baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent WO-2019047275-A1 (WO)
Title: Segmented-heating ceramic heating tube used for heating non-combustible tobacco
Inventor: GUO HONGLI
IPC: H05B3/40
Filed: 2017-09-20
Abstract: A segmented-heating ceramic heating tube used for heating non-combustible tobacco, comprising a base material (1) and one or more groups of metal heating wire, the base material being a ceramic material; a metal tungsten or molybdenum manganese high-melting point metal heating resistance paste is printed on aluminium oxide according to requirements of a heating circuit design, the same being connected or sintered together; each group of heating wires is provided with an independent electric input wire (2) and may be independently energized for heating; the one or more groups of metal heating wire divide the base material into one or more heating segments (5-8), and tobacco requiring heating is inserted into the one or more heating segments at the middle of the base material for segmented heating such that tobacco is smoked by using a manner of heating without combustion.
Patent WO-2018054326-A1 (WO)
Title: 文字检测方法和装置、及文字检测训练方法和装置
Inventor: XIANG DONGLAI
IPC: G06K9/62
Filed: 2017-09-21
Abstract: 公开了文字检测方法和装置及文字检测训练方法和装置。示例性的文字检测方法包括：使用卷积神经网络从包括文字区域的图像提取特征图；采用多个锚矩形对所述特征图分别进行横向截取，得到多个建议区域；将每个建议区域通过所述卷积神经网络进行分类和回归，其中，通过所述分类来确定每个建议区域是否对应于包括文字的区域，通过所述回归来确定每个建议区域对应所述图像中的位置；以及将通过分类确定的对应于包括文字的区域的各建议区域根据通过回归确定的所述各建议区域分别对应所述图像中的位置进行区域横向拼接，以得到文字区域检测结果。
Patent WO-2018059420-A1 (WO)
Title: E52862盐酸盐晶型h及其制备方法
Inventor: CHEN MINHUA
IPC: C07D231/22
Filed: 2017-09-27
Abstract: 本发明涉及一种Sigma 1受体拮抗剂药物的晶型及其制备方法和用途。本发明提供的E52862盐酸盐的一种晶型，命名为晶型H，可用于制备治疗多发性神经痛药物制剂。本发明提供的E52862盐酸盐晶型引湿性低、溶解度高、可压性好、粒度合适且具有较好的稳定性和流动性，为含E52862的药物制剂的制备提供了新的更好的选择，对于药物开发具有非常重要的意义。
Patent WO-2019075718-A1 (WO)
Title: Foldable bicycle
Inventor: QIU JIEJIA
IPC: B62K15/00
Filed: 2017-10-20
Abstract: Disclosed is a foldable bicycle (100), comprising a frame (10), a steering member (20) rotatably mounted at a front end of the frame (10), and a front wheel assembly (30) and a rear wheel assembly (40) foldable relative to the frame (10), wherein the frame (10) comprises a front portion (11) and a rear portion (12); the front wheel assembly (30) comprises a front fork (31) and a front wheel (32), the front fork (31) being rotatably connected to the steering member (20) and being capable of enabling the front wheel (32) to be folded to the rear portion (12) when rotating to the rear portion (12); the rear wheel assembly (40) comprises a rear fork (41) and a rear wheel (42), the rear fork (41) being rotatably connected to a rear end of the frame (10) and being capable of enabling the rear wheel (42) to be folded to the front portion (11) and to be arranged spaced apart from the front wheel (32) when rotating to the front portion (11); and the front fork (31) has a first avoidance structure (33), and the rear fork (41) has a second avoidance structure (43). Compared with the prior art, the foldable bicycle (100) provided by the present solution has a larger shaft distance after unfolding, so that the riding is comfortable and safe, and since the frame (10), the front fork (31) and the rear fork (41) all surround the front wheel (32) and the rear wheel (42) after folding, the foldable bicycle is compact in structure and smaller in size and has a regular shape, and in particular is thinner, thereby facilitating storage and carrying.
Patent WO-2018099255-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHAGN JIANCHANG
IPC: G06F13/38
Filed: 2017-11-09
Abstract: A method, device and system for configuring a transfer mode and a computer storage medium. The method comprises: acquiring USB transfer mode information reported by a USB device (101); when the USB transfer mode information is inconsistent with that recorded by a target host, modifying the USB transfer mode information recorded by the target host to the USB transfer mode information reported by the USB device side; configuring the transfer mode on the basis of the modified USB transfer mode information (102).
