baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20110030111-A (KR)
Title: 연장배수관을 갖는 영,유아용 욕조
Inventor: KIM DONG PYO
IPC: E03C1/12
Filed: 2009-09-17
Abstract: 본 발명은 신생아나 어린아이들을 간편하게 목욕시키기 위한 욕조에 관한 것으로, 더욱 상세하게는 영,유아용 욕조의 바닥부에 개폐캡을 갖는 배수구를 형성하고 상기 배수구에는 별도의 연장배수관을 외향 결합 형성하되, 상기 연장배수관의 끝단부에는 성인용 욕조의 배수구에 결합될 수 있도록 한 배수접속구를 결합 형성함으로써, 
     욕실이 아닌 실내에서 영,유아용 욕조를 사용하는 경우 연장배수관을 욕실 또는 하수구까지 길게 연장시켜 욕조 내의 물을 간편하게 버릴 수 있는 것이고, 성인용 욕조 내에 영,유아용 욕조를 안치시켜 배수접속구를 성인용 욕조의 배수구에 결합하게 되면 성인용 욕조 내의 물과 영,유아용 욕조 내의 물을 각기 구분하여 배수시킬 수 있으므로 엄마와 아기가 동시에 목욕을 즐길 수 있는 것이며, 성인용 욕조 내에 채워진 깨끗한 물을 영,유아용 욕조 내부로 바로 퍼담아 사용할 수 있으므로 사용상의 편리함이 크게 향상되는 것이다. 
       
     영아, 유아, 욕조, 연장배수관, 개폐캡, 배수접속구
Patent KR-20110030163-A (KR)
Title: 무선 네트워크 시스템 및 무선 네트워크 시스템에서 라우팅 경로 설정 처리 방법
Inventor: LEE SEUNG YOUP
IPC: H04W84/18
Filed: 2009-09-17
Abstract: 본 발명은 무선 네트워크 시스템에서 최적의 라우팅 경로를 설정하고 유지하는 방법 및 그 시스템에 관한 것이다. 
     본 발명에 따르면, 무선 환경에 따라 최적 라우팅 경로를 설정하여 통신을 수행하는 무선 네트워크 시스템으로서, 라우터로부터 무선 상태 정보를 수신하여 최적의 통신 경로를 계산하고 라우팅 테이블에 라우팅 경로 정보를 설정하는 코디네이터; 엔드 디바이스들과 무선 연결되어 정보를 수신하고 라우팅 경로에 따라 정보를 전송하며, 엔드 디바이스들의 무선 상태 정보를 상기 코디네이터로 보고하는 복수의 라우터; 및 상기 코디네이터 또는 상기 라우터와 무선 연결되어 정보를 송신하는 복수의 엔드 디바이스;를 포함하는 무선 네트워크 시스템이 개시된다. 
       
     무선 네트워크, 라우팅 경로, 코디네이터, 엔드 디바이스
Patent KR-20110031039-A (KR)
Title: Method of storing and calling a calling number of a telephone terminal
Inventor: PARK JI YOUNG
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2009-09-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: A calling number registration and calling method of a telephone terminal are provided to store a number for an internet in a telephone number of a telephone terminal and effectively manage the number. CONSTITUTION: A controlling unit(124) receives a name expressing the calling number through a user interface unit if a calling number is registered to a telephone number after continuously performing a connection. The control unit registers the calling number and the received number to a field corresponding to the connection type of the telephone number book. If the calling number is registered to the telephone number book, the control unit performs connection by the same key in the telephone terminal irrelevant to the connection type.
Patent KR-20110036200-A (KR)
Title: Dimming apparatus
Inventor: SHIN JEONG HOON
IPC: H05B37/02
Filed: 2009-10-01
Abstract: PURPOSE: A dimming apparatus is provided to save power consumption by installing a movement detecting sensor for controlling the brightness of a lamp. CONSTITUTION: In a dimming apparatus, a dimming receiver(400) is electrically connected to a high place illumination device on the ceiling. A dimming transmitter(300) includes a movement detecting sensor therein and is attached to the working passageway wall on the ground to detect the movement of man. If the movement detecting sensor dose not sense the movement of man for a certain time, the dimming transmitter and the dimming receiver exchange data between them to control the brightness of a lamp.
