baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent KR-20030042358-A (KR)
Title: Tour guid apparatus and system
Inventor: SONG SE HEON
IPC: G06F15/02
Filed: 2001-11-22
Abstract: PURPOSE: A tour guide terminal and a system for offering tour information are provided to enable a tourist to easily get the tour information as a desired language. CONSTITUTION: The terminal(20) uses a guide pack storing an intrinsic number given to a touring place or a touring object, and the tour information corresponding to the intrinsic number. The terminal(20) includes a pack inserting part(21) connecting to the inserted guide pack, a data playing part(23) outputting the information from the guide pack as a voice signal, a key inputting part(22) for inputting the data and the function manipulation of the terminal(20), and a controller(25) controlling the operation of the terminal entirely and transmitting the tour information read from the guide pack to the data playing part(23) according to the inputted intrinsic number.
Patent KR-20020008378-A (KR)
Inventor: KO SAENG GON
IPC: F04D25/08
Filed: 2001-12-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A rear safety cover of an electric fan containing an air purifying function is provided to minimize dust causing disease without changing wind and to prevent an electric fan from being polluted by the dust. CONSTITUTION: A rear safety cover for an electric fan having an air purifying function comprises a filtering net; plural filtering layers(120) formed around a center hole(110); a cover frame(200);a supporting unit(220) supporting the filtering net by being mounted on the cover frame; a recess(121) formed by plural unevenness; an installing unit(210) mounted on an inner circumference of the center hole of the filtering net; a frame unit(230) easily mounting an electric fan front safety cover by having a circular shape; plural connecting holes(211) connecting to a motor cover with a bolt by being mounted on the installing unit; a through hole(212) formed in the middle of the connecting hole; and a motor shaft penetrating the through hole. A frame(100a) of the filtering bet is integrally inserted to the frame unit of the cover frame.
Patent KR-20030046614-A (KR)
Title: Linearizer apparatus for linear automatic gain control apparatus in mobile communication terminal and control method thereof
Inventor: PARK HEUNG SU
IPC: H04B1/04
Filed: 2001-12-06
Abstract: PURPOSE: A linear device for a linear AGC(Automatic Gain Control) in a mobile communication terminal and a control method therefor are provided to minimize a memory capacity. CONSTITUTION: If an input level AGC signal with bits of the first number is inputted, a controller reads the value of upper bits with the third number among bits with the first number, detects a corresponding entry interval, reads the value of lower bits with the fourth number except for the upper bits with the third number, and detects a corresponding location value in the corresponding entry interval. If the input level AGC signal is inputted, the controller outputs a predetermined initial value. A threshold value detector(308) successively multiplies slop values from an entry interval in which the initial value exists to the corresponding entry interval with reference to an entry interval size value and each resolution. The threshold value detector(308) adds the multiplied value to the initial value, and detects a threshold value of the corresponding entry interval. An adder(306) adds the threshold value of the corresponding entry interval to a resolution decided in a resolution decider(311), and outputs an output level AGC signal.
Patent KR-20020023176-A (KR)
Inventor: CHOI SEONG HO
IPC: G08G1/052
Filed: 2001-12-07
Abstract: PURPOSE: A system for detecting a state of a safety belt by an unmanned camera system is provided to detect a fastening state of a safety belt by using an unmanned camera system. CONSTITUTION: Traffic signal information is received(1). Kinds of vehicles are identified by using the traffic signal information(2). Information related to the identified kinds of vehicles is stored. A transmission location of laser beam is grasped by analyzing images related to a system(3). The grasped transmission location of laser beam is stored. The transmission location of laser beam are transmitted(4). A safety belt violation is checked by the first vehicle identification process. Data related to the safety belt violation are transmitted. Data related to the above processes are stored, respectively. The above processes are performed repeatedly.
Patent KR-20030054992-A (KR)
Title: Decoding method for viterbi decoder
Inventor: KIM YEONG DAE
IPC: H03M13/41
Filed: 2001-12-26
Abstract: PURPOSE: A decoding method in a Viterbi decoder is provided to improve the decoding process speed by obtaining multiple decoding bits through one trace-back operation. CONSTITUTION: Survival paths for decoding one data converges one survival path as time goes by. At a current time, a path scale computing with respect to each state is performed. Thereafter, survival information is stored on a register. At this time, when it is trace-backed to a decoding depth, one path is survived at most case and a trace-back is performed along the survived path. As a result, decoded data in 63rd depth at time T is similar to that in 64th depth at time T+1. With one trace-back, one data is decoded in 63rd decoding depth and another data is decoded in 64th decoding depth at next clock.