Patent WO-2019095353-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHOU GAOMING
IPC: B01F15/04
Filed: 2017-11-19
Abstract: L'invention concerne un nouveau dispositif de préparation de pesticide. Un piston (7) est disposé dans un corps cylindrique (1). Un moteur (6) est prévu sur le piston (7). Un arbre rotatif (9) est disposé dans le corps cylindrique (1). Une lame d'agitation (8) est disposée sur l'arbre rotatif (9). Le moteur (6) est relié à l'arbre rotatif (9). Le piston (7) est relié au corps cylindrique (1) par un poussoir (2). Des graduations (10) sont prévues sur le corps cylindrique (1). Le pesticide dans le corps cylindrique (1) peut être mesuré par les graduations (10) pour améliorer la précision. Le poussoir (2) déplace le piston (7) et la lame d'agitation (8) vers le haut et vers le bas.
Patent WO-2019100257-A1 (WO)
Title: Configuration of non-zero power interference management resource (nzp-imr) based channel state information (csi) reporting
Inventor: HAO CHENXI
IPC: H04B7/02
Filed: 2017-11-22
Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods and apparatus for configuring a UE for CSI reporting based on ZP and NZP IMR.
Patent WO-2019100307-A1 (WO)
Inventor: CHEN XIAOMING
IPC: G03B17/56
Filed: 2017-11-24
Abstract: 一种转动件的定位锁紧机构，包括有转动定位件（1）及转动件（2），转动定位件上设置有定位卡槽（11），转动件内设置有可活动的定位件（3）以及锁定操作件（4），所述锁定操作件可推动并保持所述定位件卡入所述定位卡槽中，此时，所述定位件一部分位于所述定位卡槽中，另一部分位于所述转动件中，所述转动件受限制于所述定位件，以实现定位锁定；所述锁定操作件上设置有用于容纳所述定位件的让位槽（41），操作所述锁定操作件，所述让位槽移动至所述定位件所在位置，此时，所述定位件落入所述让位槽中而脱离所述定位卡槽的限制，所述转动件可带动所述定位件同步转动，以实现定位解锁，可有效确保转动件的定位锁紧不会因意外碰撞或元件疲劳而失效。
Patent WO-2019075855-A1 (WO)
Title: Oled substrate structure
Inventor: LIU YAWEI
IPC: H01L51/52
Filed: 2017-11-27
Abstract: Provided is an OLED substrate structure, comprising a base substrate (1) and a dam layer (3) arranged on the base substrate (1), wherein the dam layer (3) is provided with a plurality of accommodation grooves (31) arranged in an array form in a region corresponding to an OLED effective display region (AA), and is provided with recessed grooves (33) surrounding all the accommodation grooves (31) in regions corresponding to the periphery of the OLED effective display region (AA); and one of the accommodation grooves (31) corresponds to a pixel (P), and is used for accommodating an OLED organic functional layer (D). Since the recessed grooves (33) are provided, when the OLED substrate structure of the present invention is used to prepare an OLED device by means of printing, the atmosphere around pixels of each region can all be uniform, and a solvent is uniformly evaporated, thereby improving the uniformity of the film thickness of the OLED organic functional layer.
Patent WO-2018099379-A1 (WO)
Title: 流量控制装置及其控制系统、控制方法
Inventor: JIANG HUAYUAN
IPC: G05D7/06
Filed: 2017-11-29
Abstract: 一种用于换热系统的流量控制装置（100），包括外壳（1）、可动阀件（21）以及驱动控制部件（3），外壳（1）形成有安装腔、第一接口（102）以及第二接口（103），驱动控制部件包括控制单元（34）、动力输出部（31）、磁性元件（32）以及检测元件（33），动力输出部（31）为可动阀件（21）提供动力，检测元件（33）与控制单元（34）电性连接，磁性元件（32）与动力输出部（31）相组装且相对固定，动力输出部（31）能够带动磁性元件（32）转动，检测元件（33）与磁性元件（32）相对设置，检测元件（33）位于磁性元件（32）的磁场范围内，检测元件（33）能够感应磁性元件（32）的磁极变化，可及时应对停转状况。
Patent WO-2020051723-A1 (WO)
Inventor: Chu En-Hsin
IPC: A63F9/30
Filed: 2018-09-14
Abstract: Disclosed are a vending machine, a voice interaction system applied to a vending machine, and a voice interaction method applied to a vending machine. The interaction system comprises a server and at least one vending machine. The server and each vending machine can be connected to each other. The vending machine comprises intelligent audio equipment for receiving and playing audio signals. Upon activation of the vending machine, member identification information and an audio signal from a member player are obtained. Feature information in the audio signal is extracted, and it is determined whether the feature information is an operation instruction. Designated actions are executed according to the operation instruction to proceed with the game, thereby improving interaction and enjoyment of the game and increasing economic benefits.
