baber/WOPTO huggingface dataset:
Patent JP-2000511588-A (JP)
IPC: C08B3/06
Filed: 1998-02-04
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing cellulose acetate with a DS between 1.5 and 2.9 by reacting cellulose with an acetylation agent. According to said method, the cellulose is reacted with a first acetylation agent using a base catalyst in a first step, to form a cellulose acetate with a DS of less than 1, and then reacted with a second acetylation agent using an acid catalyst in a second step to form a cellulose acetate with a DS of 1.5 to 2.9. The first and second acetylation agents are preferably acetic anhydride. The cellulose is preferably impregnated with an excess base in the first step, said base then being removed until the quantity of base which is stoichiometrically necessary to form the cellulose acetate with a DS<1 is achieved.
Patent JP-2001516477-A (JP)
IPC: G07G1/00
Filed: 1997-03-19
Abstract: A point-of-sale terminal (1) has a removable control circuit (20) upon which is mounted a separate and removable communications circuit (21). A printer (25) is mounted over these circuits by use of bridging supports (26). Control, communications and printing functions of the terminal are easily interchangeable because of the signalling and mechanical interconnections. Openings (12) in the base of the terminal (1) are blanked out by blanks (46). The terminal may be converted to a portable unit by insertion of galvanic contacts in openings (12) for connection to battery charging probes in a fixed cradle which communicates with an authorization processor. For this mode, the communications circuit (21) is a radio transceiver for radio communication with the cradle.
Patent JP-2000510081-A (JP)
IPC: B65G47/31
Filed: 1997-05-09
Abstract: The conveying method comprises a flying takeover of containers (1) being fed into a takeover area (U.1) in a container stream, hanging conveyance of the containers along a conveying path (FS) with a freely selectable course and delivery of the containers in a delivery area (U.2). For taking over the containers, a sequence of individual and equidistant holding means (5) is supplied to the takeover area (U.1) along a descending curved path (7') joining a container feeding path (8) tangentially at the end of the takeover area (U.1) and the holding means (5) are introduced into the container stream each between two containers (1). At the beginning of this introduction, the holding means have a speed (v') greater than the container speed (v) and during introduction they are decelerated to the container speed (v). Thereby, the feeding of containers and holding means is matched such that each holding means (5) reaches the container feeding speed (v) when it encircles the container downstream, i.e. when it is in an at least potential holding position relative to this container. At the latest in the delivery area, the holding means are turned by 180° around a vertical axis such that for delivery the containers to a container removing means (11), the holding means (5) can be conveyed away along an upward curved path. The curved path of the holding means in the takeover area (U.1) and/or in the delivery area (U.2) may also be realized by individual pivoting of the holding means (5).
Patent JP-2000517472-A (JP)
Title: 回路装置
IPC: H05B41/18
Filed: 1998-05-18