Patent KR-20110039745-A (KR)
Title: Refrigerator
Inventor: LEE DONG HOON
IPC: F25C5/02
Filed: 2009-10-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A refrigerator is provided to uniformly dispense ices from an ice bank. CONSTITUTION: A refrigerator comprises an ice bank(100), an ice discharging member, and a rotating member(300). The ice discharging member is provided inside the ice bank. The rotating member is contiguous to the ice discharging member. The rotating member discharges ices to the outside of the ice bank or transfers the ices to the ice bank according to the size of ices jammed between the rotating member and the ice discharging member. The rotating member performs rotation, stopping, and reverse rotation. The rotating member has a cylindrical shape.
Patent KR-20100042234-A (KR)
Title: Dynamic geo-location parameter for determining an impact of online behavior on offline sales
Inventor: SYMONS MATTHEW
IPC: G06Q30/00
Filed: 2009-10-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A dynamic geo-location parameter for determining an impact of online behavior on offline sales is provided to capture offline sales of a product and determine a geo-location parameter about the captured online data and offline data. CONSTITUTION: A data storage device stores online behavior data and offline sale data about a product. A dynamic localization module(205) determines a minimum geo-location parameter. The minimum geo-location parameter presumes the influence of the online behavior on offline sales of the product. An integrated module(206) merges the stored online behavior data with offline sale data.
Patent KR-20110041358-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus for controlling radiation of vehicle emblem
Inventor: LEE TAE HEE
IPC: G01P5/16
Filed: 2009-10-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: An emblem lighting control apparatus for a vehicle is provided to improve symbolic and aesthetic functions since an emblem is visually expressed during the night by the lighting of the emblem. CONSTITUTION: An emblem lighting control apparatus for a vehicle comprises a pressure sensing unit(1), a controller(2), an emblem(3), and an LED light source unit(4). The pressure sensing unit senses the pressure generated by the driving of a vehicle. The controller calculates vehicle speed by receiving the sensing pressure(Pt) of the pressure sensing unit. The controller outputs a control signal(CS) according to the vehicle speed. The color of the coating layer of the emblem is varied according to the control signal. The LED light source unit emits light to the emblem according to control signals.
Patent KR-20100119477-A (KR)
Title: A communication system for a femtocell enhanced with pdn gateway functionality to provide efficient data path and paging, and a method thereof
Inventor: CHO SONG YEAN
IPC: H04W16/16
Filed: 2009-10-16
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method, a procedure, and a device for supporting setup of an efficient local IP access data path in a network structure including a femto base station are provided to supply an efficient data path among a terminal, the femto base station, and a local PDN gateway of the femto base station. CONSTITUTION: A femto base station(110) has a local PDN(Packet Data Network) gateway(120) to support a local IP(Internet Protocol) access function. If a terminal(100) is active, a data path is set among the terminal, the femto base station, and the PDN gateway of the femto base station. If the terminal is converted into an idle state, a data path is set among the terminal, the femto base station, and the PDN gateway of the femto base station.
Patent KR-20110045273-A (KR)
Title: Printed circuit board for package and manufacturing method thereof
IPC: H05K1/02
Filed: 2009-10-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: A printed circuit board for a package and manufacturing method thereof are provided to mount a light emitting device on a first metal layer functioning as a heat emitting layer, thereby enhancing heat emitting features. CONSTITUTION: A wiring board(100) is composed of a first metal layer(120), an insulating layer(130), and a second metal layer(140). A first cavity(110) is formed on the wiring board to mount a light emitting device. A reflective plate(300) forms a second cavity whose diameter is larger than the diameter of the first cavity. An adhesive sheet(200) is located between the wiring board and the reflective plate. The adhesive sheet forms a hole whose diameter is larger than the diameter of the first cavity.
Patent KR-20110045571-A (KR)
Title: Fermentation Chryanthemum tea
IPC: A23F3/08
Filed: 2009-10-27
Abstract: PURPOSE: Fermented chrysanthemum tea, and a producing method thereof are provided to improve the taste and the functionality of the chrysanthemum tea by fermenting dried chrysanthemum using yeast. CONSTITUTION: A producing method of fermented chrysanthemum tea comprises the following steps; mixing dried chrysanthemum and a yeast culture solution in a ratio of 2:4; fermenting the mixture for 30~45days at room temperature; and drying and roasting the obtained fermented chrysanthemum tea.
