baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-2021022838-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LAI GUHUANG
IPC: G09G3/3225
Filed: 2020-04-24
Abstract: A triggering driver circuit, which is used to provide a signal for a pixel driver circuit. The triggering driver circuit is used to generate a compensation control signal, a voltage input control signal, and a reset signal according to a received scan signal (Gn) or pull-up node signal (NetAn) outputted by a scanning driver circuit. The compensation control signal is used for a compensation period (Compensate) of the pixel driver circuit, the voltage input control signal is used for a voltage input time period (Data in) of the pixel driver circuit, and the reset signal is used for a reset time period (Reset) of the pixel driver circuit. The triggering driver circuit is further used to, according to a received clock signal (CKm(+n)), generate a light emission control signal used for a light emission time period (Emitting) of the pixel driver circuit. The described triggering driver circuit generates a triggering drive signal (En) by using a signal of an existing scanning driver circuit, and provides the triggering drive signal (En) to a pixel driver circuit, without requiring an additional line, thereby effectively reducing the size of the bezel of a panel.
Patent WO-2021114566-A1 (WO)
Title: 一种双源双绕组电机线控转向系统及其容错控制方法
Inventor: ZHOU XIAOCHUAN
IPC: B62D137/00
Filed: 2020-05-14
Abstract: 一种双源双绕组电机线控转向系统及其容错控制方法，系统包括：方向盘（1），转向管柱总成、路感总成、双绕组电机转向执行装置、电源容错装置（24）、主控制器（26）及电磁离合器（6）；具备电机绕组、电源双重硬件冗余功能，单个绕组出现故障，可以由另一个绕组在电源驱动下完成转向动作；单个电源出现故障，可以由另一个电源驱动绕组完成转向动作；当绕组和电源均出现故障，仍可通过机械转向完成转向动作；避免电源或绕组故障导致车辆完全丧失转向能力，增强了车辆转向安全性。
Patent WO-2021237680-A1 (WO)
Title: Dimming device and method of led
Inventor: MIDDEL TJACO
IPC: F21S6/00
Filed: 2020-05-29
Abstract: A dimming device and method of LED are provided. The dimming device includes: a light sensing element configured to receive a light from at least one light emitting diode, and transmit a controlling signal according to amount of the received light; a light blocking element configured between the light sensing element and the at least one light emitting diode; and a controlling element configured to receive the controlling signal and generate a setting signal according to the controlling signal to set a current or a correlated color temperature (CCT) of the at least one light emitting diode. Therefore, a current or CCT of LED can be set accurately and easily and reliability of controlling can be improved with a simple structure.
Patent WO-2020259225-A1 (WO)
Inventor: XIE HONGBIN
IPC: H01M10/44
Filed: 2020-06-02
Abstract: Procédé de charge de batterie, consistant à : pendant la charge de batterie, acquérir une valeur de changement de quantité électrique d'une batterie lorsque la tension de la batterie est chargée d'une tension initiale à une tension cible ; déterminer une valeur de changement de quantité électrique par unité de tension en fonction d'une valeur de différence de tension entre la tension cible et la tension initiale, et de la valeur de changement de quantité électrique ; et lorsque la valeur de changement de quantité électrique par unité de tension est inférieure ou égale à une valeur numérique prédéfinie, réduite un courant de charge agissant sur la batterie jusqu'à ce que la valeur de changement de tension unitaire soit supérieure à la valeur numérique prédéfinie.
Patent WO-2020253517-A1 (WO)
Inventor: REN YUWEI
IPC: H04W72/04
Filed: 2020-06-02
Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for demodulation reference signal (DMRS) bundling. Certain aspects are directed to a method for wireless communication. The method generally includes generating a message configuring transmission of a first demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and a second DMRS of a frame for DMRS bundling, the first DMRS being multiplexed with a control channel of the frame, transmitting the message to a user-equipment (UE), receiving the frame from the UE in accordance with the configuration, and demodulating the control channel of the frame by performing the DMRS bundling of the first DMRS and the second DMRS.
