baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent IT-1268627-B1 (IT)
Title: Process for the manufacture of high purity silica glass
Inventor: COGLIATI GUIDO
IPC: C03B/
Filed: 1994-10-18
Granted: 1997-03-06
Abstract: Process for the manufacture of high purity silica glass in which a silicon alkoxide takes part in a hydrolysis reaction with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid when subjected to a first ultrasound treatment to form a mixture of water-soluble alkoxide hydrolysis products and the alcohol corresponding to the alkoxide, which is removed from the reaction environment by a reduced pressure distillation operation; the products of the hydrolysis reaction taking part in a polycondensation reaction and having colloidal silica added to them, dispersed by a second ultrasound treatment, give rise to a colloidal solution which is first consolidated in moulds and then dried and sintered forming monolithic pieces of high purity silica glass of required shape and dimensions.
Patent IT-1284393-B1 (IT)
Title: Equipment for remote measurement of the level and pressure of liquefied gases contained in cryogenic tanks
Inventor: GUIDOTTI CLAUDIO
IPC: G01F/
Filed: 1995-04-24
Granted: 1998-05-18
Abstract: Equipment for remote measurement of the level and pressure of liquefied gases contained in cryogenic tanks (A, B, ... C) consisting of a sealed casing (T) containing a microprocessor 1; electronic memories 2, 3, 4; a data management device 5 and a card 6 (optional telephone modem) for transmitting along the telephone line (E) in real time the values measured from each tank of a single installation, up to a total of 30 tanks, each of which is provided with a remote measuring device; the various items of equipment being electrically connected to each other and to a monitoring and control station, and hydraulically connected to the individual tanks. Fig. 4. <IMAGE>
Patent IT-1304853-B1 (IT)
Title: Use of compositions with polyester resins formed by specified recurring units, sequences or specified copolymers in making articles having excellent water barrier properties
Inventor: BASTIOLI CATIA
IPC: B29D/
Filed: 1998-10-26
Granted: 2001-04-05
Abstract: Use of compositions comprising polyester resins formed by specified recurring units, sequences or specified copolymers in the production of articles having excellent water barrier properties. Use of compositions comprising polyester resins formed by (i) recurring units X = [O-(CH 2) n-OCO-(CH 2) m-CO] and/or Y = [O-(CH 2) k-CO]; (ii) copolymers comprising units and/or sequences of formula x i[O-(CH 2) n i-OCO-(CH 2) m i-CO] and/or y j[O-(CH 2) k j-CO]; or (iii) [Image] x i and y j are molar fractions and vary between 0-1 such that formula (iv) applies. [Image] Z = [O-(CH 2) a-OCO-(CH 2) b-C. The resins have mean numeral molecular weights of greater than 10,000. The units or sequences in (i), (ii) or (iii) allows the production of biodegradable articles having a permeability to water vapor of less than 350 g x 30 mu m/m 2> per day at 38[deg]C and 90 % relative humidity. half sum of n and m, k : at least 6; i, j : 1-5; n i2-22; m i0-20; k j1-21; a : 2-3; b : 7-11 An independent claim is also included for products produced from the polyester resins.
Patent IT-1292940-B1 (IT)
Inventor: DE BEI CLAUDIO
IPC: A63C17/06
Filed: 1997-01-28
Granted: 1999-02-11
Abstract: A structure for skates with longitudinally aligned wheels, characterised by comprising: a longitudinal frame (2) rigid with the boot; a plurality of forks (16, 60) with their arms facing downwards and pivoted to the frame on horizontal pins (14, 58); a plurality of wheels (22) mounted at the lower ends of the arms of said forks, the pins on which the forks are pivoted and the pins on which the wheels rotate not being vertically aligned; means (28, 30), associated with the frame, for limiting the rotation of the forks (16, 60) relative to the frame; damping elements (34, 76) interposed between the arms (17, 70) of said forks and at least part of the rotation means.
