baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent IE-33694-L (IE)
Title: Liquid detergent compositions
IPC: C11D7/08
Filed: 1970-01-13
Abstract: 1292352 Non-aqueous built liquid detergents UNILEVER Ltd 14 Jan 1970 [17 Jan 1969] 1891/70 Heading C5D A non-aqueous built liquid detergent composition comprises a liquid detergent surfactant, a carrier consisting of highly voluminous metal oxide or metalloid oxide having a particle size of 1 to 100 mÁ, an average surface area of 50- 800 m.<SP>2</SP>/g. and a bulk density of from 10 to 180 g./litre, an organic and/or inorganic builder salt and from 0À02 to 5% by wt. of a proton-donating acid substance (A). Substances (A) may be inorganic or organic acids, acid salts, e.g. KHSO 4 , disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid and acid anhydrides such as acetic, phthalic and succinic anhydrides. The surfactants are preferably non-ionic and may be mixed with anionic, cationic or amphoteric detergents including soaps. The carrier may be silica, alumina, magnesia, ferric oxide or titanium oxide. The organic builder salts may be alkali metal salts of aminopolycarboxylic acids, ethane hydroxyphosphonic acid, aminophosphonic acids, copolymers of ethylene with maleic anhydride, polyacrylates, alkenylsuccinates and sodium phytate. Inorganic builders are alkali meal poly-, pyro- and meta-phosphates, silicates, borates and carbonates. Optional ingredients are (a) emulsifiers, e.g. lauric diethanolamide, (b) bleaches, e.g. sodium perborate, (c) enzymes, (d) solvents, e.g. ethyl alcohol, benzene and dimethylsulphoxide, (e) bactericides and other detergent auxiliaries. Specification 1,270,040 is referred to.
[GB1292352A]
Patent IE-870114-L (IE)
Title: Cross-linked polyurethane resin
IPC: A61L33/10
Filed: 1987-01-20
Abstract: Synthetic material apt to stably adsorb high quantities of heparin, consisting of a polyurethane resin, cross-linked with copolymeric chains in correspondence of at least part of its own urethane groups <IMAGE> as per the following general formula: <IMAGE> +TR <IMAGE> wherein, PU--- is a polyurethanic polymeric chain, R1 is an alkyl or aralkyl, containing functional groups inert to isocyanates, R2 is an alkylene, R3 is an alkylene, arylene or other bivalent organic radical, and Rn is a polyamidoaminic radical; and process for the production of said material.
[US4944767A]
Patent IE-890208-L (IE)
Title: Ws-9326a, ws-9326b and their derivatives
IPC: C12P1/06
Filed: 1989-01-24
Abstract: This application relates to new compounds called WS-9326A, WS-9326B, and their derivatives having valuable pharmaceutical properties and which are obtainable by culturing a WS-9326A and/or WS-9326B producing strain belonging to the genus Streptomyces in nutrient medium and recovering such compounds or salts thereof from the resultant cultured broth. The invention also relates to a process for the production of such compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. The invention furthermore relates to a biologically pure culture of the microorgnism Streptomyces violaceoniger No. 9326 (FERM BP-1667).
Patent IE-44439-L (IE)
Title: Container with dispensing means
IPC: B65D83/04
Filed: 1977-02-09
Abstract: 1512938 Dispensing containers A VON SCHUCKMANN 4 Feb 1977 [25 Aug 1976] 04717/77 Heading B8P A container, e.g. for dispensing tablets 2 one at a time comprises a discharge opening 4, two discharge ducts 5, 7 or 14, 22 and a dispensing control slide 6 or 23, the slide 6 or 23 moving freely in the duct 5 or 22 on inverting the container to allow a dose, e.g. one tablet 2<SP>1</SP> to be discharged. An internal storage space has guide surfaces 10 or 18 which guide the tablets 2 into the first discharge duct 7 or 14.
