id
stringlengths 4
5
| url
stringlengths 37
90
| title
stringlengths 3
48
| text
stringlengths 57
50.4k
|
|---|---|---|---|
8260 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935 | 1935 |
Events
April 15 – Roerich Pact signed in Washington D.C.
June 5 - Lucy the Mouse cartoons by Walt Disney and Roy Oliver Disney on 20th Century Fox and for Twentieth Century Pictures. Lucy the Mouse cartoon character and the mascot of 20th Century Fox.
Births
January 8 – Elvis Presley, musician (d. 1977)
February 5 – Hank Aaron, professional baseball player
March 31 – Herb Alpert, musician
July 17 – Donald Sutherland, actor
August 30 - John Phillips, American guitarist (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2001)
September 29 – Jerry Lee Lewis, muisican
October 12 - Luciano Pavarotti, opera singer (The Three Tenors) (d. 2007)
December 1 – Woody Allen, movie maker
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Hans Spemann, a German doctor and zoologist.
Movies released
The Turn of the Tide
Hit songs
"Lullaby of Broadway" – by Al Dubin and Harry Warren, from the movie Gold Diggers of 1935, won the Academy Award for the best song. |
8284 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize | Belize | Belize (), formerly known as British Honduras, is a country in Central America. It used to be called British Honduras, but changed its name in 1973. Long before that it was part of the Mayan Empire. Belize is the only English-speaking country in Central America.
Some people in Belize speak Spanish or Kriol, but English is the official language and the most commonly spoken. This is because Belize is a former colony of the United Kingdom, while its neighbors were once colonies of Spain. Many people speak two languages. Belize is a melting pot of cultures.
More than three hundred and thirty thousand (374,681 (2017)) people live in Belize. Kriols make up about 21% of the Belizean people. Three Maya groups now live in the country: the Yucatec, the Mopan, and Kekchi. The Garinagu are a mix of African, Arawak, and Carib ancestry. There are also Mestizos.
Belmopan, which is near the centre of the country, is its capital. The first capital was Belize City. Other towns and cities include Belize City, Corozal Town, Orange Walk Town, Punta Gorda, Santa Elena/San Ignacio (known as the twin town) and San Pedro Town.
Belize is on the coast of the Caribbean Sea. There are about 450 islands. The largest island, Ambergris Caye, is forty kilometres long. Many other islands are very small. In the water around the islands are coral reefs.
The temperature along the coast is warm all year round. It typically ranges from 20 °C to 32 °C. Sometimes hurricanes hit, causing great damage.
Geography
Belize is on the Caribbean coast of northern Central America. It shares a border on the north with the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, on the west with the Guatemalan department of Petén, and on the south with the Guatemalan department of Izabal. To the east is the Caribbean Sea. The Belize Barrier Reef is along most of the of predominantly marshy coastline. Belize have the second largest living barrier reef in the world. The area of the country totals . There are many lagoons along the coasts and in the northern part of the country. This makes the actual land area smaller at .
The Hondo and the Sarstoon River make the northern and southern border.
The north of Belize is mostly flat, swampy coastal plains. In some places it is heavily forested. The south has the low mountain range of the Maya Mountains. The highest point in Belize is Doyle's Delight at . The Caribbean coast is lined with a coral reef and about 450 islets and islands.The islands are locally called cayes (pronounced "keys"). Three of only four coral atolls in the Western Hemisphere are off the coast of Belize.
Over 60% of Belize's land surface is covered by forest. 20% is covered by cultivated land (agriculture) and human settlements. There are also important mangrove ecosystems across Belize's landscape.
Districts
Belize is divided into 6 districts. The districts are shown below with their areas (in km2) and number of people at the 2010 Census:
Belize District 4,204 – 89,247
Cayo District 5,338 – 73,202
Corozal District 1,860 – 40,324
Orange Walk District 4,737 – 45,419
Stann Creek District 2,176 – 32,166
Toledo District 4,649 – 30,538
Total areas and number of people 22,964 – 312,971
These districts are further divided into 31 constituencies.
Cities
The largest communities as of 2017 are:
Armed forces
The Belize Defence Force (BDF) is the military. It is responsible for protecting Belize. In 1997, the regular army had over 900 people, the reserve army 381, the air wing 45 and the maritime wing 36. This amounts to an overall strength of about 1400. In 2005, the maritime wing became part of the Belizean Coast Guard. In the same year, the government spent $1.2 million on the military. This is 1.87% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).
After Belize became independent in 1981 the United Kingdom kept some military in the country to protect it from invasion by Guatemala. The main British force left in 1994. This was three years after Guatemala said Belize was independent. The United Kingdom still keeps some military people in the country. In 2011 the base was only 10 soldiers due to British budget cuts. They hope to reopen the base later.
Culture
Cuisine
Belizean cuisine is inspired by British, Mexican and Western Caribbean cooking. Since Belize is a melting pot of culture, it has adopted dishes from many different countries. The basic ingredients are rice and beans. These are often eaten with chicken, pork, veal, fish or vegetables. Coconut milk and fried plantains are added to the dishes to create a truly tropical taste. Exotic ingredients include armadillo meat, venison, iguana, iguana egg, and fried paca. Conch soup is a traditional dish. It has a characteristic taste and thick consistency due to added okra, potatoes, yams, cassava flour and a touch of toasted habanero. Belizean food is almost always served alongside white rice in coconut milk.
The most common dishes that you will encounter in Belize are the following:
Mestizo- Tamales, Relleno, Escabeche, Empanades and many other corn food.
Creole- The famous Rice and Beans, sere, and other dishes with may include cassava and yam.
Sports
The major sports in Belize are football, basketball, volleyball and cycling. There are smaller followings of boat racing, track & field, softball and cricket. Fishing is also popular in areas of Belize. The Cross Country Cycling Classic is one of the most important Belize sports events. This one-day sports event is meant for amateur cyclists but has also gained a worldwide popularity.
On Easter day, citizens of Dangriga participate in a yearly fishing tournament. First, second, and third prize are awarded based on a scoring combination of size, species, and number. The tournament is broadcast over local radio stations. Prize money is awarded to the winners.
Belize's National Basketball Team is the only National Team to have major victories internationally.
National Symbols
Black Orchid
The black orchid (Encyclia Cochleatum) is the National Flower of Belize. This orchid grows on trees in damp areas, and flowers nearly all year round. Its clustered bulblike stems vary in size up to six inches long and carry two or three leaves.
The black orchid flower has greenish-yellow petals and sepals with purple blotches near the base. The "lip" (one petal of special construction, which is the flower's showiest) is shaped like a valve of a clamshell (hence the name Encyclia Cochleatum) and is deep purple-brown, almost black, with conspicuous radiating purple veins.
Mahogany Tree
The National Tree of Belize is the Mahogany Tree (Swietenia macrophylla), one of the magnificent giants of the Belize rain forest. It rises straight and tall to over a hundred feet. In the early months of the year, when the leaves fall and new red-brown growth appears, the tree can be seen from a great distance. The tree puts out a many small whitish flowers. The flowers blossom into dark fruits, which are pear-shaped capsules about six inches long. The mahogany tree matures in 60 to 80 years.
Keel Billed Toucan
The Keel Billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus) is the National Bird of Belize. It is noted for its great, canoe-shaped bill and its brightly coloured green, blue, red and orange feathers. There are toucans in open areas of the country with large trees. It is mostly black with bright yellow cheeks and chest, red under the tail and a distinctive white patch at the base of the tail. They make a monotonous frog-like croak. Toucans like fruits. They eat by cutting with the serrated edge of their bills.
Tapir
The Tapir or Mountain Cow (Tapirello Bairdii) is the largest land mammal of the American tropics. The tapir is a stoutly built animal with short legs, about the size of a donkey and weighs up to 600 pounds. Its general color is dusty brown with a white fringe around the eyes and lips, white tipped ears and occasional white patches of fur on the throat and chest.
In spite of its local name, the tapir is not a cow. It is closely related to the horse and is also kin to the rhinoceros. The tapir is a vegetarian. It spends much of its time in water or mud shallows, and is a strong swimmer.
The National Animal is protected under the law thus the hunting of the tapir is illegal.
Related pages
Belize at the Olympics
Belize national football team
List of rivers of Belize
References
Notes
Other websites
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
Spanish-speaking countries
English-speaking countries
Commonwealth realms
1981 establishments in North America |
8290 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Landon | Michael Landon | Michael Landon (October 31, 1936 - July 1, 1991) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the TV shows, Bonanza, Little House on the Prairie, and Highway to Heaven.
Other websites
Little House Wiki: Michael Landon
1935 births
1991 deaths
American television actors
Actors from New York City |
8296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic | Titanic | The RMS Titanic was a British passenger ship. She was built by Harland and Wolff ship builders, in Belfast, for the White Star Line company. She sank during the first trip at sea.
Before the Titanic sailed, many people thought it would be almost impossible for ships of this design to sink.
Sinking on
At 11:40 PM on 14 April 1912, during the Titanic's first trip, she hit an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. The iceberg broke the Titanic's hull (bottom), letting water into the ship. The Titanic sank two hours and forty minutes later at 2:20 AM on 15 April.
As she sank, the Titanic split in two. The wreck killed over 1,500 people. Only around 705 people survived. It was one of the worst shipwrecks that was not during a war.
One reason why so many people died was that the ship did not have enough lifeboats for everyone on board. The Titanic had 20 lifeboats with room for 1,178 passengers, only a third of the number of passengers the ship could carry. It actually had more lifeboats than was needed by law (it needed 16 with room for 990 passengers). This was because the laws in the UK were out of date. They did not say that a ship needed enough lifeboats for all passengers. They only said that a ship weighing more than 10,000 tons needed 16 lifeboats (the Titanic weighed 46,000 tons). Furthermore, the White Star Line believed that the lifeboats on the Titanic would only be needed to take passengers a short distance to a rescue ship.
Higher class women and children were allowed on the lifeboats first, and passengers who sailed in first class (which meant that they paid for better rooms on the ship) were allowed on before other passengers. Few of the poorer people who had paid less (called second class and third class passengers) got out safely. last summer
Another reason so few people survived was that the radio was off on the SS Californian, the ship closest to the Titanic. The Californian crew did not hear about the accident. Also, the Titanic did have flares but they were white. Back then (and still now), red meant emergency and other colors were used for identification (White = White Star Line). The Californian and other ships saw the flares but they didn't think of the flares as distress signals. Another ship, the SS Carpathia, did hear about the accident and collected all 705 survivors.
This had several reasons:
There was no information. The ship didn't have an alarm system (like the common ones, where sirens could be sounded). This means that the crew had to tell each passenger to go and evacuate the ship. There was less crew for second and third class, and there were much more people.
People who paid less had no access to certain decks.
There was a clear separation between the classes. The passage between decks of different classes could be locked. This was especially a problem in the first phase of the evacuation. According to some survivors, some passages were not opened even when the ship started sinking.
Many people travelling in third class were foreigners. Their language skills were limited.
Many of those who died didn't die because they couldn't leave the ship before it sank. They died of hypothermia, while they were floating in the cold water (which was only a bit over the freezing point at that time). When the MS. Carpathia arrived, at 4.10 ship's time, they were floating dead bodies in the water. Many lifeboats rowed away from those who were in the water shouting for help. The people in the lifeboats were afraid the lifeboat would capsize when people entered it from the water. Only lifeboat Number four returned to the shouting people in the water. Five people could be rescued, but two of them died in the lifeboat. Around 3 am ship's time, 40 minutes after the sinking, the last calls for help ceased. After 3am, lifeboat number 14, commanded by Officer Harold Lowe returned. He could save another three people. He had emptied the lifeboat and let the people in the boat enter other boats beforehand.
The following table gives a listing of those who died and those who survived, grouped by age, gender and ships class. Children are those up to age 12. It is taken from a report to British parliament of 1912. There are other lists, with slightly different numbers.
Last survivor
The last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die was a woman named Millvina Dean. She was the youngest passenger on board, as she was then a baby of only nine weeks old. She died in Ashhurst, Hampshire, England on 21 May 2009 aged 97.
Changes after the accident
The Titanic disaster changed many maritime ship laws. Because so many people died, authorities felt that laws should be put into place to make ship travel safer. Changes included requiring all ships to carry enough lifeboats for everyone on the ship, and emergency materials such as flares. Someone must be at the ship's radio all the time.
Alexander Brehm, a German physicist, was shocked when he heard about the disaster. He wanted to invent a technology that would be able to detect icebergs. He wasn't able to achieve that goal until his death, but he was granted patents relating to the measurement of the depth at sea, using sound. Today, this is known as echo sounding.
Discovery
The wreck was found by a French and American team, led by Robert Ballard, on September 1, 1985 at 1:02 in the morning.
In 1986, Ballard returned to the wreck with a submarine. He took many photos and made lots of films.
In 1987, a French team salvaged 900 objects and took them to the surface.
Culture
The story of the sinking has been made into several movies. The most popular film version is a 1997 film starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio called Titanic. It won 11 Academy Awards, tying Ben-Hur for the record for the most Academy Awards won by one movie.
Other movie versions of the story include the 1958 film A Night to Remember, the 1953 film Titanic, the 1979 film S.O.S. Titanic and the 1996 movie Titanic.
In the 1980 film Raise the Titanic, salvagers raise the shipwreck from the bottom of the ocean to the surface. However, this is impossible to do in reality. The Titanic broke in two, and the wreck is partially stuck in the bottom, buried under more than three feet (1 m) of mud in some spots. The ship has been on the ocean floor for more than 100 years, and would shatter into many more pieces if disturbed. Worms and other animals have eaten away much of the wood and many other parts.
References
Other websites
RMS Titanic Citizendium
1910s in the United Kingdom
1912 |
8299 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel | Steel | Steel is iron mixed with carbon and perhaps other metals. It is harder and stronger than iron. Iron with more than 1.7% percent carbon by weight is named cast iron. Steel is different from wrought iron, which has little or no carbon.
Making steel
Steel has a long history. People in India and Sri Lanka were making small amounts of steel more than 2,500 years ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives. In the Middle Ages, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time.
In the time since, there have been many changes to the way steel is made. In about the year 1610 steel started to be made in England, and the way it was made got better and cheaper over the next 100 years. Cheap steel helped start the Industrial Revolution in England and in Europe. The first industrial Converter (metallurgy) for making cheap steel was the Bessemer converter, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process.
Today the most common way of making steel is the basic-oxygen process. The converter is a large turnip-shaped vessel. Liquid raw iron called "pig iron" is poured in and some scrap metal is added in to balance the heat. Oxygen is then blown into the iron. The oxygen burns off the extra carbon and other impurities. Then enough carbon is added to make the carbon contents as wanted. The liquid steel is then poured. It can be either cast into molds or rolled into sheets, slabs, beams and other so-called "long products", such as railway tracks. Some special steels are made in electric arc furnaces.
Steel is most often made by machines in huge buildings called steel mills. It is a very cheap metal and is used to make many things. Steel is used in making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel. When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called scrap. It can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object. Steel is recyclable material; that is, the same steel can be used and re-used.
Iron and steel chemistry
Steel is a metal alloy which includes iron and often some carbon.
Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts. Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder.
Changing the amount of carbon (or other atoms) added to steel will change those things that are interesting and useful about the metal. These are called the properties of the steel. Some properties are:
Hardness
How easily it bends
Ductility: can it be made into thin wires
Strength
Is it magnetic, a magnet can pick it up
Will it rust (or corrode)
Steel with more carbon is harder and stronger than pure iron, but it also breaks more easily (brittle).
Types of steel
There are thousands of steel types. Each type is made of different chemical elements.
All steels have some elements that have a bad effect, such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). Steel makers take out as much P and S as possible.
Plain carbon steels are made only of iron, carbon, and undesired elements. They fall into three general groups. Plain carbon steel with 0.05 to 0.2% carbon does not harden when cooled quickly. Welding it is simple, so it is used for shipbuilding, boilers, pipes, fence wire and other purposes where low cost is important. Plain steels are used for springs, gears, and engine parts. Plain carbon steel with 0.45 to 0.8% carbon is used for very hard items such as shears and machine tools.
Alloy steels are plain carbon steel with metals such as Boron (B), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and cobalt (Co) added. These give other properties than plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are made for specialized purposes. For example, chromium can be added to make stainless steel, which does not rust easily, or boron can be added to make very hard steel that is also not brittle.
Uses of steel
There are a huge number of things that people make from steel. It is one of the most common and useful metals.
A lot of items made from iron in the past are now made of steel. Some of them are:
Tools
Machines
Motors and engines
Wires
Rails for trains
Buildings
Bridges
Bars for making reinforced concrete
Hulls of ships and large boats
Car and train bodies
Major appliances
Cutlery and knives
Other websites
steel -Citizendium
Basic English 850 words
Construction
Alloys |
8304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe | Luftwaffe | The Luftwaffe (pronounced ) is the name for the air force of Germany. It was the name for the air force of Germany during the Third Reich when Adolf Hitler was in power (between 1933 and 1945). It has also been the name for the air force since it was re-established in 1955 during the era of the Cold War. Luftwaffe means Air weapon in English.
The early years including World War I
Germany first had aeroplanes in its army in 1910, four years before the start of World War I in 1914. At that time, aeroplanes had no guns. They were being used for reconnaissance duties. They would fly over the battlefield to see what the enemy was doing and fly back so that the pilots could tell their generals what they knew. The generals used that information to help plan the fighting.
During World War I, Germany created the Luftstreitkräfte, known in English as the Imperial German Air Service. The German navy also had its planes in the Marine-Fliegerabteilung.
Guns were fitted to planes in 1915.
The fighter aeroplanes became very famous because of its brave pilots. The most famous German pilot of World War I was Manfred von Richthofen, also known as "The Red Baron" of Jasta 11. When he died in combat, Hermann Goering replaced him.
Germany also used airships called "Zeppelins". They were named after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who had built the first airships in 1900. He had wanted them to carry cargo and passengers, not bombs. He died in 1917.
After the war
In November 1918, the "Allies of World War I" (which included Britain and France) won the war, and Germany had to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty said that Germany could not have any military aeroplanes at all because it was blamed for starting the war in 1914. Germany therefore had to destroy all its military aeroplanes as a punishment, so until 1933 it had no air force at all.
Between January and September 1918 German pilots shot down 3,732 Allied planes while losing 1,099 aircraft. By the end of the war, the German Army Air Service had a total of 2,709 frontline aircraft, 56 airships, 186 balloon detachments and about 4,500 flying personnel. After the war ended in German defeat, the service was dissolved completely. The Treaty of Versailles demanded that its aeroplanes should be destroyed.
Between the two world wars
For many years, Germany pretended to have no army pilots. The German army generals did not like the idea of not having any aeroplanes, so they acted secretly and used tricks. At first, pilots would pretend to be training to become airline pilots but this was not much use because they really needed to fly fighters and bombers. The Treaty of Versailles did not allow Germany to have them, so Germany had to ask for help from Russia, its former (and future) enemy.
In 1924, German army pilots started to fly Russian fighters and bombers at a secret training school near the Russian city of Lipetsk. These pilots would then become the first ones to fly for the new German air force, the Luftwaffe, when Hitler said that it now existed. The training school closed in 1933.
In 1935, Adolf Hitler finally told the world that Germany had a new air force, even though the Treaty of Versailles forbade it. Hitler was defying the Allies, who had won World War I. The allies did nothing about this, because many still remembered the war in 19141918. They were frightened by the idea of war and did not want another one.
The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 gave the Germans the opportunity to test its new aircraft, pilots and weapons in battle. Hitler sent many aeroplanes and pilots to Spain because he wanted to support Francisco Franco, who wanted to get rid of the Spanish government. The aeroplanes included fighter aircraft called the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and dive bombers called the Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka”.
During the war. German bombers attacked the city of Guernica in the Basque region of northeast Spain, and many civilians died in the attack. Many governments and people around the world were horrified by the attack. The artist Pablo Picasso made a painting called Guernica that has become very famous. People see the painting as a symbol of the horror of war. A copy of the painting hangs in the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
World War II
The new airforce in action
The German air force was the strongest in the world when World War II broke out in September 1939. It supported the army on the ground and the aircraft were very effective at defeating all opposition. The German armed force, the Wehrmacht, had practised a new, fast, way to defeat their enemies. This was called Blitzkrieg or "lightning war". The French and the British were more prepared for a trench war.
Results
Within a year, Germany had conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. Britain supported the countries attacked by Germany but found herself on her own by June 1940 when Germany had conquered most of western Europe.
Problems
As the war went on, things began to go badly wrong for the Luftwaffe. A key event was the Battle of Britain, which was the effort by the Luftwaffe to destroy British industry, and to terrorise the civilian population. Despite destroying major parts of British industry and housing, the Luftwaffe eventually withdrew. The cost to the Luftwaffe of lost planes and skilled men was great.
Not only that, but Germany was suffering a shortage of materials needed to build the aeroplanes. Things got worse for the Germans when the USA joined the war in December 1941, because the Americans brought bombers to the United Kingdom, and they attacked Germany from there. Soon, hundreds of American and British bombers were attacking Germany every day and night. The Luftwaffe was unable to stop British and American planes from attacking German aircraft factories and other industrial targets in large numbers at night.
Ground fighting
Germany could not hope to win the war on the ground. Since Russia was so huge, the government set up factories hundreds of miles away from the fighting in order to build aeroplanes, tanks, guns and other weapons for the Russian Army. This meant that the Russians would eventually start to push the Germans back west, especially after they defeated the Germans in great battles near the city of Kursk and in the city of Stalingrad itself (Volgograd). The Germans also failed to conquer the city of Leningrad, which was also a key battle.
On January 1 1945 the Luftwaffe launched a desperate plan called operation 'Bodenplatte' (Baseplate), a dawn air attack aimed at multiple Allied air bases in Belgium & Holland. Over 800 German aircraft were rounded up with many veteran pilots retired from combat duty pressesd back into service.
The plan cost more than it was worth, with over 280 German planes lost and 213 irreplaceble pilots killed or captured. As with the fog of war, over 100 German planes were shot down by their own ground fire who were not in on the plan.
Trivia
Germany became famous as the country which flew the first jet aeroplanes. In 1944, the Luftwaffe started to use the world’s first operational jet fighter plane, the Messerschmitt Me-262, even though the engines sometimes did not work properly. Once again, the shortage of materials needed to build the plane as well as the continuing bombing of Germany meant that not as many Me-262s were built as Germany would have liked. Even so, Germany also built and flew the world's first jet bomber, the Arado Ar 234, the world’s first fighter plane powered by a rocket, the Messerschmitt Me-163, the V-1 flying bomb, and V-2 rocket.
After the war the allies were quite impressed with Germany's technical know-how & got all they could from the vast array of Luftwaffe aircraft strewn across Germany.
The Cold War and after
Once again, the Allies prohibited Germany from having an air force. The Russians were in the eastern half of Germany, and this half became East Germany. The British, French and Americans were in the western half, and this half became West Germany. These became countries in their own right, and East Germany became a Russian puppet state. In case a new war started with Russia and East Germany as enemies, the Western Allies finally allowed West Germany to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an organization of western countries which wanted there to be peace throughout the world. NATO allowed West Germany to have an air force because the country was right next to East Germany.
First use
Germany used military aircraft in war for the first time since 1945 when they supported British aircraft in the war in Kosovo in 1999, but many people still believed that Germany should never again go to war because of what had happened in the two world wars.
References
Other websites
Deutsche Luftwaffe 1933-1945
Luftwaffe Archives and Records Reference database
Luftwaffe -Citizendium
Two Germans Aviators killed October 10,1915
Shot down German Aircraft and grave of dead crewman
Air force
Military of Germany |
8308 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Velvet%20Underground | The Velvet Underground | The Velvet Underground was an American rock band, (not bebop). It was founded in 1964.
The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker. They were discovered by the famous artist, Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album The Velvet Underground and Nico, which paired them with another discovery of his, German model/singer, Nico. The album was never really a hit, but it is now considered a classic.
Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Andy Warhol's Factory for a while. The group released several more albums, White Light/White Heat (1967), The Velvet Underground (1969), Loaded (1970), and Squeeze (which features none of the original members, 1973), before finally breaking up. Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement.
Albums
The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967)
White Light/White Heat (1968)
The Velvet Underground (1969)
Loaded (1970)
Live at Max's Kansas City (recorded 1970, released 1972)
Squeeze (1973)
1969: The Velvet Underground Live (double album, recorded live 1969, released 1974)
VU (recorded 1968-1969, released 1985)
Another View (recorded 1967-69, released 1986)
American rock bands
Musical groups from New York City |
8310 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Kennedy | John F. Kennedy | John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often called JFK and Jack, was the 35th president of the United States. He was in office from January 20, 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. He was the youngest president elected to the office, at the age of 43. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War. He was the youngest president of the United States to die in office.
Early life
Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in the Coolidge Corner neighborhood in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He was the second of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy (1888–1969). His father was a businessman and later US ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940. His mother was Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995). The family was Roman Catholic.
Kennedy graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's Degree in International Relations. Before World War II began, he tried joining the U.S. Army, but was rejected because he had back problems; he instead joined the Navy. When his PT boat was sunk by a Japanese destroyer in 1943, he seriously injured his back. He still saved his surviving crew, for which he was later rewarded with a medal for his bravery.
He was elected to the US Congress in 1946, and the US Senate in 1952. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. The couple had four children; a stillborn daughter (b. 1956), Caroline (b. 1957), John (1960–1999) and Patrick, who was born prematurely in August 1963 and lived only for two days.
Presidency, 1961–63
Kennedy was a member of the United States Democratic Party. He beat his Republican Party opponent, Richard Nixon, in the 1960 presidential election. Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected. He was also the first Roman Catholic President and the first president to win a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was a very good speaker and inspired a new generation of young Americans.
In the beginning of his term, he approved the CIA's plan to invade Cuba. After the invasion turned out to be a failure, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. During the crisis, Cuba ordered a lot of nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. It was the closest the world was to having a nuclear war. Kennedy ordered US Navy ships to surround Cuba. He ended the crisis peacefully by making an agreement with the Soviet Union. They agreed that the Soviet Union would stop selling nuclear weapons to Cuba. In return, the U.S. would take its missiles out of Turkey and promise to never invade Cuba again.
He also created a plan called the New Frontier. This was a series of government programs, such as urban renewal, to help poor and working class people. He created the Peace Corps to help poor countries all over the world. He agreed to a large tax cut to help the economy. He also called for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would make discrimination and segregation illegal. Kennedy intended to reach a détente with Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, and to withdraw all US military advisers from Vietnam.
Assassination
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. He was being driven through the city in an open-top car, along with John Connally, the Governor of Texas. As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired. Kennedy was shot once in the throat and once in the head. He was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital away. At 1:00 p.m., Kennedy was pronounced dead.
Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was the prime suspect in the murder, and he was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman called J. D. Tippit. Oswald denied shooting anyone and was killed two days later on November 24 by Jack Ruby.
Kennedy had a state funeral on November 25, three days after his murder, near to the White House. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.
