baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2008135513-A (JP)
Title: Tape expanding device
Inventor: NAKAMURA MASARU
IPC: H01L21/683
Filed: 2006-11-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a tape expanding device for arranging and maintaining predetermined intervals among devices by expanding an adhesive tape to which wafers divided into individual device are adhered.  <P>SOLUTION: The tape expanding device arranges the predetermined intervals to the devices by expanding an adhesive tape and maintaining the intervals. The device includes a frame holding means 31 for holding an annular frame 3, a pressing member 40 that is smaller than an internal diameter of the annular frame 3 and is larger than an external diameter of the wafer, a tension applying means provided with a pressing member 40 and a transferring means for relatively moving the frame holding means 31 in the axial direction, a first ring 51 supported removably by the pressing member 40 with an internal diameter larger than the external diameter of the wafer 10, a second ring 52 having an internal diameter a little larger than the external diameter of the first ring 51 and having an external diameter smaller than the internal diameter of the annular frame 3, and a ring engaging means for engagement the first ring 51 and the second ring 52 by holding therebetween the adhesive tape.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008133019-A (JP)
Title: Bottom cover tape paper and manufacturing method therefor
Inventor: MIZOGUCHI KAZUAKI
IPC: B65D85/86
Filed: 2006-11-29
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a bottom cover tape paper which prevents a laminate resin from being extruded out during heat sealing.  <P>SOLUTION: The bottom cover tape paper has a resin layer formed on one side and is heat-sealed to carrier tape so that this resin layer is in contact with the carrier tape. The bottom cover tape paper is made by a long net paper packing machine. In the bottom cover tape paper, its basis weight (JIS P 8124:1998) is 18 g/m<SP>2</SP>or less, air permeability (JIS P 8117:1998) is one or more seconds, and lateral tear strength (JIS P 8116:2000) is 90 mN or greater.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008140445-A (JP)
Title: Magnetic recording medium, magnetic head, and magnetic recording device
Inventor: YOKOHATA TORU
IPC: G11B5/725
Filed: 2006-11-30
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce wear of fullerene molecules used as the lubricant of a magnetic disk device, as regards a magnetic recording medium, a head slider, and a magnetic recording device.  <P>SOLUTION: A lubricant layer 2 comprising nano-sized particles 3 composed of a material having solid lubricant properties and having 0.53 to 1.05 nm average particle diameter and a holding agent 4 containing the nano-sized particles 3 is provided to at least a part of an uppermost surface 1 of the magnetic recording medium.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008136701-A (JP)
Title: Ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus
Inventor: ONA YASUHIRO
IPC: A61B8/00
Filed: 2006-12-04
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus for three-dimensionally receiving a user operation.  <P>SOLUTION: A three-dimensional (3D) operation device 20 includes: a track pad for detecting the movement of a finger of a user on a surface, based on an electrostatic capacity; and pressure-sensitive rubber laid on the lower side of the track pad and detecting the pressure of the operation by the user. The two-dimensional movement of the finger on the surface of the 3D operation device 20, i.e., two-dimensional manipulated variable in the xy-plane of an operation coordinate system is detected by the track pad. Through the use of the pressure-sensitive rubber, the manipulated variable in the depth direction of the track pad and the manipulated variable in the z-direction of the operation coordinate system are detected. The respective manipulated variables in the xyz-directions of the operation coordinate system are associated with the respective xyz-directions of a monitor coordinate system shown in figure. The XY plane of the monitor coordinate system corresponds to the surface of a monitor 18, and the z-direction of the monitor coordinate system corresponds to a substantially vertical direction with respect to the surface of the monitor 18.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008137053-A (JP)
Title: Thermit welding method for rail
Inventor: KARIMINE KENICHI
IPC: B23K101/26
Filed: 2006-12-04
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a thermit welding method for rails by which the fatigue performance of a welded joint part is improved even when using a bisecting type casting mold which is high in execution efficiency.  <P>SOLUTION: This method is provided with a stage for welding the rails by a thermit welding method and a stage for thinning or removing casting fins 11 which are formed in the surface part 3B of the rail foot in the welded part between the rails. In a stage for welding the rails, the bisect type casting mold may be used. The stage for thinning or removing the casting fins 11 may be performed while the rails are cooled to room temperature after a stage for welding the rails, or may be performed after the rails are cooled to the room temperature. In this way, the fatigue strength in the welded part by the three-point bending is made to be ≥250 MPa at the number of cycles of two millions.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008146946-A (JP)
Title: Fuel cell
Inventor: AOKI SHUJI
IPC: H01M8/10
Filed: 2006-12-07