[GB1512938A]
Patent IE-37441-L (IE)
Title: Package
IPC: B65D77/02
Filed: 1973-03-22
Abstract: A tray-like storage and display package is formed from a flexible material, which is preferably transparent, such as polyethylene which is wrapped about the sides of an array of containers and underlies at least a portion of the bottom of the array. Handles preferably formed by the film itself as a result of the folding pattern used in assembling the package, are provided. The film normally has little or no tension about the array of containers thereby allowing free removal of containers. The position of the handle means is such that the application of lifting force to them also imparts circumferential tension tightening the material thereby uniting the containers into an integral unit to allow handling.
[US3826363A]
Patent IE-870646-L (IE)
Title: Drill bit cone
IPC: E21B10/22
Filed: 1987-03-12
Abstract: A medium to high carbon steel body of a roller cone for a drilling bit is machined to final dimensions, and is thereafter rendered absorbent to laser light by application of black paint or black etch. Holes for hard tungsten carbide or like inserts are drilled in the light absorbent steel body. The entire steel body, including the holes, is subjected to a laser treatment which, however, is effective to raise to above austenitizing temperature only the dark light absorbent surfaces. Walls of the insert holes, being shiny, reflect the laser light and are not effected by it. Rapid self-quenching of the laser heated surfaces results in a hard martensitic layer in the external surface, with a surface hardness of 57 to 60 Rockwell C units. The seal gland, heel, and spindle bore areas of the roller cones are hardened similarly by exposure to laser light. In an alternative process, the hard tungsten carbide or like inserts are press fitted into the holes before the laser treatment. The subsequent laser treatment does not affect the inserts adversely, because the inserts, too, have shiny light reflective surfaces, and therefore do not absorb the laser light.
[US4708752A]
Patent IE-850712-L (IE)
Title: Preparation of crystalline salts of¹acetoacetamide-n-sulphofluoride.
IPC: A23L27/30
Filed: 1985-03-20
Abstract: Crystalline salts of acetoacetamide-N-sulfofluoride are prepared by reacting amidosulfofluoride H2NSO2F with diketene in the presence of inorganic bases, preferably alkali metal carbonates and/or hydrogencarbonates, in particular potassium carbonate, in an inert organic solvent. The salts can be further processed with further base, for example with methanolic KOH, into salts of 6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxide; the potassium salt, in particular, is important for use as a sweetener ("Acesulfame").
Patent IE-32184-L (IE)
Title: Preparing 4-fluoro-3-nitroaniline
IPC: C07C209/76
Filed: 1968-07-02
Abstract: 1,187,534. Fluoronitroaniline. CLAIROL Inc. 3 July, 1968 [2 Nov., 1967; 1 May, 1968], No. 31824/68. Heading C2C. [Also in Division C4] 4-Fluoro-3-nitroaniline is prepared by reacting p-fluoroaniline with a nitrating agent under anhydrous conditions. A mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid is a suitable nitrating agent. The reaction mixture may be mixed with cold dilute hydrochloric acid to dissolve and separate the 4-fluoro-3-nitroaniline therefrom, and the required product recovered from this acid solution by making it alkaline.
[GB1187534A]
Patent FI-850569-L (FI)
Inventor: ERIKSSON INGEMAR
IPC: G01M3/26
Filed: 1985-02-12
Abstract: A method and a device for testing the tightness of an engine of the kind having at least one cylinder (1 ),a piston (2) movable therein and a crankcase (3) with crank means (4, 5), which are drivable by the piston, is based on measuring of the leakage of gases passing the piston into the crankcase by connection of a measuring apparatus (8) so that it communicates with the interior of the crank case.
