baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent RU-2079510-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for control of process of aqueous degassing of caoutchouc
Inventor: BOLDYREV ANATOLIJ PETROVICH
IPC: C08C2/06
Filed: 1992-01-03
Granted: 1997-05-20
Abstract: FIELD: production of synthetic caoutchouc. SUBSTANCE: during degassing of piperylene caoutchouc viscosity of polymerizate being degassed and concentration of toluene and dimmer piperylene fraction are determined, the process takes place at top of degassing unit of the second step. If viscosity of polymerizate deviates of predetermined value then expense of solvent for caoutchouc is changed. If concentration of toluene and said piperylene fractions are more than their limit values, then temperature in degassing unit of the second step is increased, ratio of caoutchouc and oligomerizate being maintained within 50-60 %. EFFECT: improved quality of desired polymer, decreased energy expense. 1 tbl, 1 dwg
Patent RU-2015138-C1 (RU)
Title: N-[(1-hydroxymethyl-2-hydroxy-2-n-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-amides showing growth-regulating activity
Inventor: MURZA MARIYA M
IPC: A01P21/00
Filed: 1991-07-08
Granted: 1994-06-30
Abstract: FIELD: organic chemistry. SUBSTANCE: product: N-[(1-hydroxymethyl-2-hydroxy-2-n-nitrophenyl)ethyl]amines of the general formula n-NO 2 -C 6 -H 4 CH(OH)CH(NHR)CH 2 OH, where R - R=CH 3 , CH 2 Cl, CHCl 2 , CCl 3 , gross-formula is C 11 H 14 N 2 O 5 . Yield is 60%, m. p. is 126-127 C. Gross-formula is C 11 H 13 ClN 2 O 5 , yield is 46%, m. p. is 198-200 C. Gross-formula is C 11 H 12 Cl 2 N 2 O 5 , yield is 52%, m. p. is 136-138 C. Gross-formula is C 11 H 11 Cl 3 N 2 O 5 , yield is 70% , m. p. is 119-120 C. Reagent 1: 1-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-amino-1,3-propanediol. Reagent 2: chloroanhydride of acid. Reaction conditions: organic solvent, room temperature. Synthesized compounds are used in agriculture. EFFECT: improved method of synthesis, enhanced yields of products. 5 tbl
Patent RU-2057549-C1 (RU)
Title: Method for treating alcoholism
Inventor: KONKOV EVGENIJ M
IPC: A61K35/64
Filed: 1991-12-26
Granted: 1996-04-10
Abstract: FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves suggesting idea of abstinence life style creating yatrogeny to alcohol consumption, forming alcohol code, lavaging fauces and faryngeal space with Proposolum and associating the received sensation with suggested fear before consuming alcohol. EFFECT: enhanced effectiveness of treatment.
Patent RU-2019338-C1 (RU)
Inventor: AGEEV LEONID M
IPC: B21D13/04
Filed: 1992-02-07
Granted: 1994-09-15
Abstract: Использование: производство гнутых профилей, преимущественно гофрированного листового металла. Сущность изобретения: стан содержит свободно установленные друг относительно друга верхние деформирующие ролики, каждый из которых имеет профиль формирования одного гофра и оборудован гидравлическими нажимными устройствами. Стол смонтирован на раме станины и снабжен средствами возвратно-поступательного перемещения стола . На столе установлены штампы, выполненные в виде линеек. Линейки по высоте расположены под верхними деформирующими роликами и опираются на нижний неприводной валок, закрепленный на станине и размещенный в плоскости осей верхних роликов. Число верхних роликов устанавливают равным числу гофров профиля. 7 ил.
