baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent GB-1448182-A (GB)
Title: Flat-bed printers
IPC: B41J3/28
Filed: 1975-01-09
Abstract: 1448182 Selective printing SIEMENS AG 9 Jan 1975 [25 Feb 1974] 885/75 Heading B6F A flat-bed printer comprises a flat-bed 6 for supporting a document 1 and having means 2 for registering and holding the document, and a print head 3 movable in two mutually perpendicular directions parallel to the plane of the bed 6 and including means maintaining the printing means at a constant spacing from the document 1. The spacing controlling means may comprise a roller (9, Fig. 4, not shown) or a ball (not shown) mounted on the print head 3. The print head may include wire mosaic printing elements. The bed 6 may be slidable into and out of the machine which is then constructed as a sound deadening enclosure, the bed 6 being of laminar shock-absorbing construction. In this case, the bed is spring biased outwardly of the enclosure and held in by electromagnet means when the printer is in use.
Patent GB-1115671-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in steering gears
Inventor: HOLMES BRIAN
IPC: B62D3/12
Filed: 1965-01-08
Abstract: 1,115,671. Toothed gearing. CAM GEARS Ltd. 30 Nov., 1965 [8 Jan., 1965], No. 906/65. Heading F2Q. Axial movement of a steering rack 2 is limited by the inner ends of ball joint housings 11a, 12a, abutting a circlip 15 and an annular projection 18 extending inwardly at the ends of the rack housing 4. The housing end stops 15, 18 may be identical and engage integralrack-stops.
Patent GB-708672-A (GB)
Title: Manufacture of turbine blades
IPC: B21D53/78
Filed: 1952-01-12
Abstract: 708,672. Making turbine blades. AUSTIN MOTOR CO., Ltd., WEAVING, J. H., and WECK, R. Jan. 12, 1953 [Jan. 12, 1952], No. 973/52. Classes 83 (2) and 83 (4) A turbine blade is made from a metal strip 10, having throughout its length a uniform crosssection corresponding to that of the blade proper, by electrically upsetting an end portion of the said strip to provide an enlarged base and then shaping said base to the required blade root form. The strip is slidably mounted in a twopart electrode 11 and is pressed by a ram 12 against another electrode 13 whereby the end 10x is heated and is upset by the end pressure. A cavity 15 assist in the formation of the base. The latter is then forged and machined to the correct root form. The strip is preferably of aerofoil cross-section and the end 10x may be chamfered or rounded so that the thickest part of the cross-section first engages the electrode 13 and this ensures a more uniform heating. In another embodiment, Fig. 6, a long length of strip 23 is fed by rolls through an electrode 21 and against an electrode 22 ; after upsetting of the end 25, the blade is cut from the strip at a point between the electrodes 21, 22.
Patent HK-18594-A (HK)
Title: Trilevel sandcastle pulse encoding/decoding system
Inventor: HETTIGER JAMES
IPC: H03K5/00
Filed: 1994-03-03
Abstract: A color TV receiver is provided with an encoding/decoding system for a trilevel sandcastle pulse train, exhibiting a middle pulse level during recurring kinescope bias control intervals, and comprising excursions between a base level, a low pulse level, and a high pulse level during periods outside said kinescope bias control intervals. The system's decoder includes a trio of voltage comparators for comparing incoming sandcastle pulses with respective reference voltages derived from three different intermediate points on a common voltage divider connected across the terminals of a DC supply. The system's encoder includes keyed means for determining the middle pulse level of the trilevel sandcastle pulse train in accordance with the output of a second voltage divider connected across the same DC supply as the first voltage divider. An output of a third, selectively enabled, voltage divider, connected across the same DC supply as the first and second voltage dividers, is determinative of said low pulse level. The third divider is subject to modification during base level appearances, with the base level determined by the third divider's modified output during the periods of divider modification. During high pulse level appearances, the third voltage divider is disabled to establish the high pulse level at or near the full output potential of the DC supply.
Patent HK-78397-A (HK)
Title: Anticonvulsant triazolo-[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives
Inventor: KELLEY JAMES LEROY
IPC: A61P25/00
Filed: 1997-06-12
Abstract: There is disclosed a series of triazolopyrimidine compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. The disclosed compounds are useful in the treatment of central nervous disorders, such as epilepsy, in mammals. Methods for the preparation of these triazolopyrimidines are also disclosed.
