baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2005198292-A (JP)
Title: Method and apparatus for down/up sampling residue image and image encoding/decoding method and apparatus using the same
Inventor: KIM WOO-SHIK
IPC: H04N19/61
Filed: 2004-12-27
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and apparatus for down/up sampling a residue image , and an image encoding/decoding method and apparatus using the same in which a loss of information in a sampling step is reduced, effective sampling can be performed even when directly encoding a original image which is not color transformed, and in addition to colors, sampling of any components can be performed effectively.  <P>SOLUTION: This downsampling method including: generating a residue corresponding to the difference between an original image and a predicted image, for each image component of the original image formed with at least two or more image components; and down sampling the residue for each image component at a predetermined ratio, or this upsampling method including: upsampling data downsampled from residue data of an original image; and restoring the original image by adding the predicted image to the upsampled residue of each component.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006185800-A (JP)
Title: Transfer sheet for manufacturing electrode-polyelectrolyte membrane junction, electrode-polyelectrolyte membrane junction and their manufacturing methods
Inventor: NISHIMURA HIRONOBU
IPC: H01M4/86
Filed: 2004-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrode-electrolyte membrane junction which has small interface resistance value between a catalyst layer and an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell and can supply the fuel and oxidizer sufficiently.  <P>SOLUTION: The transfer sheet has (1) a metal catalyst carrying carbon particle layer and (2) an electrode catalyst layer laminated in order on one direction of the substrate, and the electrode catalyst layer is constructed of a metal catalyst carrying carbon particles and a polyelectrolyte, and a gradient is provided in the concentration of metal catalyst carrying carbon particle and the polyelectrolyte so that the content ratio of the polyelectrolyte may be gradually reduced and the content ratio of the metal catalyst carrying carbon particle may be gradually increased. By using a transfer sheet, the interface resistance value between the catalyst layer and the electrolyte membrane is small, and an electrode-electrolyte membrane assembly which can supply the fuel and the oxidizer sufficiently can be manufactured.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006189260-A (JP)
Title: Wrist watch and time clocking method
Inventor: MIKI YASUTOSHI
IPC: G04G5/00
Filed: 2004-12-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a wrist watch or the like capable of clocking properly a race time.  <P>SOLUTION: This wrist watch 10 specifies a passing time in response to a trigger signal sent from a trigger generation device, and stores it in a storage part 15 during the race. The wrist watch 10 calculates the race time from each passing time. After finish of the race, a time collection device 20 reads a bar code BC by a bar code reader BR to acquire a code value, and then retrieves a wrist watch ID correlated with the code value from a tag information storage part. The time collection device 20 calls an object wrist watch 10 by using the retrieved wrist watch ID, receives the race time or the like sent from the wrist watch 10 responding to the call, and stores it in a time information storage part.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006176206-A (JP)
Title: Carton for tissue paper box
Inventor: SHINTANI HIROSHI
IPC: B65D83/08
Filed: 2004-12-22