Patent JP-2889224-B1 (JP)
Title: チタンコーティング膜材の接合方法及びチタンコーティング膜材
IPC: B29L9/00
Filed: 1998-04-21
Granted: 1999-05-10
Abstract: 【要約】
【解決課題】  樹脂材の一面を酸化チタン層で被覆して なるチタンコーティング膜材の適切な接合方法を提供す ることにより、チタンコーティング膜材相互間の接合部 分における強度を十分確保できるようにする。
【解決手段】  チタンコーティング膜材の隣接部分を一 定幅で重ね合わせ、該重ね合わせ部分でチタンコーティ ング膜材同士を溶接することによりチタンコーティング 膜材の接合を行うという従来の接合方法を基本としつ つ、チタンコーティング膜材の重ね合わせ部分で、他方 のチタンコーティング膜材と接触する範囲の酸化チタン 膜を除去してから、前記重ね合わせ部分の溶接を行う。
Patent JP-3181277-B1 (JP)
Title: 溝付きプーリ
IPC: F16H55/36
Filed: 1999-12-27
Granted: 2001-07-03
Abstract: 【要約】
【課題】  溝付きプーリの耐久性を向上させる。
【解決手段】  テンショナープーリ５０の外側円筒部５ １と内側円筒部５２を同軸的に設ける。外側円筒部５１ の外周面に断面が略Ｖ形の溝５１Ａを円周方向に沿って 形成する。外側円筒部５１の端部５１Ｂと内側円筒部５ ２の端部５２Ａとを円周方向において全周にわたって一 体的に連結するリブ５３は切頭円錐状を有し、かつ内側 円筒部５２に対して傾斜している。外側円筒部５１とリ ブ５３の連接部分５０Ｃは全周にわたって密着してい る。内側円筒部５２の自由端は全周にわたって軸心ＰＡ 側に折曲され、環状板部５２Ｂが形成されている。内側 円筒部５２の径方向の厚みがリブ５３の肉厚より小さく なるよう成形する。
Patent MD-2253-B1 (MD)
Title: Smoking aromatizing tobacco product, process for obtaining thereof, aromatic composition (variants), process for obtaining compositions for tobacco products (variants)
Inventor: PORCESCU PETRU
IPC: C07C49/637
Filed: 2003-02-03
Abstract: The invention refers to the tobacco industry, namely to the technique for manufacture of tobacco products, in particular to their composition and may be used for the improvement of their organoleptic properties. By adding into the tobacco products, including the sauced tobacco mixture consisting of tobacco types "Virginia", "Burley", "Oriental", reconstituted tobacco with expanded nerves, with aromatic compositions containing as active ingredient the aromatizing product, having in its composition a mixture of manoyloxides, (13S)-8?,13,20,13-dioxido-15,14-bisnorlabdane, 8-epi-norambreinolide, norambreinolide and 15,14-bisnorlabd-8(9)-en-7,13-dione, it is improved the aroma and taste of the tobacco smoke, perfectly harmonizing with tobacco aroma.The aromatizing product is obtained on the basis of sclareol labdanoic diterpenoid by oxidative cleavage thereof with chromic acid mixture in the medium of C5-C7 hydrocarbons (nephras) or toluol. By varying the quantity of the oxidant and the reaction time one can obtain products, differing in the quantitative content of the components, being preserved their aromatizing properties.Claims: 7
Patent NO-319793-B1 (NO)
Inventor: SZILBEREKY JENO
IPC: A61K31/44
Filed: 2001-08-23
Abstract: N-[2-hydroxy-3-(1-piperidinyl)-propoxy]-pyridine-1-oxide-3-carboximidoyl chloride, its stereoisomers, and the addition salts thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, methods of treating pathological insulin resistance, methods of treating pathological insulin resistance and pathological conditions associated therewith, and methods of treating pathological insulin resistance by simultaneously treating diabetes-induced chronic complications, especially retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy, and/or by simultaneously increasing pathologically decreased peripheral neuroregeneration caused by diabetes.
Patent NO-334910-B1 (NO)
Title: Nedihullsverktøy og fremgangsmåte ved styring av samme
Inventor: BAILEY THOMAS FLOYD
IPC: E21B7/06
Filed: 2004-04-05
Abstract: Den foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringer generelt et nedihullsverktøy med et forbedret middel for overføring av data til og fra et verktøy ved bruk av rør med ledning som er i ·	stand til å overføre et signal og/eller kraft mellom brønnens overflate og en hvilken som helst komponent i en borestreng. Ved ett aspekt innbefatter et nedihullsverktøy et legeme og en spindel (110) som er plassert i legemet, og hvor spindelen er bevegelige med hensyn til legemet. En ledningsforbindelse (135) løper over hele lengden av legemet og tillater signaler og/eller kraft i å overføres gjennom legemet mens verktøyet skifter lengde.
Patent NO-332378-B1 (NO)
Title: System for merking og avlesing
Inventor: HAGENE JON KRISTIAN
IPC: G06K/
Filed: 2004-07-05
Abstract: Merkeenhet anvendt for merking av elektrode, der elektroden kan anvendes i industrielle prosesser. Merkeenheten omfatter en fremgangsmåte for å frembringe et merke som representerer informasjon relatert til elektroden. Merket er arrangert som en del av elektroden. En korresponderende avlesningsenhet for å frembringe informasjon relatert til en elektrode omfatter en strålingsenhet for å rette stråling mot elektroden, en deteksjonsenhet for å detektere stråling reflektert fra elektroden eller stråling sendt gjennom elektroden, og for å konvertere nevnte detekterte stråling til et konvertert signal. En dekodingsenhet er tilpasset å transformere det konverterte signalet til et dekodet signal. En del av det dekodede signalet er relatert til et merke på nevnte elektrode.
Patent NO-322005-B1 (NO)
Title: Apparat og fremgangsmate for produksjon av porsjonsstykker av fiskekjott.
Inventor: ANDRADE CHRISTIAN GONZALEZ
IPC: A22B/
Filed: 2004-10-22
Abstract: Apparat for produksjon av porsjonsstykke (B - M) fra en side (1) av en sløyd og hodekappet fisk som er partert langs ryggbeinet, eventuelt fra en filet som er skåret fra en fiskeside (1), hvor hvert porsjonsstykket (B - M) innenfor en definert størrelsesklasse skal oppvise en definert lengde, tykkelse og bredde, idet porsjonsstykket (B - M) skjæres fra fiskesiden/fileten (1) med en skjæreinnretning (3, 5, 7), hvor apparatet omfatter et nedre anlegg (9, 44) som er innrettet til å motta fiskesiden/fileten (1), to motstående sideanlegg (13, 17, 45, 46) som avgrenser det nedre anlegget (9, 44) og som står i det vesentlige perpendikulært på det nedre anlegget (9, 44), og et Øvre anlegg (25, 47) som er motstående det nedre anlegget (9, 44), idet anleggene (9, 13, 17,25, 44, 45, 46, 47) danner en åpning (40, 43). Oppfinnelsen omfatter også en framgangsmåte for produksjon av porsjonsstykke (B - M).
Patent NO-337518-B1 (NO)
Inventor: GRÖNWALL JAN SIXTEN
IPC: F28F3/08
Filed: 2005-01-31
Abstract: The invention relates to a plate heat exchanger and a method for manufacturing a plate heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger includes a number of heat exchanger plates ( 1 ), which are substantially parallel to an extension plane and arranged adjacent to each other in a plate package ( 2 ). A first end plate ( 8 ) and a second end plate ( 9 ) are arranged on a respective side of the plate package. A first tie sheet ( 10 ) and a second tie sheet are arranged on a respective side of the plate package substantially perpendicular to the extension plane. At least one connection member ( 17 ) extends between the tie sheets outside one of the end plates ( 9 ) and at least one beam ( 16 ) extends outside the second end plate ( 8 ) in parallel to an extension plane in engagement with the attachment of each tie sheet ( 10 ).
Patent NO-333823-B1 (NO)
Title: Kraftsluring for borerør.
Inventor: BELIK JAROSLAV V
IPC: E21B19/10
Filed: 2005-03-09
Abstract: Det er vist et mekanisk apparat for å gripe og håndtere rørformede legemer, slik som et borerør. Dette apparat utgjøres hovedsakelig av en automatisert sluretrekker, som da hovedsakelig omfatter en slurebasis, en trekkmekanisme, svingbart forbundet med slurebasisen, samt minst én sylinder eller fjær festet til trekkmekanismen. Apparatet som helhet er løsbart forbundet med et rotsjonsbord anordnet over et borehull. Ved et typisk brønnboringsarbeide blir den automatiserte sluretrekker festet til sluresammenstilling, som deretter plasseres omkring et borerør og posisjonsinnstilles i rotasjonsrørets bøssing. Når den automatiserte sluretrekker blir aktivert, vil trekkmekanismen fjerne sluresammenstillingen fra rotasjonsbordets bøssing samt fra området omkring borerøret, slik at borerøret derved tillates å føres inn i eller ut av brønnboringen. Under drift vil intet parti av den automatiserte sluretrekker befinne seg på utsiden av rotasjonsbordets grensekant.
