Patent GB-736204-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in measuring apparatus and method therefor
IPC: G01N11/16
Filed: 1952-05-05
Abstract: 736,204. Electric measurements. ROTH, W., and RICH, S. R. May 5, 1952 [May 22, 1951], No. 11308/52. Class 37. [Also in Group XXXVIII] Relates to methods of determining the physical properties, e.g. viscosity, of fluid-like materials including highly viscous materials such as putty, thermosetting resins and solid particles in a gaseous medium. According to the present invention, mechanical waves are excited in an elongated solid body in contact with the fluid by means of an electro-mechanical transducer such that waves are propagated lengthwise in the body producing shear vibrations at the surface of the body and means are provided for measuring the attenuation, resonance frequency or velocity of propagation of such waves as detected by the same or a separate transducer. It is shown that the attenuation alpha and velocity of propagation are functions of the viscosity n, density d, and in the case of complex fluids the shear elasticity g and hence the invention may be used either to determine one of these quantities if the others are known or to determine a compound function of them. If the body is excited to resonance, the resonance frequency w and the attenuation alpha are different function of n and g and therefore both may be determined. The body may be excited by (a) compressional waves, (b) torsional waves, or (c) shear waves, and for low viscosity liquids the shape of the body should be chosen to minimize the production of compressional waves in the liquid, suitable shapes for the types of excitation referred to above being (a) thin strip, (b) cylindrical rod or tube, and (c) thin strip, Figs. 6-8 (not shown) ; for highly viscous fluids, the cross-section of the body is not important. The body may be partially immersed in static or moving fluid, Figs. 4 and 5 (not shown), or merely coated with a fluid film. In the embodiments described, the body is magnetostrictive, but it may comprise a chemically inert material, e.g. glass, in which the mechanical waves are excited by a piezo-electric or magnetostrictive transducer mounted on the end thereof. Suitable magnetostrictive transducers are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 12 (not shown). In the preferred embodiments of the invention, the body is excited to resonance by D.C. or 25 kc/s. wave pulses and the rate of decay of the resultant damped wave trains is determined (a) by displaying the received pulses on a cathode-ray oscilloscope, the display also indicating the resonance frequency, (b) by measuring the average intensity of the received pulses, Fig. 10, or (c) by automatically adjusting the pulse recurrence frequency to give a constant average pulse intensity, Fig. 11 ; in a modification, a long non-resonant body is employed, each transmitted pulse producing a train of pulses by multiple reflection at the ends and the decay rate of the envelope of the pulse train is measured. In another embodiment, Fig. 13 (not shown), pulsed or C.W. travelling waves are induced in the body by a transmitting transducer and the intensity of waves received by a separate transducer spaced along the body is determined absolutely or compared with (a) the amplitude of the transmitted waves, or (b) a selected standard ; in this case reflections at the end of the body are prevented by a suitable end termination or by making the strip sufficiently long. Alternatively, a cathode-ray oscilloscope may be usedto determine the velocity of propagation. Pulsed resonance systems. In Fig. 10 periodic damped compressional wave trains are produced in the magnetostrictive body by applying through the transmitting coil 13, current pulses produced by discharging condenser 41 by a gridcontrolled gas-discharge tube 43. The wave trains picked up by the receiving coil 14 are applied through a pentode amplifier 49 to a beam power tetrode 62 having a shunt non- linear anode load 73, e.g. a tungsten filament lamp, the constant D.C. cathode potential of V62 being applied across R73 and 75 via a choke 74. The resistance of the lamp is an inverse function of the damping and hence of the viscosity and is determined by measuring the D.C. voltage across resistance 75 by means of a potentiometer 78, 79 and meter 77. In order to minimize the effect of the transmitted pulse on the receiver circuits, the amplifiers 49, 62 may be gated or designed to limit the initially induced pulse. In Fig. 11, the transmitting coil 13 is connected in series with a thyratron 87 across a condenser 82 connected in series with a pentode 84 between H.T. and earth, the grid of the thyratron being maintained at a fixed potential by a divider 89, 91 so that the recurrence frequency of the current pulses in coil 13 is determined by the grid potential of pentode 84. The received oscillations from coil 14 are amplified by V49 and V62'and rectified by detector 93 whose output circuit has a time constant such that the negative D.C. output is proportional to the average amplitude of the envelope of the pulse train and this is applied to amplifier 102 whose cathode load is coupled to the grid of pentode 84 thereby controlling the recurrence frequency to maintain the detector output constant. The Specification shows that the resultant pulse recurrence frequency is proportional to the damping factor alpha and since the average charging current of capacitor 82 is proportional to the pulse recurrence frequency, the damping factor is determined by measuring the voltage across a resistor 83 in series with capacitor 82.