Patent IE-851011-L (IE)
Title: Antioestrogenic phenol derivatives
IPC: C07D207/16
Filed: 1985-04-19
Abstract: Mono- or bis-complex esters or ethers of a phenol derivative of the formulawherein NU is a defined mono- or bis-phenolic nucleus including a hydroxyphenyl-hydroxynaphthyl;hydroxyphenyl-hydroxyindanyl, hydroxyphenyl-hydroxy--benzothienyl or di-hydrdxyphenyl-ethylene or vinylene nucleus;wherein A is alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene which may be interrupted by phenylene or other linkages,wherein R'is hydrogen, or alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, halogenoalkyl, aryl or arylalkyl, or R' is joined to R<sup>2</sup>, and wherein X is -CONR<sup>2</sup>-, -CSNR<sup>2</sup>-,-NR<sup>12</sup>CO-, -NR<sup>12</sup>CS-, -NR<sup>12</sup>CONR<sup>2</sup>-,-SO<sub>2</sub>NR<sup>2</sup>- or -CO-, or, when R<sup>1</sup> is not hydrogen, is -NR<sup>12</sup>COO-, -S-, -SO- or -S0<sub>2</sub>-, wherein R<sup>2</sup> is hydrogen or alkyl, or R<sup>1</sup> and R<sup>2</sup> together form alkylene;wherein R<sup>12</sup> is hydrogen or alkyl, and wherein R<sup>22</sup> is hydrogen, cyano or nitro;or a salt thereof when appropriate. The compounds possess antioestrogenic activity and may be used for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast tumours or of anovulatory infertility.
Patent IE-41542-L (IE)
Title: Blood filtration unit
IPC: B01D35/28
Filed: 1975-05-27
Abstract: A blood filtration unit for filtering multiple units of blood comprising means for attaching the unit to a blood reservoir, a drip chamber and a segmental filtration compartment for filtering blood.
[US3954623A]
Patent IE-39498-L (IE)
Title: Clamping device e.g. for clamping a wheel during tyre¹changing
IPC: B60B30/06
Filed: 1974-06-13
Abstract: A clamping device for a workpiece, in particular a wheel during a tire changing operation, comprising a supporting base, an upright post wich protrudes through the workpiece e.g. the central hole of a wheel and a securing member e.g. a tube or a plate, which may be non-rotatably positioned on the post. A projection on the member engages with the workpiece e.g. a bolt hole of the wheel, whereby on application of a force tending to rotate the workpiece the engagement of the workpiece with projection and member with post prevents rotation of the workpiece.
[US3930530A]
Patent IE-34665-L (IE)
Title: Isothioureas
IPC: C07D249/08
Filed: 1970-10-19
Abstract: 1296544 Antihistamines SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES Ltd 26 Oct 1970 [29 Oct 1969] 52890/69 Heading A5B [Also in Division C2] Pharmaceutical compositions in conventional forms and having antihistamine activity other than at the H1 site comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a comcompound of formula wherein n is from 2 to 4; A is such that it forms with the carbon and nitrogen atom shown an unsaturated heterocyclic basic nucleus having five or six atoms, which nucleus may be substituted by one or more halogen or aralkyl groups; R 1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R 2 together form an ethylene bridge; or its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, but excluding simple solutions in absolute ethanol of S-[2-(4(5)-imidazolyl) ethyl] isothiourea.
[GB1296544A]
Patent IE-31963-L (IE)
Title: Pharmaceutical compositions
IPC: A61K31/535
Filed: 1967-11-27
Abstract: 1,201,460. Medicines for treating angina pectoris. BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM G.m.b.H. 24 Nov., 1967 [25 Nov., 1966; 5 Sept. 1967], No. 3899/70. Divided out of 1,194,548. Addition to 1,194,548. Heading A5B. Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of angina pectoris comprise, as active ingredients, at least one #-andrenolytic agent and at least one coronary dilator selected from: 3-(#-diethyl-aminoethyl)-4-methyl-7-carbethoxymethyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen; 3,3'-(N,N-dimethyl -ethylenediamino)- bis -(propyl-3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoate); N-3'-phenylpropyl-(2')-1,1-diphenyl- (3)-amine; α-isopropyl-α-[N-(methyl-N-homovenatryl)- γ -aminopropyl]-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl -acetonitrile and L-#-(#-hydroxy-α-methylphenylethylamino)- 3 -methoxypropiophenone. Preferred #-advenolytics are those of the general formula: ArO-CH 2 -CH.OH-CH 2 - NHR in which Ar is a phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl or indenyl group optionally substituted with one or more C 1-6 alkyl groups, -CF 3 , -NH 2 ,-CN or halogen; lower alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylthio or mono- or di-alkylamino groups with up to 6 carbon atoms in each hydrocarbon moiety, or -NO 2 , -OH or -O-CH 2 -O- groups, and R is a C 1-6 alkyl or C 7-10 aralkyl radical. The active compounds may be used in the form of their acid addition salts and the compositions may be in conventional forms for oral, rectal and parenteral administration.