Patent NO-336950-B1 (NO)
Title: Alkoksylerte, tverrbundede polyglyseroler og anvendelse derav som bionedbrytbare demulgeringsmidler
Inventor: WASMUND ELISABETH
IPC: C10G33/04
Filed: 2005-12-21
Abstract: Det er beskrevet anvendelse av alkoksylerte, tverrbundede polyglyseroler som har multifunksjonelle elekfrofile forbindelser. Nevnte polyglyseroler har en molekylvekt på mellom 1000 og 100.000 enheter og har mellom 5 og 100 glyserolenheter som er alkoksylert ved hjelp av C2-C4- alkylenoksidgmpper eller en blanding av nevnte type av alkylenoksidgmpper slik at den tverrbundede, alkoksylerte polyglyserolen har en alkoksyleringsgrad på mellom 1-100 alkylenoksidenheter per fli OH-gruppe. Det er også beskrevet anvendelse av nevnte polyglyseroler for demulgering av olje/vannemulsjoner i mengder varierende fra 0,0001 til 5 vekt-%, angitt på basis av oljeinnholdet av emulsjonen som skal demulgeres.
Patent NO-327430-B1 (NO)
Inventor: MUELLER ALEXANDER
IPC: A61G5/10
Filed: 2006-10-06
Abstract: The brake has a pivoted lever (8) pivoted in a parking position by a hand brake lever such that a pressing unit (10) abuts against a tire (2) of a wheel chair in a force impinging manner. An elastic part of a housing cover (5) fixed at a holding unit is designed as a restoring force applying unit, which is set in a pre-stressed condition. The housing cover partially covers the levers of the brake.
Patent NO-341667-B1 (NO)
Inventor: BERGLUND ROGER
IPC: C22C1/08
Filed: 2007-03-28
Abstract: A method of reducing the oxygen content of a powder is provided. A canister is prepared with a getter, filled with the powder to be densified, sealed and evacuated. The canister is subjected to a hydrogen atmosphere at an elevated temperature whereby hydrogen diffuses into the canister through the walls thereof. The hydrogen forms moisture when reacted with the oxygen of the powder and the moisture in then reacted with the getter in order to remove oxygen from the powder to the getter. The atmosphere outside the canister is then altered to an inert atmosphere or vacuum, whereby hydrogen diffuses out of the canister. A dense body having a controlled amount of oxygen can thereafter be produced by conventional powder metallurgy techniques.
Patent NO-329256-B1 (NO)
Title: Apparat og fremgangsmate for kutting av emballerte bunter
Inventor: JOHNSEN TOMAS
IPC: B65B69/00
Filed: 2009-01-30
Abstract: Apparat (2) for kutting av emballerte bunter (4) omfattende en mottakerstasjon (6) innbefattende et underlag (8) og to atskilte sidevegger (10,10'); en kuttemaskin (12) omfattende en roterbar aksling (14, 14') med tversgående kutteanordning (20); og en understøttelsesstruktur (16) for kuttemaskinen (12). Det særegne er at akslingen (14, 14') rager ned i mottakerstasjonen (6); at akslingen (14,14') er understøttet i det minste ved sin øvre ende; at akslingen (14,14') er anordnet i avstand fra minst en av sideveggene (10, 10') i mottakerstasjonen (6); at akslingen (14, 14') er forsynt med minst to tversgående og atskilte kutteanordninger (20); og at hver kutteanordning (20) omfatter minst ett kutteelement (24) for kutting gjennom buntemballasje ved rotasjon av akslingen (14,14').