Patent WO-2021253198-A1 (WO)
Title: Clamping and placing device for liquid crystal television screen
Inventor: WU ZHENGKAI
IPC: B25B11/00
Filed: 2020-06-15
Abstract: Disclosed is a clamping and placing device for a liquid crystal television screen. The clamping and placing device comprises a long screw, an L-shaped block, a bar-shaped frame, a first air cylinder, a U-shaped plate, a slide bar, a bar-shaped square block, a fixed square plate, a square electromagnet, a driving roller, a conveyor belt, a rubber bar block, an operation table, a spacer block, a bar-shaped clamp block, a U-shaped bar frame, a square steel plate, a shielding layer, a sponge piece, a clamping plate, a first electric motor, a sliding block, a sliding groove, a second electric motor, a second air cylinder, a bar-shaped groove and a clamping piece. The present invention has a rational design, changes a conventional mechanical clamping structure, makes clamping more safe, avoids the risk of a sudden application of force from a mechanical clamp compressing and damaging a liquid crystal screen due to a fault, has a compact structure, achieves the function of clamping and moving the liquid crystal screen and packing same into a packaging box, saves on manpower resources, and solves the problem of the liquid crystal screen being inconvenient to carry by hand; and a next empty packaging box is located at the position of a previous packaging box by means of the running conveyor belt, and the packaged packaging box is moved to a next working procedure position, thereby maintaining the continuity of packaging, and improving the working efficiency.
Patent WO-2021232573-A1 (WO)
Title: Applications of incrna serving as specific marker for neonatal parenteral nutrition-related liver disease
Inventor: ZHU XUEPING
IPC: C12Q1/6883
Filed: 2020-07-19
Abstract: Provided are applications of IncRNA serving as a specific marker for a neonatal parenteral nutrition-related liver disease, the IncRNA being IncRNA RP11-372K14.2. Also provided is a diagnostic reagent kit for the neonatal parenteral nutrition-related disease, the reagent kit comprising a reagent for quantifying the expression of lncRNA RP11-372K14.2, the reagent comprising a qRT-PCR primer pair; the sequences of the qRT-PCR primer pair being SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.
Patent WO-2021068594-A1 (WO)
Inventor: BAI JIAN
IPC: G01M11/02
Filed: 2020-07-20
Abstract: 一种基于扩展旋转对称结构光照明的波前重建装置，该装置包括依次设置的激光器（1）、衰减镜（2）、显微物镜（3）、针孔（4）、准直透镜（5）、分光棱镜（6）、空间光调制器（7）、待测透镜（8）、图像采集装置（9）。还提供了一种基于扩展旋转对称结构光照明的波前重建方法，其利用空间光调制器将入射的平行光调制为类相位光栅的结构光，通过改变空间光调制器的调制图案、利用空间光调制器的像素单元不是无限小的特性，使之生成不同的结构光，通过在焦平面采集衍射光斑，利用算法同时更新目标面与结构光面，不仅恢复出待测目标，也恢复出真实的结构光波前，克服由于未精确已知结构光信息带来的恢复误差。
Patent WO-2022016402-A1 (WO)
Title: Optical system, image capturing module, electronic device, and automobile
Inventor: TSAI HSIUNG-YU
IPC: G02B13/00
Filed: 2020-07-22
Abstract: An optical system (100), sequentially comprising, from an object side to an image side: a first lens (L1) having a negative refractive power, an object side surface (S1) being convex at a paraxial position, and an image side surface (S2) being concave at a paraxial position; a second lens (L2) having a negative refractive power, an object side surface (S3) being concave at a paraxial position, and an image side surface (S4) being concave at a paraxial position; a third lens (L3) having a positive refractive power; a stop (STO); a fourth lens (L4) having a positive refractive power; a fifth lens (L5) having a positive refractive power; and a sixth lens (L6) having a negative refractive power; the optical system (100) satisfies a conditional expression -20 ≤ f5*f6/f ≤ -10, in which f5 is an effective focal length of the fifth lens (L5), f6 is an effective focal length of the sixth lens (L6), and f is an effective focal length of the optical system (100).
