baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20120084009-A (KR)
Title: Clamping apparatus for rolling roller
Inventor: AN HYUN CHAN
IPC: B21B31/08
Filed: 2011-01-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: A clamping device for a milling roller is provided to improve clamping efficiency by automatically reciprocating a ring carrier for stably powering a thrust bearing. CONSTITUTION: A clamping device for a milling roller is composed of a cylindrical housing(10), a first ring gear(20), a first drive gear unit(30), a clamp(40), and a cover(50). The first ring gear is installed around a shaft inside the housing. The first drive gear unit is meshed with the outer teeth(21) of the first ring gear and rotates the first ring gear. The clamp is formed in a ring shape and is composed of multiple clamp pieces. The clamp pieces have side teeth meshed with the side teeth(22) of the first ring gear. When the first ring gear is rotated, the clamp pieces of the clamp are reciprocated toward the center of the shaft.
Patent KR-20120084088-A (KR)
Title: Join adapter for a dome-shaped butangas container
Inventor: KIM DONG SUK
IPC: F17C13/04
Filed: 2011-01-19
Abstract: PURPOSE: A connecting adaptor for connecting a dome gas container is provided to prevent safety accidents caused by supplying a gas leakage by supplying gas while opening a nozzle port formed in the dome gas container. CONSTITUTION: A connecting adaptor for connecting a dome gas container comprises a connecting port(10) connected to a cylindrical gas container. The connecting port is fitted into a coupling part(41). A connecting adaptor(30) connected to a screw domed container(20) is installed in a lower part of the connecting port. The connecting port is fitted into the coupling part, and a pressing port is pressed. A nozzle port(22) connected to a lower part of a body is pressed such that fuels in the dome gas container are supplied to a gas appliance.
Patent KR-20120084377-A (KR)
Title: Equipment of secession prevention for shoulder strap
Inventor: HONG CHOON GKI
IPC: A45F5/00
Filed: 2011-01-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: A shoulder strap separation preventing device is provided to prevent a shoulder strap from falling from the shoulder. CONSTITUTION: A shoulder strap separation preventing device comprises an attachment board(100), a fixed loop(200), and a coupling unit(300). The attachment board is bent in order to correspond to the curved face of the shoulder. The fixed loop prevents the separation of a shoulder strap, is formed in the shape of a loop, has a shape of being installed to face upward. The coupling unit fixes the attachment board.
Patent KR-20120085624-A (KR)
Title: 손쉽게 쓸 수 있는 컴퓨터용 싸인 펜
Inventor: KIM SU HYUN
IPC: B43K27/08
Filed: 2011-01-24
Abstract: 본 발명에 따른 손쉽게 쓸 수 있는 컴퓨터용 싸인 펜은, 예비표시용 펜과; 촉이 단단한 재질로 이루어져 쓸 경우 펜을 세워서 쓸 수 있는 펜과; 컴퓨터용 싸인 펜; 예비표시용 펜의 촉보다는 부드러운 재질의 촉으로 이루어져 예비표시용 펜의 촉을 둘러쌀 수 있게 하고, 쓸 경우 펜을 뉘어서 쓸 수 있는 펜과; 뚜껑; 예비표시용 펜과 컴퓨터용 싸인 펜을 모두 한 번에 보관할 수 있는 뚜껑으로 구성이 되어있어, 컴퓨터용 싸인 펜과 예비표시용 펜을 쉽게 쓸 수 있어서 이른 시간 안에, 손을 청결하게 하면서 쓸 수 있는 효과를 제공한다.
Patent KR-20120090451-A (KR)
Title: Superprecision water level sensor
Inventor: OH IL HWAN
IPC: D06F33/02
Filed: 2011-02-08
Abstract: PURPOSE: A super precise water level sensor is provided to precisely sense a water level and to obtain a sensing with reliability. CONSTITUTION: A super precise water level sensor comprises a pressure sensing semiconductor(110), a substrate, and a semiconductor receiving cap(130). The pressure sensing semiconductor senses the pressure of flowing air, thereby generating voltages. The pressure sensing semiconductor is mounted on a surface of the substrate. The semiconductor receiving cap is closely adhered to the surface of the substrate and receives and seals the pressure sensing semiconductor, thereby forming a pressure changing space where pressure is changed when a water level is risen or reduced and a hose connection hole(131) being connected to a water pressure hose.
