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9185 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism | Tourism | Tourism means people traveling for fun and adventure . It includes activities such as sightseeing and camping. People who travel for fun are called "tourists". Places where many tourists stay are sometimes called "resorts". Places that people go to for tourism are called tourist destinations.
There are many reasons why people travel for fun:
Some people travel to learn about the history or culture of a city or country, or about the people who live there, or their ancestors.
People from cold places sometimes like to relax in the sun. Many people from northern Europe or North America travel to warmer places and visit beaches.
Some people travel to do an activity which they cannot do at home. There are many ski resorts in the Alps of Switzerland and Austria, and seaside resorts in Greece and other warm countries.
People sometimes visit friends and family in another city or country.
Finally, some people enjoy a change in scenery. City people go to forests or deserts, and vice versa.
The tourism industry
The tourism industry has different parts. Some of these are:
Transport; such as airlines, railways, boats, and road transport.
Places to stay; such as hotels, camping grounds or parks, youth hostels, and bed and breakfasts.
Food and drink; such as restaurants, cafes and bars.
Tour guides show people supply local knowledge of a place.
Package tour operators can offer all these services to a group who will go together. This can be cheaper than paying for them separately.
Damage tourism can bring
Tourism can bring damage to the local area, and/or the tourists. Litter, scuba-diving and deforestation are problems for popular places such as St. Lucia, Hawaii and others. Scuba-diving can damage coral reefs which are home to hundreds of species of sea animals. Tourism can change culture when people learn each others’ ways, and certain local traditions are being put aside for tourists.
Related pages
Tourist attraction
Other websites
Wikivoyage has tourism information for the whole world.
Tourism Abbreviations, smartdefine.org
In Amsterdam#!/tourism/15 Best Places To Visit In Amsterdam, https://mozusa.com/ |
9186 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire | Berkshire | Berkshire is a county in southeast England. It is west of London. Its county town is Reading. In the past, a town named Abingdon was the county town, but this town is not in Berkshire any more.
Berkshire is also known as the Royal County of Berkshire.
Cities, towns and villages
Bracknell
Datchet
Caversham
Hungerford
Maidenhead
Newbury
Reading
Slough
Windsor, home of Windsor Castle, and which gives its name to the House of Windsor
Wokingham
The towns below are not part of Berkshire now, but were in the past.
Abingdon
Didcot
Wallingford
Wantage
Faringdon
Ceremonial counties of England |
9188 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire | Buckinghamshire | Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a county in central England, near the south and London. The county town is named Aylesbury.
Cities, towns and villages
Locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of Buckinghamshire, but are governed by the Borough of Milton Keynes.
Amersham
Aylesbury
Beaconsfield
Bletchley*
Buckingham
Chesham
Eton*
Fenny Stratford*
High Wycombe
Marlow
Milton Keynes*
Newport Pagnell*
Olney*
Princes Risborough
Slough*
Stony Stratford*
Wendover
Winslow
Wolverton*
Ceremonial counties of England |
9192 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20monitor | Computer monitor | A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers. Monitors often look similar to televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.
There are three types of computer displays:
The CRT monitor. These are big and heavy and use a lot of desk space and electricity. It is the oldest technology used by monitors and is based on the cathode ray tube technology that was developed for television. Monitors are made with better parts which give a higher display resolution and picture sharpness than a television. This type of monitor is no longer popular.
The LCD monitor, the most common kind of flat panel display. It is a newer technology than CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space, are lightweight and use less electricity than CRT. They have been used for many years in the screens of laptop and notebook computers. They also work as touch screens in tablet computers, mobile phones, and other handheld technologies.
An LED Monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light emitting diodes for backlighting. The first LCD Monitors used cold cathode fluorescent lamps instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.
In the early 21st century the price of video projectors has fallen and they are now used in many places to show large images. These use various technologies to make the image including LCD - Liquid crystal display and DLP - Digital light processing which uses very small mirrors to direct the light.
References
Display technology |
9193 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%203 | December 3 |
Events
Up to 1960
915 - Pope John X crowns Berengar I of Italy as Holy Roman Emperor.
1799 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch - Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Szatary de Nagy-Mihaly defeats the French at Wiesloch.
1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden - French General Moreau decisively defeats Austrian Archduke John.
1818 – Illinois becomes the 21st State of the United States.
1834 – The Zollverein (German customs union) begins the first regular census in Germany.
1854 – Eureka Stockade rebellion occurs in Ballarat, Australia.
1904 - Jupiter's Moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the California Lick Observatory.
1910 – Modern Neon lighting is first demonstrated by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.
1912 - Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia sign an armistice.
1919 - The Quebec Bridge opens to traffic.
1925 - The Locarno Treaty is signed in London, creating post-war territorial settlements.
1927 - Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's first movie, Putting Pants on Philip, is released.
1944 - Greek Civil War: Fighting breaks out in Athens between the Greek People's Liberation Army and Government forces supported by the British Army.
1959 – The current flag of Singapore is adopted.
1960 - The musical Camelot is first shown on Broadway.
From 1961
1967 – The first successful heart transplant operation is performed on Louis Washkansky by Dr. Christiaan Barnard in South Africa.
1970 – October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de la Liberation de Quebec, after 60 days in captivity.
1971 – Full-scale war erupts between India and Pakistan.
1972 - A Spantax Charter flight crashes on Tenerife, killing all 155 people on board.
1973 – The Pioneer 10 space probe sends back close-up images of Jupiter.
1974 - The Pioneer 11 space probe flies within 43,000 kilometers of Jupiter.
1976 – An assassination attempt is made on Bob Marley.
1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini becomes the first Supreme Leader of Iran.
1979 - In Cincinnati, Ohio, 11 fans are crushed to death in a race for seats before a The Who concert.
1984 – A deadly chemical leak occurs in Bhopal, India. 8,000 people die instantly, and thousands die in the years following the accident.
1989 – George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Malta, signifying an end to the Cold War.
1992 – The Greek oil tanker Aegean Sea, with 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground off Galicia, causing an oil spill, affecting around 300 kilometres of coastline.
1992 - UN Security Resolution 794 is passed, approving UN peacekeepers' intervention in Somalia.
1999 – NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander before it enters the Martian atmosphere.
1999 - Six firefighters are killed in the Worcester Cold Storage and Warehouse fire in Massachusetts.
2007 – Kevin Rudd becomes Prime Minister of Australia.
2007 - Winter storms cause flooding of the Chehalis River in Washington, killing 8 people.
2009 – A suicide bombing in Mogadishu, Somalia, kills 25 people.
2012 - Typhoon Bopha strikes the Philippines, killing at least 475 people.
Births
Up to 1900
1368 – King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
1483 – Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German theologian and reformer (d. 1565)
1596 - Nicola Amati, Italian violin maker (d. 1684)
1684 – Ludvig Holberg, Danish writer (d. 1754)
1722 - Hrihorii Skovoroda, Ukrainian philosopher, poet and composer (d. 1794)
1729 – Antonio Soler, Spanish composer (d. 1783)
1753 – Samuel Crompton, British inventor (d. 1827)
1755 – Gilbert Stuart, American painter (d. 1828)
1800 – France Preseren, Slovenian poet (d. 1849)
1826 - George B. McClellan, American general and politician, 24th Governor of New Jersey (d. 1885)
1833 - Carlos Finlay, Cuban physician and scientist (d. 1915)
1838 – Octavia Hill, British social reformer (d. 1912)
1842 – Phoebe Hearst, American philanthropist (d. 1919)
1842 - Ellen Swallow Richards, American ecologist and chemist (d. 1911)
1857 – Joseph Conrad, Polish-born British writer (d. 1924)
1864 - Anna Boberg, Swedish artist (d. 1935)
1867 - William John Bowser, 17th Premier of British Columbia (d. 1933)
1871 - Newton D. Baker, American politician (d. 1937)
1875 – Bernhard Lichtenberg, German priest and humanitarian (d. 1943)
1875 - Emile Delchambre, French rower (d. 1958)
1878 - Francis A. Nixon, American businessman (d. 1956)
1879 - Albert Asher, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1965)
1879 - Charles Hutchison, American actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1949)
1879 - Donald Matheson Sutherland, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1970)
1880 - Fedor von Bock, German field marshal (d. 1945)
1883 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945)
1884 – Rajendra Prasad, first President of India (d. 1963)
1884 - Walther Stampfli, Swiss politician (d. 1965)
1885 - Edward Lasker, German-American chess and Go player (d. 1981)
1886 – Manne Siegbahn, Swedish pacifist (d. 1978)
1887 – Prince Higashikuni of Naruhiko, Japanese royal and Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1990)
1895 – Anna Freud, Austrian-British psychoanalyst (d. 1982)
1895 - Teller Ammons, 27th Governor of Colorado (d. 1972)
1899 – Ikeda Hayato, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1965)
1900 – Ulrich Inderbinen, Swiss mountain guide (d. 2004)
1900 – Richard Kuhn, Austrian-German biochemist (d. 1967)
1901 1950
1901 - Mildred Wiley, American high jumper (d. 2000)
1902 - Mitsuda Fuchida, Japanese author (d. 1976)
1908 - Edward Underdown, English actor (d. 1989)
1911 – Nino Rota, Italian composer (d. 1979)
1914 - Irving Fine, American composer (d. 1962)
1917 - Wilhelm Brasse, Polish photographer (d. 2012)
1917 - Manuel Solis Palma, President of Panama (d. 2009)
1920 - Antonio Imbert Barrera, former President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2016)
1921 - Phyllis Curtin, American soprano (d. 2016)
1921 - John Doar, American lawyer (d. 2014)
1922 - Len Lesser, American actor (d. 2011)
1922 – Sven Nykvist, Swedish cinematographer (d. 2006)
1923 – Stjepan Bobek, Yugoslav-Croatian footballer (d. 2010)
1924 – John Backus, American computer programmer (d. 2007)
1925 – Kim Dae Jung, President of South Korea (d. 2009)
1927 – Andy Williams, American singer (d. 2012)
1928 - Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (d. 2014)
1930 – Jean-Luc Godard, French-Swiss movie director and screenwriter
1930 - Raul M. Gonzalez, Filipino politician (d. 2014)
1930 - Yves Trudeau, Canadian sculptor
1931 - Franz Josef Degenhardt, German author (d. 2011)
1931 - Jaye P. Morgan, American singer and actress
1932 - Corry Brokken, Dutch singer (d. 2016)
1933 – Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist
1934 - Viktor Gorbatko, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut
1934 - Abimael Guzman, Peruvian revolutionary and leader of the Shining Path
1935 - Eddie Bernice Johnson, American politician
1936 - Saburo Kawabuchi, Japanese footballer
1937 - Bobby Allison, American racing driver
1937 - Morgan Llywelyn, American-Irish author
1939 - Lee Israel, American author and literary forger (d. 2014)
1942 – Alice Schwarzer, German journalist, feminist and writer
1942 - Mike England, Welsh rugby player
1942 - Pedro Rocha, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2013)
1943 - Kiyoshi Tomizawa, Japanese footballer
1944 - Paul Nicholas, British actor and singer
1945 - Bozhidar Dimitrov, Bulgarian politician (d. 2018)
1948 – Ozzy Osbourne, English singer
1948 - Maxwell Hutchinson, English architect and broadcaster
1948 - Ove Joensen, Faroese rower and adventurer (d. 1987)
1949 – John Akii-Bua, Ugandan athlete (d. 1997)
1949 - Heather Menzies, Canadian-American actress and model (d. 2017)
1950 – Alberto Juantorena, Cuban athlete
1951 1975
1951 – Nicky Stevens, British singer (Brotherhood of Man)
1952 – Mel Smith, English comedian (d. 2013)
1953 - Franz Klammer, Austrian skier
1955 – Warren Jeffs, American polygamist
1955 - Alberto Tarantini, Argentine footballer
1956 - Ewa Kopacz, former Prime Minister of Poland
1959 - Eamonn Holmes, Northern Irish journalist
1960 – Daryl Hannah, American actress
1960 – Julianne Moore, American actress
1960 - Igor Larionov, Russian ice hockey player
1960 - Mike Ramsey, American ice hockey player
1961 - Adal Ramones, Mexican comedian and actor
1963 – Terri Schiavo, American patient in right-to-die case (d. 2005)
1964 - Tosh McKinlay, Scottish footballer
1965 - Andrew Stanton, American director, screenwriter, producer and voice actor
1965 - Katarina Witt, German figure skater
1966 - Flemming Povlsen, Danish footballer
1968 – Brendan Fraser, American-Canadian actor
1970 – Christian Karembeu, French footballer
1970 - Lindsey Hunter, American basketball player
1971 – Ola Rapace, Swedish actor
1971 – Frank Sinclair, Jamaican footballer
1971 – Henk Timmer, Dutch footballer
1971 - Keegan Connor Tracy, Canadian actress
1973 – Holly Marie Combs, American actress
1975 - Mickey Avalon, American rapper
From 1976
1976 - Byron Kelleher, New Zealand rugby player
1977 – Adam Małysz, Polish ski jumper
1978 - Dan Snow, British television presenter
1979 – Daniel Bedingfield, British singer
1980 - Anna Chlumsky, American actress
1980 - Jenna Dewan, American actress
1981 - Martin Canning, Scottish footballer
1981 - Liza Lapira, American actress
1981 – David Villa, Spanish footballer
1982 – Michael Essien, Ghanaian footballer
1983 - Stephen Donald, New Zealand rugby player
1985 – Laszlo Cseh, Hungarian swimmer
1985 - Amanda Seyfried, American actress
1986 - Radek Smolenak, Czech ice hockey player
1987 - Michael Angarone, American actor
1987 – Alicia Sacramone, American gymnast
1990 - Christian Benteke, Belgian footballer
1990 - Takuji Yonemoto, Japanese footballer
1992 – Joseph McManners, English actor
1994 – Jake T. Austin, American actor
2005 – Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway
Deaths
Up to 1900
312 – Diocletian, Roman Emperor (b. 244)
1048 – Al-Biruni, Iranian mathematician
1154 – Pope Anastasius IV
1265 – Odofredus, Italian jurist
1533 – Vasili III, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. 1479)
1552 - Saint Francis Xavier, Spanish missionary (b. 1506)
1610 – Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general (b. 1548)
1765 – Lord John Philip Sackville, British cricketer (b. 1713)
1789 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (b. 1714)
1815 – John Carroll, first Roman Catholic archbishop in the U.S. (b. 1735)
1839 – King Frederick VI of Denmark (b. 1768)
1845 - Gregor McGregor, Scottish adventurer (b. 1786)
1882 – Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811)
1888 – Carl Zeiss, German lens maker (b. 1816)
1892 – Afanasy Fet, Russian poet (b. 1820)
1894 – Robert Louis Stevenson, British writer (b. 1850)
1901 2000
1902 – Robert Lawson, New Zealand architect (b. 1833)
1910 – Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader (b. 1821)
1912 – Prudente José de Morais Barros, President of Brazil (b. 1841)
1919 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French impressionist painter (b. 1841)
1935 – Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom (b. 1868)
1939 – Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (b. 1848)
1941 – Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (b. 1856)
1949 – Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian-born American actress (b. 1876)
1956 - Mike Bandopadhyay, Indian-Bengali author (b. 1908)
1956 - Alexander Rodchenko, Russian painter and photographer (b. 1881)
1972 – Bill Johnson, American musician (b. 1872)
1973 – Emile Christian, American musician (b. 1895)
1979 – Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey player and Olympic gold medalist (b. 1905)
1980 – Oswald Mosley, British politician (b. 1896)
1981 – Walter Knott, farmer and creator of Knott's Berry Farm (b. 1889)
1984 - Vladimir Rokhlin, Soviet mathematician (b. 1919)
1987 – Luis Federico Leloir, Argentine chemist (b. 1906)
1989 - Fernando Martín Espina, Spanish basketball player (b. 1962)
1996 – Georges Duby, French historian specializing in the Middle Ages (b. 1919)
1999 – Jarl Wahlström, the 12th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1918)
1999 – Madeline Kahn, American actress and comedian (b. 1942)
1999 – Scatman John, American singer (lung cancer) (b. 1942)
2000 – Gwendolyn Brooks, American poet (b. 1917)
From 2001
2002 – Glenn Quinn, Irish actor (b. 1970)
2003 – David Hemmings, British actor (b. 1941)
2004 – Shiing-Shen Chern, Chinese mathematician (b. 1911)
2004 - Maria Perschy, Austrian actress (b. 1938)
2009 – Richard Todd, Irish-born actor (b. 1919)
2013 - Ida Pollock, English author and academic (b. 1908)
2013 - Ahmed Fouad Negm, Egyptian poet (b. 1929)
2013 - Ronald Hunter, American actor (b. 1943)
2014 - Herman Badillo, American politician (b. 1929)
2014 - Jacques Barrot, French politician (b. 1937)
2014 - Sjefke Janssen, Dutch cyclist (b. 1919)
2014 - Ian McLagan, English musician (b. 1945)
2014 - Luc Oursel, French businessman (b. 1959)
2014 - Giulio Questi, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1924)
2014 - Walter Reyno, Uruguayan actor and director (b. 1935)
2014 - Nathaniel Branden, Canadian-American psychotherapist (b. 1930)
2015 - Scott Weiland, American musician (b. 1967)
2017 - John B. Anderson, American lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
2017 - Adam Darius, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1930)
2017 - Elmar Faber, German publisher (b. 1934)
2017 - Thomas Finlay, Irish judge and politician (b. 1922)
2017 - Kjell Opseth, Norwegian politician (b. 1936)
2017 - Ian Twitchin, English footballer (b. 1952)
2018 - Markus Beyer, German boxer (b. 1971)
2018 - Andrei Bitov, Russian writer (b. 1937)
2018 - Philip Bosco, American actor (b. 1930)
2018 - Geoff Murphy, New Zealand film director (b. 1938)
2018 - Josep Lluís Núñez, Spanish businessman (b. 1931)
2019 - Rawshan Ara Bachchu, Bangladeshi activist (b. 1932)
Obeservance
International Day for persons with Disabilities
International Day of the Basque language
Doctors' Day (Cuba)
December 03 |
9194 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter | Diameter | In geometry, the diameter of a circle is a line from one side directly to the opposite side through the centre. It can also be defined as the longest chord of a circle. The same explanations can be also used to describe the diameter in a sphere.
The letter d or the symbol ⌀ are often used as a symbol for the diameter. The diameter's length is often called the diameter itself.
The diameter's length is twice the radius, and therefore the relationship between the diameter's length and radius can be shown with the equations:
and
Related pages
Circumference
Pi
References
Geometry |
9203 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958 | 1958 | 1958 (MCMLVIII) was .
Events
NASA founded
CEE
Births
January 1 - Elijah Nowak, Polish doctor
January 19 - Don Austen, English puppeteer
January 21 – Frank Ticheli, American composer
March 5 – Andy Gibb, English singer (d. 1988)
March 16 - Phillip Wilcher, Australian pianist
April 3 - Alec Baldwin, American actor
June 7 – Prince, American singer (d. 2016)
July 5 – Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politician
July 20 – Billy Mays, American television salesperson (d. 2009)
July 31 - Bill Berry, American drummer (R.E.M.)
August 16 – Madonna, American singer
August 25 – Tim Burton, American movie producer and director
August 29 – Michael Jackson, American singer (d. 2009)
October 10 – Tanya Tucker, American country singer
October 30 – Stefan Dennis, Australian actor
November 22 – Jamie Lee Curtis, American actress
November 28 – Shaun Prendergast, English actor
November 30 – Stacey Q, American singer & actress
December 17 – Mike Mills, American bass guitarist (R.E.M.)
Deaths
January 1 – Edward Weston, American photographer (b. 1886)
January 8 – Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (b. 1883)
January 11 – Edna Purviance, American actress (b. 1895)
January 30 – Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (b. 1878)
February 1 – Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
February 4 – Henry Kuttner, American writer (b. 1915)
February 13 – Christabel Pankhurst, English suffragette (b. 1880)
March 21 – Cyril M. Kornbluth, American writer (b. 1923)
March 22 – Mike Todd, American movie producer (b. 1909)
March 25 – Tom Brown, American musician (b. 1888)
March 26 – Phil Mead, English cricketer (b. 1887)
March 28 – W.C. Handy, American composer (b. 1873)
16 April – Rosalind Franklin, British crystallographer (b. 1920)
April 19 – Billy Meredith, Welsh footballer (b. 1874)
May 3 – Frank Foster, English cricketer (b. 1889)
May 19 – Ronald Colman, English actor (b. 1891)
May 29 – Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
June 20 – Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
June 26 – George Orton, Canadian athlete (b. 1876)
July 14 – King Faisal II of Iraq (b. 1935)
August 14 – Frédéric Joliot, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1900)
August 22 – Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
August 27 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
October 9 – Pope Pius XII (b. 1876)
October 17 – Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (b. 1876)
November 24 – Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, English politician and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864)
November 27 – Artur Rodzinski, Croatian conductor (b. 1892)
December 8 – Tris Speaker, baseball player (b. 1888)
December 15 – Wolfgang Ernst Pauli, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
September 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer
Movies released
Auntie Mame
Cat on a Hot Roof
Gigi
Hidden Fortress
Hercules starring bodybuilder Steve Reeves
South Pacific
Vertigo (movie)
Hit Songs
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" – Everly Brothers
"Rebel Rouser" – Duane Eddy
"To Know Him Is to Love Him" – Teddy Bears
"Johnny B. Goode" – Chuck Berry
"The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" – The Chipmunks with David Seville
New Books
The Affluent Society – John Kenneth Galbraith
Anatomy of a Murder – Robert Traver
Around the World with Auntie Mame – Patrick Dennis
Balthazar – Lawrence Durrell
Bird of Fire – Helen White
Breakfast at Tiffany's – Truman Capote
Candy – Maxwell Kenton
Crazy in Berlin – Thomas Berger
Culture and Society 1780-1950 – Raymond Williams
The Dharma Bums – Jack Kerouac
Dr. No – Ian Fleming
The Enemy Camp – Jerome Weidman
The Fly – James Clavell
A Fly Went By – Mike McClintock
From the Terrace – John O'Hara
I Like It Here – Kingsley Amis
Ice Palace – Edna Ferber
The Leopard – Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa
Masters of Deceit – J. Edgar Hoover
Our Man in Havana – Graham Greene
Playback – Raymond Chandler
The Red Sea Sharks – Hergé
Red Alert – Peter George
Venetia – Georgette Heyer
Victorine – Frances Parkinson Keyes
The Winthrop Woman – Anya Seton
Things Fall Apart – Chinua Achebe
Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories – Dr. Seuss
Young Caesar – Rex Warner |
9204 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921 | 1921 |
Events
Albert Einstein receives the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Irish Civil War (1921-1924)
Births
January 17 – Antonio Prohias (d. 1998)
May 3 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989)
April 25 – Karel Appel, Belgian artist (d. 2006)
July 6 – Nancy Reagan, American actress and First Lady of the United States (d. 2016)
Deaths
July 4 – Antoni Grabowski
August 16 – Peter I of Serbia
Sports
Kentucky Derby winner, Behave Yourself |
9205 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892 | 1892 |
Births
January 3 – J. R. R. Tolkien
February 10 - Alan Hale Sr., American actor (d. 1950)
July 23 – Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia
Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, British Indian statesman and leader of the Punjab.
Art, music, theatre, and literature
December 17 – Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker premieres in St Petersburg. |
9206 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904 | 1904 | 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January 4 – In Gonzales v. Williams, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and could enter the United States freely.
Births
January 18 – Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
April 22 – Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (d. 1989)
June 2 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)
June 17 – Ralph Bellamy, American actor and comedian (d. 1987)
June 26 – Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born movie actor (d. 1964)
August 12 – Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (d. 1918)
Deaths
May 1 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)
July 15 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)
nv:1901 – 1950 |
9207 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951 | 1951 | .
Events
January 4 – The Communist forces of North Korea and China seize the city of Seoul.
Bette Nesmith Graham invents Liquid Paper
Births
January 6 – Kim Wilson, blues singer and harmonica player
January 7 - Helen Worth, English actress
January 12 – Kirstie Alley, actress
Rush Limbaugh, radio personality
Larry Hoppen, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans) (d. 2012)
January 30 – Phil Collins, English musician (Genesis)
January 31 - Harry Wayne Casey, American keyboardist (KC & the Sunshine Band)
February 6 – Princess Daphné of Belgium
February 14 – Kevin Keegan, English footballer and football manager
February 15 – Melissa Manchester, singer
February 15 – Jane Seymour, actress
February 18 – Dale Earnhardt, American racing car driver (d. 2001)
February 19 – Tahir-ul-Qadri, Islamic scholar and leader
February 20 – Gordon Brown, Scottish politician
February 25 – Don Quarrie, Jamaican sprinter
March 4 – Kenny Dalglish Scottish footballer and football manager
March 4 – Chris Rea, British singer and musician
March 8 – Karen Kain, Canadian ballerina
March 17 – Kurt Russell, actor
March 24 – Tommy Hilfiger, fashion designer
April 13 – Peter Davison, actor
April 13 - Peabo Bryson, American singer
April 21 - David Mallett, American folk musician
April 25 - Fred Hubbell, politician
April 27 – Ace Frehley, American musician (Kiss)
April 30 - Ken Whiteley, Canadian folk musician
May 15 - Dennis Frederiksen, American singer (Toto) (d. 2014)
June 12 - Bun E. Carlos, American drummer (Cheap Trick)
August 13 – Dan Fogelberg, American musician (d. 2007)
August 19 - John Deacon, English bass guitarist (Queen)
December 1 – Jaco Pastorius, American jazz bassist (d. 1987)
December 31 - Tom Hamilton, American bass guitarist (Aerosmith)
People who were born in this year but their day of birth is unknown
Lee Cornes, English stand-up comedian
Deaths
January 30 – Ferdinand Porsche, German car designer
February 12 – Choudhary Rahmat Ali, Pakistani student
July 13 – Arnold Schoenberg
Movies released
A Streetcar Named Desire
The African Queen
Calamity Jane
Flying Leathernecks
The Thing From Another World
No Highway
Alice in Wonderland
On the Riviera
The Day the Earth Stood Still
When Worlds Collide
Bedtime for Bonzo
Miss Julie
Strangers on a Train
Rashomon
Miracle in Milan
The Lavender Hill Mob
An American in Paris
Death of a Salesman
Gerald McBoing-Boing
The Man in the White Suit
A Place in the Sun
The Big Carnival
Hit Songs
"Aba Daba Honeymoon" – Debbie Reynolds & Carleton Carpenter
"Because" – Mario Lanza
"Because Of You" – Tony Bennett
"Belle, Belle, My Liberty Belle" – Guy Mitchell
"Blue Tango" – Leroy Anderson & his Orchestra
"Cold, Cold Heart" – Tony Bennett
"Come On-A My House" – Rosemary Clooney
"Cry" – Johnnie Ray & The Four Lads
"Detour" – Patti Page
"Down The Trail Of Achin' Hearts" – Patti Page
"Down Yonder" – Del Wood
"Down Yonder" – Champ Butler
"Flamenco" – Frankie Laine
"Gambella (The Gamblin' Lady)" – Frankie Laine & Jo Stafford
"The Gang That Sang Heart Of My Heart" – Frankie Laine
"Get Happy" – Frankie Laine
"Get Out Those Old Records" – Guy Lombardo (The Lombardo Trio vocals)
"The Girl In The Wood" – Frankie Laine
"Give Me Time" – Johnnie Ray
"Gone Fishin'" – Bing Crosby & Louis Armstrong
"Got Him Off My Hands" – Georgia Gibbs
"Hello, Young Lovers" – Perry Como
"Hello, Young Lovers" – Guy Lombardo (Kenny Martin vocals)
"Hey, Good Lookin'" – Frankie Laine & Jo Stafford
"The Hot Canary" – Florian Zabach
"How High The Moon" – Les Paul and Mary Ford
"I Tawt I Taw A Puddy Tat" – Mel Blanc
"If" – Perry Como
"It Is No Secret" – Bill Kenny & The Song Spinners
"It's All In the Game" – Tommy Edwards
"It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Christmas" – Perry Como & The Fontane Sisters
"Jealousy (Jalousie)" – Frankie Laine
"Jezebel" – Frankie Laine
"The Little White Cloud That Cried" – Johnnie Ray & The Four Lads
"The Loveliest Night Of The Year" – Mario Lanza
"Lullaby Of Broadway" – Doris Day
"Mister And Mississippi" – Patti Page
"Mockin' Bird Hill" – Patti Page
"My Heart Cries For You" – Dinah Shore
"My Truly, Truly Fair" – Guy Mitchell
"On Top Of Old Smoky" – The Weavers with Terry Gilkyson
"Once Upon A Nickel" – Georgia Gibbs
"One For My Baby" – Frankie Laine
"Paths Of Paradise" – Johnnie Ray
"Pretty-Eyed Baby" – Jo Stafford & Frankie Laine
"Red Sails In The Sunset" – Nat King Cole
"Rose, Rose I Love You" – Frankie Laine
"Shanghai" – Doris Day
"Sin" – Eddie Howard & his Orchestra
"Sound Off (The Duckworth Chant)" – Vaughn Monroe
"The Sparrow In The Treetop" – Guy Mitchell
"A Sunday Kind Of Love" – Jo Stafford
"Sweet Violets" – Dinah Shore
"The Syncopated Clock" – Leroy Anderson & his Orchestra
"Tell Me" – Doris Day
"Tell Me Why" – The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts
"Tell The Lady I Said Goodbye" – Johnnie Ray
"Tom's Tune" – Georgia Gibbs
"Too Young" – Nat King Cole
"Undecided" – The Ames Brothers
"When It's Sleep Time Down South" – Frankie Laine
"While You Danced, Danced, Danced" – Georgia Gibbs
"The World Is Waiting For The Sunrise" – Les Paul and Mary Ford
New Books
The Balance Wheel – Taylor Caldwell
The Blessing – Nancy Mitford
Boy at the Window – Owen Dodson
The Caine Mutiny – Herman Wouk
The Catcher in the Rye – J.D. Salinger
The Cruel Sea – Nicholas Monsarrat
The Daughter of Time – Josephine Tey
The Day of the Triffids – John Wyndham
Foundation – Isaac Asimov
The Foundling – Cardinal Spellman
From Here to Eternity – James Jones
Galactic Storm – Gill Hunt
Lie Down In Darkness – William Styron
Log from the Sea of Cortez – John Steinbeck
The Loved and the Lost – Morley Callaghan
Mémoires d'Hadrien – Marguerite Yourcenar
Moses – Sholem Asch
My Cousin Rachel – Daphne du Maurier
Prince Caspian – C. S. Lewis
A Question of Upbringing – Anthony Powell
Return to Paradise – James A. Michener
Spartacus – Howard Fast
Tempest-Tost – Robertson Davies
The Wanderer – Mika Waltari
A Woman Called Fancy – Frank Yerby
References |
9208 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642 | 1642 |
Events
On September 2, the Puritans force the London theatres to close, ending the era of English Renaissance drama.
Births
December 25 (OS) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
Deaths
January 8 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer (b. 1564) |
9209 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1745 | 1745 | 1745 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys the Austrian army at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg.
August 21 – Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia in Saint Petersburg.
September 12 – Francis I is elected Holy Roman Emperor.
January 4 – Benjamin Rush |
9210 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1813 | 1813 | Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1813
January – March
February 11 – Fort Meigs: Leftwich is not successful, and when he leaves, Major Amos Stoddard takes the command of the post.
February 26 – The Secretary of War orders Colonel R. M. Johnson to get ready a group of mounted volunteers who will serve from 4–6 months after being called into active service.
February late– General Harrison sends out an expedition to burn the British vessels at Malden by going across Lake Erie via the Bass Islands in sleighs, but the ice is not hard enough and the expedition returns.
March 22 – Col. R. M. Johnson puts out an order for raising a regiment of mounted volunteers in Kentucky.
April – June
April 8 – Colonel James Ball arrives at Fort Meigs with 200 dragoons.
April 27 - War of 1812: Battle of York - United States troops raid, destroy, but do not hold the capital of Ontario, York (present day Toronto, Ontario).
May 2 – Napoleon wins the Battle of Lützen
May 11– Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworh left on an expedition to cross the Blue Mountains
May 20-May 21 – Napoleon wins the Battle of Bautzen
May 27 – War of 1812: In Canada, United States forces capture Fort George.
June 6 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek – A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeat an American force three times its size under William Winder and John Chandler. Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworh succeeded in crossing the Blue Mountains and returned home.
June 21 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vitoria – A British, Spanish, and Portuguese force of 78,000 with 96 guns under Wellington defeats a French force of 58,000 with 153 guns under Joseph Bonaparte to end the Peninsular War.
July – September
July 5 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.
July 13 – Missionaries Adoniram Judson and his wife Ann Hasseltine Judson arrive in Burma (now Myanmar).
August 19 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's second three-person-rule.
August 23 – Battle of Großbeeren
August 26 – Battle of Katzbach
August 26-August 27 – Napoleon wins the Battle of Dresden
August 29-August 30 – Napoleon's troops defeated at Kulm
September – Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of Britain
September 6 – Battle of Dennewitz
September 10 – War of 1812: Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie
October – December
October 5 – War of 1812: William Henry Harrison defeats the British at the Battle of the Thames, native leader Tecumseh was killed in battle
October 14 – After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador.
October 16-October 19 – Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Leipzig
October 24-November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 at the end of the first Russo-Persian Wars (1804-1813) by which Persia (Iran) loses all its territories to the north of Aras River to the Russians.
October 25 – War of 1812: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion at the Battle of Chateauguay
November 11 – War of 1812: the Americans are defeated at the Battle of Crysler's Farm
November 21 – An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.
December 29 – War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York
Undated
Russian troops reach and take Berlin without a fight after the French garrison evacuated (sent everyone out) the city.
Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Trait des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology.
George Hamilton-Gordon serves as ambassador expert in Vienna.
After the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of Shewa.
The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded. It is the oldest continuously-existing literary society in the United States.
Ongoing events
Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Peninsular War/Sixth Coalition
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
Births
January 19 – Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor (d. 1898)
January 21 – John C. Frémont, American soldier and explorer (d. 1890)
January 26 – Juan Pablo Duarte, Founder of the Dominican Republic (d. 1876)
February 11 – Otto Ludwig, German writer (d. 1865)
February 15 – Frederick Holbrook, Vermont governor (d. 1909)
March 18 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (d. 1863)
March 19 – David Livingstone, English missionary and explorer (d. 1873)
March 21 – James Strang, Mormon splinter group leader (d. 1856)
March 27 – Nathaniel Currier, American illustrator (d. 1888)
April 23 – Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (d. 1861)
May 5 – Soren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher (d. 1855)
May 21 – Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (d. 1843)
May 22 – Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883)
June 24 – Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman and reformer (d. 1887)
July 19 – Samuel M. Kier, American industrialist (d. 1874)
September 17 – John Sedgwick, Union Army General, American Civil War (d. 1864)
October 10 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (d. 1901)
October 17 – Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837)
December 13 – David Spangler Kaufman, U.S. Congressman from Texas (d. 1851)
December 19 – Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (d.1885)
Unknown dates
Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (d. 1854)
John Miley, American Methodist theologian (d. 1895)
Gerardo Barrios, President of El Salvador (d. 1865)
Deaths
January 6 – Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, French general (born 1764)
January 20 – Christoph Martin Wieland, German writer (born 1733)
February 13 – Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (born 1725)
February 26 – Robert Linvingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (born 1746)
April 10 – Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian mathematician (born 1746)
April 27 – Zebulon Pike, American general (born 1779)
April 28 – Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (born 1745)
May 1 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in combat) (born 1768)
May 23 – Geraud Duroc, French general (mortally wounded in battle) (born 1772)
June 6 – Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, French architect (born 1739)
June 17 – Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, English sailor and politician (born 1726)
June 28 – Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (born 1755)
July 29 – Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (suicide) (born 1771)
August 11 – Henry James Pye, English poet (born 1745)
August 15-Abigail Amelia, First born daughter Of John and Abigail Adams (born 1765)
August 23 – Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born ornithologist (born 1766)
September 2 – Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (mortally wounded in battle) (born 1763)
October 5 – Tecumseh, Shawnee leader
October 19 – Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince and Marshal of France (friendly fire) (born 1763)
November 12 – Jean de Crévecoeur, French-American writer (born 1735)
December 24 – Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (born 1740)
Unknown dates
Wossen Seged, Meridazmach of Shewa (murdered) (born 1808)
1813 |
9211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838 | 1838 |
Events
January 10 – a fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.
April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation (See Nicaragua's early history)
May – The People's Charter drawn up in the United Kingdom demanding universal suffrage.
May 26 – USA: Trail of Tears – forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe, killing at least 8,000.
1 August – Trinidad and Tobago: Slavery officially abolished
7 September – The paddlesteamer Forfarshire foundered on the Farne Islands, UK, giving rise to the fame of Grace Darling, who rescued nine passengers.
November 3 India: The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded. This paper was later renamed to The Times of India in 1861
November 5 – Central American Civil War begins with Honduras' separation from the Central American Federation.
December – Beginning of Pastry War: Mexico invaded by French forces
Births
January 4 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (d. 1883)
January 6 – Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
January 16 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
February 6 – Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905)
February 10 – Gustav Oelwein, founder of Oelwein, Iowa (d. 1913)
February 18 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher
March 3 – George William Hill, American astronomer
April 3 – John Willis Menard, African-American politician
April 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor
April 12 – John Shaw Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader
April 16 – Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader
May 10 – John Wilkes Booth, the man who killed United States President Abraham Lincoln.
May 20 – Jules Méline, French statesman
September 23 - Victoria Woodhull - the first woman to be up for candidate for the President of the United States.
September 28 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian national saint (d. 1918)
Deaths
January 3 – Prince Maximilian of Saxony
January 5 – Anthony Van Egmond, rebel leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 {died in jail}
February 21 – Silvestre de Sacy, linguist
March 13 – Poul Martin Møller, philosopher
April 9 – Piet Uys, Voortrekker leader (in battle)
May 17 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French diplomat
July 19 – Christmas Evans, preacher
August 17 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, librettist for Mozart
August 21 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer
September 1 – William Clark, American explorer
October 1 – Charles Tennant, Scottish chemist and industrialist
November 21 – Georges Mouton, count of Lobau, Marshal of France |
9212 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940 | 1940 |
Events
March 3 – In Sweden, a time bomb destroys the office of Norrskenflamman newspaper of Swedish communists – 5 dead
March 5- Members of Soviet politburo: Stalin, Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Kalinin, Kliment Voroshilov and Lavrenty Beria himself, signed execution order prepared by Beria & Stalin. Over 25700 Polish intelligentsia, including over 22000 Polish POW, known also as Katyn massacre were slaughtered.
March 12 – Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow ending the Winter War. Finns, and the World opinion, shocked by the harsh terms.
March 18 – World War II: Axis powers – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.
March 21 - Édouard Daladier resigns as prime minister of France. He is replaced by Paul Reynaud.
April 4 – Prime minister of Greece, Aleksandros Korizis, shoots himself – initial official explanation is "heart attack"
April 7 – Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp.
April 9 – World War II: Germany invades Denmark and Norway in operation Weserübung. The British campaign in Norway is simultaneously commenced.
April 23 – Rhythm Night Club burns in Natchez, Mississippi – 198 dead.
May 4 – Nazi Germany opens Auschwitz concentration camp
May 10 - World War II: Germany invades the Netherlands and Belgium.
May 10 - Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
May 10 - World War II: British troops land on Iceland.
June 4 - World War II: British troops are evacuated from Dunkirk.
August 20 - Leon Trotsky is wounded with an ice pick, dying the next day.
November 5 - Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to a record third term as President of the United States.
December 30 – California opens the first freeway.