Patent HU-T42951-A (HU)
Title: Process for production of medical compositions containing as active substance cyproflaxacine
Inventor: STREUFF BERND
IPC: A61K9/20
Filed: 1987-01-20
Abstract: The preparations contain 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo- 7-(1-piperazinyl)quinoline-3-carboxylic acid and are contained in capsules and tablets.
Patent JP-S59126142-A (JP)
Title: Constant speed running device for car
Inventor: SUZUKI KOUICHI
IPC: B60W30/00
Filed: 1983-01-06
Abstract: PURPOSE:To automatically apply an engine brake to check an increase in car speed by shifting down when the car speed increases more than a preset car speed by a predetermined value because the engine brake does not work well on a steep downhill road during constant speed running in an overdrive range. CONSTITUTION:A discrimination circuit 12 for discriminating whether a difference between a preset car speed VM and an actual car speed VA is larger than a fixed value VB or not, a timer circuit 13 and an overdrive solenoid 14 are disposed on a conventional constant speed running device. When (VA-VM)- VB>0 is discriminated by the discrimination circuit 12, the overdrive solenoid 14 is operated to be shifted from the overdrive range down to the third speed range to enlarge the effectiveness of the engine brake. At the time of (VA-VM)- VB<=0, an output signal from the discrimination circuit is stopped, and after a fixed time is counted up by the timer circuit 13, the overdrive solenoid 13 is stopped operating to be shifted up to the overdrive range.
Patent JP-S58117557-A (JP)
Title: Formation of electrophotographic picture
Inventor: MURAYAMA TAKASHI
IPC: G03G5/08
Filed: 1982-01-06
Abstract: PURPOSE:To form an electrophotographic picture by exposing a photoreceptor made of a specific crystalline bismuth oxide compound on a conductive base to light with about 450nm wavelength and then charging it while a darkdecay accelerating effect is still effective. CONSTITUTION:On the conductive substrate such as a metallic plate and a metallic vapor-deposited plastic film, Bi12XnO20 (where X is Ge, Si, or Ti and n is between 0.7 and 1.5) containing Bi12XnO20 or at least one kind among Si, Ti, and Al is provided independently or in a dispersed state to obtain the photoreceptor, which is postexposed to light with about 450nm wavelength. Then while a darkdecay accelerating effect by the postexposure is still effective, the photoreceptor is charged and toner development is carried out to obtain a picture. In this case, the photoreceptor may be postexposed to the light with about 450nm wavelength after the entire surface is exposed to light with about 700nm wavelength.
Patent JP-H04248878-A (JP)
Title: Ink for ink jet recording
Inventor: TSUKAHARA MICHIYA
IPC: C09D11/322
Filed: 1991-01-08
Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce the subject quick-drying ink for ink jet recording, excellent in adaptability to base materials to be printed and capable of providing stable quality of printed letters for various kinds of base materials to be printed by mixing a specified fluorine-based solvent with a colorant insoluble in this solvent. CONSTITUTION:An ink for ink jet recording containing (A) 2-95wt.% fluorine- based solvent composed of a derivative, etc., having a skeleton of a unit represented by the formula and having 100-250 deg.C boiling point and (B) a colorant insoluble in the above-mentioned solvent, preferably an organic pigment or carbon black, free from color mixture of plural inks and capable of forming a sharp image. In addition, the above-mentioned colorant is preferable as a dyestuff.
Patent JP-H10264907-A (JP)
Title: Carton filling apparatus
Inventor: FOCKE HEINZ
IPC: B65B35/16
Filed: 1998-01-06
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an object handling apparatus which can correctly work while handling of objects continues without using a complex control member. SOLUTION: A lifting conveyer which reciprocates a lifting head 18 fore- and-aft exclusively along an expected moving path is utilized in order to transfer an object or a group of objects especially within a folding carton with its upper part opened between a fixed expected receiving position and a similarly expected constant position. The moving path comprises the constant position, the receiving position and an upper horizontal moving part.