Patent KR-20020023910-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HONG GI
IPC: B23D47/00
Filed: 2001-12-28
Abstract: PURPOSE: A circular saw blade assembly cutting sheet metal is provided to cut metal sheets conveniently and promptly, and to improve working stability and endurance by firmly supporting both sides of the rotating circular saw blade with a biasing unit. CONSTITUTION: A circular saw blade assembly is composed of a circular saw blade(200) cutting metal sheets with turning by a rotating shaft(120); casings(110,111) supporting the circular saw blade by covering with exposing partially; a sliding support(130) contacted to the circular saw blade in the casing to discharge lubricant from a lubricating pipe(50a) to the contact surface of the circular saw blade; and a biasing unit installed in the casing to bias the sliding support and press against the circular saw blade. The sheet metal is cut conveniently and promptly with distributing stress, and breakage is prevented with fixing the sliding support firmly.
Patent KR-20030059408-A (KR)
Title: Power saving analogue fuse circuit
Inventor: KIM JIN WAN
IPC: H02H3/04
Filed: 2001-12-29
Abstract: PURPOSE: A power saving analog fuse circuit is provided to reduce a current consumption by cutting off a current path of an analog fuse circuit after a blow on the fuse. CONSTITUTION: A detector circuit detects that a fuse is not cut and that the fuse is cut, in response to an input signal and a reset signal. A fuse cutting sensing circuit outputs a fuse sensing signal in response to output signals of the detector circuit and senses whether the fuse is cut. The detector circuit(100) comprises a control part(110) for receiving the input signal, the reset signal and the fuse sensing signal to cut off a current path of an analog fuse circuit, a bias circuit(120) for receiving an output signal of the control part to output a bias signal, a current mirror circuit(130) for outputting an output control signal, and a fuse part(140) in which fuse cutting is determined based on the fuse sensing signal and a fuse control signal.
Patent KR-20030058660-A (KR)
Title: The method of Collaborative Filtering using content references of users in Personalization System
Inventor: KIM JIN HAN
Filed: 2001-12-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for cooperative filtering study is provided to increase a recommendation accuracy of a personalization service system by reflecting contents preference of a user and to create a user profile by reflecting contents use tendencies of the user. CONSTITUTION: Contents purchase details of a user are displayed as a two-dimensional array(301). In detail, in the case that the user(i) purchases contents(j), the (i,j) value of the array becomes '1'. If the user does not purchase contents, the value of the array becomes '0'. Contents of the user are calculated using contents purchase details and contents information(302). After calculating the contents preference of the user, cluster is checked among users having similar contents preference(303). Purchase probability is calculated using contents preference of other users in the same clustering(304).
Patent KR-20030058710-A (KR)
Title: Short message confirming method in a mobile phone
Inventor: CHOI CHANG HO
IPC: H04B1/40
Filed: 2001-12-31
Abstract: PURPOSE: A short message processing method of a mobile communication terminal is provided to allow a user to view a content of a short message by inputting the same password as the other party has used when sending the short message. CONSTITUTION: A user terminal performs a function of a call, standby or a game(S201). When a user inputs a message checking key(S202), a controller of the terminal reads a required data from a storing unit displays a list of received messages on a display unit(S203). When the user selects one of the received messages(S204) and inputs a message password(S205), the controller judges whether the inputted message password is identical to a password of the other party(S206). If the two message passwords are identical, the terminal displays the message content on the display unit(S207). The user inputs a delete key(S208) to delete the checked message(S209), or inputs a termination key(S210) to return to an idle state(S211).
