baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent GR-3005176-T3 (GR)
IPC: C07J41/00
Filed: 1992-07-15
Abstract: Ursodeoxycholic acid derivatives of general formula: <CHEM> wherein R is a radical selected from -CH2-SO3H and -COOH and R' is a radical selected from -H and -(CH2)2-CONH, -CH2-CONH1, -(CH2)2-SCH3,-CH2-S-CH2 -COOH, respectively, and their salts with inorganic and organic, pharmaceutically active, bases, which are therapeutically employed mainly in the treatment of altered biligenetic functions, lithiasis or dyskinesia of biliary ducts, are prepared. The present invention also concerns a process for preparing said derivatives.
Patent GR-3006026-T3 (GR)
IPC: H04B10/118
Filed: 1992-10-19
Abstract: Infra-red communication system in which messages in the form of pulse-coded data signals are transmitted and exchanged between transmit/receive units which are each provided with infra-red light-emitting elements and infra-red light-sensitive photoelements. The message transmission is used for controlling vehicle movements for transporting goods or personnel in a particular area. To this end such a transmit/receive unit is provided on top of or underneath of each vehicle and one or more permanently installed such transmit/receive units are provided above the ground in the area itself. Each transmit/receive unit consists of a transparent tube to be installed vertically which is provided with at least one transmit platform (10) with a large number of light-emitting diodes and one receive platform (11) with one or more photodetectors for transmitting and receiving omnidirectionally in the horizontal direction.
Patent GR-3006872-T3 (GR)
IPC: B65G43/08
Filed: 1993-01-22
Abstract: Can bodies (4) are carried by a conveyor (2) through an inspection station (A). Bodies rejected by the inspection are pushed off the conveyor by an ejector (10) at a station downstream of the inspection station. The operation of the ejector is co-ordinated with the inspection by monitoring the movement of the reject cans between the inspection station and the ejection station. This is done by a Doppler-effect device (12) which can measure displacements of the can bodies independently of the movement of the conveyor track. In this way slippage of the can bodies on the conveyor track, a phenomenon occurring particularly at higher conveyor speeds, can be prevented from disturbing the coordination of the inspection and ejection stages.
Patent GR-3015535-T3 (GR)
Title: Cleaning compositions.
Inventor: JEFFREY GARETH CHARLES
IPC: C11D7/50
Filed: 1995-03-23
Abstract: This invention relates to a composition for cleaning contaminated electronic substrates. The compossition comprises a blend of 2-30% w/w of ethoxyethoxy ethanol and at least one other glycol ether derivative selected from butoxyethoxy ethanol, methoxypropoxy propanol, ethoxypropoxy propanol and C1-C5 monocarboxylic acid esters thereof. These esters are more environmentally safe and more user friendly than halohydrocarbons used hitherto for cleaning fluxes and solders from circuit boards.
Patent GR-3015824-T3 (GR)
Title: Biologically active compounds from blue-green algae.
Inventor: KOEHN FRANK
IPC: C07K14/415
Filed: 1995-04-17
Abstract: Novel bioactive compounds have been isolated from blue-green alga. These compounds have been found to have antitumor, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. Thus, these compounds, and derivatives thereof, can be used to treat human and animal tumors, inhibit viral growth, and provide immunomodulatory activity.
Patent GR-3020601-T3 (GR)
Title: Vulcanizable liquid copolymer
Inventor: COOLBAUGH THOMAS SMITH
IPC: C08F236/04
Filed: 1996-07-23
Abstract: There is disclosed a linear block copolymer comprising at least one triblock I-B-I, wherein I is a block of at least one polymerized conjugated diene of at least five (5) carbon atoms, such as isoprene, and B is a block of a polymer of at least one conjugated diene, different from that used to polymerize the block I, of at least four (4) carbon atoms, such as 1,3-butadiene. The B block is selectively hydrogenated, while each of the I blocks is hydrogenated and therefore retains a sufficient amount of its original unsaturation to vulcanize the copolymer. There is also disclosed an alternative linear block copolymer containing at least one triblock of the first polymer block made from a minor proportion of at least one aryl-substituted olefin, such as styrene, and a major proportion of at least one conjugated diene used to polymerize the block I, the second middle polymer block of at least one diene used to polymerize the block B, and the third polymer block which is the same as the first polymer block. In this alternative copolymer, the middle block is also selectively hydrogenated, thereby leaving the terminal polymer blocks with a sufficient amount of their original unsaturation to vulcanize the copolymer. The polymers can be crosslinked or functionalized through the terminal blocks containing the vinyl unsaturation. There are also disclosed random linear and star-branched block and random copolymers made from the same monomers as the linear block copolymers. Also disclosed are methods of producing the polymers and selectively hydrogenating the aforementioned polymerized dienes.
