baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent AT-E270944-T1 (AT)
Inventor: HUMM SIEGFRIED
IPC: B25C1/16
Filed: 1999-01-20
Granted: 2004-07-15
Abstract: The magazine strip has a flat narrow band with several longitudinally spaced out locators (2) for the objects. Engagement devices eg formed by notches (8) in at least one side edge (5) of the band engage a transport device of the apparatus for feeding the band into the apparatus which is to use the objects. A guide strip in the area of a long edge of the band projects opposite a flat side of the band. The locators have tubes (4) formed on the flat side of the band.
Patent AT-E264642-T1 (AT)
Inventor: HADDEN JAMES W
IPC: A47F7/16
Filed: 1999-02-01
Granted: 2004-05-15
Abstract: A carpet swatch holder in accordance with the present invention is constructed from a single sheet of extruded plastic or other suitable material. "T"-shaped structures or "channels" protrude from the faces of the sheet. Carpet swatches placed on the sheet so that at least two edges are inserted between the crossbar of the "T" and the face of the sheet. The channels are spaced at one or more predetermined intervals to allow swatches of any desired size to be inserted into the holder. <IMAGE>
Patent AT-E209709-T1 (AT)
Inventor: HERRMANN SIGRID
IPC: C25D21/18
Filed: 1999-02-05
Granted: 2001-12-15
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for electrically regenerating rhodium solutions, designed especially for regenerating rhodium solutions containing sulphuric acid and/or phosphoric acid or rhodium chloride solutions. The solution to be regenerated is introduced in the anode area (12) of an electrolytic cell (10), which is separated from the associated cathode area (14) by an ion exchange membrane (16), said cathode area being filled with a dilute acid having a good conductivity. The rhodium solution pH is increased so as to reach a value greater than 10, preferably in the range from 10 to 14, by adding an alkaline solution, i.e. a concentrated hydroxide potassium solution. Electrolysis is carried out at electric densities that are so high that the trivalent rhodium of the rhodium solution is oxidised to form an hexavalent rhodium, and possible impurities are depleted by the ion exchange membrane (16) in the catholytes. Hexavalent rhodium is transferred in the cathode area at a speed slightly smaller than trivalent rhodium, and therefore no noticeable rhodium depletion can be observed. This is particularly true when pH during electrolysis is maintained at a value permanently greater than 1.5 by means of proper addition of alkaline solution.
Patent AT-E422725-T1 (AT)
Inventor: VOILLAT JEAN-PIERRE
IPC: H02P6/18
Filed: 1999-07-07
Granted: 2009-02-15
Abstract: The present invention concerns a device (20) for controlling an electric motor (1) including a rotor (6) and at least three stator coils (2, 3, 4) connected between three connection terminals, means (5) for providing three control signals (Ua, Ub, Uc) to said connection terminals, and means (22) for dectecting said rotor angular postion. Said dectecting means include measuring means (24) designed to be connected to the motor, such that the means form with said coils at least two oscillating circuits supplying two respective signals (U1, U2) at two measurement frequencies respectively which are themselves periodic functions of said rotor angular position, and means (26) for calculating a single value corresponding to the two measurement frequencies, this value being the desired angular position.
Patent AT-E258075-T1 (AT)
Inventor: SIVAKUMAR ANANTHASUBRAMANIAN
IPC: B01D17/04
Filed: 1999-07-14
Granted: 2004-02-15
Abstract: A method for removing emulsified oil from industrial waste water streams utilizing dispersion copolymers is disclosed. Preferred dispersion copolymers are poly(dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt/acrylamide) and poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride/acrylamide).
Patent AT-E279815-T1 (AT)
Inventor: WESTMAN TAPANI
IPC: H04B1/707
Filed: 1999-08-10
Granted: 2004-10-15
Abstract: A receiver for use in a wireless communication system, for example a mobile phone system, the receiver having a plurality of fingers which can each receive signals from a different propagation path and can estimate the channel coherence time for the propagation path used by signals received by the respective finger. The receiver also has filtering circuity the operation of which is altered in dependence on the estimated coherence time.