Patent WO-2022016414-A1 (WO)
Inventor: GUO SHAOZHEN
IPC: H04W72/14
Filed: 2020-07-22
Abstract: Divers aspects de la présente divulgation portent d'une manière générale sur la communication sans fil. Selon certains aspects, un équipement utilisateur (UE) peut déterminer des ressources d'un octroi configuré qui doivent être utilisées pour transmettre des répétitions d'un ou plusieurs blocs de transport sur la base, au moins en partie, d'au moins l'une d'une quantité d'intervalles consécutifs indiqués pour l'octroi configuré ou d'une quantité d'opportunités de canal partagé de liaison montante physique consécutives pour chaque intervalle indiqué pour l'octroi configuré. L'UE peut transmettre les répétitions du ou des blocs de transport dans les ressources déterminées de l'octroi configuré. La divulgation concerne également de nombreux autres aspects.
Patent WO-2021253572-A1 (WO)
Title: Capacitor and inductor embedded structure and manufacturing method therefor, and substrate
Inventor: CHEN XIANMING
IPC: H01L23/64
Filed: 2020-07-24
Abstract: Disclosed are a capacitor and inductor embedded structure and a manufacturing method therefor, and a substrate. The method comprises the steps of: providing a metal plate; sequentially depositing a first protection layer, a thin film dielectric layer, a second protection layer, and an upper electrode layer on an upper surface of the metal plate, and etching the first protection layer, the thin film dielectric layer, the second protection layer, and the upper electrode layer to form a thin film capacitor and a capacitor upper electrode; pressing an upper dielectric layer to the upper surface of the metal plate, covering the thin film capacitor and the capacitor upper electrode, and etching the metal plate to form a capacitor lower electrode; pressing a lower dielectric layer to a lower surface of the metal plate, and performing drilling on the upper dielectric layer and the lower dielectric layer to form an inductor through hole and a capacitor electrode through hole; electroplating metal to form an inductor and a circuit layer, wherein the inductor is provided in the inductor through hole; the circuit layer is communicated with the inductor and the capacitor electrode through hole; and depositing a solder mask layer on the upper and lower surfaces, and photoetching the solder mask layer to form an electrode window of the circuit layer. The present application can thin the substate and achieve the miniaturization of encapsulation.
Patent WO-2022000652-A1 (WO)
Inventor: WU JUN
IPC: H04R1/02
Filed: 2020-07-25
Abstract: Provided is a loudspeaker. The loudspeaker comprises a housing, which is provided with an accommodation space, and a loudspeaker unit; the housing is provided with a first surface, a second surface and side surfaces, and the housing extends from the side surfaces to form a first limiting block and a second limiting block that are arranged at an interval in the direction of vibration; and the first limiting block and the second limiting block, together with the side surfaces, respectively enclose to form a first limiting groove and a second limiting groove that are oppositely arranged. The loudspeaker further comprises a connector, which comprises a fixed portion and a connecting portion; two opposite ends of the fixed portion are slidably inserted into the first limiting groove and the second limiting groove, respectively; the connecting portion is located between the first limiting block and the second limiting block and is penetratingly provided with through holes; and the through holes are arranged at intervals from the first limiting block and the second limiting block in the direction of vibration. According to the loudspeaker provided by the present invention, the housing can lack fixing features, such as screw holes, so that the structure of the housing is simplified, and the miniaturization of the housing is facilitated; moreover, fixation on the housing can be achieved by means of rear assembly.
Patent WO-2022021029-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHANG XUE
IPC: G06N3/08
Filed: 2020-07-27
Abstract: A detection model training method and device, a detection model using method and a storage medium. The method comprises: performing feature extraction on a sample image by means of a first detection model to obtain first feature information, and performing feature extraction on the sample image by means of a trained second detection model to obtain second feature information (S101); on the basis of position information of a target object in the sample image, determining a salient region corresponding to the target object (S102); acquiring first salient region features according to the first feature information and the salient region, and acquiring second salient region features according to the second feature information and the salient region (S103); and adjusting parameters of the first detection model according to the first salient region features and the second salient region features to obtain a trained first detection model (S104). The training reliability and accuracy of the first detection model are improved.
Patent WO-2022021240-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHAO XU
IPC: H04L29/12
Filed: 2020-07-30
Abstract: A thermal-aware scheduling method based on operating modes of cooling components is disclosed. A scheduling system may receive a task to be assigned to a server cluster including a plurality of servers. The scheduling system may estimate or determine respective operating modes of cooling components of the plurality of servers based at least in part on power and performance status information of the plurality of servers and environment information of the server cluster using corresponding operating mode estimation models. The scheduling system may then select a server from among the plurality of servers based on the respective operating modes, and assign the task to be assigned to the selected server.
