Patent GB-1189999-A (GB)
Title: Production of Biaxially Oriented Films
Inventor: PELLICCIARI GIORGIO LODOVICO
IPC: B29C48/90
Filed: 1966-11-30
Abstract: 1,189,999. Shrink-wrapping material. W. R. GRACE & CO. 30 Nov., 1967 [30 Nov., 1966], No. 53704/66. Heading B8C. [Also in Division B5] Biaxially oriented heat-shrinkable fibres of synthetic organic thermoplastic polymeric material (such as vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers) are produced by melt extruding the polymer through an annular extrusion orifice to form a tubular film of the polymer, inflating the tubular film by means of internal gaseous pressure at a temperature between the melt temperature and the solidification temperature under conditions such that the film is prevailingly oriented in the transverse direction, cooling the oriented film below the solidification temperature and reheating and longitudinally orienting the film. As shown in the drawing, a polyvinyl chloride-containing blend is melt extruded through the annular orifice (5) of the die (4) to form tubing (6) which is inflated in the usual manner by the introduction of air at a pressure somewhat above atmospheric into the interior of the hot extruded tubing through the pipe (7). The inflated tubing is drawn upwardly through the cooling ring (8) by a pair of rotating squeeze rolls (9) in the usual manner. The tubing (6) is cooled down to a temperature below the temperature of extrusion but above the temperature of solidification by a controlled circumferential current of air flowing upwards between the expanding bubble and the frustoconical guide (10). Cooling air is supplied from a fan (11) to the cooling ring (12) and is discharged from the ring through the gap (13) on to the exterior surface of the tubing (6). The gap is adjusted in such a manner that the cooling air impinges on the exterior of the tubing (6) close to the extrusion orifice slightly above the level where it leaves the extrusion orifice, thereby defining a zone in which the tube is longitudinally stretched without substantial longitudinal orientation. After passing through the nip of the pinch rolls (9) the flattened tubular film is passed over guide rolls to the driven feed rolls (14) and (14a) by means of which it is heated to the temperature at which it is to be longitudinally stretched and passes from thence to the draw rolls (15) and (15a) which are driven at a peripheral speed greater than that of the feed rolls and selected to stretch the film longitudinally to the desired degree. The stretch rate is determined by the distance between the two points of tangency on the adjacent rolls (14a) and 15(a). This linear distance may be adjusted by pivoting the draw rolls toward and away from the feed rolls and is preferably less than 10 mm. The film having been longitudinally oriented as a laid flat tubing is edge trimmed, separated and wound up on two windup stations (16). Alternatively the flattened film can be wound up immediately after having left the pair of pinch rolls (9), either as such or on two unwind stations as a single film after edge trimming and separation. The subsequent longitudinal orientation step is then carried out in a separate stretching machine. Amorphous polymers which can advantageously be employed comprise the vinyl chloride polymers, including homopolymers of vinyl chloride, which are particularly suitable, copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate, with vinylidene chloride, with styrene, with acrylonitrile, with dialkyl fumarate or maleate, with alkyl methacrylate or alkyl acrylate, with methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, and copolymers of vinyl chloride with propylene. The polymers may contain 5 to 35% by weight of any of the commercially available plasticizers, especially the ester type. The process of the invention has the advantage that by appropriate variation of the stretch ratios and temperatures in the orientation steps, films having a wide range of shrink characteristics particularly valuable for films to be used for packaging can easily be produced. Thus films can be produced having high shrink values but low shrink tensions, e.g. PVC films having shrink values up to 60% in both directions, but shrink tensions can in some cases be reduced to 100 p.s.i. or even lower. Not only can the shrink value and shrink tension be varied independently, but also films can be made whose shrink properties are non-balanced, which is advantageous if, for example, rectangular items are to be packed. It is easy to produce a biaxially oriented PVC film which has 40% shrink in both directions at 100 C. with a transverse shrink tension maximum of 100 p.s.i. and a shrink tension in the longitudinal direction of 250 p.s.i. and more.