baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2001508068-A (JP)
Title: 胃腸系での活性物質の制御放出を用いた膨張性胃内貯留治療システム
IPC: A61M31/00
Filed: 1998-01-09
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、胃腸系において活性化合物を制御放出し、幽門通過を遅延させるためのデバイスであり、胃液や活性化合物を透過させるポリマーカバーに囲まれている胃液と接触すると膨張する成分を有するデバイスを開示する。本デバイスは、活性化合物を胃液へと遅らせて放出する多微粒子製剤の中に存在する、少なくとも一つの活性化合物を含む。幽門通過の遅延を有する従来の製薬形態と比較して、本発明のデバイスによる活性化合物の放出は、よりよく制御できる。さらに、本デバイスは容易に巻いたり、または折りたたむことができ、問題なくカプセルに投入できる。
Patent JP-H10501725-A (JP)
Title: スポーツ靴のためのボール接触パッド
IPC: A43B5/02
Filed: 1996-04-18
Abstract: (57)【要約】
ボール感触をそれほど減退させることなしにキック性能を増大させるためにその上に設けられたボール接触パッドを備えた靴が開示されている。上記パッドは伸縮性のある連結エレメントによって底部層から離された頂部層を備えている。このパッドは、例えば、サッカープレーヤがボールを蹴るときのインパクトからの反発力が頂部層を長手方向に、かつ底部層とほぼ平行に変位させ、かくして伸縮性のある連結エレメントを伸張させて位置のエネルギーを蓄積させるように配列されている。ボールがプレーヤの靴を離れると、上記反発力が減退され、連結エレメント内の位置のエネルギーが頂部層を反対方向であるが再び長手方向に移動させる。この復帰動作がボールに接線方向の力を与え、かくして、プレーヤはスピンをかけてボールを蹴り、サッカーゲームの多くの局面での重要な戦法を可能にする。
Patent JP-2000507337-A (JP)
Title: クラッチ
IPC: F16D13/38
Filed: 1998-01-23
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、ストローク制御手段（２６）と連動する中間圧力プレート（１６Ａ）を備えたクラッチに関し、ストローク制御手段（２６）は、所定の間隙の限度内で、前記中間圧力プレート（１６Ａ）のラジアルラグ（２７）内で軸方向に移動できるように取り付けられたブッシング（２８）と、このブッシング（２８）に摩擦係合し、反作用プレート上で軸方向にブロックされ得るスペーサ（３３）とを含む。本発明は、ストローク制御手段（２６）のブッシング（２８）が弾性復帰手段（３４）のための支持体となり、この弾性復帰手段は、中間圧力プレートのラジアルラグ（２７）に当接し、この圧力プレートを反作用プレート（１１）と反対方向に恒久的に押圧するようになっていることを特徴とする。本発明は、特にマルチディスククラッチに使用可能である。
Patent JP-H11509997-A (JP)
Title: マイクロセルを転送する電気通信システムおよび方法
IPC: H04Q3/00
Filed: 1996-04-23
Abstract: (57)【要約】
電気通信システムは、送信エンティティ（１０２）と、受信エンティティ（１０４）と、特定の分離したＡＴＭ接続を経てＡＴＭセル（１０８）を転送するための、前記送信エンティティと受信エンティティとの間のＡＴＭリンク（１０６）と、を含む。前記ＡＴＭセルは、ヘッダと、マイクロセル（１１０）内のデータを搬送する確定した数のデータユニットの形式のデータを含むペイロードと、を有するユーザＡＴＭセルを含む。前記ヘッダは、ＡＴＭ接続ポインタを含む。前記マイクロセルは、可変サイズのユーザデータパッケージを搬送するペイロードと、マイクロセル接続を識別するコードを含むマイクロセルヘッダと、を有する。マイクロセルの全体が、あるＡＴＭ接続に属するＡＴＭセルの残りのスペース内に入りきれない前記マイクロセルは、同じＡＴＭ接続に属する少なくとも１つの次のＡＴＭセル内に配置される最初の部分へ分割される。マイクロセルサイズ情報が、それぞれのマイクロセルに関連している。マイクロセル境界を見出す方法が提供される。
Patent JP-H10507932-A (JP)
Title: ３，３−ジエチル−４−［（４−カルボキシ）フェノキシ］−２−アゼチジノンエステルの酵素加水分解
IPC: C12P41/00
Filed: 1996-04-29
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、プソイドモナス属由来のリパーゼを用いて、３，３−ジエチル−４−［（４−カルボキシ）フェノキシ］−２−アセチジノンエステルのラセミ混合物を対応するＳ酸に変換する方法に関する。該方法により、所望の酸が高エナンチオマー過剰率で得られる。
Patent JP-2001511036-A (JP)
IPC: A61C13/30
Filed: 1998-02-04
Abstract: An implant has a base body (9) with a fiber-threaded outer surface (2) for promoting in-growth in a jaw bone. The fibers (5) extracted from the base body (9) have a rugged structure to facilitate the settlement of human tissue cells on the base body (9).