Patent KR-20120092777-A (KR)
Title: 일반학습 및 자율학습용 책상
Inventor: HONG JU PYO
IPC: A47B13/00
Filed: 2011-02-12
Abstract: (1)기술분야 :  목재책상. 
(2)해결하고자 하는 과제 : 집중을 못하는 학생들에게 더 효율적인 공부환경제공. 
(3)과제의 해결 수단 : 일반학습용 책상과 독서실용 칸막이책상을 한 책상으로 다 사용할 수 있다.                                 
(4)효과 : 같은 공간,자리,환경에서 공부를 계속할 수 있다. 그러므로 더 효율적인 학습을 기대할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20120092876-A (KR)
Title: Novel use of vpreb1 gene
Inventor: CHUNG YEUN JUN
IPC: C12N15/11
Filed: 2011-02-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A composition containing VPREB1 gene for diagnosing chronic rheumatoid arthritis is provided to measure replication simply and exactly diagnose the disease or possibility of developing the disease. CONSTITUTION: A composition for diagnosing chronic arthritis rheumatoid contains a probe or a primer having a sequence which is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of VPREB1 gene. VPREB1 has a nucleotide of sequence number 1 on chromosome 22q11.2. The primer contains primers of sequence numbers 2 and 3 or 6 and 7. The risk of developing Chronic arthritis rheumatoid is determined when the copy number of VPREB1 gene is under 2. A kit for diagnosing chronic arthritis rheumatoid contains the probe or primer.
Patent KR-20120094989-A (KR)
Title: 사상의학에 따른 체질별 맞춤 삼계탕
Inventor: KIM JIN GU
IPC: A23L33/00
Filed: 2011-02-18
Abstract: 본 발명은 사상의학에 기초하여 사람마다 지니고 있는 체질을 구분하여 체질별로 맞는 삼계탕을 끓여서 손님에게 제공하는 방법에 관한 것으로 손님이 주문하기 전에 손님의 체질을 확인하고 체질이 확인되면 미리 준비된 체질별 재료를 넣어 끓인 탕을 손님에게 제공하는 특징이 있다.
Patent KR-20110097656-A (KR)
Inventor: ZAUGG ALAIN
IPC: G04B19/22
Filed: 2011-02-22
Abstract: 본 발명은, 사용자 요구에 따라 시간대의 시간을 시계의 바늘상에 표시하도록 배열된 시간대 표시기구(100)에 관한 것이다.  
본 발명의 특징에 의하면,  
- 두 개의 메모리휠(30)들을 포함하고, 상기 휠의 인덱싱위치들사이에서 치형구조를 가진 휠(31)에 대해 피봇회전하는 하트부분(40)을 가지며, 상기 하트부분(40)은 스프링(43)에 의해 반경방향을 향해 상기 인덱싱위치들로 귀환되는 핑거부분(41)에 의해 하트부분이 상기 휠과 함께 작동하고,  
- 사용자의 두 가지 작용들에 의해 메모리휠(30)의 지지표면(45)과 연결가능하게 작동하고 다음에 다른 한 개의 메모리휠(30)의 지지표면(45)으로부터 분리되며,  
- 모션워크 휠세트에 의해 형성되는 제 1 입력, 상기 차동기어(12)의 차동크라운(12A)에 의해 형성되는 제 2 입력 및 시침(25)으로 형성되는 출력을 가진 차동기어(12)를 포함한다.  
본 발명은 상기 형태의 시간대 표시기구(100)를 가진 시계에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20120097550-A (KR)
Title: Refrigerator
Inventor: CHOI CHANG BONG
IPC: F25D25/02
Filed: 2011-02-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: A refrigerator having light emitting shelves is provided to evenly emit light to the inside so that users easily check the inside. CONSTITUTION: A refrigerator having light emitting shelves comprises a cabinet, a plurality of light emitting members, shelves(30), and a sensing device(42). The cabinet comprises a storage space. The light emitting members are placed in the storage space at constant intervals. The shelves are detachably formed in the storage space. An opening is correspondently formed to the light emitting member. The shelves emit the incident light from the opening. The sensing device is installed inside the storage space, and turns on the light emitting members by sensing a location where the shelves are mounted.