[GB1201460A]
Patent IE-45504-L (IE)
Title: Preparing iso- or tere-phthalic acid
IPC: C07C63/24
Filed: 1977-07-25
Abstract: ISO- OR TEREPHTHALIC PREPARATION IN A BENZOIC ACID-WATER SOLVENT SYSTEM The present invention relates to the preparation of iso- or terephthalic acid by the oxidation of m- or p-xylene with molecular oxygen at elevated temperatures and under liquid phase conditions in the presence of catalysis provided by a combination of one or more transition metal oxidation catalysts and a source of bromine improved by the use of a liquid solvent system consisting essentially of benzoic acid and at least 3 percent and up to about 15 percent by weight of water which provides commercially feasible control of oxidation temperature not otherwise feasible in the absence of the water component of said catalyst system when said xylenes are oxidized.
[CA1079296A]
Patent IE-842421-L (IE)
Title: Suspension ceiling grid system
IPC: E04B9/24
Filed: 1984-09-21
Abstract: A narrow-faced suspension ceiling grid system is disclosed which includes grid tees providing central webs and relatively narrow, oppositely extending flanges in combination with panel centering means. The narrow flanges provide improved aesthetics and reduce the material required to form the grid tees when compared to conventional wide-faced grid tees. The panel supporting flanges are sufficiently narrow that if the grid were used with conventional panels having a conventional amount of clearance, they would not reliably support the panels in the grid. However, when the centering means are provided to center the panels within the panel receiving openings, reliable support is provided for the panels.
[US4679375A]
Patent IE-882450-L (IE)
Title: Doped BaTiO3 Based Compositions
IPC: C01G27/00
Filed: 1988-08-11
Abstract: Dispersible, doped coforms of barium titanate are substantially spherical, intimately mixed on a particle size scale and submicron with narrow particle size distributions. The primary particle size of the doped coforms is in the range of 0.05 to 0.4 microns. The amount of dopant oxide or oxides contained in the coform ranges from greater than zero to 10 percent. Regardless of the dopant or dopants selected, all of the coforms are identified by the same, unique morphological characteristics.
[DE3826801A1]
Patent IE-882474-L (IE)
Title: Antiarrhythmic agents
IPC: C07D401/04
Filed: 1988-08-12
Abstract: Isoquinoline antiarrhythmic agents of the formula:- <CHEM> and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein one of R<1> and R<2> is methoxy and the other is a group of the formula -OH, -O.CO(C1-C4 alkyl), -O.COPh or -O.COCH2Ph where Ph is a phenyl group optionally substituted by one or two substituents each independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, C1-C4 alkyl and C1-C4 alkoxy.
Patent IE-802575-L (IE)
Title: Azatetracyclic carbonitriles
IPC: C07D491/044
Filed: 1980-12-09
Abstract: Azatetracyclic carbonitriles of the formula    <IMAGE>  (I)  in which R represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl having up to 10 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or free, etherified or esterified hydroxy-lower alkyl, and acid addition salts thereof, processes for their manufacture, pharmaceutical compositions that contain such compounds and their use. They are distinguished especially by their central nervous system-depressant, agitation-inhibitory (amphetamine-antagonistic) action. They can therefore be used as tranquillizing, anti-psychotic, agitation-inhibitory compounds for the treatment of agitated states having various causes.