Patent KR-20100132418-A (KR)
Title: Apparatus and method for generating buffer status information of user equipment in wireless communication system
Inventor: KIM SOENG HUN
IPC: H04B7/26
Filed: 2009-11-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus and a method for generating buffer status information of a user equipment in a wireless communication system are provided to extend the durability of a battery by preventing unnecessary forward control channel monitoring in a terminal. CONSTITUTION: A base station(510) transmits a setting message for setting a logic channel X to a terminal(505), and allocates semi-permanent transmission resources to the terminal. The terminal transfers the data generated in the logic channel X to the base station through the semi-permanent transmission data, and a base station releases the allocated semi-permanent transmission resources. The terminal transfers buffer state report information to the base station.
Patent KR-20110048695-A (KR)
Title: Production of germinated cicer and lentil beans
Inventor: KIM SUNG HOON
IPC: A23L11/00
Filed: 2009-11-03
Abstract: PURPOSE: A cultivation method of cicer arietinum and lens culinaris using an acidity regulator is provided to easily cultivate the cicer arietinum and the lens culinaris with simple processes. CONSTITUTION: A cultivation method of cicer arietinum and lens culinaris comprises the following steps: sprouting the cicer arietinum and the lens culinaris until the length of roots are less than 5cm; spraying water containing an acidity regulator including vinegar, a plant growth regulator including 6-benzyl adenine or indole acetic acid, and various minerals; and drying the surface of the obtained product and crushing.
Patent KR-20110049001-A (KR)
Title: Soundproof panel
Inventor: KIM DONG ICK
IPC: E01F8/00
Filed: 2009-11-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A soundproof panel is provided to facilitate maintenance, repair, and replacement since a surface member can be separated therefrom though a main body is coupled with a post. CONSTITUTION: A soundproof panel comprises a main body(20) and a surface member(30). The main body is inserted into posts(10) and is laminated vertically. The surface member is coupled with the front and rear surfaces of the main body to be separated from the main body. The surface member is projected forward or backward more than the post. The main body and the surface member comprise a joint having an uneven structure.
Patent KR-20110049091-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE CHUNG HOON
IPC: B43M5/04
Filed: 2009-11-04
Abstract: 본 발명은 우편물 접지 봉합장치를 개시한다 
     본 발명의 우편물 접지 봉합장치는 우편 용지가 투입,배출되는 급,배지부가 구비된 본체와, 상기 급지부의 일측 상부에 회전 가능하게 설치되어 투입된 용지의 상면이 접촉되는 급지 롤러와, 상기 급지 롤러의 하부 일측에서 면 접촉되게 구비되는 것으로 구동모터로부터 구동력을 전달받아 연동 회전시키는 메인 롤러와, 상기 급지 롤러와 메인 롤러의 사이에 하단부가 위치되어 그 내부로 용지가 진입되는 것으로 용지의 이송 위치를 제한하는 스토퍼가 구비된 제1접지 안내 트레이와, 상기 트레이의 일측에 위치되어 상기 메인 롤러에 면 접촉되어 연동 회전되는 것으로 상기 급지 롤러를 경유한 용지의 일단이 진입되면 메인 롤러와 함께 접지시키면서 후방측으로 이송시키는 안내 롤러와, 상기 안내 롤러의 후방측에 설치되어 일단이 접지된 용지의 일부가 내부로 투입되는 것으로 이송 위치를 제한하는 스토퍼가 구비된 제2접지 안내 트레이와, 상기 트레이의 하측에 위치되어 상기 메인 롤러에 면 접촉되는 것에 의해 연동 회전되는 것으로 상기 안내 롤러를 경유한 용지의 일단이 진입되면 메인 롤러와 함께 접지시키면서 하측의 배지부로 이송시키는 배출 롤러로 구성된다. 
     이와 같은 구성의 본 발명은 4개의 롤러 조합을 통해 우편 용지에 대한 급지와 접지 그리고 가압을 실시함에 따라 구조가 간소하여 동작의 신뢰성이 보장되고 아울러 유지보수가 양호한 이점이 있다. 
