baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent TW-I479466-B (TW)
Title: Flux compensation led driver system and method
Inventor: CLAUBERG BERND
IPC: G09G3/22
Filed: 2006-05-22
Granted: 2015-04-01
Abstract: A flux compensation led driver system and method including a driver for a light emitting diode (LED) string having an associated flux bin index including a power converter (22) responsive to a gain signal (34) and generating flux indexed drive current (36); an LED connector (24) operably connected to the power converter (22) and operable to receive the LED string (26); and a gain block (32) comparing a sensed drive current signal (38) and a drive current setpoint (28) to generate the gain signal (34). The gain block (32) is responsive to a flux index selector (30) to adjust the gain signal (34) for the associated flux bin index.
Patent TW-I298287-B (TW)
Title: Device for identification of a gas catrridge for a gas-powered fastening device where the apparatus comprises the device and the cartridge for the apparatus
Inventor: CALVET PIERRICK
IPC: G06K19/073
Filed: 2006-06-21
Granted: 2008-07-01
Abstract: A device for identifying a gas cartridge connectable to a gas-powered fastening apparatus via a valve includes a solenoid for both opening/closing the valve and for defining an antenna for wireless communication with an electronic label that is located on the cartridge and identifies the cartridge.
Patent TW-I412532-B (TW)
Title: Formulation comprising niobium compound
Inventor: BECK KARSTEN
IPC: C07F9/00
Filed: 2006-09-28
Granted: 2013-10-21
Abstract: A niobium compound, ammonium(bisaquo oxobisoxalato)niobate (NH4)[Nb(O)(C2O4)2(H2O)2] and hydrates thereof, is described along with formulations containing the same and methods for creating a product specification for a batch, lot, or shipment of such compounds, comprising specifying at least one property value for said batch, lot, or shipment.
Patent TW-I397301-B (TW)
Title: Distance-based security
Inventor: EKBAL AMAL
IPC: G06F21/62
Filed: 2007-04-14
Granted: 2013-05-21
Abstract: Various operations may be performed based on distance-related functions associated with two or more devices. For example, one or more distance-based functions may be used to control whether a device is allowed to request another device to perform one or more functions. Similarly, one or more distance-based functions may be used to control whether a device may perform one or more functions requested by another device. A distance-related function may take various form including, for example, a distance between devices, two or more distances between devices, a rate of change in a relative distance between devices, relative acceleration between devices, or some combination of two or more of the these distance-related functions.
Patent TW-I406227-B (TW)
Title: Display apparatus and driving method for display apparatus
Inventor: YAMAMOTO TETSURO
IPC: G09G3/30
Filed: 2008-10-24
Granted: 2013-08-21
Abstract: A plurality of scanning periods are combined to form a composite period (2H). Within the first period of the front half, threshold value (Vth) correction is carried out all at once, and within the second period of the latter half, signal (Vsig) writing operation is carried out. High speed writing can be carried out even where the scanning period is shortened.
Patent TW-I405047-B (TW)
Title: Computer generated hologram, exposure apparatus and device fabrication method
Inventor: MATSUBARA ISAO
IPC: G03F7/20
Filed: 2009-06-03
Granted: 2013-08-11
Abstract: The present invention provides a computer generated hologram (100) including a plurality of cells (110a to 110d) which form a light intensity distribution (LI) on a predetermined plane (PS), the plurality of cells including a plurality of first cells (110a to 110d) including isotropic media (112) and anisotropic media (114), and a plurality of second cells (110a) including anisotropic media alone, wherein the plurality of cells change a phase of incident light which impinges on each of the plurality of cells to form a phase distribution including N (N ‰¥ 2) for each of a wavefront of a linearly polarized light component in a first direction and a wavefront of a linearly polarized light component in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction.