Patent NO-333643-B1 (NO)
Title: Opptakbar pre-paelingsramme for offshore vindturbinfundamenter
Inventor: BARRAUX CHRISTOPHE
IPC: E02B17/00
Filed: 2011-09-23
Abstract: En opptakbar pre-pælingsramme (10) for offshore vindturbinfundamenter, omfatter et antall pæleføringshylser (12) som er innbyrdes forbundet ved hjelp av forbindelseselementer (14, 16, 18), hvor pæleføringshylsene (12) er innrettet til å hvile på havbunnen og til å oppta en pæle (70). Forbindelseselementene (14, 16, 18) er sammenføyet til dannelse av en kontinuerlig, sirkelformet, O-ringstruktur (20), og et antall av pæleføringshylsene (12) er innrettet til å monteres løsgjørbare til strukturen (20).
Patent PL-75035-B1 (PL)
Title: Sealing and position rectifying mechanism[au3964972a]
IPC: E21D23/03
Filed: 1972-03-03
Abstract: 1381544 Mine roof supports BANYASZATI KUTATO INTEZET VARPALOTAI SZENBANYAK and ORSZAGOS BANYAGEPGYARTO VALLALAT 6 March 1972 [5 March 1971] 10375/72 Heading E1P In an advancing mine roof support assembly for a longwall face and wherein each support is provided with a canopy A, a waste shield 13 and a breaking shield 1, the resulting gaps between shields of adjacent supports are each covered by L-shaped plates 5. Each plate 5 is urged by spring means into contact with an abutment surface 8 on an adjacent support and is aligned relative to its associated shield by hydraulic alignment cylinders for details of which and mode of operation the Specification and Figs. 3 and 4, (not shown), should also be referred to.
[GB1381544A]
Patent PL-90313-B1 (PL)
Title: Animal feeds[gb1399176a]
IPC: A23K10/33
Filed: 1973-01-24
Abstract: 1399176 Animal feed PRODUITS CHIMIQUES UGINE KUHLMANN 25 Jan 1973 [26 Jan 1972 7 Sept 1972] 3844/73 Heading A2B A solid animal feed composition comprises 0.25-5.25 parts by weight of a mixture of salts providing calcium, phosphorous, and urea in the weight ratio Ca:P from 0.68:1 to 2.40:1 and N:P from 0.90:1 to 2.70:1, and one part by weight of at least one sugar-containing liquid industrial by-product, preferably derived from the manufacture of sugars, for example molasses, fruit juices, or glutamic acid. The preferred mixture of salts is urea phosphate and lime.
[GB1399176A]
Patent PL-130884-B1 (PL)
Title: Apparatus for treatment of flowing stream of liquid metal or alloy on aluminium or magnesium basis
IPC: C22B9/05
Filed: 1982-10-07
Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the treatment of a stream of aluminum or magnesium-based liquid metal or alloy during its passage, comprising a ladle formed by an external metal casing, a refractory lining, a channel for the admission of the crude liquid metal at the rear, a nozzle for the casting of the treated liquid metal at the front, at least one internal partition leaving, with the bottom of the ladle, a space for the circulation of the liquid metal and defining a first rear compartment and at least one second front compartment opening into the casting nozzle. The ladle is fixed on a supporting cradle connected to an articulated frame relative to which the said cradle can rock forwards about a first horizontal axis passing through the casting nozzle, the articulated frame itself being connected to a fixed frame relative to which it can rock about the second horizontal axis. The first horizontal axis is approximately perpendicular to the stream of liquid metal. The second horizontal axis can be parallel or perpendicular to the first one and which includes a raisable cover, an immersion heater, an injector for agent for the treatment of the metal and a means 36 for alternately introducing and retracting the immersion heater and the injector.
