baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2022120053-A (JP)
Title: Hat-shaped steel sheet pile and manufacturing method of steel sheet pile wall
IPC: E02D5/04
Filed: 2022-06-08
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hat-shaped steel sheet pile capable of reducing tilt deformation that occurs during construction by setting properly a second moment about the strong axis in the cross-section. 
     SOLUTION: A hat-shaped steel sheet pile includes: in the cross-section, perpendicular to a longitudinal direction, a web that extends along a width direction at a first side in a height direction of a cross-section; a pair of flanges extending on both sides in the width direction and toward the second side in the height direction of the cross section from both ends of the width direction of the web; a pair of arms extending, at the second side in height direction of the cross direction, from each end of the pair of flanges along the width direction and towards both sides in the width direction; and a pair of mating joints formed at the end of each pair of arms opposite the pair of flanges. In the hat-shaped steel sheet pile, an effective width W is 105 cm or more, cross-section secondary moment Iy around a strong axis extending in the cross-section height direction is 191,000 cm 4  or more, and a ratio Iy/H of the cross-section height H (cm) to the cross-section secondary moment Iy (cm 4 ) about the strong axis is 5,210 cm 3  or more. 
     SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2022,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2022191188-A (JP)
Title: System and method for training prediction system
Inventor: GUO RUI
IPC: G06T7/50
Filed: 2022-06-10
Abstract: To provide a system and a method for training a prediction system capable of improving depth perception in low-light.SOLUTION: In one embodiment, the method includes computing, in a first training stage, losses associated with predicting a depth map for a synthetic image of a low-light scene, wherein the losses include a pose loss, a flow loss, and a supervised loss. The method also includes adjusting, according to the losses, a style model and a depth model. The method also includes training, in a second training stage, the depth model using a synthetic representation of a low-light image. The method also includes providing the depth model.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3B
Patent JP-2023181017-A (JP)
Title: 携帯情報端末装置
IPC: G06F3/04812
Filed: 2022-06-10
Abstract: 【課題】表示画面の希望する任意の位置に新しいデータを追加する機能を提供する。【解決手段】本発明は、表示画面、データを表示画面に表示する機能、および表示画面に表示されるとともにデータの表示を操作する操作子を有し、閲覧し編集できる携帯情報端末装置において、操作子の操作により表示画面に並べられた複数のデータを画面の上下にスクロールする機能を有するとともに、操作子の操作によりデータの任意の位置において新たなデータを追加する機能を有する携帯情報端末装置であり、操作子にタッチすることにより、表示画面に並べられた複数のデータの所定位置に新たなデータを追加できるマークが表示画面に表示され、さらに操作子にタッチした状態で操作子を表示画面上で上下にドラッグすることにより、操作子およびマークを表示画面に表示されたデータの任意の位置に移動する機能を有することを特徴とする。【選択図】図６
Patent JP-2022191196-A (JP)
Title: Illumination systems with optical waveguide having diffuser elements
Inventor: BERND SCHULTHEIS
IPC: A61N5/06
Filed: 2022-06-14