Legacy
After Kennedy died, Lyndon Johnson (his Vice President) took over and put many of Kennedy's ideas into law (see Great Society).
Kennedy was a very popular president and still is today. He is considered one of the greatest presidents, ranking highly in public surveys and opinion polls.
References
Other websites
JFK Library and Museum
JFK Library and Museum Online Store
1917 births
1963 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by firearm in Texas
Kennedy family
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
People of the Vietnam War
Presidents of the United States
Pulitzer Prize winners
1960 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Massachusetts
United States senators from Massachusetts
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians |
8318 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4 | Jyväskylä | Jyväskylä (; ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka, and Uurainen. Other border municipalities of Jyväskylä are Joutsa, Jämsä and Luhanka.
Jyväskylä is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and in the Finnish Lakeland; as of , Jyväskylä had a population of . The city has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Finland during the 20th century,
when in 1940, there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä.
Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, gave the city the nickname "Athens of Finland". This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre. The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival.
References
Other websites
Jyväskylä page, english
Jyväskylä page, finnish
Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland |
8324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Hitchcock | Alfred Hitchcock | Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was a British movie director who later became an American citizen, but still kept his British citizenship. He mostly made mystery and suspense movies. Despite having a successful career, Hitchcock never won an Academy Award.
Career
Hitchcock started his career in England, starting with silent movies in the 1920s. In the 1930s, he made some successful movies like The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), and The Lady Vanishes (1938). He then moved to the United States, to work in Hollywood. His first American movie was Rebecca (1940), which won an Academy Award.
Some of his best known movies from the 1940s are Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946), which were inspired by psychoanalysis. His first movie in color was the experimental Rope (1948). Strangers on a Train (1951) was based on a novel by Patricia Highsmith. In the 1950s, he made three popular movies with Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955). In 1956, he made a new version of The Man Who Knew Too Much, starring James Stewart and Doris Day. He returned to black-and-white, briefly, with The Wrong Man (1957). Then came Vertigo (1958), which some consider his best suspense movie. It was followed by three more successful movies: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963). After that, he only made 5 more movies: Marnie (1964), Torn Curtain (1966), Topaz (1969), Frenzy (1972), and Family Plot (1976). In 1971, he became the very first winner of the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award. This is an award for lifetime achievement.
In 1945 Hitchcock made a documentary about the Holocaust. It will be shown on British television in 2015.
Hitchcock appeared very quickly in small roles in most of his movies.
He also hosted a TV show, Alfred Hitchcock Presents.
Personal life
Hithcock was born in Leytonstone, Essex. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Alma Reville, who helped write some of his movies. They had a daughter, Patricia. He died in Bel Air, Los Angeles.
References
1899 births
1980 deaths
Actors from Essex
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American Roman Catholics
American screenwriters
American television directors
American television producers
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in the United States
English movie actors
English Roman Catholics
English screenwriters
Extras
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Leytonstone
Writers from Essex
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
BAFTA Award winning directors |
8325 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659 | 1659 | 1659 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.
May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague.
Thomas Hobbes publishes De Homine.
Drought occurs in India.
Christiaan Huygens writes Systema Saturnium.
Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer
References |
8327 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%201 | July 1 |
Events
Up to 1900
69 - Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
552 - Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in present-day Italy.
1097 – Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders under Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Turkish army under Qilich Arslan I.
1431 - The Battle of La Higueruela takes place in Granada, leading to a modest advance of Castile
1502 - A hurricane off the Caribbean island of Hispaniola sinks 20 ships, with no survivors.
1690 – Battle of the Boyne as reckoned under Julian calendar.
1770 - Lexell's Comet passes closer to Earth than any other comet in recorded history.
1782 - American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
1858 – The joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.
1862 – Russian State Library is founded.
1863 – American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.
1863 - The Netherlands ends slavery in Suriname, on a day now celebrated there as Keti Koti.
1867 – The British North America Act takes effect as the constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation; John A. Macdonald is sworn in as first Prime Minister.
1870 – The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
1873 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
1874 - The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.
1878 – Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
1879 - Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses, publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
1881 – World's first international telephone call, between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
1885 – United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
1890 – Canada and Bermuda linked by telegraph cable.
1898 - Spanish-American War: The Battle of San Juan Hill is fought near Santiago de Cuba.
1901 1950
1903 - The first Tour de France cycling race starts.
1904 – Games of the III Olympiad open in Saint Louis, Missouri.
1908 - SOS is first adopted as a distress signal.
1916 – First day on the Somme: On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 20,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed, and 40,000 wounded.
1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded.
1923 – The Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
1931 - Official opening of Milan Central Station.
1935 – Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
1937 - The first 999 emergency telephone number goes into effect in the UK.
1942 - A US submarine sinks Japanese ship Montevideo Maru, killing 1,053 people, including Australian POWs.
1943 - Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved, meaning that Tokyo is not a city.
1947 - The Philippine Air Force is founded.
1947 – The Australian real estate franchise L. J. Hooker lists on the Australian Stock Exchange
1948 – Official opening of New York International Airport (now known as John F. Kennedy International Airport) at Idlewild.
1949 - 1,000 years of the princely family of Cochin's rule comes to an end in Southern India, when the states of Cochin and Travancore merge into the state of Thiru-Kochi, which later becomes known as Kerala.
1951 1975
1957 – The International Geophysical Year begins (until December 31, 1958).
1958 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.
1958 – Flooding of the St. Lawrence Seaway begins.
1960 – Independence of Somalia.
1960 – Ghana becomes a Republic.
1962 – Independence of Rwanda.
1962 – Independence of Burundi.
1963 – ZIP Code introduced for United States mail.
1963 – The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.
1963 – U.S President John F. Kennedy arrives in Rome.
1966 – First colour television transmission in Canada, from Toronto.
1967 – The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.
1968 – The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
1968 – Nuclear non-proliferation treaty signed by about sixty countries in Geneva, Switzerland.
1968 – Formal separation of the United Auto Workers with the AFL-CIO.
1969 – Rock group The Band release their influential debut Music From Big Pink.
1972 – Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins of the Red Army Faction are captured in Frankfurt am Main after a shootout with the police.
1976 2000
1976 – Portugal gives autonomy to Madeira.
1978 – Australia's Northern Territory is given self-government.
1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.
1980 – O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashed into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
1984 - Liechtenstein allows women the right to vote, as the last then-independent European country to do so.
1985 - At a Wimbledon Doubles match, the record is set for the longest-ever tie break (after a set is tied 6-6), which ends 26-24.
1984 - Richard von Weizsaecker becomes President of Germany.
1986 – In an interview with Playboy magazine, science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke comes out as a bisexual.
1987 – Excavation begins on the Channel Tunnel.
1988 – Bologna, Italy: Quartetto Cetra's last concert after over forty years' musical career.
1990 – East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.
1991 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved.
1994 - Roman Herzog becomes President of Germany.
1997 – The United Kingdom hands sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.
1999 – At the first meeting of the Scottish Parliament in nearly three centuries, Winnie Ewing opened with the famous words, "The Scottish Parliament, adjourned on the 25th day of March in the year 1707, is hereby reconvened."
1999 - Johannes Rau becomes President of Germany.
2000 - The Oresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is opened.
2000 – Vermont's civil unions law goes into effect.
From 2001
2002 - The International Criminal Court is created, to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression.
2002 – A Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over southern Germany, killing 71.
2003 – 500,000 people take part in a march in Hong Kong to protest, amongst other things, the government's handling of the plans to implement a new anti-subversion law required under Article 23 of Hong Kong's Basic Law.
2004 – 530,000 people take part in a march in Hong Kong to urge for faster pace of democratisation and universal suffrage, according to Article 45 and Article 68 of Hong Kong's Basic Law.
2004 – Saturn Orbit Insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UT and ends at 02:48 UT.
2004 - Horst Koehler becomes President of Germany.
2005 – Microsoft plans to end official support of Windows 2000
2005 – Make Poverty History's White Band Day.
2005 – Revaluation of the Romanian Leu.
2006 - First operation of the Qinghai-Tibet railway.
2007 – On the same day as each other, England and Australia ban smoking in public places.
2009 – Ivo Sanader resigns as Prime Minister of Croatia. Jadranka Kosor succeeds him.
2012 – The Spain national football team wins UEFA Euro 2012, defeating the Italy national football team 4-0 in the final in Kiev, Ukraine.
2013 – Croatia joins the European Union.
2013 - Neptune's moon S/2004 N1 is discovered.
2015 - Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund.
2016 - Austria's highest court orders a re-run of the May 22 Presidential election, in which Alexander Van der Bellen had narrowly defeated Norbert Hofer.
2018 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
Births
Up to 1900
1336 Philip, Duke of Orléans (d. 1375)
1368 Bracco da Montone, Italian mercenary (d. 1424)
1381 Lorenzo Giustiniani, Italian bishop (d. 1456)
1481 King Christian II of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1559)
1506 King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1526)
1534 King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1583)
1627 Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1669)
1633 Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
1646 Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (d. 1716)
1723 Pedro Rodriguez, Conde de Campomanes, Spanish statesman (d. 1802)
1725 Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French nobleman and soldier (d. 1807)
1742 Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (d. 1799)
1771 Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (d. 1839)
1780 Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian general (d. 1831)
1788 Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1867)
1804 George Sand, French writer (d. 1876)
1812 Abbas I of Egypt (d. 1854)
1814 Robert Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1884)
1818 Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician (d. 1865)
1822 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Vietnamese poet (d. 1888)
1834 Jadwiga Luszczewska, Polish poet (d. 1908)
1863 William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
1872 Louis Blériot, French aviator (d. 1936)
1873 Andrass Samuelsen, 1st Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1954)
1878 Jacques Rosenbaum, Baltic German architect (d. 1944)
1879 Léon Jouhaux, French labor figure (d. 1954)
1882 B. C. Roy, Indian doctor and politician (d. 1962)
1889 Vera Mukhina, Russian sculptor (d. 1962)
1893 Walter White, Head of the NAACP (d. 1955)
1899 Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (d. 1987)
1899 Charles Laughton, British actor (d. 1962)
1899 Thomas A. Dorsey, American composer (d. 1993)
1901 1950
1902 William Wyler, French-American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1981)
1903 Amy Johnson, British pilot (d. 1941)
1906 Estée Lauder, American entrepreneur (d. 2004)
1906 Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician (d. 1992)
1906 Peter Ritchie Calder, Scottish author, journalist and academic (d. 1982)
1907 Fabian von Schlabrendorff, German jurist and resistance activist (d. 1980)
1908 Peter Anders, German tenor (d. 1954)
1909 Emmett Toppino, American sprinter (d. 1971)
1910 Glenn Hardin, American hurdler (d. 1975)
1911 Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov, Soviet marshal (d. 2012)
1913 Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 1979)
1915 Nguyen Van Linh, Vietnamese politician (d. 1998)
1915 Willie Dixon, American blues singer (d. 1992)
1916 Olivia de Havilland, British-born actress
1917 Humphry Osmond, English psychiatrist (d. 2004)
1920 Lucidio Sentimenti, Italian footballer (d. 2014)
1921 Seretse Khama, first President of Botswana (d. 1980)
1922 Riccardo Carapellese, Italian footballer (d. 1995)
1924 Antoni Ramallets, Spanish footballer (d. 2013)
1925 Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
1926 Hans Werner Henze, German composer (d. 2012)
1926 Robert Fogel, American economist (d. 2013)
1927 Chandra Shekhar, Prime Minister of India (d. 2007)
1929 Gerald Edelman, American biologist (d. 2014)
1930 Carol Chomsky, American linguist (d. 2008)
1930 Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, former President of Bolivia
1931 Leslie Caron, French actress and dancer
1931 Seyni Kountché, President of Niger (d. 1987)
1934 Jamie Farr, American actor
1934 Sidney Pollack, American actor (d. 2008)
1934 Claude Berri, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
1934 Jean Marsh, English actress and writer
1935 James Cotton, American singer (d. 2017)
1935 David Prowse, English actor
1937 Lydia Makhubu, Swazi chemist
1939 Karen Black, American actress (d. 2013)
1940 Craig Brown, Scottish footballer and manager
1941 Rod Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
1941 Alfred G. Gilman, Canadian-American pharmacologist
1941 Myron Scholes, American economist
1941 Twyla Tharp, American dancer, choreographer and writer
1942 Geneviève Bujold, Canadian actress
1942 Andraé Crouch, American singer-songwriter, producer and writer (d. 2015)
1942 Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, Iraqi politician
1945 Debbie Harry, American singer (Blondie)
1946 Mireya Moscoso, former President of Panama
1946 Mick Aston, British archaeologist (d. 2013)
1946 Erkki Tuomioja, Finnish politician
1947 Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Japanese racing driver
1950 Ben Roberts, British actor (d. 2021)
1951 1975
1951 Trevor Eve, British actor
1952 Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor and entertainer
1953 Jadranka Kosor, former Prime Minister of Croatia
1953 Lawrence Gonzi, former Prime Minister of Malta
1955 Li Keqiang, Premier of the People's Republic of China
1955 Keith Whitley, American country musician
1960 Dave Thompson, English stand-up comedian
1961 Carl Lewis, American athlete, 9 Olympic gold medals
1961 Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)
1961 Michelle Wright, Canadian country music singer
1962 Andre Braugher, American actor
1964 Bernard Laporte, French rugby player and coach
1966 Frank De Bleeckere, Belgian football referee
1966 Enrico Annoni, Italian footballer
1967 Pamela Anderson, Canadian-American actress, novelist, activist and model
1967 Marisa Monte, Brazilian singer
1971 Missy Elliott, American singer and rapper
1971 Julianne Nicholson, American actress
1972 Claire Forlani, British actress
1974 Jefferson Pérez, Ecuadorean race walker, Olympic gold medallist
From 1976
1976 Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer
1976 Patrick Kluivert, Dutch footballer
1976 Hannu Tihinen, Finnish footballer
1976 Rigobert Song, Cameroonian footballer
1976 Thomas Sadoski, American actor
1976 Kellie Bright, English actress
1977 Jarome Iginla, Canadian ice hockey player
1977 Liv Tyler, American actress
1977 Veronica Sanchez, Spanish actress
1980 Patrick Aufiero, American ice hockey player
1982 Hilarie Burton, American actress
1982 Joachim Johansson, Swedish tennis player
1983 Marit Larsen, Norwegian singer
1984 Morgane Dubled, French model
1984 Tanya Chisholm, American actress
1986 Giovanni Moreno, Colombian footballer
1986 Agnes Monica, Indonesian singer-songwriter and actress
1989 Mitch Hewer, English actor
1989 Hannah Murray, English actress
1989 Daniel Ricciardo, Australian Formula One racing driver
1989 Leah McFall, Northern Irish singer
1989 Kent Bazemore, American basketball player
1990 Natsuki Sato, Japanese singer (AKB48)
1993 Raini Rodriguez, American actress and singer
1994 Anri Okamoto, Japanese model and actress
1996 Adelina Sotnikova, Russian gymnast
1998 Hollie Steel, English singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
552 Totila, Ostrogoth King
1109 Alfonso VI of Castile (b. 1040)
1681 Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop and saint (b. 1629)
1736 Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1673)
1782 Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1730)
1784 Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (b. 1710)
1824 Lachlan Macquarie, Scottish Governor of New South Wales (b. 1762)
1839 Mahmud II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1785)
1846 Pope Gregory XVI (b. 1765)
1860 Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)
1863 John Fulton Reynolds, American Civil War general (b. 1820)
1876 Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist and social revolutionary (b. 1814)
1891 Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romanian politician (b. 1817)
1896 Harriet Beecher Stowe, American writer (b. 1811)
1898 Siegfried Marcus, German inventor (b. 1831)
1901 2000
1905 John Hay, 37th United States Secretary of State (b. 1838)
1912 Harriet Quimby, American pilot (b. 1875)
1925 Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
1927 Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez, 35th President of Colombia (b. 1858)
1944 Carl Mayer, Austrian screenwriter (b. 1894)
1944 Tanya Savicheva, Russian writer (b. 1930)
1948 Achille Varzi, Italian racing driver (b. 1904)
1950 Eliel Saarinen, Finnish architect (b. 1873)
1954 Thea von Harbou, German actress and writer (b. 1888)
1962 B. C. Roy, Indian doctor and politician (b. 1882)
1964 Pierre Monteux, French-American conductor (b. 1875)
1964 Sigurd Islandsmoen, Norwegian poet (b. 1881)
1965 Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
1971 Learie Constantine, Trinidadian cricketer (b. 1901)
1971 William Lawrence Bragg, American physicist (b. 1890)
1974 Juan Domingo Perón, President of Argentina (b. 1895)
1976 Anneliese Michel, German exorcism victim (b. 1952)
1981 Rushton Moreve, American musician (b. 1948)
1983 Buckminster Fuller, American architect (b. 1895)
1987 Snakefinger, British musician (b. 1949)
1991 Joachim Kroll, German serial killer (b. 1933)
1991 Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
1992 Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau politician (b. 1933)
1996 William T. Cahill, American politician, 46th Governor of New Jersey (b. 1904)
1996 Margaux Hemingway, granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway (b. 1954)
1997 Robert Mitchum, American actor (b. 1917)
1999 Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American movie director (b. 1908)
1999 Joshua Nkomo, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1919)
2000 Walter Matthau, American actor (b. 1920)
From 2001
2001 Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist (b. 1922)
2003 N!xau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
2003 Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (b. 1930)
2004 Marlon Brando, American actor (b. 1924)
2005 Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951)
2006 Ryutaro Hashimoto, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
2009 Alexis Argüello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (b. 1952)
2009 Karl Malden, American actor (b. 1912)
2009 Molly Sugden, British actress (b. 1922)
2012 Alan G. Poindexter, American astronaut (b. 1961)
2013 Charles Foley, American game designer (Twister) (b. 1930)
2013 Maureen Waaka, New Zealand model and politician (b. 1943)
2013 Paul Jenkins, American actor (b. 1938)
2014 Anatoly Kornukov, Russian general (b. 1942)
2014 Stephen Gaskin, American counter-culture hippie figure (b. 1935)
2014 Bob Jones, English police officer (b. 1955)
2014 Umaru Dikko, Nigerian politician (b. 1936)
2014 Walter Dean Myers, American author (b. 1937)
2014 Jean Garon, Canadian politician (b. 1938)
2014 Frederick I. Ordway III, American space scientist (b. 1927)
2014 Graeme McMahon, Australian AFL executive (b. 1940)
2015 Nicholas Winton, English humanitarian (b. 1909)
2015 Val Doonican, Irish singer and television host (b. 1927)
2016 Yves Bonnefoy, French poet (b. 1923)
2016 Robin Hardy, English movie director (b. 1929)
2017 Norman Dorsen, American activist (b. 1930)
2017 Paul Hardin III, American academic administrator (b. 1931)
2017 Ayan Sadakov, Bulgarian footballer (b. 1961)
2017 Richard Gilbert Scott, British architect (b. 1923)
2018 Armando, Dutch artist and writer (b. 1929)
2018 François Corbier, French songwriter and television presenter (b. 1944)
2018 Bozhidar Dimitrov, Bulgarian historian (b. 1945)
2018 Peter Firmin, British television producer (b. 1928)
2018 Gillian Lynne, British dancer and choreographer (b. 1926)
2018 Julian Tudor Hart, British physician and politician (b. 1927)
Holidays
Canada Day
Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)
Moving Day (Quebec)
Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) (Suriname)
Doctors' Day in India
Republic Day in Ghana
Independence Day in Somalia, Burundi and Rwanda
Madeira Day
July 01 |
8329 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20comedy | Black comedy | Black comedy (also known as dark comedy or dark humor) is getting humor (something funny or comical) from something serious. It is known for its use of very sensitive subjects, such as war, tragedy, disease, death and suffering of the innocent. Black comedy is also a form of satire that uses irony and mocking. It may cause a wide variety of emotional reactions.
The term black humor (from the French humour noir) was coined by the surrealist André Breton in 1935.
Some famous examples of black comedy include:
South Park
Waiting for Godot
Happy Tree Friends
Cartoons by Charles Addams
Catch-22
Dr. Strangelove
Harold and Maude
Plays by Joe Orton
The novel, film and early TV episodes of M*A*S*H
Itchy and Scratchy on the Simpsons.
Cartoons by John Callahan
References |
8330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Gould | Elliott Gould | Elliot Gould (born as Elliott Goldstein August 29, 1938) is an American actor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He is mostly known for his roles in many films including M*A*S*H (1970), Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1970), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). He has also made guest appearances on many television such as Jack Geller in Friends.
Gould's parents were Jewish; Gould says he has a very deep Jewish identity. He married singer and actress Barbra Streisand in 1963. The couple separated in 1969 and divorced in 1971. Their son is actor Jason Gould (born 1966).
References
Other websites
1938 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Movie producers from New York City |
8335 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation | Equation | A mathematical equation is an expression containing two mathematical objects connected by an equals sign (=) . The equals sign says that both sides are exactly equal, or of the same value. An equation can be as simple as x=0, or as complex as or harder.
There are two kinds of mathematical equations:
The kind of equation that is either true or false; these are also called identities. For example:
The kind of equation that is only true for certain values of the variable(s). The equation is only true if the variable(s) have that value. For example:
The second kind is often used to solve problems in which finding the value of some variables is involved. For example, if
The second kind of equation is used in algebra. For example, to solve the equation 2x = 8 for x, one would follow an algebraic rule to find that x = 4.
Types of equations
Equations can be classified by the types of operations and quantities involved. For example:
An algebraic equation is an equation in which both sides are polynomials. These are further classified by degree:
Linear equation for degree one
Quadratic equation for degree two
Cubic equation for degree three
Quartic equation for degree four
Quintic equation for degree five
A Diophantine equation is an equation where the unknowns are required to be integers
A differential equation is a functional equation involving derivatives of the unknown functions, which include:
Ordinary differential equation
Partial differential equation
Related pages
Equation solving
Formula
Rate equation
System of linear equations
References |
8336 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961 | 1961 | 1961 (MCMLXI) was . Its rendering using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system creates a numeral which looks the same when put upside down. The next such year will be 6009.
Events
John F. Kennedy becomes President of the United States.
The Fantastic Four make their debut.
Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space.
Sierra Leone becomes independent.
The Berlin Wall is built.
The Vietnam War begins.
Bay of Pigs invasion
Rockband Golden Earring was founded
Births
January 26 – Wayne Gretzky, Retired Canadian NHL player
January 28 – Arnaldur Indridason, Icelandic writer
February 13 – Henry Rollins, American musician and activist (Black Flag)
March 3 – John Matteson, Pulitzer Prize-winning American biographer
April 1 – Susan Boyle, Scottish singer
April 3 – Eddie Murphy, American actor and comedian
May 6 – George Clooney, American actor
June 4 – Ferenc Gyurcsany, former Prime Minister of Hungary
June 9 – Michael J. Fox, Canadian actor
June 14 – Boy George, British singer
June 18 – Alison Moyet, British singer
June 25 – Ricky Gervais, British comedian and actor
July 1 – Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)
July 1 – Carl Lewis, American athlete
July 23 – Woody Harrelson, American actor
July 30 – Laurence Fishburne, American actor
July 31 - Peter O'Brien, American drummer (Orleans)
August 4 – Barack Obama, President of the United States of America
August 8 – The Edge, Irish musician (U2)
August 9 – John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand
September 28 - George Rossi, Scottish actor (d. 2022)
September 29 – Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia
October 11 – Amr Diab, Egyptian singer
October 25 - Chad Smith, American drummer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
October 26 – Uhuru Kenyatta, President of Kenya
November 12 – Nadia Comaneci, Romanian gymnast
November 19 – Meg Ryan, American actress
November 24 – Arundhati Roy, Indian activist and writer
December 24 – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan
December 25 – Ingrid Betancourt, Colombian senator
December 27 – Guido Westerwelle, German politician
December 30 – Ben Johnson, Canadian athlete
Deaths
January 4 – Erwin Schroedinger, Austrian physicist (b. 1887)
January 9 – Emily Greene Balch, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1867)
January 17 – Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician (b. 1925)
February 3 – Viscount Dunrossil, Australian Governor-General (b. 1893)
February 9 – Carlos Luz, 19th President of Brazil (b. 1894)
March 3 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (b. 1887)
March 23 – Valentin Bondarenko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1937)
April 9 – Ahmet Zog, King of Albania (b. 1895)
May 30 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1891)
June 6 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1875)
July 2 – Ernest Hemingway, American writer (b. 1899)
August 20 – Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
September 10 – Wolfgang von Trips, German racing driver (b. 1928)
September 18 – Dag Hammarskioeld, UN Secretary-General (b. 1905)
October 30 – Luigi Einaudi, Italian politician (b. 1874)
November 9 – Ferdinand Bie, Norwegian athlete (b. 1888)
December 20 – Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1880)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics won by Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, and Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Melvin Calvin, American biochemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer
Nobel Peace Prize won by Dag Hammarskjöld (posthumously), Swedish diplomat
Movies released
101 Dalmatians, an animated movie
The Absent-Minded Professor by Walt Disney Productions
Breakfast at Tiffany's starring Audrey Hepburn
El Cid starring Charlton Heston and Sophia Loren
La Dolce Vita starring Marcello Mastroianni and Anita Ekberg
The Guns of Navarone with Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn
The Hustler starring Paul Newman and Jackie Gleason
Lover Come Back starring Doris Day and Rock Hudson
The Parent Trap starring Hayley Mills
West Side Story winning 10 Academy Awards
Hit songs
"I Fall to Pieces" – Patsy Cline
"Crazy" – Patsy Cline
"Where the Boys Are" – Connie Francis
"Running Scared" – Roy Orbison
"Crying" – Roy Orbison
"(I Wanna) Love My Life Away" – Gene Pitney
"Town Without Pity" – Gene Pitney
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" – The Tokens
"Calcutta" – Lawrence Welk
"Runaround Sue" – Dion
"Let's Go Trippin'" – Dick Dale's first local hit, regarded as first surf rock instrumental
"Tossin' & Turnin' " – Bobby Lewis
"Runaway" – Del Shannon
"Garde-Moi la Dernière Danse" – Dalida
"Nuits d'Espagne" – Dalida
"Blue Moon" – The Marcels
"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" – The Shirelles
"There's No Other Like My Baby" – The Crystals' first hit
"Please Mr. Postman" – The Marvelettes
"Quarter To Three" – Gary U.S. Bonds
"Shop Around" – The Miracles
"Travelin' Man" – Ricky Nelson
"Hello Mary Lou" – Ricky Nelson
"Stand By Me" – Ben E. King
"The Wanderer" – Dion
"The Mountain's High" – Dick and Deedee
"Big River, Big Man" – Claude King
"The Commancheros" – Claude King
"Moody River" – Pat Boone
"I Love How You Love Me" – The Paris Sisters
New books
Border Country – Raymond Williams
Casanova's Chinese Restaurant – Anthony Powell
The Chapman Report – Irving Wallace
Clea – Lawrence Durrell
Don't Tell Alfred – Nancy Mitford
For Your Eyes Only – Ian Fleming
Green Eggs and Ham – Dr. Seuss
Hunters in a Narrow Street – Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
The Insolences of Brother Anonymous – Jean-Paul Desbiens
The Many Colored Coat – Morley Callaghan
Take a Girl Like You – Kingsley Amis
To Kill A Mockingbird – Harper Lee
The Torch – Wilder Penfield
The Violent Bear It Away – Flannery O'Connor
The White Stone – Carlo Coccioli
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? – Henry Farrell |
8337 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1783 | 1783 |
Events
February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes the independence of the United States.