Patent GR-3020664-T3 (GR)
Title: Endoscopic surgical instrument for manipulating tissue or organs
Inventor: BILWEIS JOSEPH
IPC: A61B17/00
Filed: 1996-07-31
Abstract: The present invention relates to a surgical instrument, in particular for endoscopic surgery, comprising a tube (10) designed to be connected, at its distal end (20) to inflating/deflating means (22) and provided at its proximal end with an inflatable blade (14) which is in communication with the inflating/deflating means (22) via the tube (10). 
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Patent GR-3022739-T3 (GR)
Title: Process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons
Inventor: DELORME LUC FLORENT LEON
IPC: B01J23/00
Filed: 1997-03-05
Abstract: The hydrocarbons to be dehydrogenated are contacted with a supported catalyst of the redox type wherein the metal is at a valency such that it is not in its most reduced state, and the catalyst is regenerated before being contacted with fresh feed.
Patent GR-3025804-T3 (GR)
Title: Noise reduction method in a speech signal
Inventor: ROBBE FRANCOIS
IPC: G10L21/0208
Filed: 1997-12-30
Abstract: According to the invention, the method consists in:   cyclically converting, by Fourier transform, digital signals resulting from analog/digital conversions of signals provided by two microphones a fixed distance apart and receiving the said sound signal into two series of discrete data, each discrete datum of the said series representing the energy and the phase of a frequency channel of the spectrum of the said sound signal; determining the dominant angle of arrival of the said sound signal from the phase differences between the discrete data corresponding to the same frequency channels of the said series, the said dominant angle of arrival corresponding to the angle of arrival of the said speech signal;   obtaining an instantaneous spectrum of the said sound signal; updating a noise spectrum by comparing, for each frequency channel of the said instantaneous spectrum, of which the absolute value of the difference between the said dominant angle of arrival and the angle of arrival of the relevant frequency channel with a tolerance threshold value, the energies of the said frequency channels of the said noise spectrum being updated with the aid of the energies of the frequency channels of the said instantaneous spectrum, of which the absolute value of the difference between the said dominant angle of arrival and the angle of arrival of these frequency channels is greater than the said tolerance threshold value; subtracting the said updated noise spectrum from the said instantaneous spectrum to obtain a spectrum of the said speech signal.
Patent GR-3029522-T3 (GR)
Title: Three component refrigerant.
Inventor: PEARSON STEPHEN FORBES
IPC: B41J2/045
Filed: 1999-03-01
Abstract: A three component refrigerant composition for use in vapour compression refrigerators and avoiding the use of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons comprises a three component mixture of:   (i) a major portion comprised of chlorodifluoromethane (R22) or pentafluoroethane (R125);   (ii) R125 or octafluoropropane (R218); and   (iii) propane in non-flammable proportions.o
Patent GR-3032021-T3 (GR)
Title: High dose formulations
Inventor: SAMUELS GLENN JAY
IPC: A61K31/365
Filed: 1999-12-02
Abstract: Mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid can be conveniently manufactured into high dose oral formulations by the hot melt filling of a supercooled mycophenolate mofetil or mycophenolic acid liquid into a pharmaceutical dosage form. High dose oral pharmaceutical formulations and manufacturing methods therefor are disclosed.
Patent GR-3032720-T3 (GR)
Title: Equipment for recording a patient's state of health
Inventor: VON ZITZEWITZ FALK
IPC: G04B47/00
Filed: 2000-02-21
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP97/01712 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 31, 1998 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 31, 1998 PCT Filed Apr. 7, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO97/37585 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 16, 1997A portable device for recording a patient's state of health is described which measures and records the subjective state of health of a patient. With this device the patient himself records the variation in the effect of medication with time by pressing buttons on mobile equipment and stores this data on a recording medium. This equipment (1) has buttons by means of which the patient can enter the time at which the medication was taken and the time and value of any positive or negative effect. This variation in the effect with time is recorded and can be output via a chip and thus reproduced.