Patent IE-882663-L (IE)
Title: Ocular cyclosporin composition
IPC: A61K9/127
Filed: 1988-09-02
Abstract: Cyclosporine compositions for topical ophthalmic use for treatment of immune disorders, to enhance or restore tear production, and to enhance or effect normal healing of the surface of the eye, containing cyclosporine dissolved in corn oil. The composition may further include antioxidants, lubricants, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, pilocarpine, vasoconstrictors, surfactants, wetting agents, anti-inflammatory agents (i.e. corticosteroids), preservatives, mucolytic agents (i.e. bromhexine, acetylcysteine), as well as other compounds. The preferred composition is 2% cyclosporine, 1 mole % alpha tocopherol and 0.005% methyl paraben in corn oil.
Patent IE-892912-L (IE)
Title: Process for separating 2-keto-l-gulonic acid from a¹fermented medium
IPC: C12P7/60
Filed: 1989-09-12
Abstract: Process for separating 2-keto-L-gulonic acid from a fermentation liquor chiefly containing the calcium salt of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, by carrying out the following successive operations: 1) separation of the insoluble matter, 2) demineralisation of the filtered liquor, and 3) separation of the 2-keto-L-gulonic acid.
Patent IE-873070-L (IE)
Title: Tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives.
IPC: C07D487/04
Filed: 1987-11-13
Abstract: Compounds of the formula    <IMAGE>  I  wherein R is lower-alkyl, R1 is halogen, R2 is C1-C12-alkyl, R3 is hydroxy, lower-alkoxy, lower-alkyl-carbonyloxy, lower-alkoxy-lower-alkylcarbonoyloxy, lower-alkylaminocarbonyloxy, arylaminocarbonyloxy or aryl-lower alkylaminocarbonyloxy, X is C1-C18-alkylene which optionally can be interrupted by 1,4-phenylene or interrupted or lengthened by 1,4-cyclohexylene, A is di- or tri-substituted 2-imidazolyl attached via an ethylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle selected from the group consisting of benzimidazolyl, benzimidazolonyl, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinonyl, benzthiazolyl, benzodiazepine-2,5-dion-1-yl and pyrrolo[2,1-c]-[1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11-dion-10-yl and n is the number 0 or 1, in the form of racemates and optical antipodes, as well as N-oxides and pharmaceutically usable acid addition salts thereof. The compounds of formual I have a pronounced calcium-antagonistic and anti-arrhythmic activity and can accordingly be used as medicaments, especially for the control or prevention of angina pectoris, ischaemia, arrhythmias, high blood pressure and cardiac insufficiency.
Patent IE-960745-L (IE)
Title: Prototype FeLV Isolates for use in disease models and vaccines
IPC: A61P31/18
Filed: 1989-12-12
Abstract: Molecular clones of feline leukemia virus isolates that encode (a) a prototype highly infectious, minimally pathogenic virus, (b) a variant genome that is replication-defective and associated with a fatal immunodeficiency in cats similar to AIDS (FAIDS) or (c) a chimeric genome that is replication-competent and induces FAIDS. These molecular clones may be used to generate cell lines producing infectious virus which is useful in the preparation of vaccines or in the generation of viremia or disease challenge systems.
Patent NO-751051-L (NO)
Inventor: FERRO A
IPC: C08L23/00
Filed: 1975-03-25
Abstract: "-hoIdig produkt, samt fremgangsmåte for fremstilling derav".
Patent NO-810659-L (NO)
Inventor: PICKERING DAVID JOHN
IPC: F16B7/04
Filed: 1981-02-26
Abstract: A pipe connector for connection to a pipe having a plain end comprises a body (10) having a profile matching that of the pipe, and a pair of jaws (12) extending outwardly for insertion within the end of the pipe. The jaws are formed with oppositely directed clamping surfaces (24, 26) for engaging the inner wall surface of the pipe end. One of the jaws (14) is fixed and integral with the body (10). The other jaw (16) is pivotally mounted on the fixed jaw (14) and is extended inwardly of the body (10) where it is threadedly engaged by a screw (38) which connects the pivoted jaw with the body so that by rotating the screw (38) in the appropriate direction the pivoted jaw (16) pivots away from or towards the fixed jaw (14) to clamp or unclamp the jaws from the pipe. The screw (38) thus provides a positive clamping force which greatly assists the dismantling of the connector from a pipe end when desired. The screw (38) also retains the pivoted jaw (14) in place and there are no loose parts to become lost.
