baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent AT-E315889-T1 (AT)
Inventor: ALTES PUIG JOSEP
IPC: H05K13/08
Filed: 1998-02-04
Granted: 2006-02-15
Abstract: The improved component insertion machine has component input belts (17) automatically supplying a coordinate table (21). The components are raised on palettes to a rotating table (27), which carries out different operations dependent on coding words, and operates an insertion head. When components have been inserted or bridges formed, an output belt removes the components from the area.
Patent AT-E206836-T1 (AT)
Inventor: LOESER MARTIN
IPC: G07D11/00
Filed: 1998-01-16
Granted: 2001-10-15
Abstract: In a storage cassette which can be inserted into a receiving module, intended for receiving a bill cassette, of an automatic bank teller, and has on its front wall (12)-seen in the insertion direction-a withdrawal opening which can be closed by a flap and into which drawing-off elements (14) of a drawing-off device of the receiving module reach in order to withdraw sheet-shaped objects (62) from the cassette in the inserted state of the latter, there are arranged a printing device (28) for printing sheet-shaped printing carriers (24), a device (18, 20) for storing a supply (22) of printing carriers and a transport device (31) for transporting a printing carrier (24) through the printing device (28) up to a withdrawal position in which the printing carrier (62) is located parallel to the front wall (12) in the region of the withdrawal opening.
Patent AT-E301840-T1 (AT)
Inventor: VESELY IVAN
IPC: A61B8/08
Filed: 1998-03-11
Granted: 2005-08-15
Abstract: A system for displaying a 2-D ultrasound image in a 3-D viewing environment. Within the same 3-D viewing environment, various surgical instruments can be tracked and displayed, thus correlating 3-D virtual surgery with ultrasound imaging for verification. A detachable housing (220) containing position transducers (222) is attached to a conventional 2-D ultrasound imaging head (200) to provide position data of an imaging plane generated by an image transducer (204).
Patent AT-E211964-T1 (AT)
Inventor: WINTER HORST
IPC: B29C49/06
Filed: 1998-02-16
Granted: 2002-02-15
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP98/00868 Sec. 371 Date Jan. 25, 1999 Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 25, 1999 PCT Filed Feb. 16, 1998 PCT Pub. No. WO98/35815 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 20, 1998A blow moulding machine comprising a heating wheel provided with a plurality of reception means for preforms and having a substantially vertical axis of rotation, and a blow wheel provided with a plurality of blow stations for hollow bodies such as for bottles, and having a substantially vertical axis of rotation. The heating wheel and the blow wheel are arranged on different levels and overlap each other at least partially. The preforms are moved from the level of the heating wheel to the level of the blow wheel by means of a transfer device. A substantial reduction of the floor space and of the production costs for the blow moulding machine is achieved in this way.
Patent AT-E202175-T1 (AT)
Inventor: LINDO MARK HENRY
IPC: B09B1/00
Filed: 1998-03-27
Granted: 2001-06-15
Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for dumping dredged materials and the like on a bottom present under the water surface. The dredged materials or the like are delivered under the water surface by means of a conveyor pipeline (9) comprising a portion extending in the direction of the bottom under said water surface. The part of the conveyor pipeline (9) extending under the water surface is at least partly surrounded by a screen (6) which extends to near the bottom. The screen is attached to a floating body (2). Means (7) by which the bottom end of the screen (6) is adjustable for height with respect to the floating body (2) are connected to the bottom end of the screen (6). <IMAGE>
Patent AT-E227154-T1 (AT)
Inventor: EYAL AHARON MEIR
IPC: B01D53/34
Filed: 1998-08-25
Granted: 2002-11-15
Abstract: A method for the combined production of (I) a fertilizer selected from a group consisting of ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates or a combination thereof through an indirect neutralization of ammonia with an acid selected form a group consisting of nitric acid, phosphoric acid and a combination thereof and of (II) a sulfur compound selected from a group consisting of elemental sulfur, SO2, sulfuric acid and sulfate salts, said method comprising (a) contacting a sulfur oxide containing gas with ammonia and an aqueous liquor, whereby a sulfur oxide containing product is formed and the resulting gas has a reduced SO2 content; (b) reacting a sulfur oxide containing product resulting from step (a) with a reagent selected from a group consisting of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, a mixture thereof and salts formed by the reaction of said acids to form said fertilizer and a sulfur compund, and (c) separating at least a portion said sulfur compound from said fertilizer.