February 4 – American Revolutionary War: the Government of the United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
February 4 – Earthquake in Calabria, Italy – 50.000 dead
March 5 – Last celebration of Massacre Day.
May 18 – Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada– First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown.
June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon) in Annonay, France.
June 8 – The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills 9350 people and starts a seven-year famine. Eruption causes deaths of livestock when they eat contaminated grass and also widespread crop failure.
July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists announced.
August 5 – Mount Asama erupts, causing turmoil in Edo period Japan.
September 3 – American Revolutionary War ends: Treaty of Paris – the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign a treaty in Paris, ending the war.
November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, American general George Washington gives his "Farewell Address to the Army".
November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 5* miles).
November 25 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, US general George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.
City of Sevastopol founded;
United Empire Loyalists flee to Canada from the new United States;
Treaty of Versailles signed, ending hostilities between the Franco-Spanish Alliance and the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.
Births
January 23 – Stendhal, French writer (d. 1842)
March 8 – Hannah Van Buren, First Lady of the United States (d. 1819)
April 3 – Washington Irving, American writer (d. 1859)
April 10 – Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland and mother of Napoleon III of France (d. 1837)
July 24 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1830).
September 17 – Samuel Prout, English painter (d. 1852) |
8338 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1809 | 1809 |
Births
January 4 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind (d. 1852).
January 15 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
January 19 – Edgar Allan Poe, American writer (d. 1849)
February 3 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
February 12 – Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
February 12 – Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
February 15 – Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
March 31 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
April 15 – Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
June 4 – Columbus Delano, American statesman (d. 1896)
June 4 – John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
June 8 – Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
August 6 – Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
August 8 – Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
August 27 – Hannibal Hamlin, American politician (d. 1891)
August 29 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
October 22 – Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
December 24 – Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
December 29 – William Ewart Gladstone, British politician (d. 1898) |
8340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968 | 1968 | 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was .
Events
January 5 – Alexander Dubček elected as leader of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party – the "Prague Spring" begins in Czechoslovakia
January 15 – An earthquake in Sicily – 231 dead, 262 injured
January 21 – US B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland and in the process discharges four nuclear bombs
January 23 – North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying.
January 25 – The Israeli Submarine Dakar sinks in the Mediterranean Sea – 69 dead
January 27 – French submarine sinks in the Mediterranean with 52 men
January 30 – Vietnam War: The Tết Offensive begins, as NLF forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.
January 31 – NLF soldiers attack the United States embassy in Saigon
January 31 – Nauru's president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia.
February 19 – PBS airs the first episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood with host Fred Rogers
April 4 – Martin Luther King Jr. is shot dead in Memphis, Tennessee.
June 5 – Robert F. Kennedy is shot, and dies on the following day.
August 20 – The Prague Uprising is crushed.
December 22 - Cultural Revolution: People's Daily posted the instructions of Mao Zedong that it is "The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty."(Down to the Countryside Movement)
Births
January 14 – LL Cool J, American singer and musician
January 28 – Sarah McLachlan, Canadian musician
January 30 – Crown Prince Felipe of Spain
February 1 – Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis Presley
February 8 – Gary Coleman, American actor (d. 2010)
February 18 – Molly Ringwald, American actress
March 2 – Daniel Craig, British actor
March 6 – Moira Kelly, American actress
March 30 – Céline Dion, Canadian singer and actress
April 28 - Andy Flower, Zimbabwean cricketer
May 1 – Oliver Bierhoff, German footballer
May 7 – Traci Lords, American actress & singer
May 26 – Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark
May 28 – Kylie Minogue, Australian singer & actress
June 1 – Jason Donovan, Australian actor & singer
June 21 – Chris Gueffroy, last person to be shot at the Berlin Wall (d. 1989)
June 26 – Paolo Maldini, Italian footballer
July 16 – Larry Sanger, Wikipedia co-founder
July 21 – Brandi Chastain, American footballer
August 2 – Stefan Effenberg, German footballer
August 4 – Daniel Dae-Kim, American actor
August 5 – Colin McRae, Scottish rally driver (d. 2007)
August 9 – Gillian Anderson, American actress
September 1 – Mohamed Atta, Egyptian terrorist (d. 2001)
September 7 – Marcel Desailly, French footballer
September 10 – Andreas Herzog, Austrian footballer
September 25 – Will Smith, American actor
September 28 – Naomi Watts, American actress
October 12 – Hugh Jackman, Australian actor
October 18 – Michael Stich, German tennis player
December 2 – Lucy Liu, American actress
December 9 – Kurt Angle, American professional wrestler
December 18 – Mario Basler, German footballer
December 30 – Meredith Monroe, American actress
Deaths
January 22 – Duke Kahanamoku, American athlete (b. 1890)
March 27 – Yuri Gagarin, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1934)
April 4 – Martin Luther King, Jr., American civil rights activist (b. 1929)
April 7 – Jim Clark, Scottish racing driver (b. 1936)
June 1 – Helen Keller, American educator (b. 1880)
June 6 – Robert F. Kennedy, American politician (b. 1925)
November 28 – Enid Blyton, British writer (b. 1897)
December 20 – John Steinbeck, American writer (b. 1902)
December 30 – Trygve Lie, UN Secretary-General (b. 1896)
Movies released
2001: A Space Odyessy
Barbarella
No Way to Treat a Lady
The Odd Couple
Yellow Submarine
Once Upon A Time in West
Oliver!
Rosemary's Baby
Night of the Living Dead
New books
Flight 714 by Hergé
M*A*S*H by Richard Hooker
Hit songs
"Born To Be Wild" – Steppenwolf
"Dance To The Music" – Sly & The Family Stone
"Harper Valley P.T.A" – Jeannie C. Riley
"Hello, I Love You" – The Doors
"Hey Jude"/"Revolution" – The Beatles
"Judy In Disguise (With Glasses)" – John Fred & his Playboy Band
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" – Rolling Stones
"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" – Kenny Rogers and The First Edition
"Lady Madonna" – The Beatles
"Chain of Fools" – Aretha Franklin
"Valleri" – The Monkees
"Mony Mony" – Tommy James & the Shondells
"Mrs. Robinson" – Simon and Garfunkel
"(Sittin' On The) Dock Of The Bay" – Otis Redding
"Sunshine Of Your Love" – Cream
"This Guy's in Love With You" – Herb Alpert
"Midnight Confessions" – The Grass Roots
"Classical Gas" – Mason Williams |
8341 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%2031 | October 31 |
Events
Up to 1950
475 – Romulus Augustus is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
1517 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church.
1587 – Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.
1822 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide attempts to dissolve the Mexican Empire.
1848 - Vienna's October Revolution ends.
1861 – American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.
1863 – The Maori Wars resumed as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron began their Invasion of the Waikato.
1864 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.
1876 - A monster cyclone hits India, killing around 200,000 people.
1878 - A massive fire breaks out on Kungsholmen Island, Stockholm.
1892 – Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
1912 – The Musketeers of Pig Alley, directed by D.W. Griffith, debuts as the first gangster movie.
1912 – Dominican Republic becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires Convention.
1913 - Dedication of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile highway in the United States.
1917 – World War I: Battle of Beersheba – "last successful cavalry charge in history".
1918 - Hungary withdraws from the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which dissolves as a result. On the same day, Hungarian Prime Minister Istvan Tisza is shot dead.
1922 – Benito Mussolini becomes the youngest Premier in the history of Italy.
1923 - First of 160 consecutive days when the temperature is at, or over, 100 degrees Fahrenheit in Marble Bar, Western Australia.
1924 – World Savings Day was declared in Milano/Italy, by the Italian Professor Ravizza at the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks).
1926 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.
1936 – The Boy Scouts of the Philippines is formed.
1938 – Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.
1940 – World War II: Battle of Britain ends – The United Kingdom prevents Germany from invading Great Britain.
1941 – After 14 years of work, drilling is completed on Mount Rushmore.
1941 – World War II: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors.
1941 – American photographer Ansel Adams takes a picture of a moonrise over the town of Hernandez, New Mexico that would become one of the most famous images in the history of photography.
1951 2000
1954 – Algerian War of Independence: The Algerian National Liberation Front begins a revolt against French rule.
1956 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.
1956 - George Dufek makes the first landing at the Geographical South Pole. It relates to the building of the Amundsen-Scott Research Station.
1961 – In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Tomb.
1961 - Hurricane Hattie destroys Belize City, Belize.
1963 - An explosion occurs at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum in Indianapolis, killing 74 people and injuring over 400, during an ice skating show.
1968 – Vietnam War October surprise:Citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete stop of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.
1984 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two Sikh security guards. Riots soon start in New Delhi and nearly 2,000 innocent Sikhs are killed.
1991 - Zambia holds its first democratic elections, in which Frederick Chiluba is elected President.
1992 - Pope John Paul II removes the Edict of Inquisition on Galileo Galilei.
1994 – An American Eagle ATR-72 crashes in Roselawn, Indiana, after circling in icy weather, killing 64 passengers.
1996 – A Brazilian TAM Fokker-100 crashes into several houses in São Paulo, Brazil killing 98 including 2 on the ground.
1997 - Letsie III is officially crowned King of Lesotho.
1998 – Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors.
1999 – EgyptAir Flight 990 traveling from New York City to Cairo crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on board.
1999 – Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation.
2000 – A Singapore Airlines Boeing 747-400 crashes immediately after takeoff in Taipei, Taiwan killing 81
2000 – A chartered Antonov AN-26 explodes after takeoff in Northern Angola killing 50
2000 – The last Multics machine is shut down.
From 2001
2002 - A magnitude 5.9 earthquake hits the regions of Molise and Puglia in Italy, killing 28 people; 26 of them are schoolchildren in the town of San Giacomo di Puglia.
2003 – Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power.
2004 - The first round of the Presidential election in Ukraine results in a run-off between Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych on November 21.
2010 – Dilma Rousseff is elected the first female President of Brazil.
2011 – According to UN estimates, the world population reaches 7 billion.
2011 - UNESCO votes to admit Palestine as a member.
2014 - President of Burkina Faso Blaise Compaoré resigns after 27 years in power following violent protests in the capital Ouagadougou against his intention to extend his rule. The military takes over the running of the country.
2014 - Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo crashes in the Mojave Desert in California, killing one person. It is seen as a blow to Richard Branson's ambitions on space tourism.
2015 - Kogalymavia Flight 9268, a Russian airliner, crashes on Egypt's Sinai Peninsula while travelling from Sharm-el-Sheikh to Saint Petersburg, killing all 224 people on board.
2015 - New Zealand win the 2015 Rugby union World Cup in England, defeating Australia 34-17 in the final. They become the first team to win the competition twice in-a-row.
2016 - Michel Aoun becomes President of Lebanon.
2017 - Germany holds a national holiday to mark 500 years since the start of the Protestant Reformation.
2017 - 2017 New York City attack: A vehicle-ramming attack near the southern end of Manhattan, New York City, results in the deaths of 8 people, including 5 friends from Argentina.
2019 - Fire breaks out in the main halls of Shurijo, Okinawa, Japan.
2019 - A train fire on the Karachi to Peshawar railway line in Pakistan kills 74 people.
Births
Up to 1850
1291 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (d. 1361)
1345 – King Fernando I of Portugal (d. 1383)
1391 – King Duarte of Portugal (d. 1438)
1424 – Wladyslaw III of Poland (d. 1444)
1620 – John Evelyn, English writer and diarist (d. 1706)
1632 – Johannes Vermeer, Dutch painter (d. 1675)
1636 - Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1679)
1686 - Senesino, Italian singer (d. 1758)
1692 - Comte de Caylus, French archaeologist (d. 1756)
1694 - Yeongjo of Joseon of Korea (d. 1776)
1705 – Pope Clement XIV (d. 1774)
1711 – Laura Bassi, Italian university professor (d. 1778)
1737 – James Lovell, American educator (d. 1789)
1740 - William Paca, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1799)
1750 - Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquies of Alorna, Portuguese noblewoman, painter and poet (d. 1839)
1795 – John Keats, English poet (d. 1821)
1802 - Charlotte Bonaparte, sister-in-law of Napoleon (d. 1839)
1815 - Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (d. 1897)
1815 - Thomas Chapman, English-Australian politician, 5th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1884)
1817 - Heinrich Graetz, Prussian historian (d. 1891)
1821 - Karel Havlicek Borovsky, Czech poet, writer, politician and journalist (d. 1856)
1825 - Charles Lavigerie, French-Algerian cardinal (d. 1892)
1826 - Joseph Roswell Hawley, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1905)
1827 - Richard Morris Hunt, American educator (d. 1895)
1828 - Joseph Wilson Swan, English physicist and chemist (d. 1914)
1831 - Paolo Mantegazza, Italian neurologist (d. 1910)
1835 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist (d. 1917)
1835 - Adelbert Ames, American politician (d. 1933)
1835 - Krisjanis Barons, Latvian writer (d. 1923)
1838 – King Louis I of Portugal (d. 1889)
1847 - Galileo Ferraris, Italian engineer and physicist (d. 1897)
1848 - Boston Custer, American general (d. 1876)
1851 1900
1851 – Lovisa of Sweden, Queen of Denmark (d. 1926)
1854 – Otto Sverdrup, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1930)
1856 - Carlos Antonio Mendoza, 3rd President of Panama (d. 1916)
1857 - Axel Munthe, Swedish physician and psychiatrist (d. 1949)
1860 - Juliette Gordon Low, founder of the Girl Scouts of America (d. 1927)
1864 – Einar Benediktsson, Icelandic poet and lawyer (d. 1940)
1868 - John Weir Tory, American journalist and politician, 5th Territorial Governor of Alaska (d. 1942)
1875 - Eugene Meyer, 1st President of the World Bank (d. 1959)
1875 - Vallabhbhai Patel, Indian freedom fighter and statesman (d. 1950)
1880 - Mikhail Tomsky, Soviet-Russian politician (d. 1936)
1883 - Marie Laurencin, French painter (d. 1956)
1883 - Anthony Wilding, New Zealand tennis player (d. 1915)
1887 – Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese Nationalist politician, President of the Republic of China (d. 1975)
1887 - Newsy Lalonde, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1970)
1888 - Napoleon Lapathiotis, Greek poet (d. 1941)
1888 - George Hubert Wilkins, Australian-born British explorer (d. 1958)
1892 - Alexander Alekhine, Russian chess player (d. 1946)
1895 - B. H. Liddell Hart, British soldier and military historian (d. 1970)
1896 – Ethel Waters, American actress and singer (d. 1977)
1901 1950
1903 - Bertrand Jouvenel, French political philosopher (d. 1987)
1908 - Muriel Duckworth, Canadian activist (d. 2009)
1912 - Dale Evans, American singer and actress (d. 2001)
1912 - Ollie Johnston, American animator (d. 2003)
1914 - Robert E. Smylie, American politician, 24th Governor of Idaho (d. 2004)
1916 – Carl Johan Bernadotte, Swedish prince (d. 2012)
1917 - William H. McNeill, Canadian-American historian (d. 2016)
1918 - Griffin Bell, 72nd United States Attorney General (d. 2009)
1919 - Magnus Wenninger, American mathematician (d. 2017)
1920 – Dick Francis, British writer and jockey (d. 2010)
1920 - Takashi Kano, Japanese footballer (d. 2000)
1920 – Gunnar Gren, Swedish footballer (d. 1991)
1920 – Fritz Walter, German footballer (d. 2002)
1920 - Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan activist (d. 1957)
1922 – Norodom Sihanouk, former King of Cambodia (d. 2012)
1922 - Illinois Jacquet, American jazz musician (d. 2004)
1922 - Anatoli Papanov, Soviet actor (d. 1987)
1922 - Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress (d. 2005)
1925 – John Pople, British chemist (d. 2004)
1926 - Mario Abramovich, Argentine violinist and composer (d. 2014)
1926 – Jimmy Savile, British television personality and sexual abuser (d. 2011)
1927 - Edmund Gettier, American philosopher
1928 - Cleo Moore, American actress (d. 1973)
1929 - Eddie Charlton, Australian snooker player (d. 2004)
1929 - Bud Spencer, Italian movie and television actor (d. 2016)
1930 – Michael Collins, American astronaut
1931 – Dan Rather, American journalist
1932 - Jacques Pic, French chef (d. 1992)
1933 - Phil Goyette, Canadian ice hockey player
1933 - Narriman Sadek, Queen of Egypt (d. 2005)
1935 - Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, Egyptian general and former caretaker-President
1936 – Michael Landon, American actor (d. 1991)
1937 - Tom Paxton, American singer-songwriter
1939 - Tom O'Connor, English comedian and actor
1939 - Ali Farka Touré, Malian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2006)
1939 – Ron Rifkin, American actor
1941 - Sally Kirkland, American actress
1942 – David Ogden Stiers, American actor (d. 2018)
1942 - George Brizan, Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 2012)
1943 - Paul Frampton, English physicist
1944 - Kinky Friedman, American country musician, writer and politician
1945 - Russ Ballard, English rock music singer, songwriter and guitarist
1945 - Brian Doyle-Murray, American actor
1947 - Carmen Alborch, Spanish writer and politician (d. 2018)
1947 – Herman Van Rompuy, Belgian politician
1947 - Alberto Bigon, Italian footballer
1948 - Michael Kitchen, British actor
1949 - Bob Siebenberg, American musician
1950 - Zaha Hadid, Iraqi-born British architect (d. 2016)
1950 – John Candy, Canadian actor (d. 1994)
1951 1975
1951 - Dave Trembley, American baseball manager
1953 - John Lucas II, American basketball player and coach
1953 - Michael S. Anderson, American actor
1953 - José Costa, Portuguese footballer
1957 - Brian Stokes Mitchell, American singer and actor
1958 - Debbie McGee, English television personality
1959 - Neal Stephenson, American actor
1959 - Michael DeLorenzo, American actor, singer and director
1960 - Reza Pahlavi, former Prince of Iran
1960 - Arnaud Desplechin, French movie director
1960 - Luis Fortuño, 9th Governor of Puerto Rico
1961 – Peter Jackson, New Zealand movie director
1961 – Larry Mullen Jr., Irish musician (U2)
1961 - Alonzo Babers, American athlete
1963 - Sarah Jane Brown, wife of Gordon Brown
1963 - Mikkey Dee, Swedish musician
1963 – Dermot Mulroney, American actor
1963 – Rob Schneider, American actor
1963 - Johnny Marr, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1963 - Sanjeev Bhaskar, English actor
1963 – Dunga, Brazilian footballer and coach
1964 – Marco van Basten, Dutch footballer
1964 - Colm O Ciosoig, Irish drummer and songwriter
1964 - Marty Wright, American professional wrestler
1965 - Rob Rackstraw, English voice actor
1966 - Ad-Rock, American rapper, producer and actor
1966 - Mike O'Malley, actor
1967 - Irina Pantaeva, Russian model and actress
1967 – Vanilla Ice, American rapper
1968 - Fred McGriff, American baseball player
1970 - Linn Berggren, Swedish singer-songwriter (Ace of Base)
1970 - Mitch Harris, American guitarist and songwriter
1970 - Johnny Moeller, American guitarist
1970 - Nolan North, American actor
1970 - Terry Alderton, English comedian
1972 – Matt Dawson, English rugby player
1973 - Christopher Bevins, American voice actor, director, scriptwriter and producer
1973 - Beverly Lynne, American actress
1973 - Arzum Onan, Turkish actress and model
1974 - Natasja Saad, Danish musician (d. 2007)
From 1976
1976 – Guti, Spanish footballer
1976 – Piper Perabo, American actress
1977 - Chikara Fujimoto, Japanese footballer
1978 – Inka Grings, German footballer
1979 – Simao Sabrosa, Portuguese footballer
1979 – Ricardo Fuller, Jamaican footballer
1980 – Kengo Nakamura, Japanese footballer
1981 – Frank Iero, rhythm guitarist, back up vocals in My Chemical Romance
1981 – Lollie Alexi Devereaux, French actress and writer
1982 – Tomas Plekanec, Czech ice hockey player
1983 – Katy French, Irish model (d. 2007)
1984 – Scott Clifton, American actor
1986 – Christie Hayes, Australian actress
1988 – Cole Aldrich, American basketball player
1988 – Sébastien Buemi, Swiss racing driver
1989 – Warren Weir, Jamaican athlete
1990 - J.I.D, American rapper
1990 - Emiliano Sala, Argentine footballer (d. 2019)
1992 – Vanessa Marano, American actress
1993 – Letitia Wright, Guyanese-born British actress
1997 – Marcus Rashford, English footballer
2000 – Willow Smith, American singer
2005 – Leonor, Princess of Asturias, Spanish royal
Deaths
Up to 1950
1147 - Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, son of King Henry I of England (b. 1090)
1214 - Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (b. 1162)
1448 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1390)
1517 - Fra Bartolommeo, Italian artist (b. 1472)
1723 – Cosimo III de'Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1642)
1732 – Victor Amadeus II of Savoy (b. 1666)
1744 - Leonardo Leo, Italian composer (b. 1694)
1765 – Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (b. 1721)
1768 - Francesco Maria Veracini, Italian composer (b. 1690)
1879 – Joseph Hooker, American general (b. 1814)
1883 - Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Indian spiritual figure (b. 1824)
1884 - Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian painter (b. 1858)
1916 – Charles Taze Russell, American religious leader, founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses (b. 1852)
1918 – Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (b. 1890)
1918 - István Tisza, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1861)
1925 - Mikhail Frunze, Russian revolutionary (b. 1885)
1925 - Max Linder, French actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1883)
1926 - Anteo Zamboni, Italian anarchist (b. 1911)
1926 – Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born magician (b. 1874)
1929 - António José de Almeida, Portuguese politician (b. 1866)
1939 - Otto Rank, Austrian psychologist (b. 1884)
1941 - Herwarth Walden, German writer, musician and composer (b. 1878)
1951 2000
1959 - Jean Cabannes, French physicist (b. 1885)
1961 - Augustus John, British painter (b. 1883)
1972 - Bill Durnan, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1916)
1973 - Malek Bennabi, Algerian thinker (b. 1905)
1979 - Putte Kock, Swedish sportsman (b. 1901)
1980 - Jan Werich, Czech actor, playwright and writer (b. 1905)
1983 - George Halas, American professional football coach and team owner (b. 1895)
1984 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (b. 1917)
1984 - Eduardo De Filippo, Italian actor and screenwriter (b. 1900)
1986 – Robert S. Mulliken, American physicist and chemist (b. 1896)
1988 - John Houseman, Romanian-born American actor and director (b. 1902)
1991 - Joseph Papp, American director and producer (b. 1921)
1993 – Federico Fellini, Italian movie director (b. 1920)
1993 – River Phoenix, American actor (b. 1970)
1995 – Rosalind Cash, American actress (b. 1938)
1997 – Hans Bauer, German footballer (b. 1927)
1998 - Elmer Vasko, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1935)
1999 - Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom (b. 1921)
2000 - Ring Lardner, Jr., American screenwriter (b. 1915)
From 2001
2002 - Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek politician (b. 1903)
2005 - Mary Wimbush, British actress (b. 1924)
2006 – Pieter Willem Botha, Apartheid-era President of South Africa (b. 1916)
2007 - Ray Gravell, Welsh rugby player (b. 1951)
2008 – Studs Terkel, American writer, historian, actor and broadcaster (b. 1912)
2009 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (b. 1911)
2010 - Ted Sorensen, American jurist and author (b. 1928)
2011 – Flórián Albert, Hungarian footballer (b. 1941)
2011 – Ali Saibou, 3rd President of Niger (b. 1940)
2012 - John Fitch, American racing driver, engineer and inventor (b. 1917)
2012 - John H. Reed, 67th Governor of Maine (b. 1921)
2013 - Gérard de Villiers, French journalist and author (b. 1929)
2014 - David Manker Abshire, American diplomat (b. 1926)
2014 - Hitoshi Motoshima, Japanese politician (b. 1922)
2014 - John Forzani, Canadian businessman (b. 1947)
2014 - Renato Sellani, Italian jazz pianist and composer (b. 1926)
2014 - Brad Halsey, American baseball player (b. 1981)
2015 - Ants Antson, Estonian speed skater (b. 1938)
2015 - Gregg Palmer, American actor (b. 1927)
2015 - Gus Savage, American newspaper executive and politician (b. 1925)
2015 - Thomas Blatt, Polish Holocaust survivor and writer (b. 1927)
2016 - Vladimir Zeldin, Russian actor (b. 1915)
2017 - Abubakari Yakubu, Ghanaian footballer (b. 1981)
2017 - Mario das Neves, Argentine politician (b. 1951)
2017 - Papi Oviedo, Cuban musician (b. 1938)
2018 - Willie McCovey, American baseball player (b. 1938)
2018 - Dana G. Mead, American businessman (b. 1936)
2018 - Ken Shellito, English footballer and manager (b. 1940)
2018 - Tony Streather, British army officer and mountaineer (b. 1926)
2019 - Ebrahim Abadi, Iranian actor (b. 1934)
2019 - Enrico Braggiotti, Turkish-Monegasque banker (b. 1923)
2019 - Ann Crumb, American actress, animal rights activist and singer (b. 1950)
2019 - Geetanjali, Indian actress (b. 1947)
Holidays and Observances
Halloween
Samhain (Paganism)
Day of the Dead (Mexico)
Reformation Day (Protestantism)
Days of the year |
8342 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen | Canteen | A canteen can be:
Canteen (bottle), an object for carrying water
Canteen (place), a small restaurant |
8343 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadle | Beadle | A beadle is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy. A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services.
Like many words that describe a person's job, the word beadle can also be used as a last name.
Religious occupations |
8355 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947 | 1947 |
Events
April 15 – Jackie Robinson, an African-American, plays first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers major-league baseball team, ending the sport's unofficial rule against blacks playing.
June 26 - Sindh province joins Pakistan, after the majority voted in favour.
June 29 - Balochistan (Pakistan) province joins Pakistan, after the majority voted in favour.
July 2 - North-West Frontier Province province joins Pakistan, after the majority voted in favour.
July 19 - Punjab (Pakistan) province joins Pakistan, after the majority voted in favour.
July 22 – The former East Bengal province joins Pakistan on the basis of a Muslim-majority region the people had voted in to join the cause for Pakistan, according to the Partition Plan, based on the Two-nation theory. It later becomes the present day People's Republic of Bangladesh, since 1971.
August 14 – Pakistan is granted freedom from Britain, end of the British Raj.
August 15 – India gains independence from Britain.