Patent RU-2034655-C1 (RU)
Title: Grinder
Inventor: FURSOV EVGENIJ G
IPC: B02C13/14
Filed: 1992-02-11
Granted: 1995-05-10
Abstract: FIELD: mining. SUBSTANCE: grinder has drive, housing, and grinding members. The housing is constructed as top 1 and bottom 2 coupling rings provided with pins 3 and 4 which are arranged on the inner side of the ring. Step stands 5 are radially secured to the rings. Stop and bearing rollers are mounted inside each step. The grinding members are made up as rings 8. The rings are arranged in the steps of the stands. The inner sides of the rings are provided with pins 9. The outer sides are in contact with the drive through a friction transmission. The inner sides are eccentric. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency. 6 dwg
Patent RU-2058470-C1 (RU)
Title: Drop/rotary one-leaf gate (option)
Inventor: KONDRUS ANATOLIJ A
IPC: E05F1/08
Filed: 1992-01-09
Granted: 1996-04-20
Abstract: FIELD: garage door. SUBSTANCE: drop/rotary one-leaf gate has frame, leaf installed on lateral sides of the frame using levers and springs. One lever is related to the leaf through the second lever and through pull-rod to the third lever fastened on the frame and related to the leaf through the second pull- rod. Hinges are used for all connections and additional spring is fastened to the third lever. EFFECT: high reliability. 4 cl, 4 dwg
Patent RU-2096463-C1 (RU)
Inventor: NECHAEVA SOFIYA V
IPC: C12P21/00
Filed: 1992-03-17
Granted: 1997-11-20
Abstract: FIELD: biotechnology, protein production. SUBSTANCE: new strain of blue-green algae Spirulina platensis (Nordst) Geitl exhibiting the increased production and useful for large-scale industrial culturing. As a result of the prolonged selection the indicated strain Spirulina platensis (Nordst) Geitl IPPAS B-437 has been isolated. The strain accumulates biomass at amount 1.0-1.5 g/l/24 h. EFFECT: strain indicated above, increased protein and biomass production. 1 tbl
Patent RU-2052652-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KOROTKOV VIKTOR I
IPC: F02M27/04
Filed: 1992-03-03
Granted: 1996-01-20
Abstract: FIELD: engine engineering. SUBSTANCE: device has dielectric housing. The inner side of the housing is provided with two sets of trapezium-like permanent magnets. The magnets are mounted close to each other and one by one on projections. There are air clearance between the sets of the magnets. The magnetization of the touching magnets in the lateral cross-section of each set and the magnetization of the opposite magnets are opposite. EFFECT: improved design. 2 dwg
Patent RU-2006121-C1 (RU)
Inventor: FOMIN YURIJ D
IPC: H02G3/34
Filed: 1992-04-08
Granted: 1994-01-15
Abstract: Сущность изобретения: устройство содержит трубу с незамкнутым поперечным сечением, к которой жестко прикреплены кронштейны, огибающие одним концом упомянутую трубку. В огибающей части кронштейнов выполнены продольные прорези, совпадающие с прорезями, выполненными поперек продольной прорези трубки. В трубке уложены кабели, изолированные защитным элементом со стороны продольной прорези. Гибкие пояски расположены в прорезях кронштейнов и поперечных прорезях трубки, охватывая снаружи трубку и взаимодействуя в зоне ее поперечных прорезей с наружной поверхностью защитного элемента. 1 з. п. ф-лы, 2 ил.
Patent RU-2082861-C1 (RU)
Title: Mobile building complex
Inventor: EFIMENKO ALEKSANDR I
IPC: B63B9/06
Filed: 1992-04-10
Granted: 1997-06-27
Abstract: FIELD: civil engineering, concerns the floating method of erection of water- development works. SUBSTANCE: complex has base and a number of longitudinal and lateral cofferdams fencing off the water area in zone of construction, as well as means for changing water level of water area fenced off by these cofferdams; longitudinal and lateral cofferdams are made as pontoon dock-gates, each of them has casing with tank installed inside it for vertical movement relative the casing; pontoon dock-gates have means for conjugation to one another and to mechanisms for attachment and conjugation to complex base. EFFECT: enhanced capacity. 8 cl, 16 dwg
Patent RU-2050702-C1 (RU)
Inventor: STEPANOV IVAN G
IPC: H05B3/14
Filed: 1992-04-28
Granted: 1995-12-20
Abstract: Сущность: при изготовлении графитового нагревателя на поверхность подложки наносят слой связующего, а на него слой чешуйчатого кристаллического графита. Слой связующего выполняют толщиной не более величины чешуек графита. После нанесения слоя графита равномерным насыпанием не прилипание к связующему чешуйки стряхивают. Затем проводят термообработку. Способ обеспечивает увеличение удельного объемного электрического сопротивления, при этом упрощается способ и снижается его стоимость. 1 з. п. ф-лы, 1 табл.
