Patent GB-856342-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to apparatus for classifying unknown signal wave forms
IPC: G06J1/00
Filed: 1956-12-19
Abstract: 856,342. Automatic character reading. LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS Inc. Dec. 19, 1956 [Dec. 19, 1955], No. 38712/56. Class 106 (1). An unknown signal waveform is compared with a number of known waveforms to determine which it most closely resembles by deriving a number of recognition signals, each representing the difference between the unknown waveform and one of the known waveforms, means being provided for comparing the recognition signals to identify the one indicating the least difference. The recognition signals produced by the apparatus described are representitive of recognition functions each derived from comparisons of sampled, values of the unknown waveform with sample values of a known waveform. In Fig. 1, A, the unknown waveform is shown at B. Twenty sample points on this waveform are taken and reduced to the nearest of eight quantum levels shown in Fig. 1, B, by Roman numerals. Each sample point is designated " i " so that i varies between one and a number n equal in this case to twenty. The amplitude of a sample is " Bi." One of the known waveforms shown at C, Fig. 1, A, is sampled in the same way to produce samples Ci, Fig. 1, C. All the samples Bi are summed and divided by a constant Kc equal to the sum of all the samples Ci of that particular known waveform. In the case illustrated the curves C and B have the same average which gives the constant Kc a value such that EBi/Kc = 1, as shown in Fig. 1, D. Each sample of the unknown curve is divided by the corresponding sample of the known curve: Bi/Ci, Fig. 1, E, and the value of 1 is subtracted from each result, Fig. 1, F. The resulting values are summed regardless of sign, Fig. 1, G, giving a value of 4 which is a representation of the difference between the two waveforms. Sensing characters.-The character to be recognized is passed under a slit, light reflected through the slit being received by a photo-cell. The photo-cell signal is proportional to the fraction of slit area covered by the dark portion of the character and a signal waveform is produced as the character passes through the sensing position. Waveform comparison circuit.-The twenty sampled values are converted to a binary representation by known means and stored sequentially in parallel shift registers 21, Fig. 2. When all values are stored, a generator 35 supplies an interrogation pulse to gates 22 of which there is one for each expected waveform. The other input to gate 22 is from a summing amplifier 24 which produces a signal, as described above, representing the difference between the unknown waveform and one of the known waveforms. This is passed by gate 22 to a comparator 25 which selects the signal of minimum amplitude and produces an output on a corresponding lead. The shaft registers each consist of a series of twenty magnetic core stages and there are three rows for the three binary digits of each sample. The arrival of a signal in stages 28 shows that all the samples are stored and these stages initiate the operation of the generator 35. As described and claimed in Specification 856,343, each core has four read-out windings which in the different registers are weighted so as to be proportional to their binary significance as shown at A in Fig. 2. The corresponding windings of each stage are series connected, and the total output is therefore proportional to the binary value stored to represent the sample Bi. In each stage two sets of core windings produce a negative signal representing - Bi and the other two produce a positive signal representing +Bi. Connections from the four windings are taken to as many sets of resistance networks 36, 37, 38 as there are known waveforms networks 37, 38 being also repeated for each register stage. All the positive groups of windings c, g one in each stage of the store, are connected in series to a terminal V and all the negative windings b, f are connected to terminal U. The signals are divided by potential dividers 36 by the constant Kc so that at terminals s and t there appear negative and positive signals representing the sum of all samples divided by Kc: #Bi/Kc (Fig. 1, D). In networks 37, 38 the positive and negative sample values Bi are divided by a number from 1 to 7 representing the equivalent value of the Bi known waveform Ci giving signals - (Fig. 1, E). Ci This is effected by switches 41 which select combinations of weighted resistors R, R/2, R/4 which are taken with a resistance 42 to form a potential divider. There is a number of pairs of switched networks 37, 38 for each stage equal to the number of known waveforms. Terminals s and t are connected to the networks 38, 37 so that the signal #Bi/Kc is subtractively added to the signals produced by the divider network, i.e. Bi/Ci. The positive and negative resultant signals Bi/Ci - #Bi/Kc appear at terminals q and p and are passed by diodes 43 and resistors Rs(i) to lead 23. Only the positive signal passes the diodes and the positive signals (Fig. 1, G) from networks corresponding to all the shift register stages are applied on parallel leads to a summing amplifier 24, the output of which is the algebraic sum of all the Bi/Ci- #Bi/Kc values and represents the degree of match between the unknown waveform and one of the known waveforms. The outputs from circuits corresponding to each known waveform pass to the comparator 25 which produces an output on that one of its output lines which corresponds to the lowest signal thereby indicating the known waveform which most nearly matches the unknown waveform.