       
     우편, 용지, 봉투, 접지, 봉합
Patent KR-20110050947-A (KR)
Title: Drying apparatus for preparation of super adsorbent polymer and preparation method thereof using the same
Inventor: LEE SANG GI
IPC: C08J9/28
Filed: 2009-11-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: A drying apparatus for producing super adsorbent resin and a manufacturing method of super adsorbent resin using the same are provided to enable the efficient change of drying conditions for polymer by the formation of multiple movable partitions on a belt. CONSTITUTION: A drying apparatus(100) for producing super adsorbent resin comprises two or more rotary shafts(2), a conveyer belt(4), an exterior wall(6), and multiple movable partition walls(8). The conveyer belt is installed between the rotary shafts. The conveyer belt is advanced by the rotation of the rotary shaft along a specified direction. The exterior wall seals a predetermined drying region on the belt. The multiple movable partition walls partition the drying region into multiple drying sections(10). The multiple movable partition walls are formed on the belt.
Patent KR-20090122335-A (KR)
Title: Air cleaner
Inventor: LEE HAN HO
IPC: B01D46/00
Filed: 2009-11-09
Abstract: PURPOSE: An air cleaner is provided to offer a long life space of units and to reduce energy consumption while offering sterilization, antibiotic properties without a separate light source. CONSTITUTION: An air cleaner includes an air inlet(3) and an air outlet(4). The air inlet includes a casing in which harmful air is flowed. The air outlet discharges the purified air. The air cleaner further includes a rotary fan and a filter. The rotary fan blow the air transferred from the inner center of the casing. The filter is installed at an outer side of the rotary fan. The filter coated with the photocatalyst composition is prepared to a liquid state.
Patent KR-20110057350-A (KR)
Title: Manhole repairing apparatus and manhole repairing method using the same
Inventor: KIM KYUNG JA
IPC: E02D29/12
Filed: 2009-11-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A manhole repair apparatus and a manhole repair method using the same are provided to solve various problems caused by a gap in a manhole effectively and to improve convenience and efficiency at manhole repair work by applying regardless of the shape of a manhole. CONSTITUTION: A manhole repair apparatus contains an expandable resin product(10) formed to be expandable and restorable and formed on the outer circumference by adhering closely to the inside of a manhole and stopping up a gap, many cylinders(11) located in the inside of the expandable resin product and installed toward the contour from the center as a device for expanding and restoring the expandable resin product, a block body(12) supporting the cylinders from the center, and a pressure body(13) abutting on the inside of the expandable resin product and connected to a rod of the cylinder to be pushed outward by the operation of the cylinder to widen the expandable resin product.
Patent KR-20110057659-A (KR)
Title: 대화 로봇을 이용한 일정 관리 시스템 및 그 방법
Inventor: JANG JUN WON
IPC: G06Q10/00
Filed: 2009-11-24
Abstract: 대화 로봇이 사용자와 음성으로 커뮤니케이션할 수 있고, 대화 로봇과 사용자 간 대화 과정에서 로봇 자체적으로 추천할 일정이 있으면 일정에 대한 추론 가중치에 따라 추론 수행 여부를 판단하고, 추론이 필요하면 데이터베이스에 수집된 정보를 이용하여 추론하여 알아낸 일정 정보를 사용자에게 제공할 수 있다. 
     
     대화 로봇, 일정 관리, 추론, 가중치
Patent KR-20110057662-A (KR)
Title: The safety ring for climbing of gang form
Inventor: KWON JONG GYU
IPC: B66C1/16
Filed: 2009-11-24
Abstract: PURPOSE: A safety ring for climbing a gang form is provided to disassemble all anchoring bolts which are not connected to a lifting device to prevent the gang form from dropping. CONSTITUTION: A safety ring for climbing a gang form is composed of a ring part(20), a loop holder(30), a safety plate(50), and an elastic part(40). The ring part is composed of a single ring connected with a lifting device. The loop holder enables the ring part to be lifted and fixes the ring part to a gang form(10). The safety plate is lifted with the ring part and fixed to the ring part and covers the front of an anchoring bolt(11) which fixes the gang form to a wall to prevent the anchoring bolt from being disassembled. The front of the anchoring bolt clinching the gang form on the wall is covered and the cancel release of the anchoring bolt is prevented. The elastic part is installed between the ring part and the loop holder and returns the ring part to the original position when the gang form has been picked up.