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、高圧放電ランプを点火するのに適している回路装置であって、電圧源に接続するための入力端子と、スイッチ、パルス変成器の一次巻線及び容量性手段が設けられ、該容量性手段は前記スイッチ及び前記一次巻線を分流するようなパルス生成回路と、前記パルス変成器の二次巻線とランプ接続端子との間の電気的接続とが設けられた回路装置に関する。本発明によれば、前記容量性手段が非線形特性を持つ。これは、生成される点火電圧パルスのより再現可能性のある振幅に結果としてなる。
Patent JP-2000514093-A (JP)
Title: Ｃｍｖ感染症の治療のための組成物および方法
IPC: C12N15/113
Filed: 1998-04-07
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明はＣＭＶ感染症の治療のための組成物および方法に関する。有効な抗ウイルス剤であるアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを提供する。好ましい態様では、オリゴヌクレオチドは少なくとも１個の２’−メトキシエトキシ修飾を含有し、キメラオリゴヌクレオチドであってもよい。
Patent JP-2001506031-A (JP)
Title: チップカードのゲームシステムにおける価値単位の転送管理の安全保証手順
IPC: G07F17/32
Filed: 1998-03-20
Abstract: (57)【要約】
本発明は、ジャックポット型、ブラックジャック型のスロットマシン、およびカジノのその他のコインゲーム機械に関するものである。ゲーム機械は、チップカード型の、ゲームカード（ＣＪ１）で作動し、ネットワークで中央管理装置（１）に接続されるよう想定されている。本発明によれば中央管理装置はデータベース（ＢＤ）を有し、その中にプレイヤーに関する情報ならびにカード識別データ（Ｉｄ）とカード（ＣＪ１）に保存された価値の残高を示すデータ（Ｓ、Ｏｐ１、Ｏｐ２）などのカードに保存されたものに対応する情報が保存されている。中央管理装置のデータベースに照らしてカードのデータを確認することによりチップカードまたは非接触カードで作動するかかるゲーム機械システムの安全性が保証できる。
Patent JP-2001523238-A (JP)
Title: ポリマーの酸化防止剤として使用するためのエナミン誘導体
IPC: C07D401/14
Filed: 1998-04-16
Abstract: (57)【要約】
分子内に少なくとも１種の立体的に束縛されたアミン基を有する一般式（I）を有するβ-ケト-エステル、又はβ-ケト-アミド又は1,3-ジケトンと第一級又は第二級脂肪族又は芳香族アミンとの誘導体を含有するエナミン類の群に属する化合物。一般式（I）を有する化合物は有機ポリマーの酸化防止剤として使用することができる。
Patent MD-20030122-A (MD)
Title: Amplifier
Inventor: FIODOROV NICOLAI
IPC: H03F1/00
Filed: 2003-05-26
Abstract: The amplifier contains permanent magnets with like poles, made in the form of rings and placed one opposite another at a certain distance. The magnets are placed with the possibility of rotation each about the other.
Patent NZ-198016-A (NZ)
Title: Anti-fouling coating containing a curable resin and copper or copper alloy particles
Inventor: LAYTON J M
IPC: C09D5/16
Filed: 1981-08-12
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/GB81/00157 Sec. 371 Date Apr. 5, 1982 Sec. 102(e) Date Apr. 5, 1982 PCT Filed Aug. 6, 1981 PCT Pub. No. WO82/00653 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 4, 1982.A composition for anti-fouling coatings includes 20 to 80% of heavy metal particles such as copper or a copper alloy powder. To prevent instability on storage the resin matrix has a low acid value, preferably not greater than 5 mg KOH/g. The resin is one of a type cured by a free-radical-initiated cross-linking mechanism such as an unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester or urethane acrylate.
Patent NZ-205493-A (NZ)
Title: 6-((cyclic amino))-alkylamino)-tetrahydro-triazolo(3,4-a)phthalazine derivatives
Inventor: PEET N P
IPC: A61K31/495
Filed: 1983-09-05
Abstract: Compounds of formula 
<CHEM>
 wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl
 Alk is alkylene m is 0 or 1; and n is 4 or 5; are prepared by the rection of a 6-halo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo(3,4-a)phthalazine with an appropriate (cyclic amino)alkylamine. The compounds are useful as bronchodilators.
Patent NZ-213891-A (NZ)
Title: Dianhydrohexitol compounds in oral hygiene compositions
Inventor: LYNCH M J
IPC: A61K8/40
Filed: 1985-10-18
Abstract: Oral hygiene composition containing monoalkyl and dialkyl ethers of dianhydrohexitols in the form of toothpate, mouthwash, chewing gums, confections, toothpicks and dental floss are effective in the cleaning of oral surfaces and cavities to reduce plaque accumulation caused by the action of bacteria.