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a carton for a tissue paper box which does not produce any wast when a take-out opening is made only of crease lines 6, 7 and cutting lines 8, 12 for opening and which holds the tissue paper 2 in a standing state stably for a long time by supporting the tissue paper alternately by a wing pieces 9 and 13 from front and back direction on the way of taking out the tissue paper.  <P>SOLUTION: The crease lines 6, 7 are provided on the top wall 3 of the carton 1. A cut is formed between the base end 4 of the crease line 6 and the base end 5 of the crease line 7. The base end 4 and the outer end of the crease line 7 are connected with the cutting line 8 for opening having a part bulged in long side direction to the extension line of the crease line 6. The base end 5 and the outer end of the crease line 6 are connected with the cutting line 12 for opening having a part bulged in long side direction to the extension line of the crease line 7.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005524160-A (JP)
Title: シストリックアレイを実施するための処理方法および装置
IPC: G06F9/38
Filed: 2003-04-01
Abstract: 本発明は、シストリックアレイ状の構造を実施するための処理方法および装置に関する。入力データが、所定のシーケンスでデプス構成可能レジスタ手段（ＤＣＥ）に記憶され、命令データから生成される制御信号に基づいて前記入力データを処理するための処理手段（ＦＵ）に与えられ、ここにおいてレジスタ手段（ＤＣＥ）のデプスは、命令データによって制御される。これによって、アレイの遅延線を構成するレジスタ移動を実施するための演算を明示的に発行する必要なく、シストリックアレイをＶＬＩＷプロセッサ等のプログラム可能プロセッサ上にマッピングすることができる。
Patent JP-2006513694-A (JP)
Title: 人工転写因子
IPC: C07K14/47
Filed: 2003-06-06
Abstract: 複数のDNA結合ドメインを含む転写調節ポリペプチドが提供される。このポリペプチドは任意に、1個又は複数の転写調節ドメインを含む。このポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド並びにこのポリペプチド及びポリヌクレオチドの使用も提供される。
Patent JP-2005534952-A (JP)
Title: 光活性化合物の混合物を含む深紫外線リソグラフィ用のフォトレジスト組成物
IPC: G03F7/004
Filed: 2003-06-11
Abstract: 本発明は、水性アルカリ性溶液で現像することができ、そして深紫外の露光波長で像形成することができる、新規のフォトレジスト組成物に関する。また本発明は、該新規フォトレジストに像を形成する方法並びに新規の光酸発生剤にも関する。
Patent JP-2005531443-A (JP)
IPC: B29C48/92
Filed: 2003-07-01
Abstract: This invention discloses the use of one or three cameras equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor and of laser detectors for characterising respectively in two or three dimensions, the behaviour of an extrudate at the exit of a die, said CCD camera(s) being synchronised with a flash by the laser detectors. <IMAGE>
Patent JP-2005533159-A (JP)
Title: 発熱方法
IPC: C10L1/04
Filed: 2003-07-16
Abstract: 蒸発式バーナー炉で液体燃料を燃焼させることによる発熱方法であり、液体燃料はフィッシャー・トロプシュ由来燃料を含む。前記燃料は９０重量％を上回る割合が１６０〜４００℃で沸騰し、８０重量％を上回るイソ及びノルマルパラフィンと、１重量％未満の芳香族と、５ｐｐｍ未満の硫黄と、１ｐｐｍ未満の窒素を含有するフィッシャー・トロプシュ生成物を含み、フィッシャー・トロプシュ生成物の密度は１５℃で０．６５〜０．８ｇ／ｃｍ ３ である。
Patent JP-2005535917-A (JP)
Title: 光散乱膜を含む偏光板、これを含む液晶表示装置用基板及び液晶表示装置
IPC: G02F1/1335
Filed: 2002-09-19
Abstract: 【課題】階調反転を最小化することができると同時に、字体がつぶれる現象を除去することができる光散乱膜を含む偏光板及びこれを含む液晶表示装置用基板並びに液晶表示装置を提供する。 【解決手段】液晶表示装置には画素領域に赤（R）、緑（G）、青（B）のカラーフィルターが順次に配列されている。この時、光散乱膜の散乱粒子であるフィラーは網状に分布されているが、画素領域間の境界部分では画素領域に比べて低い密度を有するように対角線方向に分布されている。
Patent JP-2006502141-A (JP)
Title: カリウムチャンネル遮断薬としてのスルホンアミド
IPC: A61K31/53
Filed: 2003-08-15
Abstract: 電位依存性カリウムチャンネルを介したカリウムイオンフラックスの変調によって疾患を治療する際に有用な化合物、組成物および方法が提供されている。さらに特定すると、本発明は、スルホンアミド、およびスルホンアミドを使用する組成物および方法（これらは、指定した病気の発症および再発に関連したカリウムチャンネルを遮断することによる疾患の治療で有用である）を提供する。本発明の化合物、組成物および方法で治療可能な代表的な疾患には、鎌状赤血球症および緑内障が挙げられる。
Patent JP-2005536299-A (JP)
IPC: A61B19/00
Filed: 2003-08-27
Abstract: Instrumentation, systems, and processes for tracking anatomy, instrumentation, trial implants, implants, and references, and rendering images and data related to them in connection with surgical operations, for example total knee arthroplasties ("TKA"). These instrumentation, systems, and processes are accomplished by using a computer to intraoperatively obtain images of body parts and to register, navigate, and track surgical instruments. Disclosed in this document are also alignment modules and other structures and processes which allow for coarse and fine alignment of instrumentation and other devices relative to bone for use in connection with the tracking systems of the present invention.