Patent JP-2000508236-A (JP)
IPC: C01G49/00
Filed: 1997-04-15
Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation, from ferrous iron, of solution-form water treatment chemicals which contain ferric iron, to a granulated intermediate product obtained in the process, and to the use of the end products of the process. In the process, a raw material which contains ferrous iron in the form of an aqueous solution and possibly impurities is oxidized at an elevated temperature so that a precipitating, substantially pure ferric compound and a solution phase which contains the said impurities are obtained. The essential idea of the invention is that the precipitation is conducted in such a manner that part of the ferric iron precipitates in the form of goethite FeO(OH) or, in the presence of sulfate ions, in the form of hydronium jarosite H3OFe3(OH)6(SO4)2, while part of the ferric iron remains as a water-soluble ferric compound in the solution phase. Suitable raw materials include impure ferrous sulfate and pickling solutions which contain ferrous chloride. The precipitated pure ferric compound can further be separated by filtration or, alternatively, the slurry can be granulated to form a solid intermediate product and be later reslurried in water, whereupon a pure ferric compound can be separated by filtration. The pure ferric compound is dissolved in an acid, whereupon it is suitable as a coagulant for the purification of drinking water, and the solution phase is suitable as such as coagulant for the treatment of waster water.
Patent JP-2000513621-A (JP)
IPC: A01K13/00
Filed: 1998-04-17
Abstract: The present disclosure provides a device and method for facilitating air flow in the nasal passage of a domestic animal. The nasal support device (NSD) disclosed herein is useful for facilitating air flow during rest, physical exertion, respiratory ailment, etc. The NSD secures to the nose of a domestic animal to support the unsupported lateral vestibular walls of the nasal passages by lifting or stenting.
Patent JP-2001524265-A (JP)
Title: コンピュータ用電力ケーブル熱交換器
IPC: H05K7/20
Filed: 1998-04-22
Abstract: (57)【要約】
コンピュータ（１０５）用の放熱ケーブル・コネクタ（１６５）は放熱機構（１９０）を含む。
Patent MX-146881-A (MX)
Inventor: MCDOWALL WILLIAM LESLIE
IPC: H01M10/04
Filed: 1979-05-31
Abstract: A multi-cell battery constructed of a plurality of frames of insulating material each frame having a number of active battery material areas arranged side by side with a division portion between each material area, the frames being arranged side by side in a direction normal to the plane of the frame with the division portions secured in sealed relation to form partitions between adjacent cells of the battery. The active battery material in respective areas being selected so that adjacent areas in each frame are of opposite polarity and adjacent areas in adjoining frames are of opposite polarity. A barrier frame interposed between and secured to two frames in the assembly forming a chemical and electrical barrier between the active battery material in frames on opposite sides of the barrier member so that the assembly of frames forms two batteries of equal nominal voltage.
Patent MX-156132-A (MX)
Inventor: VAYRE ROGER
IPC: H01H71/24
Filed: 1982-11-17
Abstract: A mechanically controlled power switch with automatic opening is provided for limiting short circuits. A switch (13), a breaking chamber (30) which is associated therewith, a coil (50), a striker (51) cooperating therewith, and a lock (53) for holding the power switch in open position S after the appearance of a short circuit are placed in a removable cartridge (23) provided with connection terminals (37, 55). This switch cartridge is advantageously used in mechanically controlled protection apparatus or in electromagnetic contactor apparatus having their own protection.