Patent RU-2059674-C1 (RU)
Title: Anticorrosive composition
Inventor: BOMSHTEJN ARKADIJ L
IPC: C09D193/00
Filed: 1992-06-11
Granted: 1996-05-10
Abstract: FIELD: waterproofing of building constructions. SUBSTANCE: proposed anticorrosive composition contains (%): tallow pitch 5.0-95.0, benzylamide-2-benzylamino-4-phenylbutenoic acid 0.1-0.3 and toluene up to 100. Mentioned above tallow pitch represents waste of wood chemical industry which contains fatty and resin acids, oxidized materials and unsaponified materials having acid number 36-45 mg KOH/g and softening point 25-43 C. Proposed composition is prepared by mixing all the components, then said composition is applied on wet surface. EFFECT: improves quality of desired composition. 1 tbl
Patent RU-2042575-C1 (RU)
Title: Landing gear front leg wheel turn control system
Inventor: SOKOLOV VASILIJ I
IPC: B64C25/50
Filed: 1992-07-07
Granted: 1995-08-27
Abstract: FIELD: aeronautical engineering. SUBSTANCE: landing gear front leg wheel turn control system has control rod whose one end is hinged to flying vehicle control system through double-arm bell crank, actuating hydraulic cylinder of control surface mechanism connected with one end of feedback coupling rod through bell crank, hydraulic system with pipe lines and distributing electrically-actuated valve, limit switch mechanism and distributing dampening unit. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 3 dwg
Patent RU-2075477-C1 (RU)
Title: 1-//2-(динизший алкиламино)алкил/амино/-4-замещенные тиоксантен-9-оны и фармацевтическая композиция, обладающая противоопухолевой активностью
Inventor: TEODOR CHARLZ MILLER
IPC: A61K31/38
Filed: 1992-06-09
Granted: 1997-03-20
Abstract: Использование: для лечения опухолей у млекопитающих животных. Продукт: N-[[1-[[2-(диэтиламино)этил] амино]-9-оксотиоксантен-4-ил]метил]-N-эти- лформамид, т.пл. 75 - 77 o C. N-[[1-[[2-(диэтиламино)этил]амино]-9-оксотиоксантен-4-ил] метил]-N-мет- илметансульфонамид, т.пл. 175 - 177 o C. 2 с. и 13 з. п. ф-лы, 4 табл.
Patent RU-2070302-C1 (RU)
Inventor: ILOMAEKI VALTO
IPC: E21B7/30
Filed: 1990-10-25
Granted: 1996-12-10
Abstract: Cущность изобретения: продавливают под препятствием из рабочего котлована в приемный котлован трубы с последовательным их наращиванием и поступлением грунта в головные трубы. Последние отделены фланцем от концевых труб, которые являются уложенным под препятствием трубопроводом. Грунт из головных труб удаляют по мере их поступления в приемный котлован. Усилие продавливания создают силовым, ударным механизмами, тяговым средством или их совокупностью. 9 з. п. ф-лы, 6 ил.
Patent RU-2025339-C1 (RU)
Inventor: MELIK-SARKISYANTS ARSEN S
IPC: B60T3/00
Filed: 1992-07-15
Granted: 1994-12-30
Abstract: Использование: в оборудовании транспортных средств. Сущность изобретения: противоугонная колодка содержит скобу 1, балку 2 с чашей 3, предназначенной для прикрытия болтов крепления колеса транспортного средства, средство, предотвращающее смещение колодки относительно колеса транспортного средства, и замковый механизм. Средство, предотвращающее смещение колодки относительно колеса транспортного средства, выполнено в виде двух планок 17, 18, предназначенных для введения в отверстия диска колеса транспортного средства, закрепленных на балке диаметрально чаше 3. Наиболее удаленная от скобы 1 планка 17 снабжена крючком, загнутым в сторону скобы, при этом скоба установлена на балке с возможностью перемещения в радиальном направлении относительно чаши 3 и фиксации на балке посредством замкового механизма. Планки 17, 18 средства, предотвращающего смещение колодки относительно колеса транспортного средства, могут быть снабжены средствами регулировки их радиального положения относительно чаши. Скоба может быть снабжена сменной накладкой, установленной с противоположной относительно балки стороны. Пробой 16 замкового механизма может быть закреплен на балке с возможностью регулирования его радиального положения относительно чаши 3. Замковый механизм может содержать шкворень, пропущенный через пробой 16 и скобу 1. 4 з. п. ф-лы, 5 ил.
