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8736 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2024 | February 24 |
Events
Up to 1900
303 - Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Roman Empire.
1303 – An English Army is defeated by a Scottish Army in the Battle of Roslin.
1377 – Charles III of Naples and Hungary is assassinated in Buda.
1525 - The Spanish Imperial Army defeats the French Army at the Battle of Pavia.
1582 – Pope Gregory XIII announces the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1607 – The L'Orfeo opera by Claudio Monteverdi premieres.
1711 - London premiere (first performance) of Rinaldo by George Friedric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
1803 - The United States Supreme Court creates the principle of Judicial review.
1809 - London's Dury Lane Theatre burns to the ground.
1826 - The signing of the Treaty of Yandaboo marks the end of the First Burmese War.
1831 - Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: The first removal treaty in line with the Indian Removal Act in the United States is announced. The Choctaws of Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange and payment for land in the west.
1848 – Louis Philippe I gives up the French throne. He is France's last king.
1857 - New Orleans holds its first Mardi Gras parade in present form.
1863 – Arizona becomes a US territory.
1868 – Andrew Johnson becomes the first US President to be impeached, by the House of Representatives.
1875 – The ship SS Gothenburg hits the Great Barrier Reef, and sinks, killing around 100 people.
1895 - The Second Cuban War of Independence begins.
1901 2000
1918 – Estonia declares its independence.
1920 – The Nazi Party is founded.
1942 - The steamer Struma, with 764 Jewish refugees on board is sunk in the Bosporus by a Soviet U-boat, having sailed under the Flag of Panama.
1945 – Egyptian Premier Ahmed Maher Pasha is killed in parliament.
1966 – While abroad, Ghana's President Kwame Nkrumah is diposed from power in a military coup, and replaced by Joseph Arthur Ankrah.
1968 - Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam re-captures Hue.
1969 - NASA launches the space probe Mariner 6 towards Mars.
1976 - A national constitution for Cuba is proclaimed.
1980 – The Shekel becomes the currency of Israel.
1980 – The US men's ice hockey team wins the gold medal over Finland at the Winter Olympics.
1981 – A magnitude 6.7 earthquake hits Athens.
1981 – Charles, Prince of Wales and the future Diana, Princess of Wales announce their engagement.
1983 - A special commission of the United States Congress releases a report that condemns the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
1984 - Tyrone Mitchell carries out the 49th Street Elementary School shooting in Los Angeles, California, killing 2 children and injuring 12.
1987 - In the Great Magellanic Cloud, the Supernova 1987A is discovered.
1989 - Ayatollah Khomeini offers 3 million $ to anyone who kills the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel The Satanic Verses.
1989 - United Airlines Flight 811, travelling from Honolulu, Hawaii to New Zealand, rips open during mid-flight, blowing 9 passengers out of the business class section, all of died as result.
1991 – In Operation Desert Storm the ground war begins.
1993 - Yukihiro Matsumoto invents the "Ruby" programming language.
1996 - Last occurrence of February 24 as leap year day in the European Union and the Roman Catholic Church.
1997 - A magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits Turkmenistan and northern Iran, killing 100 people.
From 2001
2002 - The 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City come to an end. Norway wins the most gold medals, with Germany winning the most medals overall.
2003 – A magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Xinjiang Province in China kills 261 people.
2004 – An earthquake in Morocco kills 571 people.
2006 – After an attempted coup in the Philippines, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declares a state of emergency.
2007 – Japan launches its fourth spy satellite to monitor potential threats, such as North Korea.
2008 – Raul Castro becomes President of Cuba, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro.
2011 – The Space Shuttle Discovery launches for the last time.
2016 - Tara Air Flight 193 crashes in the Myagdi District in Nepal, killing 23 people.
2022 - Russia starts invading Ukraine.
Births
Up to 1900
1103 – Emperor Toba of Japan (d. 1156)
1304 – Ibn Battuta, traveller from present-day Morocco (date of death unknown)
1463 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
1500 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558)
1536 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)
1547 - Don John of Austria, Spanish general (d. 1578)
1557 – Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1619)
1595 - Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish writer and Latin poet (d. 1640)
1597 – Vincent Voiture, French poet (d. 1648)
1619 - Charles Le Brun, French painter (d. 1690)
1622 - Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665)
1709 - Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
1721 - John McKinly, American physician and politician, President of Delaware (d. 1796)
1723 – John Burgoyne, British general and writer (d. 1792)
1743 - Joseph Banks, British botanist (d. 1820)
1767 - Buddha Loeta Nabhalai, King of Siam (d. 1824)
1774 - Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge (d. 1850)
1786 – Wilhelm Grimm, German storyteller (d. 1859)
1791 - Sveinbjörn Egilsson, Icelandic theologian, teacher, translator and poet (d. 1852)
1805 – Julius Vogel, 8th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1899)
1811 - Edward Dickinson Baker, British-born American general and politician (d. 1861)
1811 - Friedrich Daniel Bassermann, German entrepreneur and liberal politician (d. 1855)
1827 - Lydia Becker, British activist (d. 1890)
1831 – Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)
1836 – Winslow Homer, American artist (d. 1910)
1837 - Rosalia de Castro, Galician writer and poet (d. 1885)
1842 - Arrigo Boito, Italian composer (d. 1918)
1843 – Teofilo Braga, Portuguese writer and statesman (d. 1924)
1846 - Luigi Denza, Italian composer (d. 1922)
1848 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
1852 - George Moore, Irish writer (d. 1933)
1864 - Jose Pardo y Barreda, two-time President of Peru (d. 1947)
1866 – Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev, Russian physicist (d. 1912)
1868 - Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild, French financier and polo player (d. 1949)
1874 - Honus Wagner, American baseball player and manager (d. 1955)
1877 - Rudolph Ganz, Swiss pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1972)
1880 – Einar Arnorsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1955)
1885 – Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer, painter and philosopher (d. 1939)
1885 – Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966)
1893 - Ralph E. Gates, Governor of Indiana (d. 1978)
1895 - Vsevolod Ivanov, Russian writer (d. 1963)
1896 - Richard Thorpe, American movie director (d. 1991)
1897 - Yang Xiufeng, Chinese politician (d. 1983)
1898 - Kurt Tank, German engineer and pilot (d. 1983)
1899 – Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gromov, Soviet-Russian pilot (d. 1985)
1901 1950
1903 - Vladimir Bartol, Slovene author (d. 1967)
1909 – Max Black, American philosopher (d. 1988)
1912 – Jiri Trnka, Czech puppet maker and illustrator (d. 1969)
1914 - Weldon Kees, American poet, musician and painter (d. 1955)
1914 - Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)
1914 - Ralph Erskine, British architect (d. 2005)
1921 - Ingvar Lidholm, Swedish composer (d. 2017)
1921 - Abe Vigoda, American actor (d. 2016)
1921 - Douglass Watson, American actor (d. 1989)
1922 – Richard Hamilton, British painter and collage artist (d. 2011)
1922 – Steven Hill, American actor (d. 2016)
1924 - Erik Nielsen, Canadian politician (d. 2008)
1925 - Etel Adnan, Lebanese-American writer and artist
1926 - Erich Loest, German writer (d. 2013)
1927 - Emmanuelle Riva, French actress (d. 2017)
1927 - Trevor Colbourn, Australian-American professor (d. 2015)
1930 - Barbara Lawrence, American actress (d. 2013)
1931 – Dominic Chianese, American actor
1932 - Michel Legrand, French composer
1932 - Zell Miller, former Governor of Georgia
1932 - John Vernon, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
1933 - Ali Mazrui, Kenyan-American academic and writer (d. 2014)
1934 - Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
1934 – Bettino Craxi, Italian politician (d. 2000)
1934 – Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (d. 2012)
1934 - George Ryan, former Governor of Illinois
1935 - Ryhor Baradulin, Belarussian painter (d. 2014)
1938 – James Farentino, American actor (d. 2012)
1938 - Phil Knight, American businessman, co-founder of Nike, Inc.
1940 – Denis Law, Scottish footballer
1940 - Jimmy Ellis, American boxer (d. 2014)
1940 - James Sloyan, American actor
1942 – Paul Jones, English singer
1942 – Joe Lieberman, American politician
1942 - Colin Bond, Australian racing driver
1942 - Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian philosopher and theorist
1943 - Terry Semel, former CEO of Yahoo
1943 - Catherine Cesarky, French astronomer
1944 - David J. Wineland, American physicist
1944 - Ivica Racan, 7th Prime Minister of Croatia (d. 2007)
1946 - Don Spiegelman, former Governor of Alabama
1946 - Ratomir Dujkovic, Serbian football manager
1947 - Mike Fratello, American basketball player
1947 - Edward James Olmos, American actor and director
1948 – Walter Smith, Scottish football manager
1948 – Dennis Waterman, English actor
1948 - François Lacombe, Canadian ice hockey player
1948 - Jayalalithaa, Indian actress and politician, 16th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (d. 2016)
1950 - George Thorogood, American singer and guitarist
1951 1975
1951 - Debra Jo Rupp, American actress
1951 - Helen Shaver, Canadian actress
1951 - Laimdota Straujuma, former Prime Minister of Latvia
1951 - David Ford, Northern Irish politician and former leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
1952 - Bruno Zuppiger, Swiss politician (d. 2016)
1954 - Plastic Bertrand, Belgian singer and musician
1954 - Sid Meier, Canadian-American computer programmer
1955 – Steve Jobs, American computer pioneer, CEO of Apple Inc. (d. 2011)
1955 – Alain Prost, French race car driver
1956 – Judith Butler, American philosopher
1956 - Paula Zahn, American journalist
1958 - Sammy Kershaw, American musician
1958 - Mark Moses, American actor
1959 - Beth Broderick, American actress
1961 - Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway
1963 - Mike Vernon, Canadian ice hockey player
1963 - Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro
1965 – Hansi Flick, German football coach
1965 - Kristin Davis, American actress
1965 - Jane Swift, former Governor of Massachusetts
1966 – Billy Zane, American actor
1966 – Ben Miller, British comedian, actor and director
1967 – Brian Schmidt, American-Australian astrophysicist, 2011 Nobel Prize winner
1967 - Fernando Tejero, Spanish actor
1968 – Mitch Hedberg, American comedian (d. 2005)
1971 – Pedro de la Rosa, Spanish racing driver
1971 - Josh Bernstein, American explorer and TV host
1971 - Brian Savage, Canadian ice hockey player
1971 - Leda Battisti, Italian singer
1972 - Manon Rhéaume, Canadian ice hockey player
1973 – Chris Fehn, American musician (Slipknot)
1973 - Yordan Yovchev, Bulgarian gymnast
1973 - Alexei Kovalev, Russian ice hockey player
1974 – Karim Bagheri, Iranian footballer
1974 - Chad Hugo, American musician
1974 - Bonnie Somerville, American actress
1975 - Ashley MacIsaac, Canadian singer-songwriter and fiddler
From 1976
1976 – Eric Griffin, American rock guitarist
1976 – Zach Johnson, American golfer
1977 – Bronson Arroyo, American baseball player
1977 – Floyd Mayweather, Jr., American boxer
1979 – Claire Cooper, English actress
1981 – Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
1981 – Mauro Rosales, Argentine footballer
1982 – Fala Chen, Chinese actress and model
1983 – Matt McGinley, American musician
1984 – Marina Timofeieva, Estonian ice dancer
1985 – William Kvist, Danish footballer
1986 – Wojtek Wolski, Polish-Canadian ice hockey player
1987 – Chieko Kawabe, Japanese singer, model and actress
1989 – Trace Cyrus, American musician
1989 – Daniel Kaluuya, British actor and writer
1989 – Kostas Koufas, Greek-American basketball player
1991 – Madison Hubbell, American ice dancer
1994 – Earl Sweatshirt, American rapper
2001 – Ramona Marquez, English actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
616 - King Ethelbert of Kent
1386 – Charles III of Naples and Hungary
1563 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
1588 - Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist
1666 - Nicholas Lanier, English composer (b. 1588)
1721 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (b. 1648)
1777 – Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714)
1785 - Carlo Buonaparte, Corsican lawyer and politician (b. 1746)
1799 - Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (b. 1742)
1810 – Henry Cavendish, English physicist (b. 1731)
1812 - Etienne-Louis Malus, French physicist and mathematician (b. 1725)
1815 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)
1856 – Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (b. 1792)
1876 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts, first President of Liberia (b. 1809)
1879 - Shiranui Koemon, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1825)
1901 2000
1914 - Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil War figure (b. 1828)
1925 – Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1860)
1929 - André Messager, French composer and conductor (b. 1853)
1945 – Ahmed Maher Pasha, Egyptian Premier
1953 - Gerd von Rundstedt, German field marshal (b. 1875)
1970 - Conrad Nagel, American actor (b. 1897)
1973 - Eugen Rosenstock-Hussey, German-American sociologist and historian (b. 1888)
1975 – Nikolai Bulganin, Soviet premier (b. 1895)
1982 - Virginia Bruce, American actress and singer (b. 1910)
1986 – Tommy Douglas, Scottish-Canadian politician (b. 1904)
1988 – Memphis Slim, American blues singer and musician (b. 1915)
1990 – Sandro Pertini, President of Italy (b. 1896)
1991 - George Gobel, American comedian and actor (b. 1919)
1991 - John Charles Daly, American news broadcaster and game show host (b. 1914)
1993 – Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941)
1994 – Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
1994 - Jean Sablon, French singer and actor (b. 1906)
1998 – Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist (b. 1921)
1998 - Clara Fraser, American activist (b. 1923)
From 2001
2001 – Claude Shannon, American mathematician and electro technician (b. 1916)
2002 - Leo Ornstein, Ukrainian-American pianist and composer (b. 1912)
2003 – Bernard Loiseau, French chef (b. 1951)
2003 - Christopher Hill, British historian (b. 1912)
2006 – Don Knotts, American actor (b. 1924)
2006 - Dennis Weaver, American actor (b. 1924)
2007 - Leroy Jenkins, American composer and violinist (b. 1932)
2008 - Larry Norman, American musician, singer, songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
2011 - Anant Pai, Indian educator and comics creator (b. 1929)
2012 - Jan Berenstain, American writer (b. 1923)
2014 - Harold Ramis, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1944)
2014 - Franny Beecher, American musician (Bill Haley & His Comets) (b. 1921)
2014 - Alexis Hunter, New Zealand-English painter and photographer (b. 1948)
2014 - Prokash Karmakar, Indian painter (b. 1932)
2015 - Rakhat Aliyev, Kazakhstani politician and diplomat (b. 1962)
2015 - Irving Kahn, American financier (b. 1905)
2015 - Donald Keough, American businessman (b. 1926)
2015 - Maurice Hurley, American television writer and producer (b. 1939)
2015 - Bertrice Small, American author (b. 1937)
2016 - Ryszard Bender, Polish politician (b. 1932)
2016 - Peter Kenilorea, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (b. 1943)
2016 - Peter van der Merwe, Dutch footballer (b. 1942)
2016 - Rafael Iriondo, Spanish footballer (b. 1918)
2016 - Adriana Benetti, Italian actress (b. 1919)
2017 - Gustaw Lutkiewicz, Polish actor (b. 1924)
2017 - Daryl, American magician (b. 1955)
2018 - Shmuel Auerbach, Israeli rabbi (b. 1931)
2018 - Bud Luckey, American actor and animator (b. 1934)
2018 - Folco Quilici, Italian film director and screenwriter (b. 1930)
2018 - Sridevi, Indian actress (b. 1963)
2019 - Donald Keene, American and Japanese scholar, writer, translator and Japanese studies expert (b. 1922)
Observances
Independence Day (Estonia)
Flag Day (Mexico)
Engineer's Day (Iran)
National Artist Day (Thailand)
Days of the year |
8737 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962 | 1962 | 1962 (MCMLXII) was .
Events
March 16 – Walter Cronkite becomes lead anchor on the CBS Evening News.
August 6 – Jamaica becomes separate from the United Kingdom.
August 16 – The Beatles fire drummer Pete Best and replace him with Ringo Starr
Johnny Carson becomes host of The Tonight Show.
Punchy, the Hawaiian Punch mascot makes his debut.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Births
January 7 – Abigail Johnson, American businesswoman
January 17 – Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
February 6 – Axl Rose, American singer (Guns N' Roses)
February 7 – Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
February 10 – Cliff Burton, American bassist and songwriter (d. 1986)
February 11 – Sheryl Crow, American singer
February 22 – Steve Irwin, Australian animal expert and television personality (The Crocodile Hunter) (d. 2006)
February 27 – Adam Baldwin, American actor
March 2 – Jon Bon Jovi, American singer, songwriter, and actor
March 4 – Lolo Ferrari, French actress (d. 2000)
March 7 – Taylor Dayne, American singer
March 21 – Rosie O'Donnell, American comedian, actress and talk show host
March 25 – Marcia Cross, American actress
April 23 – Hillel Slovak, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (d. 1988)
May 17 – Alan Johnston, British journalist
May 18 – Nanne Grönvall, Swedish singer
June 3 – Susannah Constantine, English television presenter
June 10 – Maxi Priest, English singer
June 11 – Jack Irons, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
June 19 – Paula Abdul, dancer and singer; American Idol judge
July 3 – Tom Cruise, American actor
July 31 – Wesley Snipes, American actor
August 20 – James Marsters, American actor
August 30 – Alexander Litvinenko, British citizen and ex-KGB (d. 2006)
September 17 – Baz Luhrmann, Australian movie director
October 2 – Jeff Bennett, American actor
October 16, Flea, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
October 17- Mike Judge, American animator and producer
October 19 – Evander Holyfield, American boxer
November 1 – Anthony Kiedis, American singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
November 11 – Demi Moore, American actress
November 19 – Jodie Foster, American actress and director
December 9 – Felicity Huffman, American actress
December 22
Andres Cantor, Argentine/American sportscaster
Ralph Fiennes, English actor
Deaths
April 10 – Stuart Sutcliffe, English musician (The Beatles) (b. 1940)
July 11 – Polly Adler, Russian writer (b. 1900)
August 5 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress (b. 1926)
August 9 – Hermann Hesse, German writer (b. 1877)
November 7- Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1884)
November 18 – Niels Bohr, Danish physicist (b. 1885)
Movies released
Girls! Girls! Girls!
In Search of the Castaways
To Kill a Mockingbird
The Manchurian Candidate
The Longest Day
That Touch of Mink
Lolita (1962 movie)
Lawrence of Arabia
Hit songs
"Peppermint Twist" – Joey Dee & the Starlighters
"The Twist" – Chubby Checker
"Soldier Boy" – The Shirelles
"V-A-C-A-T-I-O-N" – Connie Francis
"Hey Baby" – Bruce Channel
"The Loco-Motion" – Little Eva
"Sherry" – Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons
"Only Love Can Break a Heart" – Gene Pitney
"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" – Gene Pitney
"Break It To Me Gently" – Brenda Lee
"All Alone Am I" – Brenda Lee
"He's A Rebel" – The Crystals
"Breaking Up Is Hard To Do" – Neil Sedaka
"Any Day Now" – Chuck Jackson
"Leah" – Roy Orbison
"Dream Baby" – Roy Orbison
"Fortune Teller" – Bobby Curtola
"Duke Of Earl" – Gene Chandler
"Telstar" – The Tornadoes
"Johnny Angel" – Shelley Fabares
"Go Away Little Girl" – Steve Lawrence
"Don't Make Me Over" – Dionne Warwick
"Big Girls Don't Cry" – Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons
"Love Me Do" – The Beatles
"Adios Amigo" – Jim Reeves
"I'm Gonna Change Everything" – Jim Reeves
"Wolverton Mountain" – Claude King
"The Burning Of Atlanta" – Claude King
"I Can't Stop Loving You" – Ray Charles
"Let's Twist Again" – Chubby Checker
"You Can't Judge A Book By The Cover" – Bo Diddley
New books
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey |
8740 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution | Evolution | Evolution is a biological process. It is how living things change over time and how new species develop. The theory of evolution explains how evolution works, and how living and extinct things have come to be the way they are. The theory of evolution is a very important idea in biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky, a well-known evolutionary biologist, has said: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution".
Evolution has been happening since life started on Earth and is happening now. Evolution is caused mostly by natural selection. Living things are not identical to each other. Even living things of the same species look, move, and behave differently to some extent. Some differences make it easier for living things to survive and reproduce. Differences may make it easier to find food, hide from danger, or give birth to offspring which survive. The offspring have some of the things which made it easier for their parents to have them. Over time, these differences continue, and living things change enough to become new species.
It is known that living things have changed over time, because their remains can be seen in the rocks. These remains are called 'fossils'. This proves that the animals and plants of today are different from those of long ago. The older the fossils, the bigger the differences from modern forms. This has happened because evolution has taken place. That evolution has taken place is a fact, because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence. At the same time, evolutionary questions are still being actively researched by biologists.
Comparison of DNA sequences allows organisms to be grouped by how similar their sequences are. In 2010 an analysis compared sequences to phylogenetic trees, and supported the idea of common descent. There is now "strong quantitative support, by a formal test", for the unity of life.
Evidence
The evidence for evolution is given in a number of books. Some of this evidence is discussed here.
Fossils show that change has occurred
The realization that some rocks contain fossils was a very important event in natural history. There are three parts to this story:
1. Realizing that things in rocks which looked organic actually were the altered remains of living things. This was settled in the 16th and 17th centuries by Conrad Gessner, Nicolaus Steno, Robert Hooke and others.
2. Realizing that many fossils represented species which do not exist today. It was Georges Cuvier, the comparative anatomist, who proved that extinction occurred, and that different strata contained different fossils.p108
3. Realizing that early fossils were simpler organisms than later fossils. Also, the later the rocks, the more like the present day are the fossils.
"The most convincing evidence for the occurrence of evolution is the discovery of extinct organisms in older geological strata... The older the strata are...the more different the fossil will be from living representatives... that is to be expected if the fauna and flora of the earlier strata had gradually evolved into their descendants. Ernst Mayr p13
Geographical distribution
This is a topic which fascinated both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. When new species occur, usually by the splitting of older species, this takes place in one place in the world. Once it is established, a new species may spread to some places and not others.
Australasia
Australasia has been separated from other continents for many millions of years. In the main part of the continent, Australia, 83% of mammals, 89% of reptiles, 90% of fish and insects and 93% of amphibians are endemic. Its native mammals are mostly marsupials like kangaroos, bandicoots, and quolls. By contrast, marsupials are today totally absent from Africa and form a small portion of the mammalian fauna of South America, where opossums, shrew opossums, and the monito del monte occur (see the Great American Interchange).
The only living representatives of primitive egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the echidnas and the platypus. They are only found in Australasia, which includes Tasmania, New Guinea, and Kangaroo Island. These monotremes are totally absent in the rest of the world. On the other hand, Australia is missing many groups of placental mammals that are common on other continents (carnivora, artiodactyls, shrews, squirrels, lagomorphs), although it does have indigenous bats and rodents, which arrived later.
The evolutionary story is that placental mammals evolved in Eurasia, and wiped out the marsupials and monotremes wherever they spread. They did not reach Australasia until more recently. That is the simple reason why Australia has most of the world's marsupials and all the world's monotremes.
Evolution of horses
The evolution of the horse family (Equidae) is a good example of the way that evolution works. The oldest fossil of a horse is about 52 million years old. It was a small animal with five toes on the front feet and four on the hind feet. At that time, there were more forests in the world than today. This horse lived in woodland, eating leaves, nuts and fruit with its simple teeth. It was only about as big as a fox.
About 30 million years ago the world started to become cooler and drier. Forests shrank; grassland expanded, and horses changed. They ate grass, they grew larger, and they ran faster because they had to escape faster predators. Because grass wears teeth out, horses with longer-lasting teeth had an advantage.
For most of this long period of time, there were a number of horse types (genera). Now, however, only one genus exists: the modern horse, Equus. It has teeth which grow all its life, hooves on single toes, great long legs for running, and the animal is big and strong enough to survive in the open plain. Horses lived in western Canada until 12,000 years ago, but all horses in North America became extinct about 11,000 years ago. The causes of this extinction are not yet clear. Climate change and over-hunting by humans are suggested.
So, scientists can see that changes have happened. They have happened slowly over a long time. How these changes have come about is explained by the theory of evolution.
Hawaiian Drosophila (fruit flies)
In about , the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of Drosophila flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows. About 800 Hawaiian fruit fly species are known.
Genetic evidence shows that all the native fruit fly species in Hawaii have descended from a single ancestral species that came to the islands, about 20 million years ago. Later adaptive radiation was caused by a lack of competition and a wide variety of vacant niches. Although it would be possible for a single pregnant female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.
Distribution of Glossopteris
The combination of continental drift and evolution can explain what is found in the fossil record. Glossopteris is an extinct species of seed fern plants from the Permian period on the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana.
Glossopteris fossils are found in Permian strata in southeast South America, southeast Africa, all of Madagascar, northern India, all of Australia, all of New Zealand, and scattered on the southern and northern edges of Antarctica.
During the Permian, these continents were connected as Gondwana. This is known from magnetic striping in the rocks, other fossil distributions, and glacial scratches pointing away from the temperate climate of the South Pole during the Permian.p103
Common descent
When biologists look at living things, they see that animals and plants belong to groups which have something in common. Charles Darwin explained that this followed naturally if "we admit the common parentage of allied forms, together with their modification through variation and natural selection".p402p456
For example, all insects are related. They share a basic body plan, whose development is controlled by master regulatory genes. They have six legs; they have hard parts on the outside of the body (an exoskeleton); they have eyes formed of many separate chambers, and so on. Biologists explain this with evolution. All insects are the descendants of a group of animals who lived a long time ago. They still keep the basic plan (six legs and so on) but the details change. They look different now because they changed in different ways: this is evolution.
It was Darwin who first suggested that all life on Earth had a single origin, and from that beginning "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved".p490 Evidence from molecular biology in recent years has supported the idea that all life is related by common descent.
Vestigial structures
Strong evidence for common descent comes from vestigial structures.p397 The useless wings of flightless beetles are sealed under fused wing covers. This can be simply explained by their descent from ancestral beetles which had wings that worked.p49
Rudimentary body parts, those that are smaller and simpler in structure than corresponding parts in ancestral species, are called vestigial organs. Those organs are functional in the ancestral species but are now either nonfunctional or re-adapted to a new function. Examples are the pelvic girdles of whales, halteres (hind wings) of flies, wings of flightless birds, and the leaves of some xerophytes (e.g. cactus) and parasitic plants (e.g. dodder).
However, vestigial structures may have their original function replaced with another. For example, the halteres in flies help balance the insect while in flight, and the wings of ostriches are used in mating rituals, and in aggressive display. The ear ossicles in mammals are former bones of the lower jaw.
"Rudimentary organs plainly declare their origin and meaning..." (p262). "Rudimentary organs... are the record of a former state of things, and have been retained solely though the powers of inheritance... far from being a difficulty, as they assuredly do on the old doctrine of creation, might even have been anticipated in accordance with the views here explained" (p402). Charles Darwin.
In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. This book contained a list of 86 human organs that he considered vestigial. This list included examples such as the appendix and the 3rd molar teeth (wisdom teeth).
The strong grip of a baby is another example. It is a vestigial reflex, a remnant of the past when pre-human babies clung to their mothers' hair as the mothers swung through the trees. This is borne out by the babies' feet, which curl up when it is sitting down (primate babies grip with the feet as well). All primates except modern man have thick body hair to which an infant can cling, unlike modern humans. The grasp reflex allows the mother to escape danger by climbing a tree using both hands and feet.
Vestigial organs often have some selection against them. The original organs took resources, sometimes huge resources. If they no longer have a function, reducing their size improves fitness. And there is direct evidence of selection. Some cave crustacea reproduce more successfully with smaller eyes than do those with larger eyes. This may be because the nervous tissue dealing with sight now becomes available to handle other sensory input.p310
Embryology
From the eighteenth century it was known that embryos of different species were much more similar than the adults. In particular, some parts of embryos reflect their evolutionary past. For example, the embryos of land vertebrates develop gill slits like fish embryos. Of course, this is only a temporary stage, which gives rise to many structures in the neck of reptiles, birds and mammals. The proto-gill slits are part of a complicated system of development: that is why they persisted.
Another example are the embryonic teeth of baleen whales. They are later lost. The baleen filter is developed from different tissue, called keratin. Early fossil baleen whales did actually have teeth as well as the baleen.
A good example is the barnacle. It took many centuries before natural historians discovered that barnacles were crustacea. Their adults look so unlike other crustacea, but their larvae are very similar to those of other crustacea.
Artificial selection
Charles Darwin lived in a world where animal husbandry and domesticated crops were vitally important. In both cases farmers selected for breeding individuals with special properties, and prevented the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics. The eighteenth and early nineteenth century saw a growth in scientific agriculture, and artificial breeding was part of this.
Darwin discussed artificial selection as a model for natural selection in the 1859 first edition of his work On the Origin of Species, in Chapter IV: Natural selection:
"Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change... which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection".p109
Nikolai Vavilov showed that rye, originally a weed, came to be a crop plant by unintentional selection. Rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. Having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.
There is no real difference in the genetic processes underlying artificial and natural selection, and the concept of artificial selection was used by Charles Darwin as an illustration of the wider process of natural selection. There are practical differences. Experimental studies of artificial selection show that "the rate of evolution in selection experiments is at least two orders of magnitude (that is 100 times) greater than any rate seen in nature or the fossil record".p157
Artificial new species
Some have thought that artificial selection could not produce new species. It now seems that it can.
New species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the details are not known or not clear. For example, domestic sheep were created by hybridisation, and no longer produce viable offspring with Ovis orientalis, one species from which they are descended. Domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc., as they readily produce fertile offspring with them.
The best-documented new species came from laboratory experiments in the late 1980s. William Rice and G.W. Salt bred fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry. Each generation was put into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups.
After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.
Diane Dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura fruit flies after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose.
Dodd's experiment has been easy for others to repeat. It has also been done with other fruit flies and foods.
Observable changes
Some biologists say that evolution has happened when a trait that is caused by genetics becomes more or less common in a group of organisms. Others call it evolution when new species appear.
Changes can happen quickly in the smaller, simpler organisms. For example, many bacteria that cause disease can no longer be killed with some of the antibiotic medicines. These medicines have only been in use about eighty years, and at first worked extremely well. The bacteria have evolved so that they are no longer affected by antibiotics anymore. The drugs killed off all the bacteria except a few which had some resistance. These few resistant bacteria produced the next generation.
The Colorado beetle is famous for its ability to resist pesticides. Over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide. This is natural selection speeded up by the artificial conditions. However, not every population is resistant to every chemical. The populations only become resistant to chemicals used in their area.
History
Although there were a number of natural historians in the 18th century who had some idea of evolution, the first well-formed ideas came in the 19th century. Three biologists are most important.
Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829), a French biologist, claimed that animals changed according to natural laws. He said that animals could pass on traits they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, using inheritance. Today, his theory is known as Lamarckism. Its main purpose is to explain adaptations by natural means. He proposed a tendency for organisms to become more complex, moving up a ladder of progress, plus use and disuse.
Lamarck's idea was that a giraffe's neck grew longer because it tried to reach higher up. This idea failed because it conflicts with heredity (Mendel's work). Mendel made his discoveries about half a century after Lamarck's work.
Darwin
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wrote his On the Origin of Species in 1859. In this book, he put forward much evidence that evolution had occurred. He also proposed natural selection as the way evolution had taken place. But Darwin did not understand about genetics and how traits were actually passed on. He could not accurately explain what made children look like their parents.
Nevertheless, Darwin's explanation of evolution was fundamentally correct. In contrast to Lamarck, Darwin's idea was that the giraffe's neck became longer because those with longer necks survived better.p177/9 These survivors passed their genes on, and in time the whole species got longer necks.
Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS (1823–1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, biologist and social activist. He proposed a theory of natural selection at about the same time as Darwin. His idea was published in 1858 together with Charles Darwin's idea.
Mendel
An Austrian monk called Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) bred plants. In the mid-19th century, he discovered how traits were passed on from one generation to the next.
He used peas for his experiments: some peas have white flowers and others have red ones. Some peas have green seeds and others have yellow seeds. Mendel used artificial pollination to breed the peas. His results are discussed further in Mendelian inheritance. Darwin thought that the inheritance from both parents blended together. Mendel proved that the genes from the two parents stay separate, and may be passed on unchanged to later generations.
Mendel published his results in a journal that was not well-known, and his discoveries were overlooked. Around 1900, his work was rediscovered. Genes are bits of information made of DNA which work like a set of instructions. A set of genes are in every living cell. Together, genes organise the way an egg develops into an adult. With mammals, and many other living things, a copy of each gene comes from the father and another copy from the mother. Some living organisms, including some plants, only have one parent, so get all their genes from them. These genes produce the genetic differences which evolution acts on.
Darwin's theory
Darwin's On the Origin of Species has two themes: the evidence for evolution, and his ideas on how evolution took place. This section deals with the second issue.
Variation
The first two chapters of the Origin deal with variation in domesticated plants and animals, and variation in nature.
All living things show variation. Every population which has been studied shows that animal and plants vary as much as humans do.p90 This is a great fact of nature, and without it evolution would not occur. Darwin said that, just as man selects what he wants in his farm animals, so in nature the variations allow natural selection to work.
The features of an individual are influenced by two things, heredity and environment. First, development is controlled by genes inherited from the parents. Second, living brings its own influences. Some things are entirely inherited, others partly, and some not inherited at all.
The colour of eyes is entirely inherited; they are a genetic trait. Height or weight is only partly inherited, and the language is not at all inherited. Just to be clear: the fact that humans can speak is inherited, but what language is spoken depends on where a person lives and what they are taught. Another example: a person inherits a brain of somewhat variable capacity. What happens after birth depends on many things such as home environment, education and other experiences. When a person is adult, their brain is what their inheritance and life experience have made it.
Evolution only concerns the traits which can be inherited, wholly or partly. The hereditary traits are passed on from one generation to the next through the genes. A person's genes contain all the traits which they inherit from their parents. The accidents of life are not passed on. Also, of course, each person lives a somewhat different life: that increases the differences.
Organisms in any population vary in reproductive success.p81 From the point of view of evolution, 'reproductive success' means the total number of offspring which live to breed and leave offspring themselves.
Inherited variation
Variation can only affect future generations if it is inherited. Because of the work of Gregor Mendel, we know that much variation is inherited. Mendel's 'factors' are now called genes. Research has shown that almost every individual in a sexually reproducing species is genetically unique.p204
Genetic variation is increased by gene mutations. DNA does not always reproduce exactly. Rare changes occur, and these changes can be inherited. Many changes in DNA cause faults; some are neutral or even advantageous. This gives rise to genetic variation, which is the seed-corn of evolution. Sexual reproduction, by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis, spreads variation through the population. Other events, like natural selection and drift, reduce variation. So a population in the wild always has variation, but the details are always changing.p90
Natural selection
Evolution mainly works by natural selection. What does this mean? Animals and plants which are best suited to their environment will, on average, survive better. There is a struggle for existence. Those who survive will produce the next generation. Their genes will be passed on, and the genes of those who did not reproduce will not. This is the basic mechanism which changes a population and causes evolution.
Natural selection explains why living organisms change over time to have the anatomy, the functions and behaviour that they have. It works like this:
All living things have such fertility that their population size could increase rapidly for ever.
We see that the size of populations does not increase to this extent. Mostly, numbers remain about the same.
The food and other resources are limited. Therefore, there is competition for food and resources.
No two individuals are alike. Therefore, they will not have the same chances to live and reproduce.
Much of this variation can be inherited. Parents pass such traits to the children through their genes.
The next generation can only come from those that survive and reproduce. After many generations of this, the population will have more helpful genetic differences, and fewer harmful ones. Natural selection is really a process of elimination.p117 The elimination is being caused by the relative fit between individuals and the environment they live in.
Selection in natural populations
There are now many cases where natural selection has been proved to occur in wild populations. Almost every case investigated of camouflage, mimicry and polymorphism has shown strong effects of selection.
The force of selection can be much stronger than was thought by the early population geneticists. The resistance to pesticides has grown quickly. Resistance to warfarin in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) grew rapidly because those that survived made up more and more of the population. Research showed that, in the absence of warfarin, the resistant homozygote was at a 54% disadvantage to the normal wild type homozygote.p182 This great disadvantage was quickly overcome by the selection for warfarin resistance.
Mammals normally cannot drink milk as adults, but humans are an exception. Milk is digested by the enzyme lactase, which switches off as mammals stop taking milk from their mothers. The human ability to drink milk during adult life is supported by a lactase mutation which prevents this switch-off. Human populations have a high proportion of this mutation wherever milk is important in the diet. The spread of this 'milk tolerance' is promoted by natural selection, because it helps people survive where milk is available. Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations causing lactase persistence only reached high levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. Therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.
Adaptation
Adaptation is one of the basic phenomena of biology. Through the process of adaptation, an organism becomes better suited to its habitat.
Adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the diverse species we see in biology. The other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis). A favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African rivers and lakes.
When people speak about adaptation they often mean something which helps an animal or plant survive. One of the most widespread adaptations in animals is the evolution of the eye. Another example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass. Camouflage is another adaptation; so is mimicry. The better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully (natural selection).
An internal parasite (such as a fluke) is a good example: it has a very simple bodily structure, but still the organism is highly adapted to its particular environment. From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in the life cycle, which is often quite complex.
Limitations
Not all features of an organism are adaptations.p251 Adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species. If a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become useless, and eventually become a dwindling vestige.
Adaptations are never perfect. There are always tradeoffs between the various functions and structures in a body. It is the organism as a whole which lives and reproduces, therefore it is the complete set of adaptations which gets passed on to future generations.
Genetic drift and its effect
In populations, there are forces which add variation to the population (such as mutation), and forces which remove it. Genetic drift is the name given to random changes which remove variation from a population. Genetic drift gets rid of variation at the rate of 1/(2N) where N = population size.p29 It is therefore "a very weak evolutionary force in large populations".p55
Genetic drift explains how random chance can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but only when populations are quite small. Overall, its action is to make the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable to disease or to chance events in their environment.
Drift reduces genetic variation in populations, potentially reducing a population’s ability to survive new selective pressures.
Genetic drift acts faster and has more drastic results in smaller populations. Small populations usually become extinct.
Genetic drift may contribute to speciation, if the small group does survive.
Bottleneck events: when a large population is suddenly and drastically reduced in size by some event, the genetic variety will be very much reduced. Infections and extreme climate events are frequent causes. Occasionally, invasions by more competitive species can be devastating. ♦ In the 1880/90s, hunting reduced the Northern elephant seal to only about 20 individuals. Although the population has rebounded, its genetic variability is much less than that of the Southern elephant seal.♦ Cheetahs have very little variation. We think the species was reduced to a small number at some recent time. Because it lacks genetic variation, it is in danger from infectious diseases.
Founder events: these occur when a small group buds off from a larger population. The small group then lives separately from the main population. The human species is often quoted as having been through such stages. For example, when groups left Africa to set up elsewhere (see human evolution). Apparently, we have less variation than would be expected from our worldwide distribution. Groups that arrive on islands far from the mainland are also good examples. These groups, by virtue of their small size, cannot carry the full range of alleles to be found in the parent population.
Species
How species form is a major part of evolutionary biology. Darwin interpreted 'evolution' (a word he did not use at first) as being about speciation. That is why he called his famous book On the Origin of Species.
Darwin thought most species arose directly from pre-existing species. This is called anagenesis: new species by older species changing. Now we think most species arise by previous species splitting: cladogenesis.
Species splitting
Two groups that start the same can also become very different if they live in different places. When a species gets split into two geographical regions, a process starts. Each adapts to its own situation. After a while, individuals from one group can no longer reproduce with the other group. Two good species have evolved from one.
A German explorer, Moritz Wagner, during his three years in Algeria in the 1830s, studied flightless beetles. Each species is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the Atlas mountains to the Mediterranean. As soon as one crosses a river, a different but closely related species appears. He wrote later:
"... a [new] species will only [arise] when a few individuals [cross] the limiting borders of their range... the formation of a new race will never succeed... without a long continued separation of the colonists from the other members of their species".
This was an early account of the importance of geographical separation. Another biologist who thought geographical separation was critical was Ernst Mayr.
One example of natural speciation is the three-spined stickleback, a sea fish that, after the last ice age, invaded freshwater, and set up colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over about 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show great differences, including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.
The wombats of Australia fall into two main groups, common wombats and hairy-nosed wombats. The two types look very similar, apart from the hairiness of their noses. However, they are adapted to different environments. Common wombats live in forested areas and eat mostly green food with lots of moisture. They often feed in the daytime. Hairy-nosed wombats live on hot dry plains where they eat dry grass with very little water or nutrition in it. Their metabolic rate is slow and they sleep most of the day underground.
When two groups that started the same become different enough, then they become two different species. Part of the theory of evolution is that all living things started the same, but then split into different groups over billions of years.
Modern evolutionary synthesis
This was an important movement in evolutionary biology, which started in the 1930s and finished in the 1950s. It has been updated regularly ever since.
The synthesis explains how the ideas of Charles Darwin fit with the discoveries of Gregor Mendel, who found out how we inherit our genes. The modern synthesis brought Darwin's idea up to date. It bridged the gap between different types of biologists: geneticists, naturalists, and palaeontologists.
When the theory of evolution was developed, it was not clear that natural selection and genetics worked together. But Ronald Fisher showed that natural selection would work to change species. Sewall Wright explained genetic drift in 1931.
Evolution and genetics: evolution can be explained by what we know about genetics, and what we see of animals and plants living in the wild.
Thinking in terms of populations, rather than individuals, is important. The genetic variety existing in natural populations is a key factor in evolution.
Evolution and fossils: the same factors which act today also acted in the past.
Gradualism: evolution is gradual, and usually takes place by small steps. There are some exceptions to this, notably polyploidy, especially in plants.
Natural selection: the struggle for existence of animals and plant in the wild causes natural selection. The strength of natural selection in the wild was greater than even Darwin expected.
Genetic drift can be important in small populations.
The rate of evolution can vary. There is very good evidence from fossils that different groups can evolve at different rates, and that different parts of an animal can evolve at different rates.p292, 397
Some areas of research
Co-evolution
Co-evolution is where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of one or more other species.
New or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of related features in the other species. The life and death of living things is intimately connected, not just with the physical environment, but with the life of other species.
These relationships may continue for millions of years, as it has in the pollination of flowering plants by insects. The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late Cretaceous. The evolution of nectaries in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenoptera and angiosperms.
Tree of life
Charles Darwin was the first to use this metaphor in biology. The evolutionary tree shows the relationships among various biological groups. It includes data from DNA, RNA and protein analysis. Tree of life work is a product of traditional comparative anatomy, and modern molecular evolution and molecular clock research.
The major figure in this work is Carl Woese, who defined the Archaea, the third domain (or kingdom) of life. Below is a simplified version of present-day understanding.
Macroevolution
Macroevolution: the study of changes above the species level, and how they take place. The basic data for such a study are fossils (palaeontology) and the reconstruction of ancient environments. Some subjects whose study falls within the realm of macroevolution:
Adaptive radiation, such as the Cambrian Explosion.
Changes in biodiversity through time.
Mass extinctions.
Speciation and extinction rates.
The debate between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.
The role of development in shaping evolution: heterochrony; hox genes.
Origin of major categories: cleidoic egg; origin of birds.
It is a term of convenience: for most biologists it does not suggest any change in the process of evolution.p87 For some palaeontologists, what they see in the fossil record cannot be explained just by the gradualist evolutionary synthesis. They are in the minority.
Altruism and group selection
Altruism – the willingness of some to sacrifice themselves for others – is widespread in social animals. As explained above, the next generation can only come from those who survive and reproduce. Some biologists have thought that this meant altruism could not evolve by the normal process of selection. Instead a process called "group selection" was proposed. Group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group.
For several decades, critiques cast serious doubt on group selection as a major mechanism of evolution.
In simple cases it can be seen at once that traditional selection suffices. For example, if one sibling sacrifices itself for three siblings, the genetic disposition for the act will be increased. This is because siblings share on average 50% of their genetic inheritance, and the sacrificial act has led to greater representation of the genes in the next generation.
Altruism is now generally seen as emerging from standard selection. The warning note from Ernst Mayr, and the work of William Hamilton are both important to this discussion.
Hamilton's equation
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:
where:
is the reproductive cost to the altruist,
is the reproductive benefit to the recipient of the altruistic behavior, and
is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".
Sexual reproduction
At first, sexual reproduction might seem to be at a disadvantage compared with asexual reproduction. In order to be advantageous, sexual reproduction (cross-fertilisation) has to overcome a two-fold disadvantage (takes two to reproduce) plus the difficulty of finding a mate. Why, then, is sex so nearly universal among eukaryotes? This is one of the oldest questions in biology.
The answer has been given since Darwin's time: because the sexual populations adapt better to changing circumstances. A recent laboratory experiment suggests this is indeed the correct explanation.
"When populations are outcrossed genetic recombination occurs between different parental genomes. This allows beneficial mutations to escape deleterious alleles on its original background, and to combine with other beneficial alleles that arise elsewhere in the population. In selfing populations, individuals are largely homozygous and recombination has no effect".
In the main experiment, nematode worms were divided into two groups. One group was entirely outcrossing, the other was entirely selfing. The groups were subjected to a rugged terrain and repeatedly subjected to a mutagen. After 50 generations, the selfing population showed a substantial decline in fitness (= survival), whereas the outcrossing population showed no decline. This is one of a number of studies that show sexuality to have real advantages over non-sexual types of reproduction.
What evolution is used for today
An important activity is artificial selection for domestication. This is when people choose which animals to breed from, based on their traits. Humans have used this for thousands of years to domesticate plants and animals.
More recently, it has become possible to use genetic engineering. New techniques such as 'gene targeting' are now available. The purpose of this is to insert new genes or knock out old genes from the genome of a plant or animal. A number of Nobel Prizes have already been awarded for this work.
However, the real purpose of studying evolution is to explain and help our understanding of biology. After all, it is the first good explanation of how living things came to be the way they are. That is a big achievement. The practical things come mostly from genetics, the science started by Gregor Mendel, and from molecular and cell biology.
Evolution gems
In 2010 the journal Nature selected 15 topics as 'Evolution gems'. These were:
Gems from the fossil record
Land-living ancestors of whales
From water to land (see tetrapod)
The origin of feathers (see origin of birds)
The evolutionary history of teeth
The origin of vertebrate skeleton
Gems from habitats
Natural selection in speciation
Natural selection in lizards
A case of co-adaptation
Differential dispersal in wild birds
Selective survival in wild guppies
Evolutionary history matters
Gems from molecular processes
Darwin's Galapagos finches
Microevolution meets macroevolution
Toxin resistance in snakes and clams
Variation versus stability
Nature is the oldest scientific weekly journal. The link downloads as a free text file, complete with references. The idea is to make the information available to teachers.
Responses to the idea of evolution
Debates about the fact of evolution
The idea that all life evolved had been proposed before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of species. Even today, some people still discuss the concept of evolution and what it means to them, their philosophy, and their religion. Evolution does explain some things about our human nature. People also talk about the social implications of evolution, for example in sociobiology.
Some people have the religious belief that life on Earth was created by a god. In order to fit in the idea of evolution with that belief, people have used ideas like guided evolution or theistic evolution. They say that evolution is real, but is being guided in some way.
There are many different concepts of theistic evolution. Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. As Darwin realised, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is what it means for human origins.
In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who do not accept it. The debate is mostly about whether evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way this should be done.
Other fields, like cosmology and earth science also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts. These ideas were once also fiercely opposed. Death for heresy was threatened to those who wrote against the idea that Earth was the center of the universe.
Evolutionary biology is a more recent idea. Certain religious groups oppose the idea of evolution more than other religious groups do. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church now has the following position on evolution: Pope Pius XII said in his encyclical Humani Generis published in the 1950s:
"The Church does not forbid that (...) research and discussions (..) take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter," Pope Pius XII Humani Generis
Pope John Paul II updated this position in 1996. He said that Evolution was "more than a hypothesis":
"In his encyclical Humani Generis, my predecessor Pius XII has already [said] that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation. (...) Today, more than a half-century after (..) that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines," Pope John Paul II speaking to the Pontifical Academy of Science
The Anglican Communion also does not oppose the scientific account of evolution.
Using evolution for other purposes
Many of those who accepted evolution were not much interested in biology. They were interested in using the theory to support their own ideas on society.
Racism
Some people have tried to use evolution to support racism. People wanting to justify racism claimed that certain groups, such as black people, were inferior. In nature, some animals do survive better than others, and it does lead to animals better adapted to their circumstances. With humans groups from different parts of the world, all evolution can say is that each group is probably well suited to its original situation. Evolution makes no judgements about better or worse. It does not say that any human group is superior to any other.
Eugenics
The idea of eugenics was rather different. Two things had been noticed as far back as the 18th century. One was the great success of farmers in breeding cattle and crop plants. They did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection). The other observation was that lower class people had more children than upper-class people. If (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on merit, then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening. Faster breeding in the lower classes would lead to the society getting worse.
The idea to improve the human species by selective breeding is called eugenics. The name was proposed by Francis Galton, a bright scientist who meant to do good. He said that the human stock (gene pool) should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. However, other people suggested that those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control. The German Nazi government (1933–1945) used eugenics as a cover for their extreme racial policies, with dreadful results.
The problem with Galton's idea is how to decide which features to select. There are so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock". There was rather more agreement on who should not be breeding. Several countries passed laws for the compulsory sterilisation of unwelcome groups. Most of these laws were passed between 1900 and 1940. After World War II, disgust at what the Nazis had done squashed any more attempts at eugenics.
Algorithm design
Some equations can be solved using algorithms that simulate evolution. Evolutionary algorithms work like that.
Social Darwinism
Another example of using ideas about evolution to support social action is social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is a term given to the ideas of the 19th century social philosopher Herbert Spencer. Spencer believed the survival of the fittest could and should be applied to commerce and human societies as a whole.
Again, some people used these ideas to claim that racism, and ruthless economic policies were justified. Today, most biologists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be applied to social policy.
Controversy
Some people disagree with the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by or based on their religious beliefs instead of science. People who do not agree with evolution usually believe in creationism or intelligent design.
Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have discovered it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other suggestions explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.
Further reading
Evidence for evolution
These books are mostly about the evidence for evolution.
Coyne, Jerry A. 2009 Why evolution is true. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (pbk)
Dawkins, Richard 2009. The greatest show on Earth. Bantam, London. (hbk)
Futuyma D.J. 1983. Science on trial: the case for evolution. Pantheon Books, New York. ; 2nd ed 1995 Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. .
Prothero, Donald R. 2007. Evolution: what the fossils say and why it matters. Columbia University Press, New York. (hbk)
The process of evolution
These books cover most evolutionary topics.
Barton N.H; Briggs D.E.G; Eisen J.A; Goldstein D.B. & Patel N.H. 2007. Evolution. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. . Strong in molecular evolution; brings together molecular biology with evolutionary concepts.
Futuyma D.J. 1979. Evolutionary biology. 1st ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. ; 2nd ed 1986 Sinauer. ; 3rd ed 1998 Sinauer. . Widely used textbook, available second-hand. For students and teachers.
Futuyma D.J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. ; 2nd ed 2009 Sinauer. . Successor to above; but basically a different book. For students and teachers.
Freeman, Scott & Herron, Jon; 1997. Evolutionary analysis. Prentice Hall ; 2nd ed 2000 ; 3rd ed 2004 Cummings ; 4th ed 2007 Cummings . Modern topics such as phylogenetic trees based on genomics, genetics, molecular biology. Has website: For students and teachers.
Ridley, Mark 1993. Evolution. Blackwell ; 2nd ed 1996 Wiley-Blackwell ; 3rd ed 2003 Wiley . Comprehensive: case studies, commentary, dedicated website and CD. For students and teachers.
Mayr, Ernst. 2001. What evolution is. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. . Clearly written, for a general audience.
Related pages
Evolutionary biology
Coevolution
Human evolution
Adaptation
Natural selection
References
Other websites
Understanding Evolution - a guide prepared by the University of California, Berkeley
Darwin Online Darwin's publications; papers and bibliography; biographies, obituaries and reviews.
Talk Origins in depth website on information about evolution and the evidence for it
National Center for Science Education Information on how evolution works
Article about evolution - PBS |
8744 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2031 | December 31 |
Events
Up to 1900
192 - Narcissus murders Roman Emperor Commodus.
406 - Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning the invasion of Gaul.
1225 – The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam ends after 216 years, as Tran Thai Tong, still a boy, becomes Emperor. This is the beginning of the Tran Dynasty.
1472 – The throwing of snowballs is banned in Amsterdam.
1494 - First Italian War: Troops of King Charles VIII of France enter Rome.
1600 – The British East India Company is created.
1660 - James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France.
1687 - The first Huguenots set sail from France for the Cape of Good Hope.
1695 - Window tax is introduced in England. As a result, many people brick up their windows in order not to have to pay the tax.
1703 – An earthquake and tsunami damage Tokyo, Odawara and several nearby towns, killing around 10,000 people.
1720 – A storm flood ravages the North German coast, separating a dune on Heligoland from the main island.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Quebec, British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army General Richard Montgomery.
1790 - Efimeris, the oldest Greek newspaper still in print, is published for the first time.
1796 - Baltimore, Maryland, is incorporated as a city.
1857 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada.
1862 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Act creating the state of West Virginia and thus splitting Virginia in two.
1862 - American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River in Tennessee begins.
1862 - The battleship USS Monitor sinks in a storm in heavy seas off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
1878 - In Mannheim, Germany, Karl Benz files a patent on his reliable two-stroke gas engine.
1879 – Thomas Edison publicly demonstrates incandescent light in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
1891 – A new immigration depot is opened on Ellis Island, New York.
1901 2000
1904 – What is now Times Square, New York, holds its first New Year celebration.
1909 – The Manhattan Bridge is opened.
1917 - British troop transporter Osmanieh hits a mine laid by German U-boat UC 34 off Alexandria, Egypt, sinking with 99 deaths.
1923 – The BBC broadcasts the chimes of Big Ben in London for the first time.
1929 - The Glen Cinema Disaster in Paisley, Scotland, kills 70 children.
1944 – World War II: Hungary declares war on Germany.
1946 – President of the United States Harry S. Truman officially declares an end to hostilities in World War II.
1948 - The 100,000th landing of the Berlin Airlift occurs.
1951 - The Marshall Plan expires after giving over $ 13.3 billion to help war-torn parts of Europe.
1955 - General Motors becomes the first US Corporation to make over a billion US Dollars in a year.
1960 - The farthing coin stops being the legal tender in the United Kingdom.
1963 – The Central African Federation officially breaks apart, and eventually becomes Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
1964 – A three-day census in East Germany ends, determining the population to be 17,003,632.
1965 – Jean-Bedel Bokassa leads a coup against David Dacko in the Central African Republic.
1968 – Marien Ngouabi becomes President of the Republic of the Congo.
1973 - AC/DC is formed.
1981 – In a military coup in Ghana, Jerry Rawlings takes control.
1983 – A military coup in Nigeria is led by Muhammadu Buhari.
1986 – In San Juan, Puerto Rico a fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel kills 97 people.
1987 – Robert Mugabe becomes President of Zimbabwe.
1988 - Pittsburgh Penguins' Mario Lemieux becomes the only NHL player, to this date, to score goals in five different ways - even strength, shorthand, power play, penalty shot and empty net, in an 8-6 win over the New Jersey Devils.
1989 – Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner reach the South Pole on their cross-Antarctica journey.
1990 – Garry Kasparov successfully defends his world chess title against Anatoly Karpov.
1991 – The Soviet Union officially comes to an end.
1992 – Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolves, splitting into the Czech Republic and Slovakia the next day.
1994 – This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati, as the International Date Line is shifted to the east of the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands.
1999 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia.
1999 – The Panama Canal is transferred from US control to Panama's control.
From 2001
2004 – The Taipei 101 tower is opened in Taipei, Taiwan.
2006 - The total of US troops killed in the Iraq War reaches 3,000.
2009 – In Espoo, Finland, Ibrahim Shkupolli shoots his former girlfriend dead, then shoots four people to death at a shopping mall before committing suicide.
2009 – The Ignalina power station in Lithuania is shut down.
2014 - The first same-sex marriages in Scotland take place.
2014 - US and UK forces withdraw from Afghanistan.
2014 - Beji Caid Essebsi becomes President of Tunisia.
2014 - A crush at a New Year celebration in Shanghai kills 36 people.
2015 - Fire breaks out at a hotel near the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
2016 - Bomb attacks in Baghdad kill at least 28 people.
2017 - A bus crash near Migaa, Kenya, kills at least 36 people.