Patent WO-2018223696-A1 (WO)
Title: 阵列基板及制作方法、柔性显示面板和显示装置
Inventor: YAO QI
IPC: H01L21/77
Filed: 2018-01-08
Abstract: 一种阵列基板及制作方法、柔性显示面板、显示装置，用以实现全屏无边框的柔性显示产品，阵列基板包括：柔性衬底基板（11），设置于柔性衬底基板（11）第一面上的薄膜晶体管（15），和设置于柔性衬底基板（11）的与第一面相对的第二面上的用于传输信号给薄膜晶体管（15）的电极的接线端子（13），薄膜晶体管（15）的电极通过贯穿柔性衬底基板（11）的过孔（14）与接线端子（13）电连接。
Patent WO-2019140628-A1 (WO)
Title: Method for obtaining neighbouring cell information, network device and user equipment
Inventor: YANG NING
IPC: H04W24/02
Filed: 2018-01-19
Abstract: Disclosed are a method for obtaining neighbouring cell information, a network device, a user equipment (UE) and a computer storage medium. The method comprises: obtaining a frequency point position of at least one synchronisation information block (SSB) on a target bandwidth and/or a physical cell identity (PCI) and/or a global cell unique identity of a 5G target cell; adding the frequency point position of the at least one synchronisation information block (SSB) on the target bandwidth and/or the physical cell identity (PCI) and/or the global cell unique identity of the 5G target cell to a neighbouring cell list.
Patent WO-2019114096-A1 (WO)
Title: 基于区块链的存储系统
Inventor: SHANG XIAOPENG
IPC: H04L29/08
Filed: 2018-01-22
Abstract: 本发明公开了一种基于区块链的存储系统，包括：应用层，用于上传者生成上传请求、存储者生成存储请求和下载者生成下载请求，以及根据所述上传请求将要被存储的文件切分为多个文件分片；区块链网络，用于存储所述上传请求、下载请求和文件的元信息，以及用于对发起下载请求的下载者进行权限验证；分布式存储网络，用于存储所述文件分片，以及在上传文件时对存储者进行权限验证、在下载文件时对下载者进行权限验证。本发明采用区块链技术将文件的元信息存储在区块链网络中，使其不能被篡改，大大提高了安全性，再结合电骡网络提供的稳定性，实现了稳定安全的云存储。
Patent WO-2018141275-A1 (WO)
Title: Ensemble optique à multiplexage par répartition en longueur d'onde à densité de voie accrue
Inventor: XIAO SHUDONG
IPC: H04J14/02
Filed: 2018-02-02
Abstract: L'invention concerne un ensemble optique à multiplexage par répartition en longueur d'onde (WDM) (210) présentant une densité de voie accrue. L'ensemble optique WDM (210) comprend un sous-ensemble cœur optique WDM (200) comprenant un routeur de signal optique (206) servant à router un signal optique entre un premier côté (204A) et un second côté (204b) d'un substrat (202). Le sous-ensemble cœur optique WDM (200) comprend en outre un premier filtre WDM (208A) ayant une première bande passante et un second filtre WDM (208B) ayant une seconde bande passante. Le sous-ensemble cœur optique WDM (200) forme un premier chemin optique entre un premier port commun (216A), le premier filtre WDM (208A) et un premier port de canal (218A), et forme un second chemin optique entre le second filtre WDM (208B), un second port commun (216B) et un second port de canal (218B). Le sous-ensemble cœur optique WDM (200) augmente la densité de voie tout en diminuant la taille et la complexité par l'inclusion d'une pluralité de ports communs en communication optique avec la même pluralité de filtres WDM.