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fuel cell capable of generating surface pressure for mutually fastening members constituting the fuel cell, capable of allowing an electrolyte membrane to be put into a water containing state with a fuel gas as a medium by moisture generated inside the fuel cell, and capable of downsizing.  <P>SOLUTION: This is the fuel cell having a structure in which a fuel cell member including at least an electrolyte membrane 16 to form reaction layers 14, 15 on both faces, and members 12, 13 in order to diffuse a fuel gas and to current-collect at the time of power generation, and a fuel cell electrode 2 in order to take out electric power are laminated. The fuel cell electrode is equipped with a flow passage 7 which is formed by a substrate to constitute the fuel cell electrode and which is in order to generate the surface pressure in the fuel cell member by making the fuel gas flow. In the flow passage, a moisture retaining member 26 and a moisture discharge element 25 to discharge the moisture from the moisture retaining member are installed, and the moisture discharged from the moisture discharge element is supplied to the electrolyte membrane.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2007183933-A (JP)
Title: Hologram recording medium
Inventor: SAKAMOTO HIROSHI
IPC: G06K19/06
Filed: 2006-12-08
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hologram recording medium capable of more accurately recording/reproducing information by optimizing and miniaturizing the structure of the holographic recording medium of which the outer edge part is held in a recording and reproducing apparatus.  <P>SOLUTION: The hologram recording medium is provided with a first substrate, a second substrate having dimensions larger than that of the first substrate, and an information recording layer formed between the first and second substrates, where the second substrate has a supporting part to be supported in the recording and reproducing apparatus so as to be arranged on the outside of the first substrate.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2007202122-A (JP)
Title: Voice transmission system
Inventor: IHIRA YASUHISA
IPC: H04M9/00
Filed: 2006-12-12
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a voice transmission system to which a detector can easily be added.  <P>SOLUTION: When the detector 4 is added to the system, a data communication section 41 of the detector 4 transmits voice message data stored in a memory (not shown) to a master unit 1 via a signal line Ls in response to a request from the master unit 1. The master unit 1 stores the voice message data received from the detector 4 to a storage section 19 and transmits the voice message data stored in the storage section 19 to voice terminals 2 to allow the voice terminals 2 to output the voice message when the detector detects a failure and informs the master unit 1 about the occurrence of the failure. Since it is not required to register the voice message data to the master unit 1 when the detector 4 is newly added to the system, the addition of the detector 4 to the system can be facilitated.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008150671-A (JP)
Title: Apparatus for hardening cylinder block, and method for manufacturing cylinder block
Inventor: WATANABE TETSUMASA
IPC: F02F1/00
Filed: 2006-12-18
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an apparatus for hardening a cylinder block with which the inner wall of an opening hole in the cylinder block can be hardened as a spiral state, and to provide a method for manufacturing the cylinder block after hardening with such hardening apparatus.  <P>SOLUTION: First contactors 4a, 4b, second contactors 9a, 9b and conductive members 12a, 12b are provided, and the first contactors 4a, 4b and the second contactors 9a, 9b can come into contact with specific positions in the cylinder block, and the first contactor 4a (4b), the cylinder block, the second contactor 9a (9b) and the conductive member 12a (12b) are respectively connected with the series and the high-frequency current is conducted. The contact position of the first contactor 4a (4b) and the contact position of the second contactor 9a (9b), are the separating positions in the axial direction and the rotating direction, and a part or the whole of the conductive members 12a (12b), are disposed at the position faced to a virtual line 15a (15b) connected with the first contactor 4a (4b) and the second contactor 9a (9b).  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008125509-A (JP)
Title: Modified circular saw blade of shoulder type and handheld type bush cutter
Inventor: ITABANE MASARU
IPC: A01D34/76
Filed: 2006-11-21
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve problems in which tip of the blade is broken and cutting ability is remarkably reduced and operation becomes difficult when the blade is made to collide with stones, soil, etc., during operation, though a metal disc blade body type is frequently used in a shoulder type and handheld type bush cutter and the metal disc blade body type has sharpened blade tip and rotates a disc and cut grasses.  <P>SOLUTION: The present device is a technique for interposing grass between a V-shaped part of a disc saw blade in a place of a cutting blade body and beating and tearing the grass as shown in the figure. The outer periphery of the disc is horizontal and since a part contacting with stones, soil, etc., becomes a horizontal part, endurance of the blade is increased. Though the blade body is scarcely abraded, because the outer periphery of one saw blade has a wide width of 10 mm, it is made possible for saw blade to return to original state by polishing the blade body when the blade is abraded. As the maximum characteristic of the saw blade, grass-reaping operation can be carried out without fearing stones or soil.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008154465-A (JP)