Births
Up to 1900
695 – Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi, founded Islam in South Asia (d. 715)
1378 – Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
1491 – Jacques Cartier, French explorer (d. 1557)
1499 - Diane de Poitiers (d. 1566)
1514 - Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (d. 1564)
1572 – Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan (d. 1617)
1585 - Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, Spanish military leader and politician (d. 1645)
1668 - Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician (d. 1738)
1720 – Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1788)
1738 – Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general (d. 1805)
1741 – Isabella Maria of Parma (d. 1763)
1798 - Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian physician, philologist and academic (d. 1850)
1815 - George G. Meade, American general and engineer (d. 1872)
1830 – Isma'il Pasha, Governor of Egypt (d. 1895)
1830 - Alexander Smith, Scottish poet (d. 1861)
1838 - Emile Loubet, President of France (d. 1929)
1842 – Giovanni Boldini, Italian painter (d. 1931)
1844 - Ebe W. Tunnell, Governor of Delaware (d. 1917)
1846 - Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Dutch politician (d. 1919)
1855 – Giovanni Pascoli, Italian poet (d. 1912)
1857 - King Kelly, American baseball player (d. 1894)
1860 - Berthold Lasker, German chess player (d. 1928)
1863 – Alfredo Panzini, Italian writer (d. 1939)
1864 - Hans am Ende, German painter (d. 1918)
1864 - Robert Grant Aitken, American astronomer (d. 1951)
1869 – Henri Matisse, French painter (d. 1954)
1874 - Julius Meier, German-American politician, 20th Governor of Oregon (d. 1937)
1877 – Viktor Dyk, Czech poet, dramatist and politician (d. 1931)
1878 – Elizabeth Arden, Canadian businesswoman (d. 1966)
1878 – Horacio Quiroga, Argentine-Uruguayan writer (d. 1937)
1880 – George Marshall, 50th United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)
1880 - Fred Beebe, American baseball player (d. 1957)
1881 – Max Pechstein, German painter (d. 1955)
1884 – Bobby Byrne, American baseball player (d. 1964)
1885 - Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1970)
1899 – Silvestre Revueltas, Mexican composer (d. 1940)
1901 1950
1901 - Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)
1903 - Nathan Milstein, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 1992)
1904 - Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer (d. 1975)
1905 - Jules Styne, American songwriter (d. 1994)
1905 - Guido Mollet, Prime Minister of France (d. 1975)
1908 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor (d. 2005)
1909 - Jonah Jones, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2000)
1910 - Archie M. Gubbrud, Governor of South Dakota (d. 1987)
1914 - Yrjö Nikkanen, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 1985)
1918 - Ray Graves, American football player and coach (d. 2015)
1919 - Recy Taylor, American rape victim and civil rights activist (d. 2017)
1924 - Kjell Arnljot Wig, Norwegian media personality (d. 2015)
1924 – Taylor Mead, American actor (d. 2013)
1928 - Hugh McElhenny, American football player
1928 – Amarillo Slim, American professional poker player (d. 2012)
1928 - Veijo Meri, Finnish writer (d. 2015)
1928 - Siné, French cartoonist (d. 2016)
1929 - Mies Bouwman, Dutch entertainer (d. 2018)
1930 - Odetta, American singer (d. 2008)
1931 - George Ardisson, Italian actor (d. 2014)
1931 - Tom Rolf, Swedish-American film editor (d. 2014)
1931 – Mildred Scheel, German physician, cancer campaigner and First Lady (d. 1985)
1934 - Michael Bonallack, English golfer
1935 – Peter Herbolzheimer, German musician (d. 2010)
1935 - King Salman of Saudi Arabia
1936 – Siw Malmkvist, Swedish singer
1936 - Umaru Dikko, Nigerian politician (d. 2014)
1937 – Avram Hershko, Israeli biologist
1937 – Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor
1937 - Carl Emil Christiansen, Danish footballer (d. 2018)
1938 – Rosalind Cash, American actress (d. 1995)
1938 - Marien Ngouabi, Congolese politician (d. 1977)
1939 - Peter Camejo, American politician (d. 2008)
1940 - Tim Considine, American actor
1941 – Alex Ferguson, Scottish football manager
1941 - Sean S. Cunningham, American movie director and writer
1941 - Sarah Miles, English actress
1942 - Taufiq Kiemas, First Gentleman of Indonesia (d. 2013)
1942 – Andy Summers, British guitarist
1943 – Ben Kingsley, British actor
1943 – John Denver, American singer-songwriter (d. 1997)
1943 - Pete Quaife, British musician (d. 2010)
1944 - Neil Ross, American voice actor
1944 – Taylor Hackford, American director and producer
1945 - Diane von Fürstenberg, Belgian-American fashion designer
1946 - Lyudmila Pakhamova, Soviet ice dancer (d. 1986)
1946 - Boris Dubin, Russian sociologist and translator (d. 2014)
1947 - Burton Cummings, Canadian keyboardist
1947 - Tim Matheson, American actor
1948 – Donna Summer, American disco singer (d. 2012)
1948 - Sandy Jardine, Scottish footballer (d. 2014)
1948 - Joe Dallesandro, American actor
1948 - Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut
1951 1975
1951 – Tom Hamilton, American bassist (Aerosmith)
1954 – Alex Salmond, Scottish politician, 4th First Minister of Scotland
1954 – Hermann Tilke, German racing circuit designer
1954 – Ingibjorg Solrun Gisladottir, Icelandic politician
1956 - Robert Goodwill, English politician
1958 – Bebe Neuwirth, American actress
1959 – Baron Waqa, Nauruan musician and politician, President of Nauru
1959 – Val Kilmer, American actor
1959 – Paul Westerberg, American musician
1960 – Steve Bruce, English footballer
1960 – John Allen Muhammad, American spree killer (d. 2009)
1961 - Rick Aguilera, American baseball player
1961 - Jeremy Heywood, English economist and civil servant
1963 - Scott Ian, American guitarist
1964 - Michael McDonald, American actor and comedian
1965 – Gong Li, Chinese actress
1965 – Nicholas Sparks, American writer
1966 - Lisa Joyner, American journalist and actress
1970 – Bryon Russell, American basketball player
1972 – Grégory Coupet, French footballer
1974 – Mario Aerts, Belgian cyclist
From 1976
1976 - Matthew Hoggard, English cricketer
1977 - Psy, South Korean rapper
1977 - Donald Trump Jr., son of Donald Trump
1979 – Bob Bryar, drummer in My Chemical Romance
1980 – Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player
1980 – Fumie Suguri, Japanese figure skater
1981 – Margaret Simpson, Ghanaian athlete
1981 - Nathan Robinson, Canadian ice hockey player
1982 – Craig Gordon, Scottish footballer
1984 – Corey Crawford, Canadian ice hockey goaltender
1984 - Calvin Zola, Congolese footballer
1986 - Bronson Pelletier, Canadian actor
1987 - Javaris Crittenton, American basketball player
1987 - Emilie Le Pennec, French gymnast
1990 – Patrick Chan, Canadian figure skater
1991 - Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player
1995 - Gabrielle Douglas, American gymnast
Deaths
Up to 1900
192 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
335 – Saint Silvester, Pope and Saint whose day is marked on December 31
669 - Li Shiji, Chinese chancellor (b. 594)
1164 – Margrave Ottokar III of Styria (b. 1124)
1194 – Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
1302 - Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1238)
1384 – John Wyclif, English theologian (b. 1328)
1460 - Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury (b. 1400)
1510 – Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1472)
1568 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (b. 1493)
1650 – Dorgon, Emperor of China (b. 1612)
1679 - Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (b. 1608)
1705 - Catherine of Braganza (b. 1638)
1719 - John Flamsteed, English astronomer (b. 1646)
1742 - Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1661)
1830 - Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis, French writer (b. 1746)
1857 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (b. 1799)
1865 - Fredrika Bremer, Swedish writer (b. 1801)
1872 – Aleksis Kivi, Finnish writer (b. 1834)
1876 - Catherine Labouré, French nun and saint (b. 1806)
1877 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)
1882 - Léon Gambetta, French politician (b. 1838)
1888 – Samson Raphael Hirsch, rabbi (b. 1808)
1894 - Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, Dutch mathematician (b. 1856)
1901 2000
1905 - Alexander Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859)
1936 – Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer, philosopher (b. 1864)
1948 – Malcolm Campbell, English Grand Prix race car driver (b. 1885)
1950 – Karl Renner, President of Austria (b. 1870)
1964 – Olafur Thors, five-time Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1892)
1964 – Bobby Byrne, American baseball player (b. 1884)
1969 – George Lewis, jazz musician (b. 1900)
1972 – Roberto Clemente, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1934)
1972 - Henry Gerber, German-American activist (b. 1892)
1977 – Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1924)
1980 – Marshall McLuhan, Canadian writer (b. 1911)
1980 – Raoul Walsh, movie director (b. 1887)
1985 – Ricky Nelson, American singer (b. 1940)
1989 - Gerhard Schröder, German politician (b. 1910)
1990 – Vasili Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1928)
1993 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, scientist and writer, first President of the Republic of Georgia (b. 1939)
1993 – Brandon Teena, American murder victim (b. 1972)
1994 – Bruno Pezzey, Austrian footballer (b. 1955)
1997 – Floyd Cramer, musician (b. 1933)
1997 – Michael Kennedy, son of Robert F. Kennedy, killed in a skiing accident on Aspen Mountain in Colorado (b. 1958).
1999 – Elliot Richardson, American politician (b. 1920)
2000 – Alan Cranston, American politician (b. 1914)
2000 – José Greco, Spanish Flamenco dancer (b. 1918)
From 2001
2003 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born American scientist and professor at MIT (b. 1898)
2004 – Gérard Debreu, French economist (b. 1921)
2006 – Liese Prokop, Austrian politician (b. 1941)
2007 – Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect (b. 1917)
2008 – Donald E. Westlake, American writer (b. 1933)
2009 - Rashidi Kawawa, former Prime Minister of Tanzania (b. 1926)
2009 - Cahal Daly, Irish cardinal and archbishop (b. 1917)
2010 – Syd Ward, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1907)
2013 - John Fortune, English comedian (b. 1939)
2013 - Johnny Orr, American basketball player and coach (b. 1927)
2013 - James Avery, American actor (b. 1945)
2014 - Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, English aristocrat and army officer (b. 1915)
2014 - Edward Herrmann, American actor (b. 1943)
2015 - Marvin Panch, American racing driver (b. 1926)
2015 - Dal Richards, Canadian big band leader (b. 1918)
2015 - Wayne Rogers, American actor (b. 1933)
2015 - Natalie Cole, American singer (b. 1950)
2015 - Beth Howland, American actress (b. 1941)
2016 - William Christopher, American actor (b. 1932)
2016 - Prince Dimitri Romanov, Russian prince (b. 1926)
2016 - Henning Christophersen, Danish politician (b. 1939)
2017 - Prince François, Count of Clermont, French nobleman, self-styled Dauphin of France (b. 1961)
2021 - Betty White, American actress and comedian (b. 1922)
Holidays
New Year's Eve, including Hogmanay (Scotland) and Calennig (Wales)
St. Sylvester's Day
Ōmisoka (Japan)
Days of the year |
8745 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2025 | December 25 | Christmas is celebrated on this day in many Christian and Western countries.
Events
Up to 1900
333 - Roman Emperor Constantine I promotes his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar.
336 - Ancient Rome holds its first documented Christmas celebration.
496 - Clovis I, King of the Franks, is baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in Reims by Saint Remigius.
597 - Augustine of Canterbury and his fellow labourers baptize over 10,000 Anglo-Saxons in Kent.
800 – Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome.
1000 - Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom by Stephen I of Hungary.
1066 – Coronation of William the Conqueror as king of England, at Westminster Abbey, London.
1130 - Roger II of Sicily is crowned the first King of Sicily.
1223 – Saint Francis of Assisi assembles the first Nativity scene.
1495 - Spanish forces defeat the Guanches, the native people of the Canary Islands, in the Battle of La Victoria de Acentejo - Tenerife is the last island to be taken over by Spain.
1553 - Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors and execute Governor of Chile Pedro de Valdivia.
1599 – The city of Natal, Brazil is founded.
1643 - Christmas Island is found and named in the Indian Ocean near present-day Indonesia by Captain William Mynors.
1758 – Halley's Comet passes by Earth, just as Edmond Halley had predicted.
1776 – George Washington and his army cross the Delaware River to attack the monarchy's Hessian mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey.
1818 – The first performance of "Silent Night" (Church of St. Nikolaus in Oberndorf, Austria).
1837 – Battle of Okeechobee – United States forces defeat Seminole Native Americans.
1868 – US President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.
1868 – Ezo Republic founded in Hokkaido by Shogunate rebels.
1896 - John Philip Sousa composes The Stars and Stripes Forever.
1901 2000
1914 – Just after midnight on Christmas morning, German troops on the Western Front cease firing their guns and artillery and start singing Christmas carols. Crossing the No man's land, they trade gifts with the enemy forces that face them. The Christmas truce lasts for several days, depending on the location.
1917 – Why Marry?, first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre in New York City.
1926 – Hirohito becomes Emperor of Japan, succeeding the Taisho Emperor (Yoshihito).
1927 - The Vietnamese Nationalist Party is founded.
1932 – A magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Gansu, China kills ~70,000 people
1939 – Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol was read on radio for the first time (CBS radio)
1939 – Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is introduced by Montgomery Ward stores
1941 – Hong Kong surrenders to the Japanese.
1946 - The first European artificial chain reaction is initiated by the Soviet nuclear reactor F-1.
1947 – The Constitution of the Republic of China goes into effect.
1952 – Queen Elizabeth II broadcasts her first Christmas message.
1953 – A fire broke out in Shek Kip Mei, Hong Kong.
1968 - Apollo 8 performs the very first successful Trans-Earth injection maneuver, sending crew and spacecraft on a trajectory back to Earth from lunar orbit.
1968 - 42 Dalits are burned alive in Kilavenmani village in Tamil Nadu, India, a retaliation for a campaign for higher wages from Dalit labourers. The Dalits are at the bottom of India's class system, which consists of castes.
1973 – The ARPANET crashes when a programming bug causes all ARPANET traffic to be routed through the server at Harvard University, causing the server to freeze.
1974 – Cyclone Tracy devastates Darwin, Australia.
1974 - Marshall Fields drives a vehicle through the gates of the White House, resulting in a four-hour stand-off.
1977 – Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin meets in Egypt with President of Egypt Anwar Sadat
1989 – Nicolae Ceausescu, former communist dictator of Romania, and his wife Elena were condemned to death and executed under a wide range of charges by a court perceived by many as illegitimate.
1990 – First trial run of the World Wide Web
1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union (the union itself is dissolved the next day).
From 2001
2002 – New Delhi Metro was introduced.
2003 – The space probe Beagle 2 goes missing on the planet Mars.
2004 – Cassini orbiter releases Huygens probe which will land on Saturn's moon, Titan on January 14, 2005.
2007 – A tiger escapes from San Francisco Zoo and attacks three people, killing one.
2009 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempts a terrorist attack, while on board Northwest Airlines Flight 253.
2016 - A Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev-154 aircraft crashes into the Black Sea shortly after take-off from Sochi, killing all 92 people on board.
Births
Up to 1800
4 BC – AD 1 – Jesus, Christian icon (The exact day and year are argued over.) (d. circa 33)
1250 - John IV Laskaris, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1305)
1424 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (d. 1445)
1461 - Christina of Saxony (d. 1521)
1505 - Christine of Saxony (d. 1549)
1583 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (d. 1625)
1584 - Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain (d. 1611)
1601 - Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1675)
1628 – Noël Coypel, French painter (d. 1707)
1642 – (OS) – Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician (d. 1727)
1652 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)
1665 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (d. 1746)
1667 – Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal and Munster
1674 – Thomas Halyburton, Scottish theologian (d. 1712)
1700 – Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general (d. 1758)
1711 - Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, French violinist and composer (d. 1772)
1717 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (d. 1799)
1720 – Anna Maria Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1778)
1728 - Johann Adam Hiller, German composer and conductor (d. 1804)
1742 – Charlotte von Stein, friend of Goethe (d. 1827)
1745 - Chevalier de Saint-George, French-Caribbean composer (d. 1799)
1757 – Benjamin Pierce, U.S. politician (d 1839)
1763 – Claude Chappe, French telecommunications pioneer (d. 1805)
1771 – Dorothy Wordsworth, English diarist and sister of William Wordsworth (d. 1855)
1799 - Manuel Bulnes, President of Chile (d. 1866)
1801 1900
1810 - Francis de Laporte de Castelnau, French naturalist (d. 1880)
1811 - Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, German bishop and politician (d. 1877)
1812 - Francis de Laporte de Castelnau, French explorer (d. 1880)
1821 – Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross (d. 1912)
1825 - Stephen F. Chadwick, American lawyer and politician, 5th Governor of Oregon (d. 1895)
1833 - Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 1916)
1856 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (d. 1913)
1861 – Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, founder of Banaras Hindu University (d. 1946)
1875 – Theodor Cardinal Innitzer, Archbishop of Vienna (d. 1955)
1876 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan (d. 1948)
1876 – Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
1878 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race car driver and automotive pioneer (d. 1941)
1883 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist (d. 1955)
1884 – Evelyn Nesbit, actress (d. 1967)
1885 - Albert Betz, German physician (d. 1968)
1886 – Kid Ory, jazz musician (d. 1973)
1887 – Conrad Nicholson Hilton, American hotelier (d. 1979)
1890 – Noel Odell, British mountaineer (d. 1987)
1893 - Robert Ripley, American comic artist and world traveller (d. 1949)
1899 – Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
1900 - Antoni Zygmund, Polish-American mathematician (d. 1992)
1901 1950
1901 – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)
1902 – Barton MacLane, American actor (d. 1969)
1904 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-Canadian physicist (d. 1999)
1906 – Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
1906 – Sir Lew Grade, movie producer (d. 1998)
1907 – Cab Calloway, American bandleader (d. 1994)
1908 – Quentin Crisp, British writer, activist for homosexuals (d. 1999)
1908 – Helen Twelvetrees, actress (d. 1958)
1911 - Louise Bourgeois, French-American sculptor (d. 2010)
1913 - Tony Martin, American actor and singer (d. 2012)
1913 – Henri Nannen, German journalist and publisher (d. 1966)
1918 – Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of Algeria (d. 2012)
1918 – Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt (d. 1981)
1923 - René Girard, French-American historian, critic and philosopher (d. 2015)
1924 – Moktar Ould Daddah, first President of Mauritania (d. 2003)
1924 – Rod Serling, American television scriptwriter (d. 1975)
1924 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India
1925 – Carlos Castaneda, writer (d. 1998)
1927 – Nellie Fox, baseball player (d. 1975)
1927 – Ram Narayan, Indian musician
1927 - Alan King, American actor (d. 2004)
1928 – Dick Miller, actor
1929 - Stuart Hall, British television presenter and sexual abuser
1930 - Emmanuel Agassi, Iranian boxer
1933 - Joachim Meisner, German cardinal (d. 2017)
1935 - Sadiq al-Mahdi, Prime Minister of Sudan
1936 – Princess Alexandra of Kent, British royal
1936 – Ismail Merchant, British movie producer (d. 2005)
1939 - Akong Rinpoche, Tibetan spiritual leader (d. 2013)
1943 – Hanna Schygulla, German actress
1944 – Jairzinho, Brazilian footballer
1944 - Kenny Everett, British comedian and radio host (d. 1995)
1945 – Noel Redding, British bassist (d. 2003)
1945 - Ken Stabler, American football player (d. 2015)
1945 – Gary Sandy, actor
1945 - Eve Pollard, British journalist and author
1946 – Jimmy Buffett, singer, songwriter
1946 – Larry Csonka, American football player
1946 – Gene Lamont, American baseball player and manager
1948 - Manny Mori, former President of the Federated States of Micronesia
1948 – Barbara Mandrell, American singer and actress
1948 - Joel Santana, Brazilian footballer
1948 - Alia al-Hussein, Egyptian wife of King Hussein of Jordan (d. 1977)
1949 – Sissy Spacek, American actress
1949 – Joe Louis Walker, American blues musician
1949 – Nawaz Sharif, Pakistani politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan
1950 – Manny Trillo, baseball player
1950 – Karl Rove, political advisor to President George W. Bush
1951 1975
1953 - Kaarlo Maaninka, Finnish runner
1954 – Robin Campbell, guitarist and singer (UB40)
1954 – Annie Lennox, Scottish singer (Eurythmics)
1957 – Shane MacGowan, Irish musician
1957 - Chris Kamara, English footballer and sportscaster
1958 - Alannah Myles, Canadian singer
1958 – Hanford Dixon, American football player
1958 – Rickey Henderson, American baseball player
1959 – Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (d. 2003)
1961 – Ingrid Betancourt, Colombian senator
1961 - David Thompson, 6th Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2010)
1962 – Dean Cameron, American actor
1962 - Darren Wharton, British musician
1964 - Gary McAllister, Scottish footballer
1965 - Ed Davey, English politician
1967 – Jason Thirsk, American bass player (Pennywise)
1967 - Yasmin Fahimi, German politician
1968 – Helena Christensen, Danish model
1970 - Emmanuel Amuneke, Nigerian footballer
1971 – Dido, English singer
1971 - Tatiana Sorokko, Russian-American model and fashion journalist
1971 – Noel Hogan, Irish guitarist and main co-songwriter of The Cranberries band
1971 - Justin Trudeau, Canadian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Canada
1973 - Alexandre Trudeau, Canadian journalist and director
1975 - Choi Sung-Yong, South Korean footballer
1975 – Marcus Trescothick, English cricketer
From 1976
1976 – Tuomas Holopainen, Finnish keyboardist and composer (Nightwish)
1976 – Armin van Buuren, Dutch DJ
1977 - Jesper Mortensen, Danish musician (Junior Senior)
1977 - Priya Rai, Indian-American pornographic actress
1979 - Hyun Young-Min, South Korean footballer
1980 – Reika Hashimoto, Japanese actress and model
1984 – The Veronicas, Australian singers
1984 – Alistair Cook, English cricketer
1984 - Nadiya Hussain, English baker and author
1984 – Georgia Moffett, English actress
1985 - Leon Pisani, Welsh singer-songwriter
1986 - Alex Hepburn, English singer
1987 - Julian Lage, American guitarist and composer
1988 - Dele Adeleye, Nigerian footballer
1988 - Eric Gordon, American basketball player
1988 - Marco Mengoni, Italian singer
1990 - Ramona Bachmann, Swiss footballer
1992 - Ogenyi Onazi, Nigerian footballer
1993 - Emi Takei, Japanese actress, model and singer
1995 - Mimmi Sandén, Swedish singer
Deaths
Up to 1975
795 - Pope Adrian I
820 – Leo V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 775)
1553 - Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish conquistador and Governor of Chile (b. 1500)
1635 – Samuel de Champlain, French explorer (b. 1567)
1683 - Kara Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman general (b. 1634)
1868 - Linus Yale, Jr., American engineer and inventor (b. 1821)
1875 – Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (b. 1851)
1880 - Fridolin Anderwert, Swiss politician (b. 1828)
1893 - Benjamin T. Biggs, Governor of Delaware (b. 1824)
1916 - Albert Chmielowski, Polish saint (b. 1845)
1921 - Vladimir Korolenko, Russian journalist, author and academic (b. 1853)
1925 - Karl Abraham, German psychologist (b. 1877)
1926 – Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1879)
1933 - Francesc Maria i Llussa, Catalan politician (b. 1859)
1940 - Agnes Ayres, American actress (b. 1898)
1946 – WC Fields, American movie actor (b. 1880)
1957 – Charles Pathé, French pioneer of movie and record industries (b. 1863)
1961 – Otto Loewi, German doctor, won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1873)
1961 - Owen Brewster, Governor of Maine (b. 1888)
1973 – Ismet Inonu, Turkish politician (b. 1884)
1973 - Gabriel Voisin, French engineer (b. 1880)
From 1976
1977 – Charlie Chaplin, English movie actor (b. 1889)
1979 - Joan Blondell, American actress and singer (b. 1906)
1983 – Joan Miró, Catalan artist (b. 1893)
1989 – Nicolae Ceausescu, Romanian dictator (executed) (b. 1918)
1989 – Elena Ceausescu, First Lady of Romania (executed) (b. 1918)
1994 – Zail Singh, President of India (b. 1916)
1995 – Dean Martin, American singer (b. 1917)
1997 - Anatoli Boukreev, Kazakhstani mountaineer and explorer (b. 1958)
2000 – Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher (b. 1908)
2005 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (b. 1918)
2006 – James Brown, American singer (b. 1933)
2008 – Eartha Kitt, American singer (b. 1927)
2009 – Vic Chesnutt, American musician (b. 1964)
2009 – Knut Haugland, Norwegian explorer (b. 1917)
2010 – Carlos Andrés Pérez, President of Venezuela (b. 1922)
2012 - Frank Calabrese, Jr., American mobster (b. 1937)
2012 - Othmar Schneider, Austrian skier (b. 1928)
2014 - Alberta Adams, American blues singer (b. 1917)
2014 - Gleb Yakunin, Russian Orthodox priest (b. 1934)
2014 - N. L. Balakrishnan, Indian actor and photographer (b. 1942)
2014 - David Ryall, English actor (b. 1935)
2015 - Sadhana Shivdasani, Indian actress (b. 1941)
2015 - Ali Eid, Lebanese politician (b. 1940)
2015 - Robert Spitzer, American psychiatrist and educator (b. 1932)
2016 - Deaths in the Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154
Elizaveta Glinka, Russian humanitarian worker (b. 1962)
Anton Gubankov, Russian scholar and journalist (b. 1965)
Valery Khalilov, Russian military band conductor (b. 1952)
2016 - George Michael, English singer (b. 1963)
2016 - Vera Rubin, American astronomer (b. 1928)
2017 - Larry Libertore, American football player (b. 1939)
2017 - Vladimir Shainsky, Russian composer (b. 1925)
2017 - Willie Toweel, South African boxer (b. 1934)
Holidays
Christmas Day (Western Christianity), official holiday in many countries
Public holiday in Pakistan, celebrating the birthday of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Days of the year |
8746 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937 | 1937 |
Events
American Ballet Theatre founded
January 1 – Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
January 11 – The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States.
January 19 – Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
January 23 – In Moscow, 17 leading Communists go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.
January 31 – Ohio River floods
January 31 – 31 people executed in the Soviet Union for "Trotskyism"
March 18 – 300 students and teachers die after an exploson is a caused by a gas leak at the New London school in Texas.
May 7 – the German zeppelin (airship) LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire, while trying to land in New Jersey.
October - Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina orders the execution of the Haitian population living within its borderlands with Haiti, resulting in the Parsley Massacre.
Births
January 8 - Shirley Bassey, Welsh singer
January 30 - Vanessa Redgrave, English actress
February 21 - King Harald V of Norway
March 20 – Jerry Reed, American musician (d. 2008)
April 6 – Billy Dee Williams, American actor
April 28 - Saddam Hussein, Iraqi leader (d. 2006)
July 18 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer and journalist (d. 2005)
December 21 – Jane Fonda, American actress
December 30 - Gordon Banks, English footballer
December 31 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor
Hit songs
"Sweet Leilani" – by Harry Owens, from the movie Waikiki Wedding, won the Academy Award for the best song. |
8751 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire | Bedfordshire | Bedfordshire is a county of England. Its county town is Bedford. It borders Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire (with the Borough of Milton Keynes) and Hertfordshire. The highest elevation point is 243 m (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns. The county motto is "Constant Be", which is taken from the hymn To Be A Pilgrim by John Bunyan.
SSSIs
There are forty Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Bedfordshire, designated by Natural England. Thirty-five are listed for their biological interest, and five for their geological interest.
Three of the sites are also National nature reserves, twelve are in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and eleven are managed wholly or partly by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.
References
Ceremonial counties of England |
8758 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2026 | March 26 |
Events
Up to 1900
590 - Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
1027 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned.
1169 - Saladin becomes Emir of Egypt.
1344 - The Siege of Algeciras, one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder was used, comes to an end.
1351 - Combat of the Thirty: 30 Breton knights call out and defeat 30 English knights
1511 - An earthquake on the Balkan peninsula and Italy kills 6,000 people.
1552 – Guru Amar Das becomes the third Sikh Guru.
1636 – Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
1808 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII.
1812 – Caracas, Venezuela, is destroyed in an earthquake, killing 12,000 people.
1830 – The Book of Mormon is published in Palmyra, New York.
1839 – The first Henley Royal Regatta is held.
1866 - Carol I becomes Prince of Romania.
1872 – An earthquake kills 27 people in Lone Pine, California.
1881 – The Principality of Romania declares itself a Kingdom.
1885 - The Metis people of the District of Saskatchewan under Louis Riel begin the North-West Rebellion against Canada.
1898 – Kruger National Park is founded in South Africa.
1901 2000
1913 - Gas explosions occur after the floods in Dayton, Ohio.
1917 - World War I: The Battle of Gaza takes place.
1931 – SwissAir is founded.
1934 – The Driving Test is introduced in the United Kingdom.
1939 - Spanish Civil War: Nationalists under Francisco Franco begin their final offensive of the war.
1942 – The first female prisoners arrive at Auschwitz.
1945 – The US declares Iwo Jima secure.
1958 - The United States Army launches Explorer 3.
1971 – East Pakistan declares independence under the name of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Liberation War begins.
1973 – The Young and The Restless airs for the first time.
1974 - In Caracas, Venezuela, George Foreman wins the Heavyweight Boxing title against Ken Norton.
1975 - The Biological Weapons Convention comes into force.
1976 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom sends the first royal email.
1979 – Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter sign the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty in Washington, DC.
1980 - Arianespace, European space organization, is founded.
1982 - The foundation stone is laid for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC.
1991 – The Mercosur Common Market is founded by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
1995 – The Schengen Treaty comes into effect.
1997 – Members of the Heaven's Gate cult commit suicide.
1998 - Oued Bouaicha massacre in Algeria: 52 people, including 32 children under the age of two, are murdered with knives and axes.
1999 – The Melissa worm infects Microsoft Word Processing and email systems.
1999 – A jury in Michigan finds Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.
2000 – Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.
2000 - Greece joins the Schengen Treaty.
From 2001
2006 – Burma's military junta moves its seat, capital city, from Rangoon to Naypyidaw in the Mandalay Division.
2006 – Smoking is banned in all public places in Scotland.
2009 - In New York City, the Freedom Tower, still under construction, is renamed One World Trade Center.
2010 – The South Korean warship ROKS Cheonan sinks, killing 46 seamen. It is believed that a North Korean torpedo was responsible.
2015 - King Richard III of England is reburied at Leicester Cathedral. His remains had been found in a car park in the city in 2012.
2015 - Germanwings Flight 9525: It is revealed that the plane's co-pilot Andreas Lubitz deliberately crashed it two days earlier, in the French Alps.
Births
Up to 1800
603 – Pacal II, Mayan ruler (d. 683)
1031 - King Malcolm III of Scotland (d. 1093)
1516 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (d. 1565)
1554 - Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (d. 1611)
1634 - Domenico Freschi, Italian composer (d. 1710)
1687 - Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (d. 1757)
1698 - Prokop Divis, Czech theologian and natural scientist (d. 1765)
1740 - Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., Governor of Connecticut (d. 1809)
1749 - William Blount, American politician (d. 1800)
1753 - Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (d. 1814)
1773 - Nathaniel Bowditch, American mathematician and navigator (d. 1838)
1784 - John W. Taylor, American politician (d. 1854)
1801 1900
1814 - Charles Mackay, Scottish poet, journalist and author (d. 1889)
1819 - Louise Otto-Peters, German writer and social activist (d. 1895)
1819 - Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (d. 1904)
1849 – Armand Peugeot, French businessman (d. 1915)
1854 - Maurice Lecoq, French target shooter (d. 1925)
1856 - William Massey, 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1925)
1858 - Luis Barros Borgono, President of Chile (d. 1943)
1859 - Alfred Edward Housman, English poet (d. 1936)
1859 – Adolf Hurwitz, German mathematician (d. 1919)
1860 - André Prévost, French tennis player (d. 1919)
1866 - Fred Karno, English theatre producer (d. 1941)
1868 – King Fuad I of Egypt (d. 1936)
1871 – Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana'ole, Hawaiian prince and politician (d. 1922)
1873 - Dorothea Bleek, South African-German anthropologist and philologist (d. 1948)
1874 – Robert Frost, American poet (d. 1963)
1874 – Oskar Nedbal, Bohemian composer and conductor (d. 1930)
1875 – Max Abraham, German physicist (d. 1922)
1875 – Rhee Syng-man, President of South Korea (d. 1965)
1876 – William, Prince of Albania (d. 1945)
1879 - Othmar Ammann, Swiss-American engineer (d. 1965)
1879 - Waldemar Tietgens, German rower (d. 1917)
1881 - Guccio Gucci, Italian businessman and fashion designer (d. 1953)
1882 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss jurist (d. 1940)
1884 – Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (d. 1969)
1893 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian Communist leader (d. 1964)
1893 - James Bryant Conant, American chemist, academic and diplomat (d. 1978)
1894 - Viorica Ursuleac, Romanian operatic soprano (d. 1985)
1896 – Rudolf Dassler, German sportswear executive (d. 1974)
1900 - Giovanni Urbani, Archbishop of Venice (d. 1969)
1901 1950
1904 – Xenophon Zolotas, Greek economist and politician (d. 2004)
1904 – Attilio Ferraris, Italian footballer (d. 1947)
1904 - Joseph Campbell, American professor and writer (d. 1987)
1905 - Viktor Frankl, Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist (d. 1997)
1907 - Leigh Harline, American movie score composer (d. 1969)
1908 – Franz Stangl, Nazi Concentration Camp commandant (d. 1971)
1911 – Bernard Katz, German biophysicist (d. 2003)
1911 - J. L. Austin, British philosopher (d. 1960)
1911 - Robert B. Crosby, Governor of Nebraska (d. 2000)
1911 – Tennessee Williams, American writer and playwright (d. 1983)
1913 – Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)
1913 - Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist, classical scholar and fiction writer (d. 2010)
1914 - William Westmoreland, American military commander (d. 2005)
1915 - Hwang Sunwon, Korean writer (d. 2000)
1916 – Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist (d. 1995)
1916 - Harry Rabinowitz, South African-American composer and conductor (d. 2016)
1917 - Rufus Thomas, American blues musician (d. 2001)
1920 - Sergio Livingstone, Chilean footballer (d. 2012)
1922 - William Milliken, American politician, former Governor of Michigan (d. 2019)
1923 – Gert Bastian, German politician (d. 1992)
1923 - Bob Elliott, American actor and comedian (d. 2016)
1923 - Elizabeth Jane Howard, British writer (d. 2014)
1925 – Pierre Boulez, French composer and conductor (d. 2016)
1925 – James Moody, American jazz musician (d. 2010)
1925 - Vesta Roy, Governor of New Hampshire (d. 2002)
1929 - Tom Foley, American politician (d. 2013)
1930 - Gregory Corso, American poet (d. 2001)
1930 – Sandra Day O'Connor, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
1931 – Leonard Nimoy, American actor (d. 2015)
1933 - Tinto Brass, Italian movie director and screenwriter
1934 – Alan Arkin, American actor
1935 – Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian politician
1936 - Giora Feidman, Israeli clarinetist
1937 - Ahmed Qurei, Palestinian politician
1937 - James Lee, 26th Premier of Prince Edward Island
1937 - Wayne Embry, American basketball player and manager
1938 – Anthony James Leggett, British-American physicist
1940 – James Caan, American actor
1940 – Nancy Pelosi, American politician
1941 – Richard Dawkins, British evolutionary biologist
1942 - Erica Jong, American novelist and poet
1943 - Bob Woodward, American journalist
1943 - Mustafa Kalemli, Turkish physician and politician
1944 – Diana Ross, American singer (The Supremes)
1944 - Igor Mitoraj, Polish sculptor (d. 2014)
1945 – Mikhail Voronin, Soviet gymnast (d. 2004)
1945 - Paul Bérenger, former Prime Minister of Mauritius
1946 - Alain Madelin, French politician
1946 - Johnny Crawford, American actor, singer and musician
1948 – Richard Tandy, British musician
1948 – Steven Tyler, American singer (Aerosmith)
1948 - Nash the Slash, Canadian musician (d. 2014)
1948 - Kyung-wha Chung, South Korean violinist
1949 - Jon English, English-Australian singer-songwriter, musician and actor (d. 2016)
1949 – Patrick Süskind, German writer
1949 - Vicki Lawrence, American actress, comedienne and singer
1950 – Teddy Pendergrass, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
1950 – Martin Short, Canadian actor and screenwriter
1950 - Alan Silvestri, American composer
1951 1975
1951 – Carl Wieman, American physicist
1952 – Didier Pironi, French racing driver (d. 1987)
1953 – Lincoln Chafee, American politician, former Governor of Rhode Island
1953 - Elaine Chao, American politician
1953 - Tatyana Providokhina, Russian middle-distance runner
1956 - Charly McClain, American singer
1956 - Park Won-soon, South Korean lawyer and politician
1957 - Fiona Bruce, British politician
1958 - Elio de Angelis, Italian racing driver (d. 1986)
1960 – Jennifer Grey, American actress
1961 – William Hague, British politician
1962 - Kevin Seitzer, American baseball player
1962 - Yuri Gidzenko, Russian cosmonaut
1963 - Rich Voisine, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist and actor
1964 – Ulf Samuelsson, Swedish ice hockey player
1964 - Todd Barry, American comedian
1964 - Maria Miller, British politician
1965 - Violeta Szekely, Romanian runner
1968 – Kenny Chesney, American singer
1968 – James Iha, American musician
1969 - Alessandro Moscardi, Italian rugby player
1971 - Martyn Day, Scottish politician
1972 - Leslie Mann, American actress
1973 - Kyung-wha Chung, South Korean violinist
1973 – Larry Page, American co-founder of Google
1974 - Christina Surer, Swiss racing driver
1975 - Juvenile, American rapper
From 1976
1976 – Amy Smart, American actress
1976 - Alex Varas, Chilean footballer
1977 – Kevin Davies, English footballer
1977 - Bianca Kajlich, American actress
1979 – Nacho Novo, Spanish footballer
1979 - Roisin Conaty, English comedienne
1981 – Massimo Donati, Italian footballer
1982 – Mikel Arteta, Spanish footballer
1982 – Andreas Hinkel, German footballer
1983 – Roman Bednar, Czech footballer
1984 - Felix Neureuther, German skier
1985 – Keira Knightley, British actress
1985 - Jonathan Groff, American actor
1987 – Steven Fletcher, Scottish footballer
1987 - Yui, Japanese singer, musician and actress
1989 – Simon Kjaer, Danish footballer
1990 - Takaki Yuya, Japanese singer and actor
1990 - Matteo Guidicelli, Filipino actor, singer and racing driver
1992 - Haley Ramm, American actress
1992 - Nina Agdal, Danish model
1994 – Mayu Watanabe, Japanese actress and singer (AKB48)
1996 - Kathryn Bernardo, Filipina actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
304 – Saint Emmanuel, Christian martyr
752 - Pope-elect Stephen
922 - Al-Hallaj, Persian Sufi teacher and writer
1130 – King Sigurd I of Norway (b. 1090)
1212 – King Sancho I of Portugal (b. 1154)
1535 - Georg Tannstetter, Austrian mathematician, astronomer and cartographer (b. 1482)
1649 - John Winthrop, English lawyer and politician
1685 - Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (b. 1638)
1726 - Johan Vanbrugh, English playwright and architect (b. 1664)
1793 - John Mudge, English physician (b. 1721)
1797 – James Hutton, Scottish geologist (b. 1726)
1814 – Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French physician (b. 1738)
1827 – Ludwig van Beethoven, German composer (b. 1770)
1881 - Roman Sanguszko, Polish aristocrat (b. 1800)
1888 – Barghash bin Said, Sultan of Zanzibar (b. 1837)
1892 – Walt Whitman, American poet (b. 1819)
1901 2000
1902 – Cecil Rhodes, English explorer and colonial politician (b. 1853)
1905 - Maurice Barrymore, American actor (b. 1849)
1910 - An Jung-geun, Korean general (b. 1879)
1910 - Auguste Charlois, French astronomer (b. 1864)
1923 – Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b. 1844)
1926 – Konstantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1852)
1929 - Katharine Lee Bates, American poet (b. 1859)
1933 - Eddie Lang, American jazz musician (b. 1902)
1940 – Spyridon Louis, Greek marathon runner (b. 1873)
1945 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1863)
1951 - James F. Hinkle, Governor of New Mexico (b. 1864)
1954 - Charles Perrin, French rower (b. 1875)
1957 - Edouard Herriot, Prime Minister of France (b. 1872)
1959 – Raymond Chandler, American-born novelist (b. 1888)
1969 - John Kennedy Toole, American author (b. 1937)
1973 – Noël Coward, British composer and playwright (b. 1899)
1973 – George Sisler, American baseball player (b. 1893)
1976 – Josef Albers, German artist (b. 1888)
1980 - Roland Barthes, French linguist and critic (b. 1915)
1983 - Anthony Blunt, English historian and spy (b. 1907)
1984 – Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of Guinea (b. 1922)
1987 – Eugen Jochum, German conductor (b. 1902)
1987 - Walter Abel, American poet (b. 1898)
1989 - Hai Zi, Chinese poet (b. 1964)
1993 - J. Caleb Boggs, American politician, 62nd Governor of Delaware (b. 1909)
1995 – Eazy-E, American rapper (b. 1963)
1996 - Edmund Muskie, American politician (b. 1914)
1996 - David Packard, American engineer and businessman (b. 1912)
1997 – Marshall Applewhite, American, leader of the Heaven's Gate cult (b. 1931)
From 2001
2003 - Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician (b. 1927)
2005 – James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1912)
2006 - Nikki Sudden, British singer-songwriter (b. 1956)
2008 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930)
2011 – Paul Baran, American computer programmer (b. 1926)
2011 – Geraldine Ferraro, American lawyer and politician (b. 1935)
2011 – Diana Wynne Jones, British writer (b. 1934)
2013 - Jerzy Nowak, Polish actor (b. 1923)
2013 - Don Payne, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1964)
2014 - George Bookasta, American actor and director (b. 1917)
2014 - Dick Guidry, American businessman and politician (b. 1929)
2015 - Karl Moik, Austrian television presenter and singer (b. 1938)
2015 - John Renbourn, English guitarist (b. 1944)
2015 - Dinkha IV, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (b. 1935)
2015 - Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet (b. 1931)
2015 - Friedrich L. Bauer, German computer scientist (b. 1924)
2015 - Fred Robsahm, Norwegian actor (b. 1943)
2016 - David Baker, American jazz musician (b. 1931)
2016 - Norm Hadley, Canadian rugby player (b. 1964)
2016 - Jim Harrison, American author and screenwriter (b. 1937)
2016 - Igor Pashkevich, Soviet-Russian figure skater (b. 1971)
2017 - Mai Dantsig, Belarusian artist (b. 1930)
2017 - Vladimir Kazachyonok, Russian footballer and manager (b. 1952)
2017 - Roger Wilkins, American civil rights activist and journalist (b. 1932)
Observances
Independence Day in Bangladesh
Prince Kuhio Day (Hawaii)
Prophet Zoroaster's Birthday (Zoroastrianism)
Day of Democracy (Mali)
Days of the year |
8759 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2020 | March 20 | March 20 is usually the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and the first day of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.
Events
Up to 1800
325 – The First Council of Nicaea – the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church – is held.
526 – An earthquake kills about 300,000 people in Syria and Antiochia.
685 – The Battle of Nechtansmere is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
1217 – The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke.
1293 – King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Study of General Schools of Alcalá.
1413 - Henry V of England becomes King.
1497 – John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship The Mathew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
1498 – Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India.
1521 – Battle of Pampeluna.
1570 – Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues the first modern atlas.
1600 - Linkoping bloodbath in Sweden.
1602 - The Dutch East India Company is founded.
1631 – The city of Magdeburg in Germany is seized by forces of the Holy Roman Empire and most of its inhabitants massacred, in one of the bloodiest incidents of the Thirty Years War.
1690 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of Catholic James II.
1713 - An earthquake destroys most of the city of Foggia, Italy, and kills around 2,000 people.
1760 - One tenth of Boston, Massachusetts is destroyed by fire.
1801 1900
1813 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads his French troops into the Battle of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany, against the combined armies of Russia and Prussia. The battle ends the next day with a French victory.
1815 - Napoleon Bonaparte, after his escape from the Italian island of Elba, enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of over 200,000.
1845 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men under John Franklin sail from the River Thames in England, beginning a disastrous expedition to find the Northwest Passage. All crew members die on the expedition.
1848 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria gives up the throne, through his affair with Lola Montez.
1852 – The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published for the first time.
1854 - The US Republican Party is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin.
1861 – American Civil War: The state of Kentucky proclaims its neutrality, which will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state.
1861 – Mendoza, Argentina, is completely destroyed by an earthquake in which around 6,000 people are killed.
1862 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Ware Bottom Church – In the Virginia Bermuda Hundred Campaign, 10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory.
1873 – Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a United States patent for blue jeans with copper rivets.
1882 – The Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy is formed.
1888 - The premiere (first showing) of the very first Romani language operetta is staged in Moscow.
1890 - Leo von Caprivi replaces Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany.
1891 – History of cinema: First public display of Thomas Alva Edison's prototype kinetoscope (shown at Edison's Laboratory for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs).
1901 1950
1902 – Cuba gains independence from the United States.
1913 - Chinese politician Sung Chiao-jen is targeted in a assassination attempt, dying two days later.
1913 - Passenger steamer Koombana sinks in a cyclone off Western Australia, killing 138 people.
1916 – The Saturday Evening Post publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting ("Boy with Baby Carriage").
1916 – The U.S. town of Codell, Kansas, is struck by an F2 tornado.
1917 – The U.S. town of Codell, Kansas, is struck by an F3 tornado.
1918 – For the third consecutive year on this date, the U.S. town of Codell, Kansas, is struck by a tornado.
1920 – The Weimarer Nationalversammlung, the national assembly of Germany's Weimar Republic, is permanently dissolved.
1920 – Montreal Quebec station XWA broadcasts the first regularly scheduled radio programming in North America.
1927 – By the Treaty of Jedda, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of King Ibn Saud in the Kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd, which later merged to become the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
1932 – Amelia Earhart takes off from Newfoundland to begin the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean by a female pilot, landing in Ireland the next day.
1940 – Holocaust: The first prisoners arrive at a new concentration camp at Auschwitz.
1941 – World War II: Battle of Crete – German paratroops invade Crete.
1949 – In the United States, the AFSA (the predecessor of the NSA) is established.
1951 2000
1951 - Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Prefecture is founded in central Honshu, Japan.
1952 - The United States Senate supports a peace treaty with Japan.
1954 – Chiang Kai-shek is selected for another term as President of the Republic of China by the National Assembly.
1956 – Tunisia becomes independent from France.
1964 - The European Space Research Organization is founded, as a precursor to the European Space Agency.
1965 – A Pakistani Airlines Boeing 720-B crashes on landing at Cairo airport, killing 121 people.
1966 – The original FIFA World Cup trophy is stolen in England. It is found a week later.
1969 – The Battle of Hamburger Hill in Vietnam ends.
1972 - The Troubles: The Provisional IRA carry out a car bomb attack in Belfast, killing 7 people, and injuring 148.
1974 - Near Buckingham Palace, Ian Ball attempts to kidnap Anne, Princess Royal and her then-husband Mark Phillips. They both escape unhurt.
1980 – In a Referendum in Quebec, the population rejects by a 60% vote the proposal from its government to move towards independence from Canada.
1985 – Radio Martí, part of the Voice of America service, begins broadcasting to Cuba.
1985 – Libby Riddles becomes the first woman to win the Iditarod Sled Dog Race in Alaska.
1988 - Eritrean War of Independence: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front enters the town of Afabet.
1989 – The Chinese authorities declare martial law in the face of pro-democracy demonstrations, setting the scene for the Tiananmen Square massacre.
1990 – The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.
1993 – The television sitcom, Cheers ends an 11-year run on NBC.
1993 - An IRA bomb explodes in Warrington, England, killing two boys.
1995 – The Japanese cult, Aum Shinrikyo, under leadership of Shoko Asahara carries out a deadly sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway.
1996 – Gay rights: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Romer v. Evans against a law that would have prevented any city, town or county in the state of Colorado from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect the rights of homosexuals.
1999 - LEGOLAND California opens in Carlsbad, California.
From 2001
2003 – The US-led invasion of Iraq begins.
2005 – A magnitude 6.6 earthquake hits Fukuoka, Japan, killing one person, and leading to hundreds being injured or evacuated.
2006 - Over 150 Chadian soldiers are killed in Eastern Chad by members of the rebel United Front for Democratic Change. The rebel group had the intention of removing President Idriss Déby from office.
2006 - Cyclone Larry hits Queensland, Australia.
2008 - Emirates becomes the first airline to offer a mobile phone service during flights.
2013 - President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman dies aged 84. Abdul Hamid takes over as caretaker President.
2015 - A train crash in Uttar Pradesh, India, kills at least 30 people.
2015 - A solar eclipse coincides with the Spring Equinox in Europe, Greenland, and parts of North Africa and Northern and West-Central Asia. Totality occurs over the Faroe Islands and Svalbard.
2015 - A series of bombings in Yemen kills over 100 people.
2016 - US President Barack Obama starts a historic visit to Cuba - the first by a serving US President since Calvin Coolidge in 1928.
2017 - An accident at the Kintampo waterfalls in Ghana kills at least 18 people.
Births
Up to 1900
43 BC – Publius Ovidius Naso, Roman poet (d. 17)
1142 – King Malcolm IV of Scotland (d. 1165)
1469 - Princess Cecily of York (d. 1507)
1477 - Jerome Emser, German theologian (d. 1527)
1502 - Pierino Belli, Italian soldier and jurist (d. 1575)
1634 – Balthasar Bekker, Dutch philosopher (d. 1698)
1639 - Ivan Mazepa, Head of State of Ukraine (d. 1709)
1664 - Johann Baptist Homann, German cartographer and publisher (d. 1724)
1725 – Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1789)
1735 - Tobern Bergman, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d. 1784)
1737 – Rama I of Siam (d. 1809)
1741 – Jean-Antoine Loudon, French sculptor (d. 1828)
1770 – Friedrich Hoelderlin, German writer (d. 1843)
1794 - René Primevere Lesson, French physician (d. 1849)
1799 – Karl August Nicander, Swedish poet (d. 1839)
1800 – Braulio Carrillo Colina, Costa Rican Head of State (d. 1845)
1811 – Napoleon II of France (d. 1832)
1820 - Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Prince of Romania (d. 1873)
1828 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian writer and playwright (d. 1906)
1836 – Edward Poynter, British painter (d. 1919)
1845 - William Gowers, British neurologist (d. 1915)
1846 - Giulio Bizzozero, Italian physician and medical researcher (d. 1901)
1852 - John Franklin Fort, Governor of New Jersey (d. 1920)
1856 – Frederick Winslow Taylor, American inventor (d. 1915)
1870 - Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964)
1882 – René Coty, President of France (d. 1962)
1882 - Harold Weber, American golfer (d. 1933)
1888 - Amanda Clement, American baseball umpire (d. 1971)
1890 – Beniamino Gigli, Italian operatic tenor and actor (d. 1957)
1891 - Edmund Goulding, British-American movie director and screenwriter (d. 1959)
1894 – Ky Ebright, American Olympic rowing coach (d. 1979)
1901 1950
1903 - Edgar Buchanan, American actor (d. 1979)
1904 – B. F. Skinner, American psychologist (d. 1990)
1905 - Jean Galia, French rugby player (d. 1949)
1906 – Abraham Beame, Mayor of New York City (d. 2001)
1907 - Ellis Arnall, Governor of Georgia (d. 1992)
1908 – Michael Redgrave, English actor (d. 1985)
1911 – Alfonso Garcia Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician (d. 1991)
1912 - Ralph Hauenstein, American philanthropist and businessman (d. 2016)
1915 – Rudolf Kirchschlaeger, President of Austria (d. 2000)
1915 – Sviatoslav Richter, Soviet pianist (d. 1997)
1916 – Pierre Messmer, Prime Minister of France (d. 2007)
1917 – Dame Vera Lynn, British singer
1917 - Yigael Yadin, Israeli archaeologist, politician and general (d. 1984)
1918 - Jack Barry, American game show host and producer (d. 1984)
1918 - Marian McPartland, English-American pianist and composer (d. 2013)
1920 - Pamela Harriman, British-American diplomat (d. 1997)
1922 – Carl Reiner, American movie director and actor
1923 - Shaukat Siddiqui, Pakistani writer, journalist and activist (d. 2006)
1925 – John Ehrlichman, American political figure (d. 1999)
1927 - Jean Joubert, South African-born British composer
1928 – Fred Rogers, American TV host (d. 2003)
1929 - German Robles, Spanish actor
1930 - Thomas Stafford Williams, New Zealand cardinal
1931 - Hal Linden, American actor
1933 - Alexander Gorodnitsky, Russian geologist and poet
1933 - Azeglio Vicini, Italian footballer
1933 - Renato Salvatori, Italian actor (d. 1988)
1934 - Willie Brown, former Mayor of San Francisco
1935 - Jim McAnearney, Scottish footballer (d. 2017)
1936 - Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jamaican reggae producer
1936 - Lina Morgan, Spanish actress (d. 2015)
1937 - Lois Lowry, American writer
1937 – Jerry Reed, American singer and actor (d. 2008)
1939 – Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister of Canada
1939 - Don Edwards, American singer and guitarist
1939 - Walter Jakob Gehring, Swiss developmental biologist (d. 2014)
1939 - Robert Swindells, English author
1940 - Mary Ellen Mark, American photographer (d. 2015)
1941 - Kenji Kimihara, Japanese long-distance runner
1943 - Douglas Tompkins, American philanthropist and businessman
1944 - Erwin Neher, German biophysicist
1945 – Pat Riley, American basketball player and coach
1945 - Tim Yeo, British politician
1946 - Malcolm Simmons, British speedway rider (d. 2014)
1947 - John Boswell, American historian
1948 - John de Lancie, American actor, comedian, director, producer and singer
1948 – Bobby Orr, Canadian ice hockey player
1950 – William Hurt, American actor
1950 - Carl Palmer, English drummer (Emerson, Lake & Palmer)
1951 1975
1951 – Jimmie Vaughan, American guitarist
1954 - Yamina Bachir, Algerian director and screenwriter
1954 - Mike Francesa, American talk show host
1956 – Catherine Ashton, British politician
1957 - David Foster, Australian world champion wood chopper
1957 - Chris Wedge, American animator, screenwriter, producer and voice actor
1957 – Spike Lee, American movie director
1957 - Theresa Russell, American actress
1958 – Holly Hunter, American actress
1960 – Norbert Pohlmann, German computer scientist
1960 - Yuri Shargin, Russian cosmonaut
1961 – Jesper Olsen, Danish footballer
1961 - Sara Wheeler, English author and journalist
1963 - Paul Annacone, American tennis player
1963 - Andrei Sokolov, Russian-French chess player
1963 – David Thewlis, British actor
1963 – Kathy Ireland, American model and actress
1965 - William Dalrymple, Scottish writer and historian
1967 - Xavier Beauvoir, French actor, director and screenwriter
1968 – Paul Merson, English footballer
1969 - Yvette Cooper, Scottish-English politician
1970 - Edoardo Ballerini, American actor, writer, director and producer
1970 - Michael Rapaport, American actor and director
1972 - Chilly Gonzales, Canadian musician
1972 – Alexander Kapranos, Greek-British musician, Franz Ferdinand
1973 - Chris Stephens, Scottish politician
1974 - Paula Garcés, American-Colombian actress
1974 – Carsten Ramelow, German footballer
From 1976
1976 – Chester Bennington, American musician (Linkin Park)
1979 – Freema Agyeman, British actress
1979 – Bianca Lawson, American actress
1979 - Keven Meleanu, New Zealand rugby player
1979 - Valdas Trakys, Lithuanian footballer
1980 - Jamal Crawford, American basketball player
1981 - Ian Murray, Scottish footballer
1982 – Rory Fallon, New Zealand footballer
1982 – Tomasz Kuszczak, Polish footballer
1983 – Eiji Kawashima, Japanese footballer
1983 – Thomas Kahlenberg, Danish footballer
1984 – Fernando Torres, Spanish footballer
1984 - Christy Carlson Romano, American actress and singer
1984 - iJustine, American YouTube personality
1984 - Marcus Vick, American football player
1985 - Morgan Amalfitano, French footballer
1986 – Julian Magallanes, Argentine footballer
1986 - Kirsty Blackman, Scottish politician
1987 – Sergei Kostitsyn, Belarusian ice hockey player
1987 – Jo, Brazilian footballer
1988 – Louie Vito, American snowboarder
1989 - Xavier Dolan, Canadian actor, director and screenwriter
1990 - Marcos Rojo, Argentine footballer
1991 - Lucie Jones, Welsh singer
1991 - Alexis Pinturault, French skier
1993 - Sloane Stephens, American tennis player
2006 - Barron Trump, son of Donald and Melania Trump
Deaths
Up to 1900
687 – Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, patron saint of Northumbria (b. 634)
1390 - Alexios III, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1338)
1413 – King Henry IV of England (b. 1367)
1568 - Duke Albert of Prussia (b. 1490)
1586 - Richard Maitland, Scottish statesman and historian (b. 1496)
1619 – Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1557)
1668 – Nicolas Mignard, French painter (b. 1606)
1730 - Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress (b. 1692)
1865 – Keisuke Yamanami, Japanese samurai (b. 1833)
1874 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer (b. 1810)
1878 - Julius Robert von Mayer, German physician and physicist (b. 1814)
1894 – Lajos Kossuth, National hero of Hungary (b. 1802)
1897 - Apollon Maykov, Russian poet (b. 1821)
1899 - Franz Ritter von Hauer, Austrian geologist (b. 1822)
1901 2000
1916 - Ota Benga, Congolese Pygmy (b. 1884)
1918 - Lewis A. Grant, American Civil War general (b. 1828)
1925 - George Nathaniel Curzon, British Viceroy of India (b. 1859)
1931 – Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
1933 - Giuseppe Zangara, Italian-American assassin (b. 1900)
1934 – Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1858)
1935 - Jon Thorlaksson, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1877)
1947 – Sigurd Wallén, Swedish actor and movie director (b. 1884)
1958 - Adegoke Adelabu, Nigerian politician (b. 1915)
1964 – Brendan Behan, Irish playwright and writer (b. 1923)
1965 - Daniel Frank, American long jumper (b. 1882)
1968 - Carl Theodor Dreyer, Danish movie director (b. 1889)
1977 - Terukuni Manzo, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1919)
1983 – Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov, Russian mathematician (b. 1891)
1990 – Lev Yashin, Soviet footballer (b. 1929)
1990 - Maurice Cloche, French director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1907)
1992 - Georges Delerue, French movie composer (b. 1925)
1993 – Polykarp Kusch, German physicist (b. 1911)
1995 – Werner Liebrich, German footballer (b. 1927)
1998 – Catherine Sauvage, French singer and actress (b. 1929)
From 2001
2004 – Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (b. 1909)
2007 - Taha Yassin Ramadan, Vice President of Iraq (b. 1938)
2008 - Klaus Dinger, German musician (b. 1946)
2009 - Abdellatif Filali, Prime Minister of Morocco (b. 1928)
2010 – Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepalese politician (b. 1925)
2010 – Harry Carpenter, British sports commentator (b. 1925)
2010 – Stewart Udall, American politician (b. 1920)
2013 - Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (b. 1929)
2013 - James Herbert, English writer (b. 1943)
2013 - George Lowe, New Zealand mountaineer (b. 1924)
2014 - Khushwant Singh, Indian journalist and novelist (b. 1915)
2014 - Hilderaldo Bellini, Brazilian footballer (b. 1930)
2014 - Tonie Nathan, American politician (b. 1923)
2015 - Malcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1930)
2015 - A. J. Pero, American drummer (b. 1959)
2015 - Walter Grauman, American director and producer (b. 1922)
2015 - Gregory Walcott, American actor (b. 1928)
2015 - Eva Burrows, Australian Salvation Army General (b. 1929)
2015 - Robert Kastenmeier, American politician (b. 1924)
2016 - Anker Jorgensen, Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1922)
2017 - Leticia Ramos-Shahani, Filipino politician (b. 1929)
2017 - Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist and writer (b. 1918)
2017 - David Rockefeller, American banker, businessman and philanthropist (b. 1915)
2017 - Robert B. Silvers, American editor and essayist (b. 1929)
2017 - Bagrat de Bagration y de Baviera, Spanish royal (b. 1949)
2017 - Edward Joseph McManus, American politician and jurist (b. 1920)
2017 - Tony Terran, American trumpeter and session musician (b. 1926)
2018 - Katie Boyle, Italian-born British actress and television presenter (b. 1926)
2018 - Peter George Peterson, American financier and politician (b. 1926)
Observances
Independence Day in Tunisia
Spring Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere
Autumn Equinox in the Southern Hemisphere
Norouz/Nowruz, Iranian New Year
Francophone Day (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and French-speaking countries)
UN French language Day
World Sparrow Day
International Day of Happiness
Days of the year |
8764 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%208 | October 8 |
Events
Up to 1900
1075 Dmitar Zvonimir is crowned King of Croatia.
1480 Stand-off on the Ugra River, between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the 'Great Horde', and those of Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia, resulting in the retreat of the Tataro-Mongols.
1573 End of the Spanish Siege of Alkmaar (Netherlands) - First Dutch victory in the Eighty Years' War.
1600 San Marino adopts its own constitution.
1806 Napoleonic Wars: Forces of the British Empire lay siege to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, on France's English Channel coast.
