Patent GB-1217241-A (GB)
Title: Improvements in or relating to ultrasonic testing systems
IPC: H04R1/00
Filed: 1968-01-03
Abstract: 1,217,241. Diffraction gratings. MAGNAFLUX CORP. Jan.3, 1968 [March 2, 1967], No.516/68. Heading G2J. [Also in Divisions G4, H4] In an arrangement for the ultrasonic inspection of a region by the reflection method a transducer assembly is scanned relative to the region and received echo signals from reflection points within the region are stored and subsequently composited to give signals indicating the positions of the points within the region. The storage and compositing system may be optical or electrical. Optical storage and compositing:- In the embodiment of Fig. 1 (not shown), a region (11) (e.g. of the human body) is examined by a linearly scanned transducer (12) in an enclosed volume (14) of liquid conplant. 4Ás long wave trains at 4000 per second are applied to transducer (12) from a gated 5MH 2  oscillator (19) and echo signals are fed to a synchronous demodulator (26) which provides an output of amplitude dependent on the phase of the echo signals relative to the oscillator (i.e. the transmitted) signal. This output intensity modulates the linear trace of a cathode ray tube (CRT) (28) whose timebase is synchronized with the transmission pulse rate. The trace is photographed on to a film moved in synchronism with the transducer scanning. Due to the change in distance between transducer (12) and a reflection point with scanning, each point will give a recorded phase pattern on the film, 17, such as shown in Fig.3. The developed film 17 is illuminated by collimated light from laser 42, Fig. 2, and behaves as a diffraction grating, diffracted light being focused on to film 52 by conical lens 45, cylindrical lens 46 and spherical lens 47, whereby each phase pattern is recorded as a point on film 52. The films 17 and 52 are traversed in synchronism past the optical system so that the final record on film 52 is a vertical cross-sectional view (B-scan) of the region (11). Conical lens 45 compensates for increasing width of the phase pattern with increasing depth of the reflection point in region (11). In a modification, Fig. 11 (not shown) which provides a final record in the form of a horizontal cross-section taken through region 11 at a fixed depth (C-scan), the transducer is scanned in two orthogonal directions, echo signals gated for that depth are fed to the synchronous demodulator, and the CRT timebase is synchronized with the scanning in one of the directions. The resulting phase patterns are the same width for all reflection points, so conical lens 45 is replaced by a cylindrical lens. Instead of scanning one transducer linearly, a linear array of e.g. ten transducers may be operated in turn, Figs. 9 and 10 (not shown), the array being periodically indexed by one tenth of the inter-transducer spacing. Electrical storage and compositing:- In the embodiment of Fig. 16 (not shown) the region (11) is scanned by one or more transducers (191-194) mounted on a rotating disc and selectively coupled via a commutator (203) and switches (202) to wave train transmitting and receiving circuitry. Echo signals and the output of an oscillator (234) are brought from 5MH 2  to 1MH 2  by frequency-changing stages (241, 242, 243, 245, 246) before application to a synchronous demodulator (244) whose output intensity modulates the writing beam of a storage CRT (250). The writing beam vertical sweep is synchronized with the ultrasonic pulse transmissions and its horizontal sweep is synchronized with the transducer scanning whereby echo signals give rise to charge patterns such as 263, 264, Fig. 18, on the storage plate of CRT (250). The Fig.17 arrangement determines whether the charged distribution in a pattern on the storage plate corresponds to the charge distribution in a pattern of a reflection point. To this end, the reading beam of CRT (250) is made to execute a scan 265, Fig. 18, whose shape and velocity are such as to give a fixed frequency readout signal if the said charge distributions correspond. The arcuate scan component is obtained by superimposing a triangular waveform from generator 282 on the vertical sweep, and a reduction of horizontal sweep velocity with increasing sweep amplitude is obtained by superimposing a "square root of the amplitude" signal from generator 278 on the horizontal sweep signal. In addition the horizontal sweep amplitude is made to increase as the square root of the echo time (reflection point range). Readout signals at the fixed frequency which are detected by band-pass filter 285 and detector 286 intensity modulate a display CRT 255 (B-scan display) and are recorded by video recorder 256. In an alternative pattern recognition arrangement Fig. 24 (not shown) for use where the sweep speeds of CRT (250) are sufficiently high for the stored charge patterns to be almost linear instead of arcuate, the triangular waveform generator 282 is omitted and readout signals are applied through a band-pass filter (405) to a threshold circuit (406) arranged to provide two time-separated pulses (413) Fig.25 (not shown) when the reading beam sweeps through a charge pattern. If the interval between the two pulses (which depends on the linear distribution of the charge) is equal to the delay of a delay circuit (408), an AND gate (407) provides an output signal which intensity-modulates a display CRT (400). Alternatively the readout signals are applied to a tapped delay line timecompressor (422) which provides an output pulse on a summation line (424, 425 or 426) if the amplitude-time relation of the readout signal (and hence the stored charge distribution) corresponds to a respective one of three relationships. This output pulse intensity-modulates CRT (400). Circuit details:- The "square root" generator 278 of Fig. 17 comprises, Fig.20 diodes 303, 304 biased to limit the voltage at point 302 to 0À3 of the peak value of an applied sine wave. The clipped signal and the applied signal are summed on resistor 318 to approximate an oscillatory signal whose rate of change of amplitude decreases according to a square root function as the amplitude increases in a positive or negative direction. A circuit for increasing CRT 250 sweep amplitude with time comprises, Fig.22 capacitors 333, 334 which commence charging through resistors 335, 336 when transistors 327, 330 are switched off. The capacitor voltages are combined by network 339, 340, 342 selected to provide a voltage which varies approximately as the square root of time for application to modulator 277, Fig. 17. Since the output of the Fig. 20 circuit is a poor approximation to the desired waveform at its peaks and zero-crossings, the reading beam of CRT 250 is blanked at these times. The blanking waveform is developed by the circuit of Fig.23, in which positive and negative peaks of an input sine wave cause conduction of biased diodes 347, 348, and in which conduction of biased diodes 373, 374 is caused at the zero-crossing instants by applying the sine wave to diodes 373, 374 via a 90 degrees phase-shift device 369. Conduction of any of diodes 373, 374, 347, 348 gives a blanking pulse output at 365.