Patent TW-I405953-B (TW)
Title: Method and apparatus for playing and editing multimedia images embedded with geographic information
Inventor: HSIEH SUNG HAN
IPC: H04N21/422
Filed: 2010-04-16
Granted: 2013-08-21
Abstract: A method and apparatus for playing and editing multimedia images embedded with geographic information are disclosed, in which the method comprises the steps of: selecting a film from a film archive while making an evaluation to determine whether the film is embedded with global positioning system (GPS) information; playing the selected film; analyzing the selected film that is embedded with GPS information and is being played for obtaining information of the film relating to longitude/latitude and time; using a control unit for synchronizing the film with its embedded GPS information in the film playing; making an evaluation to determining whether the film had reached its end so as to stop playing the film accordingly.
Patent TW-I410159-B (TW)
Title: Coordination-free rendezvous method for a communication network
Inventor: CHOU CHUN TING
IPC: H04W76/04
Filed: 2010-07-02
Granted: 2013-09-21
Abstract: In a coordination-free rendezvous method for a communication network, time is divided into superslots with each superslot being further divided into slots. At least one first-class slot and at least one second-class slot are selected out of the slots of each superslot. The relative position between the first-class slot and the second-class slot is changed every superslot, thereby the first-class slots or the second-class slots between or among devices of the communication network may overlap each other in a periodic manner.
Patent TW-I373343-B (TW)
Title: Antibodies that bind human interleukin-18 and methods of making and using
Inventor: GHAYUR TARIQ
IPC: A61P9/04
Filed: 2001-02-09
Granted: 2012-10-01
Abstract: Antibodies that bind human interleukin-18 (hIL-18) are provided, in particular, antibodies that bind epitope(s) of human IL-18. The antibodies can be, for example, entirely human antibodies, recombinant antibodies, or monoclonal antibodies. Preferred antibodies have high affinity for hIL-18 and neutralize hIL-18 activity in vitro and in vivo. An antibody of the invention can be a full-length antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof. Method of making and method of using the antibodies of the invention are also provided. The antibodies, or antibody portions, of the invention are useful for detecting hIL-18 and for inhibiting hIL-I8 activity, e.g., in a human subject suffering from a disorder in which hIL-18 activity is detrimental.
Patent TW-I411077-B (TW)
Title: Integrated circuit chip
Inventor: YANG MING TZONG
IPC: H01L23/488
Filed: 2010-07-13
Granted: 2013-10-01
Abstract: An integrated circuit chip includes a substrate; a topmost metal layer over the substrate; a lower metal layer on or over the substrate and lower than the topmost metal layer; and at least one bonding pad in the lower metal layer.
Patent TW-I414922-B (TW)
IPC: G05F1/12
Filed: 2010-12-06
Granted: 2013-11-11
Abstract: The present invention relates to a phase-controlled alternative current voltage regulator circuit, which provides a buffer device connected to a power input terminal of a transformer and an excitation terminal of the transformer. The buffer device includes two unidirectional conductive paths having the conductive directions opposite to each other which are respectively in a connected state and in a shut-off state for providing the input power voltage of the transformer on a flywheel path with the excited electric current at the positive half cycle and the negative half cycle. A pulse width modulation control device is connected between the buffer device at the excitation terminal of the transformer and the neutral point of the power supply system to provide the input power with the function for switching between connection and shut-off several times within each half cycle and adjust the voltage at the excitation terminal of the transformer into several segments of variable voltages, such that the variable voltage may have smoother waveform by the excited electric current from the smooth induction regulating transformer. The voltage at the output terminal may be regulated by the transformer and passed through the low-pass filter to achieve fast response time for voltage regulation and small waveform distortion for output voltage, and thus improve the conventional phase-controlled voltage regulator which can only adjust the voltage once within each half cycle, so that the conventional voltage regulator cannot achieve fast voltage regulation and low harmonic current pollution, and requires a design for the filtering equipment with large volume and heavy weight.