Patent JP-S62231650-A (JP)
Inventor: DEBITSUDO KURISUTOFUAA OOSU
IPC: A61B17/32
Filed: 1987-01-05
Abstract: (57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた め要約のデータは記録されません。
Patent PH-18276-A (PH)
Title: Benzoxazine derivatives and process of preparation
Inventor: HAYAKAWA ISAO
IPC: C07D498/06
Filed: 1981-08-12
Abstract: Pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine derivatives are described having the formula (I)   <IMAGE> (I)  wherein X is a halogen atom, R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and Z represents mono-substituted, di-substituted or cyclic-substituted amino group which may contain a hetero atom and may have a substituent such as hydroxyl, alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, hydroxyalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or mono- or di-alkylamino having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in each alkyl moiety and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having antibacterial activity.
Patent PH-27500-A (PH)
Title: Antiplaque oral composition
Inventor: ROBINSON RICHARD S
IPC: A61Q11/00
Filed: 1990-09-26
Abstract: An antiplaque oral composition containing a low concentration of a sesquiterpene alcohol flavor compound to inhibit the formation of dental plaque in the presence of an additive selected from the group consisting of benzoic acid, a preservative, and a polycarboxylate and mixtures thereof, in an oral vehicle having a low pH of about 3-5.
Patent PH-30271-A (PH)
Title: Titanium dioxide pigment and method of preparation
Inventor: ANN GREEN KELLY
IPC: C09C1/36
Filed: 1993-04-07
Abstract: The present invention provides a pigmentary titanium composite having good durability and excellent optical properties. The inventive composite consists essentially of: a particulate titanium dioxide base; a hydrous zirconium oxide layer deposited on the titanium dioxide base; and a hydrous alumina layer deposited on the hydrous zirconium oxide layer. The alumina layer consists essentially of boehmite alumina and/or pseudoboehmite alumina. The present invention also provides a method for preparing the inventive pigmentary composite. The inventive method comprises the steps of: (a) preparing an aqueous slurry comprising water and a particulate titanium dioxide base; (b) depositing a layer of a hydrous zirconium oxide precipitate on the titanium dioxide base; and (c) depositing a layer of a hydrous alumina precipitate on the layer of hydrous zirconium oxide. The hydrous alumina precipitate consists essentially of boehmite alumina and/or pseudoboehmite alumina.
Patent TR-24096-A (TR)
IPC: C22C29/12
Filed: 1987-09-11
Abstract: The invention comprises a method of making self-supporting composite ceramic structures by the oxidation reaction of a body of molten parent metal precursor with a vapor-phase oxidant to form an oxidation reaction product. This reaction or growth is continued to form a thick, self-supporting ceramic body. The composite is recovered and in a separate subsequent operation, the surface is coated with one or more materials in order to effect desired changes in the properties of the surface, e.g., hardness, corrosion resistance.
Patent UY-32867-A (UY)
Title: Evento transgenico de soja mon 87708 y metodos de uso del mismo
Inventor: KUNSHENG WU
IPC: A23L11/00
Filed: 2010-08-27
Abstract: La invención proporciona una planta transgénica del evento de soja MON 87708 y plantas, células de planta, semillas, partes de planta y productos básicos derivados del evento MON 87708 . La invención proporciona además polinucleótidos específicos para el evento MON 87708 y plantas, células de plantas, semillas, partes de plantas, y productos básicos que comprenden polinucleótidos específicos para el evento MON 87708 . La invención proporciona además métodos relacionados con el evento MON 87708 .
Patent UY-33032-A (UY)
Title: Procedimiento de preparacion de la ( 11 b(beta), 16 a ( alfa) ) -9-fluoro-11-hidroxi-16,17-[ 1-metil-etildenebis(oxi)]-21-[1-oxo-[4-(nitrooximetil)benzoxi]]pregna-1,4-dien-3,20-diona
Inventor: ALBERT PALOMER
IPC: A61K31/58
Filed: 2010-11-15
Abstract: La presente invención se refiere a un nuevo procedimiento de preparación de la (11B(Beta), 16a(alfa))-9-fluoro-11-hidroxi-16,17-[1-metil-etilidenebis(oxi)]-21-[1-xo-[4-(nitrooximetil)benzoxi]]pregna-1,4-dien-3,20-diona, que comprende las etapas de (i) reacción de la triamcinolona acetónido con 4-(nitrooximetil)benzoico, 4-dimetilaminopiridina y N, N'-diisopropilcarbodiimida, (ii) cristalización, y (iii) precipitación controlada.