Patent RU-2070868-C1 (RU)
Inventor: YASHCHISHIN IOSIF NIKOLAEVICH
IPC: C03C3/066
Filed: 1992-05-27
Granted: 1996-12-27
Abstract: Использование: для декодирования и маркировки стеклоизделий сортового, светотехнического и строительного ассортимента. Сущность изобретения: легкоплавкое стекло содержит, мас.%: оксид кремния 35 - 39; оксид бора 24 - 28; оксид цинка 0,5 - 2; оксид кальция 0,5 - 3; оксид натрия 8 - 12; оксид калия 4,5 - 10; оксид лития 1,5 - 4; оксид фосфора 1 - 5; оксид алюминия 1 - 3; оксид титана 10 - 14. Потери веса, 0,6 - 1,1 в мг/100 см 2 . 1 з.п. ф-лы, 2 табл.
Patent RU-2032024-C1 (RU)
Inventor: BARTOLOMEJ ADOLF A
IPC: E02D27/08
Filed: 1992-07-17
Granted: 1995-03-27
Abstract: FIELD: civil engineering. SUBSTANCE: method comprises excavation of trench from external side of foundation. Horizontal parallel reinforcing members are placed into footing with their ends protruding beyond the foundation outline, close to foundation foot at a pitch equal to three times the height of reinforcing member section. Said height of section varies from 0.125 to 0.075 the foundation width and the end portions vary from 0.5 to 1.5 of the foundation width. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 4 dwg
Patent RU-2010837-C1 (RU)
Title: Method of recovery of high antiknock gasoline and aromatic hydrocarbons
Inventor: RABINOVICH GEORGIJ L
IPC: C10G63/04
Filed: 1992-07-15
Granted: 1994-04-15
Abstract: FIELD: petrochemistry. SUBSTANCE: wide and narrow gasoline fractions containing predominantly C 7 -C 10  and C 6 -C 7  hydrocarbons, respectively, are subjected separately to catalytic reforming. Benzene-containing fraction isolated from wide fraction liquid reformats through rectification and containing 2-50% isohexanes out of the potential in liquid reformat, are co-treated along with narrow fraction reforming gas product. Co-treatment is accomplished in the presence of catalyst containing pentasil zeolites and/or erionite under narrow fraction reforming pressure and 250-460 C and at a 700-2000 n. vol/vol ratio of hydrogen-containing gas to a mixture of gasoline with benzene-containing fraction. Low- molecular aromatic hydrocarbons are isolated from the product obtained through extraction or extractive rectification. Upon extraction, liquid product is mixed totally or partially with wide gasoline fraction liquid reformats after benzene fraction has been isolated. EFFECT: recovery of high antiknock gasoline and aromatic hydrocarbons improved. 2 cl, 2 tbl
Patent RU-2060341-C1 (RU)
Inventor: KOLGANOV EFREM A
IPC: E21B7/20
Filed: 1992-07-31
Granted: 1996-05-20
Abstract: FIELD: rotary or turbine drilling. SUBSTANCE: rock destroying is carried out with self-centering bit with central cone cutter, and lateral cone cutters being automatically draw-out aside in installation to rock. Space between casing butt and rock, as well as position of the casing about the bit for all time of drilling and until drill tool is withdrawn is kept unchangeable. EFFECT: high efficiency. 2 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2059553-C1 (RU)
Inventor: GOLOLOBOV EVGENIJ I
IPC: B65D85/68
Filed: 1992-08-24
Granted: 1996-05-10
Abstract: FIELD: transportation. SUBSTANCE: method of packing three-wheeled vehicle envisages disassembly of the latter into subassemblies, installation of rear part of chassis preliminarily uncoupled along frame onto pallet. Its front part is placed inside space formed by frame of rear part of chassis. After subassemblies are placed the container walls are installed. Bearing planking for fastening the articles of spare parts and electric equipment is placed on frame of rear part before its final shaping. The front part of chassis and subassemblies are attached to container walls. The container is equipped with removable bearing planking. The container walls have mounting cleats for vehicle subassemblies. Internal dimensions of container pallet correspond to dimensions of chassis frame without its front member. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 2 cl, 13 dwg
