baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent NO-170126-B (NO)
Inventor: HANSTEIN ULLRICH
IPC: A61P1/04
Filed: 1986-04-18
Abstract: The invention relates to formulations in the form of suspensions containing sucralfate, characterized in that they contain, based on the sucralfate, 1-5% by weight of xanthan gum and 1-12.5% by weight of at least one peptiser.
Patent NO-179206-B (NO)
Inventor: COSSEMENT ERIC
IPC: C07D251/18
Filed: 1989-08-15
Abstract: New 2-amino-4-morpholino-6-propyl-1,3,5-triazines having the formula <IMAGE>  (I)  wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or acetyl, R2 is hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, dialkylamino, arylhydroxyalkyl, (hydroxy-cycloalkyl)alkyl, alkanoyloxyalkyl, benzoyloxyalkyl, phenylacetyloxyalkyl, aminocarbonyloxyalkyl, COR3 or CONR4R5, or NR1R2=(hydroxyalkyl)alkyleneimino, R3=alkyl, aryl, haloaryl, alkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, aralkyl or aryloxy, R4=R5=hydrogen or alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy and alkanoyloxy having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl and alkyleneimino having 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Moreover, when R1 is acetyl, R2 is acetoxyalkyl. Processes for the preparation thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same are also given. In particular, these compounds are useful for the treatment of cognitive and behavioral disorders associated with aging and dementia syndromes, e.g. those associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Patent NO-177409-B (NO)
Inventor: THEVENET GUY
IPC: H01C7/12
Filed: 1990-05-11
Abstract: Impervious envelope based on a filamentary winding consisting of glass fibres impregnated with resin, for equipment likely to undergo substantial thermal stresses and to be the site of internal overpressures, the said winding adhering to the outer surface of the said equipment, characterised in that the said outer surface of the said equipment covered with the said winding offers zones not covered by fibres and forming resin-filled pockets, the percentage of surface area not covered by fibres being of the order of at least 15%. 
<IMAGE>
Patent NO-174846-B (NO)
Inventor: PETIT ALAIN
IPC: C07C17/156
Filed: 1991-06-24
Abstract: Process for the oxychlorination of a hydrocarbon to form a chlorinated hydrocarbon, in which the hydrocarbon, a gas containing oxygen and gaseous hydrochloric acid pass over a fluidisable charge comprising a mixture of an oxychlorination catalyst and of particles of at least one catalytically and chemically inert solid substance, characterised in that a solution or a suspension of a copper compound is added to the fluidised charge.
Patent NO-179699-B (NO)
Inventor: HJERTMAN BIRGER
IPC: A61M5/31
Filed: 1991-07-12
Abstract: A prefilled syringe comprising a phial (11) containing a measured quantity of an injectable product, a plunger (5) to expel the product out of the phial through a needle, and a two-part housing (1,2) for the phial and plunger in which the two parts are connected by interengaging screw threads (3,4). A stop surface on one housing part cooperates with a corresponding surface (7) on the plunger to limit displacement of the plunger (5) into the phial (11), and the position relative to the phial of the stop surface can be varied by rotating the two housing parts (1,2) relative to one another. A graduated dosing ring (19) is mounted coaxial with, adjacent to, and rotatable relative to both housing parts (1,2).
Patent NO-179092-B (NO)
Inventor: KEMP COLYN ROY
IPC: A61K8/92
Filed: 1991-08-27
Abstract: The invention relates to titanium dioxide sunscreen compositions containing 0.025 to 30 % by weight of phosphate anions. Phosphate anions, preferably in the form of salts, have been found to prevent or reduce the rate of discolouration of titanium dioxide-containing sunscreen compositions caused by light catalysed reduction of titanium (IV) to titanium (III). Discolouration caused by the presence of parahydroxybenzoic acid esters or para-aminobenzoic acids, esters or derivatives thereof in such compositions has also been found to be reduced by the incorporation of phosphate salt. Titanium dioxide particles having a mean primary particle size of less than 100 nm, each of the particles being substantially coated with phosphate anions are also described for use in sunscreen compositions.