Patent JP-2006516173-A (JP)
Title: Ｆｔｍｓを使用して定量分析を実施するための方法、システム、および装置
IPC: B01D59/44
Filed: 2003-08-28
Abstract: 特定の典型的な実施形態は、ＦＴＭＳを使用して反復定量分析を実行するための方法を提供する。本方法は、複数の潜在的アクティビティを含んでいてよく、それらの一部は自動的に、繰り返して、および／または枝分かれさせて実施することができ、そしてそれらの一部は引き続いて発生する。少なくとも１つの所定試料源から試料を入手してＦＴＭＳへ提供できる。ＦＴＭＳのための少なくとも１つの変数は最適化できる。ＦＴＭＳから複数の出力を入手できる。試料の少なくとも１つの主要なイオン成分の同一性を確定できる。少なくとも１つの主要なイオン成分の量を決定できる。
Patent JP-2005537600-A (JP)
Title: トラック・ジャンプ・ユニット
IPC: G11B7/085
Filed: 2003-08-19
Abstract: 本発明は、ディスクの第一のトラックから第二のトラックへの光ピックアップ機器（２２０）の光ビーム（２２１）のジャンプを実行するトラック・ジャンプ・ユニット及び方法に関する。半径方向誤り信号が検出されると、この半径方向誤り信号から拡張半径誤り信号（ＥＲＥ）が導かれる。この拡張半径方向誤り信号は、半径方向誤り信号に関連付けられたトラック識別子を有する部分を含む単調な信号である。現在のトラック識別子（ＩＤ）の値と拡張半径方向誤り信号に基づいて、移動信号が生成され、光ビームを移動させる。ジャンプを実行するのに、現在の識別子を修正し、光ビームを所望のトラックへ移動させる。
Patent JP-2006501969-A (JP)
IPC: A61M25/00
Filed: 2003-10-10
Abstract: This invention is directed to a multi-layer catheter for navigation to remote locations within the body, comprising a liner layer, a braid layer and an outer jacket. The catheter provides a high degree of flexibility needed to traverse the vasculature and a high degree of strength needed to withstand the high pressures associated with catheter-delivery of viscous embolizing compositions.