Patent KR-20010079562-A (KR)
Title: Information security analysis system
IPC: H04L12/24
Filed: 1999-07-20
Abstract: The analysis system is a collection, configuration and integration of software programs that reside on multiple interconnected computer platforms. The software, less computer operating systems, is a combination of sensor, analysis, data conversion, and visualization programs. The hardware platforms consist of several different types of interconnected computers, which share the software programs, data files, and visualization programs via a Local Area Network (LAN). This collection and integration of software and the migration to a single computer platform results in an approach to LAN/WAN monitoring in either a passive and/or active mode. The architecture permits digital data input from external sensors for analysis, display and correlation with data and displays derived from four major software concept groups. These are: Virus Computer Code Detection; Analysis of Computer Source and Executable Code; Dynamic Monitoring of Data Communication Networks; 3-D Visualization and Animation of Data.
Patent KR-20010073114-A (KR)
IPC: C07C37/68
Filed: 1999-07-06
Abstract: A method for recovering substantially pure 2,4,6-tri-(tert-butyl)phenol from a mixture comprising alkylated phenols by subjecting the mixture to melt crystallization. In a preferred embodiment, the method is conducted in the absence of an adduct crystallization.
Patent KR-20010085885-A (KR)
IPC: C03B27/044
Filed: 1999-10-15
Abstract: 등변육각형으로서 급랭시키게 될 성형 유리판 전면에 분배되는 균일하게 반복하는 급랭셀들(46)을 마련하는 등변삼각형 패턴인 균일하게 반복하는 가스 분류 충돌 패턴을 형성하는 급랭 가스 분류들(40)에 의한, 유리판 급랭장치와 성형 유리판 급랭방법.   결과의 산물은, 유리 응력들이 사이에 균일하게 균일하게 분포되는, 반대로 면하는 표면들을 가지고 있는 성형 및 급랭의 유리판(G)이다.   급랭장치(22)를 제조하는 방법은, 처음에 기다란 노즐 스트립(36')에 노즐 구멍들(38)을 형성하고, 다음 노즐 스트립을 곡선의 단면으로 형성하고, 다음 노즐 스트립을 그의 기다란 길이를 따라 곡선의 형상으로 형성하여 곡면의 노즐 캡을 마련하게 되고, 이어서 곡면의 노즐 캡을 연합의 노즐 공급 열(28)의 평면 측면들(30)에 고정 시키며, 노즐 공급 열의 측면들(30)을 충만 하우징(24)에 고정시킴에 의하여 실행된다.
Patent KR-20010080061-A (KR)
IPC: H04L12/56
Filed: 1999-10-08
Abstract: 기존의 전화선(18)을 통해 제 1 위치(2, 8-10)로부터 제 2 위치로 음성/영상 데이타를 전송 및 수신하기 위한 시스템은, 음성/영상 데이타를 패킷 스트림으로 변환시키는 장치(6,12), 상기 패킷 스트림을 음성/영상 데이타로 재변환시키는 장치 및 상기 패킷이 국지 전화선(18)으로부터 장거리 전화 네트워크(28)로 직접 이동할 수 있도록, 전화 회사 음성 스위치(24)를 바이패스시키는 장치(20)를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20010107919-A (KR)
IPC: H01L29/78
Filed: 1999-08-19
Abstract: 본 발명은 소스 전극(6)과 드레인 전극(11) 사이에 차단 전압이 인가될 때, 인가된 상기 차단 전압에 의해 형성된 전계 강도가 임계값에 도달하기 전에, 반도체 바디(1)내에 형성된 공간전하 영역이 배면(3)까지 확장되는 방식으로 바디-구역(4)과 금속화 배면(11) 사이의 pn-접합 하부의 층 두께(W)가 선택되는 수직 구조의 파워 반도체 소자에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20010080322-A (KR)
IPC: B41J2/45
Filed: 2000-08-23
Abstract: 발광 소자의 광량 보정을 행하여, 발광 칩 내 및 칩 사이의 광량 분포를 균일하게 할 수 있는 자기 주사형 발광 장치를 제공한다.  발광 소자의 광량 보정은 발광 소자의 점등 시간을 조정하는 혹은 발광 소자로 공급되는 기록 신호의 전압을 조정함으로써 행해진다.  본 발명에 의하면, 광량 분포를 균일하게 할 수 있기 때문에, 이러한 자기 주사형 발광 장치를 사용한 광 프린터 헤드에 있어서 인자 품질을 향상시킬 수 있다.