Patent AT-E218612-T1 (AT)
Inventor: SPEED LYNDA ANNE
IPC: C11D17/06
Filed: 1998-11-24
Granted: 2002-06-15
Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a detergent tablet comprising a compressed portion and a non compressed portion wherein the compressed portion comrpises a mould and dissolves at a faster rate than the non-compressed portion on a weight by weight basis, measured using the SOTAX dissolution test method descrived herein and the non-compressed portion is at least partially retained with the mould.
Patent AT-E224057-T1 (AT)
Inventor: KICKELHAIN JOERG
IPC: G01N25/56
Filed: 1998-12-15
Granted: 2002-09-15
Abstract: The invention relates to methods for measuring the sorbate content in substrates, using a sensor with a measuring chamber. Said chamber contains a support medium whose partial pressure of sorbate is determined in order to determine the sorbate content of the substrate. According to the first method, the temperature of the support medium is varied up to a value at which the partial pressure of sorbate in the measuring chamber no longer varies with the temperature of the support medium, and slightly over this value. This partial pressure of sorbate is then used to determine the sorbate content of the substrate. According to the second method, the temperature of the support medium is kept essentially constant and the speed at which the partial pressure of sorbate of the support medium approaches the stable end value is determined. The sorbate content of the substrate is then determined taking into account the known dependency relationship between said speed and the vapour- or solution partial pressure of the sorbate in the substrate. The two methods provide a way of measuring relatively high humidity contents of substrates based on the determination of the equilibrium moisture content.
Patent AT-E238853-T1 (AT)
Inventor: BORDIGNON GIUSEPPE
IPC: B21B39/00
Filed: 1999-09-24
Granted: 2003-05-15
Abstract: Device to separate rolled bars (12) advancing on a carrier plane (11) with a direction substantially orthogonal to their axis towards a tying and/or packing zone, the carrier plane (11) comprising a plurality of movement elements (14) arranged in the direction of advance of the bars (12) and longitudinally separated, there being included a counter/spacer device (13) suitable to separate the bars (12) from each other in correspondence with a leading end segment, the device comprising a plurality of separator assemblies (10) arranged in alignment along a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bars (12) and each arranged in the space between two adjacent movement elements (14), each separator assembly (10) comprising separator means having a first inactive position arranged retracted below the carrier plane (11) of the bars (12) and a second active position wherein they are taken progressively above the carrier plane (11) and, inserting themselves between two adjacent bars (12), cause the progressive separation thereof. <IMAGE>
Patent AT-E205131-T1 (AT)
Inventor: BREUIL JEAN-CHRISTOPHE
IPC: A63F7/06
Filed: 1999-01-08
Granted: 2001-09-15
Abstract: Molding comprises molding a core (A) of recycled plastic and over-molding it with a shell (23) of a predetermined color so that the core is completely covered. The shell is designed to adhere to the core by a series of projections (22A) on the core's outer layer (22), and it is partially covered by an outer over-molded layer (24-27) representing the player's features and clothing. The players are made in groups by injection molding in a sequence of stages.
Patent AT-E451648-T1 (AT)
Inventor: KANTZ HEINZ
IPC: G06F11/00
Filed: 1999-07-13
Granted: 2009-12-15
Abstract: Process for determination of the state of a distributed computer network by exchange of acknowledgments between the computers on the network so that after several transmission cycles all computers have the same global view of the network. Process has the following steps: (a) Computers send an acknowledgment (KV12, KV13, KV32) to each other in a transmission cycle, so that if the network is error free each computer receives an acknowledgment (b) each computer evaluates the acknowledgment and dependent on the result sends one of three possible messages to the other computers, thereby determining a local state (c) the determined local states are shared between the computers to determine a network global state
Patent AT-E281864-T1 (AT)
Inventor: LASWICK RONALD A
IPC: A61M16/00
Filed: 1999-03-16
Granted: 2004-11-15
Abstract: An automatic resuscitation device for administering a breathable gas under pressure to a patient by an operator where all operating controls and alarms are powered by the pressurized gas in a manual override mode, a patient breathing deemed override mode, and an automatic mode. The device uses no power source other than the pressurized gas to drive alarms and the entire control system. The controls include pneumatic valves and pneumatic alarms as follows: a breathing circuit integrity alarm for notifying the operator that an integrity condition has been detected; a power fail alarm for notifying the operator that the source of pressurized gas has a pressure below a selected source input valve; and pressure relief alarm for notifying the operator that the patient's airway is above the selected pressure relief value.