Title: Method for managing wood product and primer set
Inventor: ISHIO SHIYOUGO
IPC: C12N15/09
Filed: 2006-12-21
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for managing a wood product, by which the origin of a tree used as a raw material for the wood product is identified to manage its history, and to provide a primer set used therefor.  <P>SOLUTION: This method for managing the wood product, by which the origin of a tree used as a raw material for the wood product can be identified to manage its history, comprises extracting a DNA from the wood product, amplifying the DNA by PCR using the DNA as a template and using a primer set for amplifying a microsatellite domain, and then analyzing the base length of the obtained DNA product.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008158141-A (JP)
Title: Hologram transfer foil
Inventor: TAJIMA SHINJI
IPC: B44C1/175
Filed: 2006-12-22
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hologram transfer foil that gives a light diffraction effect of a beautiful and high luminance metallic hologram or transparent hologram and can be transferred onto a non-planar surface of a curved surface or an irregular shape surface of a molded product or the like.  <P>SOLUTION: The hologram transfer foil comprises a water-soluble substrate 11, a hologram layer 15, a reflection layer 16 and a swellable adhesive layer 19, sequentially layered, and is used for a liquid pressure transfer method comprising coating the adhesive layer with a swelling liquid, laying the foil on a liquid to float, partially or wholly settling an object to be transferred having a curved surface from the upside toward the coated surface down under the liquid surface, taking out the object from the liquid, and removing the substrate from the object surface. The reflection layer 16 is composed of two layers of a titanium oxide thin film and a high luminance ink layer.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008157728-A (JP)
Title: Device for detecting fuel properties
Inventor: KIKUCHI TOMOSHI
IPC: G01N21/359
Filed: 2006-12-22
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a device for detecting fuel properties, capable of preventing changes in property detection sensitivity for fuel under the effects of contaminants.  <P>SOLUTION: The device for detecting fuel properties 100 is constituted so as to have the fuel irradiated with light by a first emission means 101, to detect the light by a light detection means 102 and to detect the properties of the fuel and is equipped with a protective means 103 provided between the first emission means 101 and the fuel, not only to protect the first emission means 101 from the fuel but also to permit the light to transmit, a first photocatalyst film 107 provided to a contact surface 103a with the fuel of the protective means 103, and a second emission means 109 for emitting light that activates the first photocatalyst film 107.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008154524-A (JP)
Title: Soybean curd mixed with bean curd refuse, and method for producing the same
Inventor: NAKADA TOSHIKI
IPC: A23L11/00
Filed: 2006-12-25
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide soybean curd containing a large amount of nutrient and fiber content by effectively using bean curd refuse disposed as strained lees.  <P>SOLUTION: The soybean curd is obtained by boiling hydrated crushed soybeans followed by squeezing to obtain soymilk, and on the other hand, drying bean curd refuse obtained in the squeezing process followed by crushing in a powdery state to obtain bean curd refuse powder, and mixing the bean curd refuse powder with the soymilk followed by adding bittern. The bean curd refuse powder is crushed to about 100-250 mesh.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008157165-A (JP)
Title: Breeze power generator
Inventor: MAEDA SHINICHI
IPC: F03D3/04
Filed: 2006-12-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To save energy by reducing, even if only slightly, power consumption in a power company, which is supplied into a building by utilizing a flow of air in a ventilating layer, in the building having the ventilating layer.  <P>SOLUTION: A plurality of cross flow type wind mills 10 are arranged in the ventilating layer 3 of the building having the ventilating layer 3 on the outer side of a thermal insulator 2 through a venting furring strip 2 by an external heat insulating construction method, breeze power generation is performed by utilizing wind flowing in the ventilating layer 3, and generated electric power is utilized. At this time, if a blade 13 or a hemispherical cup 14 is attached to the end of the blade 12 of each wind mill 10, the wind mill can be rotated by a slight breeze. Preferably, a damper 11 to reduce an air flowing area to increase wind speed is set on the upstream side of each wind mill 10.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2007188495-A (JP)
Title: System and method for monitoring use management item in document processing environment
Inventor: GARG MAN M
IPC: H04N1/00