Patent KR-20110025686-A (KR)
Title: Electrostatic chuck and manufacturing method for the same
Inventor: PARK YONG GYUN
IPC: H01L21/683
Filed: 2011-02-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: An electrostatic chuck and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to generate or release the electrostatic force rapidly by forming a plurality of electrode layers. CONSTITUTION: An electrostatic chuck(20) comprises a plurality of electrode portions(26A) and an electrode layer(26). The electrode layer is connected to the DC power source so that a plurality of electrode portions has the same polarity. A second insulation layer is made as one body on the upper of the electrode layer. A plurality of projections supports the substrate and fills the transmission gas for transmitting the heat between the substrate and the second insulation layer.
Patent KR-20120021152-A (KR)
Title: Substrate for power module, substrate for power module equiptted with heat sink, power module, and manufacturing method of substrate for power module
Inventor: TONOMURA HIROSHI
IPC: H01L23/14
Filed: 2011-03-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A substrate for a power module and a substrate for a heat sink attachment power module and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to improve junction reliability by forming a copper extraction part on the end of a width direction of a metal plate. CONSTITUTION: Metal plates(12,13) are formed on the surface of a ceramics substrate(11). The metal plate is composed of aluminum. Silicon and copper are added to the metal plate. An addition element is selected among Zn, Ge, Ag, Mg, Ca, Ga, and Li. The concentration sum of the silicon, the copper, and the addition element at around the interface with the ceramics substrate is established within range of 0.05wt%-5wt%. A heat sink cools a substrate for a power module.
Patent KR-20120101761-A (KR)
Title: Cache phase detector and processor core
Inventor: CHOI JU HEE
IPC: G06F12/08
Filed: 2011-03-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A cache phase detector and a processor core are provided to effectively utilize critical section cache, thereby reducing power consumption. CONSTITUTION: A counting unit(110) enables a tag corresponding to a request generated in a processor core to generate a critical section miss count by counting a tag miss request which includes an effective cache line based on a tag miss signal which includes critical section cache and a cache line valid signal which includes availability of the cache line corresponding to the request. A signal generation unit(130) compares the critical section miss count with a standard value.
Patent KR-20120107024-A (KR)
Title: Embedded memory design for low power video processor
Inventor: PARK JONG SUN
IPC: G06T1/60
Filed: 2011-03-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: An embedded memory design for low power video processor is provided to prevent degradation of image quality in a lower power operation for reducing power consumption. CONSTITUTION: A graphic memory(100) includes a plurality of unit memory blocks. A plurality of the unit memory blocks includes a plurality of memory cells. A controlling unit(200) stores each bit of graphic data inputted through an input unit in each memory cell. The controlling unit reads out the graphic data in each memory cell of the graphic memory. The controlling unit outputs the read graphic data through an input-output unit. [Reference numerals] (100) Graphic memory; (200) Controlling unit; (300) Input/output unit
Patent KR-20110108272-A (KR)
Inventor: JABLONSKI GREGORY A
IPC: B82Y40/00
Filed: 2011-03-22
Abstract: 본 발명은 저온 소결성이 우수한 금속막의 생산 방법으로서, 재현성이 개선된 금속 나노 입자 조성물 및 그것을 이용한 물품을 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 
상기 목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 발명은, 디스크 원심식 입도 분포 측정에서 측정되는 2차 응집 직경(미디언 직경)이 2.0㎛ 이하인 금속 나노 입자 조성물을 사용하는 것을 특징으로 한다.