Patent NZ-214563-A (NZ)
Title: Production of apoaeqorin using recombinant dna
Inventor: CORMIER MILTON JOSEPH
IPC: C12N15/00
Filed: 1985-12-16
Abstract: Homogeneous peptide of formula (I) and the corresp. DNA nucleotide sequence (II) are claimed. In an example E. coli transformed with pAEQ1 was extd. as well as the host strain. To 0.5 ml of each extract was added beta-mercaptoethanol (2mM) and coelenterate luciferin (0.1 mM) and the mixt. allowed to incubate at 4 deg.C for 20 hrs. This mixt. was then assayed for Ca2+-dependent photoprotein activity. Ca2+-dependent luminescence was observed in extracts from the recombinant pAEQ1, but no such luminescence was observed in extracts of the host strain or in extracts derived from any other transformant. The inserts in pAEQ1-6 cross hybridised suggesting that they contain homologous DNA sequences. However if the cDNA inserts in pAEQ2-6 were not of sufficient length or oriented improperly within the plasmid, apoaequorin activity in those extracts would not be expected.
Patent NZ-215672-A (NZ)
Title: Fluoridated cycloalkane carboxanilides and pesticidal compositions thereof
Inventor: URENOVITCH JOSEPH VICTOR
IPC: C07C233/23
Filed: 1986-04-02
Abstract: The invention is in a series of fluorinated cycloalkanecarboxamides, typically perfluorinated cycloalkanecarboxanilides. The compounds exhibit insecticidal and arachnicidal activity.
Patent NZ-234175-A (NZ)
Title: Tetrahydroindenoindole derivatives and compositions containing them
Inventor: SAINSBURY MALCOLM
IPC: A61P11/00
Filed: 1990-06-21
Abstract: Compounds of the formula <CHEM>  wherein R is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group or COR<1><5> R<1>, R<2>, R<1><1> and R<1><2>, are hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, R<3>, R<4>, R<5> and R<6> are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group or a mono- or di-lower alkyl amino group, NH2 or NR<1><3>COR<1><4>, R<7>, R<8>, R<9> and R<1><0> are hydrogen, hydroxy, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a mono- or di-lower alkylamino group, or NH<1><3>COR<1><4> wherein R<1><3>, R<1><4> and R<1><5> are hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, enantiomers and salts thereof, with the proviso that when R is COR<1><5> then at least one of R<3> to R<1><0> are hydroxy or a mono or di-lower alkylamino group, are useful as antioxidants, within the medical and non-medical field. Many of the compounds of formula IA and IB are new and various methods for preparing them are described.
Patent NZ-238335-A (NZ)
Title: Edible moisture barrier coating composition comprising 70-95% of an aqueous protein isolate with the balance of saturated lipid and emulsifier; coating food substrate which is to be part of heterogeneous food product
Inventor: ADAMS ROBERT MICHAEL
IPC: A23L25/00
Filed: 1991-05-30
Abstract: An edible moisture barrier coating comprising from 70 to 95% of an aqueous solution of a protein isolate and 30 to 5% of a mixture of a saturated lipid and emulsifier containing an amount of emulsifier from 5 to 30% based on the weight of the lipid, the lipid having a melting point higher than 30 DEG C and the emulsifier containing one or more diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides.
Patent NZ-241478-A (NZ)
Title: Container having top piece, for fitting with mating piece having pin, with slidable plugs in top piece to prevent reconnecting of pieces
Inventor: ARMITAGE DAVID ANTHONY
IPC: B05B7/32
Filed: 1992-01-31
Abstract: A method and apparatus for metering and dispensing an active ingredient, such as an insecticide, fumigant, fertilizer or room freshener. The active ingredient is placed in a container (6) and a pressurised propellant is subsequently introduced from a source (1) via conduits (3, 9). The propellant serves to absorb the active ingredient which is dispersed from the container via conduit (5) through a dispensing outlet (8) so that the active ingredient is dispersed in an airborne dispersion. In an ejector (4), a pressure differential is created across a propellant inlet port (4a) which is sufficient to draw the active ingredient from the active ingredient container (6) but is less than the pressure differential required to cause a cooling effect in the mixing chamber (4) and is less than that pressure differential that gives rise to an erratic dispersion of the active ingredient from the dispensing outlet (8). The system is particularly suitable for the spraying of insecticides into large spaces such as warehouses and supermarkets.
