Patent GB-786176-A (GB)
Title: Polyester films and their production
IPC: B29C48/08
Filed: 1955-05-20
Abstract: Dimensionally-stable polyester films are produced by forming a film from a molten polyester, particularly polyethylene terephthalate, biaxially orienting the film by stretching it in two directions at right angles in either order or simultaneously, at an elevated temperature, heat-setting the film at 150-210 DEG  C. under conditions such that no shrinkage occurs and modifying the heat-set film by heating it to 110-150 DEG  C. for 1-5 minutes while maintaining it under a tension of 10-300 pounds per square inch. The films produced do not shrink when maintained at 120 DEG  C. for 5 minutes under no tension.  In general, the tension used during the second heat treatment will increase with the temperature used and may be, e.g. 175 pounds per square inch at 120 DEG  C. or 295 pounds per square inch at 139 DEG  C.  The polyester may contain small proportions of polyglycols formed as byproducts during the production of the ester, e.g. 1 to 15 per cent of diethylene glycol.  Prior to the biaxial stretching step, the film may be coated with a thin layer of an adherent film-forming copolymer such as vinylidene chloride copolymers containing at least 35 per cent by weight of vinylidene chloride, e.g. the poly (vinylidene chloride co-acrylic or methacrylic ester or nitrile co-itaconic acid) compounds described in U.S.A. Specification 2,627,088; the polyisocyanates and polyisothiocyanates described in U.S.A. Specification 2,698,242; a polyester of ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid and a third component in the form of a polyethylene glycol or a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in admixture with an organic polyisocyanate or polyisothiocyanate described in U.S.A. Specification 2,698,241; or the polyesters described in U.S.A. Specification 2,698,239.  Such layers will be applied if the heat-set, heat-relaxed film is to be used for the manufacture of photographic film.  In such cases it is desirable to apply a thin layer of a water-permeable colloid, e.g. gelatin, from an aqueous solution or dispersion and to dry the layer at 100-105 DEG  C. before the heat-relaxing step.  Other water-permeable colloids which may be used are water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol derivatives in general, e.g. partially hydrolysed polyvinyl acetates and mixed polyvinylchloride-acetates, hydrolysed interpolymers of vinyl acetate with unsaturated compounds such as maleic anhydride and acrylic acid esters (disclosed in U.S.A. Specifications 2,276,322, 2,276,323 and 2,397,866); hydrophilic partially substituted polyvinyl esters and acetals, low-substituted cellulose esters of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids of 2-4 carbon atoms and low-substituted cellulose ethers, e.g. methylcellulose and ethyl cellulose; casein, albumin, gum arabic, agar-agar and polyglycuronic acid. In three examples a molten ethylene glycol/terephthalic acid polyester melting at about 255 DEG C. is cast on a drum to form a film about 38 mils. thick, three portions of which are stretched first longitudinally and then laterally about three times in unit length and width at about 88 DEG C., heat-set under tension so that no shrinkage occurs at 150 DEG , 180 DEG  and 210 DEG  C. respectively and then given a second heat treatment at 119 DEG , 132 DEG  and 146 DEG  C. and 75, 12 and 185 p.s.i. tension for 5, 2 and 3 minutes respectively.  In other examples a similar cast film is coated with specified copolymers and then treated as above. Specifications 746,386, 772,148, 779,645, 779,646 and U.S.A. Specifications 2,071,250, 2,465,319 and 2,686,931 also are referred to.