Patent GB-445274-A (GB)
Title: Process for the treatment of distillable carbonaceous materials with hydrogenating gases
IPC: F28F19/06
Filed: 1934-09-29
Abstract: In the production of valuable carbonaceous materials by treatment continuously with hydrogenating gases of distillable carbonaceous materials under high pressure of 100 atmospheres or more in the presence of hydrogen halides or volatile halogen compounds derived from added halogen, hydrogen halides, or volatile halogen compounds, corrosion of the apparatus is avoided by coating or lining those parts where the gases and vapours have a temperature between 200 and 350 DEG C. and especially between 230 and 300 DEG C., with silver or an alloy rich in silver. The reaction vessel, inlet and outlet pipes, preheaters, heat-exchanger coolers, separators, distillation towers, &c. may be coated. Suitable alloys are those of copper, manganese, aluminium, cadmium, magnesium, antimony, tin and zinc. The coatings may be applied by galvanic plating, by contact with silver at high temperatures, or by casting followed by boring. The invention may be applied to the conversion of sulphur or oxygen-containing organic compounds, e.g. phenols or cresols, into hydrocarbons and to the hydrogenation of unsaturated or aromatic compounds.  The reactions are carried out at temperatures between 250 and 700 DEG  C., more particularly between 380 and 550 DEG  C., and under pressures of 100,200,...1000 atmospheres.  The amount of hydrogen per ton of material is generally 400,600,...2000 cubic metres.  Several reaction vessels may be employed having different temperatures, pressures and catalysts.  Hydrogenating gases may consist of hydrogen alone, or water gas, or hydrogen mixed with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, water vapour, methane or other hydrocarbon.  Suitable catalysts include molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, chromium, tin, lead, vanadium, rhenium, manganese, zinc, cadmium, aluminium, cobalt, or compounds thereof; more particularly the hydroxides and sulphides of the metals of the sixth group of the periodic system.  Specifications 249,155, 277,273, 282,384, 293,077, 311,628, [all in Class 32], 341,153, and 365,619, [both in Group III], are referred to.ALSO:In the production of valuable carbonaceous materials by treatment continuously with hydrogenating gases of distillable carbonaceous materials under high pressure of 100 atmospheres or more in the presence of hydrogen halides or volatile halogen compounds derived from added halogen, hydrogen halides, or volatile halogen compounds, corrosion of the apparatus is avoided by coating or lining those parts where the gases and vapours have a temperature between 200--350 DEG  C., with silver or an alloy rich in silver.  Particular reference is made to destructive hydrogenation under pressure wherein chlorine, carbon tetrachloride or ammonium chloride is added.  The reaction vessel, inlet and outlet pipes, preheaters, heat-exchanger coolers, separators, distillation towers, &c., may be coated with silver or silver alloy.  In some cases only these parts which attain temperatures of 230--300 DEG  C., are protected.  The coatings may be applied by galvanic plating, by contact at high temperatures with silica, or by casting followed by boring. Suitable silver alloys are those containing copper, manganese, aluminium, cadmium, magnesium, antimony, tin and zinc.  The invention may be applied to the destructive hydrogenation of coal, lignite, peat, shales, wood, mineral oils, tar, etc.; also to removal of sulphur or oxygen-containing substances or nitrogen compounds from crude benzol, motor fuels or lubricating oils; and the conversion of sulphur or oxygen-containing organic compounds into hydrocarbons, e.g. phenols or cresols into the corresponding cyclic hydrocarbons and to the hydrogenation of unsaturated or aromatic compounds. The reactions are carried out at temperatures between 250--700 DEG  C., e.g. 380--550 DEG  C. and under pressures, of 100, 200--1000 atmospheres. The amount of hydrogen per ton of material is generally 400, 600, ... 2000 cubic metres. Several reaction vessels having different-temperatures, pressures and catalysts may be employed.  The carbonaceous materials may be treated in liquid, solid or gaseous phase.  Hydrogenating gases may consist of hydrogen alone or mixtures containing hydrogen, e.g. hydrogen and nitrogen, water gas or hydrogen with carbon dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, water vapour, methane or other hydrocarbons.  Suitable catalysts which may be employed include molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, uranium, tin, lead, vanadium, rhenium, manganese, zinc, cadmium, aluminium, cobalt, or compounds thereof; more particularly the hydroxide or sulphides of the metals of the sixth group of the periodic system.  In an example, in the catalytic destructive hydrogenation under pressure of bituminous coal, to which carbon tetrachloride is added in such amount that 0,75 per cent of chlorine is present on the total amount of coal, the parts of the apparatus coming into contact with reaction products and gases in the temperature range 200--320 DEG  C., are coated with silver.  Specifications 249,155, 277,273, 282,384, 293,077, 311,628, [all in Class 32], 341,153 and 365,619 are referred to.