Births
January 1 - Jon Corzine, American politician
January 8 – David Bowie, British singer (d. 2016)
February 18 - Dennis DeYoung, American keyboardist (Styx)
March 8 – Carole Bayer Sager, American actress and singer
March 24 - Alan Sugar, British businessman
March 24 - Christine Gregoire, American politician
March 25 – Elton John, British singer
March 29 - Bobby Kimball, American singer (Toto)
April 16 - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, American basketball player
April 18 - James Woods, American actor
May 8 - John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan, British politician
May 25 - Mitch Margo, American singer (The Tokens) (d. 2017)
May 31 - Junior Campbell, Scottish musician and composer
June 24 - Mick Fleetwood, English drummer (Fleetwood Mac)
July 2 - Elijah Kostunica, Serbian politician
July 9 - O. J. Simpson, American football player
July 17 - Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
July 19 - Brian May, English guitarist (Queen)
July 19 - Bernie Leadon, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
July 22 - Don Henley, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
July 30 - Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austrian-born actor, bodybuilder and politician, former Governor of California
July 31 - Richard Griffiths, British actor (d. 2013)
August 16 – Carol Moseley Braun, American jurist
September 21 - Don Felder, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
September 30 - Marc Bolan, British musician (d. 1977)
October 4 - Ann Widdecombe, British politician
October 26 – Hillary Clinton, former First Lady of the United States and United States Secretary of State
October 30 - Timothy B. Schmit, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
November 1 - Bob Weston, English rock guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2012)
November 10 - Bachir Gemayel, Lebanese politician (d. 1982)
November 10 - Greg Lake, English musician (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) (d. 2016)
November 20 - Joe Walsh, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
December 8 – Gregg Allman, American rock musician (The Allman Brothers Band) (d. 2017)
December 11 - David E. Stone, American sound editor
Deaths
Emil J. Brach, American candy manufacturer (b. 1859)
January 25 – Al Capone, American gangster (b. 1899)
March 11 – Victor Lustig, Austrian-born con artist (b. 1890)
March 18 – William C. Durant, American automobile pioneer (b. 1861)
March 19 – Prudence Heward, Canadian painter (b. 1896)
March 20 – Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (b. 1888)
March 30 – Arthur Machen, Welsh-born writer (b. 1863)
April 1 – King George II of Greece (b. 1890)
April 7 – Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer (b. 1863)
April 20 – King Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
April 24 – Willa Cather, American novelist (b. 1873)
May 8 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (b. 1858)
May 16 – Frederick Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (b. 1861)
May 17 – George William Forbes, Prime Minister of New Zealand
May 20 – Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
May 24 – C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (b. 1878)
July 19 – Aung San, Burmese nationalist (assassinated) (b. 1915)
July 30 – Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1860)
October 4 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)
November 25 – Léon-Paul Fargue, French writer (b. 1876)
December 1 – Aleister Crowley, British occultist (b. 1875)
December 1 – G. H. Hardy, British mathematician (b. 1877)
December 7 – Tristan Bernard, French writer and lawyer (b. 1866)
December 7 – Nicholas M. Butler, American president of Columbia University, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1862)
December 17 – J. N. Brønsted, Danish chemist (b. 1879)
Movies released
Hue and Cry
New books
The Loved One by Evelyn Waugh
Bright November – Kingsley Amis' first collection of poems
Country Place – Ann Lane Petty
Creatures of Circumstance – W. Somerset Maugham
The Cold War – Walter Lippmann
Dark Carnival – Ray Bradbury's first book
Dialectic of Enlightenment – Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer
Doctor Faustus – Thomas Mann
Eyes of a Blue Dog – Gabriel García Márquez
Froth on the Daydream – Boris Vian
God Is For White Folks – Thomas Will
Goodnight Moon – Margaret Wise Brown
Great Northern? – Arthur Ransome
A High Wind Rising – Elsie Singmaster
I, the Jury – Mickey Spillane
Les Jeux Inconnus – François Boyer
Knock On Any Door – Willard Motley
Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool – George Orwell
Masquerade, a Historical Novel – Oscar Micheaux
Miss Hickory – Carolyn Sherwin Bailey
The Moneyman – Thomas B. Costain
Paris Was Our Mistress: Memoirs of a Lost & Found Generation – Samuel Putnam
The Path to the Nest of Spiders – Italo Calvino
The Pearl – John Steinbeck
The Adventures of Tintin
The Plague (La Peste) – Albert Camus
Prince of Foxes – Samuel Shellabarger
Rocket Ship Galileo – Robert A. Heinlein
Saggy Baggy Elephant – Kathryn Jackson and Byron Jackson
Snow Country – Yasunari Kawabata
Tales of the South Pacific – James A. Michener
Tarzan and the Foreign Legion – Edgar Rice Burroughs
Tea with Mrs Goodman – Philip Toynbee
Theatre – W. Somerset Maugham
Under the Volcano – Malcolm Lowry
Who Has Seen the Wind? – W.O. Mitchell
Nobel prizes
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay |
8356 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%2017 | July 17 |
Events
Up to 1900
180 - 12 inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians.
1203 - The Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault.
1402 – Yongle becomes Emperor of China.
1429 - Hundred Years' War: Charles VIII of France is crowned King.
1453 - Battle of Castillon: France defeats England in the last battle of the Hundred Years' War.
1717 - George Frideric Handel's Water Music is premiered, as King George I of Great Britain sails down the River Thames with a barge of 50 musicians.
1771 - Bloody Falls massacre: Chipewyan chef Matonabbee, travelling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his Arctic overland expedition, massacres a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
1791 - Members of France's National Guard under control of Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette open fire on a crowd of radical Jacobins at the Champ de Mars, Paris, killing 50 people.
1821 – Florida goes into US control.
1863 - The New Zealand Wars resume as British forces in New Zealand led by Duncan Cameron begin their invasion at Waikato.
1897 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins in North-western Canada.
1901 2000
1917 – The British Royal Family changes its name to Windsor.
1918 – Nicholas II, the Czar of Russia, his wife, and their 5 children are executed by the Bolsheviks, under orders from Vladimir Lenin.
1936 – The Spanish Civil War begins.
1944 - Port Chicago disaster: At Port Chicago near San Francisco Bay, two ships carrying ammunition for the war explode, killing 320 people.
1944 - World War II: Napalm incendiary bombs are dropped for the first time by American P-38 pilots on a fuel depot at Coutances, France.
1945 - World War II: Allied leaders Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meet in Potsdam to discuss the future of a defeated Germany.
1948 – The South Korean Constitution is proclaimed.
1955 – Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California.
1962 - Nuclear weapons testing: The Small Boy test shot Little Feller I becomes the last atmospheric test detonation of the Nevada National Security Site.
1968 - A revolution in Iraq when Abdul Rahman Arif is overthrown and the Ba'ath Party is installed in power with Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as new President.
1973 – Afghanistan: Mohammed Daoud Khan removes his cousin Mohammed Zahir Shah from power.
1976 – 25 African countries boycott the Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada.
1976 – Indonesia takes control of East Timor.
1979 – The Sandinistas start to govern Nicaragua, after Anastasio Somoza Debayle flees to Miami, Florida.
1981 - The Humber Bridge in England is opened by Queen Elizabeth II.
1981 - A structural failure leads to the collapse of a walkway at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, collapses, killing 114 people and injuring over 200.
1989 - Poland restores diplomatic relations with Vatican City.
1994 – Brazil wins the FIFA World Cup for a fourth time, after a penalty shootout win over Italy, which is remembered for Roberto Baggio's missed penalty kick.
1996 – A Boeing 747 airplane explodes near Long Island, New York, killing 230 people.
1998 - At a conference in Rome 120 countries vote to create the International Criminal Court.
1998 – An earthquake causes a tsunami, which destroys ten villages in Papua New Guinea, killing 3,183 people, and leaving more than 2,000 unaccounted for.
1998 - 80 years after being executed, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried at the St. Catherine Chapel in St. Petersburg.
From 2001
2001 - Concorde is brought back into service nearly a year a crash near Paris.
2006 – A tsunami south of Java kills around 300 people.
2007 – A plane crashes and bursts into flames at São Paulo International Airport in Brazil, killing all 187 people on board, and 12 on the ground.
2011 – Japan wins the FIFA Women's World Cup, defeating the United States in a penalty shoot-out.
2014 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, travelling from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, crashes in Eastern Ukraine near the border with Russia, having been reportedly shot down by a missile, killing all 298 people on board.
2014 - Israel-Gaza Strip Conflict: Israel launches a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip.
2015 - Over 120 people are killed in a suicide bombing in Iraq.
2015 - Formula One racing driver Jules Bianchi dies of injuries sustained in a crash at the Japanese Grand Prix over nine months earlier, at the age of 25.
2018 - The European Union-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement is signed.
2019 - The Kivu Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization.
Births
Up to 1900
1476 - Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1539)
1487 - Ismail I of Persia (d. 1524)
1674 - Isaac Watts, English theologian and composer (d. 1748)
1698 - Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1759)
1714 - Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
1744 – Elbridge Gerry, Vice President of the United States (d. 1814)
1745 - Timothy Pickering, 3rd United States Secretary of State (d. 1829)
1752 - Barnaba Oriani, Italian priest, astronomer and scientist (d. 1832)
1763 – John Jacob Astor, American businessman (d. 1848)
1797 - Paul Delaroche, French painter (d. 1856)
1831 – Xianfeng, Emperor of China (d. 1861)
1837 - Joseph-Alfred Mousseau, 6th Premier of Quebec (d. 1886)
1839 - Ephraim Shay, American engineer (d. 1916)
1843 - Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina (d. 1914)
1846 – Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, Russian scientist, anthropologist and explorer of New Guinea (d. 1888)
1853 - Alexius Meinong, Austrian philosopher (d. 1920)
1860 – Clara Viebig, German writer (d. 1952)
1871 - Lyonel Feininger, German-American painter and illustrator (d. 1956)
1871 - J. M. Andrews, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1956)
1879 - Jack Laviolette, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and manager (d. 1960)
1882 - James Somerville, English admiral (d. 1940)
1888 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer (d. 1970)
1889 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American writer (Perry Mason) (d. 1970)
1894 – Georges Lemaitre, Belgian priest and astrophysicist (d. 1966)
1898 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (d. 1991)
1899 – James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
1900 - Marcel Dalio, French actor (d. 1983)
1901 1950
1903 – Takeyama Michio, Japanese writer (d. 1984)
1911 - Lionel Ferbos, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014)
1913 - Roger Garaudy, French philosopher and Holocaust denier (d. 2012)
1915 - Arthur Rothstein, American photographer (d. 1985)
1917 – Phyllis Diller, American actress and comedienne (d. 2012)
1917 - Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015)
1918 – Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003)
1920 – Gordon Gould, American, inventor of the laser (d. 2005)
1920 – Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish Olympic official (d. 2010)
1920 - Kenneth Wolstenholme, English sportscaster (d. 2002)
1921 - Louis Lachenal, French mountaineer (d. 1955)
1925 - Jimmy Scott, American jazz singer (d. 2014)
1926 - Willis Carto, American far-right politician (d. 2015)
1927 - Prosper Ego, Dutch activist (d. 2015)
1929 – Sergei K. Godunov, Russian mathematician
1930 - Sigvard Ericsson, Swedish speed skater (d. 2019)
1930 - Ray Galton, English screenwriter (d. 2018)
1931 - Caroline Graham, English author
1932 - Wojciech Kilar, Polish composer (d. 2013)
1932 - Quino, Argentine artist and illustrator
1933 - Keiko Awaji, Japanese actress (d. 2014)
1933 - Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, 9th Prime Minister of Malta
1933 - Valentina Rastvorova, Soviet-Russian fencer (d. 2018)
1935 – Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor
1935 - Diahann Carroll, American actress and singer (d. 2019)
1939 - Milva, Italian singer and actress
1939 - Spencer Davis, British guitarist
1939 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran
1940 - Tim Brooke-Taylor, English actor and screenwriter
1940 - Francisco Toledo, Mexican painter (d. 2019)
1942 - Connie Hawkins, American basketball player and coach (d. 2017)
1942 - Peter Sissons, English journalist (d. 2019)
1944 – Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian footballer (d. 2016)
1945 - Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia
1945 - John Patten, Baron Patten, British politician, last British Governor of Hong Kong
1946 – Alun Armstrong, British actor
1947 – Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
1947 - Wolfgang Flür, German drummer (Kraftwerk)
1947 - Dorthe Kollo, Danish singer
1948 – Ron Asheton, American musician (d. 2009)
1948 - Luc Bondy, Swiss theatre and film director (d. 2015)
1949 - Wayne Sleep, English dancer, choreographer and actor
1949 - Geezer Butler, English bass player and politician
1950 - Derek de Lint, Dutch actor
1950 – Phoebe Snow, American singer-songwriter (d. 2011)
1951 1975
1951 – Lucie Arnaz, American actress
1952 - Thé Lau, Dutch musician and writer (d. 2015)
1952 – David Hasselhoff, American actor
1954 – Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
1954 – Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (d. 2015)
1956 - Julie Bishop, Australian politician
1957 - Fern Britton, English television host
1958 - Thérèse Rein, Australian businesswoman, wife of Kevin Rudd
1960 - Jan Wouters, Dutch footballer and manager
1961 – Guru, American rapper (d. 2010)
1961 - Jeremy Hardy, English comedian (d. 2019)
1961 - António Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal
1963 - Regina Belle, American singer
1963 – Letsie III, King of Lesotho
1963 - Kim Shattuck, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)
1963 - John Ventimiglia, American actor
1963 - Matti Nykanen, Finnish ski jumper (d. 2019)
1964 - Heather Langenkamp, American actress
1965 - Santiago Segura, Spanish actor, screenwriter, producer and director
1965 - Alex Winter, English-American actor, director and screenwriter
1965 - Bastian Sick, German journalist, author and entertainer
1971 - Calbert Cheaney, American basketball player and coach
1971 - Matthew Crompton, English actor
1971 - Cory Doctorow, Canadian author and activist
1972 – Jaap Stam, Dutch footballer
1972 - Andy Whitfield, Welsh actor (d. 2011)
1974 - Laura Macdonald, Scottish saxophonist and composer
1975 - Konnie Huq, English television host
1975 - Elena Anaya, Spanish actress
From 1976
1976 – Anders Svensson, Swedish footballer
1976 - Marcos Senna, Brazilian-Spanish footballer
1976 - Luke Bryan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1976 - Gino D'Acampo, Italian-English chef and author
1977 – M.I.A., British singer
1978 - Line Daugaard, Danish handball player
1979 - Rudi Skácel, Czech footballer
1982 – Natasha Hamilton, British singer (Atomic Kitten)
1982 - Bobby Reynolds, American tennis player
1982 - René Herms, German athlete (d. 2009)
1983 - Christian Grindheim, Norwegian footballer
1983 - Sarah Jones, American actress
1984 – Asami Kimura, Japanese singer
1985 – Tom Fletcher, English singer (McFly)
1985 - Neil McGregor, Scottish footballer
1986 - Dana, South Korean singer, dancer and actress
1988 - Gao Yue, Chinese table tennis player
1990 – Mattie Stepanek, American poet (d. 2004)
1992 - Billie Lourd, American actress
1992 - Taavi Rand, Estonian ice dancer
1993 - Ai Okawa, Japanese model and actress
1998 - Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón, Spanish royal
2000 - Maria Aragon, Canadian singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
521 - Magnus Felix Ennodius, Latin bishop and saint (b. 474)
924 – Edward the Elder, King of England is killed in battle (b. c. 874)
1070 – Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (b. 1030)
1399 - Jadwiga of Poland (b. 1373)
1531 - Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese commander (b. 1484)
1566 - Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese monk (b. 1484)
1571 – Georg Fabricius, German poet and historian (b. 1516)
1588 - Mimar Sinan, Ottoman architect and engineer (b. 1489)
1704 - Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, French-American fur trader
1762 – Tsar Peter III of Russia (b. 1728)
1790 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (b. 1723)
1793 – Charlotte Corday, French aristocrat (b. 1768)
1845 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1764)
1859 – Stephanie of Hohenzollern, Queen Consort of Portugal (b. 1837)
1878 – Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (b. 1812)
1883 - Te Duc, Emperor of Vietnam
1887 – Dorothea Dix, American social activist (b. 1802)
1893 - Frederick A. Johnson, American banker and politician (b. 1833)
1894 - Leconte de Lisle, French poet (b. 1818)
1901 2000
1906 - Carlos Pellegrini, President of Argentina (b. 1846)
1912 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician (b. 1854)
1918 - Russian Tsarist Family executed by the Bolsheviks:
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (Gregorian calendar date) (b. 1868)
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895)
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897)
Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (b. 1904)
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899)
Alexandra Fyodorovna, Tsarina of Russia (b. 1872)
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901)
1925 - Lovis Corinth, German artist and sculptor (b. 1858)
1928 – Giovanni Giolitti, five-times Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1842)
1928 - Alvaro Obregon, 39th President of Mexico (b. 1880)
1944 - William James Sidis, American mathematician (b. 1898)
1950 - Evangeline Booth, 4th General of the Salvation Army (b. 1865)
1953 - Maude Adams, American actress (b. 1872)
1959 – Billie Holiday, singer (b. 1915)
1959 – Eugene Meyer, American businessman and newspaper publisher (The Washington Post) (b. 1875)
1961 – Ty Cobb, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1886)
1967 – John Coltrane, American jazz musician (b. 1926)
1974 - Dizzy Dean, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1910)
1975 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer and public benefactor (b. 1893)
1980 – Boris Delaunay, Soviet/Russian mathematician (b. 1890)
1994 - Jean Borotra, French tennis player (b. 1898)
1995 – Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1911)
1996 - Victims of TWA Flight 800:
Michael Breistorff, French ice hockey player (b. 1971)
Marcel Dadi, Tunisian-French guitarist (b. 1951)
David Hogan, American composer (b. 1949)
Jed Johnson, American interior designer and director (b. 1948)
Pam Lynchner, American real estate agent and activist (b. 1959)
1996 - Chas Chandler, American bass player and producer (The Animals) (b. 1938)
2001 2010
2001 – Katharine Graham, Washington Post publisher (b. 1917)
2002 – Joseph Luns, NATO Secretary-General (b. 1910)
2003 – Hans Abich, German TV producer (b. 1918)
2003 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
2003 – Dr. David Kelly, UN weapons inspector (b. 1944)
2003 - Walter Zapp, German inventor (b. 1905)
2004 – Pat Roach, American wrestler and actor (b. 1937)
2005 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916)
2005 - Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (b. 1913)
2006 – Mickey Spillane, American writer (b. 1918)
2008 - Larry Haines, American actor (b. 1918)
2009 – Walter Cronkite, American broadcast journalist (b. 1916)
2009 – Leszek Kolakowski, Polish philosopher (b. 1927)
2009 – Meir Amit, Israeli general and politician (b. 1921)
2010 – Bernard Giraudeau, French actor and director (b. 1947)
From 2011
2011 – Juan María Bordaberry, President of Uruguay (b. 1928)
2011 - Takaji Mori, Japanese footballer (b. 1943)
2013 - Vincenzo Cerami, Italian screenwriter and producer (b. 1940)
2014 - John Walton, Australian actor (b. 1952)
2014 - Ross Burden, New Zealand chef (b. 1968)
2014 - Andries P Putter, South African naval officer (b. 1935)
2014 - Elaine Stritch, American actress (b. 1925)
2014 - Otto Piene, German artist (b. 1928)
2014 - Henry Hartsfield, American astronaut (b. 1933)
2014 - On board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17:
Liam Davison, Australian author (b. 1957)
Shuba Jay, Malaysian actress (b. 1976)
Pim de Kuijer, Dutch columnist and lobbyist (b. 1981)
Joep Lange, Dutch physician (b. 1954)
Willem Witteveen, Dutch legal scholar and politician (b. 1952)
2015 - Owen Chadwick, English rugby player, historian, writer and theologian (b. 1916)
2015 - John H. Gibbons, American scientist (b. 1929)
2015 - Van Miller, American football announcer (b. 1927)
2015 - John Taylor, English jazz pianist (b. 1947)
2015 - Jules Bianchi, French racing driver (b. 1989)
2016 - Wendell Anderson, American politician, Governor of Minnesota (b. 1933)
2016 - Gary S. Paxton, American record producer and singer-songwriter (b. 1939)
2017 - Harvey Atkin, Canadian actor (b. 1942)
2017 - Raymond Sackler, American physician and philanthropist (b. 1920)
2018 - Gary Beach, American actor (b. 1947)
2018 - Rita Bhaduri, Indian actress (b. 1955)
2018 - Yvonne Blake, British-Spanish costume designer (b. 1940)
2019 - Andrea Camilleri, Italian writer (b. 1925)
2019 - Pumpsie Green, American baseball player (b. 1933)
2019 - Wesley Pruden, American journalist (b. 1935)
Observances
Constitution Day (South Korea)
Independence Day (Slovakia)
King's birthday (Lesotho)
World Day for International Justice (After the day when the Rome Statute to International Criminal Court is adopted)
World Emoji Day
Days of the year |
8364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable | Vegetable | Vegetables are parts of plants that are eaten by humans as food as part of a meal. This meaning is often used: it is applied to plants to mean all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, and seeds.
Carrots and potatoes are parts of the root of the plants, but since they are eaten by humans, they are vegetables. They are not in the same category as a fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. Though tomatoes are often thought of as vegetables, but because they have seeds, they are, botanically, fruits. Vegetables are an important part of people's diet. Vegetables and fruits are sometimes called produce. Vegetables have vitamins A, B, C, D, minerals and carbohydrates.
The USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends eating five to nine servings of fruit and vegetables everyday. The total amount eaten varies depending on age and gender.
Etymology
The word vegetable was first recorded in English in the early 15th century. It comes from Old French. It is gotten from Medieval Latin vegetabilis "growing, flourishing" (i.e. of a plant).
The meaning of "vegetable" as a "plant grown for food" was not accepted until the 18th century. The year 1955 saw the first use of the slang term "veggie".
Terminology
The word "vegetable" can also be used to mean plants in general, such as when people say "Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral."
However, in an Asian context, 'vegetable' may mean any plant produce, apart from grain and nuts, that is eaten cooked, while only the fruits eaten raw are considered as 'fruits'. For example, an artichoke is thought to be a vegetable, while a melon has the features of a fruit.
"Fruit" has a botanical meaning. Peaches, plums, and oranges are known as "fruits". Many plants commonly called "vegetables", such as eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes, are fruits in botany. The question of is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable was asked in the United States Supreme Court in 1893. The court ruled that a tomato is, and thus taxed as, a vegetable. This was for the Tariff of 1883 on imported produce. But the court knew that a tomato is a fruit in botany.
History
Before agriculture, humans were hunter-gatherers. They looked for fruit, nuts, stems, leaves, corms, and tubers, scavenged for dead animals and hunted living ones for food. Growing crops in a forest clearing is thought to be the first example of agriculture. Useful types of plant were grown while unwanted plants were removed. Plant breeding through the selection of plant with wanted characteristics such as large fruit and fast growth soon started.
It is likely that many people around the world started growing crops in the period 10,000 BC to 7,000 BC. Subsistence agriculture was the earliest form of agriculture. It involves the growing of crops by people to produce enough food for their families. Anything left is used for exchange for other goods.
Throughout history, the rich have been able to afford different kinds of food including meat, vegetables and fruit. But for poor people, the food they ate was very dull. It is usually made up of mainly some staple product made from rice, rye, barley, wheat, millet or maize. The addition of vegetable gave some variety to the diet.
Some common vegetables
Nutrition and health
Vegetables are very important in human nutrition. Most vegetables are low in calories but are large and filling. They are a source of dietary fiber, essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements.
When people eat more vegetables, it reduces the incidence of cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic ailments. The amount of nutrients of each vegetable is different. Some have useful amounts of protein though and varying proportions of vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin K, and vitamin B6, provitamins, minerals; and carbohydrates.
Vegetables are commonly eaten raw. It may become contaminated when they are made by an infected food handler. Hygiene is important when handling foods to be eaten raw. These vegetables need to be properly cleaned, handled, and stored to stop contamination.
Production
Cultivation
Vegetables have been big part of what humans eat. Some vegetables are perennial crops but most are annual and biennial crops. Cultivation of vegetables follows a particular pattern. The pattern is usually followed like this:
Preparation of the soil by loosening it
Removing or burying weeds
Adding organic manures or fertilizers
Sowing seeds or planting young plants
Taking care of the crop while it grows to reduce the weeds, control pests, and provide enough water
Harvesting the crop when it is ready
Sorting, storing, and marketing the crop or eating it fresh from the ground
On a small garden, tools like the spade, fork, and hoe are used. On commercial farms, mechanical equipments are used. These include tractors, ploughs, harrows, transplanters, cultivators, irrigation equipment, and harvesters.
Harvesting
When a vegetable has matured it is ready to be harvested for storage or sale. There should be little damage and bruising to the crop when harvesting. Before storage or sale, damaged goods should be removed and produce should be picked according to its quality, size, ripeness, and color.
Storage
All vegetables have to be stored to make them available all year round. A large proportion of vegetables are lost after harvest during the storage period. The main causes of loss include spoilage caused by moisture, moulds, micro-organisms, and pests.
Storage can be short-term or long-term. During storage, leafy vegetables lose moisture, and the vitamin C in them is lost quickly.
Cold storage is useful for vegetables like cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, radish, spinach, potatoes, and tomatoes. Storage of fruit and vegetables in controlled atmospheres with high levels of carbon dioxide or high oxygen levels can stop microorganisms from growing.
Preservation
The reason why vegetables are preserved is to make them available all year round. The goal is to harvest the food when it is mature with a high nutritional value, and preserve these qualities for a longer period of time. The main causes of spoilage during storage are the actions of naturally-occurring enzymes and micro-organisms. There are many ways to preserve vegetables and they are:
Canning: This is a process by which the enzymes and the micro-organisms in vegetables are destroyed by heat. The sealed can prevents air from going to the food to prevent the decomposition of food. The lowest necessary heat and the minimum processing time are used in order to prevent the breakdown of the product. It is also done to preserve the flavor for a long time. The can is can now be stored at room temperature for a long time.
Freezing vegetables to below −10 °C (14 °F) will stop them from spoiling for a short period of time. But freezing vegetables to below −18 °C (0 °F) will stop them from spoiling for a longer period of time. Not all micro-organisms will be killed at these temperatures so after thawing the vegetables should be used be used imediately because any microbes there will start to grow.
Traditionally, sun drying has been used for hundreds of years. Some vegetables such as tomatoes, mushrooms, and beans, can be sun dried by spreading the vegetables on racks under the Sun. But modern sun drying uses solar powered driers.
Fermentation is another method of preserving vegetables for later use. Sauerkraut is made from chopped cabbage and depends on lactic acid bacteria which make compounds that stops other micro-organisms from growing.
High levels of both sugar and salt can preserve food by stopping micro-organisms from growing. Green beans can be salted by covering the beans with salt. But this method of preservation is not used for other vegetables. Marrows, beetroot, carrot, and some other vegetables can be boiled with sugar to create jams.
Top producers
In 2010, China was the largest vegetable producing nation, with over half the world's production. India, the United States, Turkey, Iran, and Egypt were the next largest producers. Here is a table with the needed information.