1813 The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.
1814 The first election to Norway's Storting (Parliament) takes place.
1821 The Government of Jose de San Martin creates the Peruvian Navy.
1822 A volcanic eruption begins on the island of Java.
1856 The Second Opium War between China and Western powers begins.
1860 The telegraph line linking San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, opens.
1862 American Civil War: Battle of Perryville, Kentucky.
1871 The Great Chicago Fire occurs.
1879 War of the Pacific: In the naval Battle of Angamos, Chile defeats Peru.
1895 Empress Myeongseong of Korea is murdered by Japanese forces at Geongbok Palace, before her corpse is burned.
1897 Gustav Mahler becomes director of the Vienna Court Opera.
1901 2000
1904 Edmonton, Alberta and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan become cities.
1912 The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
1918 World War I: In the Argonne Forest, France, US Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132.
1928 Joseph Szigeti gives the first performance of Alfredo Casella's violin concerto.
1932 The Indian Air Force is created.
1939 World War II: Germany annexes Western Poland.
1941 World War II: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
1952 United Kingdom: The Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash occurs. It is the UK's deadliest peacetime rail disaster.
1956 The New York Yankees player Don Larsen pitches the only perfect game in a World Series.
1962 Algeria joins the UN.
1962 Germany's Der Spiegel publishes an article on the Bundeswehr (German army), which leads to a major scandal.
1967 Che Guevara is captured in Bolivia, leading to his execution the next day.
1973 Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir's armored brigade attack Egyptian-occupied positions on Israel's side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away. The attack fails, destroying over 150 Israeli tanks.
1974 Baja California Sur becomes a state of Mexico.
1978 Australian Ken Warby sets the a water speed record, which still stands.
1982 Trade Unions, including Solidarity, are banned in Poland.
1982 The musical Cats opens on Broadway.
1990 Israel-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinian and injure over 100 near the Dome of the Rock.
1991 Croatia decides to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia.
1998 In Oslo, Gardermoen Airport replaces Fornebu Airport.
2000 Aleksander Kwasniewski is re-elected as President of Poland.
From 2001
2001 Two airplanes collide in heavy fog from take-off from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.
2001 George W. Bush announces the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
2004 Wangari Maathai wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
2005 2005 Pakistan earthquake: At 03:50:38 UTC, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale happens in the Pakistan region of Kashmir, killing thousands of people.
2010 Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
2013 Peter Higgs and François Englert share the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the Higgs boson.
2015 President Sepp Blatter is suspended from FIFA for ninety days, along with senior officials Michel Platini and Jerome Valcke, during a major corruption scandal.
2018 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change releases a special report, warning that "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society" would need to be made to prevent global warming by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius over the upcoming century.
Births
Up to 1900
1515 Margaret Douglas, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1578)
1585 Heinrich Schütz, German composer (d. 1672)
1661 Michel Le Quien, French history writer (d. 1733)
1676 Benito Jeronimo Feijoo, Galician monk and scholar (d. 1764)
1713 Yechezkel Landau, Polish rabbi (d. 1793)
1715 Michel Benoist, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1774)
1720 Jonathan Mayhew, American minister (d. 1766)
1747 Jean-Francois Rewbell, French politician (d. 1807)
1789 William John Swainson, English-New Zealand ornithologist and entomologist (d. 1855)
1789 John Ruggles, American politician (d. 1874)
1807 Harriet Taylor Mill, English philosopher and activist (d. 1858)
1818 John Henninger Reagan, American politician (d. 1905)
1823 Ivan Aksakov, Russian writer (d. 1876)
1826 Emily Blackwell, American physician and activist (d. 1910)
1834 Walter Kittredge, American violinist and composer (d. 1905)
1843 Kitty Kielland, Norwegian artist (d. 1914)
1846 Bjorn Jonsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1912)
1850 Henry Louis Le Chatelier, French chemist (d. 1936)
1863 Edythe Chapman, American actress (d. 1948)
1864 Ozias Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 1955)
1868 Max Slevogt, German painter (d. 1932)
1868 Coleman Livingston Blease, Governor of South Carolina (d. 1942)
1870 Louis Vierne, French composer (d. 1937)
1871 Ivan Poddubny, Russian wrestler (d. 1949)
1873 Ejnar Hertzsprung, Danish chemist and astronomer (d. 1967)
1873 Alexey Shchusev, Russian architect (d. 1949)
1875 Laurence Doherty, English tennis player (d. 1919)
1877 Hans Heysen, German-born landscape artist (d. 1968)
1883 Otto Heinrich Warburg, German chemist, won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1970)
1883 Dick Burnett, American musician (d. 1977)
1884 Walther von Reichenau, German general (d. 1942)
1889 Collett E. Woolman, American businessman (d. 1966)
1890 Edward Rickenbacker, American fighter pilot (d. 1973)
1890 Philippe Thys, Belgian cyclist (d. 1971)
1892 Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (d. 1941)
1893 Clarence Williams, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)
1895 Juan Perón, President of Argentina (d. 1974)
1895 Zog I, King of Albania (d. 1961)
1896 Julien Duvivier, French director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1967)
1897 Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian director (d. 1987)
1901 1950
1901 Eivind Groven, Norwegian composer and theorist (d. 1977)
1901 Mark Oliphant, Australian physicist, humanitarian and politician, Governor of South Australia (d. 2000)
1903 Georgy Geshev, Bulgarian chess player (d. 1937)
1908 Martha Dodd, American writer (d. 1990)
1910 Paulette Dubost, French actress (d. 2011)
1910 Gus Hall, American Communist politician (d. 2000)
1913 Robert Gilruth, American aviation and space travel pioneer (d. 2000)
1917 Rodney Robert Porter, British biochemist (d. 1985)
1917 Billy Conn, American boxer (d. 1993)
1917 Walter Lord, American writer (d. 2002)
1918 Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist (d. 2018)
1919 Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
1920 Frank Herbert, American science fiction writer (d. 1986)
1922 Nils Liedholm, Swedish footballer (d. 2007)
1924 Alphons Egli, Swiss politician (d. 2016)
1927 César Milstein, Argentine scientist (d. 2002)
1927 Raymond Chow, Hong Kong film producer (d. 2018)
1928 Bill Maynard, English actor (d. 2018)
1929 Betty Boothroyd, English politician
1929 Valdir Pereira, Brazilian footballer (d. 2001)
1929 Franklin Stahl, American geneticist and biologist
1930 Alasdair Milne, English director and producer (d. 2013)
1931 Bill Brown, Scottish footballer (d. 2004)
1932 Kenneth Appel, American mathematician (d. 2013)
1932 Ray Reardon, Welsh snooker player
1934 James Holshouser, American politician, 68th Governor of North Carolina (d. 2013)
1935 Albert Roux, French-English chef
1937 Paul Schell, American politician, 50th Mayor of Seattle (d. 2014)
1938 Walter Gretzky, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1938 Bronislovas Lubys, Lithuanian politician and businessman (d. 2011)
1939 Paul Hogan, Australian actor
1939 Harvey Pekar, American writer (d. 2010)
1939 Tanhum Cohen-Mintz, Israeli basketball player (d. 2014)
1939 Lynne Stewart, American attorney (d. 2017)
1941 Jesse Jackson, American clergyman and activist
1943 Chevy Chase, American comedian and actor
1946 Dennis Kucinich, American politician
1946 Hanan Ashrawi, Pakistani scholar, activist and politician
1946 Jean-Jacques Beineix, French director and producer
1948 Gottfried Helnwein, Austrian-Irish artist
1948 Claude Jade, French actress (d. 2006)
1948 Pedro Lopez, Colombian serial killer
1948 Johnny Ramone, American musician (d. 2004)
1948 Baldwin Spencer, former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
1949 Sigourney Weaver, American actress
1950 Blake Morrison, English writer
1950 Miguel Brindisi, Argentine footballer
1951 1975
1951 Shannon C. Stimson, American political theorist
1952 Takis Koroneos, Greek basketball player and coach
1952 Edward Zwick, American director, producer and screenwriter
1953 Robert Saxton, English composer
1954 Brigitte Rohde, German sprinter
1956 Janice E. Voss, American astronaut (d. 2012)
1956 Stephanie Zimbalist, American actress
1957 Martha Kearney, Irish-British broadcaster
1957 Antonio Cabrini, Italian footballer
1958 Ursula von der Leyen, German politician
1960 Reed Hastings, American businessman, co-founder of Netflix
1960 François Perusse, Canadian humorist
1964 Jakob Arjouni, German writer (d. 2013)
1964 CeCe Winans, American singer
1965 C. J. Ramone, American musician
1965 Ardal O'Hanlon, Irish comedian and actor
1965 Harri Koskela, Finnish wrestler
1968 Zvonimir Boban, Croatian footballer
1968 Emily Procter, American actress
1970 Matt Damon, American actor
1970 Anne-Marie Duff, British actress
1970 Sadiq Khan, British politician, Mayor of London
1970 Tetsuya Nomura, Japanese video game designer and director
1971 Monty Williams, American basketball player
1971 David Gauke, British politician
1972 Stanislav Varga, Slovakian footballer
1972 Terry Balsamo, American guitarist
1972 Kim Myung-min, South Korean actor
1974 Fredrik Modin, Swedish ice hockey player
1974 Koji Murofushi, Japanese hammer thrower
From 1976
1976 Karina Bacchi, Brazilian model and actress
1976 Renate Groenwold, Dutch speed skater
1976 Seryoga, Belarussian rapper, actor and producer
1977 Anne-Caroline Chausson, French cyclist
1977 Jamie Marchi, American voice actress, director and screenwriter
1977 Erna Siikavirta, Finnish musician (Lordi)
1977 Travis Wester, American actor
1978 Antonino D'Agostino, Italian footballer
1979 Kristanna Loken, American actress
1980 Nick Cannon, American actor, rapper and producer
1980 The Miz, American professional wrestler
1981 Chris Killen, New Zealand footballer
1984 Anthony Le Tallec, French footballer
1985 Eiji Wentz, Japanese entertainer
1985 Simone Bolelli, Italian tennis player
1985 Bruno Mars, American singer-songwriter
1987 Aya Hirano, Japanese voice actress
1989 Armand Traoré, French footballer
1993 Angus T. Jones, American actor
1993 Garbiñe Muguruza, Spanish tennis player
1993 Barbara Palvin, Hungarian model
1993 Molly Quinn, American actress
1996 Sara Takanashi, Japanese ski jumper
1997 Bella Thorne, American actress, singer and dancer
Deaths
Up to 1900
976 Helen of Zadar, Queen of Croatia
1286 John I of Dreux, Duke of Brittany (b. 1217)
1317 Emperor Fushimi of Japan (b. 1265)
1621 Antoine de Montchrestien, French soldier, playwright and economist (b. 1575)
1647 Christian Soren Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (b. 1562)
1652 John Greaves, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1602)
1656 John George I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1585)
1735 Yongzheng Emperor of China (b. 1678)
1754 Henry Fielding, English writer (b. 1707)
1772 Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, French violinist and composer (b. 1711)
1793 John Hancock, American revolutionary and businessman (b. 1737)
1802 Emmanuel Vitale, Maltese general (b. 1758)
1803 Vittorio Alfieri, Italian writer (b. 1749)
1809 James Elphinston, Scottish linguist, educator and orthographer (b. 1721)
1820 Henri Christophe, King of Haiti (b. 1767)
1834 François-Adrien Boieldieu, French composer (b. 1775)
1869 Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (b. 1804)
1879 Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian naval officer (b. 1834)
1886 Austin F. Pike, American politician (b. 1819)
1891 Giovanni Caselli, Italian physicist (b. 1815)
1894 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (b. 1809)
1895 Empress Myeongseong of Korea (b. 1851)
1897 Alexei Savrasov, Russian painter (b. 1830)
1901 2000
1928 Larry Semon, silent movie comedian (b. 1889)
1936 Premchand, Indian writer (b. 1880)
1936 Red Ames, American baseball player (b. 1882)
1942 Sergei Chaplygin, Soviet engineer (b. 1869)
1944 Wendell Willkie, American politician, candidate for President of the United States (b. 1892)
1945 Felix Salten, Austrian writer (b. 1869)
1953 Nigel Bruce, British actor (b. 1895)
1953 Kathleen Ferrier, American contralto (b. 1912)
1967 Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1883)
1972 Prescott Bush, father of President of the United States George H. W. Bush (b. 1895)
1973 Gabriel Marcel, French philosopher, playwright and critic (b. 1889)
1977 Giorgos Papasideris, Greek singer, composer and lyricist (b. 1902)
1982 Fernando Lamas, Argentine actor (b. 1916)
1982 Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, English peace activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1889)
1983 Joan Hackett, American actress (b. 1934)
1983 Robert Docking, American politician, 38th Governor of Kansas (b. 1925)
1985 Malcolm Ross, American balloonist and atmospheric physicist (b. 1919)
1987 Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (b. 1899)
1992 Willy Brandt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1913)
1997 Bertrand Goldberg, American architect (b. 1913)
1999 John McLendon, American basketball player and coach (b. 1915)
From 2001
2002 Jacques Richard, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1952)
2004 Jacques Derrida, French philosopher (b. 1930)
2012 Eric Lomax, Scottish captain and author (b. 1919)
2012 Ken Sansom, American actor and singer (b. 1927)
2012 Nawal Kishore Sharma, Indian politician, 20th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1925)
2012 John Tchicai, Danish-French saxophonist and composer (b. 1936)
2013 Phil Chevron, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1957)
2014 Thomas Eric Duncan, Liberian Ebola patient diagnosed in the US (b. 1972)
2014 Jeen van den Berg, Dutch speed skater (b. 1928)
2014 Mike Waugh, American politician (b. 1955)
2014 Helmut Ruge, German comedian, actor and writer (b. 1940)
2015 Paul Prudhomme, American chef (b. 1940)
2015 Jim Diamond, Scottish singer (b. 1951)
2017 Gianni Bonagura, Italian actor (b. 1925)
2017 Slim Chaker, Tunisian politician (b. 1961)
2017 Jerry Kleczka, American politician (b. 1943)
2017 Grady Tate, American soul-jazz drummer and singer (b. 1932)
2017 Y. A. Tittle, American football player (b. 1926)
2017 Birgitta Ulfsson, Finnish-Swedish actress (b. 1928)
2017 Beverly Reid O'Connell, American judge (b. 1965)
2018 Arnold Kopelson, American film producer (b. 1935)
2018 George Taliaferro, American football player (b. 1927)
2018 Joseph Tydings, American lawyer and politician (b. 1928)
2018 Hiroshi Wajima, Japanese sumo and professional wrestler (b. 1948)
2018 Venantino Venantini, Italian actor (b. 1930)
Observances
Independence Day (Croatia)
Navy Day (Peru)
Air Force Day (India)
Children's Day (Iran)
Arbor Day (Namibia)
October 08 |
8765 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%2028 | October 28 |
Events
Up to 1900
306 – Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. Also on this day, in 312, he is defeated in battle and drowns in the River Tiber.
312 - Battle of Milvain Bridge: Constantine I defeats Maxentius to become Roman Emperor.
1344 - The lower town of Smyrna (Izmir), in present-day Turkey, is captured by Crusaders.
1420 - Beijing officially becomes the capital city of Ming Dynasty China.
1492 – Christopher Columbus reaches Cuba.
1516 - Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza.
1531 - Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. Imam Ahmad takes control of southern Ethiopia.
1628 - The Siege of La Rochelle, France, is ended through forces loyal to King Louis XIII of France, following the surrender of the mainly Huguenot challenge.
1636 – Harvard University is founded.
1644 - The Regiment that later becomes the Royal Marines is founded by the then-Duke of York, later King James II of England/VII of Scotland.
1707 - The Hoei earthquake causes over 5,000 deaths in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan.
1746 - An earthquake of Lima, Peru, of estimated magnitude 8.4, kills around 18,000 people. The coastal city of Callao is almost completely destroyed.
1775 - American Revolutionary War: A British proclamation forbids residents to leave Boston, Massachusetts.
1776 - American Revolutionary War: British forces arrive at White Plains, New York and attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.
1834 - Battle of Pinjarra: In present-day Western Australia, British colonists kill between 14 and 40 Aborigines.
1835 - The United Tribes of New Zealand are founded, signed by 31 Maori chiefs.
1836 - The Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation is formed.
1848 – Spain's first railway line is opened.
1856 – Portugal's first railway line is completed.
1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the Periodic Table of the elements.
1886 – The Statue of Liberty is dedicated by Grover Cleveland.
1891 - An earthquake in Japan kills 7,273 people.
1900 - The 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris end after five months.
1901 2000
1904 - Panama and Uruguay start diplomatic relations.
1918 – Czechoslovakia becomes independent.
1918 - A new Polish government is created in Galicia.
1919 - United States Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, paving the way for prohibition to begin in January 1920.
1922 – Fascists led by Benito Mussolini take over the Italian government.
1929 - Black Monday during the Wall Street Crash.
1940 - World War II: Italy invades Greece through Albania.
1942 – The Alaska Highway is completed.
1951 - Juan Manuel Fangio wins the Formula One championship.
1954 - Ernest Hemingway wins the Nobel Prize in Literature.
1954 – The Modern Kingdom of the Netherlands is re-founded as a federal monarchy.
1958 – Pope John XXIII becomes Pope.
1962 – The Cuban Missile Crisis ends.
1964 - Vietnam War: US officials deny involvement in the bombing of North Vietnam.
1965 - The Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri is completed.
1974 - In Woomera, South Australia, the British rocket Black Arrow is launched, along the satellite Prospero.
1981 – The band Metallica is founded.
1982 – Felipe González is elected Prime Minister of Spain.
1990 - The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic holds its first election involving more than one political party.
1995 – A train fire in the Baku Metro kills 289 people.
1995 - Antonio Guterres becomes Prime Minister of Portugal.
1998 - An Air China jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan.
From 2001
2005 - American politician Lewis Libby resigns over the Valerie Plame Affair.
2007 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner is elected President of Argentina.
2009 - A bombing in Peshawar, Pakistan, kills 117 people and injures 213.
2009 - Angela Merkel begins her second term as Chancellor of Germany.
2012 - People along the east coast of the United States prepare for the arrival of Hurricane Sandy, which had already caused a lot of destruction in the Caribbean.
2013 - The St Jude Storm, also known as "Christian", "Carmen" and "Simone", hits the southern UK, northern France, the Low Countries, Germany, Denmark and southern Sweden. At least 15 people are killed, either from falling trees or getting swept out to sea, and transport is disrupted. Denmark records its highest wind-speed during this storm.
2017 - Two bomb attacks in Mogadishu, Somalia, kill at least 19 people, after a massive bomb attack in the city had killed over 350 people two weeks earlier.
2018 - Far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro is elected President of Brazil.
Births
Up to 1900
1017 - Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
1510 – Francisco Borgia, Spanish Jesuit (d. 1572)
1536 - Felix Platter, Swiss writer and physician (d. 1614)
1585 - Cornelius Jansen, Dutch bishop and theologian (d. 1638)
1667 - Maria Anna of Neuburg, Queen of Spain (d. 1740)
1691 – Peder Tordenskjold, Norwegian naval hero (d. 1720)
1697 – Canaletto, Italian artist (d. 1768)
1703 - Antoine Deparcieux, French mathematician (d. 1768)
1718 - Ignacije Szentmartony, Croatian Jesuit missionary (d. 1793)
1733 - Franz Ignaz von Beecke, German composer (d. 1803)
1767 – Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1852)
1793 – Caroline of Denmark (d. 1881)
1803 - Caroline Unger, Austrian singer (d. 1877)
1804 - Pierre François Verhulst, Belgian mathematician (d. 1849)
1818 - Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883) (November 9 in Gregorian calendar)
1823 - William Simpson, Scottish artist and war correspondent (d. 1899)
1837 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese shogun (d. 1913)
1839 - Edward P. Allen, American captain, lawyer and politician (d. 1909)
1840 - Joseph W. Fifer, 19th Governor of Illinois (d. 1938)
1845 - Zymunt Florenty Wroblewski, Polish physicist (d. 1888)
1846 - Auguste Escoffier, French chef (d. 1935)
1854 - Jean-Marie Guyau, French philosopher and poet (d. 1888)
1860 - Jigoro Kano, Japanese martial artist (d. 1938)
1860 - Hugo Preuss, German politician (d. 1938)
1864 - Adolfo Camarillo, American-born Mexican land owner and rancher (d. 1958)
1866 - Ramón del Valle-Inclán, Galician writer (d. 1936)
1875 - Gilbert H. Grosvenor, American geographer and editor (d. 1966)
1879 - Channing H. Cox, 49th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1968)
1882 - Grigol Robakidze, Georgian writer (d. 1962)
1885 – Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1946)
1886 - O. G. S. Crawford, English archaeologist (d. 1957)
1889 - Juliette Béliveau, Canadian actress and singer (d. 1975)
1891 - Ormer Locklear, American pilot (d. 1980)
1892 - Dink Johnson, American pianist, drummer and clarinettist (d. 1954)
1896 – Howard Hanson, American composer (d. 1981)
1897 – Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981)
1901 1950
1901 - Eileen Shanahan, Irish poet (d. 1979)
1902 – Elsa Lanchester, Anglo-American actress (d. 1986)
1903 – Evelyn Waugh, British writer (d. 1966)
1904 - George Dangerfield, English-American historian, journalist and author (d. 1986)
1907 - Tommy Hampson, British athlete (d. 1965)
1908 – Arturo Frondizi, President of Argentina (d. 1995)
1909 – Francis Bacon, Anglo-Irish painter (d. 1992)
1912 – Richard Doll, British epidemiologist (d. 2005)
1914 – Jonas Salk, American doctor, developed the Polio vaccine (d. 1995)
1914 – Richard Laurence Millington Synge, British biochemist (d. 1994)
1921 - Azumafuji Kin'ichi, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1973)
1922 - Simon Muzenda, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2003)
1925 - Ian Hamilton Findlay, Scottish poet, writer, artist and gardener (d. 2006)
1927 - Roza Makagonova, Russian writer (d. 1995)
1927 – Cleo Laine, British singer
1928 – Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Egyptian Muslim cleric (d. 2010)
1928 - Marcel Bozzuffi, French actor (d. 1988)
1928 - Lawrie Reilly, Scottish footballer (d. 2013)
1928 - William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank, British politician
1929 – Joan Plowright, British actress
1929 - John Hollander, American poet
1929 - Virginia Held, American philosopher and author
1930 – Bernie Ecclestone, British Formula 1 executive
1931 - Harold Battiste, American composer, arranger, performer and teacher (d. 2015)
1932 - Gerhart Baum, German politician
1932 – Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (d. 2002)
1933 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (d. 1983)
1935 - Alan Clarke, British movie director (d. 1990)
1936 - Horst Antes, German artist and sculptor
1936 - Carl Davis, American-born British conductor and composer
1936 - Charlie Daniels, American country musician
1937 - Lenny Wilkins, American basketball player
1938 – David Dimbleby, British broadcaster
1938 - Dave Budd, American basketball player
1938 - Bernadette Lafont, French actress (d. 2013)
1938 - Anne Perry, British writer
1939 – Jane Alexander, American actress
1939 - Miroslav Cerar, Yugoslavian gymnast
1941 - Hank Marvin, English guitarist
1941 - Curtis Lee, American singer
1942 - Kees Verkerk, Dutch speed skater
1943 – Cornelia Froboess, German actress
1944 – Anton Schlecker, German businessman
1944 - Dennis Franz, American actor
1944 - Gerry Anderson, Northern Irish broadcaster (d. 2014)
1944 - Ian Marter, English actor and writer (d. 1986)
1945 - Sandy Berger, American lawyer and politician (d. 2015)
1945 - Wayne Fontana, American singer
1946 - Wim Jansen, Dutch footballer and coach
1949 – Caitlyn Jenner, American athlete and television personality
1950 - Ludo Delcroix, Belgian cyclist
1950 - Sihem Bensedrine, Tunisian journalist and activist
1951 1975
1951 - Ronnie and Donnie Galyon, American conjoined twins
1951 - Peter Hitchens, English journalist and author
1952 - Annie Potts, American actress
1954 - Christopher Benfey, American literary critic
1955 - Digby Jones, English politician and businessman
1955 - Yves Simoneau, Canadian movie and television director
1955 – Bill Gates, American entrepreneur
1956 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former President of Iran
1956 - Sandy Clark, Scottish footballer and coach
1956 - Franky Vercateuren, Belgian footballer and coach
1957 - Florence Arthaud, French sailor (d. 2015)
1957 - Stephen Paul David Morris, British musician
1957 - Scott Hahn, American theologian
1958 - William Reid, Scottish musician
1958 - Concha García Campoy, Spanish journalist (d. 2013)
1958 - Ashok Chavan, Indian politician, 16th Chief Minister of Maharashtra
1962 - Scotty Nguyen, Vietnamese-born American professional poker player
1962 - Erik Thorstvedt, Norwegian footballer
1962 – Daphne Zuniga, American actress
1963 - Lauren Holly, American actress
1963 - Eros Ramazzotti, Italian singer-songwriter and musician
1963 - Sheryl Underwood, American comedian and talk show host
1964 - Andrew Bridgen, English politician
1965 - Jami Gertz, American actress
1966 - Andy Richter, American actor and comedian
1967 - Richard Bona, Cameroonian musician
1967 - Kevin Macdonald, Scottish movie director
1967 – Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein
1967 – Julia Roberts, American actress
1967 - John Romero, American video game designer
1968 – Marc Lièvremont, French rugby player and coach
1969 - Ben Harper, American rock musician
1969 - Jeremy Davies, American actor
1972 – Brad Paisley, American musician
1973 – Alvin Burke, Jr., American professional wrestler known under the ring name Montel Vontavious Porter or MVP.
1974 – Joaquin Phoenix, American actor
1974 - Vicente Moreno, Spanish footballer and manager
1974 - Dayanara Torres, Puerto Rican actress and singer
From 1976
1979 – Aki Hakala, Finnish drummer
1979 - Isabella Ochichi, Kenyan athlete
1979 - Martin Skoula, Czech ice hockey player
1979 - Jawed Karim, German-American internet entrepreneur and co-founder of YouTube
1979 - Natina Reed, American actress, rapper and singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
1980 – Alan Smith, English footballer
1981 – Milan Baros, Czech footballer
1981 - Solomon Andargachew, Ethiopian footballer
1982 - Jeremy Bonderman, American baseball player
1982 - Mai Kuraki, Japanese singer-songwriter, pianist and producer
1982 – Matt Smith, British actor
1983 - Jarrett Jack, American basketball player
1984 – Obafemi Martins, Nigerian footballer
1984 - Kári Kristjánsson, Icelandic handball player
1984 - Bryn Evans, New Zealand rugby player
1985 - Troian Bellisario, American actress
1986 - Aki Toyosaki, Japanese voice actress
1987 - Frank Ocean, American singer-songwriter
1988 - Jamie xx, English musician, DJ and record producer
1988 - Go Eun-ah, South Korean actress
1989 - Camille Muffat, French swimmer (d. 2015)
1991 - Lucy Bronze, English footballer
1996 - Jack Eichel, American ice hockey player
1996 - Jasmine Jessica Anthony, American actress
1997 - Sierra McCormick, American actress
1997 - Taylor Hinz, American tennis player
1998 - Nolan Gould, American actor
2004 - Miss Beazley, George W. Bush's pet dog (d. 2014)
Deaths
Up to 1900
312 – Maxentius, Roman Emperor (b. 278)
1225 - Jien, Japanese poet and historian (b. 1155)
1312 - Elisabeth of Tirol (b. 1262)
1412 – Margaret I of Denmark (b. 1353)
1485 - Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch humanist (b. 1443)
1568 - Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shogun (b. 1539)
1627 – Jahangir, Mughal Emperor (b. 1569)
1639 - Stefano Landi, Italian composer (b. 1587)
1646 - William Dobson, English painter (b. 1610)
1661 - Agustín Moreto y Cavana, Spanish playwright (b. 1618)
1703 – John Wallis, English mathematician (b. 1616)
1704 – John Locke, English philosopher (b. 1632)
1708 – Prince George of Denmark, Prince Consort of Great Britain (b. 1653)
1740 – Empress Anna of Russia (b. 1693)
1754 - Friedrich von Hagedorn, German poet (b. 1708)
1768 - Michel Blavet, French flautist and composer (b. 1700)
1792 - John Smeaton, British civil engineer (b. 1724)
1818 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
1857 - Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, 26th Prime Minister of France (b. 1802)
1899 - Ottmar Mergenthaler, German-American inventor (b. 1854)
1900 – Max Müller, German philologist (b. 1823)
1901 2000
1916 - Oswald Boelcke, German pilot (b. 1891)
1917 - Dimitrios Votsis, Greek politician (b. 1841)
1918 – Ulisse Dini, Italian mathematician (b. 1845)
1929 – Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1849)
1939 - Alice Brady, American actress (b. 1892)
1952 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
1959 – Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban revolutionary (b. 1932)
1969 - Constance Dowling, American actress (b. 1920)
1973 - Taha Hussein, Egyptian historian, author and academic (b. 1889)
1973 - Sergio Topano, Italian actor, director and playwright (b. 1883)
1975 - Georges Carpentier, French boxer (b. 1894)
1978 - Rukmani Devi, Sri Lankan actress and singer (b. 1923)
1983 - Otto Messmer, American animator (b. 1892)
1984 - Wells Kelly, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1949)
1986 - Ian Marter, English actor and writer (b. 1944)
1989 - Kateb Yacine, Algerian writer (b. 1929)
1998 – Ted Hughes, English poet (b. 1930)
From 2001
2005 – Richard Smalley, American chemist (b. 1943)
2005 - Tony Jackson, American basketball player (b. 1942)
2005 - Fernando Quejas, Cape Verdean singer and musician (b. 1922)
2006 – Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and executive (b. 1917)
2007 - Evelyn Hamann, German actress (b. 1942)
2007 – Porter Wagoner, American country singer (b. 1927)
2009 – Taylor Mitchell, Canadian singer-songwriter (b. 1990)
2010 – Jonathan Motzfeldt, 1st Prime Minister of Greenland (b. 1938)
2011 - Jiri Grusa, Czech writer and diplomat (b. 1938)
2012 - Terry Callier, American guitarist and singer-songwriter (b. 1945)
2013 - Tadeusz Mazowiecki, former Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1927)
2014 - Hans Schneider, Austrian-American mathematician (b. 1927)
2014 - Michael Sata, 5th President of Zambia (b. 1937)
2014 - Romualdas Granauskas, Lithuanian writer (b. 1939)
2014 - Koichiro Kimura, Japanese writer and martial artist (b. 1940)
2014 - Galway Kinnell, American poet (b. 1927)
2017 - Gert Timmerman, Dutch singer (b. 1935)
2017 - Josaphat-Robert Large, Haitian-American poet, novelist and art critic (b. 1942)
2018 - Luis Miguel Enciso Recio, Spanish historian and politician (b. 1930)
2018 - Richard Gill, Australian conductor and activist (b. 1941)
2018 - Colin Sylvia, Australian football player (b. 1985)
2018 - I. John Hesselink, American theologian (b. 1928)
2019 - Al Bianchi, American baseball player and coach (b. 1932)
2019 - Kay Hagan, American politician (b. 1953)
2019 - Zoltán Jeney, Hungarian composer (b. 1943)
Observances
Czech Republic and Slovakia: National holiday marking the independence of Czechoslovakia in 1918
Ochi Day in Greece, Cyprus and Greek communities
Days of the year |
8793 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20football | American football | American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport. It is played by two teams with 11 players on each side. American football is played with a ball with pointed ends. Points are scored in many ways, usually by one team getting the ball into the end zone of the other team. The game started in the late 19th century as college football, an American version of rugby football.
The main leagues that play American football are the professional National Football League (NFL), and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which plays college football. In the National Football League, players can be paid millions of dollars. In the National Collegiate Athletic Association, players simply play for the pride of their school, scholarships, or for the chance to join a national team. Over a million boys (and a number of girls) play high school football. There is also a closely related sport called Canadian football (CFL).
Gameplay
An American football game is played with a ball called a football. The sport is played on a grass (or artificial turf) field. The field is exactly long and wide. The end zones, one at each end of the field, are long. The players wear protective equipment, including a helmet with face mask, shoulder pads, thigh pads, and often a mouth guard. A team has four chances, or "downs", to advance the ball while the opposing team tries to stop it. Certain players advance the ball by carrying or throwing it. Teams can score by advancing the ball to the other team's end zone or by kicking the ball through a goalpost placed at the back of the end zone. American football is carefully regulated by time and rules, which are enforced by officials, who also determine when a team scores.
A college or professional football game is 60 minutes long, and is divided into 15-minute quarters. In some high schools, the quarters are 12 minutes long, and games for younger children are often shorter still. After the first two quarters, the teams rest during halftime.
In NFL football, if the game is tied after the four quarters, the two teams compete in at least one more 15-minute period called overtime. During overtime, the first team to score points is usually the winner. However, under the current rules, first used for the 2011 postseason, if the team that has the ball first ends its possession by scoring a field goal, the other team has a chance to score. If that team does not score, or if it scores a touchdown, the game ends. If it scores a field goal, the game continues, and the next team to score wins. During the regular season, only one overtime period is played—if neither team scores, or if both teams score field goals when they first have the ball, the game ends in a tie. During the playoffs, the game will continue with as many overtime periods as needed to decide a winner. If the game is tied after each team has had the ball once in overtime, the first team to score wins.
In NCAA football overtime, which is based on the system used for high school football in most U.S. states, the teams take turns trying to score. The game ends when one team scores, and the other team fails to score as many points during its chance.
Field
American football is played on a field long by wide. Most of the game is played on in the middle. It is divided by 20 lines drawn every . The field has two other sets of markings, running between the two end zones along the length of the field, known as "hashmarks". All plays must start between the hashmarks—if the last play ended outside the hashmarks, the ball is moved to the nearest hashmark. At the ends of the field there are scoring areas, called the end zones.
There are also two yellow poles on the end of each field called uprights. Sometimes, if the team can not score a touchdown they might want to kick it through the uprights for three points. The uprights are also used for scoring one point after a team scored a touchdown.
Players
There are many types of players on a football team. For the offensive part of the team, a quarterback throws the football to wide receivers while offensive linemen block to protect him from defensive players. The offensive linemen also block when a running back runs to advance the football. Players on the Defensive line, a linebacker, and defensive backs (cornerbacks and American football safeties) attempt to tackle the offensive player who carries the football.
Some team members only play during certain times. These players belong to the Special Teams. The kicker can kick the ball to the other team or between the uprights, while the placeholder holds the ball steady. The kick returner runs the ball down the field in an attempt to score points after catching the ball.
Scoring
Touchdown (6 points)
A touchdown is achieved when a player has legal possession of the ball and the ball crosses an imaginary vertical plane above the opposing team's goal line. After a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a try for 1 or 2 points (see below). A successful touchdown is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head.
Field goal (3 points)
A field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked between the goal posts behind the opponent's end zone. The most common type of kick used is the place kick. For a place kick, the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder, who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked. Three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over.
Extra point (1 or 2 points)
Immediately following a touchdown, the scoring team can attempt to kick the ball between the goal posts for 1 extra point. The team can also run or pass the ball into the end zone for 2 points. This is not done very often although it does happen.
Safety (2 points)
A safety is scored if a player causes the ball to become dead in his own end zone. When this happens two points are awarded to the opposing (usually defending) team. This can happen if a player is either downed or goes out of bounds in the end zone while carrying the ball. It can also happen if he fumbles the ball, and it goes out of bounds in the end zone. A safety is also awarded to the defensive team if the offensive team commits a foul which is enforced in its own end zone.
American Professional Seasons
Exhibition season
Exhibition season (better known as Pre-Season) is in August. In the exhibition season, the teams get ready for the regular season by having training. Teams have practices to help the team get better and see who will make the team. All of the teams play 3 games before the regular season starts, and the games do not change what team gets to the post season. Because of it, teams do not use their best players much, and use the games as more practice.
Regular season
The 32 NFL teams are divided into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). Each of them is divided in four divisions: North, South, West and East. Each division includes four teams.
The season lasts 18 weeks. Each team plays 17 games and has one week off. This week of rest is called a "bye week".
NFL playoffs
At the end of the regular season, the winners of each division and the next three best teams in each conference play in a tournament. The NFC's champion and The AFC's champion play the NFL's final game, the Super Bowl. The event is often treated as a National holiday as many stores close for the event. The day of the event is commonly known nationwide as Super Bowl Sunday.
References
Notes
Related pages
Association football
Other websites
NFL in a nutshell -BBC |
8794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ugly%20Duckling | The Ugly Duckling | "The Ugly Duckling" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. Andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. It was first published in 1844 with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Nightingale" in New Fairy Tales. The critics liked these stories. Andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." The moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." The tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies.
Story
A mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. A seventh bird is hatched. He is homely. The other ducks abuse him. He runs away. He is given a home by an old woman. Her cat and hen do not like him. He runs away again. Winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. The little bird almost dies. Spring comes. The "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. The other swans welcome him as their own. They bow to him. He is happy for the first time in his life.
Notes
References
Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. Hans Christian Andersen. Knopf.
Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen |
8799 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20relativity | General relativity | General relativity is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915. The central idea of general relativity is that space and time are two aspects of spacetime. Spacetime is curved when there is matter, energy, and momentum resulting in what we perceive as gravity. The links between these forces are shown in the Einstein field equations. In general relativity, gravity has no force as Newton put forward. According to Einstein it is a curvature that warps not only space, but also time.
Idea
A central idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence." An example is that two people, one in an elevator sitting on the surface of the earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the speed of 9.8 m/s2 (every second the object picks up speed of 9.8 m/s), will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. The object will accelerate to the floor at 9.8 m/s2 in either case, making it impossible for either to distinguish whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field or accelerating upward creating the same effect as gravity would on Earth. Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference (perspective). There are several forms of the equivalence principle. These include: Newton's equivalence principle, the weak equivalence principle, the gravitational weak equivalence principle, Einstein's equivalence principle and the strong equivalence principle.
The Sun can be seen as this kind of valley in spacetime, and one of the other objects in the valley (i.e, spacetime) is the Earth. The Earth does not roll directly towards the Sun (or ball) because it is moving too fast. The force pulling the Earth towards the sun is about the same as a second force. This second force is called the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force exists because the Earth moves sideways. This sideways motion makes the distance between the Earth and Sun increase. Since the Earth is being pulled towards the sun and moving away at the same time, it stays at about the same distance. This is also how the Moon orbits the earth. In this second case, Earth is the ball and the Moon is the object. However, this valley example to demonstrate Gravity is insufficient because spacetime fabric is actually Four Dimensional, whereas valley's example implies two dimensional spacetime. Sun and other objects with mass curves four dimensional spacetime fabric. Valley example is just analogy and not 100% reality.
Predictions
General relativity has predicted many things which were later seen. These include:
As light gets closer to the sun, it bends towards the sun twice as much as classical physics (the system used before general relativity) predicts. This was seen in an experiment led by Arthur Eddington in 1919. When scientists saw his experiment, they started to take general relativity seriously.
The perihelion of the planet Mercury rotates along its orbit more than is expected under Newtonian physics. General relativity accounts for the difference between what is seen and what is expected without it.
Redshift from gravity. When light moves away from an object with gravity (moving away from the center of the valley), it is stretched into longer wavelengths. This was confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment.
The Shapiro delay. Light appears to slow down when it passes close to a massive object. This was first seen in the 1960s by space probes headed towards the planet Venus.
Gravitational waves. They were first observed on 14 September 2015.
Related pages
Special theory of relativity
References
Other websites
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity in words of four letters or less
Basic physics ideas
Relativity
Albert Einstein |
8857 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland | Rutland | Rutland is the smallest county of England. It is surrounded by the counties of Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire.
The main towns of Rutland are Oakham and Uppingham.
In the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for Eric Idle's TV show, Rutland Weekend Television.
Ceremonial counties of England
Unitary authorities |
8861 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943 | 1943 |
Events
January - March
January 4 – End of term for Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California. Earl Warren follows him.
January 11 – The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China.
January 11 – General Juanto dies in Argentina – Ramon Castillo succeeds him
January 12 – Jan Campert, Dutch journalist and writer, dies in Neuengamme concentration camp
January 14 – Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel by airplane while in office (Miami, Florida to Morocco to meet with Winston Churchill to discuss World War II).
January 15 – World War II: Japanese are driven off Guadalcanal.
January 15 – The world's largest office building, The Pentagon, is dedicated (Arlington, Virginia).
January 18 – World War II: Soviet officials announce they have broken the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.
January 18 – The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto rise up for the first time, starting the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
January 23 – World War II: British forces capture Tripoli from the Nazis.
January 23 – In Spearfish, South Dakota, temperature rises from -20 to +7 degrees Celsius in two minutes
January 23 – Duke Ellington plays at New York City's Carnegie Hall for the first time.
January 24 – World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
January 27 – World War II: 50 bombers mount the first all American air raid against Germany (Wilhelmshaven was the target).
February 1 – World War II: Vidkun Quisling is appointed Prime Minister of Norway by the Nazi occupiers.
February 2 – World War II: In Russia, the Battle of Stalingrad comes to an end with the surrender of the German 6th Army.
February 3 – World War II: The death of the Four Chaplains when their ship was struck by a torpedo.
February 7 – World War II: In the United States, it is announced that shoe rationing will go into effect in two days.
February 8 – World War II: Battle of Kursk – the Russian army captures the city.
February 8 – World War II: Battle of Guadalcanal – United States forces defeat Japanese troops.
February 10 – March 3 – Mohandas Gandhi stops eating to protest that he was in jail.
February 11 – General Eisenhower is selected to command the allied armies in Europe.
February 14 – World War II: Rostov, Russia is freed.
February 14 – World War II: Battle of the Kasserine Pass – German General Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps launch an offensive against Allied defenses in Tunisia; it is the United States' first major battle defeat of the war.
February 16 – World War II: Soviet Union reconquers Kharkov, but is later driven out in the Third Battle of Kharkov
February 18 – The Nazis arrest the members of the White Rose movement.
February 20 – American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
February 22 – Members of White Rose are executed in Nazi Germany.
February 27 – The Smith Mine #3 in Bearcreek, Montana, United States explodes, killing 74 men.
February 28 – OPERATION GUNNERSIDE, 6 Norwegians led by Joachim Ronneberg successfully attack the heavy water plant Vemork.
March 1 – "Panzer General" Heinz Guderian becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the German Army during World War II.
March 2 – World War II: Battle of the Bismarck Sea – United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships.
March 3 – 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station in London.
March 8 – World War II: American forces are attacked by Japanese troops on Hill 700 in Bougainville in a battle that will last five days.
March 13 – World War II: On Bougainville, Japanese troops end their assault on American forces at Hill 700.
March 13 – Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.
March 26 – World War II: Battle of Komandorski Islands – In the Aleutian Islands the battle begins when United States Navy forces intercept Japanese attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska.
April - June
April 3 – Shipwrecked steward Poon Lim is rescued by Brazilian fishermen after he has been adrift for 130 days
April 22 – Albert Hofmann writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of LSD, which he first synthesized in 1938.
April 25 – Easter occurs on the latest possible date. Last time 1886 next time 2038.
April 27 – The U.S. Federal Writers' Project is shuttered.
May 11 – World War II: American troops invade Attu in the Aleutian Islands in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.
May 13 – World War II: German Afrika Korps and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to Allied forces.
May 16 – World War II: The Dambuster Raids by RAF 617 Sqdn on German dams.
May 16 – Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ends.
May 17 – World War II: Surviving RAF Dam Busters return.
May 17 – The United States Army contracts with the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School to develop the ENIAC.
May 24 – Holocaust: Josef Mengele becomes Chief Medical Officer in Auschwitz.
June 4 – Military coup in Argentina ousts Ramón Castillo.
June 22 – U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division land in North Africa prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco while serving in World War II.
July - September
July 5 – World War II: Battle of Kursk – The largest tank battle in history begins.
July 5 – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails to Sicily.
July 6 – World War II: Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Kula Gulf off Kolombangara.
July 10 – World War II: The Allies begin their invasion of Axis-controlled Europe with landings on the island of Sicily, off mainland Italy by the U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division.
July 12 – World War II: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Kolombangara.
July 19 – World War II: Rome is bombed by the Allies for the first time in the war.
July 24 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg by night, those of the Americans by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
July 25 – In Italy the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo retires its consent to Mussolini; Mussolini is arrested and the power is given to Maresciallo d'Italia Gen. Pietro Badoglio.
July 27 – World War II: USSR leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into Russia. Under the order all those who run away or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so will be killed as soon as possible.
July 28 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah – The British bomb Hamburg causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
August 6 – World War II: Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Vella Gulf off Kolombangara.
August 17 – World War II: The US 7th Army under General George S. Patton arrive in Messina, Italy followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily.
August 29 – World War II: Germany dissolves the Danish government after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities. (See: Occupation of Denmark)
September 3 – World War II: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces under Bernard L. Montgomery, for the first time in the war.
September 5 – World War II: The 503rd Parachute Regiment under American General Douglas MacArthur lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of Lae in northeastern Papua New Guinea.
September 8 – World War II: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies.
September 8 – World War II: Julius Fucik is killed by Nazis.
September 23 – World War II: Republic of Salò is founded.
October - December
October 6 – World War II: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Vella Lavella.
October 13 – World War II: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany.
October 22 – World War II: RAF delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel
November 1 – World War II: In Operation Goodtime, United States Marines land on Bougainville in the Solomon Islands.
November 2 – World War II: In the early morning hours, American and Japanese ships fight the inconclusive Battle of Empress Augusta Bay off Bougainville.
November 2 – World War II: British troops, in Italy, reach the Garigliano River.
November 15 – Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies and "part-Gypsies" were to be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps."
November 16 – World War II: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.
November 16 – World War II: Japanese submarine sinks surfaced USA submarine USS Corvina near Truk
November 18 – World War II: 440 Royal Air Force planes bomb Berlin causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF lost nine aircraft and 53 aviators.
November 20 – World War II: Battle of Tarawa begins – United States Marines land on Tarawa and Makin atolls in the Gilbert Islands and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.
November 22 – World War II: War in the Pacific – US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and ROC leader Chiang Kai-Shek meet in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan.
November 22 – Lebanon breaks away from France and becomes its own country.
November 23 – The Deutsche Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg was destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1961 and called the Deutsche Oper Berlin.
November 25 – World War II: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Cape St. George between Buka and New Ireland.
November 28 – World War II: Tehran Conference – US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran to discuss war strategy (on November 30 they established an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe codenamed Operation Overlord).
November 29 – Second session of AVNOJ, the Anti-fascist council of national liberation of Yugoslavia, is held in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, determining the post-war ordering of the country.
December 2 – World War II: Air raid on Bari
December 4 – World War II: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile.
December 4 – Great Depression ends in the United States: With unemployment figures falling fast due to World War II-related employment, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes the Works Progress Administration.
December 20 – Military coup in Bolivia
December 24 – World War II: US General Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the supreme Allied commander.
December 30 – Subhash Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair.
Development of the Colossus computer by British to break German encryption (see History of computing hardware).
Mondragón cooperative begins in Basque Country in Spain
Arana Hall, Otago founded.
Second World War (1939-1945)
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Births
January 1 - Tony Knowles, former Governor of Alaska
January 7 - Sadako Sasaki, Japanese atomic bomb victim (d. 1955)
January 14 - Ralph Steinman, Canadian scientist (d. 2011)
January 18 - Paul Angelis, English actor (d. 2009)
January 24 - Peter Struck, German politician (d. 2012)
January 24 - Sharon Tate, American actress (d. 1969)
February 19 – Lou Christie, singer
February 20 - Mike Leigh, English actor, director and screenwriter
February 22 - Horst Koehler, former President of Germany
February 25 – George Harrison, English musician (The Beatles) (d. 2001)
March 9 – Bobby Fischer, American-born Icelandic chess player (d. 2008)
March 19 - Mario Monti, Prime Minister of Italy
March 29 - John Major, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
March 29 – Eric Idle, English actor and comedian
March 31 – Christopher Walken, American actor
March 31 - Sharon Hampson, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram)
April 30 - Frederick Chiluba, former President of Zambia (d. 2011)
May 5 - Michael Palin, British actor, comedian, television presenter and writer
May 14 - Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, President of Iceland
May 14 - Jack Bruce, Scottish bass guitarist (Cream) (d. 2014)
May 24 – Gary Burghoff, actor
May 31 – Sharon Gless, actress
June 13 – Malcolm McDowell, actor
June 17 - Barry Manilow, American singer
July 4 - Adam Hart-Davis, British historian
July 4 - Heide Simonis, German politician
July 12 - Christine McVie, English keyboardist (Fleetwood Mac)
August 11 - Pervez Musharraf, former President of Pakistan
August 17 – Robert De Niro, actor
August 18 – Gianni Rivera, former Italian footballer
August 23 – Pino Presti, Italian bassist, arranger, composer, conductor, record producer
August 30 – Robert Crumb, American cartoonist
September 27 – Randy Bachman, Canadian musician (Bachman–Turner Overdrive)
September 29 - Mohammad Khatami, former President of Iran
September 29 - Lech Walesa, former President of Poland
September 29 - Wolfgang Overath, German footballer
October 16 - Fred Turner, Canadian musician (Bachman–Turner Overdrive)
November 28 - Randy Newman, American singer-songwriter
December 7 - Sue Johnston, British actress
December 11 – John Kerry, American politician, former presidential candidate and 68th United States Secretary of State
December 14 - Britt Allcroft, English filmmaker
December 23 - Silvia Sommerlath, Queen of Sweden
December 24 - Tarja Halonen, former President of Finland
December 28 - Richard Whiteley, British television presenter (d. 2005)
December 31 - John Denver, American singer (d. 1997)
December 31 - Ben Kingsley, British actor
Deaths
January 5 – George Washington Carver, American educator, activist, and botanist
January 7 – Nikola Tesla, physicist
January 23 – Alexander Woollcott, bon vivant
February 14 – David Hilbert, mathematician
February 17 – Armand J. Piron, jazz musician (born 1888)
March 3 – George Thompson, English cricketer (b. 1877)
March 12 – Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor
March 13 – Stephen Vincent Benet, American poet (born 1898)
March 28 – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian composer and pianist
April 18 – Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese admiral
May 26 – Edsel Ford, son of Henry Ford
July 2 – Michel Velleman
July 21 – Charlie Paddock, American athlete
August 12 – Bobby Peel, English cricketer (born 1857).
August 14 – Joe Kelley, Baseball Hall of Famer (born 1871)
August 28 – King Boris III of Bulgaria
October 5 – Leon Roppolo, jazz musician (born 1902)
October 7 – Eugeniusz Bodo, Polish actor (murdered)
October 19 – Camille Claudel, French sculptor
December 1 – Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince and historian (born 1862)
Eidegenegen Eidagaruwo, first Angam Baby
Esteban Huertas, Panamanian independence fighter
Movies released
Casablanca
Hit songs
"As Time Goes By" by Rudy Vallee
"I've Heard That Song Before" by Harry James
"In the Blue of the Evening" by Tommy Dorsey
"Paper Doll" by Mills Brothers
"Pistol Packin' Mama" by Al Dexter
"Sunday, Monday or Always" by Bing Crosby
"Taking a Chance On Love" by Benny Goodman
"There Are Such Things" by Tommy Dorsey
"When the Lights Go On Again" by Vaughn Monroe
"You'll Never Know" by Dick Haymes
New books
Adam of the Road – Elizabeth Janet Gray
The Apostle – Sholem Asch
Citizen Tom Paine – Howard Fast
Claudius the God – Robert Graves
Crux Ansata – H. G. Wells
Earth's Last Citadel – C. L. Moore
The Fountainhead – Ayn Rand
Gremlins – Roald Dahl
A Haunted House and other stories – Virginia Woolf (published anonymously)
Le Képi – Colette
The Lady in the Lake – Raymond Chandler
The Last of Summer – Kate O'Brien
The Little Prince – Antoine de Saint-Exupery
The Nature and Destiny of Man – Reinhold Niebuhr
Mr. Mirakel – E. Phillips Oppenheim
The Ship – C.S. Forester
The Raven – Chancellor Williams
Rhadopis of Nubia – Naguib Mahfouz
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn – Betty Smith
Victoria Grandolet – Henry Bellamann
The White Face – Carl Offord
Nobel Prizes
Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicinefor the discovery of Vitamin K. |
8864 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai%20Stevenson%20I | Adlai Stevenson I | Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician. He was vice president of the United States under Grover Cleveland, and ran for President and several other political offices, but lost. He was also first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois, as well. His grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson was an actor. His other grandson was Illinois Senator Adlai Stevenson III.
1835 births
1914 deaths
Politicians from Kentucky
United States representatives from Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
19th-century American politicians
Grover Cleveland |
8865 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%2C%20Ohio | Toledo, Ohio | Toledo is a city in Ohio, USA. It was named after Toledo, Spain. It is a large industrial city, and has many factories that make things like car parts and glass. In 1835 and 1836, Ohio and Michigan both claimed to own the city and surrounding territory. Michigan gave up its claim and got the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Toledo is about an hour from Detroit, Michigan. The main highways in and out of Toledo are Interstate 75, Interstate 90, and U.S. 24 (Detroit Boulevard, Telegraph Road). It is the 59th largest city in the United States.
Toledo's manufacturing industry concentrates on automobiles and glass.
Toledo has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).
Famous people from Toledo
Jamie Farr, actor (M*A*S*H)
Katie Holmes, actor
Joe the Plumber, political activist
Gloria Steinem, writer
County seats in Ohio
1883 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Ohio |
8901 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carpenters | The Carpenters | The Carpenters were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "We've Only Just Begun", "Close to You", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays", "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" and others. They continued until Karen's death in 1983 of bulimia in Downey, California. They sold over 100 million albums.
Albums
Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969)
Close to You (1970)
Carpenters (1971)
A Song for You (1972)
Now & Then (1973)
Horizon (1975)
A Kind of Hush (1976)
Passage (1977)
Christmas Portrait (1978)
Made in America (1981)
Posthumous releases
Voice of the Heart (1983)
An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984)
Lovelines (1989)
As Time Goes By (2004)
Other websites
Official site
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups from Los Angeles
People from Downey, California
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1960s establishments in California
1980s disestablishments in California |
8902 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Reed | Jerry Reed | Jerry Reed (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) was an American country music singer and actor. Best known for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot" and "Eastbound and Down", he also acted in several movies including Smokey and the Bandit and The Waterboy. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He died in Nashville, Tennessee due to complications from emphysema.
Other websites
1937 births
2008 deaths
American movie actors
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia |
8905 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990 | 1990 | 1990 (MCMXC) was .
Events
January
January 2 – All My Children airs its 20th anniversary special. The characters Joe and Ruth Martin sit down with Erica Kane, her mother Mona, and Phoebe Wallingford as they go through scrapbook pictures which segue into memorable clips from the show's past twenty years.
January 7 – The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed due to safety concerns.
January 15 – Thousands of people storm the Stasi headquarters in Berlin, to view government records.
January 20 – Soviet troops occupy Baku, Azerbaijan, under the state of emergency decree issued by Mikhail Gorbachev, and kill over 130 and wound over 700 protestors for national independence.
January 21 – MTV's Unplugged premieres on cable television with musical guest, Squeeze.
January 22 – The end of communism in Yugoslavia.
January 25 – The Burns' Night storm kills 97 people in Northwestern Europe.
January 31 – Moscow's first McDonald's restaurant opens.
February
February 8 – Songwriter Del Shannon dies of a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
February 11 – James "Buster" Douglas KOs Mike Tyson to win heavyweight boxing crown.
February 11 – Nelson Mandela, a political prisoner for 27 years, is freed from Victor Verster prison outside Cape Town, South Africa.
February 14 – 50,000 fans watch The Rolling Stones play the first of 10 concerts at Tokyo's Korakuen Dome, the beginning of the Stones' first ever tour of Japan.
February 16 – Ike Turner is sentenced to 4 years in prison for possession of cocaine.
February 17 – Aerosmith appears in the Saturday Night Live sketch Wayne's World, where they perform the Wayne's World theme song.
February 26 – The Sandinistas are defeated in Nicaraguan elections.
February 27 – In Time Magazine, Milli Vanilli "singer" Rob Pilatus states that their group is, "more talented than any Bob Dylan or Paul McCartney. Mick Jagger can't produce a sound. I'm the new Elvis."
March
March 11 – Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union.
March 11 – Patricio Aylwin takes office as President of Chile, ending the rule of Augusto Pinochet.
March 15 – Mikhail Gorbachev is elected executive President of the Soviet Union.
March 15 – The Soviet Union declares Lithuania's independence declaration as invalid.
March 18 – East Germany holds its first free elections.
March 18 – 12 paintings worth $100 million are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, the biggest art theft in US history.
March 21 – Namibia becomes independent after 75 years of South African rule.
March 25 – Mötley Crüe's Tommy Lee is arrested for allegedly exposing his backside during a performance in Augusta, Georgia
April
April 6 – Mötley Crüe's Tommy Lee suffers a mild concussion after falling off of scaffolding above his elevated drum kit during a performance in New Haven, CT.
April 7 – Neil Young, Elton John, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, John Mellencamp, Guns N' Roses and Jackson Browne perform at Farm Aid IV in Indiana. John dedicates "Candle in the Wind" to AIDS patient Ryan White during his performance. White died later that evening.
April 25 – Jimi Hendrix's Fender Stratocaster that he used to perform his famous version of the "Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock, is auctioned off in London for $295,000.
April 25 – Violeta Chamorro is elected President of Nicaragua.
April 30 – The long-lost pilot movie to I Love Lucy airs on CBS as a special.
May
May 4 – Latvia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
May 8 – In Los Angeles, California, Tom Waits wins a $2.5 million lawsuit against Frito-Lay for unlawfully using a sound alike of Waits in its Doritos television commercials.
May 22 – The Yemeni Arab Republic and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen unite to form the Republic of Yemen.
May 26 – Gin Blossoms sign a contract with A&M Records.
June
June 12 – The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.
June 21 – A 7.3 magnitude earthquake strikes Manjil, Iran, killing thousands of people.
June 26 – US President George H. W. Bush goes back on his 'no new taxes' campaign promise.
July
July 2 – A stampede in Mecca kills 1,426 people.
July 8 – West Germany wins the FIFA World Cup, beating Argentina 1-0 in the final.
July 16 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake kills more than 1,600 people in the Philippines.
July 27 – Belarus declares its sovereignty.
July 28 – Alberto Fujimori becomes President of Peru.
August
August 2 – Iraq invades Kuwait, leading to the 1991 Gulf War.
August 23 – East Germany and West Germany announce their intention to reunite on October 3.
September
September 9 – Liberian President Samuel Doe is executed.
September 11 – After a decade of performing in the Francophone world, Céline Dion makes her formal English-language debut when she releases her album Unison.
September 18 – The 1996 Summer Olympics are awarded to Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
September 29 – Washington National Cathedral is completed.
October
October 3 – Germany is officially reunited.
October 14 – Leonard Bernstein dies aged 72.
November
November 1 – Mary Robinson is elected President of Ireland, taking office on December 3.
