baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent MW-2077-A1 (MW)
Title: New substituted 2, 3-alkylene bis (oxy) benzamides their derivatives and process for their preparation
IPC: C07D491/02
Filed: 1977-08-03
Abstract: 2,3-Alkylenedioxybenzamides of formula (I) and their acid -addn. salts, quat. ammonium salts, oxides and optical isomers are new. In (I), A is 1-3C alkylene opt. substd by 1-4C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl or 1-4C hydroxyalkyl. R is H, 1-4C alkyl or -B-NR1R2; B is a direct bond or a 1-3C alkylene gp. opt. substd. by 1-4C alkyl or 2-4C alkenyl; R1 is H, 1-4C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl, 2-4C alkynyl, substd. alkyl, or forms a heterocyclic ring with B, and R2 is H, 1-4C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl or alkynyl, substd. alkyl, an opt. substd. heterocyclic gp., or a phenyl, adamantyl, cycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl gp. bonded directly to the N atom or via an opt. substd. alkylene chain, or NR1R2 is a heterocycle opt. contg. other heteroatoms (including NR'', where R'' is H- 1-4C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl or alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, adamantyl, bicycloalkyl or alkyl substd by OH, SH, acyl, thioacyl, alkoxy or alkylthio). - R' is H, 1-4c alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl or alkynyl, adamantyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, diazepinyl, quinuclidinyl, azabicycloalkyl, diazabicycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, or opt. substd. phenyl or aralkyl, or R'+B forms an opt. substd. heterocycle contg. a single N atom, or R'+R1 forms an opt. substd. heterocycle contg. two heteroatoms, X is H, halogen, OH, 1-4C alkoxy, 1-4C alkyl, amino opt. mono- or disubstd. by 1-4C alkyl, acyl, aralkyl, furyl, pyranyl or alkoxycacarbonyl, or forms an A' chain with Y. Y is as defined for X or is NO2, 1-4C alkylsulphonyl, adamantyl-sulphonyl, cycloalkyl sulphonyl or SO2NR3R'; R3 and R4 are H, 1-4C alkyl, 2-4C alkenyl, 2-4C alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, bicycloalkyl, adamantyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or alkyl substd. by OH, SH, acyl, thioacyl, alkoxy or alkylthio, or NR3R4 is an opt. substd. heterocycle opt. congt. another heteroatom; or Y forms an A chain with X or Z. Z is as defined for X or is NO2, or forms an A chain with Y. A is a carbon chain opt. substd. or opt. interrupted by one or more opt. substd. heteroatoms. - Cpds. (I) have anxiolytic, antidepressant and antiemetic activity with little or no cataleptic activity. A typical cpd. of N-(1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-7-methylsulphamoyl-1, 4-benzodioxan-5-carboxamide. In an example, this is prepd. from 1,4-benzodioxan-5-carboxylic acid.
Patent IE-910655-A1 (IE)
Title: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
IPC: A61K31/34
Filed: 1991-02-26
Abstract: The invention relates to salts formed between ranitidine and a complex of zinc with a carboxylic acid selected from tartaric acid, citric acid and alkyl citric acids, and to solvates of such salts. The salts and solvates thereof are useful in the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders, such as peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia.
Patent IE-910783-A1 (IE)
Title: C-linked pyrazole derivatives
IPC: C07D257/04
Filed: 1991-03-08
Abstract: The invention provides compounds of the general formula (I): or a physiologically acceptable salt, solvate (e.g. hydrate) or a metabolically labile ester thereof in which R<1> represents a hydrogen atom or a group selected from C1-6alkyl or C2-6alkenyl; R<2> represents a hydrogen atom or a group selected from C1-6alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7cycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-6alkenyl, fluoroC1-6alkyl, fluoroC3-6alkenyl, phenyl, -(CH2)kCOR<5> or -(CH2)kSO2R<5>; R<3> represents a hydrogen atom or a group selected from C1-6alkyl optionally substituted by a hydroxy or C1-6alkoxy group, C2-6alkenyl, fluoroC1-6alkyl, -(CH2)mR<6>, -(CH2)nCOR<7> or -(CH2)pNR<8>COR<9>; R<4> represents a group selected from -CO2H, -NHSO2CF3 or a C-linked tetrazolyl group; R<5> represents a group selected from C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C1-6alkoxy or the group -NR<1><0>R<1><1>; R<6> represents a phenoxy or benzyloxy group; R<7> represents a hydrogen atom or a group selected from hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy or the group -NR<1><0>R<1><1>; R<8> represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-6alkyl group; R<9> represents a hydrogen atom or a group selected from C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy or the group -NR<1><0>R<1><1>; R<1><0> and R<1><1> which may be the same or different each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-4alkyl group or -NR<1><0>R<1><1> forms a saturated heterocyclic ring which has 5 or 6 ring members and may optionally contain in the ring one oxygen atom; k represents zero or an integer from 1 to 4; m represents an integer from 1 to 4; n represents zero or an integer from 1 to 4; and p represents an integer from 1 to 4. The compounds may be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of hypertension and diseases associated with cognitive disorders.
Patent MA-24998-A1 (MA)
Title: Systeme et procede de communication par carte a puce dans un reseau de distribution d'energie ou de fluide
Inventor: FRANCIS ORENGO
IPC: G07F15/00
Filed: 1999-10-05
Abstract: LA PRÉSENTE INVENTION CONCERNE UN SYSTèME DE COMMUNICATION BIDIRECTIONNELLE ENTRE UNE PLURALITÉ DE TERMINAUX D'ABONNÉS BRANCHÉS SUR UN RÉSEAU DE DISTRIBUTION D'ÉNERGIE ET/OU D'UN FLUIDE ET UNE CENTRALE DE GESTION DESTINèE à TRAITER LES IONFORMATIONS RELATIVES à TOUS LES ABONNÉS RELIÉS AUDIT RÉSEAU,  CHAQUE TERMINAL ÉTANT MUNI D'UN MICROPROCESSEUR,  D'UNE MÉMOIRE POUR STOCKER DES DONNÉES TECHNIQUES RELATIVES AU BRANCHEMENT ET D'UNE UNITÉ DE LECTURE/ÉCRITURE POUR TRANFÉRER CES DONNÉES SUR LA CARTE à PUCE ET POUR LIRE DES CONSIGNÉS DE BRANCHEMENT SPÉCIFIQUES à CHAQUE ABONNÉ AFIN DE LER CHARGER DANS LE MÉMOIRE DU TERMINAL.LE SYSTèME SELON L'INVENTIION EST CARACTÉRISÉE EN CE QU'IL COMPORTE EN OUTRE UN MODULE DE TRANSACTION APT,  D'UNE PART,  à GÉNÉRER TOUT OU PARTTIE DES CONSIGNES DE BRANCHEMENT ET TRASMETTRE CES CONSIGNES  AU TERMINAL DE L'ABONNÉ,  ET D'AUTRE PART,   à TRANSMETTRE LES DONNÉES TECHNIQUES RECUEILLIES à PARTIR à PARTIR DUDIT TERMINAL  à L'UNITÉ CENTRALE DE GESTION.
Patent MA-38218-A1 (MA)
Title: Pyridine-2-amides utiles comme agonistes de cb2
Inventor: GRETHER UWE
IPC: C07D495/10
Filed: 2013-12-04
Abstract: La présente invention concerne des agonistes de cb2 de formule (i) où r1 à r4 sont tels que définis dans la description et les revendications. Le composé de formule (i) peut être utilisé comme médicament.
Patent MA-46778-A1 (MA)
Title: Composition intranasale comprenant de la bétahistine
Inventor: WRAIGHT CHRISTOPHER JOHN
IPC: A61P27/16
Filed: 2018-02-02
Abstract: La présente invention concerne une composition pharmaceutique comprenant en tant que substance active de la bétahistine ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celle-ci, destinée à être utilisée dans le traitement de troubles otologiques ou neurologiques chez un sujet humain par application intranasale.
Patent UY-26290-A1 (UY)
Title: Compuestos químicos xxi
Inventor: ROFFEY JONATAN
IPC: C07D209/70
Filed: 2000-08-11
Abstract: Un compuesto químico de fórmula (I): y las sales, compuestos de adición y procedicamentos farmacéuticamente aceptables de éstos; y el uso de éstos en terapia, particularmente como agonistas o antagonistas de un receptor de 5-HT, particularmente un receptor de 5-HT2c, por ejemplo en el tratamiento de trastornos del sistema nervioso central, dano al sistema nervioso central, trastornos cardiovasculares, trastornos gastrointestinales, diabetes insípida y apnea del sueno, y particularmente para el tratamiento de la obesidad.
Patent UY-26456-A1 (UY)
Inventor: MAILLIET PATRICK
IPC: C07D251/70
Filed: 2000-11-28
Abstract: The invention concerns cancer therapy and novel anti-cancer agents having a very particular mechanism. The invention also concerns novel chemical compounds and their therapeutic use in humans.
Patent ZW-24085-A1 (ZW)
Title: Therapeutic agents
Inventor: JOHN ROSINDALE HOUSLEY
IPC: C07D295/13
Filed: 1985-12-19
Abstract: Compounds of formula Iand pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; in which R, and R<sub>2</sub>, which are the same or different, are H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or R, and R<sub>2</sub> together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;R<sub>3</sub> is an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group; andR<sub>4</sub> is a hydrocarbon group containing at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy and acylated derivatives thereof, optionally substituted alkoxy groups, optionally substituted cycloalkyloxy groups, optionally substituted alkylenedioxy groups, oxo and groups of formula S(O)<sub>p</sub>R<sub>5</sub> in which p is 0, 1 or 2 and R<sub>5</sub> is an alkyl group, said hydrocarbon group being optionally substituted by additional substituents,are useful in the treatment of depression.
Patent ES-182531-A1 (ES)
Title: Un procedimiento de alcanolaminas
Filed: 1948-02-20
Abstract: Procedimiento de preparación de alcanolaminas, partiendo de óxidos de olefinas y de amoniaco en solución acuosa, caracterizado por añadirse a los reactivos puestos en juego una cantidad de amina secundaria superior a la cantidad que se forma al estado de equilibrio en las condiciones consideradas.
Patent ES-184088-A1 (ES)
Title: UN NUEVO TRANSMISOR DE RAYOS CAToDICOS CON FRECUENCIA ULTRAELEVADA
Filed: 1948-06-12
Abstract: Una linterna encendedor electrodinámica por emplearse para su concepción y montaje un procedimiento nuevo de trinquete y producción de flujo magnético por una pieza completamente cilíndrica en cortocircuito imanada en dos puntos diametralmente opuestos de la misma para constituir con ella un imán permanente de polo negativo y positivo.
Patent ES-186589-A1 (ES)
Title: UNA MáQUINA PARA IMPRIMIR DIRECCIONES
Filed: 1949-01-05
Abstract: Máquina para imprimir direcciones en la que las matrices o clichés se hacen pasar por debajo de un brazo impresor provisto de una almohadilla de impresión y la hoja que debe ser impresa se coloca encima de la matriz caracterizada por una placa de base o apoyo de la matriz constituida por una regla o pieza rectangular (4 16) preferiblemente cambiable y montada en la mesa de la máquina.
Patent ES-187276-A1 (ES)
Title: UN INTERRUPTOR DE BARRAS CRUZADAS PARA INSTALACIONES DE TELEFONiA AUTOMáTICA
Filed: 1949-03-02
Abstract: Un interruptor de barras cruzadas para instalaciones de telefonía automática en el cual las barras destinadas a ser movidas por electro-imanes (imanes de barra) junto con retenedores destinados a ser movidos por otros electro-imanes (imanes de puente) con el uso de miembros móviles y dichos miembros móviles pueden ocupar posiciones activas o pasivas sirviendo diez barras para permitir la transferencia o no transferencia del movimiento de los miembros móviles a los retenedores caracterizado porque una conexión establecida por excitación de breve duración de un imán de barra y un imán de puente es mantenida hasta que cualquiera de los dos imanes es re-excitado durante un corto tiempo.
Patent ES-193560-A1 (ES)
Title: UN BLOQUE HUECO DE CONSTRUCCIoN FORMADO POR LA REUNIoN DE ELEMENTOS
Filed: 1950-06-22
Abstract: Mejoras introducidas en la fabricación de bloques huecos de grandes dimensiones para construcciones caracterizadas porque dichos bloques están compuestos de elementos unidos de modo permanente en el laboratorio por medio de un aglutinante y eventualmente mediante presión dichos elementos están provistos de conductos y acanaladuras distribuidos de manera que crean en su conjunto además de cavidades útiles para el empleo del bloque también series de conductos verticales y transversales para verter mortero u hormigón que unan los bloques entre sí y forman eventualmente con hierros una armadura distribuida en toda la extensión del muro.
Patent ES-198834-A1 (ES)
Title: Un método de hacer un material ferromagnético
Filed: 1951-07-17
Abstract: Un método de fabricar un material ferromagnético caracterizado porque una mezcla consistente en uno o más de los óxidos PbO BaO y SrO y/o de uno o más compuestos capaces de dar uno de dichos óxidos al calentarse y Fe2 O3 y/o al menos un compuesto capaz de dar Fe2O3 al calentarse es hecha reaccionar por calentamiento de modo que se obtenga un producto de reacción con una intensidad de campo de desaparición IHc de al menos 700 Oers-teds y como constituyente esencial para las propiedades ferromagnéticas cristales individuales y/o cristales mixtos con estructura de magnetoplumbita de compuestos MeO.6Fe2O3 representando Me uno de los metales Pb Ba o Sr.
Patent ES-265992-A1 (ES)
Title: Improvements in or relating to fire hoses
IPC: A62C33/00
Filed: 1961-03-23
Abstract: Fire hose which becomes saturated with water when in use, for protection against fire, but remains flexible in the saturated state, is made from lightly beetled fabric of natural of synthetic fibres and has applied thereto internally, or is provided with, flexible permeable sealing means which reduces the seepage of water through the fabric to within permissible limits. The sealing means may comprise a rubber, synthetic rubber or synthetic resin, or a lining of foam material or of rubber or like tubing which has been perforated, e.g. with spiked rollers alternatively an imperviously lined hose may be so perforated. The completed hose may be impregnated with rot-proofing and/or water-repellant materials. In examples, (a) a length of hose made from lightly beetled natural fibre fabric is closed at one end and filled with water to saturate it, and them emptied, hung vertically and successively filled with a pre-vulanized rubber latix under normal pressure and under 5 atmospheres pressure (b) a synthetic rubber, e.g. neoprene, is used and subsequently vulcanized (c) liquid sealing means is sprayed from a nozzle which may be held magnetically and drawn on its feed pipe through a length of hose, or the hose may be drawn over the nozzle fixed to the feed pipe.
Patent ES-338051-A1 (ES)
Title: Finely Divided Particles
IPC: C08J3/14
Filed: 1967-03-15
Abstract: Tobacco-smoke filters comprise polymer particles of average size 1 to 900 microns diameter and surface area of at least 5 square metres per gram, which may be prepared by dissolving the polymer in a solvent at elevated temperature and pressure, cooling the solution at a reduced rate in the region of the precipitation point, optionally in the presence of additives, to a temperature low enough to precipitate the polymer and then releasing the pressure. The additives may be removed by dissolution or decomposition to give particles of open cellular structure. Examples describe the preparation of filter tips for cigarettes by enclosing in wrappers, optionally plugged with cellulose acetate, powders derived from (1) polypropylene, (2, 3 and 5) polypropylene and rice starch (extracted), (7) polypropylene and rice starch, (9) polyethylene and rice starch (extracted) (10) polystyrene and rice starch (extracted), (11) polycarbonate and rice starch (extracted), (12) polyethylene terephthalate and rice starch (extracted), (13) polypropylene and calcium carbonate (extracted) and (14) polypropylene and calcium phosphate (extracted).
Patent ES-344049-A1 (ES)
Title: Benzenesulphonyl-ureas and process for their manufacture
IPC: C07D309/14
Filed: 1967-08-11
Abstract: Novel compounds of the general formula and their physiologically tolerable salts with bases, for example sodium salts, wherein X represents a chlorine or bromine atom or a methyl group linked to the 4- or 5-position with respect to the carboxylic amide group, preferably a chlorine atom, and Y represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group are prepared by one of the following methods: (a) Reacting a benzenesulphonyl-isocyanate, -carbamic acid ester, -thiolcarbamic acid ester, -urea, -semi-carbazide or -semicarbazone carrying the substituent of formula in the p-position with an amine carrying the substituent of Formula III or a salt thereof (b) reacting a sulphonamide of the formula or a salt thereof with an isocyanate, carbamic acid ester, thiolcarbamic acid ester, carbamic acid halide or urea carrying the substituent of Formula III (c) hydrolysing a correspondingly substituted benzenesulphonyl-isourea ether, -isourea ester, -isothiourea ether, -parabanic acid or -haloformic acid amidine (d) adding water on to a correspondingly substituted carbodiimide (e) replacing the sulphur atom in a correspondingly substituted benzene-sulphonyl-thiourea by an oxygen atom (f) hydrogenating a corresponding benzenesulphonyl-urea containing, in the molecule, an unsaturated linkage and (g) introducing by acylation the radical of formula into a benzenesulphonyl-urea of the formula and, if desired, converting the resulting compound into a physiologically tolerable salt thereof by reaction with a base. N - [4 - (beta - <2 - methoxy 5 - chloro - benzamido > - ethyl) - benzenesulphonyl] - N1 - acetylurea is prepared by acylation with acetic acid anhydride of the amine. N,N1 - bis - 4 - [beta - < - 2 - methoxy - 5- chloro - benzamido > - ethyl) - benzenesulphonyl]- urea is prepared by treatment of the corresponding carbamic acid with ammonia in the presence of the corresponding sulphonamide. N - [4 - (beta - < 2 - methoxy - 5 - chloro - benzamido > - ethyl) - benzenesulphonyl] - 3 - cyclohexyl-parabanic acid is prepared by reaction of N - cyclohexyl - parabanic acid and 4 - (beta- [2 - methoxy - 5 - chloro - benzamido] - ethyl)- benzenesulphochloride. N - [4 - beta - < 2 - methoxy - 5 - chloro - benzamido > ethyl) - benzenesulphonyl] - N1 - cyclohexyl-isothiourea methyl ether is prepared by reaction of cyclohexylamine and N1[4-(beta-<2- methoxy - 5 - chloro - benzamido > ethyl) - benzenesulphonyl] - imino - dithiocarbonic acid dimethyl ester which is itself prepared by reaction of dimethyl sulphate on the potassium salt of the corresponding dithiocarbonic acid. Pharmaceutical compositions in conventional form for oral or parenteral administration useful in treating diabetes comprise an above novel compound and a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
Patent ES-348855-A1 (ES)
Title: Concrete piles and methods and apparatus for forming and splicing them together
IPC: E02D5/52
Filed: 1967-12-30
Abstract: A section of a concrete pile comprises longitudinal reinforcing-rods 10 and a ring 16 at each end fixed to said rods, each ring being at the surface of the concrete after casting thereof in a tubular mould (22), Figs. 4 to 6 (not shown), so that to facilitate connection of the upper end of the section to an adjacent one of identical construction thereabove a sleeve 18 can be attached to each ring by welding. Adjacent sections abut a plate 20 fixed within the respective sleeve. The upper end of each section has one of the sleeves 18 attached thereto either before the casting operation or thereafter and before the section is driven. The first section to be driven has a tapered metal-tip (50) or end section (52), Figs. 8 and 13 to 18 (not shown), attached to the ring 16 at its lowermost end and one of the sleeves 18 attached to the ring at its uppermost end, which sleeve is engaged by a mandrel 66 provided with a rubber or plastics liner 80. A ram 86 strikes a steel plate 76 above a wooden cushion 76. When the section is fully driven the lower end of the next section is inserted in the sleeve 18 on the first section and fixed thereto. The sleeve 18 on each section may be replaced by a similar sleeve (90), Fig. 11 (not shown), which is fixed by an epoxy-resin adhesive, the rings 16 being optionally dispensed with. The sleeve at the upper end of the last section to be driven may be replaced by a sleeve (110), Figs. 19 to 22 (not shown), which is removed at the end of the driving operation.
Patent ES-350496-A1 (ES)
Title: Mounting means for drill booms
IPC: E21B15/04
Filed: 1968-02-14
Abstract: A support for a rock drilling apparatus comprises a base having two pivotally connected members 13, 29, the member 13 supporting an upright 10 pivotable about a vertical axis. The upright has connected thereto a boom 17 pivotable about a horizontal axis 16, elevation adjusting rams 18, and a pair of vertically spaced plates 22 having pairs of holes 24-27 therein. When the support is attached, e.g. to a rig, the members may be positioned as shown by full or dash lines with the piston of a ram 23 carried by the member 29 connected to holes 26 or 25 respectively. The ram 23 effects swinging of the boom about the upright axis. Alternatively the members 13, 29 may be positioned as shown in Fig. 4. The members may be attached to vertical or horizontal surfaces, and when in the positions shown by dash lines in Figs. 1 and 4 the members may be bolted together.
Patent ES-350533-A1 (ES)
Title: Detergent composition
IPC: C11D1/14
Filed: 1968-02-15
Abstract: A detergent flake comprises olefin sulphonate, and 5-11% by weight of water. The preferred detergent is a straight-chain C 14 - C 16 alpha-olefin sulphonate. Builder salts, such as trisodium nitrilotriacetate, sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or sodium tripolyphosphate can be included. Latherboosters, fluorescers, pigments perfumes, sodium perborate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and inorganic salts can also be included.
Patent ES-350689-A1 (ES)
Title: Filtering process and apparatus
IPC: B29C48/92
Filed: 1968-02-20
Abstract: A movable filtering ribbon 1, of woven stainless steel or Nichrome (T.M.) extends directly or obliquely across passage 16, which carries molten rubber or plastics from the screw to the die of an extruder, some of the rubber/plastics being maintained in a solid or plastic state in ribbon entry and exit slots 14, 15 extending through ports 3, 4 which have electric/hot fluid heaters 6, 7, 10, 11 and coolant passages 8, 9, 12, 13 whereby their temperatures are controlled. Ribbon 1 is moved intermittently or continuously across the passage, impurities being removed as a coating 22 on the ribbon. For intermittent movement, ports 3, 4 are normally cooled to keep the plugs of material in slots 14, 15 solid, and periodically, under control of a timer or pressure switch, either ports 3, 4 are heated or electricity is passed through ribbon 1 itself to melt the plugs. The pressure in passage 16 then extrudes material and ribbon from slot 15 by virtue of its larger crosssection. Alternatively, ports 3, 4 are held at intermediate temperature, material extrudes through both and the ribbon advances continuously (0.42 inch per hour). Ribbon movement may be effected or assisted by a pneumatic ram-operated toggle device on the exit side (Fig. 11, not shown) and retarded by braked rollers on the entry side (Fig. 12, not shown). Instead of or in addition to controlling movement by temperature, the exit slots may be variable in width or partly obturated by grubscrews (Figs. 7, 8, 9, not shown). The exit port may comprise several individually cooled/heated sections (Fig. 4, not shown), and its slot 15 may be tapered, parallel sided or curved (Fig. 10, not shown). In Fig. 13 (not shown), some molten plastics from passage 16 is bled through passages (75, 76) to act on the solid plug in an outer, widened part of the exit slot. In Fig. 5 (not shown), the exit port comprises alternate metal fins and ceramic spacers, for cooling by natural or forced convection. Where it crosses passage 16, ribbon 1 is backed by a disc 17, formed as a grating by two sets of slots cut into opposite faces and intersecting. Ribbon 1 may be an endless band, cleaned by melting or solvent action.