Patent KR-20120107769-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method of command embedded beacon in beacon network
Inventor: BAEK YUN JU
IPC: H04W52/02
Filed: 2011-03-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: A beacon apparatus including a command in a beacon network and method thereof are provided to improve power consumption efficiency of an end apparatus using wireless communication. CONSTITUTION: An end apparatus receives the transmitted beacon(S10). The end apparatus determines a command included in the beacon(S20). When the command included in the received beacon does not correspond to the end apparatus, the end apparatus executes a low power operation until a next beacon(S30). When the command included in the received beacon corresponds to the end apparatus, the end apparatus executes communication between the two apparatuses. The end apparatus transmits the transmitted command as a response to a main apparatus(S40). [Reference numerals] (AA) Start; (BB,EE) No; (CC,DD) Yes; (FF) End; (S10) Beacon reception including a command which is periodically transmitted from a main apparatus; (S20) A command corresponding to oneself?; (S30) Low power operating; (S40) Response transmission according to a command; (S50) Next beacon reception?
Patent KR-20120111465-A (KR)
Title: A housing comprising extracting housing rib
Inventor: JEONG EUI SEONG
IPC: A47J19/06
Filed: 2011-03-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: A housing comprising extracting housing ribs is provided to enable extraction through an integrated juicing screw assembly and housing. CONSTITUTION: A juicing screw assembly(20) composed of a body and a plurality of juicing blades is installed in a housing(10). The housing comprises housing ribs(17a,17b) including main and sub housing ribs having different heights. The height of the main housing rib corresponds to the heights of the upper and lower parts of the body while the height of the sub housing rib corresponds to the height of the lower part of the body. A juicing mesh is provided at the bottom of the body to lead extracts produced by rotating the juicing screw assembly into the juicing screw assembly.
Patent KR-20110110734-A (KR)
Inventor: TOMIYAMA RYOTA
IPC: H01R13/46
Filed: 2011-04-01
Abstract: 콘센트는 플러그의 플러그 핀이 삽입되는 플러그 핀 삽입구를 갖는 콘센트 본체를 포함 한다. 상기 콘센트 본체에는 상기 콘센트 본체의 앞면으로부터 앞쪽을 향해 돌출된 돌출형상부와, 상기 돌출형상부로부터 앞쪽을 향해 돌출된 고정부가 마련된다.  또한, 상기 돌출형상부의 앞면에는 상기 플러그 핀 삽입구가 마련되고, 상기 고정부는 플러그 핀이 상기 플러그 핀 삽입구에 삽입된 상태에 있어서, 플러그에 마련된 돌기부를 고정시키는 것에 의해 상기 플러그 핀이 상기 플러그 핀 삽입구로부터 빠지는 것을 방지할 수 있다.
Patent KR-20120113363-A (KR)
Title: Laundry machine
Inventor: HONG SANG WOOK
IPC: D06F25/00
Filed: 2011-04-05
Abstract: PURPOSE: A laundry device is provided to improve condensation efficiency by improving a condensation structure for removing moisture of hot air drying laundry. CONSTITUTION: A tub(120) stores wash water. A drum is rotatably installed in the tub. An air supply device supplies air to the tub. A condensate water generating device(170) generates condensate water in a lower part of the inside of the tube by supplying coolant to a closed circulation line. The air supply device is placed on the top of the tub. The air supply device collects air from an outer surface of the tub. [Reference numerals] (AA) Condensate water
Patent KR-20120078540-A (KR)
Title: Polyamide resin with excellent heat resistance and chemical resistance
Inventor: JANG BOK NAM
IPC: C08G69/26
Filed: 2011-04-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A polyamide resin is provided to have excellent thermal resistance and chemical resistance by using aliphatic diamine comprising oxygen, and multifunctional compounds. CONSTITUTION: A polyamide resin is manufactured by polymerizing a diamine monomer, a diamine monomer comprising oxygen, a dicarboxylic acid monomer, and a multifunctional compound. The contained amount of the diamine monomer(A) is 50-99.5 mol% on the basis of 100 mol% of the diamine monomer and the diamine monomer comprising oxygen. The total mole number rate of the diamine monomer and the diamine monomer comprising oxygen to the dicarboxylic acid monomer is 0.90-1.30.