November 12 – Akihito is officially enthroned as Emperor of Japan.
November 14 – Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming their border on the Oder-Neisse Line.
November 22 – Margaret Thatcher announces her intention to resign as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
November 23 – Bad Religion releases Against the Grain, their first album released in the 90s. To date, the album remains the last to feature the "classic" line-up. It also features one of their signature songs, "21st Century (Digital Boy)", which would be re-recorded on their 1994 album Stranger Than Fiction.
November 27 – "Vocal" group Milli Vanilli admits lip-synching hits such as "Girl You Know It's True." They later have their Grammy award revoked.
November 28 – John Major becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
December
December 1 – The Smashing Pumpkins begin recording Gish, which will be a blockbuster album in 1991.
December 1 – Channel Tunnel workers from the UK and France meet 40 metres beneath the English Channel seabed.
December 13 – Genesis'88 stage weekly Acid House night in legally acquired warehouse in Stratford London under the banner imagine.
December 16 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected President of Haiti.
December 22 – The Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia become independent, after their trusteeship terminates.
December 22 – Lech Wałęsa sworn in as President of Poland.
December 25 – The first successful trial run of the system that would become the World Wide Web, is carried out.
December 31 – Garry Kasparov wins the World Chess Championship against Anatoly Karpov.
Other Events
Chris Farley and Adam Sandler join Saturday Night Live.
The poorly received Cop Rock preimieres on television, TV's first (and last) musical police drama.
Legislation is signed into United States law requiring close captioning decoders in all large color TVs manufactured after July 1, 1993.
Births
January 4 – Toni Kroos, German footballer
January 7 – Liam Aiken, American actor
January 7 – Elene Gedevanishvili, Georgian figure skater
January 7 – Camryn Grimes, American actress
January 7 – Gregor Schlierenzauer, Austrian ski jumper
January 8 – Xu Xin, Chinese ping-pong player
January 12 – Sergey Karjakin, Ukrainian-born chessmaster
January 30 – Jake Thomas, American actor
February 1 – Laura Marling, English singer-songwriter
February 3 – Sean Kingston, American singer
February 11 – Q'Orianka Kilcher, German-born actress
February 13 – Erdini Qoigyijabu, eleventh Panchen Lama
February 23 – Christian Copelin, American actor
February 28 – Anna Muzychuk, Ukrainian chess player
March 7 – Abigail and Brittany Hensel, American conjoined twins
March 8 – Petra Kvitova, Czech tennis player
March 23 – Princess Eugenie of York
March 24 – Keisha Castle-Hughes, Australian-born actress
March 27 – Kimbra, New Zealand singer-songwriter
April 9 – Kristen Stewart, American actress
April 10 – Alex Pettyfer, British actor
April 15 – Emma Watson, British actress
April 23 – Dev Patel, British actor
May 1 – Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress
May 2 – Kay Panabaker, American actress
May 16 – Thomas Sangster, English actor
May 27 – Chris Colfer, American actor
June 2 – Brittany Curran, American actress
June 11 – Christophe Lemaitre, French runner
June 13 – Aaron Johnson, British actor
June 17 – Jordan Henderson, English footballer
June 20 – Ding Ning, Chinese table tennis player
July 1 – Emil Wennström, Swedish musician (Guitar)
July 11 – Caroline Wozniacki, Danish tennis player
July 19 – Aron Palmarsson, Icelandic handball player
July 24 – Daveigh Chase, American actress
July 27 – Indiana Evans, Australian actress
July 27 – Nick Hogan, American television personality
July 28 – Soulja Boy, American rapper
August 12 – Mario Balotelli, Italian footballer
August 15 – Jennifer Lawrence, American actress
August 17 – Rachel Hurd-Wood, English actress
August 21 – Jared Staal, Canadian ice hockey player
August 26 – Lil' Chris, English singer
August 27 – Taylor Mitchell, Canadian singer (d. 2009)
August 28 – Bojan Krkic, Serbian-Spanish footballer
August 29 – Patrick van Aanholt, Dutch footballer
September 5 – Kim Yu-Na, South Korean figure skater
September 18 – Lewis Holtby, German footballer
September 20 – John Tavares, Canadian ice hockey player
September 25 – Mao Asada, Japanese figure skater
September 28 – Kirsten Prout, Canadian actress
September 29 – Doug Brochu, American actor and comedian
October 16 – Yohanna, Icelandic singer
October 18 – Carly Schroeder, American actress
October 21 – Ricky Rubio, Spanish basketball player
October 22 – Jonathan Lipnicki, American actor
October 29
Amarna Miller, former Spanish porn actress, vlogger & YouTuber
Eric Saade, Swedish singer
October 31 – J.I.D, American hip-hop rapper
November 7 – Marisa Siketa, Australian actress
November 7 – David de Gea, Spanish footballer
November 26 – Chipmunk, English rapper
November 26 – Danny Welbeck, English footballer
November 27 – Shane Haboucha, American actor
November 30 – Magnus Carlsen, Norwegian chess player
December 10 – Shoya Tomizawa, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2010)
December 17 – Ashley Edner, American actress
December 20 – Joanna Noelle Levesque, American singer
December 23 – Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, American actress
December 26 – Aaron Ramsey, Welsh footballer
December 28 – David Archuleta, American singer
December 31 – Patrick Chan, Canadian figure skater
December 31 – Zhao Jing, Chinese swimmer
Deaths
January – March
January 6 – Pavel Cherenkov, Russian physicist (b. 1904)
January 9 – Bazilio Olara-Okello, Ugandan politician (b. 1929)
January 19 – Herbert Wehner, German politician (b. 1906)
January 20 – Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (b. 1907)
January 22 – Mariano Rumor, Italian politician (b. 1915)
January 22 – Roman Vishniac, Russian-American photographer (b. 1897)
January 25 – Ava Gardner, American actress (b. 1922)
February 7 – Jimmy van Heusen, American composer (b. 1913)
February 8 – Del Shannon, American musician and singer (b. 1934)
February 24 – Sandro Pertini, Italian President (b. 1896)
March 5 – Edmund Conen, German footballer (b. 1914)
March 15 – Farzad Bazoft, Iranian-British journalist (b. 1958)
March 20 – Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (b. 1929)
April – June
April 1 – Carlos Peucelle, Argentine footballer (b. 1908)
April 15 – Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (b. 1905)
April 17 – Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights leader (b. 1926)
April 20 – Horst Sindermann, East German politician (b. 1915)
April 21 – Romain de Tirtoff, French art deco artist (b. 1892)
May 10 – Walker Percy, American writer (b. 1916)
May 12 – Andrei Kirilenko, Soviet politician (b. 1906)
May 16 – Sammy Davis Jr., American actor, dancer and singer (b. 1925)
May 16 – Jim Henson, American puppeteer and movie maker (b. 1936)
May 22 – Rocky Graziano, American boxer (b. 1919)
June 2 – Rex Harrison, British actor (b. 1908)
June 3 – Stiv Bators, American singer (b. 1949)
June 5 – Vasili Kuznetsov, Soviet politician (b. 1901)
June 8 – José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica (b. 1906)
June 16 – Eva Turner, British soprano (b. 1892)
June 22 – Ilya Frank, Russian physicist (b. 1908)
July – September
July 7 – Bill Cullen, American game show host (b. 1920)
July 15 – Margaret Lockwood, British actress (b. 1916)
July 18 – Yun Poson, South Korean President (b. 1897)
July 18 – Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (b. 1918)
July 22 – Manuel Puig, Argentine writer (b. 1932)
July 29 – Bruno Kreisky, Austrian chancellor (b. 1911)
August 9 – Joe Mercer, English footballer (b. 1914, also on August 9)
August 17 – Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress (b. 1918)
August 27 – Stevie Ray Vaughan, American Blues guitarist (b. 1954)
September 1 – Geir Hallgrimsson, Icelandic politician (b. 1925)
September 6 – Tom Fogerty, American musician (b. 1941)
September 7 – Ahti Karjalainen, Finnish politician (b. 1923)
September 9 – Samuel Doe, Liberian military officer and President (b. 1951)
September 21 – Xu Xiangqian, Chinese Communist military commander (b. 1901)
September 26 – Alberto Moravia, Italian novelist (b. 1907)
September 30 – Patrick White, Australian writer (b. 1912)
October – December
October 3 – Stefano Casiraghi, husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco (b. 1960)
October 13 – Le Duc Tho, Vietnamese politician (b. 1911)
October 14 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (b. 1918)
October 27 – Xavier Cugat, Catalan-born bandleader (b. 1900)
November 3 – Mary Martin, American actress (b. 1913)
November 11 – Yiannis Ritsos, Greek poet (b. 1909)
November 13 – Don Chaffey, British movie director (b. 1917)
November 17 – Robert Hofstadter, American physicist (b. 1915)
November 23 – Roald Dahl, British writer (b. 1916)
December 2 – Aaron Copland, American composer (b. 1900)
December 6 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian Prime Minister (b. 1913)
December 7 – Joan Bennett, American actress (b. 1910)
December 14 – Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (b. 1921)
December 16 – Jackie Mitoo, Jamaican musician (b. 1948)
December 28 – Kiel Martin, American actor (b. 1944)
December 31 – Vasili Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1928)
Nobel Prizes
Physics – Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall, Richard Edward Taylor
Chemistry – Elias James Corey
Physiology or Medicine – Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnell Thomas
Literature – Octavio Paz
Nobel Peace Prize – Mikhail Gorbachev
Economics – Harry Markowitz, Merton Miller, William Sharpe
New books
The Bourne Ultimatum – Robert Ludlum
The Burden of Proof – Scott Turow
The Cardinal Virtues – Andrew Greeley
Clear and Present Danger – Tom Clancy
Devices and Desires – P. D. James
Eric – Terry Pratchett
Four Past Midnight – Stephen King
Get Shorty – Elmore Leonard
A Graveyard for Lunatics – Ray Bradbury
Heads – Greg Bear
Harvest – Belva Plain
Homecoming – John Bradshaw
An Inconvenient Woman – Dominic Dunne
Joy – Marsha Hunt
Jurassic Park – Michael Crichton
Last Chance to See – Douglas Adams & Mark Cawardine
Liberty and Power – Harry L. Watson
Message From Nam – Danielle Steel
Moving Pictures – Terry Pratchett
Pilgrimage – James A. Michener
Queen of Angels – Greg Bear
September – Rosamund Pilcher
The Stand: The Complete and Uncut Version – Stephen King
A Tenured Professor – John Kenneth Galbraith
The Things They Carried – Tim O'Brien
Use of Weapons – Iain M. Banks
Vineland – Thomas Pynchon
Movies released
Bird on a Wire
Dances with Wolves
Dick Tracy
Die Hard 2
Days of Thunder
Edward Scissorhands
Flatliners
Marked for Death
Ghost
Goodfellas
Hard to Kill
Home Alone
King of New York
Kindergarten Cop
Lionheart
Pretty Woman
Rocky V
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The Hunt for Red October
Total Recall
Tremors
Wild at Heart
Hit songs
"Ball and Chain" – Social Distortion
"Blaze of Glory" – Jon Bon Jovi
"Blue Sky Mine" – Midnight Oil
"Close to You" – Maxi Priest
"Epic" – Faith No More
"Escapade" – Janet Jackson
"Friends In Low Places" – Garth Brooks
"I Go To Extremes" – Billy Joel
"I Wish It Would Rain Down" – Phil Collins
"Ice Ice Baby" – Vanilla Ice
"It Must Have Been Love" – Roxette
"Janie's Got A Gun" – Aerosmith
"Nothing Compares 2 U" – Sinéad O'Connor
"Opposites Attract" – Paula Abdul
"Step by Step" – New Kids on the Block
"Three Strange Days" – School of Fish (debut single)
"The Thunder Rolls" – Garth Brooks
"U Can't Touch This" – M.C. Hammer
"Unbelievable" – EMF (debut single)
"Vision of Love" – Mariah Carey
"Vogue" – Madonna |
8906 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee%20Gees | Bee Gees | The Bee Gees were a British–Australian pop group. For most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the Isle of Man, a British Crown Dependency. The brothers, Barry Gibb (born 1 September 1946), and twins Maurice Gibb (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and Robin Gibb (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012), started singing at a young age when living in Manchester. In the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include Australian born Vince Melouney and Colin Petersen. When the band reformed a couple of years after splitting in 1969, Australian born Geoff Bridgford briefly became a member. The Bee Gees existed for almost 40 years They are most famous for their album, Saturday Night Fever, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. They stopped performing after Maurice died. The two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. In 2012 Robin died. They had a younger brother, Andy Gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer.
Group history
The Gibb brothers were born on the Isle of Man, then lived in Manchester, England, before moving to Australia in 1958. It was in Australia that the Bee Gees' band was formed. In January 1967, the Gibb brothers returned to England where their band the Bee Gees started to become internationally famous. In 1967, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. Between 1970 and 1972, Geoff Bridgford was a member of the Bee Gees. In 1975, the brothers relocated to the United States.
Other websites
Hear the Bee Gees on the Pop Chronicles
1958 establishments in Australia
1950s music groups
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Australian pop music groups
Disco groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1958
Musical groups from Queensland
Pop music groups
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Rock bands
Soul bands
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Warner Bros. Records artists |
8912 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improverts | Improverts | The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to Who's Line is it Anyway?, Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games.
They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students).
Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes are a favourite of theirs.
Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes
Other websites
Official website : - Reviews/extra gig information and a list of past players and crew
Comedy
Scottish entertainers
Edinburgh |
8914 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei%20101 | Taipei 101 | Taipei 101 () is 101-floor building in Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan). In 2004, it replaced the Willis Tower (which used to be called the Sears Tower) as the tallest completed building in the world. However, in 2010, it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
Taipei 101 holds records for:
Ground to structural top: 509 m (1,671 ft). The record was formerly held by the Petronas Twin Towers at 452 m (1,483 ft)
Ground to roof: 449 m (1,474 ft). The record was formerly held by the Sears Tower at 442 m (1,451 ft)
Ground to highest occupied floor: 439 m (1,441 ft). The record was formerly held by the Sears Tower
Fastest elevator speed: 16.83 m/s (37.5 miles/hour or 60.4 km/h)
Largest count-down clock on New Year's Eve
Taipei 101 does not hold the record for tallest building from ground to pinnacle. The Sears Tower has two television antennas on top of it, making its height from the ground to the top of the taller antenna 527 m (1,729 ft).
Effect on Taipei's economy
Taipei 101 is the recognized symbol of Taipei city, it brings a lot of tourists every day. The location of Taipei 101 is at the southern end of the Xinyi District, the newest area of Taipei city. Besides the tower, the base of the building houses includes a multi-level shopping mall, food court, various restaurants and stores, and an global grocery store. Every New Year's Eve, Taipei 101 is host to an impressive fireworks display that attracts people from all over Taiwan and other neighboring countries like Japan and Singapore to the area.
Observatory Information
The Taipei 101 Observatory is open every day from 9AM to 10PM. The observatory is spread over 4 floors where visitors can enjoy the fantastic scenery and learn about the engineering marvel that is Taipei 101, the tallest green building in the world. Visitors can buy the tickets on the 5F Taipei 101 Mall, the general ticket costs NT$500 per each and the student ticket (with valid ID) costs NT$450 per each, all children (under 115 cm) are free. After purchasing the tickets, visitors may take the Guinness World Record breaking high-speed elevator to the observatory on the 89TH floor.
The 88th floor is the Beauty of Taiwan Multimedia Corridor, Super Big Wind Damper, Treasure Sky, the hallway connecting the two decks is designed to setting the natural beauty of Taiwan, providing 270-degree views of well-known scenic locations in Taiwan, leading to the engineering marvel known as a wind damper, a 5.5 meters diameter, 660 ton weight suspended within the building to offset the force of wind and help 101 stand upright. Also included is Treasury Sky, a collection of unique jewel crafts.
The 89th floor is the Indoor Observatory, visitors can learn about the design process and construction of Taipei 101 and other similar large-scale building projects around the world, including a free audio tour in eleven languages, as well as high-powered field glasses, snacks, and professional photography service.
The 91st floor is an outdoor Observatory. The outdoor observatory is accessible by stairs from the 89th floor. From the outside, it's possible to view the spire at the 508-meter-high apex, but tourists need to be careful of the strong winds. Inside the building, on the 91F, is a small theater showcasing films about the building and the annual New Year fireworks display. The 91st floor is only open on days with good weather conditions.
Survive ways from earthquake and typhoons
Taipei 101 has some of the most modern safety security of anything ever built, requiring a challenging combination of strength and flexibility, which allow it to withstand winds up to 216 km/h (134 mph), and earthquakes of a magnitude of 9.0. It has higher safer ratings than Taiwan’s nuclear power plants.
The "double stairstep" design reduce the potentially dangerous oscillations caused by high winds by about 30-40%, allowing the structure to stand, even under the force of relentless typhoons. And by now, they’ve become a recognizable design element of the structure.
Related pages
List of tallest buildings in the world
List of tallest structures in the world
References
2004 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures completed in the 21st century
Buildings and structures in Taiwan
Skyscrapers
Taipei
2000s establishments in Taiwan
Towers in Asia |
8915 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%201 | September 1 | This day is the first day of the last third of the year as well as the two thirds point of the common year because there are 243 days before and 121 days after it in common years. There are 244 days before and 121 after it in leap years. The exact time the second third of the year starts is 8:00 a.m. In countries that use summer time the actual exact time of the midpoint in a common year is at 9:00 a.m. for locations in the northern hemisphere, or 7:00 a.m. for locations in the southern hemisphere; this is when 243 days and 8 hours have elapsed and there are 121 days and 16 hours remaining. In a leap year in those countries, the last third of the year starts at midnight. In countries that use summer time, the second third starts at 1:00 a.m. on September, or 11:00 p.m. on August 31 in the southern hemisphere. This is due to summer time having advanced the time by one hour.
Events
Up to 1900
5509 BC The world was created, according to the Byzantine Empire.
327 Start of first indiction cycle.
717 Siege of Constantinople: The Muslim armada, with 1,800 ships, is defeated by the Byzantine Empire's Navy through the use of Greek fire.
1271 Pope Gregory X is elected.
1532 Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her future husband, King Henry VIII of England.
1598 Boris Godunov is crowned Tsar of Russia.
1604 Adi Granath, now known as Gupta Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib.
1644 Battle of Tippermuir, Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving Royalist cause
1715 King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years — longer than any major European monarch.
1772 Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa founded in San Luis Obispo, California.
1804 Juno, one of the largest main belt asteroids, was discovered by German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding.
1807 Former US Vice President Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. He had been accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico to become part of an independent republic.
1818 At London's St. Guy's Hospital, James Blundell carries out the first blood transfusion on a human. His patient, however, dies.
1836 Narcissa Whitman, one of the first white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington.
1862 American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly – Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his forces in an attack on retreating Union troops in Chantilly, Virginia, driving them away.
1864 American Civil War: Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuates Atlanta, Georgia after a four-month siege mounted by Union General William T. Sherman.
1870 Franco-Prussian War: Prussian victory in the Battle of Sedan.
1873 Cetshwayo ascends to the throne of the Zulu Nation.
1875 A murder conviction effectively forces the violent Irish anti-owner coal miners, the "Molly Maguires", to disband.
1878 Emma Nutt becomes the first female telephone operator.
1894 Great Hinckley Fire: A forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota kills more than 400 people.
1897 The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America.
1901 2000
1902 A Trip to the Moon, directed by Georges Méliès and considered one of the first science fiction movies, is released in France.
1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join the Canadian confederation.
1906 the International Federation of Intellectual Property Attorneys (FICPI) is established.
1914 St. Petersburg, Russia changes its name to Petrograd.
1914 The last Passenger Pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in captivity in the Cincinnati Zoo.
1923 An earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama killing about 100,000 people. See Great Kantō earthquake for details.
1928 Ahmet Zogu declares Albania to be a monarchy and proclaims himself king.
1939 World War II: Nazi Germany attacks Poland, beginning the war. (See Polish September Campaign.)
1939 George Marshall becomes Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
1951 The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, called the ANZUS Treaty (for "Australia, New Zealand, United States").
1952 The Old Man and the Sea, the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Ernest Hemingway, is published.
1954 Paul "Bear" Bryant opens his infamous 10-day football mini-camp in Junction, Texas. The "survivors" of the ordeal will go down in football lore as The Junction Boys.
1958 Iceland expands its fishing zone, putting it into conflict with the United Kingdom, and starting the Cod Wars.
1960 Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad, marking the first shutdown in the history of the company.
1961 The Eritrean War of Independence begins.
1962 Channel Television launches to 54,000 households in the Channel Islands.
1962 An earthquake in Qazvin, Iran, kills more than 12,000 people.
1969 A coup in Libya brings Col. Muammar al-Gaddafi to power, ousting King Idris I.
1969 Tran Thien Khiem becomes Prime Minister of South Vietnam under Nguyen Van Thieu.
1970 The last episode of the television sitcom I Dream of Jeannie airs on NBC. The show premiered on September 18, 1965.
1972 In Reykjavík, Iceland, American Bobby Fischer beats Russian Boris Spassky and becomes the world chess champion.
1974 The SR-71 Blackbird plane sets the record for the time it takes to fly from New York City to London, doing so in an hour and 55 minutes. The record has not yet been beaten.
1979 The American Pioneer 11 becomes the first spacecraft to visit Saturn when it passes the planet at a distance of 21,000 km.
1980 Chun Doo-hwan becomes president of South Korea after the resignation of Choi Kyu-ha.
1980 Terry Fox is forced to abandon his "Marathon of Hope" across Canada at Thunder Bay, Ontario.
1981 In the Central African Republic, David Dacko is removed in a military coup.
1983 Cold War: Korean Air Flight KAL-007 shot down by a Soviet Union jet fighter when the commercial aircraft entered Soviet airspace. All 269 on board die.
1984 An attack on Kabul Airport kills 42 people.
1985 A joint American-French expedition locates the wreck of the RMS Titanic.
1986 Soviet passenger steamer Admiral Nakhimov sinks in the Black Sea, after a collision, killing 398 people.
1991 The Super Nintendo Entertainment System is released in North America.
1991 Uzbekistan declares independence from the Soviet Union.
1992 Slovakia's Constitution is ratified.
1995 The PlayStation videogame system is released in North America.
1999 A LAPA Boeing 737-200 crashes during takeoff from Jorge Newbury Airport in Buenos Aires, killing 74, including 10 on the ground.
From 2001
2001 In the largest media market change in North American television history, every single commercial television station in Vancouver, British Columbia switches network affiliations after a round of ownership changes in 2000.
2004 The Beslan school siege begins, when armed terrorists take children and adults hostage at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia, southern Russia. The siege ends in a massacre two days later.
2005 Then-Governor of Louisiana Kathleen Blanco gives a "Shoot to Kill" order against looters following Hurricane Katrina.
2006 Luxembourg completes the move to all-digital broadcasting.
2016 A SpaceX rocket explodes on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral, Florida.
2017 Vladimir Putin's decision to expel 755 diplomats from Russia, in response to United States sanctions, takes effect.
2018 The funeral of United States Senator John McCain takes place at Washington National Cathedral.
2019 Hurricane Dorian hits the Bahamas as a Category 5 (the strongest measurement) storm.
Births
Up to 1900
948 Emperor Jingzong of Liao, of the Liao Dynasty in China (d. 982)
1145 Ibn Jubayr, Muslim geographer and poet (d. 1217)
1286 Elisabeth Richeza of Poland (d. 1335)
1525 Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish statesman (d. 1601)
1566 Edward Alleyn, English actor (d. 1626)
1588 Henri, Prince of Condé (d. 1646)
1611 William Cartwright, English playwright (d. 1643)
1647 Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark (d. 1717)
1651 Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (d. 1694)
1653 Johann Pachelbel, German composer (d. 1706)
1689 Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Czech baroque architect (d. 1751)
1711 William IV, Prince of Orange (d. 1759)
1785 Philip Allen, 22nd Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1865)
1798 Ferenc Gyulay, Austrian-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1868)
1818 José María Castro Madriz, first President of Costa Rica (d. 1892)
1827 Elisha Baxter, American politician, 10th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1899)
1846 Carlo Cafiero, Italian anarchist and revolutionary (d. 1892)
1848 Auguste Forel, Swiss scientist (d. 1931)
1854 Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921)
1855 Innokenty Annensky, Russian poet (d. 1909)
1856 Sergei Winogradsky, Russian scientist (d. 1953)
1861 Lazar Edeleanu, Romanian chemist (d. 1941)
1862 Nitobe Inazo, Japanese diplomat (d. 1933)
1863 Joao Pinheiro Chagas, Portuguese journalist and politician (d. 1925)
1864 Roger Casement, Irish diplomat, poet, patriot and activist (d. 1916)
1866 James Corbett, American boxer (d. 1933)
1871 J. Reuben Clark, American civil sergeant, lawyer and religious leader (d. 1961)
1873 Robert P. Bass, 53rd Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1960)
1875 Edgar Rice Burroughs, American writer (d. 1950)
1877 Francis William Aston, British chemist (d. 1945)
1878 Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg Gotha (d. 1942)
1878 Tullio Serafin, Italian conductor (d. 1968)
1883 Didier Pitre, French-Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1934)
1884 Hilda Rix Nicholas, Australian artist (d. 1961)
1884 Sigurd Wallén, Swedish actor and movie director (d. 1947)
1886 Tarsila do Amaral, Brazilian painter (d. 1973)
1886 Othmar Schreck, Swiss composer and conductor (d. 1957)
1887 Blaise Cendrars, Swiss writer and adventurer (d. 1961)
1892 Leverett Saltonstall, 55th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1979)
1893 Betty Blythe, American actress (d. 1972)
1895 Engelbert Zaschka, German helicopter pioneer (d. 1955)
1896 Simon Barere, Russian pianist (d. 1951)
1898 Marilyn Miller, American tap dancer and musical singer (d. 1936)
1901 1950
1906 Joaquín Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2002)
1907 Walter Reuther, American labor union leader (d. 1970)
1907 Miriam Seegar, American actress (d. 2011)
1912 Gwynfor Evans, Welsh politician (d. 2005)
1915 Ken Aston, English football referee (d. 2001)
1916 Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014)
1920 Richard Farnsworth, American actor (d. 2000)
1922 Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian-American actress (d. 2007)
1922 Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor and director (d. 2000)
1923 Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969)
1924 Hal Douglas, American voice actor (d. 2014)
1924 Gustavo Bueno, Spanish philosopher (d. 2016)
1925 Roy J. Glauber, American physicist (d. 2018)
1925 Art Pepper, American saxophonist (d. 1982)
1926 Abdur Rahman Biswas, former President of Bangladesh (d. 2017)
1926 Gene Colan, American comic book artist (d. 2011)
1926 Frank Morris, American criminal (missing since 1962)
1926 Stanley Cavell, American philosopher (d. 2018)
1926 Sam Pivnik, Polish Holocaust survivor and author (d. 2017)
1928 George Maharis, American actor
1929 Anne Ramsey, American actress (d. 1988)
1930 Michel Serres, French philosopher (d. 2019)
1930 Khem Singh Gill, Indian geneticist and plant breeder (d. 2019)
1930 Charles Correa, Indian architect (d. 2015)
1931 Boxcar Willie, American musician (d. 1999)
1931 Javier Solís, Mexican singer (d. 1966)
1931 Cecil Parkinson, British politician (d. 2016)
1932 Derog Gioura, President of Nauru (d. 2008)
1932 Sunny von Bülow, American socialite (d. 2008)
1933 Ann Richards, American politician and Governor of Texas (d. 2006)
1933 Conway Twitty, American singer and musician (d. 1993)
1934 Léon Mébiame, former Prime Minister of Gabon
1934 Terepai Maoate, Cook Islands politician (d. 2012)
1935 Seiji Ozawa, Japanese conductor
1936 Robert List, 24th Governor of Nevada
1937 Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, Pakistani writer (d. 2017)
1937 Allen Jones, British musician
1937 Allen Weinstein, American historian and educator (d. 2015)
1938 Alan Dershowitz, American lawyer and writer
1938 Per Kirkeby, Danish painter, sculptor and poet (d. 2018)
1939 Lily Tomlin, American actress and comedienne
1939 Eoin Young, New Zealand journalist (d. 2014)
1941 Julia Varady, German opera singer
1942 António Lobo Antunes, Portuguese writer
1942 C. J. Cherryh, American writer
1943 Don Stroud, American actor
1945 Mustafa Balel, Turkish writer
1945 Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, Yemeni general, politician and President
1946 Barry Gibb, British singer and musician (the Bee Gees)
1946 David Greaves, British snooker player (d. 2019)
1946 Roh Moo-hyun, President of South Korea (d. 2009)
1947 P. A. Sangma, Indian politician (d. 2016)
1948 James Rebhorn, American actor (d. 2014)
1949 Garry Maddox, American baseball player and sportscaster
1949 Alasdair McDonnell, Irish politician
1950 Phil McGraw (known as "Dr. Phil"), American talk show host
1950 Nicu Ceausescu, Romanian politician (d. 1996)
1950 Mikhail Fradkov, Russian politician
1951 1975
1952 Manuel Piñero, Spanish golfer
1952 Brad Linaweaver, American writer (d. 2019)
1954 Filip Vujanovic, Montenegrin President
1955 Bruce Foxton, English bass player
1955 Gerhard Strack, German footballer
1956 Kim Jong-Hun, North Korean football coach
1956 Vinnie Johnson, American basketball player
1957 Gloria Estefan, Cuban-American singer
1958 Armi Aavikko, Finnish singer (d. 2002)
1960 Joseph Williams, American singer-songwriter (Toto)
1961 Scott Bigelow, American professional wrestler (d. 2007)
1961 Christopher Ferguson, American captain, pilot and astronaut
1962 Ruud Gullit, Dutch footballer
1962 Scott Ciencin, American novelist (d. 2014)
1965 Craig McLachlan, Australian actor & singer
1965 Tibor Simon, Hungarian footballer
1966 Tim Hardaway, American basketball player
1968 Mohamed Atta, Egyptian terrorist (d. 2001)
1969 Henning Berg, Norwegian footballer
1970 Padma Lakshmi, Indian-American actress and author
1971 Hakan Sukur, Turkish footballer
1971 Ricardo Antonio Chavira, American actor
1971 Helena af Sandeberg, Swedish actress
1971 Dave Wittenberg, South African-American voice actor and screenwriter
1973 Ram Kapoor, Indian actor
1973 Savo Milosevic, Serbian footballer
1974 Jhonen Vasquez, American comic book artist
1974 Yutaka Yamamoto, Japanese cartoonist and director
1975 Scott Speedman, English-born actor
From 1976
1976 Babydaddy, American singer-songwriter, musician and producer (Scissor Sisters)
1976 Takashi Fukunishi, Japanese footballer
1977 David Albelda, Spanish footballer
1980 Sammy Adjei, Ghanaian footballer
1981 Clinton Portis, American baseball player
1982 Ryan Gomes, American basketball player
1983 José Antonio Reyes, Spanish footballer (d. 2019)
1984 Joe Trohman, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
1986 Gaël Monfils, French tennis player
1986 Stella Mwangi, Norwegian singer
1987 Christian Traesch, German footballer
1988 Chanel West Coast, American model, actress, rapper and singer-songwriter
1989 Max Franz, Austrian skier
1989 Bill & Tom Kaulitz, German singers
1989 Jefferson Montero, Ecuadorean footballer
1989 Daniel Sturridge, English footballer
1990 Aisling Loftus, English actress
1990 Mélanie René, Swiss singer
1991 Irina Antonenko, Russian model
1992 Kirani James, Grenadian sprinter
1993 Ilona Mitrecey, French singer
1994 Bianca Ryan, American singer
1996 Zendaya, American actress, singer and dancer
Deaths
Up to 1900
1067 Baldwin of Flanders
1159 Pope Adrian IV (b. 1100)
1256 Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (b. 1218)
1557 Jacques Cartier, French explorer (b. 1491)
1574 Guru Amar Das, third Sikh Guru (b. 1479)
1581 Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (b. 1534)
1648 Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (b. 1588)
1678 Jan Brueghel the Younger, Flemish painter (b. 1601)
1715 King Louis XIV of France (b. 1638)
1715 François Gilardon, French sculptor (b. 1628)
1777 Johann Ernst Bach II, German poet (b. 1722)
1838 William Clark, American explorer (b. 1770)
1868 Ferenc Gyulay, Austrian-Hungarian field marshal (b. 1798)
1901 2000
1906 Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian poet and playwright (b. 1847)
1914 Martha, last Passenger Pigeon
1943 Charles Atangana, Cameroonian chief (b. 1880)
1945 Terry, American cairn terrier who starred in The Wizard of Oz (b. 1933)
1953 Jacques Thibaud, French violinist (b. 1880)
1957 Dennis Brain, English French horn player (b. 1921)
1961 Eero Saarinen, Finnish architect and designer (b. 1910)
1967 Ilse Koch, wife of Karl Koch, commandant of the concentration camp Buchenwald (b. 1906)
1967 Siegfried Sassoon, English poet and writer (b. 1886)
1969 Drew Pearson, American newspaper columnist (b. 1897)
1970 François Mauriac, French writer (b. 1885)
1977 Ethel Waters, American singer, actress (b. 1896)
1981 Ann Harding, American actress and singer (b. 1901)
1981 Albert Speer, Nazi official (b. 1905)
1982 Wladyslaw Gomulka, Polish Communist leader (b. 1905)
1983 Larry McDonald, United States Congressman (b. 1935)
1983 Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington (b. 1912)
1986 Murray Hamilton, American actor (b. 1923)
1988 Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist (b. 1911)
1989 Kazimierz Deyna, Polish footballer (b. 1947)
1989 A. Bartlett Giamatti, American baseball commissioner (b. 1938)
1990 Geir Hallgrímsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1925)
1997 Zoltan Czibor, Hungarian footballer (b. 1929)
From 2001
2003 Sir Terry Frost, British artist (b. 1915)
2004 Ahmed Kuftaro, Syrian religious leader (b. 1915)
2006 Bob O'Connor, 57th Mayor of Pittsburgh (b. 1944)
2008 Jerry Reed, American actor and musician (b. 1937)
2008 Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940)
2009 Erich Kunzel, American conductor (b. 1935)
2012 Hal David, American songwriter (b. 1921)
2012 Smarck Michel, 6th Prime Minister of Haiti (b. 1937)
2013 Tommy Morrison, American boxer (b. 1969)
2013 Ole Ernst, Danish actor (b. 1940)
2014 Mark Gil, Filipino actor (b. 1961)
2014 Maya Rao, Indian dancer (b. 1928)
2014 Gottfried John, German actor (b. 1942)
2014 Elena Varzi, Italian actress (b. 1926)
2014 A. J. Langguth, American historian and journalist (b. 1933)
2014 Mary T. Clark, American academic and civil rights advocate (b. 1913)
2014 Joseph Shivers, American textile chemist (b. 1920)
2015 Gurgen Dalibaltayan, Armenian colonel-general (b. 1926)
2015 Antonio Nirta, Italian criminal (b. 1919)
2015 Dean Jones, American actor (b. 1931)
2015 Boomer Castleman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1945)
2015 Will Provine, American biologist and historian (b. 1942)
2015 Ben Kuroki, American air force gunner (b. 1917)
2016 Jon Polito, American actor (b. 1950)
2016 Kacey Jones, American singer-songwriter (b. 1950)
2017 Shelley Berman, American comedian and actor (b. 1925)
2017 Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, British peer (b. 1929)
2017 Peadar Lamb, Irish actor (b. 1930)
2017 Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, English cardinal (b. 1932)
2017 Gin D. Wong, Chinese-born American architect (b. 1922)
2018 Irving Petlin, American artist (b. 1934)
2018 Margit Sandemo, Norwegian-Swedish author (b. 1924)
2018 Tarun Sagar, Indian Jain monk (b. 1967)
2018 Randy Weston, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1926)
2018 Ehsan Yarshater, Iranian historian (b. 1920)
2019 Kenneth Baugh, Jamaican politician (b. 1941)
2019 Alison Cheek, Australian-American religious leader (b. 1927)
2019 Alberto Goldman, Brazilian politician (b. 1937)
2019 William J. Larkin Jr., American politician (b. 1928)
2019 Katherine MacLean, American science fiction writer (b. 1925)
2019 Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (b. 1933)
Observances
Constitution Day in Slovakia
Independence Day in Uzbekistan
Armed Struggle for Independence (Eritrea)
Knowledge Day (Russia)
Disaster Prevention Day (Japan)
Revolution Day in Libya (1969 – 2010)
September 01 |
8917 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946 | 1946 |
Events
January 10 – First meeting of the United Nations.
August 16 - Muslim League began "Direct Action Day" which killed 10,000 people from Kolkata.
AIESEC started
Births
January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bass guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
January 19 – Dolly Parton, American country singer
January 22 – Malcolm McLaren, music manager
March 8 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
March 12 – Frank Welker, American actor
May 10- Donovan, Scottish musician
July 6 – George W. Bush, American politician, 43rd President of the United States
August 1 - Chris Tulloch, English filmmaker
August 19 – Bill Clinton, American politician 42nd President of the United States
August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
September 1 – Barry Gibb, Singer/Songwriter (Bee Gees)
September 5 — Freddie Mercury, British Singer/Songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991; AIDS)
October 29 - Peter Green, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2020)
November 4 – Laura Bush, 45th First Lady of the United States
November 6 - Fred Penner, Canadian children’s musician
November 24 - Ted Bundy, English serial killer (d. 1989; executed)
November 26 - Mark L. Lester, American film director
November 28 - Joe Dante, American film director
December 16 - Benny Andersson, Swedish pianist (ABBA)
December 28 – Edgar Winter, Albino pop musician (The Edgar Winter Group)
December 30 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet
Deaths
December 25 – WC Fields
August 13 – H.G. Wells
New books
All the King's Men – Robert Penn Warren
Bridge on the Drina – Ivo Andric
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – Benjamin Spock
Delta Wedding – Eudora Welty
I Spit On Your Grave – Boris Vian
Jule – George Wylie Henderson
The Littlest Angel – Charles Tazewell
The Miracle of the Rose – Jean Genet
Mr. President – Miguel Angel Asturias
Mister Roberts – Thomas Heggen
The Story Of Dorothy Stanfield – Oscar Micheaux
Strawberry Girl – Lois Lenski
The Street – Ann Lane Petty
Then and Now – W. Somerset Maugham
''The Adventures of Tintin |
8918 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2011 | December 11 |
Events
Up to 1900
220 - China: Cao Pi forces Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate the Han Dynasty throne. The Cao Wei Empire is created.
361 – Julian the Apostate enters Constantinople as the sole Emperor of the Roman Empire.
630 - The Prophet Muhammad leads an army of 10,000 to conquer Mecca.
969 - Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas is murdered by his wife Theophano and her lover, later-Emperor John I Tzimiskos.
1282 - Llywelyn the Last, the last native-born Prince of Wales, is killed at Cilmeri, near Bulith Wells, South Wales.
1602 - A surprise attack by forces under the command of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva.
1792 – Louis XVI of France is put on trial for treason by the National Convention.
1816 – Indiana becomes the 16th State of the US.
1862 - American Civil War: The Battle of Fredericksburg begins.
1868 - Brazil defeats Paraguay at the Battle of Avay during the Paraguayan War.
1872 – King Kamehameha V of Hawaii dies on his 42nd birthday, ending the line of the Kamehamehas. His cousin, William Charles Lunalilo, succeeds him as King.
1901 2000
1905 - A workers' uprising occurs in Kiev, present-day Ukraine, then a part of the Russian Empire, and creates the Shuliavka Republic.
1907 – The New Zealand Parliament buildings are almost completely destroyed by fire.
1917 - British General Edmund Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot and declares martial law.
1920 - Irish War of Independence: In retaliation for an IRA ambush, British forces burn and loot numerous buildings in the city of Cork. There were reports from civilians of beatings, shootings and verbal abuse by the forces.
1927 - Guangzhou Uprising: Communist militia and worker red guards launch an uprising in the city of Guangzhou, taking over most of the city and announcing the formation of the Guangzhou Soviet.
1931 – The British Parliament enacts the Statute of Westminster, establishing legislative equality between the self-governing Dominions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland and the Union of South Africa.
1934 - Bill W., co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, takes his last alcoholic drink and enters treatment for the last time.
1936 – United Kingdom: Edward VIII abdicates (resigns) the throne in order to marry his love, Wallis Warfield Simpson, making George VI King.
1937 – Italy leaves the League of Nations.
1941 – World War II: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The US, in turn, declares war on Germany and Italy.
1941 - World War II: Poland declares war on the Empire of Japan.
1946 – UNICEF is established.
1958 - French Upper Volta and French Dahomey, in western Africa, gain self-government from France, becoming the Republic of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) and the Republic of Dahomey (now Benin) respectively.
1960 - French forces crack down in a violent clash with protestors in then-French Algeria during a visit by Charles de Gaulle.
1961 - Adolf Eichmann is found guilty of Crimes Against Humanity at his trial in Jerusalem, Israel. He is sentenced to death on December 15 and executed on May 31 of the following year.
1962 – Arthur Lucas becomes the last person to be executed in Canada.
1964 - Che Guevara speaks to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City.
1972 – Apollo 17 becomes the last manned mission to land on the Moon.
1978 - The Lufthansa heist carried out at JFK International Airport near New York City by an associate of the Lucchese Crime Family, James Burke. At least $5 million in cash (17.9 million) and $875,000 ($3.1 million) worth of jewels are stolen.
1981 – Armed forces in El Salvador, kill around 900 civilians, in an anti-guerrilla campaign.
1990 - Demonstrations by workers and students across Albania begin. This eventually leads to the end of Communist rule in Albania and an end to the country's diplomatic isolation.
1993 - 48 people are killed when a block of the Highland Towers collapses in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
1994 – Boris Yeltsin orders Russian troops into Chechnya.
1994 - A bomb explodes on Philippine Airlines Flight 434 from Manila to Tokyo, killing 1 person. The pilot is able to safely land the plane safely.
1995 - Lithuania applies to join the EU.
1997 – The Kyoto protocol is opened for signature.
1998 – Thai Airways Flight 261 crashes near Surat Thani Airport, killing 101 people.
1999 - Turkey applies to join the EU.
From 2001
2001 - The People's Republic of China joins the World Trade Organization.
2005 – Riots against Lebanese youths happen in Cronulla, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
2005 – The Buncefield Oil Depot in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, catches fire.
2006 - The Mexican Drug War begins.
2007 - Two car bombs explode at the Constitutional building and UN office in Algiers, Algeria, killing around 45 people.
2008 – Bernard Madoff is arrested on fraud charges.
2010 – Two bombs explode in central Stockholm, killing 1, and injuring 2.
2012 - At least 125 people are killed and up to 200 injured in bombings in the Alawite village in Agrab, Syria.
2016 - St. Mark's Coptic Cathedral in Cairo, Egypt, is bombed, killing at least 25 people.
2016 - President of Italy Sergio Mattarella nominates Paolo Gentiloni to form a government, after the resignation of Matteo Renzi.
2019 - Test cricket is played in Pakistan for the first time since 2009, when the Sri Lankan national team was attacked there.
2019 - The Autonomous Region of Bougainville is revealed to have voted, by a big majority, in favour of independence from Papua New Guinea.
2019 - Time Magazine names climate change activist Greta Thunberg as its Person of the Year; she is the youngest person to be named as such, being almost 17 years old at the time of the announcement.
Births
Up to 1900
1465 – Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shogun (d. 1489)
1475 – Pope Leo X (d. 1521)
1566 – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (d. 1650)
1709 - Louise Elisabeth d'Orleans, French consort of King Louis I of Spain (d. 1742)
1712 - Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher (d. 1764)
1725 – George Mason, American statesman (d. 1792)
1750 – Isaac Shelby, 1st and 5th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1826)
1758 - Carl Friedrich Zelter, German composer, conductor and educator (d. 1832)
1761 – Gian Domenico Romagnosi, Italian physicist (d. 1835)
1764 - Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet, Scottish merchant, slave owner and politician (d. 1851)
1781 - David Brewster, Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor and writer (d. 1868)
1792 - Joseph Mohr, Austrian composer (d. 1848)
1801 - Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German playwright (d. 1836)
1803 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (d. 1869)
1810 - Alfred de Musset, French dramatist, poet and novelist (d. 1857)
1830 – Kamehameha V, King of Hawai'i (d. 1872)
1843 – Robert Koch, German doctor, won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1910)
1856 - Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary and theoretician (d. 1918)
1858 - Vladimir Nemirovich Danchenko, Russian playwright, director and producer (d. 1943)
1863 - Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (d. 1941)
1867 - Antonio Conte, Italian fencer (d. 1953)
1873 - Josip Plemelj, Slovenian mathematician (d. 1967)
1882 – Max Born, German physicist (d. 1970)
1882 – Fiorello La Guardia, 99th Mayor of New York City (d. 1947)
1883 - Victor McLaglen, British actor (d. 1959)
1890 - Carlos Gardel, French-Argentine singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1935)
1890 - Mark Tobey, American painter (d. 1976)
1899 - Julio de Caro, Argentine composer, musician and conductor (d. 1980)
1901 1925
1901 - Dave Halliday, Scottish footballer (d. 1970)
1905 - Erskine Hamilton Childers, 4th President of Ireland (d. 1974)
1905 - Gilbert Roland, American actor (d. 1984)
1906 - Pietro Serantoni, Italian footballer (d. 1964)
1908 - Elliott Carter, American composer (d. 2012)
1908 – Hakun Djurhuus, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1987)
1908 – Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese director (d. 2015)
1908 - Carlos Arias Navarro, Spanish politician (d. 1989)
1908 - Amon Goeth, German SS officer and war criminal (d. 1946)
1910 - Noel Rosa, Brazilian singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 1937)
1911 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (d. 2009)
1911 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer (d. 2006)
1912 – Carlo Ponti, Italian movie producer (d. 2007)
1913 – Jean Marais, French actor (d. 1998)
1916 - Perez Prado, Cuban-Mexican singer, pianist, composer and bandleader (d. 1989)
1918 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer (d. 2008)
1919 – Marie Windsor, American actress (d. 2000)
1919 - Cliff Michelmore, British television presenter (d. 2016)
1921 – Liz Smith, British actress (d. 2016)
1921 – Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress (d. 2008)
1921 - Pierre Bec, French Occitan language linguist, philologist and poet (d. 2014)
1923 - Betsy Blair, American actress (d. 2009)
1925 – Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist (d. 2019)
1925 - Patrick Reyntiens, English stained glass artist
1926 1950
1926 – Big Mama Thornton, American blues singer (d. 1984)
1927 – John Buscema, American comic artist (d. 2002)
1927 - Stein Eriksen, Norwegian skier (d. 2015)
1929 - Kenneth MacMillan, Scottish dancer and choreographer (d. 1992)
1930 – Jean-Louis Trintignant, French actor
1930 - Chus Lampreave, Spanish actress (d. 2016)
1931 - Rita Moreno, Puerto Rican singer and actress
1931 - Ronald Dworkin, American philosopher and scholar (d. 2013)
1931 - Pierre Pilote, Canadian ice hockey player
1931 - Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, Indian philosopher and spiritual leader (d. 1990)
1932 - Enrique Bermudez, Nicaraguan army officer, founder of the Contras (d. 1991)
1932 - Anne Heywood, English actress
1933 – Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., politician from the Philippines
1935 – Pranab Mukherjee, former President of India
1935 - Ron Carey, American actor (d. 2002)
1936 - Hans van den Broek, French-Dutch politician
1938 – Enrico Macias, Algerian-French singer
1938 - McCoy Tyner, American jazz pianist
1939 - Tom Hayden, American politician and activist (d. 2016)
1940 - Donna Mills, American actress
1941 - Max Baucus, United States Senator from Montana
1941 - Rogier van Otterloo, Dutch conductor and composer (d. 1988)
1941 - J. P. Parisé, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1942 - Anna Carteret, British actress
1942 - Derek Parfit, British philosopher (d. 2017)
1943 – John Kerry, 68th United States Secretary of State
1944 - Teri Garr, American actress and dancer
1944 - Lynda Day George, American television and movie actress
1944 - Brenda Lee, American singer
1944 - Juan E. Mendez, American human rights activist
1946 - Rhoma Irama, Indonesian singer-songwriter
1947 - David E. Stone, American sound editor
1950 - Christina Onassis, American-Greek heiress and shopping magnate (d. 1988)
1951 1975
1951 - Spike Edney, British musician
1951 - Ria Stalman, Dutch athlete
1952 - Andrea de Carlo, Italian writer
1952 - Susan Seidelman, American movie director
1953 - Bess Armstrong, American actress
1954 – Jermaine Jackson, American singer
1954 - Brad Bryant, American golfer
1954 - Santiago Creel, Mexican politician
1956 – Andrew Lansley, British politician
1957 - Antonio Napolioni, Italian bishop
1958 – Nikki Sixx, American musician (Mötley Crüe)
1958 - Chris Hughton, English-Irish footballer and manager
1958 - Isabella Hofmann, American actress
1960 - Rachel Ritman, English composer
1961 - Macky Sall, President of Senegal
1961 - Ingo Appelt, Austrian bobsledder and politician
1961 - Marco Pierre White, English chef and TV personality
1962 - Denise Biellmann, Swiss figure skater
1963 – Mario Been, Dutch footballer
1963 - John Lammers, Dutch footballer
1963 - Jon Brion, American singer-songwriter, composer and producer
1963 - Nigel Winterburn, English footballer
1964 – Michel Courtemanche, French Canadian comedian
1964 – Franco Ballerini, Italian road racing cyclist (d. 2010)
1966 – Göran Kropp, Swedish mountaineer (d. 2002)
1966 - Gary Dourdan, American actor
1967 - Mo'Nique, American comedienne and actress
1967 - Michaela Tabb, English snooker referee
1968 – Fabrizio Ravanelli, Italian footballer
1969 – Viswanathan Anand, Indian chess player and world champion
1969 - Max Martini, American actor
1969 - Alessandro Melli, Italian footballer
1970 - Victoria Fuller, American model, artist and actress
1972 - Andriy Husin, Ukrainian footballer (d. 2014)
1972 – Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi footballer
1972 - Daniel Alfredsson, Swedish ice hockey player
1973 - Mos Def, American musician and actor
1974 – Rey Mysterio, Mexican-American professional wrestler
1974 - Ben Shephard, English journalist and TV host
From 1976
1976 - Shareef Abdur-Rahim, American basketball player
1979 - Rider Strong, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1981 - Nicki Benz, Ukrainian-German model and pornographic actress
1981 – Javier Saviola, Argentine footballer
1981 – Mohamed Zidan, Egyptian footballer
1981 – Zacky Vengeance, American musician (Avenged Sevenfold)
1984 – Leighton Baines, English footballer
1985 - Mario Gjurovski, Macedonian footballer
1985 - Aiko Kayo, Japanese singer and voice actress
1985 - Anja Prislan, Slovenian tennis player
1986 - Roy Hibbert, American basketball player
1987 - Natalia Gordienko, Moldovan dancer and singer
1988 - Ashley Hinshaw, American actress and model
1991 - Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer
1992 - Tiffany Alvord, American singer
1992 - Gen Shoji, Japanese footballer
1993 - Yalitza Aparicio, Mexican actress
1996 – Hailee Steinfeld, American actress and singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
384 - Pope Damasus I
969 - Nikephoros II Phokas, Byzantine Emperor (b. 912)
1198 – Averroes, Spanish-Arab philosopher (b. 1126)
1241 – Emperor Ogedei of Japan
1282 – Prince Llywelyn the Last of Wales
1282 - Michael VIII Palaiologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1225)
1474 - Henry IV of Castile
1532 - Pietro Accotti, Italian cardinal (b. 1455)
1582 - Pedro Alvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Spanish general and politician (b. 1508)
1694 - Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma (b. 1630)
1797 - Richard Brocklesby, English physician (b. 1722)
1826 - Maria Leopoldina of Austria (b. 1797)
1840 – Emperor Kokaku of Japan (b. 1771)
1872 – Kamehameha V, King of Hawai'i (b. 1830)
1901 2000
1906 - Charles Townsend, American fencer (b. 1872)
1909 - Innokenty Annensky, Russian poet (b. 1855)
1918 - Ivan Cankar, Slovenian author, poet and playwright (b. 1876)
1937 - Jaan Anvelt, Soviet-Estonian Communist, revolutionary and writer (b. 1884)
1938 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist (b. 1869)
1941 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr., American pilot and poet (b. 1922)
1941 - Emile Picard, French mathematician (b. 1856)
1945 - Charles Fabry, French actress and dancer (b. 1867)
1950 - Leslie Comrie, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1893)
1957 - Musidora, French actress and movie director (b. 1889)
1959 - Jim Bottomley, American baseball player (b. 1900)
1964 - Sam Kilbride, American actor (b. 1888)
1964 - Alma Mahler, wife of Gustav Mahler, Walter Gropius and Franz Werfel (b. 1879)
1964 - Percy Kilbride, American actor (b. 1888)
1968 - Arthur Hays Sulzberger, American publisher (b. 1891)
1971 - Maurice McDonald, American businessman (b. 1902)
1978 – Vincent de Vigneaud, American chemist (b. 1901)
1989 - Louise Dahl-Wolfe, American photographer (b. 1895)
1992 - Michael Robbins, English actor (b. 1930)
1993 - Raymond D. Gary, American politician, 15th Governor of Oklahoma (b. 1908)
1993 – Paul Mebus, German footballer (b. 1920)
1996 - Willie Rushton, British cartoonist, author and publisher (b. 1937)
1997 – Eddie Chapman, British World War II spy (b. 1914)
1998 – Max Streibl, German politician (b. 1932)
From 2001
2001 - Mainza Chona, 1st Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1930)
2004 - Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner and coach (b. 1917)
2006 – Elizabeth Bolden, American supercentenarian (b. 1890)
2008 – Bettie Page, American model (b. 1923)
2008 - Ali Alatas, Indonesian politician (b. 1932)
2011 - John Patrick Foley, American cardinal (b. 1935)
2012 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian operatic soprano (b. 1926)
2012 - Ravi Shankar, Indian sitarist (b. 1920)
2013 - Nadir Afonso, Portuguese painter (b. 1920)
2013 - Barbara Branden, American writer (b. 1929)
2014 - Tom Adams, English actor (b. 1938)
2014 - Giorgio Ardisson, Italian actor (b. 1931)
2015 - H. Arnold Steinberg, Canadian business and education administrator (b. 1933)
2017 - Keith Chegwin, English television presenter and actor (b. 1957)
2017 - Aline Griffith, Dowager Countess of Romanones, American-Spanish aristocrat, socialite and writer (b. 1923)
2017 - Charles Robert Jenkins, American soldier (b. 1940)
2017 - Vera Katz, German-born American politician, former Mayor of Portland, Oregon (b. 1933)
2017 - Suzanna Leigh, British actress (b. 1945)
2017 - Walter Mafli, Swiss painter (b. 1915)
2018 - Winifred Griffin, New Zealand swimmer (b. 1932)
2018 - Hiwi Tauroa, New Zealand rugby union player (b. 1927)
2019 - David Bellamy, English naturalist and writer (b. 1933)
2019 - James McCarthy, American oceanographer (b. 1944)
Observances
Republic Day (Burkina Faso)
Indiana Day
International Mountain Day
Human Rights and Peace Day (Kiribati)
National Tango Day (Argentina)
Days of the year |
8921 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%204 | February 4 |
Events
Up to 1900
211 – Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies, leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons, Caracalla and Geta.
960 - Song Taizu, founder of the Song Dynasty in China, comes to power in a coup.
1169 - Mount Etna on Sicily erupts. It is known exactly how many people were killed.
1454 – In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.
1546 - The Siege of Pskov in the Livland War ends with the last Polish-Lithuanian forces leaving the city.
1703 – The day that forty-six of the forty-seven ronin committed sepuku.
1783 – American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
1789 – George Washington is unanimously elected to be the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
1792 – George Washington is unanimously elected to a second term as President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
1794 – The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic.
1797 - An earthquake in Riobamba, Ecuador, kills up to 40,000 people.
1801 – John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
1810 – The British Navy seizes Guadeloupe.
1820 - The Chilean Navy completes the 2-day long capture of Valdivia, with just 300 men and 2 ships.
1825 - A flood along North Sea coasts kills around 800 people.
1846 - The first Mormon pioneers leave Nauvoo, Illinois, westward to what later became Salt Lake City.
1859 – Codex Sinaiticus discovered in Egypt.
1861 – American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
1862 – Bacardi, one of the world's largest spirits company, was founded as a small distillery in Santiago de Cuba in eastern Cuba.
1897 - Germany's first-known ice hockey game takes place in Berlin.
1899 – The Philippine-American War begins.
1899 - The German football club Werder Bremen is founded.
1901 1950
1915 – Germany establishes a submarine blockade around the UK and declares any vessel in it a legitimate target.
1927 – The first talkie is released – The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson.
1932 – World War II: Japan occupies Harbin, China.
1932 – 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
1932 – Asteroid 1239 Queteleta discovered by Eugène Joseph Delporte.
1934 – Asteroid 2824 Franke discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth.
1936 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
1938 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
1938 – Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released, and it went on to become a major box-office success, making more money than any other movie in 1938.
1941 – World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
1943 – Battle of Stalingrad ends.
1945 – World War II: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference.
1948 – Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
1951 2000
1957 – USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, logged her 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".
1960 – Lorraine, Quebec is founded.
1962 – Ian Fleming's The Living Daylights first published.
1966 – All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 jet plunges into Tokyo Bay killing 133.
1967 - Lunar Orbiter 3 launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
1968 – Bowie Kuhn becomes the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball, replacing William Eckert.
1969 – Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.
1975 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurs in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.
1976 – In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.
1976 – 1976 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruck, Austria.
1977 – Fleetwood Mac releases one of the biggest-selling albums of all time, Rumours.
1980 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.
1991 – The Baseball Hall of Fame votes to ban Pete Rose.
1992 - Future-President Hugo Chávez leads a failed coup in Venezuela against Carlos Andres Perez.
1996 – A major snowstorm paralyzes the Midwestern United States. Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties its all-time record low temperature at −26 °F. (−32 °C)
1997 – O. J. Simpson is found to be civilly liable for the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
1997 – En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.
1997 – After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.
1998 – An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.
1999 – Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race-relations in the city.
2000 – USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) launched.
2000 – German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
From 2001
2002 - The charity Cancer Research UK is founded.
2003 - The Hindu minority of Bangladesh declares the independence of Bangabhumi.
2003 – The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.
2004 - The social networking site Facebook is founded by Mark Zuckerberg.
2006 - A stampede at the ULTRA Stadium in Manila kills 71 people.
2007 – Super Bowl XLI takes place from Dolphins Stadium in Miami, Florida, USA.
2013 - It is announced that the remains dug up in a car park in Leicester are those of King Richard III of England.
2014 - The Scottish Parliament approves the legalization of same-sex marriage in Scotland, after England and Wales had also legalized it, in 2013.
2015 - TransAsia Airways Flight 235 crashes shortly after take-off from Taipei, Taiwan, killing 31 people.
2018 - American football: The Philadelphia Eagles win the Super Bowl for the first time, defeating the New England Patriots.