Patent WO-2019165630-A1 (WO)
Inventor: TANG XIUFENG
IPC: G02F1/1524
Filed: 2018-03-02
Abstract: A lithium ion three-dimensional motion-based electrochromic device and a control method therefor. The lithium ion three-dimensional motion-based electrochromic device comprises upper and lower transparent electrode layers (1, 4), and an electrolyte layer (2) and a color changing layer (3) which are located between the upper and lower transparent electrode layers; the upper and lower transparent electrode layers are connected to a first external circuit for providing an initialization voltage (U1); and two ends of the transparent electrode layer, adjacent to the color changing layer, of the upper and lower transparent electrode layers (4) are connected to a second external circuit for providing a transverse operating voltage (U2). Said electrochromic device achieves smart dimming on the basis of the three-dimensional motions that lithium ions are injected from the electrolyte layer into the color changing layer and then migrated in the color changing layer, has a feature that normally-off modes of the electrode layers or the device do not need to be switched to colored states, has a simple preparation process and a low cost, and can be used in the fields of smart windows, displays, file encryption and color changing glasses.
Patent WO-2018233325-A1 (WO)
Title: Target detection method and apparatus
Inventor: TANG XIAOJUN
IPC: G06K9/62
Filed: 2018-03-14
Abstract: A target detection method and apparatus. The target detection method comprises: extracting features of images; according to the features of the images, classifying the images by using each stage of classifier of a cascade classifier, and calculating, according to a classification result, a classification score, in each classifier of the cascade classifier, of the images; and calculating, according to the classification score, a cascade score, in a corresponding stage of the cascade classifier, of the images, comparing the cascade score in the corresponding stage with a cascade threshold value of the corresponding stage, and determining, according to a comparison result, whether there is a target in the images.
Patent WO-2019178861-A1 (WO)
Inventor: HAN XINGFENG
IPC: G01V3/00
Filed: 2018-03-23
Abstract: A novel metal detector, comprising an LC open loop resonant circuit, a rectifier and filter circuit, an amplifier circuit, an MCU circuit, a power supply circuit, and an alarm circuit. The MCU circuit is connected to the amplifier circuit, the rectifier and filter circuit, the power supply circuit, and the alarm circuit separately; the LC open loop resonant circuit is connected to the amplifier circuit and the rectifier and filter circuit separately. By using the principle of most of metals affecting the distribution of the magnetic lines of a magnetic field, most of nonmetals not affecting the magnetic field, and inducing the change of the magnetic field by using a coil inductor, resonance is formed together with the template waves emitted by the MCU circuit to achieve the effect of resonance at a selected frequency, and after a resonance signal is amplified, the MCU circuit sends an alarm signal. The novel metal detector is simple to operate, has a compact structure, is highly practical, and can be used as a metal detector in daily life and work.
Patent WO-2019191874-A1 (WO)
Title: Optical add drop multiplexer and optical signal transmission method
Inventor: MI GUANGCAN
IPC: H04J14/02
Filed: 2018-04-02
Abstract: Embodiments of the present application relate to the field of fiber communications, and provide an optical add drop multiplexer and an optical signal transmission method. The optical add drop multiplexer comprises N cascaded filter units, N being an integer greater than 1. Each filter unit comprises a primary microring group, a secondary microring group, and a phase bias device. The primary microring group comprises: at least one first microring and a first TC. The second microring group comprises at least one second microring, the radius of the second microring being different from that of the first microring. A downloading port of the primary microring group is connected to an input port of the secondary microring group. A through port of the primary microring group is connected to the phase bias device. When wavelength switching is needed to be performed on an optical signal downloaded from a channel, by further controlling the channel to be in an optional signal downloading state by means of the control of the first TC after the switching is completed, the present application effectively reduces the loss of optical signal transmission in an optical add drop multiplexer.