Births
January 2 - Jim Bakker, American televangelist
January 4 - Gao Xingjian, Chinese-born French writer
January 21 - Jack Nicklaus, American golfer
January 22 - John Hurt, British actor
January 24 - Joachim Gauck, President of Germany
January 28 - Carlos Slim, Mexican businessman
February 2 - David Jason, British actor
February 6 - Tom Brokaw, American television journalist
February 7 - Tony Tan Keng Yam, President of Singapore
February 9 - J. M. Coetzee, South African writer
February 10 - Kenny Rankin, pop and jazz singer and songwriter
February 17 - Gene Pitney, American singer (d. 2006)
February 19 - Smokey Robinson, American singer
February 19 - Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan (d. 2006)
February 20 - Jimmy Greaves, English footballer
February 23 – Peter Fonda, American actor (d. 2019)
February 27 - Bill Hunter, Australian actor (d. 2011)
February 28 - Mario Andretti, Italian-born racing driver
March 2 - Billy McNeill, Scottish footballer
March 7 - Rudi Dutschke, German student leader (d. 1979)
March 10 - Chuck Norris, American actor
March 12 - Al Jarreau, American musician
March 16 - Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian movie director
March 24 – Bob Mackie, clothing designer
March 26 - Nancy Pelosi, American politician
March 26 - James Caan, American actor
March 28 - Luis Cubilla, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2013)
April 1 - Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmental and political activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner (d. 2011)
April 12 - Herbie Hancock, American musician
April 15 - Jeffrey Archer, British politician and writer
April 16 – Margrethe II of Denmark, Queen of Denmark
April 18 - Joseph L. Goldstein, American biochemist and geneticist
April 20 - James Gammon, American actor (d. 2010)
April 25 – Al Pacino, American actor
April 26 - Giorgio Moroder, Italian composer
May 4 - Sean Barrett, English actor
May 8 - Peter Benchley, American writer (d. 2006)
May 8 - Toni Tennille, American singer (Captain & Tennille)
May 9 - James L. Brooks, American producer and writer
May 20 – Stan Mikita, Retired Slovakian-Canadian professional ice hockey player
May 20 - Sadaharu Oh, Japanese baseball player
May 21 - Tony Sheridan, English musician (d. 2013)
May 24 - Joseph Brodsky, Russian writer (d. 1996)
May 26 - Levon Helm, American musician and actor (The Band) (d. 2012)
May 28 - Maeve Binchy, Irish writer (d. 2012)
May 29 - Farooq Leghari, President of Pakistan (d. 2010)
June 7 – Tom Jones, Welsh singer
June 8 - Nancy Sinatra, American singer
June 23 - Adam Faith, British singer (d. 2003)
June 28 - Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi Nobel Peace Prize winner
July 2 - Kenneth Clarke, British politician
July 3 – Jerzy Buzek, Polish politician
July 3 - Fontella Bass, American singer (d. 2012)
July 7 – Ringo Starr, British musician, actor (The Beatles)
July 13 - Patrick Stewart, British actor
July 15 - Robert Winstone, British scientist
July 27 - Pina Bausch, German choreographer (d. 2009)
August 3 - Martin Sheen, American actor
August 16 - Bruce Beresford, Australian director
August 26 - Don LaFontaine, American actor (d. 2008)
September 5 - Raquel Welch, American actress
September 7 - Abdurrahman Wahid, President of Indonesia (d. 2009)
September 20 - Taro Aso, former Prime Minister of Japan
September 21 - Rick May, Canadian-American voice actor (d. 2020)
September 29 – John Miszuk, retired Polish professional ice hockey player
October 9 – John Lennon, British musician (The Beatles) (died 1980)
October 14 - Cliff Richard, British singer (Cliff Richard And The Shadows)
October 19 - Michael Gambon, British actor
October 21 - Manfred Mann, musician (Manfred Mann)
October 23 - Pele, Brazilian footballer
November 5 - Anthony Rolfe Johnson, British tenor (d. 2010)
November 10 - Screaming Lord Sutch, British musician and politician (d. 1999)
November 15 - Sam Waterston, American actor
November 18 - Qaboos, Sultan of Oman (d. 2020)
November 21 - Doctor John, American musician
November 22 – Terry Gilliam, American-born British animator, movie maker
November 27 - Bruce Lee, American actor and martial artist (d. 1973)
November 29 - Denny Doherty, Canadian singer and musician (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2007)
December 1 – Richard Pryor, American actor and comedian (d. 2005)
December 12 – Dionne Warwick, American singer
December 18 - Bram Morrison, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram)
December 21 - Frank Zappa, American musician (d. 1993)
December 26 – Phil Spector, music producer
December 28 - Don Francisco, Chilean television host
Deaths
January 4 – Flora Finch, English-born actress and comedienne (b. 1869)
January 18 – Kazimierz Tetmajer, Polish poet and writer (b. 1865)
January 27 – Isaac Babel, Ukrainian writer (b. 1894)
February 11 – John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Governor General of Canada (b. 1875)
March 10 – Mikhaïl Boulgakov, Russian writer (b. 1891)
March 16 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)
March 20 – Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (b. 1860)
March 31 – Tinsley Lindley, English footballer (b. 1865)
April 26 – Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
May 15 – Menno ter Braak, Dutch writer (b. 1902)
May 20 – Verner von Heidenstam, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
May 25 – Joe De Grasse, Canadian movie director (b. 1873)
May 28 – Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (b. 1868)
June 10 – Marcus Garvey, Jamaican-born publisher, entrepreneur, and black nationalist (b. 1887)
June 17 – Arthur Harden, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
June 21 – Smedley Butler, U.S. general (b. 1881)
June 29 – Paul Klee, Swiss artist (b. 1879)
July 15 – Robert Pershing Wadlow, tallest man in the world (infection) (b. 1918)
August 8 – Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinettist (b. 1892)
August 18 – Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (b. 1875)
August 21 – Leon Trotsky, Russian revolutionary (b. 1879)
August 22 – Mary Vaux Walcott, American artist and naturalist (b. 1860)
August 30 – J.J. Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
October 10 – Berton Churchill, Canadian actor (b. 1876)
November 9 – Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1869)
December 5 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (b. 1880)
December 19 – Kyösti Kallio, President of Finland (b. 1873)
December 21 – F. Scott Fitzgerald, American writer (b. 1896)
December 25 – Agnes Ayres, American actress (b. 1898)
Movies released
Pinocchio
Hit songs
"When You Wish Upon A Star" – by Neil Washington and Leigh Harline, from the movie Pinocchio, won the Academy Award for the best song. |
9213 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942 | 1942 |
Events
January 1 – World War II: The term "United Nations" is first officially used to describe the Allied pact.
January 2 – World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces. The Japanese Admiral stays in Solvec (owned by Charles Henry de Silva), Philippines.
January 5 – Amy Johnson disappears in flight over River Thames estuary – assumed drowned.
January 6 – Pan American Airlines becomes the first commercial airline to have a flight go around the world.
January 7 – World War II: Siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.
January 11 – World War II: Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the Netherlands East Indies.
January 11 – World War II: The Japanese capture Kuala Lumpur.
January 12 – President Franklin Roosevelt creates the National War Labor Board.
January 13 – Henry Ford patents a plastic automobile, which is 30% lighter than a regular car.
January 16 – Airplane crashes near Las Vegas. Dead include Carole Lombard and her mother.
January 19 – World War II: Japanese forces invade Burma.
January 20 – World War II: Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decide that the "final solution to the Jewish problem" is relocation, and later extermination.
January 25 – World War II: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.
January 26 – World War II: The first American forces arrive in Europe landing in Northern Ireland.
July 6 - The family of Anne Frank goes into hiding at the secret annex in Amsterdam.
October 23 - World War II: Battle of El Alamein
Births
January 8 - Stephen Hawking, British physicist (d. 2018)
January 17 – Muhammad Ali, American boxer (d. 2016)
January 25 - Eusebio, Portuguese footballer
January 27 - Stewart Raffill, British writer and director
February 2 - Graham Nash, British singer-songwriter and guitarist (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young)
February 12 – Huey Newton, Black Panther
February 13 - Peter Tork, American keyboardist (The Monkees) (d. 2019)
February 21 - Margarethe von Trotta, German movie director
February 28 - Dino Zoff, Italian footballer
March 5 - Felipe Gonzalez, former Prime Minister of Spain
March 8 – Jan Vyčítal, Czech musician
March 17 - John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (d. 1994; executed)
March 24 - Stephen Yardley, British actor (Howards' Way)
March 25 - Aretha Franklin, American singer (d. 2018)
April 1 - Philip Margo, American singer (The Tokens)
April 16 - Frank Williams, British Formula One team principal
April 20 - Arto Paasilinna, Finnish writer
April 24 - Barbra Streisand, American singer
May 22 - Theodore Kaczynski, American serial bomber (unabomber)
June 1 - Eric Nagler, Canadian children’s musician
June 7 - Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan leader (d. 2011)
June 18 – Roger Ebert, American movie critic (d. 2013)
June 18 – Sir Paul McCartney, British musician (The Beatles)
July 6 - Izora Armstead, American singer (The Weather Girls) (d. 2004)
July 13 - Harrison Ford, American actor
August 1 - Michael Martchenko, Canadian illustrator
August 2 - Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist
August 7 – B.J. Thomas, singer
August 27 - Daryl Dragon, American songwriter (Captain & Tennille) (d. 2019)
September 29 - Madeline Kahn, American actress (d. 1999)
October 31 – David Ogden Stiers, American actor
November 7 – Johnny Rivers, American musician
November 27 – Jimi Hendrix, American musician (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) (d. 1970)
December 23 - Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia
December 26 - Gray Davis, former Governor of California
December 30 – Michael Nesmith, musician and member of the Monkees
December 30 – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian
People who were born in this year but their day of birth is unknown
Ningali Cullen - Australian activist
Deaths
January 6 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian International Olympic Committee president (b. 1876)
January 14 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (born 1883)
January 16 – Carole Lombard, actress
January 26 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (born 1868)
February 19 – Frank Abbandando, Mafia hitman (executed)
February 28 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral
March 1 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, military officer, inventor, engineer
March 8 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player
April 15 – Robert Musil, Austrian novelist
April 18 – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, sculptor and socialite
May 3 – Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark
May 7 – Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (born 1863)
May 29 – John Barrymore, actor (born 1882)
July 13 - Irving Cutler, Airman Aboard a B-24 Bombing Bengazi Libya
July 23 – Adam Czerniakow, Polish Jew (suicide)
August 3 – Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1872)
August 6 – Jonathan Campbell, movie pioneer (born 1875)
August 25 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
November 1 – Hugo Distler, German composer (born 1908)
November 5 – George M. Cohan, American songwriter and entertainer
November 19 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (shot) (born 1892)
December 22 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (born 1858)
December 25 - Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan British Indian statesman (born 1892)
Movies released
Casablanca
References |
9214 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica | Dominica | The Commonwealth of Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is an English-speaking country. It is between the French-speaking territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique. The island is 751 km² (290 mi²) in area. Roseau is its capital. Portsmouth is another main town. Almost 70,000 people live on the island.
The currency of the island is the East Caribbean dollar.
The island's name comes from the Latin for Sunday, Dies Dominica. It is not the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles.
The country is nicknamed the Nature Island of the Caribbean.
Dominica is most famously depicted in Jean Rhys' classic prequel to Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea.
History
The indigenous Carib people lived in Dominca before it was found by Europeans. They called it Wai‘tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body."
Christopher Columbus came to Dominica in 1493. In 1763, it became a territory of the United Kingdom from which its independence was received on 3 November 1978.
In August 1979, Hurricane David, wiped out its entire infrastructure. On 21 November 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; Portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.
On 18 September 2018, Hurricane Maria, the most powerful storm to hit the island, severely damaged its infrastructure and cut off all its communications to the outside world. The Assessment Capacities Project estimates that the hurricane has caused $1.37 billion in losses across the island, which is equal to 226 percent of its 2016 GDP. As of April 12, there are 65 fatalities confirmed across the island, including 34 who are missing and presumed to be dead.
In 1980, Dame Eugenia Charles became its prime minister, the first female government leader in the West Indies.
Geography
Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is the northernmost of the Windward Islands.
Dominica is largely covered by rainforest. It is home to the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake.
Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest with scenic volcanic features. It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on 4 April 1995.
Administrative divisions
Dominica is divided into 10 parishes, given below with their 2011 Census populations:
Saint Andrew Parish (9,471)
Saint David Parish (6,043)
Saint George Parish (21,241)
Saint John Parish (6,561)
Saint Joseph Parish (5,637)
Saint Luke Parish (1,668)
Saint Mark Parish (1,834)
Saint Patrick Parish (7,622)
Saint Paul Parish (9,786)
Saint Peter Parish (1,430)
Sports
Cricket is a popular sport on the island. Dominica competes in test cricket as part of the West Indies cricket team.
Netball, basketball, rugby, tennis and association football are gaining popularity as well.
Gallery
Related pages
Dominica at the Olympics
Dominica national football team
List of rivers of Dominica
References
Other websites
Dominica in the News
SaKaFete
Official Tourism Website
World Creole Music Festival
Caribbean Community
1978 establishments in North America |
9217 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923 | 1923 | 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar was made obsolete starting that year, though Eastern Orthodox churches still use the Julian Calendar.
Events
January 1 – Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies
January 10 – Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel
January 11 – Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments
February 16 – Howard Carter unseals the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
February 22 – Barcelona (Catalonia): Albert Einstein visits the city, invited by the scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, as part of the monografics course of High Studies and Exchange organized by the Mancomunitat de Catalunya and conducted by Rafael de Campalans.
March – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on a Paris stage. Settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel. Antonin Artaud played the part of Tiresias.
March 1 – USS Connecticut decommissioned
March 2 – Time Magazine hits newsstands for the first time
March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers a stroke, his third, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.
April – End of Irish Civil War
April 12 – Kandersteg International Scout Centre came into existence.
April 23 – Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia Seaport
April 26 – Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in Westminster Abbey
May 23 – Launch of Belgium's SABENA Airlines
May 27 – Ku Klux Klan defies law requiring publication of its members
June 9 – Military coup in Bulgaria – prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski is ousted (he is killed June 14)
June 18 – Etna volcano erupts – 60.000 made homeless
Births
January 31 – Norman Mailer, American writer and journalist (d. 2007)
February 4 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
May 28 – N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, director and politician (d. 1996)
June 25 – Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994)
November 10 – James Jabara, American Air Force pilot
Deaths
February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize laureate
Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Frederick Banting, Canadian doctor, and John James Rickard Macleod, Scottish physiologist |
9218 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926 | 1926 |
Events
January 1 – Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting.
January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud becomes the King of Hejaz
January 12 – Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll premiere their radio program Sam 'n' Henry, in which the two white performers portrayed two black characters from Harlem looking for extra money during the Depression. It was a precursor to Gosden and Correll's more popular later program, Amos 'n' Andy.
January 16 – BBC radio play about worker's revolution causes a panic in London
January 26 – John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system.
January 31 – British and Belgian troops leave Cologne
February 9 – Flooding on London suburbs
March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire
March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts
April 7 – Failed assassination attempt against Mussolini
April 12 – By a vote of 45 to 41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.
April 16 – Train crash in San Jose, Costa Rica – 178 dead
April 21 – Princess Elizabeth born in London
April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran under the name "Pahlevi."
Nobel Prizes
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish doctor, won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1867) (d. 1928)
Births
January 1 - Claudio Villa, Italian singer (d. 1987)
January 3 – George Martin, "5th Beatle": producer of The Beatles' records, later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
January 26 – Kim Tae Jung, President of South Korea and Nobel Peace Prize winner
January 29 – Franco Cerri, Italian jazz guitarist
January 29 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani Nobel Prize in Physics winner (d. 1996)
February 7 - Konstantin Feoktistov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2009)
February 9 - Garret FitzGerald, Irish Taoiseach (d. 2011)
February 16 - Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank (d. 1945)
February 16 – John Schlesinger, British movie director (d. 2003)
February 20 - Richard Matheson, American author (d. 2013)
March 16 – Jerry Lewis, American actor and comedian (d. 2017)
March 24 - Dario Fo, Italian writer
March 27 – Clarence Henry, American boxer
April 3 - Timothy Bateson, English actor (d. 2009)
April 7 – James Garner, American actor
April 9 – Hugh Hefner, American publisher, founder of Playboy magazine (d. 2017)
April 21 – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms.
April 28 – Harper Lee, American writer (d. 2016)
May 8 - David Attenborough, British documentary movie maker, broadcaster and naturalist
May 25 – Claude Akins, American actor (d. 1994)
June 1 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress, singer and model (d. 1962)
June 3 – Allen Ginsberg, American poet and writer (d. 1997)
June 16 – Adriano Emperado, Filipino-Hawaiian martial artist
June 28 – Mel Brooks, American actor, screenwriter, movie director and movie producer
July 10 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
August 13 – Fidel Castro, Cuban president (d. 2016)
October 15 - Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
October 18 – Chuck Berry, American singer and songwriter (d. 2017)
October 25 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian opera singer (d. 2012)
October 26 – Robert Baker, American boxer (d. 2002)
November 30 - Andrew W. Schally, Polish Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
November 30 - Richard Crenna, American actor (d. 2003)
December 24 - Ronald Draper, South African cricketer
December 26 – Gina Pellón, Cuban painter
Bernie Little, American businessman (d. 2003)
Deaths
January 3 – Emmet D. Boyle, American Governor of Nevada (b. 1879)
January 4 – Margherita of Savoy, Queen of the Kingdom of Italy (b. 1851)
February 15 – Piero Gobetti, Italian journalist (b. 1901)
June 9 – Sanford Dole, American politician and businessman (b. 1844)
August 23 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
November 3 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter (b. 1860)
December 6 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)
December 29 - Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian writer (b. 1875)
Iraj Mirza, Iranian poet (b. 1874)
Movies
The Scarlet Letter
nv:1901 – 1950 |
9219 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931 | 1931 | 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France
February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland
March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people
April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart
May 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City
June 3 – Salvador Dalí's The Persistence of Memory is put on display for the first time
July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy
August – Warner Brothers releases the first Merrie Melodies cartoon
September- The 1931 Belize hurricane strikes Belize (then British Honduras), killing over 2,500 people
September 22 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard
October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr. complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean. They travel from Misawa, Japan to East Wenatchee, Washington in 41½ hours.
November 7 – The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong
December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic
Births
January 4 – Adi Lady Lala Mara, Fijian chieftainess and former First Lady; widow of long-time former Prime Minister and President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (d. 2004).
January 5 – Alvin Ailey, choreographer
January 5 – Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
January 5 – Robert Duvall, actor and director
January 6 – E. L. Doctorow, writer
January 8 – Bill Graham, rock music entrepreneur (d. 1991)
January 10 – Viktor Liebermann, violinist (d. 1999)
January 10 – Peter Barnes, playwright and screenwriter (d. 2004)
January 13 – Charles Nelson Reilly, actor
January 14 – Caterina Valente, singer, actress
January 16 – Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
January 17 – James Earl Jones, actor
January 19 – Tippi Hedren, actress
January 19 – Robert MacNeil, journalist
January 22 – Sam Cooke, singer (d. 1964)
January 27 – Mordecai Richler, writer (d. 2001)
January 30 – Allan W. Eckert, historian, naturalist and writer
January 31 – Ernie Banks, Baseball Hall of Famer
May 19 – David Wilkerson, American pastor, evangelist and author (d. 2011)
November 15 – Mwai Kibaki, president of Kenya
Deaths
January 23 – Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (b. 1881)
February 11 – Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854)
February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847)
March 7 – Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865)
April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
April 26 – George Herbert Mead, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863)
May 9 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
June 2 – Joseph W. Farnham, American screenwriter (b. 1884)
July 12 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1866)
August 26 – Hamaguchi Osachi, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870)
September 12 – Joseph Le Brix, French aviator and naval officer (b. 1899)
October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author and dramatist (b. 1862)
November 13 – Ivan Fichev, Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860)
December 9 – Antonio Salandra, Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853)
December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics – not awarded
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Carl Bosch, German chemist and engineer, and Friedrich Bergius, German chemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Otto Heinrich Warburg, German chemist, (1883 – 1970)
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish poet
Nobel Peace Prize won by Jane Addams, American activist, and Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher, diplomat, and educator
Movies released
January 30 – City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin
February 9 – Cimarron starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne
February 14 – The original movie version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States
December 26 – A Free Soul, winning Best Actor for Lionel Barrymore
November 21 – Frankenstein starring Boris Karloff, the top-grossing movie of the year
December 12 – Private Lives starring Norma Shearer
December 26 – Mata Hari starring Greta Garbo
References |
9220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/404 | 404 |
Events
January 1 – Last gladiator competition in Rome.
Atticus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.
Saint Telemachus matyrdom. |
9221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1438 | 1438 |
Events
Pachacuti who would later create Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire became the ruler of Cusco
January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany
Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway loses direct control of Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.
Births
Adolf, Duke of Gelderland
William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beamont
Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama
Henrique Esteves da Veiga de Nápoles
Husayn Bayqarah
John III of Egmont
Manduulun Khan
Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse
Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
Marguerite de Bourbon
Pachacuti
Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Reginald Ely
Anne Woodville
Deaths
Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel
Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
Barsbay
Richard, Count of Étampes
Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford
Edward of Portugal
Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
Dorothy Garai
Conrad Justinger
Adai Khan
James II, Count of La Marche
Thomas Mapilton
Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy
Johannes Nider
Olaus Laurentii
Giordano Orsini
Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
Peter, infans of Aragón
Jacopo della Quercia
Ulrich of Richenthal
Matilda of Savoy
Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din
Anne of Gloucester
Simon Sydenham |
9222 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1651 | 1651 |
Events
January 1 – Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. This is his first crowning.
June 28 – June 30: The biggest battle of the 17th century, the Battle of Beresteczko, between Poles and Ukrainians is won by the Poles.
September 3 – English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war. |
9223 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing%20card | Playing card | Playing cards is the name for the 52 cards used in card games like poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire and other games.
There are 52 basic cards in a deck (not including the jokers). These cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank). There are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit. Decks may include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, and different deck sizes. The English pattern of cards is so widespread that it is often also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern.
Suits
Usual signs: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦), clubs (♣).
In some countries different suit signs may be used. In central Europe, there are cards with the suit signs of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells. In Spain, Italy and Latin America, there are playing cards with the suits of clubs, swords, cups, and coins and Aces
Values
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack or Knave (J), Queen (Q), King (K), Ace (A).
Number of cards
For many games, the Jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52. Sometimes the deck is reduced to 40, 36, or 32 cards for playing certain games, like belote, sheepshead or euchre.
Tarot cards
There are various types of tarot cards. Tarots are commonly used for fortune-telling, although they can also be used for playing games. Conversely, people have also used standard playing cards for fortune-telling.
History
Playing cards have been found in 9th century China, Tang dynasty.
Playing cards first entered Europe in the early 14th century, probably from Egypt. The suits were very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins. These designs are still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese card decks.
The first documentary evidence is from Vitoria-Gasteiz (now Spain) in 1334, in which the Knights of the Band are forbidden to play cards. The next record is from Catalonia in 1371.
Wide use of playing cards in Europe can be traced from 1377 onwards.
Manufacture
The method of making cards has stayed the same for over a century. Cards are two thin pieces of paper stuck together with black paste. Both outer sides are printed. Inside is the design of the card face, the outer is the design for the pack as a whole. The black paste is essential to prevent sight of the face coming through when light shines on the face side. The use of the paste is the reason cards are sometimes called "pasteboards".
One or two packs at a time are printed on large sheets of paper, already pasted. The individual cards are stamped out by a machine which acts like a cookie-cutter. It cuts 36,000 cards per hour. A tiny fraction of a second later the edges of the cards are squashed extra-thin. This is not obvious to the naked eye, but the effect is that the cards slide easily past each other during shuffling.
Printed paper cards hold about 97.5% of the world market. Plastic cards do exist: they were first invented in the 1930s. They last longer than papercards, but have only 2.5% of the market.
References
Other websites
Card game rules
Rules for Belote, a French card game |
9224 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor | Emperor | An emperor is a male who rules an empire. The word is taken from the Latin language imperator. Often it is capitalized.
A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress. The wife of an emperor is also called empress. An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates.
The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (tennō), but he lacks political power. The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire. At first, an imperator was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperor" in English. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (basileus, autokrator) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (imperator, Kaiser) in the Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia and Bulgaria (tsar), and the Ottoman Empire (sultan, padishah, khagan, kaysar) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire.
The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English. For example, the old rulers of China (Huangdi), Iran (Shah) and Ethiopia (Negusa negast) are all known as emperors in English. There have also been emperors of France, Brazil and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.
Related pages
King
Czar
Kaiser
Sultan
Leader |
9226 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale%2C%20California | Palmdale, California | Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles. It has a population of 147,897 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, currently the 25th fastest. It has a population of 589,043 if you include the suburbs around it.
Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall.
Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of America."
Palmdale is the largest city in the United States without a hospital.
Palmdale Airport will have one airline called United Airlines that flies to San Francisco, California everyday starting in June 2007.
The city's demographics is primarily Mexican and white.
History
In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale. They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.
The high desert community of Palmdale has rich agricultural roots and a unique aviation history.
The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012. It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country. Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.
In 1772 Captain Pedro Fages, a Spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the Antelope Valley into Leona Valley.
After the Shoshone Indians left the valley, immigrants from Spain and Mexico established large cattle ranches there.
Sister cities
Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico
References
Other websites
Palmdale City Website
Palmdale Airport Website
Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California |
9227 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno%2C%20California | Fresno, California | Fresno is the largest inland city in U.S. state of California. It has a population of 451,455. If the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population of 983,788. It is the county seat of Fresno County, in the Central Valley.
Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park. Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Fresno has a semi-arid climate (Bsh in the Koeppen climate classification).
References
Cities in the Central Valley of California
County seats in California
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in California |
9230 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955 | 1955 | 1955 (MCMLV) was .
Events
January 2 – Panama president Jose Antonio Remon is killed.
January 7 – Marian Anderson becomes the first African-American person to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City
January 19 - The Scrabble board game debuts.
February 8 – Nikolai Bulganin ousts Georgi Malenkov
February 9 – Apartheid in South Africa: 60,000 non-white people who live in a suburb of Johannesburg are forced to leave their homes
February 13 – Israel gets 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls.
February 23 – First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
March: Jim Henson builds the first version of Kermit the Frog
March 2:
King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia gave up the throne in favor of his father, King Norodom Suramarit.
Much flooding in North and Western Australia – 200 humans and tens of thousands of sheep dead, 44.000 homeless
March 15- Fedral ALP (Australian Labor Party) split (a)
April 5 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom because of health problems. He is 80 years old
April 12 – Jonas Salk's polio vaccine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration
April 15 – Ray Kroc opens the first McDonald's in Illinois
April 7 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
July 18 – Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California
October 14 – Pakistan changed the name of East Bengal province to East Pakistan. Before the independence of the colonial Bangladeshi people the people of this region were referred to as East Pakistanis under the One Unit Policy. Its capital was based in Dacca (now Dhaka). The western part of Pakistan becomes West Pakistan with its capital based in Lahore. The federal capital at the time was Rawalpindi.
October 26 - Establishment of South Vietnam and the Army of South Vietnam.
November 1 – The Vietnam War begins between the North Vietnam Army and the South Vietnam Army
November 20 – Bo Diddley makes his TV debut on Ed Sullivan's Toast Of The Town show on CBS
December 1 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white person on a bus. She is arrested. This starts the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Unknown – The stack was proposed
Births
January 2 – Tex Brashear, American voice actor
January 6 – Rowan Atkinson, comedian, actor
January 12 - Elijah-Demetrius Kovács, Hungarian politician and judge
January 12 – Rockne O'Bannon, writer, producer
January 13 – Jay McInerney, writer
January 17 – Steve Earle, musician
January 18 – Kevin Costner, actor
January 19 – Simon Rattle, English conductor
January 26 – Eddie Van Halen, musician (Van Halen) (d. 2020)
January 27 – John Roberts, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
February 8 – John Grisham, novelist
February 10 – Greg Norman, golfer
February 19 – Jeff Daniels, actor
February 21 – Kelsey Grammer, actor
February 23 – Howard Jones, musician
February 24 – Alain Prost, Formula One driver
February 24 – Steve Jobs, computer pioneer (d. 2011)
March 5 – Penn Jillette, magician, comedian
March 7 – Tommy Kramer, American football player
March 15 – Dee Snider, singer (Twisted Sister)
March 16 – Jiro Watanabe, Japanese boxing world champion
March 16 – Bruno Barreto, Brazilian movie director
March 17 – Gary Sinise, actor
March 19 – Bruce Willis, actor
March 22 – Pete Sessions, U.S. politician
March 23 – Moses Malone, basketball player
March 28 – Reba McEntire, country music singer, actress
March 29 – Earl Campbell, American football star
March 31 – Angus Young, musician (AC/DC)
April 1 – Ronnie Burk, surrealist and AIDS activist
April 6 – Michael Rooker, actor
April 11 – Kevin Brady, American politician
April 15 – Dodi Al-Fayed, Egyptian businessman (d. 1997)
April 16 – Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg
April 23 – Tony Miles, English chess player
April 29 – Kate Mulgrew, actress
April 29 - Richard Epcar, actor
May 8 - Meles Zenawi, President of Ethiopia, and ex-Prime Minister of Ethiopia, (d. 2012)
May 29 - Mike Porcaro, American bass guitarist (Toto) (d. 2015)
August 3 – Corey Burton, American actor
August 9 - Charlie Morgan, English drummer (Orleans)
October 15 – Tanya Roberts, American actress
October 28 – Bill Gates co-founder of Microsoft
November 29- Howie Mandel, host of Deal or No Deal
Deaths
January 15 – Yves Tanguy, French painter (b. 1900)
January 21 – Archie Hahn, American athlete (b. 1880)
March 11 – Sir Alexander Fleming, British medical researcher (b. 1881)
March 12 – Charlie Parker, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1920)
April 7 – Theda Bara, American movie actress (b. 1885)
April 18 – Albert Einstein, German physicist (b. 1879)
May 4 – Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (b. 1881)
May 10 – Tommy Burns, American boxer (b. 1881)
May 11 – Gilbert Jessop, English cricketer (b. 1874)
May 16 – James Agee, American writer (b. 1909)
May 26 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1918)
August 2 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (b. 1879)
August 5 – Carmen Miranda, Portuguese singer and actress (b. 1909)
August 12 – Thomas Mann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1875)
August 12 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
September 30 – James Dean, American actor (b. 1931)
October 1 – Charles Christie, American movie studio owner (b. 1880)
October 9 – Theodor Cardinal Innitzer, Archbishop of Vienna
November 4 – Cy Young, baseball player (b. 1867)
November 5 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist (b. 1882)
November 12 – Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer (b. 1878)
November 27 – Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (b. 1982)
December 6 – Honus Wagner, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1874)
Television
October 1 – The Honeymooners debuts on CBS with stars Jackie Gleason, Art Carney, Audrey Meadows, and Joyce Randolph
Movies released
Alexander The Great
Blackboard Jungle
Marty
All That Heaven Allows
The Ladykillers (1955 movie)
To Catch a Thief
The Desperate Hours
Godzilla Raids Again
Hit Songs
Maybellene- Chuck Berry
Bo Diddley/I'm A Man- Bo Diddley
Diddley Daddy- Bo Diddley
Rock Around The Clock- Bill Haley
New Books
The Acceptance World – Anthony Powell
Andersonville – MacKinlay Kantor
Auntie Mame – Patrick Dennis
Bath Tangle – Georgette Heyer
Birdman of Alcatraz – Thomas E. Gaddis
Bonjour Tristesse – Françoise Sagan
The Chrysalids – John Wyndham
The Dragon in the Sea – Frank Herbert
The End of Eternity – Isaac Asimov
The Genius and the Goddess – Aldous Huxley
The Ginger Man – J. P. Donleavy
A Good Man is Hard to Find – Flannery O'Connor
Lolita – Vladimir Nabokov
The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne – Brian Moore
The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King – J. R. R. Tolkien
The Magician's Nephew – C.S. Lewis
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit – Sloan Wilson
Marjorie Morningstar – Herman Wouk
Moonraker – Ian Fleming
No Time for Sergeants – Mac Hyman
Not As a Stranger – Morton Thompson
Notes of a Native Son – James Baldwin
The October Country – Ray Bradbury
Pedro Paramo – Juan Rulfo
The Quiet American – Graham Greene
Satan in Goray – Isaac Bashevis Singer
Scuffy the Tugboat – Gertrude Crampton
Something of Value – Robert Ruark
That Uncertain Feeling – Kingsley Amis
The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Relato de un náufrago) – Gabriel García Márquez
The Talented Mr. Ripley – Patricia Highsmith
Ten North Frederick – John O'Hara
The Tontine – Thomas B. Costain
The Tree of Man – Patrick White
Tunnel in the Sky – Robert A. Heinlein |
9233 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye | Popeye | Popeye the Sailor Man is one of the most popular cartoon characters of all time. He first appeared in a comic strip called Thimble Theatre by E.C. Segar in 1929. Popeye is a sailor who smokes a pipe and mutters things under his breath. He has only one eye, he is short and uneducated, but when trouble occurs, usually saving his girlfriend, Olive Oyl from his nemesis, Bluto/Brutus, he eats a can of spinach, and gets super-strength.
Over the years, He also appeared in a series of cartoons made for movie theatres by Paramount Pictures, comic books, arcade, video games, hundreds of advertisements, peripheral products (ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes). In 2002, TV Guide ranked Popeye #20 on its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.
Character history
Creation and development in Thimble Theatre
Popeye was created by E. C. Segar and was inspired by a man Segar knew in Chester, Illinois: Frank "Rocky" Fiegel. Popeye would make his debut in the January 17, 1929 Thimble Theatre strip "Dice Island" as a rough sailor for hire. While originally introduced as a minor character (with the actual star of the strips then being Castor Oyl), Popeye's popularity eventually grew to the point where he became the main character of Thimble Theatre, with the strip now focusing on his adventures and hijinks. Initially, Popeye was portrayed as a very strong and seemingly uneducated but very savvy sailor who would gain extraordinary luck and resilience when he rubbed the magical Whiffle Hen Bernice, but by 1932, he began to favor spinach, crediting it as a healthy source of strength. As the strips started focusing more on Popeye, he began to form a relationship with Castor's sister Olive Oyl after she had left her previous boyfriend Ham Gravy, and the two would eventually go on to become one of the most recognizable couples in cartoon history.
After Popeye's run in the original Thimble Theatre, he would return as the main character in the 1948 comic book series by E. C. Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf, which combined elements from both the original Thimble Theatre and the Fleischer Studios cartoons. His comic book appearances would continue for decades until the title's end in 1984.
Fleischer Studios
Popeye's huge popularity led him to be adapted into animation, which would only be loosely based on Thimble Theatre due to the limited length of the theatrical shorts at the time keeping them from making proper full-length adaptations of the Thimble Theatre sagas, which resulted in the shorts being episodic. The huge success of the first Popeye the Sailor cartoon (which originally started as a part of the Betty Boop shorts) would ensure a long-running series of independent theatrical shorts for the now famous sailor. In the various cartoons by Fleischer Studios, he would usually have to rescue his girlfriend Olive Oyl from Bluto, his rival and sometimes friend or go on a daring adventure with Olive and his good friend J. Wellington Wimpy. Some of the cartoons take a different recurring approach, like him rescuing Olive from another threat, dealing with something alone, fighting a small enemy he cannot beat, or watching over his adopted son Swee'Pea. As these theatrical shorts deviated from Segar's strips quite a bit, many characters from the comic never made an appearance or only appeared once (like Castor Oyl and the Goons). However, other characters like J. Wellington Wimpy (who sometimes served as Popeye's sidekick), Poopdeck Pappy and, more rarely, Oscar would make semi-regular appearances in the shorts. Eugene the Jeep also made some appearances but would not be used as often as the above. George W. Geezil also made only two appearances alongside Popeye. Many of these cartoons mostly focused on Popeye's adventures and antics along with Olive and occasionally Wimpy as they tried to resist the antagonistic Bluto. While not appearing as a sailor very often (as Popeye was usually portrayed with a number of odd jobs) the stories in the cartoons would involve his brawling escapades or his adventures in certain areas of the world while doing impressive feats and preserving Olive's safety and their relationship.
World War II
During the World War II-era animated shorts, Popeye was a member of the U.S. Navy and his outfit was changed to a white Navy suit, and he would continue to look like this in animation from the 1940s through to the 1960s. During Fleischer Studios's final years of operations, the shorts they produced were WWII stories focusing on Popeye's heroic attempts to help America fight the enemy, mostly the Japanese and Germans. The cartoons with these battle scenes have often been banned from television for being considered too "politically incorrect."
Also, in the 1940s shorts, Popeye gained four nephews named Pipeye, Peepeye, Poopeye and Pupeye, who originally debuted in an earlier short within a dream sequence as his children, before being made recurring and turned into his nephews. However, their exact relation to Popeye remains unclear, and the parent of his nephews has never been properly identified.
Famous Studios
Following the takeover of the Popeye animated franchise by Paramount Studios in 1942, the Popeye cartoons were now handled by Famous Studios, which made drastic changes which abandoned almost all traces of Thimble Theatre and focused largely on plots involving Popeye, Olive, Bluto in something resembling a love triangle, without many other characters appearing and with very few shorts deviating from that setup, which involved Olive falling for Bluto and Popeye beating him after eating spinach in an oft-repeated formula. Also of note are Famous Studios' remakes of Fleischer cartoons (such as Goonland, itself a loose Thimble Theatre adaptation), heavily changed by Famous to remove all traces of Segar creations outside of Popeye, Bluto and Olive, i.e. Popeye's Pappy replacing Goonland's Goons with what might be considered racial caricatures of Africans led by a Bluto-like cannibal, with the only thing in common between the two versions being the rescue of Pappy - who would go on to make only two more appearances after this (one of which contradicted the established fact that he left his son shortly after his birth). Supporting characters who were notable friends of Popeye and even had several appearances in Fleischer cartoons, such as Wimpy, Pappy and Swee'Pea, were featured less than a handful of times: Wimpy only appeared in three shorts (aside from flashback-oriented stories) and others such as Eugene the Jeep never appeared at all. Popeye's role as an adventuring sailor was also reduced to a point where he was barely ever seen at sea or in the Navy other than in a few shorts mostly from the war period, as the majority of stories preferred to avoid doing more adventurous and fantastical stories and focus on Popeye's everyday life, his vacation hijinks or the "love triangle" setup.
Popeye's portrayal in the animated adaptation (such as the theatrical cartoons and especially the Famous outings) has alternately been criticized for giving him a single means to solve all of life's problems (unlike in the older strips), or praised for bringing children to eat healthy. This reliance was most exaggerated in the short "How Green Is My Spinach," which presented Popeye as being helpless without spinach (and portrayed other vegetables as ineffective), spoofing the cartoons's own formula but at the same time providing a rather questionable message.
In the fifties, Popeye's cartoon catalog was sold by the Paramount studio to Associated Artists Productions for broadcast on television. Animated shows were also made for television in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
First television series
In 1960, the first Popeye the Sailor animated television series was produced for first-run syndication which proved successful. Like the earlier theatrical cartoon series, it would use many elements that were already well known, mostly the basic storyline of Popeye trying to keep his sweetheart Olive safe from the hands of other male suitors while using spinach to remain fit and healthy. Unlike the theatrical shorts however (especially the Famous Studios shorts), this TV series made a more prominent attempt to bring back characters and elements from Thimble Theatre back to Popeye's side, such as his old friend J. Wellington Wimpy, who had been considerably absent during the Famous era, and the show even included characters who never had the chance to appear in animation, such as Popeye's old lucky charm Bernice the Whiffle Hen and even Alice the Goon, King Blozo and Rough House (yet while bringing in more Thimble Theatre elements, very few episodes were a direct or accurate adaptations of the strips and had no real continuity between them). Notably, the only character that failed to return was Bluto himself, who was instead replaced by his lookalike/brother Brutus, due to King Features incorrectly thinking that the former was not originally a Thimble Theatre character. While the show did involve Popeye's love life, episodes actually focused more on his adventuring around the world (and beyond) not unlike the Fleischer and comic strip incarnation, and also brought back other Thimble Theatre antagonists rather than relying solely on Brutus, like the sinister Sea Hag and Toar the caveman, who proved to be a true challenge for Popeye. As in the final Fleischer cartoons and most Famous shorts, Popeye still wore his Navy uniform, an exception being the pilot episode "Barbecue for Two", where he did wear his original outfit.