Patent AT-E227170-T1 (AT)
Inventor: HURSKAINEN AARNE
IPC: B08B3/02
Filed: 1999-09-14
Granted: 2002-11-15
Abstract: A washing device for washing an interior of a process device is provided. The washing device moveably connected to the process device by a fastening means, and a washing medium of the washing device is led at least partly inside the body of the washing device in order to spray the washing medium to a target via a plurality of nozzles disposed in the body. The washing device has cleaning means including additional nozzles for cleaning parts of the washing device. One or more parts of the washing device have inclined outer surfaces such that the parts are totally visible when viewed from the spraying directions of the additional nozzles.
Patent AT-E309853-T1 (AT)
Inventor: REHG TIMOTHY J
IPC: C01B3/32
Filed: 1999-09-17
Granted: 2005-12-15
Abstract: A method and apparatus removes carbon monoxide from hydrogen rich fuel by means of a catalytic material that preferentially adsorbs with carbon monoxide. The catalytic material is regenerated by an oxidizing agent that reacts with the carbon monoxide absorbed by the catalytic material. The reaction is initiated by an electrical current is generated either galvanically or electrolytically through the catalytic material.
Patent AT-E270318-T1 (AT)
Inventor: FROMENT GILBERT FERNAND ALPHON
IPC: C07B61/00
Filed: 1999-09-28
Granted: 2004-07-15
Abstract: A catalyst and an improved process for producing olefins by catalytic naphtha cracking are described. The process provides relatively higher yields over a commercially important range of naphtha conversion, while providing about the same or lower yields of aromatics and methane over the range. In the process, a hydrocarbon naphtha feedstock including a hydrocarbon having about three to about twenty carbon atoms per molecule is passed into a reactor containing a pentasil zeolite catalyst. The catalyst includes about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent phosphorus and about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of a promoter metal selected from the group consisting of gallium, germanium, tin and mixtures thereof. The hydrocarbon may be passed into the reactor together with a diluent selected from the group consisting of steam, nitrogen, methane, and ethane and mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the hydrocarbon may be passed into the reactor together with additional propane.
Patent AT-E276211-T1 (AT)
Inventor: AOMINE NOBUTAKA
IPC: B32B17/06
Filed: 1999-12-15
Granted: 2004-10-15
Abstract: A glazing panel carrying a coating stack comprises in sequence at least:a glass substratea base antireflective layeran infra-red reflecting layer, anda top antireflective layerin which at least one of the antireflective layers comprises at least one mixed nitride layer which is a mixture of Al and at least one additional material X, in which the atomic ratio X/Al is greater than or equal to 0.05 and in which X is one or more of the materials selected from the group comprising the elements of Groups 3a, 4a, 5a, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8 of the periodic table. The glazing panel is particularly suitable for heat treatment and incorporation in windscreens.
Patent AT-E504927-T1 (AT)
Inventor: PERUZZOTTI FRANCO
IPC: C08K3/00
Filed: 1999-12-20
Granted: 2011-04-15
Abstract: FIELD: flameproof materials. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention concerns manufacture of electric cables, in particular those for transmitting low-voltage power or for telecommunication. Flameproof composition containing polymer base and inorganic flameproof filler. Composition is extruded on electric conductor optionally coated with insulation layer. Mixing of base with filler is accomplished by heating for a specified period of time at specified temperature. Dehydration agent is added to the mixture either in extrusion or in mixing step. As a result, flameproof coating on conductor is obtained. Finally, flameproof composition contains copolymer of ethylene with at least one C3-C12-alpha-olefin and optionally with one diene having density 0.860-0.902 g/cm3 and composition distribution index exceeding 45%; natural-origin magnesium hydroxide; and dehydration agent. ^ EFFECT: enabled formation of pore-free smooth and homogenous flameproof layer and improved mechanical properties of coating. ^ 32 cl, 1 dwg, 1 tbl