Patent UY-33293-A (UY)
Title: Formulacion parasiticida
Inventor: GASPAR MARCOS JOSE
IPC: A01N31/08
Filed: 2011-03-28
Abstract: Formulación parasiticida perteneciente al campo de los medicamentos veterinarios, eficaz contra la miasis, bichera, proveniente de infestación de larvas de insectos dípteros, como la mosca Cochliomyia spp, moscardón, en rebaños: bovino, equino, porcino, caprino y otros; dicha formulación presenta la asociación de Piretroides como Cialotrina o Lambda Cialotrina para acción residual contra las larvas y Carbamatos como Propoxur, para acción inmediata contra las larvas.
Patent UY-33693-A (UY)
Title: Alfombra
Inventor: MARIA CAMMAERT LUDWIG
IPC: A47G27/00
Filed: 2011-10-27
Abstract: Una alfombra que comprende pelos cortos y pelos largos, en la cual la mayoría de las fibras que comprenden los pelos largos son más livianos en peso que las fibras más pequeñas que comprenden los pelos cortos, y en donde en particular los pelos largos comprenden fibras con diversidad de pesos, en donde algunas de las fibras de los pelos largos pesan menos de 15 dTex, y preferiblemente menos de 5 dTex, y las restantes fibras de los pelos largos tienen un peso inferior a 25 dTex.
Patent UY-34260-A (UY)
Inventor: JOCHEN DR DIETZ
IPC: A01N43/653
Filed: 2012-08-14
Abstract: ESCANEAR FORM I pag 90/100 del SGDD
Patent UY-34922-A (UY)
Title: Sistema de puerta bidireccional, doble panel.
Inventor: MICHAEL KOWALCZYK THOMAS
IPC: E06B3/00
Filed: 2013-07-19
Abstract: El sistema de puerta incluye: dos paneles de puerta bi direccional de apertura central dispuestos p ara contrarrestar el movimiento oscilante en una puerta. Un operador se acopla a los paneles de la  puerta a través de un sistema de sincronización.  Este sistema de sincronización puede incluir un enlace, entre otros sistemas y el operador puede in cluir un operador electro-mecánico, una puerta me cánica más estrecha con resorte o un híbrido de ambos.  Una persona puede efectuar una salida de emergencia realizando un solo movimiento de baja fue rza contra uno de los paneles para abrir simultán eamente los dos paneles de la puerta.
Patent UY-38656-A (UY)
Title: Nuevos compuestos de oxidazol para controlar o prevenir hongos fitopatogénicos
Inventor: Santosh Shridhar Autkar
IPC: C07D417/12
Filed: 2020-04-13
Abstract: La presente invención divulga un compuesto de la Fórmula I, en el que R1, L1, A, L2, W1, R2f, R3f, Q, y R10 son como se definen en la descripción detallada. La presente invención también se refiere a un proceso para preparar el compuesto de la Fórmula I.
Patent UY-39946-A (UY)
Title: Desempeño de ubicación de fad2 y su correspondiente sitio de incidencia específica de las ...*
Inventor: COGAN NOEL
IPC: C12N5/10
Filed: 2022-09-15
Abstract: Se divulga un método de edición de gen o de apilación de gen dentro de la ubicación FAD2 al escindir, en un sitio de modo directo, una ubicación en el gen FAD2 en una célula, para generar una ruptura en el gen FAD2 y luego ligar en dicha ruptura una molécula de ácido nucleico vinculada con uno o más fenotipos de interés.