Patent KR-20010101251-A (KR)
Title: METHOD OF POLYMERIZING DEIONIZED BIS-β-HYDROXYETHYL TEREPHTHALATE
IPC: C08G63/86
Filed: 2000-10-18
Abstract: A method of producing a polyester from high-purity bis- beta -hydroxyethyl terephthalate as a raw material containing cations and anions in trace amounts. Polyester production raw materials including bis- beta -hydroxyethyl terephthalate containing cations and anions in a total weight of not more than 50 ppm, ethylene glycol and antimony trioxide and/or germanium dioxide as a polymerization catalyst are heated without substantially distilling off ethylene glycol and then heated under reduced pressure to be polycondensed while ethylene glycol is distilled off.
Patent KR-20010105322-A (KR)
Title: SOLUBLE RECEPTOR BR43x2 AND METHODS OF USING
IPC: C12P21/02
Filed: 2000-01-07
Abstract: There is provided a fusion protein consisting of a first portion and a second portion joined by a peptide bond, wherein said first portion consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (i) amino acid residues 25-104 of SEQ ID NO: 6; (ii) amino acid residues 34-66 of SEQ ID NO: 6; (iii) amino acid residues 71-104 of SEQ ID NO: 6; and (iv) amino acid residues 34-66 and 71-104 of SEQ ID NO: 6; and said second portion is an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region. There is also provided an antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from SEQ ID NO: 59 or SEQ ID N: 60. There is also provided an antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds to a ztnf4 polypeptide, for use in treating systemic lupus erythematosus in a mammal.
Patent KR-20010102301-A (KR)
IPC: C09D5/00
Filed: 2000-02-22
Abstract: Provided are cationic electrodepositable compositions comprised of an acidified aqueous dispersion of (a) an ungelled cationic resin, (b) a curing agent having at least two functional groups which are reactive with (a), and (c) an exfoliated silicate derived from a layered silicate. These compositions exhibit improved crater control. Also provided is a method of electrocoating conductive substrates using such compositions.
Patent KR-20010103777-A (KR)
Title: Process for preparing thermoplastic vulcanizates
IPC: C08F8/34
Filed: 2000-02-24
Abstract: This invention includes a process for forming a thermoplastic vulcanizate comprising: (a) admixing a C-H insertion curing agent with at least one elastomeric phase polymer to form a first admixture; (b) admixing at least one non-elastomeric polyolefin with the first admixture to form a second admixture; and (c) heating the second admixture to a temperature at least the decomposition temperature of the curing agent to crosslink the elastomeric phase while mixing the admixture to an extent sufficient to result in the formation of a thermoplastic material, hereinafter referred to as a thermoplastic vulcanizate, and optionally including an additional step (d) of shaping the resulting thermoplastic vulcanizate, especially by heating and foaming or molding the TPV. The C-H insertion curing agent is preferably selected from alkyl and aryl azides (R-N3), acyl azides (R-C(O)N3), azidoformates (R-O-C(O)-N3), sulfonyl azides (R-SO2-N3), phosphoryl azides ((RO)2-(PO)-N3), phosphinic azides (R2-P(O)-N3) and silyl azides (R3-Si-N3), with poly(sulfonyl azide) most preferred. Additionally, the invention includes a thermoplastic vulcanizate comprising a blend of: (1) an elastomeric phase crosslinked using a C-H insertion curing agent dispersed in; (2) at least one non-elastomeric thermoplastic polyolefin. The invention also includes a foamable composition comprising (1) an elastomeric phase crosslinked using a C-H insertion curing agent dispersed in; (2) at least one non-elastomeric thermoplastic polyolefin; and (3) from about 0.1 to about 25 percent by weight based on the combined weight of components (1) and (2) of at least one foaming agent as well as a fabricated part, cable jacket, cable insulation, or foam comprising the thermoplastic vulcanizate or the invention or resulting from the process of the invention.
Patent KR-20020005607-A (KR)
Title: Electrically conductive thermoplastic elastomer and product made thereof
IPC: C08K3/08
Filed: 2000-03-03
Abstract: An electrically conductive thermoplastic elastomer and a sealing and/or EMI shielding product comprising a substantially electrically non-conductive matrix material and an electrically conductive filler part which contains metal. The specific resistance of the elastomer is at most 1 Omega.cm.