Patent NZ-201967-A (NZ)
Title: Ophthalmic composition for disinfecting and preserving contact lenses
Inventor: STARK R L
IPC: A01N33/12
Filed: 1982-09-21
Abstract: This invention relates to the quaternary ammonium salt, α-4-[1-tris (2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride-2-butenyl] poly [1-dimethyl ammonium chloride-2-butenyl]-w-tris (2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride, providing aqueous disinfecting solutions for contact lenses as well as a preservative for ocular solutions including contact lens treating solutions.
Patent NZ-224422-A (NZ)
Title: Composition adapted for intranasal immunisation against viral infection comprising a glycoprotein complexed with a lipid
Inventor: COMPANS RICHARD W
IPC: A61K39/145
Filed: 1988-04-28
Abstract: Method for immunizing against viral infection by administering intranasally an immunogenically effective amount of a viral envelope subunit vaccine comprising a glycoprotein complexed with a lipid.
Patent NZ-237246-A (NZ)
Title: Peelable polymer film composition
Inventor: HWO CHARLES C
IPC: C08L23/04
Filed: 1991-02-27
Abstract: A blend of an ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, a butene-1 homopolymer or copolymer, and an ethylene homopolymer or a copolymer of ethylene and an unsaturated ester can be used to provide packaging film or sheet or laminar structures.
Patent NZ-240200-A (NZ)
Title: Proanthocyanidin polymers and antiviral compositions containing them
Inventor: TEMPESTA MICHAEL S
IPC: A61K31/765
Filed: 1991-10-11
Abstract: The present invention provides for proanthocyanidin polymers with significant antiviral activity. The proanthocyanidin polymers can be chemically synthesized or can be isolated from a Croton or a Calophyllum plant species. The present invention encompasses methods of using proanthocyanidin polymers in treating warm-blooded animals, including humans, infected with a respiratory virus.
Patent NZ-244206-A (NZ)
Title: Strapping machine with second strap feed which takes over when first strap jams or runs out
Inventor: SCHUTTLER KARL-HANS
IPC: B65H67/02
Filed: 1992-09-03
Abstract: The invention concerns a process and a device for avoiding interruptions of operation caused by the strapping, on machines for the strapping of packing elements. The process is characterized by a second strapping coil with further strapping, and in that the leader of one of the two strappings is constantly kept at a standby position in the machine from which, upon removal of the other strapping from the strapping guideway, it is automatically fed to the strapping guideway. The device is characterized in that the feed system is preceded by a switch with two strapping guideways for a leader section for each one of the two strappings, with a strapping feed for the alternative introduction of one of the two strapping leaders into the feed system. A first drive system is provided within the vicinity of the strapping guideways for selectively introducing one of the strapping materials into the feed system, while a second drive system is provided within the vicinity of the supply coils of the strapping materials for selectively engaging one of the supply coils in order to retract or withdraw a damaged or depleted strapping material from the feed system and permit a second one of the strapping materials to be introduced into the feed system.
Patent NZ-244730-A (NZ)
Title: Bis(phenyl)ethane derivatives, preparation and pharmaceutical compositions thereof
Inventor: NUSSBAUMER PETER
IPC: A61P35/00
Filed: 1992-10-14
Abstract: The invention concerns the compounds of formula I <CHEM>  wherein the substituents have various significances,  in free form and, where such forms exist, in salt form. The compounds have potent antihyperproliferative / antiinflammatory and anticancer activity.
Patent NZ-247227-A (NZ)
Title: 6-substituted-hexahydrobenz[cd]indoles, preparation and pharmaceutical compositions thereof
Inventor: KRESS THOMAS JOSEPH
IPC: C07D209/90
Filed: 1991-02-25
Abstract: The present invention provides 4-amino-6-substituted-hexahydrobenz[cd]indoles which are useful in treating disease states which can be benefited by an alteration of function at 5- @  @ receptors.
Patent NZ-268671-A (NZ)
Title: Fused benzazepin-1-yl-carbonylphenyl derivatives
Inventor: TANAKA AKIHIRO
IPC: A61P3/10
Filed: 1994-07-19
Abstract: (Biphenyl-2-ylcarboxamide)benzoic acid is useful on an intermediate for the synthesis of condensed benzazepine derivatives which are arginine vasopressin antagonists.
Patent NZ-286194-A (NZ)
Title: Preparation of aminotriazine derivatives
Inventor: RAPOLD THOMAS
IPC: C07B61/00
Filed: 1994-03-29
Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of aminotriazine derivatives of the formula I <CHEM>  by the solvolysis of compounds of the formula II <CHEM> in the presence of gaseous hydrogen chloride in an alcoholic medium.   The compounds of formula I are useful as intermediates in the manufacture of insecticides.
Patent NZ-301204-A (NZ)
Title: 1,4,5-tri substituted imidazole compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof that are useful as cytokines
Inventor: ADAMS JERRY LEROY
IPC: A61P31/04
Filed: 1996-01-11
Abstract: A process for preparing tosylbenzyl formamides.
Patent NZ-322511-A (NZ)
Title: Thermal insulating unit comprising a core of open celled rigid polyurethane or urethane modified polyisocyanurate foam and a device containing the unit
Inventor: DE VOS RIK
IPC: B29C44/56
Filed: 1996-11-18
Abstract: A method of preparing a thermal insulating unit or a device containing such a unit is claimed comprising: a) direct foaming of the insulating material in the cavity formed between the outer and inner walls of the unit; b) evacuating the foamed cavity; c) refilling the foamed cavity with an insulating gaseous composition and d) sealing the cavity. The unit comprises a core of open celled organic foamed insulating material located between the outer and inner walls of the unit. The open celled organic foamed insulating material preferably comprises open celled rigid polyurethane or urethane modified polyisocyanurate foam. The insulating gaseous composition preferably comprises krypton, xenon, sulphur hexafluoride, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane or chloro-difluoromethane.
Patent NZ-331492-A (NZ)
Title: Linkage suspension system
Inventor: WALLACE GARETH A
IPC: B60G9/02
Filed: 1996-11-21
Abstract: Vehicle suspension system 21 features lower control rods 31 pivotally connected at their leading ends to hangers 29 attached to side frame members 27. The rearward ends of the lower control rods 31 are attached to axle seats 33 connected at each end of the axle 25. Air springs 43 and shock absorbers 49 are mounted between axle seats 33 and side frame members 27. The lower control rods 31 are inclined with their forward ends above their trailing ends. Some embodiments of the suspension feature upper control rods 53 with their forward ends pivotally attached to the two opposing truck side frame members 27. The rearward ends of the upper control rods 53 are attached to the top center of the axle 25 by either a bolt and bushing mount or a ball and socket mount so that the upper control rods 53 form a "V". The upper control rods 53 lie in a nearly horizontal plane.
Patent NZ-333217-A (NZ)
Title: Air flow activated shuttle for use in insertion of a draw line into a conduit
Inventor: CASELLA DAVID
IPC: H02G1/08
Filed: 1997-05-06
Abstract: An air flow activated shuttle (1) for pulling a draw line (6) through a length of conduit (2) having entry and exit end, comprises a shaft (3) having a leading end (4) and a trailing end (5).  A means (7) on trailing end (5) receives and retains a leading end of draw line (6).  At least one air flow mitigation element (9, 10) is attached to shaft (3) which at least partially interrupts an air flow introduced into the entry end of conduit (2) from an air source to shuttle (1) from the trailing end thereby urging shuttle (1) along conduit or pipe (2) urging draw line (6) therealong and through the exit.  Air mitigation element (9, 10) and means (7) on trailing end (4) for receiving and retaining the leading edge of draw line (6), are connectable together.
Patent NZ-333769-A (NZ)
Title: A process for preparing naphthyridones and azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane intermediates for the compound trovafloxacin and derivatives thereof
Inventor: CHIU CHARLES KWOK-FUNG
IPC: C07D209/52
Filed: 1999-01-15
Abstract: The specification describes the above formula VII depicting the naphthyridone carboxylic acid trovafloxacin. Formula I illustrates the intermediate which is also claimed. R1 is preferably a substituted benzyl. R2 is c1-6 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, or optionally substituted phenyl.