Patent GR-3033981-T3 (GR)
Title: Method and device for protecting a work surface
Inventor: ARROYO GEORGES
IPC: F24F9/00
Filed: 2000-07-19
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FR97/01106 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 2, 1999 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 2, 1999 PCT Filed Jun. 20, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO97/49955 PCT Pub. Date Dec. 31, 1997A method and apparatus for closely protecting a workstation. The method includes the steps of (a) providing a horizontal work surface having a top face, an upstream side and a free side opposite the upstream side, the free side having an edge, the work surface being unobstructed and accessible from above the top face and from at least the free side; (b) continuously blowing clean air over the work surface from the upstream side toward the free side so as to form a substantially horizontal flow of the clean air across the work surface and so that the flow of air has a velocity gradient with an upper layer or stream of air having a substantially higher velocity of flow than a lower layer or stream of the air flowing proximal to the top face; and (c) continuously sucking air from the flow of air into a suction intake disposed near the edge of the free side. The apparatus includes (a) an air blower for blowing clean air continuously over the work surface from the upstream side to the free side so as to form a substantially horizontal flow of the clean air across the work surface and so that the flow of air has a velocity gradient with an upper layer or stream of the air having a substantially higher velocity of flow than a lower layer or stream of the air flowing proximal to the top face; and (b) a suction intake disposed near the edge of the free side for collecting air from the flow of air blown to the free side.
Patent GR-3034448-T3 (GR)
Title: Data block format for software carrier and player therefor
Inventor: COOKSON CHRISTOPHER J
IPC: G11B19/04
Filed: 2000-09-20
Abstract: A system using an optical disk format for representing several synchronized signals, e.g. multiple versions of motion pictures and multiple soundtracks which is made up of an optical disk (23), signal processors (67, 71), buffer circuitry (53, 55, 57, 59) and audio (91) and video (94) output devices. All signals are represented digitally, and the bits are arranged in data blocks. Each data block may contain a variable number of bits for each signal, ranging from none to many (relative to the other signals). This allows each signal to be represented by a variable rate bit stream, without one signal necessarily constraining another as far as bit representation is concerned. Multiple buffers are provided to insure that there are a sufficient number of bits available for each signal as required for immediate needs. When any buffer is full, reading of the data blocks stops temporarily so that no bits are lost.
Patent DE-69115684-T4 (DE)
Inventor: MARCHAL REMY
IPC: C12P19/44
Filed: 1991-12-17
Granted: 1997-06-05
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FR91/01027 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 19, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 19, 1992 PCT Filed Dec. 17, 1991 PCT Pub. No. WO92/11381 PCT Pub. Date Jul. 9, 1992The invention relates to a fed batch production process for a composition of sophorosides, in which culturing takes place of at least one Candida bombicola or Candida apicola strain and the cultured strain is exposed in a reaction zone to an excess sugar supply and a continuous supply of at least one appropriate substrate at a supply rate to the reaction zone between 0.01 and 4 grams per hour and per liter of initial reaction volume and for a supply time such that the residual concentration of the substrate in the reaction zone is maintained at a value at the most equal to 18 grams per liter of initial reaction volume for the supply time and the composition of sophorosides produced is recovered.
Patent DK-1438961-T4 (DK)
Inventor: SETH PAWAN
IPC: A61K31/496
Filed: 2003-01-14
Granted: 2014-11-17
Abstract: The invention provides an itraconazole composition comprising itraconazole dispersed in a hydrophilic polymer, and, optionally, a surfactant, having a dissolution at 30 minutes between 10 and 40%, at 45 minutes between 25 and 80%, at 60 minutes between 60 and 95%, at 90 minutes at least 80%, as measured using the type II paddle method at 100 rpm according to the US Pharmacopoeia, in a dissolution medium comprised of 1000 ml HCl 0.1N. <??>The invention also provides a process for manufacturing this composition.