Patent KR-20110057777-A (KR)
Title: Metallic pallete
Inventor: JEON YEONG CHEOL
IPC: B65D6/34
Filed: 2009-11-25
Abstract: PURPOSE: A metal pallet is provided to endure deformation due to impacts on side surfaces by a load on the upper side thereof through the structure change of an upper supporter and a lower supporter. CONSTITUTION: A metal pallet includes lower supporters(100) and upper supporters(200). The lower supporters include a first external supporter(110) and a first internal supporter(120). The first internal supporter is inserted into the first external supporter. The upper supporters are arranged in parallel to be crossed with the lower supporters, and fixed to the upper side of the lower supporters. The upper supporters include a second external supporter(210) and a second internal supporter(220).
Patent KR-20110061793-A (KR)
Title: Mooring system
Inventor: CHO YEOUNG CHEOL
IPC: B63B35/44
Filed: 2009-12-02
Abstract: PURPOSE: A mooring device is provided to protect an elastic body from an external object and to prevent the adhesion of aquatic organisms to an elastic body by housing an elastic body in a pipe. CONSTITUTION: A mooring device(100) comprises: an elastic body(110); a first pulling member(130) including a first hanging portion(132) suspended on one end of the elastic body and a first extension portion(134) extended to pass through the other end of the elastic body from the first hanging portion; and a second hanging portion(150) including a second hanging portion(152) suspended on the other end of the elastic body and a second extension portion(154) extended to pass through one end of the elastic body from the second hanging portion.
Patent KR-20110066479-A (KR)
Title: Liquid crystal display device and method for fabricating of the same
Inventor: KIM YOUNG DO
IPC: G02F1/1343
Filed: 2009-12-11
Abstract: PURPOSE: A liquid crystal display device and a method for fabricating of the same are provided to improve display quality by stabilizing a common voltage level which is supplied to an IPS structure liquid crystal panel. CONSTITUTION: A liquid crystal display device comprises a plurality of gate and data lines(GL1~GLn, DL1~DLm) which define each pixel cell region, a common voltage supplying pattern(PVcom) formed in a partial domains of each pixel cell region and partial domain of a non-display area, a plurality of stabilizing pattern(PDa) formed on one or more of common voltage supplying pattern on the non-display area, and a direct current supplying line which supplies direct current to each stabilizing pattern through one or more contact hole.
Patent KR-20110067617-A (KR)
Title: Screen printing plate using etching and a method for preparing the same
Inventor: HONG CHANG SUK
IPC: B41C1/10
Filed: 2009-12-14
Abstract: PURPOSE: A screen printing board using etching and a method for manufacturing the same are provided to form regular pattern and to improve durability. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing a screen printing board using etching comprises: a step of forming a first photoresist layer(20) on a substrate(10); a step of forming a first pattern having an etching part and non-etching part on the first photoresist layer; a step of supplying an etching solution on to the surface of the substrate for form a first hole; a step of forming a second photoresist layer(21) on the substrate; a step of forming a second pattern having the etching part and non-etching part on the second photoresist layer; and a step of supplying an etching solution to the substrate.
Patent KR-20110068049-A (KR)
Title: Cosmetic composition containing cyperus papyrus extracts and pueraria radix extracts for moisturing effect on the skin
Inventor: PARK SE YEOUN
IPC: A61Q19/00
Filed: 2009-12-15
Abstract: PURPOSE: A cosmetic composition for skin moisturizing is provided to prevent skin dryness and to enhance moisture-containing ability. CONSTITUTION: A cosmetic composition for skin moisturizing contains 0.001-10.0 weight% of Cyperus papyrus and Pueraria radix extract as an active ingredient. the extract is obtained by drying Cyperus papyrus and Pueraria radix in a dark place, inputting Cyperus papyrus and Pueraria radix into each container, isolating, filtering, and concentrating. The extraction solvent is water(purified water), low alcohol of 1-4 carbon atoms, or mixture thereof. The composition is manufactured in the form of massage cream, essence, eye cream, cleansing cream, cleansing foam, cleansing water, pack, spray, or powder.