Patent AT-E228703-T1 (AT)
Inventor: BERKHOFF ARTHUR PERRY
IPC: G10K11/178
Filed: 1999-10-28
Granted: 2002-12-15
Abstract: Noise reduction arrangement including:   a plurality of actuators (3(n)) for generating secondary noise (ps) to reduce primary noise (pp) and being located in a first surface; a plurality of error sensors (2(m)) located in a second surface parallel to the first surface for sensing a total amount of noise resulting from the primary noise after being reduced by the secondary noise; a plurality of control means (5(i)) for controlling the actuators (3(n)) based on the sensor outputs, wherein the distance (d) between the first and second surfaces is such that reduction in power RP of the total amount of noise relative to the primary noise within a predetermined frequency band is within the following range: <MATH> in which RPmax is the maximum obtainable reduction in power of the total amount of noise relative to the primary noise, both RP and RPmax being expressed in decibel. <IMAGE>
Patent DE-01811165-T1 (DE)
Title: Kalendermechanismus für eine Uhr
Inventor: GABATHULER JACQUES
IPC: G04B19/253
Filed: 2001-11-30
Abstract: Datum-Mechanismus einer Uhr mit einem mit zehn oder einem Vielfachen von zehn Zähnen versehenen Eineranzeigerad (1, 3) und einem mit vier oder einem Vielfachen von vier Zähnen versehenen Zehneranzeigerad (2, 4), einer kinematischen Verbindung zwischen dem Einer- (1, 3) und dem Zehneranzeigerad (2, 4), um letzteres alle zehn Schritte des Eineranzeigerades (1, 3) um einen Schritt zu bewegen, und einem mit dem Zeigerwerk (5) der Uhr verbundenen Antriebsrad (7, 8) des Eineranzeigerades (1, 3), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Zahn des Eineranzeigerades (3) für den Übergang von "1" zu "2" ein Zahn eines Hilfsrades (12) ist, dessen Drehachse fest mit dem Eineranzeigerad (3) verbunden ist und das in der Lage ist, abwechselnd mit der Zahnung des Zehneranzeigerades (2, 4) und mit einem Nocken (15) in Eingriff zu kommen, der zu diesem Zehneranzeigerad (2, 4) koaxial und mit ihm fest verbunden ist, wobei dieser Nocken (15) einerseits zumindest einen Winkelbereich der Sperre...
Patent DE-05809888-T1 (DE)
Title: Spiralpumpe mit gesteuerter axialer wärmeausdehnung
Inventor: LIEPERT ANTHONY
IPC: F04C18/02
Filed: 2005-09-30
Abstract: Vakuumpumpenvorrichtung,
die aufweist:  einen Spiralsatz mit einem Einlass und einem
Auslass, wobei der Spiralsatz ein feststehendes Spiralelement, das
einen feststehenden Spiralflügel
einschliesst, und ein kreisendes Spiralelement aufweist, das einen
kreisenden Spiralflügel
einschliesst, wobei der feststehende und der kreisende Spiralflügel unter
Ausbildung von einer oder mehreren Zwischenflügeltaschen ineinandergreifen;  einen
Motor; und  eine Kurbelwelle, die zwischen dem Motor und dem
kreisenden Spiralelement wirkend gekoppelt ist, was eine kreisende
Bewegung des kreisenden Spiralflügels
relativ zu dem feststehenden Spiralflügel bewirkt, wenn der Motor
mit Strom versorgt wird, wobei die Kurbelwelle eine erste Komponente
eines ersten Materials aufweist, das starr mit einer zweiten Komponente
eines zweiten Materials verbunden ist, wobei das erste und das zweite
Material verschiedene Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten
aufweisen.
Patent DE-19980834-T1 (DE)
Inventor: EYRE DAVID R
IPC: G01N33/53
Filed: 1999-06-17
Abstract: Immunoassays for measuring type II collagen (cartilage) resorption in vivo employ either one or two antibodies. A first antibody binds to EKGPDP (SEQ ID NO:2) but not to EKGPDPLQ (SEQ ID NO:10), where the K symbols refer to lysine or preferably to cross-linking 3-hydroxypyridinium residues. Measurement of analyte binding to the first antibody in serum provides an indication of unmineralized cartilage resorption in vivo. A second antibody binds to EKGPDPLQ (SEQ ID NO:10) but not to EKGPDP (SEQ ID NO:2). Measurement of analyte binding to the second antibody in serum provides an indication of mineralized cartilage resorption in vivo. An indication of total (unmineralized and mineralized) cartilage resorption in vivo is provided by either measurement of analyte binding to the first antibody in urine, or by measurement of the total analyte binding to the first and second antibodies in serum.