Patent TR-201820774-T4 (TR)
Title: Reçine bileşimi ve aynısını kullanan ürün
Inventor: YOUNG-SIN KIM
IPC: C08K9/00
Filed: 2013-09-05
Abstract: Buluş, bir termoplastik reçine ve bir metal-reçine kompozit parçacığı içeren bir reçine bileşimi ile ilgilidir ve özelliği; burada metal-reçine kompozit parçacığının bir metal biriktirme tabakası, metal biriktirme tabakasının bir tarafı üzerine yerleştirilen bir birinci kaplama tabakası ve metal biriktirme tabakasının diğer tarafı üzerine yerleştirilen bir ikinci kaplama tabakası içeren birçok tabakalı yapıya sahip olması, burada birinci kaplama tabakasının ve ikinci kaplama tabakasının sırasıyla bir ısı ile sertleşen reçine içermesi, ve burada metalin metal biriktirme tabakası oluşturmak için birinci kaplama tabakasının bir yüzeyi üzerinde biriktirilmesi ve ikinci kaplama tabakasının metal biriktirme tabakasının harici yüzeyi üzerinde oluşturulmasıdır
Patent TR-201901199-T4 (TR)
Title: Muylu yatağı.
Inventor: FLORIAN SCHEWE
IPC: E05D7/10
Filed: 2012-01-10
Abstract: Yatak, yatak cıvatasının (2) girinti yaptığı durumda yatak çatalının bacakları (3) arasında bir yatak merkez parçasına sahiptir. Yatak piminin sabitleme elemanları (7), elemanların bir kilit girintisine (9) girdiği bir sabitleme pozisyonu ve tutulan elemanının yer değiştirdiği serbest pozisyon arasına yerleştirilmektedir. Kilit kolları (13, 14) çatal şeklinedir ve kilit kollarının, sabit konumda kilit girintisine girecekleri şekilde tasarlanmaktadır ve elastik olarak, yatak cıvatasına dikey olarak hareket etmektedir.
Patent TR-201903103-T4 (TR)
Title: Basamaklı yüzey pervanesi.
Inventor: PHILIP ROLLA
IPC: B63H1/14
Filed: 2011-03-04
Abstract: Yüzey pervanesi veya yüzey yarıcı pervane, kanat sırtı tamamen veya neredeyse tamamen havalandırıldığı için, deniz aracının normal ileri yönde hareketi sırasında tüm itme gücünü kanat yüzeyi basıncından sağlayan kısmen batmış doğal havalandırmalı bir pervanedir. Bu fonksiyonelliğe dayanarak ön kanat (veya kanat yüzeyi) basınç yüzeyi olarak ve kanat arkası ise vakum yüzeyi olarak adlandırılabilir. Bu buluş deniz yüzeyi pervaneleriyle ve daha özel olarak bir yüzey delici pervane ile ilgilidir. İstem 1'e göre bu buluş, kanat ön yüzü, kanat arka yüzü veya her iki yüz üstünde özel bir tip ve yerleştirmenin yükseltilmiş bir yüzeyi olan "basamak" adı verilen bir geometrik özelliği her bir kanat üstüne ekleyerek geliştirilmiş birçok-kanatlı yüzey delici deniz pervanesi sağlar. Bu buluşun yüzey delici pervane kanadı, kanat yüzeyi ve/veya kanat arkası üzerinden basınç ve su akışını kontrol eder, böylece diğer avantajlar yansıra itme kuvvetini artırır. Bununla birlikte bu buluşun yüzey delici pervane kanadı, kanat yüzeyi ve/veya kanat arkası üzerinde basınç ve su akışını kontrol eder, böylece diğer avantajların yansıra toplam itme kuvvetini artırır. Bu kuvvet ayrıca sürükleme de üretir şöyle ki bu buluşun başka bir avantajı minimum sürükleme ile maksimum kaldırmayı sağlamaktır.
Patent TR-201907438-T4 (TR)
Title: Bir raf için kilitleme araçlarına sahip olan soğutma cihazı.