Patent GB-2484787-B (GB)
Title: Wireless apparatus and method
Inventor: CALLENDER CHRISTOPHER PETER
IPC: H04W48/16
Filed: 2011-10-04
Granted: 2012-10-31
Abstract: A UE in the idle or semi-idle state determines (308) that a wirelessly received signal is scrambled by a scrambling code that is not within a locally stored list of scrambling codes received from its serving network node, and applies a rule (310) to determine from the scrambling code whether to decode broadcast system information that is transmitted by an access node using the scrambling code. The rule (314) may be that if the scrambling code is not within the list, do not decode the broadcast system information again if the scrambling code has been previously locally stored. Another rule (320) may be if the scrambling code is not within the list, do not attempt to decode the system information unless a measured signal strength for the wirelessly received signal is higher than a threshold, which may be absolute or dependent on strength of a signal received from the serving network node.
Patent GB-2499317-B (GB)
Title: Multicomponent oral care composition
Inventor: HILL ROBERT GRAHAM
IPC: A61K8/19
Filed: 2013-02-01
Granted: 2014-01-08
Abstract: A multicomponent oral health care composition is described, comprising a source of a fluoride ion, a source of a calcium ion, a source of a phosphate ion, and stabilised chlorine dioxide, that can be used as a toothpaste, oral spray or a mouth wash/oral rinse formulation. The different components in the composition act synergistically together to clean the teeth and mucous membranes of an oral cavity of a subject, perfuming them or protecting them in order to keep them in good condition, change their appearance or correct unpleasant odours. They achieve this by inhibiting caries, promoting teeth remineralisation, and helping to alleviate dentine hypersensitivity, gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Patent GR-1551-B (GR)
Title: Πιεστηριον - στυπειον λαβυρινθυδος μετα δακτυλιωνεναλλασσομενων.
Inventor: FISCHER KARL
Filed: 1927-07-04
Abstract: ιεστήριον-στυπείον, λαβυρινθώδες, μετά δακτυλίων εναλασσομένων χαρακτηριζόμενον δια του ότι οι περιστροφικοί δακτύλιοι ως και οι σταθεροι τοιούτοι έχουσι μίαν σταθεράν θέσιν, και ότι οι θάλαμος είναιτοποθετημένος λοξώς και κατά τοιούτον τρόπον, ώστε το εν περιστροφή ρεύμα, όπερ ευρίσκεται εκεί παράγει πίεσιν δημιουργουμένην χάρις εις τας κεντροφύγους δυνάμεις τας ενεργούσας επί των μορίων του περιστρεφομένου ρεύματος εις τον θάλαμον και όπερ ενεργεί εν αντιθέσει προς την πίεσιν του ρεύματος του διευθυνομένου προς τα έξω.
Patent GR-22701-B (GR)
Title: Μεθοδος δια την παρασκευην ενος προιοντος μετατροπης των ελαιων.
Inventor: ARANAZ MANUEL SOLER
Filed: 1961-03-17
Abstract: εφεύρεσις αφορά μέθοδον παρασκευής προιόντος μετατροπής της ελαίας χαρακτηριζομένην εκ του ότι αι ολόκληραι ελαίαι υποβάλλονται πρώτον είς μίαν φάσιν επεξεργασίας, είτα είς μίαν φάσιν αφαιρέσεως τουπυρήνο, της άνευ πυρήνος ελαίας ζυμουμένης εν συνεχεία μέχρι επιτεύξεως λίαν λεπτού πολτού και συνεκτικού τοιούτου, δι'αναμίξεως κολλοειδούς προιόντος ο πολτός ούτος υποβαλλόμενος εις κοπάνισμα με'αναμίξεως σύγχρονου αρωματικων προιόντων, προλαμβανόντων την τάγγισιν και ζύμωσιν των ελαίων και βελτιούντων την γεύσιν.
Patent GR-72505-B (GR)
IPC: C07D491/044
Filed: 1980-12-08
Abstract: Azatetracyclic carbonitriles of the formula    <IMAGE>  (I)  in which R represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl having up to 10 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or free, etherified or esterified hydroxy-lower alkyl, and acid addition salts thereof, processes for their manufacture, pharmaceutical compositions that contain such compounds and their use. They are distinguished especially by their central nervous system-depressant, agitation-inhibitory (amphetamine-antagonistic) action. They can therefore be used as tranquillizing, anti-psychotic, agitation-inhibitory compounds for the treatment of agitated states having various causes.
