baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent ES-2629608-B1 (ES)
Title: Procedimiento de obtención de una plantilla y producto así obtenido
Inventor: MORON RUBIO JOSE ANTONIO
IPC: B29D35/12
Filed: 2016-02-10
Granted: 2018-05-22
Abstract: Procedimiento de obtención de una plantilla y producto así obtenido, cuya principal ventaja radica en el hecho de aumentar la superficie de apoyo del pie, disminuyendo la presión de la pisada y por consiguiente, la carga soportada por el pie, lo que se consigue gracias a una etapa durante su conformación, donde el usuario aporta calor a una plantilla obtenida anteriormente, hasta que la misma adquiere la forma de la fisionomía del pie del propio usuario; y donde dicha temperatura será una temperatura máxima de entre 31,5º - 32ºC.
Patent ES-2631991-B1 (ES)
Title: Formulación de recubrimiento gel coat en polvo con propiedades de conductividad eléctrica
Inventor: LLORENS CHIRALT RAQUEL
IPC: C09D167/06
Filed: 2016-03-07
Granted: 2018-06-14
Abstract: Formulación de recubrimiento gel coat en polvo con propiedades de conductividad eléctrica.#Una formulación de recubrimiento gel coat en polvo y con propiedades de conductividad eléctrica, caracterizada porque comprende: una resina sólida de poliéster insaturado, un agente de entrecruzamiento que comprende al menos un doble enlace carbono-carbono, un peróxido orgánico iniciador de la polimerización, y partículas carbonosas conductoras de la electricidad. Proceso de obtención de la formulación de recubrimiento gel coat en polvo por extrusión. Uso de la formulación para obtener un recubrimiento gel coat conductor y el recubrimiento gel coat conductor de la electricidad obtenido a partir de esta formulación.
Patent ES-2631827-B1 (ES)
Title: Dispositivo automático para documentación fotogramétrica de objetos
Inventor: ESCLAPES JOVER FCO JAVIER
IPC: G01C11/02
Filed: 2017-03-31
Granted: 2018-06-15
Abstract: La presente invención se refiere a un dispositivo automático para documentación fotogramétrica de objetos, que comprende los siguientes bloques: el torno y unidad de control. El primero recoge las piezas hardware que configuran el torno; y el segundo es el dispositivo hardware adherido al torno que comprende, entre otros, la parte software que controla el dispositivo.#Además el dispositivo requiere de una cámara fotográfica, pudiendo el usuario utilizar su propia cámara fotográfica.#Las ventajas del dispositivo son que permite al usuario la configuración y programación del proceso de captura de imágenes a través de la unidad de control, concretamente usando el panel digital, de modo que se puede configurar la captura, especificando el rango de grados que desea avanzar en cada rotación, además de comunicar a la cámara, a través de infrarrojos, cuándo efectuar cada disparo.
Patent KR-830001052-B1 (KR)
Title: 수직 기초부재를 역청으로 피복하는 방법
IPC: E02D5/24
Filed: 1974-09-23
Granted: 1983-05-27
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-820000846-B1 (KR)
Title: Method for production of fibers from glass or plastic materials
Inventor: EVECQUE M
IPC: C03B37/00
Filed: 1976-02-19
Granted: 1982-05-17
Abstract: In a method of forming glass strand comprising atteuating filament from molten glass or plastic material through main gaseous current and secondary gaseous current is described. The improvement extrusion rod comprises oscillating the midpoint of rotating surface through an included angle from the horizontal, oscillating the rotating surface in the vertical direction.
Patent KR-800001028-B1 (KR)
Title: Electro mechanical transducer
Inventor: TAM MAN C
IPC: H04R9/02
Filed: 1976-07-07
Granted: 1980-09-22
Abstract: An electromechanical transducer comprises a pair of electrets polarized electrostatically, each of which has conductive electrodes and apertures, the first and second vibrating plates equipped with non-polarizing conductive material and supporting devices fixing the vibrating plate with the electret at the regular intervals. As the apertures of the electrets and conductive electrods are designed to pass the air, the first and second vibrating plates are acoustically coupled with each other.