Patent NO-813039-L (NO)
Inventor: LINDSTROEM TOM STURE CHRISTER
IPC: D21C9/00
Filed: 1981-09-07
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/SE80/00347 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 12, 1981 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 12, 1981 PCT Filed Dec. 23, 1980 PCT Pub. No. WO81/02030 PCT Pub. Date Jul. 23, 1981.Unbleached sulphae fibres are chemically separated from other fibres by the use of high molecular polyalkylene oxides, preferably polyethylene oxide. The polyalkylene oxides are added to aqueous suspensions of fibre mixtures and hereby flocculates unbleached sulphate fibres in a selective manner and the flocks can be separated by known methods such as sedimentation, flotation, filtration etc. Use of polyalkylene oxides for selective flocculation of unbleached sulphate fibres gives the possibility of upgrading for example recovered fibres, broke and secondary fibre raw materials.
Patent NO-813393-L (NO)
Inventor: BRAITHWAITE JOHN DAVID
IPC: B44D3/12
Filed: 1981-10-07
Abstract: An apparatus for applying liquid to a surface includes an outer vessel (26) an inner liquid container (1) which is housed within the outer vessel (26) and which is substantially closed but includes an inlet for pressurized gas and a separate outlet for liquid, and means (37) for supplying pressurized gas to the container. An interface of the container (1) and the outer vessel (26) is sealed around the inlet for pressurized gas whereby in use a region of the space between the outer vessel (26) and the inner container (1) is not pressurized. The unpressurized region of the outer vessel (26) is vented. An applicator (42) is connected via a length of flexible tube to the liquid outlet.
Patent NO-820124-L (NO)
Inventor: NISSMO JIM ARTHUR
IPC: A01G31/00
Filed: 1982-01-15
Abstract: An installation for cultivating plants in a programmed milieu, comprising channels (12) for circulating nutrient solution in contact with the root system of the plants. Each channel (12) is adapted to be connected to an inlet (29, 60) and an outlet (32, 61) for nutrient solution at one end and the other, respectively, and is provided with a removable cover (18) which is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the channel. In this cover there is an opening (19) to receive a root clump (11) consisting of porous material for the plant with the root clump introduced into the channel. The channel is received for longitudinal displacement by a supporting frame (24, 52) which is displaceable in the transverse direction of the channel.
Patent NO-820962-L (NO)
Inventor: ROHRER HERMANN
IPC: A01N65/08
Filed: 1982-03-23
Abstract: The preparation to control slugs comprises at least one attracting substance for the slugs, at least one substance producing giddiness, invalidity or death, at least one feeding substance and water, and optionally a thickening substance. The substances are preferably selected among those found in the natural environment, with optionally slight modifications of their chemical composition and which are acceptable in food products.
Patent NO-830365-L (NO)
Inventor: BRINKMANN BERND
IPC: C08G18/38
Filed: 1983-02-03
Abstract: Elastic synthetic-resin compositions useful as adhesive and sealing compounds, for example, for absorbent and nonabsorbent undercoats on surfaces, are based, in particular, on polyurethane and have incorporated therein as adhesion promoters silanes containing polyoxyalkyl groups of the formula   <IMAGE>   wherein X is -SH, -NHR2,   <IMAGE>   or -(NH-CH2-CH2)b NHR2, b is 1 or 2, R is -CH3, -CH2-CH3 or -OR1, R1 is -(CH2-CH2-O)m-R3, R2 is H, an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group each of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or such a group which is substituted R3 is alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or substituted alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms, R4 is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, n is a number from 1 to 8, m is a number from 1 to 30, p is >/= 1, and q+p is </= 2. The synthetic-resin compounds of this invention have improved adhesion to diverse substrates even without the use of adhesion-promoting coatings. This adhesion is sufficient for practical purposes and can be secured within relatively short times.