Patent GR-77635-B (GR)
Inventor: KRAMER WOLFGANG DR
IPC: C07D233/60
Filed: 1981-12-18
Abstract: 1. Substituted 1-azolyl-butan-2-ols of the general formula I  see diagramm : EP0055833,P52,F2  in which Az represents 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl or -4-yl or imidazol-1-yl, R**1 represents hydrogen, alkyl with 1 to 12 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkinyl with in each case 2 to 6 carbon atoms, optionally methyl-substituted cycloalkyl with 3 to 7 carbon atoms or cycloalkylalkyl with 3 to 7 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl part and 1 to 14 carbon atoms in the alkyl part, or phenylalkyl or phenoxyalkyl with in each case 1 to 2 carbon atoms in the alkyl part, it being possible for the phenylalkyl and phenoxyalkyl groups to be substituted in the phenyl part by halogen, alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, by methoxy, methylthio, cyclohexyl, dimethylamino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethylthio, by nitro, cyano or alkoxycarbonyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part, or by phenyl or phenoxy which are each optionally halogen-substituted, or by the grouping -CO-NR**6 R**7 , n represents 0 or 1, R**2 represents phenyl, which can optionally be substituted by the phenyl substituents mentioned under R**1 , or represents cyano, alkoxycarbonyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part or the groupings -X-R**3 or -CO-NR**4 R**5 , wherein X represents oxygen, sulphur or the SO or SO2 group, R**3 represents alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl or benzyl, it being possible for the latter two groups to be optionally substituted by the phenyl substituents mentioned under R**1 , R**4 represents hydrogen, alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or phenyl, it being possible for the latter to be substituted by the phenyl substituents mentioned under R**1 , R**5 represents hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R**6 and R**7 represent hydrogen, alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or optionally halogen-substituted phenyl, or both, together with the linking nitrogen, represent a morpholine ring, and acid addition salts and metal salt complexes thereof which are tolerated by plants.
Patent GR-81554-B (GR)
Inventor: WATSON KEITH G
IPC: A01N41/06
Filed: 1984-07-10
Abstract: The invention concerns novel compounds of the formula I   <IMAGE> I wherein: W are selected from the group consisting of: the groups R5-CO- and R5-CS- wherein: R5 is selected from alkenyl, alkynyl, benzyl, phenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted benzyl, substituted phenyl and the acetal, hemiacetal, oxime, imine and Schiff base derivatives of the group R5-CO-; the groups Y-CO- and Y-CS- wherein Y is selected from hydroxy, mercapto, alkylthio and the groups MO- and MS- wherein M is an organic or an inorganic cation; the groups R6R7NCO- and R6R7NCS- wherein R6 and R7 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkanoyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, benzoyl, benzenesulfonyl, substituted benzoyl, substituted benzenesulfonyl, or R6 and R7 form a heterocyclic ring; X are selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, substituted alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkynyl, alkynyloxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, sulfamoyl, substituted sulfamoyl, alkanoyloxy, benzyloxy, substituted benzyloxy, amino, substituted amino, and the groups formyl and alkanoyl and the acetal, hemiacetal, oxime, imine and Schiff base derivatives thereof; R1 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, acyl and an inorganic or organic cation; R2 is selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, alkynyl and haloalkynyl; R3 is selected from alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and phenyl; R4 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cyano and alkoxycarbonyl; m is selected from integers 1 and 2; n is selected from the integers 1 to 4; and m+n is selected from the integers 3 to 5. The compounds of the invention show herbicidal properties and plant growth regulating properties and in further embodiments the invention provides processes for the preparation of compounds of formula I, intermediates useful in the preparation of the compounds of formula I, compositions containing as active ingredient a compound of formula I, and herbicidal and plant growth regulating processes utilizing compounds of formula I.