Patent KR-20120118985-A (KR)
Title: Image display device
Inventor: CHOI SEUNG KYU
IPC: G02B30/25
Filed: 2011-04-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: An image displaying device is provided to include a fixing transmission unit and an optical member, thereby extending a vertical viewing angle of a 3D image without decreasing luminance of a 2D image. CONSTITUTION: A displaying element includes pixel array and selectively displays a 2D image and a 3D image according to a mode selection signal. A patterned retarder divides light of the displaying element into a first polarized light and a second polarized light. A light shutter unit(LST) is overlapped with a part of arranged pixels according to a horizontal line direction in the pixel array and selectively blocks incident light according to a driving mode. A fixing transmission unit(LTM) is overlapped with the rest of the pixels and always transmits the incident light regardless of the driving mode.
Patent KR-20120121611-A (KR)
Title: A Manufacturing Method of Shark's Fin Liquid and retortable pouch Using Shark's Fin and Deep Ocean Water
IPC: A23L17/00
Filed: 2011-04-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A producing method of shark fin liquid and retort food using shark fins and deep ocean water is provided to remove the unique bad smell from the shark fins. CONSTITUTION: A producing method of shark fin liquid and retort food using shark fins and deep ocean water comprises the following steps: soaking the shark fins in the deep ocean water for 1-2 hours(S11); inserting onion, ginger, Glycyrrhizae radix, and refined rice wine into the deep ocean water, and heating and cooling the mixture to obtain deodorizing liquid(S12); soaking the water-soaked shark fins in the deodorizing liquid for 3-4 hours(S13); boiling the deodorized shark fins with the deep ocean water for 4-8 hours, and filtering to obtain the shark fin liquid(S20); boiling the shark fin liquid with chicken feet, sea tangle, anchovy, spring onion, and other ingredients in a double boiler for 7 hours, and filtering the mixture to obtain stock(30); inserting the shark fin liquid and the stock into the double boiler, and heating the mixture for 2 hours at 70-80 deg. C after opening a pressure valve of the double boiler(S40); and packaging the obtained food in a pouch before sterilizing at 120-125 deg. C and rapidly cooling(S50, S60, S70). [Reference numerals] (AA) Heating and filtering deep sea water and deodorized shark fin to obtain shark fin liquid; (BB) Boiling deep sea water, chicken feet, sea tangle, anchovy, spring onion, dried pollack, ginger, radish, onion, garlic, glycyrrhiza, dried shrimp, pear, apple, and refined rice wine to obtain stock; (CC) Mixing the shark fin liquid and the stock to obtain soup; (DD) 120-125 deg. C, atmospheric pressure of 1.25; (S10) Deodorizing; (S11) Soaking process : soaking the shark fin in the deep sea water; (S12) Deodorizing liquid producing process : deep sea water+onion+ginger, Glycyrrhizae radix+refined rice wine; (S13) Dipping process: deodorizing liquid+soaked shark fin; (S20) Shark fin liquid producing process; (S30) Stock producing process; (S40) Soup producing process; (S50) Packaging process; (S60) Sterilizing process; (S70) Cooling process
Patent KR-20120123860-A (KR)
Title: Composition for relieving hangover or improving liver function
IPC: A61K36/185
Filed: 2011-05-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A composition for improving liver function and relieving hangover is provided to delay alcohol absorption and to maximize hangover relief. CONSTITUTION: A composition for relieving hangover or improving liver function contains 0.5-1.5 parts by weight of Curcuma longa extract, 0.6-1.8 parts by weight of Alder tree extract, 0.017-0.06 parts by weight of Hovenia dulcis fruit-stem extract containing 55% or more solid content, 0.03-0.09 parts by weight of Acanthopanax senticosus concentrate containing 85% or more of sold content, 0.4-1.1 parts by weight of rice soybean extract, 0.024-0.1 parts by weight of milk thistle extract, and 0.015-0.07 parts by weight of glutathione. A food composition for relieving hangover or improving liver function contains 0.001-99.9 wt% of the composition. The food composition additionally contains citric acid, vitamin C, vitamin B6, apple concentrate juice, crystalline fructose, fructooligosaccharides, enzyme-treated stevioside, or drink flavor or honey flavor additives.