References |
8365 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine | Olivine | Olivine (or chrysolite) is a silicate mineral made of magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4.
It ranges in colour from chartreuse green to pale olive. In its gem form, it is called peridot.
Dunite is a rock of 90%+ olivine. Dunite and other peridotite rocks are major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found on land, except where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust.
Olivine has also been found at several extraterrestrial locations, such as the moon and many passing space rocks - as well as the outer layers of dust orbiting young stars.
Minerals
Igneous rocks |
8374 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%2018 | May 18 |
Events
Up to 1900
44 BC – Comet Caesar is discovered by Chinese astronomers.
332 - Emperor Constantine announces distributions of food to citizens in Constantinople.
1152 – Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1388 - During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Chinese army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Toghus Temur, the Khan of Northern Yuan.
1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, in southern India.
1499 – Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cadiz on a voyage to present-day Venezuela.
1565 – The Siege of Malta begins as the Ottomans unsuccessfully attempt to conquer Malta.
1631 – John Winthrop becomes the 1st Governor of Massachusetts.
1652 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America that declares Slavery illegal.
1756 – The Seven Years' War begins as Great Britain declares war on France.
1763 – Fire destroys a large part of Montreal.
1803 – Napoleonic Wars: The United Kingdom declares war on France.
1804 - Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of France by the French Senate.
1811 – Uruguayan forces under José Artigas defeat Spanish colonial troops in the Battle of Las Piedras.
1812 – John Bellingham is sentenced to death for killing Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Spencer Perceval.
1843 – Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland.
1848 - Opening of the first National Assembly of Germany opens in Frankfurt.
1860 – Abraham Lincoln wins the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States, ahead of William H. Seward.
1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins.
1869 - One day after surrendering at the Battle of Hakodate, Emomoto Takeaki turns over Goryokaku to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the Republic of Ezo.
1896 – Khodynka tragedy: Mass panic at the coronation celebration of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in Moscow results in 1,389 people being killed.
1900 – The UK declares Tonga a British protectorate.
1901 2000
1910 – Earth passes through the tail of Halley's Comet.
1912 – The first Indian movie, Shree Mandalik, is released in Bombay.
1927 – Bath School disaster: 45 people are killed by bombs planted by Andrew Kehoe, who is also killed, at Bath School in Michigan.
1944 – World War II: German paratroopers abandon Monte Cassino after severe fighting.
1944 – Deporting of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Government begins.
1951 – In Lund, Sweden, Tetra Pak is introduced, developed by Erik Wallenberg, through an idea by Ruben Rausing.
1953 – Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier.
1955 - End of Operation Passage to Freedom: An evacuation of 310,000 Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French army from Communist North Vietnam to South Vietnam ends, following the end of the First Indochina War.
1956 – First ascent of Lhotse, in the Himalayas, at 8,516 metres above sea level, by a Swiss team.
1958 - An F-104 starfighter sets a world speed record at 1,404.19 miles per hour (2,259.82 kilometres per hour).
1969 – Apollo 10 is launched.
1974 – India tests nuclear weapons.
1974 – The Warsaw radio mast is completed. It collapses on August 8, 1991.
1980 – South Korean students in Gwangju begin pro-democracy protests, which are violently crushed, killing 297.
1980 – Mount St. Helens in Washington state erupts. A large amount of destruction is caused as many trees and wildlife die, and darkness falls over the nearby area. 57 people are killed, including Harry Randall Truman, who famously refused to leave the area prior to the eruption. It is the costliest volcanic disaster in US history.
1990 - In France, a modified TGV train achieves a new rail world speed record of 515.3 kilometers per hour/320.2 miles per hour.
1991 – Northern Somalia declares independence as the Republic of Somaliland, which, to this day, remains unrecognised internationally.
1991 – Helen Sharman becomes the first Briton in space.
1993 - In Denmark, most voters support the Maastricht Treaty, after previously rejecting it in 1992.
1995 – Former United States Army veteran Shawn Nelson goes on a tank rampage in San Diego, California.
1996 - Eimear Quinn, representing Ireland, wins the 41st Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo, Norway. It is Ireland's 4th win in 5 contests.
1999 - Carlo Azeglio Ciampi becomes President of Italy.
From 2001
2005 – The Hubble Space Telescope confirms the discovery of Pluto's moons Nix and Hydra.
2009 – The Sri Lankan Civil War comes to an end, as government forces defeat the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
2012 – Facebook puts its shares onto the Stock Exchange.
2013 - In Malmo, southern Sweden, Emmelie de Forest wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 for Denmark, with the song Only Teardrops.
2015 - A landslide in Salgar, Colombia, kills at least 52 people.
2018 - 10 people are killed in the Santa Fe High School shooting in Texas.
2018 - Cubana de Aviacion Flight 972 crashes shortly after take-off from Havana Airport in Cuba, killing 110 people.
2019 - 2019 Australian federal election: Scott Morrison's conservative coalition scores an unexpected victory in a closely fought election over the Australian Labor Party under Bill Shorten.
2019 - Freedom Party leader Heinz-Christian Strache resigns as Vice-Chancellor of Austria after a video emerges of him being involved in a corruption controversy; Chancellor Sebastian Kurz calls for an early election.
2019 - The 64th Eurovision Song Contest is held in Tel Aviv, Israel, and is won by Duncan Laurence of the Netherlands; this is the first Dutch victory of the contest since 1975.
Births
Up to 1900
1048 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician, poet and philosopher (d. 1131)
1186 – Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1218)
1610 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664)
1692 - Joseph Butler, English philosopher and bishop (d. 1752)
1778 - Andrew Ure, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1857)
1781 - David Hazzard, Governor of Delaware (d. 1864)
1788 - Hugh Clapperton, Scottish naval officer and explorer (d. 1827)
1797 – King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (d. 1854)
1822 – Matthew Brady, American photographer (d. 1896)
1848 – Hermann Alexander Diels, German philologist (d. 1922)
1850 - Oliver Heavside, English physicist (d. 1925)
1851 – James Budd, 19th Governor of California (d. 1908)
1852 - Gertrud Kaesebier, American photographer (d. 1934)
1854 - Bernard Zweers, Dutch composer and music teacher (d. 1924)
1862 - Josephus Daniels, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1948)
1868 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918)
1872 – Bertrand Russell, British philosopher (d. 1970)
1873 - Lucy Beaumont, British actress (d. 1937)
1876 – Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1931)
1878 - Johannes Terwogt, Dutch rower (d. 1977)
1882 - Babe Adams, American baseball player (d. 1968)
1883 – Eurico Gaspar Dutra, President of Brazil (d. 1974)
1883 – Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969)
1887 - Jeanie MacPherson, American actress and screenwriter (d. 1946)
1889 – Gunnar Gunnarsson, Icelandic writer (d. 1975)
1889 – Thomas Midgley, Jr., American chemist and inventor (d. 1944)
1891 – Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
1892 - Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (d. 1957)
1895 - Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan rebel leader (d. 1934)
1896 - Eric Backman, Swedish long-distance runner (d. 1965)
1897 – Frank Capra, American movie director (d. 1991)
1901 1950
1901 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist (d. 1978)
1902 - Meredith Wilson, American composer (d. 1984)
1904 - Jacob K. Javits, American politician (d. 1986)
1907 - Irene Hunt, American children's writer (d. 2001)
1909 – Fred Perry, British tennis player (d. 1995)
1911 – Big Joe Turner, American blues musician (d. 1985)
1912 – Walter Sisulu, South African activist (d. 2003)
1912 – Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001)
1912 – Richard Brooks, American director (d. 1992)
1913 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (d. 1996)
1913 – Charles Trenet, French singer and songwriter (d. 2001)
1914 - Georg von Tiesenhausen, German-American rocket scientist (d. 2018)
1914 - Robert J. Wilke, American actor (d. 1989)
1914 - Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 1993)
1917 - Bill Everett, American comic book writer and artist (d. 1973)
1919 – Margot Fonteyn, British dancer (d. 1991)
1920 – Pope John Paul II (d. 2005)
1920 - Lucia Mannucci, Italian singer and actress (d. 2012)
1922 - Mario Casalinuovo, Italian politician (d. 2018)
1922 - Bill Macy, American actor
1922 - Kai Winding, Danish-American trombonist and composer (d. 1983)
1923 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004)
1924 - Priscilla Pointer, American actress
1926 - Martin Bregman, American film producer (d. 2018)
1928 - Pernell Roberts, American actor (d. 2010)
1931 - Kalju Pitksaar, Estonian chess player (d. 1995)
1933 - H. D. Deve Gowda, former Prime Minister of India
1933 – Bernadette Chirac, former First Lady of France
1934 - Dwayne Hickman, American actor and television presenter
1936 - Rita Cadillac, French dancer, singer and actress (d. 1995)
1937 – Jacques Santer, Luxembourg statesman
1938 - Joan Blackman, American actress
1939 – Giovanni Falcone, Italian magistrate and anti-Mafia judge (d. 1992)
1939 - Peter Grünberg, German physicist (d. 2018)
1941 – Miriam Margolyes, British actress
1942 – Albert Hammond, British musician
1942 – Nobby Stiles, English footballer
1946 – Frank Hsieh, Taiwanese Premier
1946 - Bruce Gilbert, English guitarist
1946 - Gerd Langguth, German political scientist and author (d. 2013)
1946 - Ameril Umbra Kato, Filipino warlord (d. 2015)
1947 – John Bruton, Irish Taoiseach
1948 - Tom Udall, American politician
1949 - Bill Wallace, Canadian bassist
1949 – Rick Wakeman, British musician
1950 – Thomas Gottschalk, German entertainer
1950 - Mark Mothersbaugh, American singer, musician and composer
1951 1975
1951 - Angela Voigt, German long jumper (d. 2013)
1951 - Ben Feringa, Dutch chemist, Nobel laureate
1952 - Jeana Yeager, American pilot
1953 - Alan Kupperberg, American comic book artist (d. 2015)
1955 – Chow Yun-Fat, Hong Kong actor
1956 - Catherine Corsini, French movie director and screenwriter
1957 - Michael Cretu, German-Romanian musician
1958 – Toyah Willcox, British actress and singer
1958 - Ruben Omar Romano, Argentine football manager
1959 - Ranga Yogeshwar, Luxembourgish science journalist, physicist and presenter
1960 - Brent Ashton, Canadian ice hockey player
1960 - Jari Kurri, Finnish ice hockey player, coach and manager
1960 – Yannick Noah, French tennis player and singer
1962 – Nanne Grönvall, Swedish singer
1962 - Sandra, German singer
1963 - Marty McSorley, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and actor
1964 - Ignasi Guardans, Catalan politician
1966 - Michael Tait, American singer-songwriter and producer
1967 - Heinz-Harald Frentzen, German racing driver
1968 - Sergey Martynov, Belarusian target shooter
1969 - Martika, Cuban-American singer-songwriter, producer and actress
1970 – Tina Fey, American actress and comedienne
1971 – Brad Friedel, American soccer player
1971 - Mark Menzies, Scottish politician
1974 - Nelson Figueroa, American baseball player
1975 – Flozell Adams, American football player
1975 – John Higgins, Scottish snooker player
1975 – Jem, Welsh singer
1975 – Jack Johnson, American singer, songwriter and surfer
1975 - Just Jack, English singer
1975 - Princessa, Spanish singer and songwriter
From 1976
1976 - Oleg Tverdovsky, Ukrainian-Russian ice hockey player
1976 - Ron Mercer, American basketball player
1977 – Danny Mills, English footballer
1978 – Ricardo Carvalho, Portuguese footballer
1978 - Charles Kamathi, Kenyan long-distance runner
1979 – Mariusz Lewandowski, Polish footballer
1979 – Milivoje Novakovic, Slovenian footballer
1980 – Michael Llodra, French tennis player
1980 – Diego Pérez, Uruguayan footballer
1981 – Mahamadou Diarra, Malian footballer
1984 - Ivet Lalova, Bulgarian sprinter
1985 - Francesca Battistelli, American singer-songwriter
1986 - Kevin Anderson, South African tennis player
1987 – Luisana Lopilato, Argentine actress, singer and model
1988 – Taeyang, South Korean singer
1989 - Mohammad Rashid Mazaheri, Iranian footballer
1990 - Gayoon, South Korean singer and dancer
1990 - Yuya Osako, Japanese footballer
1992 – Spencer Breslin, American actor
1993 – Jessica Watson, Australian sailor
1998 - Polina Edmunds, American figure skater
1999 – Laura Omloop, Belgian singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
526 - Pope John I
1401 – Wladyslaw Opolczyk, Central European politician (b. 1332)
1550 - Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine, French cardinal (b. 1498)
1551 - Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1486)
1584 – Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1559)
1675 - Jacques Marinette, French-American missionary and explorer (b. 1637)
1675 - Stanislaw Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer, theologian and historian (b. 1623)
1721 – Dawit III of Ethiopia (b. 1695)
1781 – Tupac Amaru II, Peruvian Indian revolutionary (b. 1742)
1799 – Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, French playwright (b. 1732)
1800 - Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (b. 1729)
1807 – John Douglas, Anglican bishop (b. 1721)
1808 – Elijah Craig, important to the invention of bourbon (b. 1738?)
1812 – John Bellingham, assassin of Spencer Perceval
1829 – Maria Josepha of Saxony, Queen Consort of Spain (b. 1803)
1844 - Richard McCarty, American politician (b. 1780)
1853 - Lionel Kieseritzky, Baltic-German/French chess player (b. 1806)
1896 - Daniel Pollen, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1813)
1900 – Jean Gaspard Félix Ravaisson-Mollien, French philosopher (b. 1813)
1901 2000
1909 – George Meredith, English novelist and poet (b. 1828)
1909 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish pianist and composer (b. 1860)
1910 – Pauline Garcia-Viardot, singer, composer (b. 1821)
1911 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (b. 1860)
1922 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French doctor, won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
1927 – Andrew Kehoe, perpetrator of Bath School disaster
1943 - Onishiki Daigoro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1883)
1955 – Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator and activist (b. 1875)
1956 – Maurice Tate, English cricketer (b. 1895)
1969 - Prentice Cooper, American politician, 43rd Governor of Tennessee (b. 1895)
1971 - Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
1973 – Jeannette Rankin, first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives (b. 1880)
1975 – Leroy Anderson, American composer (b. 1908)
1978 - Selwyn Lloyd, British politician (b. 1904)
1980 - Deaths in the Mt. St. Helens eruption:
Harry Randall Truman, Guardian of Mt. St. Helens (b. 1896)
David A. Johnston, American volcanologist (b. 1949)
Reid Blackburn, American photojournalist (b. 1952)
1980 – Ian Curtis, British musician, singer/lyricist with Joy Division (b. July 15, 1956)
1981 – William Saroyan, American writer (b. 1908)
1988 – Daws Butler, voice actor (b. 1916)
1995 – Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (b. 1933)
1995 – Alexander Godunov, ballet dancer and actor (b. 1949)
1995 – Elisha Cook Jr., actor (b. 1903)
1995 – Shawn Nelson, US Army veteran (b. 1959)
1999 – Augustus Pablo, Jamaican singer (b. 1954)
1999 – Betty Robinson, Olympic runner (b. 1911)
2000 – Stephen M. Wolownik, Russian musician and arranger (b. 1946)
From 2001
2001 - Irene Hunt, American children's writer (b. 1907)
2003 – Anna Santisteban, organizer of the Miss Universe contest (b. 1914)
2003 – Barb Tarbox, anti-smoking crusader (b. 1961)
2004 – Elvin Jones, jazz drummer (b. 1927)
2007 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist (b. 1932)
2009 – Velupillai Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (b. 1954)
2009 – Wayne Allwine, American actor (b. 1947)
2009 – Dolla, American rapper (b. 1987)
2010 – Edoardo Sanguineti, Italian writer (b. 1930)
2012 – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German baritone and conductor (b. 1925)
2013 - Jo Benkow, Norwegian politician (b. 1924)
2013 - Nam Duck-woo, 12th Prime Minister of South Korea (b. 1924)
2013 - Steve Forrest, American actor (b. 1925)
2014 - Wubbo Ockels, Dutch physicist and astronaut (b. 1946)
2014 - Dobrica Cosic, Serbian writer and politician, President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1921)
2014 - Jerry Vale, American singer and actor (b. 1930)
2014 - Gordon Willis, American cinematographer (b. 1931)
2014 - Hans-Peter Dürr, German physicist (b. 1929)
2014 - Per Almar Aas, Norwegian politician (b. 1929)
2014 - Kaiketsu Masateru, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1946)
2014 - Morris Weiss, American cartoonist (b. 1915)
2015 - Halldor Asgrimsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1947)
2015 - Raymond Gosling, British scientist (b. 1926)
2015 - Aruna Shanbaug, Indian nurse (b. 1948)
2016 - Fritz Stern, German-American historian (b. 1926)
2016 - Boris Schnaiderman, Ukrainian-born Brazilian translator, writer and essayist (b. 1917)
2017 - Reema Lagoo, Indian actress (b. 1958)
2017 - Anil Madhav Dave, Indian politician (b. 1956)
2017 - Roger Ailes, American television executive (Fox News) (b. 1940)
2017 - Jacque Fresco, American futurist (b. 1916)
2017 - Daniele Piombi, Italian television and radio presenter (b. 1934)
2018 - Stephanie Adams, American model and author (b. 1947)
2018 - Billy Cannon, American football player (b. 1937)
2018 - John Carrick, Australian politician (b. 1918)
2018 - Ayad Futayyih Al-Rawi, Iraqi military officer (b. 1942)
2018 - Sir Des Champs, Irish racehorse (b. 2006)
2018 - Darío Castrillón Hoyos, Colombian cardinal (b. 1929)
2018 - Eric McLuhan, Canadian communications theorist and media ecologist (b. 1942)
2018 - Yrsa Stenius, Finnish-Swedish journalist (b. 1945)
2019 - Analia Gade, Argentine actress (b. 1931)
2019 - Jürgen Kissner, German cyclist (b. 1942)
2019 - Quentin Pongia, New Zealand rugby league player (b. 1970)
Observances
International Museum Day
World AIDS vaccine Day
Independence Day (Somaliland)
Battle of Las Piedras Day (Uruguay)
Days of the year |
8375 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/30%20BC | 30 BC | The year 30 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Crassus.
Events
Roman Republic
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.
Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles. He marches into Syria. Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and troops to help.
Gaius Cornelius Gallus arrives in Cyrene and occupies Paraetonium.
Mark Antony retreats with his army to Egypt. He learns that Pelusium opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.
Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.
Cleopatra evacuates to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea. King Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.
The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian. Octavia Minor raises Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her house in Rome.
Asia
Common date given for Thiruvalluvar to write the Tirukkuṟaḷ
First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow
Births
Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni (d. AD 37)
Deaths
Mark Antony, Roman consul and general (b. 83 BC)
Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (b. 47 BC)
Hyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea until 40 BC
August 12 – Cleopatra VII, last queen of Ptolemaic Egypt (b. 69 BC)
August 23 – Ptolemy Caesar, son of Julius Caesar and pharaoh of Egypt (b. 47 BC) |
8376 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%2029 | January 29 |
Events
Up to 1900
757 - An Lushan, leader of the revolt against China's Tang dynasty, is murdered by his son An Qingxu.
904 - Pope Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
1616 - Dutch seafarers Jacob Le Maire and Willem Cornelisz Schouten successfully sail around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean.
1676 – Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia.
1814 - France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.
1819 – Singapore is founded.
1834 - Andrew Jackson orders the first use of federal soldiers to suppress a labor dispute.
1845 - The Raven is published in the New York Evening Mirror newspaper, the first publication with the name of the writer, Edgar Allan Poe.
1856 – Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross.
1861 – Kansas becomes the 34th state to join the United States.
1863 – Union forces massacre 400 Native Americans at Bear River, Idaho.
1886 – Karl Benz patents his automobile.
1891 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.
1900 - The American League is organized in Philadelphia with eight founding teams. It later becomes Major League Baseball.
1901 2000
1907 – Charles Curtis becomes United States Senator for Kansas. He is the first in his position known to have Native American ancestors.
1908 - Frederick VIII of Denmark becomes King.
1916 – World War I: Paris is first bombed by German zeppelins.
1929 – All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque is first published.
1936 – The first inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame are announced.
1940 - Three trains on the Sakurajima Line in Osaka, Japan, collide and explode while approaching Ajikawaguchi Station, killing 181 people.
1941 – Alexandros Koryzis succeeds the Ioannis Metaxas, who died, as Prime Minister of Greece.
1942 – At the end of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, Ecuador loses half of its territory to Peru.
1943 - World War II: On the first day of the Battle of Rennell Island, US cruiser Chicago is torpedoed and heavily damaged by Japanese bombers.
1944 - World War II: Around 38 men, women and children die in the Koniuchy massacre in Poland.
1963 – Charles de Gaulle rejects UK membership of the European Community.
1964 – The movie Dr. Strangelove is first shown.
1967 - The 'ultimate high' of the hippie era, the Mantra-Rock Dance, takes place in San Francisco, featuring Janis Joplin, the Grateful Dead and Allen Ginsberg.
1979 - Brenda Ann Spencer kills 2 people and injures 8 in the Grover Cleveland Elementary School shooting.
1981 - Adolfo Suárez resigns as Prime Minister of Spain.
1985 - Final recording session for "We Are the World", by the supergroup USA for Africa.
1986 - Yoweri Museveni takes power in Uganda.
1989 – Hungary establishes diplomatic relations with South Korea.
1991 – Gulf War: The Battle of Khafji begins.
1996 – The La Fenice opera house in Venice is destroyed by fire.
1996 – Jacques Chirac announces the end of French nuclear testing in the Pacific.
1998 - In Birmingham, Alabama a bomb explodes at an abortion clinic, killing 1 person, and injuring another.
From 2001
2001 – Thousands of student protesters in Indonesia storm the parliament, demanding the resignation of President Abdurrahman Wahid over corruption scandals.
2002 – US President George W. Bush first used the term "Axis of Evil" in his State of the Union speech to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.
2005 - The first direct flights between mainland China and the island of Taiwan since 1949 take place.
2006 - India's Irfan Pathan becomes the first bowler to take a test-cricket hat-trick in the opening over of a match.
2009 - Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich is convicted of several corruption charges.
2011 - The Asian football championship is won by the Japan national football team over the Australia national football team, which had reached the final in only its second participation at the tournament.
2012 – Tennis: In the Australian Open, Novak Djokovic wins in five sets against Rafael Nadal in the longest Grand Slam final to date.
2014 - Scientists in Japan announce that shocking blood cells with acid could also trigger the transformation into stem cells.
2015 - Over 30 Egyptian soldiers are killed in an attack by militants linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on the Sinai Peninsula, where there had also been strong anti-government protests.