Patent KR-830000062-B1 (KR)
Title: 올레핀 고무와 폴리올레핀 수지와의 열가소성 탄성 혼합물
IPC: C08L23/00
Filed: 1978-11-08
Granted: 1983-02-05
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-820000739-B1 (KR)
Title: Process for preparing benzothiazolyl sulpehnic acid morpholide
Inventor: WICKE M
IPC: C07D413/12
Filed: 1979-03-20
Granted: 1982-05-03
Abstract: Title compds., useful as vulcanization accelerators, was prepd. by the reaction of morpholine with 1,2-benzothiazolyl disulfite, mercaptobenzothiazole and their sodium salt in the presence of oxidizing agent.  Thus,27.5 kg 2,6-dimethylmorpholide was prepd. from 138 kg compd. of 20 % 2-benzothiazolylsulfenic acid-2,6-dimethylmorpholide, 20 % 2,6-dimethylmorpholine, 7.5 % NaCl, 51 % H2O and 1.5 % by-product.  The product was cooled by the scraping roller to give title compd.
Patent KR-820001584-B1 (KR)
Title: Process for heat-treatment of fine-grained material
Inventor: GOLDMANN WOLF
IPC: C04B7/44
Filed: 1979-11-21
Granted: 1982-09-06
Abstract: The most frequent problems occuring in automated cyclone preheaters(5) for the precalcination of cement raw material fed to rotary kilns, such as incomplete combustion of the addnl. fuel, obstruction of the cyclone placed after the calcining zone, and material agglomeration by overheating, are cor. by rapid manual adjustment of the fuel amt. as soon as a monitoring system shows that the temp. difference between the gas and the material after passing the preheating zone exceeds a mix. or min. valve.  The temp. difference is fixed at 20≰C and the max, and min. temp. variations are 40 and 0≰C.
Patent KR-840000942-B1 (KR)
Title: The mattress holder of the bed
Inventor: SYLVAIN NAHUM
IPC: A47C23/00
Filed: 1980-01-31
Granted: 1984-07-01
Abstract: A mattress holder is assembled to change the height of the bed as needed, The mattress holder comprises an outer metal frame, corss bars laid paralled on the frame having a cross-section of -shape, T-shaped element inserted on the   shape bar having fing with which the height of the mattress can be controlled.
Patent KR-840001693-B1 (KR)
Title: Thermochromic composition
Inventor: BLAWE FRANCIS J A M C
IPC: G01K11/16
Filed: 1981-06-15
Granted: 1984-10-15
Abstract: Heat recoverable article, to be heated to a given temp. during installation or use, has on a surface a thermochromic compsn. comprising organic binder and organic material which undergoes a transfromation to give a visible colour change when the given temp. is reached. The binder interacts with the heat-transformed organic material to inhibit leaching thereof from the compsn. A non-reversible colour change of the compsn. thus takes place when it is heated to the given temp. The organic material is suitabley allantion, ascorbic acid or alanine. The binder suitably has acid functionality and is e.q. ethylene-vinylacetate-acrylic acid terpolymer.
Patent KR-860001187-B1 (KR)
Title: A excavator
Inventor: SATO SACHINOBU
IPC: E02F3/96
Filed: 1981-07-28
Granted: 1986-08-25
Abstract: The excavator includes a boom(6) which can move not only vertically but also horizontally within 180≰C. It can therefore do side- excavating using the boom connected with a torque actuator (5C). The torque actuator is disposed perpendicular to a rotating shaft(3). It comprises a shaft(5) and a cylinder with a rack piston (5B) and a pinion(5A). The cylinder is geared into the shaft and the shaft is connected with a boom bracket(7) so the boom can move horizontally and vertically.
Patent KR-840000981-B1 (KR)
Title: Vhf. uhf combined tuner
Inventor: LEE MUN-KU
IPC: H03J1/06
Filed: 1982-06-04
Granted: 1984-07-02
Abstract: To tune an electronic tuning-type UHF tuner (A), a channel tuning shaft (3') is rotated; the shaft is composed of a contact point spring panel (2) and a switch panel (3). To tune a UHF tuner (B), a gear-group is used that has a const-and rotation fate. Both tuners can be fine-tuned according to the rotation of fine-tuning shaft (4'), which has a discriminated gear-group.
Patent KR-860001864-B1 (KR)
Title: Process for substituted imidazole derivatives
Inventor: KARJALAILEN ARTO J
IPC: C07C45/74
Filed: 1982-07-07
Granted: 1986-10-24
Abstract: Substd. imidazoles(I and II) and their acid-addn. salts are new. R1 is H, C1-4 alkyl or hydroxymethyl; R2 is H or Me; R3 is Me, Et, n or iso-propyl, n-butyl, allyl or (III); R4 is H or OH, or R3 and R4 together are methylene, ethylidene, propylidene, isopropylidene or butyidene, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently H, Me, Et, halogen, OH or methoxy or two of them together are methylenedioxy on adjacent C stoms and the other is H. (I) and (II) are useful as antihypertensive, antithombotic, antimycotic and antifungal agents.
Patent KR-880001589-B1 (KR)
Title: Method & apparatus of controlling the flow of a fluid circulating in a central heating system
Inventor: COCHEREL MICHEL
IPC: F24D19/10
Filed: 1982-10-16
Granted: 1988-08-24
Abstract: A method of controlling the flow of fluid circulating in a central heating system, particularly at the radiator (2) in order to balance their radiation, characterized in that it consists of successively setting up or determining the flow of fluid at all points of the pipeline (4) in the system adjacent to the radiators (2) by measuring the pressure differential between one region and another of a selected nozle (9) disposed in the pipeline, and then actuating an elbow-shaped controller 95) adjacent to each joint (6) with the nozzle until the desired value of fluid flow is obtained.
Patent KR-890000086-B1 (KR)
Title: Disc drive
Inventor: JORDAN RICHARD
IPC: G11B17/32
Filed: 1983-02-23
Granted: 1989-03-07
Abstract: This invention is about a floppy disc drive which inserts and ejects a floppy disc automatically.  The drive comprises a base (15), a spindle assembly, a carriage assembly (17) and an ejecting means. The spindle assembly includes a drive wheel (42) for engaging and rotating a disc, a drive motor (45) and a pulley wheel.  The assembly is mounted on the base.  The carriage assembly mounted on the base is driven by a linear actuator with a motor (32) and a magnetic head (23).  The ejecting means include an ejector body (89) and a lifter arm (51) with a clamper (70) for clamping the disc to the drive wheel.  The clamper is coupled to the carriage assembly and is moved into or away from engagement with the drive wheel by the movement of the assembly.
Patent KR-850001735-B1 (KR)
Title: A process for manufacture of a vehicle using in printing ink
Inventor: LEE SU-JONG
IPC: C09D11/02
Filed: 1983-08-23
Granted: 1985-12-07
Abstract: A color developer for manufacturing concave-plate printing ink is prepared by blending primary varnish(I) with a secondary one(II). (I) is obtained from paulownia oil by reacting with fumaric acid at 170 - 230≰C in the presence of a catalyst and an inert gas.  (II) is obtained from alkyd resin prepared from monoglyceride by adding maleic anhydride and by blending 10 % metamorphic rosin maleic resin.  The blended product having 95 acid value, improves the properties of ink, making it highly abrasion-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and glossy.
Patent KR-880002565-B1 (KR)
Title: Ball and socket joint
Inventor: NEMOTO AKIRA
IPC: F16B21/18
Filed: 1984-05-22
Granted: 1988-11-30
Abstract: A ball and socket joint (10) is protected in sealed state by a boot (22) firmly secured at its outer end to the ball stud (19) of the ball.  At its inner end the boot is sealed to the joint assembly by a clamp ring (21) made of an elastic material in the form of a coil wound spirally with rectangular section winding turns lying adjacently side by side in the plane of the clamping ring.  The spirally coiled construction, in contrast to a helically coiled construction, of the clamping ring permits it to be expanded greatly at the time of its fitting in the boot groove (26) for assembly with little permanent deformations.