The All-New Popeye Hour
In 1978, Hanna-Barbera Productions, with King Features Syndicate, would produce a new Popeye television series, The All-New Popeye Hour. Unlike the previous show, this series had higher-quality animation and was more akin to Segar's work and Fleischer cartoons than other Popeye animations, with Popeye more regularly seen as an adventurous sailor. Popeye's look was once again changed for this series, this time it was a permanent return to his classic outfit, however he still wore his Navy hat, making it something of a combination of both styles. The series also gave characters such as Alice the Goon more prominence, having her co-star with Olive in their own segment, Private Olive Oyl. This show focused more on adventure than past animations: there were entirely new segments dedicated to sailing the seas and searching for adventure, as in Popeye's Treasure Hunt. Popeye and the Sea Hag's relationship was also more accurate to the strips than the previous series, with the Hag wanting to marry Popeye, much to the latter's disgust. Oddly enough, Popeye's signature spinach can would have special effects on other characters, such as Olive and Swee'Pea, who would unusually turn into actual superheroes.
Popeye's first movie
In 1980, a theatrical live-action movie called Popeye was released, featuring an original story written by Jules Pfeiffer, directed by Robert Altman, and serving as a more faithful adaptation to Segar's Thimble Theatre. It brought almost every friend of Popeye's to the silver screen, although it showed the well-known sailor (as whom Robin McLaurin Williams starred) as having an initial aversion to spinach, and the setting took place in a port town called Sweethaven, created on the island of Malta by Altman's set decorators. It eventually went on to gross $49,823,037; more than double the film's production budget.
Popeye was produced as a musical, with original songs whose music was composed and whose lyrics were written by Harry Nilsson; however, Sammy Lerner's familiar theme for the character, "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man," was retained in the final sequence.
Popeye and Son
In 1987, the latest animated series focusing on Popeye was produced, entitled Popeye and Son. The series was unique in the Popeye franchise for taking place later in Popeye's life, where he had finally married Olive Oyl, settled down and had a son of his own (a notable change considering the rarity of having well-known cartoon characters actually move on with their lives). The series shared similarities with its predecessor, The All-New Popeye Hour, having various references to Thimble Theatre and other media in Popeye's history such as the theatrical film, with the cartoon taking place in Sweethaven. However, the series didn't prove as popular as its predecessors and was eventually cancelled after 13 episodes. Being the last animated Popeye series on television, it can be considered somewhat fitting that it ended at a later and happier point in Popeye's life.
Revivals
In 2001, Popeye received a tribute show on Cartoon Network titled The Popeye Show, which only featured classic shorts but also adding trivia info and facts about Popeye as well as occasionally showing unaltered original versions of the shorts, with the series going on to have 45 episodes.
In 2004, a CGI-animated TV movie titled Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy was produced by Mainframe Entertainment for Lions Gate Entertainment and King Features Entertainment. An attempt at a full-fledged animated theatrical film was also made by Sony Pictures Animation for release in 2012, with test animation made by Genndy Tartakovsky, yet production on this film has apparently remained on an indefinite hiatus.
In 2012, IDW Publishing began a brand-new Popeye comic book that primarily stays faithful to the character's original comic strip incarnation by E. C. Segar and Bud Sagendorf, and features countless throwbacks and references to Popeye's old adventures and even features the return of many (if not all) of the characters from the classic era. As the series is more faithful to Segar and Sagendorf's work, the plots of each issue follow more closely to the original format of the older comics rather than the cartoons, and the art even replicates Segar's style flawlessly. In 2013, IDW held a special crossover event where they depicted many of the settings in their comics as being invaded by the Martians from the 1962 trading card game and 1996 film Mars Attacks, with Popeye facing off against the 1962 incarnation of the Martians in the special Mars Attacks Popeye.
Character designs
Popeye's unique and commonly used design is one that is immediately recognizable, being always depicted as a gruff-looking yet skinny sailor with a large cleft chin, a single eye, a mostly bald head and very large forearms with anchor tattoos, while his outfit normally consists of a black dress shirt with a red neckline and sleeves with blue edges along with blue pants, brown shoes and a sailor's cap. During his first introduction in Thimble Theatre, Popeye's appearance was not too different from his current one, the only difference being that his nose was noticeably larger, his chin was slimmer and his forearms were less round and more angular (and also a bit hairy), but as Segar's talent continued to grow, the design would change to match the well known sailor seen today. This design would be his most iconic and most used depiction used in many media, and most notably the first piece of Popeye animated media by Fleischer Studios.
Following the attack of Pearl Harbor in 1941 by the Japanese which made the US take part in World War II, Popeye's design remained unchanged, however, in the cartoons he was now made a member of the U. S. Navy and given the appropriate naval attire, consisting of the standard white uniform with a black neckerchief, black shoes and a small Navy cap. He would continue to wear this outfit until the mid-1960s. During his Famous Studios run, Popeye's eyes were also slightly enlarged to look a bit more realistic rather than looking like black dots, and he was also portrayed as having two eyes in both Famous Studios and the 60s television series, which would occasionally be seen in several shorts.
When Bud Sagendorf began the Popeye comics in 1948, Popeye's design was changed to resemble his classic look but while still wearing his Navy cap from the war. His eyes were also changed back to their black dot appearance. His chin was also further enlarged with only a few minor changes due to Sagendorf's own unique art style. This design would continue to be used by Sagendorf's successors in Popeye comics, such as George Wildman, Bobby London and several others throughout the 70s, 80s and future newspaper comic strips depending on the artist, with Segar and Sagendorf's designs usually being interchanged. Sagendorf's design was also used in other 70s media and two cartoons, The All-New Popeye Hour and Popeye and Son.
Since the end of Popeye and Son, media and merchandise (outside the occasional comics) would continue to portray Popeye with his classic look or his Sagendorf design regularly, and only rarely using his Navy look.
Drawing the character
Popeye's appearance is always the most difficult for cartoonists to duplicate because, as Sagendorf once pointed out, there is nothing normal about it. Sagendorf went on to admit that after approximately a year of attempting to do so as Segar's apprentice, he had to ask Segar to draw the character for him; he explained, "It turned out that if you didn't draw the eyebrows and eyes first, the nose second, the head third and the chin last, you were dead."
Personality
Popeye is a rough and tough sailor with a heart of gold who always does what he can for others and always doing what he thinks is best. He is brave and compassionate, as he will not back down against any foe and give them all he has got, but his compassionate nature makes it so he always tries to "defends the weakerist", as he cannot stand seeing the weak and helpless get abused. He also has a fondness for "poor dumb animals" and, similarly, cannot stand to see any animal being hurt for no reason. But he also has no patience for violent beasts who attack defenseless people or other animals for no justifiable reason, and he will be quick to turn them into mincemeat for their hotheadedness.
Being a sailor, he has a love for adventure and the sea, and will not pass up the chance to find new mysteries, lost treasures and grand adventures. While he is usually a treasure hunter of sorts, he is not greedy and always does his best to share with others and encourage others to do the same. Popeye has a dislike for things like monsters, ghosts and other such terrors, having faced several himself in his life time and would even pretend they do not exist, as seeing them terrifies him greatly, but he always manages to muster the courage to face off against any foe. Popeye's favorite food is spinach, and he always tries to encourage others to eat this healthy vegetable as it is a great source of "strength and vitality." He loves his sweetheart Olive Oyl dearly despite their rough start and will go to any lengths to keep her safe and make her happy, showing that he is a very chivalrous and romantic man, despite his rough, tough and gruff nature.
Biography
Past
Birth and early life
Popeye was born the son of Poopdeck Pappy and an unnamed woman in a typhoon in Santa Monica (with Popeye erroneously claiming to have been born at 2 or 3 years of age). Shortly after his birth, his father Poopdeck left home and was never seen again, and his mother's fate was unknown, leaving the young Popeye an "orphink" to be raised by an orphanage keeper who gave him the ID number of 185,764. As an infant, Popeye already had his signature pipe, presumably given to him by his father before leaving, and would only take it out of his mouth for his morning bottles of malted hardtack. As far as he could remember, little Popeye was impressed by early home training and exercised as soon as he was able, but avoided getting into serious fights until he was 4 years of age, where he had finally had enough of his orphanage keeper and let him have it. After this incident, it seemed as though Popeye's keeper became impressed with the child and decided to enter him in contests (similar to dog shows) where the young Popeye became a prize baby in many shows and always took great pride in his Bertillon measurements. Eventually, the orphan Popeye would fall on hard times upon leaving the orphanage, and was forced to wear flour sacks for clothes, but happily, the luckless lad was taken in by Whaler Joe at the docks, who even bought the young lad a new pipe and a fascinating straw hat with a radio antenna on it.
Childhood
At six years of age, Popeye began to fulfill his promise of taking his exercising more seriously and started devoting himself to fights with the local bullies, easily laying his foes among the geranium flowerbeds, always promising to do so and never breaking his word. With Popeye around, the local bullies did not need the aid of any pliers or doorknobs to get rid of those useless bicuspids thanks to Popeye's left-right to the jaw. As Popeye's notoriety grew among the children, he inadvertently became a factor for good in discouraging his fellow rough-dock kids from crapshooting, doing so by being too good at the game himself, as he always got 18 straight passes when he rolled the dice. Despite his love of crapshooting, Popeye would be forced to sell his beloved dice for the lead in them after his guardian Whaler Joe fell on tough times. One day, Popeye set out on a boat with nothing but a bent pin and a spool of thread in hopes of helping his guardian by catching whales for him. Unfortunately, upon reaching the whale pod, Popeye realized he was grievously ill-prepared against the giant sea beasts who thrashed about his little vessel as they let out a loud horselaugh, which made Popeye respond with a quick tempered "Blow me down, you-!"-- but before he could finish, the whales suddenly stopped. It was then that the largest whale, deeply offended, got on little Popeye's vessel and sprayed him with a mighty jet of water. This action infuriated the young Popeye so heavily that his anger became pure strength; he quickly got back on his feet and punched whale with all his might, instantly killing the proud alpha and proceeded to take on the rest of the pod. A triumphant little Popeye then returned home with a nice string of whales for Whaler Joe that night.
Teenage Years and the Path of the Sailor
Upon reaching the age of 12, Popeye had startled everyone he knew by the sheer fact that he was now like a full-grown man, puberty having hit him hard as he now had to shave after every meal and he even had muscles so tough that they could be used as grindstones, with Popeye even renting out his forearms for just that purpose for some extra side cash. It was around this time that Popeye finally (but unknowingly) set out to sea, having been shanghaied onto a crew one night after some bilge rat put a mickey in his "sodie pop" to knock him out. After he woke, he found himself aboard the Josie Lee with a new crew bossing him around, so he decided to slip a "mickey" himself to everyone in the crew with his fists, including the captain. It was then that the Josie Lee began to drift out to sea and after a few days, Popeye realized that he liked this style of living and would go on to devote his life to that of the sailor's way, deciding to join the crew of the Josie Lee and begin practicing his "sailor's walk" from then on. Popeye then dedicated himself to sailing the seas, looking for fights and new adventure, as well as any clue to the whereabouts of his long-lost Pappy.
The One-Eyed Sailor
As the twelve-year old Popeye set off on his first voyage, he would end up losing the vision of his right eye in "the mos' arful battle" of his life. One fateful night, Popeye had just finished shooting craps with his five mates, who laid beaten on the deck of the Josie Lee with all their money on Popeye's side. It was then that the monstrous and bloodthirsty cook of the ship, an evil, beast-like man simply known as "The Ape," stepped forth, having had enough of Popeye's winning streak. Popeye knew a fight was inevitable and shouted out a "Blow me down!" before promising to lay the monster man "among the swee'peas" (the sweet pea flowerbed) as his resting place. However, the naive young boy (who always kept his promises no matter what) realized that there was not a single flowerbed of "swee'peas" in sight, with the exception of a bed of sunflowers on the ship. The flustered Popeye kept looking around the boat with his good peepers for any sign of a flowerbed to keep his word on, but before he knew it, "The Ape" pounced on the unsuspecting rookie sailor and a fierce onslaught ensued with The Ape showing no mercy and laying down a gruesome punishment on the sailor, with Popeye never being able to see another flowerbed with that one peeper of his again. From then on, those at sea would refer to Popeye as "Pop-Eye", after his popped eye.
Despite this gruesome defeat, Popeye did not weaken or falter and only became more dangerous from the experience, and he quickly recuperated and continued his service as a sailor on the Josie Lee, continuing to make his regular nightly rounds, winding the anchor watch, always staying in front of the mast so he could say "Blow me down!" when the wind hit the sails and always keeping his fists tough while walloping his foes with only his left fist, for if he used his right fist, he would be unable to control his strength without obliterating his opponent due to not having his right eye to be in synch with his fist anymore. In those days, one had to be a brave or foolish mariner to incur Popeye's wrath.
It was around this time that the teenaged Popeye started embracing a chivalrous oath of gallantry, possibly due to the mature nature of his shipmates, with him often refusing to involve himself in the haughty and lewd conversations they had about fair maidens. His chivalry reached its peak one day when an albatross landed on the deck of the Josie Lee. The hapless little bird was suddenly grasped by none other than the ship's cook, "The Ape", who hoped to make some "Off" out of the poor bird. Popeye then noticed that the small bird was wearing a pair of tiny lady's shoes, making him realize that this albatross was a lady bird, or "Albatress", as he called her. Popeye then wound up his fist and let "The Ape" have it with a mighty blow to the jaw (while also unintentionally getting a revenge of sorts). With the little female albatross now saved, Popeye apologetically bowed before the little bird and said "maybe you is somebody's sister, tha's a fack! Nobody but a criminal would do a hurt to anybody's sister!", and the little bird happily went on her way.
The Mary Ann
Around the age of 14, when ships were wood and men were iron, young Popeye became a member of the Sea Dog Club for sailors, where he would meet his good friend Bill Barnacle. The two would then join the crew of the Mary Ann for an unknown voyage. On a dark night, the Mary Ann began ringing in an ominous and unusual tone not unlike the sound of bones and skeletons moving when suddenly the moon became blood red. The two shocked sailors could only look on in horror as they saw numerous indescribable beasts clinging to the side of the Mary Ann, led by a sinister being. The next morning, the duo and their skipper found five of the crew missing with no trace of them left behind. All that was known was that their frightening encounter aboard the "Ol' Mary Ann" would forever remind the duo of the all-true horrors that exist within the seas.
Dice Island
Later in life (at the presumed age of around 34 according to Bud Sagendorf), Popeye would offer his seafaring services at local ports; it was there he would eventually meet the ever-ambitious Castor Oyl and his sidekick Ham Gravy, who sought Popeye's services in order to travel to the gambling paradise of Dice Island and make it big using the luck-enhancing powers of their mysterious pet, Bernice the Whiffle Hen, and through them he would meet Castor's sister, Olive Oyl who at first was not too fond of the sailor and vice versa. Even her first words to him were harsh: "Take your hooks offa me or I'll lay ya in a scupper", and they fought bitterly---and hilariously---for months until finally realizing their feelings for each other. It was at this point that Olive left her womanizing fiancee Ham Gravy to be with the gruff sailor she loved. Since then, Popeye and Olive have remained almost inseparable and happily in love.
Songs
Since his debut in animation, Popeye has had many unique songs for himself as well as many tunes dedicated to him.
"I Yam What I Yam"
"Swee'Pea's Lullaby"
"Blow Me Down!"
"Sailin'"
"I'm Popeye the Sailor Man"
Popeye in other media
The character has been adapted into different forms of media, including animated, live-action movies, TV shows, video games, and action figures.
William Costello (a.k.a. Red Pepper Sam) from 1933 to 1935
Jack Mercer from 1935 until his death in 1984
Jackson Beck during the brief time Jack Mercer served in World War II
Mae Questel from 1945 to 1946
Harry Welch from 1945 to 1947
Maurice LaMarche from 1985 to 1990
Billy West in from 2004 to 2006
Floyd Buckley (radio)
Dave Coulier (Robot Chicken)
Jim Cummings (commercials)
Robin Williams (live-action film)
Tom Kenny (2014 animation test)
Comic books
Comics characters |
9235 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics | Astrophysics | Astrophysics is the study of how stars, planets and other things in the Universe work, and how we can learn about them. Astrophysicists use physics to explain what astronomers find and see.
Astrophysics is also the study of how the Universe started and how it is changing with time. This part of astrophysics is called cosmology.
History
For a long time bodies in the sky seemed to be unchanging spheres moving in a circle. But on Earth growth and decay happened, and natural motion was in a straight line. Therefore, people thought the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found on Earth.
During the 16th and 17th century, natural philosophers such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton, began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.
When they were able to work out how the planets moved, the science of astrophysics was born. Sir Isaac Newton realized that the same rules of mechanics that he had found on the surface of the Earth also could be used to predict how the planets moved. He said, "As above, so below." By this, he meant that we can study how things work on this planet to find out how things work in space.
Later scientists found that by looking at the light from stars, they were able to work out what they were made from. This process is called spectroscopy.
Types of astrophysics
There are two main types of astrophysics:
Observational astrophysics is like astronomy. Like astronomers, observational astrophysicists use telescopes to study the Universe, but observational astrophysicists study the physics of what they see to explain the Universe.
Radio astronomy
Optical astronomy
Infrared astronomy
Ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray astronomy using space telescopes
Theoretical astrophysics uses information from astronomers, theories and mathematics to explain how the Universe works. Cosmology is a type of theoretical astrophysics. Problems investigated include:
Solar System formation and evolution
Star formation and evolution
Galaxy formation and evolution
large-scale structure of matter in the universe
Origin of cosmic rays
General relativity
Evolution of the universe
Hydrodynamics is used for mathematically modelling how gases behave. Strong magnetic fields found around many bodies can drastically change how these gases behave, affecting things from star formation to the flows of gases around compact stars. This makes MHD an important and useful tool.
Other fields
Related pages
Astronomy
Quasar
References |
9237 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20order | Word order | Word order is part of syntax, which is part of grammar. Word order may be different in different languages. For example, English "I play tennis only sometimes" would be in German Ich spiele nur manchmal Tennis, literally "I play only sometimes tennis". In Norwegian, the same sentence would be Jeg spiller bare tennis noen ganger ("I play tennis only sometimes").
In Portuguese, the sentence could be Eu só jogo tênis algumas vezes ("I only play tennis sometimes), but word order can be changed to Eu jogo tênis só algumas vezes ("I play tennis only sometimes"). However, Eu jogo só tênis algumas vezes is not allowed ("I play only tennis sometimes") because the meaning would be changed.
Subject-verb-object
In English, a simple sentence with a verb (an action), subject (who or what is doing the action), and an object (to whom or what the action is done) is written with a subject-verb-object word order (SVO). For example, in the sentence "Robert opens the door", "Robert" is the subject, "opens" is the verb and "door" is the object. SVO is the second-most common word order among all languages and is used in 42% of them. Examples are Mandarin Chinese, Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Indonesia, Spanish, French, Italian, Thai and Vietnamese. While some of the above languages can use other word orders, such as SOV and VSO, they use SVO for the simplest sentences.
In other languages, sentences can use other word orders. Consider Robert opens the door. In English, changing the word order to "The door opens Robert" would change the meaning of the sentence. In Latin, however, Robertus ianuam aperit and ianuam Robertus aperit mean the same. Ianuam is in the accusative case and so it is the direct object and Robertus the subject. Changing the cases of the words, however, to Robertem ianua aperit would change the meaning of the sentence: ianua is now in the nominative case and so it is the subject and Robertum the object.
Subject-object-verb
The subject-object-verb (SOV) word order is the one that is used by the greatest number of distinct languages, 45% of them. It is especially common in the theoretical language family that is known as the Altaic language family, which includes many languages such as Japanese, Korean, Mongolian and the Turkic languages.
In Japanese, for example, a simple sentence uses SOV. In other words, the sentence "Robert opens the door" becomes "Robert the door opens". Such languages often use postpositions, which act like prepositions but appear after content words rather than before them, to show the role of a word in the sentence. The sample sentence "Robert opens the door" would be in Japanese ロバートはドアを開ける Robāto-wa doa-o akeru in which は wa as in ロバートは Robāto-wa shows that ロバート Robāto (Robert) is the topic of the sentence, and を o as in ドアを doa-o shows that ドア doa is the direct object of the sentence. Around 45% of all languages are SOV languages.
Verb-subject-object
The verb-subject-object (VSO) word order is the third-most common word order in world languages. There are far fewer VSO languages than SVO and SOV languages, and only 9% of them are VSO. Language groups in which VSO is common include Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic, and Celtic languages, such as Irish, Welsh and Cornish. In VSO languages, "Robert opens the door" would be "Opens Robert the door". Spanish sentences are usually SVO, but VSO is also common. In Spanish, the example above can be as Roberto abre la puerta (Robert opens the door) or Abre Roberto la puerta (Opens Robert the door).
Other types
Aside from SVO, SOV, and VSO, other kinds of word orders are rather uncommon. VOS word order makes up at around 3% of all languages, and languages that begin with the object (OVS and OSV) are extremely few, each around 1-0% percent each.
References
Grammar |
9239 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20W.%20Bush | George H. W. Bush | George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Before he became president, he was the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 (under the Ronald Reagan administration), an ambassador to the United Nations, a congressman, and Director of Central Intelligence. He was married to Barbara Bush from 1945 until her death in 2018. His children include the 43rd president of the United States George W. Bush, former governor of Florida Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He was a Republican.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, and raised in Greenwich, Connecticut. He attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy Reserve during World War II. After the war, he graduated from Yale and moved to Texas, starting a successful oil company.
He entered politics in the 1960s, first running for the US Senate in 1964, but lost the election. In 1966, he ran for the House of Representatives and won. Five years later, in 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to become the Ambassador of the United Nations, then chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973. In 1974, President Gerald Ford appointed him as Chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China, then in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence. In 1980, Bush ran for president, but lost the nomination to Ronald Reagan. However, Reagan chose Bush to be his vice presidential running mate.
Eight years later, in 1988, Bush ran for president again, defeating Democrat Michael Dukakis. During his presidency, Bush led the United States through the end of the Cold War. He presided over the invasion of Panama and the Gulf War. He also signed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which did not allow discrimination to disabled people. Bush signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (also called NAFTA), which went into effect in 1994. He appointed David Souter and Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. Although he promised not to raise taxes, he did so in order to help make the budget deficit smaller (when the government spends more money than it makes.) He ran for reelection in 1992, but lost to Democrat Bill Clinton.
After his presidency ended in 1993, Bush did activities that helped other people. He did this alongside Bill Clinton, his former rival. In 2000, his son, George W. Bush, was elected president of the United States. Another son, Jeb Bush, was elected governor of Florida in 1998. Jeb tried to run for president in 2016, but did not win the nomination.
On November 25, 2017, Bush became, at the time, the longest-lived U.S. president. He passed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died on December 26, 2006. On November 30, 2018, Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 94. Bush is ranked as an above-average president.
Early life
Bush was born on June 12, 1924 in 173 Adam Street, Milton, Massachusetts. His father was politician Prescott Bush. He studied at Yale University. In June 1943, Bush became the youngest pilot in the United States Navy at the time.
Bush served in the United States Navy from 1942 until 1945. During WWII, his plane was shot down. He won the Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He married Barbara Pierce in 1945. They had six children.
Early career
Bush worked for Zapata Oil in Texas and was a politician in Texas, running for the Senate in 1964, but losing to Ralph Yarborough and later again in 1970, though losing again to Lloyd Bentsen.
He was later a House Representative. He was also Republican Party Chairman and tried the vice presidency, with the support of such Congressional conservatives as Senator Barry Goldwater after Nixon resigned and Ford took office, but lost to liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller in 1974. In 1980, Bush also ran against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's candidacy for President but lost. He was then named Republican Vice Presidential candidate by Reagan after Reagan defeated him. Reagan and Bush were elected President and Vice President that year.
During World War II, Bush was a crewman on a TBM Avenger. He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship. He later became a diplomat and head of the CIA.
Presidency, 1989–93
After being Ronald Reagan's vice president, Bush was elected president in 1988 by defeating Michael Dukakis. While he was president, the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart. He was known for his failed promise speech "Read my lips: no new taxes".
In 1990, Bush's off-hand comments about broccoli caused a minor political controversy. In 1992, he visited Kiichi Miyazawa when he vomited on his lap and soon fainted during a dinner feast. Hours later, Bush made a comment that he was suffering from the flu.
When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in order to steal their supplies of oil, Bush led the United States and many other countries to protect Kuwait. The conflict was called the Gulf War. He also invaded Panama to remove Manuel Noreiga, who was guilty of drug trafficking.
At his home, Bush also signed in important laws, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act. However, the country suffered from a recession. This was embarrassing, and many people believe this was the reason he lost the presidential election of 1992 to Bill Clinton.
Personal life
Bush resided on a ranch in Houston, Texas with his family. After his presidency, he supported John McCain and his son George W. Bush. He supported Mitt Romney and Rick Perry for president. He attended the opening of the USS George H.W. Bush, a naval ship named after him. He traveled with his son to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
On February 15, 2011, Bush was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, by President Barack Obama.
He was present at his son's presidential library opening ceremony on April 25, 2013. In July 2013, Bush had his head shaved in a show of support for the two-year-old son of a member of his security detail, who had leukemia. He is the most recent president that was a veteran during World War II.
Bush sent a letter to Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him of his (Bush's) poor health that he would not be able to attend Trump's inauguration on January 20 and gave his best wishes.
He was the father of George W. Bush, Jeb Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch. He had two other sons; his other daughter Robin died of leukemia in 1953; his father (also a politician) was Prescott Bush. On April 13, 2013, he became a great-grandfather when his granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
Bush was an Episcopalian.
Health
Bush suffered from a form of Parkinson's disease which forced him to use a motorized scooter or wheelchair to get around, since at least 2012.
On November 23, 2012, Bush had a bronchitis-like cough that initially brought him to Methodist Hospital in Houston for treatment. He was supposed to be released before Christmas, but was kept in and over the holiday because he got worse with a high fever. On December 23, 2012, he started to be in the intensive-care unit. On December 29, 2012, his health improved and moved out of intensive care. He was discharged in the hospital on January 14, 2013. On December 23, 2014, Bush was once again hospitalized at the Methodist Hospital after suffering a "shortness of breath". He was released from the hospital on December 30, 2014.
On July 15, 2015, Bush fell at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine and broke a vertebra in his neck.
On January 18, 2017, he was admitted to the intensive care unit at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he was sedated for a procedure to treat an acute respiratory problem stemming from pneumonia.
On April 22, 2018, after the burial of Bush's wife Barbara, he was hospitalized for sepsis and was placed under intensive care.
Death
Bush died on November 30, 2018 at his home in Houston from Parkinson's-related complications, aged 94. A state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral.
Tributes and condolences were offered by former Presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and then-current President Donald Trump. He lied in state in the United States Capitol and was buried next to his wife at the George Bush Presidential Library.
Other names
Since Bush had the same first and last names as his son, he was often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (George Bush senior). Some people call him "41" or "Bush 41" because he was the 41st President.
Comments on broccoli
In 1990, President of the United States, George H. W. Bush, made a casual remark about broccoli (a vegetable), and said he would never eat it.
The President made this comment in 1990, shortly after a journalist from the U.S. News and World Report broke the story that Bush banned the vegetable from Air Force One. George S. Dunlop, President of the United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, gave First Lady Barbara Bush a bouquet of the vegetable an additional 10 tons in trucks.
A few days afterwards, Bush hosted a state dinner to honor Tadeusz Mazowiecki, the Prime Minister of Poland, and journalists noted there was no broccoli on the menu, as most of the 10 tons of broccoli given to the President's family by the farmers had been donated to the Capital Area Food Bank.
References
Other websites
Bush Presidential Library and Museum
White House biography
Note: Contains only Bush's 1990 State of the Union address
Essays on Bush and His Administration
The President Who Treated Me Like A Son, brief memoir by his personal aide
Photographs of President George H. W. Bush shaking hands with Philip G. Hoffman at a University of Houston commencement ceremony.
George Bush at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Bush, George H. W. and Jim McGrath. George H. W. Bush Oral History (Directory entry ), Houston Oral History Project, July 2009. Houston Public Library Digital Archives.
The Presidents: George H.W. Bush An American Experience Documentary
1924 births
2018 deaths
Bush family
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Time People of the Year
1980 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
1992 United States presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Houston, Texas
Lawyers from Houston
United States representatives from Texas
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Politicians from Massachusetts
People from Milton, Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Episcopalians
Politicians from Houston, Texas |
9240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio | Ohio | Ohio is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Columbus. Columbus is also the largest city in Ohio.
Other large cities in Ohio are Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Toledo, and Youngstown.
Some famous people from Ohio include golfer Jack Nicklaus, Wilbur and Orville Wright, astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, authors Sherwood Anderson and Toni Morrison, and actors Clark Gable and Katie Holmes. There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding.
Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960. Also, no Republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. Ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against black people. It is a part of the Midwest. Ohio is the 7th most populated state in the United States of America.
Geography
Ohio borders Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and it shares a water border with Ontario, Canada. Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the Appalachian Mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state. Most of this area is covered by forests. This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.
Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus. Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.
Economy
For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy. Youngstown was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland. Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. Today, other businesses are more prominent. Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous Cleveland Clinic, is the largest employer in the region. Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, Kroger, Luxottica, Procter & Gamble and Macy's, whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, JPMorgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, Wendy's, Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance. In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.
Related pages
List of cities in Ohio
List of counties in Ohio
References
1803 establishments in the United States |
9246 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek | Greek | Greek can mean:
A description of things or people from the European country of Greece
A description of things or people from one of the ancient European city-states of Ancient Greece
Greeks, the people of Greece
The Greek language, the language people speak in Greece
Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament, spoken at the time of Christ
Ancient Greek language, the language spoken in Ancient Greece
The Greek alphabet, the alphabet people use to write those languages
Greek mythology |
9252 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity | Relativity | The word relativity usually means two things in physics:
The principle of relativity, which was originally thought up by Galileo Galilei, and later used by Albert Einstein as one of the important postulates (like rules) of the theory of relativity.
The theory of relativity itself, which has two parts: special relativity and general relativity. |
9253 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20relativity | Principle of relativity | In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics is as same as the all frames of reference.
In 300 BCE, Greek philosopher Aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster than objects that are not heavy. The natural science of Aristotle was most popular in Western thought for 2,000 years.
In 1600, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei proved that all objects fall with the same acceleration. Therefore, the longer an object moves with constant acceleration the faster its final velocity is. Also, if different objects each having a different mass are dropped from rest (initial velocity is zero) at the same height in a vacuum, they will all hit the ground at the same velocity regardless of their mass. The experimental discoveries of Galileo and the Laws of Motion developed mathematically by Newton gave birth to modern science.
Galileo's principle of relativity states "It is impossible by mechanical means to say whether we are moving or staying at rest". If two trains are moving at the same speed in the same direction, then a passenger in either train will not be able to notice that either train is moving. However, if the passenger takes a fixed frame of reference, a fixed point, like the earth, he will then be able to notice the motion of either train. Another thing, if one stands on the earth one will not be able to see that it is moving.
This principle is just taken from observation. For example, if we are travelling by airplane at a constant speed, we can walk through the inside of the airplane without noticing anything special.
From a practical point of view, this means that Newton's laws of motion are valid in all inertial systems, which means those at rest or those moving with constant speed relative to one considered at rest. This is the law of inertia: a body at rest continues at rest and a body in motion continues in motion in a straight line unless influenced by an external force. A Galilean coordinate system is one where the law of inertia is valid. The laws of mechanics of Galileo and Newton are valid in a Galilean coordinate system. If K is a Galilean coordinate system, then every other system K' is a Galilean coordinate system if it lies at rest or moves according to the law of inertia relative to K. Relative to K', the mechanical laws of Galileo and Newton are as valid as they are relative to K.
If, relative to K, K' is a coordinate
system moving according to the law of
inertia and is devoid of rotation, then
the laws of nature obey the same general
principles in K' as they do in K. This
statement is known as the Principle of
Relativity.
In other words, if a mass m is at rest or is moving with constant acceleration (the constant acceleration could be equal to zero in which case the velocity would remain constant) in a straight line relative to a Galilean coordinate system K, then it will also be at rest or moving with constant acceleration in a straight line relative to a second coordinate system K' provided the law of inertia is valid in system K' (in other words, provided it is a Galilean coordinate system).
Therefore, if we want to observe an effect in a moving system at constant speed, we can apply the Newton laws directly. If the moving system speeds up (or we speed up relative to it, like looking at the stars from the earth) then we will have to introduce imaginary forces to compensate this effect.
These fictitious forces are called centrifugal force and coriolis force.
Newton's Laws of Motion are mechanically accurate for speeds that are slow compared with the velocity of light. For speeds that approach the speed of light, it is necessary to apply the discoveries of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.
In order to describe what happens mechanically in the universe, physicists use mass, length and time. In the physics of Galileo and Newton, these quantities remain the same throughout the universe.
With Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, these quantities can change.
Related pages
General theory of relativity
Special relativity
Relativity |
9254 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20relativity | Special relativity | Special relativity (or the special theory of relativity) is a theory in physics that was developed and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905. It applies to all physical phenomena, so long as gravitation is not significant. Special relativity applies to Minkowski space, or "flat spacetime" (phenomena which are not influenced by gravitation).
Einstein knew that some weaknesses had been discovered in older physics. For example, older physics thought light moved in luminiferous aether. Various tiny effects were expected if this theory were true. Gradually it seemed these predictions were not going to work out.
Eventually, Einstein (1905) drew the conclusion that the concepts of space and time needed a fundamental revision. The result was special relativity theory, which brought together a new principle "the constancy of the speed of light" and the previously established "principle of relativity".
Galileo had already established the principle of relativity, which said that physical events must look the same to all observers, and no observer has the "right" way to look at the things studied by physics. For example, the Earth is moving very fast around the Sun, but we do not notice it because we are moving with the Earth at the same speed; therefore, from our point of view, the Earth is at rest. However, Galileo's math could not explain some things, such as the speed of light. According to him, the measured speed of light should be different for different speeds of the observer in comparison with its source. However, the Michelson-Morley experiment showed that this is not true, at least not for all cases. Einstein's theory of special relativity explained this among other things.
Basics of special relativity
Suppose that you are moving toward something that is moving toward you. If you measure its speed, it will seem to be moving faster than if you were not moving. Now suppose you are moving away from something that is moving toward you. If you measure its speed again, it will seem to be moving more slowly. This is the idea of "relative speed"—the speed of the object relative to you.
Before Albert Einstein, scientists were trying to measure the "relative speed" of light. They were doing this by measuring the speed of star light reaching the Earth. They expected that if the Earth was moving toward a star, the light from that star should seem faster than if the Earth was moving away from that star. However, they noticed that no matter who performed the experiments, where the experiments were performed, or what star light was used, the measured speed of light in a vacuum was always the same.
Einstein said this happens because there is something unexpected about length and duration, or how long something lasts. He thought that as Earth moves through space, all measurable durations change very slightly. Any clock used to measure a duration will be wrong by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same. Imagining a "light clock" allows us to better understand this remarkable fact for the case of a single light wave.
Also, Einstein said that as Earth moves through space, all measurable lengths change (ever so slightly). Any device measuring length will give a length off by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same.
The most difficult thing to understand is that events that appear to be simultaneous in one frame may not be simultaneous in another. This has many effects that are not easy to perceive or understand. Since the length of an object is the distance from head to tail at one simultaneous moment, it follows that if two observers disagree about what events are simultaneous then this will affect (sometimes dramatically) their measurements of the length of objects. Furthermore, if a line of clocks appear synchronized to a stationary observer and appear to be out of sync to that same observer after accelerating to a certain velocity then it follows that during the acceleration the clocks ran at different speeds. Some may even run backwards. This line of reasoning leads to general relativity.
Other scientists before Einstein had written about light seeming to go the same speed no matter how it was observed. What made Einstein's theory so revolutionary is that it considers the measurement of the speed of light to be constant by definition, in other words it is a law of nature. This has the remarkable implications that speed-related measurements, length and duration, change in order to accommodate this.
The Lorentz transformations
The mathematical bases of special relativity are the Lorentz transformations, which mathematically describe the views of space and time for two observers who are moving relative to each other but are not experiencing acceleration.
To define the transformations we use a Cartesian coordinate system to mathematically describe the time and space of "events".
Each observer can describe an event as the position of something in space at a certain time, using coordinates (x,y,z,t).
The location of the event is defined in the first three coordinates (x,y,z) in relation to an arbitrary center (0,0,0) so that (3,3,3) is a diagonal going 3 units of distance (like meters or miles) out in each direction.
The time of the event is described with the fourth coordinate t in relation to an arbitrary (0) point in time in some unit of time (like seconds or hours or years).
Let there be an observer K who describes when events occur with a time coordinate t, and who describes where events occur with spatial coordinates x, y, and z.
This is mathematically defining the first observer whose "point of view" will be our first reference.
Let us specify that the time of an event is given: by the time that it is observed t(observed) (say today, at 12 o'clock) minus the time that it took for the observation to reach the observer.
This can be calculated as the distance from the observer to the event d(observed) (say the event is on a star which is 1 light year away, so it takes the light 1 year to reach the observer) divided by c, the speed of light (several million miles per hour), which we define as being the same for all observers.
This is correct because distance, divided by speed gives the time it takes to go that distance at that speed (e.g. 30 miles divided by 10 mph: give us 3 hours, because if you go at 10 mph for 3 hours, you reach 30 miles). So we have:
This is mathematically defining what any "time" means for any observer.
Now with these definitions in place, let there be another observer K' who is
moving along the x axis of K at a rate of v,
has a spatial coordinate system of x' , y' , and z' ,
where x axis is coincident with the x axis,
and with the y' and z' axes - "always being parallel" to the y and z axes.
This means that when K' gives a location like (3,1,2), the x (which is 3 in this example) is the same place that K, the first observer would be talking about, but the 1 on the y axis or the 2 on the z axis are only parallel to some location on the K' observer's coordinate system,
and
where K and K' ' are coincident at t = t' = 0
This means that the coordinate (0,0,0,0) is the same event for both observers.
In other words, both observers have (at least) one time and location that they both agree on, which is location and time zero.
The Lorentz Transformations then are
, and
.
Define an event to have spacetime coordinates in system S and in a reference frame moving at a velocity v with respect to that frame, S′. Then the Lorentz transformation specifies that these coordinates are related in the following way:
is the Lorentz factor and c is the speed of light in vacuum, and the velocity v of S′ is parallel to the x-axis. For simplicity, the y and z coordinates are unaffected; only the x and t coordinates are transformed. These Lorentz transformations form a one-parameter group of linear mappings, that parameter being called rapidity.
Solving the above four transformation equations for the unprimed coordinates yields the inverse Lorentz transformation:
Enforcing this inverse Lorentz transformation to coincide with the Lorentz transformation from the primed to the unprimed system, shows the unprimed frame as moving with the velocity v′ = −v, as measured in the primed frame.
There is nothing special about the x-axis. The transformation can apply to the y- or z-axis, or indeed in any direction, which can be done by directions parallel to the motion (which are warped by the γ factor) and perpendicular; see the article Lorentz transformation for details.
A quantity invariant under Lorentz transformations is known as a Lorentz scalar.
Writing the Lorentz transformation and its inverse in terms of coordinate differences, where one event has coordinates and , another event has coordinates and , and the differences are defined as
we get
If we take differentials instead of taking differences, we get
Mass, energy and momentum
In special relativity, the momentum and the total energy of an object as a function of its mass are
and
.
A frequently made error (also in some books) is to rewrite this equation using a "relativistic mass" (in the direction of motion) of .
The reason why this is incorrect is that light, for example, has no mass, but has energy. If we use this formula, the photon (particle of light) has a mass, which is according to experiments incorrect.
In special relativity, an object's mass, total energy and momentum are related by the equation
.
For an object at rest, so the above equation simplifies to . Hence, a massive object at rest still has energy. We call this rest energy and denote it by :
.
History
The need for special relativity arose from Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, which were published in 1865. It was later found that they call for electromagnetic waves (such as light) to move at a constant speed (i.e., the speed of light).
To have James Clerk Maxwell's equations be consistent with both astronomical observations[1] and Newtonian physics,[2] Maxwell proposed in 1877 that light travels through an ether which is everywhere in the universe.