Patent JP-2006506522-A (JP)
Title: 冶金炉のためのガス供給システム並びにそのための運転方法
IPC: C21C5/48
Filed: 2003-10-02
Abstract: 特に炭素鋼又は不銹鋼を製造するための底吹き又は横吹きの転炉における振動（いわゆる「バックアタック」効果）を緩和又は抑制するために、転炉のためのガス供給システム（３）が、ノズル（５）前又はこれに付設される供給絞り装置（７）を備え、この供給絞り装置が、路内へのガス供給を周期的に低減又は中断する。
Patent JP-2006507636-A (JP)
Title: 電気化学的セルのための長時間安定性のセパレータ
IPC: H01M50/497
Filed: 2003-11-06
Abstract: 以下：（Ａ）孔のあいた柔軟な支持体、（Ｂ）支持体の孔を塞ぐ第一の多孔質セラミック材料を含み、その際、セラミック材料が（ｉ）平均孔径により特徴付けられる第一の多孔質層を含み、かつ（ｉｉ）イオン伝導のための電解質を収容するために適当である電気化学的セルのためのセパレータにおいて、（Ｃ）第一の多孔質セラミック材料の、電解質と接触可能な細孔表面が、寿命を延長するために他の材料の微粒子で被覆されており、その際、微粒子の平均粒径がセラミック材料の平均孔径の０．５〜３０％、有利に１〜１５％の範囲内にあることを特徴とする、電気化学的セルのためのセパレータ。
Patent JP-2006509710-A (JP)
IPC: H01L33/32
Filed: 2003-12-11
Abstract: The substrate is used for opto-electric or electrical devices and comprises a layer of nitride grown by means of vapor phase epitaxy growth wherein both main surfaces of the nitride substrate are substantially consisting of non N-polar face and N-polar face respectively and the dislocation density of the substrate is 5×105/cm2 or less. Therefore, the template type substrate has a good dislocation density and a good value of FWHM of the X-ray rocking curve from (0002) plane less than 80, so that the resulting template type substrate is very useful for the epitaxy substrate from gaseous phase such as MOCVD, MBE and HVPE, resulting in possibility of making good opto-electric devices such as Laser Diode and large-output LED and good electric devices such as MOSFET.
Patent JP-2006190792-A (JP)
Title: Infrared light emitting diode and its manufacturing method
Inventor: WATANABE HARUHIKO
IPC: H01L33/30
Filed: 2005-01-05
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an infrared light emitting diode which is high in output, responsive at high speed, and can be utilized for both of infrared ray communication and communication for remote control operation.  <P>SOLUTION: The infrared light emitting diode 1 has at least one layer of a p-type clad layer 2 including p-type Al<SB>x</SB>Ga<SB>1-x</SB>As (0.15≤x≤0.45), an active layer 3 including p-type Al<SB>y</SB>Ga<SB>1-y</SB>As (0≤y≤0.01), and at least one layer of an n-type clad layer 4 including n-type Al<SB>z</SB>Ga<SB>1-z</SB>As (0.15≤z≤0.45). The thickness of the active layer 3 is set to 2-6 μm. The infrared light emitting diode 1 can be used as an infrared light source for both of the infrared ray communication and the communication for remote control operation. An emission peak wavelength at room temperature can be set to 880-890 nm. The diode 1 can be utilized as the infrared light source which is high in output and responsive at high speed, for both of the infrared ray communication and the communication for remote control operation.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006192059-A (JP)
Title: Tomographic measuring instrument
Inventor: TANAKA TOSHIKAZU
IPC: G01N21/17
Filed: 2005-01-13
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a tomographic measuring instrument by which an optical tomographic information of an area to be examined can be obtained in real time even when a distance from an outgoig end face of a low coherent luminous flux to the area to be examined is varied.  <P>SOLUTION: The tomographic measuring instrument is provided with an irradiation part 13 of the low coherent luminous flux and a piezoelectric vibrator 14 for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves which are disposed respectively at the tip of an internal measurement probe 10. Based on the ultrasonic wave transmitted and received from the piezoelectric vibrator 14, a positional detection part 44 obtains a distance from the outgoing end face of the irradiation part 13 to the inner peripheral surface 61 of the subject 60. According to the variation of this distance, a route length adjustment mechanism 24 adjusts a route length of a second luminous flux.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006039504-A (JP)
Title: Flat-type fluorescent lamp and liquid crystal display device having same
Inventor: LEE SANG-YU
IPC: F21S2/00
Filed: 2005-01-14
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a flat-type fluorescent lamp and a liquid crystal display device having the same.  <P>SOLUTION: The flat-type fluorescent lamp includes a first substrate, internal electrodes which are formed on one surface of the first substrate apart from one another, a second substrate which is combined with one surface of the first substrate to form a plurality of discharge spaces and includes a connection portion for partially exposing the internal electrodes. The second substrate has a recessed part which is recessed to the side of the first substrate and in contact with the first substrate in the discharge space portion most adjacent to a sealing portion, and the connection portion includes a contact hole formed in the recessed part. The internal electrodes are exposed to the outside through the connection portion. Therefore, while the external size of the flat-type fluorescent lamp is held, the internal electrodes are exposed to the outside to facilitate connection with an inverter.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006199181-A (JP)