Patent KR-890002805-B1 (KR)
Title: Displacement measuring apparatus and method
Inventor: PETTIGREW ROBERT M
IPC: G02B5/18
Filed: 1984-07-27
Granted: 1989-07-31
Abstract: Three focal plane photodetectors are placed at positions corresponding to the zero order and first order images of a light source.  A lens, the photodetectors and a stepped index grating integrating and movable with respect to a reflective scale grating. Output signals from the phtodetectors provide a measure of the direction to the stationary scale grating.  The steps are formed on the index grating to impart a phase separatin to the output signals produced by the photodetectors.  The step height, which determines the phase separation, is chosen to give 120 degrees phase separation between the output signals.
Patent KR-920001202-B1 (KR)
Inventor: MISAKI MARUSA
IPC: A23L7/196
Filed: 1984-11-28
Granted: 1992-02-06
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-900007345-B1 (KR)
Title: Injection molding method
Inventor: TAKEDA YOSHINOBU
IPC: B29C45/57
Filed: 1985-06-14
Granted: 1990-10-08
Abstract: In an injection moulding method, during filling of a cavity with molten resin, molten resin is filled in a way that a resin pressure in a mould is gradually increased within a range in which a resin pressure in a mould is lower than a max. value required during dwell after filling. After that, the resin pressure in a mould is further increased from the increased resin pressure mentioned above to effect the dwell.
Patent KR-910001582-B1 (KR)
Inventor: SHAMA RAM O
IPC: C22B59/00
Filed: 1985-07-01
Granted: 1991-03-16
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-910006847-B1 (KR)
Inventor: ERNST HANS H
IPC: B60R22/42
Filed: 1985-08-26
Granted: 1991-09-07
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-920003806-B1 (KR)
Inventor: FUJIDA NOBUYA
IPC: G03D3/13
Filed: 1985-10-26
Granted: 1992-05-15
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-930006992-B1 (KR)
Inventor: KUNG WEI-JEN
IPC: C12P41/00
Filed: 1985-11-12
Granted: 1993-07-26
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-910005576-B1 (KR)
Inventor: HENTON DAVID E
IPC: C08L51/04
Filed: 1984-11-16
Granted: 1991-07-31
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-930001322-B1 (KR)
Inventor: PEARLMAN JAY S
IPC: H01J35/22
Filed: 1986-01-16
Granted: 1993-02-25
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-900005212-B1 (KR)
Title: Ic card with an updatable password
Inventor: FUJISAKI KUNIO
IPC: G06Q20/40
Filed: 1986-02-26
Granted: 1990-07-21
Abstract: The IC card has a microprocessor (11), a memory (15) and a keyboard (13). The memory has a password registration area, an error counter area in which the number of occurrences of an error in inputing a password is stored, and a card information area. The microprocessor controls a password registration operation, registers the password inputted through the keyboard in the password registration area. When the registered password to be updated, the microprocessor clears the password registration area in the memory to allow wirting of a new password only when the microporcessor detects that a password data inputted by a card user matches the registered password and the error count in the error counter is no more than a predetermined count.
Patent KR-910008188-B1 (KR)
Inventor: BANERJEE CHANDRA K
IPC: A24D1/22
Filed: 1986-08-26
Granted: 1991-10-11
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-910003799-B1 (KR)
Inventor: SCHOTZ LARRY
IPC: G11B23/04
Filed: 1986-11-13
Granted: 1991-06-12
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-890004327-B1 (KR)
Title: Process for preparing latex polymers from gaseous monomer
Inventor: RANKA AJAI I
IPC: C08F2/22
Filed: 1986-12-24
Granted: 1989-10-31
Abstract: Latex polymers are prepd. by conventional free radical initiated emulsion polymn. of gaseous α ,β -ethylenically unsatd. monomers (I), opt. with other non-gaseous comonomers, in the presence of a polymeric surfactant (II) comprising a salt of an acid group-contg. polymer, using a procedure whereby the monomer component is pre- emulsified with (II) in water, and added incrementally to the reaction.  Pre-emulsification of monomers results in faster reaction so that (II) may be added to the reactor more quickly without excessive pressure buildup.  The resulting latex polymer has improved coating properties.