Patent NO-176556-B (NO)
Title: Fast masse for oppfanging av kvikksölv
Inventor: CAMERON CHARLES
IPC: B01D53/14
Filed: 1991-10-28
Abstract: Oppfinnelsen angår en fast masse for oppfanging av kvikk-sølv, omfattende et fast mineralsk bæremiddel eller dispergeringsmiddel, i hovedsak kobber og svovel som i det minste delvis er i form av kobbersulfid. Oppfinnelsen er kjennetegnet ved at den er produktet som resulterer fra folgende trinn: a) minst én kobberforbindelse som ikke er et sulfid inkorporeres i et fast mineralsk dispergeringsmiddel eller i en bærer, b) under forutsetning av at nevnte forbindelse ikke er kobberoksyd, kalsineres produktet oppnådd i trinn (a) for at kob-berf orbindelsen eller -forbindelsene som det inneholder i det minste delvis skal omvandles til kobberoksyd (CuO og/eller Cu20) , c) produktet oppnådd i trinn (b), eller trinn (a) dersom det ikke har vært et trinn (b), bringes i kontakt med elementært svovel, d) produktet som resulterer fra trinn (c) gjennomgår en varmebehandling i en ikke-oksyderende atmosfære ledsaget av rensing med gass, ved en temperatur og i en tidsperiode som er tilstrekkelig for at dannelsen av sulfid av det metall eller de metaller som er til stede kan finne sted.
Patent NO-180199-B (NO)
Inventor: LUCIANI LUCIANO
IPC: C08F10/00
Filed: 1992-07-20
Abstract: A supported solid component of catalyst, for the stereospecific polymerization of propylene and other  alpha -olefins, is obtained by making a non-activated silica interact in succession with: (i) a magnesium dialkyl or halide of magnesium alkyl; (ii) a halogenating agent selected from silicon, tin and antimony halides; (iii) a titanium tetrahalide: and (iv) a Lewis base. A catalyst for the stereospecific polymerization of propylene and other  alpha -olefins is composed of: (A) the solid component of catalyst; (B) an aluminium trialkyl or aluminium alkyl halide; and (C) an electron donor compound, capable of forming a complex compound with component (B).
Patent SE-333920-B (SE)
Inventor: STEULER G
IPC: B01D47/06
Filed: 1966-03-30
Abstract: 1,148,434. Contact apparatus; continuous mixing; contacting gases with liquids. G. STEULER. 5 April, 1966 [5 April, 1965], No. 15181/66. Headings B1C, B1F and B1R. Liquids are mixed with liquids, powders or gases in a system comprising a combination of at least two direction-changing circulation chambers in series, each chamber being of disc or annular form which the liquid enters tangentially through an inlet of diameter substantially equal to the thickness of the disc or annulus and leaves axially at high speed through an outlet which tapers conveniently in the direction away from its junction with the chamber, which junction is rounded. Various applications to neutralization processes are described. Thus, in one embodiment, a liqluid stream to be neutralized is supplied under pressure through conduit 1, and is then divided into streams 2 and 7. To the former, neutralizing agent is supplied from silo 4 in chamber 3 before it passes tangentially into a helical groove 8 in mixer 9. This first stream then passes up, over overflow 10 and into funnel 11 which also contains a bundle 'of tubes 12 through which the second stream flows, so that both streams are distributed over the entire cross-section of tube 11. Mixing is completed in direction-changing circulation chambers 14 having tapering axial outlets 15. A signal from electrode 5 controls the flow of neutralizing agent in conduit 6. From the mixer chambers, the stream passes by funnel 16 to settler tank 17 having overflow channel 21 for liquid and worms 19 for the removal of sludge.