Patent KR-20020004956-A (KR)
Title: 시스테인 프로테아제의 ＩＣＥ／ｃｅｄ-3 계열의억제제로서의 Ｃ-말단 변형된(Ｎ-치환된)-2-인돌릴카보닐디펩타이드
IPC: A61K38/05
Filed: 2000-03-02
Abstract: 본 발명은 신규한 (N-치환된) 인돌 ICE/ced-3-억제제 화합물에 관한 것이다.  또한, 본 발명은 이와 같은 인돌 화합물의 약제학적 조성물 및 염증, 자가면역 및 퇴행성신경 질환을 앓고 있는 환자를 치료하고 허혈성 손상을 예방하기 위한 상기 조성물의 용도에 관한 것이다.
Patent KR-20020001821-A (KR)
Title: 휴대용 디바이스 안테나
IPC: H01Q1/44
Filed: 2001-01-25
Abstract: 한 벌의 바지, 스커트, 또는 풀-렝쓰 코트와 같은 의복(10)은 안테나(12)와, 상기 안테나(12)를 통하여 휴대용 전자 디바이스(16)의 무선 통신을 허용하기 위해 휴대용 전자 디바이스(16)에 상기 안테나의 연결을 위한 수단(14)을 포함한다. 상기 안테나(12)는 상기 의복의 착용자가 일어선 상태에 있는 때에 지면에 가깝고 실질적으로 수직으로 확장되는 방향으로 상기 의복(10)에 부착된 길이방향 전도성 소자이다. 천연적인 지평면에 가까운 상기 안테나의 방향은 즉, FM 라디오 방송을 위한 개선된 수신을 제공한다.
Patent KR-20010112487-A (KR)
IPC: A61P25/08
Filed: 2000-05-05
Abstract: 본 발명은 하기 화학식 I의 7-클로로-3-(5-디메틸아미노메틸-[1,2,4]옥사디아졸-3-일)-5-메틸-4,5-디하이드로-이미다조[1,5-a][1,4]벤조디아제핀-6-온(I) 화합물, 및 불안증 치료제 및/또는 경련 억제제 및/또는 비-진정제 수면-유도성 약제를 제조하기 위한 화학식 I의 화합물의 용도에 관한 것이다: 
     화학식 I
Patent KR-20020013542-A (KR)
IPC: A61P17/02
Filed: 2000-05-11
Abstract: 하기 화학식 I의 화합물. 
     <화학식 I> 
     
       
     
     상기 식에서, 
     R 1 및 R 2 는 같거나 다를 수 있으며, 각각 저급 알킬, 알케닐 또는 알키닐기를 나타내고; 
     R 3 은 α- 또는 β- 구조를 갖는 메틸기를 나타내고; 
     R 4 는 수소 원자 또는 에테르화 또는 에스테르화기를 나타내고; 
     R 5 는 수소 원자, 히드록실기 또는 저급 알콕시기를 나타내고; 
     X는 OR 4 기(이때, R 4 는 앞서 정의한 바와 같음), 또는 NR 6 R 7 기(이때, R 6 은 수소 원자, 지방족 또는 아르지방족 유기기, 또는 카르보닐기에 의해 질소 원자에 결합된 지방족, 아르지방족 또는 아릴 유기기를 포함하는 아실기를 나타내고, R 7 은 수소 원자또는 저급 알킬기를 나타냄)를 나타내고; 
     Y는 임의로 히드록실, 에테르화 히드록실 또는 에스테르화 히드록실기로 치환된 저급 알킬렌, 알케닐렌 또는 알키닐렌기를 나타내고; 
     점선은 이중 결합이 16(17)-위치 및(또는) 6(7)- 및 8(9)-위치와, 7(8)-위치 중 하나에 존재할 수 있음을 나타낸다.