Patent KR-900006139-B1 (KR)
Title: Process for for the preparation of water proofing agent
Inventor: RYU CHUNG-KUN
IPC: C09K3/18
Filed: 1987-05-27
Granted: 1990-08-24
Abstract: Most rapidly hardening rubbric asphalt coating material is prepd by: admixing of 65-85 wt. pts. of synthetic rubber latex and 8-15 wt. pts. of water soluble epoxy resin at 45-65OC, and 5-15 wt. pts. of surfactant; adding 110-225 wt. pts. of asphalt to be melted at 90-160OC, placing at 35-65OC and emulsification dispersing; then adding 5-20 wt. pts. of glycols and cooling to room temp.; adding 3-12 wt.% of sodium silicate as hardening accelerator to prepare a rubbric asphalt emulsion; and in that, admixing 17:5-17:20 wt. ratio of hardening agent eg. alumina cement, rapidly hardening cement, etc..
Patent KR-950002218-B1 (KR)
Inventor: WAN CHUNG-ZONG
IPC: B01J23/64
Filed: 1987-06-29
Granted: 1995-03-15
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-900002788-B1 (KR)
Title: Power on reseting circuit for acting power changing
Inventor: KIM YONG-HUN
IPC: G06F1/24
Filed: 1987-07-21
Granted: 1990-04-30
Abstract: The reset circuit is for resetting the system regardless of variation of the operation voltage.  When the power is unstable, the input of an inverter (1) is varied.  The varied output of the inverter is applied to a latch circuit (20).  An initial state control circuit (30) receives a system enable signal (SE) in low state and provides a high state output to a NOR gate (NO2) in the latch circuit so that the power-on reset signal is kept constant even when the output of NOR gate (NO1) is varied.
Patent KR-920003010-B1 (KR)
Title: Magnetic wire super-slender copper wire manufacture method
Inventor: GO SUK-JIN
IPC: H01F41/14
Filed: 1987-09-11
Granted: 1992-04-13
Abstract: A fabrication method for fine Cu  wire  is  characterized  by following processes: (1) the 1st plastic  deformation  process  of the 1st wire drawing process with reduction raio of  78-82  %  and the 2nd wire drawing process with reduction ratio of 81-82  %  and the 2nd wire drawing process with reduction ratio of 81-82  %  (2) the 1st heat treating process of  the  1st  annealing  process  in furnace of 3 m length at the temperature ranges from  500  to  600 deg.C with the line velosity of 30-40 m/sec; (3) the  2nd  plastic deformation process of the 3rd wire drawing process with reduction ratio of 81-85 % and the 4th wire drawing process  with  reduction ratio of 85-91 %; (4) the 2nd heat treating  process  of  the  2nd annealing process in furnace of 3  m  length  at  the  temperature ranges from 450 to 550 deg.C  with  the  line  velocity  of  15-25 m/ sec; (4) the 3rd plastic deformation process  of  the  5th  wire drawing process with reduction ratio of 74-76 % and the  6th  wire drawing process with reduction ratio of  62-66  %;  (5)  spreading insulating materials on the surface of Cu wire.
Patent KR-900000930-B1 (KR)
Title: Process making for red pepper of flour
Inventor: LIM HAN-SIG
IPC: A23L27/21
Filed: 1987-09-28
Granted: 1990-02-19
Abstract: A method for prepg. red pepper powder is presented.  The process is such that: (1) a large amount of red pepper is pretreated to remove metals, containants, and pesticides; (2) the pre-treated red pepper is pasteurized by infrared rays and crushed; (3) the red pepper crushed is dried by ultraviolet rays to give sanitated red pepper powder.
Patent KR-950006693-B1 (KR)
Inventor: YAMAGUCHI YASUHIRO
IPC: C21D9/56
Filed: 1987-09-30
Granted: 1995-06-21
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-900007550-B1 (KR)
Title: Sharp pencil
Inventor: YOICHI ANDO
IPC: B43K21/22
Filed: 1987-10-06
Granted: 1990-10-15
Abstract: The pen has a tubular casing with refill receiving shell inside. The inner and outer walls of the refill receiving shell (12) are conical. The refill receiving aperture (13) at the rear end is of greater dia. than the opposite end with guide channel (14) for the refill (18). At the other end of the receiving shell casing there is a guide casing (16) with one-piece clamping region (a). At the bottom of the refill casing (11) there is a removable tip (17).