Abstract: To provide an irradiation system that protects healthy tissue, and desirably avoids damage to the tissue.SOLUTION: An illumination system for a medical technology therapy and/or diagnosis system comprises: at least one light source; an optical waveguide 30 connectable or assignable to the light source at a proximal end thereof; and an optical element configured as a diffuser element 40 and arranged at a distal end of the optical waveguide so that light from the optical waveguide can be injected into the optical element. The optical element advantageously has an outside at least sectionally covered with a reflector layer 43 that has a mirror layer. The optical element has a light reflecting area covered with the reflector layer and a light transmitting area without the reflector layer, so that light injected into the optical element is at least partially reflectable in the light reflecting area, and light can be emitted in the light transmitting range and the reflectance of the reflector layer exceeds 90% for at least one wavelength range.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2
Patent JP-2023184094-A (JP)
Title: 塀構造および基礎
IPC: E02D27/32
Filed: 2022-06-17
Abstract: 【課題】塀構造を構成する基礎の寸法を縮小化する方法を提供する。 
【解決手段】塀構造は、第１の方向に並ぶようにして立てられた支柱と、支柱によって支持される壁体と、少なくとも一部がコンクリートによって構成される基礎と、を備える。基礎は、ベース部と、ベース部における少なくとも１つの面上に第１の方向に沿って形成される立ち上がり部と、を有する。立ち上がり部は、支柱と接合することで支柱を支持し、第１の方向視において、ベース部と立ち上がり部は、中心が一致しない。ベース部は、第１の方向視において、ベース部の中心線よりも支柱側に、コンクリートよりも密度が低い低密度部を有する。 
【選択図】図１
Patent JP-2023184106-A (JP)
Title: 表示制御装置、表示制御方法、プログラム、および記憶媒体
IPC: H04N23/63
Filed: 2022-06-17
Abstract: 【課題】画像領域と非画像領域を含む撮像画像に基づく画像を好適な状態で表示することのできる技術を提供する。【解決手段】本発明の表示制御装置は、画像領域と非画像領域を含む撮像画像を取得する画像取得手段と、前記撮像画像に所定の画像処理を施す画像処理手段と、前記所定の画像処理後の画像を、前記画像領域に前記所定の画像処理が施され且つ前記非画像領域に前記所定の画像処理が施されていない状態で表示するように制御する表示制御手段とを有することを特徴とする。【選択図】図６
Patent JP-2024000913-A (JP)
Title: リビングラジカル重合体、及びその製造方法
IPC: C08F8/00
Filed: 2022-06-21
Abstract: 【課題】分子量分布が狭く、かつ少なくとも１つの末端に官能基含有ジアシル型有機過酸化物由来構造が導入されたリビングラジカル重合体等の提供。【解決手段】リビングラジカル重合体の１つの末端又は主鎖において重合開始剤由来の有機化合物部位を含み、かつ、少なくともいずれかの末端において、所定の末端官能基構造を含む、リビングラジカル重合体。【選択図】なし
Patent JP-2022130611-A (JP)
Title: Levodopa infusion solution
IPC: A61K47/18
Filed: 2022-06-29
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a pharmaceutical product for treatment of diseases of a central nervous system consisting of a levodopa solution suitable for continuous parenteral or enteral administration and an administration system suitable for administering the solution. 
     SOLUTION: There is provided, an aqueous pharmaceutical solution for use in treatment of diseases of a central nervous system (CNS). The solution comprises at least 5 mg/ml dissolved levodopa and has a pH in the range of 3.0 to 8.5. The solution is provided by mixing (a) an aqueous stock solution comprising levodopa and having a pH of less than 2.8 at 25°C and (b) an aqueous buffering solution for increasing the pH of the stock solution, the buffering solution comprising at least one buffer component and having a pH of at least 4.0 at 25°C. The aqueous pharmaceutical solution is administered to a subject suffering from a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) shortly after mixing of the aqueous stock solution and the aqueous buffering solution. Further there is provided a kit for administration of aqueous pharmaceutical solutions to subjects suffering from diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). 
     SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2022,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2024005951-A (JP)
Title: ベーンポンプ
IPC: F04C2/344
Filed: 2022-06-30
Abstract: 【課題】ベーンポンプの作動を安定にする。【解決手段】ベーンポンプ１００は、ボディ側サイドプレート３０と、カバー側サイドプレート４０と、を備え、ボディ側サイドプレート３０は、それぞれロータ２が摺接する第一摺接面３０ａに開口して背圧室５に連通し、ロータ２の周方向に互いに間隔を空けて設けられる複数の第一背圧溝３４を有し、カバー側サイドプレート４０は、それぞれロータ２が摺接する第二摺接面４０ａに開口して背圧室に連通し、複数の第一背圧溝３４と同数設けられる複数の第二背圧溝４４と、第二摺接面４０ａに開口して設けられ周方向に隣り合う複数の第二背圧溝４４を連通する連通溝４５と、を有し、複数の第一背圧溝３４のそれぞれの第一摺接面３０ａへの開口は、複数の第二背圧溝４４のそれぞれの第二摺接面４０ａへの開口よりも開口面積が大きい。【選択図】図３
Patent JP-2024006033-A (JP)
Title: 鉄道車両用車軸軸受
IPC: F16C33/62
Filed: 2022-06-30
Abstract: 【課題】軸受内部の材料のはく離を抑制することができるとともに、高い信頼性と長寿命化を実現することができる鉄道車両用軸受を提供する。【解決手段】複列円錐ころ軸受（鉄道車両用車軸軸受）２０は、外輪２１と、内輪２３と、外輪２１と内輪２３との間に転動自在に配置される複数の円錐ころ（転動体）２２と、を有し、鉄道車両の車輪が端部に取り付けられた車軸５０を回転自在に支持する。外輪２１は、高炭素クロム軸受鋼により構成され、内輪２３は、浸炭軸受用鋼により構成されている。【選択図】図１
Patent JP-2024006223-A (JP)
Title: フィラー充填高分子モデルの生成方法、システム、及びプログラム
IPC: G16C20/00
Filed: 2022-07-01
Abstract: 【課題】ポリマーモデルの絡み合いを十分にしつつも、モデル生成に必要な時間を低減可能なフィラー充填高分子モデルの生成技術を提供する。【解決手段】直鎖状又は分岐状に複数のポリマー粒子が連なったポリマーモデルと、ポリマー粒子と同じサイズのフィラー粒子とを仮想空間に配置し、ポリマー粒子及びフィラー粒子の非結合ポテンシャルの粒子間距離パラメータに第１値を設定して平衡化処理を実行し、フィラー粒子の非結合ポテンシャルの粒子間距離パラメータを第１値よりも大きい第２値に設定して分子動力学計算を実行してフィラー粒子を所定サイズのフィラーモデルが収まることが可能なサイズに拡大する拡大処理を実行し、拡大したフィラー粒子を所定サイズのフィラーモデルに置換することと、置換後のフィラーモデルの非結合ポテンシャルの粒子間距離パラメータを第１値に設定する。【選択図】図７
Patent JP-2024007296-A (JP)
Title: 全固体蓄電デバイス用電極およびその製造方法、並びに全固体蓄電デバイス
IPC: H01M4/136
Filed: 2022-07-05
Abstract: 【課題】高エネルギー密度、高安全性、低コストを兼ね備えた全固体蓄電デバイスを実現する全固体蓄電デバイス用電極およびその製造方法、並びに全固体蓄電デバイスを提供する。【解決手段】全固体蓄電デバイス用電極としての負極１２は、ＭＸｅｎｅからなる活物質粒子と硫化物系固体電解質粒子とが複合化された構成を含む。全固体蓄電デバイスは、正極１１と負極１２との間に固体電解質層１３が挟まれた構成を有し、固体電解質層１３は、硫化物系固体電解質を含む。【選択図】図１
Patent JP-2023018658-A (JP)
Title: Difficult airway evaluation method and device based on machine learning voice technology
Inventor: JIANG HONG
IPC: A61B10/00
Filed: 2022-07-08
Abstract: To provide a difficult airway evaluation method and device based on machine learning voice technology.SOLUTION: The method includes: a step S101 of acquiring voice data of a patient; a step S102 of carrying out feature extraction on the voice data, and obtaining acoustic features, voiceprint features, and voice discrimination features; and a step S103 of constructing a difficult airway evaluation classifier based on the machine learning voice technology, analyzing the extracted acoustic features, voiceprint features, and voice discrimination features via the trained difficult airway evaluation classifier, and carrying out scoring on the severity of a difficult airway to obtain an evaluation result of the difficult airway. According to the present disclosure, accurate warning can be made in advance, with respect to the difficult airway in a clinical anesthesia.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1
Patent JP-2023181954-A (JP)
Title: 開口部を設けた部分重量計と全体重量計からなる重量計
IPC: G01G19/32
Filed: 2022-06-13
Abstract: 【課題】 漏斗状のものに液体や融解する固体を注いだときに漏斗状のものにかかる重量と落下した液体の重量とそれらを合わせた重量を得ることを目的とする。【解決手段】 開口部を設けた装置本体と、計量対象物を載せる開口部を設けた部分荷重印加部と、前記計量対象物の重量を検知する部分荷重センサーとを備える部分重量計と、装置本体に計量対象物を載せる全体荷重印加部と、計量対象物の重量を検知する全体荷重センサーと、前記部分荷重センサーが検知した部分荷重データを取得して全体荷重センサーの全体荷重データとから演算する演算部を備える全体重量計とからなる重量計を用いて計測する。【選択図】なし
Patent JP-2023018671-A (JP)
Title: Carboxylate, carboxylic acid generator, resist composition, and method for producing resist pattern
Inventor: KOMURO KATSUHIRO
IPC: C07C69/80
Filed: 2022-07-26