Patent PL-156356-B1 (PL)
IPC: G06F13/14
Filed: 1987-12-09
Abstract: Układ zapobiegania automatycznemu zwolnieniu
magistrali po zakończeniu cyklu dla sterowników Intel
8218/19 magistrali Multibus lub ich odpowiedników,
znamienny tym, że składa się z dwóch zespołów elementów
logicznych, stanowiących dodatkowe elementy
sprzęgające sterownik (S) z magistralą i mikroprocesorem,
z których jeden zespół, złożony z pierwszego inwertera
(II) oraz bramki logicznej (NAND) z otwartym
kolektorem, tworzy sygnał wspólnego żądania dostępu
(CBRQ) magistrali, zaś drugi zespół, złożony z drugiego
inwertera (12), bramki logicznej (NOR) i bramki logicznej
(OR), tworzy sygnał blokady (OVRD) sterownika (S),
przy czym wejście pierwszego inwertera (II) jest przyłączone
do wyjścia (BREQ) sterownika (S), a jego wyjście
połączone jest z jednym wejściem bramki logicznej
(NAND) z otwartym kolektorem, której drugie wejście
jest połączone z wyjściem (ADEN) sterownika (S), zaś jej
wyjście jest połączone jednocześnie z wejściem drugiego
inwertera (12) i z linią sygnału wspólnego żądania
dostępu (CBRQ) magistrali, natomiast wyjście drugiego
inwertera (12) jest połączone z jednym wejściem bramki
logicznej (NOR), do której drugiego wejścia załączona
jest linia sygnału przyznania priorytetu (BPRN) magistrali,
zaś wyjście bramki logicznej (NOR) połączone jest z
jednym wejściem bramki logicznej (OR), na której drugie
wejście załączona jest linia sygnału blokady (LOCK) z
mikroprocesora, natomiast wyjście bramki logicznej
(OR) załączone jest do wejścia (OVRD) sterownika (S).
Patent PL-158687-B1 (PL)
Title: Method of and apparatus for incoplete testing the protection of 110 kv feeder transformer primary without making such transformer inoperative
IPC: G01R/
Filed: 1988-09-20
Abstract: 1. A method of performing partial testing of the safety systems on the higher voltage side of a power supply transformer, involving the activation of the tested safety systems by stepwise feeding of supply values from current feeders to the tested safety system in the course of functional tests on that system, and the breaking of the cut-out pulse circuits during the test, after which the device and safety system return automatically to their original state, characterized in that during testing of a differential safety device (2) this device receives, via the final control element (20), a 50 Hz first harmonic current of the set value, from current feeders (8 and 10), and a measurement is made of the stabilization characteristic, and then a check on the blocking of the action of the differential safety device (2) is carried out by supplying it with a specified value of 100 Hz second harmonic current from sources (9 and 11) of second harmonic current, also via the final control element (20).2. Testing device for performing partial testing of the safety systems on the higher voltage side of a power supply transformer, containing a selector switch, which together with a control component is connected to the final control element, to which is also connected a current feeder, connected to an external AC power source, together with a selector switch for the supply value, and additionally the control component is connected to a start button and a stop button, as well as an element which breaks the circuit of the trigger coil, an optical signalling component and a time measuring component [...]<IMAGE>
Patent PL-158322-B1 (PL)
Title: System for measuring statical flash point, especially of lightning arrestors
IPC: G01R/
Filed: 1989-05-04
Abstract: Circuit for measuring static voltage of ignition, in particular of lightning protectors, containing a capacitive voltage divider whose high-tension part is connected to the tested object and to a regulated alternating voltage source, while the low-voltage part is connected to a peak value meter, characterized in that between the tested object (Ob) and the high-tension part (Cw) of the voltage divider, an additional inductance (L) is connected.<IMAGE>
Patent PL-159444-B1 (PL)
Title: Loose material pour-over controlled junction
IPC: B65G69/18
Filed: 1989-05-05
Abstract: 1. Controlled pouring connector for loose material, forming temporary connection between a transport container and a tank, in which the container's outlet enclosed with a rigid sleeve is shut by manually controlled bell valve, and the loading aperture of the tank enclosed with the seal pocket of the sleeve has a valve opening under the container's pressure, characterised in that the bell (3) of the container valve (A) is pressed down to the pocket (4) with a tension spring (5) fixed in a casing (6) inside the container (A), and the bell (3) is connected at its bottom with the opening mechanism, whose control lever (11) situated outside the sleeve (1) mates with the blocking set (14, 15).<IMAGE>
Patent PL-162237-B1 (PL)
Title: Fuse link for protection of power networks
Inventor: OSTAPIUK RYSZARD
IPC: H01H85/04
Filed: 1990-02-28
Abstract: Fuse element for protecting electrical grids, with bottoms made from pole pieces connected by a fuse filament, with insulating side casing in the form of a sleeve filled with arc-quenching medium, characterized in that mounted inside the casing (4) is a cylindrical thermal reflector (3), while the fuse filament (1) is situated at the focal distance of the reflector, and the thermal reflector is shorter than the ceramic casing (4) by an isolating gap.<IMAGE>