Patent YU-19594-A (YU)
Title: Ugaonik za tehničko iscrtavanje i merenje uglova
Inventor: JOVAN CARIC
Filed: 1994-04-15
Abstract: UGAONIK ZA TEHNIČKO ISCRTAVANJE I MERENJE UGLOVA prema MKP ima oznaku G 01B 3/00. Ugaonik za tehničko iscrtavanje pravih i kosih linija pod uglovima od: 15; 30; 45; 60; 90; 120; 135; 150; 165 i 180 stepeni, i merenje istih je definisan poligonom od četiri nejednake stranice (a, b, c, d), koje medjusobno sklapaju uglove (A, B, C, D), tako što se stranice "a" i "b" sučeljavaju pod uglom od 45 stepeni, nastavljene stranicom "c" koja sa stranicom "b" formira ugao od 165 stepeni, nastavljene stranicom "d" koja sa stranicom "c" formira ugao od 60 stepeni i sučeljavanjem sa stranicom "a" pod uglom od 90 stepeni zatvara poligon.
Patent YU-30691-A (YU)
Title: Herbicidi na bazi 6-aril-2-supstituisane benzoeve kiseline
Inventor: MUGUGESAN N
IPC: C07D409/12
Filed: 1991-02-20
Abstract: HERBICIDI NA BAZI 6-ARIL-2-SUPSTITUISANE BENZOEVE KISELINE, jedinjenje formule: u kojoj su: A O, S, ili -N-R2 u kojoj je R2 vodonik, alkil, -C(O)-NH2 ili -C(O)alkil; B je -CH-, -CR4-ili -N-; R i R1 su nezavisno alkil, alkoksi, haloalkoksi, halogen ili alkilamino; i R4 je vodonik, alkil, fenil, nitro, cijano, amino, alkoksikarbonil ili halogen; M je vodonik, alkil, alkenil, alkinil, fenilalkil, haloalkil, cijanoalkil, alkiltioalkil, dialkilaminoalkil, alkilsulfonilalkil, alkoksiak-robonilalkil, karboksialkil, di (alkoksikarbonil) alkil, dialkilaminokarbonilalkil, dialkilidenamino, alkiltioalkilidenamino, opciono alkil supstituisani amonijum, opciono hidroksialkil supstituisani amonijum, katjon alkalnog ili zemnoalkalnog metala, ili fenil koji je opciono supstituisan sa nitro, halo, alkil, haloalkil ili alkoksi; i Q je  gde su X, Y i P nezavisno vodonik, halogen, nižialkil, nižialkoksi, niži haloalkil, niži alkiltio, niži alkilsulfonil, alkilsulfonilamino, alkilsul-foniloksi, arisulfoniloksi, di(arilsulfonil)amino, benzilamino, alkilkarbonilamino, aminokarbonilamino, alkoksikarbonil, alkilkar-boniloksi, alkilsulfonilamino, fenilsulfonilamino, soli naznačenih jedinjenjasa kiselinama, niži alkenil, niži alkinil, niži alkeniloksi, niži alkiniloksi, cijano, nitro ili amino, ili X i Y zajednički formiraju C1 do C3 alkilendioksi-heterociklični prsten; ili aromatični heterocikl koji je izabran do tiofena, furana, pirola, pirazola, izoksazola, izotiazola, imidazola, oksazola, tiazola, oksadiazola, tiadiazola, tri-azola, tetrazola, piridina, pirimidina, pirazina, piridazina i triazina.
Patent AT-A234691-A (AT)
IPC: E04C2/04
Filed: 1991-11-25
Abstract: Process for making non-bearing partition walls for buildings in which a core (3-8) in the form of a longitudinal strip of longitudinal tiles (4, 4'), blocks or the like with at least one continuous longitudinal channel is laid out in rows on a first covering layer (2) and a further covering layer (2') is laid on this core, thus forming a sandwich construction in the form of a longitudinal strip from which pieces of predetermined length are cut off to form partition wall sections. The core consists of two layers (3, 7) or rows of tiles. The longitudinal channels (5) of all the tiles (4) in the first layer (3) run in the longitudinal direction of the strip and the longitudinal channels (5') of all the tiles (4') in the second layer (7) run across the strip.
Patent BE-894149-A (BE)
Title: Sealed container for bitumen - includes heater to liquefy solid bitumen for emptying through outlet opening
IPC: F28D1/02
Filed: 1982-08-19
Abstract: The sealed container (1) is for transporting products such as bitumen. It is filled in the liquid or paste state, solidifying at ambient temperatures and can be re-heated. There are sealed filling (10) and emptying holes in the container and heat can be applied to the bitumen from outside. The heater is a coil (11) with its ends (16) in the container side (4). It can be connected to an oil or liquid gas burner. The heater is fitted low down and is parallel to the container base (3).