Patent SE-361410-B (SE)
Inventor: EDELMAN A E
IPC: A61B1/24
Filed: 1970-05-15
Abstract: 1317002 Optical Fibres VICON PRODUCTS CORP 12 May 1970 [19 May 1969] 22990/70 Heading G2J A fibre optic bundle light transmitting device which may be for dental use, includes a flexible portion 16 and a relatively rigid probe portion 18 at one end, the probe portion having a straight portion 25 and a further portion 26 joining the straight portion 25 at an angle thereto, the juncture 27 between the straight portion 25 and the further portion 26 having a degree of resilience such that the probe portion can be secured to an instrument, such as a transilluminator 19, having a passage 23 adapted to snugly receive the straight portion by forcing the juncture 27 into the passage 23 with consequent slight deflection of the further portion relative to the straight portion, thereby to effect secure and releasable frictional engagement between the instrument 19 and the probe portion. A fibre optic bundle 15 extends through the flexible portion to the end of the probe portion from a light source, Fig. 1 (not shown). The passage 23 is formed in the instrument handle 21 which receives a tube 22 mounted coaxially with the straight portion 25 to guide light therefrom. A slot 24 in the handle 21 and opening into the passage 23 orientates and helps to hold the probe. The probe may be similarly engaged in the handle of a dental mirror, Fig. 4 (not shown) or clipped onto a dental drill, Fig. 5 (not shown).
Patent YU-47489-B (YU)
Inventor: LETEMPS B
IPC: C03B35/16
Filed: 1989-06-02
Abstract: The invention relates to the bending and quenching of glass sheets in a plant with a forming bed curved in the direction of travel of the glass. 
<??>It proposes a process in which the glass sheets at the end of the plant are picked up by a tilting device to be transferred onto a substantially horizontal conveyor, this tilting device, after having deposited a glass sheet, being brought into a position for receiving a new glass sheet either without tilting or by rotation through an angle smaller than the angle through which it must turn to permit the transfer of a glass sheet onto the substantially horizontal conveyor by tilting. 
<??>The invention also proposes a tilting device which has a number of positions for receiving glass sheets and optionally blowing means for quenching the glass. 
<??>The invention enables the plant efficiency to be improved by permitting the glass sheets to travel virtually without any interval between them. 
<IMAGE>
Patent RS-50873-B (RS)
Title: Powered kitchen device
Inventor: ZIBRET IGOR
IPC: A47J19/02
Filed: 2002-08-23
Abstract: The invention relates to an elastic fixing of a drive unit (3), within a housing of a kitchen device, surrounded by an outer wall (1). The drive unit (3) is elastically mounted by means of projections (7) in the housing and is fixed therein in the manner of a bayonet fitting.
Patent RS-50747-B (RS)
Inventor: FERGUSON RONALD
IPC: G07F7/08
Filed: 2003-03-14
Abstract: Postupak za kupovinu robe ili servisa korišćenjem mobilne komponente koja identifikuje pripejd račun, naznačen time, što obuhvata faze: pristupanja terminalnom uređaju tačke prodajnog mesta, odabiranja robe i servisa za kupovinu preko terminalnog uređaja tačke prodajnog mesta, primanja identifikacije pripejd računa preko terminalnog uređaja tačke prodajnog mesta iz pomenute mobilne komponente elektronskom interakcijom između navedenog terminalnog uređaja tačke prodajnog mesta i navedene mobilne komponente, prosleđivanja informacije o plaćanju i identifikacije pripejd računa u zahtevu korisničke transakcije kroz terminalni uređaj tačke prodajnog mesta ka sistemu transakcije mreže podataka preko prodajne mreže, gde navedeni sistem transakcije sadrži sistem rutiranja i aplikativni server koji funkcionišu kao posrednici između većeg broja finansijskih institucija i većeg broja provajderskih sistema, ponovnog punjenja pripejd računa podnošenjem identifikacije pripejd računa od navedenog sistema transakcije do jednog od navedenih provajderskih sistema odabrane robe ili servisa.Prijava sadrži još 1 nezavisan i 15 zavisnih patentnih zahteva.
Patent ZA-828350-B (ZA)
Title: Process and installation for granulation of slag
Inventor: MONTEYNE GUIDO
IPC: C21B3/08
Filed: 1982-11-12
Abstract: A method and apparatus are presented for granulation of molten slag for determining the flow of molten slag and adjusting the supply of granulation water in accordance with the flow of molten slag.