Births
Up to 1900
1483 - Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Italian painter (d. 1561)
1505 - Nicolaus Rey, Polish poet (d. 1580)
1620 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (d. 1667)
1639 - Alessandro Melani, Italian composer (d. 1703)
1646 – Hans Erasmus Assmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)
1676 - Giacomo Focco, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1753)
1677 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)
1740 - Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet and composer (d. 1795)
1746 – Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Polish general and national hero of Poland and Lithuania (d. 1817)
1808 – Josef Kajetan Tyl, Czech playwright (d. 1856)
1811 – Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, French organist (d. 1899)
1831 - Oliver Ames, 35th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)
1840 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American inventor (d. 1916)
1846 - Nikolay Umov, Russian physicist (d. 1915)
1848 - Jean Aicard, French poet, author and playwright (d. 1921)
1849 - Jean Richepin, French poet (d. 1926)
1860 - Jackson Showalter, American chess player (d. 1935)
1862 - Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Swedish politician (d. 1953)
1868 - Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz, Irish political activist (d. 1927)
1871 – Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
1872 – Gotse Delchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1903)
1873 - Mikhail Prishkin, Soviet-Russian writer (d. 1954)
1875 – Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953)
1881 - Yakov Protazanov, Soviet-Russian movie director (d. 1945)
1881 - Kliment Voroshilov, Soviet-Russian politician (d. 1969)
1881 - Fernand Léger, French artist (d. 1955)
1881 - Eulalio Gutiérrez, Interim President of Mexico (d. 1939)
1882 - Princess Louise of Orléans (d. 1958)
1883 - Jakob Sildnik, Estonian photographer and movie maker (d. 1973)
1891 - M. A. Ayyangar, Indian politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d. 1978)
1892 - Andreu Nin, Catalan politician (d. 1937)
1893 - Raymond Dart, Australian scientist (d. 1988)
1895 – Nigel Bruce, English actor (d. 1953)
1896 – Friedrich Hund, German physicist (d. 1997)
1897 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
1897 – Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia (d. 1935)
1900 – Jacques Prévert, French poet (d. 1977)
1901 1925
1902 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
1902 – Hartley Shawcross, British lawyer and politician (d. 2003)
1904 - Deng Yingchao, wife of Chinese leader Zhou Enlai (d. 1992)
1904 - MacKinlay Kantor, American writer (d. 1977)
1906 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (d. 1945)
1906 - Sabine Bonhoeffer, twin sister of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (d. 1999)
1906 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997)
1906 - Colette Darfeuil, French actress (d. 1998)
1907 - Otto Ohlendorf, German SS group leader and war criminal (d. 1951)
1912 – Byron Nelson, American golfer (d. 2006)
1912 - Louis-Albert Vachon, Canadian archbishop (d. 2006)
1913 – Rosa Parks, American Civil Rights activist (d. 2005)
1915 – Norman Wisdom, British actor and comedian (d. 2010)
1917 – Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, Last President of United Pakistan (d. 1980)
1918 – Ida Lupino, English actress and movie director (d. 1996)
1920 - Morton Deutsch, American social psychologist (d. 2017)
1920 - Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016)
1921 - Lotfi A. Zadeh, Soviet-born mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2017)
1921 – Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist and writer (d. 2006)
1922 – Bhimsen Joshi, Indian singer and musician (d. 2011)
1923 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
1923 - Bonar Bain, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
1923 - Belisario Betancur, 53rd President of Colombia
1925 - Jutta Hipp, German-American jazz pianist, composer and painter (d. 2003)
1925 - Christopher Zeeman, British mathematician (d. 2016)
1926 1950
1926 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer (d. 2014)
1927 - Horst Ehmke, German politician (d. 2017)
1927 - John Martinkovic, American football player (d. 2018)
1928 – Kim Yong-nam, North Korean politician
1929 – Jerry Adler, American actor
1929 – Eduard Zimmermann, German journalist and television presenter (d. 2009)
1930 - Arthur E. Chase, American businessman and politician (d. 2015)
1930 - Jim Loscutoff, American basketball player (d. 2015)
1931 – Isabel Perón, former President of Argentina
1932 - Gerhard Hund, German chess player, son of Friedrich Hund
1935 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)
1936 - David Brenner, American comedian, actor and author (d. 2014)
1936 – Gary Conway, American actor
1938 - Donald W. Riegle, Jr., United States Senator
1940 - George A. Romero, American movie director (d. 2017)
1941 - Jiri Raska, Czech ski jumper (d. 2012)
1941 – John Steel, British musician
1943 - Wanda Rutkiewicz, Polish mountaineer (d. 1989)
1943 – Ken Thompson, American computer scientist
1945 - Tony Haygarth, English actor (d. 2017)
1947 - Dennis C. Blair, American admiral, 3rd Director of Central Intelligence
1947 – Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States
1948 – Alice Cooper, American musician
1948 - Marisol, Spanish actress & singer
1948 – Ram Baran Yadav, 1st President of Nepal
1951 1975
1951 - Patrick Bergin, Irish actor
1952 – Jenny Shipley, 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand
1953 - Kitaro, Japanese composer
1954 - Andrei Karlov, Russian diplomat (d. 2016)
1955 – Mikulas Dzurinda, former Prime Minister of Slovakia
1960 - Mark Dawson, English-American talent manager and producer
1962 – Clint Black, American musician
1962 - John Gordon Sinclair, Scottish actor
1962 - Stephen Hammond, English politician
1963 - Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss skier
1964 – Noodles, American guitarist
1966 - Viatcheslav Ekimov, Russian cyclist
1967 - Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995)
1969 - Dallas Drake, Canadian ice hockey player
1970 - Gabrielle Anwar, English actress
1971 - Eric Garcetti, 42nd Mayor of Los Angeles, California
1971 - Rob Corddry, American actor, director and producer
1972 – Giovanni Silva de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
1972 – Dara Ó Briain, Irish comedian
1973 – Oscar de la Hoya, Mexican-American boxer
1974 - Mijntje Denners, Dutch field hockey player
1975 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian singer and actress
1975 – Vittorio Arrigoni, Italian activist (d. 2011)
From 1976
1976 – Cam'ron, American rapper and actor
1977 – Gavin DeGraw, American singer
1979 – Andrei Arlovski, Belarussian mixed martial artist and actor
1980 – Raimonds Vaikulis, Latvian basketball player
1981 – Jason Kapono, American basketball player
1982 – Ivars Timermanis, Latvian basketball player
1982 – Kimberly Wyatt, American singer (Pussycat Dolls)
1982 – Chris Sabin, American professional wrestler
1983 – Miguel Garcia, Portuguese footballer
1983 – Lee Stempniak, American ice hockey player
1984 – Mauricio Pinilla, Chilean footballer
1985 – Bug Hall, American actor
1986 – Asif Ali, Indian actor
1987 – Darren O'Dea, Irish footballer
1987 – Lucie Safarova, Czech tennis player
1988 – Jeff Horn, Australian professional boxer
1988 – Carly Patterson, American gymnast
1989 – Shogo Suzuki, Japanese actor and musician
1990 – Haruka Tomatsu, Japanese voice actress and singer
1991 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer
Deaths
Up to 1900
211 – Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (born 146)
708 – Pope Sisinnius
784 – Hrabanus Maurus, German poet
856 – Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mainz
869 – Saint Cyril, after whom the Cyrillic alphabet is named (born 827)
1161 - King Inge I of Norway (b. 1135)
1615 - Giovanni Battista della Porta, Italian polymath (born 1535)
1694 - Natalya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (born 1651)
1713 – Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (born 1671)
1774 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (born 1701)
1781 – Josef Myslivecek, composer (born 1737)
1843 - Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek general (born 1770)
1894 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker, inventor of the saxophone (born 1814)
1901 2000
1905 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (born 1841)
1928 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate (born 1853)
1928 - Manche Masemola, South African girl and Christian martyr (born 1913)
1933 – Archibald Sayce, educator (born 1846)
1935 - J. Henry Birtles, English rugby player (born 1874)
1936 – Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party (born 1895)
1941 - Louis Lincoln Emmerson, 27th Governor of Illinois (born 1863)
1943 - Frank Calder, first NHL President (born 1877)
1944 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (born 1867)
1953 - Antonio Conte, Italian fencer (born 1867)
1956 - Savielly Tartakower, Polish chess player (born 1887)
1958 – Henry Kuttner, science fiction writer (born 1915)
1967 - Albert Orsborn, 6th General of the Salvation Army (born 1886)
1968 – Neal Cassady, writer (born 1926)
1968 – Gilbert H. Grosvenor, President of the National Geographic Society (born 1875)
1969 – Thelma Ritter, actress (born 1905)
1974 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (born 1894)
1975 – Louis Jordan, musician (born 1908)
1983 – Karen Carpenter, U.S. singer, musician (Carpenters) (born 1950)
1984 – Anna Anderson, claimant to the throne of Russia (born 1896)
1987 – Liberace, American musician (born 1919)
1987 – Carl Rogers, psychologist (born 1902)
1992 - Lisa Fonssagrives, Swedish model (born 1911)
1995 – Godfrey Brown, athlete and teacher (born 1915)
1995 – Patricia Highsmith, American writer (born 1921)
1999 – Amadou Bailo Diallo, shot by New York City police (born 1975)
2000 – Doris Coley, singer, member of the Shirelles (born 1941)
2000 – Carl Albert, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (born 1908)
From 2001
2001 – Iannis Xenakis, Greek-French composer (born 1922)
2001 – J. J. Johnson, jazz trombonist and jazz composer (born 1924)
2002 - Agatha Barbara, Maltese politician (born 1923)
2002 - George Nader, American actor (born 1921)
2005 – Ossie Davis, American actor (born 1917)
2006 - Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist and writer (born 1921)
2007 - Barbara McNair, American singer and actress (born 1934)
2008 - Stefan Meller, Polish politician (born 1942)
2009 - Lux Interior, American musician (born 1946)
2011 - Lena Nyman, Swedish actress (born 1944)
2011 - Martial Celestin, Haitian lawyer, diplomat and politician (born 1913)
2012 - Mike deGruy, American documentary movie maker (born 1951)
2012 - Andrew Wight, Australian screenwriter and producer (born 1960)
2012 - Florence Green, British supercentenarian and last-surviving World War I service veteran (born 1901)
2013 - Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (born 1941)
2013 - Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (born 1925)
2014 - Wu Ma, Chinese-Hong Kong actor and director (born 1942)
2014 - Keith Allen, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1923)
2015 - Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi, Iraqi terrorist (born 1970)
2015 - Eduardo Laborde, Argentine rugby player (born 1967)
2015 - Fitzhugh L. Fulton, American NASA research pilot (born 1925)
2015 - Wes Cooley, American politician (born 1932)
2016 - Maurice White, American singer (born 1941)
2016 - Marlow Cook, American politician (born 1926)
2016 - Edgar Whitcomb, American politician, 43rd Governor of Indiana (born 1917)
2016 - Axl Rotten, American professional wrestler (born 1971)
2016 - Dave Mirra, American BMX rider (born 1974)
2016 - Edgar Mitchell, American astronaut (born 1930)
2017 - Basil Hetzel, Australian medical researcher (born 1922)
2017 - Bano Qudsia, Pakistani writer (born 1928)
2017 - Georgi Taratorkin, Russian actor (born 1945)
2017 - Hans van der Hoek, Dutch footballer (born 1933)
2017 - John Howes, American professor of Asian Studies (born 1924)
2017 - Steve Lang, Canadian rock musician (born 1949)
2017 - Marc Spitz, American writer (born 1969)
2018 - Alan Baker, English mathematician (born 1939)
2018 - Martin Grüner, German politician (born 1929)
2018 - Edwin Jackson, American football player (born 1991)
2018 - John Mahoney, British-American actor (born 1940)
2018 - Séamus Pattison, Irish politician (born 1936)
2018 - Wojciech Pokora, Polish actor (born 1934)
Observances
Independence Day (Sri Lanka)
Rosa Parks Day (United States)
Day of the Armed Struggle (Angola)
World Cancer Day
February 04 |
8922 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Aragon%C3%A9s | Sergio Aragonés | Sergio Aragonés Domenech (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for MAD Magazine and the comic book Groo the Wanderer.
References
Cartoonists
Spanish people
1937 births
Living people |
8923 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Bonet | Lisa Bonet | Lisa Bonet (born Lisa Michelle Bonet; November 16, 1967), also known as Lilakoi Moon, is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television series, The Cosby Show and A Different World. She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993. She is of African American and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Belarus, Moldova, Poland and Russia) descent.
References
Other websites
1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
Bonet,Lisa
Actors from San Francisco
American Jews
African American actors
Jewish American actors |
8925 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco | Tobacco | Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family.
History
Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas. The earliest know use of tobacco comes from nicotine residue from a pipe in the Southeastern United States. It is Radiocarbon dated at 1685-1530 BC. Europeans in the Americas learned to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became very popular. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.
The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first non-native farmer to use nicotiana tabacum, which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. He also married Pocahontas, a Native American woman who became famous when she went to live in London.
In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.
In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.
Tobacco and health
Tobacco users (especially smokers) and people around them (with passive smoking) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller.
Countries that grow tobacco
References
Smoking
Carcinogens |
8927 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem | Jerusalem | Jerusalem (; ; ) is one of the oldest cities in the world that people have lived in continuously. It is important to many major religions. Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because it was their religious and political center during Biblical times and was the place where the Temple of God stood. Christians consider Jerusalem holy because many events in the life of Jesus took place there. Muslims believe that Muhammad rose to heaven from Jerusalem, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque is the first Qibla of Muslims after Mecca.
Jerusalem is the capital city of both Israel and Palestine, under their laws. Most other countries disagree. Most countries have their embassies with Israel in Tel Aviv.
Jerusalem is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) east of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a hilly city with many valleys around it.
History
Jerusalem is a very old city. It has great importance for three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Bible says King David, the second king of Israel, took this city from pagans and settled his palace there. King Solomon, David's son and the next king, built the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. Later, as capital of Judah, Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylon. The Palace of King David and the Temple of Solomon were burned, and the Jews were captured and taken to Babylon. Seventy years later, the Persian King Cyrus allowed them to return to Jerusalem and to rebuild the Temple.
Later the area was occupied by Romans. King Herod the Great, who ruled for the Roman Emperor, made the Temple larger to try and win Jewish favor. The Temple was famous for its greatness and beauty.
Jesus died in Jerusalem around 33 CE. In 70 CE, the Jews rebelled against the Romans, but the Romans destroyed the city and the Temple. Jewish people who lived in Jerusalem were caught and became slaves. The Romans renamed Jerusalem with a Latin name. Since then, the Temple has not been rebuilt, and only a part of its wall remains until today.
After the Roman Empire was split into two, the Byzantine Empire ruled Jerusalem. Later, Muslims took over the city from them. The Muslims believed Muhammad went to heaven from Jerusalem.
Later, the Pope in Rome sent the Crusaders from Western Europe to try and take Jerusalem back. They succeeded for a while, but eventually the city fell again to the Saracens. Until the 20th century, Jerusalem was a part of the Ottoman Empire. There were some Jews in Jerusalem all along, even though they were ruled by other people.
The "New City" of Jerusalem is the part outside the old stone walls. People started building the new city in the 1800s. Mishkenot Sha'annanim, Mea Shearim, and the Bukharan Quarter are some of the first neighborhoods in the new city.
After World War I, the Ottoman Empire had been defeated. In June 1922, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine. This gave control of the area to the United Kingdom. The land west of the Jordan River was known as Palestine. It was under direct British control until 1948. The land east of the Jordan River was known as Transjordan, and was governed by the Hashemite family. Transjordan gained independence in 1946.
The mandate in Palestine ended at midnight on 14 May 1948. On the next day, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began. Israel declared independence, the West Bank was annexed by Jordan, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip.
In 1949, at the end of the first Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan. Israel controlled the western part of the city. Jordan controlled the eastern section, including the Old City, a walled section of Jerusalem dating from Biblical times. Israel took control of the entire city during the Six-Day War in 1967.
Jerusalem today is claimed by the state of Israeli as its capital. The United Nations does not agree to Israel saying that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.
Religious significance
Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city. Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy.
Jewish
According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is where God told the patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac, to Him. The Jews built the Temple, the centre of Jewish worship in ancient times, at the site of Abraham's sacrifice on the Temple Mount in the Old City. Two buildings, one after the other, the First Temple and the Second Temple, stood at the site. The First Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant, a sacred box holding the tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments.
The Western Wall is a part of the Second Temple and Judaism's most sacred shrine. It is a stone wall that strengthened the western side of the Temple Mount in ancient times. The wall is sometimes called the Wailing Wall because of the sad prayers Jewish people said there to mourn the destroyed Temple.
Other sites in the city that are sacred to the Jews include King David's tomb on Mount Zion, and the Jewish Cemetery and the Tombs of the Prophets on the Mount of Olives, a hill just east of the Old City. Many sites associated with Biblical figures are sacred to Christians, too.
Christian
Many monasteries, convents, shrines, and religious seminaries in Jerusalem mark events in the life of Jesus and in the formation of the Christian Church. According to the Bible, Jesus taught in Jerusalem and performed numerous miracles there. The Last Supper supposedly took place in a room known as the Cenacle (also called Coenaculum) on Mount Zion. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the Old City is said to be the place of Jesus's Crucifixion (called Calvary or Golgotha), as well as His burial and resurrection. Several Christian sects own the church, which was originally built by Constantine the Great, then rebuilt and dedicated by the Crusaders in 1149 CE. The building stands at the end of the Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows), believed to be the path over which Jesus carried His cross to Calvary. Jesus was last seen by His followers on the Mount of Olives before He went up to heaven. All of these sites attract many religious pilgrims each year.
Islamic
Jerusalem is Islam's third holiest city, after Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad originally selected Jerusalem as the qibla: the direction Muslims should face during prayer. However, he later told his followers to face Mecca instead of Jerusalem when praying. Muhammad is said to have gone up to heaven from a stone now covered by a golden-domed shrine called the Dome of the Rock. The Dome of the Rock and the ancient Al-Aqsa Mosque are among the holiest sites in Islam. They are the main buildings on the Temple Mount, which Muslims call Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary).
Architecture
Jerusalem's architecture is a mixture of old and new. The Old City contains architectural examples from each major period in the city's history. Many ancient historical sites and places of worship stand near modern shopping centers and industrial zones. Architecture from the late 1800s and early 1900s shows European influences. Usefulness rather than style characterizes new apartment buildings constructed by the government as housing for immigrants. Many buildings, old and new, have matching exteriors because all construction is required to be faced with a cream-colored limestone called Jerusalem stone, produced by nearby quarries.
Religion in Jerusalem
Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol is the largest synagogue in Jerusalem.
Twin towns and sister cities
New York City, United States (since 1993)
Prague, Czech Republic
Partner city
Marseille, France
Notes
References
Other websites
Official website of Jerusalem Municipality
Jerusalemp3 , offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Municipality
Government
, United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem
Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, Government of Israel, the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel
Culture
Israel Museum, one of Jerusalem's premier art museums
Yad Vashem, Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust
Education
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem's foremost institution of higher learning
al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem
Maps
Modern-day map of Jerusalem, from City of Jerusalem.
Ancient Maps of Jerusalem , from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Arab–Israeli conflict |
8933 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky%20Mountains | Rocky Mountains | The Rocky Mountains (often 'The Rockies') are a range of mountains in the western United States and Canada. They stretch from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. The Rocky Mountains are more than 3,000 miles long (4,800 kilometers).
The highest point in the Rocky Mountains is Mt. Elbert. Mt. Elbert is 14,433 ft tall (4,401m)
The Rocky Mountains are relatively new, formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago (mya) during the Laramide orogeny. North America began to move westwards as Pangaea broke up. A number of tectonic plates began to slide under the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers has sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys.
The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.
In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 mya, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.
References
Mountains of the United States
Western United States
Mountains of Canada |
8934 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn | Brooklyn | Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City. It also covers the same area as Kings County. Brooklyn is the second largest borough in land area.
In the early 21st century, about 2.5 million live there. This is more than in any of the other four boroughs.
Brooklyn is the west end of Long Island. The East River separates it from Manhattan in the north. Brooklyn's only land boundary is with Queens in the east. Jamaica Bay separates Brooklyn from Rockaway in the south. The Narrows separates Brooklyn from Staten Island in the west.
Coney Island is the south end of Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Museum is near the middle of Brooklyn, near Prospect Park.
History
Brooklyn is named after a Dutch town called "Breukelen". Dutch people were the first people from Europe to live in the area. When they got there, there were already some Native American people living there called the Lenape. The Dutch started the town in 1634 as part of the colony of New Netherland.
During the 19th century Brooklyn expanded and filled Kings County. It remained a separate city before the people there voted to join New York City in 1898. Today, many parts of Brooklyn are home to people who are mostly from one culture or ethnicity. Other parts are mixed.
The Brooklyn Bridge is old and famous. It goes over the East River and connects Downtown Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan. The longest bridge in New York, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Bay Ridge connects Brooklyn to Staten Island.
References
County seats in New York
1634 establishments in North America
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York |
8935 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish%20language | Cornish language | Cornish is a very old language from Cornwall in the southwest of England. Cornish is a Celtic language and is very similar to Welsh and is related to Gaelic.
History
A long time ago, Cornish was the only language spoken in Cornwall, but more and more people began to speak English, instead of Cornish. In 1550, when the prayer book was written in English instead of Latin, the Cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. Because many Cornish-speakers died and they would now hear the Bible in English, Cornish was used less and less.
By 1800, only a few people could speak Cornish, and since no one spoke it to one another any more, Cornish became endangered.
People say that a woman called Dolly Pentreath was the last person who could speak Cornish. That is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of English.
Methods of spreading
Some people learned about Cornish by traveling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. Some people wanted to learn the language and speak it and so in 1904 a learned man, Henry Jenner, wrote a book to help people. Some people then began to learn the language and speak it again.
Today
No one knows how many Cornish-speakers there are now. People think that about 8,000 to 13,000 people probably speak Cornish. Some young people have grown up speaking it. Most people in Cornwall know a few sentences or words in Cornish. In 100 years, Cornish has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands, which is very exciting for many people.
There are now many new books, films and songs in Cornish. The Bible has now been translated into Cornish. There is an event, the open Gorseth, with a story and poetry competition. Sometimes, Cornish is used in churches.
There used to be a problem with Cornish: three different dictionaries had different spellings, and people did not agree about how to write words or say them. That was confusing for people when they have not been speaking for long. In 2008, people who used different types of Cornish came together and agreed on a new standard form of Cornish to be used everywhere.
Sample phrases
Kernowek: Cornish
Kernow: Cornwall
Den: Man
Benyn: Woman
Gorthugher da: Good afternoon
Dydh da!: Good day!
Duw genes!: Goodbye!
Onen hag oll: One and all.
References
Other websites
Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). Brief History of the Cornish language, its revival and its current situation. E-Keltoi, 2, 199–227
Celtic languages
Cornwall
Languages of Europe |
8936 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh | Welsh | Welsh could mean many different things:
Of or relating to Wales
The Welsh language
The Welsh people
Welsh could also mean:
Places in the United States (US)
Welsh, Louisiana
Welsh, Arkansas
Welsh, Ohio
People
Ben Welsh, an Australian Icon
Harry Welsh, a US paratrooper in World War II
Irvine Welsh, a Scottish author
Matty Welsh, an Australian swimmer
Matthew E. Welsh, a US politician and governor of Indiana
John Welsh (footballer), a player for Hull City, England |
8937 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate%20scandal | Watergate scandal | The Watergate scandal was a major scandal during and after the 1972 presidential election.
United States President and Republican Richard Nixon was running for election against Democrat George McGovern. Frank Wills, a security guard, discovered clues that former FBI and CIA agents broke into the offices of the Democratic Party and George McGovern months before the election. These people listened to phone lines, and secret papers were stolen.
When these men were found, it turned out that Nixon was involved and he had helped them cover it all up and might have even hired the men. The Washington Post was a newspaper which played a big role in exposing the misdoings, specifically reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. This showed the public that Nixon was not to be trusted, and society began to view him in a different light.
Nixon chose to resign from office on August 9, 1974 because he wished not to be impeached. This means that he might have been charged with crimes. The U.S. Congress could not impeach him if he resigned. After this, Gerald Ford, his vice-president, became the President by default. Ford later forgave and pardoned Nixon for all of his crimes. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime took place and is often associated with political scandals.
Other resources
Brittanica
1970s crimes
1970s in the United States
Burglary |
8945 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan | Cyan | Cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel. It is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with black, yellow and magenta.
Cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. The primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. Cyan is made by mixing green and blue light.
Cyan is the opposite of red and is halfway between green and blue.
Meaning of cyan
Cyan is associated with making someone feel better and protection, as well as being associated with good health from getting exercise by going swimming. This is because the water in a swimming pool is usually colored cyan from having a plaster white bottom that reflects the blue sky. The tiles of a swimming pool are often colored cyan, which makes the cyan color of the water in a swimming pool even more intense.
Cyan is a restful, calming color that symbolizes relaxation, especially that shade of cyan known as bright turquoise (shown below) which can be the color of the water in lagoons in tropical countries where people go swimming on their vacation.
The shade of Cyan called medium aquamarine (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.
Tones of the Cyan color comparison chart
Related pages
List of colors
Aqua
Aquamarine
Blue-green
Electric blue
Teal
Turquoise
Viridian |
8946 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple | Purple | Purple is a colour that is made of two primary colors, blue and red.
The first written use of purple as a color name in English was in 975.
Meaning of purple
Purple is associated with wisdom, dignity, independence, creativity, mystery and magic. Purple is a very rare color in nature, though the lavender flower and catmint are two examples.
Tyrian Purple is used to represent royalty. It is a sign of power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It shows wealth and extravagance. It is thought as a royal color because in Roman times, there was only one way to make the color purple, which the Romans called purpura. They used one or two species of the gastropod Murex, which produced the dye in a gland. These tiny shellfish lived in the Mediterranean Sea. Each snail produced only tiny amounts, so it was very expensive. Therefore, purple was only worn by the rich and famous. Naturally, the richest and most famous people in the country were the Roman emperors, so they were able to wear the most purple. Roman sumptuary laws forbade plebeians to wear it.
Light purple is a good choice for a feminine design. It creates feelings of romance. Bright purple can be used when promoting children's things.
Dark purple may create sad feelings. It can cause frustration.
Pink purple, it is associated with eroticism and femininity.
Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple
Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red
Tones of purple color comparison chart
Lavender Blush (web color) (Hex: #FFF0F5) (RGB: 255, 240, 245)
Purple Mist (Pale Purple) (Pantone TPX 12-2103) (Hex: #FAE6FA) (RGB: 250, 230, 250)
Lavender Mist (web color Lavender) (Hex: #E6E6FA) (RGB: 230, 230, 250)
Almost Mauve (Pantone TPX 12-2103) (Hex: #EBE1DF) (RGB: 235, 225, 223)
Mauve Morn (Pantone TPX 12-2102) (Hex: #EBDBDB) (RGB: 235, 219, 219)
Mauve Chalk (Pantone TPX 12-2902) (Hex: #E4D3D2) (RGB: 228, 211, 210)
Pale Lilac (Light Mauve) (Hex: #DCD0FF) (RGB: 220, 208, 255)
Mauvette (Plochere) (Mauve Pink) (Light Mulberry) (Hex: #E8CCD7) (RGB: 232, 204, 215)
Deep Mauve Pink (Hex: #DE4BEEB) (RGB: 228, 190, 235)
<li style = "background-color: #e0b0ff;"> Mauve (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E0B0FF) (RGB: 224, 176, 255)<li>
Thistle (HTML/CSS web color: Light Purple) (Hex: #D8BFD8) (RGB: 216, 191, 216)
<li style = "background-color: #c8a2c8;"> Lilac (Hex: #C8A2C8) (RGB: 200, 162, 200)<li>
<li style ="background-color:#e79fc4;"> Kobi (Xona.com color list) (Light Aubergine) (Hex: #C79FC4) (RGB: 231, 159, 196)<li>
Light Orchid (Crayola Orchid) (Hex: #E29CD2) (RGB: 226, 156, 210)
Pale Plum (web color Plum) (Medium Lavender Magenta) (Hex: #DDA0DD) (RGB: 221, 160, 221)
Lavender Magenta (web color "violet") (Hex: #EE82EE) (RGB: 238, 130, 238)
<li style = "background-color: #da70d6;"> Orchid (web color) (Hex: #DA70D6) (RGB: 218, 112, 240) (CMYK: 0,49,2,15)<li>
Heliotrope (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DF73FF) (RGB: 223, 115, 255)
French Mauve (Deep Mauve) (Mauve (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #D473D4) (RGB: 212, 115, 212)
Opera Mauve (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #CA82AF) (RGB: 202, 130, 175)
<li style = "background-color: #d46ff9;"> Light Veronica (Xona.com color list "[X11] Purple Light") (Hex:D46FF9) (RGB: 212,111, 249)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #dd00FF;"> Psychedelic Purple (Phlox (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #DF00FF) (RGB: 223, 0, 255)<li>
Vivid Orchid (Hex: #CC00FF) (RGB: 204, 0, 255)
Neon Purple (Hex: #BC13FE) (RGB: 188, 19, 254)
Hot Purple (Hex: #CB00F5) (RGB: 203, 0, 245)
<li style = "background-color: #c400FF;"> Electric Purple (True Purple) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #BF00FF) (RGB: 191, 0, 255)<li>
Pontiff (Pontiff Purple) (Hex: #AF00FF) (RGB: 175, 0, 255)
Paars (Dutch Purple) (Hex: #AA00FF) (RGB: 170, 0, 255)
<li style = "background-color: #a020F0;"> Veronica (Maerz & Paul) (X11 web color Purple) (Hex: #A020F0) (RGB: 160, 92, 240)<li>
Purple (Munsell) (Munsell 5P) (Hex: #9F00C5) (RGB: 159, 0, 197)
<li style = "background-color: #9932cc; color: #ffffff"> Dark Orchid (web color) (Hex: #9932CC) (RGB: 153, 50, 204)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #8b00cc; color: #ffffff"> Deep Purple (Hex: #8B00CC) (RGB: 139, 0, 204)<li>
Deep Indigo (web color Blue-Violet) (Hex: #8A2BE2) (RGB: 138, 43, 226)
Lavender Indigo (Hex: #9457EB) (RGB: 148, 87, 235)
<li style = "background-color: #9842e3; color: #ffffff"> Vanda Purple (Hex: #9842E3) (RGB: 152, 66, 227)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #7d26cd; color: #ffffff"> Internet Purple (color of "all purple website" www.purple.com) (Hex: #7D26CD) (RGB: 125, 38, 205)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #7851a9; color: #ffffff"> Royal Purple (Crayola) (Hex: #7851A9) (RGB: 120, 91, 169)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #652dC1; color: #ffffff"> Purple Heart (Crayola) (Hex: #652DC1) (RGB: 101, 45, 93)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #6600b7; color: #ffffff"> Prince Fan Purple (lettering on Prince fan website Prince.org) (Hex: #6600B7) (RGB: 102, 0, 187)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #660099; color: #ffffff"> Generic Purple (www.web-site-tools.com/s/660099.htm) (Hex: #660099) (RGB: 102, 0, 153)<li>
Purple Reign (Pantone TPX 19-3620) (Hex: 54446C) (RGB: 84, 68, 108)
<li style = "background-color: #4b308d; color: #ffffff"> Purple Rain (color of lettering on Prince's album Purple Rain) (Hex: #4B308D) (RGB: 75, 48, 141)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #3e2f84; color: #ffffff"> Vulgar Purple (Grape Jelly) (Hex: #3E2F84) (RGB: 62, 47, 132)<li>
Pigment Indigo (web color Indigo) (Hex: #4B0082) (RGB: 75, 0, 130)
Dark Indigo (Hex: #310062) (RGB: 49, 0, 98)
Persian Indigo (Regimental (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #32127A) (RGB: 50, 18, 122)
Ultramarine (pigment) (Hex: #120A8F) (RGB: 18, 10, 143)
Persian Blue (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #1C39BB) (RGB: 28, 57, 187)
<li style = "background-color: #3f00ff; color: #ffffff"> Electric Ultramarine (Ultramarine (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #3F00FF) (RGB: 63, 0, 255)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #5218fa; color: #ffffff"> Han Purple (Hex: #5218FA) (RGB: 82, 24, 250)<li>
Westminster (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #5F00FF) (RGB: 95, 0, 255)
Indigo (Electric Indigo) (Hex: #6600FF) (RGB: 102, 0, 255)
Pansy (Heartsease) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #7700FF) (RGB: 119, 0, 255)
<li style = "background-color: #8b00ff; color: #ffffff"> Violet (Electric Violet) (Blue Purple) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255)<li>
Pigment Violet (web color Dark Violet) (Hex: #9400D3) (RGB: 148, 0, 211)
<li style = "background-color: #b57edc;"> Lavender (Floral Lavender) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B57EDC) (RGB: 181,126,220)<li>
Purple Mountain Majesty (Crayola) (Lavender Purple) (Hex: #9678B6) (RGB: 150, 120, 182)
<li style = "background-color: #926eae;"> Violet Purple (Crayola) (Hex: #926EAE) (RGB: 146, 110, 174)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #8878c3;"> Purple Yam (Ube) (Hex: #8878C3) (RGB: 136, 120, 195)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #9683ec;"> French Lavender (Lavender (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9683EC) (RGB: 150, 131, 236)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #9370db;"> Medium Purple (web color) (Deep Lavender) (Hex: #9370DB) (RGB: 147, 112, 219)<li>
Amethyst (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9966CC) (RGB: 153, 102, 204)
<li style = "background-color: #9955BB;"> Deep Lilac (German Lilac) (Hex: #9955BB) (RGB: 153, 85, 187)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #9a4eae; color: #ffffff"> Purpureus (Purpura) (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #9A4EAE) (RGB: 154, 78, 174)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #a757ab; color: #ffffff"> Chinese Purple (Hex: #A757AB) (RGB: 167, 87, 171)<li>
Meadow Mauve (Pantone TPX 18-3230) (Hex: #A55790) (RGB: 165, 87, 144)
Violet Eggplant (Chinese Eggplant) (Hex: #991199) (RGB: 153, 17, 153)
<li style = "background-color: #98508e; color: #ffffff"> Striking Purple (Pantone TPX 18-3025) (Hex: #98508E) (RGB: 152, 80, 142)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ae4f93; color: #ffffff"> Purple Orchid (Pantone TPX 18-3027) (Hex: #AE4F93) (RGB: 174, 79, 107)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #b634bb; color: #ffffff"> Purple (Pantone) (Hex: #B634BB) (RGB: 182, 52, 187)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ba55d3;"> Medium Orchid (web color) (Hex: #BA55D3) (RGB: 183, 85, 211)<li>
Deep Fuchsia (Fuchsia (Crayola)) (Hex: #C154C1) (RGB: 193, 84, 193)
Steel Pink (Crayola Ultra colored pencils) (Hex: #CC33CC) (RGB: 204, 51, 204)
Rich Mauve (French Mauve) (Mauve (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #473D4) (RGB: 212, 115, 212)
Opera Mauve (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #CA82AF) (RGB: 202, 130, 175)
Mauve Taupe (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #AF868E) (RGB: 175, 134, 142)
<li style = "background-color: #aa8a9e;"> Medium Vanda (Vanda (ISCC-NBS)) (Lavender Brown) (Hex: #AA8A9E) (RGB: 170, 138, 158)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #db7093;"> Pale Red-Violet (web color Pale Violet Red) (Hex: #DB7093) (RGB: 219, 112, 147)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #de5285; color:"> Fandango Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2033) (Hex: #DE5285) (RGB: 222, 82, 133)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #d94972;"> Cabaret Purple (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D94972) (RGB: 217, 73, 114)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #e40078;"> Red-Purple (Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #E40078) (RGB: 228, 0, 120)<li>
Fuchsia Purple (Pantone TPX 18-2436) (Hex: #CC397B) (RGB: 204, 57, 123)
Royal Fuchsia (Hex: #CA2C92) (RGB: 202, 44, 146)
Byzantine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex:BD33A4) (RGB: 189, 51, 164)
Fandango (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B53389) (RGB: 181, 51, 137)
Medium Red-Violet (Red-Violet (Crayola)) (Hex: #BB3385) (RGB: 187, 51, 133)
<li style = "background-color: #c71585;"> Red-Violet (web color Medium Violet Red) (Hex: #C71585) (RGB: 199, 21, 133)<li>
Mulberry (Crayola) (Hex: #C54B8C) (RGB: 197, 75, 140)
Hibiscus Purple (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B6316C) (RGB: 182, 49, 108)
<li style = "background-color: #b21b1c; color: #ffffff"> Tyrian Red (Porpora (Fantetti & Petracchi)) (Hex: #B21B1C) (RGB: 178, 27, 28)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #b80049; color: #ffffff"> Bright Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com [Pre-2010])) (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #9e0e40; color: #ffffff"> Rich Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #9E0E40) (RGB: 158, 14, 64)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #990024; color: #ffffff"> Medium Tyrian Purple (Tyrian Purple (American Azalea Society))(Hex: #990024) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)<li>
Amaranth Purple (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #AB274F) (RGB: 171, 39, 79)
Night Shadz (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #AA375A) (RGB: 170, 55, 90)
Jazzberry Jam (Crayola) (Hex: #A50B5E) (RGB: 165, 11, 94)
Royal Heath (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #AB3472) (RGB: 171, 52, 114)
Fuchsia Red (Pantone TPX 18-2328) (Hex: #B33A7F) (RGB: 179, 58, 127)
Violine (Wallflower) (Hex: #A10684) (RGB: 161, 6, 132)
Traffic Purple (RAL 4006) (Purple Grey) (Hex: #A03472) (RGB: 160, 52, 114)
Amaranth Deep Purple (Amaranth (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #9F2B68) (RGB: 159, 43, 104)
Red-Violet Eggplant (Hex: #990066) (RGB: 153, 0, 102)
Medium Mauve (Vietnamese Mauve) (Hex: #993366) (RGB: 153, 51, 102)
Disco (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #871550) (RGB: 135, 21, 80)
Boysenberry (Pantone TPX 19-2431) (Hex: #873260) (RGB: 135, 50, 96)
Purple Wine (Pantone TPX 18-2929) (Hex: #8E3975) (RGB: 143, 57, 117)
Plum (Crayola) (Plum (traditional)) (Hex: #843179) (RGB: 132, 49, 121)
Mardi Gras (Xona.com color list Mardi Gras Light) (Hex: #880085) (RGB: 136, 0, 137)
Purple (HTML/CSS web color Purple) (Patriarch (Maerz & Paul)) (Octopus) (Hex: #800080) (RGB: 128, 0, 128)
<li style = "background-color: #7d2181; color: #ffffff"> Spanish Purple (Purpura (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #7D2181) (RGB: 125, 33, 129)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #702963; color: #ffffff"> Byzantium (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #702963) (RGB: 112, 41, 99)<li>
Imperial (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: 602F6B) (RGB: 96, 47, 107)
<li style = "background-color: #693b71; color: #ffffff"> Purple Magic (Pantone TPX 19-3540) (Hex: #693B71) (RGB: 105, 59, 113)<li>
Purple Passion (Pantone TPX 19-3223) (Hex: #682860) (RGB: 104, 40, 96)
Palatinate Purple (Hex: #682860) (RGB: 104, 40, 96)
<li style = "background-color: #5a004a; color: #ffffff"> Tokyo Purple (Japanese Imperial Purple) (Hex: #5A004A) (RGB: 90, 0, 74)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #663854; color: #ffffff"> Halaya Ube (Purple Yam Jam) (Hex: #663854) (RGB: 102, 56, 84)<li>
Pansy Purple (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #78184A) (RGB: 120, 24, 74)
Nightclub Purple (Xona.com color list) (Dark Mulberry) (Hex: #660045) (RGB: 102, 0, 69)
<li style = "background-color: #66023c; color: #ffffff"> Tyrian Purple (www.99colors.net) (Imperial Purple) (Hex: #66023C) (RGB: 102, 2, 60)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #763950; color: #ffffff"> Cosmic Purple (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #763950) (RGB: 118, 57, 93) <li>
Persian Plum (Xona.com color list) (Prune) (Hex: #701C1C) (RGB: 112, 28, 28)
Old Mauve (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #673147) (RGB: 103, 49, 71)
<li style = "background-color: #664051; color: #ffffff"> Eggplant (Crayola) (Aubergine) (Hex: #664051) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #5d3954; color: #ffffff"> Dark Byzantium (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #5D3954) (RGB: 93, 57, 84)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #4d0135; color: #ffffff"> Blackberry (Xona.com color list) (Dark Aubergine) (Hex: #4D0135) (RGB: 77, 1, 53)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #4e0041; color: #ffffff"> Deep Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro Claro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #4E0041) (RGB: 78, 0, 65)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #4f284b; color: #ffffff"> Japanese Purple (Purple (Japanese traditional colors)) (Hex: #4F284B) (RGB: 79, 40, 75)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #50404d; color: #ffffff"> Purple Taupe (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #50404D) (RGB: 80, 64, 77) <li>
<li style = "background-color: #350036; color: #ffffff"> Dark Mardi Gras (Xona.com color list Mardi Gras) (Hex350036) (RGB: 53, 0, 54)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #360029; color: #ffffff"> Dark Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #360029) (RGB: 54, 0, 41)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #301934; color: #ffffff"> Dark Purple (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #301934) (RGB: 48, 25, 52)<li>
Tones of Tyrian purple
These Tyrian purple colors, all of which are also shown in the color chart above, show the original purple of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The color imperial shown below was made by mixing Tyrian purple with indigo dye.
<li style = "background-color: #b80049; color: #ffffff"> Bright Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com [Pre-2010])) (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #b21b1c; color: #ffffff"> Tyrian Red (Porpora (Fantetti & Petracchiref )) (Hex: #B21B1C) (RGB: 178, 27, 28)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #9e0e40; color: #ffffff"> Rich Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #9E0E40) (RGB: 158, 14, 64)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #990024; color: #ffffff"> Medium Tyrian Purple (Tyrian Purple (American Azalea Society)) (Hex: #990024) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)<li>
<li style="background-color: #66023c; color: #ffffff"> Tyrian Purple (www.99colors.net) (Imperial Purple) (Hex: #66023C) (RGB: 102, 2, 60)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #4e0041; color: #ffffff"> Deep Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro Claro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #4E0041) (RGB: 78, 0, 65)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #360029; color: #ffffff"> Dark Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #360029) (RGB: 54, 0, 41)<li>
Imperial (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: 602F6B) (RGB: 96, 47, 107)
Related pages
List of colors
References |
9002 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Liga%20Filipina | La Liga Filipina | La Liga Filipina was a group created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1982 in the Philippines.
The aims were:
To unite the whole archipelago into one society with equality for Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
Mutual protection in every want and need;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
Study and application of reforms.
Jose Rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan.
After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio. The society broke apart into two separate groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.
Philippines
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in the Philippines |
9036 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2031 | March 31 |
Events
Up to 1900
307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian.
1492 – Queen Isabella of Castile issues the Alhambra Decree, ordering her 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity, or face being forced to leave.
1547 – King Henry II of France becomes king on his 28th birthday, following the death of his father, King Francis I of France.
1717 – A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, provoked the Bangorian Controversy.
1774 – American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed in the Boston Port Act.
1822 – Massacre of the population of the Greek island of Chios by Ottoman Empire soldiers following an attempted rebellion.
1829 – Francesco Saverio Castiglione is elected Pope, becoming Pope Pius VIII.
1854 – Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
1866 – Spanish Navy bombs the harbour of Valparaíso, Chile
1885 – The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland, present-day Botswana.
1889 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated.
1899 – Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces.
1901 2000
1901 – The 1901 Black Sea earthquake occurs.
1903 – Richard Pearse reportedly flies a heavier-than-air machine in powered flight near Pleasant Point, South Canterbury, New Zealand; some claim 1902.
1906 – The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for amateur sports in the United States.
1909 – Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
1909 – Building work on the RMS Titanic begins.
1910 – Six North Staffordshire pottery towns merge to form Stoke-on-Trent.
1917 – The United States takes possession of the United States Virgin Islands after paying $25 million to Denmark.
1918 – Daylight Saving Time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
1918 – Massacre of ethnic Azerbaijanis is committed by groups of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Bolsheviks. Almost 12,000 Azerbaijani Muslims are killed.
1921 – The Royal Australian Air Force is formed.
1930 – The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in movies for the next forty years.
1931 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000.
1931 – TWA Flight 599 crashes near Bazaar, Kansas, killing 8 people, including University of Notre Dame American football coach Knute Rockne.
1933 – The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission to relieve unemployment.
1942 – World War II: Japanese forces invade Christmas Island.
1945 – World War II: A defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 26ZA-1, the world's first jet-powered fighter aircraft, to the Americans.
1949 – Newfoundland and Labrador joins the Canadian Confederation and becomes the 10th province of Canada.
1958 – Canadian Federal Election: The Progressive Conservatives under John Diefenbaker win 208 out of 265 seats in parliament, setting a Canadian record for the number of seats occupied by a single party.
1959 – The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
1964 – The Dictatorship in Brazil, under general Castello Branco, begins.
1965 – Iberia Airlines Convair 440 flight crashes into the sea off Tangier, Morocco, killing 47 out of the 51 people on board.
1966 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first spaceprobe to enter orbit around the Moon.
1966 – In the United Kingdom the Labour Party under Harold Wilson is elected to a second consecutive term in government.
1967 – Jimi Hendrix burns his guitar for the first time at London's Astoria Theatre. He is sent to the hospital afterwards for burns on his hands.
1968 – United States President Lyndon B. Johnson announces he will not run for re-election.
1970 – Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere (after 12 years in orbit).
1970 – Eight terrorists from the Japanese Red Army hijacked a Japan Airlines Boeing 727 at Tokyo International Airport, using samurai swords and carrying a bomb.
1979 – In Jerusalem, Israel, Gali Atari & Milk and Honey win the twenty-fourth Eurovision Song Contest for Israel singing "Hallelujah".
1979 – The last British soldier leaves the Maltese Islands. Malta is no longer a military base.
1985 – The first ever WrestleMania is held in New York City's Madison Square Garden.
1986 – A Mexicana Boeing 727 en route to Puerto Vallarta catches fire and crashes in the mountains northwest of Mexico City, killing 166.
1986 – Six metropolitan county councils are abolished in England.
1990 – Boxer Julio César Chávez defeats Meldrick Taylor to unify the boxing's world junior welterweight title in a very controversial fight known as "Thunder Meets Lightning".
1991 – The Warsaw Pact comes to an end.
1992 – The television news program Dateline NBC premieres.
1993 – Actor Brandon Lee is accidentally killed during the filming of The Crow.
1994 – The journal Nature reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete Australopithecus afarensis skull (see Human evolution).
1995 – TAROM Flight 371 crashes in Balotesti, Romania, killing all 60 people on board.
1995 – Popular Tex-Mex singer Selena Quintanilla is murdered by her assistant Yolanda Saldivar in a Corpus Christi, Texas motel after a heated discussion where the latter was accused of ripping off the artist's fan club.
1997 – At age 16, Martina Hingis becomes the youngest female tennis players to reach Number 1 in the world rankings.
1998 – Netscape gives the code base of its browser under an open source license agreement, thus creating Mozilla Foundation, a not-for-profit corporation to oversee the development of Mozilla.
From 2001
2002 – Major flooding affects the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands.
2004 – Google announces Gmail, the first web-based mail service to offer 1 gigabyte of storage.
2004 – In Fallujah, Iraq, 4 American contractors working for Blackwater USA, are killed and their bodies mutilated after being ambushed.
2004 – Sandton Square in Johannesburg, South Africa, is renamed Nelson Mandela Square.
2013 – The UK records it coldest Easter Sunday. Overall, it was the coldest March there since 1962.
2014 – South Korea and North Korea exchange fire over their western maritime border.
2014 – The United Nations International Court of Justice rules that Japan's Antarctic whaling program is not scientific but commercial.
2014 – Manuel Valls replaces Jean-Marc Ayrault as Prime Minister of France.
2016 – A flyover collapses in Kolkata, India, killing at least 20 people.
2017 – Former South Korean President Park Geun-hye is arrested on corruption charges.
2019 – Comedian Volodymyr Zelensky wins the first round of Ukraine's Presidential election, ahead of Petro Poroshenko.
Births
Up to 1800
250 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (d. 306)
1360 – Philippa of Lancaster, Queen of Portugal (d. 1415)
1425 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (d. 1468)
1499 – Pope Pius IV (d. 1565)
1504 – Guru Angad Dev, 2nd Sikh Guru (d. 1552)
1519 – King Henry II of France (d. 1559)
1536 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shogun (d. 1565)
1576 – Louise Juliana of Nassau, Regent of Bohemia (d. 1644)
1596 – René Descartes, French mathematician (d. 1650)
1621 – Andrew Marvell, English poet (d. 1678)
1635 – Patrick Gordon, Scottish general in the Russian army (d. 1699)
1644 – Henry Winstanley, English painter and engineer (d. 1703)
1651 – Karl II, Elector Palatine (d. 1685)
1675 – Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
1684 – Francesco Durante, Italian composer (d. 1755)
1685 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (d. 1750)
1718 – Mariana Victoria of Spain (d. 1781)
1723 – King Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766)
1732 – Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1809)
1747 – Johann Abraham Peter Schulz, German musician and composer (d. 1800)
1777 – Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (d. 1859)
1788 – Jessadabodindra (Rama III), King of Siam (d. 1851)
1794 – Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan, American politician (d. 1852)
1801 1900
1808 – James Pinckney Henderson, 1st Governor of Texas (d. 1858)
1809 – Edward FitzGerald, English poet (d. 1883)
1809 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
1819 – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, German statesman (d. 1901)
1822 – Dmitry Grigorovich, Russian writer (d. 1900)
1831 – Archibald Scott Couper, Scottish chemist (d. 1892)
1847 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician (d. 1878)
1848 – Diederik Korteweg, Dutch mathematician (d. 1941)
1848 – William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, American-born British financier, writer and statesman (d. 1919)
1851 – Francis Bell, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936)
1853 – Isaac Bayley Balfour, Scottish botanist (d. 1922)
1870 – James M. Cox, Governor of Ohio (d. 1957)
1871 – Arthur Griffith, Irish politician (d. 1922)
1872 – Sergei Diaghilev, Russian ballet impresario, publicist, curator and art critic (d. 1929)
1872 – Alexandra Kollontai, Russian Communist revolutionary (d. 1952)
1873 – William D. Denney, Governor of Delaware (d. 1953)
1876 – Borisav Stankovic, Serbian writer (d. 1927)
1878 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
1884 – Adriaan van Maanen, Dutch-American astronomer (d. 1946)
1884 – Henri Queuille, Prime Minister of France (d. 1970)
1890 – William Lawrence Bragg, Australian-British physicist (d. 1971)
1890 – Ben Adams, American athlete (d. 1961)
1893 – Clemens Krauss, Austrian conductor (d. 1954)
1900 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1974)
1901 1950
1904 – Sam Zimbalist, American film producer (d. 1958)
1905 – Robert Stevenson, British director, screenwriter and producer (d. 1986)
1906 – Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist (d. 1979)
1913 – Etta Baker, American blues musician and singer (d. 2006)
1914 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer (d. 1998)
1914 – Dagmar Lange (Maria Lang), Swedish writer (d. 1991)
1915 – Shoichi Yokoi, Japanese sergeant (d. 1997)
1916 – Lucille Bliss, American actress (d. 2012)
1917 – Dorothy DeLay, American violin instructor (d. 2002)
1920 – Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, English aristocrat (d. 2014)
1922 – Richard Kiley, American actor (d. 1999)
1922 – William Stanley Peart, British physician and clinical researcher (d. 2019)
1925 – Andrea Bianchi, Italian movie director and writer
1926 – John Fowles, English novelist (d. 2005)
1927 – César Chávez, American labor activist (d. 1993)
1927 – Vladimir Ilyushin, Russian pilot (d. 2010)
1927 – Eduardo Martinez Somalo, Spanish cardinal
1928 – Gordie Howe, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2016)
1929 – Liz Claiborne, Belgian-born fashion designer (d. 2007)
1930 – Yehuda Nir, Polish-born psychiatrist (d. 2014)
1930 – Jim Mutscheller, American football player (d. 2015)
1932 – Nagisa Oshima, Japanese movie director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1934 – Richard Chamberlain, American actor
1934 – Shirley Jones, American singer and actress
1934 – Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist
1935 – Herb Alpert, American trumpeter and bandleader
1937 – Sid Ahmed Ghozali, former Prime Minister of Algeria
1938 – David Steel, Scottish politician
1938 – Sheila Dikshit, Indian politician
1939 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of the Republic of Georgia (d. 1993)
1939 – Volker Schlöndorff, German movie director
1939 – Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, German footballer
1940 – Barney Frank, American politician
1940 – Patrick Leahy, American politician
1943 – Christopher Walken, American actor
1943 – Sharon Hampson, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram)
1944 – Mick Ralphs, English guitarist
1944 – Angus King, 72nd Governor of Maine
1945 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (d. 1995)
1945 – Valerie Curtin, American actress and screenwriter
1946 – F'Murr, French comic artist (d. 2018)
1947 – Kristian Blak, Danish musician and recording executive
1947 – Eliyahu M. Goldratt, Israeli physicist (d. 2011)
1947 – César Gaviria, 36th President of Colombia
1948 – Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States
1948 – David Eisenhower, American author and educator
1948 – Natalia Dubova, Russian ice dancer and coach
1948 – Rhea Perlman, American actress
1948 – Gary Doer, Canadian politician, 20th Premier of Manitoba
1951 1975
1952 – Dermot Morgan, Irish comedian and actor (d. 1998)
1953 – Dennis Kamakahi, American musician (d. 2014)
1954 – Laima Vaikule, Latvian actress, singer, director and choreographer
1955 – Angus Young, Scottish-Australian musician (AC/DC)
1955 – Svetozar Marovic, only President of Serbia and Montenegro
1957 – Alan Duncan, British politician
1958 – Tony Cox, American actor
1960 – Popa Chubby, American blues singer and guitarist
1964 – Christian Allard, French-born Scottish politician
1964 – Oleksandr Turchynov, former interim President of Ukraine
1965 – Tom Barrasso, American ice hockey player
1965 – Jean-Christophe Lafaille, French mountaineer (d. 2006)
1966 – Roger Black, British athlete
1969 – Francesco Moriero, Italian footballer
1970 – Alenka Bratusek, 7th Prime Minister of Slovenia
1971 – Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor
1971 – Pavel Bure, Russian ice hockey player
1971 – Martin Atkinson, English footballer and referee
1971 – Craig McCracken, American animator, producer and screenwriter
1972 – Alejandro Amenabar, Chilean-Spanish movie director, screenwriter and composer
1972 – Evan Williams, American businessman
1975 – Adam Green, American director, producer and screenwriter
From 1976
1978 – Daniel Mays, English actor
1978 – Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish nobleman
1979 – Danny Invincibile, Australian footballer
1979 – Euan Burton, Scottish judoka
1979 – Josh Kinney, American baseball player
1980 – Maaya Sakamoto, Japanese voice actress and singer
1980 – Michael Ryder, American ice hockey player
1980 – Pa Dembo Touray, Gambian footballer
1982 – Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer
1983 – Hashim Amla, South African cricketer
1983 – Silver Leppik, Estonian basketball player
1984 – Alberto Junior Rodríguez, Peruvian footballer
1984 – Eddie Johnson, American soccer player
1986 – Andreas Dober, Austrian footballer
1987 – Nordin Amrabat, Dutch-Moroccan footballer
1987 – Georg Listing, German musician (Tokio Hotel)
1987 – Humpy Koneru, Indian chess player
1989 – Pablo Piatti, Argentine footballer
1989 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer
1990 – Bang Yong-guk, South Korean rapper, actor and dancer
1990 – Lyra McKee, Northern Irish journalist (d. 2019)
1994 – Thomas Batuello, American musician and actor
1998 – Anna Seidel, German speed skater
Deaths
Up to 1900
1074 – Yorimichi Fujiwara, Regent of Japan (b. 992)
1204 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England (b. 1121)
1340 – Ivan I of Russia (b. 1288)
1547 – Francis I of France (b. 1494)
1567 – Philip I of Hesse (b. 1504)
1621 – Philip III of Spain (b. 1578)
1671 – Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (b. 1637)
1703 – Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (b. 1642)
1727 – Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist (b. 1643)
1741 – Pieter Burmann the Elder, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668)
1797 – Olaudah Equiano, Nigerian-American slave and activist (b. around 1745)
1837 – John Constable, English painter (b. 1776)
1850 – John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782)
1855 – Charlotte Brontë, English writer (b. 1816)
1877 – Antoine Auguste Cournot, French mathematician (b. 1801)
1885 – Franz Wilhelm Abt, German composer (b. 1819)
1901 2000
1913 – J. P. Morgan, American financier (b. 1837)
1915 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (b. 1882)
1917 – Emil von Behring, German doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901) (b. 1854)
1920 – Lothar von Trotha, German general (b. 1848)
1929 – Myron T. Herrick, American politician, Governor of Ohio (b. 1854)
1931 – Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
1944 – Mineichi Koga, Japanese general (b. 1885)
1945 – Anne Frank, German-born diarist (b. 1929)
1945 – Hans Fischer, German chemist (b. 1881)
1946 – Martin Davey, Governor of Ohio (b. 1884)
1949 – Friedrich Bergius, German chemist (b. 1856)
1956 – Ralph DePalma, Italian racing driver (b. 1884)
1968 – Gary Lowdermilk, American baseball player (b. 1885)
1972 – Meena Kumari, Indian actress (b. 1932)
1972 – Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Catalan bishop of Urgell, co-Prince of Andorra (b. 1889)
1975 – Percy Alliss, English golfer (b. 1897)
1976 – Paul Strand, American photographer and movie maker (b. 1890)
1978 – Charles Herbert Best, American-Canadian medical scientist (b. 1899)
1980 – Jesse Owens, American athlete (b. 1913)
1986 – O'Kelly Isley, Jr., American singer (The Isley Brothers) (b. 1937)
1986 – Jerry Paris, American actor and director (b. 1925)
1988 – William McMahon, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
1993 – Brandon Lee, American actor (b. 1965)
1995 – Selena, Mexican-American singer-songwriter (b. 1971)
1997 – Friedrich Hund, German physicist (b. 1896)
1998 – Bella Abzug, American politician (b. 1920)
From 2001
2001 – Clifford Shull, American physicist (b. 1915)
2005 – Terri Schiavo, American patient in right-to-die case (b. 1963)
2007 – Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (b. 1921)
2008 – Jules Dassin, American movie director (b. 1911)
2009 – Jarl Alfredius, Swedish television journalist (b. 1943)
2009 – Raul Alfonsin, President of Argentina (b. 1927)
2012 – Dale R. Corson, American physicist (b. 1914)
2013 – Charles Amarin Brand, French archbishop (b. 1920)
2014 – Irene Fernandez, Malaysian activist (b. 1946)
2014 – Frankie Knuckles, American DJ and record producer (b. 1955)
2014 – Gonzalo Anes, Spanish economist, professor and historian (b. 1931)
2014 – Charles Keating, American banker (b. 1923)
2014 – David Hannay, Australian movie producer (b. 1939)
2014 – Ferdinand Masset, Swiss politician (b. 1920)
2014 – Roger Somville, Belgian painter (b. 1923)
2016 – Georges Cottier, Swiss cardinal (b. 1922)
2016 – Ronnie Corbett, Scottish actor and comedian (b. 1930)
2016 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian writer (b. 1929)
2016 – Zaha Hadid, Iraqi-British architect (b. 1950)
2016 – Douglas Wilmer, English actor (b. 1920)
2016 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician and diplomat (b. 1927)
2016 – Denise Robertson, English broadcaster (b. 1932)
2017 – Halit Akçatepe, Turkish actor (b. 1938)
2017 – Gilbert Baker, American LGBT activist, creator of the Rainbow flag (b. 1951)
2017 – William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr., American lawyer, judge and politician (b. 1920)
2017 – Mike Hall, British endurance cyclist (b. 1981)
2017 – James Rosenquist, American artist (b. 1933)
2017 – Radley Metzger, American pornographic filmmaker (b. 1929)
2017 – Richard Nelson Bolles, American writer (b. 1927)
2017 – Jerrier A. Haddad, American computer engineer (b. 1922)
2017 – Amy Ridenour, American political activist (b. 1959)
2018 – Margarita Carrera, Guatemalan philosopher (b. 1929)
2018 – Luigi De Filippo, Italian actor (b. 1930)
2018 – Peg Lautenschlager, American attorney and politician (b. 1955)
2018 – Michael Tree, American violist (b. 1934)
2019 – Peter Coleman, Australian writer and politician (b. 1928)
2019 – Hedi Turki, Tunisian painter (b. 1922)
2019 – Nipsey Hussle, American rapper (b. 1985)
2020 – Vincent Marzello, American voice actor (b. 1951)
Observances
Cesar Chavez Day (United States)
Freedom Day (Malta)
King Nangklao Memorial Day (Thailand)
Transfer Day (United States Virgin Islands
International Transgender Day of Visibility
Days of the year |
9041 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%2029 | September 29 |
Events
Up to 1900
61 BC Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph, for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
48 BC Ptolemy XIII of Egypt had Pompey murdered and his head cut off on his 58th birthday. Pompey's head and ring are kept for Julius Caesar (some sources give September 28).