Patent WO-2022041288-A1 (WO)
Inventor: XIE XINQIAN
IPC: H04W72/04
Filed: 2020-08-31
Abstract: Disclosed are a signal transmission method and a related apparatus. In the method, first indication information is used for indicating one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port sets, and second indication information is used for indicating N first DMRS ports associated with a first signal, wherein N is greater than or equal to 1. A terminal device receives the first indication information, the second indication information and the first signal from a network device, and processes the first signal according to the first indication information and the second indication information, such that an interference signal can be suppressed. In addition, by means of the first indication information received by the terminal device, the terminal device is informed, by one or more DMRS ports, of a DMRS port with strong interference, rather than each DMRS port with strong interference respectively being indicated. Therefore, the method facilitates the reduction in signaling overheads required for informing the terminal device of a DMRS port with strong interference.
Patent WO-2021073410-A1 (WO)
Title: 法律证据的排序和推荐方法、装置、设备及存储介质
Inventor: LING LAN
IPC: G06F16/33
Filed: 2020-09-28
Abstract: 一种法律证据的排序和推荐方法、装置、设备及存储介质。法律证据的排序和推荐方法包括：获取预置证据项的目标特征，预置证据项为预置争议焦点中的证据项集合，目标特征包括预置证据项频率和预置逆争议焦点频率（101）；根据预置树模型对目标特征进行处理，得到目标特征的权重（102）；对目标特征和目标特征的权重进行加权平均计算，得到预置证据项的目标权重（103）；将预置证据项的目标权重存储到预置法律知识图谱中（104）；当接收到目标终端发送的检索请求时，从预置法律知识图谱中确定证据指引数据，并将证据指引数据推送到目标终端，证据指引数据用于指示目标权重大于预置阈值的预置证据项（105）。上述方法通过确定证据项的目标特征和证据项的权重，根据证据项的权重进行证据项排序和推送，提高证据指引的正确率和效率。
Patent WO-2021063422-A1 (WO)
Title: Efficient resource reservation for lte-m and nb-iot
Inventor: MOZAFFARI MOHAMMAD
IPC: H04W28/26
Filed: 2020-10-09
Abstract: There is provided network node (110, 550) for handling communication of wireless devices (121, 650) in a wireless communication network (100). The network node comprises processing circuitry (551) configured to send a first configuration message to a wireless device, wherein the first configuration message comprises a resource reservation scheme. The resource reservation scheme comprises at least one bitmap indicating at least one reserved resource, wherein the at least one bitmap indicates reserved resources within a subframe, and wherein resources carrying a predefined reference signal have been excluded from the bitmap. There is also provided a corresponding wireless device (121, 650) for communicating with a network node (110, 550) in a wireless communication network (100), and corresponding methods performed by a network node and a wireless device.
Patent WO-2021043333-A1 (WO)
Inventor: FENG YINHUA
IPC: B64C27/08
Filed: 2020-10-23
Abstract: 本发明公开了一种拍摄控制方法、装置、飞行器及飞行系统，其中，该拍摄控制方法应用于飞行器，所述飞行器设置有摄像装置，所述方法包括：识别用户的第一肢体特征；根据所述第一肢体特征生成对应的提示指令；发送所述提示指令给与所述飞行器通信连接的终端设备，以使所述终端设备根据所述提示指令生成对应的提示信息；获取响应所述提示信息的响应指令；根据所述响应指令控制所述摄像装置执行相应的摄像操作。本发明提供了一种更优的飞行器拍摄控制方法。
Patent WO-2021083128-A1 (WO)
Title: Sound processing method and apparatus thereof
Inventor: LIU SHITAO
IPC: G06F3/16
Filed: 2020-10-27
Abstract: Disclosed are a sound processing method and apparatus thereof, which are applied to a terminal device comprising a plurality of sound configuration parameter groups. The terminal device can be a terminal device based on artificial intelligence (AI). The method comprises: where a screen display parameter of a terminal device meets a sound adjustment condition, acquiring a current screen display parameter; determining a first sound configuration parameter group from among a plurality of above-mentioned sound configuration parameter groups according to the current screen display parameter; and updating a second sound configuration parameter group as the first sound configuration parameter group, wherein the second sound configuration parameter group is a sound configuration parameter group currently initiated by the terminal device. By means of implementation of the embodiments of the present application, an audio effect can be flexibly adjusted, and the intelligence and the flexibility of the terminal device are improved.
