Patent GB-1073469-A (GB)
Title: electrode production
IPC: H01M4/88
Filed: 1964-07-02
Abstract: A porous electrode is made by intimately mixing a finely divided electroconductive material, a binder material and a filler material which vaporizes or decomposes to a gaseous product when heated to a temperature below that temperature at which the electroconductive material and binder material decompose, compressing the resulting mixture into a desired shape, and heating the resulting compressed mixture to a temperature sufficient to vaporize or decompose the filler material.  The electroconductive material preferably is or contains a catalyst suitable for catalyzing the reduction or oxidation reactions in a fuel cell; suitable materials include carbon, charcoal, gold, silver, Group VIII metals and oxides thereof, alloys and mixtures of Group VIII metals, and alloys and mixtures of Group VIII metals or oxides thereof with gold, silver or Group VII metals or oxides thereof, and also carbon or charcoal impregnated with the above metals, metal oxides, and alloys and mixtures of metals and metal oxides.  Materials exemplified are Pt-Au, Pt-Re, Pt-Ir, Pt-Au-Fe, Pt-Re2O7 and Ni; carbon impregnated with 6% of its weight of a mixture of platinum and iridium is preferred.  The binder material may be a halogenated hydrocarbon polymer, for example a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride, a fluoroethylene propylene copolymer or a chlorinated ether polymer.  The binder material may be used in the form either of a finely divided powder or of an aqueous suspension or emulsion; in the latter case, the mixture of the electroconductive material, suspension or emulsion of binder material and the filler material is filtered to remove water and air-dried before pressing into the desired shape.  The filler material may be ammonium carbonate, ammonium oxalate, polyethylene or polypropylene.  In forming the articles, the mixture preferably is subjected to a pressure of from 3000 to 20,000 p.s.i.g.  The pressed articles preferably are gradually heated to the vaporization or decomposition temperature of the filler material; such heating or further heating after removal of the filler material may be to a temperature of from 700 DEG  to 720 DEG  F., heating after removal of the filler material preferably being in an atmosphere of nitrogen. After manufacture, the electrode may be impregnated with a catalyst material, for example any one of the metals, metal oxides, and alloys and mixtures of metals and metal oxides listed above.  Impregnation may comprise contacting one side of the electrode firstly with a solution of a salt of the desired catalytic metal in a solvent having a surface tension of not more than 30 dynes per cm. for a time sufficient to impregnate the electrode and secondly with an aqueous solution of a reducing agent to reduce the impregnated metal salt, the other side of the electrode being in contact throughout with an aqueous medium, for example water or an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. The Specification lists suitable solvents for the catalytic metal salt; preferred solvents, for example ethanol, have a surface tension of from 15 to 30 dynes per cm.  The reducing agent may be sodium borohydride, an aryl or alkyl silane, formaldehyde or formic acid.  The impregnated electrode is washed and dried.  The porous electrode may be used as the anode or as the cathode in a fuel cell.