Patent KR-20120126540-A (KR)
Title: Structure for keeping constant temperature of refrigerator
IPC: F25D19/00
Filed: 2011-05-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A constant temperature maintaining property improving structure of a refrigerator is provided to prevent a coolant of low temperatures has flown when turning on/off a refrigerator flowing into second and third evaporators by a coolant own load and a pressure difference and to reducing energy consumption. CONSTITUTION: A constant temperature maintaining property improving structure of a refrigerator comprises accumulators(40), two or more evaporators(10,20,30), first connecting pipes(50a,50b), and a second connecting pipe(60). The evaporators are connected to the accumulators. The first connecting pipe connects an outlet of one evaporator and one end of the accumulator. The second connecting pipe connects outlets of the rest of the evaporators except for one and the other end of the accumulator.
Patent KR-20120128512-A (KR)
Title: Rankine cycle system and ship with the same
IPC: F01K7/16
Filed: 2011-05-17
Abstract: PURPOSE: A rankine cycle system and a ship with the same are provided to supply thermal energy from second heat transfer fluid to the working fluid in a first evaporator. CONSTITUTION: A rankine cycle system comprises a thermal power unit(1100) and an absorption refrigerator(1200). As to the thermal power unit, a first evaporator(1110), a first turbine, a first condenser(1130), and a pump(1140) are connected to a flow line in order. As to the absorption refrigerator, a generator(1210), a second condenser(1220), a second evaporator(1230), and an absorber(1240) are connected each other. The Absorbent, refrigerant, or mixture of the absorbent with the refrigerant circulates in the absorption refrigerator. A line of the flow lines, which connects the first turbine and first condenser heats the mixture in the regenerator. First heat transfer fluid flows in a first heat transfer line(1300). As to the first heat transfer line, the heat exchange between the first heat transfer fluid and the working fluid in the first evaporator occurs.
Patent KR-20110128248-A (KR)
Title: Method and apparatus for secure scan of data storage device from remote server
Inventor: KHOSRAVI HORMUZD M
IPC: G06F21/22
Filed: 2011-05-20
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method and a device for a secure scan of a data storage device from a remote server are provided to prevent data which is provided falsely by a malware from being provided. CONSTITUTION: An in-band processor(110) executes an OS(Operating System) and a host driver within a band. An OOB(Out-Of-Band) processor(124) uses a communications circuit(116) regardless of the state of OS and communicates with a remote server. The OOB processor receives a block read command from the remote server and commands a host driver to transmits storing command to a data storage device(120). The OOB processor transmits the searched data and authentication metadata which is received from the data storage device with the remote server.
Patent KR-20120130918-A (KR)
Title: Fuel ratio detecting apparatus for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
IPC: B60L11/18
Filed: 2011-05-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A device for measuring the fuel efficiency of a hydrogen fuel vehicle is provided to monitor accurate fuel efficiency in real time even during driving on condition that the device is mounted on the hydrogen fuel vehicle. CONSTITUTION: A device for measuring the fuel efficiency of the vehicle comprises an ECU(Electronic Control Unit)(30), a pressure sensor(33), a temperature sensor(35), a flow sensor(40), and a controller(50). The ECU is mounted on the vehicle and controls the driving of the vehicle. The pressure sensor is mounted on a fuel piping(16) and detects a pressure signal. The temperature sensor is mounted on the fuel piping and detects a temperature signal. The flow sensor is mounted on the fuel piping and detects a flow rate signal. The controller calculates the fuel efficiency in real time by using signals from the ECU, the pressure sensor, the temperature sensor, and the flow sensor. [Reference numerals] (31) Vehicle speed sensor; (50) Controller; (52) Operation key; (55) Display
Patent KR-20120132002-A (KR)
Title: Lighting module
IPC: F21V8/00
Filed: 2011-05-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: A light module is provided to control the light emitted on upper and lower parts of the light guiding panel by arranging certain pattern closely to either upper or lower parts of the light guiding panel. CONSTITUTION: A light module comprises the light guiding panel(110), the optical sheet(120), the first optical source section(130a), the second optical section(130b), the first case(150A), and the second case(150B). The case is combined at both parts of the light guiding panel. The case has the upper case arranged on the upper part of the light guiding panel and the lower case arranged on the lower part of the light guiding panel. The optical source section emits the light to both parts of the light guiding panel from inside of the case. The thickness of the light guiding panel is smaller than the gap of the upper case and the lower case.