AD 855 Pope Benedict III becomes Pope.
1015 St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim, present-day Lower Saxony, Germany, is consecrated; It is now on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
1227 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for not taking part in the Crusades.
1364 Battle of Auray – English forces defeat French at Brittany; end of the Breton War of Succession
1567 At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
1717 An earthquake strikes Antigua, Guatemala, destroying much of the city.
1760 The French surrender at Fort Detroit to the British.
1774 Publication of the Sorrows of Young Werther makes Johann Wolfgang von Goethe famous.
1789 United States War Department first establishes regular army with strength of several hundred men.
1789 First United States Congress adjourns.
1829 London's reorganized police force goes on duty, and later becomes known as Scotland Yard. The Metropolitan Police force is founded.
1850 A Roman Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England, Wales by Pope Pius IX.
1864 American Civil War: Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.
1885 The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England, United Kingdom.
1901 2000
1902 Impresario David Belasco's first Broadway theater opens.
1907 The cornerstone is laid at Washington National Cathedral.
1911 Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
1913 Mexican Revolution: The Battle of Torreon is fought.
1918 Hindenburg Line is broken by Allied forces during World War I.
1923 The British mandate for Palestine takes effect.
1932 Chaco War: Last Day of the Battle of Boquerón.
1934 The Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City is opened.
1938 Britain and France, Nazi Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.
1939 World War II: Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
1941 Holocaust: The Babi Yar massacre begins.
1943 World War II: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Italian Marshal Pietro Badoglio sign an armistice aboard the British ship Nelson off the shore of Malta.
1944 World War II: Soviet forces invade Yugoslavia.
1949 The Communist Party of China writes the Common Programme for the future People's Republic of China, which is declared by Mao Zedong two days later, on October 1.
1954 Convention establishing CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.
1960 Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev disrupts the UN General Assembly meeting with a series of angry outbursts.
1961 The New York Times publishes music critic Robert Sheldon's review of a performance from little known singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, which will lead to Dylan's discovery by Columbia Records representative John Hammond
1962 Alouette 1, the first Canadian satellite is launched.
1963 The University of East Anglia is founded in Norwich, England, United Kingdom.
1964 Mafalda, a comic strip by the Argentine cartoonist Quino, first appears in newspapers.
1966 The Chevrolet Camaro, originally named "Panther", is introduced.
1971 Oman joins the Arab League.
1972 Sino-Japanese relations: Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.
1977 Muhammad Ali defends his heavyweight boxing world title against Earnie Shavers.
1988 NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster.
1990 Washington National Cathedral is completed.
1991 A military coup occurs in Haiti.
1992 Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil, resigns.
1995 PlayStation goes on sale in Europe.
1996 Super Mario 64, a well-known Nintendo 64 video game, is released in the US.
From 2001
2002 The 14th Asian Games begin in Busan, South Korea.
2004 The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.
2006 A plane collision in Brazil kills 154 people on board a Boeing 737. The cargo plane manages an emergency landing.
2007 Calder Hall power station at Sellafield, Cumbria, England, is demolished.
2008 The Dow Jones Industrial Average index falls by 777.68 points in a single day.
2009 A magnitude 8.1 earthquake causes a tsunami near Samoa and American Samoa, killing at least 189 people, including 9 in Tonga.
2013 At least 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram in Gujba, Nigeria.
2014 Ashraf Ghani is sworn in as President of Afghanistan.
Births
Up to 1800
106 BC Pompey the Great, Roman politician and general (died 48 BC)
1240 Margaret of England, Queen Consort of Scotland (died 1275)
1276 King Christopher II of Denmark (died 1332)
1328 Joan of Kent, mother of King Richard II of England (died 1385)
1388 Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Henry IV of England (died 1421)
1511 Michael Servetus, Spanish humanist, theologian, and scientist (died 1553)
1518 Tintoretto, Italian painter (died 1594)
1547 Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer (died 1616)
1548 William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1621)
1561 Adriaan van Roomen, Flemish mathematician (died 1615)
1571 Caravaggio, Italian painter (died 1610)
1636 Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1715)
1678 Adrien-Maurice, 3rd Duke of Noailles, French soldier (died 1766)
1691 Richard Challoner, English bishop (died 1781)
1718 Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (died 1783)
1725 Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British politician (died 1774)
1735 James Keir, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1820)
1758 Horatio Nelson, British admiral (died 1805)
1766 Charlotte, Princess Royal (died 1828)
1786 Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (died 1843)
1801 1900
1803 Jacques Charles Francois Sturm, French mathematician (died 1855)
1810 Elizabeth Gaskell, English writer (died 1865)
1810 Hugh Allan, Scottish-Canadian businessman (died 1882)
1818 Nathaniel B. Baker, 24th Governor of New Hampshire (died 1876)
1820 Henri, Count of Chambord, claimant to the French throne (died 1883)
1843 Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (died 1882)
1844 Miguel Angel Juarez Colman, President of Argentina (died 1909)
1853 Princess Thyra of Denmark (died 1933)
1863 Hugo Haase, German politician (died 1919)
1864 Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer and philosopher (died 1936)
1866 Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ukrainian politician (died 1934)
1866 J. E. Casely Hayford, Ghanaian politician, lawyer and writer (died 1930)
1867 Walther Rathenau, German politician (died 1922)
1880 Liberato Pinto, Portuguese general and politician (died 1949)
1881 Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-American economist, sociologist and philosopher (died 1973)
1895 Roscoe Turner, American pilot (died 1970)
1899 László Biró, Hungarian inventor (died 1985)
1899 Billy Butlin, South African-British holiday entrepreneur (d. 1980)
1900 Auguste van Pels, Dutch Holocaust victim (died 1945)
1900 Michel Koliqi, Albanian cardinal (died 1997)
1901 1950
1901 Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1954)
1901 Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet and activist (died 1981)
1902 Miguel Aleman Valdes, President of Mexico (died 1983)
1903 Diana Vreeland, American fashion designer (died 1989)
1904 Greer Garson, British actress (died 1996)
1904 Egon Eiermann, German architect and designer (died 1970)
1907 Gene Autry, American country music singer and actor (died 1998)
1908 Eddie Tolan, American athlete (died 1967)
1910 Virginia Bruce, American actress and singer (died 1982)
1911 Charles Court, English-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Western Australia (died 2007)
1912 Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian movie director (died 2007)
1913 Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (died 1996)
1913 Stanley Kramer, American movie director (died 2001)
1913 Trevor Howard, English actor (died 1988)
1915 Brenda Marshall, American actress (died 1992)
1916 Antonio Buero Vallejos, Spanish playwright (died 2000)
1919 Margot Hielscher, German singer and actress (died 2017)
1919 Kira Zvorykina, Belarussian chess player (died 2014)
1920 Peter D. Mitchell, English chemist (died 1992)
1920 Vaclav Neumann, Czech conductor, violinist and violist (died 1995)
1921 Franny Beecher, American guitarist (died 2014)
1922 Esther Brand, South African athlete (died 2015)
1922 Lizabeth Scott, American actress (died 2015)
1923 Stan Berenstain, American writer and illustrator (died 2005)
1924 Marina Berti, Italian actress (died 2002)
1925 Steve Forrest, American actor (died 2013)
1928 Gerhard Stoltenberg, German politician (died 2001)
1928 Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English politician (died 2016)
1930 Colin Dexter, English writer (died 2017)
1931 Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (died 2015)
1931 James Watson Cronin, American nuclear physicist (died 2016)
1931 Paul Oestreicher, German-English priest and theologian
1932 Rainer Weiss, German-American physicist, 2017 Nobel laureate
1932 Mehmood, Indian actor (died 2004)
1932 Robert Benton, American director
1933 Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (died 1986)
1935 Jerry Lee Lewis, American early rock and roll musician
1935 Mylene Demongeot, French actress
1935 Ingrid Noll, German writer
1936 Silvio Berlusconi, former Prime Minister of Italy
1937 Nina Wang, Chinese businesswoman (died 2007)
1938 Wim Kok, Dutch politician, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands (died 2018)
1939 Rhodri Morgan, Welsh politician, former First Minister of Wales (died 2017)
1939 Jim Baxter, Scottish footballer (died 2001)
1939 Larry Linville, American actor (died 2000)
1940 Nicola di Bari, Italian singer
1940 Carlos Morales Troncoso, Vice President of the Dominican Republic (died 2014)
1941 Fred West, British serial killer (died 1995)
1942 Ian McShane, British actor
1942 Jean-Luc Ponty, French jazz violinist
1942 Bill Nelson, American politician
1942 Madeline Kahn, American actress (died 1999)
1942 Felice Gimondi, Italian cyclist (died 2019)
1943 Mohammad Khatami, former President of Iran
1943 Wolfgang Overath, German footballer
1943 Lech Walesa, former President of Poland
1945 Nadezhda Chizhova, Russian athlete
1946 Steve Dalachinsky, American poet (died 2019)
1946 Patricia Hodge, English actress
1947 S. H. Kapadia, Chief Justice of India (died 2016)
1948 Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinet player
1948 Mike Pinera, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1951 1975
1951 Maureen Caird, Australian athlete
1951 Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile
1951 Pier Luigi Bersani, Italian politician
1951 Jutta Ditfurth, German author and activist
1952 Gábor Csupo, Hungarian-born animator
1952 Patrícia Gabancho, Argentine-Spanish writer (d. 2017)
1952 Monika Zehrt, German athlete
1954 Debbie Shapiro, American actress and singer
1955 Ann Bancroft, American adventurer, polar explorer and writer
1955 Gareth Davies, Welsh rugby player
1955 Ken Weatherwax, American actor (died 2014)
1956 Sebastian Coe, English athlete and politician
1957 Chris Broad, English cricketer
1957 Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian and actor
1959 Raffaele Riefoli, Italian singer
1961 Julia Gillard, Welsh-Australian politician, 27th Prime Minister of Australia
1961 Stephanie Miller, American comedienne and radio host
1961 Tom Sizemore, American actor
1962 Janne Andersson, Swedish footballer and manager
1966 Helsey Hawkins, American basketball player
1966 Bujar Nishani, former President of Albania
1968 Luke Goss, English actor and singer
1968 Matt Goss, English singer
1969 Erika Eleniak, American actress and model
1969 Ivica Vastic, Austrian footballer
1970 Emily Lloyd, English actress
1971 Mackenzie Crook, English actor and comedian
1972 Robert Webb, English comedian, actor and screenwriter (Peep Show)
1974 Alexis Cruz, American actor
1975 Albert Celades, Spanish footballer
From 1976
1976 Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian footballer
1977 Heath Bell, American baseball player
1978 Aleš Fućak, Croatian comedian
1979 Gaitana, Ukrainian singer
1980 Patrick Agyemang, English footballer
1980 Zachary Levi, American actor
1980 Dallas Green, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1981 Shane Smeltz, New Zealand footballer
1982 Amy Williams, British skeleton bobsledder
1984 Per Mertesacker, German footballer
1984 Rune Almenning Jarstein, Norwegian footballer
1985 Dani Pedrosa, Spanish motorcycle racer
1987 Josh Farro, American bassist (Paramore)
1988 Kevin Durant, American basketball player
1989 Yevhen Konoplyanka, Ukrainian footballer
1990 Doug Brochu, American actor
1990 Sara Björk Gunnarsdóttir, Icelandic footballer
1990 Lena Wermelt, German footballer
1993 Carlos Salcedo, Mexican footballer
1994 Halsey, American singer-songwriter
1994 Andy Polo, Peruvian footballer
1999 Juan Valentín Urdangarín, Spanish royal
2008 Emma Tallulah Behn, member of the extended Norwegian Royal Family
Deaths
Up to 1950
48 BC Pompey the Great, Roman general (assassinated) (b. 106 BC)
722 Leudwinus, Frankish bishop (b. 660)
855 Lothair I, Emperor of the Romans (b. 795)
1364 Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (b. 1319)
1560 King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
1637 Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino saint (b. 1600)
1800 Michael Denis, Austrian poet (b. 1729)
1804 Michael Hillegas, first Treasurer of the United States (b. 1728)
1833 King Ferdinand VII of Spain (b. 1784)
1862 William "Bull" Nelson, American military officer (b. 1824)
1887 Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon (b. 1810)
1900 Michael Denis, Austrian priest (b. 1729)
1902 Émile Zola, French writer (b. 1840)
1902 William Topaz McGonagall, Scottish poet (b. 1825)
1908 Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian writer (b. 1839)
1910 Winslow Homer, American painter (b. 1836)
1913 Rudolf Diesel, German inventor and engineer (b. 1858)
1925 Léon Bourgeois, French politician (b. 1851)
1927 Willem Einthoven, Dutch doctor, won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
1930 Ilya Repin, Ukrainian painter (b. 1844)
1937 Ray Ewry, American athlete (b. 1873)
1951 2000
1952 John Cobb, British racing driver (b. 1899)
1953 Ernst Reuter, German politician (b. 1889)
1958 Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (b. 1893)
1964 Fred Tootell, American athlete (b. 1902)
1967 Carson McCullers, American writer (b. 1917)
1970 Edward Everett Horton, actor (b. 1886)
1973 W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907)
1975 Casey Stengel, American baseball player and coach (b. 1890)
1981 Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (b. 1913)
1982 Monty Stratton, American Major League Baseball pitcher (b. 1912)
1987 Henry Ford II, American businessman (b. 1917)
1988 Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
1989 August Anheuser Busch, Jr., American brewer (b. 1899)
1993 Gordon Douglas, American movie director (b. 1907)
1994 Cheb Hasni, Algerian singer (b. 1968)
1996 Leslie Crowther, English comedian, actor and game show host (b. 1933)
1997 Roy Lichtenstein, American artist (b. 1923)
1998 Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles, California (b. 1917)
From 2001
2001 Nguyen Van Thieu, President of South Vietnam (b. 1923)
2004 Christer Pettersson, Swedish murder suspect (b. 1947)
2006 Louis-Albert Vachon, French-Canadian cardinal and Archbishop of Quebec (b. 1912)
2007 Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927)
2009 Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1930)
2010 Georges Charpak, Polish-born physicist (b. 1924)
2010 Tony Curtis, American actor (b. 1925)
2010 Greg Giraldo, American comedian (b. 1965)
2011 Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (b. 1918)
2012 Hebe Camargo, Brazilian actress, singer and television presenter (b. 1929)
2012 Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, American publisher (b. 1926)
2013 Carl Joachim Classen, German scholar (b. 1928)
2014 Miguel Boyer, French-Spanish economist and politician (b. 1939)
2014 Luis Nishizawa, Mexican painter (b. 1918)
2014 George Shuba, American baseball player (b. 1924)
2015 Phil Woods, American jazz musician, bandleader and composer (b. 1931)
2015 Hellmuth Karasek, German literary critic and journalist (b. 1934)
2016 Miriam Defensor Santiago, Filipina politician (b. 1945)
2017 Tom Alter, Indian actor (b. 1950)
2017 Ludmila Belousova, Russian skater (b. 1935)
2017 Magdalena Ribbing, Swedish etiquette expert, writer and journalist (b. 1940)
2017 Dmitry Smolsky, Belarussian composer and teacher (b. 1937)
2018 Alves Barbosa, Portuguese cyclist (b. 1931)
2018 Otis Rush, American blues guitarist and singer (b. 1935)
2019 Beatriz Aguirre, Mexican actress (b. 1925)
2019 Busbee, American songwriter (b. 1976)
2019 Ilkka Laitinen, Finnish military officer and politician (b. 1962)
2019 Yuriy Meshkov, Russian politician (b. 1945)
2020 Mac Davis, American country singer (b. 1942)
2020 Helen Reddy, Australian-American singer (b. 1941)
Observances
Christian Feast Day of Michaelmas and Feast day of the three Archangels, honouring St. Michael, St. Gabriel and St. Raphael
Inventors' Day in Argentina
International Coffee Day
Victory of Boquerón Day (Paraguay)
Other websites
BBC: On This Day
Days of the year |
9042 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938 | 1938 |
Events
January 3 – The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
January 11 – Frances Moulton is the first woman to become president of a US national bank.
January 20 – Wedding of King Farouk I of Egypt and Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo
January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.
January 31 – Crown princess Beatrix is born in Netherlands
February 4 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
February 10 – Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers
February 12 – World War II: German troops enter Austria
February 24 – A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.
March 3 – Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation declared the following day.
March 15 – Soviet Union announces officially that Nikholai Bukharin has been executed
March 18 – Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.
April 12 – Edouard Daladier becomes president of France
April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.
May 5 – Vatican recognizes Franco's government in Spain
June 1 – Action Comics issues the first Superman comic.
June 11 – Fire destroys 212 buildings in Ludes, Latvia
June 23 – The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
June 23 – Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
June 25 – Dr Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.
June 28 – A 450-tonne meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania
November 9-10: Kristallnacht happens in Nazi Germany. The Nazis deport about 30,000 Jews to concentration camps, and destroy over 1,500 synagogues.
Births
January 1 - Frank Langella, American actor
January 5 - Juan Carlos of Spain
January 31 - Beatrix of the Netherlands
February 21 - Lester Bird, former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
April 26 – Duane Eddy, American guitarist
May 22 - Richard Benjamin, American actor and director
May 31 - John Prescott, British politician
July 13 - David Mitton, English model-maker (d. 2008)
August 21 – Kenny Rogers, American singer (d. 2020)
August 29 – Elliott Gould, American actor
October 23 – H. John Heinz III, American Senator (d. 1991)
October 29 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President of Liberia
November 17 – Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer
November 19 - Hank Medress, American singer (The Tokens) (d. 2007)
December 29 - Jon Voight, American actor
Deaths
January 20 – Émile Cohl, French caricaturist and animator (b. 1857)
January 21 – Georges Méliès, French movie director (b. 1861)
January 28 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (b. 1909)
February 2 – Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856)
February 7 – Harvey Firestone, American manufacturer (b. 1868)
February 18 – David King Udall, American politician (b. 1851)
February 19 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (b. 1877)
March 1 – Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863)
March 2 – Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (b. 1871)
March 13 – Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Soviet politician (b. 1888)
March 13 – Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857)
April 8 – Joe "King" Oliver, American musician (b. 1885)
April 12 – Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (b. 1873)
April 16 – Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874)
April 21 – Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistani philosopher and poet (b. 1877)
April 26 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (b. 1859)
May 4 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)
May 9 – Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist (b. 1866)
May 13 – Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
May 26 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (b. 1857)
August 1 – Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862)
18 July - Marie of Romania Queen of Romania wife of King Ferdinand I of Romania
August 7 – Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor (b. 1863)
August 14 – Hugh Trumble, Australian Test Cricketer (b. 1876)
August 16 – Robert Johnson, American musician (b. 1911)
September 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
October 22 – May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (b. 1862)
October 24 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet (b. 1870)
October 27 – Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (b. 1881)
November 9 – Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander (b.1889)
November 10 – Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (b. 1881)
November 30 – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist, leader of the Iron Guard (executed along other Guard activists) (b. 1899)
December 11 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1869)
December 25 – Karel Čapek, Czech writer (b. 1890)
December 28 – Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)
Movies released
The Adventures of Robin Hood - Errol Flynn
Jezebel - Bette Davis (Best Actress Academy Award)
Hit songs
"Thanks For The Memory" – by Leo Robin and Ralph Rainger, from the movie Big Broadcast 1935, won the Academy Award for the best song.
Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Belgian doctor, Corneille Heymans |
9044 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865 | 1865 |
Events
William Booth creates the Salvation Army.
The American Civil War ends.
Births
October 22 – Paul Raud, Estonian painter (d. 1930)
December 8 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (d. 1957)
December 30 – Rudyard Kipling, English writer and poet (d. 1936)
Deaths
April 15 – United States President Abraham Lincoln.
April 26 – John Wilkes Booth, the man who killed United States President Abraham Lincoln. |
9052 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton%20John | Elton John | Sir Elton Hercules John (birth name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born 25 March 1947 in Pinner, Middlesex, England), better known simply as Elton John, is an English singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. He started his music career immediately after leaving school. Elton John was the biggest music star in the 1970s.
Early life
Elton John was born in 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex. He was eldest child Stanley Dwight and Sheila Eileen. He was educated in Pinner.
Career
John became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. He composed several musicals. He also composed the music for the animated movies The Lion King (1994) and The Road to El Dorado (2000). He is active in charity work. In 1997, in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales, John co-wrote and released a version of his hit Candle in the Wind. That became the world's best-selling single of all time. It sold 37 million copies within two months.
Outside of music, John has raised millions of pounds for people living with HIV and AIDS through the Elton John AIDS Foundation.
Awards
John has received the following awards.
Academy Awards
1995: Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King
2020: Best Original Song for “(I’m Gonna) Love Me Again” from Rocketman
Grammy Awards
1987: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "That's What Friends Are For", performed by Dionne Warwick & Friends (award shared with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)
1991: Best Instrumental Composition for "Basque", performed by James Galway
1995: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
1997: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Candle in the Wind 1997"
1999: Grammy Legend Award
2001: Best Musical Show Album for Elton John & Tim Rice's Aida (award shared with Guy Babylon, Paul Bogaev & Chris Montan (producers), Tim Rice (lyricist) and the original Broadway cast with Heather Headley, Adam Pascal, and Sherie Rene Scott)
Tony Awards
2000: Best Original Musical Score for Aida
Personal life
John has had treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and bulimia nervosa.
In 2005, John entered a civil partnership with David Furnish. They had been together for 12 years. On 21 December 2014, John and Furnish married. Guests at their wedding included English former footballer David Beckham along with his wife Victoria Beckham and their younger sons and their daughter. Their eldest son, who is also John's godson, was not present.
Discography
Studio albums
References
1947 births
Brit Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Grammy Award winners
Living people
English LGBT people
English pianists
English rock musicians
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from London
Musicians from Middlesex
Singers from London
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Companions of Honour |
9053 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Who | The Who | The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records. Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.
The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.
Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."
The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.
Discography
Studio albums
My Generation (1965)
A Quick One (1966)
The Who Sell Out (1967)
Tommy (1969)
Who's Next (1971)
Quadrophenia (1973)
The Who by Numbers (1975)
Who Are You (1978)
Face Dances (1981)
It's Hard (1982)
Endless Wire (2006)
TBA (2015)
Other websites
Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles.
1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists |
9054 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led%20Zeppelin | Led Zeppelin | Led Zeppelin was an English rock band. The group was started in 1968 and broke up in 1980. The members were Robert Plant (vocals), Jimmy Page (lead guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), and John Bonham (drums). Led Zeppelin ended in 1980 after the accidental death of John Bonham. After Bonham's death, the band believed that nobody could take his place and decided not to continue. The band played together again in a tribute concert in London on 10 December 2007 with Jason Bonham, John's son, playing the drums. The band is one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful music artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world.
Discography
Studio albums
Led Zeppelin (1969)
Led Zeppelin II (1969)
Led Zeppelin III (1970)
Led Zeppelin IV (1971)
Houses of the Holy (1973)
Physical Graffiti (1975)
Presence (1976)
In Through the Out Door (1979)
Mothership (2007)
Filmography
The Song Remains the Same (1976)
Led Zeppelin (DVD) (2003)
Mothership (DVD) (2007)
Other websites
Led Zeppelin: Official Site
Led Zeppelin at MySpace
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame bio
Rolling Stone Magazine bio
BBC interview with Robert Plant about the Led Zeppelin reunion
1971 interview with Led Zeppelin
Heart-Led Zeppelin Stairway to heaven-kennedy center honors
1968 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1980
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Kennedy Center honorees
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
1980s disestablishments in England |
9060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB%20flash%20drive | USB flash drive | A USB flash drive (USB stands for Universal Serial Bus) is a popular way to store digital information. Flash drives are an easy way to share data (information). A USB flash drive can be attached to a USB port, and provides a certain amount of storage space, which can be used to store data. USB flash drives are used with devices found in homes, workplaces and schools. Below are some examples of these devices:
Computers
Digital versatile disc (called DVD) players
Video game consoles
Music players
Digital picture frames
They are called "flash drive" because they use flash memory to store files. Flash memory is a type of computer chip. The first flash drives had 8 megabytes of storage. Each year, larger flash drives will become available. In April 2012, 256 gigabyte flash drives were introduced to the market.
Other common names for a flash drive include pendrive, thumbdrive or simply USB.
USB flash drives have some advantages over other portable storage devices. They are physically much smaller and more rugged than floppy disks. They can read data faster, and store more data than floppy disks. Floppy disks have become obsolete when the price of USBs has become cheaper.
Uses
Flash drives are used to store any type of data file, or to move data from one computer to another. USB flash drives have a lot of storage space. It is often easier to use a flash drive than to carry many CD-ROMs. Some computer programs can be run from a USB flash drive. These special versions of programs are called "portable" versions.
Computer administrators, or people who manage the computer systems, sometimes use flash drives. Sometimes flash drives are also used to run a computer virus scanner. They are often used to repair a computer system that was damaged or faulty.
Police in the cyber division can use flash drives to take evidence.
Booting operating systems
Most computers today can boot from a USB drive. Special operating systems can run from a bootable flash drive. They are called Live USB versions.
Audio players
Many companies make small digital audio players (usually called an mp3 player). These are actually flash drives that can make sound. Examples include the Creative MuVo and the iPod shuffle. Some of these players are real USB flash drives as well as music players; others just play music.
Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery. The battery power can be charged from the USB port.
Music storage and marketing
Digital audio files can be moved from one computer to another. The files can be played on a software media player. Many home and car music systems have a USB port. A USB flash drive can be connected to play music files.
Music artists have sold or given away USB flash drives. The first time this happened was in 2004—the German band WIZO released the "Stick EP", only as a USB drive. It contained five high quality MP3s; it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.
Since then, artists including Kanye West, Nine Inch Nails and Ayumi Hamasaki have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives.
In arcades
In the arcade game In the Groove and In The Groove 2, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions. In later versions, players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be Linux compatible, causing problems for some players.
In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Up NX Absolute, a specially produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, as well as progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.
In the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution X, a special USB flash drive was made by Konami, letting players link the Sony PlayStation 2 version.
Brand and product promotion
Flash drives are very cheap to produce. So, they are sometimes used to promote a product. At most technical trade fairs, many exhibitors will promote their products by giving away free drives.
In other situations, they may be sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another product.
Usually, such drives will be stamped with a company's logo, as a form of advertising .
The drive may be blank drive, or already have documents or software loaded on to it. These are called preloaded drives.
Some preloaded drives are read-only, but most can be used as a normal flash drive.
Backup
The large memory size of newer flash drives means that they are increasingly being used for short term backup of data.
For example, one retail till system uses a Flash drive to record details of all of the sales for that day. The drive is used as a backup medium. At the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. The drive is removed at night and taken offsite.
This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done;
The drive is small and convenient, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety;
The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes;
The capacity is often large enough for several backup images of critical data;
Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.
Comparison to other forms of data storage
USB flash drives have replaced a number of other storage technologies, because they are easier to use. The replaced media include:
Floppy disks
Solutions such as Iomega ZIP, and similar high-capacity disks.
Parts
This photograph shows both sides of the printed circuit board (PCB) inside a typical flash drive (circa 2004). The flash drive in this photograph is a 64 MB USB 2.0 device with its plastic case removed.
One end of the device is fitted with a single type-A USB connector. Inside the plastic casing is a small, highly cost-engineered, printed circuit board. Mounted on this board is some simple power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs). Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface to the USB port, another drives the onboard memory, and the other is the flash memory.
Good points and bad points
Pros
Most computers support USB.
Flash drives are quite . They are not damaged by scratches and dust. This makes them a good choice to move data from one place to another.
Some flash drives can keep the data, even if they are put in water. Some data may even survive the washing machine, but this is not a designed feature, and people should not rely on it. Leaving the flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems.
Channel Five's Gadget Show cooked a flash drive with propane; froze it with dry ice; submerged it in various acidic liquids; ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives then managed to recover all the data on the drive. All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.
Flash drives are available in large sizes. Currently at the start of 2020, the largest size publicly available is 2 terabytes. This will increase as the technology gets better.
Flash drives use little power, compared to hard drives and have no moving parts. They are small and easy to carry.
Most modern operating systems can use a flash drive, without the need to install special software. To most operating systems, the flash drive looks like a hard drive. The operating system can use any file system. Some computers can start from a flash drive.
Cons
Flash memory has a limited life. Data can only be written to and read from a device a few thousand times. People should keep this in mind when they use a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB) or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives.
Flash drives are small and are easily lost or left behind. This can cause problems of data security.
Security issues
Flash drives can hold a large amount of information and they are used worldwide. Many users store information on them that is personal, or that should be protected. For this reason, more and more flash drives offer biometrics or encryption to control the access to this data. Users can install passwords on to their flash drives so that when a user tries to open it, the computer prompts the user, to enter a password before they can begin using the device. There are a number of free and open source programs which can be used to encrypt data including TrueCrypt, pgpdisk and FreeOTFE. These programs have proved useful in securing data on flash drives.
Most USB flash drives are dumb devices that hold data. However, like other storage devices, they can carry computer viruses. Bootable flash drives, like other boot devices, can easily spread them. Some such devices also have a controller chip comparable to an embedded system. In other words, the drive is a fully functional computer, which can transmit data as it wants. There have been cases where controller chips were manipulated, and spread malware.
Some drives with a controller chip encrypt the data, with a secure algorithm, such as AES. In many cases, it was easy to decrypt the data, even without knowing the decryption key, because the implementation was not done properly.
Because of the issues above, and because the use of USB devices is difficult to monitor, many companies no longer allow USB devices.
References
Storage devices |
9066 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich | Ostrich | The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa. They are the largest living bird species, and have the biggest eggs of all living birds. Ostriches do not fly, but can run faster than any other bird.
They are ratites, a useful grouping of medium to large flightless birds. Ostriches have the biggest eyes of all land animals.
Appearance
Ostriches have long legs and a long neck, but they have a small head. Male ostriches have black feathers and female ostriches have gray and brown feathers. Both males and females have white feathers on their wings and tails.
Male ostriches can be 1.8 - 2.7 meters / 6 – 9 feet tall, while female ostriches are 1.7 – 2 meters / 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall. They can run with a speed of about 65 kilometers per hour/40 miles per hour.
Habitat
]Ostriches now only live in Africa. They live in open grassland called savanna in the Sahel, and in parts of East Africa and south-west Africa. Some ostriches live in areas of the Sahara desert. There used to be ostriches in Middle East in the 20th century and, further back, also
Food
Ostriches mainly eat plant matter, but they also eat insects. The plant matter consists of seeds, shrubs, grass, fruits and flowers while the insects they eat include locusts. Ostriches do not have teeth, and so cannot grind food as mammals do. Instead, they swallow pebbles. An adult ostrich carries about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of stones in its gizzard, a special sac just before the stomach. The pebbles grind the food, and help its digestion. When eating, their gullet is filled with food. After that, the food is passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a bolus. The bolus may be as much as 210 ml (7.1 US fl oz). Ostriches can live without drinking for several days.
Behaviour
Social behavior
Ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods Ostriches live in nomadic groups of five to 50 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other grazing animals, such as zebras or antelopes.
With their acute eyesight and hearing, Ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of , and can maintain a steady speed of , which makes the Ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal. When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear as a mound of earth from a distance. This even works for the males, as they hold their wings and tail low so that the heat haze of the hot, dry air that often occurs in their habitat aids in making them appear as a nondescript dark lump.
Ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as between night and day. Their temperature control mechanism relies on action by the bird, which uses its wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leaves these areas bare to release heat.
Reproduction
Ostriches become sexually mature when they are 2 to 4 years old; females mature about six months earlier than males. The mating process differs in different regions. Territorial males hiss and use other sounds to claim mating rights over a harem of two to seven hens.
Fights usually last just minutes, but they can easily cause death through slamming their heads into opponents. The successful male will then be allowed to breed with all the females in an area, but will only form a pair bond with the dominant female.
The females lay their fertilized eggs in a single communal nest, a simple pit, deep and wide, scraped in the ground by the male. The dominant female lays her eggs first, and when it is time to cover them for incubation she discards extra eggs from the weaker females, leaving about 20 in most cases.
Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs (and by extension, the yolk is the largest single cell), though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird. — on average they are long, wide, and weigh , over 20 times the weight of a chicken egg. The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. This uses the colouration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest, as the drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night. The incubation period is 35 to 45 days.
Males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. The male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed. The survival rate is low for the hatchlings, with an average of one per nest surviving to adulthood.
Predators
When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground, or will run away. If cornered, it can attack with a kick from its powerful legs. Common predators of nests and young ostriches include jackals, various birds of prey, mongoose and vultures. Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages include cheetahs, lions, leopards, african dogs, and spotted hyena. Ostriches can often outrun their predators in a pursuit and can even outpace cheetahs over long distances. However, they may sometimes fight fiercely against predators, especially when chicks are being defended. They have sometimes killed lions in such fights.
Evolution
There is no doubt that the ratites are not a monophyletic group, because they are not descended from a single ancestor. That means the taxonomy of the group is going to change, and they will not all be placed in the Order Struthioniformes as they have been. However, as ornothologists have not yet agreed on a new classification, for the time being the useful term 'ratites' is still used.
Unusual morphology
Ostriches are likely to be placed alone in the order Struthioniformes. They have a number of peculiarities which suggest a separate evolution from the rest of the ratites. They lack a gallbladder. They have three stomachs, and the caecum is long. Unlike all other living birds, the Ostrich secretes uric acid separately from faeces. Unlike all other birds, who store the uric acid and faeces together, and excrete them together, ostriches store the faeces at the end of their rectum. They also have unique pubic bones that are fused to hold their gut. Unlike most birds the males have a penis, which is retractable and long. Their palate (bone on the roof of the mouth) differs from other ratites.
Ostriches and humans
Ostriches are farmed in several countries. They used to be prized for their feathers, but are now farmed for their meat and eggs. Their skin can also be used to make leather.
In South Africa, hunters can get one group of feathers from one wild ostrich. When they are farmed, every seven or eight months farmers can take groups of feathers from the ostriches. They will grow back and can be collected again a in seven or eight more months.
When threatened, Ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. Their legs can only kick forward.
Ostriches reared entirely by humans may not direct their courtship behaviour at other Ostriches, but toward their human keepers. Ostriches live 30 to 40 years on average.
It is sometimes said that ostriches will hide their heads in the ground when they are scared or threatened, but this is not true.
Racing
In some countries, people race each other on the back of Ostriches. The practice is common in Africa and is relatively unusual elsewhere. The Ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. However, they are harder to manage than horses.
Gallery
References
Ratites
Struthioniformes |
9067 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark | Shark | Sharks are a superorder of fish, the Selachimorpha. They, like other Chondrichthyes, have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilage is tough, rubbery material which is less rigid than bone. Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays.
There are more than 350 different kinds of sharks, such as the great white and whale sharks. Fossils show that sharks have been around for 420 million years, since the early Silurian.
Most sharks are predators: they hunt and eat fish, marine mammals, and other sea creatures. However, the largest shark eats krill, like whales. This is the whale shark, the largest fish in the world. It is widely believed that sharks are "silent killers". However, a recent study shows that sharks emit a low growl from their throats which resonates through their scales.
Some common kinds of shark are the hammerhead shark, the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the mako shark. Most sharks are cold-blooded but some, like the great white shark and the mako shark are partially warm-blooded.
Characteristics
Sharks come in many different shapes and sizes, but most are long and thin (also called streamlined), with really strong jaws.
Their teeth are constantly replaced throughout their lives. Sharks eat so violently they often break a few teeth, so new teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on "conveyor belts" formed by the skin which they are attached to. In its lifetime, a shark can lose and regrow as many as 30,000 teeth.
Even with all those teeth, though, sharks can not chew. So they bite their prey and jerk it around so they can pull off a chunk to swallow. The chunks of food that a shark swallows end up in its stomach, where they are digested. This is pretty slow, however, so a meal might take several days to digest. This is why a shark does not eat every day.
Sharks have different-shaped teeth, depending on what they eat. For instance, some sharks have sharp, pointy teeth, while bottom dwelling sharks have cone-shaped teeth for crushing shells. Because there are so many different kinds of sharks, and because each kind has its own kind of special teeth, many people enjoy collecting shark teeth. Shark teeth collectors can guess how large a shark was by measuring the shark tooth. First, they measure the length of the tooth in inches. Every inch of tooth equals 10ft of shark length: so if a shark tooth is 2 inches long, the tooth came from a shark that was 20 ft long! Even more terrifying is that some of the Megalodon teeth are 6 inches long so that suggests a shark 60 feet long.
Sharks have skin covered in millions of tiny teeth-like scales that point to the tail. If you rub along a shark towards the tail, it feels smooth, but if you rub the other way, it is rough. Sharks' teeth can grow back if they are lost.
Fins
The fins of sharks are used for stabilizing, steering, lift and swimming. Each fin is used in a different manner.
There are one or two fins present along the dorsal midline called the first and second dorsal fin. These fins help the shark from constantly rolling around. These two fins may, or may not have spines. When spines are present, they are used for defensive purposes, and may also have skin glands with them that produce an irritating substance.
The pectoral fins are behind the head and extend outwards. These fins are used for steering during swimming and help to provide the shark with lift.
The pelvic fins are behind the pectoral fins, near the cloaca, and are also stabilizers.
Not all sharks have anal fins, but if they do have them, they are found between the pelvic and caudal fins.
The tail region itself consists of the caudal peduncle and the caudal fin. The caudal peduncle sometimes has notches known as "precaudal pits", which are found just ahead of the caudal fin. The peduncle may also be horizontally flattened into lateral keels. The caudal fin has both, an upper lobe, and a lower lobe, that can be of different sizes and the shape depends of which species the shark is.
The primary use of the caudal fin is to provide a "push" while the shark swims. The upper lobe of the caudal fin produces the most amount of the push, and usually forces the shark downwards. The pectoral fins and the shape of the body (like an airfoil) work together to counter this force. The strong, non-lunate caudal fin in most benthic shark species allows the shark to swim close to the seabed (such as the nurse shark). However, the fastest swimming sharks (such as the mako sharks) tend to have lunate-shaped (crescent-shaped) caudal fins.
Senses
Smell
Sharks have keen olfactory sense organs in the short duct between the front and back nasal openings. They can detect blood from miles away: as little as one part per million of blood in sea water may be enough.
Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril.<ref>Jayne M. Gardiner, Jelle Atema 2010. The function of bilateral odor arrival time differences in olfactory orientation of sharks. Current Biology 20 (13),<rc-c2d-number> 1187-1191 </rc-c2d-number> </ref> This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound.
They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.
Sight
Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas. Their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment. They can contract and dilate their pupils, like humans, something no teleost fish can do. A tissue behind the retina reflects light back, thereby increasing sight in darker waters.
Sensing electric current
Sharks have tiny holes all over the shark's snout, especially between the eye and the tip of the snout. In them are nerve receptors which are called the ampullae of Lorenzini. p23 They can sense electricity in the water. Animals in the water give off electricity: every time an animal's heart beats or it moves, tiny currents of electricity are made. These tiny electric currents make signals that travel through water and get sensed. Sharks may use this sense when they catch their prey, even more than they use their sight.
Hearing
Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away. A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel.
Lateral line
The lateral line detects changes in water pressure. It is open to the environment by a line of pores. This and the sound-detecting organs are grouped together as the 'acoustico-lateralis system', because they have a common origin. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.
This system is found in other fish as well. It detects motion or vibrations in water. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz.
Prehistoric sharks
Just a few million years ago, a giant shark called Megalodon swam in the seas. It was 18 meters long, twice as long as the closely-related great white shark, and it ate whales. Megalodon died out 1.6 million years ago.
Much of what we understand about prehistoric sharks comes from the study of their fossils. While sharks have skeletons made of soft cartilage that can fall apart before fossilizing, their teeth are harder and easily fossilized. Prehistoric sharks, like their modern descendants, would grow and shed many thousands of teeth over their lifetime. For this reason shark teeth are one of the most common fossils.
Reproduction
About 70% of all known shark species give birth to live young, with the gestation period lasting from 6 to 22 months.
Pups are born with a full set of teeth, and are capable of taking care of themselves. Once born, they quickly swim away from their mothers, who sometimes feed on the pups. Litters vary from one or two pups (great white shark) to one hundred pups (blue shark and whale shark).
Some sharks are oviparous, laying their eggs in the water. Shark eggs (sometimes called "mermaid's purses") are covered by a tough, leathery membrane.
Most sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs hatch inside the female's body, with the babies developing within the mother, but there is no placenta to nourish the pups. Instead the young feed on the egg's yolk. The pups eat any unfertilized eggs and sometimes each other. Very few pups in a litter survive until birth due to this form of sibling cannibalism. Great white sharks, mako sharks, nurse sharks, tiger sharks, and sand tiger sharks give birth this way.
Some sharks are viviparous, meaning that the females give live birth: the eggs hatch inside the female's body, and the babies are fed by a placenta. The placenta helps transfer nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream and transfers waste products from the baby to the mother for elimination. Examples of viviparous sharks include the bull sharks, the whitetip reef sharks, the lemon sharks, the blue sharks, the silvertip sharks, and the hammerhead sharks. Although long thought to be oviparous, whale sharks are viviparous, and pregnant females have been found containing hundreds of pups.
New shark discoveries
New sharks are still being found. Dave Ebert found ten new species in a Taiwan market. Over the past three decades he has named 24 new species. They include sharks, rays, sawfish and ghost sharks these cartilaginous fish are all related.
Fishing
Some sharks are not endangered, but some are hunted for food (like shark fin soup) or sport fishing. In 2013 five species of shark, along with two species of manta ray, received international protection as part of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
It is thought that 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing.<ref>HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?". Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on<rc-c2d-number> 2010-09-16</rc-c2d-number>.</ref> Sharks are a common seafood in many places, including Japan and Australia. In the Australian state of Victoria, shark is the most commonly used fish in fish and chips, in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled. In fish and chip shops, shark is called "flake". In India, small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in Tamil and Telugu languages) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not matured (not adult), cooking the flesh breaks it into powder. The powder is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed. They are considered a delicacy in coastal Tamil Nadu.
References
Other media
BBC One: Blue Planet: The woman who dances with sharks.
Sharks attack bait ball |
9068 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture | Vulture | Vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on the carrion or (dead or dying animals and rocks). Vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. Vultures are also called buzzards.
Vultures from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) are not related to the vultures of the New World (North and South America). They look quite similar, though. Both have heads and necks with no feathers.
Old World vultures are related to eagles and hawks and use sight to find their food. New World vultures are related to storks and use their sense of smell to find their food. Vultures symbolize death in literature.
King vultures use rocks to open eggs, they pick up a rock with their beak and simply drop or throw the rock onto the egg and breaks it.
New World vultures is a name which is used for a number of species in the Americas. The best known of these are probably the Andean condor and the black vulture.
References |
9069 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle | Eagle | The Eagle is a large birds of prey which live in and are mostly found in Eurasia and in Africa, but also in many parts of the world. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight.
The golden eagle is found over most of the world and it usually eats small mammals.
Sometimes, "eagle" can just mean any large hawk; as a group, eagles are not closely related to one another.
The largest eagle that has ever lived is Haast's eagle. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. Though it is now extinct, it lived in New Zealand.
Almost all eagles are carnivores. This means that they eat meat from other animals, including fish, rabbits, snake
and squirrels. Birds that eat meat are also known as birds of prey. Eagles are birds of prey, and so are vultures and falcons. Eagles use their strong Talons to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into their meat. Even though most eagles are carnivores, the African Vulturine Fish-Eagle mostly eats oil palm fruits.
References
Accipitriformes
Birds of Africa |
9070 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon | Falcon | Falcons are small to medium-sized birds of prey and are related to hawks, eagles, and vultures. They usually have pointed wings and long tails.
Most falcons eat small mammals that they hunt using eyesight, although some species hunt other birds, which they take in flight. Like hawks, most falcons have dark gray or brown backs and wings, with white undersides.
The peregrine falcon is found over most of the world and is famous for hunting birds by diving down on them at 320 km/h (200 mi/h). It was nearly wiped out in North America by the use of pesticides, but has since made a recovery.
In some countries falcons are used in falconry. This means people catch the birds and make them hunt for them. Long ago this was a way for people to get more food but today it is a sport.
Winter larder
On the Moroccan island of Mogador, falcons seem to imprison small birds by trapping them in crevasses, presumably saving them to eat later.
Mogador has the ruins of a fortress, a mosque and a prison. Today the island is a nature reserve, where Eleonora’s falcons nest among the ruins. They hunt migrating warblers, hoopoes and other birds. Researchers came across small birds trapped in deep cavities, their flight and tail feathers removed. The birds were unable to move their wings or use their dangling legs.
Eleonora’s falcons have been seen building up larders of up to 20 dead birds during migration season, when prey is plentiful. But "storing snacks that are still alive could be a unique behaviour" said an expert.
References
Falconiformes
kk:Сокол (Силистра облысы) |
9074 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington | Islington | Islington is a district in north London, in the United Kingdom. The area usually called Islington is only part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a fashionable area and has with large well-built houses and is close to the City of London.
References
Other websites
Islington Council
Weather forecast for Islington
London Borough of Islington |
9080 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976 | 1976 | 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was .
Events
January 18 – Bangladesh and Pakistan fully have foreign bilateral relations between Islamabad and Dacca Officials.
July 2 – Vietnam is united.
July 4 – The United States celebrates its 200th birthday (bicentennial)
July 23 – Adolfo Suárez is elected Prime Minister of Spain.
July 28 – Tangshan earthquake in China.
October 18 – Bangladesh is recognized by China and established diplomatic ties with Dacca.
November 2 - Jimmy Carter elected the 39th President of the United States. Carter defeated the incumbent Ford.
November 26- The Last Waltz
The Clash forms in London.
A Soviet pilot defects and flies to Japan in a MiG-25 Foxbat.
Births
January 13 – Bic Runga, New Zealand singer
March 8 – Freddie Prinze Jr.
March 10 – Haifa Wehbe, Lebanese singer
April 18 – Melissa Joan Hart, American actress
August 8 – JC Chasez, American singer
June 2 – Tim Rice-Oxley, English musician
June 14 – Alan Carr, English television presenter
July 1 – Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer
July 9 – Fred Savage, American actor
July 16 – Bobby Lashley, American wrestler
September 6 - Robin Atkin Downes, English voice actor
September 24 – Stephanie McMahon, American business person and writer (WWE)
September 26 – Michael Ballack, German footballer
October 7 – Taylor Hicks, American singer
October 19 – Paul Hartley, Scottish footballer
November 3 – Tom Brosseau, American singer-songwriter
November 8 – Brett Lee, Australian cricket player
November 22 – Torsten Frings, German footballer
November 22 – Ville Valo, Finnish singer
November 24 – Lu Chen, Chinese figure skater
November 27 – Jaleel White, American actor
December 8 – Dominic Monaghan, English actor
Deaths
January 5 – Mal Evans, English band manager (Beatles) (b. 1935)
January 12 – Agatha Christie, English writer (b. 1890)
February 1 – Werner Heisenberg, German physicist (b. 1901)
March 11 – Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto, Finnish architect (b. 1898)
August 2 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director (b. 1890)
August 29 – Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi poet (b. 1899)
September 9 – Mao Zedong, Chinese Communist leader (b. 1893)
December 4 – Benjamin Britten, English composer (b. 1913)
Movies released
A Star is Born
All the President's Men (movie)
Marathon Man
Rocky
Silver Streak
The Omen
To Fly!
Taxi Driver
Hit Songs
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" – Blue Öyster Cult
"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" – KC & the Sunshine Band
"(What A) Wonderful World" – Johnny Nash
"Anarchy In The UK" – Sex Pistols
"Dancing Queen" – ABBA (6)
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" – Paul Simon
"A Fifth of Beethoven" – Walter Murphy & the Big Apple Band
"A Little Bit More" – Dr. Hook
"Afternoon Delight" – Starland Vocal Band
"All By Myself" – Eric Carmen
"Arms Of Mary" – Sutherland Brothers and Quiver
"Back In The USSR" – The Beatles
"Beautiful Noise" – Neil Diamond
"Bennie And The Jets" – Elton John
"Besame Mucho" – Dalida
"Better Use Your Head" – Little Anthony and the Imperials
"Blinded By The Light" – Manfred Mann's Earth Band
"Bohemian Rhapsody" – Queen
"Boogie Fever" Sylvers
"Born To Be With You" – Dion
"Both Ends Burning" – Roxy Music
"Candy Store Rock" – Led Zeppelin
"Cherry Bomb" – The Runaways
"Convoy" – C.W. McCall
"Couldn't Get It Right" – Climax Blues Band
"Dancing Queen" – ABBA
"December 1963 (Oh What A Night)" – Four Seasons
"Devil Woman"- Cliff Richard
"Disco Duck (Part 1)" – Rick Dees & His Cast of Idiots
"Disco Lady" – Johnnie Taylor (4)
"Don't Cry For Me Argentina" – Julie Covington
"Don't Give Up On Us" – David Soul
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" – Elton John & Kiki Dee
"Don't Make Me Wait Too Long" – Barry White
"Don't Stop It Now" – Hot Chocolate
"Don't Take Away The Music" – Tavares
"Dream Weaver" – Gary Wright
"Extended Play(EP)" – Bryan Ferry
"Fernando" – ABBA
"Fly Like An Eagle" – Steve Miller Band
"Foggy Notion-Inside Your Heart" – Velvet Underground
"Fool to Cry" – The Rolling Stones
"Forever And Ever" – Demis Roussos
"Forever And Ever" – Slik
"Freebird(EP)" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
"Get Up and Boogie" – Silver Convention
"Girls Girls Girls" – Sailor
"Harvest For The World" – The Isley Brothers
"Hasten Down The Wind" – Warren Zevon
"Heart On My Sleeve" – Gallagher and Lyle
"Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel" – Tavares
"Hello Old Friend" – Eric Clapton
"Here Comes The Sun" – Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel
"Here Comes The Weekend" – Dave Edmunds
"Hey Baby" – J.J. Cale
"Honey I" – George McCrae
"Hot Stuff" – The Rolling Stones
"Hot Valves(EP)" – Be Bop Deluxe
"Howzat" – Sherbet
"Hurricane" – Bob Dylan
"Hurt" – The Manhattans
"I Love Music" – The O'Jays
"I Love To Boogie " – T. Rex
"I Love to Love (But My Baby Just Loves to Dance)" – Tina Charles
"I Want You" – Marvin Gaye
"I Wish" – Stevie Wonder
"I Write the Songs" – Barry Manilow
"I'd Really Love to See You Tonight" – England Dan and John Ford Coley
"If Not You" – Dr. Hook
"If You Leave Me Now" – Chicago
"If You Leave Me Now" – Chicago
"I'm Mandy Fly Me" – 10cc
"I'm Your Puppet" – James and Bobby Purify
"In Dulce Jubilo/On Horseback" – Mike Oldfield
"It Keeps You Running" – Carly Simon
"It's Over" – Boz Scaggs
"Jailbreak" – Thin Lizzy
"J'Attendrai" – Dalida
"Jump In My Car" – TMG
"Kiss and Say Goodbye" – The Manhattans
"Landslide" – Fleetwood Mac
"Last Child" – Aerosmith
"Le petit bonheur" – Dalida
"Let 'Em In" – Paul McCartney & Wings
"Let Your Love Flow" – Bellamy Brothers
"Let's Stick Together" – Bryan Ferry
"Livin' Thing" – Electric Light Orchestra
"Lost in France" – Bonnie Tyler
"Love And Affection" – Joan Armatrading
"Love Hangover" – Diana Ross
"Love Is Alive" – Gary Wright
"Love Machine" – The Miracles
"Love Really Hurts Without You" – Billy Ocean
"Love Rollercoaster" – Ohio Players
"Love So Right" – Bee Gees
"Love To Love You Baby – Donna Summer
"Love's A Prima Donna" – Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel
"Low Rider" – War
"Mamma Mia" – ABBA
"Man to Man" – Hot Chocolate
"Midnight Train To Georgia" – Gladys Knight and the Pips
"Mississippi" – Pussycat (4)
"Misty Blue" – Dorothy Moore
"Mohammed's Radio" – Warren Zevon
"Money, Money, Money" – ABBA
"Moonlight Feels Right" – Starbuck
"More Than a Feeling" – Boston
"Movin'" – Brass Construction
"Mozambique" – Bob Dylan
"Music" – John Miles
"My First Night Alone Without You" – Bonnie Raitt
"Nadia's Theme (The Young & The Restless)" – Barry DeVorzon & Perry Botkin, Jr.
"New Rose" – The Damned (debut)
"No Charge" – J.J. Barrie
"Pinball Wizard" – Elton John
"Play That Funky Music" – Wild Cherry
"Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win)" – Fleetwood Mac
"Right Back Where We Started From" – Maxine Nightingale
"Ring Out Solstice Bells(EP)" – Jethro Tull
"Rock Me Gently" – Sherbet
"Rock'n Me" – Steve Miller Band
"Rodrigo's Guitar Concerto(Concerto De Aranjuez))" – Manuel and the Music of the Mountains
"Sara Smile" – Daryl Hall & John Oates
"Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (6), best seller of the year
"Say You Love Me" – Fleetwood Mac
"She's Gone" – Daryl Hall & John Oates
"Ships In The Night" – Be Bop Deluxe
"Show Me The Way" – Peter Frampton
"Silly Love Songs" – Paul McCartney & Wings (5)
"Sing Me An Old Fashioned Song" – Billie Jo Spears
"So It Goes" – Nick Lowe
"Somebody To Love" – Queen
"Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word"- Elton John
"Still The One" – Orleans
"Stop Me(If You've Heard It All Before)" – Billy Ocean
"Suffragette City" – David Bowie
"Sugar Mama" – Bonnie Raitt
"Sunshine Day" – Osibisa
"Take It To The Limit" – The Eagles
"Take The Money And Run" – Steve Miller Band
"Taking It To The Streets" – The Doobie Brothers
"That'll Be The Day" – Linda Ronstadt
"The Boston Tea Party" – The Sensational Alex Harvey Band
"The Boys Are Back In Town" – Thin Lizzy
"The Combine Harvester (Brand New Key)" – Wurzels
"The Killing of Georgie, Pt. 1-2" – Rod Stewart
"The Perfect Drug" – Roxy Music
"The Rubberband Man" – The Detroit Spinners
"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" – Diana Ross
"Theme from S.W.A.T." – Rhythm Heritage
"Things We Do For Love" – 10cc
"This Is It" – Melba Moore
"This Old Heart Of Mine" – Rod Stewart
"TVC 15" – David Bowie
"Under the Moon of Love" – Showaddywaddy
"Uptown Uptempo Woman" – Randy Edelman
"Welcome Back" – John Sebastian
"What I've Got In Mind" – Billie Jo Spears
"When A Child Is Born (Soleado)" – Johnny Mathis
"Why Can't We Be Friends" – War
"World Turning" – Fleetwood Mac
"Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald" – Gordon Lightfoot
"Yesterday" – The Beatles
"You Don't Have To Go" – The Chi-Lites
"You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" – Leo Sayer
"You See The Trouble With Me" – Barry White
"You Sexy Thing" – Hot Chocolate
"You Should Be Dancing" – Bee Gees
"You to Me Are Everything" – Real Thing
"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine" – Lou Rawls
"Young Hearts Run Free" – Candi Staton
"You're My Best Friend" – Queen
”Saturday Night" – Bay City Rollers
”Tonight's the Night" – Rod Stewart |
9081 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirindhorn%20International%20Institute%20of%20Technology | Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology | Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) () is an institute of technology in Thammasat University, Thailand. It was established in 1992.
SIIT offers education in science, technology, engineering, and management. Every education programs are "international program", all classes are in English language. Its graduates receive degrees from Thammasat University.
Although it is part of Thammasat University, its financial and administration system are separate from the central university system.
Academics
Schools
SIIT has five schools and one department for undergraduate and graduate students.
School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology hosts chemical engineering and environmental technology programs
School of Civil Engineering and Technology hosts civil engineering and infrastructure planning programs
School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology hosts information technology, computer science, and Electronics and communication engineering programs
School of Management Technology hosts management technology and engineering management programs
School of Manufacturing Systems and Mechanical Engineering hosts mechanical engineering and industrial engineering programs
Department of Common and Graduate Studies
Campuses
SIIT has two campuses (as of 2013), Rangsit and Bangkadi campus. Both are in Pathum Thani province.
The area is known for "Technology Clusters of North Bangkok".
Rangsit campus is 42 kilometers north of Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand). It is near Thailand Science Park, national research centers, industrial estates, and universities.
Bangkadi campus is in Bangkadi industrial park. It is near Software Park Thailand.
There is a plan to open a new campus in Lampang. Lampang is a province in northern part of Thailand.
Other websites
SIIT official website
SIIT International Office
SIIT.NET community
List of SIIT websites (Open Directory Project)
References
Colleges and universities in Thailand
1992 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Thailand |
9084 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu%20people | Ainu people | The Ainu people are the native population of northern Japan and the eastern part of Russia, mostly in the Amur river region, Sakhalin, the Kuril islands and on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The term is also used for their culture and language in the Ezo region (Hokkaido).