Patent GR-1002462-B (GR)
Title: Interconnection system for electronic cash registers
Inventor: LAGOS NIKOLAOS
IPC: G07G1/12
Filed: 1996-02-05
Abstract: Interconnection system for electronic cash registers (ECR) equipped with an incorporated electromechanical electronic card receiver. The electronic card bears an electronic circuit and it is easily removable from the ECR, without opening the ECR casing. The ECR software permits the electronic card access so that the ECR is able to handle memory cards containing VAT units payed in advance by the ECR holder.
Patent GR-1003240-B (GR)
Title: Advertising mirror
Inventor: RICHARZ ANDREA
IPC: G09F13/12
Filed: 1998-10-12
Abstract: Advertising mirror consisting of transparent mirror pane which has the property of projecting an image, with electrical installation for the lighting of a light source on its backside and a transparent film, which is placed between the light source and the mirror pane.
Patent IN-170835-B (IN)
Inventor: RASMUSSEN VIGGO
IPC: B29C48/51
Filed: 1987-04-24
Abstract: A crosshead extruder having an extruder housing with a throughlet passage for cylindrical workpieces to be coated with a highly viscid material such as unvulcanized rubber, an extruder nozzle (12) for defining the thickness of such coating, and a side inlet for supply of a pressurized coating material to the extruder housing, is provided with an interior power driven worm member (22) for receiving the pressurized inlet material and conveying it around the workpiece passage and forwardly towards the extruder nozzle (12), whereby it is ensured that the coating material is present at the extruder nozzle (12) all the way around the workpieces (10) even when these are of a large diameter. For counteracting a rotational movement of the coating material out through the extruder nozzle (12) the worm member (22) has a protruding front end core portion which is held non-rotating by being mounted on a holding pipe (34) which projects rearwardly through the central passage of the worm member and beyond the rear end thereof, where the holding tube (34) is anchored non-rotatably to the chassis (42) of the crosshead extruder.
Patent RS-53020-B (RS)
Inventor: LAMB PETER
IPC: A61K31/337
Filed: 2008-04-08
Abstract: Jedinjenje koje je:ili njegov pojedinačni izomer ili tautomer gde je jedinjenje izborno kao njegova farmaceutski prihvatljiva so i dodatno izborno kao hidrat i dodatno izborno kao solvat; za upotrebu u kombinaciji sa jednim ili više tretmana nezavisno izabranih od jednog ili više hemoterapeutskih sredstava izabranih iz grupe koju čine platin. taksan, rapamicin i erlotihib za lečenje kancera.Prijava sadrži još 10 patentnih zahteva.
Patent RS-53143-B (RS)
Inventor: MAILLAND FEDERICO
IPC: A61K8/73
Filed: 2008-02-07
Abstract: Topikalna formulacija koja sadrži hitosan, amino-polisaharidni derivat hitosana koji je rastvorljiv u vodi i koji je izabran od hidroksialkil hitosana i karboksialkil hitosana, i/ili njegovu fiziološki prihvatljivu so, u kombinaciji sa jednim ili više aktivnih elemenata izabranih od sredstava protiv psorijaze, imunosupresivnih sredstava, antimikotičnih sredstava i/ili sredstava za ojačanje noktiju, za upotrebu u ubrzanju stope rasta zdravih noktiju u tokutretmana bolesti noktiju.Prijava sadrži još 8 patentnih zahteva.
