Patent GB-981425-A (GB)
Title: Nuclear reactor
Inventor: HACKNEY STANLEY
IPC: G21C1/08
Filed: 1962-09-19
Abstract: 981,425. Reactors. UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY. Sept. 3, 1963 [Sept. 19, 1962], No. 35615/62. Heading G6C. A nuclear reactor has a core of fuel elements immersed in a heat transfer fluid separated from a reactor coolant and is characterized in that the heat transfer fluid circuit has a riser section containing fuel elements and a downcomer section, at a lower temperature, to convey the fluid by natural convection from the top outlet to the bottom inlet of the riser section. The downcomer section is cooled by coolant at inlet temperature, and the riser section is cooled by the superheating of the coolant liquid. The heat transfer fluid downcomer section may also contain fuel elements, in which case they must be more sparse than in the riser section, in order to maintain circulation by convection. The heat transfer fluid may be a liquid moderator, organic or water, and it may be pressurized to an extent which allows limited boiling in order to achieve turbulent flow thereof and hence improved heat transfer therefrom. The reactor core (Fig. 1) includes fuel element tubes 11 (the risers of the heat transfer fluid circuit) and control rods 21. The fuel element tubes are in four concentric groups having at their lower ends ring mains 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 connecting the downcomer tubes 33 with the risers 11. (In this embodiment the downcomers do not contain fuel. Each of the four integral loops of the heat transfer fluid circuit is pressurized by gas pressurizer 35, using nitrogen or helium, and has a relief valve 36. Reactor coolant water enters through two diametrically opposed inlets 15 and passes downwards between the pressure vessel wall 13 and a centre baffle 12, extracting heat from the downcomer heat transfer fluid circuit; it then passes upwards within the baffle 12, extracting heat from the riser sections 11 (i.e. fuel elements tubes), and into a cyclone steam separator 18. Steam leaves the reactor through outlet 17, and water, to be re-circulated, through a pair of outlets 19. The second embodiment, Fig. 3, differs from the first principally in that it utilizes fuel-containing downcomer sections, and that the riser section is cooled entirely by steam generated in the downcomer section. In this embodiment an organic liquid heat transfer fluid is used in order to accommodate the higher temperatures inherrent in the superheater at an acceptable pressure. Moderation of the superheating or riser section of the core is by means of the coolant water only. The heat transfer fluid circuit within the fuel element tubes 11 comprises a riser section within an inner baffle 40, and a parallel circuit of downcomer tubes outside the baffle 40, in series with the riser section. The heat transfer fluid circuit is pressurized by a single torroidal gas pressurizer 47. Coolant enters the reactor through inlets 15 and passes upwards in contact'with the downcomer section, in which it is boiled. Steam leaves a cyclone separator 18 and passes down through the riser section, in which it is superheated, and leaves the reactor through outlet 41. Specification 981,423 is referred to.