Patent GB-1026553-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in and relating to electrical systems
IPC: G06T9/00
Filed: 1963-05-14
Abstract: 1,026,553. Television bandwidth induction; transistor saw-tooth wave generators. PHILCO CORPORATION. May 14, 1963 [May 14, 1962], No. 19039/63. Headings H3T and H4F. Television.-An image is scanned, Fig. 2 (not shown), in successive columns of five picture elemental areas at a speed such that five columns (forming a block of 25 elemental areas) is covered in one Nyquist interval, i.e. the minimum signalling interval permitted by the bandwidth of the transmission system. In order to constrain the generated video signal so that it may be accommodated within the available bandwidth three modes of operation are employed. (1) Where the block contains little or no detail the average brightness of the block is transmitted as a single amplitude modulated pulse having the duration of one Nyquist interval. (2) Where the block contains one of a selection of predetermined simple geometric patterns, Fig. 3 (not shown), a code signal is sent to indicate the pattern. The signal comprises four pulses each of the duration of a Nyquist interval. The first two each have one of seven possible levels and denote the geometric shape of the pattern and the second two each have one of eight possible levels and represent directly by their amplitudes the two brightness levels involved in the pattern. (3) Where the block contains detail which does not correspond to one of the standard geometric patterns the block is rescanned at a slow speed and a normal video signal is transmitted representing the brightness of each elemental area, the transmission time being one Nyquist interval for each elemental area, i.e. a total of 25 Nyquist intervals. In order to indicate the mode of operation used, Mode 2 transmission is preceded by an " event " pulse occupying one Nyquist interval and Mode 3 transmission is preceded by an " event " pulse and a Mode 3 pulse similarly each occupying one Nyquist interval. A typical transmitted signal thus takes the form shown in Fig. 6a. Transmitter details.-Scanning of the image may be effected by any suitable means, e.g. cathode-ray flying-spot scanner 20 plus photocell 26, Fig. 1, television camera or mechanooptical scanner, and reference is made to magnetic and electrostatic images as well as normal visual images. Scanning of successive horizontal rows of blocks is effected either by stair-case deflection of the scanning in the vertical direction or by movement of the image. Scanning normally proceeds at a fast rate, i.e. a rate such that one block is covered in a Nyquist interval, stops for four intervals after a Mode 2 condition is detected to allow for the transmission of the Mode 2 code signal, and retraces one block at the fast speed and rescans forwardly at one twenty-fifth the fast speed after a Mode 3 condition is detected. To permit the detection to be made before transmission occurs the original video signal is delayed at 44, for the duration of one Nyquist interval but is applied directly to a detector circuit 46 which controls a gate 52 to transmit the signal during Mode 1 operation and the slow scan Mode 3 operation, but closes the gate and substitutes a coded signal from generator 54 during Mode 2 operation. Additionally, the detector controls the scan control circuit 32 and generators 54 and 56 which add "event" and Mode 3 pulse to the output signal at 62. The transmitter circuit is described (in block form) more fully with reference to Figs. 7, 9 and 10 (not shown). Operations are timed by a synchronizing generator 58 (Fig. 1), and controlled by a counter which make five steps at Nyquist intervals following Mode 2 detection (i.e. time for the " event " pulse and four code pulses) and twenty-seven steps following Mode 3 detection (i.e. time for the " event " pulse, Mode 3 pulse and slow scan over the twentyfive elemental areas). The detector circuit is in two parts. The first part (see below) provided a first output signal if the video signal changes by more than a predetermined amount in the time required to scan one elemental area and a second output signal if the video signal changes by more than a predetermined amount in the time required to scan one column of elemental areas. The production of either or both signals is taken as an indication of significant detail in a block. The second part of the detector, Fig. 11 (not shown), is employed for determining the two brightness levels which are present in Mode 2 operation. This is done by means of delaying and gating circuits which permit the video signal level to be sampled during the scanning of the first and last elemental areas of column one. In the standard patterns these two areas are always at the two brightness levels involved. The sampled levels are held until required for transmission. The pattern recognition circuits for Mode 2 operation are not described in detail but it is stated that they may be based on resistor correlation masks of the type used in alpha-numeric character readers or logic circuits responding to the timing of the signal transitions. Receiver details, Fig. 6. The receiver signals control a cathode-ray tube 92 which is exposed to a photographic film 102. The received signal pass through a delay line 80 and gate 84 to the tube and also pass directly to a mode detector 82, which responds to the "event" and Mode 3 pulses, so that the gate may be opened during Modes 1 and 3 and closed for Mode 2. Further, the scan control 94 is controlled for slow scan during Mode 3. To produce uniform photographic exposure despite the variation of scanning speed, gate 84 is pulsed during Mode 3 operation by pulses at the Nyquist interval but having a 1/25 duty cycle. When Mode 2 operation is detected and gate 84 is closed, a signal is derived from a generator 88. The two code pulses which indicate the geometrical pattern are applied to an arrangement, Fig. 18 (not shown), involving analogue to digital convertors which selects a unique circuit connection representing the pattern. This connection extends to a series of "OR" and "AND" gates, Fig. 19 (not shown), which controls the transmission of pulses from a counter. The counter generates 25 pulses during one Nyquist interval and the arrangement is such that there is produced a pulse train corresponding to that which would be produced by scanning the related geometric pattern. The pulse train then controls two gates to which are applied potentials determined by the two code pulses which represent the two brightness levels of the pattern. In this way there is formed a video signal corresponding in detail and brightness to the original pattern. The Mode 2 reproduction is effected in one Nyquist interval, the tube scanning being stopped in the intervals between modes. Timing of operations is controlled by a counting circuit driven by a clock source. Signal detail detector, Fig. 8. The original video signal at 124 is differentiated twice in circuits 127, 128, rectified in full-wave 129 and applied through a clipper amplifier 130 as a first input of inhibit gate 131, and is also differentiated once in circuit 127 and applied through full-wave rectifier 132 and clipper amplifier 133 as a second input of gate 131. Providing the slope of a change t 1 -t 3  in the video signal amplitude exceeds a predetermined amount, amplifier 133 produces an output, the signal being permitted to pass through gate 131 however only at the point of inflection t 2 . The transmitted signal triggers a multivibrator 134. The output from clipper amplifier 133 is integrated at 137 and applied through a threshold circuit 138 to trigger a second multivibrator. The arrangement is such that the multivibrator is triggered only if the signal transition occupies a substantial proportion of the time of scanning one column of elemental areas. Transistor saw-tooth wave generators, Fig. 13. The horizontal scanning circuit comprises an integrator circuit 245, 246 connected between the input and output of amplifier 244 and three trigger circuits 230, 232, 234 for controlling the application of appropriate input changing currents. For the fast forward scan circuit 230 is triggered and causes a current to be supplied from a -3 volt source via resistor 249. For the fast reverse scan circuit 232 is triggered and causes a current to be supplied from a + 3 volt source via resistor 256. For the slow forward scan circuit 234 is triggered and causes a current to be supplied from a - 3 volt source via a resistor 251 which is approximately 25 times the value of resistor 249. Return is effected by a signal over line 260 which renders a transistor 258 conduction to discharge capacitor 246. The vertical scanning circuit, Fig. 14 (not shown), is similar but has provision for only slow and fast forward scans. The circuit output is applied to an adding circuit where it is combined with a stair-case wave.