Patent GB-1130015-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to fuel for nuclear reactors
IPC: G21C3/04
Filed: 1966-04-13
Abstract: 1,130,015. Fuel elements. GULF GENERAL ATOMIC Inc. 13 April, 1966 [19 April, 1965], No. 16145/66. Heading G6C. A fuel element comprises an outer sealed can surrounding the nuclear fuel and a material which is fluid at the operating temperature of the fuel element substantially filling the can, a region of the fuel element being free of nuclear fuel and the surrounding sealed can including a flexible portion at the location of the fuel-free region which flexes in response to a pressure differential across the can to equalize the pressure internally and externally of the fuel element. The fuel element which is designed for use in a fast gas-cooled reactor, such as that described in Specification 1097,745, is divided into four functional regions: a fuelled region 23, upper and lower blanket regions 25, 27 wherein fertile and/or neutron-reflective material is disposed and, between the upper blanket region 25 and a top closure 15, a void region 29 wherein gaseous fission products are accumulated. The fuel in region 23 is in the form of short compacts 31 'each having an axial central hole 33 and comprises a mixture of uranium and plutonium (U-238, Pu-239 and Pu-240), preferably in the carbide form. In an example, the mixture comprises a ratio by weight of about 1: 6, PuC: UC. U-235 or U-233 might be used as the fissile material instead of Pu. Suitable materials from which the pellets for the upper and lower blankets can be made include compounds of U-238 or Th and/or Be for reflection and local spectrum moderating. The pellets 35 in the upper blanket region 25 are provided with axially extending holes 39 which are aligned with the holes 33 in the fuel compacts 31. The fuel element can 13 may be of stainless steel or a Cr-Ni alloy. That part of the can 13 not occupied by solid components is filled with a substance 41 preferably liquid at the operating temperature, such as Na or K. To prevent upward shifting of the upper pellets 35, a porous frusto-conical plug 51 located by a neck in the can 13 is positioned between the void region 29 and the upper blanket region 25, a coil spring 53 being compressed between the plug 51 and the uppermost pellet 35. A portion of the wall of the can 13 adjacent the void region 29 has a cross-section of dumb-bell shape. The external pressure of the coolant stream is communicated to the fluid substance 41 by deformation of the dumb-bell portion, and this pressure is transmitted throughout the entire interior 21 of the fuel element virtually eliminating any pressure differential between the interior and the exterior of the can wall adjacent the fuelled region 23. Internal support means may be disposed within the void region 29, being especially important when the fluid substance 41 is gaseous. Fission product gases find their way upward through the plug 51 into the void region 29 where they accumulate, the potential pressure build-up being accommodated by expansion of the dumb-bell portion. The plug 51 may be made of stainless steel through which extend a plurality of small holes. The fluid substance 41 in the annular gap between the fuel compacts 31 and reflector pellets 35, 37 and the can 13 is at a lower temperature than that in the central passageway formed by the aligned holes 33, 39. Accordingly, a strong natural convection current is set up in the vertical fuel element being upward through the central passageway into the void region 29 and downward in the annular gap. The void region 29 is maintained at a lower temperature than the rest of the fuel element by circulating the coolant downward past the fuel element and serves as a cold trap in which oxides and other contaminants, including partially soluble fission products, carried by the fluid substance 41 are deposited. A filtering arrangement 61 may be included within the void region 29, a conduit 63 extending from the centre hole 39 of the uppermost reflector pellet 35, through the porous plug 51, and upward through a porous filter 65, e.g. of sintered stainless steel. The flexible portion may alternatively be formed by a plurality of circumferential convolutions in the can 13, in which case provision must be made for axial movement of the fuel element. A number of the above-described fuel elements are arranged in a cluster, being supported within a tubular square cross-section shell between top and bottom support frames and with a honeycomb spacer frame adjacent the dumb-bell portions. The axis of each dumb-bell portion is positioned along the diagonal of a square crosssection passageway through the honeycomb spacer frame, there being continuous 4-point contact between the fuel element cladding and the enclosing square in the spacer frame.