Patent RU-2036823-C1 (RU)
Inventor: SYRSKIJ VLADIMIR P
IPC: B64C15/12
Filed: 1992-09-02
Granted: 1995-06-09
Abstract: FIELD: aviation. SUBSTANCE: forward motion is imparted to aircraft in direction perpendicular to longitudinal axis of fuselage in horizontal plane and boundary layer is controlled on its surface for creation of attached vortex. Thus lift force is created. After takeoff, motion is imparted to aircraft in direction of longitudinal axis of fuselage. Fuselage of aircraft used for realization of this method is provided with device for control of boundary layer. Aircraft is also provided with engines fitted with swivel nozzles which create thrust in transverse and longitudinal directions relative to fuselage axis. EFFECT: absence of wings and creation of lift force by means of fuselage surface. 7 cl, 3 dwg
Patent RU-2052052-C1 (RU)
Title: Способ монтажа перекрытий многоэтажных зданий методом подъема
Inventor: STRIGO GENNADIJ SEMENOVICH
IPC: E04G21/14
Filed: 1992-07-10
Granted: 1996-01-10
Abstract: Изобретение относится к строительству при возведении сборно - монолитных зданий и сооружений методом подъема перекрытий, покрытий и т. д. Цель изобретения: повышение надежности соединения плиты перекрытия с несущими колоннами, а также с другими несущими вертикальными элементами. Колонны и другие вертикальные элементы выполняются из монолитного железобетона и бетонируются вместе со стыками после подъема и установки плит перекрытий в проектном положении, причем стержни арматурных сеток плит перекрытий не прерываются в местах стыков с колоннами. Экономическая эффективность достигается за счет упрочнения стыка , упрощения конструкций стыка плиты с колонной и уменьшения материалоемкости металлических конструкций стыка. 3 ил.
Patent DE-10002708-C1 (DE)
Title: Hydraulische Zahnradmaschine
Inventor: SCHWUCHOW DIETMAR
IPC: F04C2/08
Filed: 2000-01-22
Granted: 2001-07-26
Abstract: Die Erfindung geht aus von einer hydraulischen Zahnradmaschine (10) (Pumpe oder Motor) mit einem Triebwerk (26) aus wenigstens zwei zumindest annähernd im Zweiflankeneingriff miteinander kämmenden Zahnrädern (28, 30). Diese fördern ein Druckmittel von einem Einlaß zu einem Auslaß, die durch Versorgungsnuten (52, 54) mit den von den Zahnrädern (28, 30) eingeschlossenen Zahnkammern verbunden sind. Die Abdichtung der Saug- gegenüber der Druckseite der Zahnradmaschine (10) ist von an den Enden der Versorgungsnuten (52, 54) ausgebildete Steuerkanten (56, 58) in Wirkverbindung mit einem dazwischenliegenden Dichtsteg (60) und den Flankeneingriffspunkten (48) gesteuert. DOLLAR A Mittels einer besonders ausgebildeten Umsteuergeometrie wird eine sich selbständig an das toleranzbedingt unvermeidbare Rückflankenspiel (64) anpassende Dichtung zwischen der Saug- und Druckseite der Zahnradmaschine (10) erreicht und gleichzeitig das Pulsations- sowie das Geräuschverhalten der Zahnradmaschine (10) verbessert.
Patent DE-10007914-C1 (DE)
Inventor: VIEGENER WALTER
IPC: F16L13/14
Filed: 2000-02-21
Granted: 2001-09-06
Abstract: A fitting or mounting (1), in particular, for connecting to a tubular component (6), comprises an end section (2), which may form a joint by being pressed. A sealing ring (7) is arranged in a ring-shaped bead (3) on the end section (2). According to the invention, a deformation (8, 8') is provided on the bead (3). A separation between the sealing ring (7) and the wall of the end section (2) is formed by the deformation (8, 8'), through which a fluid can flow between the tubular components (1, 6). Only after pressing in this region is a sealed joint arrangement produced. The involuntary forgetting of the pressing process can thus be avoided.
Patent DE-10023074-C1 (DE)
Inventor: KAISER HEINZ-PETER
IPC: C21C5/36
Filed: 2000-05-05
Granted: 2001-11-15
Abstract: Production of granules made from converter slag comprises directing a strong air stream against the beam of converter slag. The air stream to the slag stream is adjusted so that the granules are divided into iron-rich and into iron-deficient granules which contain small amounts of free lime corresponding to the requirement of additive in the production of concrete or mortar. Preferred Features: The free lime content is adjusted to less than 0.4 wt.%. The slag has a free lime content of 2-5 wt.% before blasting.
Patent DE-10065806-C1 (DE)
Title: Electromechanical switch with snap-action element used for operation of switch dome of switch mat
Inventor: KAMPF FLORIAN
IPC: H01H13/52
Filed: 2000-12-30
Granted: 2002-02-21
Abstract: The electromechanical switch has an applied operating force used for movement of a snap-action element (44) from a mechanically stable state to a mechanically instable state, with a switch mat having a switch dome (34) provided with a contact element which moves into cooperation with a second contact element upon actuation via the snap-action element. The latter is provided by a convex metal disc positioned above the switch dome.
Patent DE-10110366-C1 (DE)
Title: Plug socket housing for electrical installation socket has chamber in base wall for reception of spring-loaded safety slider
Inventor: BIESENBACH MARTIN
IPC: H01R13/453
Filed: 2001-03-03
Granted: 2002-06-06
Abstract: The plug socket housing (1) has a base wall (3) provided with an integral reception chamber (6) for a spring-loaded safety slider (16), having at least 2 linear guides (12) for movement of the safety slider and a retaining nose (13) cooperating with one end (28) of a coil spring wound onto a pin (24) provided by the safety slider.
Patent DE-10128966-C1 (DE)
Title: Jump starting detection device for automobile engine has control element operated by movement of cover for jump lead terminal into open position
Inventor: WOLF NORBERT
IPC: H01M50/588
Filed: 2001-06-15
Granted: 2002-10-24
Abstract: The jump starting detection device (10) has a control element (20), e.g. an electronic contact, which detects the opening movement of a cover unit (16), fitting over a battery terminal (12) for connection of a jump lead in its closed position. The cover unit and the control element may be formed integral with one another.  An Independent claim for a method for detecting jump starting of an automobile engine is also included.
Patent DE-10164579-C1 (DE)
Title: Verfahren zum Trennen von Lichtleitfasern mittels CO¶2¶-Laserstrahlung
Inventor: STAUPENDAHL GISBERT
IPC: B23K26/402
Filed: 2001-12-28
Granted: 2003-08-21
Abstract: Verfahren zum Trennen von Lichtleitfasern mittels CO¶2¶-Laserstrahlung anwendbar für Fasern unterschiedlicher Art und Größe, mit und ohne Ummantelung sowie für Faserbündel und Faserkomponenten, bei dem die Trennung durch ein dem jeweiligen Material angepasstes, spezielles Impulsregime über den Abtrag kleinster Werkstoffvolumina entlang einer Linie so lange in einem "sägeähnlichen" Prozess erfolgt, bis die vollständige Trennung erreicht ist.
Patent DE-19600357-C1 (DE)
Inventor: FLUEGGE ULF-INGO PROF DR
IPC: C12N1/21
Filed: 1996-01-08
Granted: 1997-02-13
Abstract: A DNA sequence from Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) is disclosed which contains the coding region of a phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphate transporter whose insertion into a plant genome modifies the formation and transmission of carbon basic structures for the synthesis of phenolic compounds in transgenic plants. Also disclosed are plasmides, yeast and bacteria which contain said DNA sequence, as well as transgenic plants in which changes in the activity of the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphate transporter and thereby changes in the content of phenolic compounds, above all aromatic amino acids and flavonoids, are caused by the insertion of the DNA sequence. Also disclosed are transgenic plants whose defence response against plant pathogenic agents and UV radiation tolerance are influenced by increasing their content of phenolic compounds, the use of the disclosed sequence of the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphate translocator to identify related translocators from other plants by low stringency hybridisation or PCR techniques, and the use of the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphate translocator as target for herbicides.