Patent NZ-333865-A (NZ)
Title: Paper pulp containing a noil produced from refining cellulose fibre and having noil fibrils of size distribution equal or greater than to wire screen fraction p50
Inventor: SILENIUS PETRI
IPC: D21H17/67
Filed: 1999-01-22
Abstract: The invention relates to a noil consisting of fibrils for use in paper manufacture, to be mixed in the paper pulp. The noil is produced from cellulose fibre by refining and consists of noil fibrils that, in respect of size distribution, mainly correspond to wire screen fraction P50, i.e. 50 mesh, and the noil constitutes 0.1 -15w-% of the paper pulp after mixing.
Patent NZ-334235-A (NZ)
Title: Phytase from bacillus subtilis, gene encoding said phytase, method for its production and use
Inventor: APAJALAHTI JUHA
IPC: A23K1/165
Filed: 1997-08-12
Abstract: The present application relates to phytase, nucleic acids encoding phytase as well as methods for the production of phytase and its use. The phytase and functional derivatives are characterised by having specific activity of at least 20u/mg protein, wherein the specific activity is determined by incubating the phytase in a solution containing 100mM Trid-HCL, pH 7.5, 1mM CaCl2 and 1.6 mM sodium phytate at 37oC for 30 minutes. The phytase is capable of functioning in the presence of digestive enzymes found in the small intestine of animals particularly from Bacillus subtilis and amyloloquefaciens. Nucleic acid encoding a phytase, vector, host cell incorporating the vector, and use of phytase in animal feed and method for producing animal feed with this is claimed.
Patent NZ-335504-A (NZ)
Title: System for interworking a call between networks having different data formats
Inventor: CHRISTIE JOSEPH M
IPC: H04L12/56
Filed: 1997-11-10
Abstract: In a communications system, a call is handled by receiving a signal in a first signal format at an interface unit and transferring the signal to a signal converter that converts the signal to a second signal format.  The signal in the second format is then transferred to a signal processor where it is processed to generate a first control message identifying a first connection.  The first control message is transferred from the signal processor to the interface unit.  The interface unit then receives a call in a first call format, which is transferred over the first connection to a service platform in response to the first control message.  In the service platform, a service is provided and a second control message generated in response to the call.  The second control message is sent back to the signal processor, where it is processed to generate a third control message identifying a second connection.  The third control message is transferred to the interface unit.  The call is then transferred using a second format from the interface unit over the second connection in response to the third control message.
Patent NZ-338019-A (NZ)
Title: Double passage acousto-optical filter with polarisation conversion regions
Inventor: DONATI STEFANO
IPC: G02F1/11
Filed: 1999-09-24
Abstract: A double-passage acousto-optical device 10 through which light passes twice comprising an input optical fiber 3, by which optical radiation is introduced from an external source connected to a first input port 202 of an acousto-optical switch 8.  The switch 8 is connected to a radio-frequency generator.  A first output port 205 of the acousto-optical switch 8 is connected to an optical isolator 7, whose output is optically connected to a polarization controller 9.  The output of the polarization controller is coupled to a second input port 203 of the acousto-optical switch 8.  A second output port 204 is coupled to an output fiber 2 of the acousto-optical device 10.   The acousto-optical switch 8 within device 10 is a 2x2 filter that is selective in respect of wavelength and has a response independent of polarization.  The switch 8 can be used to select optical signals between the two inputs.
Patent NZ-503165-A (NZ)
Title: Prostaglandin agonists and their use to treat bone disorders
Inventor: CAMERON KIMBERLY O'KEEFE
IPC: A61K31/44
Filed: 1998-10-05
Abstract: Prostaglandin agonists of formula (I) wherein; A is SO2 or CO; G is Ar, Ar1-V-Ar2, Ar-(C1-C6)alkylene, Ar-CONH-(C1-C6)alkylene, R1R2-amino, oxy(C1-C6) alkylene, amino substituted with Ar, or amino substituted with Ar(C1-C4)alkylene and R", wherein R" is H or (C1-C8)alkyl, R1 and R2 may be taken separately and are independently selected from H and (C1-C8)alkyl, or R1 and R2 are taken together with the nitrogen atom of the amino group to form a five-or six membered azacycloalkyl, the azacycloalkyl optionally containing an oxygen atom and optionally mono-, di- or tri-substituted independently with up to two oxo, hydroxy, (C1-C4)alkyl, fluoro or chloro; B is N or CH ; Z is carboxyl, (C1-C6)alkoxycarbonyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 5-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 5-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, (C1-C4)alkylsulfonylcarbamoyl or phenylsulfonylcarbamoyl; K is a bond, (C1-C9)alkylene, thio(C1-C4)alkylene, (C1-C4)alkylenethio(C1- C4)alkylene, (C1-C4)alkyleneoxy(C1-C4)alkylene or oxy(C1-C4)alkylene, the (C1- C9)alkylene optionally mono-unsaturated and wherein, when K is not a bond, K is optionally mono-, di-or tri-substituted independently with chloro, fluoro, hydroxy or methyl; M is -Ar3 -Ar4-V1-Ar5,-Ar4-S-Ar5,-Ar4-SO-Ar5,-Ar4-SO2-Ar5or -Ar4-O-Ar5; X is a five or six membered aromatic ring optionally having one or two heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the ring optionally mono-, di-or tri-substituted independently with halo, (C1-C3)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethyloxy, difluoromethyloxy, hydroxyl, (C1-C4) alkoxy, or carbamoyl; V and V1are each independently a bond, thio(C1-C4)alkylene, (C1- C4)alkylenethio, (C1-C4)alkyleneoxy, oxy(C1-C4)alkylene or (C1-C3)alkylene optionally mono-or di-substituted independently with hydroxy or fluoro; Q, R11, Ar, Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 are as stated in the disclosure. Methods of using the prostaglandin agonists, pharmaceutical compositions and kits containing such prostaglandin agonists are also disclosed. The prostaglandin agonists are useful for the treatment of bone disorders including osteoporosis.
Patent NZ-505690-A (NZ)
Title: Fruit labelling machine which applies label which screens light to allow permanent marking via blanching/non-blanching after label removal
Inventor: REED JANE KATHERINE
IPC: A23N15/00
Filed: 2000-07-16
Abstract: A method for labelling fruit which change colour (ripen) on exposure to light. A label having loose peripheral edges (4) and an opaque design (7) formed on a transparent material (6) is placed on the fruit before it ripens. After the fruit has ripened the label may be removed from the fruit via mechanical means, aided by the loose edges, leaving the design formed on the fruit as an area of contrasting colour.
Patent NZ-507004-A (NZ)
Title: Method of installing conduit or the like on mountainside using steel cable
Inventor: FUKUI TOMIO
IPC: E03B1/00
Filed: 2000-01-28
Abstract: One or more steel cables are installed on one slope of a mountain and on another slope on the opposite side of the one slope across the ridge of the mountain along the two slopes so as to cross over the mountain ridge. Conduits, utility tunnels, inlets or the like through which water, gas and electrical wires run are anchored directly or indirectly by those parts of the cables installed on the one slope of the mountain. Alternatively, foundations or frame members are anchored directly or indirectly by those parts of the cables installed on the one slope of the mountain, and conduits, utility tunnels, inlets or the like through which water, gas and electrical wires run are fixed to the foundations or the frame members. Those parts of the cables installed on the other slope on the opposite side of the one slope are joined to an anchoring weight or a fixed foothold.
Patent NZ-507118-A (NZ)
Title: Products, in particular milk products, comprising selected fractions of fat globules, method for obtaining same and use
Inventor: GOUDEDRANCHE HENRI YVES MARIE
IPC: A23C9/142
Filed: 1999-03-18
Abstract: A process for separating fat globules in a food medium according to size, consisting of subjecting the medium to  a tangential   micro-filtration  on   a   filtering   membrane substrate  having  a  cut-point  threshold  of  1.8-10ìm  to recover  a  retentate and a permeate, said process conducted in  substantially uniform transmembrane pressure  conditions achieved  by either applying a co-current re-circulation  of the  permeate  or by arranging the membrane on  a  substrate having a longitudinal gradient of permeability.