Births
Up to 1900
1455 - Johann Reuchlin, German philosopher, humanist, jurist and diplomat (d. 1522)
1499 – Katharina von Bora, religious reformer and wife of Martin Luther (d. 1552)
1584 – Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (d. 1647)
1688 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, philosopher and theologian (d. 1772)
1711 - Giuseppe Bonno, Austrian composer (d. 1788)
1715 - Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (d. 1777)
1717 - Jeffrey Amherst, British military leader (d. 1797)
1718 – Paul Rabaut, French Huguenot pastor (d. 1794)
1737 – Thomas Paine, American writer (d. 1809)
1749 – King Christian VII of Denmark (d. 1808)
1751 - Joseph Bradley Varnum, American politician (d. 1821)
1754 - Moses Claeveland, founder of Cleveland, Ohio (d. 1806)
1756 - Henry Lee III, Governor of Virginia (d. 1818)
1761 – Albert Gallatin, Swiss-born United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1849)
1792 - Lemuel H. Arnold, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1852)
1801 - Johannes Bernardus van Bree, Dutch composer, violinist and conductor (d. 1857)
1801 – Horatia Nelson, daughter of Horatio Nelson and Emma Hamilton (d. 1881)
1810 - Ernst Kummer, German mathematician (d. 1893)
1832 - Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatiev, Russian general and diplomat (d. 1908)
1838 - Edward Morley, American chemist (d. 1923)
1843 – William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (d. 1901)
1846 – Karol Olszewski, Polish scientist (d. 1915)
1850 - Ebenezer Howard, British inventor of the Garden city movement (d. 1928)
1853 - Kitasato Shibasaburo, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (d. 1931)
1860 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904)
1862 – Frederick Delius, English composer (d. 1934)
1866 – Romain Rolland, French writer (d. 1944)
1866 - Julio Peris Brell, Spanish painter (d. 1944)
1867 – Vicente Blasco Ibañez, Spanish writer (d. 1928)
1874 – John D. Rockefeller, Jr., American businessman (d. 1960)
1880 – WC Fields, American actor (d. 1946)
1884 - Douglass Cadwallader, American golfer (d. 1971)
1887 – Wellington Koo, Chinese diplomat (d. 1985)
1888 - Sydney Chapman, British mathematician and geophysicist (d. 1970)
1891 - Elizaveta Gerdt, Russian ballerina (d. 1975)
1895 - Muna Lee, American poet (d. 1965)
1901 1950
1901 - Arcady Aris, Russian Chuvash writer (d. 1941)
1901 - Allen B. DuMont, American scientist and inventor (d. 1965)
1905 - Barnett Newman, American painter (d. 1970)
1906 - Joe Primeau, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1989)
1911 – Peter von Siemens, German industry (d. 1986)
1913 – Peter von Zahn, German journalist (d. 2001)
1913 - Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999)
1917 - John Raitt, American actor and singer (d. 2005)
1918 – John Forsythe, American actor (d. 2010)
1920 - José Luis de Vilallonga, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2007)
1922 - Borys Yukhymovych Steklyar, Ukrainian military officer (d. 2018)
1923 - Paddy Chayefsky, American playwright, screenwriter and novelist (d. 1981)
1923 - Ivo Robic, Croatian singer-songwriter (d. 2000)
1924 - Dorothy Malone, American actress (d. 2018)
1924 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (d. 1990)
1925 – Tofik Bakhramov, Soviet-Azerbaijani linesman (d. 1993)
1926 – Franco Cerri, Italian jazz guitarist
1926 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani Nobel Prize in Physics winner (d. 1996)
1926 - Roberto Goyeneche, Argentine tango singer (d. 1994)
1927 - Edward Abbey, American naturalist, philosopher and writer (d. 1989)
1929 - Elio Petri, Italian movie director and screenwriter (d. 1982)
1929 - Ed Shaughnessy, American jazz musician
1930 - Carmino Ravosa, American singer and composer (d. 2015)
1931 – Ferenc Madl, President of Hungary (d. 2011)
1931 - Leslie Bricusse, British composer
1931 - Richard Bakalyan, Armenian-American actor (d. 2015)
1933 – Sacha Distel, French singer (d. 2004)
1933 - Paul Sally, American mathematician
1936 - Walter Lewis, Dutch astrophysicist
1936 - James Jamerson, American bass guitarist (d. 1983)
1937 - Hassan Habibi, 1st Vice president of Iran (d. 2013)
1937 - Bobby Scott, American musician
1939 – Germaine Greer, Australian writer, publicist, feminist and activist
1940 - Katharine Ross, American actress
1940 - Kunimitsu Takahashi, Japanese motorcycle racer and racing driver
1941 - Robin Morgan, American actress, journalist, author and activist
1942 - Claudine Longet, French-American singer, actress and dancer
1943 – Tony Blackburn, British disc jockey
1943 - Molly Meldrum, Australian music critic, journalist, record producer and music entrepreneur
1943 - Pat Quinn, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014)
1944 – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda
1945 – Tom Selleck, American actor
1945 – Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, former Prime Minister of Mali
1947 – Linda B. Buck, American scientist
1947 – David Byron, British musician (d. 1985)
1948 - David Hay, Scottish footballer
1948 – Guido Knopp, German historian, journalist and publicist
1949 - Tommy Ramone, Hungarian-born American musician and record producer (The Ramones) (d. 2014)
1950 – Jody Scheckter, South African racecar driver
1951 1975
1953 - Peter Baumann, German musician
1954 – Oprah Winfrey, American television host and businesswoman
1954 - Doug Riseborough, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and executive
1955 – Eddie Jordan, American basketball player and coach
1956 - Amii Stewart, American singer, dancer and actress
1958 - Glen Cochrane, Canadin ice hockey player
1960 - Greg Louganis, American diver
1962 - Nicholas Turturro, American actor
1963 - Octave Octavian Teodorescu, Romanian composer and musician
1964 - Roddy Frame, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1966 – Romario, Brazilian footballer
1969 – Hyde, Japanese singer
1969 - Sasa Obradovic, Serbian basketball coach
1970 – Heather Graham, American actress
1970 - Paul Ryan, American politician
1971 - Clare Balding, British television presenter
1973 - Miranda Krestovnikoff, British television presenter, naturalist and archaeologist
1974 - Michael Andersen, Danish basketball player
1974 - Malina Olinescu, Romanian singer (d. 2011)
From 1976
1978 - Rob Bironas, American football player (d. 2014)
1978 - Martin Schmitt, German ski jumper
1979 - Sarah Kuttner, German television presenter and writer
1979 - Sui Feifei, Chinese basketball player
1979 - April Scott, American actress and model
1980 – Ivan Klasnic, Croatian footballer
1980 – Ingimundur Ingimundarson, Icelandic handball player
1980 – Jason James Richter, American musician and actor
1982 - Kim Dong-Jin, South Korean footballer
1982 – Adam Lambert, American singer
1984 - Yukio Peter, Nauruan weightlifter
1985 – Marc Gasol, Spanish basketball player
1985 - Isabel Lucas, Australian actress
1985 - Rag'n'Bone Man, English singer
1985 – Athina Onassis, heiress
1986 – Simon Vukcevic, Montenegrin footballer
1986 - Drew Tyler Bell, American actor
1988 - Tatyana Chernova, Russian athlete
1988 - Stephanie Gilmore, Australian surfer
1989 – Kevin Shattenkirk, American ice hockey player
1990 - Danielle Parsons, Canadian curler
1992 - George Pocheptsov, American painter
1992 - Aleksandr Trokhov, Russian footballer
1993 - Kyary Pamyu Pamyu, Japanese model, blogger and recording artist
1998 - Mion Mukaichi, Japanese singer and actress (AKB48)
Deaths
Up to 1900
969 – Tsar Peter I of Bulgaria (b. 895)
1119 - Pope Gelasius II
1342 - Louis I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1279)
1477 - Gregory of Sanok, Polish professor and humanist (b. 1403)
1676 – Tsar Alexis I of Russia (b. 1629)
1696 - Tsar Ivan V of Russia (b. 1666)
1743 - Andre-Hercule de Fleury, French statesman (b. 1653)
1763 – Louis Racine, French poet (b. 1692)
1814 - Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (b. 1762)
1820 – George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland (b. 1738)
1828 - Paul de Barras, French politician (b. 1775)
1829 - Timothy Pickering, United States Secretary of State (b. 1745)
1860 – Ernst Moritz Arndt, German writer (b. 1769)
1870 – Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1797)
1888 – Edward Lear, British writer, illustrator, artist and poet (b. 1812)
1899 – Alfred Sisley, French impressionist painter (b. 1839)
1901 2000
1901 – Milan I of Serbia (b. 1855)
1906 – King Christian IX of Denmark (b. 1818)
1928 – Douglas Haig, British soldier (b. 1861)
1933 - Sara Teasdale, American poet (b. 1884)
1934 – Fritz Haber, German chemist (b. 1868)
1941 – Ioannis Metaxas, Greek military leader (b. 1871)
1945 - Gustav Flatow, German gymnast (b. 1875)
1946 - Harry Hopkins, American politician (b. 1890)
1948 - Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, Italian aristocrat (b. 1900)
1950 – Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1885)
1951 - Frank Tarrant, Australian cricketer (b. 1880)
1956 - H. L. Mencken, American journalist (b. 1880)
1963 – Robert Frost, American poet (b. 1874)
1964 - Alan Ladd, American actor (b. 1913)
1969 – Allen Dulles, CIA director (b. 1893)
1977 – Freddie Prinze, American actor and comedian (b. 1954)
1980 - Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer and pianist (b. 1893)
1986 - Leif Erickson, American actor (b. 1911)
1989 - Halina Konopacka, Polish athlete (b. 1900)
1992 - Willie Dixon, American composer and musician (b. 1915)
1994 – Ulrike Maier, Austrian skier (b. 1967)
1998 - Joseph Alioto, American politician (b. 1916)
From 2001
2002 - Harold Russell, Canadian-born American actor (b. 1914)
2003 - Frank Moss, American politician (b. 1911)
2004 – Janet Frame, New Zealand writer (b. 1924)
2005 – Eric Griffiths, Welsh musician (b. 1940)
2005 - Ephraim Kishon, Israeli author, screenwriter and director (b. 1924)
2006 – Nam June Paik, South Korean artist (b. 1932)
2008 - Bengt Lindström, Swedish artist (b. 1925)
2008 – Margaret Truman, American writer (b. 1924)
2009 – John Martyn, British musician (b. 1948)
2011 – Milton Babbitt, American composer (b. 1916)
2012 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (b. 1918)
2012 - Camilla Williams, American singer (b. 1919)
2013 - Bernard Horsfall, British actor (b. 1930)
2014 - François Cavanna, French journalist and author (b. 1923)
2014 - Lars Andreas Larssen, Norwegian actor (b. 1935)
2015 - Colleen McCullough, Australian author (b. 1937)
2015 - Will McBride, American photographer (b. 1931)
2015 - Rod McKuen, American poet, composer, singer and songwriter (b. 1933)
2015 - Maurizio Arcieri, Italian singer (b. 1942)
2015 - Tenkoko Sonoda, Japanese politician (b. 1919)
2015 - Alexander Vraciu, American Navy fighter ace (b. 1918)
2015 - Israel Yinon, Israeli conductor (b. 1956)
2016 - Jacques Rivette, French movie director (b. 1928)
2016 - Gordon Goody, British criminal (b. 1929)
2016 - John Roper, Baron Roper, British politician (b. 1935)
2016 - Jean-Marie Doré, 11th Prime Minister of Guinea (b. 1938)
2016 - Cayetano Paderanga, Jr., Filipino economist (b. 1948)
2016 - Aurèle Nicolet, Swiss flautist (b. 1926)
2017 - Howard Frank Mosher, American author (b. 1942)
2017 - Leonard H. Perroots, American military officer (b. 1933)
2017 - Joop Gouweleeuw, Dutch judoka (b. 1940)
2018 - Ion Ciubuc, Prime minister of Moldova (b. 1943)
2018 - Eddie Shaw, American blues saxophonist, arranger and bandleader (b. 1937)
2019 - George Fernandes, Indian politician (b. 1930)
2019 - Jean-Marc Fontaine, French mathematician (b. 1944)
2019 - Andy Hebenton, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1929)
2019 - Mohammad Nabi Habibi, Iranian politician, Mayor of Tehran (b. 1945)
2019 - Charles J. Hynes, American lawyer and politician (b. 1935)
2019 - James Ingram, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1952)
Observances
Statehood Day (Kansas)
Days of the year |
8377 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy | Economy | An economy is a system of making and trading things of value. It is usually divided into goods (physical things) and services (things done by people). It assumes there is medium of exchange, which in the modern world is a system of finance. This makes trade possible. The alternative systems of barter – exists only on a very small scale.
To better understand how the economy works, it can be discussed in three sections. These are:
The primary sector which covers raw products from farming, fishing, and mining, and so on.
The secondary sector which covers manufacturing of goods.
The tertiary sector which covers a range of services, provided to people and companies.
The term 'real economy' is sometimes used to mean the part of the economy concerned with goods and services. This is contrasted with the 'paper economy', the financial side of the economy, which buys and sells on the financial markets.
The word 'economy' comes from the Greek word οἰκονόμος. This means "person who manages the house".
Related pages
Economics
Political economy
References |
8378 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%207 | March 7 |
Events
Up to 1900
161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies.
238 - Roman subjects in North Africa revolt against Maximus Thrax and elect Gordian I as Roman Emperor.
321 - Constantine announces that Sunday is a rest day in Europe.
1277 - Stephen Tempier, Bishop of Paris, condemns 219 philosophical and theological theses.
1573 - A peace treaty is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, ending the Ottoman-Venetian War and leaving Cyprus under Ottoman control.
1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops kill over 2,000 Albanian captives.
1850 - US Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech in support of the Compromise of 1850.
1862 - American Civil War: Union forces defeat Confederate troops at Pea Ridge, Arkansas.
1871 - Jose Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil. With four years in office, he becomes its longest-serving Prime Minister.
1876 - Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.
1897 - Cornflakes are first served at a sanatorium in Michigan, having been invented by John Harvey Kellogg and Will Keith Kellogg.
1900 - German liner SS Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to send wireless signals to shore.
1901 2000
1902 - Second Boer War: Battle of Tweebosch - A Boer commando led by Koos de la Rey inflicts a heavy defeat on British forces.
1912 - Roald Amundsen announces that his Norwegian expedition reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911.
1914 - Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign.
1927 - A magnitude 7.6 earthquake its Tango Province, Japan, killing 3,000 people.
1936 - Germany re-occupies the Rhineland, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Pact.
1945 - World War II: American troops seize the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine at Remagen.
1950 - The Soviet Union issues a statement denying that Klaus Fuchs served as a Soviet spy.
1951 - Korean War: Operation Ripper - UN troops led by General Matthew Ridgeway begin an assault against Chinese forces.
1965 - A Civil rights march by 600 people in Selma, Alabama, is forcefully broken.
1968 - Vietnam War: US and South Vietnamese military forces begin Operation Truong Cong Dinh to root out Viet Cong forces from the area surrounding My Tho.
1971 - Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founding leader of Bangladesh, delivers a historic speech at Suhrawardy Udyan.
1980 - Oil tanker "Tanio" breaks in two off Brittany.
1985 - The song "We are the World" receives its international release.
1986 - Divers from the USS Preserver discover the crew cabin of the Space Shuttle Challenger on the ocean floor.
1989 - Iran and the United Kingdom break off diplomatic relations after a row over Salman Rushdie's book "The Satanic Verses".
1992 - Eduard Shevardnadze becomes Head of State in Georgia.
From 2001
2002 - The 2002 Winter Paralympics begin in Salt Lake City.
2004 - Kostas Karamanlis is elected Prime Minister of Greece.
2004 - The Samson ferry sinks in a cyclone between Madagascar and the Comoros.
2006 - Terror organization Lashkar-e-Taiba co-ordinates a series of bombings in Varanasi, India.
2007 - The UK House of Commons supports by a majority to have an elected House of Lords.
2009 - The Kepler space observatory is launched to find Earth-like planets orbiting around other stars.
2009 - The Real Irish Republican Army kills two British soldiers and two civilians outside a barracks in Northern Ireland.
2010 - Kathryn Bigelow becomes the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director, for her movie The Hurt Locker.
2014 - The 2014 Winter Paralympics begin in Sochi, Southern Russia.
2015 - An attack by Boko Haram in Maiduguri, northern Nigeria, leaves an estimated 50 people dead.
2017 - North Korea and Malaysia ban each other's citizens from leaving their countries in a continued diplomatic row over the murder of Kim Jong-nam (half-brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un).
Births
Up to 1900
189 - Publius Septimius Geta, Roman Emperor (d. 211)
1481 - Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1537)
1556 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (d. 1621)
1663 - Tomaso Antonio Vitali, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1745)
1671 - Rob Roy MacGregor, Scottish folk hero (d. 1734)
1671 - Ellis Wynne, Welsh clergyman and author (d. 1734)
1678 - Filippo Juvarra, Italian architect (d. 1736)
1693 - Pope Clement XIII (d. 1769)
1715 - Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet (d. 1759)
1715 - Ephraim Williams, American philanthropist (d. 1755)
1730 - Baron de Breteuil, French statesman (d. 1807)
1765 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor of photography (d. 1833)
1785 - Alessandro Manzoni, Italian writer (d. 1873)
1788 - Antoine César Becquerel, French physicist (d. 1878)
1792 - John Herschel, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1871)
1802 - Edwin Henry Landseer, English painter (d. 1873)
1835 - Daniel Giraud Elliot, American zoologist (d. 1915)
1837 - Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882)
1849 - Luther Burbank, American botanist, horticulturist and agricultural scientist (d. 1926)
1850 - Tomas Garrigue Masaryk, 1st President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1937)
1850 - Champ Clark, 41st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1921)
1857 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian doctor, won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940)
1866 - Hans Fruhstorfer, German explorer and entomologist (d. 1922)
1868 - Giovanni Giacometti, Swiss painter (d. 1933)
1872 - Piet Mondrian, Dutch artist (d. 1944)
1875 – Maurice Ravel, French composer (d. 1937)
1878 - Boris Kustodiev, Russian painter (d. 1927)
1886 - Virginia Pearson, American silent movie actress (d. 1958)
1888 - Alidius Warmoldus Lambertus Tjarda van Starkenbourgh Stachouwer, Dutch lawyer and politician (d. 1978)
1901 1950
1901 - Beatrice Roberts, American actress (d. 1970)
1902 - Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994)
1904 - Ivar Ballangrud, Norwegian speed skater (d. 1969)
1904 - Reinhard Heydrich, German SS officer (d. 1942)
1908 - Anna Magnani, Italian actress (d. 1973)
1911 - Nikolai Baibakov, Soviet politician (d. 2008)
1914 - John Rodney, American actor (d. 1996)
1914 - Lee Young, American jazz drummer and singer (d. 2008)
1915 - Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Prime Minister of France (d. 2000)
1917 - Betty Holberton, American engineer and programmer (d. 2004)
1922 - Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya, Russian mathematician (d. 2004)
1922 - Umberto Betti, Italian cardinal (d. 2009)
1924 - Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish sculptor and artist (d. 2005)
1924 - Kobo Abe, Japanese writer, playwright, photographer and inventor (d. 1993)
1925 - René Gagnon, American navy officer (d. 1979)
1927 - James Broderick, American actor (d. 1982)
1927 - Philippe Clay, French singer and actor (d. 2007)
1930 - Robert D. Cardona, American model-maker
1930 - Stanley Miller, American biologist and chemist (d. 2007)
1930 - Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, British photographer and husband of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2017)
1933 - Hannelore Kohl, wife of Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl (d. 2001)
1933 - Gordon Walgren, American politician and convicted fraudster (d. 2018)
1933 - Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1998)
1934 - Douglas Cardinal, Canadian architect
1935 - Antonios Naguib, Coptic Catholic Church Patriarch and cardinal
1936 - Julio Terrazas Sandoval, Bolivian archbishop and cardinal (d. 2015)
1938 - Albert Fert, French physicist
1938 - David Baltimore, American biologist
1938 - Petr Skoumal, Czech musician and composer (d. 2014)
1939 - Panajot Pano, Albanian footballer (d. 2010)
1940 - Rudi Dutschke, German student leader (d. 1979)
1940 - Daniel J. Travanti, American actor
1942 - Michael Eisner, American movie studio executive
1942 - Tammy Faye Messner, American televangelist (d. 2007)
1943 - Chris White, English bass player and songwriter (The Zombies)
1944 - Ranulph Fiennes, British explorer
1944 - Michael Rosbash, American biologist and Nobel laureate
1944 - Townes Van Zandt, American musician and songwriter (d. 1997)
1945 - John Heard, American actor
1945 - Bob Herbert, American journalist
1945 - Nicholas Kraemer, English harpsichord player and conductor
1947 - Richard Lawson, American actor
1947 - Walter Röhrl, German rally driver
1949 - Ghulam Nabi Azad, Indian politician
1949 - Genyo Takeda, Japanese video game developer
1950 - Iris Chacon, Puerto Rican singer and dancer
1951 1975
1952 - William Boyd, Scottish writer, screenwriter and producer
1952 - Viv Richards, Antiguan West Indies cricketer
1952 - Ernie Isley, American guitarist and songwriter (The Isley Brothers)
1953 - Bernard Voyer, Canadian explorer and mountaineer
1954 - Eva Brunne, Swedish clergywoman and first openly lesbian bishop
1955 - Anupam Kher, Indian actor
1956 - Bryan Cranston, American actor
1956 - Andrea Levy, British writer (d. 2019)
1958 - Alan Hale, American astronomer
1958 - Rik Mayall, British actor and comedian (d. 2014)
1959 - Tom Lehman, American golfer
1959 - Donna Murphy, American actress and singer
1960 - Ivan Lendl, Czech-American tennis player and coach of Andy Murray
1960 - Kazuo Ozaki, Japanese footballer
1961 - Mary Beth Evans, American actress
1962 – Taylor Dayne, American singer
1963 - Mike Eagles, Canadian ice hockey player
1963 - E. L. James, English writer (Fifty Shades of Grey)
1964 - Bret Easton Ellis, American author and screenwriter
1964 - Wanda Sykes, American actress and comedienne
1964 - Tommy Sheridan, Scottish politician
1965 - Jesper Parnevik, Swedish golfer
1966 - Terry Carkner, Canadian ice hockey player
1967 - Ruthie Henshall, British theatre actress and singer
1967 - Ai Yazawa, Japanese manga artist
1969 - Massimo Lotti, Italian footballer
1970 - Petra Mede, Swedish comedienne, dancer and television host
1970 - Rachel Weisz, British actress
1971 - Peter Sarsgaard, American actor
1971 - Matthew Vaughn, British movie producer and director
1972 - Jang Dong-Gun, South Korean actor and musician
1972 - Simon Pryce, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
1973 - Sébastien Izambard, Swiss operatic singer (Il Divo)
1973 - Ray Parlour, English footballer
1974 - Jenna Fischer, American actress
1974 - Darryl Stephens, American actor
1975 - Audrey Marie Anderson, American actress and model
From 1976
1977 - Paul Cattermole, British singer and actor
1977 - Gianluca Grava, Italian footballer
1977 - Ronan O'Gara, Irish rugby player
1977 - Jerome Fernandez, French handball player
1980 - Murat Boz, Turkish singer-songwriter and actor
1980 - Eric Godard, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 - Laura Prepon, American actress
1982 - Marc Planus, French footballer
1983 - Manucho, Angolan footballer
1984 - Mathieu Flamini, French footballer
1986 - Ben Griffin, Australian footballer
1987 - Hatem Ben Arfa, French footballer
1987 - Niclas Bergfors, Swedish ice hockey player
1987 - Eleni Foureira, Albanian-Greek singer
1988 - Larry Asante, American football player
1989 - Gerald Anderson, Filipino-American actor and model
1990 – Abigail and Brittany Hensel, American conjoined twins
1990 - Lefteris Matsoukas, Greek footballer
1991 - Quenten Martinus, Curaçaoan footballer
1991 - Michele Rigione, Italian footballer
1992 - Bel Powley, English actress
1994 - An-Sophie Mestach, Belgian tennis player
1994 - Jordan Pickford, English footballer
2009 - Prince Umberto of Savoy
Deaths
Up to 1900
322 BC – Aristotle, Greek philosopher (b. 384 BC)
161 - Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor (b. 86)
203 - Felicity and Perpetua, early Christian martyrs
413 - Heraclianus, Roman politician
851 - Nominoe, Duke of Brittany
1274 - Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian philosopher (b. 1225)
1550 - William IV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1493)
1625 - Johann Bayer, German astronomer (b. 1572)
1724 - Pope Innocent XIII (b. 1655)
1778 - Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist (b. 1720)
1786 - Franz Benda, Bohemian composer (b. 1709)
1809 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard, French balloonist (b. 1753)
1875 - John Edward Gray, British zoologist (b. 1800)
1901 2000
1920 - Jaan Poska, Estonian lawyer, diplomat and politician (b. 1866)
1932 - Aristide Briand, French politician and diplomat (b. 1862)
1938 - Andreas Michalakopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1876)
1942 - Lucy Parsons, American anarchist, Communist and labor organizer (b. 1853)
1952 - Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian Guru (b. 1893)
1954 - Otto Diels, German chemist (b. 1876)
1957 - Wyndham Lewis, British author (b. 1882)
1961 - Govind Ballabh Pant, Indian politician, 2nd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (b. 1887)
1965 - Louise Mountbatten, Queen of Sweden (b. 1889)
1967 - Alice B. Toklas, American companion to Gertrude Stein (b. 1877)
1969 - Sampurnanand, Indian politician (b. 1910)
1974 - Alberto Rabagliati, Italian singer and actor (b. 1906)
1975 - Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher (b. 1895)
1981 - Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (b. 1914)
1983 - Igor Markevitch, Ukrainian conductor and composer (b. 1912)
1986 - Jacob J. Javits, American politician (b. 1904)
1988 - Robert Livingston, American actor (b. 1914)
1988 - Divine, American actor and singer (b. 1945)
1991 - Cool Papa Bell, American baseball player (b. 1903)
1997 - Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist (b. 1912)
1999 – Stanley Kubrick, American movie director (b. 1928)
1999 - Sidney Gottlieb, American CIA official (b. 1918)
2000 - Pee Wee King, American country musician, songwriter and producer (b. 1914)
2000 - Hirokazu Ninomiya, Japanese footballer (b. 1917)
From 2001
2001 - Frankie Carle, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1903)
2004 - Paul Winfield, American actor (b. 1941)
2005 - John Box, British movie production designer and art director (b. 1920)
2005 - Debra Hill, American screenwriter and movie producer (b. 1950)
2006 - John Junkin, British performer (b. 1930)
2006 - Gordon Parks, American actor, director and photographer (b. 1912)
2006 - Ali Farka Touré, Malian musician (b. 1939)
2010 - Kenneth Dover, British classicist (b. 1920)
2012 - Wlodzimierz Smolarek, Polish footballer (b. 1957)
2012 - Felicien Marceau, French novelist, playwright and essayist (b. 1913)
2013 - Peter Banks, English musician (b. 1947)
2013 - Damiano Damiani, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1922)
2013 - Frederick B. Karl, American politician (b. 1924)
2014 - Heiko Bellmann, German biologist, writer and photographer (b. 1950)
2014 - Uwe Timm, German writer and anarchist (b. 1932)
2014 - Hal Douglas, American voice actor and announcer (b. 1924)
2014 - Ned O'Gorman, American poet (b. 1929)
2015 - Gregorio Bundio, Argentine footballer and manager (El Salvador national football team) (b. 1928)
2015 - Edmond Malinvaud, French economist (b. 1923)
2015 - F. Ray Keyser, Jr., American politician, 72nd Governor of Vermont (b. 1927)
2016 - Adrian Hardiman, Irish judge (b. 1950)
2016 - Jean-Bernard Raimond, French politician (b. 1926)
2016 - Michael White, Scottish theatre and film producer (b. 1936)
2017 - Ron Bass, American professional wrestler (b. 1948)
2017 - Syed Sajjad Ali Shah, Chief Justice of Pakistan (b. 1933)
2017 - Helen Sommers, American politician (b. 1932)
2017 - Lynne Stewart, American attorney (b. 1939)
2017 - Hans Georg Dehmelt, German-American physicist (b. 1922)
2017 - Ronald Drever, Scottish physicist (b. 1931)
2017 - Peter M. Gruber, Austrian mathematician (b. 1941)
2017 - Juan Carlos Touriño, Spanish footballer (b. 1944)
2018 - Reynaldo Bignone, President of Argentina (b. 1928)
2018 - Woody Durham, American basketball radio announcer (b. 1941)
2018 - Charles Thone, American politician, 34th Governor of Nebraska (b. 1924)
2018 - Antonia La Negra, Spanish singer and dancer (b. 1936)
2019 - Dick Beyer, American professional wrestler (b. 1930)
2019 - Joseph M. Boardman, American railroad executive (b. 1948)
2019 - Robert Braithwaite, British marine engineer and entrepreneur (b. 1943)
2019 - Guillaume Faye, French journalist and writer (b. 1941)
2019 - Ralph Hall, American politician (b. 1923)
2019 - Dick Nichols, American banker and politician (b. 1926)
2019 - Sid Sheinberg, American lawyer and studio executive (b. 1935)
Festivals
Felicity and Perpetua (Roman Catholicism)
Teacher's Day (Albania)
March 07 |
8379 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%2019 | September 19 |
Events
Up to 1900
1356 In the Battle of Poitiers, the English defeat the French, and capture King John II of France.
1676 Jamestown, Virginia is burned to the ground by forces of Nathaniel Bacon.
1692 Giles Corey is executed in Salem, Massachusetts after not pleading at the Salem Witch Trials.
1777 American Revolutionary War: British forces win a tactically expensive victory over the Continental Army in the First Battle of Saratoga.
1778 The Continental Congress passes the first United States budget.
1796 George Washington's Farewell address is printed across the United States in an open letter to the public.
1799 French Revolutionary Wars: French-Dutch victory against the Russians and British in the Battle of Bergen.
1862 American Civil War: Battle of Iuka - Union troops under William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force under General Sterling Price.
1863 American Civil War: The Battle of Chickamauga is fought.
1864 American Civil War: Third Battle of Winchester, Virginia - Union troops under General Philip Sheridan defeat a Confederate force commanded by General Jubal Early.
1870 Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris begins, resulting in January 1871 in the surrender of Paris and a decisive Prussian victory.
1870 Having invaded the Papal States a week earlier, the Italian Army lays siege to Rome.
1879 The Blackpool Illuminations are switched on for the first time.
1881 President of the United States James Garfield dies aged 49, after being shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2. Chester A. Arthur succeeds him to become the 21st President of the United States.
1893 Women in New Zealand are given the right to vote.
1901 2000
1934 Bruno Hauptmann is arrested for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., the infant son of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, which occurred in 1932.
1944 World War II: Armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union is signed.
1945 William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) is sentenced to death in London for spreading pro-German propaganda.
1946 The Council of Europe is founded.
1946 The first Cannes Film Festival is held in Cannes, France.
1957 The US carries out its first underground nuclear bomb test.
1959 Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, on a visit to the United States, is barred from visiting Disneyland, due to security concerns.