Patent KR-20030000012-A (KR)
IPC: C12Q1/02
Filed: 2000-07-03
Abstract: 본 발명은 효모 및 진균 관련된 질환의 치료 또는 증식성 장애의 치료 또는 특정 질환에서 세포 고사을 예방하기 위한 약제의 제조하기 위한, 최종적으로 예정된 세포 사멸에 이르게하는 경로에 관여하는 핵산 및 폴리펩티드의 용도를 기술한다. 동일하거나 상응하는 방법으로 상기 폴리펩티드의 발현 또는 작용을 선택적으로 조절하는 화합물을 동정하는 방법을 제공한다. 또한, 화합물 및 약제학적 조성물, 의약 및 백신을 제공한다. 본 발명은 또한 신규한 핵산 서열, 그로부터 유도된 프로브 및 프라이머, 상기 벡터로 형질전환된 발현 벡터 및 숙주 세포, 상기 폴리펩티드에 대한 유발된 폴리펩티드 및 항체를 포함한다.
Patent KR-20030061916-A (KR)
Title: Refrigerator
Inventor: KANG SEONG CHEOL
IPC: F25D17/08
Filed: 2002-01-12
Abstract: PURPOSE: A refrigerator is provided to prevent formation of frost on a front plate of a recovery duct member. CONSTITUTION: A recovery duct member(30) is placed on a lower part a chilled air discharge duct(20) to form a fixed space on a rear wall of a cooling compartment so as to guide chilled air guided by the chilled air discharge duct to the cooling compartment and circulating in the cooling compartment to an evaporator, and includes at least one main air inlet(33); a main air guiding part forming a main air channel(35) guiding air in the cooling compartment introduced through the main air inlet to the evaporator; an auxiliary air inlet(37) separated from the main air inlet; and an auxiliary air guiding part(40) guiding air introduced through the auxiliary air inlet to at least some section of the main air channel. The main air guiding part is a pair of air guiding ribs(34) protruding from a rear side of the recovery duct member toward the rear wall of the cooling compartment in vertical direction to be separated from each other, and having protrusive ends contacting with the rear wall of the cooling compartment to form the main air channel.
Patent KR-20030063744-A (KR)
Inventor: KIM HO KYUM
IPC: B63B35/71
Filed: 2002-01-23
Abstract: PURPOSE: An assembly type kayak is provided with light weight for easy moving and assembling, and wood are provided as a main component for environment. CONSTITUTION: A kayak comprises a frame and an outer cover(20) of a waterproof sheet covering the frame. The frame comprises a plurality of detachable rod members. The frame also comprises connecting members. The rod members are formed with a wood or aluminum. An inserting member is made of a plastic resin. Tubes(60) filled with air are mounted in both sides of the kayak.
Patent KR-20030066075-A (KR)
Title: System and method for providing international phone and internet on abroad, and storage media for having program source thereof
Inventor: SIM BO HYEON
IPC: H04L12/14
Filed: 2002-02-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A system and method for providing an international call from overseas and an Internet service and a recording medium storing its program source are provided to allow a user to make an international call or use the Internet at any place in a foreign country by using an international phone card storing an Internet access program. CONSTITUTION: A terminal of a user is connected to a telephone line(modem) and the user inserts an international phone card into the s terminal(S100). An Internet automatic access program is executed and the terminal is connected to a service providing server(S110). When the user inputs a card number, an international phone card charging server authenticates the inputted card number(S120). If the card number is authenticated, the service providing server assigns an IP(Information Provider) address to the modem to which the terminal is connected(S130). The user uses the Internet, and a charging application of the service providing server counts time while the user is using the Internet, and subtracts an Internet use fee from the card(S140).
Patent KR-20030066160-A (KR)
Inventor: LEE SUNG MOON
IPC: B42D25/22
Filed: 2002-02-04
Abstract: PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of hole formed card or name plate is provided in which hole is formed on the card or name plate to prevent loss of the card or name plate by using the card or name plate with cord or ring being inserted into the hole formed on the card or name plate. CONSTITUTION: The manufacturing method of hole formed card or name plate comprises the process of installing a hole(11) on front and rear sides of the body of card(10) or name plate including cash card, service card, residence certificate card and driver's license card so that a user is capable of using the card or name plate with cord(100) or ring being inserted into the hole(11) formed on the front and rear sides of the body of the card(10) or name plate, wherein the hole(11) is formed on the front and rear sides of the body of card(10) or name plate in the inner body of which semiconductor circuit layer(1) is interposed between mixed film layers(2) comprising bio ceramic calcite powder and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) so that the cord(100) or ring can be inserted into the hole when using the card(10) or name plate.