Patent NZ-242298-A (NZ)
Title: Purification of lantibiotics by treating the fermentation broth with a styrene copolymer matrix, cation exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and desalting
Inventor: ALLGAIER HERMANN
IPC: C12P21/00
Filed: 1992-04-09
Abstract: A process for isolating and purifying a lantibiotic from a fermentation broth using a styrene-divinyl-copolymerisate matrix, a strong cation exchanger, means for hydrophobic interaction chromatography and preferably a weak anion exchanger.
Patent NZ-248215-A (NZ)
Title: Curable aqueous composition comprising a poly-acid containing at least two carboxy groups, a polyol and a phosphorus-containing accelerator; treatment of heat resistant non-woven or fibres thereof
Inventor: ARKENS CHARLES THOMAS
IPC: D04H1/64
Filed: 1993-07-21
Abstract: This invention relates to a formaldehyde-free curable aqueous composition containing a polyacid, a polyol and an optional phosphorous-containing accelerator. The composition may be used as a binder for heat resistant nonwovens such as nonwovens composed of fiberglass.
Patent NZ-256271-A (NZ)
Title: Composition of a steroid and retinoic acid for treatment of hair loss
Inventor: BROWN SANDRA
IPC: A61K8/00
Filed: 1993-09-13
Abstract: A method and compound having hydrocortisone and tretinoin is disclosed for the treatment of hair loss. The method also includes identifying any underlying conditions causing hair loss, treating the underlying conditions if possible, administation of hydrocortisone and tretinoin to the affected areas, and administration of vitamins having B complex.
Patent NZ-289905-A (NZ)
Title: Substituted 1-[n-((hetero)aryl substituted) aminomethyl]-2-[(hetero)aryl-methyl ether]-(mono or bi-cyclic) (hetero)aryl; method to relieve pain
Inventor: BREAULT GLORIA ANNE
IPC: A61K31/38
Filed: 1995-07-21
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/GB95/01728 Sec. 371 Date Jan. 24, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 24, 1997 PCT Filed Jul. 21, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO96/03380 PCT Pub. Date Feb. 8, 1996The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I),    <IMAGE>  (I)  wherein A is an optionally substituted phenyl naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiadiazolyl having at least two adjacent ring carbon atoms or a bicyclic ring system, provided that the -CH(R3)N(R2)B-R1 and -OCH(R4-)-D linking groups arm positioned in a 1,2 relationship to one another on ring carbon atoms and the ring atom positioned ortho to the -OCHR4- linking group (and therefore in the 3-position relative to the -CHR3NR2- linking group) is not substituted; B is an optionally substituted ring system; D is an optionally substituted ring system; R1 is a variety of group as defined in the description; R2 is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, phenylC1-3alkyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroarylC1-3alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or C1-4alkyl; R4 is hydrogen or C1-4alkyl; and N-oxides of NR2 where chemically possible; and S-oxides of sulphur containing rings were chemically possible; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and in vivo hydrolysable esters and amides thereof. Process for their preparation, intermediates in theirpreparation, their use as therapeutic agents and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
Patent NZ-297736-A (NZ)
Title: Cosmetic composition containing kaolin and spherical particles of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide
Inventor: GOLZ KARIN
IPC: A61K8/19
Filed: 1995-12-06
Abstract: PCT No. PCT/DE95/01801 Sec. 371 Date May 9, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date May 9, 1997 PCT Filed Dec. 6, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO96/17588 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 13, 1996The invention involves a cosmetic preparation containing kaolin which may be employed as a mask, lotion, gel or cream with a non-sticky, non-plasticized consistency and with a content of white kaolin with a high proportion of kaolinite and spherical inorganic particles of a particle size of less than 5  mu m, with a proportion of spherical particles in the kaolin mixture of 0.5 to 10% by weight as well as a cosmetic skin care composition, in which the proportion of the kaolin/spherical particle mixture falls within the range of over 2 to 65% by weight of the composition as a whole. The viscosity of the composition with the proportion of kaolin/spherical particles is around 2000 to over 15,000 cps higher than a similar composition with kaolin only and without spherical particles, with the difference in viscosity increasing with the proportion of kaolin/spherical particles. The new, pleasantly soft preparation with an inhibitive effect with regard to inflammation permits high kaolin contents to be used to especially good effect in masks and gels.