History
The majority of their ancestors, the Jōmon people, arrived in Japan about 30,000 – 15,000 years ago from Central Asia and southern Siberia. They were largely replaced by the proto-Japanese which arrived from southeastern China about 2,000 years ago. The Ainu have strong similarities with Palaeolithic Europeans and people of the Middle East as well as with Native American groups of the northwestern coastal culture area in North America. Some scholars think they were related to the Emishi of northern Honshu.
During and after the Yayoi period they were attacked by the early Japanese people. The Ainu and relative tribes lost most of their land in Honshū, many were killed or ensalved by the Yayoi-Japanese. After the rise of the Yamato, few Ainu were left in Honshu. After the Meiji restoration in the late 1800s, the Japanese began to colonize Hokkaido, sending their own people to live there. They forced the Ainu to leave the warm coast of Hokkaido and try to live in the mountains in the middle of the island. The Ainu were not allowed to fish for salmon or hunt deer. The Ainu were required to speak Japanese and use Japanese names. Japanese scientists and treasure hunters would dig up Ainu graves and steal the bodies and artifacts.
The Ainu in Russia had more luck and lived their traditional life until the Second World War, when they were forced to act like other Russians.
In April 2019, the Ainu became recognized as native population of northern Japan, and the rest of Japan has started to think of their culture as good and valuable. However, the Ainu still face discrimination in Japan. Most Japanese outside of Hokkaido mistake the Ainu for foreigners or tourists.
Culture
Their culture is based on the ancient Jomon culture of northern Japan and eastern Russia. Their native folk religion has some similarities to early Shinto. Their gods are named kamuy, similar to the Japanese Kami. They practiced agriculture but were also hunter gatherers. The Ainu are famous for their wood work and art.
The Ainu lived in villages called kotan and were often built along rivers or lakes. Every villages consisted of at least four to seven families, sometimes more than ten. The traditional house was called cise or cisey.
Language
They speak the Ainu language. The Ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there exist several theories about a genetic relation. Some linguists suggest a relation to Altaic languages while others suggest a link to Indo-European languages. Some similarities also exist with northern native American languages.
References
Other websites
The Ainu Museum
Smithsonian Institute
Nippon Utari Kyokai
Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Ainu
Ainu-North American cultural similarities
Spirit Cave Man May Rewrite Continent's History
Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture
Ainu Lineage
The Boone Collection
Ethnic groups in Japan |
9088 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad | Iliad | The Iliad is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature. It was an oral epic poem. People spoke it without reading it. It was written down in the 8th century BC. It is an epic (or very long) poem with 24 chapters written in hexameter. The poem includes early Greek myths and legends. It may have been based on a Bronze Age attack on the city Troy. People usually say that Homer wrote the Iliad. However, scholars are not sure if the poem was really written by just one person.
The story happens during the Trojan War, some time around 1200 BC. It talks about the confrontations of the warrior Achilles and King Agamemnon. The story is only about a few weeks at the end of the war, but it also talks about many of the Greek myths about the war. It tells the story from the wrath of Achilles, to the death and funeral of Hector and the siege of Troy.
Together with another of Homer's poems, the Odyssey, it is one of the two major Greek epic poems.
Some important characters in the Iliad are Achilles, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Priam, Hector, Paris, and Helen.
Plot
The poem starts with the god Apollo sending a plague to the Greeks, because they captured the daughter of one of his Trojan priests. Agamemnon is forced to give the daughter back. So that he has a girl of his own, Agamemnon takes the captured Trojan girl Briseis from her owner Achilles. Achilles is angry and refuses to fight in the war. When Achilles' lover Patroclus is killed by Hector, Achilles starts to fight again and kills Hector in a duel. Later, Hector's father Priam comes in secret to Achilles to take back his favorite son's body to give it a proper funeral, which Achilles allows him to do. The poem ends with the funeral of Hector.
Related pages
Trojan War
Odyssey
References
Sources
Fagles, Robert (transl) 1990. The Iliad. Introduction and notes by Bernard Knox. Penguin. . Winner of the Academy of American Poets 1991 London translation award.
Other websites
Iliad , online version of the work by Homer (English). Pope translation.
Iliad in Ancient Greek: from the Perseus Project (PP), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary; via the Chicago Homer , with the Lattimore translation and markup indicating formulaic repetitions
Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
Epic poems |
9089 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug | Drug | According to the WHO, a drug is a substance that can change how a living organism works. Food is usually not seen as a drug, even though some foods may have such properties. Most of the time drugs are taken to treat a disease, or other medical condition. An example for such drugs may be Aspirin or Paracetamol. These are usually given to treat fever, as well as certain infections. If such drugs are taken over a longer time, they are usually prescribed by a doctor. Other drugs are taken for fun, because of the effect they have. Some of these drugs taken for fun are better accepted by society than others. Having or taking certain drugs may be illegal, in certain countries.
Drugs that are taken to treat a disease or condition are usually called "therapeutic", drugs that are taken for fun are called "recreational" drugs.
Drugs may have other effects than those wanted. Such effects are generally known as side-effects.
Drugs act differently in different amounts. It is therefore important to take the right amount. The amount of the drug taken is called a dose. Aspirin is often prescribed against fever, or as an analgesic. One of the side-effects of Aspirin is that it makes the blood thinner. For this reason, it can also be used to prevent strokes, or heart attacks - in a much lower dose than the one used to treat fever, though.
Taking too much of a drug ("too high a dose") can cause sickness or even death. When a doctor says how much of a drug (the right dose) to take, only that amount should be taken. It is very important to keep taking the drug until the doctor says to stop because someone can feel better but still be sick. When a doctor says what drug to take, how much of it, and for how long, it is called a prescription. Drugs may cause addiction. Some drugs are illegal because they are very addictive. These drugs are really expensive, too. It can also be sold illegally from drug sellers which may cause serious results
Recreational drugs
Recreational drugs can sometimes be bad for someone's health even if they make them feel good. Alcohol can also be dangerous if the person drinking it drives a vehicle after drinking. This is called drunk driving. Many countries make this against the law. Common recreational drugs include:
Alcohol - In beer, wine and hard liquor
Nicotine - In cigarettes
Caffeine - In Coffee and cacao (See figure)
Cannabis - Smoked like cigarettes, or baked in something to eat, like a cake or brownie
Methamphetamine (also known as Crystal Meth) - Can be smoked, eaten, injected, or inhaled
Cocaine - can be snorted, injected or inhaled (freebasing)
Heroin - can be snorted, injected or smoked in its freebase form.
Certain recreational drugs also have uses as a therapeutic drug. Heroin can be used as an analgesic (a painkiller) and methamphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy or ADHD. Recreational drugs can be dangerous, certain countries have made it illegal to have or take them outside a medical context. Most of the time, this is because they can be addictive or that they are very dangerous when combined with other drugs. That way, Cannabis-based products are legal in the Netherlands, but illegal in many other countries.
Alcohol and Nicotine are legal almost everywhere, but there are a lot of taxes on the sale of these. In other words, they are expensive to buy. Being expensive to buy because of taxes has two benefits; one is that the taxes collected from the sale of the drugs goes into helping to pay for assistance the drug user may experience later. A smoker, for example, may develop cancer later in life and need treatment at a place that is granted a certain amount of tax money from the government to keep it operating. Another benefit to the taxing of "legal" drugs, is that the high price may stop people from beginning the habit in the first place, which will help them avoid the negative medical or addictive side effects of the drug. In some cases, not everyone is allowed to buy these drugs unless they are a minimal age to do so. The age at which someone is allowed to buy a legal drug is most often decided by the government of a country, state or province, and is usually the age where a person is considered by the law to be an "adult". Some of the most common ages this happens is at 18, 19 or 21 years of age.
Therapeutic drugs
Therapeutic drugs are also called medicinal drugs, medicine, or medication. Doctors will give therapeutic drugs to someone who is ill to make you better. You can buy these drugs at a pharmacy. Some drugs need a prescription to be bought, other drugs do not. Drugs that do not require a prescription are called "over the counter" medications. There are lots of these drugs for different illnesses. These include:
Aspirin - For pain
Paracetamol - For pain
Penicillin - For infections
Prozac - For depression
Diazepam - For anxiety
Antibiotics - For killing bacteria (germs)
References |
9090 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Watterson | Bill Watterson | William B. Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is an American artist and cartoonist. He is most famous for his comic strip, "Calvin and Hobbes" which was published between 1985 and 1995. He is a very private person and not much is publicly known about him. He also did not want people to sell things with the pictures of his characters on them, and the only things he allowed to be made using his characters were books with collections of Calvin and Hobbes strips.
1958 births
Living people
American cartoonists
American comics artists |
9092 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre | Centimetre | A centimetre (the American spelling is centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) measurement system. It is equal to one hundredth of a metre. Centi- is placed in front to say 'a hundredth'. The centimetre is the base unit of length in the old centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system of units.
The centimetre is usually used to measure things that are too big for millimetres but too small for metres. A centimetre is close to the length of a fingernail.
Similarities to other units of length
1 centimetre is equal to:
10 millimetres
0.01 metre (1 metre is equal to 100 centimetres)
about 0.393700787401575 inch (1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres)
1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the SI system of units.
Uses of centimetre
The centimetre is also used:
sometimes, to measure how much rain has fallen into a rain gauge;
for heights of people, especially athletes, in metric nations;
in maps, centimetres are used to change from map scale to real-world scale of landscapes (kilometres).
Unicode symbols
The centimetre has Unicode symbols so it can be written in Mandarin Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters.
centimetre (㎝) - code 339D
square centimetre (㎠) - code 33A0
cubic centimetre (㎤) - code 33A4
They are placed into one character, and it is mostly used with East Asian fonts.
References
CJK Compatibility excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.4 and co-exterior users.
Units of length
SI units |
9095 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%205 | July 5 |
Events
Up to 1900
1295 – Scotland and France create an alliance, known in Scotland as the "Auld Alliance".
1316 - The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada.
1601 - During the Dutch War of Independence, the Spanish lay siege to Oostende.
1610 - John Guy sets sail of Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
1687 - Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton is published.
1770 - The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.
1811 – Venezuela declares independence from Spain.
1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Chippewa - American major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario, Canada.
1884 – Germany takes control of Cameroon and Togo.
1901 2000
1934 - Police shoot at striking longshoremen in San Francisco, California.
1937 - Spam, the luncheon meat, is introduced into the market by the Hormel Food Corporation.
1940 - World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy Government of France break off diplomatic relations.
1941 - World War II: Operation Barbarossa - German troops reach the Dnieper River.
1943 - World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sets sail for Sicily.
1943 - World War II: German forces begin a massive offensive against the Soviet Union in the Battle of Kursk.
1945 - World War II: The Liberation of the Philippines is declared.
1946 – The Bikini is introduced in France.
1948 – The UK's NHS (National Health Service) is founded.
1950 - Korean War: Task Force Smith - American and North Korean forces first clash, in the Battle of Osan.
1950 - Zionism: The Israeli Knesset passes the Law of Return, which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.
1954 – The BBC's first News bulletin is broadcast.
1954 - Elvis Presley records his first single - That's All Right - at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee.
1962 – Algeria becomes independent from France.
1970 – Air Canada Flight 621 crashes near Toronto, killing 109 people.
1971 - The US lowers its voting age from 21 to 18.
1975 – Tennis: Arthur Ashe becomes the first African American men's singles Wimbledon champion.
1975 – Cape Verde becomes independent from Portugal.
1977 - Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is removed from power in a military coup.
1987 - The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam use suicide attacks on the Sri Lankan army for the first time.
1989 - Iran-Contra affair: Oliver North is sentenced to a three-year suspended prison term.
1989 - The sitcom Seinfeld is first broadcast.
1991 – Nelson Mandela is chosen as President of the African National Congress.
1995 – Armenia adopts its Constitution.
1996 – The first cloned mammal, Dolly the Sheep is born.
1999 - President of the United States Bill Clinton imposes trade and economic sanctions on the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
From 2001
2002 - A bomb attack in Larbaa, Algeria, kills 50 people.
2003 – The SARS virus is declared contained by the WHO.
2006 - North Korea tests four short-range missiles, one medium range missile and a long-range Taepodong-2.
2009 – At Wimbledon, Roger Federer wins his 15th Grand Slam singles Tennis title in a five-set match against Andy Roddick, breaking the men's record previously held by Pete Sampras.
2009 – Ethnic rioting occurs in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
2009 - The largest-known hoard of Anglo-Saxon hoard of gold ever is discovered, consisting of over 1,500 items, in Staffordshire, England.
2012 - Inauguration of The Shard in London - Britain's tallest, and Europe's second tallest, building.
2015 - The United States wins the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, defeating Japan 5-2 in the final in Vancouver, Canada.
2016 - The Juno spacecraft enters into orbit around the planet Jupiter.
Births
Up to 1900
465 - Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, Mayan ruler (d. 524)
1321 – Joan of the Tower, Queen of Scotland (d. 1362)
1547 - Garzia de' Medici, Tuscan nobleman (d. 1562)
1549 - Francesco Maria del Monte, Italian cardinal (d. 1627)
1554 - Elizabeth of Austria, Queen of France (d. 1592)
1580 - Carlo Contarini, 100th Doge of Venice (d. 1656)
1586 - Thomas Hooker, English Puritan settler in Connecticut (d. 1647)
1670 - Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (d. 1748)
1717 – King Peter III of Portugal (d. 1786)
1720 - Philip II, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe (d. 1787)
1755 - Sarah Siddons, British theatre actress (d. 1831)
1780 - François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (d. 1838)
1781 – Thomas Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore (d. 1826)
1791 - Samuel Bailey, British philosopher (d. 1870)
1801 - David Farragut, American admiral (d. 1870)
1802 - Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855)
1805 – Robert FitzRoy, British naval officer and meteorologist (d. 1865)
1810 – P. T. Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)
1817 - Carl Vogt, German scientist, philosopher and politician (d. 1895)
1820 - William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physicist, mathematician and engineer (d. 1872)
1829 - Ignacio Marisal, Mexican diplomat (d. 1910)
1832 - Pavel Chistyakov, Russian painter (d. 1919)
1841 - William Collins Whitney, 31st United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1904)
1845 - August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius, German ornithologist (d. 1912)
1849 - William Thomas Stead, English journalist (d. 1912)
1853 – Cecil Rhodes, British colonial politician (d. 1902)
1857 – Clara Zetkin, German socialist (d. 1933)
1860 - Robert Bacon, 39th United States Secretary of State (d. 1919)
1872 - Edouard Herriot, Prime Minister of France (d. 1957)
1879 – Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)
1879 - Dwight F. Davis, American tennis player (d. 1945)
1880 - Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1940)
1882 - Inayat Khan, Indian educator (d. 1927)
1885 - Blas Infante, Spanish politician (d. 1936)
1886 – Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)
1888 – Herbert Gasser, American doctor, won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1963)
1889 – Jean Cocteau, French writer, director and painter (d. 1963)
1891 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist (d. 1987)
1893 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (b. 1976)
1894 - Ants Lauter, Estonian actor and theatre director (d. 1973)
1898 - Georgios Grivas, Greek army officer (d. 1974)
1899 - Marcel Achard, French playwright, screenwriter and author (d. 1974)
1901 1950
1902 - Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American colonel and politician (d. 1985)
1903 - Bernardus Jan Alfrink, Dutch cardinal and Archbishop of Utrecht (d. 1987)
1904 – Ernst Mayr, German-American biologist (d. 2005)
1907 - Ethel Smith, Canadian athlete (d. 1979)
1907 – Yang Shangkun, President of China (d. 1998)
1908 - Henri, Count of Paris (d. 1999)
1911 – Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974)
1911 - Giorgio Borg Olivier, 7th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1980)
1914 - Gerda Gilboe, Danish actress (d. 2009)
1915 - John Woodruff, American athlete (d. 2007)
1918 - Zakaria Mohieddin, 33rd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2012)
1918 – K. Karunakaran, Indian politician (d. 2010)
1919 - Bep Voskuijl, Dutch helper of Anne Frank (d. 1983)
1921 – Viktor Kulikov, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 2013)
1924 - Janos Starker, Hungarian-American cellist (d. 2013)
1925 - Fernando de Szyszlo, Peruvian sculptor (d. 2018)
1925 - Jean Raspail, French author and explorer
1926 – Salvador Jorge Blanco, President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2010)
1926 – Diana Lynn, American actress (d. 1971)
1926 - Viola Harris, American actress (d. 2017)
1926 - Ivo Pitanguy, Brazilian plastic surgeon (d. 2016)
1927 - Thomas Fleming, American novelist (d. 2017)
1927 - Beverly Tyler, American singer and actress (d. 2005)
1928 - Pierre Mauroy, Prime Minister of France (d. 2013)
1928 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
1928 – Juris Hartmanis, Latvian computer scientist and computational theorist
1929 – Katherine Helmond, American actress
1932 – Gyula Horn, former Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2013)
1932 - Kazimiera Utrata, Polish actress (d. 2018)
1933 – Jean-Paul Pier, Luxembourgian mathematician (d. 2016)
1934 – Yoshio Furukawa, Japanese football player
1935 - Brendan McCann, American basketball player
1935 - Michael Wenning, American minister (d. 2011)
1936 - Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1936 – James Mirrlees, Scottish economist
1936 - Piet Fransen, Dutch footballer (d. 2015)
1939 – Pavel Morozenko, Soviet movie and theatre actor (d. 1991)
1940 - James Herbert Brennan, Irish writer
1940 - Chuck Close, American painter, artist and photographer
1941 - Epeli Nailatikau, Fijian politician
1942 – Hannes Löhr, German footballer (d. 2016)
1945 - Michael Blake, American writer (d. 2015)
1946 – Gerardus 't Hooft, Dutch physicist
1946 - Giuseppe Furino, Italian footballer
1946 - Pierre-Marc Johnson, 24th Premier of Quebec
1950 – Huey Lewis, American singer
1951 1975
1954 – Jimmy Crespo, American guitarist and songwriter (Aerosmith)
1954 – Don Stark, American actor
1955 – Sebastian Barry, Irish playwright, novelist and poet
1955 – Mia Couto, Mozambican writer
1955 – Peter McNamara, Australian tennis player
1956 – Horacio Cartes, President of Paraguay
1956 – Terry Chimes, English drummer
1957 – Doug Wilson, Canadian-American ice hockey player and manager
1958 – Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (d. 1996)
1958 – Bill Watterson, American cartoonist
1960 – Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor
1962 – Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, Indonesian terrorist (d. 2008)
1963 – Edie Falco, American actress
1964 – Piotr Nowak, Polish footballer
1966 – Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer
1968 – Hedi Slimane, French fashion designer
1968 – Michael Stuhlbarg, American actor
1968 – Nardwuar, Canadian interviewer and musician
1969 – Michael O'Neill, Northern Irish footballer and manager
1969 – RZA, American rapper, producer, actor and director
1970 – Mac Dre, American rapper
1971 – Derek McInnes, Scottish footballer
1971 – Nicola Stephenson, English actress
1972 – Nia Roberts, Welsh actress
1973 – Marcus Allback, Swedish footballer
1973 – Bengt Lagerberg, Swedish drummer (The Cardigans)
1973 – Spencer Kelly, English technology journalist
1975 – Hernán Crespo, Argentine footballer
From 1976
1976 – Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer
1976 - Bizarre, American rapper
1977 – Nicolas Kiefer, German tennis player
1977 - Royce da 5'9'', American rapper
1978 - Allan Simonsen, Danish racing driver (d. 2013)
1979 – Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
1979 – Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian footballer
1979 – Shane Filan, Irish singer (Westlife)
1980 – Eva Green, French actress
1980 - Zayed Khan, Indian actor
1980 - Hannes Reichelt, Austrian skier
1980 – David Rozehnal, Czech footballer
1981 - Gianne Albertoni, Brazilian model and actress
1981 - Ryan Hansen, American actor
1982 – Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer
1982 - Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist
1982 - Vladimir Fedotov, Russian footballer
1982 - Dave Haywood, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Lady Antebellum)
1983 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player
1984 - Zack Miller, American golfer
1984 - Yu Yamada, Japanese model, actress and singer
1985 - Nick O'Malley, English bass player (Arctic Monkeys)
1985 - Stephanie McIntosh, Australian singer and actress
1985 - Megan Rapinoe, American soccer player
1986 - Piermario Morosini, Italian footballer (d. 2012)
1986 - Samuel Honrubia, French handball player
1986 - Alexander Radulov, Russian ice hockey player
1986 - Adam Young, American singer-songwriter and musician (Owl City)
1989 - Charlie Austin, English footballer
1989 - Dejan Lovren, Croatian footballer
1989 - Hiroyuki Abe, Japanese footballer
1991 - Jason Dolley, American actor
1992 - Alberto Moreno, Spanish footballer
1995 - Giovanni Simeone, Argentine footballer
1996 – Dolly the Sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)
Deaths
Up to 1900
967 - Emperor Murakami of Japan (b. 926)
1080 – Isleifur Gissurarson, Bishop of Iceland and Greenland (b. 1006)
1316 - Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)
1539 - Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
1572 - Longqing Emperor of China (b. 1537)
1666 - Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1584)
1676 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish commander and politician (b. 1613)
1773 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
1816 - Dorothea Jordan, Irish actress and mistress to King George IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1761)
1819 - William Cornwallis, English admiral and politician (b. 1744)
1826 – Stamford Raffles, British colonial statesman, founder of Singapore (b. 1781)
1833 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor and photography pioneer (b. 1765)
1859 - Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist and engineer (b. 1777)
1863 - Lewis Armistead, American general (b. 1817)
1875 - Maria Röhl, Swedish artist (b. 1801)
1901 2000
1904 – Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1845)
1908 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian writer (b. 1833)
1911 - Maria Pia of Savoy (b. 1847)
1920 – Max Klinger, artist (b. 1857)
1927 – Albrecht Kossel, German doctor, won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)
1937 - Daniel Sawyer, American golfer (b. 1884)
1945 – John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
1948 – Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)
1948 – Carole Landis, American actress (b. 1919)
1957 – Charles Sherwood Noble, inventor (b. 1873)
1966 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
1969 – Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)
1969 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)
1975 – Otto Skorzeny, German commando who rescued Benito Mussolini (b. 1908)
1983 – Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)
1991 – Howard Nemerov, poet (b. 1920)
1998 – Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)
From 2001
2001 – Hannelore Kohl, wife of Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl (suicide) (b. 1933)
2002 – Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)
2002 – Ted Williams, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1918)
2003 – Roman Lyashenko, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1979)
2004 – Hugh Shearer, 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
2004 – Rodger Ward, auto racer (b. 1921)
2007 – George Melly, British singer (b. 1926)
2008 – René Harris, President of Nauru (b. 1947)
2010 – Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (b. 1923)
2010 – Nasr Abu Zayd, Egyptian-Dutch academic (b. 1943)
2010 – Bob Probert, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1965)
2010 – David Fanshawe, British composer (b. 1942)
2011 - Cy Twombly, American artist (b. 1928)
2012 - Gerrit Komrij, Dutch author, poet and playwright (b. 1944)
2013 - David Cargo, 22nd Governor of New Mexico (b. 1929)
2013 - James McCoubrey, Canadian-American supercentenarian (b. 1901)
2014 - Volodymyr Sabodan, Ukrainian church leader (b. 1935)
2014 - Rosemary Murphy, American actress (b. 1925)
2015 - Sakari Momoi, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1903)
2015 - Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American physicist (b. 1921)
2016 - William L. Armstrong, American politician (b. 1937)
2016 - Beatrice de Cardi, English archaeologist (b. 1914)
2016 - Valentino Zeichen, Italian poet and author (b. 1938)
2017 - Pierre Henry, French composer (b. 1927)
2017 - Joachim Meisner, German cardinal (b. 1933)
2017 - Willi Reschke, German military officer (b. 1922)
2017 - John Rodriguez, Guyanese-born Canadian politician (b. 1937)
2017 - Irina Ratushinskaya, Russian poet (b. 1954)
2017 - Roger Wootton, English aeronautical engineer and balloonist (b. 1944)
2018 - François Budet, French singer-songwriter and novelist (b. 1940)
2018 - Adamu Ciroma, Nigerian politician and banker (b. 1934)
2018 - Claude Lanzmann, French filmmaker (b. 1925)
2018 - Ed Schultz, American television-radio personality and political commentator (b. 1954)
2018 - Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (b. 1943)
2020 - Nick Cordero, Canadian actor (b. 1978)
Observances
Independence Day in Venezuela (1811), Algeria (1962), and Cape Verde (1975)
Constitution Day in Armenia
Tynwald Day (Isle of Man)
July 05 |
9096 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn%20Manson%20%28band%29 | Marilyn Manson (band) | Marilyn Manson is a rock band, and also the name of the lead singer of the group. The name Marilyn Manson was taken from the first name of actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe and the last name of cult leader and serial killer Charles Manson. Some of the earlier band members also created stage names by taking the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer.
Band history
When the band started in 1989 it was originally called Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids. The band had four bandmembers and a drumming machine. They played small concerts in their home state Florida (the Warner family had moved from Ohio to Florida when Manson was a teenager).
In 1993 frontman Manson met Trent Reznor, lead singer for Nine Inch Nails. Reznor liked their style and offered them a record deal and the chance to tour with Nine Inch Nails. To get the deal, the band had to change its name to just Marilyn Manson. They also had to find a real drummer.
In 1995, their cover of Sweet Dreams (originally by Eurythmics) became a hit, and the band was suddenly very popular.
The band is very good friends with Nat Morley who is often featured in their music videos.
Discography
Their first album was Portrait of an American Family, which was released in 1993.
Other Marilyn Manson albums are
Smells Like Children (1995) (EP)
Antichrist Superstar (1996)
Remix & Repent (1997) (EP)
Mechanical Animals (1998)
The Last Tour On Earth (1999) (live album)
Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) (2000)
The Golden Age of Grotesque (2003)
Lest We Forget (2004) (greatest hits)
Eat Me, Drink Me (2007).
High End Of Low (2009).
Born Villain (2012).
The Pale Emperor (2015)
Some of their greatest hits are The Beautiful People, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), The Dope Show, Disposable Teens, Tainted Love, and Personal Jesus.
Marilyn Manson's songs about drugs, violence and anti-Christianity caused a lot of trouble, especially among Christians. There were protests at his concerts and they were not allowed to play in some cities.
References
1989 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1980s establishments in Florida
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Florida |
9097 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey%20Beardsley | Aubrey Beardsley | Aubrey Beardsley (21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898) was a English illustrator. He is best known for his drawings for Oscar Wilde's Salome. Beardsley is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
Early life
Beardsley was born in Brighton where his mother taught him to be interested in books and music. He was very good at music and drawing by the age of ten, but he was already sick with tuberculosis. After leaving school he worked as a clerk for an insurance company in London. He had to stop working at the end of 1889 because of his illness. He tried writing, but in 1891 he started to work full-time as an artist.
References
1872 births
1898 deaths
English artists
People from Sussex
British illustrators |
9099 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey | Odyssey | The Odyssey is a major Ancient Greek epic poem. It was written by Homer, as a sequel to the Iliad. In its origin it was an oral epic poem from Mycenaean Greece, about the 11th century BC. The hero of the poem is Odysseus, or Ulysses as he is called in Latin; the poem is mythological, not historical.
The poem is the story about Odysseus's ten-year-long voyage home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. The Trojan War is the subject of the Iliad. At the same time, his wife Penelope has to fight off a lot of men who want to marry her; and his son Telemachos searches for him.
Along the way, Odysseus and his men have to fight monsters and many other dangers. The main events (places he goes, creatures and people he meets) of Odysseus' journey are:
the Kikones
the Lotus Eaters
the Cyclops Polyphemus
Aeolus, King of the winds
the Laistrygones
the sorceress Circe
the Underworld
the Sirens
the sea monsters Scylla and Charybdis
Helios' cattle
the nymph Calypso
the Phaeacians
Story
The Cyclops
On his journey home, Odysseus lands on the island of the Cyclops Polyphemus. They go inside his cave at the sight of sheep, cheese and milk. Polyphemus catches them and eats some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus tricks and blinds him and they escape. The Cyclops prays to his father Poseidon that Odysseus would not get home to Ithaca and if he was fated to make it home, Odysseus would lose all of his men, his ship and find trouble at home. This prayer becomes the plot line of the Odyssey.
The Sirens
Odysseus and his ship have to pass the Sirens' island. The Sirens were always singing very beautifully, so sailors would try to go to them, but their ships would get destroyed, and they would die.
Odysseus tells his men to put wax in their ears, so they will not hear the song of the sirens. He also tells his men to bind him to the ship's mast, so he cannot go to the sirens when he hears their song. His men can then look at Odysseus and see when he cannot hear the sirens anymore, because he is calm again. Then they can take the wax out of their ears, and free Odysseus.
Calypso
After escaping from the sea, and the death of his men, Odysseus comes to the island Ogygia. On this island lives the nymph Calypso, and Odysseus stayed with her for seven years. But then the god Hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let Odysseus go. Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope. So Odysseus built a raft and left her.
The Phaeacians
After a storm, Odysseus comes to the island of the Phaeacians. There he is found by the king's daughter Nausicaä. Nausicaä brings him to the palace of her father, King Alkinoos. During his time there, Odysseus tell the story of his journey. After this, Alkinoos gives Odysseus a ship and sends him home to Ithaca.
Return home
During all this time, Penelope has been keeping the suitors at bay with a ruse (trick). She promises "I will choose when I have finished weaving this cloth", the cloth being a burial cloth for Odysseus' father. However, every night her servant unpicks the work of the previous day. The story is made more real by Penelope becoming restless. The goddess Athena causes Penelope to feel the need to display herself, and fan the flames of the suitors' desire.
Odysseus finally returns to Ithaca, where he disguises himself as a beggar. He goes to his home and meets his son Telemachus. Together they kill the suitors, who are trying to marry Penelope in order to gain his kingdom. Later, the families of the suitors come to kill Odysseus for revenge. The goddess Athena helps Odysseus by making them stop and give up the fight.
Notes
The English word odyssey, meaning long journey, comes from this poem.
The Roman name for Odysseus is Ulysses.
James Joyce's 1922 book Ulysses is based on the book by Homer, but it is very different.
References
Other websites
Odyssey -Citizendium
Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
Epic poems |
9100 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae%20West | Mae West | Mae West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress. She worked in vaudeville and later in movies. She is best-remembered for her dirty jokes and comedy movies.
Her name when she was born was Mary Jane West. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and died in Hollywood, California. Her mother was a German immigrant and former model.
Trivia
She is one of the famous people who appeared on the cover the Beatles album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. When asked if she wanted to be on the cover she said, "No, I won't be on it. What would I be doing in a lonely hearts club?", then later The Beatles told her what it was and she changed her mind.
Other websites
Mae West: The Wild Woman of Film and Stage (VOA Special English)
1893 births
1980 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from diabetes
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors |
9101 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny%20Bruce | Lenny Bruce | Lenny Bruce (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), was an American comedian. His real name was Leonard Alfred Schneider. He is considered an innovator of modern stand-up comedy and changed the way many people see comedians. His jokes and routines were very improper and off limits for the time and he got in a lot of trouble for them. He is considered a hero for the defense of the First Amendment rights in the United States, especially for free speech.
In the 1960s he was the last person arrested for impersonating and swearing, overwatched by martial law and police and banned from many cities and comedy clubs.
He appeared on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
He died in 1966 of an accidental morphine overdose whist on trial.
In 1970 the New York's highest court of appeals decided that he is "not guilty for using bad words".
1925 births
1966 deaths
American Jews
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from New York
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States |
9104 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%208 | August 8 |
Events
Up to 1900
117 – Roman Emperor Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Hadrian.
1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
1503 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor.
1576 - The cornerstone for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg Observatory is laid in Ven, Sweden.
1585 - John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in search for the Northwest Passage.
1588 – The Spanish Armada is beaten by the English at the Battle of Gravelines.
1605 – The city of Oulu in Finland, is founded by Charles IX of Sweden.
1647 - Battle of Dungan's Hill, Ireland - English Parliamentary forces defeat Irish forces during the Irish Confederate Wars and Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
1709 - Bartolomeu de Gusmao demonstrates the lifting power of hot air in front of an audience and the King of Portugal in Lisbon.
1786 – Mont Blanc is climbed for the first time, by an expedition led by Jacques Bilmat and Michel-Gabriel Paccard.
1789 – Australia's first police force begins in Sydney, called Nightwatch.
1794 - Joseph Whidbey leads an expedition to find the Northwest Passage near Juneau, Alaska.
1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte sails to St. Helena to spend the rest of his life in exile.
1844 – The Twelve Apostles, led by Brigham Young become the leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
1863 - American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Jefferson Davis, which is rejected.
1876 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for the mimeograph.
1885 - Over 1.5 million people attend the funeral of Ulysses S. Grant in New York City.
1900 – The first Davis Cup tennis match begins in Brookline, Massachusetts.
1901 2000
1908 - Wilbur Wright makes his first flight at a racecourse in Le Mans, France.
1918 - World War I: Battle of Amiens.
1927 - The predecessor of the Philippine Stock Exchange is founded.
1929 - German airship Graf Zeppelin starts on its round-the-world flight.
1942 - The Walt Disney movie Bambi has its world premiere in London.
1942 - The Quit India movement in India begins against British rule in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for total independence.
1945 - The London Charter is signed by the United Kingdom, France, United States and the Soviet Union, creating the laws and procedures for the Nuremberg Trials.
1960 - South Kasai secedes from the Congo.
1963 – The Great Train Robbery occurs in England. Thieves steal 2.6 million pounds.
1963 - Zimbabwe's main political party, ZANU, is founded.
1967 – ASEAN is founded by Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia.
1969 - At a zebra crossing in London, Iain Macmillan takes the photograph that becomes the cover of The Beatles' Abbey Road album.
1973 - Kim Dae Jung, future South Korean President, is kidnapped.
1974 – Richard Nixon announces his resignation as President of the United States, due to the Watergate scandal. Gerald Ford becomes President the next day.
1975 - 62 dams break in China, killing a total of over 231,000 people, in the worst-ever reservoir disaster.
1983 - President Efrain Rios Montt is removed from power in Guatemala.
1988 – The 8888 Uprising against Burma's military regime occurs.
1989 - Space Shuttle Columbia takes on a secret five-day military mission.
1990 - Iraq occupies Kuwait, as Iraq declares it to be part of its territory.
1991 – In Poland, the world-famous Warsaw Radio Mast collapses.
1994 - Yitzhak Rabin visits Jordan for the first time.
1997 - Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque in Gibraltar opens. It is Europe's southernmost Mosque, and was a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.
2000 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface, 136 years after it sank.
From 2001
2001 - Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman divorce.
2007 - An EFF 2 tornado touches down in Kings County and Richmond County, New York, as the most powerful tornado to hit the state.
2008 – The Summer Olympics begin in Beijing, China, at exactly 8:08:08pm local time.
2008 - A EuroCity express train strikes part of a motorway bridge that had fallen on the railway track near Studenka Railway Station in the Czech Republic, killing 8 people and injuring 64.
2009 - Nine people are killed when a tour helicopter and a small private airplane collide over the Hudson River at Hoboken, New Jersey.
2010 - A mudslide in Zhungqu County, Gansu Province, China, kills over 1,400 people.
2013 - A suicide bombing at a funeral in Quetta, Pakistan, kills at least 31 people.
2016 - Japanese Emperor Akihito indicates that he might want to abdicate.
2016 - A bomb attack in Quetta, Pakistan, kills over 70 people.
2017 - US President Donald Trump threatens North Korea with "fire and fury" over its nuclear tests in the continuing stand-off between the two countries.
Births
Up to 1900
422 - Casper II, Maya ruler (d. 487)
1079 - Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
1170 - Saint Dominic, friar and founder of the Dominicans (d. 1221)
1306 - Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (d. 1353)
1518 - Conrad Lycosthenes, French-born German humanist (d. 1561)
1605 - Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, British colonial Governor of Maryland (d. 1675)
1646 - Godfrey Kneller, German-born painter (d. 1723)
1693 - Laurent Belissen, French composer (d. 1762)
1694 – Francis Hutcheson, Scottish-Irish philosopher (d. 1746)
1720 - Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish politician (d. 1796)
1748 - Johann Friedrich Gmelin, German physician and naturalist (d. 1804)
1754 - Hipólito Ruiz López, Spanish botanist (d. 1815)
1790 - Ferenc Kölcsey, Hungarian poet and politician (d. 1838)
1797 - Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, French painter (d. 1890)
1824 – Maria Alexandrovna, Tsarina of Russia (d. 1880)
1832 - George, King of Saxony (d. 1904)
1839 - Nelson A. Miles, American general (d. 1925)
1846 - Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland (d. 1920)
1849 - Vera Zasulich, Russian writer and revolutionary (d. 1919)
1857 - Cécile Chaminade, French composer and pianist (d. 1944)
1861 - William Bateson, British geneticist (d. 1925)
1875 – Artur da Silva Bernardes, President of Brazil (d. 1955)
1876 - Varghese Payapilly Palakkapilly, Indian Syrian Catholic priest (d. 1929)
1879 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1919)
1879 - Bob Smith, American founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (d. 1950)
1880 - Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1961)
1881 - Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal (d. 1954)
1882 - Ladislas Starevich, Polish stop-motion animator (d. 1965)
1882 - Oscar K. Allen, American politician, Governor of Louisiana (d. 1936)
1884 - Sara Teasdale, American poet (d. 1933)
1891 - Adolf Busch, German violinist (d. 1952)
1896 – Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, American writer (d. 1953)
1900 - Victor Young, American violinist, composer and bandleader (d. 1956)
1901 1950
1901 – Nina Berberova, Russian writer (d. 1993)
1901 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist (d. 1958)
1902 – Paul Dirac, British physicist (d. 1984)
1904 – Ciriaco Errasti, Spanish footballer (d. 1984)
1904 – Achille Varzi, Italian racing driver (d. 1948)
1907 – Benny Carter, American musician (d. 2003)
1908 – Arthur Goldberg, US Supreme Court Justice (d. 1990)
1909 – Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, 9th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1977)
1909 – Jack Renshaw, Australian politician, 31st Premier of New South Wales (d. 1987)
1910 – Sylvia Sidney, American actress (d. 1999)
1913 – Boris Afanasiev, Russian ice hockey player, coach and footballer (d. 1983)
1914 – Unity Mitford, British fascist sympathiser (d. 1948)
1915 – James Elliott, American runner and coach (d. 1981)
1919 – Dino de Laurentiis, Italian movie producer (d. 2010)
1919 – Ciriaco Cañete, Filipino martial artist (d. 2016)
1919 – Samuel Pearson Goddard, American politician, 12th Governor of Arizona (d. 2006)
1920 – Leo Chiosso, Italian lyricist (d. 2006)
1920 – Carol Lambrino, Romanian royal (d. 2006)
1920 – Jimmy Witherspoon, American singer (d. 1997)
1921 – Esther Williams, American swimmer and actress (d. 2013)
1921 – John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist (d. 1979)
1922 – Alberto Granado, Argentine-Cuban biochemist, writer and travel companion of Che Guevara (d. 2011)
1922 – Rory Calhoun, American actor (d. 1999)
1922 – Rudi Gernreich, Austrian-American fashion designer (d. 1985)
1922 – Gertrude Himmelfarb, American historian
1923 – Antonio Qarracino, Argentine cardinal (d. 1998)
1923 – Jimmy Witherspoon, American blues and jazz singer (d. 1997)
1925 – Alija Izetbegovic, Bosnian politician (d. 2003)
1926 – Richard Anderson, American actor (d. 2017)
1927 – Johnny Temple, American baseball player (d. 1994)
1928 – Simon Diaz, Venezuelan musician, singer and composer (d. 2014)
1929 – Ronald Biggs, British train robber (d. 2013)
1929 – Leoncio Evita Enoy, Equatorial Guinean writer (d. 1996)
1930 – Jerry Tarkanian, American basketball player (d. 2015)
1930 – Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib, Bengali Mother of the Nation (d. 1975)
1930 – Joan Mondale, American wife of former US Vice President Walter Mondale (d. 2014)
1930 – Terry Nation, Welsh author and screenwriter (d. 1997)
1931 – Roger Penrose, British physicist
1932 – Luis García Meza Tejada, Bolivian leader (d. 2018)
1932 – Zito, Brazilian footballer (d. 2015)
1933 – Joe Tex, American singer (d. 1982)
1934 – Sarat Pujari, Indian actor, director and movie producer (d. 2014)
1935 – Donald P. Bellisario, American screenwriter and producer
1936 - Erol Büyükburç, Turkish singer, composer and actor (d. 2015)
1937 – Dustin Hoffman, American actor
1937 – Cornelis Vreeswijk, Dutch-Swedish composer and poet (d. 1987)
1938 – Connie Stevens, American actress, singer, director and producer
1939 – Phil Balsley, baritone singer
1940 – Dennis Tito, American businessman and space tourist
1941 – George Tiller, American physician and abortion rights activist (d. 2009)
1942 – Dennis Canavan, Scottish politician
1943 – Denis Payton, British saxophonist
1943 – Alan Boswell, English footballer (d. 2017)
1944 – John Renbourn, British guitarist and songwriter (d. 2015)
1944 – John Holmes, American pornographic actor (d. 1988)
1946 – Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1947 – Miguel Blesa, Spanish banker (d. 2017)
1947 – Philip Nitschke, Australian humanist and found of Exit International
1948 - Akira Matsunaga, Japanese footballer
1948 – Svetlana Savitskaya, Soviet cosmonaut
1949 – Keith Carradine, American actor and singer
1950 – Martine Aubry, French politician
1950 – Lucjan Lis, Polish cyclist (d. 2015)
1951 1975
1951 – Louis van Gaal, Dutch football manager
1951 - Mohamed Morsi, former President of Egypt (d. 2019)
1952 – Jostein Gaarder, Norwegian writer
1953 – Nigel Mansell, British racing driver
1955 – Herbert Prohaska, Austrian footballer
1956 - Cecilia Roth, Argentine actress
1956 - David Grant, British singer and vocal coach
1956 - Chris Foreman, British guitarist and songwriter (Madness)
1957 - Dennis Drew, American keyboardist
1958 - Akihiro Nishimura, Japanese footballer
1960 - Ulrich Maly, German politician, 16th Mayor of Nuremberg
1961 – The Edge, Irish musician (U2)
1961 – Rikki Rockett, American drummer
1962 - Mike Zanier, Canadian ice hockey player
1963 - Hur Jin-ho, South Korean director and screenwriter
1963 - Jordan K. Hubbard, American computer scientist
1964 - Giuseppe Conte, Italian politician, Prime Minister of Italy
1964 – Klaus Ebner, Austrian writer
1964 - Scott Sandelin, American ice hockey player and coach
1966 – Chris Eubank, British boxer
1967 - Eric Angle, American wrestler
1967 - Marcelo Balboa, American soccer player
1968 – Huey Morgan, American singer and guitarist
1969 - Faye Wong, Chinese singer and actress
1970 - Pascal Duquenne, Belgian actor and Paralympic sportsman
1970 - Chester Williams, South African rugby union player (d. 2019)
1972 - Andrea de Rossi, Italian rugby player and coach
1972 - Axel Merckx, Belgian cyclist
1972 - Steven Tweed, Scottish footballer
1974 - Brian Harvey, English singer (East 17)
1975 - Makoto Tanaka, Japanese footballer
From 1976
1976 – JC Chasez, American singer
1976 - Laura Kuenssberg, Scottish journalist, BBC News Political Editor
1976 - Drew Lachey, American singer and actor
1976 - Lee Seung-Yeop, South Korean baseball player
1977 – Szilárd Németh, Slovakian footballer
1977 - Kurt Bernard, Costa Rican footballer
1977 - Rocky Thompson, Canadian ice hockey player
1977 - Mohammad Wasim, Pakistani cricketer
1978 – Massamasso Tchangai, Togolese footballer (d. 2010)
1978 – Louis Saha, French footballer
1979 - Gudjon Valur Sigurdsson, Icelandic handball player
1980 - Michael Urie, American actor
1981 – Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player
1981 - Vanessa Amorosi, Australian singer-songwriter
1981 - Bradley McIntosh, British singer (S Club)
1982 - Brandon Gay, American basketball player
1982 - David Florence, Scottish canoe racer
1984 – Kirk Broadfoot, Scottish footballer
1984 - Owen Jones, English journalist and writer
1985 - Toby Flood, English rugby player
1986 - Kateryna Bondarenko, Ukrainian tennis player
1986 - Peyton List, American actress
1987 – Katie Leung, Scottish actress
1987 - Pierre Boulanger, French actor
1988 – Princess Beatrice of York, member of the British Royal family
1988 - Danilo Gallinari, Italian basketball player
1988 - Flavia Bujor, Romanian-French novelist
1989 - Hannah Miley, British swimmer
1990 - Oti Mabuse, South African professional dancer
1991 - Nélson Oliveira, Portuguese footballer
1991 - Joel Matip, German footballer
1995 – Malin Reitan, Norwegian singer
1998 - Shawn Mendes, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
Deaths
Up to 1900
117 – Trajan, Roman Emperor (b. 53)
869 – Lothair II of Lotharingia (b. 825)
1303 - Henry of Castile the Senator (b. 1230)
1445 - Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer
1533 - Lucas van Leyden, Dutch painter (b. 1494)
1553 - Girolamo Fracastoro, Italian physician (b. 1478)
1604 - Horio Tadauji, Japanese warlord (b. 1578)
1631 - Konstantinas Sirvydas, Lithuanian lexicographer (b. 1579)
1719 - Christoph Ludwig Agricola, German painter (b. 1667)
1746 – Francis Hutcheson, Scottish-Irish philosopher (b. 1694)
1747 - Madeleine de Vercheres, New France heroine (b. 1678)
1759 - Carl Heinrich Graun, German composer (b. 1704)
1824 - Friedrich August Wolf, German philologist (b. 1759)
1827 – George Canning, shortest-serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1770)
1828 - Carl Peter Thunberg, Swedish naturalist (b. 1743)
1854 - Zenaide Laetitia Julie Bonaparte, daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte (b. 1801)
1876 - Adolph Tidemand, Norwegian painter (b. 1814)
1879 - Immanuel Hermann Fichte, German philosopher (b. 1797)
1882 - Gouverneur Kimble Warren, American general (b. 1830)
1887 – Alexander William Doniphan, American lawyer and soldier (b. 1808)
1897 - Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss art historian (b. 1818)
1898 – Eugène Boudin, French painter (b. 1824)
1899 - William Yates Atkinson, American politician, Governor of Georgia (b. 1854)
1901 2000
1902 – James Tissot, French artist (b. 1836)
1909 - Mary MacKillop, Scottish-born Australian Catholic nun and Saint (b. 1842)
1911 – William P. Frye, American politician (b. 1830)
1918 - Michel Zevaco, French writer (b. 1860)
1928 - Stjepan Radic, Croatian politician (b. 1871)
1930 - Launceston Elliot, Scottish weightlifter (b. 1874)
1940 – Johnny Dodds, jazz musician (b. 1892)
1944 – Chaim Soutine, Russian painter (b. 1894)
1950 - Fergus McMaster, Australian businessman (Qantas) (b. 1879)
1959 - Albert Namatjira, Australian artist (b. 1902)
1961 - Mei Lanfang, Chinese writer (b. 1916)
1962 - Kunio Yanagita, Japanese writer and ethnologist (b. 1875)
1965 – Shirley Jackson, American writer (b. 1919)
1972 – Andrea Feldman, actor (b. 1948)
1973 - Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish writer and historian (b. 1898)
1973 - Nikos Zachariades, Greek Communist politician (b. 1893)
1974 – Baldur von Schirach, Nazi Youth leader (b. 1907)
1975 – Cannonball Adderley, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1928)
1977 – Edgar Douglas Adrian, English doctor, won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1889)
1985 – Louise Brooks, silent movie actress (b. 1906)
1987 – Danilo Blanusa, Croatian mathematician (b. 1903)
1988 - Alan Napier, English-American actor (b. 1903)
1991 – James Irwin, astronaut (b. 1930)
1991 - Julissa Gomez, American gymnast (b. 1972)
1996 - Nevill Francis Mott, British physicist (b. 1905)
1997 – Sviatoslav Richter, Ukrainian pianist (b. 1915)
From 2001
2004 – Fay Wray, American actress (b. 1907)
2005 - Ilse Werner, German actress (b. 1921)
2005 - Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress (b. 1922)
2009 – Daniel Jarque, Spanish footballer (b. 1983)
2010 – Massamasso Tchangai, Togolese footballer (b. 1978)
2010 – Patricia Neal, American actress (b. 1926)
2012 - Sancho Gracia, Spanish entertainer (b. 1936)
2013 - Igor Kurnosov, Russian chess player (b. 1985)
2013 - Karen Black, American actress (b. 1939)
2013 - Barbara Mertz, American author (b. 1927)
2013 - Jack Clement, American record and music producer, singer and songwriter (b. 1931)
2014 - Danny Murphy, American actor (b. 1955)
2014 - Menahem Golan, Israeli director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1929)
2014 - Peter Sculthorpe, Australian composer and conductor (b. 1929)
2014 - J. J. Murphy, Northern Irish actor (b. 1928)
2015 - Sean Price, American rapper (b. 1972)
2015 - Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, Indian independence activist (b. 1915)
2015 - Gus Mortson, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1925)
2016 - Edward Daly, Irish Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1933)
2017 - Glen Campbell, American singer (b. 1936)
2017 - Barbara Cook, American singer and actress (b. 1927)
2017 - Dick MacPherson, American football player (b. 1930)
2017 - Gonzague Saint Bris, French novelist and biographer (b. 1948)
2017 - Janet Seidel, Australian jazz singer (b. 1955)
2017 - Cathleen Synge Morawetz, Canadian mathematician (b. 1923)
2017 - Blanche Blackwell, Jamaican socialite (b. 1912)
2017 - Eugene Burger, American magician and philosopher (b. 1939)
2017 - Rius, Mexican intellectual, political cartoonist and writer (b. 1934)
2017 - Ken Roberts, English rugby league player
2018 - Nicholas Bett, Kenyan athlete (b. 1990)
2018 - Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (b. 1981)
2018 - Takeshi Onaga, Japanese politician and governor of Okinawa Prefecture (b. 1950)
2018 - Mikhail Shakhov, Ukrainian wrestler (b. 1931)
2019 - Ernie Colón, American comic artist (b. 1931)
2019 - Manfred Max-Neef, Chilean economist (b. 1932)
2019 - Jean-Pierre Mocky, French film director, screenwriter and actor (b. 1929)
2019 - Dave Parks, American football player (b. 1941)
2019 - Fabrizio Saccomanni, Italian politician and economist (b. 1942)
Observances
Father's Day (Taiwan)
Chocolate Day (Chile)
International Cat Day
August 08 |
9105 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi | Kimchi | Kimchi (; ; ), also spelled kimchee or gimchi, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with many seasonings. In traditional preparation, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months. There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient.
Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily. However, when it is exposed to hot weather for certain time, kimchi turns sour. So, it should not be put out unless it is going to be eaten soon. In Korea kimchi pots are a common sight. They are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. Kimchi usually takes about 2 weeks to ferment, but some varieties can be eaten right away. Some must be stored for over a year to be finished.
The fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.
Varieties
Every different kind of kimchi has a special taste and a different amount of time to ferment. Baechu Kimchi is one of the most famous kimchi. Kkakdugi is made of cubed Korean radish (mu). It’s especially contains more water and is hard to chew. Baek kimchi uses milder ingredients. It’s not spicy. Chonggak kimchi has a smallish white radish that comes with a ponytail. Gat kimchi is made from dark green Korean mustard (gat) leaves and stems. These can be kept for months or even longer. As these age, they taste like lemons. Oi Sobagi has a refreshing, cool, and hot taste. Cucumber is the main ingredient for it. It can be kept for about a week. As it ages, it also taste like a lemon. Dongchimi is a food and a beverage all in one. When it ferments, it becomes sweet and taste a lot like lemon water. It can be kept for about a month.
Preparation
The most common variety of kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. The cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. Coarse rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. Red peppers are also rubbed in and most Kimchi has a lot of pepper in it. The radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. A little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made. The amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. Most kimchi has a special taste with shrimp or fish. The kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. It is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. Kimchi can be kept for a long time and does not go bad. Koreans make kimchi with their families in December.
References
Korean food |
9106 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Altman | Robert Altman | Robert Bernard Altman (February 20, 1925 - November 20, 2006) was an American movie director. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri and died of leukemia in Los Angeles, California. In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award.
His movies MASH (1970), McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), and Nashville (1975) have been selected to keep in the United States National Film Registry.
Personal life
In the 1960s, Altman lived for nine years with his second wife in Mandeville Canyon in Brentwood, California. He moved to Malibu but in 1981 sold that home and the Lion's Gate production company. "I had no choice", he told the New York Times. "Nobody was answering the phone" after the flop of Popeye. He moved his family and business headquarters to New York. Eventually he moved back to Malibu, where he lived until his death.
In November 2000, he said he would move to Paris if George W. Bush were elected. He joked that he had meant Paris, Texas when Bush became president. Altman was an outspoken marijuana user. He was a member of the NORML advisory board. He was against the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Death
Altman died on November 20, 2006, at age 81 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He died of complications from leukemia.
Altman is survived by his wife, Kathryn Reed Altman; six children, Christine Westphal, Michael Altman, Stephen Altman (his production designer of choice for many movies), Connie Corriere, Robert Reed Altman, and Matthew Altman; 12 grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren.
The movie director Paul Thomas Anderson dedicated his 2007 movie There Will Be Blood to Altman.
Filmography
Shorts
Motion pictures
Television work
Television movies and miniseries
Nightmare in Chicago (1964) [previously "Once Upon a Savage Night" in Kraft Suspense Theater]
Precious Blood (1982) – Television film written by Frank South
Rattlesnake in a Cooler (1982) – Television film written by Frank South
Secret Honor (1984)
The Laundromat (1985) (60 min.)
Basements (1987) – two one-act plays by Harold Pinter: The Dumb Waiter and The Room (the former was released to video as its own feature by Prism Entertainment)
Tanner '88 (1988) – six-hour mini-series for HBO
The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (1988) – Television film based on the play by Herman Wouk
Vincent & Theo (1990) – British Mini-series in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature movie.