In 1887, the famous Michelson-Morley experiment tried to detect the "ether wind" generated by the movement of the Earth.[3] The persistent null results of this experiment puzzled physicists, and called the ether theory into question.
In 1895, Lorentz and Fitzgerald noted that the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment could be explained by the ether wind contracting the experiment in the direction of motion of the ether. This effect is called the Lorentz contraction, and (without ether) is a consequence of special relativity.
In 1899, Lorentz first published the Lorentz equations. Although this was not the first time they had been published, this was the first time that they were used as an explanation of the Michelson-Morley's null result, since the Lorentz contraction is a result of them.
In 1900, Poincaré gave a famous speech in which he considered the possibility that some "new physics" was needed to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment.
In 1904, Lorentz showed that electrical and magnetic fields can be modified into each other through the Lorentz transformations.
In 1905, Einstein published his article introducing special relativity, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", in Annalen der Physik. In this article, he presented the postulates of relativity, derived the Lorentz transformations from them, and (unaware of Lorentz's 1904 article) also showed how the Lorentz Transformations affect electric and magnetic fields.
Later in 1905, Einstein published another article presenting E = mc2.
In 1908, Max Planck endorsed Einstein's theory and named it "relativity". In that same year, Hermann Minkowski gave a famous speech on Space and Time in which he showed that relativity is self-consistent and further developed the theory. These events forced the physics community to take relativity seriously. Relativity came to be more and more accepted after that.
In 1912, Einstein and Lorentz were nominated for the Nobel prize in physics due to their pioneering work on relativity. Unfortunately, relativity was so controversial then, and remained controversial for such a long time that a Nobel prize was never awarded for it.
Experimental confirmations
The Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to detect any difference in the speed of light based on the direction of the light's movement.
Fizeau's experiment, in which the index of refraction for light in moving water cannot be made to be less than 1. The observed results are explained by the relativistic rule for adding velocities.
The energy and momentum of light obey the equation . (In Newtonian physics, this is expected to be .)
The transverse doppler effect, which is where the light emitted by a quickly moving object is red-shifted due to time dilation.
The presence of muons created in the upper atmosphere at the surface of Earth. The issue is that it takes much longer than the half-life of the muons to get down to Earth surface even at nearly the speed of light. Their presence can be seen as either being due to time dilation (in our view) or length contraction of the distance to the earth surface (in the muon's view).
Particle accelerators cannot be constructed without accounting for relativistic physics.
Notes
[1] Observations of binary stars show that light takes the same amount of time to reach the Earth over the same distance for both stars in such systems. If the speed of light was constant with respect to its source, the light from the approaching star would arrive sooner than the light from the receding star. This would cause binary stars to appear to move in ways that violate Kepler's Laws, but this is not seen.
[2] The second postulate of special relativity (that the speed of light is the same for all observers) contradicts Newtonian physics.
[3] Since the Earth is constantly being accelerated as it orbits the Sun, the initial null result was not a concern. However, that did mean that a strong ether wind should have been present 6 months later, but none was observed.
Related pages
General relativity
References
W. Rindler, Introduction to Special Relativity'', 2nd edition, Oxford Science Publications, 1991, .
Web article on the history of special relativity
Relativity Calculator - Learn Special Relativity Mathematics The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.
Other websites
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/rocket.html
Relativity
Albert Einstein
Basic physics ideas |
9255 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964 | 1964 | 1964 (MCMLXIV) was .
Events
January 1 – Top of the Pops is first shown on BBC television.
January 3 – Footage of The Beatles performing a concert in Bournemouth, England is shown on The Jack Paar Show.
January 15 – Vee Jay Records files a lawsuit against Capitol Records and Swan Records over manufacturing and distribution rights to Beatles albums. On April 9, Capitol Records is granted an court order stopping Vee Jay Records from further manufacturing, distributing or advertising recordings by the Beatles.
January 18 – The Beatles appear on the Billboard magazine charts for the first time.
February 1 – Indiana Governor Welsh declares the song "Louie Louie" by the Kingsmen pornographic. He requests that the Indiana Broadcasters Association ban the record. Governor Welsh claimed that his "ears tingle" when he heard the song. Publisher Max Firetag offers $1,000 to anyone that can find anything "suggestive" in the song's lyrics.
February 7 – The Beatles arrive in the United States and are greeted by thousands of screaming fans at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport.
March – Columbia Records is bombarded with requests for heavyweight boxing champion Cassius Clay's album, I Am the Greatest, following Clay's defeat of Sonny Liston in February.
March 21 – For the first time in history, all Top Ten singles on the U.K. chart are by British acts.
March 27 – A major earthquake strikes southern Alaska.
April 4 – The Beatles hold all five top positions on Billboard's Top Pop Singles chart with their singles "Can't Buy Me Love", "Twist and Shout", "She Loves You", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", and "Please Please Me".
April 11 – The Beatles hold 14 positions on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Previously, the highest number of concurrent singles by one artist on the Hot 100 was nine by Elvis Presley, December 19, 1956.
April 20 – BBC 2 is launched.
April 26 – The Rolling Stones release their eponymous first album.
April 26 – Tanzania is formed by uniting Zanzibar and Tanganyika.
May 2 – In the United States, The Beatles' Second Album climbs to the #1 spot on the LP charts in only its second week of release, making it the first album ever to reach #1 that quickly.
July 31 – Country singer Jim Reeves dies in an airplane crash near Nashville.
September 21 – Malta becomes independent.
September 22 – Fiddler on the Roof opens on Broadway.
October 14 – Martin Luther King, Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
October 15 – Nikita Krushchev is overthrown in the Soviet Union.
October 16 – Harold Wilson becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
October 27 - Ronald Reagan delivers "A Time for Choosing" speech at a campaign ceremony for Barry Goldwater.
November 3 – US President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Barry Goldwater in the Presidential election.
Births
January 3 - Rendor Ács, Hungarian politician and actor
January 7 – Nicolas Cage, American actor
January 12 – Jeff Bezos, American entrepreneur
January 12 - Clare Holman, British actress
January 13 – Bill Bailey, British comedian
January 14 – Mark Addy, English actor
January 17 – Michelle Obama, First lady and wife of the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama
January 18 – Jane Horrocks, British actress
January 23 – Mariska Hargitay, American actress
January 23 – Bharrat Jagdeo, President of Guyana
January 26 – Torkil Nielsen, Faroese footballer and chess player
January 27 – Bridget Fonda, American actress
February 10 – Francesca Neri, Italian actress
February 10 – Glenn Beck, American broadcaster
February 11 – Sarah Palin, 11th Governor of Alaska
February 16 – Christopher Eccleston, English actor
February 18 – Matt Dillon, American actor
February 25 – Lee Evans, British comedian
March 1 – Paul Le Guen, French football manager
March 6 – Sandro Rosell, Spanish football manager
March 9 – Juliette Binoche, French actress
March 10 – Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
March 17 – Rob Lowe, American actor
March 29 – Elle Macpherson, Australian model and actress
April 2 – Hirobumi Zaima, Japanese footballer
April 6 – David Woodard, American writer and conductor
April 7 – Russell Crowe, New Zealand-born Australian actor
April 14 – Stuart Duncan, American musician
April 14 – Gina McKee, English actress
April 17 – Maynard James Keenan, American singer
April 20 – François Bourdoncle, French businessman
April 20 – Andy Serkis, English actor
April 25 – Hank Azaria, American actor and comedian
May 13 – Stephen Colbert, American actor and comedian
May 26 – Lenny Kravitz, American musician
June 15 – Courteney Cox, American actress
June 15 – Michael Laudrup, Danish footballer
June 19 — Boris Johnson, British Prime Minister
June 21 – Oleg Kononenko, Russian cosmonaut
June 22 – Dan Brown, American writer
June 23 – Joss Whedon, American television and movie director
July 3 – Yeardley Smith, American actress
July 9 – Courtney Love, American musician, singer and actress
July 10 – Urban Meyer, American football manager
July 15 – Tetsuji Hashiratani, Japanese football manager
July 19 – Masashi Hachuda, Japanese football manager
July 22 – John Leguizamo, Colombian/Puerto Rican American actor and comedian
July 24 – Barry Bonds, American baseball player
July 26 – Sandra Bullock, American actress
July 30 – Jürgen Klinsmann, German footballer
August 2 – Mary-Louise Parker, American actress
August 3 – Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime Minister of Thailand
August 8 – Klaus Ebner, Austrian writer
September 2 – Keanu Reeves, American actor
September 9 – John Hughes, Scottish football manager
September 14 – Faith Ford, American actress
September 28 – Paul Jewell, English football manager
September 30 – Monica Bellucci, Italian actress
October 22 – Craig Levein, Scottish football manager
October 23 – Robert Trujillo, American musician
October 30 – Jean-Marc Bosman, Belgian footballer
October 31 – Marco van Basten, Dutch footballer and coach
November 1 - Kerry Peers, Welsh actress
November 11 – Calista Flockhart, American actress
November 16 – Diana Krall, Canadian jazz singer
November 27 – Roberto Mancini, Italian footballer and manager
November 29 – Don Cheadle, American actor
December 1 – Salvatore Schillaci, Italian footballer
December 4 – Sertab Erener, Turkish singer
December 8 – Teri Hatcher, American actress
December 9 – Hape Kerkeling, German comedian
December 13 – Hide, Japanese musician (d. 1998)
December 18 – Robson Green, British actor
December 18 – Stone Cold Steve Austin, American professional wrestler
December 23 – Eddie Vedder, American singer
Deaths
January 1 – Bechara El Khoury, President of Lebanon (born 1890)
February 6 – Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Philippines (born 1869)
March 20 – Brendan Behan, Irish writer (born 1923)
April 24 – Gerhard Domagk, German bacteriologist (born 1895)
May 2 – Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, American-British politician (born 1879)
May 21 – James Franck, German-born physicist (born 1882)
May 27 – Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India (born 1889)
July 31 – Jim Reeves, American country singer (born 1923)
August 7 – Aleksander Zawadzki, President of Poland (born 1899)
August 12 – Ian Fleming, British writer (born 1908)
September 2 – Francisco Craveiro Lopes, Portuguese President (born 1894)
September 28 – Harpo Marx, American comedian and actor (born 1888)
October 10 – Eddie Cantor, American actor, comedian and dancer (born 1892)
October 15 – Cole Porter, American composer (born 1891)
October 20 – Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (born 1874)
December 9 – Edith Sitwell, English poet (born 1887)
December 17 – Victor Francis Hess, Austrian-born physicist (born 1883)
December 21 – Carl Van Vechten, American writer and photographer (born 1880)
Nobel prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics shared by Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov for work that led to the development of laser and maser
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British biochemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Konrad Bloch, German American biochemist, and Feodor Lynen, German biochemist
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Jean-Paul Sartre, a French philosopher
Nobel Peace Prize won by Martin Luther King Jr., an American Baptist minister and activist
Movies released
Dr. Strangelove
The Night of the Iguana
The Carpetbaggers based on the novel by Harold Robbins
A Fistful of Dollars starring Clint Eastwood and Marianne Koch
Goldfinger starring Sean Connery
A Hard Day's Night starring The Beatles
Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte starring Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, and Joseph Cotten
Mary Poppins, winning Academy Award for Best Actress for Julie Andrews
My Fair Lady, winning Academy Award for Best Picture
A Shot in the Dark starring Peter Sellers and Elke Sommer
Viva Las Vegas
Hit songs
"Baby Love" – The Supremes
"Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles
"Chug-A-Lug" – Roger Miller
"Dancin' In The Street" – Martha & the Vandellas
"Dawn" – Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons
"Fun Fun Fun" – The Beach Boys
"Glad All Over" – Dave Clark Five
"Go Now" – The Moody Blues
"Goldfinger" – Shirley Bassey
"A Hard Day's Night" – The Beatles
"Hello Dolly" recorded by Louis Armstrong
"House Of The Rising Sun" – The Animals
"I Feel Fine"/"She's A Woman" – The Beatles
"I Get Around" – The Beach Boys
"I Guess I'm Crazy" – Jim Reeves
"Welcome To My World" – Jim Reeves
"It's Over" – Roy Orbison
"Needles And Pins" – The Searchers
"Rag Doll" – Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons
"She's Not There" – The Zombies
"Oh, Pretty Woman" – Roy Orbison
"Twist and Shout" – The Beatles
"Under The Boardwalk" – The Drifters
"Walk on By" – Dionne Warwick
"Welcome To My World" – Jim Reeves
"Wishin' and Hopin'" – Dusty Springfield
"You Really Got Me" – The Kinks
New Books
Albert Angelo – B.S. Johnson
Armageddon – Leon Uris
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – Roald Dahl
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang – Ian Fleming
The Defense – Vladimir Nabokov
The Farm Book – Jan Pfloog
Fortunate Pilgrim – Mario Puzo
Funeral in Berlin – Len Deighton
Herzog – Saul Bellow
The Jealous God – John Braine
Flowers for Hitler – Leonard Cohen
Julian – Gore Vidal
Little Big Man – Thomas Berger
The Man – Irving Wallace
The Martyred – Richard E. Kim
A Moveable Feast – Ernest Hemingway
Nigger: An Autobiography – Dick Gregory
One-Dimensional Man – Herbert Marcuse
A Purple Place For Dying – John D. MacDonald
Rascal – Sterling North
The Rector of Justin – Louis Auchincloss
Second Generation – Raymond Williams
Shadow and Act – Ralph Ellison
Shadow of a Bull – Maia Wojciechowska
A Song of Six Pence – A.J. Cronin
The Valley of Bones – Anthony Powell
When the Lion Feeds – Wilbur Smith
Why We Can't Wait – Martin Luther King, Jr.
You Only Live Twice – Ian Fleming
The Splendid Belt of Mr. Big – Sara Bulette
Other websites |
9256 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894 | 1894 |
Events
Outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War
June 30 – Tower Bridge in London opened.
Births
February 10 - Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister
April 17 – Nikita Krushchev, Soviet leader
March 20 – Ky Ebright, American Olympic rowing coach (d. 1979)
July 26 – Aldous Huxley, English writer
November 27 - Katherine Milhous, American illustrator and writer (d. 1977)
Deaths
1 January – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
1 November - Alexander III of Russia Czar of Russia father of Czar Nicholas II |
9257 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/587 | 587 |
Year 587 (DLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 587 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Deaths
Saint David |
9258 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%207 | September 7 |
Events
Up to 1900
70 A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
878 King Louis II of France is crowned by Pope John VIII.
1159 Pope Alexander II is chosen.
1191 Third Crusade: Battle of Asruf - Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Asruf.
1228 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor lands at Acre, Palestine, starting the Sixth Crusade.
1533 Future-Queen Elizabeth I of England is born, as the daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII of England, who had expected a male heir to the throne.
1571 Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is arrested for his role in the Ridolf plot to assassinate Elizabeth I of England and replace her on the throne with Mary, Queen of Scots.
1706 War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Turin ends, leading to a French withdrawal from Italy.
1764 Election of Stanislaw August Poniatowski as the last ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1776 World's first submarine attack. The American submarine Turtle tried to put a time bomb on the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship Eagle in New York Harbor.
1778 American Revolutionary War: France invades Dominica in the British West Indies, before Britain is even aware of France's involvement in the war, on the US' side.
1812 Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon defeated the Russian army of Alexander I near the village of Borodino.
1818 Carl III of Sweden-Norway became king of Norway, in Trondheim.
1822 Brazil becomes independent from Portugal.
1837 French explorer Jules Dumont D'Urville starts his expedition to Antarctica.
1853 German explorer Heinrich Barth enters Timbuktu.
1860 Unification of Italy: Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Naples.
1864 American Civil War: Atlanta, Georgia is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.
1876 In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James Younger-Gang attempt to rob the town's bank, but are driven off by armed citizens.
1895 The first game of what later becomes rugby league football is played in England.
1901 1950
1901 The Boxer Rebellion in China ends with the signing of the Peking Protocol.
1906 Alberto Santos-Dumont flies his 14-bis aircraft at Bagatelle, France successfully.
1907 The Cunard Line's RMS Lusitania sets sail on her first voyage from Liverpool in the UK to New York City in the US.
1909 Eugène Lefebvre crashes a new French-built Wright biplane during a test flight at Juvisy, south of Paris, and dies as a result. He becomes the first 'pilot' in the world to lose his life in a powered heavier-than-air flight.
1911 French poet Guillaume Apollinaire is arrested and put in jail. It was believed that he took the Mona Lisa from the Louvre museum. He is later found to be innocent.
1921 In Atlantic City, New Jersey, the first Miss America beauty pageant is held.
1922 In Aydin, Turkey, independence from Greek occupation is declared.
1922 The Bank of Latvia is founded.
1927 The first fully electronic television system is achieved by Philo T. Farnsworth.
1929 Finnish passenger steamer Kuru sinks, killing 136 people.
1932 Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia: Start of the Battle of Boquerón.
1936 The last-surviving member of the thylacine species dies in the Hobart Zoo, Hobart, Tasmania.
1940 World War II: The Blitz – Nazi Germany begins to bomb London. This will be the first of 57 nights of bombing.
1940 Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria.
1942 World War II: Australian and American forces inflict a significant defeat on Japan at the Battle of Milne Bay.
1943 A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston, Texas kills 55 people.
1945 World War II: Japanese forces on Wake Island, which they had held since 1941, surrender to US Marines.
1949 The German Bundestag, parliament of West Germany and later the whole of Germany, meets for the first time. So does the Bundesrat, whose leader Karl Arnold is the first acting President of the Federal Republic.
1951 2000
1953 Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee.
1953 Mohammed Daoud Khan becomes Premier of Afghanistan.
1955 Floods in India make around 45 million people homeless. It is not known how many people died.
1963 The Pro Football Hall of Fame opens in Canton, Ohio.
1965 Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlight, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Pirahna on the Batangan Peninsula.
1970 An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland.
1977 The Torrijos-Carter Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The US agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.
1978 While walking across Waterloo Bridge in London, Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov is targeted by Bulgarian secret police agent Francesco Giullino by means of a ricin pellet fired from a specially-designed umbrella. He dies as a result of the attack four days later.
1979 The Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) makes its debut.
1986 Desmond Tutu becomes the first black to lead the Anglican Church in South Africa.
1986 Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet escapes an assassination attempt.
1987 East German leader Erich Honecker visits West Germany.
1996 In Las Vegas, Nevada, actor and rapper Tupac Shakur is shot several times after attending a boxing match.
1998 Google Inc. is founded.
1999 A major earthquake close to Athens, Greece results to the collapse of few buildings in the area. About 150 people are killed.
From 2001
2004 The Serbian government backs a decision by Ljiljana Colic to require the teaching of both creationism and evolution in schools.
2004 Hurricane Ivan hits Grenada, killing 39 people.
2005 Egypt holds its first multi-party election.
2008 The US Government takes over the mortgage financial companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
2011 A plane carrying the Russian Lokomotiv Yaroslavl ice hockey team crashes shortly after take-off, killing 43 of the 45 people on board, with one, Alexander Galimov, dying five days later. Some of Europe's leading ice hockey players are among those killed in the crash, as only the flight engineer, Alexander Sizov, survives.
2012 Several earthquakes strike southern China, with at least 80 people being killed.
2012 Canada breaks off diplomatic relations with Iran over its stance on the political crisis in Syria.
2013 The Liberal Party of Australia-led coaltion, under leadership of Tony Abbott, defeats Kevin Rudd's Australian Labor Party in Australia's general election.
2013 Tokyo wins the right to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.
2017 The 2017 Chiapas earthquake strikes in Mexico.
2019 Bianca Andreescu becomes the first tennis player born in the 2000s to win a Grand Slam singles title, winning the Women's Final at the US Open against Serena Williams.
Births
Up to 1900
786 Emperor Saga of Japan (d. 842)
1388 Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (d. 1412)
1438 Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (d. 1471)
1492 Jacob Acontius, Italian humanist, philosopher, jurist and engineer (d. 1567)
1524 Thomas Erastus, Swiss physician and theologian (d. 1583)
1533 Elizabeth I, Queen of England (d. 1603)
1641 Tokugawa Ietsuna, Japanese shogun (d. 1680)
1674 Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany (d. 1728)
1683 Mary Anne of Austria, Queen of Portugal (d. 1754)
1694 Johan Ludvig, Danish politician (d. 1763)
1707 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist, biologist and writer (d. 1788)
1726 Francois-André Danican Philidor, French chess player and composer (d. 1795)
1731 Elisabetta de Gambarini, English composer, singer, organist and harpsichordist (d. 1765)
1740 Johan Tobias Sergel, Swedish sculptor (d. 1814)
1795 John Polidori, English writer (d. 1821)
1807 Henry Sewell, 1st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1879)
1810 Hermann Heinrich Gossen, Prussian economist (d. 1858)
1813 Emil Korytko, Polish political activist and translator (d. 1839)
1815 John McDouall Stuart, Scottish-Australian explorer (d. 1866)
1815 Howell Cobb, American politician, Governor of Georgia (d. 1868)
1817 Louise of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1898)
1818 Thomas Talbot, 31st Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1886)
1819 Thomas A. Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States and 16th Governor of Indiana (d. 1885)
1829 Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German chemist and naturalist (d. 1896)
1831 Alexandre Falguiere, French sculptor and painter (d. 1900)
1836 Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Scottish Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1908)
1842 Johannes Zukertort, German chess player (d. 1888)
1859 Juan Campisteguy, President of Uruguay (d. 1937)
1860 Grandma Moses, American painter (d. 1961)
1866 Tristan Bernard, French playwright and novelist (d. 1947)
1867 J. P. Morgan, American banker (d. 1943)
1869 Ben Viljoen, South African general (d. 1917)
1870 Aleksandr Kuprin, Russian writer and adventurer (d. 1938)
1870 Thomas Curtis, American athlete (d. 1964)
1876 Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1934)
1876 C. J. Dennis, Australian poet (d. 1938)
1885 Elinor Wylie, American poet and novelist (d. 1928)
1887 Edith Sitwell, English poet and critic (d. 1964)
1894 Vic Richardson, Australian cricketer, footballer and sportscaster (d. 1969)
1894 Gala Dali, wife of Salvador Dalí (d. 1982)
1895 Jacques Vaché, French writer (d. 1919)
1898 Mamie Rearden, American supercentenarian (d. 2013)
1900 Taylor Caldwell, American novelist (d. 1985)
1900 Giuseppe Zangara, Italian attempted-assassin of Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1945)
1901 1950
1908 Michael E. DeBakey, American heart surgeon (d. 2008)
1908 Max Kaminsky, American trumpeter and bandleader (d. 1994)
1909 Elia Kazan, Greek-born American movie and theatre director (d. 2003)
1911 Todor Zhivkov, Bulgarian Communist political leader (d. 1998)
1912 Henry Packard, American businessman (d. 1996)
1913 Anthony Quayle, British actor and director (d. 1989)
1914 James Van Allen, American scientist (d. 2006)
1915 Kiyoshi Ito, Japanese mathematician (d. 2008)
1917 John Cornforth, Australian chemist (d. 2013)
1918 Jorge Illueca, 38th President of Panama (d. 2012)
1921 Peter A. Peyser, American politician (d. 2014)
1923 Louise Suggs, American golfer (d. 2015)
1923 Peter Lawford, British-American actor (d. 1984)
1924 Daniel Inouye, Hawaiian United States Senator (d. 2012)
1925 Laura Ashley, Welsh designer (d. 1985)
1925 Allan Blakeney, Canadian politician (d. 2011)
1926 Erich Juskowiak, German footballer (d. 1983)
1926 Don Messick, American voice actor (d. 1997)
1926 Ronnie Gilbert, American folk singer, songwriter, actress and activist (d. 2014)
1926 Samuel Goldwyn, Jr., American film producer (d. 2015)
1926 Patrick Jenkin, English politician
1927 Eric Hill, English author and illustrator (d. 2014)
1929 Bobby Johnstone, Scottish footballer (d. 2001)
1930 Sonny Rollins, American jazz musician
1930 Baudouin I, King of Belgium (d. 1993)
1931 Charles Camilleri, Maltese composer (d. 2009)
1931 Bruce Reynolds, British train robber (d. 2013)
1934 Sunil Gangopadhyay, Indian author and poet (d. 2012)
1934 Omar Karami, former Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2015)
1935 Alan Steel, Italian bodybuilder and actor (d. 2015)
1935 Abdou Diouf, 2nd President of Senegal
1935 Pedro Manfredini, Argentine footballer
1936 Buddy Holly, American singer (d. 1959)
1937 Oleg Lobov, Russian politician
1937 Olly Wilson, American pianist, bassist and composer
1939 Stanislav Petrov, Soviet-Russian lieutenant colonel (d. 2017)
1940 Abdurrahman Wahid, 4th President of Indonesia (d. 2009)
1940 Dario Argento, Italian movie director and screenwriter
1944 Bora Milutinovic, Serbian footballer and coach
1945 Jacques Lemaire, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1946 Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist and philosopher (d. 2001)
1949 Barry Siegel, American journalist
1949 Gloria Gaynor, American singer
1950 Julie Kavner, American voice actress
1951 1975
1951 Chrissie Hynde, American guitarist and singer
1952 Des Bremner, Scottish footballer
1954 Michael Emerson, American actor
1954 Corbin Bernsen, American actor
1955 Efim Zelmanov, Russian mathematician
1956 Diane Warren, American composer
1957 Jermaine Stewart, American singer (Culture Club) (d. 1997)
1957 Alok Sharma, Indian-English politician
1958 Goran Hadzic, Serbian politician (d. 2016)
1959 Alfred Gislason, Icelandic handball coach
1959 Ray Stewart, Scottish footballer
1960 Brad Houser, American bass guitarist, baritone saxophone and bass clarinet player
1960 Phillip Rhee, American actor, martial artist, director and producer
1961 Jean-Yves Thibaudet, French pianist
1962 Jennifer Egan, American author
1962 Hasan Vezir, Turkish footballer and manager
1963 Eazy-E, American rapper (d. 1995)
1964 Andy Hug, Swiss martial artist and kickboxer (d. 2000)
1965 Darko Pancev, Macedonian footballer
1965 Andreas Thom, German footballer
1968 Marcel Desailly, French footballer
1969 Diane Farr, American actress
1969 Angie Everhart, American actress
1972 Slug, American rapper
1972 Simon Nash, English voice actor
1973 Shannon Elizabeth, American actress and poker player
1974 Mario Frick, Liechtenstein footballer
1974 Stéphane Henchoz, Swiss footballer
1975 Norifumi Abe, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2007)
1975 Harold Wallace, Costa Rican footballer
From 1976
1978 Erwin Koen, Dutch footballer
1980 Javad Nekounam, Iranian footballer
1980 Emre Belozoglu, Turkish footballer
1980 Gabriel Milito, Argentine footballer
1981 Natalie McGarry, Scottish politician
1983 Piri Weepu, New Zealand rugby player
1983 Mehmet Topuz, Turkish footballer
1984 Ben Hollingsworth, Canadian actor
1984 Farveez Maharoof, Sri Lankan cricketer
1984 Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis player
1985 Rafinha, Brazilian footballer
1987 Evan Rachel Wood, American actress
1987 Robert Snodgrass, Scottish footballer
1988 Kevin Love, American basketball player
1990 Tanja Kolbe, German ice dancer
1990 Alex Harvey, Canadian cross-country skier
1991 Jennifer Veal, English actress and comedienne
1991 Amar Garibovic, Serbian skier (d. 2010)
1992 Kristina Vaculik, Canadian gymnast
1994 Elinor Barker, Welsh cyclist
1994 Kento Yamazaki, Japanese actor and model
1995 Sahaj Grover, Indian chess player
1999 Michelle Creber, Canadian actress, singer, and dancer
1999 Cameron Ocasio, American actor
Deaths
Up to 1900
251 Sima Yi, Chinese strategist, general and politician
355 Claudius Silvanus, Roman usurper
1134 King Alfonso I of Aragon
1151 Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (b. 1113)
1312 Ferdinand IV of Castile (b. 1285)
1464 Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1412)
1496 King Ferdinand II of Naples (b. 1469)
1539 Guru Nanak Dev, Indian religious leader, founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
1548 Catherine Parr, sixth wife of Henry VIII of England
1552 Guru Angad Dev, 2nd Sikh Guru (b. 1504)
1573 Joanna of Austria, Regent of Spain (b. 1535)
1632 Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia (b. 1572)
1644 Guido Bentivoglio, Italian statesman (b. 1579)
1657 Arvid Wittenberg, Swedish count, field marshal and privy councillor (b. 1606)
1685 William Carpenter, English-American settler, co-founder of Rhode Island (b. 1605)
1708 Emperor Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (b. 1706)
1731 Eudoxia Lopukhina, Russian wife of Peter the Great (b. 1669)
1741 Blas de Lezo, Spanish admiral (b. 1689)
1783 Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician and physicist (b. 1707)
1799 Louis Guillaume Lemonnier, French botanist (b. 1717)
1809 Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, King of Thailand (b. 1737)
1809 Caroline Schelling, German writer and translator (b. 1763)
1833 Hannah More, English poet, playwright and philanthropist (b. 1745)
1871 Kimenzan Tanigoro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1826)
1881 Sidney Lanier, American poet and academic (b. 1842)
1891 Lorenzo Sawyer, American lawyer and judge (b. 1820)
1892 John Greenleaf Whittier, American poet (b. 1807)
1893 Hamilton Fish, United States Secretary of State (b. 1808)
1901 1950
1902 Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau, Spanish writer and diplomat (b. 1842)
1909 Eugene Lefebvre, French aviator (b. 1878)
1910 William Holman Hunt, English painter (b. 1827)
1920 Simon Napoleon Parent, 12th Premier of Quebec (b. 1855)
1951 Maria Montez, Dominican actress (b. 1912)
1953 Nobuyuki Abe, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1875)
1956 C. B. Fry, English cricketer, politician and academic (b. 1872)
1959 Maurice Duplessis, Quebec politician (b. 1890)
1960 Wilhelm Pieck, East German politician (b. 1876)
1961 Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, Dutch lawyer, jurist and politician (b. 1885)
1962 Eiji Yoshikawa, Japanese novelist (b. 1892)
1962 Kirsten Flagstad, Norwegian singer (b. 1895)
1962 Karen Blixen, Danish writer (b. 1885)
1969 Everett Dirksen, American politician (b. 1896)
1978 Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (b. 1946)
1989 Mikhail Goldstein, Soviet violinist and composer (b. 1917)
1994 Dennis Morgan, American actor (b. 1908)
1994 Terence Young, American director and screenwriter (b. 1915)
1998 Mobutu Sese Seko, leader of Zaire (b. 1930)
From 2001
2001 Spede Pasanen, Finnish television personality (b. 1930)
2002 Erma Franklin, American singer (b. 1938)
2004 Bob Boyd, American baseball player (b. 1925)
2007 John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1925)
2010 Amar Garibovic, Serbian skier (b. 1991)
2011 Victims of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash, including:
Pavol Demitra, Slovakian ice hockey player (b. 1974)
Stefan Liv, Polish-born Swedish ice hockey player (b. 1980)
Karel Rachunek, Czech ice hockey player (b. 1979)
Ruslan Salei, Belarusian ice hockey player (b. 1974)
Karlis Skrastins, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1974)
Jan Marek, Czech ice hockey player (b. 1979)
Brad McCrimmon, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1959)
Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (b. 1986)
Sergei Ostapchuk, Belarusian ice hockey player (b. 1990)
Alexander Karpovtsev, Russian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1970)
Josef Vasicek, Czech ice hockey player (b. 1980)
Igor Korolev, Russian-Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1970)
2012 Leszek Drogosz, Polish boxer and actor (b. 1933)
2013 Marek Spilar, Slovakian footballer (b. 1975)
2014 Kwon Ri-se, South Korean singer (b. 1991)
2014 Fanny Godin, Belgian supercentenarian (b. 1902)
2014 Raul M. Gonzalez, Filipino teacher and politician (b. 1930)
2014 Don Keefer, American actor (b. 1916)
2014 Harold Shipp, Canadian businessman (b. 1926)
2014 Harry Evans, Australian public servant (b. 1946)
2014 Elsa-Marianne von Rosen, Swedish ballet dancer, choreographer and actress (b. 1924)
2015 Candida Royalle, American pornographic actress (b. 1950)
2015 Susan Allen, American harpist (b. 1951)
2017 Jeremiah Goodman, American illustrator (b. 1922)
2017 Kim Ki-duk, South Korean film director and producer (b. 1934)
2017 Gene Michael, American baseball player (b. 1938)
2018 Samuel Bodman, American politician (b. 1938)
2018 Mac Miller, American rapper (b. 1992)
2018 Yang Side, Chinese general (b. 1921)
2018 Kurt Helmudt, Danish rower (b. 1943)
2018 Ingemar Mundebo, Swedish politician (b. 1930)
2018 Szarlota Pawel, Polish comic book artist (b. 1947)
2019 Robert Axelrod, American actor (b. 1949)
2019 Roger Boutry, French composer and conductor (b. 1932)
2019 Al Carmichael, American football player and stuntman (b. 1928)
2019 Naiyyum Choudhury, Bangladeshi biochemist (b. 1946)
2019 Peter Nichols, British playwright (b. 1927)
2019 Charlie Silvera, American baseball player (b. 1924)
2019 John Wesley, American actor (b. 1947)
Observances
National Day of Brazil
National Threatened Species Day (Australia)
Victory Day (Mozambique)
September 07 |
9259 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1191 | 1191 | 1191 (MCXCI) was .
Events
May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
September 7 – Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf – Richard I of England fights against Saladin at Arsuf. Result of battle is inconclusive.
The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and his Queen Guinevere.
The city of Berne was founded by the duke Berthold V of Zähringen
Births
February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)
Deaths
March 27 – Pope Clement III
Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi the Sufi saint and mystic was executed.
Miscellaneous
This is the year the popular game for Xbox 360, Assassin's Creed, is set. |
9260 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1539 | 1539 |
Events
May 30 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold.
Hernando de Soto introduces Pigs into North America
May – 6 Articles Statute of English Parliament, important in the English Reformation"
September 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves
Lutheranism is forcefully introduced to Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jon Aresson.
The town of Shuya was founded
Births
November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (died 1596)
December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, theologian (died 1604)
Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese Jewish explorer (died 1590)
Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (died 1603)
Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (died 1568)
Hasegawa Tohaku, Japanese painter (died 1610)
Ikeda Katsumasa, Japanese military commander (died 1578)
Laurence Tomson, Calvinist (died 1608)
Deaths
February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves, born 3 August 1491
March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, diplomat, politician, and father of Anne Boleyn (born 1477)
May 7 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (born 1469)
May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (born 1466)
July 5 – St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, founder of the Barnabite Order (born 1502)
September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (born 1475)
James Beaton, Scottish church leader
Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (born 1480)
Hugh Cook Faringdon, Abbot of Reading
George, Duke of Saxony (born 1471)
Symeon Iwanowicz Trubczewski, governor of Kostroma
Isabella d'Este, "First Lady of the Renaissance" (born 1474) |
9261 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%2030 | May 30 |
Events
Up to 1900
70 - Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the second wall of Jerusalem. The Jewish defenders retreat to the first wall.
1381 - Beginning of the Peasants' Revolt in England.
1431 - In Rouen, Normandy, France, Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by an English-dominated tribunal.
1510 - During the reign of Zhengde Emperor in China, Ming Dynasty leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Anhua rebellion.
1536 - Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.
1539 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal of finding gold.
1574 – Henry III becomes King of France.
1588 – The last ship of the Spanish Armada sets sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel.
1635 - The Peace of Prague is signed during the Thirty Years' War.
1806 – Andrew Jackson kills a man in a duel after the man had accused Jackson's wife of bigamy.
1814 – The First Treaty of Paris is signed returning French borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon I of France is exiled to Elba on the same day.
1815 - The East Indiaman ship Arniston is wrecked during a storm at Waenhuiskrans, near Cape Agulhas, present-day South Africa.
1832 - The Rideau Canal in Eastern Ontario, Canada, is opened.
1842 - John Francis attempts to kill Queen Victoria in London.
1854 – The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law establishing the US territories of Nebraska and Kansas.
1868 – Memorial Day (then known as "Decoration Day") is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John Logan).
1871 - The Paris Commune falls.
1876 – Ottoman sultan Abd-ul-Aziz is deposed and succeeded by his nephew Murat V.
1879 – New York City's Gilmores Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Vanderbilt and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue.
1883 – In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes twelve people.
1898 - William Ramsay and Morris Williams Travers discover Krypton.
1899 - Pearl Hart, a female outlaw in the Old West, robs a stage coach 30 miles southeast of Globe, Arizona.
1901 2000
1911 – At the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the first Indianapolis 500 ends with Ray Harroun becoming the first winner of the 500-mile auto race.
1913 – First Balkan War: A peace treaty is signed in London ending the war. Albania becomes an independent nation.
1914 - Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania leaves Liverpool, England, on its first voyage, to New York City.
1917 - Alexander I of Greece becomes King.
1922 – In Washington, D.C., the Lincoln Memorial is dedicated.
1925 - May Thirtieth Movement: Shanghai Municipal Police shoot and kill 13 protesting workers.
1935 – Babe Ruth plays in his last baseball game, in the uniform of the Boston Braves.
1937 - Memorial Day massacre: Chicago police shoot and kill 13 protesting workers.
1941 – World War II: Germany captures Crete.
1942 – World War II: 1000 British bombers launch a 90-minute attack on Cologne, Germany.
1948 – A dike along the flooding Columbia River breaks, obliterating Vanport, Oregon within minutes. Fifteen people die and tens of thousands are left homeless.
1958 – The bodies of several unidentified soldiers killed in action during World War II and the Korean War are buried at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery.
1959 - Auckland Harbor Bridge in New Zealand is opened.
1961 – Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo is assassinated.
1962 - The 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile begins.
1966 - NASA launches Surveyor 1 - the first US aircraft to land on a surface other than the Earth.
1967 – At the Ascot Speedway in Gardena, California, daredevil Evel Knievel jumps his motorcycle over 16 cars lined-up in a row.
1967 – The Nigerian state of Biafra secedes, sparking a civil war.
1971 – Mariner programme: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars.
1972 – The Angry Brigade goes on trial over a series of 25 bombings throughout Britain.
1972 – Members of the Japanese Red Army carry out the Lod Airport Massacre, killing 24 people and injuring 78 others.
1974 - The Airbus A300 passenger aircraft first enters service.
1975 - The European Space Agency is founded.
1981 – Bangladeshi President Ziaur Rahman is assassinated.
1982 – Spain becomes the 16th member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in 1955.
1982 - Baseball player Cal Ripken, Jr. plays the first of 2,632 consecutive games. His streak will end on September 20, 1998.
1989 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 33-foot high "Goddess of Democracy" statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.
1992 - ARTE, a joint German and French television channel, is broadcast for the first time.
1995 - Bulgaria agrees a deal with the International Monetary Fund to avoid bankruptcy.
1998 - Pakistan conducts an underground nuclear test in the Kharan Desert.
1998 – A 6.6 magnitude earthquake hits northern Afghanistan, killing up to 5,000.
From 2001
2003 – The final flight of an Air France Concorde takes place.
2003 - The movie Finding Nemo is released in American cinemas.
2005 - The Allianz Arena in Munich opens.
2005 - Angela Merkel is nominated by the CDU/CSU as a candidate for Chancellor of Germany.
2012 - Former President of Liberia Charles Taylor is sentenced to prison for his role in crimes committed during the Sierra Leone Civil War.
2016 - A court in Senegal sentences former President of Chad Hissène Habré to life in prison for crimes against humanity, committed during his time in office from 1982 to 1990. It is the first time an African Union-backed court convicts a former ruler of another country within its jurisdiction.