Patent NZ-315347-A (NZ)
Title: Heterocyclic compounds for treating myocardial ischaemia
Inventor: RIEU JEAN-PIERRE
IPC: A61K31/553
Filed: 1996-07-25
Abstract: Novel substituted N-heterocyclyl-1-aryloxyalkyl-4-piperidineamines of formula (I), wherein each of R1 to R4, which are the same or different, is hydrogen, optionally branched C1-4 alkyl, optionally branched C1-4 alkyloxy, a halo grouping, a nitro grouping, a hydroxy grouping or a trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxyl grouping; R5 is hydrogen, optionally branched C1-6 alkyl, optionally branched C7-12 phenylalkyl optionally substituted on the aromatic by one or more radicals having the same definition as R1; W and X are oxygen or sulphur; Y is a C2-6 polymethylene grouping or a radical -CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-; and n is 0 or 1, are disclosed. Pure R or S isomers of said compounds, where applicable, as well as mixtures thereof, are also disclosed. Furthermore, therapeutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of the compounds of general formula (I), and any hydrates thereof, are disclosed. Finally, a method for preparing the claimed compounds, and their use as drugs, useful in cerebral ischemia, strokes, transitory ischemic attacks and neurodegenerative diseases, are disclosed.
Patent NZ-502705-A (NZ)
Title: Dicyclanil (2-cyclopropylamino-4,6-diaminopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile) polymorphs and hydrates and their preparation
Inventor: MARTI ERWIN
IPC: C07D239/50
Filed: 1998-08-25
Abstract: The crystal modification of dicyclanil (2-cyclopropylamino-4,6-diaminopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile) of formula (I) and a process for it's production is disclosed: characterised in that in DSC it exhibits a transformation in the temperature range of between 150oC and 166oC at a heating rate of 10oC/min., and possesses the following characteristic interlattice plane distances (in [?]) from X-ray diffraction measurements using copper-Ka radiation: 11.4±0.2, 8.7±0.2, 7.1±0.2, 5.92±0.05, 5.75±0.05, 5.70±0.05,4.45±0.05, 4.40±0.05, 4.15±0.05, 3.96±0.05, 3.94±0.05, 3.80±0.05, 3.78±0.05, 3.72±0.05, 3.53±0.05, 3.41±0.05, 3.32±0.05, 2.96±0.05, 2.92±0.05, 2.84±0.05 and 2.83±0.05. The crystal modification as described above may be used in the production of a veterinary drug, particularly in the production of an agent for the control of ectoparasites on domestic and farm animals.  Also described is a veterinary drug formulation, characterised in that it contains the crystal modification of dicyclanil (described above) in solid form.  Also described is a method for controlling ectoparasites on domestic or farm animals, comprising administering a veterinary drug formulation containing the crystal modification of the dicyclanil compound as described above.
Patent NZ-505394-A (NZ)
Title: Elevated cableway system
Inventor: LAMOREAUX BEN
IPC: E01B25/16
Filed: 1997-12-05
Abstract: An improved cableway system for providing a track over which a vehicle traverses is disclosed. The improved system includes a catenary cable system (16) and a pair of track cable systems (14). The track cable systems (14) are hung from the catenary cable system (16) and support tracks over which a vehicle (12) traverses. A plurality of hangers (27) is employed to suspend the track cable systems (14) from the catenary cable system (16). A plurality of pylons (17) supports the catenary and track cable systems (14, 16).  A pylon (17) includes a base pylon (21), a lower saddle (200), and an upper saddle (30). The lower saddle (200) is pivotally mounted to the base pylon (21) and supports the track cable systems (14). Preferred embodiments of the lower saddle (200) include apparatuses that dampen the application of loads to the pylon (17) by the vehicle (12) traversing the system. The upper saddle (30) is supported by the base pylon (21) and supports the catenary cable system (16) while providing for deflection of the catenary cable system (16) in response to forces applied to the cableway system. A preferred embodiment of the cableway system includes a force equalizing assembly (300) for joining the catenary cable system (16) to the track cable system (14) at points between support pylons (17) to equalize the tension in the cables among the various cables.