Patent ZA-841055-B (ZA)
Title: 19-epi-dianemycin and process therefor
Inventor: CELMER WALTER DANIEL
IPC: C07H19/00
Filed: 1984-02-14
Abstract: Antibiotic 19-epi-dianemycin, process for its preparation by fermenting a new strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and isolation from the fermentation broth; and its use as an anticoccidial agent and antibacterial agent against gram-positive bacteria.
Patent ZA-848681-B (ZA)
Title: Wiper appliance
IPC: A47L13/20
Filed: 1984-11-06
Abstract: 1. Mop having a handle (1) on which a mop element is fixed, and also having a press device (3) for the mop element, with the press device (3) consisting of a press plate (13), acting via a multiple lever system, a counterpress plate (8), with accommodation for the guided-through parts of a pull device, and an arrangement for the guidance of the mop element in the press space (11) formed between the press plate and the counterpress plate, with catch mountings (14) which are made in one piece both in a housing (7), formed a U-shaped part and a cover part, and on the press plate (13) being provided for rotatably accommodating swinging levers (12) of the multiple lever system, and with the counterpress plate (8) being a part of the housing (7).
Patent ZA-856235-B (ZA)
Title: Detergent compositions
Inventor: NAIK APPAYA RAGHUNATH
IPC: C11D1/37
Filed: 1985-08-16
Abstract: Alkyl ether sulphates are disclosed that are derived substantially wholly from C<sub>12</sub> and C,<sub>3</sub> alcohols, at least 50% by weight being branched at the 2-position and at least 30% by weight being 2-ethyl or more highly branched. Foaming detergent compositions containing an alkylbenzene sulphonate and/or a dialkyl sulphosuccinate in combination with an alkyl ether sulphate of this specific type exhibit excellent foaming and detergency and are especially suitable for hand dishwashing.
Patent ZA-871860-B (ZA)
Title: Transglutaminase inhibitors
Inventor: CASTELHANO ARLINDO L
IPC: C07K5/06
Filed: 1987-03-13
Abstract: The present invention is directed to certain 3, 5 substituted, 4, 5-dihydroisoxazoles, and methods for their use. These compounds are transglutaminase inhibitors, and are particularly effective in the inhibition of epidermal transglutaminase and the treatment of acne.
Patent ZA-882323-B (ZA)
Title: Nematicidal compositions
IPC: C07D417/04
Filed: 1988-03-31
Abstract: There are described 2-mercapto-5-pyridyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 2-mercapto-5-pyridyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles of the formula I 
<IMAGE>
 in which
 X represents oxygen or sulphur,
 R' represents C1-C3-alkyl which is substituted by bromine, fluorine, C1-C3-alkoxy or cyano, C3-C7-alkenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; C4-C7-alkynyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen,
 R represents C1-C3-alkyl, C1-C3-alkoxy which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen or C1-C3-alkoxy; C3-C7-alkenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; C3-C7-alkynyl, C1-C3-alkylthio, halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, amino which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl; or aminocarbonyl, and
 n represents 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, the process for the preparation of the compounds of the formula I, and novel intermediates of the process. 
<??>The compounds of the formula I have nematicidal properties. There are described nematicidal agents which contain, as active substance, at least one active substance of the formula I, and furthermore processes for the use of the active substances and the agents in the control of nematodes.
Patent ZA-887536-B (ZA)
Title: Lightweight construction element of sandwich structure
Inventor: COSTARD HELLMUTH
IPC: F16S1/10
Filed: 1988-10-07
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP88/00881 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 6, 1989 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 6, 1989 PCT Filed Oct. 4, 1988 PCT Pub. No. WO89/03299 PCT Pub. Date Apr. 20, 1989.The lightweight constructional element of a sandwich structure having two cover plates comprises a honeycomb structure arranged between the cover plates which holds the cover plates spaced from each other. The honeycomb structure is formed by empty cans, especially used beverage cans, placed side by side whose axes are at right angles to the cover plates and which are arranged in a close packed or a rectangular array. The cans may be attached by adhesive to form a low cost lightweight and strong array.