Births
Up to 1900
1010 – Emperor Renzong of China (d. 1063)
1220 - Alexander Nevsky, Russian saint (d. 1263)
1423 - Georg von Peuerbach, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1461)
1623 – John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (d. 1686)
1653 - Claudia Felicitas of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1676)
1672 – Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia (d. 1725) (June 9 in Gregorian calendar)
1757 - Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1844)
1778 - Richard Skinner, American politician, 9th Governor of Vermont (d. 1833)
1814 – Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876)
1814 - Pierre Charles Catalan, Belgian-French mathematician (d. 1894)
1820 - Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, 1st Premier of Quebec (d. 1890)
1845 – Amadeo I of Spain (d. 1890)
1846 – Peter Carl Fabergé, Russian goldsmith and jeweller (d. 1920)
1859 - Pierre Janet, French psychologist and neurologist (d. 1947)
1862 - Mirza Abakbar Sabir, Azerbaijani philosopher and poet (d. 1811)
1875 - Giovanni Gentile, Italian philosopher (d. 1944)
1878 - Raymond Smith Dugan, American astronomer (d. 1940)
1878 - Mike Donlin, American baseball player and actor (d. 1933)
1879 - Vanessa Bell, English painter and interior designer (d. 1961)
1879 – Colin Blythe, English cricketer (d. 1917)
1882 - Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915)
1886 - Randolph Bourne, American theorist (d. 1918)
1887 - Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor (d. 1964)
1890 - Roger Salengro, French politician (d. 1936)
1894 - Hubertus van Mook, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1965)
1895 – Maurice Tate, English cricketer (d. 1956)
1896 – Howard Hawks, American movie director (d. 1977)
1897 - Frank Wise, Australian politician, 16th Premier of Western Australia (d. 1986)
1899 – Irving Thalberg, American movie producer (d. 1936)
1901 1950
1901 – Cornelia Otis Skinner, Broadway producer, writer, director, and actress (d. 1979)
1902 – Stepin Fetchit, American dancer and actor (d. 1985)
1907 – Elly Beinhorn, German pilot (d. 2007)
1907 - Germaine Tillion, French anthropologist (d. 2008)
1907 - Sao San Tun, Burmese martyr (d. 1947)
1908 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize winner (d. 1995)
1908 – Mel Blanc, American voice actor (d. 1989)
1909 – Benny Goodman, American clarinet player and bandleader (d. 1986)
1910 – Inge Meysel, German actress (b. 2004)
1910 – Ralph Metcalfe, American athlete and politician (d. 1978)
1912 – Julius Axelrod, American biochemist (d. 2004)
1912 – Hugh Griffith, Welsh actor (d. 1980)
1912 – Erich Bagge, German physicist
1914 - Akinoumi Setsuo, Japanese-American director and producer (d. 1979)
1919 – René Barrientos, President of Bolivia (d. 1969)
1920 – Franklin Schaffner, American movie director (d. 1989)
1920 – Godfrey Binaisa, 5th President of Uganda (d. 2010)
1922 – Hal Clement, American science fiction writer (d. 2003)
1923 - Anna Proclemer, Italian actress (d. 2013)
1924 - Armando Peraza, Cuban-American drummer (d. 2014)
1925 - John Cocke, American computer scientist (d. 2002)
1926 - Johnny Gimble, American singer-songwriter and fiddler (d. 2015)
1926 – Christine Jorgensen, American transsexual activist (d. 1989)
1927 - Clint Walker, American actor (d. 2018)
1928 – Pro Hart, Australian artist (d. 2006)
1928 - Gustav Leonhardt, Dutch musicologist and conductor (d. 2012)
1928 - Agnes Varda, Belgian-French director, producer and screenwriter
1930 - Dave McKenna, American jazz pianist (d. 2008)
1932 - Ivor Richard, Baron Richard, Welsh politician and diplomat, former UK Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2018)
1932 - Solomon W. Golomb, American mathematician (d. 2016)
1934 – Alexey Leonov, Soviet cosmonaut and first person to walk in space
1937 - Deanna Lund, American actress (d. 2018)
1937 - Armando Valladares, Cuban-American writer
1939 – Michael J. Pollard, American actor
1939 - Tim Waterstone, British bookseller and businessman (Waterstones)
1940 - Gilles Villemure, Canadian ice hockey player
1942 - Carole Stone, British radio producer, journalist and businesswoman
1943 – James Chaney, American civil rights activist (d. 1964)
1943 – Gale Sayers, American football player
1944 - Lenny Davidson, British guitarist
1947 - Erik Spiekermann, German typographer and designer
1949 - P. J. Carlesimo, American basketball player and coach
1949 - Bob Willis, English cricketer
1950 - Bertrand Delanoe, French politician, former Mayor of Paris
1951 1975
1951 – Fernando Lugo, former President of Paraguay
1953 – Colm Meaney, Irish actor (Star Trek: The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine)
1955 – Topper Headon, British musician, drummer with The Clash
1955 - Colm Toibin, Irish writer
1955 - Brian Kobilka, American biochemist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner
1958 - Marie Fredriksson, Swedish singer-songwriter and pianist (Roxette)
1958 - Michael Lopez Alegria, Spanish-American captain, pilot and astronaut
1958 - Ted McGinley, American actor
1959 - Phil Brown, English footballer and coach
1960 - Stephen Duffy, English singer
1961 - Harry Enfield, English actor, screenwriter and director
1962 - Kevin Eastman, American author and illustrator, co-created Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1963 - Tracey Childs, British actress
1963 - Helen Sharman, British chemist and astronaut
1963 - Shauna Grant, American pornographic actress and model (d. 1984)
1964 – Wynonna Judd, American country music singer
1964 - Tom Morello, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and activist
1964 - Mark Sheppard, British actor
1964 - Sally Dynevor, British actress
1965 - Billy Donovan, American basketball player and coach
1966 - Thomas Haessler, German footballer
1966 - Stephen Malkmus, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1967 - Tim Burgess, English singer-songwriter (The Charlatans and The Chavs)
1968 – Zacarias Moussaoui, French terrorist
1969 - Naomi Kawase, Japanese director, producer and screenwriter
1969 - Ryuhei Kitamura, Japanese director, producer and screenwriter
1971 - Paul Grayson, English rugby player
1971 - Duncan Jones, English movie director
1971 - Idina Menzel, American singer-songwriter and actress
1972 – Manny Ramirez, Dominican Boston Red Sox baseball player
1973 – Keith Lemon, British comedian and actor
1974 – CeeLo Green, American musician
1974 - Big L, American rapper (d. 1999)
1974 - Kostas Chalkias, Greek footballer
1974 - David Wilkie, American ice hockey player and coach
1975 - Andy Farrell, English rugby player and coach
From 1976
1976 - Leonel Grave de Peralta, Cuban-American activist
1976 - Margaret Okayo, Kenyan runner
1977 - Akwa, Angolan footballer
1977 - Marc Dos Santos, Canadian soccer player and coach
1977 - Nathan Robertson, English badminton player
1977 – Rachael Stirling, British actress
1977 - Federico Vilar, Argentine-Italian footballer
1979 - Rie Kugimiya, Japanese voice actress and singer
1980 – Steven Gerrard, English footballer
1981 - Hisanori Takada, Japanese footballer
1982 - Eddie Griffin, American basketball player (d. 2007)
1982 - James Simpson-Daniel, English rugby player
1983 - Jennifer Ellison, English actress
1984 - Alexander Sulzer, German ice hockey player
1985 - Igor Kurnosov, Russian chess player (d. 2013)
1985 - Aaron Volpatti, Canadian ice hockey player
1985 - Jennifer Winget, Indian actress
1988 - Kelvin Etuhu, Nigerian-English footballer
1988 - Stephanie Beckert, German speed skater
1989 - Ailee, American-South Korean actress, singer and dancer
1989 - Hyomin, South Korean actress and singer
1990 – Im Yoona, South Korean singer
1990 - Dean Collins, American actor
1990 - Andrei Laktionov, Russian ice hockey player
1992 - Harrison Barnes, American basketball player
1992 - Jeremy Lamb, American basketball player
1994 - Madeon, French DJ and producer
1997 - Jake Short, American actor
2000 - Jared S. Gilmore, American actor
Deaths
Up to 1950
1252 - Ferdinand III of Castile (b. 1199)
1416 – Jerome of Prague, religious reformer (b. 1379) (burned as a heretic by the Catholic Church)
1431 – Joan of Arc, French heroine (b. 1412) (burned at the stake)
1434 - Prokop the Great, Czech general (b. 1380)
1574 – King Charles IX of France (b. 1550)
1593 – Christopher Marlowe, English playwright (b. 1564)
1640 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (b. 1577)
1712 - Andrea Lanzani, Italian painter (b. 1645)
1730 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress to James II of England (b. 1648)
1744 – Alexander Pope, English writer (b. 1688)
1778 – Voltaire, French philosopher (b. 1694)
1832 - James Mackintosh, Scottish jurist, politician and historian (b. 1765)
1901 - Victor D'Hondt, Belgian lawyer, jurist and mathematician (b. 1841)
1911 - Milton Bradley, American businessman (b. 1836)
1912 – Wilbur Wright of the Wright brothers, American aviator (b. 1867)
1918 - Georgi Plekhanov, Russian philosopher (b. 1856)
1926 - Vladimir Steklov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1864)
1927 - Vincenzo Cerulli, Italian astronomer (b. 1859)
1941 – Prajadhipok, King of Siam (now Thailand) (b. 1893)
1947 - Georg Johannes von Trapp, Croatian-Austrian captain (b. 1880)
1951 2000
1957 - Piero Carini, Italian racing driver (b. 1921)
1960 – Boris Pasternak, Russian writer (b. 1890)
1961 – Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (b. 1891)
1964 – Leó Szilárd, Hungarian nuclear physicist (b. 1898)
1967 - Claude Rains, English-American actor (b. 1889)
1967 - Georg Wilhelm Pabst, Austrian director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1885)
1971 – Marcel Dupré, French organist and composer (b. 1886)
1975 - Steve Prefontaine, American runner (b. 1951)
1975 - Tatsuo Shimabuku, Japanese martial artist (b. 1908)
1975 - Michel Simon, Swiss-French actor (b. 1895)
1978 - Jean Deslauriers, Canadian violinist, conductor and composer (b. 1909)
1980 - Carl Radle, American bass guitarist (b. 1942)
1981 – Ziaur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (b. 1936)
1981 - Don Ashby, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1955)
1986 - James Rainwater, American physicist (b. 1917)
1989 - Claude Pepper, American politician (b. 1899)
1993 – Sun Ra, American musician (b. 1914)
1994 - Ezra Taft Benson, American Mormon Church leader (b. 1899)
1994 - Agostino Di Bartolomei, Italian footballer (b. 1955)
2000 - Tex Beneke, American saxophonist, singer and bandleader (b. 1914)
From 2001
2006 - Shohei Amamura, Japanese director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2007 - Jean-Claude Brialy, French actor and director (b. 1933)
2009 – Luis Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1931)
2009 – Ephraim Katzir, Israeli scientist and politician, President of Israel (b. 1916)
2009 – Gaafar Nimeiry, President of Sudan (b. 1930)
2010 - Peter Orlovsky, American author and actor (b. 1933)
2010 - Dufferin Roblin, Canadian politician, 14th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1917)
2011 – Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist (b. 1921)
2012 - Andrew Huxley, English physiologist and biophysicist (b. 1917)
2012 - Jack Twyman, American basketball player (b. 1934)
2013 - Andrew Greeley, American priest, sociologist, journalist and novelist (b. 1928)
2013 - Dean Brooks, American physician and actor (b. 1916)
2014 - Hanna Maron, German-Israeli actress (b. 1923)
2014 - Hienadz Buraukin, Belarussian poet, journalist and diplomat (b. 1936)
2014 - Henning Carlsen, Danish director (b. 1927)
2014 - Joan Lorring, American actress (b. 1926)
2015 - Beau Biden, American politician (b. 1969)
2015 - Lennie Merullo, American baseball player (b. 1917)
2015 - L. Tom Perry, American apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1922)
2015 - Julie Harris, English costume designer (b. 1921)
2015 - Tony McNamara, English footballer (b. 1929)
2016 - Kenne Fant, Swedish actor (b. 1923)
2016 - Tom Lysiak, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1953)
2016 - Rick MacLeish, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1950)
2017 - Molly Peters, British actress and model (b. 1942)
2017 - Dasari Narayana Rao, Indian film director and politician (b. 1942)
2017 - Elena Verdugo, American actress (b. 1925)
2017 - Gordon Brunton, British businessman (b. 1921)
2018 - Madiha Yousri, Egyptian actress (b. 1921)
2020 - Michael Angelis, English actor (b. 1952)
Observances
Anguilla Day
Canary Islands Day
Mother's Day (Nicaragua)
Traditional date for Memorial Day (United States)
Days of the year |
9262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1431 | 1431 |
Events
February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc
March 3 – Eugenius IV becomes Pope
May 30 – In Rouen, France, 19-year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake.
Foundation of University of Poitiers
Battle of Inverlochy |
9263 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1574 | 1574 |
Events
April 14 – Battle of Mookerheyde: Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau. Louis is killed.
May 30 – On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III. His mother, Catherine of Medici, acts as Regent until Henry arrives from Poland.
October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggar fleet under Louis Boisot.
Murad III succeeds Selim II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. |
9264 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984 | 1984 | 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was .
Events
January - June
January 4 - Rapeye series by Paramount Pictures.
March 22 – People said the teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California were abusing the children in the school. The police found out that this was not true.
March 23 – Sarah Tisdall, who told The Guardian newspaper that cruise missiles were coming to Britain, was sentenced to six months imprisonment.
March 24 – The Wran Government was chosen in NSW for a 4th term.
March 28 - The 1984 Carolinas tornado outbreak causes many deaths in North and South Carolina.
April 4 – President Ronald Reagan said that no one should use chemical weapons.
April 12 – Four young Palestinians took an Israeli bus hostage. Israeli special forces got onto the bus and freed the hostages. They killed 1 hostage and two of the hijackers. Two other hijackers were captured and killed by Ehud Yatom. He crushed their skulls while they were tied up. Shin Bet chief Abraham Shalom told them to do this. It caused a major scandal (Kav 300 affair).
April 13 – India started Operation Meghdoot. They took control of most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir.
April 17 – WPC Yvonne Fletcher was shot dead by a hidden gunman outside the Libyan Embassy in London during the event known as the 1984 Libyan Embassy Siege.
April 19 – Advance Australia Fair was named as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
April 25 – The end of Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah's as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
April 26- Her Highness The Queen Of North Last Heir Of The Great Stark Lineage Mellissa Elkin The Indestructible was born.
April 26 – Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, the Sultan of Johor becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
May 2 – The Liverpool Garden Festival opens in Liverpool.
May 8 – The Soviet Union announced that it was not going to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
May 8 – Denis Lortie killed three people who worked for the government in the National Assembly of Quebec building.
May 11 – A transit of Earth from Mars takes place.
May 14 – The one dollar coin is introduced in Australia.
May 19 – Game show contestant Michael Larson won $100,000 on the game show Press Your Luck. Later, people found out that he won the money by mainly using only two squares of the Press Your Luck "Big Board."
May 22 – Helen Branch was declared legally dead (she disappeared 1977).
May 27 – Fluminense won the Brazilian soccer league, against C.R. Vasco da Gama.
June 5 – The Indian government began Operation Blue Star. It was a planned attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
June 6 – Indian troops attack the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Sikh's holiest shrine. They killed about 10,000 people.
June 8 – A deadly tornado almost destroyed Barneveld, Wisconsin. It killed nine people, injured almost 200 people, and caused over $25,000,000 in damage.
June 8 – The movie Ghostbusters comes out in theaters. It becomes a summer blockbuster hit. The song "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker Jr. became a Top 40 hit.
July - December
October 26 - The Terminator is first shown in movie theaters.
October 26 - The 1984-85 NBA regular season begins.
November 4 – Ronald Reagan defeats Walter Mondale in the largest landslide in United States History during the presidential elections.
November 29 - West Hollywood, California, a predominantly gay community, was incorporated as a city.
Births
January - June
April 27 - Patrick Stump, American singer, songwriter, actor, guitarist
Date unknown – Cigerxwîn, Kurdish polymath
January 17 – Calvin Harris, Scottish singer and songwriter
January 23 – Lina Hahne, Miss Sweden 2007
January 25 – Stefan Kießling, German footballer
February 9 – Anna Jurkiewicz, Polish figure skater
February 12 – Alexandra Dahlström, Swedish actress
February 21 – David Odonkor, German footballer
March 25 – Katharine McPhee, American singer
April 10 – Mandy Moore, American actress and singer
April 30 – Shawn Daivari, Iranian-American professional wrestler
May 29 – Carmelo Anthony, NBA star
June 30 – Fantasia Barrino, American singer
July - December
July 2 – Johnny Weir, American figure skater
July 11 – Tanith Belbin, American figure skater
August 1 – Bastian Schweinsteiger, German footballer
August 21 – Alizée, French singer
September 2 – Jack Peñate, English singer-songwriter and musician
September 27 – Angela Haynes, American tennis player
September 27 – Avril Lavigne, Canadian singer-songwriter
September 29 – Per Mertesacker, German footballer
October 2 – Marion Bartoli, French tennis player
October 3 – Ashlee Simpson, American singer and actress
October 26 – Sasha Cohen, American figure skater
October 27 – Kelly Osbourne, English singer
November 14 – Marija Šerifović, Serbian singer
November 23 – Lucas Grabeel, American actor, singer and songwriter
November 25 – Hồ Ngọc Hà, Vietnamese singer, model and actress
December 7 – Robert Kubica, Polish Formula 1 driver
December 22 – Basshunter, Swedish singer, record producer and DJ
Deaths
January 20 – Johnny Weissmuller
April 1 – Marvin Gaye
May 16 – Andy Kaufman
July 26 – Ed Gein, serial killer (b. 1906)
October 28 - Wells Kelly, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans) (b. 1949)
Movies released
Amadeus
Beverly Hills Cop
Splash
Missing in Action
Police Academy
Red Dawn
Revenge of the Nerds
Ghostbusters
The Terminator
Hit songs
Van Halen – Jump
Ray Parker, Jr. – Ghostbusters (Los Cazafantasmas)
Phil Collins – Against All Odds
New books
The Aquitaine Progression – Robert Ludlum
The Big U – Neal Stephenson (debut novel)
Brother in the Land – Robert Swindells
The Butter Battle Book – Dr. Seuss
Empire of the Sun – James Ballard
First Among Equals – Jeffrey Archer
The Fourth Protocol – Frederick Forsyth
Full Circle – Danielle Steel
Lincoln: A Novel – Gore Vidal
Love and War – John Jakes
Hotel du Lac – Anita Brookner
The Lover () – Marguerite Duras
Money – Martin Amis
Neuromancer – William Gibson
The Outsider – Howard Fast
The Practice Effect – David Brin
Random Hearts – Warren Adler
Role of Honour – John Gardner
A Shock to the System – Simon Brett
The Sicilian – Mario Puzo
Slow Learner: Early Stories – Thomas Pynchon
Stanley and the Women – Kingsley Amis
The Talisman – Stephen King, Peter Straub
Thinner – Richard Bachman (nom de plume for Stephen King)
The Tie That Binds – Kent Haruf
The Wasp Factory – Iain Banks
White Noise – Don DeLillo
The Witches of Eastwick – John Updike |
9265 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985 | 1985 | 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was .
Events
January 20 - President Ronald Reagan is inaugurated for the second time.
February 18 - NBA player Larry Bird barely misses a quadruple-double in a game against the Utah Jazz. He sits out the entire fourth quarter.
March 11 – Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
April 1 - Cincinnati, OH-based Procter & Gamble removed the moon & stars symbol from its packaging.
July 13 – Live Aid concerts take place in London and Philadelphia
September 1 – The wreckage of the RMS Titanic was found.
November 18 – Bill Watterson first publishes "Calvin and Hobbes".
November 20 – Microsoft ships the first version of Microsoft Windows out to be sold.
December 6 - The Boston Celtics pick up their only home loss of the 1985-86 NBA season, losing to the Portland Trail Blazers at Boston Garden. They establish the best single-season NBA home court record of all time.
Births
January 14 – Shawn Sawyer, Canadian figure skater
February 5 – Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer
February 9 – David Gallagher, American actor
February 18 - Lee Boyd Malvo, Jamaican-American spree killer
February 19 – Haylie Duff, American actress and singer
March 26 – Keira Knightley, English actress
April 3 – Leona Lewis, English singer
May 2 – Lily Allen, English singer
May 2 – Kyle Busch, American NASCAR driver
June 2 – Ashley Tisdale, American actress and singer
June 4 – Evan Lysacek, American figure skater
June 4 – Lukas Podolski, Polish-born German footballer
June 30 – Charley Uchea, English Big Brother contestant
June 30 – Cody Rhodes, American professional wrestler
July 2 – Mario Gómez, German footballer
July 6 – Naomi Nari Nam, American figure skater
August 18 – Rachel Smith, Panamanian-born Miss USA 2007
August 19 – Lindsey Jacobellis, American Olympic snowboarder
August 26 – Christopher Mabee, Canadian figure skater
September 14 – Aya Ueto, Japanese actress and singer
September 17 – Alexander Ovechkin, Professional ice hockey player for the Washington Capitals
September 17 – Jon Walker, American guitarist
September 21 – Reza Alinejad, Iranian criminal
October 11 – Michelle Trachtenberg, American actress
October 23 - Lachlan Gillespie, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
October 24 – Wayne Rooney, English footballer
October 25 – Ciara, American R&B/Pop singer
November 4 – Marcell Jansen, German footballer
December 10 – Raven Symone, American actress
Lindsay Hawker, British murder victim (d. 2007)
Charlotte Lindström, Swedish criminal and model
Deaths
March 10 – Konstantin Chernenko, leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1911)
May 16 - Margaret Hamilton, American actress
July 16 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature winner (b. 1917)
August 8 – Louise Brooks, American actress and dancer (b. 1906)
August 10 – Yul Brynner, Russian-born American actor (b. 1920)
August 12 – Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer and actor (b. 1941)
September 30 – Charles Richter, American scientist, creator of the Richter scale (b. 1900)
October 1 – E. B. White, American writer (b. 1899)
October 2 – Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)
October 10 – Orson Welles, American director, writer and actor (b. 1915)
October 12 - Johnny Olson, American television announcer (b. 1910)
October 21 – Dan White, American politician who assassinated Harvey Milk and George Moscone in 1978 (b. 1946)
November 14 – Wellington Koo, Chinese diplomat (b. 1887)
December 6 - Carroll Cole, American serial killer (b. 1938) (executed)
December 14 – Roger Maris, American baseball player (b. 1934)
December 26 – Dian Fossey, American zoologist (b. 1932)
December 31 - Ricky Nelson, American singer (b. 1940)
Movies released
Brewster's Millions
Back to the Future
The Breakfast Club
Commando
The Care Bears Movie
The Goonies
One Magic Christmas
Runaway Train
Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer
Rambo: First Blood Part II
Rocky IV
Return to Oz
St. Elmo's Fire
Hit songs
"Glory Days" – Bruce Springsteen
"Some Heads Are Gonna Roll" – Judas Priest
"Crazy for You" – Madonna
"Reviens-moi" – Dalida
"C'était mon ami" – Dalida
"Le temps d'aimer" – Dalida
"Le Vénitien de Levallois" – Dalida
"Find A Way" – Amy Grant
"Wise Up" – Amy Grant
"Say You, Say Me" – Lionel Richie
"We Are the World" – USA for Africa
"Can't Fight This Feeling Anymore" – REO Speedwagon
"I'm Going Down" – Bruce Springsteen
"Freeway of Love" – Aretha Franklin
New books
Forrest Gump – Winston Groom
Notes
References |
9266 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986 | 1986 | 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was .
Births
January 24 – Mischa Barton, English-born American actress
January 24 – Ricky Ullman, Israeli-born American actor
February 1 – Johan Vonlanthen, Swiss footballer
February 19 – Maria Mena, Norwegian singer
February 21 – Charlotte Church, Welsh soprano
March 1 – Jonathan Spector, American footballer
March 9 – Brittany Snow, American actress
March 14 – Jamie Bell, English actor
March 16 – Alexandra Daddario, American actress
March 28 – Lady Gaga, American singer
April 3 – Amanda Bynes, American actress and variety show host
April 9 – Leighton Meester, American actress
May 13 – Robert Pattinson, Actor, Singer & Model
May 16 – Megan Fox, American actress
June 3 – Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player
June 10 – Joey Zimmerman, American actor
June 11 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor
June 13 – Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, American actresses and entrepreneurs
June 24 – Solange Knowles, American actress and singer
June 25 – Aya Matsuura, Japanese singer
June 27 – Drake Bell, American actor
July 2 – Lindsay Lohan, American actress
July 4 – Shane Kippel, Canadian actor
July 17 – Brando Eaton, American actor
August 16 – Shawn Pyfrom, American actor
September 9 – Michael J. Sox, German singer
September 12 – Emmy Rossum, American actress and singer
October 16 - Inna, Romanian singer and songwriter
October 31 – Christie Hayes, Australian actress
November 1 – Penn Badgley, American actor
November 2 – Lara Sacher, Australian actress
November 3 – Jasmine Trias, American singer
November 5 – BoA, Korean singer
November 17 – Nani, Portuguese footballer
November 25 – Amber Hagerman, American murder victim (d. 1996)
December 28 – Tom Huddlestone, English football player
December 30 – Ellie Goulding, British singer
Deaths
January 1 – Alfredo Binda, Italian cyclist (b. 1902)
January 4 - Phil Lynott, Irish bass guitarist (Thin Lizzy) (b. 1949)
January 8 – Pierre Fournier, French cellist (b. 1906)
January 14 – Donna Reed, American actress (b. 1921)
January 24 – L. Ron Hubbard, American fiction writer and founder of Scientology (b. 1911)
January 24 – Gordon MacRae, American actor, singer (b. 1921)
January 24 – Vincente Minnelli, American director (b. 1903)
January 27 – Lilli Palmer, actress (b. 1914)
January 28 – Crew of Space Shuttle Challenger: Francis R. Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Judith Resnik, Ellison Onizuka, Ronald McNair, Greg Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe.
February 11 – Frank Herbert, American science fiction writer (b. 1920)
February 27 – Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (b. 1929)
February 28 – Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1927)
March 6 – Georgia O'Keeffe, American artist (b. 1887)
March 10 – Ray Milland, Welsh actor (b. 1907)
March 30 – James Cagney, American actor (b. 1899)
April 14 – Simone de Beauvoir, French writer and intellectual (b. 1908)
April 15 - Tim McIntire, American actor (b. 1944)
April 24 – Wallis Simpson, wife of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (b. 1896)
April 26 – Broderick Crawford, American actor (b. 1911)
May 9 – Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese mountain guide (b. 1914)
June 14 – Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (b. 1899)
August 26 – Ted Knight, American actor (b. 1923)
August 31 – Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (b. 1900)
September 1 – Murray Hamilton, American actor (b. 1923)
September 24 – Cliff Burton, American bassist and songwriter from Metallica (b. 1962)
October 14 – Keenan Wynn, American actor (b. 1916)
October 19 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (b. 1933)
November 2 – Paul Frees, American actor, comedian (b. 1920)
November 8 – Vyacheslav Molotov, Soviet politician (b. 1890)
November 21 – Jerry Colonna, American comedian (b. 1904)
November 22 – Scatman Crothers, American actor, musician (b. 1910)
November 29 – Cary Grant, English actor (b. 1904)
December 2 – Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician and television producer (b. 1917)
December 26 – Elsa Lanchester, British-American actress (b. 1902)
December 28 – Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian movie director (b. 1932)
December 29 – Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of the UK (b. 1894)
Events
January 1 – Spain and Portugal enter the European Community
January 1 – Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles.
January 9 – After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business.
January 12 – Space Shuttle Columbia is launched with the first Hispanic-American astronaut, Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz.
January 20 – The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel.
January 20 – The first federal Martin Luther King Day, honoring Martin Luther King Jr.
January 24 – Voyager 2 space probe makes first encounter with Uranus
January 28 – Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven astronauts on board.
January 29 – Yoweri Kaguta Museveni became President of the Republic of Uganda after leading a successful five-year liberation struggle.
February 25 – Corazon Aquino becomes President of the Philippines.
February 28 – Sweden's Prime Minister Olof Palme is assassinated.
April 20 - NBA player Michael Jordan scores a playoff record 63 points in a game against the Boston Celtics.
April 21 – Geraldo Rivera opens Al Capone's vault on live television and finds nothing.
April 26 – An explosion occurs at a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl.
August 21 – A leak of volcanic gases at Lake Nyos in Cameroon kills many people nearby as they sleep.
September 24 — Metallica bassist Cliff Burton is killed in a bus crash
October 11 – Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan hold a meeting in Iceland.
October 19 – Mozambique's President Samora Machel dies in a plane crash.
Bubble Bobble is created, a video game popular world-wide
Movies released
Little Shop of Horrors
Top Gun
Ferris Bueller's Day Off
Stand by Me
Back to School
Aliens
The Delta Force
Three Amigos!
Cobra
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation
Club Paradise
Ruthless People
The Hitcher
Heartbreak Ridge
The Great Mouse Detective
My Little Pony: The Movie
Maximum Overdrive
16 Candles
An American Tail
Hit songs
"Stimulation – Wa Wa Nee
"You're The Voice" – John Farnham #1
"No Lies" – Noiseworks
"Funkytown" – Psudeo Echo #1
"Throw Your Arms Around Me" – Hunters + Collectors
"(There's Gonna Be) A Showdown – The Johnnys
"Walk Like an Egyptian" – The Bangles
"Livin' on a Prayer" – Bon Jovi
"The Final Countdown" – Europe
"French Kissin' In The USA" – Debbie Harry
"True Colors" – Cyndi Lauper
"Hip To Be Square" – Huey Lewis and the News
"Real Wild Child (Wild One)" – Iggy Pop
"Hymn To Her" – The Pretenders
"War" – Bruce Springsteen
"Breakout" – Swing Out Sister
"I Want To Wake Up With You" – Boris Gardiner
"Two Of Hearts" – Stacey Q
"Whole Of The Moon" – Waterboys
"Take My Breath Away" – Berlin
"Glory Of Love" – Peter Cetera
"The Next Time I Fall" – Peter Cetera
"You Give Love A Bad Name" – Bon Jovi
"Move Away" – Culture Club
"That's What Friends Are For" – Dionne Warwick
"Hey, You!" – Divine
"Little Baby" – Divine
"Sara" – Starship
"Parce que je ne t'aime plus" – Dalida
"Le sixième jour" – Dalida
"Addicted To Love" – Robert Palmer
"Stuck With You" – Huey Lewis & the News
"How Will I Know" – Whitney Houston
"When I Think of You" – Janet Jackson
"West End Girls" – Pet Shop Boys
"Live to Tell" – Madonna
"Holding Back The Years" – Simply Red
"Stay For Awhile" – Amy Grant
"Papa Don't Preach" – Madonna
"Rock Me Amadeus" – Falco
"On My Own" – Patti Labelle & Michael McDonald
"Notorious" – Duran Duran
"Sometimes" – Erasure
"Kyrie" – Mr. Mister
"That Was Then, This Is Now" – The Monkees
"Kiss" – Prince
"The Greatest Love of All" – Whitney Houston
"Manic Monday" – The Bangles
"Locked In" – Judas Priest
"Turbo Lover" – Judas Priest
"Love Walks In" – Van Halen
"La Isla Bonita" – Madonna
"Sledgehammer" – Peter Gabriel
"Invisible Touch" – Genesis
"Living In America" – James Brown
"Lady In Red" – Chris de Burgh
"Holding Out For A Hero" – Bonnie Tyler
"My Hometown" – Bruce Springsteen
"Venus" – Bananarama
New books
Extinction – Thomas Bernhard
The Bourne Supremacy – Robert Ludlum
The Bridge – Iain Banks
Cadillac Desert – Marc Reisner
The Fence Post Chronicles – W.P. Kinsella
The Fisher King – Anthony Powell
Ghost – Piers Anthony
The Golden Cup – Belva Plain
Hollywood Husbands – Jackie Collins
I'll Take Manhattan – Judith Krantz
In the Hollow of His Hand – James Purdy
It – Stephen King
Kara Kush – Idries Shah
Kate Vaiden – Reynolds Price
Last of the Breed – Louis L'Amour
Leo Africanus – Amin Maalouf
The Light Fantastic – Terry Pratchett
Love You Forever – Robert Munsch
A Matter of Honour – Jeffrey Archer
The Moronic Inferno and Other Visits to America – Martin Amis
Nobody Lives For Ever – John Gardner
The Old Devils – Kingsley Amis
A Perfect Spy – John le Carré
The Prince of Tides – Pat Conroy
Red Storm Rising – Tom Clancy
Speaker for the Dead – Orson Scott Card
Sportswriter – Richard Ford
Tourist Season – Carl Hiaasen
Wanderlust – Danielle Steel
Whirlwind – James Clavell
The Wizards and the Warriors – Hugh Cook |
9267 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%2012 | August 12 |
Events
Up to 1900
30 BC Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt, commits suicide.
1099 First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders defeat Saracens and the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established under Godfrey of Bouillon.
1121 Battle of Didgori: The Georgian army under David IV of Georgia wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi.
1164 Battle of Harim: Nur ad-Din Zangi defeats the Crusader armies of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch.
1323 Treaty of Nöteborg - Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) regulates the border for the first time
1332 Battle of Dupplin Moor - Scots under the Earl of Mar are routed by Edward Balliol.
1480 Battle of Otranto: Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam.
1499 Battle of Zonchio: between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.
1596 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is created.
1624 The President of Louis XIII of France's royal council is arrested, leaving Cardinal Richelieu in the role of the King's principal minister.
1665 The naval battle of the Bay of Bergen takes place during the Anglo-Dutch War, ending in a Dutch victory over English forces.
1676 King Philip's War ends.
1793 Rhone and Loire departments in France are created.
1806 Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires retakes the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, after the first British invasion.
1825 Simón Bolívar become president of Colombia.
1831 French intervention forces William I of the Netherlands to abandon his attempt to crush the Belgian Revolution.
1833 Chicago, Illinois is incorporated as a city.
1851 Isaac Singer is granted a patent for his sewing machine.
1854 Count Gaston de Raousset Boulbon is executed by shooting, for his part in the Battle of Guaymas.
1877 Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, a moon of Mars.
1881 The National Theater in Prague burns down.
1883 The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam
1898 Armistice ends the Spanish-American War
1898 The Hawaiian flag is lowered from Iolani Palace in an elaborate annexation ceremony and replaced with the American flag to signify the transfer of sovereignty from the Republic of Hawaii to the United States.
1901 2000
1908 First Model T Ford built
1914 World War I - Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary; British Empire countries automatically included.
1914 Beginning of the Battle of Cer between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
1928 The 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam end.
1933 Cuban leader Gerardo Machado is deposed by a general strike and flees the country.
1944 Nazi German troops end the week-long Wola massacre, during which time 40,000 people were killed either randomly or by mass executions.
1944 SS officers murder almost all residents of the Italian village of Sant'Anna di Stazzema, killing 560 people; 116 of them children.
1948 The United States recognizes the government of South Korea but not the government of North Korea.
1950 Korean War: Bloody Gulch massacre - American POWs are killed by the North Korean army.
1952 13 Jewish intellectuals are murdered in one night in Moscow.
1953 Nuclear testing: The Soviet Union detonates its first hydrogen bomb.
1953 The Greek islands of Zakynthos and Kefalonia are severely damaged by a magnitude 7.3 earthquake.
1958 Art Kane photographs 57 important jazz musicians in the black and white group portrait "A Great Day in Harlem" in front of a brownstone in New York City.
1960 Echo I, the first communications satellite, is launched.
1964 South Africa is banned from the Olympics, because of its Apartheid policy. It is reinstated in the 1990s, after Nelson Mandela was released.
1969 Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot.
1976 Between 1,000 and 3,500 Palestinians are killed in the Tel al-Zataar massacre.
1977 First free flight of the Space Shuttle Enterprise.
1977 The 1977 Sri Lankan riots, targeting the Tamil minority, begin. They ultimately result in the killings of around 300 Tamil people.
1980 The Montevideo Treaty, creating the Latin American Integration Association, is signed.
1981 The IBM PC, an early personal computer, is introduced.
1982 The Debt Crisis affecting Latin America and less-developed countries begins when Mexico announces that it is unable to pay its enormous external debt.
1985 Japan Airlines flight 123 Boeing 747 jumbo jet crashes into Mount Ogura, Japan killing 520, in the world's worst single-plane air disaster.
1990 Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton found to-date, is discovered by Sue Hendrickson in South Dakota.
1992 Canada, Mexico and the United States announce completion of negotiations for the NAFTA.
1994 The Woodstock '94 rock concert takes place.
1994 Major League Baseball players go on strike. The strike forces the cancellation of the World Series.
2000 Russian submarine K-141 Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea.
2000 Ronald Venetiaan becomes President of Suriname.
From 2001
2004 Lee Hsien Loong is sworn in as Singapore's 3rd Prime Minister.
2004 Sweden announces that it has reached a population of 9 million.
2005 The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter space probe, of NASA, is sent to the planet Mars.
2010 Desi Bouterse becomes President of Suriname.
2012 The 2012 Summer Olympics in London end. The Great Britain team, hosting the event, finishes with 29 gold medals, coming third behind the United States and China.
2014 Iranian-born Maryam Mirzakhani becomes the first woman to win the Fields Medal, one of the biggest prizes in mathematics.
2015 Two explosions at a warehouse storing chemicals kill about 173 people in the city of Tianjin, China, and injure hundreds more.
