Patent GB-1518326-A (GB)
Title: Acoustic transducer
IPC: G01V1/52
Filed: 1975-07-09
Abstract: 1518326 Well logging SCHLUMBERGER Ltd 9 July 1975 [10 July 1974] 28833/75 Heading GIG [ Also in Division H4] An electroacoustic transducer for emitting or receiving acoustic waves includes a shell 42, 44 Fig. 2, having an energy reflector 50 at one end and substantially closed by a convexly curved end cap 46, 48 at its other end and capable of vibrating radially and longitudinally at the same frequency with respect to an axis passing through the two ends. The end cap 46, 48 in use acoustically couples the longitudinal vibrations of the shell 42 to the medium in directions substantially normal to the surface of the end cap. As applied to well logging (see Fig. 5 not shown) radial expansion of the shells 42, 44 of the emitter is accompanied by longitudinal expansion and vice versa. The radial vibrations are coupled to the drilling mud 16, Fig. 1 by virtue of the relatively large external surface area of the shell 42. This, together with the vibrations from the end cap 46, results in high energy transmission in the range of angles of about 15 degrees to 75 degrees to the axis of the emitter 30 in the downward direction. The acoustic wave path from emitter 30 to receiver 32 and traversing the earth formations 18 is shown typically by the lines ABCD and A'B'C'D in Fig. 1. Well logging apparatus comprises a cylindrical support 10, Figs. 1, 2, held by a cable 14 and provided at its upper and lower ends with centralizing spring blades 28. The emitter 30 and 32 are separated by elastically inter-connected masses 38 for attenuating wave transmitter directly from emitter to receiver. The emitter shells 42, 44 are coaxially mounted cylinders of lead zirconate titanate, shell 42 being polarized radially outwardly and shell 44 being polarized radially inwardly. The end caps 46, 48 are of titanium or aluminium and are soldered or bonded with epoxy resin to their respective shells 42, 44. In a first alternative embodiment, Fig. 7 (not shown) the end cap 46 is made from Piezo-electric material and has respective electrodes on its external and internal surfaces. The shell and cap have approximately the same resonant frequency. In a second alternative arrangement the shell 42, Fig. 8 is made from steel/nickel magnetostrictive material and at least one toroidal coil and preferably two coils 146, 148 are wound around respective axially spaced portions of the shell 42. In all embodiments the ends of the shells 42, 44 remote from the end caps 46, 48, Fig. 2, abut a common annular member 50 of synthetic rubber. Annular member 50 is supported on a shoulder 52 formed on a steel support secured to the cylindrical wall 56 by bolts 58. A hollow support 60 is brazed to support 54, passes through respective apertures 62, 64 in the caps 46, 48 and is a close fit with synthetic rubber washers 66a, 66b. The ends of tube 60 fits within the end of another tube 72 integral with another support member 74. Member 74 is axially movable within support 10 and is sealed from the portion of the interior below the member 74, which portion communicates with the mud 16, by a flexible bellows (not shown). The assembly is clamped together by a tie rod 78 having an enlarged head 80 at one end which engages a washer-like member 82, its other end being threaded and receiving a nut 86. A flexible steel sleeve 90 sealed by O-rings 96, 98 encloses the shells 42, 44 and the tubes 60, 72. The whole of the interior of the sleeve 90, including the space between the shells 42, 44, the end caps 46, 48 and the space between shell 44 and end cap 48 is filled with oil maintained under substantially the same pressure as that of the mud 16 by the action of the bellows. The wall 56 has two circumferentially spaced windows 100 which together extend around most of the circumference. In the Piezo-electric arrangement shown electrodes 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 are plasma sprayed on the shells 42, 44 and are connected via respective conductors 114 to a circuit 40. The receiver 32 is similar to the emitter 30 but a single electrode is employed in place of each pair of electrodes 106, 108 and 110, 112 and, if desired, the shell 44 and cap 48 may be omitted. The end caps of the emitter and receiver face each other Fig. 1. The circuit 40 has a part which energizes the emitter 30. An input amplifier 120, Fig. 3, amplifies pulses supplied by equipment 26, Fig. 1, via cable 14. The amplifier output is connected to two substantially identical firing circuits 122a, 122b. Circuit 122a comprises a normally non-conductive switch 124a connected in series with the primary 126a of a 1:6 step up transformer 128a between a 400 volt source 130 and earth. One end 132a of the secondary 134a is connected via an inductor L1 to the electrode 106 of shell 42 and via an inductor L2 to electrode 108, while the other end 136a is connected to electrode 102. Circuit 122b is similarly connected to electrode 102. Circuit 122b is similarly connected to the electrode of shell 44. Resonant excitation is typically 20 times a second as the support 10 is moved upwardly in the borehole. The values of inductances L1 to L4 are chosen to effectively phase advance by a small amount the first few vibrations of that part of each shell 42, 44 further from the receiver with respect to the first few vibrations of the remainder of the body to reduce phase distortion errors at the receiver. Where the shells 42, 44 are of magnetostrictive material capacitors replace the inductances for reducing phase distortion errors at the receiver.