Patent AT-E407220-T1 (AT)
Inventor: BAMDAD CYNTHIA
IPC: G01N27/327
Filed: 1999-05-06
Granted: 2008-09-15
Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of self-assembled monolayers with mixtures of conductive oligomers and insulators to detect target analytes.
Patent AT-E248992-T1 (AT)
Inventor: SKILL STEPHEN
IPC: F04C5/00
Filed: 1999-06-21
Granted: 2003-09-15
Abstract: A pump has flexible vanes arranged in a helical path in the clearance between the stator and the rotor. In one form, the helically wound vanes are present on the rotor, the stator including at least one can surface to flex the vanes. In another form, the helically wound vanes are present on the stator, the rotor including at least one can surface to flex the vanes.
Patent AT-E481486-T1 (AT)
Inventor: HELLERQVIST CARL
IPC: G01N33/50
Filed: 1999-07-22
Granted: 2010-10-15
Abstract: A novel GBS toxin receptor, and methods for its preparation and use are provided. GBS toxin receptor polynucleotides and polypeptides are provided as well as detection, screening, and therapeutic methods and pharmaceutical compositions involving such polynucleotides and polypeptides.
Patent AT-E224987-T1 (AT)
Inventor: MAYER MARKUS
IPC: E04D13/04
Filed: 1999-05-18
Granted: 2002-10-15
Abstract: The invention relates to a gravel stop comprising a first lateral side (3) and a second lateral side (5) which sides are positioned at an angle to each other and joined to each other. At least one of the sides is configured as a connecting side (3) and can be joined to a roof (31) and the other side serves as the stop side (5). The gravel stop (1) is made of a composite material. The invention is notably characterized in that the composite material consists of a metal sheet (25) made of a non-corroding material which on one side is coated with a plastic film (27).
Patent AT-E452373-T1 (AT)
Inventor: NIVELET BERNARD
IPC: G06F17/30
Filed: 1999-10-11
Granted: 2010-01-15
Abstract: The invention relates to a search engine ( 2 ) implemented by a decision application server ( 1 ) acting on a relational database ( 6 ) that contains a set of target records. The engine ( 2 ) is activated by queries for selecting records based on given criteria and comprises means ( 8 ) for preconditioning the database ( 6 ) supplying a preconditioned encoded table ( 10 ), periodically updated at the same time as the relational database ( 6 ) itself, to a machine with vectorial capabilities ( 9 ) in order for it to be processed. It also comprises means ( 7 ) for extracting target records, activated by the queries based on the result of the processing of the table ( 10 ) installed in the machine with vectorial capabilities ( 9 ), from the relational database ( 6 ). It particularly applies to data warehousing systems.
Patent AT-E341346-T1 (AT)
Inventor: FRISMARK JAN
IPC: A01K1/015
Filed: 1999-11-15
Granted: 2006-10-15
Abstract: Powder compositions usable to reduce malodours, and powder formulations from which can be made aqueous spray compositions usable to reduce malodours, each comprise, as a major ingredient, amphoteric material, for example sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or zinc oxide, together with one or more minor ingredients, in particular a drying agent, for example sodium sulphate. Other minor ingredients may be an ammonia-odour/sulphide-odour remover, for example ferrous sulphate or zinc sulphate, and an adsorbent, for example zeolite, in the case of a powder formulation; or a filler, for example potassium chloride, or an organic complexing agent, for example cyclodextrin, or a surfactant, in the case of a stock formulation.
