Patent GB-1127361-A (GB)
Title: Improvements relating to pattern recognition devices
Inventor: LEMAY CHRISTOPHER ARCHIBALD GO
IPC: G06F1/00
Filed: 1965-01-30
Abstract: 1,127,361. Pattern recognition. ELECTRIC & MUSICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd. 20 Jan., 1966 [30 Jan., 1965], No. 4199/65. Heading G4R. In a pattern recognition device, a signal from pattern sensing means is compared with signals which are held in a store together with associated identity data and (in at least some cases) displacement data, to select one of the stored signals, the associated displacement data (if any) causing displacement of the pattern (or the effect thereof) to permit further comparison. The term " displacement " is intended to indude rotation and scale-change. Referring to Fig. 3 which shows an adaptive system for recognizing blood cells, the position of a television scanner 1 is servo-controlled 45 so as to be responsive to a restricted portion of the field of view called the retina of the scanner. The retina is divided into 576 (24 x 24) elements, or 16 sub-retinas of 36 elements each. A first store 7 stores 576 words, one for each element, each word comprising two bits for each of 32 images learned by the system. The words are accessed in synchronism with the scanning, each bit-pair being converted to analogue form 11 and subtracted 12 from the scanner signal, the result being supplied to one of 32 integrators 14 selected in accordance with the bit-pair involved, in one of 16 channels 13A-13P selected in accordance with the sub-retina. Every 2 frames, the integrator outputs are each digitized to 2 bits, giving a 64 bit word in each channel which is compared with each word in a second store 16 respective to the channel. The second store holds about 1000 words, each having 64 bits for the comparison, 8 bits (only one of which is 1) constituting a feature number, and 2 bits of displacement information (see later). The purpose of the comparison is to identify features such as edge or spot. The feature number of the stored word which is the closest fit with the word from the integrators 14 is used to select one of 8 further integrators 17 to which a number representing the degree of fit is now supplied. The outputs of these further integrators in all the channels are each digitized to 2 bits to make a 256 (2 x 8 x 16) bit word which is compared with each of the words in a main store 24. The main store holds about 1000 words, each having 256 bits for the comparison, 4 bits identifying the corresponding blood cell, 3 bits for mask size (see later) and 6 bits of displacement information (see later). The stored word which is the closest fit supplies its 4 cell-name bits to respective output integrators 25-28. Each output integrator increments by one unit in response to a 1 bit and decrements by one unit in response to a 0 bit. When an integrator 25-28 reaches a limit of plus or minus 8 units it produces an output bit of 1 or 0 respectively. When each integrator 25-28 has produced an output bit, the latter identify the blood cell and during the recognition phase actuate a typewriter. Information is stored in the first, second and main stores during the learning phase, during which the scanner 1 is being continually displaced. In each channel 13A-13P, the digitized outputs of the first integrators 14 together with the current reading of a feature number counter 19 in the channel and displacement information are stored as a word in the second store 16, provided neither the feature number nor the displacement information agrees with that of the already stored word (if any) whose 64 bit (integrator) portion agrees most closely with that of the new word. The feature number counter is incremented after any appreciable change in the outputs of the first integrators 14 in the channel. The scanner displacement during learning, with the resulting plurality of words in each second store 16 derived from a given blood cell result in subsequent recognition being largely independent of exact blood cell position. During learning, which is inhibited 34 on equality being detected 31 between a blood cell name set up on a keyboard 32 and outputs from the output integrators 25-28, a learning-sequencer 38 driven by a clock pulse every 32 frames energizes three control lines in turn, energization of the last preventing entry of further clock pulses 40. The three control lines, when energized, permit entry of information into the first, second and main stores respectively. The first store 7 receives all the scanner signals, digitized 4 into 2 bits per element, except when a peak deviation unit 43 responsive to the first integrators 14 of the channels, indicates that the scanner signals are sufficiently like signals already present in the first store 7. This conserves storage, a similar procedure being used with the second and main stores 16, 24, the former being described above. Displacement information representing movement of the scanner 1 is produced by a displacement unit 46 and used during learning, being inserted into the second and main stores 16, 24 when a new word is stored and in the former case used to decide if a new word is to be stored (see above). The displacement information for the second stores 16 consists of one bit for up-down and one for left-right, that for the main store 24 consisting of three bits for each. The displacement unit 46 also prevents 51, 52 insertion of data into the first and second stores 7, 16 if the scanner 1 moves more than a predetermined amount from a central position. During both learning and recognition, the scanner 1 is moved in response to displacement information from the second and main stores (from the best fit words) and during learning it is also given a random shift of about 6 elements every 10 frames. The movement during recognition tends to centre the retina over the blood cell. Referring to Fig. 4 (not shown), and considering up-down movement (left-right movement being controlled similarly), the number of ls in the relevant bits from all the second stores 16 are counted (56) and depending on how the count compares with two thresholds, clock pulses produced one every 2 frames are enabled each to move the scanner one element up or down or neither. If at any time no movement is ordered for both up-down and left-right, the thresholds are altered until this ceases to be true (77). The displacement information from the main store 24 is stored (70, 71) and every 60 frames is converted to analogue form (72, 73) and used to cause displacement. Velocity feedback is provided. During learning, the keyboard 32 is used to set the aperture of a mask 49, so as to exclude extraneous matter around the blood cell being learned. The mask size data is entered into the main store 24. During recognition, it (from the best fit word) is used to control the mask size, after integration 50 to prevent hunting. The digitizers used 4, 15, 18 have associated mean level and mean deviation units to control the quantizing levels so that substantially equal numbers of elements fall into each quantized interval. During recognition, recognition of one cell is followed by random shift of the scanner 1 to find another. As a modification, physical movement of the scanner 1 may be simulated by storing the image in a matrix store and renumbering the storage locations.