Inventor: CHRİSTOPH BECKE
IPC: F25D25/02
Filed: 2011-08-02
Abstract: Buluş, soğutulacak maddeler için bir depolama alanını kaplayan, bir ısı izoleli iç kabı, soğutulacak maddelerin yerleştirilmesi için en azından bir rafı, ve rafın bir soğutulacak madde pozisyonunda iç kapta tutulması için rafın karşı tutma araçları ile etkileşim içerisinde bulunan tutma parçalarını iç kapta içeren bir soğutma cihazı, özellikle ev tipi soğutma cihazı ile ilgilidir.
Patent TR-201910781-T4 (TR)
Title: Kanser tedavisi için yararlı bileşikler.
Inventor: PIERRE ROUX
IPC: C07D213/74
Filed: 2010-06-14
Abstract: Mevcut buluş bileşik (I) ile ilgilidir, burada: bir piridazin, bir pirimidin veya bir pirazin grubu anlamına gelir; R bağımsız olarak bir hidrojen atomunu, bir halojen atomunu veya bir CN grubu, bir hidroksil grubu, bir COOR1 grubu, (C1-C3)floroalkil grubu, bir (C1-C3)floroalkoksi grubu, bir NO2 grubu, bir NR1R2 grubu, bir (C1-C4)alkoksi grubu, bir fenoksi grubu ve bir (C1-C3)alkil grubundan seçilen bir grubu temsil eder, bahsedilen alkil isteğe bağlı olarak bir hidroksil grubu ile mono sübstitüe edilmiştir, n, 1, 2 veya 3'tür, n, 1 veya 2'dir, R, bir hidrojen atomu, bir halojen atomu veya bir (C1-C3)alkil grubu, bir hidroksil grubu, bir COOR1 grubu, bir NO2 grubu, bir NR1R2, bir morfolinil veya bir morfolino grubu, bir N-metilpiperazinil grubu, bir (C1-C3)floroalkil grubu, bir (C1-C4)alkoksi grubu ve bir CN grubu arasından seçilen bir gruptur, Z, N veya C'dir, Y, N veya C'dir, X, N veya C'dir, W, N veya C'dir, T, N veya C'dir, U, N veya C'dir, kanseri önleme, inhibe etme veya tedavi etmek için bir ajan olarak kullanılır. Bahsedilen bileşiklerin bazıları yenidir ve aynı zamanda buluşun bir parçasını oluşturur.
Patent DE-10296633-T5 (DE)
Title: Fahrzeug-Sprühunterdruckungsgerät
Inventor: LARSSON ANDERS
IPC: B62D25/18
Filed: 2002-04-10
Abstract: Spritzverhinderungsanordnung (3) zum Vermindern des Versprühens von Wasser und dergleichen durch ein Fahrzeug, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie dazu ausgebildet ist, an der Außenseite eines Rades (1) eines Fahrzeugs fest angebracht zu werden, dass sie nicht nur ein ringförmiges Strömungsleitelement (5) aufweist, das in Kombination mit einer äußeren Seite des an dem Rad (1) angebrachten Reifens (9) einen Spalt (10) bildet, wenn die Spritzverhinderungsanordnung (3) außerhalb des Rades (1) entsprechend angebracht worden ist, sondern auch ein Basiselement (4), das im Wesentlichen axial innerhalb des Strömungsleitelements (5) angeordnet ist, und eine Vielzahl von Strömungstreibern (6), die sich von dem Strömungsleitelement (5) zum Basiselement (4) erstrecken und so angeordnet sind, dass die Drehung des Rades sie veranlasst, Luft in den genannten Spalt (10) zu drücken.
Patent DE-10297006-T5 (DE)
Title: Double-Action-Schlag- und Abzugmechanismus
Inventor: PUSTOBAEV GENNADIJI ALEKSANDRO
IPC: F41A19/06
Filed: 2002-04-10
Abstract: Double-Action-Schlag- und Abzugmechanismus, angeordnet im Gehäuse einer Feuerwaffe und enthaltend einen mit einer Abzugsstange verbundenen Abzug, einen Schlagbolzen, einen Hahn und einen Zahneingriff in Form einer Zahnstange und eines Zahnsegments, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er einen Unterbrecher und eine die Zahnstange an das Zahnsegment andrückende automatische Sicherungseinrichtung enthält und die Zahnstange an der Abzugsstange und das Zahnsegment am Hahn ausgebildet ist, wobei der Hahn mit einem Stabilisator versehen ist.