Patent NZ-505533-A (NZ)
Title: Membrane filtration of polymer containing solutions
Inventor: ZAKIKHANI MOHSEN
IPC: C08J11/04
Filed: 1999-01-28
Abstract: In a method for recovering polymers in a substantially pure form from a solution containing the polymers, the solution is first treated with a reactant (e.g. an acid, a sequestrant or a mixture of both) to form the free polymers and salts of the reactant. Second, the solution is treated to remove the salts there-from and in a final stage the polymer solution is concentrated and the polymers recovered. The second treatment step may consist of membrane-filtration, ion-exchange or electrodialysis.
Patent NZ-518097-A (NZ)
Title: Composite building block with connective structure
Inventor: SPAKOUSKY JOHN
IPC: E04B2/86
Filed: 2000-08-30
Abstract: A composite building block (1) with a connective structure (4) between the inner (3) and outer (2) wall units is present. The wall units (2, 3) can be made of cement, clay, brick, or similar materials. The connective structure (4) is made of a material different than the wall units (2, 3) and may be integrally formed per the requirements of a particular wall construction project. In one embodiment, the connective structure (4) comprises a center form (10), and one or more arms (7) have connectors that connect to corresponding connectors integrally formed on the wall units (2, 3). The center form (10) may partition the cavity between the inner (3) and outer (2) wall units into two or more cavities (3b), which may then be partially filled with, for example, insulative material or load-bearing materials, such as concrete.
Patent NZ-525068-A (NZ)
Title: Ground preparation apparatus and its method of use
Inventor: WAITOKIA TOBY TIEMI
IPC: A01B33/02
Filed: 2003-03-31
Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for preparing ground for planting, said apparatus including: a multi tine rake having a plurality of mutually parallel tines, of the form of figure (I), each tine including a first portion mounted upon a support means and a tapered second portion; the wider end of each second portion being secured to the corresponding first portion, and the narrower end of each second portion terminating in a tip; said support means being adapted to raise and lower said rake and to alter the angle of said rake relative to said support means; the tines being oriented relative to the support means, such that in use the tip of each tine extends forwards of the remainder of each tine, in the direction of movement of the apparatus. Further disclosed is a method for preparing ground for planting, comprising the steps of: providing the apparatus as disclosed; orienting the rake such that the second portions of the tines are substantially vertical; pushing the rake tines into the ground until at least part of the second portions of the tines are below the ground surface; continuing to push the rake tines into the ground whilst pivoting the rake to a position in which said second portions are parallel to, or at an acute angle to, the ground surface; pivoting the rake back to the position in which the second portions of the tines are substantially vertical; withdrawing at the rake from the ground.
Patent NZ-529850-A (NZ)
Title: Operation of aluminium electrowinning cells having metal-based anodes
Inventor: NGUYEN THINH T
IPC: C25C3/12
Filed: 2002-05-28
Abstract: Disclosed is a method of inhibiting fluorination and passivation of a metal-based anode having an alloy outer portion made of iron with nickel and/or cobalt and covered with an integral oxide surface layer facing a cathode in an aluminium fluoride-comprising molten electrolyte. This method comprises maintaining an amount of at least one basic fluoride, such as calcium or lithium fluoride, in the electrolyte to reduce the acidic activity of aluminium fluoride thereby inhibiting fluorination, corrosion of iron and passivation of nickel and/or cobalt of the alloy outer portion.
Patent NZ-536402-A (NZ)
Title: 6,11 bicyclic erythromycin derivatives
Inventor: OR YAT SUN
IPC: C07B53/00
Filed: 2003-05-13
Abstract: 6,11-3-carbon bridged erythromycin derivative compounds of formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof which exhibit antibacterial properties are disclosed, wherein the variables shown in formula (I) are as defined in the specification. A process for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and their use for treating a bacterial infection in a subject are also disclosed.