Filed: 2006-12-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a system and method for monitoring use management items in a document processing environment in more detail.  <P>SOLUTION: The available quantity of use management items is assigned to each authorized user in a document processing environment. When a document processing request from the authorized user is received, user authentication is performed, and the assignment quantity and use quantity of the use management items relevant to the request to the user are retrieved. When the assignment quantity is larger than the user quantity, the document processing request is analyzed, and the quantity of the use management items necessary for executing the requested processing is calculated. When the quantity does not exceed the usable quantity, the processing operation is executed, and the data of the cumulative usage are updated.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008154942-A (JP)
Title: Washing machine
Inventor: FUJITSUKA MASASHI
IPC: D06F37/18
Filed: 2006-12-26
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a washing machine, even if a washing tub is axially enlarged, facilitating loading/unloading of laundry by allowing a user to reach the bottom side of the washing tub.  <P>SOLUTION: This washing machine 1 includes a housing 2, and the washing tub 5 rotatably provided inside the housing 2 and having a bottomed cylindrical shape for storing laundry in its inside, wherein the washing tub 5 is formed with a washing tub opening part 5a extending from a counter-base of the washing tub 5 to the side face and allowing the loading/unloading of the laundry, the housing 2 is formed with a housing opening part 2a at a position opposite to the washing tub opening part 5a when the washing tub 5 is stopped, the washing tub 5 has a washing tub opening/closing lid 6 for opening/closing the side of the washing tub opening part 5a, and the housing 2 has a housing opening/closing lid 16 for opening/closing the housing opening part 2a.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008004524-A (JP)
Title: Fuel cell system
Inventor: SAKAKIBARA HIDEAKI
IPC: H01M8/04
Filed: 2006-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fuel cell system which improves the mountability of each component in a reactant gas piping system, suppresses freezing of the reactant gas piping system by using heat generated by a fuel cell stack and improves gas distribution to a number of reactant gas pipings connected to the fuel cell stack.  <P>SOLUTION: A connection module 51 for connecting multiple reactant gas pipes 31a, 31b to a fuel cell stack is installed at the end of the fuel cell stack which receives reactant gas for power generation, and a reactant gas piping system 3 including the reactant gas pipes 31a, 31b and an injector 36 for adjusting at least one of a reactant gas supply quantity and a reactant gas supply pressure in the upstream and supplying gas to the downstream is arranged in the connection module 51. In addition, the injector 36 is arranged at the central side of the connection positions of multiple reactant gas pipes 31a, 31b in the connection module 51.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008162494-A (JP)
Title: Pneumatic tire for aircraft
Inventor: ISHIZAKI SUSUMU
IPC: B60C9/00
Filed: 2006-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a pneumatic tire for an aircraft capable of reducing the weight of the tire while remarkably improving durability in heavy load traveling.  <P>SOLUTION: In the pneumatic tire for the aircraft which comprises a pair of beads 1 and a pair of side walls 2, and treads 3 connected to both the side walls 2, and has a carcass 5 of bias structure toroidally extending between the pair of beads 1 and comprising a plurality of sheets of carcass plies wherein a plurality of organic fiber cords arranged in parallel are coated with rubber, the carcass 5 comprises a turn-up ply 5a and a down ply 5b, and the organic fiber cords satisfying an equation (I): σ≥-0.01×E+1.2 and an equation (II):σ≥0.02 (where, σ is thermal contraction stress (cN/dtex) at 177°C and E is an elastic modulus (cN/dtex) at the time of a 49 N load at 25°C) are used for the down ply 5b.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2008151332-A (JP)
Title: Hinge mechanism
Inventor: KOBAYASHI NOBUHIKO
IPC: F16C11/04
Filed: 2006-12-19
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a compact hinge mechanism capable of being easily and inexpensively manufactured with pressing work to embody high holding force.  <P>SOLUTION: The hinge mechanism has a hinge axial cross section formed in an approximately polygonal shape. The approximately polygonal shape is a square shape whose four corners are chamfered. Chamfered portions are inscribed in a concentric circle.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
Patent JP-2006515631-A (JP)
Title: 治療活性化合物
IPC: A23L33/20
Filed: 2004-01-21
Abstract: 本発明は、哺乳類において病気又は疾病を治療する方法に関し、該方法は、化学防御効果又は治療効果又は予防効果又は化学保護効果を誘発するのに有効な量の化合物を含む組成物を哺乳類に投与することを有し、前記化合物は、下記式： Ａ−ＣＨ（Ｄ）−ＣＯ ２ Ｈ （式中、α炭素の立体化学配置は、主にＲ−エナンチオマーであるか、又はＳ−エナンチオマーが実質的にないＲ−エナンチオマーであり、Ａは、炭素原子数３〜約３０のアルキル、炭素原子数３〜約３０の置換アルキル、１〜約１０の不飽和数を有する炭素原子数３〜約３０のアルケン、又は１〜約１０の不飽和数を有する炭素原子数３〜約３０の置換アルケン、又は１〜約１０の不飽和数を有する炭素原子数３〜約３０のアルキン、又は１〜約１０の不飽和数を有する炭素原子数３〜約３０の置換アルキンである脂肪族部分であり、Ｄは、炭素原子数１〜約１０のアルキルである）を有するか、又はその生理学的に受容可能なエステルもしくは塩を有する。
Patent JP-2006526197-A (JP)
IPC: G07C7/00
Filed: 2004-03-24
Abstract: A card housing device of flat construction is disclosed. The device allows for the complete insertion of a card through a narrow housing opening which may be sealed by a seal. The seal includes a sealing element which may be displaced in a direction normal to a displacement plane of the card. Conventional devices of this type are unsuitable for application in a tachograph due to installation requirements. The sealing element on the card housing device is spring-mounted by at least one elastic element.