Patent DE-241318-T1 (DE)
IPC: H01R25/14
Filed: 1987-04-13
Abstract: A low voltage distribution system comprises a two-conductor track (10, 70) of which one conductor is an outer conductor formed by its casing (12, 72) and the other conductor is an inner copper strip (14) held by insulation (16). An adaptor (20) can be fitted anywhere along the track and interlocked by closing pivoted members (30) so that portions (36) displace resilient arms (26) outwardly to interlock lips (28) of the adaptor with lips (19) of the track. A fully rotatable contact assembly (40) includes a centre contact (44) inside a sleeve contact (46) as well as a lamp bracket (56) which rotates as one with the contact assembly so that wires (60) to the lamp never get twisted. For ease of mounting, a fixing device (74) comprises a rotatable member (76) which can be mounted to a support by a centre screw (78) and having a slot or opening (88) to receive a connecting piece (80) which is slidably connected to the back of the track casing (12, 72) by undercut tongue (82) and groove (84).
Patent DE-269509-T1 (DE)
IPC: F24H9/20
Filed: 1987-11-16
Abstract: According to the invention the said valve comprises a rotary actuating knob (1) and a bubbling diaphragm mechanism (8, 4) connected to a bulb and reacting to an increase in temperature of the combustion products. It also comprises a cam (2) mounted so as to rotate about its axis AA' under the action of the said knob which cooperates with the actuating rod (7, 21) of the gas inlet shutter (6) and which can also move in translation over the said axis AA' under the action of the bubbling diaphragm mechanism (8) in order to cause it to be released from the actuating rod (7) of the shutter and to make the apparatus safe. Application to hot water apparatuses without a permanent pilot flame.   <IMAGE>
Patent DE-381275-T1 (DE)
IPC: H04L12/56
Filed: 1990-01-29
Abstract: The invention provides a method for transmitting, via a transmission medium with a plurality of virtual, asynchronously time-divided transmission channels, a flow of data, and in particular a method for protecting these transmission channels against an exceeding of the maximum cell frequencies, based on the "leaky bucket"-entrance monitoring method. According to the invention the state of the counter of the relevant channel will be decreased on the arrival of a data cell by a value which is a function of the length of time between the moment of arrival of that data cell and the moment of arrival of a preceding data cell with the same channel indication. The decrease of the state of the counter takes place under the same time regime as the arrival of the data cells. Also the increase of the state of the counter, the comparison of that state of the counter with a threshold value and the switching through or not, dependent on the result of the comparison, of the data cell takes place under the same time regime. Owing to this, the monitoring device can function synchronously with the successively arriving data cells in a completely time-divided way, due to which all the virtual channels can be monitored individually by means of only one such a monitoring device. The value by which the state of the counter is decreased on the arrival of the data cell is preferably the product of a first constant value and said length of time between said two moments of arrival. The invention also comprises a device for carrying out said method and is for that purpose provided with read-out means (1), storage means (3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14), time indicating means (4), computing means (6, 8, 10, 11, 15), means of comparison (13) and switching means (2).
Patent DE-1075328-T1 (DE)
Inventor: AMMANN G
IPC: C12Q1/68
Filed: 1999-04-30
Abstract: An automated analyzer for performing multiple diagnostic assays simultaneously includes multiple stations, or modules, in which discrete aspects of the assay are performed on fluid samples contained in reaction receptacles. The analyzer includes stations for automatically preparing a specimen sample, incubating the sample at prescribed temperatures for prescribed periods, performing an analyte isolation procedure, and ascertaining the presence of a target analyte. An automated receptacle transporting system moves the reaction receptacles from one station to the next.; The analyzer further includes devices for carrying a plurality of specimen tubes and disposable pipette tips in a machine-accessible manner, a device for agitating containers of target capture reagents comprising suspensions of solid support material, and a device for holding containers of reagents in a temperature controlled environment. A method for performing an automated diagnostic assay includes an automated process for isolating and amplifying a target analyte.