Patent KR-20110070335-A (KR)
Title: Car and the control method
Inventor: HAN JUNG WOO
IPC: B60K37/02
Filed: 2009-12-18
Abstract: PURPOSE: A vehicle and a control method thereof are provided to improve visibility by enabling a driver to easily recognize the speed limit of a driving section. CONSTITUTION: A vehicle comprises a communication module, a speed display unit(10), and a control unit. The communication module provides the speed limit of a driving section. The speed display unit displays the speed limit of the driving section through lamps. The control unit controls the speed display unit to allow the speed display unit to display first and second speed ranges with first and second colors. The lamps emit light with the first and second colors.
Patent KR-20110071654-A (KR)
Title: Liquid crystal display and method of manufacturing the same
Inventor: LEE BURM YOUNG
IPC: G02F1/1343
Filed: 2009-12-21
Abstract: PURPOSE: A liquid crystal display and a method of manufacturing the same are provided to embody a color without using a color filter by forming cholesteric liquid crystals comprising different pitches by pixels. CONSTITUTION: A first electrode is formed on a substrate(10). Non-polymeric liquid crystal compounds and photo-sensitive chiral additives are mixed in cholesteric liquid crystals. A liquid crystal layer(50) including the cholesteric liquid crystals is formed on the first electrode. Different amount of light is projected to liquid layers on a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel. A second electrode facing a first electrode is formed.
Patent KR-20110072835-A (KR)
Title: Floor construction for lowering story-height
Inventor: CHUNG JIN AN
IPC: E04C5/02
Filed: 2009-12-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: A floor construction for lowering story-height is provided to reduce story-height by using a beam member of H-shape. CONSTITUTION: A floor construction for lowering story-height comprises a story-height reducing reinforcing member(120), a bottom part(130) and a junction reinforcing member(160). The story-height reducing reinforcing member comprises a transverse member and a vertical member formed which is extended from the transverse member. The bottom part comprises a slab and a strength reinforcement pipe. The slab is placed on the top of the beam member. The strength reinforcement pipe is buried in order to be arranged inside the slab. The junction reinforcing member interlinks the strength reinforcement pipes included in the beam member and bottom part.
Patent KR-20110076283-A (KR)
Title: 사용자 입력 패턴에 따른 피드백 제공 방법 및 장치
Inventor: KOH JUN HO
IPC: G06F3/00
Filed: 2009-12-29
Abstract: 본 발명은 터치스크린을 구비한 이동 통신 단말에서 사용자 입력 패턴에 따른 피드백 제공 방법에 관한 것으로, 터치 패널 상에서 발생하는 터치 입력에 대응하는 사용자 입력 패턴을 검출하고, 상기 사용자 입력 패턴에 대응하여 발생될 진동에 대한 햅틱 패턴을 검출하고, 상기 햅틱 패턴에 대응하여 출력될 오디오에 대한 햅틱 오디오 패턴을 검출하고, 상기 햅틱 오디오 패턴 및 상기 햅틱 패턴에 대한 패턴 정보를 통신 상대 단말로 전송한다.  
       
     사용자 입력 패턴, 햅틱 패턴, 햅틱 오디오 패턴
Patent KR-20110076542-A (KR)
Title: High efficiency gas concentrating apparatus and controlling method thereof
Inventor: LEE TAE SOO
IPC: B01D53/047
Filed: 2009-12-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: An apparatus for concentrating high efficient gas and a method for controlling the same are provided to actively control the consumed amount of highly concentrated oxygen during a nitrogen cleaning process. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for concentrating high efficient gas includes an air compressor(100), absorbing towers(200, 300), concentrating flow paths(210, 310), and a cleaning tank(400). The air compressor supplies highly compressed gas. The absorbing towers are arranged at the upper side of the air compressor. The absorbing towers absorb nitrogen and concentrate oxygen. The concentrating flow paths are arranged on the upper side of the absorbing towers and discharge concentrated oxygen. The cleaning tank supplies concentrated oxygen and alternately cleans absorbed nitrogen.