain, by normalizing a signal gain for code timing synchronization. CONSTITUTION: A PN code generator(101) generates an on-time code, a code faster than the on-time code, and a delay code. The first correlator(102) correlates the on-time code and an inputted baseband CDMA signal(r(t)). The second correlator(103) correlates the faster code and the baseband CDMA signal(r(t)). The third correlator(104) correlates the delay code and the baseband CDMA signal(r(t)). The first through the third low pass filter(105-107) execute low pass filtering for the signals outputted from the first through the third correlator(101-103) respectively. A quantizer(108) quantizes the output signal of the first low pass filter(105). A subtracter(109) subtracts the output signal of the third low pass filter(107) from the output signal of the second low pass filter(106) and generates a difference signal. A divider(110) divides the output signal of the subtracter(109) by the output signal of the quantizer(108) and generates its result value as an error signal. The fourth low pass filter(111) executes low pass filtering for the output signal of the divider(110). A voltage-current converter(112) converts the output signal of the fourth low pass filter(111) into current and transfers it to the PN code generator(101).
Patent KR-20000058806-A (KR)
Inventor: PARK SANG LOCK
Filed: 2000-06-30
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for internet lottery service is provided to supply the customer with the right to select a lottery ticket, to enable the customer to purchase the lottery ticket where internet connection is possible, to instantly confirm the lottery payment by directly checking for the winning ticket, to increase the profit of the regional lottery organizations and lottery ticket sellers by inducing the lottery purchaser's purchase desire, and to minimize the lottery sales cost. CONSTITUTION: A method for internet lottery service is composed of connection, purchase, drawing, and payment. The internet user connects(101) to the lottery service provider's(100) website and an established authentication process(111) is executed. When authentication process is completed, the user proceeds to lottery selection process(122) by inputting the received ID and password. When the user selects desired lottery item from a list of lottery items(116), the selected lottery item is displayed on the screen(123) through the lottery information process device(120). The user decides to purchase the lottery item(410) and proceeds to the purchase price payment step(135). The user selects desired payment method(133) and makes the payment(134). When payment is received, the lottery item is drawn for prizes(144) and the lottery result is confirmed after the message that notifies the completion of the drawing is displayed on the screen(145). If the user has won any prizes or money from the drawing, the user's deposit account number and other information are inputted(155). If no prize or money was drawn or an additional lottery ticket was drawn, the user is re-routed to the lottery selection process(122) and a new and same-priced lottery ticket is presented. If user desires the result to be output, it can be output for the user to keep and all processes are completed with the confirmation of results(200).
Patent KR-20020007427-A (KR)
Title: Supersonic Injector
Inventor: PAICK YON JIN
IPC: F02M27/08
Filed: 2000-07-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: An ultrasonic fuel injecting and mixing device is provided to show the maximum performance with a small amount of fuel by saving gasoline. CONSTITUTION: An ultrasonic fuel injecting and mixing device solves oil(gasoline, kerosene, benzine, and bunker oil) as corpuscles and solves steam and water at a low temperature using ultrasonic waves. The corpuscles are mixed. Electric conductivity is improved by a great amount of oxygen in steam and ultrasonic waves. Thus, complete combustion is realized and environmental pollution is minimized. Power is increased, and fuel cost is remarkably reduced by 40%.
Patent KR-20020006781-A (KR)
Title: Intelligent Adaptive Read Channel Optimize Procedure Design
Inventor: CHO GI HYEON
IPC: G11B19/00
Filed: 2000-07-13
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method of optimizing intellectual adaptive read channel of a hard disk is provided to prevent a poor driving operation during read channel optimizing procedure and to keep a drive from being damaged due to shocks that is generated during reworking process of a poor driving operation. CONSTITUTION: Read channel optimization is performed with prescribed parameters for all zones of a hard disk. An average value according to the read channel optimization is obtained. It is sequentially judged if error rates for all heads of all zones of the hard disk exceed a predetermined critical value or average value(S204). Read channel optimization is carried out for all heads whose error rates are higher than the predetermined critical value and average value(S205-S211).
Patent KR-20010015427-A (KR)
Inventor: YAMAMOTO MASAHIRO
IPC: H01R13/422
Filed: 2000-07-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a small, high-density connector having multiple terminals by forming a curved surface part at a position where a terminal abuts on a lance such that the terminal separates from the lance when predetermined external force is applied to the terminal from the direction opposite to the insertion direction of the terminal while the lance and the terminal are in a tentative engaging state with each other. CONSTITUTION: In this connector, receiving holes 12 for receiving terminals 1 are formed in a housing 10, and lances 11 for locking the terminals 1 by engaging with the terminals 1 inserted into the receiving holes 12 are formed in the receiving holes 12. Each curved surface part 1A is formed at a position where the terminal 1 abuts on the lance 11 such that the curved surface part 1A stays in an engaging state with the lance 11 and the terminal 1 separates from the lance 11 when predetermined external force is applied to the terminal 1 from the direction opposite to its insertion direction. The need of forming a space for inserting a tool into the terminal receiving hole is obviated, and the interval between the terminals can be reduced.