Title: Swing arm support structure of motorcycle
Inventor: MISAKI KENICHI
IPC: B62M17/00
Filed: 2005-01-21
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To easily perform an assembly of a swing arm by improving swing arm support structure of a motorcycle.  <P>SOLUTION: The motorcycle is provided with right and left center pivot plates 105 and a plate member 15 on a vehicle body frame 11, a bearing 120 at the front end of a swing arm 36 vertically and swingably supporting a rear wheel, and the bearing 120 is mounted to the center pivot plates 105 and the plate member 15 through a pivot shaft 35. The motorcycle is provided with an uprising wall 146c as the receiver assisting the positioning of the bearing 120 by receiving the bearing 120, a collar 117 in detail, on the center pivot plates 105 when assembling the swing arm 36 to the center pivot plates 105 and the plate member 15.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005218097-A (JP)
Title: Receiver
Inventor: OWASHI HITOAKI
IPC: H04N19/65
Filed: 2005-01-24
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a digital information receiver capable of restoring video information and sound information by receiving bit-compressed video information and sound information that are transmitted efficiently and correcting an error about even an error that occurs during transmission.  <P>SOLUTION: A transmission signal obtained by applying bit compression to a video signal by discrete cosine transformation and applying quadrature phase modulation is received, the received signal is applied to quadrature phase demodulation, an error correction code is used to correct an error that occurs during transmission, discrete cosine inverse transformation is used to expand the bit-compressed video signal, a sound signal is also applied to bit expansion, and the video signal and the sound signal are outputted. Thus, it is possible to efficiently receive the video information and the sound information.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006208786-A (JP)
Title: Reflection element and projection system provided with the same
Inventor: UMETANI MASAKI
IPC: G03B21/00
Filed: 2005-01-28
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a reflection element to be used in a projection system having a polarization screen, the element capable of converting a polarization state of image light projected from a projector into a desired state without inducing loss in brightness of the image light, and enabling an image with high contrast to be displayed even in a bright environment.  <P>SOLUTION: A projector 21 projects image light including circularly polarized light with a polarization state which differs for each wavelength band, and the projector 21 has a liquid crystal projector 21a and a quarter-wave retardation plate 22. A cholesteric reflection layer 11 of a reflection element 10 selectively reflects circularly polarized light in a specified wavelength band and transmits circularly polarized light in the rest wavelength bands, and the layer reflects circularly polarized light while keeping the polarization state of the circularly polarized light. A metal reflection layer 12 reflects the light which covers at least the wavelength bands except for the specified wavelength band reflected by the cholesteric reflection layer 11, and the metal reflection layer 12 reflects circularly polarized light while rotating the polarization state of the circularly polarized light.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006210802-A (JP)
Title: Semiconductor device
Inventor: NAKAJIMA HIDEKI
IPC: H01L25/07
Filed: 2005-01-31
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a semiconductor device whose thickness of the whole package is reduced.  <P>SOLUTION: The semiconductor device 1 includes a substrate 2 having wiring, a surface 4a forming an element on the substrate 2, a first semiconductor chip 4 mounted so that 6a is on the substrate side, and a second semiconductor chip 6 mounted on the first semiconductor chip 4. In the first semiconductor chip 4, the wiring layer which is electrically connected with the wiring of the substrate is located on the back opposed to the second semiconductor chip 6.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2005228311-A (JP)
Title: Bus system based on open type core protocol
Inventor: CHO SEONG-HWAN
IPC: H04L12/28
Filed: 2005-01-31