Patent WO-2019001064-A1 (WO)
Title: Shielded interference-resistant electric cable having parallel structure
Inventor: ZHU QUANJIAN
IPC: H01B7/02
Filed: 2018-04-03
Abstract: Provided is a shielded interference-resistant electric cable having a parallel structure. The invention enhances interference resistance and operation safety of an electric cable by means of reasonable structural design and material selection. The electric cable comprises two main power wires (1) arranged in parallel in a single row. A space formed by the two main power wires (1) arranged in parallel in a single row to each other is sequentially enclosed by a shielding layer (2), a separation layer (3), and a protection layer (4) which have an oval shape or an oval-like shape. Specifically, the shielding layer is a woven shielding layer, and the separation layer is a metal separation and shielding layer. A long axis of the oval shape or the oval-like shape is parallel to a line connecting the centers of the two main power wires. A gap between the main power wires in the shielding layer does not contain a filler.
Patent WO-2018196735-A1 (WO)
Title: 模组信息存储方法、模组信息检索方法、模组信息存储装置和测试设备
Inventor: WANG MINGZHU
IPC: H04N5/225
Filed: 2018-04-24
Abstract: 本发明提供了模组信息存储方法、模组信息检索方法、模组信息存储装置和测试设备。该模组信息存储方法包括：通过将测试拼板的标识信息与主容器的标识信息相关联而生成阵列形式的主容器；通过将每个摄像模组的标识信息与每个子容器的标识信息相关联而生成多个子容器；将每个摄像模组的模组信息存储在相应的子容器中；和将子容器插入到该主容器中相应的位置处，该模组信息包括通过对测试拼板中包括的以矩阵形式布置的多个摄像模组进行测试而获取的多个摄像模组的测试数据。通过根据本发明的模组信息存储方法、模组信息检索方法、模组信息存储装置和测试设备，能够实现摄像模组的批量测试的数据的存储和检索。
Patent WO-2019128039-A1 (WO)
Inventor: ZHOU RONG
IPC: E03D9/08
Filed: 2018-05-15
Abstract: L'invention concerne un dispositif intelligent de chauffage et germicide pour toilettes comportant un tube de manchon (10) et une tige de chauffage (40). Le tube de manchon (10) présente une cavité creuse à l'intérieur et deux extrémités opposées ouvertes. La tige de chauffage (40) présente une extrémité insérée dans la cavité creuse du tube de manchon (10) et l'autre extrémité se prolongeant hors de la cavité creuse pour sceller l'extrémité du tube de manchon (10) hors duquel se prolonge la tige de chauffage. La tige de chauffage (40) présente un canal d'entrée de liquide (42) formé à l'intérieur et se prolongeant à travers celle-ci. Une paroi externe de la tige de chauffage (40) et une paroi interne du tube de manchon (10) forment un canal de sortie de liquide (16) en communication avec le canal d'entrée de liquide (42). Une extrémité du tube de manchon (10) est équipée d'une unité germicide à rayonnement ultraviolet (50).
Patent WO-2018219174-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LU YU
IPC: H02H7/26
Filed: 2018-05-22
Abstract: L'invention concerne une configuration de commutateur et un procédé d'élimination de défaillance dans une station de conversion flexible de courant continu (CC) . Un commutateur côté réseau (QF1) et un commutateur de phase divisée côté valve (QF2) sont configurés par la station de conversion flexible de CC. Lorsqu'une défaillance se produit, une phase défaillante et une phase non défaillante sont détectées et identifiées au moyen d'une protection différentielle ou d'une surintensité à basse tension. Un état de passage par le point zéro de courant alternatif (CA) est créé au moyen de la coupure d'un premier commutateur de phase divisée côté valve à phase non défaillante (QF2) et du commutateur côté réseau (QF1), ce qui permet d'éliminer la phase défaillante, de déconnecter la connexion entre une alimentation électrique et un point défaillant et d'obtenir une suppression de défaillance. La suppression de défaillance par coupure selon l'invention est simple et pratique, hautement fiable, et une connexion entre le point défaillant et l'alimentation électrique est rapidement et efficacement coupée ; un équipement de station de convertisseur est efficacement protégé et l'amplification de la défaillance est évitée.