2017 A car attack occurs in Unite the Right rally.
2018 NASA launches the unmanned Parker Solar Probe to study the Sun at close range and the solar wind.
2018 The first multi-sport European Championships in Glasgow and Berlin come to an end.
Births
Up to 1900
1503 King Christian III of Denmark and Norway (died 1559)
1517 Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Stadholder of the Netherlands (died 1604)
1566 Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (died 1633)
1604 Tokugawa Iemitsu, 3rd Tokugawa shogun (died 1651)
1629 Tsar Alexei I of Russia (died 1676)
1643 King Afonso IV of Portugal (died 1683)
1644 Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Bohemian composer (died 1704)
1681 Vitus Bering, Danish explorer (died 1741)
1720 Konrad Ekhof, German actor (died 1778)
1762 King George IV of the United Kingdom (died 1830)
1774 Robert Southey, English poet and biographer (died 1843)
1781 Robert Mills, American architect (died 1855)
1816 Ion Ghica, Romanian mathematician and politician (died 1897)
1831 Helena Blavatsky, Russian writer (died 1891)
1837 Sven Berggren, Swedish naturalist and botanist (died 1917)
1843 Colmar von der Goltz, Prussian field marshal (died 1916)
1856 Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman and philanthropist (died 1917)
1859 Katharine Lee Bates, American poet (died 1929)
1860 Klara Hitler, mother of Adolf Hitler (died 1907)
1866 Jacinto Benavente, Spanish writer (died 1954)
1866 Henrik Sillem, Dutch target shooter (died 1907)
1867 Edith Hamilton, German-American writer, teacher and classicist (died 1963)
1871 Gustavs Zemgals, 2nd President of Latvia (died 1939)
1872 Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (died 1956)
1876 Mary Roberts Rinehart, American writer (died 1958)
1877 Albert Bartha, Hungarian general and politician (died 1960)
1880 Christy Mathewson, American Baseball Hall of Famer (died 1925)
1880 Radclyffe Hall, British writer (died 1943)
1881 Cecil B. DeMille, American director (died 1959)
1883 Pauline Frederick, American stage and movie actress (died 1938)
1885 Jean Cabannes, French physicist (died 1959)
1886 Keith Murdoch, Australian journalist (died 1952)
1887 Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist (died 1961)
1889 Zerna Sharp, American author and educator (died 1981)
1892 Alfred Lunt, actor (died 1977)
1896 Ejner Federspiel, Danish actor (died 1981)
1897 Maurice Fernandes, Guyanese cricketer (died 1981)
1901 1925
1902 Mohammad Hatta, Vice President of Indonesia (died 1980)
1902 Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Egyptian Coptic Church leader (died 1971)
1903 Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, Italian cardinal (died 1988)
1904 Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia, heir to the throne of Russia (died 1918)
1906 Harry Hopman, Australian tennis player (died 1985)
1906 Tedd Pierce, animator (died 1972)
1907 Benjamin Sheares, 2nd President of Singapore (died 1981)
1907 Joe Besser, actor, comedian; member of the Three Stooges (died 1988)
1910 Yusof bin Ishak, first President of Singapore (died 1970)
1910 Gustav Lantschner, Austrian skier (died 2011)
1910 Heinrich Sutermeister, Swiss composer (died 1995)
1911 Cantinflas (Mario Moreno Reyes), Mexican actor, comedian and filmmaker (died 1993)
1912 Feroze Gandhi, Indian politician and journalist (died 1960)
1913 Richard L. Bare, American film director (died 2015)
1914 Gerd Buchdahl, German philosopher (died 2001)
1918 Sid Bernstein, American record producer (died 2013)
1919 Vikram Sarabhai, Indian physicist (died 1971)
1919 Margaret Burbidge, English-American astrophysicist
1924 Hajo Meyer, German-Dutch physicist (died 2014)
1924 Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, Leader of Pakistan (died 1988)
1924 Derek Shackleton, English cricketer, coach and umpire (died 2007)
1925 Norris McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of World Records (died 2004)
1925 Ross McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of World Records (died 1975)
1925 Thor Vilhjalmsson, Icelandic writer (died 2011)
1925 Dale Bumpers, American politician, 38th Governor of Arkansas (died 2016)
1926 1950
1926 John Derek, actor (died 1998)
1927 Don Shepherd, Welsh cricketer (died 2017)
1928 Bob Buhl, American Major League Baseball player (died 2001)
1928 Porter Wagoner, American country and western singer (died 2007)
1929 Buck Owens, American country and western singer (died 2006)
1930 George Soros, American businessman
1930 Jacques Tits, Belgian mathematician
1931 William Goldman, American screenwriter (died 2018)
1932 Sirikit, Queen consort of Thailand
1935 Jan Popluhar, Slovakian footballer (died 2011)
1935 John Cazale, American actor (died 1978)
1936 André Kolingba, President of the Central African Republic (died 2010)
1937 Walter Dean Myers, American author and poet (died 2014)
1939 George Hamilton, American actor
1939 Roy Romanow, Canadian politician, 12th Premier of Saskatchewan
1939 David King, South African chemist and academic
1941 Dana Ivey, American actress and singer
1942 Martin Seligman, American psychologist
1945 Dorothy E. Denning, American computer scientist
1945 Jean Nouvel, French architect
1946 Terry Nutkins, English television presenter and author (died 2012)
1947 Stefano Benni, Italian writer and journalist
1948 Siddaramaiah, Indian politician, 22nd Chief Minister of Karnataka
1949 Mark Knopfler, British musician (Dire Straits)
1949 Terry Oldfield, British musician and composer
1949 Fernando Collor de Mello, former President of Brazil
1950 George McGinnis, American basketball player
1951 1975
1951 Andrzej Blumenfeld, Polish actor (died 2017)
1953 Carlos Mesa, former President of Bolivia
1954 François Hollande, former President of France
1954 Sam J. Jones, American actor
1954 CY Leung, 3rd Chief Executive of Hong Kong
1954 Pat Metheny, American guitarist
1957 Amanda Redman, English actress
1960 Laurent Fignon, French cyclist (died 2010)
1960 Steven Hartley, English actor
1961 Roy Hay, English guitarist, keyboardist and composer (Culture Club)
1963 Koji Kitao, Japanese sumo wrestler
1965 Peter Krause, American actor, director and producer
1966 Tobias Ellwood, English politician
1967 Andrey Plotnikov, Russian race walker
1970 Alan Brown, Scottish politician
1970 Toby Perkins, English politician
1971 Rebecca Gayheart, American actress
1971 Pete Sampras, American tennis player
1972 Del the Funky Homosapien, American rapper and producer
1972 Takanohana Kōji, Japanese sumo wrestler (65th Yokozuna)
1972 Mark Kinsella, Irish footballer
1973 Mark Iuliano, Italian footballer
1973 Richard Reid, alleged Al-Qaida operative; "the shoe bomber"
1973 Muqtada al-Sadr, Iraqi theologian and political leader
1975 Casey Affleck, American actor
From 1976
1976 Wednesday 13, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1976 Brad Lukowich, Canadian ice hockey player
1976 Richard McCourt, English comedian and actor
1976 Henry Tuilagi, Samoan rugby player
1976 Antoine Walker, American basketball player
1977 Jesper Gronkjaer, Danish footballer
1979 Austra Skujyte, Lithuanian athlete
1980 Royda Demirer, Turkish actress
1981 Djibril Cissé, French footballer
1982 Alexandros Tzorvas, Greek footballer
1983 Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, Dutch footballer
1983 Kana Asumi, Japanese voice actress and singer
1986 Kateryna Bondarenko, Ukrainian tennis player
1988 Tyson Fury, English boxer
1988 Justin Gaston, American singer-songwriter, model and actor
1988 Leah Pipes, American actress
1989 Tom Cleverley, English footballer
1990 Mario Balotelli, Italian footballer
1992 Cara Delevingne, English model and actress
1993 Luna, South Korean actress, singer and dancer
1998 Stefanos Tsitsipas, Greek tennis player
Deaths
Up to 1900
30 BC Cleopatra VII, Egyptian Queen (born 69 BC)
875 Louis II of Italy, Holy Roman Emperor
1424 Yongle Emperor of China (born 1360)
1484 George of Trebizond, Greek philosopher (born 1395)
1512 Alessandro Achillini, Italian philosopher (born 1463)
1633 Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (born 1561)
1648 Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan (born 1615)
1674 Philippe de Champaigne, French painter (born 1602)
1689 Pope Innocent XI (born 1611)
1809 Mikhail Kamensky, Russian field marshal (born 1738)
1827 William Blake, English poet (born 1757)
1848 George Stephenson, English engineer (born 1781)
1849 Albert Gallatin, American politician (born 1761)
1861 Eliphalet Remington, American inventor and businessman (born 1793)
1891 James Russell Lowell, American poet and critic (born 1819)
1900 Wilhelm Steinitz, German chess player (born 1836)
1900 James Edward Keeler, American astrophysicist (born 1857)
1901 2000
1901 Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Swedish polar explorer (born 1832)
1901 Francesco Crispi, Italian politician (born 1819)
1904 William Renshaw, British tennis player (born 1861)
1914 John Philip Holland, early submarine designer (born 1840)
1918 Anna Held, actress and singer (born 1872)
1920 Louisa Lawson, Australian writer and activist (born 1848)
1920 Hermann Struve, Baltic German astronomer and mathematician (born 1854)
1921 Pyotr Boborykin, Russian playwright and journalist (born 1836)
1922 Arthur Griffith, Irish politician (born 1871)
1923 Vatrslav Jagić, Croatian philologist (born 1838)
1928 Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (born 1854)
1934 Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Dutch architect (born 1856)
1935 Friedrich Schottky, German mathematician (born 1851)
1936 Victoria Diez Bustos de Molina, Spanish religious teacher (born 1903)
1941 Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, Governor-General of Canada and Viceroy of India (born 1866)
1943 Bobby Peel, Yorkshire cricketer (born 1857).
1944 Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., American pilot, brother of John F. Kennedy (born 1915)
1948 Harry Brearley, inventor of stainless steel (born 1871)
1955 Thomas Mann, German writer (born 1875)
1955 James B. Sumner, American chemist (born 1887)
1964 Ian Fleming, British novelist (born 1908)
1973 Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist (born 1881)
1973 Karl Ziegler, German chemist (born 1898)
1979 Ernst Boris Chain, German biochemist, won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1906)
1982 Henry Fonda, American actor (born 1905)
1982 Salvador Sanchez, world champion boxer (born 1959)
1985 Manfred Winkelhock, auto racing driver (born 1951)
1985 Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer (born 1941)
1989 William Shockley, physicist (born 1910)
1990 Dorothy Mackaill, English-American actress and singer (born 1903)
1992 John Cage, American composer (born 1912)
1997 Luther Allison, American blues musician, guitarist (born 1939)
1999 Jean Drapeau, Canadian politician, 37th Mayor of Montreal (born 1916)
2000 Loretta Young, American actress (born 1913)
From 2001
2004 Godfrey Hounsfield, English engineer and inventor (born 1919)
2007 Merv Griffin, American television host and game show creator (born 1925)
2007 Mike Wieringo, American comic book artist (born 1963)
2010 Isaac Bonewits, American author and activist (born 1949)
2010 Guido de Marco, President of Malta (born 1931)
2013 Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, Dutch royal (born 1968)
2013 Tompall Glaser, American country music singer (born 1933)
2013 Vasiliy Mihaylovich Peskov, Russian writer (born 1930)
2013 David McLetchie, Scottish politician (born 1952)
2014 Lauren Bacall, American actress (born 1924)
2014 Abel Laudonio, Argentine boxer and actor (born 1938)
2014 Arlene Martel, American actress (born 1936)
2015 Jaakko Hintikka, Finnish philosopher (born 1929)
2015 Stephen Lewis, English actor (born 1926)
2015 Meshulim Feish Lowy, Hungarian-Canadian rabbi (born 1921)
2017 Heather Heyer, American counter-protestor (born 1985)
2017 Bryan Murray, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1942)
2018 Samir Amin, Egyptian-French economist (born 1931)
2018 Kazimiera Utrata, Polish actress (born 1932)
2019 DJ Arafat, Ivorian DJ and musician (born 1986)
2019 José Luis Brown, Argentine footballer (born 1956)
2019 Florin Halagian, Romanian footballer and manager (born 1939)
2019 Jim Marsh, American basketball player (born 1946)
2019 Hussein Salem, Egyptian-Spanish businessman (born 1933)
2019 Jan Simonsen, Norwegian politician (born 1953)
Astronomical events and holidays
The Annual Perseid Meteor Shower occurs around this date.
Mother's Day (Thailand)
Glorious Twelfth (United Kingdom)
International Youth Day (United Nations)
Days of the year |
9268 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918 | 1918 | 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.
Births
January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German type designer and educator
January 15 – Gamal Abdel Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970)
February 22 – Robert Wadlow, American record holder, world's tallest man (d. 1940)
February 26 – Otis R. Bowen, American politician, Governor of Indiana from 1973 to 1981 (d. 2013)
March 5 – James Tobin, American economist (d. 2002)
March 29 – Sam Walton, American businessman, Wal-Mart (d. 1992)
April 8 – Betty Ford, American First Lady, wife of Gerald Ford (d. 2011)
May 25 – Edith Massey, American actress (d. 1984)
July 4 – Ann Landers, American writer and advice columnist (d. 2002)
July 14 – Ingmar Bergman Swedish movie director
July 18 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president (d. 2013)
August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (d. 1990)
September 4 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
October 4 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist
October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987)
October 18 – Molly Geertsema, Dutch liberal politician, former leader of the VVD party (d. 1992)
November 7 – Billy Graham, American religious leader (d. 2018)
November 9 – Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States (d. 1996)
November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American writer (d. 2007)
November 30 - Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (d. 2014)
December 21 – Kurt Waldheim, President of Austria, Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 2007)
December 23 – Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 (d. 2015)
Deaths
January 6 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845)
January 9 – Émile Reynaud, French science teacher and maker of the first animated movies (b. 1844)
January 28 – John McCrae, Canadian soldier and poet (b. 1872)
February 6 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862)
February 10 – Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1833)
March 13 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835)
March 25 – Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862)
March 27 – Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838)
April 20 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
April 21 – Manfred von Richthofen, "Red Baron", German World War I pilot (b. 1892)
May 14 – James Gordon Bennett, Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841)
May 19 – Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (b. 1885)
June 10 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet and composer (b. 1842)
July 3 – Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1844)
July 17 – Tsar Nicholas II | Nicholas II Alix of Hesse of Russia (b. 1868) and his family (executed)
August 1 – John Riley Banister, law officer, cowboy, and Texas Ranger (b. 1854)
August 18 – Henry Norwest, Canadian World War I sniper (b. 1884)
September 3 - Fanya Kaplan, attempted assassin of Vladimir Lenin (b. 1890)
September 12 – George Reid, fourth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845)
September 28 – Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1858)
October 15 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian saint (b. 1838)
October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American stage and screen actress (b. 1891)
November 4 – Wilfred Owen, English poet (killed in action) (b. 1893)
November 9 – Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880)
November 19 – Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838)
Events
November 11 – The Armistice ends World War I
Fire Brigades Union founded in London
Çanakkale Conquest
End of German Empire
End of Austria-Hungary
End of German colonial Empire
Foundation of Royal Air Force
The Influenza pandemic of 1918 affected the United States, then lead to the world, which result to 100 million of people dead. The economic could have have dropped half of the percent in the world. |
9269 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat | Wombat | A wombat is a marsupial in the family Vombatidae. It lives in the Australian eucalyptus forests. There are two genera with three living wombat species; the Common Wombat and the Hairy-nosed Wombats.
It is a medium-sized animal that makes a burrow by digging holes in the ground. Wombats are usually around a metre (40 in) long when they are fully grown. It is a kind of animal known as a marsupial because it has a pouch on its belly that holds its young, although it faces back instead of forward like most marsupials. Having the pouch face backwards prevents dirt from building up in the pouch and hitting the offspring in the face when digging. When its young are born they spend some time growing in their mother's pouch before going into the world. Wombats are herbivores. They eat plants, roots, and grasses. They are nocturnal which means they sleep in the day and come out at night. Some wombats have thick brown fur and very small ears. They can weigh from 20 to 35 kilograms (45 to 80 lb). They can live up to 7 years.
Wombats are commonly known and recognised by their waste products. They are the only known mammals that excrete feces in cubic shape. This lets people easily know when wombat habitats are nearby. It also tells simply what the wombat may have eaten by examining the feces thoroughly.
Taxonomy
Family Vombatidae: Wombats
Common Wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons)
Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat or Yaminon (Lasiorhinus krefftii)
References
Other websites
Wombania's Wombat Information Index
Russell The Wombat's Burrow
Diprotodonts
Marsupials of Australia |
9273 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%2010 | January 10 |
Events
Up to 1900
49 BC – Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon which signalled civil war.
9 - Beginning of the Xin dynasty in China.
69 - Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is appointed by Galba as Deputy Roman Emperor.
236 - Fabian became Pope.
1072 – Robert Guiscard conquered Palermo.
1475 - Stephen III of Moldavia defeated the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui.
1776 – Thomas Paine published Common Sense.
1806 – Dutch in Cape Town surrendered to the British.
1810 – The marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte and Josephine de Beauharnais is annulled.
1821 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovered an island near Antarctica which he names Tsar Peter I Island.
1840 - Isaac Pitman introduced long-distance learning; his students are able to send him their work by post.
1861 – Florida seceded from the United States.
1863 – The first section of the London Underground Railway opened (Paddington to Farringdon Street).
1870 – John D. Rockefeller incorporated Standard Oil.
1901 2000
1901 – The first great Texas gusher - oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.
1910 - British passenger ship Loodiana disappeared off Port Louis, Mauritius - a mystery that has not been solved to-date.
1916 - World War I: In the Erzurum Offensive, Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire.
1920 – League of Nations held its first meeting and ratifies the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I.
1922 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of the Irish Free State.
1923 – Lithuania seized and annexed Memel.
1927 – The movie Metropolis by Fritz Lang premiered.
1929 – Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, made his debut. He went on to be published in over 200 million comic books in 40 languages.
1941 – Lend-Lease is introduced into the U.S. Congress.
1946 – First General Assembly of the United Nations opens in London. 51 nations are represented.
1946 - The United States Army Signal Corps successfully conducts Project Diana, bouncing radio waves off the Moon and receiving the reflected signals.
1954 - BOAC Flight 781, a de Havilland DH. 106 Comet 1 aircraft, explodes and falls into the Tyrrhenian Sea off Italy, killing 35 people.
1957 – Harold Macmillan becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1962 - NASA announces plans to build what would become the Saturn V rocket.
1964 - Panama temporarily breaks off diplomatic relations with the United States. These are restored on April 3.
1969 – After 147 years, the last issue of the Saturday Evening Post is published.
1971 – Masterpiece Theatre debuts on PBS.
1972 - Sheikh Mujibur Rahman becomes President of Bangladesh.
1984 – The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.
1985 - Daniel Ortega becomes President of Nicaragua.
1989 – Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola.
1990 – Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.
2000 – America Online announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion, the largest corporate merger in history.
From 2001
2001 – Wikipedia started as part of Nupedia. It becomes a separate site five days later.
2005 - A ban on smoking in public places came into force in Italy.
2005 - A mudslide occurred in La Conchita, California, killing 10 people.
2007 - Daniel Ortega became President of Nicaragua for the second time.
2011 - 2010-2011 Queensland floods: Severe flooding occurred in the Lockyer Valley around Toowoomba, Queensland.
2013 - Over 100 people are killed in bomb attacks in Pakistan.
2015 - A mass poisoning at a funeral in Mozambique involves beer that was contaminated by crocodile bile. 56 people died and 200 hospitalized.
2015 - A traffic accident near Karachi, Pakistan, between an oil tanker truck and a passenger coach killed 62 people.
2016 - Singer, musician and actor David Bowie died of cancer two days after his 69th birthday.
Births
Up to 1800
1479 - Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist (d. 1552)
1480 - Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, Regent of the Netherlands (d. 1530)
1493 - Miklos Olah, Hungarian archbishop (d. 1568)
1538 - Louise of Nassau (d. 1574)
1573 - Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624)
1607 - Isaac Joques, French priest and missionary (d. 1646)
1628 - George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687)
1654 - Joshua Barnes, English scholar (d. 1712)
1702 - Johannes Zick, German painter (d. 1762)
1715 - Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1775)
1729 - Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist (d. 1799)
1738 - Ethan Allen, American military leader (d. 1789)
1741 - Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain (d. 1759)
1750 - Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine, British Lord Chancellor (d. 1823)
1780 - Martin Lichtenstein, German physician and explorer (d. 1857)
1797 - Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer and composer (d. 1848)
1799 - Petrache Poenaru, Romanian revolutionary, engineer and mathematician (d. 1875)
1801 1900
1803 - Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen, Prussian politician and Prime Minister (d. 1890)
1810 - Ferdinand Barbedienne, French engineer (d. 1892)
1810 - Jeremiah S. Black, 23rd United States Secretary of State (d. 1883)
1812 - Georg Hermann Nicolai, German architect (d. 1881)
1834 - John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, English historian, politician and writer (d. 1902)
1835 - Fukuzawa Yukichi, Japanese writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneur and journalist (d. 1901)
1836 - Charles Ingalls, father of Laura Ingalls Wilder (d. 1902)
1840 - Louis Nazaire Bégin, Canadian archbishop and cardinal (d. 1925)
1842 - Luigi Pigorini, Italian archaeologist and ethnologist (d. 1925)
1843 - Frank James, American outlaw (d. 1915)
1847 - Jacob Schiff, American banker, businessman and philanthropist (d. 1920)
1848 - Reinhold Sadler, Prussian-born 9th Governor of Nevada (d. 1906)
1850 - John Welborn Root, American architect (d. 1891)
1858 - Heinrich Zille, German illustrator and photographer (d. 1925)
1859 - Francesc Ferrer i Guardia, Catalan free thinker (d. 1909)
1864 - Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (d. 1931)
1865 - Mary Ingalls, sister of Laura Ingalls Wilder (d. 1928)
1873 - George Orton, Canadian athlete (d. 1958)
1875 - Issai Schur, German mathematician (d. 1941)
1879 - Bobby Walker, Scottish footballer (d. 1930)
1880 - Manuel Azaña, Spanish politician (d. 1940)
1881 - Leslie Rainey, Australian cricketer and footballer (d. 1962)
1883 - Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1945)
1883 - Nadezhda Udaltsova, Russian artist (d. 1961)
1887 - Robinson Jeffers, American poet, dramatist and natural philosopher (d. 1962)
1890 - Grigory Landsberg, Russian physicist (d. 1957)
1890 - Pina Menichelli, Italian actress (d. 1984)
1891 - Louis A. Johnson, American politician (d. 1966)
1893 - Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (d. 1948)
1898 - Katharine Burr Blodgett, American scientist and inventor (d. 1979)
1901 1925
1901 - Henning von Tresckow, German general and Resistance activist (d. 1944)
1903 - Barbara Hepworth, English sculptor (d. 1975)
1905 - Albert Arlen, Australian pianist, composer, actor and director (d. 1993)
1908 - Bernard Lee, British actor (d. 1981)
1910 - Jean Martinon, French conductor and composer (d. 1976)
1911 - Prince Carl Bernadotte, Swedish royal (d. 2003)
1912 - Maria Mandl, Austrian Concentration camp overseer, convicted Nazi war criminal (d. 1948)
1913 - Gustav Husak, President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1991)
1913 - Mehmet Shehu, Albanian politician (d. 1981)
1914 - Yu Kuo-hwa, Premier of Taiwan (d. 2000)
1915 - Dean Dixon, American conductor (d. 1976)
1916 - Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist (d. 2004)
1916 - Don Metz, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2007)
1917 - Jerry Wexler, American record producer and journalist (d. 2008)
1918 - Arthur Chung, President of Guyana (d. 2008)
1919 - Terukuni Manzo, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1977)
1920 - Georges Marchal, French actor (d. 1997)
1920 - Richard Nelson Frye, American orientalist and historian (d. 2014)
1920 - Rut Brandt, Norwegian-German author, wife of Willy Brandt (d. 2006)
1921 - Rodger Ward, American racing driver (d. 2004)
1922 - Michel Henry, French philosopher and writer (d. 2002)
1922 - Billy Liddell, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2001)
1924 - Eduardo Chillida, Basque sculptor (d. 2002)
1924 - Max Roach, American musician and composer (d. 2007)
1925 - Peter Colotka, Slovakian academic, lawyer and politician (d. 2019)
1926 1950
1927 - Otto Stich, Swiss politician (d. 2012)
1927 - Megumu Tamura, Japanese footballer (d. 1986)
1928 - Philip Levine, American poet (d. 2015)
1929 - Derek Hammond-Stroud, English operatic baritone
1930 – Roy E. Disney, American businessman (d. 2009)
1931 - Massimo Vignelli, Italian designer (d. 2014)
1931 - Will McBride, American photographer (d. 2015)
1931 - Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian politician (d. 2015)
1931 - Ron Galella, American photographer
1932 - Louis Rwagasore, Burundian politician
1934 - Leonard Boswell, American politician (d. 2018)
1934 - Leonid Kravchuk, former President of Ukraine
1936 - Robert Woodrow Wilson, American physicist and radio astronomer
1938 - Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist
1938 - Lois Capps, American politician
1939 - David Horowitz, American writer and political commentator
1939 - Scott McKenzie, American singer (d. 2012)
1939 - Bill Toomey, American athlete
1939 - Davie Wilson, Scottish footballer
1940 - Walter Hill, American movie director
1940 - Yesudas, Indian singer and classical musician
1941 - Tom Clarke, Scottish politician
1942 - Walter Hill, American director
1943 - Jim Croce, American singer (d. 1973)
1944 - Frank Sinatra, Jr., American singer (d. 2016)
1945 – Rod Stewart, British singer
1945 - Günther von Hagens, German anatomist
1945 - John Fahey, 38th Premier of New South Wales
1947 - Peer Steinbrück, German politician
1947 - Tiit Vahi, Estonian politician
1948 - Donald Fagan, American musician
1948 - Mischa Maisky, Latvian cellist
1949 - Walter Browne, Australian-American chess player (d. 2015)
1949 - George Foreman, American boxer and entrepreneur (George Foreman Grill)
1949 - Harald Hove, Norwegian politician (d. 2014)
1949 - Linda Lovelace, American pornographic actress (d. 2002)
1950 - Suchitra Bhattacharya, Indian novelist (d. 2015)
1950 - Roy Blunt, American politician
1950 - Barbara Orbison, German-born American record producer and music publisher (d. 2011)
1950 - Winfried Schaefer, German footballer
1950 - Ernie Wasson, American gardener and writer
1951 1975
1952 - Oleh Romanishin, Ukrainian chess player
1952 - Scott Thurston, American musician
1955 - Franco Tancredi, Italian footballer
1955 - Michael Schenker, German guitarist
1955 - Yasmina Khadra (real name Mohammed Moulessehoul), Algerian writer
1957 - Greg Walden, American politician
1958 - Eddie Cheever, American racing driver
1959 - Chandra Cheeseborough, American athlete
1959 - Samira Said, Moroccan singer
1959 - Maurizio Sarri, Italian football manager
1960 - Gurinder Chadha, British movie director
1960 – Brian Cowen, former Taoiseach of Ireland
1960 - Jurrie Koolhof, Dutch footballer (d. 2019)
1960 - Claudia Losch, German athlete
1961 - Evan Handler, American actor
1961 - Janet Jones, American actress
1961 - Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, Italian-American violinist, author and educator
1963 - Kira Ivanova, Russian figure skater (d. 2001)
1963 - Francesco Panetta, Italian runner
1964 - Brad Roberts, Canadian singer
1965 - Hiroshi Hirakawa, Japanese footballer
1965 - Butch Hartman, American animator
1966 - Bert Cooper, American boxer (d. 2019)
1966 - Murali Nair, Indian movie director
1972 - Thomas Alsgaard, Norwegian cross-country skier
1973 - Glenn Robinson, American basketball player
1973 - Tanya Streeter, British freediver
1974 - Sabrina Setlur, German rapper
1974 - Jemaine Clement, New Zealand actor, singer and guitarist (Flight of the Conchords)
1974 - Hrithik Roshan, Indian actor
1974 - Bob Peeters, Belgian footballer
From 1976
1976 - Ian Poulter, English golfer
1977 - Michelle O'Neill, Northern Irish politician, leader of Sinn Féin in Northern Ireland
1978 - Gavin McCann, English footballer
1979 - Edu, Brazilian footballer
1979 - Anna Lesko, Romanian singer
1980 - Nelson Cuevas, Paraguayan footballer
1980 - Sarah Shahi, American actress
1981 - Jared Kushner, American real estate investor, developer and publisher
1982 - Ana Layevska, Russian-Mexican actress
1982 - Josh Ryan Evans, American actor (d. 2002)
1984 - Marouane Chamakh, Moroccan footballer
1986 - Abbey Clancy, English model
1986 - Kirsten Flipkens, Belgian tennis player
1986 - Hideaki Ikematsu, Japanese footballer
1986 - Chen Jin, Chinese badminton player
1987 - César Cielo, Brazilian swimmer
1988 - Leonard Patrick Komon, Kenyan long-distance runner
1988 - Vladimir Zharkov, Russian ice hockey player
1989 - Emily Meade, American actress
1990 - Tao Li, Chinese swimmer
1990 - César Ruiz, Peruvian footballer
1990 - Mario Innauer, Austrian ski jumper
1991 - Romain Wattel, French golfer
1992 - Emmanuel Frimpong, Ghanaian footballer
1994 - Mohammed Aman, Ethiopian middle-distance runner
2004 - Kaitlyn Maher, American actress and singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
314 - Pope Miltiades
681 – Pope Agatho
976 - John I Tzimiskes, Greek Byzantine Emperor (b. 925)
1218 - Hugh I of Cyprus (b. 1195)
1276 – Pope Gregory X
1321 - Mary of Brabant, Queen of France (b. 1254)
1645 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1573)
1654 - Nicholas Culpeper, English botanist, herbalist, physician and astrologer (b. 1618)
1662 - Prince Honoré of Monaco (b. 1597)
1778 – Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (b. 1707)
1794 - Georg Forster, German scientist and revolutionary (b. 1754)
1811 – Marie-Joseph Chénier, French poet (b. 1764)
1824 - King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (b. 1759)
1825 - Ioannis Varvakis, Greek national hero (b. 1745)
1833 - Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (b. 1752)
1855 - Mary Russell Mitford, English author and playwright (b. 1787)
1862 – Samuel Colt, American inventor (b. 1814)
1863 - Lyman Beecher, American Presbyterian clergyman (b. 1775)
1895 – Benjamin Godard, French composer (b. 1849)
1901 1950
1901 - James Dickson, Premier of Queensland (b. 1832)
1905 - Karlis Baumanis, Latvian composer (b. 1835)
1917 – William F. Cody, American frontiersman (b. 1846)
1918 - August Oetker, German businessman (b. 1862)
1926 - Eino Leino, Finnish writer (b. 1878)
1934 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist, accused of Reichstag fire (b. 1909)
1935 - Edwin Flack, American athlete (b. 1873)
1941 – Frank Bridge, English composer (b. 1879)
1941 – Joe Penner, Hungarian-born comedian and actor (b. 1904)
1941 - Issai Schur, German mathematician (b. 1875)
1949 - Erich von Drygalski, German geographer and polar scientist (b. 1865)
1951 2000
1951 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer (b. 1885)
1951 - Yoshio Nishina, Japanese physicist (b. 1890)
1957 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean poet (b. 1889)
1959 - Michael Grzimek, German nature filmmaker (b. 1934)
1960 - Jack Laviolette, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1907)
1961 – Dashiell Hammett, American writer (b. 1894)
1968 - Ali Fuet Cebesoy, Turkish general and politician (b. 1882)
1969 - Sampurnanand, Indian politician, 2nd Governor of Rajasthan (b. 1891)
1969 - John Brownlee, American tenor (b. 1900)
1970 – Pavel Belyayev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1925)
1971 – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer (b. 1883)
1972 - Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (b. 1897)
1976 – Howlin' Wolf, American musician (b. 1910)
1978 – Pedro Chamorro, Nicaraguan journalist (b. 1924)
1978 - Don Gillis, American composer and conductor (b. 1912)
1980 – George Meany, American labor leader (b. 1894)
1981 – Katherine Alexander, American actress (b. 1898)
1981 – Richard Boone, American actor (b. 1917)
1981 – Fawn M. Brodie, American historian (b. 1915)
1982 – Paul Lynde, American comedian (b. 1926)
1984 - Souvanna Phouma, Prince and Prime Minister of Laos (b. 1901)
1985 - Anton Karas, Austrian zither player and composer (b. 1906)
1986 - Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer (b. 1901)
1987 – Sir David Robinson, British philanthropist and entrepreneur (b. 1904)
1990 - Tochinishiki Kiyotaka, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1925)
1997 – Sheldon Leonard, American producer, actor and director (b. 1907)
1997 – Elspeth Huxley, British journalist and writer (b. 1907)
1997 - Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist (b. 1907)
2000 – Sam Jaffe, American producer (b. 1901)
2001 2015
2003 - Julho Botelho, Brazilian footballer (b. 1929)
2004 – Spalding Gray, American actor, screenwriter, and monologue artist (b. 1941)
2004 – Alexandra Ripley, writer
2005 – Gene Baylos, comedian
2005 – Margherita Carosio, Italian soprano (b. 1908)
2005 – James Forman, American Civil Rights leader (b. 1928)
2005 – Erwin Hillier, British cinematographer (b. 1911)
2005 – Gordon John "Jack" Horner, sports journalist
2005 – Joséphine-Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1927)
2007 - Carlo Ponti, Italian movie producer (b. 1912)
2008 - Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress (b. 1921)
2009 - Bill Stone, British World War I veteran (b. 1900)
2011 - John Dye, American actor (b. 1963)
2011 - Margaret Whiting, American actress (b. 1924)
2014 - Zbigniew Messner, former Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1929)
2014 - Larry Speakes, American journalist (b. 1939)
2014 - Allard van der Scheer, Dutch actor (b. 1928)
2014 - Marly Marley, Brazilian actress (b. 1938)
2015 - Francesco Rosi, Italian movie director (b. 1922)
2015 - Junior Malanda, Belgian footballer (b. 1994)
2015 - Taylor Negron, American writer, actor and painter (b. 1957)
2015 - Harry V. Jaffa, American political philosophy professor (b. 1918)
2015 - Walter Berns, American lawyer and political philosophy professor (b. 1919)
2015 - Frans Bolweg, Dutch sailor (b. 1950)
2015 - Robert Berner, American geoscientist (b. 1935)
2015 - Robert Stone, American writer (b. 1937)
2015 - Jorgelina Aranda, Argentine model, actress and singer (b. 1942)
2015 - Elemér Hankiss, Hungarian sociologist (b. 1928)
2015 - Inge Vermeulen, Brazilian-Dutch field hockey player (b. 1985)
From 2016
2016 - Abbas Bahri, Tunisian mathematician (b. 1954)
2016 - Wim Bleijenberg, Dutch footballer (b. 1930)
2016 - Cornelis Zitman, Dutch sculptor (b. 1926)
2016 - Bob Oatley, Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman (b. 1928)
2016 - David Bowie, English singer, musician and actor (b. 1947)
2016 - Ann Z. Caracristi, American cryptographer (b. 1921)
2016 - Teofil Codreanu, Romanian footballer (b. 1941)
2016 - Jeanne Cordova, American LGBT activist (b. 1948)
2016 - Ulrich Hahnen, German politician (b. 1952)
2016 - Ralph Hauenstein, American philanthropist and businessman (b. 1912)
2016 - George Jonas, Hungarian-Canadian writer, poet and journalist (b. 1935)
2016 - Kalevi Lehtovirta, Finnish footballer (b. 1928)
2016 - Yusuf Zuayyin, Prime Minister of Syria (b. 1931)
2017 - Buddy Greco, American singer and actor (b. 1926)
2017 - Roman Herzog, President of Germany (b. 1934)
2017 - Clare Hollingworth, English journalist (b. 1911)
2017 - Oliver Smithies, English-American geneticist (b. 1925)
2017 - Hiag Akmakjian, American author, painter and photographer (b. 1926)
2017 - Ronald Buxton, British politician (b. 1923)
2017 - Ryszard Parulski, Polish fencer (b. 1938)
2017 - Manlio Rocchetti, Italian make-up artist (b. 1943)
2017 - Tony Rosato, Italian-born Canadian actor (b. 1954)
2017 - Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1933)
2018 - Eddie Clarke, English guitarist (b. 1950)
2018 - Mikhail Derzhavin, Russian actor (b. 1936)
2018 - Tom Luken, American politician (b. 1925)
2018 - Doreen Tracey, English-born American actress (b. 1943)
2019 - Theo Adam, German opera singer (b. 1926)
2019 - Dianne Oxberry, English broadcaster (b. 1967)
2019 - Lionel Price, English basketball player (b. 1927)
Observances
Majority Rule Day (Bahamas)
Days of the year |
9275 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.C.%20Wyeth | N.C. Wyeth | Newell Convers Wyeth (October 22, 1882 – October 19, 1945) was an American painter and book illustrator. He was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He was known for his illustrations for such books as Robin Hood, Robinson Crusoe, The Yearling, The Last of the Mohicans, and King Arthur. His daughters Henriette and Carolyn, his son, Andrew and grandson Jamie Wyeth were also painters. Wyeth's son Nathaniel was an inventor.
Wyeth was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He died in an accident at a railway crossing in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.
Other websites
Virtual tour of N.C. Wyeth's studio
Robinson Crusoe text with illustrations by N.C. Wyeth
N.C. Wyeth Biography
1882 births
1945 deaths
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
American illustrators
American painters
People from Massachusetts |
9281 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%20%28bird%29 | Turkey (bird) | Turkeys are a family of bird in the genus Meleagrididae. They are like a chicken but much bigger. Wild turkeys live in forests in North America and Central America. In the United States, people traditionally eat turkey on the holiday of Thanksgiving.
The family Meleagrididae has one genus in it, Meleagris. This genus has two species:
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata)
Naming
When people from Europe first saw turkeys in the Americas they thought the birds were a type of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). This bird had been brought to central Europe from the country of Turkey. The name of that country stuck as the name of the bird.
The confusion with the name is also seen in the scientific name: meleagris is Greek for guinea-fowl.
References
Other websites
Turkeys
Birds of North America |
9283 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnology | Arachnology | Arachnology is a science that studies arachnids. Examples of arachnids are spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen. Ticks and mites are also arachnids but they sometimes are not included in arachnology. They are studied in acarology.
Branches of zoology |
9287 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama is a state in the United States. Its capital city is Montgomery. The largest city is Birmingham. It became a state in 1819. Native American tribes such as Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek first lived in Alabama.
History
The first people to live in Alabama were Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. African Americans were sent to the state for slavery.
Geography
Alabama is the thirty-first largest state in the United States with of total area. 3.19% of the area is water, making Alabama twenty-third in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is a plain with a general downward slope towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. North Alabama has mostly mountains, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating many creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.
The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the very southern edge of the state. Alabama ranges in elevation from sea level at "Mobile Bay" to over in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is "Mount Cheaha", at a height of . Alabama's land has of forest or 67% of total land area. "Suburban Baldwin County", along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.
Climate
The state is classified as subtropical Cfa under the Koppen Climate Classification. The normal annual temperature is . Temperatures are often warmer in the southern part of the state because it is close to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, mostly in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler. Most of the time, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious rain throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.
Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama also gets many tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf can still feel the effects of the storms, which often dump big amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.
Population
The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alabama's population at 4,661,900, which is an increase of 214,545, or 4.8%, since the 2000 census. This is a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase because of net migration of 104,991 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country got a net gain of 73,811 people. The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000). Alabama has a large African American and white population.
Economy
According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased (went up) 0.7% from the past year. The single largest increase came in the area of information. In 1999, per capita income for the state was $18,189.
Alabama's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains (such as corn and sorghum), vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", many reports say that Alabama is between eight and ten in national cotton making, with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi making up the top three.
Alabama's company outputs are iron and steel products (like cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood items; mining (mostly coal); plastic things; cars and trucks; and apparel. Alabama also makes aerospace and electronic things, mostly in the "Huntsville" area, location of NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Aviation and Missile Command, headquartered at "Redstone Arsenal."
Education
Primary and secondary education
"Public primary and secondary education" in Alabama is under the review of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 separate schools have education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.
Colleges and universities
Alabama's programs of higher education are 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are two medical schools, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of South Alabama, two veterinary colleges, Auburn University and Tuskegee University, a dental school, University of Alabama, an optometry college, two pharmacy schools, Auburn University and Samford University, and five law schools, University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law. Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctor level programs.
Government
The governor of Alabama is Kay Ivey, a Republican. The lieutenant governor of Alabama is Will Ainsworth, a Republican, and the Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Sue Bell Cobb, a Democrat.
Notable people from Alabama
Nat King Cole, singer (Montgomery)
Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Activist (Tuskegee)
Helen Keller, (Tuscumbia)
Bobby Eaton, pro wrestler (Huntsville)
Mia Hamm, soccer star (Selma)
Harold E. Martin, newspaperman Montgomery
Scott Oden, writer (Somerville)
Spooner Oldham; songwriter, keyboardist (Center Star)
Stanley O'Neal, chairman & CEO of Merrill Lynch (Roanoke)
Osceola, Seminole leader (Tallassee)
Randy Owen, lead singer- Alabama (Fort Payne)
Jesse Owens, track and field athlete (Oakville)
Terrell Owens, American football player (Alexander City)
Condoleezza Rice, former U.S. Secretary of State
Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia founder (Huntsville)
Related pages
List of counties in Alabama
List of rivers of Alabama
References
1819 establishments in the United States |
9288 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona | Arizona | Arizona is a state in the United States of America. It is considered part of the Southwestern United States and is bordered by New Mexico to the east, Utah to the north, Nevada to the northwest, California to the west, its northeast corner touches part of Colorado, this area is known as the Four Corners. To the south of Arizona is the country Mexico with which it shares a border of 389 miles (626 km). The state is called the "Grand Canyon State" and the "Copper State" as it is the home of the Grand Canyon and has produced large amounts of copper from its mineral deposits.
Arizona became a state on February 14th, 1912 and became the 48th state accepted into the United States. The state capital is Phoenix, which also is the largest city in the state. Phoenix is the largest capital city in the US.
Arizona's climate can be very hot. In Phoenix, the average temperature is about 107 degrees Fahrenheit (42 degrees Celsius) in summer.
Arizona is home to 22 different Native American tribes, including the Navajo (Diné), Hopi, and Tohono O'odham communities.
Geography
Arizona is the sixth largest state in area, after New Mexico and before Nevada. Of the state's , about 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land and Native American reservations.
Arizona is best known for its desert landscape. It has plants such as the cactus. It is also known for its climate, which has very hot summers and mild winters. Less well known is the pine-covered high country of the Colorado Plateau in the north-central part of the state.
Mountains and plateaus are found in more than half of the state. 27% of Arizona is forest. The largest stand of Ponderosa pine trees in the world is in Arizona.
The Grand Canyon is a colorful, steep-sided gorge. It is made by the Colorado River in northern Arizona. The canyon is one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. Most of the canyon is in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States.