Patent DE-10392247-T5 (DE)
Title: Brennkammer für Gasturbine
Inventor: HIIRASAKI TAKEO
IPC: F23D11/36
Filed: 2003-04-15
Abstract: Brennkammer
für eine
Gasturbine mit:  einem an einem Gehäuse angebrachten Düsenrohrhalter, an
dem mehrere Hauptdüsen
um eine Pilotdüse
herum angebracht sind, wobei der Düsenrohrhalter ferner einen
Verteiler umfasst, der eine Ölbrennstoff-Einlaßleitung
zu einer Ölbrennstoff-Zuführleitung
der mehreren Hauptdüsen
verzweigt, und  einem wärmeisolierenden
Abschnitt zwischen dem Abschnitt, der am Gehäuse angebracht ist, und dem
Verteiler.
Patent ES-2375248-T5 (ES)
Inventor: SCHALL GÜNTHER
IPC: H05B3/84
Filed: 2008-10-16
Granted: 2014-11-12
Abstract: A transparent window (1) has an electrically heatable coating, which extends over a substantial part of the area of the window (1), in particular over its viewing area (A). In addition, the coating is electrically connected to at least two mutually opposite low-impedance bus bars in such a way that, after an electrical feed voltage has been applied to the bus bars, a current flows between them over a heating area (21) formed by the coating. In this arrangement, there is between the bus bars and the heating area (21) at least one at least partially light-transmitting transitional region (15), the effective surface resistance of which is lower than the surface resistance of the coating. In order to obtain a transitional region (15) having the visual appearance of a band filter, it is proposed that the surface resistance in the at least one transitional region (15) increases in the direction from the assigned bus bar to the heating area (21).
Patent ES-2382951-T5 (ES)
Inventor: VAN HAPEREN PETER
IPC: G07B15/06
Filed: 2009-11-23
Granted: 2022-08-26
Abstract: The method involves providing a location data record (mi) of toll road geo objects (o-11) from the local proximity (U-1) of a beacon (3). A road toll system (1) comprises a toll center (2) having a vehicle unit (4). The location data record is received from the beacon, when the vehicle unit is arranged in the reception area (S-1) of the beacon. Independent claims are also included for: (1) a vehicle equipment for a road toll system; (2) a beacon for a road toll system; and (3) a control instrument for a road toll system.
Patent DE-112006000807-T5 (DE)
Title: Verwaltung von Sequenzer-Adressen
Inventor: WANG HONG
IPC: G06F9/38
Filed: 2006-04-05
Abstract: Ein
Verfahren mit:  Empfangen einer logischen Sequenzeradresse,
die in einem Anwenderbefehl angegeben ist;  Zuordnen der logischen
Sequenzeradresse zu einem aus einer Mehrzahl von Sequenzerrahmen;  Empfangen
der logischen Sequenzeradresse gemeinsam mit einem zweiten Anwenderbefehl;
und  Schaffen eines Identifizierers zum Angeben des zugehörigen gegenständlichen
Sequenzerrahmens.
Patent DE-112006002892-T5 (DE)
Title: Systeme und Verfahren zum Umschalten zwischen autonomer und manueller Bedienung eines Fahrzeugs
Inventor: NORRIS WILLIAM ROBERT
IPC: B62D1/28
Filed: 2006-10-20
Abstract: Ein
mittels einer Robotik betreibbares Fahrzeug mit:  einem mechanischen
Fahrzeugsteuerungssystem, das manuelle Eingaben von einem mechanischen
Bedienelement zum Betreiben des Fahrzeugs in einem manuellen Modus
zu empfangen vermag;   einer Steuerung, die autonome Steuersignale
zu erzeugen vermag; und  wenigstens einem Aktuator, der mit
dem mechanischen Fahrzeugsteuerungssystem durch wenigstens eine
elektrisch betätigte Kupplung verbunden ist, wobei der
Aktuator eingerichtet ist, die autonomen Steuersignale zu empfangen
und das mechanische Fahrzeugsteuerungssystem in einem autonomen
Modus zu betreiben.