Patent WO-2021068983-A1 (WO)
Title: 一种基于智能声信息识别的焊后焊缝冲击质量判别方法及系统
Inventor: HUA LIANG
IPC: G01N29/00
Filed: 2020-10-28
Abstract: 一种基于智能声信息识别的焊后焊缝冲击质量判别方法及系统，包括：控制超声冲击枪（1）枪头以不同的处理压力、处理速度、处理角度和冲击频率对焊后焊缝进行冲击处理，获取冲击处理过程中的声信号，计算声信号的特征值，构建包含多种应力处理情况的声信号样本集；根据焊后焊缝的冲击处理质量测定结果对声信号样本集进行标注；建立多权值神经网络模型，利用经过标注的声信号样本集对多权值神经网络模型进行训练；获取待判别焊后焊缝冲击处理声信号的特征值，将特征值输入经过训练的多权值神经网络，输出待判别焊后焊缝冲击处理质量的判断结果。声音信号采集硬件平台包括：超声冲击枪（1）、移动操作平台（2）、待处理焊件（3）、自由场传声器（4）、声音振动分析仪（5）和PC机（6）。
Patent WO-2022082860-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LIU ZHIDAN
IPC: G06F16/901
Filed: 2020-11-02
Abstract: 一种轻量级的高效图顶点重排方法，所述方法包括：加载需进行ID重排的图，并进行预处理，确定种子点（S1）；选择种子点，并通过种子点生成超顶点（S2）；根据超顶点为需进行ID重排的图的顶点分配新ID，从而实现图顶点重排（S3）。所述方法通过合并低入度顶点再分配ID的方法，使得合并顶点的共同邻居拥有相近的ID，由于在进行ID重排时总是依据当前顶点直接相连的顶点信息，属于局部信息，在实现局部最优的同时能够快速完成重排操作，故所述方法可提高图顶点重排效率。
Patent WO-2021088835-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LIU HONGBIN
IPC: H04N19/186
Filed: 2020-11-04
Abstract: A method of video processing is described. The method includes determining, for a conversion between a current video unit of a video comprising one or more video blocks and a bitstream representation of the video, a padding process used for padding unavailable samples during application of a cross-component adaptive loop filtering (CC-ALF) tool to at least some video blocks of the current video unit according to a rule; and performing the conversion based on the determining, and wherein the rule specifies that the padding process is also used for padding unavailable samples during application of an adaptive loop filtering (ALF) tool to one or more video blocks of the current video unit.
Patent WO-2022088263-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LIU LIMING
IPC: C12R1/19
Filed: 2020-11-12
Abstract: 公开了一种高效生产琥珀酸的重组大肠杆菌及其构建方法，敲除E.coli 产琥珀酸菌株FMME-N-5的副产物编码基因得到菌株E.coli FMME-N-5(ΔfocA-pflB-ΔldhA-Δpta-ackA)；将质粒pTrcHisA-pck-ptxD导入该菌株中过表达产琥珀酸放线杆菌磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶pck和施式芽孢杆菌亚磷酸酯脱氢酶ptxD，筛选获得高效生产琥珀酸的工程菌E.coli FMME-N-5(ΔfocA-pflB-ΔldhA-Δpta-ackA)-pck-ptxD；该工程菌株在7.5L发酵罐上采用两阶段发酵策略，发酵96h，琥珀酸产量达到了137g/L，琥珀酸得率达到1g/g葡萄糖、生产强度为1.43g/L/h，副产物乳酸、甲酸不积累，乙酸1-2g/L。
Patent WO-2021098630-A1 (WO)
Title: 进入休眠行为的方法和终端
Inventor: LI DONGRU
IPC: H04W52/02
Filed: 2020-11-16
Abstract: 本公开实施例提供一种进入休眠行为的方法和终端，该方法包括：本公开实施例中，接收指示终端进入休眠行为的指示信息；在满足生效条件的情况下，终端依据指示信息进入休眠行为，其中，生效条件包括如下至少一项：已调度数据传输成功；已调度数据的传输达到最大重传次数；第一定时器超时。
Patent WO-2021115068-A1 (WO)
Title: 一种具有3d测量功能的胶囊内窥镜及相应成像方法
Inventor: ZHANG YIZHOU
IPC: A61B1/00
Filed: 2020-11-17
Abstract: 一种胶囊内窥镜，核心为双目成像系统(2)，其采用双物镜单图像传感器的设计。双目成像系统(2)包括棱镜单元以及与棱镜单元配合使用的一个图像传感器(27)。棱镜单元包括两块相同的45°角斜方棱镜，两块斜方棱镜以相互交错180°的方位关系并排放置并且光路出射面在一个平面内，分别对应图像传感器(27)靶面上的两个均分区域。胶囊内窥镜光学结构紧凑，可实现对病变区的彩色成像，也可以获得3D测量的功能，同时整体制作成本也得到降低。
Patent WO-2021135897-A1 (WO)
Title: Ceramic-plastic composite, preparation method for same, and applications thereof
Inventor: XU JING
IPC: B29C45/14
Filed: 2020-12-11
Abstract: A ceramic-plastic composite, a preparation method for same, and applications thereof. The ceramic-plastic composite comprises: a composite zirconia ceramic and a plastic material bonded on the surface of the composite zirconia ceramic, where, with the total mass of the composite zirconia ceramic serving as a reference, the composite zirconia ceramic contains 90-99 wt% zirconia and an additive selected from at least one of zinc oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, and titanium oxide.