Patent ZA-894777-B (ZA)
Title: New substituted sulphonamides
Inventor: WITTE ERNST CHRISTIAN DR
IPC: C07C311/05
Filed: 1989-06-23
Abstract: Compounds of the formula I 
<IMAGE>
 in which R1 is a lower alkyl or alkenyl group with 1-6 C atoms, a cycloalkyl radical with 3-7 C atoms, an aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, where each aryl radical can be substituted one or more times by halogen, C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, amino, C1-C6-alkylamino, C2-C12-dialkylamino, C1-C6-acylamino, C1-C16-acyl, C1-C6-alkylsulphenyl, -sulphinyl and -sulphonyl or by azide, R2 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6-alkyl, an aralkyl, an aralkenyl or an acyl group, A and B are a saturated or unsaturated alkylene chain with 1-10 carbon atoms, which can be substituted one or more times by C1-C3-alkyl groups, where the total of the carbon atoms in chains A and B is not less than 4 but not more than 11, Q is oxygen, sulphur, a sulphonyl or a sulphinyl group, or an amino group 
<IMAGE>
 where R2 has the above definition, Y is a free carboxyl group, an esterified carboxyl, a carbamoyl or hydroxymethyl or tetrazolyl, the pharmacologically tolerated salts and optical and E/Z isomers or mixtures thereof, process for the preparation thereof and pharmaceutical preparations containing these compounds, for the treatment of metabolic disorders and/or blood flow disturbances.
Patent ZA-909466-B (ZA)
Title: Process for the preparation of a colloidal dispersion of a cerium iv compound in an aqueous medium and despersions obtained
Inventor: PACARD-SEON FRANCOISE
IPC: C01F17/235
Filed: 1990-11-26
Abstract: Process for the preparation of a colloidal dispersion of a cerium(IV) compound in aqueous medium. 
<??>This process consists in digesting a cerium(IV) hydrate with an acid which has a pka of between 2.5 and 5.0, separating the compound obtained and dispersing it in water. 
<??>The dispersions obtained have a pH of between 1.5 and 5.
Patent ZA-909853-B (ZA)
Title: Activatable fibrinolytic and anti-thrombotic proteins
Inventor: DAWSON KEITH MARTYN
IPC: C07K14/315
Filed: 1990-12-07
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/GB90/01912 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 4, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 4, 1992 PCT Filed Dec. 7, 1990 PCT Pub. No. WO91/09118 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 27, 1991Proteinaceous compounds are activatable by enzymes of the clotting cascade to have fibrinolytic or clot formation inhibition activity. For example, a plasminogen analogue is activatable to plasmin by thrombin or Factor Xa. Fibrinolytic or clot formation inhibition activity is therefore directed to the site of clot formation.
Patent ZA-915834-B (ZA)
Title: Compressor range stabilization
Inventor: FOERSTER ARNO
IPC: F04D27/02
Filed: 1991-07-25
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP91/01431 Sec. 371 Date Oct. 28, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Oct. 28, 1992 PCT Filed Jul. 30, 1991 PCT Pub. No. WO92/03660 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 5, 1992.As a device for stabilizing the performance characteristics, a radial compressor comprises a circulation chamber (31) which makes pressure equalization between the impeller and the intake region possible. The intake region has an intake ring (10) which makes it possible to influence the flow in the intake region so that the performance characteristics be stabilized without substantial losses. The compressor may be adapted to customer's requirements by changing the intake ring.
Patent ZA-916657-B (ZA)
Title: Thermostable endoxylanases
Inventor: CASIMIR-SCHENKEL JUTTA
IPC: D21C5/00
Filed: 1991-08-22
Abstract: Bleaching pulp with an enzyme system obtained from a strain of Thermomonospora fusca and more specifically from a new strain with the designation KW3 and deposition number DSM 6013. The new strain is also claimed.