Abstract: To provide a carboxylate which allows a resist pattern having good line edge roughness to be produced, a carboxylic acid generator, and a resist composition containing the same.SOLUTION: There are provided a carboxylate represented by formula (I), a carboxylic acid generator, and a resist composition. [In the formula, L1 represents a single bond or an optionally substituted C1-40 hydrocarbon group, provided that -CH2- contained in the hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, -SO2- or -CO-; R1 represents a halogen atom or a C1-12 haloalkyl group; R2 represents a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C1-12 haloalkyl group or a C1-12 alkyl group, provided that -CH2- contained in the haloalkyl group and the alkyl group may be substituted with -O- or -CO-; m2 represents an integer of 0-6; and Z+ represents an organic cation.]SELECTED DRAWING: None
Patent JP-2023043836-A (JP)
Title: Methods for processing print jobs, and methods for printing
Inventor: JAVIER A MORALES
IPC: H04N1/00
Filed: 2022-07-27
Abstract: To provide methods for processing print jobs having document components, such as a cover and pages, and methods for printing.SOLUTION: A printing system includes a printing device having a digital front end (DFE), and at least one client device that sends print jobs to the printing device. A print job has different components needed to completely print a document, such as a cover and a block of pages of a book. The DFE identifies the different components within the print job, and provides tight integration to coordinate the printing of the different components. Rules are used to identify the different components. Once identified, the DFE routes the components to different output bins and provides separate print instructions for the components.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1
Patent JP-2022159383-A (JP)
Title: Three-dimensional memory device and method
IPC: H01L27/11582
Filed: 2022-08-04
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a three-dimensional (3D) memory device and the like that are advantageous from the viewpoint of etching capability and cost. 
     SOLUTION: There are provided an interconnect structure of a three-dimensional (3D) memory device and a method of forming the interconnect structure according to an embodiment. A 3D NAND memory device according to an embodiment includes a semiconductor substrate, an alternating layer stack arranged on the semiconductor substrate, and a dielectric structure (extending vertically through the alternating layer stack) on an isolation region of a substrate, and the alternating layer stack abuts the sidewall surface of the dielectric structure, and the dielectric structure is formed of a dielectric material. The 3D memory device further includes one or more through array contacts extending vertically through the dielectric structure and the isolation region, and one or more channel structures extending vertically through the alternating layer stack. 
     SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 13 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2023,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2022166129-A (JP)
Title: Rapid purification of high-quality nucleic acids from biological samples
IPC: C12Q1/6806
Filed: 2022-08-08
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide methods for the purification of nucleic acids, preferably DNA, from biological samples. 
     SOLUTION: A method of the present invention comprises: (a) an optional lysis of a sample; (b) an optional heat incubation of the sample; (c) an enzymatic digestion of non-nucleic acid components in the product of step (a) or (b); (d) a heat inactivation of one or more enzymes used in step (c); and (e) a transfer of the product of step (d) onto a resin capable of retaining non-nucleic acid components, (nucleic acids pass through the resin), thereby purifying the nucleic acids. 