Patent RS-53212-B (RS)
Inventor: TAFESSE LAYKEA
IPC: A61K31/4545
Filed: 2008-04-25
Abstract: Jedinjenje formule III:ili njegova farmaceutski prihvatljiva so, gdeX je O, S, N-CN, N-OH ili N-OR10;W je N ili C;isprekidana linija označava prisustvo ili odsustvo veze, i kada isprekidana linija označava prisustvo veze ili W je N, tada R4 nije prisutan, inače R4 je -H, OH, -OCF3, -halo, -(C1-C6)alkil, -CH2OH, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2I, -CH2F, -CH(halo)2,-CF3, -OR10, -SR10, -COOH, -COOR10, -C(O)R10, -C(O)H, -OC(O)R10, -OC(O)NHR10, -NHC(O)R13, -CON(R13)2, -S(O)2R10, ili -NO2; R10 je -(C1-C4)alkil;svaki R13 je nezavisno: -H, -(C1-C4)alkil, -(C1-C4)alkenil, -(C1-C4)alkinil, ili -fenil;svaki R3 je nezavisno:(a) -H ili (C1-C6)alkil; ili (b) dve R3 grupe zajedno obrazuju (C2-C6)most, koji je nesupstituisan ili supstituisan sa 1, 2 ili 3 nezavisno izabrane R8 grupe, a most opciono sadrži -HC=CH- u okviru (C2-C6) mosta; ili(c) dve R3 grupe zajedno obrazuju -CH2-N(Ra)-CH2- most,most; ilimost;Ra je izabran od -H, -(C1-C6)alkil, -(C3-C8)cikloalkil, -CH2-C(O)-Rc, -(CH2)-C(O)-OR -(CH2)-C(O)-N(Rc)2, -(CH2)2-O-Rc -(CH2)2-S(O)2-N(Rc)2, ili -(CH2)2-N(Rc)S(O)2-Rc;Rb je izabran od:(a) -H, -(C1-C6)alkil, -(C3-C8)cikloakil, -(3- do 7-člani)heterocikl, -N(Rc)2, -N(Rc)-(C3-C8)cikloalkil, ili -N(Rc)-(3- do 7-člani)heterocikl; ili(b) -fenil, -(5- ili 6-člani)heteroaril, -N(Rc)-fenil ili -N(Rc)-(5-do 10-člani)heteroaril, od kojih je svaki nesupstituisan ili supstituisan sa 1, 2 ili 3 nezavisno izabrane R7 grupe;svaki Rc je nezavisno izabran od -H ili -(C1-C4)alkil;m je ceo broj 0, 1, ili 2,gde Ar1 je:R1 je-Cl, -F ili-CF3;gde Ar2 jeR14 je -H, -Cl, -F, -Br, -CF3, -OCF3, -(C1-C6)alkil, -SO2CF3, -SO2(C1-C6)alkil, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, ili -OCH(CH3)2, i poželjno -CF3, -OCF3, -Cl, ili -F;R14 je -H, -Cl, -F, Br, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -OCH3, -OCH(CH3)2, ili -OCH2CH3; i svaki R8 i R9 je nezavisno -H, -Cl, -Br, -F, -CH3, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -CF3, -OCF3, izo-propil, ili terc-butil.Prijava sadrži još 19 patentnih zahteva.
Patent RS-53267-B (RS)
Inventor: BIGOT ANTONY
IPC: C07D207/46
Filed: 2009-12-15
Abstract: Postupak za dobijanje aktiviranog estra formule (I)u kojoj R je linearan ili razgranat (C1-C6)alkil, aril, heteroaril, cikloalkil ili heterocikloalkil grupaAlk je linearna ili razgranata (C1-C6)alkilen grupa,naznačen time, što obuhvata reakciju dicikloheksilamino soli P1:i disukcinimidil karbonata (DSC) u rastvaraču u kojem se taloži dicikloheksilamino so hidroksisukcinimida P2pri čemu je dati rastvarač, keton.Prijava sadrži još 9 patentnih zahteva.
Patent TW-I403262-B (TW)
IPC: A01B33/12
Filed: 2011-01-24
Granted: 2013-08-01
Abstract: The invention provides a hilling cover structure of a framing machine, characterized by disposing a support frame at the front edge of the framing machine main body. A positioning element is disposed on the support frame. A gear box is disposed at one side of the main body. Two L-shaped connection bases are arranged at two sides of the support frame, respectively. A cover is pivoted at the outer side surface of the two connection bases through a pivot element. A positioning linkage is disposed on the cover to threadingly position the positioning element on the support frame. A side cover is pivoted at the side surface of the cover through a pivot element. A blade is covered within the cover. Therefore, the cover can be extended outwardly by the connection base. When the cover is lifted outwardly, it can avoid being contacted with the gear box so as to be lifted with a relatively large angle. The earth shoveled by the blade can be smoothly discharged outwardly.