Arizona is home to a well-kept meteorite impact site. The Barringer Crater (better known simply as “Meteor Crater”) is a huge hole in the middle of the high plains of the Colorado Plateau. It is about west of Winslow. A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater is nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and deep. Meteor Crater is a popular tourist attraction. It is privately owned by the Barringer family through the Barringer Crater Company. There is an admission fee charged to see the crater.
Arizona is one of two states that does not observe Daylight Saving Time, except in the Navajo Nation in the northeastern part of the state.
Sports
Professional sports teams in Arizona include:
Arizona has many golf courses and is home to several stops on the PGA Tour.
State symbols
Arizona state amphibian: Arizona Treefrog (Hyla eximia)
Arizona state bird: Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)
Arizona state butterfly: Two-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio multicaudata)
Arizona state colors: Federal Blue and old gold
Arizona state fish: Arizona Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae apache)
Arizona state flag: Flag of the State of Arizona
Arizona state flower: Saguaro blossom (Carnegiea gigantea)
Arizona state fossil: Petrified wood
Arizona state gemstone: Turquoise
Arizona state mammal: Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)
Arizona state motto: Ditat Deus (Latin God enriches)
Arizona state neckwear: Bolo tie
Arizona state reptile: Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi)
Arizona state seal: Great Seal of the State of Arizona
Arizona state slogan: Grand Canyon State
Arizona state songs: "Arizona March Song" (by Margaret Rowe Clifford) and "Arizona" (by Rex Allen, Jr.)
Arizona state tree: Blue Palo Verde (Parkinsonia florida)
Arizona state gun: Colt Single Action Army revolver
Related pages
List of counties in Arizona
List of rivers of Arizona
References
1912 establishments in the United States |
9289 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a country in South America. It is land locked by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile. Luis Alberto Arce Catacora became the president of Bolivia in November 2020.
The population of Bolivia is 11.51 million (2019).
Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar. The main languages are Spanish and Quechua, but there are other languages too.
History
Bolivia used to be a colony of Spain. The silver mines in Bolivia made most of Spain's money, and Spain used Bolivians as slaves to work in the mines.
After many wars, Simón Bolívar helped Bolivia to be an independent country.
Geography
Bolivia is 424,135 mi² (1,098,581 km²). This means that Bolivia is the world's 28th-largest country (after Ethiopia). It is the same sort of size as Mauritania.
Bolivia is a landlocked nation, which means every border of Bolivia is a border with another country, and so it does not have a sea. It used to own some of the Pacific coast, but it lost it in 1879 in the War of the Pacific. The west of Bolivia is on the Andes mountain range. The highest mountain in Bolivia is called Nevado de Sajama and it is near the city of Oruro. Although this part of the country is very high with lots of mountains, there are also parts of Bolivia which are very flat, and parts of the country which are very near sea level. There is also a bit of Bolivia covered by the Amazon rainforest, and a big lake which is the highest lake in the world. This lake is called Lake Titicaca.
The major cities are La Paz, El Alto, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba. For other places in Bolivia see List of cities in Bolivia.
Demographics
The population of Bolivia is approximately 10,907,778 people. The ethnic composition of the country is like the following:
62%: Native American.
26%: Mestizo.
10%: White.
2%: Black
Economy
Bolivia suffers from poverty. Over 65% of the population lives below the poverty line.
Divisions
Bolivia is divided into nine departments. The departments are divided into 112 provinces. The provinces are divided into 339 municipalities and into native community lands.
Culture
Bolivian culture has many Inca, Aymara and other native influences in religion, music and clothing. There is a big festival in Oruro, which is called "El carnaval de Oruro". People in Bolivia like playing football, and football, which is often played in the street. Zoos are also very popular, but they do not have much money.
National symbols
The Cantuta (often spelled kantuta or qantuta) (Cantua buxifolia or Fuchsia buxifolia) is a flower found in the Yungas, and is the national flower of Bolivia along with the patujú (Heliconia rostrata) found in the tropical regions of Bolivia.
Related pages
Bolivia at the Olympics
Bolivia national football team
List of rivers of Bolivia
References
Notes
Other websites
Bolivia map
Spanish-speaking countries
1825 establishments in South America |
9290 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts | Massachusetts | Massachusetts is a state in the United States of America. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Its capital and largest city is Boston. It is on the east coast of the United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The word Massachusetts comes from Native American language. It means "place with hills."
Massachusetts was one of the first places that European people lived when they came to America. It was one of the first American colonies. The Pilgrims from Plymouth, England came to America for religious freedom in 1620.
Massachusetts is home to some of the United States more prestigious universities, such as Harvard University. Massachusetts is also one of the richest states in the United States. Its major cities are Boston, Worcester, Massachusetts, Springfield, Massachusetts and Plymouth, Massachusetts
Massachusetts is also home to the 6 time Super Bowl winning New England Patriots.
Related pages
Governor of Massachusetts
List of counties in Massachusetts
List of cities and towns in Massachusetts
References
1788 establishments in the United States |
9291 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee%2C%20Florida | Tallahassee, Florida | Tallahassee is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, its population was 181,376.
The name comes from the Apalachee Native American words: talwa meaning town, and ahassee meaning old.
Tallahassee was created as the capital of Florida during the territory's second legislative session. It was chosen as the midpoint between St. Augustine and Pensacola, which had been the capitals of the Spanish and British colonies of East Florida and West Florida, respectively. (At that time, very few people lived in the swamps of South Florida.) The first session of Florida's Legislative Council–as a territory of the United States–met on July 22, 1822 at Pensacola and members from St. Augustine traveled fifty-nine days by water to attend. The second session was in St. Augustine and required western delegates to travel perilously around the peninsula on a twenty-eight day trek. During this session, it was decided that future meetings should be held at a half-way point to reduce the distance. Two appointed commissioners selected Tallahassee, at that point an abandoned Apalachee settlement, as a halfway point. In 1824, the third legislative session met there in a crude log capitol. Also in 1824, Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolution, returned for a grand tour of the United States. The US Congress voted to give him $200,000 (the same amount he had given the colonies in 1778), US citizenship, and the Lafayette Land Grant, of land that today includes large portions of Tallahassee. In 1845, a Greek revival masonry structure was erected as the Capitol building in time for statehood.
In 1977, a 23-story high-rise Capitol building designed by architect Edward Durell Stone was completed. It is now the third-tallest state capitol building in the United States. In 1978, the old capitol was scheduled for demolition, but the State Of Florida decided to keep the Old Capitol as a museum and point of interest.
The city is the location of two important universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University.
Notes
References
County seats in Florida
State capitals in the United States
1824 establishments in Florida Territory |
9292 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1227 | 1227 | Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Events
March 19 – Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope.
August 18 – Genghis Khan |
9293 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Skerritt | Tom Skerritt | Thomas Alderton Skerritt (August 25, 1933) is an American actor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for his roles in the films M*A*S*H (1970), Alien (1979), and Top Gun (1986).
Other websites
1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan |
9302 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trossingen | Trossingen | Trossingen is a town in South Germany (Baden-Württemberg). It is in a region called Baar, between the Swabian Alb and the Black Forest.
Trossingen is called a "music town". It has around 16,000 people who live there, there is the 'University of Music Trossingen', which is one of Baden-Württemberg's state conservatories, and there are other institutions specialized in musical education, like the 'Bundesakademie für musikalische Jugendbildung' and the 'Hohner Konservatorium'. In 1857 the Matthias Hohner company was founded. Today, Hohner harmonicas and accordions are famous all over the world. Trossingen houses the German Harmonica Museum, too. Trossingen also has a historic railway: the Trossinger Eisenbahn. Several skeletons of the dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti were found in Trossingen during excavations in the early 20th century. The local museum Auberlehaus houses several of the original bones.
Distances
Stuttgart (capital of Baden-Württemberg): about .
Berlin (capital of Germany): about .
the Black forest: about .
Switzerland: about .
References
Other websites
Tuttlingen |
9304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Smurfs | The Smurfs | The Smurfs are fictional little blue beings created by Peyo, a Belgian cartoonist. They first appeared in 1958, and later in a cartoon television show created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in the 1980s. On September 12, 1981, they were featured on NBC on Saturday mornings as a cartoon series. The little blue creatures from Belgium became popular among all ages.
A feature movie called The Smurfs was released in 2011. The Smurfs 2 was a sequel released July 31, 2013.
Description
The smurfs are very small. In cartoons in which they appear with humans, they are small enough to stand on a human hand.
Most Smurfs are male. There are only 3 females in the village: Smurfette, Sassette Smurfling, and Nanny Smurf.
Most Smurfs wear white pants and white Phrygian caps. Papa Smurf, Grandpa Smurf, and some of the Smurflings dress differently. Grandpa Smurf wears yellow clothes and Papa Smurf wears red clothes. The Smurflings are Sassette, Snappy, Slouchy, and Nat. Sassette and Nat do not dress like the other Smurfs at all, while Slouchy and Nat do dress like the others. In some comics, the Smurfs dress differently in color or clothing.
Smurfs live in mushroom-shaped houses in a village in a forest.
Characters
Smurfette, one of the female Smurfs
Papa Smurf, the village leader
Brainy Smurf, a intellectual show-off
Vanity Smurf, is a narcissist. He has a flower in his hat. He often holds a hand mirror, staring into his own reflection. In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, Vanity speaks in a feminine voice.
Grouchy Smurf, is a grouch
Handy Smurf, is a mechanic and inventor.
Hefty Smurf, strong Smurf
Sassette Smurfling, the only female Smurfling
Greedy Smurf, the village's baker
Natural Smurf or Nat Smurfling, can communicate with animals.
Grandpa Smurf, the former "Papa Smurf"
Nanny Smurf, the oldest female Smurf
Tailor Smurf, makes clothes
Gustey a brave smurf
Gargamel, a human, and the enemy of the Smurfs. Gargamel is an evil wizard who is absolutely obsessed with the Smurfs. His main goal changes. Sometimes he wants to catch Smurfs to eat them. Most of the time he tries to capture them for use in a potion to make gold. Sometimes it is simply getting revenge.
Azrael, is Gargamel's cat and chases Smurfs.
Scruple, is Gargamel's assistant who failed wizard school. He was introduced later in the series.
References
Other websites
Muckno Mania festival breaks world record |
9307 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul | Istanbul | Istanbul () is a mega city that sits in both Europe and Asia divided by the Bosporus. Although the largest city of Turkey its not the capital. It is the largest city in Europe by population. It is also the 3rd largest European city in size. It was the capital city of the old Ottoman Empire until 1923. The city has been known since ancient times by the older names Byzantium and Constantinople (; , Konstantinoúpolis). Being a seaport, Istanbul is the main trade center of Turkey.
Part of Istanbul is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Istanbul faces the Golden Horn and the Bosporus strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and separates Europe and Asia. The city is actually in both Europe and Asia. One third of the people live on the Asian side. Its population is between 11 and 15 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Europe. Many people migrate to Istanbul every year.
Its original name was Byzantion in the Greek language, known as Byzantium in the Latin language. Byzantium was originally settled as a colony by Greeks from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king, Byzas. In 196 AD, Byzantium was damaged by the Romans, then rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine the Great thought this city was in a nice location, and in 330, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to there, as New Rome (Latin: Nova Roma; , Nea Rómi), renaming the city Constantinople, after his name.
When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and its capital was in Constantinople where Hagia Sophia had been built. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of political, cultural, religious and economical centers of Europe until it finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. After the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey was started with its capital at Ankara.
Notes
References
Other websites
Audioguide Seslirehber Istanbul Turkey
Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul
World Heritage Sites in Turkey |
9315 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA | ABBA | ABBA is a Swedish pop music group, who had many hits in the 1970s in Stockholm and early 1980s. ABBA was the most commercially successful pop group of the 1970s. The name "ABBA" is made from the first letter of each member's first name:
A gnetha Fältskog
B jörn Ulvaeus
B enny Andersson, and
A nni-Frid Lyngstad.
ABBA became very popular after they won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974. They had many hits. These included "Dancing Queen", "SOS", "Money, Money, Money", "Mamma Mia", and "Waterloo". Most of their songs were written by Ulvaeus and Andersson.
They originally broke up in 1982, but their music is still popular. It has appeared in movies (including the Australian movies The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding). The stage musical Mamma Mia! was developed from their music and subsequently made into a 2008 movie followed ten years later by a 2018 sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.
History
All four ABBA members had local music careers before ABBA even formed. Frida and Agnetha were both solo singers. Benny and Bjorn both had their own individual bands. In 1966, Benny and Bjorn both met and decided to write songs together. In 1969, Bjorn met Agnetha and Benny met Frida. All four friends met together and decided to work together to record songs. By 1970, they were known as "Bjorn & Benny (With Svenska Flicka)". Later they were called Bjorn & Benny, Agnetha & Frida. Their first hit was a song called "Hej, gamle man". By 1971, Bjorn and Agnetha were married and Benny and Frida were engaged. "Ring Ring" in 1973 was when the group achieved success throughout much of Europe and Africa. It wasn't until 1973 that the group became officially known as ABBA. The name was suggested by their manager, Stig Anderson. In 1974, ABBA was given a chance to perform in the Eurovision Song Contest. With "Waterloo", they won and soon got global success. In 1976, ABBA released Dancing Queen, which is often known as ABBA's "signature song" and "one of the greatest pop songs ever written". During 1977, their huge popularity became known as "Abbamania". In Australia, ABBA played in huge concerts that usually always sold out. "ABBA: The Movie" was also released in 1977 during the height of the group's popularity. Throughout the mid and late 1970's ABBA performed in Europe, The United States, Japan and Australia. In early 1979, Agnetha and Bjorn divorced. In early 1981, Frida and Benny also got divorced. This led to many sadder and more mature songs over the next few years. By 1981, ABBA's popularity was declining. Their last album, "The Visitors" a not a big success like previous albums. The Day Before You Came was the last song ABBA ever recorded together, while Under Attack was the last song ever released, both in 1982. ABBA broke up shortly before 1983 and all members continued on their independent music careers, just like before they had met.
Albums
ABBA recorded eight albums between 1973 and 1981, as well as some compilation albums.
Ring Ring (1973)
Waterloo (1974)
ABBA (1975)
Arrival (1977)
ABBA: The Album (1977)
Voulez-Vous (1979)
Super Trouper (1980)
The Visitors (1981)
Voyage (2021)
Famous hit songs
Waterloo (1974)
Mamma Mia (1975)
Fernando (1976)
Dancing Queen (1976)
Money Money Money (1976)
Take a Chance on Me (1977)
Chiquitita (1978)
Gimme Gimme Gimme (1979)
The Winner Takes It All (1980)
Other songs
People Need Love (1972)
Another Town, Another Train (1973)
Honey Honey (1974)
So Long (1974)
I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do (1974)
SOS (1975)
Hey, Hey, Helen (1975)
That's Me (1976)
Dum Dum Diddle (1976)
Knowing Me, Knowing You (1977)
The Name of the Game (1977)
Eagle (1977)
Hole in Your Soul (1977)
Summer Night City (1978)
Does Your Mother Know (1979)
Kisses of Fire (1979)
I Have A Dream (1979)
Happy New Year (1980)
Me And I (1980)
Lay All Your Love On Me (1980)
One Of Us (1981)
When All Is Said And Done (1981)
Cassandra (1982)
Under Attack (1982)
The Day Before You Came (1982)
I Still Have Faith in You (2018)
Don’t Shut Me Down (2018)
References
Other websites
1970s Swedish music groups
1980s Swedish music groups
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
Musical groups established in 1972
Stockholm
Swedish pop music groups
1972 establishments in Sweden
1982 disestablishments in Europe
1980s disestablishments in Sweden |
9316 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg%20Allman | Gregg Allman | Gregg Allman (December 8, 1947 – May 27, 2017) was an American rock musician. He was a member of the Allman Brothers Band with his brother, Duane Allman, which popularized Southern Rock in the 1970s. He married Cher, a well-known pop singer and actress after she divorced Sonny Bono in 1974. They had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, before divorcing in 1979. Until recently, he had continued to perform with his band Gregg Allman and Friends and last resided in Georgia with his family.
Death
Following a series of health problems, Allman died at his home in Savannah, Georgia, on May 27, 2017 due to complications of liver cancer. He was 69.
References
Other websites
Official Website
1947 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
American guitarists
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Southern rock musicians
American rock musicians
Blues musicians
Gospel musicians |
9317 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allman%20Brothers%20Band | Allman Brothers Band | The Allman Brothers Band were an American southern rock band in the 1970s. It originally formed in 1969 with Duane Allman (slide guitar), Gregg Allman (vocals, organ), Dickey Betts (guitar), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums) and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums).
In 1971, soon after their first album went gold, Duane and Berry were killed in separate motorcycle accidents in the group's hometown of Macon, Georgia. The group still released more albums and songs, most notably Ramblin' Man and Jessica, which were their biggest hits. Rolling Stone ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. The band is still touring as of 2008.
Discography
Studio albums
The Allman Brothers Band (1969)
Idlewild South (1970)
At Fillmore East (1971)
Eat a Peach (1972)
Brothers and Sisters (1973)
Win, Lose or Draw (1975)
Enlightened Pogues (1979)
Reach for the Sky (1980)
Brothers of the Road (1981)
Seven Turns (1990)
Shades of Two Worlds (1991)
Where it All Begins (1994)
Peakin' at the Beacon (2000)
Hittin' the Note (2003)
References
Other websites
Official Allman Brothers' website
The Allman Brothers Band at RollingStone.com
American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Southern rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
1976 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
1982 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida |
9324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Borough%20of%20Hackney | London Borough of Hackney | The London Borough of Hackney is a London Borough in north east London.
London Borough of Hackney |
9326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Frost%20Bridge | John Frost Bridge | The John Frost Bridge is a bridge in Arnhem. It was bombed after Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was later rebuilt. Some parts of the bridge are still the same as they were in 1944.
Bridges
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
Arnhem |
9329 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengaboys | Vengaboys | The Vengaboys are a Dutch pop music group. The group is made up of DJ Danski and DJ Delmondo. They toured Spanish beach parties in a bus. The group formed in 1992. They added four dancers in 1995-1996 and toured through Europe. Their first song was Up & Down. It was released in March 1997. The group is popular across Europe and have had some popularity in the United States. Their music is Eurodance.
Other websites
1990s Dutch music groups
2000s Dutch music groups
2010s music groups
Dance music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Pop music groups |
9330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Benedict%20XVI | Pope Benedict XVI | Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI (; ; , born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is Pope Emeritus of the Catholic Church. He served as the 265th Pope from 2005 to 2013. In that position, he was both the leader of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Vatican City State. Benedict was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave after the death of Pope John Paul II. He celebrated his papal inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005. He took possession of his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005.
On 11 February 2013, Benedict announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals. His reason was a "lack of strength of mind and body" because of his old age. His resignation became effective on 28 February 2013. He was the first pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415. He was the first to resign by choice since Pope Celestine V in 1294. As Pope Emeritus, Benedict retains the style of His Holiness, and the title of Pope. He will continue to dress in the papal colour of white. He was succeeded by Pope Francis on 13 March 2013. He moved into the newly renovated Mater Ecclesiae monastery for his retirement on 2 May 2013. In September 2020, Benedict XVI became the longest-lived pope at aged 93.
Priest
Ratzinger was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1951. He was a professor at several German universities, including the University of Bonn and the University of Münster. He also taught at the University of Tübingen. and the University of Regensburg.
Cardinal
In 1977, Ratzinger was named by Pope Paul VI as a Cardinal and the Archbishop of Munich and Freising.
Cardinal Ratzinger was Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
He became Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was a close friend of Pope John Paul II.
In January 2022 a report written by a German law firm found that Benedict XVI had failed to act over four cases of child abuse when he was in charge as Archbishop of Munich. He has denied these reports.
Pope
In 2005, Cardinal Ratzinger was elected Pope at the age of 78. At the conclave, "it was, if not Ratzinger, who? And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?" He chose to be called Benedict XVI.
On 11 February 2013, the pope announced that he would abdicate or resign on 28 February 2013: "I have come to the certainty that my strengths, due to an advanced age, are no longer suited to an adequate exercise of the Petrine ministry." The original declaration was made in Latin. He is the first pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415. He decided to resign then retired on February 28, 2013 in order to take care of his health condition.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Joseph Ratzinger, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 360+ works in 520+ publications in 20 languages as well as library holdings.
Introduction to Christianity (1968)
Einführung in das Christentum: Vorlesungen über das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntnis (1968)
Das neue Volk Gottes: Entwürfe zur Ekklesiologie (1969)
Der Gott Jesu Christi: Betrachtungen über den Dreieinigen Gott (1976)
Eschatologie : Tod und ewiges Leben (1977)
Principles of Catholic theology: building stones for a fundamental theology (1985)
Politik und Erlösung: zum Verhältnis von Glaube, Rationalität und Irrationalem in der sogenannten Theologie der Befreiung (1986)
As Pope, OCLC/WorldCat identifies 1,400+ works in 2,300+ publications in 33 languages and 55,000+ library holdings.
Jesus of Nazareth: from the baptism in the Jordan to the transfiguration (2007)
Without roots: the West, relativism, Christianity, Islam (2006)
Related pages
Abdication
Georg Ratzinger (brother)
References
Other websites
Vatican webpage, Benedict XVI biography
Pope Benedict XVI Hats
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger
1927 births
Living people
German popes
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Bavaria |
9335 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan%20Gong | Guan Gong | Guan Gong, also known as Guan Yu or Guan Yun Chang (160 – 219) was a general who lived close to two thousand years ago in China. He helped his sworn brother Liu Bei to fight against the dynasty of Wei that seized the throne from the last Han-Emperor. He was also the sworn brother of Zhang Fei, another warrior of Liu Bei's.
The Three Brothers conquered the Southwest of China and founded a Dynasty named Shu Han (because Liu Bei claimed to be the rightful heir of the Han Dynasty). They also battled with Eastern Wu, another Chinese dynasty at this time, and during one of the battles, Guan Yu was captured by the Wu general Lü Meng and executed (along with his son Guan Ping).
In later centuries, Guan Yu became a Chinese deity and was given the name Guan Gong, meaning "Lord Guan".
160 births
219 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Chinese gods and goddesses |
9340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence%20farming | Subsistence farming | Subsistence farming is the kind of farming done by farmers who have small plots, enough only for themselves. Literally, subsistence agriculture means no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today most subsistence farmers also do trade to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.
Subsistence farming may also mean shifting farming or nomadic herding (see nomadic people).
Examples:
A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family.
A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.
References
Agriculture |
9343 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Clyde | River Clyde | The River Clyde (, ) is a river in Scotland. It flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.
Other websites
River Clyde: Source to Firth Panorama Project
The Clyde-built ships data base - lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde
Clyde Waterfront regeneration
Clyde Waterfront Heritage
Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow
In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde
Clydebank Restoration Trust
Rivers of Scotland |
9345 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20charge | Electric charge | Electric charge is a basic property of electrons, protons and other subatomic particles. Electrons are negatively charged while protons are positively charged. Things that are negatively charged and things that are positively charged pull on (attract) each other. This makes electrons and protons stick together to form atoms. Things that have the same charge push each other away (they repel each other). This is called the Law of Charges. It was discovered by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. The law that describes how strongly charges pull and push on each other is called Coulomb's Law.
Things that have equal numbers of electrons and protons are neutral. Things that have more electrons than protons are negatively charged, while things with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged. Things with the same charge repel each other. Things that have different charges attract each other. If possible, the one with too many electrons will give enough electrons to match the number of protons in the one that has too many protons for its load of electrons. If there are just enough electrons to match the extra protons, then the two things will not attract each other anymore. When electrons move from a place where there are too many to a place where there are too few, that is called an electrical current.
When a person shuffles their feet on a carpet and then touches a brass doorknob, they may get an electrical shock. If there are enough extra electrons then the force with which those electrons push each other away may be enough to make some of the electrons jump across a gap between the person and the doorknob. The length of the spark is a measure of voltage or "electrical pressure." The number of electrons that move from one place to another per unit of time measured as amperage or "rate of electron flow."
If a person gets a positive or negative charge, it may make the person's hairs stand up because the charges in each hair push it away from the others.
Electric charge felt when one gets a shock from a doorknob or other object usually is between 25 thousand and 30 thousand volts. However, the electric current only flows briefly, so the flow of electrons through the person's body does not cause physical harm. On the other hand, when clouds gain electrical charges they have even higher voltages and the amperage (the number of electrons that will flow in the lightning strike) can be very high. That means that electrons can jump from a cloud to the earth (or from the earth to a cloud). If those electrons go through a person, then the electric shock can burn or kill.
Historical experiment
The following experiment is described by James Clerk Maxwell in his work A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873). Normally, glass and resin are both neutrally charged. However, if they are rubbed together and then separated, they will become able to attract each other.
If a second piece of glass is rubbed with a second piece of resin, the following things will be seen:
The two pieces of glass repel each other.
Each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
The two pieces of resin repel each other.
If a charged and an uncharged object are brought together, attraction will be very weak.
Bodies that are able to attract or repel things in this way are said to be 'electrified', or to be 'charged with electricity'. When two different substances are rubbed together, an electrical charge is produced because one of them will give electrons to the other. The reason is that the atoms in the two substances have unequal power to attract electrons. So the one that is more able to attract electrons will take electrons from the one that has a lower attractive force. If glass is rubbed against something else, it may either give or take electrons. What happens depends on what the other thing is.
Things that have taken electrons are called "negatively charged", and things that have given up electrons are called "positively charged". There is no special reason for these names. It is just an arbitrary (random choice) convention (agreement).
Besides being electrified by friction, bodies may be electrified in many other ways.
Related pages
Electric
Static electricity
References
Electricity
Magnetism |
9346 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyroxiphium | Argyroxiphium | Argyroxiphium is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. Its members are known by the common names of silversword or greensword due to their long, narrow leaves and the silvery hairs on some species.
The Silversword plant grows only at high elevations on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.
The silversword is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4 ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.
The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920s, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).
References
Asteraceae |
9347 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Pacman | Mr. Pacman | Mr. Pacman is an American pop music band from Colorado. They use sounds from old video games to create their music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.
Other websites
http://myspace.com/mrpacman/ - official website
American pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Colorado
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Colorado |
9348 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20video | Music video | A music video or music clip is a short movie that represents a song on a television screen. Most music videos feature the artist who recorded the song singing or lip-syncing it on screen. TV network channels that are famous for playing music videos are MTV, VH1, BET, and CMT.
In most countries in East Asia, music videos are called PVs. PV stands for "Promotional Video."
Music media
Movies |
9364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%20hop | Hip hop | Hip hop is a type of culture/art style that started in the 1970s in the Bronx. It began in Jamaican American, African American, and Puerto Rican/Hispanic and Latino American urban areas in some of the larger cities of the United States. Hip hop uses drum beats produced by a drum machine, and rapping, where the rapper or group chants or says words with a rhythm that rhymes. The lyrics of hip hop songs are often about the life of urban people in the big cities. Hip hop music also uses musical styles from pop music such as disco and reggae. Rap and hip hop music have become successful music genres.
Hip hop as a culture involves the music as well as a style of dressing called "urban" clothes (baggy pants, Timberland leather work boots, and oversize shirts); a dancing style called breakdancing or "B-boying"; and graffiti, a street art in which people paint pictures or words on walls. In the 2000s, hip hop music and hip hop culture are very popular in the United States and Canada. Hip hop musicians usually use nicknames. Many of the popular hip hop musicians from the 2000s use nicknames, such as Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, Eminem, Lil' Wayne, and 50 Cent. Hip hop is sometimes fused with other genres such as country music and rock music.
Rapping
Rapping is a form of singing. It is a mix between singing and talking. The words are spoken with rhythm and in the text there are rhymes. The urban youth made rhyming games based on rap. The beat in the background is a simple loop that is sometimes made by the rapper themself or sometimes copied from a sample CD. The simple loop carries out through the entire song usually, except for the chorus. It developed in the ethnic minority urban (city) areas, as an American form of Jamaican "toasting" (chanting and rhyming with a microphone).
Run DMC and The Sugarhill Gang were early popular hip hop groups in the 1980s. When rappers began to use violent language and gestures, the music was then liked by gangsters. This kind of music was called "gangsta rap". Gangsta rap often has lyrics which are about guns, drug dealing and life as a thug on the street. This genre also began in the 1980s and is still produced.
Some well known early rappers include: Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, The Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, and Sean "P-Diddy" Combs. During the 1990s there was a rivalry between the two big record labels "Death Row Records" and "Bad Boy Records". The rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. were murdered. Later, the two record labels stopped the rivalry. Because most of the rappers who rapped for "Death Row Records" were from the West Coast of the US and most of the rappers who rapped for "Bad Boy Records" were from the East Coast, this rivalry was called "the West Coast – East Coast beef".
The fastest rapper according to Guinness World Records is Twista. In 1992, he rapped 11 syllables in one second. In 2013, the song Rap God by Eminem took the record for most words in a song; 1,560 in a little over 6 minutes, which is about 4 words per second.
Related pages
Rhythm and blues
Rock and roll
Soul music
Contemporary R&B
Jazz
Funk
Pop music
Country music
Breakdance
Reggaeton
West Coast hip hop
Comedy hip hop
Old-school hip hop
Political hip hop
Underground hip hop
Dirty rap
Hip hop soul
Rap metal
Horrorcore
Battle rap
References
Hip hop
Music genres |
9386 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20blindness | Color blindness | People with color blindness cannot tell the difference between certain colors. They may not see colors at all.
Most color blindness is heritable, usually as simple Mendelian inheritance. Sometimes, it is the result of damage to the eyes, nerves, or the brain. It can be caused by coming into contact with certain chemicals.
Most color blindness is permanent. Some conditions can lead to temporary color blindness. During certain kinds of migraine, some people are unable to tell the difference between certain colors. There is no treatment cure for permanent color blindness.
Many more males are color blind than females. Between five and eight percent of males, but less than one percent of females, are color blind.
Color blindness is usually thought of as a disability. However, people who are color blind have one advantage: they are sometimes better at seeing through some types of camouflage.
History
In 1798, English chemist John Dalton published the first scientific article about color blindness. That was after he found out that he was color blind. The article was called "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours". Because of this, the condition is sometimes called daltonism. As of 2009, the word daltonism is used only for the type of color blindness called deuteranopia.
Seeing color
There are three steps in the process of telling the difference between colors:
Light hits specialized nerve cells in the eye. Those cells are called receptors. Some of them are stimulated and create an electrical signal.
The signals move along nerves to special parts of the brain.
Those parts of the brain interpret the signals. The signals are changed into an image. This image is then carefully looked at to separate different objects, to see shapes and sometimes colors, and to link these to other kinds of information.
How the human eye sees colors
Inside the human eye is a part called the retina. The retina receives the images that the eye sees. It sends the images to the brain. The retina has two types of cells: Rod cells and Cone cells. They work in different types of light.
Rod cells receive the images that the eye sees when the light is dim, at night, or in a dark room.
Cone cells receive the images that the eye sees in normal daylight or in bright light. There are three types of cone cells. Each type has a different chemical photopsin and reacts to a different spectrum of light. One is specially sensitive to short wavelengths. Another is sensitive to medium wavelengths. The third is sensitive to long wavelengths. These wavelengths cover much of the visible light. Each color is "seen" as a result of how much each of the receptors is stimulated.
How the brain works out the colors
Parts of the thalamus and the visual cortex in the brain are involved in seeing, also seeing colors. Color blindness can therefore also result if these areas of the brain, the optic nerve or the retina have been damaged. These types of color blindness usually happen because of an accident. They are not inherited. Inherited forms of color blindness affect the retina only.
That way it is possible that only a part of the visual field is affected by color blindness, but in the rest, there is no color blindness.
Some types of color blindness, but not inherited color blindness, can be cured.
Causes of color blindness
There are several different problems that can cause color blindness.
If a person's eye has no cone cells, then they cannot see any color at all. They can only see shades of dark and light.
There are three types of cone cells in the human eye. If there are two types, a person will have a hard time to tell certain colors apart. If there is only one type, a person will not see color at all.
Sometimes cone cells change. This means that they no longer react to those wavelengths they should. A person will need more of a certain color to see this color. They see colors differently, and may not be able to tell certain colors apart. Most of these people do not know they are color blind, as they have little difficulty telling colors apart in most cases.
There may be nothing wrong with the eye, but the nerves that transport the information or the area in the brain that interprets it may be damaged. This means that the signal is interpreted the wrong way. The damage may be permanent, or it may be temporary. Certain conditions of the brain, like a migraine can change the way people see colors.
Different types of color blindness
Total color blindness
This condition is very rare. People who suffer from it can only see in black, gray and white: They can perceive only differences in brightness and do not see color. This is called monochromacy.
There are two main types of total color blindness:
Rod monochromacy (achromatopsia): The retina has no cone cells. This makes it difficult to see even lights of a normal level; this means that people who suffer from it are almost blind. It occurs almost only on the island of Pingelap, a part of the Pohnpei state in the Federated States of Micronesia. There it is called maskun: about one person in 12 of the population has it. The island was hit by a storm in the 18th century. Very few men survived the storm. One of them carried a gene for rod monochromacy. Today, several hundred people live on the island, about 30% have this gene.
Cone monochromacy: The retina has both rods and cones, but only one type kind of cone. People who suffer from this will be able to see patterns well, in normal daylight, but they will not see hues.
Red/green color blindness
There are two kinds of red-green color blindness: protanopia or deuteranopia. Deuteranopia is the most common form of color blindness; between five and ten percent of males suffer from it. It is called Daltonism because John Dalton discovered it. Those affected have trouble telling the difference between red and green. As seen by protanopes (people suffering from protanopia), red is darkened. Most often, this is because they lack the receptors for long (protanopia) or medium (deuteranopia)-length light waves or because these receptors have changed their sensitivity.
Blue/yellow color blindness
Although the name is blue-yellow color blindness (tritanopia), people affected by this type of color blindness can usually tell the difference between blue and yellow. Instead they cannot tell the difference between blue and green, and also yellow and violet. It is different from the other types of color blindness because it is not linked to sex. It is equally possible for anyone to develop blue-yellow color blindness. It is caused by having few or no cones in the retina which can sense short wavelength light.
Other causes of color blindness
Sometimes, people do not have problems seeing color, but their brain has trouble "telling" the color, and interprets it wrong. It is also possible that only certain parts of the eye have color blindness; people may become color blind because of other diseases, but after the disease goes away, see normally again. This seems to be the case with certain forms of migraine.
How color blindness is inherited
Males have one X and one Y chromosome; females have two X chromosomes. Many of the genes involved in making color vision work are on the X chromosome: they are sex linked. For this reason, men are more often affected by color blindness than women.
The "color blind" gene allows non-color blind people see the difference between red and green. The gene is located on the X chromosome. This means that a male will be color blind if the single X he inherits from his mother contains the color blind version of the "color blind" gene. A female will inherit color blindness only if she inherits two X chromosomes containing defective (mutant) color gene alleles. In other words, a female needs to inherit "color blind" genes from both parents in order to be color blind.
Testing someone for color blindness
The Ishihara plate test has been in use since 1917. Each plate has an image with dots of different size and color. People will then see different images (most often Arabic numbers). Those with certain types of color blindness will see different numbers from those not affected by color blindness.
Because many young children have not learned numbers yet, other tests have been developed. They use symbols, like a square, a circle or a car instead of numbers.
Design changes
A color code is when there is much information in the color of certain item. Such codes cannot be understood easily by those who are color blind. For this reason, color should not be used alone to give information. Good graphic design avoids using color coding or color differences alone to give information. This does not only help color blind people, but also normally sighted people.
Cascading Style Sheets can be used on web pages. They allow to give a different color scheme for color blind people. Certain color scheme generators help graphic designers see color schemes as eight types of color blind people see them.
Color blindness is very sensitive to changes in material. A red-green color blind person may be unable to see the difference between colors on a map printed on paper. The same map on a computer screen or television may appear normally. In addition, some color blind people find it easier to tell the difference between colors on artificial materials, such as plastic or in acrylic paints, than on natural materials, such as paper or wood. Thirdly, for some color blind people, color can only be distinguished if there is enough color: thin lines might appear black, but a thicker line of the same color can be seen in the correct color.
In certain cases when it is important to understand information very quickly, the visual system may drop the colors, and only work in shades of gray. This is important to know when designing the interfaces for objects that need to be used in an emergency situation, like emergency brakes, or emergency telephones.
Because color blind people may not see the difference between colors such as red and green, some countries, such as Romania have refused to give them driving licenses. In Romania, people have started to change the laws so that color blind people will also be able to drive legally.
In the United Kingdom, electricity wires in houses used to be red, black and green. They were changed to brown, blue and green/yellow to help color blind people see the difference between the "live" and "earth" wires.
What color blindness is not
Many people do not understand color blindness. People who are color blind never swap the colors they are blind to. They may have trouble telling two colors from one another. That way they may have a problem finding the right kind of apple in the supermarket. The image below first shows the way that two apples look to a person with normal vision, and then the way it looks to a person with red-green color blindness. The left apple is a Braeburn; it is red in color. The apple on the right is a Granny Smith; it is green. To someone with red-green blindness, the apples look like they are almost the same color.
References
Diseases and disorders of the eye
Genetic disorders
Tests |
9402 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopron | Sopron | Sopron (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈʃopron]; , ; Central Bavarian: Ednburg, ) is a city of Hungary, near the western border of Hungary with Austria, at the foot of the Alps, 60 km from Vienna (in Austria) and 220 km from Budapest. The people of this city are famous for their loyalty to their country, and their hometown. A famous monument is 'Gate of Faith' which is the symbol of the people's faith to Hungary in 1921.
History
Ancient Scarbantia
At the time of the Roman Empire, there was a city here called Scarbantia. The main square of Sopron is in the same place as the forum (or main square) of Roman times.
After this, the city was probably deserted. When the Hungarians arrived in the area, it was in ruins. In the 9th–11th centuries Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The town got its Hungarian name of Sopron from a steward of the castle named Suprun. By 1153 it was an important town.
In 1273 King Otakar II of Bohemia took over the castle and took the children of Sopron's noble families as hostage. But the people of the city opened the gates when the army of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. The King Ladislaus made Sopron a free royal town.
1500s-1800s
In 1528 Hungary was invaded by Ottoman Turks who destroyed many parts of the city but did not take it over. Many people from other towns fled to Sopron for safety.
In 1676 most of the ancient buildings in the city were destroyed by a fire. When they were replaced, they were in a new style, called Baroque. Many of the Baroque buildings are standing today.
1900s
Sopron was an important town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After the World War I it became part of Austria. But the townspeople were not happy with this and in December 1921 they voted that the city should be part of Hungary. Since that day the city has been called "Civitas Fidelissima", ("The Most Loyal Town" which in Hungarian is "A Leghűségesebb Város"). A holiday is held every year to celebrate.
In World War II Sopron suffered badly. It was bombed several times. There were many Jewish people living in Sopron before the war. The Nazis and their Hungarian allies sent the Jews of Sopron to death camps and killed nearly all of them, as well as other people who disagreed with Nazi ideas.
The Soviet Red Army captured the city on April 1, 1945. Sopron, as part of Hungary, was ruled by a Socialist government. At this time many factories were built around Sopron. The Socialist government took away a lot of the freedom that people had. In August 1989, in Sopron there was a big protest against the Socialist government, which was called the Pan-European Picnic. While this was happening more than 200 people who lived in East Germany (which was Socialist) escaped to the West. This was the beginning of a big change for all the Socialist countries of Europe. People who had not been allowed to travel or live in other countries were finally allowed to be free.
21st century
Hungary is now part of the European Union. Sopron now has trade with other countries, most importantly Austria. There are many German-speaking people who live in Sopron so most street signs are written in both Hungarian and German.
Culture
Architecture
The city of Sopron shows signs of its long history in its buildings. There are still walls and foundations from the Ancient Roman times and also building from the Middle Ages. The medieval Kecske Church ("Goat Church") was where coronations (crowning kings) and parliament took place. There is also a very old Jewish synagogue.