Patent BE-898584-A (BE)
Title: Procede de realisation d'une gaine en alliage de zirconium pour le combustible d'un element combustible de reacteur nucleaire.
IPC: C22F1/18
Filed: 1983-12-29
Abstract: Procédé comportant le formage d'un tube de départ puis un retraitement du tube de départ formé. Pour le retraitement du tube de départ formé, on commence par le meuler sur sa surface extérieure puis on le soumet à un traitement de recuit terminal, par ce meulage, on retire de préférence une couche superficielle d'une épaisseur de l'ordre de 1-10 m de la surface extérieure du tube de départ formé. L'invention s'applique notamment aux gaines utilisées en barreaux de combustible dans les éléments combustibles d'un réacteur nucléaire refroidi à l'eau.
Patent BE-900556-A (BE)
Title: Nouveau procede de preparation d'antibiotiques du type cephalosporine.
IPC: C07D501/34
Filed: 1984-09-11
Abstract: Procédé de préparation de dérivés connus de l'acide 2-oximino-acétamido-3-céphème-4-carboxylique comprenant l'acylation de dérivés de l'acide 7-amino-3-céphème-4-carboxylique avec des nouveaux 2-oximinoacétamides, de formule II dans laquelle R1 représente l'hydrogène, un groupe alkyle, phénylalkyle, alxocycarbonylalkyle, acyle ou carboxyalkyle, et  R'3 représente un  reste hétérocyclique à 5 chainons contenant  de l'azote, de l'oxygène ou du soufre et éventuellement substitué par un groupe amino ou zido.
Patent BE-902353-A (BE)
Title: Planing machine guard assembly - has gantry with lifting vane and inclined lug at opposite ends
IPC: B27G21/00
Filed: 1985-05-06
Abstract: The guard for a planing machine comprises a gantry above the tool on the machine table and with a coupling mechanism to the machine frame. The gantry has a lifting vane at the end furthest from the guide, and a lug and the end adjacent to the latter, the lug being inclined to the guide in a horizontal plane. - A workpiece to be planed and inserted between lug and guide thrusts the gantry away from the guide, allowing it to pass through.
Patent BE-902428-A (BE)
Title: Racquet frame receiving weighted elements - has band with hollows in top in which tenons in weighted elements fit, with strings passing through hollow between them
Inventor: RAEMDONCK J VAN
IPC: A63B49/04
Filed: 1985-05-14
Abstract: The racket has interchangeable weighted elements (8) that are fitted in cylindrical hollows in the frame (1). The band (3) for fixing the strings has passages (4) for the strings and longitudinal hollows (5) with a wedge (6) at the top of the passages. - The longitudinal tenon (7) on the lower face of the weighted element fits into the hollow and is held by the wedges. The tenon has an edge (9) that juts out and a longitudinal hollow (10). The strings pass between two passages through the hollows. The weighted element can be rubber material with metal powder or it can be metal.
Patent BE-762711-A (BE)
Title: Pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids antimicro - bial tranquillising anti asthma agents
IPC: C07D471/04
Filed: 1971-02-09
Abstract: Pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids - antimicrobial, tranquillising, anti-asthma agents Cpds. of general formula (I) : (where R = aliphatic 1-12 C radical or phenyl-lower alkyl; R1 = H or lower alkyl; R2 = lower alkyl, phenyl-lower alkyl, substd. phenyl-lower alkyl or cycloalkyl-lower alkyl; R3 = H, lower alkyl, phenyl or substd. phenyl. (I) have antimicrobial activity and may be used against infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. They may also be used as surface-disinfectants in water, powders, sprays, soaps, detergents etc. (I) have CNS- inhibitory activity and may be used as tranquillisers. (I) increase the intracellular concn. of adenosine-31, 51-cyclic monophosphate and may be used in the treatment of asthma. Intermediates (II) have bloodsugar-lowering activity in mammals.