Patent KR-910004636-B1 (KR)
Title: Vcr high-speed search system
Inventor: KIM KYUNG-SOO
IPC: G11B27/10
Filed: 1988-03-09
Granted: 1991-07-08
Abstract: The programs recorded on one tapes are  given  to  their  own number using a software program and  a  fixed  head  so  that  the wanted program can be easily searched by the number.  The  circuit includes a mixer for  synthsixing  the  audio  signal  and  signal having a certain duty generated by a microcomputer after detecting the  index key  operation,  a  filter  for  filtering  the  audio frequency band of a signal detected by the index search  head,  an amplifier (30) for amplifying the  detected  index  signal  and  a schmiat trigger circuit (40) for modulating the  amplified  signal to the rectangular signal.
Patent KR-920008752-B1 (KR)
Inventor: ISHIHARA HIDESHI
IPC: G03G15/08
Filed: 1988-05-04
Granted: 1992-10-09
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-920001115-B1 (KR)
Inventor: KIRI MOTOSADA
IPC: G01T1/29
Filed: 1988-05-14
Granted: 1992-02-01
Abstract: 내용 없음.
Patent KR-960011894-B1 (KR)
Inventor: PIERO ANDREOLA
IPC: C08L27/06
Filed: 1988-05-13
Granted: 1996-09-04
Abstract: 내용없음.
Patent KR-900004088-B1 (KR)
Title: Cosmetic compositions
Inventor: CHO IM-RAI
IPC: A61K8/14
Filed: 1988-06-18
Granted: 1990-06-15
Abstract: Cosmetic compsns. comprise (a) liposome suspended soln. (or aq. soln.) of superoxide dismutase 0.1-50 wt.%, (b) stabilizer 1-20 wt.% and (c) additive bal. wt.%. Mix aq. components (80-90 deg. C) and lipo components (75-85 deg.C) slowly, cool to 38-45 deg. C, add liposome supended soln. (or aq. soln.) of Cu.Znsuperoxide dismutase extd. from cow liver and cool to room temp. to give the cosmetic compsns.
Patent KR-910008397-B1 (KR)
Title: Magnetic tape memory device of helical scanning type
Inventor: KONNO KATSUDOSHI
IPC: G11B20/12
Filed: 1988-07-28
Granted: 1991-10-15
Abstract: A helical scan tape apparatus including a first pair of magnetic heads having mutually different azimuth angles disposed on a peripheral face of a rotary drum at an angle interval of 180 degrees so as to oppose each other, a second pair of magnetic heads disposed on of the rotary drum so as to be perpendicular to a disposition direction of the first magnetic heads, a magnetic tape helically wound around the rotary drum so as to extend over an angle of 90 degrees, the tape being moved while the drum is controlled to rotate in synchronism with a reference signal, the first magnetic heads having a wider gap width than a track pitch of tracks recorded on the tape without providing a guard band for enabling azimuth recording of a data signal on the tracks, the data signal being recorded repeatedly into a particular recording area, wherein the first magnetic heads are used substantially for recording and the second magnetic heads are used substantially for reproduction and are positioned with a downward shift in the height direction of the drum equivalent to half of a scanning width of the second magnetic heads as compared with said first magnetic heads. Alternatively, the second magnetic heads may be disposed with a predetermine amount of shift so that an end of said second magnetic heads opposite to a tape traveling direction is located within a track recorded in advance by a predetermined value.
Patent KR-910005402-B1 (KR)
Title: Manufacturing method of side wall transistor
Inventor: PARK HAN-SU
IPC: H01L29/68
Filed: 1988-09-16
Granted: 1991-07-29
Abstract: The method for forming transistors on the side of a substrate to improve the integration of a  device  comprises  the  steps  of forming a groove into a substrate, forming an  impurity  diffusion region (22) onto the substrate and forming an  impurity  diffusion region (23) under the groove; forming nonconductors (5,7)  beneath the groove and on both sides of the groove;  forming  a  sepration layer (24) for insulation between transistor  regions;  forming  a gate conductor (8) and a gate nonconductor (9) on the  both  sides of the groove; forming a capacitor (10,12,15) on the both sides of the groove and  on  the  diffusion  region  (22);  and  forming  a connection window (18) applying a conductive layer (19)  the  reon to form a grounding region.