1970 The first Glastonbury Festival is held in Glastonbury, Somerset, England.
1972 A parcel bomb sent to the Israeli Embassy in London kills one diplomat.
1973 Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden has his investiture as king.
1975 The TV show Fawlty Towers premieres in the United Kingdom
1976 A plane crash in Turkey kills 155 people.
1976 The governing Social Democratic Party loses Sweden's parliamentary election.
1978 The Solomon Islands join the UN.
1981 Simon & Garfunkel re-unite for a free concert in New York City's Central Park.
1982 Scott Fahlman posts the first documented emoticons :) and :( on the Carnegie Mellon University Board Systems.
1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1985 1985 Mexico City earthquake: A magnitude 8 earthquake centred near Acapulco kills thousands, and destroys many buildings, around 400 in Mexico City alone.
1988 Hurricane Gilbert dissolves over Texas.
1989 UTA Flight 772: A terrorist bomb explodes on a plane over Niger, killing 171 people.
1991 German tourists discover Otzi the Iceman near the Austrian-Italian border.
1995 The New York Times and Washington Post publish the Unabomber's manifesto.
1997 The Guelb El-Kebir massacre in Algeria kills 53 people.
From 2001
2006 The Thai military stages a coup in Bangkok, overthrowing Thaksin Shinawatra. The Constitution is revoked, and martial law is instated.
2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill: The leaking oil well is sealed, having leaked oil into the Gulf of Mexico since April 20, when the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded.
2014 Alex Salmond announces his intention to resign as First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party after a 55%-45% defeat in the Scottish independence referendum, 2014.
2015 Rugby union World Cup: Japan, as rank outsiders, pull off one of the biggest surprises in the sport's history, by beating two-time champions South Africa 34-32.
2017 Hurricane Maria sweeps across the Eastern Caribbean, including the islands of Dominica, Martinique and Guadeloupe.
2017 2017 Puebla earthquake: A major earthquake strikes central Mexico, including Mexico City, on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 earthquake, killing at least 220 people. It is Mexico's second earthquake in less than two weeks.
Births
Up to 1900
86 Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor (d. 161)
866 Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor (d. 912)
1377 Albert IV, Duke of Austria (d. 1404)
1551 King Henry III of France (d. 1589)
1683 Lorenz Heister, German anatomist, surgeon and botanist (d. 1758)
1721 William Robertson, Scottish historian (d. 1793)
1737 Charles Carroll of Carrollton, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1832)
1749 Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, French astronomer (d. 1822)
1754 Louis Claude Richard, French botanist (d. 1821)
1774 Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti, Italian hyperpolyglot (d. 1849)
1778 Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, English politician (d. 1868)
1790 René Caillé, French explorer (d. 1838)
1796 Hartley Coleridge, English poet (d. 1849)
1799 René Caillié, French explorer (d. 1838)
1802 Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian lawyer and regent-President, national hero of Hungary (d. 1894)
1803 Maria Anna of Savoy, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1884)
1803 Maria Teresa of Savoy (d. 1879)
1806 William Dyce, Scottish artist (d. 1864)
1813 Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, German-American astronomer (d. 1890)
1822 Joseph R. West, American general and politician (d. 1898)
1826 Antonio Raimondi, Italian-Peruvian geographer and scientist (d. 1890)
1828 Fridolin Anderwert, Swiss politician (d. 1880)
1840 Galen Spencer, American archer (d. 1904)
1853 Miguel, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese royal (d. 1927)
1862 Arvid Lindman, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1936)
1864 Ragna Wettergreen, Norwegian actress (d. 1958)
1869 Ben Turpin, American silent movie comedian (d. 1940)
1883 Hjalmar Bergman, Swedish writer and playwright (d. 1931)
1883 Mabel Vernon, American activist (d. 1975)
1887 Lovie Austin, American jazz pianist (d. 1972)
1888 J. W. Alexander, American mathematician (d. 1971)
1889 Sarah Louise Delany, American physician and author (d. 1999)
1898 Giuseppe Saragat, President of Italy (d. 1988)
1900 Ricardo Cortez, American actor, singer and director (d. 1977)
1901 1950
1901 Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born movie producer (d. 1991)
1901 Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Austrian biologist (d. 1972)
1905 Theodor Blank, German politician (d. 1972)
1908 Mika Waltari, Finnish writer (d. 1979)
1909 Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche, Austrian automobile designer and entrepreneur (d. 1998)
1910 Margaret Lindsay, English actress (d. 1981)
1911 William Golding, English writer (d. 1993)
1912 Kurt Sanderling, German conductor (d. 2011)
1913 Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
1914 Rogers Morton, American politician (d. 1979)
1915 Johann Hafstein, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1980)
1921 Paulo Freire, Brazilian educator and writer (d. 1997)
1922 Dana Zátopková, Czech athlete
1922 Emil Zátopek, Czech athlete (d. 2000)
1922 Damon Knight, American science fiction writer (d. 2002)
1924 Vern Benson, American baseball player and manager (d. 2014)
1924 Don Harron, Canadian comedian, actor, writer and composer (d. 2015)
1926 Carlo Fruttero, Italian writer, journalist and translator (d. 2012)
1926 Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist
1926 James Lipton, American actor
1926 Nini Rosso, Italian jazz trumpeter and composer (d. 1994)
1927 Harold Brown, American physicist and politician, former United States Secretary of Defense
1927 William Hickey, American actor (d. 1997)
1928 Adam West, American actor (d. 2017)
1928 Wolfram Siebeck, German food critic and journalist (d. 2016)
1929 Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, British peer (d. 2017)
1929 Marge Roukema, American politician (d. 2014)
1929 Luigi Taveri, Swiss motorcycle racer (d. 2018)
1929 Gertrude Baniszewski, American murderer (d. 1990)
1930 Antonio Margheriti, Italian movie maker (d. 2002)
1930 Muhal Richard Abrams, American educator, composer and musician
1931 Hiroto Muraoka, Japanese footballer (d. 2017)
1931 Jean-Claude Carrière, French author and screenwriter
1932 Mike Royko, American journalist (d. 1997)
1932 Stefanie Zweig, German writer (d. 2014)
1933 David McCallum, Scottish actor
1934 Brian Epstein, English musical group manager (the Beatles) (d. 1967)
1935 Nick Massi, American musician
1935 Milan Antal, Slovakian astronomer (d. 1999)
1936 Al Oerter, American athlete (d. 2007)
1939 Moshe Weinberg, Israeli weightlifting coach (d. 1972)
1940 Bill Medley, American singer and songwriter (The Righteous Brothers)
1941 Mariangela Melato, Italian actress (d. 2013)
1941 Umberto Bossi, Italian politician
1941 Cass Elliot, American singer (d. 1974)
1944 Edmund Joensen, 9th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1944 Anders Björck, Swedish politician
1945 Kate Adie, English journalist
1947 Tanith Lee, English writer (d. 2015)
1947 Lol Creme, English musician
1948 Mykhaylo Fomenko, Ukrainian footballer and manager
1948 Mihai Timofti, Moldovan actor, director and composer
1948 Jeremy Irons, English actor
1949 Twiggy, English model
1949 Sally Potter, English movie director and screenwriter
1949 Ernie Sabella, American actor
1950 Michael Proctor, English physicist, mathematician and academic
1950 Erkki Liikanen, Finnish politician
1951 1975
1951 Ian Hudghton, Scottish politician
1952 Gunnar Hökmark, Swedish politician
1952 Nile Rodgers, American musician and composer
1952 Jackie McNamara Sr., Scottish footballer
1954 Mark Drakeford, Welsh politician, First Minister of Wales
1954 Michael Wolff, American jazz pianist, composer, producer and actor
1955 Rex Smith, American singer and actor
1956 Juan Manuel Fangio II, Argentine racing driver
1958 Lita Ford, British rock music singer and guitarist
1958 Kevin Hooks, American actor and director
1960 Mario Batali, American chef and author
1960 Yolanda Saldivar, American murderer
1962 Cheri Oteri, American actress
1963 Jarvis Cocker, English musician
1963 David Seaman, English footballer
1964 Simon Singh, English journalist, author and producer
1965 Sabine Paturel, French singer and actress
1965 Sunita Williams, American captain, pilot and astronaut
1966 Heiko Maas, German politician
1966 Eric Rudolph, American criminal
1967 Aleksandr Karelin, Russian Greco-Roman wrestler
1970 Victor Williams, American actor
1972 Ashot Nadanian, Armenian chess player
1973 Cristiano da Matta, Brazilian racing driver
1974 Jimmy Fallon, American actor and comedian
1974 Victoria Silvstedt, Swedish model, actress and singer
From 1976
1977 Tasha Danvers, British athlete
1978 Mariano Puerta, Argentine tennis player
1980 Dimitri Yachvili, French rugby player
1980 Amber Lancaster, American model and actress
1980 Linda Ikeji, Nigerian blogger, writer, actress and model
1982 Eleni Daniilidou, Greek tennis player
1982 Jordan Parise, American ice hockey player
1982 Columbus Short, American actor, singer, dancer and choreographer
1982 Jesse Blaze Snider, American singer-songwriter, author and illustrator
1983 Eamon, American singer
1984 Kavya Madhavan, Indian actress
1984 Lydia Hearst, American model, actress, blogger and heiress
1984 Amber Rayne, American pornographic actress (d. 2016)
1985 Alun Wyn Jones, Welsh rugby player
1985 Song Soong-ki, South Korean actor, model and television host
1985 Woodrow West, Belizean footballer
1986 Leon Best, English-Irish footballer
1986 Lauren Goodger, English model, singer and television personality
1986 Gerald Ciolek, German cyclist
1987 Danielle Panabaker, American actress
1987 Carlos Quintero, Colombian footballer
1988 Katrina Bowden, American actress
1988 Faye Reagan, American pornographic actress
1989 Tyreke Evans, American basketball player
1990 Sako Fukuda, Japanese singer
1990 Evgeny Novikov, Russian racing driver
1990 Kieran Trippier, English footballer
1991 C. J. McCollum, American basketball player
1992 Deyver Vega, Costa Rican footballer
1992 Diego Antonio Reyes, Mexican footballer
1996 Haruka Kodama, Japanese singer
1996 Pia Mia, American singer, actress and model
Deaths
Up to 1950
643 Goeric of Metz, Frankish bishop
690 Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 602)
1123 Emperor Taizu of Jin of China (b. 1068)
1339 Emperor Go-Daigo of Japan (b. 1288)
1356 Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1311)
1356 Walter I, Count of Brienne (b. 1304)
1692 Giles Corey, American farmer killed in the Salem Witch Trials (b. 1612)
1693 Janez Vajkard Valvasor, Slovenian polymath (b. 1641)
1710 Ole Romer, Danish astronomer (b. 1644)
1781 Tobias Furneaux, English explorer (b. 1735)
1812 Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker (b. 1744)
1833 Mary Jemison, American frontierswoman (b. 1743)
1843 Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, French mathematician, engineer and scientist (b. 1792)
1868 William Sprague, American minister and politician (b. 1809)
1881 James Garfield, 20th President of the United States (b. 1831)
1893 Alexander Tilloch Galt, Canadian politician (b. 1817)
1902 Masaoka Shiki, Japanese poet, author and critic (b. 1867)
1905 Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist (b. 1845)
1907 Jacob Morenga, Namibian uprising leader (b. 1875)
1914 Charles de Vendeville, French swimmer (b. 1882)
1927 Michael Peter Ancher, Danish painter (b. 1849)
1935 Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii, Russian rocket scientist (b. 1857)
1936 Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande, Indian singer (b. 1860)
1938 Pauline Frederick, American actress (b. 1883)
1949 Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884)
1951 2010
1954 Miles Franklin, Australian writer (b. 1879)
1967 Zinaida Serebriakova, Russian painter (b. 1884)
1968 Chester Carlson, American physicist (b. 1906)
1968 Red Foley, American singer (b. 1910)
1969 Rex Ingram, American actor (b. 1895)
1985 Italo Calvino, Italian writer (b. 1923)
1987 Einar Gerhardsen, Norwegian politician and Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1897)
1989 Willie Steele, American long jumper (b. 1923)
1992 Jacques Pic, French chef (b. 1932)
1995 Orville Redenbacher, American botanist and businessman (b. 1907)
2002 Robert Guéï, leader of Ivory Coast (b. 1941)
2003 Slim Dusty, Australian singer (b. 1927)
2004 Skeeter Davis, American singer (b. 1931)
2009 Eduard Zimmermann, German broadcaster (b. 1929)
From 2011
2011 Dolores Hope, American singer and philanthropist (b. 1909)
2011 George Cadle Price, 1st Prime Minister of Belize (b. 1919)
2013 Hiroshi Yamauchi, Japanese businessman (Nintendo) (b. 1927)
2013 Saye Zerbo, Burkina Faso politician (b. 1932)
2013 John D. Vanderhoof, American politician, 37th Governor of Colorado (b. 1922)
2014 Avraham Heffner, Israeli filmmaker (b. 1935)
2014 Elaine Lee, South African-Australian actress (b. 1939)
2014 U. Srinivas, Indian mandolin player (b. 1969)
2014 Francisco Feliciano, Filipino composer and conductor (b. 1941)
2014 Iain MacCormick, Scottish politician (b. 1939)
2014 Audrey Long, American actress (b. 1922)
2015 Mishael Cheshin, Israeli judge (b. 1936)
2015 Masajuro Shiokawa, Japanese politician (b. 1921)
2015 Jackie Collins, English novelist (b. 1937)
2017 Bernie Casey, American actor and football player (b. 1939)
2017 Jake LaMotta, American boxer (b. 1922)
2017 David Shepherd, British artist (b. 1931)
2017 Brian Barder, British diplomat (b. 1934)
2017 Leonid Kharitonov, Russian opera singer (b. 1933)
2017 José Salcedo, Spanish film editor (b. 1949)
2018 Jon Burge, American police officer (b. 1947)
2018 Bunny Carr, Irish television presenter (b. 1927)
2018 Kondapalli Koteswaramma, Indian Communist revolutionary and writer (b. 1918)
2018 Marilyn Lloyd, American politician (b. 1929)
2018 Arthur Mitchell, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1934)
2018 Denis Norden, English comedy writer and television presenter (b. 1922)
2018 Gamil Ratib, Egyptian-French actor (b. 1926)
2019 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (b. 1936)
2019 Irina Bogacheva, Russian mezzo-soprano (b. 1939)
2019 Wim Crouwel, Dutch graphic designer (b. 1928)
2019 Marco Feingold, Austrian Holocaust survivor (b. 1913)
2019 Maurice Ferré, American politician (b. 1935)
2019 Charles Gérard, French actor (b. 1922)
2019 Bert Hellinger, German psychotherapist (b. 1925)
2019 Barron Hilton, American businessman (b. 1927)
2019 Sandie Jones, Irish singer (b. 1951)
2019 Harold Mabern, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1936)
2019 María Rivas, Venezuelan Latin jazz singer (b. 1960)
2019 Levente Riz, Hungarian politician (b. 1974)
2019 Larry Wallis, English songwriter and guitarist (b. 1949)
Observances
National holiday in Saint Kitts and Nevis, commemorating independence from the United Kingdom in 1983
International Talk like a Pirate Day
Armed Forces Day (Chile)
Days of the year |
8380 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%209 | September 9 |
Events
Up to 1900
9 Arminius' alliance of six Germanic tribes ambushes and heavily defeats Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest.
337 Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans I succeed their father Constantine I as Roman Emperor.
533 A Byzantine army of 15,000 under Belisarius lands at Caput Vada in modern Tunisia and marches onto Carthage.
1000 Battle of Svolder – After it, King Olaf I of Norway commits suicide.
1087 William the Conqueror dies. His son succeeds him as King William II of England.
1379 Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Habsburg Dukes Albert III and Leopold III.
1488 Anne of Brittany becomes Duchess of Brittany.
1493 Battle of Krbava Field - A decisive defeat of Croats in the Croatian struggle against the invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
1499 Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon from his voyage to India.
1513 In the Battle of Flodden Field James IV of Scotland is defeated.
1543 Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned "Queen of Scots" in the central Scottish town of Stirling.
1739 Stono Rebellion, the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the American Revolution, erupts near Charleston, South Carolina.
1775 A hurricane strikes Newfoundland, killing 4,000 people.
1776 The Continental Congress officially names their new country the United States.
1791 Washington, DC is named after 1st President of the United States George Washington.
1806 A hurricane kills 457 people in Dominica.
1839 John Herschel takes the first glass plate photograph.
1850 California is admitted as the thirty-first U.S. state.
1850 The Compromise of 1850 strips Texas of a third of its claimed territory (now parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming) in return for the federal government assuming $10 million of Texas's pre-annexation debt.
1855 Crimean War: The Siege of Sevastopol ends with the withdrawal of Russian troops.
1863 American Civil War: The Union Army enters Chattanooga, Tennessee.
1870 Redmond, Washington is founded.
1886 The Berne Convention is finalized.
1892 Edward Barnard discovers Jupiter's moon Amalthea.
1893 A birth occurs in the White House for the only time in its history to date. First Lady Frances Folsom Cleveland gives birth to a girl, Esther.
1901 2000
1913 Russian military pilot Pyotr Nesterov performs the first 'Looping' maneuver with his aircraft over Kiev.
1914 World War I: The Battle of the Marne ends in a French victory.
1914 World War I: The creation of the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.
1919 Spanish passenger ferry Valbanera disappears in a hurricane between Cuba and the Florida Keys.
1922 The Greco-Turkish War ends with Turkish victory over the Greeks. The largest part of the city of Smyrna (on the Minor Asia coast, now Izmir) is burned. The Non-Turkic population flees.
1923 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, founds the CHP.
1924 The Hanapepe massacre takes place in Kauai, Hawaii.
1926 The National Broadcasting Company formed.
1939 World War II: The Battle of Hel begins, the longest defended pocket of Polish Army Resistance during the German invasion of Poland.
1940 George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer.
1940 World War II: Treznea massacre - The Hungarian army, supported by local Hungarians, kills 93 Romanian civilians in Treznea, a village in Northern Transylvania.
1942 World War II: A Japanese floatplane drops an incendiary bomb on Oregon.
1943 World War II: The Allies land at Salerno and Taranto, Italy.
1944 World War II: Bulgaria is liberated by Russia.
1945 Japan formally surrenders to China.
1947 "First actual case of (a computer) bug being found" – a moth is lodged in a relay of a Mark II computer at Harvard.
1948 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is created, declared by Kim Il-Sung.
1954 Marilyn Bell swam for 20 hours and 57 minutes under grueling conditions to become the first person to swim across Lake Ontario.
1954 An earthquake in Algeria kills 1,250 people.
1956 Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.
1965 The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is established.
1965 Sandy Koufax throws a perfect game against the Chicago Cubs.
1965 Hurricane Betsy hits New Orleans.
1966 The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson.
1969 Canada's Official Languages Act comes into force, making French equal to English throughout the Federal Government.
1970 A British airliner is hijacked by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and flown into Dawson's Field, Jordan.
1976 Chinese Communist Leader Mao Zedong dies aged 82.
1983 Aaron Pryor beats Alexis Arguello by knockout in round ten of a rematch of their 1982 controversial fight, dubbed The Battle of The Champions.
1990 The Sri Lankan Army kills 184 Tamil civilians in the Batticaloa massacre.
1990 Liberian leader Samuel K. Doe is overthrown and killed in a coup.
1991 Tajikistan becomes independent from the Soviet Union.
1991 Nirvana release their hit single "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which becomes an iconic tune for a whole generation.
1993 The Palestinian Liberation Organization officially recognizes Israel as a legal state in its own right.
1996 Croatia and Yugoslavia take up diplomatic relations after war in the region.
1999 The Sega Dreamcast is released in the United States
2000 In the wake of inflation, Ecuador replaces its currency, the Sucre with the US dollar.
From 2001
2001 Ahmed Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, is assassinated in Afghanistan.
2004 A bomb explodes outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing several people.
2004 Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica reverses a decision by Minister of Education and Sport Ljiljana Colic to require the teaching of both creationism and evolution in schools, and announces that Colic will be replaced.
2009 09/09/09: The date, when written, has 3 nines in it. As well as that, September has nine letters, and so does Wednesday, the day of the week it falls on. It also fell on the 252nd day of the year, and the digits of 252 add up to nine.
2011 The 2011 Rugby World Cup begins in New Zealand.
2012 The 2012 Summer Paralympics in London end.
2013 Norwegian Parliamentary Election: The Labour Party-led coalition under Jens Stoltenberg loses the election after eight years in government. Erna Solberg of the Centre-Right Venstre Party becomes the next Prime Minister on October 16.
2014 Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper announces that a ship from John Franklin's ill-fated expedition to the Canadian Arctic has been found.
2015 Elizabeth II overtakes Queen Victoria to becomes the longest-reigning British monarch.
Births
Up to 1900
214 Aurelian, Roman Emperor (d. 275)
384 Flavius Honorius, Roman Emperor (d. 423)
1349 Duke Albert III of Austria (d. 1395)
1466 Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
1585 Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (d. 1642)
1656 Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, German composer (d. 1746)
1708 Paul Egede, Danish missionary (d. 1789)
1711 Thomas Hutchinson, American historian and politician (d. 1780)
1737 Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (d. 1798)
1754 William Bligh, British naval officer and Governor of New South Wales (d. 1817)
1769 Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Ukrainian poet (d. 1838)
1774 Salomon Mayer Rothschild, patriarch of the Rothschild banking family (d. 1855)
1778 Clemens Brentano, German writer (d. 1842)
1815 Johann Gottfried Piefke, Prussian military musician and composer (d. 1884)
1822 Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, French general and politician (d. 1891)
1826 Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (d. 1907)
1828 Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910)
1834 Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English writer (d. 1903)
1834 James E. Bond, Governor of Nebraska (d. 1906)
1841 Paul Eyschen, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1915)
1842 Elliott Coues, American army surgeon, historian and writer (d. 1899)
1848 Elia Millosevich, Italian astronomer (d. 1919)
1852 John Henry Poynting, British physicist (d. 1914)
1855 Houston Stewart Chamberlain, British-German writer (d. 1927)
1855 Anthony Francis Lucas, Croatian-American engineer and explorer (d. 1921)
1868 Mary Hunter Austin, American author (d. 1934)
1872 Phan Chu Trinh, Vietnamese activist (d. 1926)
1873 Max Reinhardt, movie and theatre director and actor (d. 1943)
1873 Marcel Jacques Boulenger, French author and fencer (d. 1932)
1878 Sergio Osmena, President of the Philippines (d. 1961)
1887 Alf Landon, American politician (d. 1987)
1890 Harland D. Sanders, American inventor of KFC (d. 1980)
1890 Kurt Lewin, German psychologist (d. 1947)
1892 Tsuru Aoki, Japanese-American actress (d. 1961)
1893 Esther Cleveland, only person to be born in the White House (d. 1980)
1894 Arthur Freed, American songwriter and movie producer (d. 1973)
1894 Bert Oldfield, Australian cricketer (d. 1976)
1898 Styles Bridges, 63rd Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1961)
1899 C. R. Smith, American politician (d. 1990)
1901 1950
1901 Lev Shubnikov, Russian physicist (d. 1937)
1902 Fred Tootell, American athlete (d. 1964)
1903 Phyllis Whitney, American writer (d. 2008)
1904 Feroze Khan, Pakistani field hockey player (d. 2005)
1905 Joseph E. Levine, American movie producer (d. 1987)
1906 Harri Larva, Finnish runner (d. 1980)
1906 James Quinn, American athlete (d. 2004)
1908 Cesare Pavese, Italian poet and novelist (d. 1950)
1908 Shigekazu Shimazaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1945)
1911 John Gorton, 19th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2002)
1918 Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, former President of Italy (d. 2012)
1919 Gottfried Dienst, Swiss football referee (d. 1998)
1920 Feng Kang, Chinese mathematician and physicist (d. 1993)
1922 Hans Georg Dehmelt, German physicist (d. 2017)
1922 Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian geneticist
1923 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virologist (d. 2008)
1923 Cliff Robertson, American actor (d. 2011)
1924 Rik van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003)
1924 Jane Greer, American actress (d. 2001)
1926 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Egyptian theologian and author
1930 Francis Carroll, Australian archbishop
1931 Margaret Tyzack, British actress (d. 2011)
1932 Sylvia Miles, American actress
1934 Nicholas Liverpool, former President of Dominica (d. 2015)
1935 Chaim Topol, Israeli actor
1939 Reuven Rivlin, 10th President of Israel
1941 Otis Redding, American musician (d. 1967)
1941 Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (d. 2011)
1945 Richard Divall, Australian conductor and musicologist (d. 2017)
1945 Alphonso Jackson, American politician
1946 Doug Ingle, American musician (Iron Butterfly)
1946 Jim Keays, Australian musician (d. 2014)
1947 Freddy Weller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1949 John Curry, British figure skater (d. 1994)
1949 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 6th President of Indonesia
1951 1975
1951 Alexander Downer, Australian politician
1951 Tom Wopat, American actor, singer and director
1952 David A. Stewart, British musician (Eurythmics)
1953 Alisher Usmanov, Uzbek-Russian business magnate
1955 John Kricfalusi, Canadian voice actor, animator, director and screenwriter
1956 Anatoly Artsebarsky, Soviet-Ukrainian cosmonaut
1957 Pierre-Laurent Aimard, French pianist and educator
1959 Tom Foley, American baseball player and coach
1959 Eric Serra, French composer
1960 Hugh Grant, English actor
1960 Bob Hartley, Canadian ice hockey coach
1961 Matjaz Kek, Slovenian football coach
1962 Liza Marklund, Swedish writer
1963 Chris Coons, American politician
1963 Roberto Donadoni, Italian footballer
1964 Mike Ashley, English billionaire entrepreneur
1964 John Hughes, Scottish football manager
1966 Adam Sandler, American actor and comedian
1967 Akshay Kumar, Indian actor
1967 Hana Andronikova, Czech writer (d. 2011)
1968 Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistani politician (d. 2011)
1968 Julia Sawalha, English actress
1969 Rachel Hunter, New Zealand model
1971 Eric Stonestreet, American actor
1971 Henry Thomas, American actor, singer-songwriter and guitarist
1972 Goran Visnjic, Croatian actor
1974 Ana Carolina, Brazilian singer, composer and musician
1974 Gok Wan, English fashion consultant, author and television host
1975 Michael Bublé, Canadian singer
From 1976
1976 Chace Ambrose, American actor and screenwriter
1976 Jerry Newman, American composer and conductor
1976 Aki Riihilahti, Finnish footballer
1977 Fatih Tekke, Turkish footballer
1977 Soulja Slim, American rapper (d. 2003)
1978 Mariano Puerta, Argentine tennis player
1980 Michelle Williams, American actress
1980 Todd Coffey, American baseball player
1980 Vaclav Drobny, Czech footballer (d. 2012)
1982 Ai Otsuka, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
1982 Graham Onions, English cricketer
1983 Kim Jung-hwa, South Korean actress and model
1984 Andrey Silnov, Russian athlete
1984 Brad Guzan, American footballer
1985 Luka Modric, Croatian footballer
1987 Alex Song, Cameroonian footballer
1987 Andrea Petkovic, German tennis player
1987 Nicole Aniston, American pornographic actress
1988 Shizuka Nakamura, Japanese model and actress
1990 Haley Reinhart, American singer-songwriter
1991 Kelsey Chow, American actress
1991 Oscar, Brazilian footballer
1993 Ryohei Kato, Japanese gymnast
2000 Victoria de Marichalar y Borbon, Spanish royal
Deaths
Up to 1900
701 Pope Sergius I
1000 Olaf I of Norway (b. 963)
1087 King William I of England (b. 1028)
1398 King James I of Cyprus (b. 1334)
1438 King Edward of Portugal (b. 1391)
1487 Chenghua, Chinese Emperor (b. 1447)
1488 Francis II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1433)
1513 King James IV of Scotland (b. 1473)
1569 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter
1583 Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer (b. 1539)
1596 Anna Jagiellon, Queen of Poland (b. 1523)
1612 Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyo (b. 1570)
1676 Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, French army officer, founder of Montreal (b. 1612)
1806 William Paterson, 2nd Governor of New Jersey (b. 1745)
1815 John Singleton Copley, American painter (b. 1738)
1834 James Weddell, British sailor (b. 1787)
1891 Jules Grévy, President of France (b. 1813)
1898 Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet (b. 1842)
1901 2000
1901 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
1910 Elizabeth Blackwell, American physician (b. 1821)
1915 Albert Spalding, American baseball player and sporting goods maker (b. 1850)
1939 U Ottama, Burmese national hero
1941 Hans Spemann, German doctor and zoologist, won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1869)
1960 Jussi Björling, Swedish opera singer (b. 1911)
1976 Mao Zedong, political leader (People's Republic of China) (b. 1893)
1978 Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish poet (b. 1892)
1978 Jack Warner, American Hollywood studio founder (b. 1892)
1980 John Howard Griffin, American writer (b. 1920)
1981 Robert Askin, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1907)
1981 Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (b. 1901)
1983 Luis Monti, Argentine-Italian footballer (b. 1901)
1985 Paul Flory, American chemist (b. 1910)
1985 Antonio Votto, Italian conductor (b. 1896)
1986 Magda Tagliaferro, Brazilian classical pianist (b. 1893)
1990 Nicola Abbagnano, Italian philosopher (b. 1901)
1990 Samuel K. Doe, Liberian military officer and President of Liberia (b. 1951)
1990 Doc Cramer, American Major League Baseball player (b. 1905)
1993 Helen O'Connell, singer (b. 1920)
1997 Burgess Meredith, actor (b. 1907)
1998 Lucio Battisti, Italian singer (b. 1943)
1999 Jim "Catfish" Hunter, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1946)
2000 Veerasamy Ringadoo, first President of Mauritius (b. 1920)
From 2001
2001 Ahmed Shah Massoud, Afghan military leader (b. 1953)
2003 Larry Hovis, American actor (b. 1936)
2003 Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist (b. 1908)
2007 Hughie Thomasson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1952)
2008 Nouhak Phoumsavanh, President of Laos (b. 1910)
2010 Bent Larsen, Danish chess player (b. 1935)
2013 Alberto Bevilacqua, Italian writer, poet and journalist (b. 1934)
2014 Graham Joyce, British author (b. 1954)
2014 Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (b. 1930)
2014 Bob Suter, American ice hockey player (b. 1957)
2014 Howell Evans, Welsh actor (b. 1928)
2014 Denny Miller, American actor (b. 1934)
2015 Einar H. Ingman, Jr., American soldier (b. 1929)
2017 Frank Aarebrot, Norwegian political scientist (b. 1947)
2017 Michael Friedman, American composer and songwriter (b. 1975)
2017 Oscar E. Huber, American politician (b. 1917)
2017 Pierre Pilote, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1931)
2018 Frank Andersson, Swedish professional wrestler (b. 1956)
2018 Johannes Geldenhuys, South African military commander (b. 1935)
2018 Beat Richner, Swiss paediatrician and cellist (b. 1947)
2018 Daniel Küblböck, German singer (b. 1985) (presumed drowned)
2018 Mr. Catra, Brazilian rapper (b. 1968)
2018 Javier Usabiaga Arroyo, Mexican businessman and politician (b. 1939)
Observances
Admission Day (California)
Independence Day (Tajikistan)
National Day of North Korea
Children's Day (Costa Rica)
Human Rights Day (Colombia)
September 09 |
8382 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine | Engine | An engine, or motor, is a machine used to change energy into movement that can be used. The energy can be in any form. Common forms of energy used in engines are electricity, chemical (such as petrol or diesel) or heat. When a chemical is used to produce energy it is known as fuel.