Patent ZA-942301-B (ZA)
Title: Alkaline earth metal salts transition metal salts and transition metal complexes of ketocarboxylic acids as corrosion inhibitors
Inventor: ARMSTRONG WILLIAM PAUL
IPC: C07C59/88
Filed: 1994-03-31
Abstract: Novel alkaline earth metal salts and transition metal salts as well as transition metal complexes of compounds of the formula I <IMAGE>  in which   R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, CF3, C1-C15-alkyl, C5-C12-cycloalkyl, C2-C15-alkenyl, C1-C12-haloalkyl, C1-C12-alkoxy, C1-C12 -alkylthio, C6-C10-aryl which is unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl; C6-C10-aryloxy which is unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl; C7-C12-arylalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted on the aryl radical by 1 to 3 C1-C4-alkyl;  -CO2R6, -COR6 or <IMAGE> at least one of the radicals R1 to R5 being hydrogen, halogen or C1-C15-alkyl, and also the radicals R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4 or R4 and R5, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, forming a benzo or cyclohexenyl ring, R6 is C1-C20-alkyl, C2-C20-alkyl interrupted by oxygen, sulphur or 〉 N-R9, C7-C12-arylalkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted on the aryl radical by 1 to 3 C1-C4-alkyl, R7 and R8 independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C24-alkyl or C1-C24-alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen, sulphur or  〉 1-R9,   R9 is hydrogen or C1-C8-alkyl, and   n is an integer in the range from 1 to 10, as corrosion inhibitors in coating compositions for the protection of metallic surfaces are described.
Patent ZA-942883-B (ZA)
Title: Condensed quinolyl-dihydropyridines processes for their preparation and their use in medicaments
Inventor: GOLDMAN SIEGFRIED
IPC: C07D495/04
Filed: 1994-04-26
Abstract: The invention relates to novel condensed 4-quinolyldihydropyridines of the general formula (I) <IMAGE> in which A, R1, R2 and R3 have the meaning given in the description, a process for their preparation and their use in medicines, in particular in compositions for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Patent ZA-993900-B (ZA)
Title: New oligomeric organosilanepolysulfanes, their use in rubber mixtures and for preparing moulded articles.
Inventor: LUGINSLAND HANS-DETLEF
IPC: C08G77/48
Filed: 1999-06-10
Abstract: Oligomeric organosilane polysulfanes are novel. An oligomeric organosilane polysulfane (I) contains structural units (A), (B) and/or (C) in any linear, branched or cyclic arrangement whereby at least (A) or (B) is present. Independent claims are included for: (i) a process for the production of (I) by reaction of a compound of formula (1), optionally in a solvent and/or in the presence of a catalyst at 0-150 degrees C with addition of water to cause self polymerization or under analogous reaction conditions by copolymerization with a compound of formula (2); (ii) a rubber mixture (II) containing organosilane polysulfane (I); (iii) a process for the production of the rubber mixture (II) by addition of (I) and a filler to rubber; and (iv) molded articles prepared from (II). Y-Sx-(CH2)nSiR<2>R<1>R (1) RR<1>R<2>R<3>Si (2) Y = H, CN, -(CH2)nSiRR<1>R<2>; n = 1-8; R-R<3> = H, 1-4C alkyl, 1-4C alkoxy, halogen or OSiR<1>R<2>R<3>; x = 1-8; z = 2-6; o, p, qq = 1-40; o+p+q = 2-40.
Patent GB-2400403-B (GB)
Title: Locks
Inventor: WALKER ROBERT WILLIAM
IPC: E05B59/00
Filed: 2003-04-09
Granted: 2006-08-16
Abstract: A lock comprises a casing 10, 11, 12, 13a, 13b, 14 containing a deadbolt 21 moveable between extended and retracted positions by movement of a drive plate 34. The drive plate 34 is operated by the rotation of an external handle through a boss 24a. A key operated internal bolt 100 is moveable to a position in which the internal bolt 100 blocks movement of drive plate 34 and so prevents the deadblot 21 from being extracted.