Patent WO-2019227451-A1 (WO)
Inventor: LIU JUN
IPC: G06Q30/06
Filed: 2018-05-31
Abstract: 本申请提供了一种共享车辆的管理方法及服务器，包括：接收车主客户端发送的共享信息以及使用智能合约；将其登记在区块链网络中并全网广播；接收租赁客户端发送的租赁请求并登记在所述区块链网络中；根据所述区块链中预存的信用智能合约和用户的个人信息计算发起租赁请求的用户的用户等级；进而查找匹配的共享车辆；将所述匹配的共享车辆发送至租赁客户端，以使所属租赁客户端确定目标共享车辆；释放所述目标共享车辆的使用权给所述租赁客户端保证了车主能够及时获取到用户的真实信息，并了解到自己共享的车辆在每个时间段内的出租以及被使用情况，从而使车主能够放心的将自己的车辆分享给各个共享车辆的服务平台。
Patent WO-2019056801-A1 (WO)
Title: Self-recruitment method, application server, and computer readable storage medium
Inventor: LI JIA
IPC: G06Q10/10
Filed: 2018-06-05
Abstract: A self-recruitment method, an application server, and a computer readable storage medium are provided. The method comprises: testing a sales personnel candidate and acquiring a test result (S401); sending an application form filling message to the sales personnel candidate if the test result is "pass", and receiving back the application form (S402); sending the application form to a supervisor and receiving back an evaluation result (S403); sending information of the sales personnel candidate to a training management system if the evaluation result is "approved", and acquiring a training result (S404); using contact information to notify the sales personnel candidate to pay a deposit and upload personal information if the training result is qualified, and sending personal information to a staff information management system and receiving an employee ID number corresponding to the sales personnel candidate and generated by the staff information management system (S405). The method can automate recruitment processes for sales personnel and accelerate onboarding speed.
Patent WO-2018233587-A1 (WO)
Title: Paging in beamformed wireless communication system
Inventor: CHEN TAO
IPC: H04B5/04
Filed: 2018-06-19
Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a paging method. The method can include performing, by processing circuitry of a user equipment (UE), a downlink synchronization based on an synchronization signal (SS) block of an SS block burst received from a base station in a beamformed wireless communication system, detecting paging downlink control information (DCI) that is collocated with the SS block, and obtaining a paging message or a short message based on the paging DCI.
Patent WO-2020000376-A1 (WO)
Title: 半导体结构及其形成方法
Inventor: WANG XINSHENG
IPC: H01L23/532
Filed: 2018-06-29
Abstract: 本发明涉及一种半导体结构及其形成方法，所述半导体结构包括：第一基底；位于所述第一基底表面的第一键合层，所述第一键合层的材料为包含C元素的介质材料，所述第一键合层背向所述第一基底的表层的C原子浓度大于或等于35％。所述半导体结构在的第一键合层在键合时能够提高键合强度。
Patent WO-2019015510-A1 (WO)
Title: Information transmission method, network side device and terminal
Inventor: WANG YINGYING
IPC: H04L47/2491
Filed: 2018-07-10
Abstract: Provided are an information transmission method, a network side device and a terminal. The information transmission method comprises: generating a downlink control packet, with the downlink control packet carrying a QoS flow identifier and a reflection identifier, wherein the QoS flow identifier is a QoS flow identifier added when mapping a downlink data packet from an application layer into a QoS flow, and the reflection identifier is an identifier for indicating whether a terminal performs, when feeding back an uplink data packet after receiving the downlink data packet, uplink data packet feedback by means of the same data radio bearer (DRB) as the DRB used to send the downlink data packet; and sending the downlink control packet to the terminal.
Patent WO-2020010590-A1 (WO)
Title: Image sensors with silver-nanoparticle electrodes
Inventor: CAO PEIYAN
IPC: H01L31/107
Filed: 2018-07-12
Abstract: An apparatus comprising: an array of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) (350) or an absorption region (210, 310) comprising a semiconductor single crystal (406) such as a CdZnTe single crystal or a CdTe single crystal. The apparatus may be configured to absorb radiation particles incident on an absorption region (210, 310) of the APDs (350) or the semiconductor single crystal (406) and to generate charge carriers. The apparatus may comprise an electrode (301, 304, 419A, 419B, 501) comprising silver nanoparticles (322, 422, 522) and being electrically connected to the absorption region (210, 310) of the APDs (350) or the semiconductor single crystal (406). For the APDs (350), each of the APDs (350) may comprise an amplification region (220,320), which may comprise a junction (315) with an electric field in the junction (315). The electric field may be at a value sufficient to cause an avalanche of charge carriers entering the amplification region (220,320), but not sufficient to make the avalanche self-sustaining. The junctions (315) of the APDs (350) may be discrete.