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a bus system based on an open type core protocol.  <P>SOLUTION: This application is related to a bus system in a system-on-chip. More specifically, the application is related to a bus system for effectively applying an IP core based on an AMBA protocol to an open type core protocol. This bus system classifies an HREADY signal showing a data transfer state in the AMBA protocol into master use and slave use; and, by applying them to a master block and a slave block of respective IP cores, the slave block is allowed to operate while the master block is operating.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006214451-A (JP)
Title: Case device
Inventor: SAWADA MINORU
IPC: F16L41/06
Filed: 2005-02-01
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a case device which can suppress time and effort or costs for manufacturing a seal body by miniaturizing the seal body capable of maintaining a hermetically-sealed state inside the case device.  <P>SOLUTION: A tapered face 10c, which is expanded toward the outside over in the circumferential direction, and a seal face 10d are formed to the inner face of a socket formed by the joining of the divided cases 11, 12 each other. The seal body is composed of packing 62, which is interposed between the joining faces of the divided cases each other, and a sealing material which is fittingly inserted to a gap between the inner face of the case and the outer face of an existing fluid pipe by the pressing pressure of a pressing ring. The packing 62 is composed of an extended material 62a, which is arranged to the joining faces of the divided cases 11, 12 each other along in the longitudinal direction, and an end material 62c protruded toward the inner face of the socket. The end face 62c1 of the end material 62c is formed so as to be nearly flush at least with the seal face 10d. The end face 62c1 of the end material 62c maintains the hermetically-sealed state between the inner face of the socket and the outer face of the existing fluid pipe by being brought into contact with the sealing material.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006215102-A (JP)
Title: Y-branched optical waveguide
Inventor: MITSUMA TAKASHI
IPC: G02B6/122
Filed: 2005-02-01
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a Y-branched optical waveguide in which the light quantity of a emission mode is remarkably reduced.  <P>SOLUTION: The Y-branched optical waveguide combines a first waveguide 11 and a second and a third waveguides 12 and 13, each composing a single mode optical waveguide, wherein a taper waveguide 31 has a narrow one end of which the width is the same as that of the first waveguide 11 and has the other wide end, and the narrow end is connected to the first waveguide 11, and the other wide end is connected to two parallel straight waveguides 32, and further the second and the third waveguides 12 and 13 are connected to the parallel straight waveguides 32. The two straight waveguides 32 have a gap D with which the electric fields of the respective wave guided light do not interfere with each other, and the gap D is narrower than any of the waveguides 11 to 13. The light emitted between two straight waveguides 32 is recombined into the straight waveguides 32.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI
Patent JP-2006217289-A (JP)
Title: Optical radio transmitting device
Inventor: AIZAWA TADASHI
IPC: H04B10/11
Filed: 2005-02-03
Abstract: <P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an optical radio transmitting device which enables alignment of an optical axis to be confirmed by simple structure and simple operation.  <P>SOLUTION: The optical radio transmitting device comprises: an optical transmitter 1 provided with an optical signal transmission part, a visible laser beam emitting part for alignment of the optical axis, and a mechanism 21 capable of horizontally and vertically rotating the optical signal transmission part and the visible laser beam emitting part in an integrated state; and an optical receiver 2 provided with an optical signal reception part, a visible laser beam emitting part, and a mechanism 21 capable of horizontally and vertically rotating the optical signal reception part and the visible laser beam emitting part in an integrated state. The optical signal transmission part and the visible laser beam emitting part of the optical transmitter are arranged so as to be opposed to the optical signal reception part and the visible laser beam emitting part of the optical receiver respectively. Each of the optical transmitter and the optical receiver is provided with an infrared light receiving part for turning on/off visible laser emission by the visible laser beam emitting part based on reception of an infrared signal. The infrared light receiving part provided at the optical receiver is provided facing a direction different from a direction which the optical signal reception part faces.  <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI