Patent GB-859041-A (GB)
Title: Radar apparatus
Inventor: CLARKE GEORGE FARREN
IPC: G01S13/70
Filed: 1954-05-03
Abstract: 859,041. Radar. MINISTER OF SUPPLY. April 15, 1955 [May 3 1954] No. 12855/54. Class 40(7). Radar apparatus comprises a transmitter, a receiver, a variable delay unit for delaying signals derived from the transmitter, and cross correlating means which will adjust to equality the time of delay in the delay unit and the propagation time of a signal received from a reflecting object, the cross correlating means including means for converting the dopplers component of signals received from a selected reflecting object to a fixed frequency component and means for selecting signals containing only the fixed frequency component. Fig. 1 shows a transmitter 1 which is arranged to generate a continuous wave signal of radio frequency energy having a spectral power distribution such as will result in a required range discrimination function; it may be shown that this spectral distribution is approximately that which when transferred to a zero frequency carrier is the fourier transform of the range discrimination function. Such a spectral power distribution may be obtained by modulating a carrier wave in amplitude or frequency in such a manner that symmetrical sidebands of the required power are produced. Received signals are fed to a mixer 4 where they are mixed with oscillations from a local oscillator 5 and fed to an I.F. amplifier 6. Part of the signal from the transmitter is fed to a mixer 7 which is also fed from the output of the oscillator 5. The output from mixer 7 is fed through a variable delay unit 8 to two mixers 9 and 10 where it is mixed respectively with the output from an oscillator 11 and with this same output changed in phase by 90 degrees in a phase shifting-unit 12. The output of the mixer 9 is smoothed in a low-pass filter (not shown) and consists of the original modulation (as imposed on the transmitted signal) imposed on a low frequency carrier which has a frequency equal to the difference between the frequency of the oscillator 11 and the intermediate frequency. This is then applied to a differentiating unit 13, which by its nature gives to all frequency components a phase advance of nearly 90 degrees and an amplitude proportional to frequency. The output of differentiator 13 is combined with the output of mixer 10 in a mixer 14, the output of which produces a direct current component proportional to the frequency difference between the output of oscillator 11 and the centre frequency of the output from the delay unit 8. The output of mixer 14 is used to control the oscillator 11 which is used as the carrier reference whilst the output of mixer 9 is used for the modulation reference. The output from the I.F. amplifier 6 is divided into two channels, a correlation channel and a misalignment reference channel. The signal in the correlation reference channel is fed to a mixer 17 where it is crosscorrelated with the modulation reference from the mixer 9 to produce a substantial monochromatic signal near to the intermediate frequency; this is mixed with the carrier reference signal from oscillator 11 in a mixer 18 to produce a doppler frequency signal. The doppler frequency is connected to a fixed frequency by a frequency discriminator 20 controlling an oscillator 22 and the signal at the fixed frequency passes a band-pass filter 23. The misalignment reference channel is similar to the correlation reference channel except that the cross-correlation is with a signal obtained by passing the modulation reference signal through a 90 degrees all-pass phase-shifter 24 to a mixer or multiplier 25. The frequency changer in the two mixers 26, 27 and the filtering in a band-pass filter 28 provide a signal of frequency equal to that in the filter 23 but having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the delay imposed in the delay unit 8 and the propagation-retardation in the journey to and from the target. The two outputs are multiplied in a phase-sensitive detector 29 to provide a direct current signal suitable to control the motor driving the variable delay 8. In operation the apparatus may be put on target, after the approximate range and velocity of the target has been determined by ancillary apparatus by manual setting of the delay unit 8 and of the control 40 controlling the oscillator 11. Alternatively the variable delay unit 8 and oscillator 11 may be swept at different speeds through their ranges of adjustment until a target is located. In a modification Fig. 6 (not shown) the transmitter is pulsed by a random trigger unit so as to give the transmitted wave many of the properties of pure noise.