Patent GB-731362-A (GB)
Title: Waveguide apparatus for varying the polerization of electromagnetic waves
IPC: H03C7/02
Filed: 1952-05-30
Abstract: 731,362. Discharge apparatus. STANDARD TELEPHONES & CABLES, Ltd. May 30, 1952 [June 18, 1951], No. 13815/52. Class 39 (1). [Also in Groups XL (b) and XL (c)] Apparatus, Fig. 6, for varying the polarization of electromagnetic waves comprises a waveguide 1 shaped to propagate an angularlydependent mode such as the TE 11 mode in a circular guide, means for generating an electron gas, as by means of hot cathode 16 and a gas plasma contained in envelope 30, in two axially separated regions, each of which regions is subjected to an axially directed magnetic field, the two fields being oppositely directed. The two opposed fields may be provided by electromagnetic coils 31, 35 or by permanent magnets. The basic principles of the apparatus are illustrated by reference to experiments with the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 in which electromagnetic waves linearly polarized in the TE 11  mode, are launched from coaxial line 3, 4, into the wave-guide 1 having a cut-off of 4430 Mc., and housing an envelope 7 containing gas under controlled pressure which is provided with a high density of free electrons by a pulsed D.C. discharge by means of cathode 16 and anode 19. A variable magnetic field, parallel to the wave. guide axis and up to 3500 gauss, is provided by variably exciting coil 21. A rotatable probe 25 enables the rotation of the plane of polarization or the degree of ellipticity of the propagated wave to be measured. The electron discharge was pulsed with a 5 microsecond pulse. For a given electron density and a magnetic field intensity below electron gyro-resonance the plane of polarization was caused to rotate as illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 (not shown). When electron gyro-resonance is approached by increasing the magnetic field intensity, the linear polarization is lost, the wave growing through different degrees of ellipticity of polarization into a purely circular one. When the magnetic field intensity values are increased beyond the gyro-resonance region, angular rotation of the plane of polarization is again observed, but in the opposite direction to the one which occurs below gyro-resonance, as illustrated in Fig. 5 (not shown). In the gyro-resonant region there is unequal absorption and reflection of the two circularly-polarized waves (into which the initial linearly polarized wave may be resolved) and thus one of these waves is completely attenuated in the gyromagnetic resonant region and the other wave, which rotates in the opposite direction, passes through the gas plasma with little, or no, attenuation. Thus, with the apparatus of Fig. 6, by bringing the magnetic coil 31 to resonance, one of the waves is completely attenuated and by bringing the magnetic coil 35 to resonance with the field in the opposite direction, the other wave is completely attenuated. By controlling the two opposing fields in the gyro-resonant region wave-guide, analogues of Nicol prisms are obtained and the apparatus may be used in that region to completely block the flow of electromagnetic waves as a switching device, or it may be used in regions outside that of gyro-resonance to modulate the waves in amplitude, phase or frequency and also for polarization control. More rapid operation of the device than by varying the magnetic field may be obtained by applying signals to the cathode or to grids associated with the cathode. The free-electron gas may be produced as shown by a hot cathode or by a cold cathode or by electron beams or gaseous media ionized by α-, #-, γ-rays or X- rays, or by A.C. discharge or by gas breakdown by the passage of high-frequency electromagnetic waves. One or both of the sections of the apparatus of Fig. 6 can be replaced by a section as in Fig. 7, in which the flow of electrons in vacuo is used to provide the electron gas in place of the gas-plasma of Fig. 6. This comprises a section of wave-guide 41 containing an anode 42, and helical cathode 46 in an evacuated envelope 45, 43, 44. Application of suitable potential causes electrons to flow in hypocycloid-like orbits to produce an electron plasma.