Patent AT-E268646-T1 (AT)
Inventor: RAGHU SURYA
IPC: B60S1/46
Filed: 1999-10-15
Granted: 2004-06-15
Abstract: A fluidic oscillator includes a member having an oscillation inducing chamber, at least one source of fluid under pressure, at least a pair of power nozzles connected to the at least one source of fluid under pressure for projecting at least a pair of fluid jets into the oscillation chamber, and at least one outlet from the oscillation chamber for issuing a pulsating or oscillating jet of fluid to a point of utilization or ambient. A common fluid manifold connected to said at least a pair of power nozzles. The shape of the power nozzle manifold forms one of the walls of the interaction or oscillation chamber. In some of the fluidic circuits, the length can be matched to fit existing housings. The power nozzle can have offsets which produce yaw angles in a liquid spray fan angle to the left or right depending on the direction desired. In some embodiments, the exit throat is off axis (off the central axis of the symmetry) by a small fraction to the left or right to move the leftward or rightward yaw angles in the spray. The outlet throat may be offset along the longitudinal axis by a small amount to produce a yaw angle of predetermined degree to the left or right depending on what is desired. Thus, one can construct circuits for yaw using a combination of the techniques described above which suits most applications.
Patent AT-E287198-T1 (AT)
Inventor: BERGSTEDT LEIF
IPC: H05K1/18
Filed: 1999-10-05
Granted: 2005-01-15
Abstract: Methods of manufacturing a printed board assembly. In one embodiment, a substrate is coated with an electrically conducting material; electrical components are mounted on some areas of the substrate; non-conducting material is disposed in areas between the electrical components; the substrate, electrical components and non-conducting material are sandwiched between two sheets of resin coated conducting foil, wherein the resin on the foils faces the substrate and buries the electrical components; circuit patterns are etched in the exposed surfaces of the resin coated conducting foils; and, electrical connections are established between at least one of the resin coated conducting foils and the electronic components.
Patent AT-E335441-T1 (AT)
Inventor: BURBANK FRED
IPC: A61B18/20
Filed: 1999-11-24
Granted: 2006-09-15
Abstract: The invention concerns a system for treating a patient's uterine disorder which receives blood from at least one uterine artery by at least partial occlusion of the uterine artery, the system comprising a blood flow sensor (70) which is configured for locating a uterine artery (20), an elongated intracorporeal member (30) or instrument having means for at least partially penetrating an anatomical structure in the region of the located uterine artery or a tissue penetrating member (52), which is configured for approaching or accessing said region or said tissue and which has a mechanical, radiation, chemical or thermal occlusion means configured to at least partially occlude the uterine artery to thereby decrease the blood flow to the uterus and said disorder.
Patent AT-E267102-T1 (AT)
Inventor: FUENTES GARCIA TOMAS
IPC: B60R13/02
Filed: 1999-09-29
Granted: 2004-06-15
Abstract: It consists of a head airbag module (8) preinstalled on a roof lining (1) so that the set or modular unit formed by the two elements may be finally assembled and attached in a single operation to the vehicle body, using the same elements used in the pre-installation stage for roof lining (1) and head airbag (8), which consist of elements (3) belonging to accessories (4) which pass through orifice (2) of lining (1), and orifices (6) of the lateral extensions in the form of flaps (7) of airbag module (8), with the attachment attained by means of end clips (9), so that the set is attached to the body when said clips (9) pass through orifices (21) of rail (22) of the vehicle body. <IMAGE>
Patent DE-221499-T1 (DE)
IPC: A23K3/00
Filed: 1986-10-28
Abstract: A method for providing fungal inhibition using Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus which produces an antifungal substance is described. Bacterial compositions of LCR are also described. The method and compositions are particularly useful for producing fermented foods.
Patent DE-433769-T1 (DE)
IPC: B66B9/04
Filed: 1990-12-05
Abstract: Control valve for a hydraulic elevator, provided with a speed regulating plug (2) which moves with the flow of the hydraulic fluid and whose position determines the flow of hydraulic fluid into the actuating cylinder of the elevator. At each end of the speed regulating plug, the valve is connected to a system 1 of hydraulic channels (1) in which the hydraulic fluid flows and which communicates with the main hydraulic circuit. Besides a throttle (9), an additional channel (10) is connected to the hydraulic channel system (1), said additional channel being provided with a flow resistance component comprising a capillary throttle (12). <IMAGE>
Patent ES-2035813-T1 (ES)
Title: Composiciones aglutinantes a base de resinas resolicas alcalinas de fenol-aldehido.