Patent JP-2006520838-A (JP)
IPC: C09J7/02
Filed: 2004-03-16
Abstract: This invention relates to silicone compositions suitable for forining pressure sensitive adhesives. More particularly, the present invention relates to solventless curable PSA compositions suitable for forming pressure sensitive adhesive compositions having improved high temperature cohesive strength while maintaining good tack and adhesive properties.
Patent JP-2006522495-A (JP)
Title: 大面積基板上に酸化シリコンを堆積する為の方法および装置
IPC: C23C16/448
Filed: 2004-04-05
Abstract: 少なくとも約０．３５平方メートルを有する大面積基板上に少なくとも３０００オングストローム／分の速度で誘電材料を堆積する為の方法および装置が提供される。一実施形態において、誘電材料は、酸化シリコンである。また、提供されているのは、約３０００オングストローム／分を超える速度の堆積を強いる処理により堆積された誘電材料の層を有する大面積基板と、それを製造する為の処理チャンバである。
Patent JP-2006524026-A (JP)
Title: 通信帯域を選択するためのシステムおよび方法
IPC: H04B1/38
Filed: 2004-04-16
Abstract: 無線通信装置において帯域選択をするためのシステムおよび方法が提供される。利用可能な帯域は、第１の通信帯域、第２の通信帯域、補助的帯域を含む。広帯域ダイプレクサ（３５４）は、第１の通信帯域および補助的帯域を含む広帯域パスを提供し、また第２の通信帯域パスも提供する。結合デュプレクサ（３６１）は広帯域パスに結合し、補助的信号ポート（３７２）と第１の帯域受信ポート（３６７）と、第１の帯域伝送ポート（３６９）を有する。標準的なデュプレクサ（３５６）は第２の通信パスに結合し、第２の帯域受信ポート（３６３）および第２の帯域伝送ポート（３６５）を提供する。一実施例において、第１の通信帯域はＰＣＳ帯域であって、第２の通信帯域は携帯電話帯域であって、補助的信号はＧＰＳサテライト信号である。
Patent JP-2006526512-A (JP)
Title: ロール切断装置
IPC: B24B7/16
Filed: 2004-06-04
Abstract: ペーパーまたは他のシート材料の業務サイズロールを２つ以上のロールに切断するための装置。装置は１回の切断でかかるロールを切り取り、端の仕上げトリミングを必要としない、すぐにプレスできるロールを残すのに十分大きい半径の丸鋸を含む。鋸刃は、運搬に沿って進んでロール上の任意の所望の切断位置に刃を配置する鋸フレームに搭載される。装置は、切断動作時において大きいロールの重さを支持してそれを所定位置に保つための支持ベッドおよびロードベアリングアームを含む。ロード／アンロード台およびキッキングシリンダーのシステムは、支持ベッド上に、またそこから離してロールを導く。鋸フレームは所望の切断位置でロールの上に鋸刃を配置するタワー、または所望の切断位置でロールの側面またはロールの下に鋸を配置するフロアフレームである。装置はさらに、切断されたロールの端を研磨するための仕上げステーションを含む。
Patent JP-2006527615-A (JP)
IPC: A61B5/00
Filed: 2004-06-07
Abstract: A method of acquiring and processing images of an article, such as a tooth in the mouth, for example, the apparatus comprising an ultraviolet light source for illuminating the article, a matrix-type video camera for taking video images of the article illuminated in ambient light and in ultraviolet light, and control and data processor means.