Many old buildings whose architecture are from the 1600s and 1700s and are in the Baroque style which often has a lot of decoration. Stornó House is one of the most well-known buildings, because of its elegant Baroque architecture, its connection with King Matthias and its interesting collection. There is also a famous statue of the Holy Trinity from this time. the "Várkerület" is part of the city built where the ancient moat was; The inner row of houses follow the line of the castle wall. Várkerület has a famous Maria Statue. The Town Hall built in 1896 and the Ursuline Church is an important building in the Gothic Revival style.
Countryside
Sopron is popular as a holiday place because it is set in beautiful countryside where people like to walk in the hills, enjoying the pure air, the forests and mountain springs. There are many hiking paths and look-out towers. Near to Sopron is Lake Fertő.
The Löverek, is a beautiful hilly area south of the city, with forests of spruce, oaks and chestnut trees. The flowers that bloom there include Lily of the Valley and cyclamens.
Wine
Sopron is a wine producing region, that is one of the few in Hungary to make both red and white wines. The grapes grown here include Kékfrankos for red wine and Traminer (Gewürztraminer) for white wine. In climate it is similar to the Burgenland wine region nearby in Austria, and several winemakers make wine in both countries.
Sports
MFC Sopron is a football team based in Sopron.
Other websites
Official website
Sopron Chat
Sopron Chat közösségi Portál – SopronChat - www.sopronchat.eu
References
Cities in Hungary
Wine regions |
9404 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo | Sumo | is a Japanese full-contact sport.
In sumo, a wrestler (rikishi) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (dohyō) 4.55 metres in diameter. Also, the rikishi try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.
Sumo tournaments (basho) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as honbasho) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.
A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the Makuuchi (幕内) or Makunouchi (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 rikishi.
The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.
Rikishi
Sumo wrestlers (rikishi) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.
Grand champions
Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (yokuzuna).
Akashi, 16th century
Maruyama, (1712-1749)
Tanikaze (Kajinosuke, 1750-1795)
Onagawa (1758-1805)
Ao no Matsu (1791-1851)
...
Chiyonofuji Mitsugu (b. 1955)
Takanosato (b. 1952)
Futahaguro Koji (b. 1963)
Hokuto-umi, (b. 1963)
Onokuni (b. 1962)
Asahifuji (b. 1960)
Akebono (b. 1970)
For a full list of those rikishi who have held the title of Yokozuna, see List of yokozuna.
Foreign-born competitors
Sumo has changed in modern times. Foreign-born wrestlers are part of the sport. For example, Konishiki and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.
In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.
References
Sport in Japan
Wrestling |
9407 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20German%20districts | List of German districts | Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts. These consist of 295 rural districts (Landkreise), listed fully here, and 107 urban districts (Kreisfreie Städte / Stadtkreise) - cities which constitute a district in their own right.
References
Districts of Germany
Districts |
9409 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen%20%28state%29 | Bremen (state) | Bremen is the smallest state in Germany. It is a city-state with an area of . Bremen has a population of 664,000 people.
The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen". This is because Bremen used to be in the Hanseatic League which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading. Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries. "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.
There are two cities that make up Bremen. These cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.
References
Other websites
Official website |
9413 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt (, (; Low German: ) is a Bundesland (state) in Germany. It has an area of . 2,580,626 people live there. The capital is Magdeburg.
Some big cities and towns in Saxony-Anhalt are:
Bitterfeld-Wolfen
Dessau
Halberstadt
Halle (Saale)
Wittenberg
Magdeburg (capital)
Merseburg
Naumburg (Saale)
Quedlinburg
Stendal
Weißenfels
References |
9414 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt | Erfurt | Erfurt is the capital city of the German state of Thuringia. It has an area of . In December 2015 it had a population of 210,000 people. The River Gera runs through the city.
History
People have lived in the area for about 100,000 years. The city was first mentioned in writing in 742, in a letter to the Pope from St Boniface. St Boniface established Christianity in the area. He set up a church in Erfurt in 742. Erfurt Cathedral was later built on the same site.
The city is in the centre of Germany. It was on the Via Regia, a medieval trade road network that stretched across Europe. It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages. Erfurt was a member of the Hanseatic League, an alliance of trade associations and market towns. It was also famous for producing woad. Blue indigo dye is made from the woad plant.
Erfurt is on the Way of St. James pilgrams' path (Spanish: Camino de Santigo; German: Jakobsweg). In the Middle Ages a number of monasteries were set up in the city. Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation, lived at St. Augustine's Monastery from 1505 until 1511. A famous philosopher and theologian called Meister Eckhart lived at the Dominican Monastery from about 1275 until 1311.
The city was part of the Holy Roman Empire. It became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1802. From 1949 until 1990 Erfurt was in the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
Seventeen people were killed in a mass shooting in 2002.
Industry
Modern day Erfurt is a transport hub for high speed trains and other German and European transport networks. This makes logistics one of its main industries. Other important industries are agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics.
The German Federal Labour Court (German:Bundesarbeitsgericht) is in Erfurt.
Education
The University of Erfurt was first set up in 1379. It closed in 1816, but was reopened in 1994. Martin Luther studied there from 1501 to 1505. It is also thought that Johannes Gutenberg, who developed the printing press, enrolled there in 1418. Erfurt also has a Fachhochschule, a University of Applied Sciences.
Tourist attractions
Many visitors come to see the historic medieval town centre. One of the main tourist attractions is the Krämerbrücke (the Merchants' Bridge). The bridge was built in its current form in 1472. It has buildings with shops and houses on it. People still live on it.
The city is well known for its festivals throughout the year. Two million people visit the Christmas markets each year.
Other important sites in the city include:
St. Augustine's Monastery, where Martin Luther lived from 1505 to 1511. It has been nominated as a World Heritage Site.
The Old Synagogue, which dates back to the 11th and 12th centuries. It is one of the oldest synagogues in Europe and it has been nominated as a World Heritage Site.
Erfurt Cathedral and the Severikirche (St. Severus Church), which overlook Domplatz, the Cathedral square.
Petersberg Citadel, a 16th-century fortress on a hill overlooking the town centre. It is one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Erfurt City official website
Urban Districts of Thuringia |
9415 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg | Magdeburg | Magdeburg (; ) is the capital of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in Germany. The city covers an area of . About 236,000 people live there (2016).
A demonstration of air pressure (called the Magdeburg spheres) was done here by Otto von Guericke in 1656. Also, the 18th century composer Georg Philipp Telemann was born here.
References
Other websites
Official page
Magdeburg water cross
Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt |
9417 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance%20languages | Romance languages | The Romance languages (also sometimes called Romanic languages) are a language family in the Indo-European languages. They started from Vulgar Latin (in Latin, "vulgar" is the word for "common" and so "Vulgar Latin" means "Common Latin"). The most spoken Romance languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian.
They are called "Romance languages" because they originate from Latin, the language spoken by the Western Roman Empire. Their grammatical inflection system has been simplified and lost most of the complex case structure of classical Latin.
The area that the Romance languages are spoken in Europe is mostly extent of the Western Roman Empire. The Greek language superseded Latin in the Eastern Roman Empire. Latin survived in Romania, whose language, Romanian, is a Romance language. In Moldova it is sometimes called Moldovan.
Demographics
The Romance language family is one of the biggest in the world, and in total, there are almost a billion first and second language speakers.
Spanish is the most widely used Romance language, with Portuguese as the second and then French coming in at third.
Spanish is spoken mainly in Spain and Latin America. Portuguese is mostly used/spoken in Brazil, Portugal and parts of Africa. French is spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, and in some areas of Africa. Romanian is spoken in Romania and Moldova.
List of Romance languages
Eastern Romance languages
Romanian
Moldovan
Istro-romanian
Megleno-romanian
Aromanian
Italo-Western Romance
Sardinian
Italo-Dalmatian
Italian
Neapolitan
Sicilian
Western Romance languages
Gallo-Iberian languages
Catalan
Occitan
Gallo-Romance languages
French
Gallo
Norman
Auregnais
Jèrriais
Sercquiais
Romansh
Venetian
Walloon
Iberian Romance languages
Asturian
Galician
Leonese
Portuguese
Spanish
Aragonese
Other
Ladino
Esperanto
Family tree of Romance languages
Other websites
Romance languages - Citizendium
References |
9421 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20evolution | Stellar evolution | Stellar evolution is the study of how a star changes over time. Stars can change very much between when they are first created and when they run out of energy. Because stars can produce light and heat for millions or billions of years, scientists study stellar evolution by studying many different stars in different stages of their life.
The stages in a star's life are: nebula, main-sequence star, red giant and either white dwarf followed by black dwarf, neutron star or black hole.
How a star is born
A star starts its life as a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula. This is pulled together by gravity which causes it to heat up. It also starts to spin and to look like a ball. When it gets hot enough, it starts to release energy through nuclear fusion, changing hydrogen to helium. This makes it shine very brightly and become what astronomers think of as a main-sequence star. It may stay a main-sequence star, looking about the same, for billions of years.
How a star enters old age
Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the nuclear reaction in the middle of the star to stop and the center will start to get smaller due to the star's gravity. The layer of the star just outside the center will begin to change hydrogen to helium, releasing energy.
The outer layers of the star will get much, much bigger. The star will make much more light, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as much as it did at first. Since the surface of the star will get bigger, this energy will be spread out over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange. It will become a red giant. It can swallow up any planets that orbit around it.
How a star dies
Later, the red giant that was left over from a star like ours stops burning. A cloud of gas is given off and a smaller star called a white dwarf is left behind. After a really long time, the white dwarf cools down into a black dwarf.
But, when a big red giant explodes, the explosion is a lot larger and is called a supernova. Instead of a white dwarf, it leaves behind a much smaller, much denser ball called a neutron star. A neutron star is created because the force of gravity is so strong that the atoms left behind would not have any electrons orbiting the nucleus of the atoms. A teaspoon of that matter might weigh as much as the entire Earth.
A much bigger red giant leaves behind a black hole. A black hole is created because gravity is so strong that even the protons and neutrons collapse in on themselves. Even light can no longer escape a black hole. Since there is nothing we know of stronger than the force that holds atomic nuclei (the plural of 'nucleus') together, some physicists think that a black hole collapses all the way down to a mathematical point called a singularity.
Astrophysics |
9424 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics | Genetics | Genetics is a discipline of biology. It is the science of heredity. This includes the study of genes, and the inheritance of variation and traits of living organisms. In the laboratory, genetics proceeds by mating carefully selected organisms, and analysing their offspring. More informally, genetics is the study of how parents pass some of their characteristics to their children. It is an important part of biology, and gives the basic rules on which evolution acts.
The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been known since prehistoric times, and used to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics seeks to understand the process of inheritance. This began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century. Although he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that organisms inherit traits via discrete units of inheritance, now called genes.
Modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance. It studies the way genes work.
DNA
Living things are made of millions of tiny self-contained components called cells. Inside each cell are long and complex molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid, known for short as DNA. Some DNA stores information for making proteins. The bits of DNA which do this are known as genes. People look different from each other mainly because they have different versions of the human set of genes.
However, a large part of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding DNA. These sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences. What it does is code for important non-protein information. Examples are various important RNA molecules, and "scaffolding" bits and pieces like centromeres and telomeres.
Every cell in the same living thing has the same DNA, but only some of it is used in each cell. For instance, some genes that tell how to make parts of the liver are switched off in the brain. What genes are used can also change over time. For instance, a lot of genes are used by a child early in pregnancy that are not used later.
A person has two copies of each gene, one from their mother, and one from their father. There can be several types of a single gene, which give different instructions: one version might cause a person to have blue eyes, another might cause them to have brown. These different versions are known as alleles of the gene.
Since a living thing has two copies of each gene, it can have two different alleles of it at the same time. Often, one allele will be dominant, meaning that the living thing looks and acts as if it had only that one allele. The unexpressed allele is called recessive. In other cases, you end up with something in between the two possibilities. In that case, the two alleles are called co-dominant.
Most of the characteristics that you can see in a living thing have more than one gene which influences them. And many genes have multiple effects on the body, because their function will not have the same effect in each tissue. The multiple effects of a single gene is called pleiotropism. The whole set of genes is called the genotype, and the total effect of genes on the body is called the phenotype. These are key terms in genetics.
History of genetics
Pre-Mendelian ideas
We know that man started breeding domestic animals from early times, probably before the invention of agriculture. We do not know when heredity was first appreciated as a scientific problem. The Greeks, and most obviously Aristotle, studied living things, and proposed ideas about reproduction and heredity.
Imre Festetics, who published work in German in the first part of the 19th century, was totally forgotten until recently. He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819 (The genetic law of nature). His second law is the same as Mendel. In his third law, he developed the basic principles of mutation. None of the histories of genetics published in the 20th century mentions him.
Probably the most publicized idea before Mendel was that of Charles Darwin, whose idea of pangenesis had two parts. The first, that persistent hereditary units were passed on from one generation to another, was quite right. The second was his idea that they were replenished by 'gemmules' from the somatic (body) tissues. This was entirely wrong, and plays no part in science today. Darwin was right about one thing: whatever happens in evolution must happen by means of heredity, and so an accurate science of genetics is fundamental to the theory of evolution. This 'mating' between genetics and evolution took many years to organise. It resulted in the modern evolutionary synthesis.
Mendelian genetics
The basic rules of genetics were discovered by Imre Festetics, a landowner (17641847), and a monk named Gregor Mendel around 1865. For thousands of years people had noticed how some traits in parents are passed to their children. However, Mendel's work was different because he designed his experiments very carefully.
In his experiments, Mendel studied how traits were passed on in pea plants. He started his crosses with plants that bred true, and counted characters that were either/or in nature (either tall or short). He bred large numbers of plants, and expressed his results numerically. He used test crosses to reveal the presence and proportion of recessive characters.
Mendel explained the results of his experiment using two scientific laws:
1. Factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet separate during the formation of sex cells. These factors determine the organism's traits, and are inherited from its parents. When gametes are produced by meiosis, the two factors separate. A gamete only receives one or the other. This Mendel called the Law of segregation.
2. Alleles of different genes separate independently of one another when gametes are formed. This he called the Law of Independent Assortment. So Mendel thought that different traits are inherited independently of one another. We now know this is only true if the genes are not on the same chromosome, in which case they are not linked to each other.
Mendel's laws helped explain the results he observed in his pea plants. Later, geneticists discovered that his laws were also true for other living things, even humans. Mendel's findings from his work on the garden pea plants helped to establish the field of genetics. His contributions were not limited to the basic rules that he discovered. Mendel's care towards controlling experiment conditions along with his attention to his numerical results set a standard for future experiments. Over the years, scientists have changed and improved Mendel's ideas. However, the science of genetics would not be possible today without the early work of Gregor Mendel.
Between Mendel and modern genetics
Between Mendel's work and 1900 the foundations of cytology, the study of cells, was developed. The facts discovered about the nucleus and cell division were essential for Mendel's work to be properly understood.
1832: Barthélémy Dumortier, the first to observe cell division in a multicellular organism.
1841, 1852: Robert Remak (1815–1865), a Jewish Polish–German physiologist, was the first person to state the foundation of cell biology: that cells only derive from other cells. This was later popularized by the German doctor Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), who used the famous phrase omnis cellula e cellula, meaning, all cells from other cells.
1865: Gregor Mendel's paper, Experiments on plant hybridization was published.
1876: Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs, by German biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849–1922).
1878–1888: Walther Flemming and Eduard Strasburger describe chromosome behaviour during mitosis.
1883: Meiosis was described at the level of chromosomes, by Belgian zoologist Edouard van Beneden (1846–1910), in Ascaris (roundworm) eggs.
1883: German zoologist Wilhelm Roux (1850–1924) realised the significance of the linear structure of chromosomes. Their splitting into two equal longitudinal halves meant each daughter cell got the same chromosome complement. Therefore, chromosomes were the bearers of heredity.
1889: Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries suggests that "inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles", naming such particles (pan)genes.
1890: The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance was described in 1890 by German biologist August Weismann (1834–1914). He noted that two cell divisions were necessary to turn one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes was to be maintained.
1902–1904: Theodor Boveri (1862–1915), a German biologist, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel. He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which keep their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".
1903: Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Edmund B. Wilson (1856–1939), Sutton's teacher, was the author of one of the most famous text-books in biology, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.
At this point, discoveries in cytology merged with the rediscovered ideas of Mendel to make a fusion called cytogenetics, (cyto = cell; genetics = heredity) which has continued to the present day.
Rediscovery of Mendel's work
During the 1890s several biologists began doing experiments on breeding. and soon Mendel's results were duplicated, even before his papers were read. Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries were the main rediscoverers of Mendel's writings and laws. Both acknowledged Mendel's priority, although it is probable that de Vries did not understand his own results until after reading Mendel. Though Erich von Tschermak was originally also credited with rediscovery, this is no longer accepted because he did not understand Mendel's laws. Though de Vries later lost interest in Mendelism, other biologists built genetics into a science.
Mendel's results were replicated, and genetic linkage soon worked out. William Bateson perhaps did the most in the early days to publicise Mendel's theory. The word genetics, and other terminology, originated with Bateson.
Mendel's experimental results were later the object of some debate. Fisher analysed the results of the F2 (second filial) ratio and found them to be implausibly close to the exact ratio of 3 to 1. It is sometimes suggested that Mendel may have censored his results, and that his seven traits each occur on a separate chromosome pair, an extremely unlikely occurrence if they were chosen at random. In fact, the genes Mendel studied occurred in only four linkage groups, and only one gene pair (out of 21 possible) is close enough to show deviation from independent assortment; this is not a pair that Mendel studied.
Tools of genetics
Mutations
During the process of DNA replication, errors sometimes occur. These errors, called mutations, can have an effect on the phenotype of an organism. In turn, that usually has an effect on the organism's fitness, its ability to live and reproduce successfully.
Error rates are usually very low—1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the "proofreading" ability of DNA polymerases. Error rates are a thousandfold higher in many viruses. Because they rely on DNA and RNA polymerases which lack proofreading ability, they get higher mutation rates.
Processes that increase the rate of changes in DNA are called mutagenic. Mutagenic chemicals increase errors in DNA replication, often by interfering with the structure of base-pairing, while UV radiation induces mutations by causing damage to the DNA structure. Chemical damage to DNA occurs naturally as well, and cells use DNA repair mechanisms to repair mismatches and breaks in DNA—nevertheless, the repair sometimes fails to return the DNA to its original sequence.
In organisms which use chromosomal crossovers to exchange DNA and recombine genes, errors in alignment during meiosis can also cause mutations. Errors in crossover are especially likely when similar sequences cause partner chromosomes to adopt a mistaken alignment; this makes some regions in genomes more prone to mutating in this way. These errors create large structural changes in DNA sequence—duplications, inversions or deletions of entire regions, or the accidental exchanging of whole parts between different chromosomes (called translocation).
Punnett squares
Developed by Reginald Punnett, Punnett squares are used by biologists to determine the probability of offspring having a particular genotype.
If B represents the allele for having black hair and b represents the allele for having white hair, the offspring of two Bb parents would have a 25% probability of having two white hair alleles (bb), 50% of having one of each (Bb), and 25% of having only black hair alleles (BB).
Pedigree chart
Geneticists (biologists who study genetics) use pedigree charts to record traits of people in a family. Using these charts, geneticists can study how a trait is inherited from person to person.
Geneticists can also use pedigree charts to predict how traits will be passed to future children in a family. For instance, genetic counselors are professionals who work with families who might be affected by genetic diseases. As part of their job, they create pedigree charts for the family, which can be used to study how the disease might be inherited.
Twin studies
Since human beings are not bred experimentally, human genetics must be studied by other means. One recent way is by studying the human genome. Another way, older by many years, is to study twins.
Identical twins are natural clones. They carry the same genes, they may be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. Studies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary in how much they owe to heredity. For example:
Eye colour: entirely inherited
Weight, height: partly inherited, partly environmental
Which language a person speaks: entirely environmental.
The way the studies are done is like this. Take a group of identical twins and a group of fraternal twins. Measure them for various traits. Do a statistical analysis (such as analysis of variance). This tells you to what extent the trait is inherited. Those traits which are partly inherited will be significantly more similar in identical twins. Studies like this may be carried further, by comparing identical twins brought up together with identical twins brought up in different circumstances. That gives a handle on how much circumstances can alter the outcomes of genetically identical people.
The person who first did twin studies was Francis Galton, Darwin's half-cousin, who was a founder of statistics. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about mono and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference. Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.
Genetics of prokaryotes and viruses
The genetics of bacteria, archaea and viruses is a major field of research. Bacteria mostly divide by asexual cell division, but do have a kind of sex by horizontal gene transfer. Bacterial conjugation, transduction and transformation are their methods. In addition, the complete DNA sequence of many bacteria, archaea and viruses is now known.
Although many bacteria were given generic and specific names, like Staphylococcus aureus, the whole idea of a species is rather meaningless for an organism which does not have sexes and crossing-over of chromosomes. Instead, these organisms have strains, and that is how they are identified in the laboratory.
Genes and development
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA base pairs, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA. The basic idea is that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteins make many of the structures and all the enzymes in a cell or organism.
Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated (tuned). This includes both the transcription and translation stages, and the final folded state of a protein. Gene regulation switches genes on and off, and so controls cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. Gene regulation may also serve as a basis for evolutionary change: control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the development of the organism. The expression of a gene may vary a lot in different tissues. This is called pleiotropism, a widespread phenomenon in genetics.
Alternative splicing is a modern discovery of great importance. It is a process where from a single gene a large number of variant proteins can be assembled. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA molecules.
Epigenetics & control of development
Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.
These changes in gene activity may stay for the remainder of the cell's life and may also last for many generations of cells, through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.
Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism.
Extranuclear inheritance
There are some kinds of heredity which happen outside the cell nucleus. Normal inheritance is from both parents via the chromosomes in the nucleus of a fertilised egg cell. There are some kinds of inheritance other than this.
Organelle heredity
Mitochondria and chloroplasts carry some DNA of their own. Their make-up is decided by genes in the chromosomes and genes in the organelle. Carl Correns discovered an example in 1908. The four o'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa, has leaves which may be white, green or variegated. Correns discovered the pollen had no influence on this inheritance. The colour is decided by genes in the chloroplasts.
Infectious heredity
This is caused by a symbiotic or parasitic relationship with a microorganism.
Maternal effect
In this case nuclear genes in the female gamete are transcribed. The products accumulate in the egg cytoplasm, and have an effect on the early development of the fertilised egg. The coiling of a snail, Limnaea peregra, is determined like this. Right-handed shells are genotypes Dd or dd, while left-handed shells are dd.
The most important example of maternal effect is in Drosophila melanogaster. The protein product maternal-effect genes activate other genes, which in turn activate still more genes. This work won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1995.
Aspects of modern genetics
Much modern research uses a mixture of genetics, cell biology and molecular biology. Topics which have been the subject of Nobel Prizes in either chemistry or physiology include:
Alternative splicing, where one gene codes for a variety of related protein products.
Genomics, the sequence and analysis the function and structure of genomes.
Genetic engineering, the changing of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
Mobile genetic elements, types of DNA which can change position in the genome.
Horizontal gene transfer, where an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
Epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence.
CRISPR: In 2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier suggested that CRISPR-Cas9 (enzymes from bacteria which control microbial immunity) could be used to edit genomes. This has been called one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology. The two scientists shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Genetics of human behaviour
Many well-known disorders of human behaviour have a genetic component. This means that their inheritance partly causes the behaviour, or makes it more likely the problem would occur. Examples include:
Autism
ADHD (attention deficit disorder)
Drug use and abuse
Risk taking
Schizophrenia
Also, normal behaviour is also heavily influenced by heredity:
Learning and cognitive ability
Personality.
Related pages
ENCODE: the complete analysis of the human genome
Gene therapy
Epigenetics
References
Standard works
Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2013. Essential cell biology, 4th Edition. Garland Science. ISBN 978-1-317-80627-1.
King R.C; Mulligan P.K. & Stansfield W.D. 2013. A dictionary of genetics. 8th ed, Oxford University Press.
Griffiths A.J.H. & others 2000. An introduction to genetic analysis. 7th ed, Freeman, New York.
Hartl D. & Jones E. 2005. Genetics: analysis of genes and genomes. 6th ed, Jones & Bartlett. .
Klug, William S. et al 2012. Concepts of genetics. 10th ed, Pearson. . |
9434 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20Square%20Park | Church Square Park | Church Square Park is a park in Hoboken, New Jersey between Garden Street and Willow Avenue and 5th and 6th Streets. The Hoboken Public Library is on its north side.
New Jersey
Parks in the United States |
9437 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply | Supply | In economics, supply is the amount of something that companies are willing to provide in a market. The law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.
Description
According to C.R. McConnell and S.L.Brue, a supply is a scale showing the amount of a good or service that sellers offer for sale in the market at different prices for a while
The volume of supply (volume of output) is the number of goods that a commodity producer (enterprise, firm) is ready to offer at a certain price for a certain period, all other things being equal.
Amount of supply is the amount of a product or service that is on sale at a certain price at a certain time.
It is possible to consider both an individual supply (the offer of a specific seller) and the total value of the supply (the offer of all sellers present on the market). In economics, it is mainly the total value of the supply for a product or service that is studied.
Supply law
The law of supply is a direct relationship between the price and the value of the supply of goods or services during a certain period.
The increase in prices leads to additional profit, allowing the manufacturer to expand production, attracting new manufacturers to the market.
The manufacturer's main task is to solve the problem — how much product to make at a given price. There are 2 general ideas:
the higher the price, the higher the offer;
the lower the price, the lower the offer.
Factors affecting supply
Various factors can make a seller more or less willing to produce and sell a good. The more common ones are:
Price of variable inputs: Variable inputs refers to the factors of production used to produce a good. When the cost of using these factors increases, the overall cost of producing the good increases as the marginal cost of producing the good increases. Firms thus produce less for the same amount of resources used and supply becomes lesser.
Productivity: When factors of production become more productive, they can produce a greater output for the same amount of resources used. Productivity improvements include improvements in technology, increased training for labor, better usage of resources, etc.
Government policies: When the government intervenes in the market, it can do so by subsidizing or taxing the production of the good. When a subsidy is provided, it lowers the marginal cost of producing the good, thus allowing firms to produce more for the same amount of resources used, thereby increasing supply. When a tax is used, the marginal cost of producing the good increases. Firms now produce lesser for the same amount of resources used and supply becomes lesser.
Number and size of firms: When there are more firms in the market, more resources are being used to produce the good, thus increasing the supply of the good. When a firm gets bigger, the marginal cost of producing the good may decrease due to economies of scale, thus increasing the supply of the good.
Supply shocks: When there are natural disasters (such as earthquakes or epidemics), there is a decrease in the factors of production as capital may be destroyed and labor being unable to work. Man-made disasters such as industrial disputes (e.g. strikes) will also cause labor to be unable to work. As there is a decrease in the factors of production, the supply of the good becomes lesser.
There may be other factors that affect the supply of a good, especially since it depends on whether the seller is willing to produce and sell the good.
References
Microeconomics |
9438 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand | Demand | Demand is the total amount of goods or services which people want to buy, for a set price. The demand for an item indicates how much it is needed or wanted. This is important in economics, because the law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.
Demand is the amount of goods that people want to buy at a given price. Prices go up when supply is less, and demand is more. It follows the law of demand where as price increases, demand decreases and vice versa showing an inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. This is known as the law of demand which assumes that the consumer will want more. Demand forecasting tries to predict how demand will change in the future.
Sometimes the demand does not change much no matter what the price is. One example is when people are addicted to illegal drugs. These people need to get their drugs, they will pay any price they can afford. This effect is known as elasticity.
Microeconomics |
9439 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction | Transaction | A transaction is an exchange. Money, goods, and services are often exchanged. They are bought, sold or traded.
A bank transaction is when money is taken out of or put into a bank.
Commerce |
9440 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica | Encyclopædia Britannica | The (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), previously published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a popular encyclopaedia which right now published as an online. It is written in British English. It was originally only printed on paper, but late in the 20th century it expanded to have digital, or computer versions as well. Since 2010, it is out of print in paper versions. The encyclopaedia is split into many books. The articles in the books are arranged in alphabetical order. There have been versions of it that are for children as well. It is the largest printed encyclopaedia in English, and the second largest encyclopaedia. The largest is Wikipedia. Many people consider it to be the best encyclopaedia, because they think it is accurate and has lots of detail.
The encyclopaedia was once very small, the first edition in 1768 only had 3 books. Slowly it became bigger. The last edition, the 15th, started in 1974, has 29 books, plus two indexes. It includes an extra book called Propædia, to classify knowledge. The 29 books and made up of a Macropædia and a Micropædia. The Macropædia is a larger one, with more detailed articles that can be as long as 300 pages, made up of 17 books, while the Micropædia is the smaller one with many much shorter articles that are usually less than 750 words. The Micropædia is used for fast-checking, but for more detailed information, people have to use the Macropædia. Each book is very big, more than 1,000 pages per book. Every year, an update book was published. The last yearbook was for 2018, published in 2017.
In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer publish printed editions, and would focus instead on Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
The articles in the Britannica are for educated adults, not for children, and written by about 100 full-time editors and over 4,000 expert contributors. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia now. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland and grew very popular, with its third edition in 1801 comprising of 21 books.
The size of the Britannica is almost the same since the 1930s, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. The encyclopaedia was once owned by British people. In the 20th century it was American-owned, but it is still written in British English. Over time, the encyclopaedia has had difficulties trying to earn money, which almost every encyclopaedia is facing.
History
Many different people have owned the Britannica. They include Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is owned by Jacqui Safra, a Swiss billionaire and actor. Information technology has become better and more electronic encyclopaedias such as Microsoft Encarta and Wikipedia have made people not want to buy encyclopaedias in print anymore. So that it still can survive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has kept on telling people that the Britannica is good and accurate, made the encyclopaedia cheaper, and made electronic versions on CD-ROM, DVD and the World Wide Web. Since the early 1930s, the company has also promoted spin-off reference works.
Editions
There are 15 official editions of the encyclopaedia, with some extensions to the 3rd and 5th editions (see the Table below). Actually, one can say that the 10th edition was only an extension to the 9th edition, and the 12th and 13th editions were extensions to the 11th edition. The 15th edition was reorganised in 1985, and the updated, current version is the 15th edition.
Through the encyclopaedia's history, the Britannica wanted to be an excellent reference book and to provide learning materials for those who want to study. In 1974, the 15th edition had a third wish: to put together all that everyone knows. The history of the Britannica can be divided into five main eras, or lengths of time.
First era
In its first years (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the Britannica was controlled by the people who first wrote it, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, and by their friends and relations, such as Thomas Bonar, George Gleig and Archibald Constable. The Britannica was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, a city in Scotland, called the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan. It was written to replace the French Encyclopédie. Its logo, which is the floral emblem of Scotland, shows that the Britannica was a Scottish business. The encyclopaedia being created is one of the most famous events that happened in the time when Scotland started inventing many things, or the Age of Enlightenment. The Britannica started as three-book set ( in the 1st edition) written by one young editor—William Smellie— Many people said that the first edition of the encyclopaedia was very inaccurate, and had many problems in it. Slowly, the Britannica changed, in the first era, to a 20-book set written by many people. Although a few other encyclopaedias had been fighting with the Britannica, such as Rees's Cyclopaedia and Coleridge's Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, these encyclopedias either went bankrupt or were not finished because the people writing them argued. When the first era was almost over, the Britannica had many people helping to write it, all having different types of skills. The encyclopaedia managed to get so many people by inviting their friends to help.
Second era
In the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the Britannica was owned by the Edinburgh company, A & C Black. Although some of the people who helped write the Britannica helped because they were friends of the most important editors, many other people wanted to help the Britannica because it was becoming very successful. These people came from many other countries, and some of them were very famous for the things they wrote about. An index of all the articles was written to add to the 7th edition of the encyclopaedia, and they continued to make an index until 1974. The first English chief editor was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who led the making of the famous 9th edition, which is also called the "Scholar's Edition". The 9th edition is considered to be the Britannica most meant for students ever written. However, at the end of the 19th century, the 9th edition was already too old and the Britannica had many financial problems.
Third era
In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the Britannica was owned by American people, who started to advertise a lot to earn more money. The American owners also slowly made the Britannica's articles simpler, so it could serve more people. The 11th edition is said by many people to be the best edition of the encyclopedia. Its owner, Horace Hooper, worked extremely hard to make the 11th edition perfect. When Hooper had financial problems, the Britannica was managed by Sears Roebuck for about 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, owned the Britannica.
In 1936, he started to continuously revise the encyclopaedia often (still done so today), in which every article is checked at least two times every ten years. This was a big difference from before, when the articles were not changed until they wrote a new edition, about every 25 years, with some articles used again without revising them. He also quickly made some educational products which made the encyclopedia even more well known by everyone. In 1943, William Benton managed the Britannica until his death in 1973. Benton also set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until 1996. In 1968, near the end of this era, the Britannica celebrated its 200-year anniversary, and in 2014 published the last printed edition.
The Encyclopaedia Now
2007 print version
Since 1985, the Britannica has had four parts: the Micropædia, the Macropædia, the Propædia, and a two-book index. The Britannicas articles are found in the Micropædia and Macropædia, which contain 12 and 17 books, respectively, each book having about one thousand pages. The 2007 Macropædia has 699 detailed articles, which can be as short as 2 pages and as long as 310 pages, and having references and named writers. The 2007 Micropædia has about 65,000 articles, and about 97% contain less than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The Micropædia articles are supposed to be for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more information in the Macropædia. The Macropædia articles are supposed to be well-written articles on their subjects and articles of information where you cannot find anywhere else. The longest article (310 pages) is on the United States, and came from putting the articles on the individual states together.
Information can be found in the Britannica by following the notes telling where people can find more information in the Micropædia and Macropædia; but there are very little of this, with about only one of this every page. So, readers are asked to try to use the indexes or the Propædia, which organises what is in the Britannica volumes by topic.
The use of the Propædia is its "Outline of Knowledge," which wants to organise all of everything people know. The Outline is thought through by the Britannica'''s editors to decide which articles should be included in the Micropædia and Macropædia. The Outline is also intended to be a study guide, and to tell a student who wants to learn a topic in depth what articles to use. However, libraries say that very few people use it, and reviewers recommend the encyclopedias to not print it anymore. The Propædia also has diagrams printed on transparent paper of big topics and a section which lists the people working together to make the encyclopaedia.
Altogether, the Micropædia and Macropædia have about 40 million words and 24,000 pictures. The index has 2,350 pages, which lists all the 228,274 topics written about in the Britannica,. The Britannica uses the British spellings and not American spellings. For example, it uses colour (not color), centre (not center), and encyclopaedia (not encyclopedia). However, this rule is not always followed, for example defense and not defence. The other spellings of the word is sometimes shown with a link, for example "Color: see Colour."
Since 1936, the articles of the Britannica have been revised often, with about 10% of the articles brought to be re-written each year. One Britannica website said in 2007 that 46% of the articles were revised in the past three years; but another Britannica web-site says only 35% of the articles were revised.
The way the articles are arranged (in alphabet order) in the Micropædia and Macropædia is very accurate. Non-English letters are ignored and articles with numbers such as "War of 1812" are arranged as if the number had been written out ("War of Eighteen-twelve"). If the articles have the same names, articles about persons go first, then by places, then by things. People with the same names are arranged first alphabetically by country and then by their time. Similarly, places that have the same names are arranged by alphabet by the country they are in.
Other Britannicas
Printed
There are a few smaller versions of the Britannica encyclopedias. The Britannica Concise Encyclopædia, written in one book, has 28,000 shorter articles. Compton's by Britannica, published in 2007, with the old Compton's Encyclopedia, in it is written for teenagers who are 10–17 years old and has 26 books and 11,000 pages in it. A Children's Britannica was published by the company in 1960; this was edited by John Armitage and written for His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; the writers were almost all British. Other books are My First Britannica, written for children who are six to twelve years old, and the Britannica Discovery Library, written for children who are three to six years old (issued in 1974 to 1991). Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published a Book of the Year every year, with information about the past year's events, which is written online since the 1994 edition (with the events of 1993). The company also publishes a few books on special topics, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard (Wiley, 2006).
Electronic
The Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2006 DVD contains over 55 million words and over 100,000 articles. It includes 73,645 Britannica articles, with the other articles from the Britannica Student Encyclopædia, the Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia and the Britannica Book of the Years (1993–2004), plus a few old articles from old editions of the encyclopaedia. The whole DVD also includes other bonus tools including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also has study tools and a dictionary and thesaurus from Merriam-Webster.Encyclopædia Britannica Online is a web site with more than 120,000 articles and is updated often. It has features, updates and links to news reports from The New York Times and the BBC every day. People need to pay to use the website. Special discounts are given to schools, colleges and libraries since these big groups of people are important in Britannica's business. Articles can be read online for free, but only the first few sentences can be seen. Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica let people read the articles for free if they are linked to another website, since these links let the articles appear more often and easily in search engines.
On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. said that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to make an encyclopaedia in phones. Users can send a question by text message, and AskMeNow will search Britannicas 28,000-article encyclopaedia to answer the user.
An idea to use a wiki-Britannica was announced on the June 3, 2008. A lot of people will be involved, with the Britannica staff editing important parts. Wired Blog
Related pages
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Macropædia, Micropædia, Propædia
Further reading
Lee, Timothy. Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz, Techdirt.com, June 2, 2008
References
Other websites
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. The official website.
Historical articles
"Encyclopaedia Britannica". In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
1768–2005:l'aventure Britannica . History of the Britannica, from the French Britannica site.
Vintage Britannica or "Evolving Knowledge" . Excerpts on various topics drawn from various Britannica editions.
Earlier editions (in the public domain in the U.S.A.)
Preface to the 1st edition of the Britannica, by William Smellie.
The article "History" in the 3rd edition of the Britannica.
Articles and illustrations from the 9th and 10th editions of the Britannica.
Scanned version of the 11th edition of the Britannica.
Text version of the 11th edition of the Britannica. (Partial)
James Mill's essay on "Government", from the Supplement to the 5th edition of the Britannica (1820).
Recent events
Technical aspects of the Britannica's online and CD/DVD-ROM editions.
Britannica disagrees with Wikipedia comparison study.
To wire or not to wire? Encyclopædia Britannica vs. Microsoft Encarta
A comparison of the two encyclopedias by Panagiota Alevizou, published in the Educational Technology & Society journal.
Encyclopaedia Britannica To Follow Modified Wikipedia Model | Epicenter from Wired.com
Business history
"Dusting off the Britannica". Article from BusinessWeek magazine (1997).
"Death of a salesforce" . Article from Salon (1996).
"The Work of the Encyclopedia in the Age of Electronic Reproduction". Article by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang in First Monday''.
The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica Kellogg School of Management.
Britannica |
9441 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline | Pipeline | A pipeline is a long tube, that is used to transport liquids or gases over long distances. Pipelines are made of metal. While the transport of liquids and gases is common, some pipelines are used to transport coal or iron ore, which are mixed with mud. Such pipelines are sometimes called slurry pipelines. Even though a pipeline is very expensive to build, the low operating cost often makes it the cheapest transport.
Many stadiums use a central tank for beer. Each bar is served by a pipeline from the central tank.
Even though mail and other goods can also be delivered that way, the system is generally not referred to as pipeline. In this case, capsules are used. These are propelled by air.
Technology
Pipeline networks are made of different components. These are:
The supply station is where the pipeline starts. Very often, there are tanks that act as a buffer
There are several pumps and compressors, which move the product through the pipeline.
Partial delivery stations allow to deliver part of the product
Block valve stations use valves to isolate the pipeline into independent segments.
Regulator stations are used to release some of the pressure
The final delivery station is where the product is delivered to the consumer. Very often tanks are used as a buffer.
Images
Technology |
9442 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado | Avocado | The term avocado refers to a type of berry. It has medium dark green or dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety. The flesh of an avocado is deep chartreuse green in color near the skin and pale chartreuse green near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture. The word, Avocado came from a aztec word meaning testicle. Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold.
Avocados have much more fat than most other fruit, but most is fat that is healthy to eat (monounsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K. The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocados. Many other foods are also made from avocado. Avocado is poisonous to some animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado. Avocado grows there where the climate is a little windy.
References
Other websites
Avocado info
Avocado health benefits |