IPC: C08L61/14
Filed: 1992-02-04
Abstract: UNA COMPOSICION AGLUTINANTE PARA LA PRODUCCION DE ARTICULOS DE MATERIAL PARTICULADO AGLUTINADO COMO POR EJEMPLO NUCLEOS O MOLDES DE FUNDICION QUE CONTIENE UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA ALCALINA DE UNA RESINA DE ALDEHIDO CON FENOL DE RESOL, UN OXIANION QUE PUEDE FORMAR UN COMPLEJO ESTABLE JUNTO CON LA RESINA Y UN MONOALKILETER DE ETILENGLICOL. LA COMPOSICION AGLUTINANTE TIENE UNA RELACION MOLAR DE ALCALI A FENOL DE 1,5:1 A 2,5:1 Y LA CANTIDAD DE ALCALI PRESENTE EN LA SOLUCION ES SUFICIENTE COMO PARA EVITAR SUSTANCIALMENTE LA FORMACION DE UN COMPLEJO ESTABLE ENTRE LA RESINA Y EL OXIANION. LOS ARTICULOS AGLUTINADOS SE PRODUCEN HACIENDO PASAR UN GAS DE DIOXIDO DE CARBONO A TRAVES DE LOS ARTICULOS FORMADOS A PARTIR DE UNA MEZCLA DE MATERIAL PARTICULADO Y DE LA COMPOSICION AGLUTINANTE PARA ASI PROVOCAR LA FORMACION DE UN COMPLEJO ESTABLE Y EL ENDURECIMIENTO DE LA RESINA.
Patent CY-1107912-T1 (CY)
Title: Χρηση ενος ολιγοσακχαριτη αναστολεα του φορεα xa σε συνδυασμο με ενα αντισυσσωρευτικο αιμοπεταλιων για τη θεραπεια της αρτηριακης θρομβωσης
Inventor: BERNAT ANDRE
IPC: A61K31/70
Filed: 2008-03-31
Abstract: Η εφεύρεση αφορά στη χρήση άμεσων ή έμμεσων επιλεκτικών αναστολέων του φορέα Xa οι οποίοι δρουν μέσω της αντιθρομβίνης III, μόνοι τους ή σε συνδυασμό με μια ή περισσότερες ενώσεις με αντιπηκτική δραστηριότητα αιμοπεταλίων, για την παρασκευή φαρμάκων τα οποία προορίζονται για την πρόληψη και τη θεραπεία αρτηριακών θρομβοεμβολικών ασθενειών. Επίσης, αντικείμενα της εφεύρεσης αποτελούν οι φαρμακευτικές συνθέσεις οι οποίες περιέχουν έναν ή περισσότερους άμεσους ή έμμεσους επιλεκτικούς αναστολείς του φορέα Xa οι οποίοι δρουν μέσω της αντιθρομβίνης III, σε συνδυασμό με μια ή περισσότερες ενώσεις με αντιπηκτική δραστηριότητα αιμοπεταλίων και, ενδεχομένως έναν ή περισσότερους φαρμακευτικώς αποδεκτούς φορείς.
Patent CY-1109825-T1 (CY)
Title: Πολυκρυσταλλικος αδαμαντας με επιφανεια εκκενωμενη απο καταλυτικο υλικο
Inventor: GRIFFIN NIGEL DENNIS
IPC: C04B41/45
Filed: 2010-02-24
Abstract: Η παρούσα εφεύρεση αφορά υπέρσκληρο πολυκρυσταλλικό αδάμαντα ή στοιχείο που μοιάζει με αδάμαντα με υψηλά βελτιωμένη αντοχή σε θερμική αποικοδόμηση χωρίς απώλεια αντοχής σε κρούση. Συλλογικά ονομαζόμενα PCD στοιχεία, τα στοιχεία αυτά σχηματίζονται με ένα υλικό κατάλυσης συνδετήρων σε μια υψηλής θερμοκρασίας, υψηλής πίεσης διαδικασία. To PCD στοιχείο έχει πλειονότητα μερικώς συνδεδεμένων αδαμάντινων ή παρόμοιων με αδάμαντα κρυστάλλων που σχηματίζουν τουλάχιστον μια συνεχή αδαμάντινη μήτρα, και τα διάκενα μεταξύ των αδαμάντινων κρυστάλλων που σχηματίζουν τουλάχιστον μια συνεχή διάμεση μήτρα περιέχουν ένα καταλυτικό υλικό. Το στοιχείο έχει λειτουργική επιφάνεια και σώμα, όπου τμήμα της διάμεσης μήτρας στο σώμα το οποίο είναι γειτονικό στην λειτουργική επιφάνεια είναι ουσιαστικά ελεύθερο από το καταλυτικό υλικό, και η υπόλοιπη διάμεση μήτρα περιέχει το καταλυτικό υλικό. Αυτό μεταφράζεται σε υψηλότερη αντοχή στην φθορά σε κοπτικές εφαρμογές, υψηλότερη ικανότητα μεταφοράς θερμότητας σε εφαρμογές ψυκτρών (heat sink), και έχει πλεονεκτήματα σε πολυάριθμες άλλες εφαρμογές που συμπεριλαμβάνουν κοίλα καλούπια, πυραμίδες αδάμαντα, χαλύβδινα στελέχη έμπηξης, και στοιχεία αντοχής φθοράς.