Patent CY-1107925-T1 (CY)
Inventor: FERRANDIS AGNES
IPC: A61K9/08
Filed: 2008-04-23
Abstract: Topically applicable dermatological/cosmetic compositions suited for ungual/peri-ungual administration for the treatment of a variety of pathologies, including fungal pathologies, such as onychomycosis, contain (a) at least one biologically active agent (e.g., antifungal) and (b) at least two of the pro-penetrating agents selected from the group consisting of urea, an organic acid and an ethoxydiglycol, the at least two-pro-penetrating agents respectively being present in effective amounts as to synergistically improve the ungual/peri-ungual bioavailability of the at least one biologically active agent.
Patent CY-1108717-T1 (CY)
Title: Διαδικασια τοποθετησης ενος ηλεκτρονικου συνολου σε ενα υποστρωμα και διαταξη τοποθετησης ενος τετοιου συνολου
Inventor: DROZ FRANÇOIS
IPC: G06K19/077
Filed: 2009-01-27
Abstract: Σκοπός της εν λόγω εφεύρεσης είναι η εξασφάλιση της μέγιστης ακρίβειας για τη δημιουργία ενός ηλεκτρονικού συνόλου βάσει ενός πλινθίου μικρών διαστάσεων και για την τοποθέτηση του εν λόγω συνόλου σε ένα μονωτικό υπόστρωμα. Ο εν λόγω σκοπός υποστηρίζεται από μια μέθοδο για την τοποθέτηση ενός τουλάχιστον ηλεκτρονικού συνόλου που αποτελείται από ένα πλινθίο (4), που διαθέτει μια τουλάχιστον ηλεκτρική επαφή (5, 5') στην επιφάνεια του, σε ένα μέσο που αποκαλείται υπόστρωμα (7), όπου η εν λόγω επαφή συνδέεται με ένα τμήμα (3, 3') ταινιογραμμής, ενώ η τοποθέτηση αυτή γίνεται με μια διάταξη τοποθέτησης (6) που συγκρατεί και τοποθετεί το εν λόγω υπόστρωμα (7). Η μέθοδος της εφεύρεσης συνίσταται στη δημιουργία του τμήματος (3, 3') με προκαθορισμένο περίγραμμα, στη μεταφορά του εν λόγω τμήματος (3, 3') στη διάταξη τοποθέτησης (6), στη λήψη του πλινθίου (4) από τη διάταξη τοποθέτησης (6) για τη μεταφορά του τμήματος ταινιογραμμής (3, 3') ούτως ώστε το εν λόγω τμήμα (3, 3') να ακουμπά σε μια τουλάχιστον επαφή (5, 5') του πλινθίου (4), στην τοποθέτηση του ηλεκτρονικού συνόλου που αποτελείται από το πλινθίο (4) και το τμήμα ταινιογραμμής (3, 3') στο υπόστρωμα (7) σε προκαθορισμένη θέση και στη βύθιση του εν λόγω πλινθίου (4) και τμήματος ταινιογραμμής (3, 3') στο υπόστρωμα (7). Αναλύεται επίσης η διάταξη τοποθέτησης που χρησιμοποιείται για την υλοποίηση της μεθόδου αυτής, καθώς και ένα φορητό αντικείμενο που περιλαμβάνει το ηλεκτρονικό σύνολο που δημιουργήθηκε σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο της εφεύρεσης.
Patent CY-1109312-T1 (CY)
Inventor: BELL GORDON ALASTAIR
IPC: A01N43/40
Filed: 2009-08-12
Abstract: A microencapsulated agrochemical composition comprises an aqueous dispersion of microcapsules containing (a) an agrochemical (b) a water-insoluble, bioperformance enhancing adjuvant for said agrochemical wherein said adjuvant has little or no surfactant properties and (c) a water-immiscible solvent in which both the agrochemical and adjuvant are soluble.
Patent CY-1111417-T1 (CY)
Title: Ενδοοφθαλμικος φακος
Inventor: MORGAN DREW
IPC: A61F2/16
Filed: 2011-01-25
Abstract: Παρέχεται ενδοοφθαλμικός φακός (10) (IOL) που έχει βυθισμένη εσωτερική περιοχή οπτικού και παχυνθέν ή ανυψωμένο περιφερειακό εξωτερικό χείλος ή παρυφή (30) μορφοποιημένο(η) ολοκληρωτικά με το όριο (18) του οπτικού (12). Ο εν λόγω σχεδιασμός ελαττώνει το βάρος του IOL, ελαχιστοποιώντας το πάχος για οιαδήποτε δεδομένη διάμετρο και ισχύ οπτικού, καθιστώντας ευκολότερη την εισαγωγή του φακού σε πολύ μικρή εγκοπή, χωρίς να καταστρέφεται το οπτικό ή να μειώνεται η σταθερότητα του IOL.
Patent CY-1111662-T1 (CY)
Inventor: DUMAS MILNE EDWARDS JEAN-BAPTISTE
IPC: G01N33/53
Filed: 2011-03-31
Abstract: The sequences of 5' ESTs derived from mRNAs encoding secreted proteins are disclosed. The 5' ESTs may be used to obtain cDNAs and genomic DNAs corresponding to the 5' ESTs. The 5' ESTs may also be used in diagnostic, forensic, gene therapy, and chromosome mapping procedures. Upstream regulatory sequences may also be obtained using the 5' ESTs. The 5' ESTs may also be used to design expression vectors and secretion vectors. <IMAGE>
Patent CY-1112982-T1 (CY)
Inventor: COORAY BOYD
IPC: C09D7/65
Filed: 2012-06-18
Abstract: Insulating compositions in the form of aqueous dispersions which comprise hollow borosilicate glass spheres or ceramic microspheres, wax encapsulated thermoset particles and spherical thermoplastic microspheres and an emulsion polymer or redispersible powder binder. The compositions may applied as a primer or top coat in interior and/or exterior of new and existing buildings or for the insulation of pipes, cylinders and tanks containing and transporting hot or cold liquids or low boiling point liquids.
Patent CY-1116978-T1 (CY)
Title: Συστηματα για αναρροφηση μικρου διαμετρηματος
Inventor: SORENSEN GARY P
IPC: A61M1/00
Filed: 2015-11-26
Abstract: Συγκρότημα για χειρουργικό σύστημα φακοθρυψίας περιλαμβάνει σύστημα αναρρόφησης τοποθετημένο να αναρροφά ρευστό από χειρουργική θέση. Το σύστημα αναρρόφησης περιλαμβάνει διαδρομή αναρρόφησης εντός της χειρολαβής φακοθρυψίας και περιλαμβάνει εύκαμπτη σωλήνωση αναρρόφησης μικρού διαμετρήματος που συγκοινωνεί με τη διαδρομή αναρρόφησης. Ο σωλήνας αναρρόφησης μικρού διαμετρήματος έχει ονομαστική εσωτερική διάμετρο μικρότερη από περίπου 0,050 ίντσες για να ελαττωθούν τα επίπεδα διακύμανσης απόφραξης εντός του χειρουργικού συστήματος. Μία περισταλτική αντλία υψηλής απόδοσης συγκοινωνεί με τη σωλήνωση αναρρόφησης μικρού διαμετρήματος και έχει ως λειτουργία να δημιουργεί ροή διαμέσου της σωλήνωσης αναρρόφησης μικρού διαμετρήματος.
Patent CY-1118259-T1 (CY)
Title: Μεθοδος αναλυσης μεθυλιωσης
Inventor: DEVOS THEO
IPC: C12Q1/68
Filed: 2016-05-10
Abstract: Πτυχές της εφεύρεσης σχετίζονται με συνθέσεις και μεθόδους για την παροχή DNA για ανάλυση μεθυλίωσης που είναι ιδιαιτέρως κατάλληλη για εφαρμογή σε εργαστήρια αναφοράς. Περεταίρω 5 πτυχές της ανάπτυξης σχετίζονται με συνθέσεις και μεθόδους για την υψηλής ειδικότητας και ευαισθησίας ανάλυση μεθυλίωσης του γονιδίου SEPT9, επίσης ιδιαιτέρως κατάλληλη για εφαρμογή σε εργαστήρια αναφοράς.
Patent CY-1118505-T1 (CY)
Inventor: Rosenberg Jörg
IPC: A61K31/425
Filed: 2016-12-19
Abstract: A solid pharmaceutical dosage form providing improved oral bioavailability is disclosed for inhibitors of HIV protease. In particular, the dosage form comprises a solid dispersion of at least one HIV protease inhibitor in at least one pharmaceutically acceptable water-soluble polymer and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant.