baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent CZ-311191-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: HOLY VACLAV L
IPC: G01P13/00
Filed: 1991-10-14
Abstract: U zařízení v příkladném uspořádání pro modelaci časově : pohybové syntaxe v základní kinematické soustavě 1.stupně, je sekundární pohyb kinematického objektu-záznamové hlavy (1) veden po kruhu při využití pohybové substituce. V kruhovém výřezu v desce stolu (20) je uložen otočně, na kuličkovém prstenci (15a), kruhový záznamový disk (4). Jeho povrch představuje záznamovou rovinu alfa (3c), ke které jsou fixovány výměnné záznamníky alfa (5a) umožňující i grafický záznam syntaxní stopy. Obousměrnou rotaci zá«. znamového disku (4) zajišťují v několika rychlostních .' stupních pohonné a převodové jednotky (10c) zabudované í do stolu (20) pomocí hnacích ozubených elementů (14b) za- t sáhujících do ozubovéhó prstence (12b) usazeného na t spodní straně záznamového disku (4). K desce stolu (20) je ? fixován např. jako odklopný nosný most (7), ve kterém je Vertikálně zavěšena záznamová hlava (1). Je vybavena po- suvným-nastavitelným bodovým záznamovým elementem alfa (2a) pro grafický záznam, který svou vzdáleností od , osy rotace vyznačuje poloměr-průměr záznamové hlavy (1). Jeho hrot dosedá kolmo na záznamník alfa (5a). Obousměrnou rotaci hřídele záznamové hlavy (1) zajišťuje v několika rychlostních stupních pohonná a převodová jednotka (10a) zabudovaná do nosného mostu (7). Oba rotační pohyby jsou vedeny rytmicky v přesně rovnoměrném, nebo akcelerovaném, anebo retardovaném kroku především velmi pomalou rychlostí.
Patent CZ-512490-A3 (CZ)
Title: Process of non-ferrous metals oxidative leaching from sulfidic raw materials
Inventor: HAVLIK TOMAS DOC ING CSC
IPC: C22B3/06
Filed: 1990-10-22
Abstract: A method of pressure oxidation leaching of non-ferrous metals out of the sulphite materials by using oxidants is described. The sulphite materials are continually agitated with the oxidant at temperature ranging from 120 to 250 degrees Celsius. The solution is suitable for a hydro-metallurgic metal production, wherein a layer of solid reaction product is formed on the leached surface during the leaching process.
Patent CZ-125796-A3 (CZ)
Title: Insulation product made of glass fibers
Inventor: BERDAN II CLARKE
IPC: C03B37/04
Filed: 1994-10-28
Abstract: A glass fiber insulation product includes irregularly-shaped glass fibers of two different glasses having differing coefficients of thermal expansion, with the irregularly-shaped dual-glass fibers exhibiting a substantially uniform volume filling nature, and providing improved recovery and thermal conductivity abilities even in the absence of a binder material.
Patent CZ-137296-A3 (CZ)
Title: Process for preparing a solution of cesium and rubidium salts
Inventor: HOFMANN HARTMUT
IPC: C07C59/265
Filed: 1994-11-02
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP94/03651 Sec. 371 Date Sep. 18, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Sep. 18, 1996 PCT Filed Nov. 2, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/13986 PCT Pub. Date May 26, 1995The process for preparing a cesium and rubidium salt-containing solution includes a hydrothermal digestion of an uncalcined pollucite and/or calcined lepidolite particulate having an average particle size up to 0.5 mm with an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2 in a suspension with a mole ratio of SiO2 to CaO of from 1:2.5 to 1:1.25 in a rotary tubular autoclave at a digestion temperature of 200 to 280 DEG  C., under a pressure of from 15 to 65 bar and at a suspension density between 8 and 18% by weight for from 0.5 to 3 hours; filtering the suspension to remove insoluble solids and to form a digestion filtrate; adding at least one acid or acid anhydride to the digestion filtrate to adjust its pH to 6 and to form the cesium and rubidium salt-containing solution; and performing an evaporation after the hydrothermal digestion to obtain an increase in concentration of cesium salts and rubidium salts in the cesium and rubidium salt-containing solution and to adjust a density of the cesium and rubidium salt-containing solution to from 1.6 to 3.3 g/cm3. An optional aeration of the digestion filtrate with carbon dioxide to remove lithium and calcium ions in precipitated carbonates may be performed.
Patent CZ-145995-A3 (CZ)
Title: Method of quality control for a production line of a plant for producing contact lenses, and a monitoring and quality control system form making the same
Inventor: LEPPER JOHN MARK
IPC: B23Q41/00
Filed: 1995-06-07
Abstract: A production line tracking and quality control system and method thereof comprises a series of pallets for carrying one or more first contact lens mold halves or one or more complementary second contact lens mold halves throughout a contact lens fabrication facility. Each pallet of the series is transported on a conveyor device throughout the fabrication facility, and each pallet includes a unique identifying code. The fabrication facility includes one or more process stations and a control device provides real time monitoring of contact lens fabrication processes at the one or more process stations. The control device further includes a tracking device for identifying the unique code of each of the pallets at one or more process stations while continually receiving monitored process condition values at each station. For each identified pallet, the control device generates process status information for memory storage in the form of a reject flag, when the process conditions are out of predetermined limits, or, an acceptance flag indicating that process conditions are within predetermined limits. The process status information is updated when the pallets are identified and the status of each pallet is checked when entering or exiting a process station. <IMAGE>
Patent CZ-155094-A3 (CZ)
Title: Preparation with maintained release and process for preparing pharmaceutical preparations
Inventor: HEAFIELD JOANNE
IPC: A61K9/28
Filed: 1994-06-23
Abstract: In order to provide a sustained release pharmaceutical formulation containing morphine which is suitable for administration on a once daily basis, in a first aspect, an orally administrable sustained release dosage unit form contains morphine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as active ingredient, which formulation gives a peak plasma level at 1.0 to 6 hours after administration. In a second aspect, the formulation contains an effective amount of morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, characterised by a W50 for the M-6-G metabolite or for morphine of between 4 and 12 hours. In a third aspect, the pharmaceutical dosage unit form is obtainable by compressing multiparticulates comprising a pharmaceutically active substance in a matrix of hydrophobic fusible material having a melting point of from 35 to 150 DEG C, the dosage form optionally containing conventional tabletting excipients. In a further aspect of the invention, sustained release multiparticulates containing morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are produced by mechanically working in a high-speed mixer a mixture of particulate morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a particulate, hydrophobic fusible carrier or diluent having a melting point from 35 to 150 DEG C and optionally a release control component comprising a water soluble fusible material or a particulate soluble or insoluble organic or inorganic material at a speed and energy input which allows the carrier or diluent to melt or soften whereby it agglomerates, and breaking down the agglomerates to give controlled release particles.
Patent CZ-200046-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: OHNO KAZUNORI
IPC: C07D471/04
Filed: 1998-07-14
Abstract: Deriváty 5-substituovaného-3-oxadiazolyl-1,6-naflyridin2(lH)-onu
obecného vzorce (I), kde Het znamená oxadiazolyl,
R1 je H, nižší alkenyl, nižší alkinyl, nižší alkoxy, nižší
alkoxyaikyl, nižší hydroxyalkyl, substituovaný nebo
nesubstituovaný aryl, nebo substituovaná heteroaromatická
skupina, a R2je H, nižší alkyl, nižší cykloalkyl, nižší
cykloalkylmethyl, nižší alkenyl, nižší cykloalkenyl, nižší
alkinyl, substituovaná nebo nesubstituovaná heteroaromatická
skupina nebojejich farmaceuticky přijatelné přídatné soli
kyselin, které vykazují vysoce selektivní afinitu
k benzodiazepinovémureceptorů ajsou užitečné především
jakožto benzodiazepinoví inverzní agonisté, např,jako
psychoanaleptické léky nebo léky pro léčbu poruch paměti u
senilní demence nebo AJzheimerovy nemoci.
Patent CZ-209695-A3 (CZ)
Title: Derivatives of inolin-2-one
Inventor: ESAKI TORU
IPC: A61P1/00
Filed: 1994-02-17
Abstract: A compound represented by general formula (I) and an intermediate for the synthesis thereof (wherein R1 represents halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, lower alkylthio, acyl, carboxy, mercapto or amino; R2 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, aryl or heterocycle; R3 represents lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocycle; R4 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, heterocycle, - OR5, -SR5 or -NR6R7 (R5 through R7 each representing lower alkyl, etc.); X and Y represent each - CH2-, -NH- or -O-; and n represents 0 to 4). This compound exhibits a selective antagonism against gastrin receptors without exhibiting side effects caused by the CCK-A receptor antagonism, and hence is efficacious for the treatment and prevention of peptic ulcer, gastritis, reflux esophagitis and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and for the treatment of neoplasm originating in the gastrointestinal system. <CHEM>
Patent CZ-243195-A3 (CZ)
Title: Ball-and-socket joint
Inventor: SCHUTT HANS JOACHIM
IPC: F16C11/06
Filed: 1995-09-19
Abstract: The ball joint comprises a ring shoulder (4a) which works in conjunction with the upper side of the housing (1). The ring shoulder is formed on a ring (4) which is joined to the bearing shell (3). The ring is permanently attached to the bearing shell. The ring is welded to the bearing shell, pref. by using an ultrasonic welding process. The bearing shell is formed with an axially projecting ring shaped elongation (3d) and the ring has a correspondingly shaped reception groove (4b).
Patent CZ-244499-A3 (CZ)
Title: USE OF ANTI-CD40l COMPOUND FOR PREPARING A MEDICAMENT FOR TREATING IMMUNOCOMPLEX LESIONS
Inventor: KALLED SUSAN L
IPC: A61P13/12
Filed: 1997-12-31
Abstract: Methods are provided for treating nephritis associated with immune complex disease with anti-CD40L compounds. In one embodiment, anti-CD40L compounds are administered to a patient with immune complex disease who has received a kidney allograft, to inhibit the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis within the grafted kidney. <IMAGE>
Patent CZ-262096-A3 (CZ)
Title: Hydrophilic adhesive
Inventor: HOFFMAN HANS-RAINER
IPC: A61L15/58
Filed: 1995-05-08
Abstract: A device for delivering substances contained in hot-melt-type pressure-sensitive adhesives with a uniform or irregular distribution of the substances is characterised in that the hot-melt-type pressure-sensitive adhesive is hydrophilic and contains at least one water-soluble or at least water-swellable polymer, at least one water-soluble, hot-melt-type adhesive resin and the substance to be delivered.
Patent CZ-366199-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: SHALEV SHAUL
IPC: H04M11/00
Filed: 1998-04-14
Abstract: Způsob komunikace mezi volajícím(20) a volaným (22)
prostřednictvímtelefonních sítí (14) obsahuje následující
kroky, volající (20) ukládá volání ztelefonní línky volajícího
(20) na telefonní linku volaného (22), příčené volaný (22)
přijímá volání (26) a zjišťuje obsah zprávy z komunikačního
kódu (28). Vdůsledku tohoje kód sdělován mezi volajícím
(20) a volaným (22).
Patent CZ-400299-A3 (CZ)
Inventor: MASSEY STEVEN MARC
IPC: C07F9/22
Filed: 1998-05-14
Abstract: Sloučeniny vzorce (I) ajejich netoxické metabolicky labilní
estety a aminyjsou použitelnéjako modulátoty fimkce
metabotropických glutamátových receptorů.
Patent ES-193268-A3 (ES)
Title: Un perfeccionamiento en los instrumentos musicales de teclado,con amplificacion electronica,consistente en un dispositivo silenciador que anula la audicion cuando no se pulsa alguna tecla
Filed: 1950-05-27
Abstract: Perfeccionamiento en los instrumentos musicales de teclado en los que se utilice amplificación electrónica por medio de válvulas termiónicas que consiste esencialmente en la inclusión en los mismos de un dispositivo silenciador que anule la audición cuando no se pulsa tecla alguna sobre el teclado del instrumento. permitiendo no obstante que el circuito o circuitos generadores de oscilaciones eléctricas sigan funcionando en forma inaudible hasta el momento en que se pulse alguna tecla del instrumento musical.
Patent SK-112395-A3 (SK)
Title: Imidazopyridine derivative, preparation method thereof and pharmaceutical composition containing same
Inventor: MEDERSKI WERNER
IPC: C07D471/04
Filed: 1995-09-11
Abstract: Imidazopyridine derivative of formula (I) wherein R = a group (a); R1 = F; R2 = SO2NHCOR5; R3 = A; R4 = -CnH2nCO-NR6R7, -CnH2n-COOA, -CnH2nCOOH, -CnH2nAr, -CnH2nCOAr, or CnH2nCOA; R5 = A, CtH2t-Cyc, CtH2tAr, OCtH2tAr, R6 and R7 are always H, A, ArCnH2n or R6 and R7 together 2-5C alkylene, A C1-6alkyl, Ar phenyl, t always 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. M 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and its physiologically acceptable salts are for their angiotenzine II antagonistic characteristics suitable for production of pharmaceutical preparations for treatment of high blood pressure, aldosteronism, heart deficiency and raising internal circular pressure and for treatment of central nerve system defects. Disclosed is also method for its preparation.
Patent SK-151497-A3 (SK)
Title: A process for the preparation of lercanidipine hydrochloride
Inventor: LEONARDI AMEDEO
IPC: C07D211/90
Filed: 1996-05-09
Abstract: A process for the preparation of methyl 1,1,N-trimethyl-N-(3,3-diphenyl-propyl)-2-aminoethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (lercanidipine) of formula I comprises reacting an acid halide of 2,6-dimethyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with 2,N-dimethyl-N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-1-amino-2-propanol in an aprotic solvent. The product can be isolated by industrially applicable crystallization techniques and is obtained in high yield as its anhydrous hydrochloride, a form which possesses high stability and low hygroscopicity.
Patent SK-168197-A3 (SK)
Title: Process for the hydrogenation of imines
Inventor: JALETT HANS-PETER
IPC: C07C217/08
Filed: 1996-06-04
Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of imines with hydrogen under elevated pressure in the presence of iridium catalysts and with or without an inert solvent, wherein the reaction mixture contains hydrogen iodide.
Patent SK-178498-A3 (SK)
Title: Solid oral dosage forms of valsartan
Inventor: WAGNER ROBERT F
IPC: A61P3/10
Filed: 1997-06-18
Abstract: The present invention is concerned with solid oral dosage forms of comprising 
a) an active agent selected from valsartan and optionally HCTZ , and 
b) Pharmaceutically acceptable additives suitable for the preparation of solid oral dosage forms by compression methods.
Patent SK-306591-A3 (SK)
Title: Method of production of hydrocarboneous fractions with number of carbons 2 to 12
Inventor: HUDEC PAVOL
IPC: C07B37/00
Filed: 1991-10-09
Abstract: A process for the preparation of hydrocarbon fractions having 2 to 12 carbons with boiling point up to 250 Degree Celsius can be characterised in that gaseous hydrocarbon substance, as a resultant of petroleum processing, includes hydrocarbons having from 2 up to 5 carbons and is brought into contact, at 220 to 580 Degree Celsius temperature and at 0.1 to 5.0 MPa pressure, with a heterogen catalyst whose essential acid component is represented by crystalline aluminosilicate whereof SiO2-to-Al2O3 mol ecular ratio is at least 25 : 1 with the content of alkalic metals under 0.5 wt.%, represented by oxide, and max. 5 wt.% of at least one metal selected from the Group I and/or II, and/or III, and/or VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements, wherein space velocity is ranging from 80 up to 500 volumes of gaseous hydrocarbon substance to catalyst capacity per hour. Said gaseous hydrocarbon substance can react with the heterogen catalyst in the presence of carrier gas, e.g. hydrogen and/or potassium, which carrier gas exhibits 5-times higher capacity when compared to the flow of said hydrocarbon substance.
Patent BE-1001231-A3 (BE)
Title: Procede pour mettre en contact des gaz et des liquides.
Inventor: KENYERES ISTVAN
IPC: B01F25/46
Filed: 1987-11-27
Granted: 1989-08-29
Abstract: Procédé de mise en contact de gaz et de liquides, dans lequel le liquide à mettre en contact est dirigé sous la forme d'un jet central de liquide sortant d'une buse (1 à travers l'espace contenant le gaz à mettre en contact), et pénètre dans le liquide à mettre en contact. Une partie du gaz et/ou du liquide à mettre en contact, ou la totalité du gaz, ou une partie du liquide et la totalité du gaz sont dirigées sur la surface du jet central de liquide, sous la forme de jets (3) de gaz ou de liquide dirigés vers la surface du jet central de liquide.
Patent BE-1005026-A3 (BE)
Title: Moissonneuse-batteuse automotrice.
Inventor: HEIDJANN FRANZ
IPC: A01F7/04
Filed: 1988-11-03
Granted: 1993-03-30
Abstract: La présente invention concerne une moissonneuse-batteuse de faible dimension, à mécanisme de roulement à chenilles, qui est detinée en particulier à la récolte du riz. La moissonneuse-batteuse est dans ce cas équipée d'un mécanisme de battage et de séparation qui est monté transversalement par rapport à son sens de déplacement et qui travaille suivant le système de l'écoulement axial. En-dessous de ce mécanisme de battage et de séparation, il est prévu au moins une vis sans fin de transfert de faible diamètre qui est destinée à transporter sur le fond de transport allant au dispositif de tamisage le mélange de grain et de balle qui est rejeté par le mécanisme de battage et de séparation. Afin que la moissonneuse-batteuse puisse être réalisée sous une forme de construction aussi compcte que possible, le fond du logement en forme d'auge dans lequel est montée le vis sans fin de transfert se trouve dans le même plan horizontal que le fond de transport allant au dispositif de tamisage.
Patent BE-1003503-A3 (BE)
Title: Method for weaving face-to-face Jacquard pile fabric, and such fabricsproduced using this method
IPC: D03D27/10
Filed: 1989-09-04
Granted: 1992-04-07
Abstract: Method for weaving face-to-face Jacquard pile fabric, where dead pilethreads are tied off in the base fabrics, with the characteristic that thesedead pile threads continue to float between the top and bottom sections overa certain length, and after these lengths are tied in, either in the top orbottom section, where this length can be defined freely and can be fixed orvariable to choice. Face-to-face woven Jacquard pile fabrics produced usingthis method.
Patent BG-47038-A3 (BG)
Title: Method for preparing of derivatives of 1h, 3h- pyrolo /1, 2- c/ thiazol
Inventor: FABRE JEAN-LOUIS
IPC: C07D513/04
Filed: 1987-07-02
Abstract: A compound of the general formula I;    <IMAGE>  (I)  in which R is hydrogen or a halogen or an alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, alkylsulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, sulphamido, alkylsulphamido, dialkylsulphamido, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, dialkylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl, diphenylcarbamoyl, pyridylcarbamoyl, dipyridylcarbamoyl, benzyl, alkylcarbonyl, benzoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyloxy, alkylcarbonylamino, benzamido, phenyl, phenoxy or phenylthio group, X is oxygen or sulphur or an imino, alkylimino, phenylimino, benzylimino, sulphinyl, sulphonyl, carbonyl, carbonylmethylene, methylenecarbonyl, carbonylvinylene or vinylenecarbonyl group, or X represents a valency bond or a straight-chain alkylene group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and Ar is a phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, thieno[3,2-b]thien-2-yl or thieno[2,3-b]thien-2-yl group, it being possible for the group Ar to be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogen or alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, alkylsulphinyl, alkylsulphonyl, sulphamido, alkylsulphamido, dialkylsulphamido, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, dialkylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl, diphenylcarbamoyl, pyridylcarbamoyl, dipyridylcarbamoyl, benzyl, alkylcarbonyl, benzoyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyloxy, alkylcarbonylamino or benzamido group; each alkyl moiety containing 1 to 4 straight- or branched-chain carbon atoms; the compound being in separate enantiomeric form or mixtures thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is useful in the treatment of all the pathological conditions in which PAF-acether may be directly or indirectly implicated.
Patent WO-9528871-A3 (WO)
Title: Materiel utilisable dans la correction de l'ametropie et dans les greffes lamellaires
Inventor: GRACIANO DO NASCIMENTO EDNEI
IPC: A61F9/013
Filed: 1995-02-24
Abstract: Matériel utilisable dans la correction de l'amétropie et dans les greffes lamellaires. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de dispositifs reliés mécaniquement les uns aux autres et constituant un appareil unique (01) facilitant la chirurgie lamellaire effectuée par les chirurgiens ophtalmologistes, et ce sans aucun retrait hors de l'÷il au cours de l'intervention. Lesdits dispositifs permettent de réguler manuellement ou automatiquement le vide (13), la planéité (02) et l'épaisseur de l'incision (02 et 04). On peut affirmer que cette combinaison non traditionnelle du modèle présenté ci-dessus, qui n'est ni traditionnel ni adapté techniquement, constitue un brevet d'invention sui generis.
Patent WO-03024025-A3 (WO)
Title: Systeme et procedes de negociation automatique dans un environnement informatique reparti
Inventor: BACIK ROMAN
IPC: H04L29/08
Filed: 2002-09-13
Abstract: L'invention concerne un procédé permettant de négocier des paramètres dans un environnement informatique réparti. L'invention peut être mise en oeuvre de façon simple, générale, et solide. La location, la détection d'interblocage et d'insuffisance de ressources peuvent être établies. Le procédé peut également être appliqué à une configuration automatique de dispositifs en réseau et à leurs services. Selon un mode de réalisation, des dispositifs sur un réseau informatique fournissent des services. Dans chaque instance où un service importe une fonctionnalité à partir d'un autre service, un automate d'états finis associé à chaque service est instancié. Les automates d'états finis échangent des messages qui les font progresser dans un séquence d'états. Ces messages contiennent des données de configuration. Lorsque les automates d'états finis ont atteint leurs états finals, la fonctionnalité en question est mise à disposition du service d'importation. Lesdits automates d'états finis exécutent des négociations incrémentielles. Lesdits automates d'états finis permettent d'assurer une reprise en douceur après des erreurs et des interruptions dans la disponibilité du réseau.
Patent WO-9506895-A3 (WO)
Title: Systeme d'imagerie par laser a balayage
Inventor: DIXON ARTHUR EDWARD
IPC: G01N21/64
Filed: 1994-08-25
Abstract: L'invention concerne un système de cartographie ou d'imagerie optique par balayage destiné à des spécimens macroscopiques, qui permet de réaliser une imagerie confocale ou non confocale sous lumière réfléchie, photoluminescence, fluorescence et autres mécanismes de contraste. L'invention concerne plusieurs réalisations servant à la cartographie par photoluminescence de spécimens de semiconducteurs, à l'imagerie par fluorescence de gels utilisés dans la mise en séquence de gènes, à la détection d'empreintes digitales, ainsi qu'à d'autres domaines d'application. On a placé entre les moyens de focalisation et le spécimen des moyens de division du faisceau qui renvoient, du spécimen détecteur, de la lumière réfléchie, diffusée ou émise.