McTeague (1992) – an opera for PBS
The Real McTeague (1993) – making of "McTeague", also for PBS
Black and Blue (1993) – an Emmy nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' "Great Performances"
Robert Altman's Jazz '34 (1996) – PBS special about the music from Kansas City
Tanner on Tanner (2004) – two-hour mini-series for the Sundance Channel, a follow-up to Tanner '88
Television episodes
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957–58)
ep. 3–9: "The Young One" (air-date December 1, 1957)
ep. 3–15: "Together" (a.d. January 12, 1958)
M Squad (1958) ep. 1–21: "Lover's Lane Killing" (a.d. February 14, 1958)
The Millionaire aka If You Had A Million (1958–59)
directed by Altman
ep No. 148 / 5–14: "Pete Hopper: Afraid of the Dark" (a.d. December 10, 1958)
ep No. 162 / 5–28: "Henry Banning: The Show Off" (a.d. April 1, 1959)
ep No. 185 / 6–14: "Jackson Greene: The Beatnik" (a.d. December 22, 1959)
written by Altman
ep No. 160 / 5–26: "Alicia Osante: Beauty and the Sailor" (a.d. March 18, 1959)
ep No. 174 / 6-3: "Lorraine Dagget: The Beach Story" [story] (a.d. September 29, 1959)
ep No. 183 / 6–12: "Andrew C. Cooley: Andy and Clara" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
Whirlybirds (1958–59)
ep. No. 71 / 2–32: "The Midnight Show" (a.d. December 8, 1958)
ep. No. 79 / 3-1: "Guilty of Old Age" (a.d. April 13, 1959)
ep. No. 80 / 3-2: "A Matter of Trust" (a.d. April 6, 1959)
ep. No. 81 / 3-3: "Christmas in June" (a.d. April 20, 1959)
ep. No. 82 / 3–4: "Til Death Do Us Part" (unknown air-date, probably April 27, 1959)
ep. No. 83 / 3–5: "Time Limit" (a.d. May 4, 1959)
ep. No. 84 / 3–6: "Experiment X-74" (a.d. May 11, 1959)
ep. No. 87 / 3–9: "The Challenge" (a.d. June 1, 1959)
ep. No. 88 / 3–10: "The Big Lie" (a.d. June 8, 1959)
ep. No. 91 / 3–13: "The Perfect Crime" (a.d. June 29, 1959)
ep. No. 92 / 3–14: "The Unknown Soldier" (a.d. July 6, 1959)
ep. No. 93 / 3–15: "Two of a Kind" (a.d. July 13, 1959)
ep. No. 94 / 3–16: "In Ways Mysterious" (a.d. July 20, 1959)
ep. No. 97 / 3–19: "The Black Maria" (a.d. August 10, 1959)
ep. No. 98 / 3–20: "The Sitting Duck" (a.d. August 17, 1959)
U.S. Marshal (original title: Sheriff of Cochise) (1959)
verified
ep. 4–17: "The Triple Cross"
ep. 4–23: "Shortcut to Hell"
ep. 4–25: "R.I.P." (a.d. June 6, 1959)
uncertain; some sources cite Altman on these episodes; no known source cites anybody else
ep. 4–18: "The Third Miracle"
ep. 4–31: "Kill or Be Killed"
ep. 4–32: "Backfire"
ep. "Tapes For Murder"
ep. "Special Delivery"
ep. "Paper Bullets"
ep. "Tarnished Star"
Troubleshooters (1959) (13 episodes)
Hawaiian Eye (1959) ep. 8: "Three Tickets to Lani" (a.d. November 25, 1959)
Sugarfoot (1959–60)
ep. No. 47 / 3–7: "Apollo With A Gun" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
ep. No. 50 / 3–10: "The Highbinder" (a.d. January 19, 1960)
Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1960)
ep. "The Sound of Murder" (a.d. January 1, 1960)
ep. "Death of a Dream"
The Gale Storm Show aka Oh! Susanna (1960) ep. No. 125 / 4–25: "It's Magic" (a.d. March 17, 1960)
Bronco (1960) ep No. 41 / 3-1: "The Mustangers" (a.d. October 17, 1960)
Maverick (1960) ep. #90: "Bolt From the Blue" (a.d. November 27, 1960)
The Roaring '20s (1960–61)
ep. 1–5: "The Prairie Flower" (a.d. November 12, 1960)
ep. 1–6: "Brother's Keeper" (a.d. November 19, 1960)
ep. 1–8: "White Carnation" (a.d. December 3, 1960)
ep. 1–12: "Dance Marathon" (a.d. January 14, 1961)
ep. 1–15: "Two a Day" (a.d. February 4, 1961)
ep. 1–28&29: "Right Off the Boat" Parts 1 & 2 (a.d. May 13/20, 1961)
ep. 1–31: "Royal Tour" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
ep. 2–4: "Standing Room Only" (a.d. October 28, 1961)
Bonanza (1960–61)
ep. 2–13: "Silent Thunder" (a.d. December 10, 1960)
ep. 2–19: "Bank Run" (a.d. January 28, 1961)
ep. 2–25: "The Duke" (a.d. March 11, 1961)
ep. 2–28: "The Rival" (a.d. April 15, 1961)
ep. 2–31: "The Secret" (a.d. May 6, 1961)
ep. 2–32 "The Dream Riders" (a.d. May 20, 1961)
ep. 2–34: "Sam Hill" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
ep. 3–7: "The Many Faces of Gideon Finch" (a.d. November 5, 1961)
Lawman (1961) ep. No. 92 / 3–16: "The Robbery" (a.d. January 1, 1961)
Surfside 6 (1961) ep. 1–18: "Thieves Among Honor" (a.d. Jan 30, 1961)
Peter Gunn (1958) ep. 3–28: "The Murder Bond" (a.d. April 24, 1961)
Bus Stop (1961–62)
ep. 4: "The Covering Darkness" (a.d. October 22, 1961)
ep. 5: "Portrait of a Hero" (a.d. October 29, 1961)
ep. 8: "Accessory By Consent" (a.d. November 19, 1961)
ep. 10: "A Lion Walks Among Us" (a.d. December 3, 1961)
ep. 12: "... And the Pursuit of Evil" (a.d. December 17, 1961)
ep. 15: "Summer Lightning" (a.d. January 7, 1962)
ep. 23: "Door Without a Key" (a.d. March 4, 1962)
ep. 25: "County General" [possibly failed pilot] (a.d. March 18, 1962)
Route 66 (1961)
ep. #40/2-10: "Some of the People, Some of the Time' (a.d. December 1, 61)
ep. 3–17: "A Gift For A Warrior" (a.d. January 18, 1963) – often incorrectly cited, Altman did not direct this
The Gallant Men (1962) pilot: "Battle Zone" (a.d. October 5, 1962)
Combat! (1962–63)
ep. 1-1: "Forgotten Front" (a.d. October 2, 1962)
ep. 1–2: "Rear Echelon Commandos" (a.d. October 9, 1962)
ep. 1–4: "Any Second Now" (a.d. October 23, 1962)
ep. 1–7: "Escape to Nowhere" (a.d. December 20, 1962)
ep. 1–9: "Cat and Mouse" (a.d. December 4, 1962)
ep. 1–10: "I Swear By Apollo" (a.d. December 11, 1962)
ep. 1–12: "The Prisoner" (a.d. December 25, 1962)
ep. 1–16: "The Volunteer" (a.d. January 22, 1963)
ep. 1–20: "Off Limits" (a.d. February 19, 1963)
ep. 1–23: "Survival" (a.d. March 12, 1963)
Kraft Suspense Theatre (1963)
ep 1–8: "The Long Lost Life of Edward Smalley" (also writer) (a.d. December 12, 1963)
ep 1–9: "The Hunt" (also writer) (a.d. December 19, 1963)
ep 1–21: "Once Upon a Savage Night"
released as Television film Nightmare in Chicago in 1964
The Long Hot Summer (1965) pilot
Nightwatch (1968) pilot: "The Suitcase"
Premiere (1968) ep. "Walk in the Sky" (a.d. July 15, 1968)
Saturday Night Live (1977) ep. No. 39 / 2–16 "h: Sissy Spacek", seg. "Sissy's Roles" (a.d. March 12, 1977)
Gun (aka Robert Altman's Gun) (1997) ep. 4: "All the President's Women" (a.d. May 10, 1997)
this episode, along with another, was released on DVD as Gun: Fatal Betrayal; subsequently, the entire six-episode series was released
Awards and nominations
Academy Awards:
1971: Best Director (MASH, nominated)
1976: Best Picture (Nashville, nominated)
1976: Best Director (Nashville, nominated)
1993: Best Director (The Player, nominated)
1994: Best Director (Short Cuts, nominated)
2002: Best Picture (Gosford Park, nominated)
2002: Best Director (Gosford Park, nominated)
2006: Honorary Oscar (won)BAFTA Awards:
1971: Best Direction (MASH, nominated)
1979: Best Direction (A Wedding, nominated)
1979: Best Screenplay (A Wedding, nominated)
1993: Best Film (The Player, nominated)
1993: Best Direction (The Player, won)
2002: Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film (Gosford Park, won)
2002: David Lean Award for Direction (Gosford Park, nominated)
Berlin International Film Festival:
1976: Golden Berlin Bear (Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson, won)
1985: FIPRESCI Prize – Forum of New Cinema (Secret Honor, won)
1999: Golden Berlin Bear (Cookie's Fortune, nominated)
1999: Prize of the Guild of German Art House Cinemas (Cookie's Fortune, won)
2002: Honorary Golden Berlin Bear (won)
2006: Golden Berlin Bear (A Prairie Home Companion, nominated)
2006: Reader Jury of the "Berliner Morgenpost" (A Prairie Home Companion, won)Cannes Film Festival:
1970: Golden Palm (MASH, won)
1972: Golden Palm (Images, nominated)
1977: Golden Palm (3 Women, nominated)
1986: Golden Palm (Fool for Love, nominated)
1987: Golden Palm (Aria, nominated)
1992: Golden Palm (The Player, nominated)
1992: Best Director (The Player, won)
1996: Golden Palm (Kansas City, nominated)
Directors Guild of America Awards:
1971: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (MASH, nominated)
1976: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Nashville, nominated)
1993: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (The Player, nominated)
1994: Lifetime Achievement Award (won)
2005: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television (Tanner on Tanner, nominated)Emmy Awards:
1989: Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Tanner '88, won)
1993: Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program (Great Performances – Black and Blue, nominated)
Golden Globe Awards:
1971: Best Director (MASH, nominated)
1976: Best Director (Nashville, nominated)
1993: Best Director (The Player, nominated)
1994: Best Screenplay (Short Cuts, nominated)
2002: Best Director (Gosford Park, won)Independent Spirit Awards:
1994: Best Director (Short Cuts, won)
1994: Best Screenplay (Short Cuts, won)
1995: Best Feature (Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle, nominated)
2000: Best Feature (Cookie's Fortune, nominated)
2007: Best Director (A Prairie Home Companion, nominated)
Venice Film Festival:
1993: Golden Lion (Short Cuts, won)
1996: Career Golden Lion (won')
2000: Golden Lion (Dr T and the Women'', nominated)
References
Other websites
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
American movie actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
BAFTA Award winning directors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from leukemia
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Movie directors from Missouri
Movie producers from Missouri
Screenwriters from Missouri
1925 births
2006 deaths |
9107 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20Veterans%20Memorial | Vietnam Veterans Memorial | The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called the Wall, honors the men and women who died in the Vietnam War. It is a black granite wall which has the names of every American killed in the war. It was designed by Maya Lin in 1981 and is in Washington, DC.
Sources
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Military monuments and memorials in the United States
Vietnam War
National Memorials of the United States |
9109 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Lin | Maya Lin | Maya Ying Lin (born October 10, 1959) is a Chinese-American architect and artist. She is most famous for her Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC and the Civil Rights Monument in Montgomery, Alabama. In 2016, Lin was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama.
References
American architects
1959 births
Living people |
9113 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter | Manslaughter | Manslaughter is the crime of killing a person. When a person is killed, lawyers also look at the reasons, and motives why this person was killed. If the death of a person was not on purpose, but the killer did something that resulted in the death of the another person, this is usually called manslaughter, in English. It is less serious than if a person was killed on purpose (sometimes with planning involved), which is called murder, in English. Killing someone in self-defence may be manslaughter. Depending on the circumstances, killing in self-defence may be no crime at all. Negligent homicide is an even lesser crime.
Manslaughter is a relatively new legal concept. It was first mentioned in an English statute in 1547, but was interpreted very loosely and not earnestly enforced, instead usually charging with murder. Very few countries had manslaughter on their books until the latter half of the 20th century. In fact, no jurisdiction in the United States had manslaughter on its books until the 20th century. England and the United States were the first two countries to introduce manslaughter into their laws.
Laws
Legal dictionary |
9114 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok | Bangkok | Bangkok (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร) is the capital city of Thailand. In 2010, the city had a population of 9,100,000 people. Since Bangkok has more than 55 times as many people as the second largest city, Nonthaburi, it is a primate city.
Bangkok has a tropical savanna climate (Aw in the Koeppen climate classification).
Bangkok is the world's most popular tourist destination; 23 million visitors stay overnight there per year. The main airport is Suvarnabhumi, 30 kilometers east of Bangkok.
Names
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon is [an] official name; "However, the name Bangkok is still recognised", media says. Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok) is [another form of] the official name.
In Thailand, the city is called Krung Thep ('city of angels'); The name is short form of a ceremonial name from the rule of one king between 1851 and 1868; The full ceremonial name is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit. A nickname for Bangkok, is The Big Mango.
Sister cities
Washington, D.C., United States
Beijing, China (PRC)
Moscow, Russia
Manila, Philippines (1997)
Saint Petersburg, Russia (1997)
Chaozhou, China (PRC) (2005)
Seoul, South Korea (2006)
Ankara, Turkey (2006)
Hanoi, Vietnam (2006)
Ulanbator, Mongolia (2006)
Brisbane, Australia (2007)
Milan, Italy (2007)
Liverpool, United Kingdom (2007)
Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
Budapest, Hungary (2007)
Sydney, Australia (2007)
Perth, Australia (2007)
Stjørdal, Norway (2009)
Istanbul, Turkey (2009)
Gdańsk, Poland (2009)
Ragunda, Sweden
References
Other websites
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
Bangkok Tourism Division
1782 establishments
Establishments in Thailand
1780s establishments in Asia
Settlements established in the 18th century |
9117 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971 | 1971 | 1971 (MCMLXXI) was .
Events
January 2 – A ban on television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States.
January 3 – BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom
January 18 – Strikes in Poland demand resignation of interior minister Kazimierz Switala. He resigns January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic
January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices. February 14 they sign a treaty with six Persian Gulf countries
January 25 – Charles Manson and three female "family members" are found guilty of the 1969 murder of Sharon Tate and others at Sharon's house
January 25 – Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president
January 25 – Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state
West Pakistan attacks the Republic of India in retaliation and the Republic of India attacks the former East Pakistan.
December 6 – The Government of India recognizes the former East Pakistan region as Bangladesh.
December 16 – East Pakistan becomes a nation as Bangladesh by surrender of West Pakistani combined forces.
DIC, an animation company, is founded in Paris, France
November 24 – During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper hijacks a plane and gets US$200,000 in ransom money. He jumps from the plane and is never seen again (this is the only unsolved skyjacking in history).
Births
January 17 - Sylvie Testud, French actress
February 17 – Denise Richards, American actor
February 25 – Sean Astin, American actor
February 27 – Roman Giertych, Polish Minister of Education
March 10 – Timbaland, American music producer
April 2 – Zeebra, Japanese rapper
April 18 – David Tennant, Scottish actor
April 18 – Aphex Twin, Irish-English musician
May 10 – Kim Jong-nam, Son of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il
June 5 – Mark Wahlberg, American actor and singer
June 16 – Tupac Shakur, American rapper (d. 1996)
July 30 – Tom Green, Canadian actor
August 20 – Ke Huy Quan, Vietnamese-American actor
September 18 – Lance Armstrong, American athlete
October 2 – Tiffany Darwish, American singer & actress
October 13 – Sacha Baron Cohen, English actor and comedian
October 20
Snoop Dogg, American rapper & actor
Dannii Minogue, Australian model & singer, sister of Kylie Minogue
December 24 – Ricky Martin, Puerto Rican singer
Deaths
April 6 – Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (b. 1882)
May 19 – Ogden Nash, American poet (b. 1902)
June 18 – Paul Karrer, Swiss biochemist (b. 1889)
July 3 – Jim Morrison, American singer (The Doors) (b. 1943)
July 6 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (b. 1901)
July 7 – Ub Iwerks, American animator (b. 1901)
September 11 – Nikita Khrushchev, Leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1894)
Movies released
Clockwork Orange
Carnal Knowledge
Duel
Dauria
Dirty Harry
The French Connection
THX 1138
Hit songs
"Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
"Knock Three Times" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
"Stairway to Heaven" – Led Zeppelin
"What's Going On" – Marvin Gaye
"Another Day" – Paul & Linda McCartney
"Black Dog" – Led Zeppelin
"Black Magic Woman" – Santana
"Brown Sugar" – The Rolling Stones
"Coz I Love You" – Slade
"Draggin' the Line" – Tommy James
"Family Affair" – Sly & the Family Stone
"Get It On" – T. Rex
"Go Away Little Girl" – Donny Osmond
"Got to Be There" – Michael Jackson
"Gypsys, Tramps and Thieves" – Cher
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" – The Bee Gees
"I Woke Up in Love This Morning" – The Partridge Family
"If You Really Love Me" – Stevie Wonder
"Imagine" – John Lennon
"Indian Reservation" – The Raiders
"It Don't Come Easy" – Ringo Starr
"It's Too Late" – Carole King
"Maggie Mae" – Rod Stewart
"My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison
"Never Can Say Goodbye" – The Jackson Five
"One Bad Apple" – The Osmonds
"One Less Bell to Answer" – Fifth Dimension
"Peace Train" – Cat Stevens
"Proud Mary" – Ike & Tina Turner
"She's a Lady" – Tom Jones
"Sooner or Later" – The Grass Roots
"Temptation Eyes" – The Grass Roots
"Treat Her Like a Lady" – Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose
"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" – Paul & Linda McCartney
"Where Do I Begin" (Love Story) – Andy Williams |
9118 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987 | 1987 | 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was .
Events
January 3 – Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
February 14–March 7 – Bon Jovi's "Livin' On A Prayer" is the #1 song. It would be 1987's Biggest hit song.
February 22 – The Airbus A320 makes its first flight.
March 7 – The first five Beatles albums, Please Please Me, With the Beatles, A Hard Day's Night, Beatles for Sale and Help! are released on Compact disc. Capitol Records decides to release the original UK mixes of the Beatles albums, which means that the first four CDs are released in mono. This marks the first time that many of these mono mixes were available in the US.
March 4 - Ronald Reagan issues a televised address to apologize to the American people about the Iran-Contra affair.
March 27 – Inspired by The Beatles' 1969 rooftop concert, U2 shoots a music video for the song "Where the Streets Have No Name" on a rooftop in Los Angeles, California.
June 12 – Ronald Reagan challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to "Tear down this wall!" at the Brandenburg Gate.
October – electronic data gathering completely replaces the old sales diary technique in compiling the UK singles and albums chart.
October 7 – Independence of Khalistan is legally declared from the Hindu Indians
October 12 – Twisted Sister breaks up.
October 19 – Mötley Crüe release the song "You're All I Need" as a single. Its lyrics cause MTV to refuse to play its video. Radio stations never play the song either.
November 7 – The first MRT section between Yio Chu Kang and Toa Payoh opened.
December 8 – President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty banning all nuclear weapons.
Births
January 1 – Meryl Davis, American ice dancer
February 16 – Luc Bourdon, Canadian professional ice hockey player (died 2008)
March 9 – Bow Wow, American rapper, actor
March 25 – Nobunari Oda, Japanese figure skater
March 28 – Yui, Japanese musician
April 19 – Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
May 4 – Cesc Fàbregas, Spanish footballer
June 2 – Darin Zanyar, Swedish singer
June 20 - Paweł Rogaliński, Polish journalist
June 24 – Lionel Messi, Argentine footballer
August 7 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player
August 8 – Katie Leung, Scotish actress
August 25 – Blake Lively, American actress and model
August 30 – Johanna Braddy, American actress
September 19 – Danielle Panabaker, American actress
September 22 – Tom Felton, English actor and singer
September 28 – Hilary Duff, American actress and singer
October 3 – Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza, Puerto Rican Miss Universe 2006
October 18 – Zac Efron, American actor
October 24 – Charlie White, American ice dancer
November 3 – Elizabeth Smart, American kidnapping victim
November 18 – Jake Abel, American actor
December 3 – Michael Angarano, American actor
December 7 – Aaron Carter, American pop singer
December 18 – Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater
December 18 – Ayaka, Japanese singer and songwriter
December 29- Katie Blair, actress, model and pageant titleholder
December 31 – Javaris Crittenton, American basketball player
Ming Kipa, youngest person to climb Mount Everest
Alexander von Zweigbergk Väggö, Swedish model
Deaths
February 22 – Andy Warhol, American artist (b. 1928)
March 19 – Louis de Broglie, French physicist (b. 1892)
March 28 – Patrick Troughton, English actor (b. 1920)
May 3 – Dalida, French-Italian actress (b. 1933)
May 14 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (b. 1918)
June 22 – Fred Astaire, American actor, singer, dancer (b. 1899)
August 17 – Rudolf Hess, Nazi leader (b. 1894)
September 11 – Peter Tosh, Jamaican reggae musician (b. 1944)
September 21 – Jaco Pastorius, American jazz bassist (b. 1951)
October 20 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (b. 1903)
November 1 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (b. 1922)
December 4 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American movie director (b. 1897)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics – J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
Chemistry Donald J Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
Medicine – Susumu Tonegawa
Literature – Joseph Brodsky
Peace- Oscar Arias Sanchez
Economics – Robert Solow
Movies released
Beverly Hills Cop ll
Dirty Dancing
Full Metal Jacket
Lethal Weapon
Over the Top
Predator
RoboCop
Three Men and a Baby
The Running Man
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland
Hit songs
"Alone" – Heart
"Beds Are Burning" – Midnight Oil
"Faith" – George Michael
"Hazy Shade of Winter" – The Bangles
"Hot Love" – Twisted Sister
"I Found Someone" – Cher
"I Knew You Were Waiting for Me" – Aretha Franklin & George Michael
"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" – U2
"I Wanna Dance With Somebody (who loves me)" – Whitney Houston
"I Want Your Sex" – George Michael
"Livin' on a Prayer" – Bon Jovi
"Somewhere Out There" – Linda Ronstadt and J. Ingram
"Tonight, Tonight, Tonight" – Genesis
"Walk Like An Egyptian" – The Bangles
"Where the Streets Have No Name" – U2
"Wild Nights, Hot & Crazy Days" – Judas Priest
"With or Without You" – U2
"You Can Call Me Al" – Paul Simon
New books
Legacy – James A. Michener |
9119 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicosis | Silicosis | Silicosis is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs. When people have silicosis, the changes in their body often are cyanosis (when skin goes a blueish color), a fever, when the body gets hotter or being not able to breathe properly. Sometimes doctors do not realize that someone has silicosis, and think that they have other illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis or fluid in the lungs.
It was first noticed in 1705 by Bernardino Ramazzini (an Italian doctor). He saw something that looked like sand in the lungs of stonecutters. The name silicosis is from Visconti in 1870. The name comes from the Latin silex which means flint.
Related pages
Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis
Other websites
"Preventing Silicosis" (not simple English)
Diseases |
9120 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay | Torquay | Torquay (pronounced: "tor-KEE") is a coastal town in Devon, South West England. It is perhaps most famous as birthplace of writer Agatha Christie and setting of the TV show, Fawlty Towers.
Climate
Torquay has one of the smallest average temperature ranges in Britain. It also has one of the mildest Winters in Britain.
The warmest temperature recorded was on 28 June 1976.
The coldest temperature recorded was on 26 December (Boxing Day) 2010.
The warmest nighttime temperature was on 7 August 2003.
The coldest daytime temperature was on 12 January 1987.
The town is one of the sunniest areas of the south-west.
Fog is most common during September.
Hail is most common during March.
Thunder is most common during June.
Tornadoes are extremely rare, but there is a 0.08 % chance of one during June and September.
References
Torquay |
9126 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Sachs | Andrew Sachs | Andrew Sachs (Andreas Siegfried Sachs, 7 April 1930 – 23 November 2016) was a German-British actor.
Sachs was born in Berlin. His family was Jewish. In 1938, they left Germany for London, shortly after Adolf Hitler became Germany's leader.
Sachs is best known for his role as Manuel on Fawlty Towers. He also played Albert Einstein in a 1996 episode of Nova on PBS, and provided all the voices in the English version of the 1994 movie version of Faust.
He was involved in a controversy when Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross left obscene phone messages on his answerphone stating that Brand had had sex with his granddaughter Georgina Baillie, a member of the Satanic Sluts.
Sachs died on 23 November 2016 at a nursing home in Northwood, London from vascular dementia, aged 86.
References
Other websites
Andrew Sachs at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
1930 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Actors from London
British movie actors
British television actors
British voice actors
Deaths from vascular dementia
Disease-related deaths in London
German Jews
Jewish British actors
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom |
9130 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Seven%20Samurai | The Seven Samurai | The Seven Samurai is a Japanese movie, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, and released in 1954.
Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in 1587, which is the 15th year of Tenshō.
People in a village are worried about thieves and decide to get samurai to help defend them. It is hard to get enough samurai. The samurai that help do it for different reasons. There is a lot of planning while they are waiting for the thieves. There is a big fight with the thieves at the end.
Similar movies
The Magnificent Seven was an American movie Western with a similar story. This is called a remake.
The movie was also adapted into an Japanese anime series in 2004 by GONZO, entitled Samurai 7. The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.
References
Other websites
1954 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa |
9132 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20tube | Vacuum tube | A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.
History
Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.
John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes.
The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead. High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.
Current uses
In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:
Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens.
People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.
References
Electronic components |
9133 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac%20Shakur | Tupac Shakur | Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 - September 13, 1996) was an American rapper and actor who sold many records. Shakur has sold over 75 million albums worldwide as of 2010. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground as "MC New York", eventually branching off as a solo artist.
He was born in East Harlem, New York. Tupac lived in California from age 17. Tupac went to Baltimore school for Arts, where he found it interesting to read Shakespeare's poems which he got very affected by the beauty of rhyming, choosing the word and expression. Later in his music career, this experience in school becomes his personality of his own music style. He was the son of Afeni Shakur, who was a member of the Black Panther party. She had just been released from jail a month before his birth. His family was struggling with poverty. They moved homes often, sometimes they even had to stay in shelters.
On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot several times in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada. He died six days later at the Southern Nevada University Medical Center.
He was also called 2Pac, Pac, Makaveli and also called himself The Don Killuminati. He also holds the Guinness World Record for the highest selling rap/hip hop artist, selling 165 million worldwide and 43 million in the US alone. Shakur was convicted of assault and sexual assault in separate incidents.
His work of music had very big influences on the Hip-Hop/Rap industry in the US and is still loved by lots of people around the world.
Shakur acted in eight films.
Discography
Studio albums
Posthumous
Collaboration
Compilations
Soundtrack appearances
Singles
A Did not chart on the Hot 100 or Hot R&B/Hip-Hop charts (Billboard rules at the time prevented album cuts from charting). Chart peak listed here represents Hot 100 Airplay and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay charts data.
1 Double-A-Side in the U.S.
Filmography
Murder
On September 7, 1996, American rapper Tupac Shakur was wounded in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas. Someone in a Cadillac car drove up to his car and shot him four times. He died in a hospital on September 13. The public never found out who killed him.
Shakur's friend from Death Row Records, Marion "Suge" Knight, was in the car with Shakur, but survived the shooting.
In 2002, reporter Chuck Phillips wrote in the Los Angeles Times that another rapper called Biggie Smalls (The Notorious B.I.G.) could have paid members of the Crips street gang to kill Shakur and that he could have given them the gun.
References
Other websites
2Pac Legacy (official website)
Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
Tupac Legacy Tour
pacside
Tupac Nation
Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American people convicted of assault
Rap musicians from New York
American sex offenders
American television actors
Criminals from New York City
Murdered African-American people
Murdered criminals
Murdered musicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Singers from New York City
Unsolved murders in the United States
1971 births
1996 deaths |
9137 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagerrak | Skagerrak | Skagerrak is a sea in the northern part of Europe between Norway and Denmark. Skagerrak is a part of the North Sea. To the east is Kattegat.
Close to the Norwegian coast is a deep trench (700 m), the rest of the sea is shallow. Oil and gas are produced from rigs in the Skagerrak.
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean |
9139 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat | Kattegat | Kattegat is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.
To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.
The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.
Seas |
9140 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic%20Sea | Baltic Sea | The Baltic Sea is a sea in northern Europe between Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Germany.
Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts. For this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.
For several thousand years, the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores. For that reason there are many cultural similarities in these countries. Since all of these countries are European, this sea is also considered European.
Other websites
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of Europe
Baltic states |
9141 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia | Scandinavia | Scandinavia is a group of countries in northern Europe. Scandinavia is Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Some people also think Finland is part of Scandinavia. Others also say Iceland and the Faroe Islands should count. Most of the time, "Scandinavia" is used to mean places where people speak Scandinavian languages (also called North Germanic languages or Nordic). The Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Finnish) are very similar to each other, and many Scandinavians understand some of the other languages because they are reasonably similar, expect Finnish because it doesn’t belong to the North Germanic language group. Scandinavia is also the smallest region in Europe.
What people mean when they say "Scandinavia" depends on what they think is important at the time. Mostly, when people want to talk about about maps, natural land formations and how the economy works, they say Finland is part of Scandinavia but Iceland isn't. When people want to talk about history and what languages people speak, they say Iceland is part of Scandinavia but Finland isn't.
The Scandinavian Peninsula is a large peninsula reaching west from northern Europe over the north side of the Baltic Sea. Norway, Sweden and some of Finland are on this peninsula. However, Denmark is considered part of Scandinavia in the ethnic sense more often than Finland is. This is because Danish is a Scandinavian language but Finnish is not.
Some people like to say "Nordic countries" instead of "Scandinavia" because they think it is more correct about geography, but the Nordic countries include Norway, Sweden, Denmark (including the Faroe Islands), Finland, and Iceland. These five countries use the Nordic Council to work together on political and cultural activities. Denmark, Sweden, and Finland are also members of the European Union, but only Finland is part of the eurozone, meaning that it uses the Euro as its money. The other Nordic countries still use their own money, called krone or krona (from the word "crowns"). Norway and Iceland, which are not members of the EU, are members of NATO and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Only Denmark is a member of both the EU and NATO.
Geography
Most of the Scandinavian Peninsula has only a few people in it. It has large forests of pine, birch, and spruce trees. The western and northern parts are mountainous; the Scandinavian mountains are some of the oldest in the world. The tallest mountain is Galdhøpiggen in Norway. Denmark (43,098 km2) is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries. It is more densely populated, and most of the land is farmland. Sweden (449,964 km2) is the largest of the Scandinavian countries. It has the most lakes, and the landscape ranges from plains in the south to mountains in the west (along the border with Norway) to tundra in the north. The far north of Scandinavia and Finland is called Lapland, where the Sami people live. Some of them still herd reindeer, but most Sami live in modern houses and have modern jobs, like other Scandinavians.
Vikings
The most famous group of Scandinavians is the Vikings of the Middle Ages. The Vikings attacked and raided but they were also traders, traveling to the Ukraine and starting trade routes to the Middle East.
Vikings from Norway were explorers, crossing the North Atlantic in their longships. They came to Iceland and Greenland and built towns and farms there. The Norwegian explorers also came to the east coast of Canada, where they set up at least one settlement, but it did not last into modern times.
The Vikings from Denmark came to England, where they affected the history and politics and even the English language. Danish raiders attacked England many times with great violence. Sometimes the Danes would ask that the English pay them to go away. These payments were called "Danegeld" (Danish gold). The priests and bishops of churches on the east coast of England wrote a famous prayer: "deliver us, O Lord, from the wrath of the Norsemen!" "Norsemen" is another way to say "men from the north," or the Danes.
Scandinavians in fiction and theater
Much later, in the 19th century (1800s), Richard Wagner and other artists in the Romantic period made operas and other artwork about ancient Germanic culture. They liked the Vikings because they were not Greeks or Romans. They were the first to have the idea of Vikings wearing helmets with wings or horns on them and drinking out of hollowed-out animal horns. Some ancient Germans wore helmets with horns on them, but real Vikings did not. Wagner and his partners deliberately dressed the actors in the opera Ring des Nibelungen so they would look like ancient Germans and so the audience would feel like modern Germans came from medieval Vikings.
History
During the 10th through 13th centuries, when the Christian religion spread through Scandiavia, modern countries started to form there. They came together into three kingdoms:
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
These three Scandinavian kingdoms made the Kalmar Union in 1387 under Queen Margaret I of Denmark. However, in 1523, Sweden left the union. Because of this, civil war broke out in Denmark and Norway. Then, the Protestant Reformation happened, and Catholic and Protestant Christians fought each other. After things settled, the Norwegian Privy Council was abolished: it assembled for the last time in 1537. Denmark and Norway formed another union in 1536, and it lasted until 1814. It turned into the three modern countries Denmark, Norway and Iceland.
The borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway came to the shape they have today in the middle of the seventeenth century: In the 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro, Denmark–Norway gave some territory to Sweden: the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre & Särna and the Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel (in Estonia). The 1658 Treaty of Roskilde forced Denmark–Norway to give the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, and the Norwegian provinces of Båhuslen and Trøndelag to Sweden. In 1660, the Treaty of Copenhagen forced Sweden to give Bornholm and Trøndelag back to Denmark–Norway.
Finland used to be part of Sweden in medieval times. During the wars fought by Napoleon, it became part of Russia.
Other websites
References
Peninsulas
Regions of Europe |
9148 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva%20cars | Minerva cars | In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile.
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France.
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe.
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too).
After worldwar II the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely.
Other websites
Minerva Cars
Automobiles |
9149 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%208 | April 8 |
Events
Up to 1900
217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
1093 - The new Winchester Cathedral is dedicated.
1139 - Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church.
1730 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
1740 - War of Jenkins' Ear: Three British ships capture the Spanish third-rate HMS Princess.
1742 – The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah, in Dublin.
1767 – Ayutthaya kingdom fell to Burmese invaders.
1784 - William Herschel discovers six Galaxies.
1820 – The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos.
1832 – Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Mansfield - Union General Nathaniel Banks' Red River Campaign is thwarted by Confederate General Richard Taylor's forces at Mansfield, Louisiana.
1866 - Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire.
1886 - William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
1893 – First recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA.
1899 – Martha Place becomes the first woman to be executed in an electric chair.
1901 2000
1904 – France and the United Kingdom sign the Entente cordiale.
1904 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
1906 - Auguste Deter, the first-recorded Alzheimer's disease patient, dies at the age of 56.
1908 - Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School.
1910 – The Los Angeles Motordome opened near Playa del Rey, California.
1911 - Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity.
1913 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified requiring direct election of Senators.
1916 – In Corona, California, auto racer Bob Burman crashed through a crowd barrier at the last Boulevard Race, killing himself, his mechanic and a track policeman, and badly injuring five spectators.
1918 – World War I: Actors Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin sell war bonds on the streets of New York City's financial district.
1924 - Sharia courts are banned in Turkey, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms.
1929 – Indian independence movement: At Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw handouts, and bombs in a corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest.
1933 - A majority of voters in Western Australia chooses to secede from Australia in a referendum; the result is not recognised.
1935 – The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law.
1942 – World War II: Siege of Leningrad - Soviet Union forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad.
1952 – In a radio address to the nation from the White House, President Harry S. Truman calls for the seizure of all steel mills in the United States in order to prevent a nationwide strike.
1953 – Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta is convicted by Kenya's British rulers.
1954 - A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair Harvard aircraft collides with a Trans-Canada Airlines Canadian North Star aircraft over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people.
1954 - South African Airways Flight 201 crashes into the sea near Naples, Italy, killing 21 people.
1960 - The Netherlands and West Germany sign an agreement to negotiate the return of German land annexed by the Dutch.
1961 - A large explosion on board the MV Dara in the Persian Gulf kills 238 people.
1967 – In Vienna, Austria, Sandie Shaw wins the twelfth Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Puppet on a String".
1970 - Israeli bombers strike an Egyptian school, killing 46 children.
1971 – a 6-pound meteorite struck a house on Spring Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut.
1973 - Painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso dies in Mougins, France, at the age of 91.
1974 – At the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron breaks baseball great's Babe Ruth's record by hitting his 715th home run.
1975 – Frank Robinson of the Cleveland Indians manages his first game as major league baseball's first African American manager.
1975 – Vietnam War: After spending a week in South Vietnam, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Frederick Weyand gives a report to the U.S. Congress that South Vietnam will fall without additional military aid.
1985 – Bhopal disaster: India files suit against Union Carbide for the disaster which killed an estimated 2,000 and injured another 200,000.
1986 – Clint Eastwood is elected mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California receiving 72% of the vote (voter turnout was also doubled over the previous mayoral election).
1987 – Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigns amid great controversy over racially-charged remarks he had made while on Nightline.
1989 – South Africa In Johannesburg, the Progressive Federal Party, Independent party, National Democratic Movement and the force of "Ontevrede Afrikaners" or dissatisfied Afrikaners merged to form the Democratic Party.
1990 – Twin Peaks premieres.
1992 – Retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announces to the world that he has AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries.
1993 - The Republic of Macedonia joins the UN.
1994 – The body of Kurt Cobain is discovered in his Washington home. He was 27 years old.
2000 – A U.S. Marine Corps V-22 Osprey crashes during landing at Marana, Arizona killing 19.
From 2001
2002 – Ed McMahon files a US$20 million lawsuit against his insurance company and others regarding a toxic mold infecting McMahon's Beverly Hills, California home.
2004 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups.
2005 – Funeral of Pope John Paul II.
2008 – Yo So-yeon becomes the first Korean woman in space.
2013 - Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher dies aged 87 of complications from a stroke. See Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher.
2013 - The self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group is created.
2018 - A suspected chemical attack in Douma, Syria, kills at least 50 people.
2018 - Hungary's general election results in Viktor Orbán winning a third term in office as Prime minister.
Births
Up to 1900
563 BC – Gautama Buddha, religious leader (d. 483 BC)
1320 – King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
1533 - Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (d. 1604)
1536 - Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)
1541 - Michele Mercati, Italian physician (d. 1593)
1605 – King Philip IV of Spain (d. 1665)
1641 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704)
1692 - Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (d. 1770)
1732 - David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor and mathematician (d. 1796)
1761 - William Joseph Chaminade, French priest (d. 1850)
1783 - John Claudius Loudon, Scottish botanist and garden designer (d. 1843)
1793 - Karl Zell, German statesman and philologist (d. 1873)
1798 - Dionysios Solomos, Greek poet (d. 1857)
1815 - Andrew Graham, Irish astronomer (d. 1908)
1818 – King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
1818 - August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892)
1826 - Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican soldier (d. 1890)
1827 - Ramon Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, doctor and diplomat (d. 1898)
1842 – Elizabeth Bacon Custer, wife of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1933)
1859 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian-German philosopher (d. 1938)
1865 – Charles W. Woodworth, Entomologist (d. 1940)
1869 - Harvey Williams Cushing, American neurologist (d. 1939)
1871 - Clarence Hudson White, American photographer (d. 1925)
1872 – Ivan Bloch, physician (d. 1922)
1874 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (d. 1960)
1875 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934)
1885 - Dimitrios Levidis, Greek composer (d. 1951)
1888 - Dennis Chavez, American politician (d. 1962)
1889 - Blanche Stuart Scott, American pilot (d. 1970)
1889 – Sir Adrian Boult, English conductor (d. 1983)
1892 – Mary Pickford, Canadian-born actress, studio founder (d. 1979)
1892 - Richard Neutra, Austrian architect (d. 1970)
1898 - Achille Van Acker, 33rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1969)
1899 - John Christie, English serial killer (d. 1953)
1901 1950
1902 – Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924)
1904 – Ron Hicks, British economist (d. 1989)
1904 - Yves Congar, French cardinal (d. 1995)
1905 – Helen Joseph, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1992)
1908 - Hugo Fregonese, Argentine director and screenwriter (d. 1987)
1910 – George Musso, American football player (d. 2000)
1911 – Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (d. 1995)
1911 – Melvin Calvin, American chemist, 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
1912 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian Olympic and World Champion figure skater (d. 1969)
1912 - Julian Berrendero, Spanish cyclist (d. 1995)
1912 – Alois Brunner, Austrian Nazi (date of death unknown, possibly 2001, 2009 or 2010)
1913 – Sourou-Migan Apithy, President of Benin (d. 1989)
1914 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
1915 - Ivan Supek, Croatian physicist, philosopher and activist (d. 2007)
1917 - Hubertus Ernst, Dutch bishop (d. 2017)
1917 - Grigori Kuzmin, Russian-Estonian astronomer (d. 1988)
1918 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011)
1919 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
1919 – Virginia O'Brien, American actress (d. 2001)
1920 - Carmen McRae, American singer, composer, pianist and actress (d. 1994)
1921 – Franco Corelli, Italian tenor (d. 2003)
1923 – Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (d. 1997)
1923 - George Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
1926 – Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian
1926 – Shecky Greene, American comedian
1926 - Henry N. Cobb, American architect
1926 - Jean-Jacques Pauvert, French publisher and author (d. 2014)
1928 – Leah Rabin, wife of Israeli Premier Yitzhak Rabin (d. 2000)
1929 – Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
1929 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer and composer (d. 1978)
1929 - Renzo De Felice, Italian historian (d. 1996)
1930 – Carlos-Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2010)
1930 - Miller Williams, American poet (d. 2015)
1931 - John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018)
1932 – Iskandar of Johor, 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia (d. 2010)
1932 - József Antall, Hungarian politician (d. 1993)
1933 – Fred Ebb, composer (d. 2004)
1934 - Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (d. 2007)
1938 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat, former United Nations Secretary-General (d. 2018)
1938 - John Hamm, Canadian physician and politician, 25th Premier of Nova Scotia
1939 - Edwin Frederick O'Brien, American cardinal
1939 - Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (d. 1989)
1940 – John Havlicek, American basketball player (d. 2019)
1941 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
1942 - Douglas Trumbull, American director, producer and special effects artist
1943 – Miller Farr, American football player
1943 – Michael Bennett, American dancer, choreographer, theater director (d. 1987)
1943 – Tony Banks, British politician (d. 2006)
1943 - James Herbert, British writer (d. 2013)
1944 - Tariana Turia, New Zealand politician
1944 - Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (d. 2017)
1946 – Catfish Hunter, American baseball pitcher (d. 1999)
1946 – Tim Thomerson, American actor
1947 – Tom DeLay, American politician
1947 - Steve Howe, English rock guitarist
1947 - Robert Kiyosaki, American author
1947 - Pascal Lamy, French politician
1947 - Larry Norman, American musician (d. 2008)
1948 - Danuta Hübner, Polish politician
1949 – John Madden, director
1949 - Joe Royle, English footballer and manager
1950 – Grzegorz Lato, Polish footballer
1951 1975
1951 – Geir Haarde, former Prime Minister of Iceland
1951 - Joan Sebastian, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2015)
1954 – Gary Carter, American baseball catcher
1955 – Barbara Kingsolver, novelist
1955 – Gerrie Coetzee, South African boxer
1955 - Jim Fleeting, Scottish footballer
1955 - Kane Hodder, American stuntman and actor
1957 – Andrea Ypsilanti, German politician
1960 – John Schneider, actor
1960 - Gordon Chisholm, Scottish footballer and manager
1961 - Brian McDermott, English footballer and manager
1962 – Izzy Stradlin, American musician
1963 – Julian Lennon, English musician and singer
1963 – Alec Stewart, English cricketer
1964 - Dordi Nordby, Norwegian curler
1966 - Charlotte Dawson, New Zealand-Australian television personality (d. 2014)
1966 – Robin Wright, American actress
1966 – Mazinho, Brazilian footballer
1966 - Iveta Bartosova, Czech singer and actress (d. 2014)
1968 – Patricia Arquette, American actress
1968 - Susana Harp, Mexican musician
1970 - Care Santos, Catalan writer
1972 - Lisa Cameron, Scottish politician
1972 – Paul Gray, American musician (Slipknot) (d. 2010)
1972 - Sergei Magnitsky, Russian lawyer (d. 2009)
1973 - Khaled Badra, Tunisian footballer
1973 - Emma Caulfield, American actress
1974 - Holger Hott, Norwegian orienteering competitor
1974 - Nnedi Okorafor, Nigerian-American writer
1975 - Anouk, Dutch singer
From 1976
1977 – Mark Spencer, computer programmer
1980 – Manuel Ortega, Austrian singer
1980 - Katee Sackhoff, American actress
1981 - Nikolay Kruglov, Jr., Russian biathlete
1981 – Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model
1981 - Kelly Schafer, Scottish curler
1982 - Gennady Golovkin, Kazakhstani boxer
1983 - Allu Arjun, Indian actor
1983 – Edson Braafheid, Dutch footballer
1984 – Taran Noah Smith, American actor
1986 - Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress and model
1986 - Bridget Kelly, American singer and songwriter
1986 – Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer
1987 – Royston Drenthe, Dutch footballer
1987 - Dario Vidosic, Australian footballer
1987 - Abdelhamid Abaaoud, Belgian-Moroccan terrorist (d. 2015)
1988 - Jenni Asserholt, Swedish ice hockey player
1989 - Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer
1989 - Gabriella Wilde, English actress and model
1990 - Kim Jong-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter, dancer and actor (d. 2017)
1990 - Karim Bellarabi, German footballer
1991 - Minami Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer
1993 - Trent Sullivan, Australian actor
1999 - Ty Panitz, American actor
2002 - Skai Jackson, American actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
217 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (b. 188)
622 - Prince Shotoku of Japan (b. 574)
632 - Charibert, Frankish king (b. 607)
956 - Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy
1143 - John II Komnenos, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1087)
1364 - King John II of France (b. 1319)
1450 - Sejong the Great, King of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (b. 1397)
1461 - Georg Purbach, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1423)
1551 - Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)
1586 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer and theologian (b. 1522)
1612 - Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (b. 1575)
1691 - Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611)
1704 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (b. 1641)
1735 - Francis II Rakoczi, Hungarian aristocrat (b. 1676)
1835 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, Prussian statesman (b. 1757)
1848 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
1861 - Elisha Otis, American inventor (b. 1811)
1870 - Charles Auguste de Bériot, Belgian violinist and composer (b. 1802)
1894 - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian author (b. 1838)
1901 2000
1906 – Auguste Deter, first-recorded victim of Alzheimer's disease (b. 1850)
1919 - Lorand Eotvos, Hungarian physicist (b. 1848)
1931 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (b. 1864)
1936 – Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor, won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1876)
1950 - Vaslav Nijinsky, Polish-Russian ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1890)
1958 - Ethel Turner, Australian writer (b. 1872)
1962 - Juan Belmonte, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1892)
1973 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881)
1974 - Ferruccio Novo, Italian football manager (b. 1899)
1978 - Ford Frick, American baseball commissioner (b. 1894)
1981 – Omar Bradley, American general (b. 1893)
1983 - Isamu Kosuga, Japanese actor and director (b. 1904)
1984 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist (b. 1894)
1986 - Yukiko Okada, Japanese actress, singer and model (b. 1967)
1990 - Ryan White, American activist (b. 1971)
1992 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss pharmacologist (b. 1907)
1993 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
1994 – Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (b. 1967)
1997 - Laura Nyro, American singer, pianist and composer (b. 1967)
From 2001
2002 - María Félix, Mexican actress (b. 1914)
2009 – Piotr Morawski, Polish mountaineer (b. 1976)
2010 – Malcolm McLaren, British music manager (b. 1946)
2010 – Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1924)
2012 - Jack Tramiel, Polish-born American entrepreneur and computer pioneer (b. 1928)
2013 - Sara Montiel, Spanish actress and singer (b. 1928)
2013 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1925)
2013 - Annette Funicello, American actress and singer (b. 1942)
2014 - Karlheinz Deschner, German writer and activist (b. 1924)
2014 - Emmanuel III Delly, Iraqi Patriarch (b. 1927)
2014 - The Ultimate Warrior, American professional wrestler (b. 1959)
2015 - Jayakanthan, Indian Tamil author (b. 1934)
2015 - Jean-Claude Turcotte, Canadian cardinal (b. 1936)
2016 - Mircea Albulescu, Romanian actor and writer (b. 1934)
2016 - Wei Chueh, Taiwanese Buddhist monk (b. 1928)
2016 - Dick Alban, American football player (b. 1929)
2017 - Fishman, Mexican professional wrestler (b. 1951)
2017 - Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1931)
2017 - Brian Matthew, English radio and television presenter (b. 1928)
2017 - Donald Sarason, American mathematician (b. 1933)
2018 - Leila Abashidze, Georgian actress, film director and screenwriter (b. 1929)
2018 - Michael Goolaerts, Belgian racing cyclist (b. 1994)
2018 - Juraj Herz, Slovakian film director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1934)
2018 - Chuck McCann, American actor (b. 1934)
2018 - John Miles, British racing driver (b. 1943)
2019 - Josine Ianco-Starrels, Romanian-American art curator (b. 1926)
2019 - Vasily Likhachyov, Russian politician (b. 1952)
2019 - Nadja Regin, Serbian actress (b. 1931)
2020 - Rick May, Canadian-American actor and voice actor (b. 1940)
Observances
Buddha's Birthday (Japan)
International Day of the Roma
April 08 |
9150 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1324 | 1324 |
Events
Defensor pacis is published by Marsilius of Padua
Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca
Births
March 5 – King David II of Scotland (died 1371)
Deaths
January 8 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (born 1254)
July 16 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (born 1267)
John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
Henry II of Jerusalem
Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (born 1270) |
9151 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20B.%20White | E. B. White | Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer.
He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, The Elements of Style (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and the Trumpet of the Swan (1970).
He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.
E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.
References
1899 births
1985 deaths
Writers from New York
Pulitzer Prize winners
People from Mount Vernon, New York
American children's writers
American journalists
American novelists
American poets
American screenwriters
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients |
9156 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles%20Institution | Raffles Institution | Raffles Institution is a highly regarded secondary school in Singapore, often considered the best school in the country. Only boys can go to this school. It has been performing well in studies and sports. It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore. It is the school with the longest history in Singapore. Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868. It has two sections, Raffles Institution and Raffles Institution Junior College.
The current principal of Raffles Institution is Mr Frederick Yeo, who replaced Mr Chan Poh Meng when he left the school at the end of 2017.
History
Sir Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore. Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now. The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990. The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.
Other websites
School Website
References
Schools in Singapore |
9157 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago | Archipelago | An archipelago () is a chain or group of islands. The word archipelago means "chief sea", from Greek arkhon (arkhi-) ("leader") and pelagos ("sea").
Archipelagos are usually found in the open sea; less commonly, a big landmass may neighbor them, an example being Scotland which has more than 700 islands surrounding the mainland. Many archipelagos are volcanic, forming along mid-ocean ridges or hotspots. Others are island arcs neighboring an oceanic trench. Many other processes create archipelagos, including erosion, deposition, and land elevation.
The four biggest countries that are mainly archipelagos are Japan, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and Indonesia (the world's biggest archipelagic country according to the CIA World Factbook). The biggest archipelago in the world by size is in Northern Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which is in the Arctic Ocean.
References |
9159 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic%20states | Baltic states | The Baltic states are three countries in Northern Europe to the east of the Baltic Sea and the south of the Gulf of Finland. They are, from north to south, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The languages that are spoken in these countries are different: while Lithuanians and Latvians speak Baltic languages (Latvian and Lithuanian), Estonians speak an Uralic language (Estonian).
By their culture and history, the Baltic countries are close to the Nordic countries. The biggest difference in the history was that the Baltic countries incorporated to the Soviet Union in 1940 (during the Second World War), but not the Nordic countries (with the exception of Karelia, a part of Finland which later joined the Russian SFSR). The three countries would become republics of the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR.
All three Baltic states had their freedom back in 1991, when the Soviet Union came to an end. However, the states all consider the Soviet occupation to be illegal, which has been supported by the United States, European Union, and United Nations. Today, the Baltic countries are some of the richest and most advanced countries which were part of the Soviet Union. They became members of the European Union and NATO in 2004, joined the Schengen Area in 2007, and became part of the eurozone by 2015.
Paganism was the religion of Baltic people before most of them took Christianity during the Middle Ages. Baltic paganism never died out and some people are still pagans. |
9163 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography | Topography | Topography means the description of shape. The word comes from Greek: "place" and "(I) write". It is an important part of earth science.
When you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline. Everything that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography. Topographic maps show topography.
Related pages
Cartography
Physical geography |
9164 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholm | Bornholm | Bornholm is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea. Bornholm is a Danish island.
The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians, Germans and Poles. Many yachters come here in the summer.
At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender. The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe. For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation. It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony. But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page Free Bornholm
Other websites
Islands of Denmark |
9179 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest | Budapest | Budapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary. It was made as such in 1873. In that year three towns on the River Danube, namely Buda, Óbuda (Old Buda) and Pest were united. The city has a population of about 1.7 million people. Its highest place is János Hill (527 m.)
Climate
Budapest has a humid subtropical climate with relatively cold winters and quite warm summers.
History
The history of the city started with Celtic tribes who settled here before 1 AD. Later Roman empire transformed the first settlements into the Roman town of Aquincum. The Hungarians arrived in the territory of modern Hungary only in the end of 9th century AD.
Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918 after World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Battle of Budapest in 1945, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.
Landmarks
Budapest offers a number of historical buildings, baths and parks and is considered a financial hub.
In the city center, we can find the Roman Catholic cathedral, the St. Stephen's Basilica. The church is a Neo-Renaissance-style cathedral in the 5th district of Budapest. It is one of the most significant church buildings in Hungary. The building is named in honor of the Hungarian founding king, St. Stephen (975-1038), whose right hand, the Holy Right, is kept here as a relic. With a height of 96 meters, it is the fourth-tallest building in the country and the third tallest in the capital after the Parliament and the MOL Campus. It was the sixth-largest church building in Hungary before 1920.
The former royal palace, the Buda Castle -as part of the Castle District- has been part of Budapest's World Heritage Sites since 1987. The Gothic-style royal palace was built in the 1300s and lasted until the end of the 1400s. Due to the Turkish occupation from 1541 to 1686, very serious damage was done to both the castle and the buildings of the Castle District. In the building of the palace, the National Széchényi Library has been located in the back, decorated with Art Nouveau elements, and the Hungarian National Gallery and the Budapest History Museum are located in the palace.
Also on the Castle Hill, the Matthias Church is a Gothic church with a great historical past. It was originally built in Romanesque style in 1015, but was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1241. The current building was built in the 14th century and underwent a thorough reconstruction in the late 19th century. After the occupation of Buda, the church was transformed into a mosque, during which the late Gothic frescoes inside the church were destroyed. After the liberation of Buda, according to the plans of Frigyes Schulek, it was restored to its second, Gothic state. During the Second World War, it was used as a camp by the Germans and the Soviets during the siege of Budapest.
The Hungarian Parliament Building, also known as the Parliament of Budapest after its location, is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, a notable landmark of Hungary, and a popular tourist destination in Budapest. It is situated on the Kossuth Lajos Square in the Pest side of the city, on the eastern bank of the Danube. It was designed by Hungarian architect Imre Steindl in neo-Gothic style and opened in 1902. It has been the largest building in Hungary since its completion, and the third biggest Parliament building in the world.
Further north, the building of the National Police Headquarters (in the common language “Police-Palace”) located in the Árpád Göncz City Center. Since its completion, its shape and size have been one of the defining buildings of the whole of Budapest in terms of cityscape. The plans were completed in the 1990s by József Finta and Géza Meichl, and their construction was financed by Postabank collaborating with the Hungarian police. 36,000 cubic meters of concrete and 4.5 thousand tons of rebar were used for the construction. The headquarters can be divided into two parts, one eight-story and columnar and the other sixteen stories and cylindrical, with police antennas at the top that extend 93 meters high. In 2007, an unknown person fired at the building with a machine gun.
On the south, in the 10th district of Budapest, located the transmission tower on Száva Street. With a height of 154 meters, it is the third-tallest structure in Budapest (after the Mount Széchenyi TV mast and the chimney of Óbuda Power Plant). The tower is well visible from the southern Pest region of the capital, but it can be seen in several lookouts of Buda too. It was built in 1987, and it is currently owned by Hungarian Telekom. As a backbone transmitter, it broadcasts digital terrestrial radio (T-DAB +) and digital television channels (DVB-T standard, MinDig TV and mobile phone DVB-H).
Other landmarks in Budapest are the Citadel, the Statue of Liberty, the Millenium Monument, the Zoo, the Hungarian National Museum, the Great Market Hall, the Dohány Street Synagogue and the famous thermal baths (Széchenyi, Szent Gellért, Király). Budapest is also known for the ruins of Aquincum, the capital city of the Roman Province of Pannonia.
Connections
Budapest is mostly surrounded by the M0. The following motorways connects with the M0:
The M1 goes west towards Vienna and Bratislava;
The M3 goes east towards Debrecen;
The M5 goes southeast towards Szeged;
The M6 goes south towards Pécs;
The M7 goes southwest towards Varaždin.
One national road, the Road 2 goes north towards Banská Bystrica.
Trivia
It has the oldest subway-line in Europe.
Twin cities of Budapest:
Beijing CN
Berlin DE
Bethlehem
Florence IT
Fort Worth US
Frankfurt am Main DE
Kraków PL
Lisbon, PT
New York US
Sarajevo BA
Shanghai CN
Skopje MK
Subotica RS
Târgu Mureș RO
Tehran IR
Tel-Aviv IL
Vienna AT
Zagreb HR
References
Other sources
Evans, R.J.W. Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c.1683–1867 (2008) online
Herman, Arthur. What life was like: at Empire's end : Austro-Hungarian Empire 1848–1918 (Time Life, 2000); heavily illustrated.
Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918 (U of California Press, 1974); highly detailed history; emphasis on ethnicity
Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman. Austria-Hungary and the successor states: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present (2003)
Ungvary, Krisztian (2006). The Siege of Budapest: one hundred days in World War II. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11985-5.
Molnar, Miklos (2001). A concise history of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4
Other websites
Budapest Holidays
Budapest tourism info Portal
History of Budapest
Budapest map
WorldFlicks in Budapest: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
1873 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary |
9180 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Monica%2C%20California | Santa Monica, California | Santa Monica is a beach town in California. It is next to Los Angeles, California, US.
It was made a city in 1886. In 2000, there were 88,050 people living there.
It is famous for the Santa Monica Pier that has many fun rides.
Famous people from Santa Monica
Sandy Nelson (d. 2022)
Other websites
Santa Monica Convention and Visitors Bureau
Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce
Santa Monica Little League
Santa Monica Public Library
A Weekend in Santa Monica – slideshow by The New York Times |
9181 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait | Kuwait | Kuwait is a small Arab country (about 17,819 square kilometers) in the Middle East.
Kuwait is the most socially progressive country in the Gulf region. It has a small and rich economy. It has about 96 billion barrels of crude oil reserves. Crude oil reserves are the oil that is still under the ground and has not yet been cleaned up. Kuwait has 10% of all of the oil reserves in the world. The country makes a lot of money by selling oil. This money is almost half of all the money the country makes. The oil money is also 95% of the money made by selling things to different countries (people call that exports). Also, the oil money is 80% of the money the government makes. Kuwait is now talking with oil companies of other countries to make oil fields in the northern part of the country.
Kuwait's weather makes farming hard (too little rain). Instead of farming, the country catches fish and buys food from other countries. About 75% of the country's water to drink has to be distilled (have the salt removed) or purchased from other countries.
In 1990, Iraq invaded (brought an army in to fight against) Kuwait. This started the first Gulf War. Kuwait's official religion is Islam, although 15% of its population are Christian or Hindu. Arabic is mostly spoken in Kuwait but English is widespread among Kuwaitis (residents of Kuwait). Kuwait is one of the few nations that has education for every age.
Another interesting fact about Kuwait is that a lot of people speak English.
Demographics
Population (in thousands) for 2004 2595.
CBR(per 1000) for 2004 19.4.
CDR (per 1000) for 2004 1.9. Growth Rate(%) for 1992-2002 2.1. the Total Fertility Rate for 2002 is 2.7. Percent population is living in urban in 2003 96.2.Per capita gross national income ($) 2002 612. Population Density( per square kilometer) in 2000 107.4
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000)for 2005 9.95. Adult literacy rate (85%) female literacy rate (81%) (2002).
Governorates
Kuwait is divided into 6 governorates. The governorates are divided into districts, And the establishment of the governorates of Kuwait dates back to the Emiri Decree No. 6 issued in 1962, which divided Kuwait into three governorates: the Capital Governorate, Hawalli Governorate and Al-Ahmadi Governorate. The decree clarified the work of the governor, his subordination of the governor to the Ministry of Interior, and his responsibility towards security, provided that the Ministry of Interior issues the necessary decisions to indicate the limits of the governor's jurisdiction. There have been some changes regarding the governorates of Kuwait, which we summarize as follows:
. On November 14, 1979: Some provisions of the administrative division decree were amended so that a fourth governorate, Al-Jahra Governorate, was added.
. On October 12, 1988: The first article of the article was amended to divide Kuwait into five governorates by adding Al-Farwaniyah Governorate.
. On November 27, 1999: Emiri Decree No. 290 was issued to add a sixth governorate, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate.
Thus, Kuwait has become administratively divided into six governorates, each affiliated with several regions. Warba Island and Bubiyan Island belong to the Jahra Governorate, while the rest of the islands belong to the Capital Governorate.
Related pages
Kuwait at the Olympics
Kuwait national football team
List of rivers of Kuwait
References
Former protectorates
Current monarchies
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |
9182 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20Tim | Tiny Tim | Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known as Tiny Tim (April 12, 1932–November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician. He became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice. His most famous song was "Tiptoe Through the Tulips". His best-remembered television appearances were on Laugh-In and The Tonight Show. His first wedding took place on The Tonight Show in 1969, at host Johnny Carson's suggestion.
Career
Not just a performer, he was also an expert , who studied American music from the earliest days of the United States, and performed many historic songs in his act. Over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.
When his popularity as a "" lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier. During the 1980s, he toured with a circus, and appeared in a movie as a circus performer who turned to crime. In the 1990s, he recorded new music (including a Christmas album), and joined comedian Pat Paulsen in his latest mock campaign to become President of the United States, as Paulsen's .
Personal life
Married three times, his last wife was a former fan, who met him when she made a documentary about his life and career. One of his later supporters was radio talk show host Howard Stern. Tiny Tim died in 1996, after suffering a heart attack during a performance.
singers from New York City
musicians from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1932 births
1996 deaths
Baritones |
9183 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin | Kelvin | The Kelvin scale (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907).
0 degree celsius = 273 kelvin
Definition
The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin". This means that Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other.
The kelvin is a base SI unit of measurement, since 2018 defined by setting the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1.
The temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree Celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01 °C. The coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius, or zero kelvin (0 K). By writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers.
The absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change of 1 degree Celsius. This means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin.
To change a temperature in degrees Celsius into Kelvins you must add 273.15 units. For example, 0 degrees Celsius (0 °C), which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins (273.15 K).
To change a temperature in Kelvins into degrees Celsius you must subtract 273.15 units. For example, 310 kelvins is 36.85 degrees Celsius, which is roughly the normal temperature of a human body.
It is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply kelvin (with a lowercase initial), not "degree Kelvin". In English, it undergoes normal plural inflection as kelvins. For example, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77 kelvins.
In everyday use, the kelvin is most commonly used to measure very low or very high temperatures, such as the temperature of liquid nitrogen or the temperature of a light bulb filament.
References
Related pages
Temperature
Celsius
SI units
Units of temperature |