     SELECTED DRAWING: None 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2023,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2023039915-A (JP)
Title: Golf club head with improved striking face
Inventor: KYLE A CARR
IPC: A63B53/04
Filed: 2022-08-15
Abstract: To provide a golf club head with a thinned face, a thickened central region and a thickened perimeter region, where the golf club head is further improved by removing unnecessary weight from extremities of a perimeter of the striking face, and only localizing the thickened perimeter region at optimized locations that may benefit from such features.SOLUTION: A striking face comprises: a thickened central region 214 located near a geometric center of a striking face portion 202; a central transition region 216 extending radially outward from the thickened central region; a thinned intermediate region 218 extending radially outward from the central transition region; a thickened stress reducing region 220 extending radially outward from the thinned intermediate region; and a thinned perimeter region 222 extending radially outward from the thickened stress reducing region; all of which combine to form the improved striking face.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2
Patent JP-2023033170-A (JP)
Title: Copper-based alloy sputtering target and method for making the same
Inventor: LIN SHOU-HSIEN
IPC: C22C9/00
Filed: 2022-08-16
Abstract: To provide an integrated copper-based alloy sputtering target.SOLUTION: A copper-based alloy sputtering target includes copper and at least one kind of other predetermined metal element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cr, Co, Al, Sn, and Ti. On the basis of 100 wt.% of the total amount of the copper and at least one kind of the other predetermined metal element, the copper-based alloy sputtering target has a content of copper of 98 wt.% or more and a content of the other predetermined metal element in the range of 0.3 wt.%-2 wt.%. The target has an average value of Kernel Average Misorientation of 2 degrees or less as measured by Electron Backscatter Diffraction and an average value of a Vickers hardness on an erosion surface in the range of 90 Hv-120 Hv.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1
Patent JP-2022163229-A (JP)
Title: Lighting system
IPC: F21V23/00
Filed: 2022-08-21
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a lighting system capable of reducing the weight thereof. 
     SOLUTION: A lighting system includes a light source base plate of which front surface is fitted with a light source unit, and a power source base plate 4 of which rear surface is fitted with a power source unit 3. The light source base plate has a first flat portion, the power source base plate 4 has a second flat portion 40 confronting the first flat portion in a front and rear direction, and the power source unit 3 has a power source cover 31 covering a power source circuit 30. The power source cover 31 has a rectangular top wall 310a, a first side wall 310c in a longitudinal direction, and a second side wall 310b in a short-side direction. The second flat portion 40 has an upstanding portion 45 confronting an outer surface of the second side wall 310b and upstanding on a rear side. 
     SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2023,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2022172281-A (JP)
Title: Method for power control, terminal device, and network device
IPC: H04W72/04
Filed: 2022-09-02
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for power control, a terminal device, and a network device for improving accuracy of power control of a system including a plurality of bandwidth parts BWPs and improving performance of the system. 
     SOLUTION: A method includes: causing a terminal device to determine a first downlink reference signal resource group corresponding to a first bandwidth part; and causing the terminal device to determine a path loss value to be used for calculating transmission power for uplink data to be transferred, on the basis of a signal corresponding to a downlink reference signal resource in the first downlink reference signal resource group. The first downlink reference signal resource group includes at least one downlink reference signal resource. 
     SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2023,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2023050157-A (JP)
Title: Filler-containing film
Inventor: TSUKAO SATOSHI
IPC: B32B7/12
Filed: 2022-09-26
Abstract: To make it possible to realize excellent filler retention and excellent temporary adhesion, without using a throughhole as a site for placing a filler in a filler-containing film such as an anisotropic conductive film, and also to realize excellent conduction resistance and insulation resistance when the filler-containing film is applied as the filler to the anisotropic conductive film in which the conductive particles are used.SOLUTION: A filler-containing film has a first adhesive layer having recesses formed on a surface thereof, and a filler filled in the recesses formed on the surface of the first adhesive layer, wherein the recesses having a bottom surface, and a gap exists between at least a peripheral edge of the bottom surface and the filler. A second adhesive layer may be laminated on the first adhesive layer.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1A
Patent JP-2023063243-A (JP)
Title: Paris polyphylla saponin extract with activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as preparation and use thereof
Inventor: WANG JIA
IPC: A61P31/04
Filed: 2022-10-04
Abstract: To provide an improved method for preparing a Paris Polyphylla saponin extract.SOLUTION: Provided is a method for preparing a Paris Polyphylla saponin extract, the method comprising: (1) adding Paris Polyphylla saponin to 60 to 90% ethanol to obtain a mixture and heating the mixture under reflux for 2 to 4 hours; (2) concentrating the mixture to 1/4 volume, centrifuging the mixture to obtain a supernatant A and a precipitate A, adding the precipitate A to 60 to 80% ethanol to obtain a supernatant B and a precipitate B, washing the precipitate B with water and petroleum ether, and drying it; (3) combining the supernatant A and the supernatant B to mix with a macroporous adsorption resin, filling it into a chromatography column, eluting the chromatography column with water and 80 to 90% ethanol, collecting the ethanol eluate, concentrating the ethanol eluate to obtain an eluate extract, combining the eluted extract and the precipitate B, and drying it to obtain a Paris Polyphylla saponin extract.SELECTED DRAWING: None
Patent JP-2023061904-A (JP)
Title: Artifact compensation mechanism
Inventor: MIKEL STANICH
IPC: B41J2/01
Filed: 2022-10-14
Abstract: To provide an artifact compensation mechanism.SOLUTION: There is provided a system. The system includes: at least one physical memory device for storing a compensation logic; and one or more processors which are connected to at least the one physical memory device, execute the compensation logic, generate a first ink deposition function indicating a first output ink amount to an input digital count for each of a plurality of color planes, generate a second ink deposition function indicating a second output ink amount to the input digital count for each of the plurality of color planes, generate a transfer function for each of the plurality of color planes on the basis of the first ink deposition function and the second ink deposition function, and allow the transfer function to convert the input digital count.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1
Patent JP-2022189885-A (JP)
Title: Receiving device
IPC: H04N21/436
Filed: 2022-10-19
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a digital broadcast receiver capable of executing a function of higher added value. 
     SOLUTION: A broadcast receiving device that receives contents comprises: a reception unit that receives the contents; an interface for outputting the contents received by the reception unit; and a control unit that controls an output state of the contents from the interface. The control unit determines the output state of the contents from the interface depending on a combination of control information indicating a copy control state of the contents, control information designating necessity for protection at outputting the contents, information indicating the resolution of video in the contents, and information indicating the transfer characteristics of the video in the contents, these information being received together with the contents by the reception unit. 
     SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 7A 
     COPYRIGHT: (C)2023,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2023156223-A (JP)
Title: Abrasion-resistant polyester material
Inventor: LIAO TE-CHAO
IPC: C08L67/00
Filed: 2022-10-25
Abstract: To provide an abrasion-resistant polyester material which has a large crystallization rate, has a small coefficient of surface friction and has improved abrasion resistance.SOLUTION: An abrasion-resistant polyester material contains a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin, a nucleus agent, a lubricant and an antioxidant. The abrasion-resistant polyester material can also include a recycled (PCR) resin.SELECTED DRAWING: None
Patent JP-2023129233-A (JP)
Title: Information processing method, information processing system and program
Inventor: AUTURO EDUARDO CERON LOPEZ
IPC: G06F3/0481
Filed: 2022-11-04
Abstract: To provide an information processing method, an information processing system and program that can facilitate training and utilization of a machine learning model.SOLUTION: An information processing method according to one embodiment of the present invention is executed by an information processing device and includes a step for outputting, to a user interface, so as to be respectively displayed, at least one of a reception unit that receives data input and/or instructions required to execute a process, a progress status display unit that shows the progress status of the process, and an acquisition unit that receives an instruction to acquire and/or publish the process results, such output being in at least one process among a generation process for generating a training data set, a learning process for causing a machine learning model to learn the training data set, and a model acquisition process for acquiring the trained machine learning model.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1