Patent WO-2022110376-A1 (WO)
Inventor: MA KEJUN
IPC: H01R13/502
Filed: 2020-12-16
Abstract: A rotary power charger, comprising a ball (4), a first rotating support (5), a second rotating support (6), and an upper cover (7) which are physically connected. The first rotating support (5) and the second rotating support (6) are sleeved at the interior of the ball (4); the ball (4) is further combined and fixed to the upper cover (7); cylindrical rotating structures are provided on respective two ends of the first rotating support (5) and the second rotating support (6) to respectively form a first rotating structure (11) and a second rotating structure (12); a third rotating structure (13) is further provided at the bottom of the second rotating support (6); the first rotating structure (11) is connected to the upper cover (7) to achieve rotation by any angle in the horizontal direction; the second rotating structure (12) is connected to the ball (4) and then further connected to the third rotating structure (13) to achieve rotation by any angle in the vertical direction. In the rotary power charger, a charger head can rotate by any angle, thereby avoiding the adverse consequences of bending and breaking of a data line; the ball (4) is further made of a soft material such as silica gel, thereby improving user experience.
Patent WO-2022021754-A1 (WO)
Inventor: MENG CHUANG
IPC: A01G9/24
Filed: 2020-12-17
Abstract: An irrigation bracket for a greenhouse of flowers and plants, comprising a bracket plate (1), a linkage bin (2), a rotary driving device (3), a ventilating device (4) and a centrifugal adjustable scattering irrigation rig (5). The linkage bin (2) is provided on the bottom wall of the bracket plate (1), one end of the ventilating device (4) penetrates through the bottom wall of the linkage bin (2) and is provided on the upper wall in the linkage bin (2), the other end of the ventilating device (4) is provided outside the linkage bin (2), the rotary driving device (3) is provided on the upper wall of the bracket plate (1), one end of the rotary driving device (3) penetrates through the bracket plate (1) and the upper wall of the linkage bin (2) and is connected to the ventilating device (4), and the centrifugal adjustable scattering irrigation rig (5) is provided on the bottom wall of the linkage bin (2). The irrigation bracket belongs to the technical field of seedling raising of the flowers and plants. According to the irrigation bracket for the greenhouse of the flowers and plants, an outward-convex design serves as a receiving surface for receiving irrigating water, water is uniformly sprinkled to the flowers and plants in the greenhouse in the form of water drops by a size-adjustable centrifugal force, and the defect during the traditional irrigation that the volume of sprinkled water obtained by an area close to a center of circle and an area close to the outside of circumference is obviously smaller than that obtained by a middle area is overcome.