Patent CY-1114812-T1 (CY)
Title: Διεργασια για την παρασκευη 4-[(1,6-διυδρο-6-οξο-2-πυριμιδινυλ)-αμινο]βενζονιτριλιου
Inventor: SCHILS DIDIER PHILIPPE ROBERT
IPC: C07D239/46
Filed: 2013-12-11
Abstract: Αυτή η εφεύρεση αναφέρεται σε μία διεργασία για την παρασκευή 4-[(1,6-διυδρο-6-οξο-2-πυριμιδινυλ)-αμινο]βενζονιτριλίου (Ι), εκκινώντας από έναν εστέρα 4-οξο-1,6-διυδρο-πυριμιδινυλκαρβοξυλικού οξέος (II) ή εκκινώντας από ένα παράγωγο γουανιδίνης, το οποίο αντιδρά με έναν εστέρα μηλονικού οξέος αλκοξυ-μεθυλενίου σε έναν εστέρα (II), ο οποίος μετατρέπεται σε (Ι), η οποία αντίδραση αλληλουχίας μπορεί να είναι μία διεργασία σε ένα σκεύος.
Patent CY-1118504-T1 (CY)
Title: Τριμερης πρωτεϊνη συντηξης του συνδετη οχ40 στην περιοχη ανοσοσφαιρινης και τροποι χρησης
Inventor: PETERS CARMEN
IPC: C12P21/02
Filed: 2016-11-24
Abstract: Γνωστοποιούνται οι συνθέσεις που περιλαμβάνουν τριμερή πρωτεΐνη σύντηξης ΟΧ-40. Γνωστοποιούνται, ακόμη, οι μέθοδοι ενίσχυσης της ανοσολογικής απόκρισης θηλαστικού σε αντιγόνο με τη δέσμευση του υποδοχέα ΟΧ-40 στην επιφάνεια των Τ-κυττάρων που περιλαμβάνει τη χορήγηση στο θηλαστικό σύνθεσης με τριμερή πρωτεΐνη σύντηξης ΟΧ-40 και φαρμακευτικά αποδεκτού φορέα.
Patent CY-1119315-T1 (CY)
Title: Στερεες μορφες που περιεχουν μελοξικαμη με βελτιωμενη στοματικη γευση και η διαδικασια για τηn προετοιμασια τους
Inventor: STROPPOLO FEDERICO
IPC: A61K31/5415
Filed: 2017-07-31
Abstract: Μια δόση στερεάς μορφής Μελοξικάμης που περιέχει ένα οξύ και σάκχαρα ή πολυαλκοόλες ή ένα μίγμα τους.
Patent CY-1122420-T1 (CY)
Title: Υλικο μετατροπης
Inventor: RACCIS RICCARDO
IPC: H01L35/24
Filed: 2019-12-11
Abstract: Η παρούσα εφεύρεση παρέχει ένα υλικό μετατροπής, το οποίο περιλαμβάνει μια πρώτη φάση που παρέχει μια μήτρα και μια δεύτερη φάση που περιλαμβάνει ένα υλικό νανοκλίμακας ή μικροκλίμακας, το οποίο παρέχει κινητικότητα ηλεκτρονίων. Το υλικό μετατροπής μετατρέπει τη θερμότητα από ένα μοναδικό μακροσκοπικό απόθεμα σε τάση.