Terminology
In past centuries motor and "engine" meant very different things. A motor was made to move something such as a vehicle. This meaning is still often used. Sometimes a thing is called an engine if it creates mechanical energy from heat, and a motor if it creates mechanical energy from other kinds of energy, like electricity. Typical engines in this meaning are steam engine and internal combustion engine, while typical motors are electric motor and hydraulic motor. And sometimes the two words mean the same thing.
"Engine" was originally a term for any mechanical device that converts force into motion. Hence, pre-industrial weapons such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams were called "siege engines". The word "gin," as in "cotton gin", is short for "engine." The word derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium, which is also the root of the word ingenious. Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example.
Piston engines
Early kinds of engine used heat that was outside of the engine itself to heat up a gas to a high pressure. This was usually steam and the engines are called steam engines. The steam was piped to the engine where it pushed on pistons to bring about motion. These engines were commonly used in old factories, boats and trains.
Most cars use a chemical engine that burns fuel inside it. This is called an internal combustion engine. There are many different types of internal combustion engine. They can be grouped by fuel, cycle and configuration. Common fuel types for internal combustion engines are petrol, diesel, autogas and alcohol. There are many other types of fuels.
There are 3 different types of cycle. 2-stroke engines produce power once every turn of the engine. 4-stroke engines cylinders make power once every two turns of the engine. 6-stroke engines cylinders make power twice in every six turns of the engine.
There are lots of different configurations of piston engines. Their cylinders have pistons in them and a crankshaft. Any number of cylinders can be used but 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 are common. The cylinders can be arranged in many ways, in a straight line, at an angle to each other or in a circle.
A Wankel engine has no cylinders and uses a triangle shaped rotor spinning in an oval housing which mimics the movement of a piston.
Turbine engines
Hot gas can also be made to push a turbine around rather like the way the wind turns a windmill. Most electric power stations use big steam turbines. Others use water or wind turbines. Smaller turbines called gas turbines are used for internal combustion engines, such as the jet engines used in aircraft.
Rocket engines
A rocket causes movement by shooting jets of gas very fast out of a nozzle. The gas may have been stored under pressure or be a chemical fuel that burns to make a very hot gas. Although they are very simple, rockets are the most powerful engines we know how to make. They will work in space where there is nothing to push against.
Electric motors
Electric motors do not use a fuel. The energy is supplied to them by electricity carried along wires. The energy may come from a fuel being burnt somewhere else a long way off. The electricity is used to make powerful magnets inside the motor switch on and off at the right time to turn the shaft of the motor.
Electric engine is not a motor, but a railway locomotive which runs on electricity.
Related pages
Diesel engine
Steam engine
Turbine
Electric motor
Stirling engine
Reference section
Machines
Basic English 850 words
Motors |
8384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus | Belarus | Belarus (officially called Republic of Belarus) is a country in Eastern Europe. About nine million people live there. Its capital is Minsk. It was part of the Soviet Union until 1991. The president of Belarus has been Alexander Lukashenko since 1994. It is bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. Over forty percent of its is forested.
The State is a member of the UN, the CIS, Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State of Russia and Belarus (from 2 April 1997), as well as a member of other international organizations.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries. These included the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution, Belarus became part of the Soviet Union. It was renamed the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939. Some lands occupied by Poland in 1921 were added into it after the 1939. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II. Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
The parliament of the republic declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 1990. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus became independent on 1991.
Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49 million live in the urban areas. More than 80% of the population are ethnic Belarusians. Most of the rest are Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. The country has two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The main religion in the country is Russian Orthodox Christianity. The second most popular, Roman Catholicism, has a much smaller following.
History
Prior to First World War
Both Homo erectus and Neanderthal remains have been found in the region. From 5,000 to 2,000 BCE, Bandkeramik cultures lived here. Cimmerians were in the area by 1,000 BCE. By 500 BCE, Slavs moved in. The Huns and Avars came through around 400–600 CE. They were unable to move the Slavs.
The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Slavic tribes in the 6th century. They came into contact with the Varangians, who were bands of Scandinavian warriors and traders. They formed Kievan Rus' in 862.
When Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise died, the state split. Later some were added into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Lithuania made a union with Poland. The union ended in 1795. The land of Belarus went to the Russian Empire. The land stayed with Russia until going to the German Empire during World War I.
Since initial independence
Belarus said they were free from Germany on 1918. They formed the Belarusian People's Republic. Then the Polish–Soviet War started. A part of Belarus under Russian rule became the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919. Then it added to the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Other lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended in 1921. The Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. The western part of modern Belarus stayed part of Poland.
In BSSR Byelorussian language was officially recognized together with Russian, Polish and Yiddish. A motto “Workers of all countries, unite” was written on all of this 4 languages on the republican emblem. Schools with teaching on the national languages began operating.
In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. This was the beginning of World War II. After Polish powers left the county, the Soviet troops entered into lands with Ukrainian and Byelorussian majority, that were controlled by Poland before it. Parts of West Byelorussia were added to the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. They are now West Belarus.
Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. BSSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II. During that time, Germany destroyed 209 out of 290 cities in the republic, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings. Casualties were between two and three million. The population of Belarus did not come back to its pre-war level until 1971.
Joseph Stalin wanted Belorussian SSR to be more Russian. Russians were sent from other parts of the Soviet Union to be in the government. The use of the Belarusian language was limited. After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued the plan.
In 1986, the Belorussian SSR had nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant in neighboring Ukrainian SSR.
Belarus said it was free on 1990. With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 1991.
Geography
Belarus is landlocked and mostly flat. It has a lot of marshy land. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper.
The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara at . Belarus has a hemiboreal humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Natural resources include peat deposits, small amounts of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite (limestone), marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster entered Belarusian territory. The farmland continues to be affected by radiation fallout.
Politics
Belarus is a presidential republic. It is governed by a president and the National Assembly.
Human rights
Lukashenko has described himself as having an "authoritarian ruling style". Western countries have described Belarus under Lukashenko as a dictatorship. The Council of Europe has stopped Belarus from membership since 1997 for undemocratic voting.
Military
The Armed Forces of Belarus have three branches: the Army, the Air Force, and the Ministry of Defense joint staff. Lieutenant General Yuri Zhadobin heads the Ministry of Defense. Alexander Lukashenko (as president) is Commander-in-Chief.
Divisions
Belarus is divided into six regions. They are named after the cities that are their administrative centers.
Regions (with administrative centers):
Brest Region (Brest)
Gomel Region (Gomel)
Grodno Region (Grodno)
Mogilev Region (Mogilev)
Minsk Region (Minsk)
Vitebsk Region (Vitebsk)
Special administrative district:
Minsk City
Economy
Most of the Belarusian economy is state-controlled. It has been described as "Soviet-style." The country relies on Russia for some imports, including petroleum. As of 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products.
Demographics
According to 2009 census, the population is 9,503,807. Ethnic Belarusians are 83.7% of Belarus' total population. The next largest ethnic groups are: Russians (8.3%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%). Minsk, the nation's capital and largest city, is home to 1,836,808 residents as of 2009. Gomel, with 481,000 people, is the second-largest city and is the capital of the Homiel Voblast. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Hrodna (314,800) and Brest (298,300). For other places in Belarus see List of settlements in Belarus.
Culture
Literature
Belarusian literature began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture. By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century. One important writer was Yanka Kupala. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus. They would not return until the 1960s. The last major revival of Belarusian literature was in the 1960s with novels published by Vasil Bykaŭ and Uladzimir Karatkievich.
Music
In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko made operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies.
The National Academic Theatre of Ballet, in Minsk, was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. Rock music has become more popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has tried to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest.
Dress
The traditional Belarusian dress is from the Kievan Rus' period. Due to the cool climate, clothes were made to keep body heat and were usually made from flax or wool.
Cuisine
Belarusian cuisine is mainly vegetables, meat (especially pork), and breads. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. A typical Belarusian eats a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day. Wheat and rye breads are eaten in Belarus. Rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host will give an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor. Popular drinks in Belarus include Russian wheat vodka and kvass, Kvass is a drink made from fermented malted brown bread or rye flour. Kvass may also be added with sliced vegetables to create a cold soup called okroshka.
World Heritage Sites
Belarus has four World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries).
References
Other websites
Official Minsk website
Official Republic of Belarus Website |
8386 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam | Steam | Steam is the name given to water when it is in a gas form. Steam is sometimes thought of as a cloud of translucent mist, however that is only the result of the steam condensing in the air, forming water vapor. Actual hot steam is invisible.
When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar (this is about the average pressure for a place which is at sea level), water will boil (turn into steam) at 100 degrees Celsius. This is the boiling point. Boiling happens in a boiler. 100 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Réaumur and 373.15 Kelvin.
A major use of steam is to power steam engines. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
Other websites
Steam -Citizendium
Basic English 850 words
Gases |
8389 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834 | 1834 |
Births
July 19 – Edger Degas, French painter (d. 1917) |
8390 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%2029 | August 29 |
Events
Up to 1900
708 Copper coins are first minted in Japan.
1261 Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first.
1315 Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuoli, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered (meaning the opposing armies, combined, had more soldiers).
1350 Battle of Winchelsea: An English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
1475 Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between France and England.
1484 Pope Innocent VIII, a staunch supporter of the Spanish Inquisition, is elected Pope.
1498 Vasco da Gama decides to leave Calicut, present-day Kerala, southern India, and return to Portugal.
1521 The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár, now known as Belgrade.
1526 Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
1541 The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
1728 Nuuk, Greenland, is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by Danish royal governor Claus Paarss.
1741 The volcanic eruption on Oshima-Oshima Island, Japan, causes tsunamis in the Sea of Japan, which kill around 1600 people.
1751 The world's biggest wine barrel is completed in the cellar of Heidelberg Castle, present-day Germany. It can carry 221,726 liters.
1756 Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War.
1782 The British ship HMS Royal George sinks while anchored in the Solent, south coast of England, killing between 800 and 950 people.
1786 Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
1825 Portugal recognizes Brazil as independent.
1831 Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
1833 The United Kingdom legislates the abolition of Slavery in its then-Empire.
1842 The Treaty of Nanking is signed, ending the First Opium War.
1861 American Civil War: A United States Navy squadron captures forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina.
1862 Battle of Aspromonte - Italian royal forces defeat rebels.
1871 Emperor Meiji of Japan orders the establishment of prefectures as local centres of administration.
1885 Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle.
1893 Whitcomb Judson gets a US patent for the zipper.
1895 The formation of the Northern Rugby Union at the George Hotel, Huddersfield.
1896 Chop suey is said to have been invented in New York City on this date.
1897 The first Zionist World Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland.
1898 Goodyear tire company is founded.
1901 2000
1907 The Quebec Bridge collapses during construction, killing 75 workers.
1910 The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 becomes effective, officially starting the period of Japanese rule on the Korean peninsula.
1911 Ishi, considered the last Stone Age Native American, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.
1914 World War I: The then-German colony of Samoa is occupied by New Zealand troops.
1915 United States Navy salvage divers raise F-4, the first US submarine sunk in an accident.
1916 The Mount Field and Freycinet National Parks are created in Tasmania.
1916 The US passes the Philippine Autonomy.
1922 The first radio advertisement is broadcast on WEAF-AM in New York City.
1930 The last 36 remaining inhabitants of the remote Scottish island of Saint Kilda, leave forever.
1941 World War II: Tallinn, Estonia, is occupied by Germany, following its occupation by the Soviet Union.
1943 World War II: German-occupied Denmark scuttles most of its navy; Germany dissolves Danish government
1944 Slovak National Uprising takes place as 60,000 Slovak troops turn against the Nazi rulers.
1949 The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
1950 Korean War: British troops arrive in Korea to support South Korea and the United States.
1952 Premiere of John Cage's 4'33" in Woodstock, New York
1958 United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
1965 The Gemini V spacecraft returns to Earth.
1966 Last Beatles concert, in San Francisco
1966 Execution of Sayyid Qutb, an important theoretician of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.
1968 The future King Harald V of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen in Oslo.
1982 The synthetic chemical element Meitnerium, atomic number 109, is first synthesized at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.
1991 Supreme Soviet suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party.
1995 An assassination attempt is made on President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze.
1996 A Vnukovo Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 crashes into a mountain on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, killing all 141 aboard.
1997 At least 98 villagers are killed by the GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.
1997 Serial killer Angel Maturino Resendiz bludgeons to death Christopher Maier of Lexington, Kentucky, the first of nine victims.
1999 East Timor votes for independence from Indonesia.
From 2001
2003 Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, the Shia Muslim leader in Iraq, was assassinated in a terrorist bombing that killed him along with nearly 100 worshippers as they were leaving a mosque in Najaf.
2004 End of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
2004 Michael Schumacher wins his 7th Formula One world title and his 5th in a row, breaking the record held by Juan Manuel Fangio.
2005 Hurricane Katrina reaches the US' Gulf coast with winds at a speed of 225 kph. The city of New Orleans is among the places that are severely flooded, as over 1,000 people are killed.
2008 US Republican Party Presidential candidate John McCain nominates Sarah Palin as his running mate.
2011 Hurricane Irene dissolves over Eastern Canada, having left a path of destruction over the Caribbean and eastern United States.
2012 The 2012 Summer Paralympics in London begin.
2013 The House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes, by a majority, against military action in Syria.
2015 Three Al-Jazeera journalists are sentenced to three years in prison in Egypt, accused of false reporting and sympathizing with the banned Muslim Brotherhood.
2015 Protests take place in Kuala Lumpur against Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib Razak.
2017 North Korea fires a ballistic missile over the southern part of the Northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.
Births
Up to 1900
1434 Janus Pannonius, Hungarian bishop, poet and diplomat (d. 1472)
1619 Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French statesman (d. 1683)
1628 John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English statesman (d. 1701)
1632 John Locke, English philosopher (d. 1704)
1664 Giuseppe Toretti, Italian sculptor (d. 1743)
1724 Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1803)
1725 Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767)
1728 Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony (d. 1797)
1756 Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal and statesman (d. 1845)
1756 Jan Sniadecki, Polish mathematician, philosopher and astronomer (d. 1830)
1769 Rose Philippine Duchesne, French nun and saint (d. 1852)
1780 Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, French painter (d. 1867)
1793 Josef Naus, Austrian officer and surveyor, first to climb the Zugspitze (d. 1871)
1809 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
1810 Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentine politician and writer (d. 1884)
1842 Alfred Shaw, English cricketer, rugby player and umpire (d. 1907)
1843 David B. Hill, 29th Governor of New York (d. 1910)
1844 Edward Carpenter, English poet (d. 1929)
1862 Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
1862 Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer (d. 1949)
1871 Albert Lebrun, President of France (d. 1950)
1875 Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flautist and educator (d. 1962)
1876 Charles Franklin Kettering, American inventor (d. 1958)
1876 Kim Gu, Korean politician (d. 1949)
1880 Marie-Louise Meilleur, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 1998)
1881 Albert Henderson, Canadian footballer (d. 1947)
1883 Muriel George, English singer and movie actress (d. 1965)
1887 Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 1978)
1888 Gunichi Mikawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1981)
1898 Preston Sturges, American movie director, screenwriter and playwright (d. 1959)
1901 1950
1904 Werner Forssmann, German physician (d. 1979)
1905 Al Taliaferro, American comic artist (d. 1969)
1907 Takeo Wakabayashi, Japanese footballer (d. 1937)
1910 Vivien Thomas, American surgical technician (d. 1985)
1912 Sohn Kee-chung, South Korean runner (d. 2002)
1912 Barry Sullivan, American actor (d. 1994)
1912 Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian-Polish cinematographer (d. 2016)
1913 K. Jeyakody, Sri Lankan Tamil politician
1913 Jan Ekier, Polish pianist and composer (d. 2014)
1915 Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)
1916 Consuelo Velazquez, Mexican musician and composer (d. 2005)
1916 George Montgomery, American actor (d. 2000)
1917 Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004)
1920 Charlie Parker, American musician (d. 1955)
1921 Paddy Roy Bates, English founder of the Sealand micronation (d. 2012)
1922 Arthur Anderson, American actor (d. 2016)
1923 Richard Attenborough, English actor and movie director (d. 2014)
1924 Maria Dolores Pradera, Spanish singer and actress
1924 Dinah Washington, American singer (d. 1963)
1925 Demetrio B. Lakas, 35th President of Panama (d. 1999)
1926 Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic
1927 Jimmy C. Newman, American singer (d. 2014)
1930 Atef Sedki, Egyptian politician (d. 2005)
1931 Stelios Kazantzidis, Greek singer (d. 2001)
1932 Shen Chun-shan, Taiwanese physicist and academic (d. 2018)
1933 Sorel Etrog, Romanian-Canadian artist, writer and philosopher (d. 2014)
1933 Arnold Koller, Swiss politician
1934 Horst Szymaniak, German footballer (d. 2009)
1935 William Friedkin, American movie director
1935 Hugo Brandt Corstius, Dutch writer (d. 2014)
1936 John McCain, American pilot and politician, 2008 Presidential candidate (d. 2018)
1937 James Florio, former Governor of New Jersey
1938 Elliott Gould, American actor
1938 Robert Rubin, American politician, former United States Secretary of the Treasury
1938 Carlos Moreno, Argentine actor (d. 2014)
1939 Joel Schumacher, American director
1940 James Brady, American activist and 15th White House Press Secretary (d. 2014)
1940 Wim Ruska, Dutch judoka (d. 2015)
1941 Robin Leach, English writer and television host (d. 2018)
1942 Gottfried John, German actor (d. 2014)
1943 Peter von Bagh, Finnish movie historian (d. 2014)
1943 Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist
1945 Wyonia Tyus, American athlete
1946 Demetris Christofias, Cypriot politician, former President of Cyprus
1946 Bob Beamon, American long jumper
1946 Giorgio Orsoni, Italian lawyer and politician, 17th Mayor of Venice
1947 Temple Grandin, American animal welfare and autism expert
1947 James Hunt, English racing driver (d. 1993)
1951 1975
1952 Deborah Van Valkenburgh, American actress
1952 Dave Malone, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1955 Jacob Lew, American politician
1956 GG Allin, American musician (d. 1993)
1958 Michael Jackson, American singer and entertainer (d. 2009)
1958 Lenny Henry, English comedian, actor and writer
1959 Stephen Wolfram, English mathematician
1959 Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
1959 Chris Hadfield, Canadian astronaut
1959 Eddi Reader, Scottish singer
1959 Ramon Diaz, Argentine footballer
1960 Tony McAlpine, American guitarist, composer and producer
1961 Carsten Fischer, German field hockey player
1962 Jutta Kleinschmidt, German rally driver
1962 Simon Thurley, English architectural historian
1963 Elizabeth Fraser, Scottish singer
1963 Steve Clarke, Scottish footballer and football manager
1964 Zisis Tsekos, Greek footballer
1965 Frances Ruffelle, English actress and singer
1967 Neil Gorsuch, American judge, US Supreme Court Justice
1969 Joe Swail, Northern Irish snooker player
1969 Lucero, Mexican singer and actress
1971 Carla Gugino, American actress
1972 Kentaro Hayashi, Japanese footballer
1972 Bae Yong-jeon, South Korean actor
1973 Daniel Burman, Argentine movie director
1974 Denis Caniza, Paraguayan footballer
1974 Nicola Amoruso, Italian footballer
1975 Kyle Cook, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
From 1976
1976 Pablo Mastroeni, American footballer
1976 Jon Dahl Tomasson, Danish footballer
1976 Stephen Carr, Irish footballer
1977 Jo Weil, German actor
1977 Roy Oswalt, American baseball player
1977 John Hensley, American actor
1979 Justine Pasek, Panamanian model
1980 David Desrosiers, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1980 David West, American basketball player
1981 Emilie Duquenne, Belgian actress
1982 Vincent Enyeama, Nigerian footballer
1982 A+, American rapper
1982 Carlos Delfino, Argentine basketball player
1985 Marc Rzepczynski, American baseball player
1986 Lauren Collins, Canadian actress
1986 Lea Michele, American actress and singer
1987 Tony Kane, Irish footballer
1988 Harry Aikines-Aryeetey, British athlete
1990 Patrick van Aanholt, Dutch footballer
1990 Nicole Anderson, American actress
1990 Julia Vlassov, American figure skater
1991 Deshaun Thomas, American basketball player
1993 Liam Payne, English singer (One Direction)
1993 Lucas Cruikshank, American actor
1994 Courtney Stodden, American television personality
Deaths
Up to 1900
886 Basil I, Byzantine Emperor (b. 811)
1093 Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy
1123 Eystein I of Norway (b. 1088)
1315 Charles of Taranto (b. 1296)
1395 Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)
1435 Isabeau de Bavière, queen of Charles VI of France (b. 1371)
1442 John VI, Duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
1526 King Louis II of Hungary (b. 1506)
1533 Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (b. 1502)
1712 Gregory King, English genealogist, engraver and statistician (b. 1648)
1749 Matthias Bel, Hungarian pastor and polymath (b. 1684)
1769 Edmund Hoyle, English writer and teacher (b. 1672)
1780 Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (b. 1713)
1799 Pope Pius VI (b. 1717)
1816 Johann Hieronymus Schroeter, German jurist and astronomer (b. 1745)
1853 Charles James Napier, British general (b. 1782)
1856 Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, English author (b. 1778)
1866 Tokugawa Iemochi, Japanese shogun (b. 1846)
1877 Brigham Young, Mormon leader (b. 1801)
1889 Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian military officer (b. 1815)
1891 Pierre Lallement, French inventor (b. 1843)
1901 2000
1904 Murad V, Ottoman sultan (b. 1840)
1918 Max Dauthendey, German writer (b. 1867)
1930 William Archibald Spooner, writer (b. 1844)
1931 David T. Abercrombie, a founder of American clothing retailer Abercrombie and Fitch (b. 1867)
1935 Queen Astrid of Belgium, mother of King Albert II of Belgium (b. 1905)
1946 Grigory Semyonov, Russian general (b. 1890)
1947 Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1917)
1966 Sayyid Qutb, Egyptian theoretician (b. 1906).
1972 Lale Andersen, German singer (b. 1905)
1973 Stringer Davis, English actor (b. 1899)
1975 Éamon de Valera, Irish statesman and President of Ireland (b. 1882)
1976 Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet, musician and philosopher (b. 1899)
1981 Lowell Thomas, travel writer (b. 1892)
1982 Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (b. 1915)
1982 Nahum Goldmann, founder of the Jewish World Congress (b. 1895)
1984 Muhammad Naguib, Egyptian politician and President of Egypt (b. 1901)
1984 Pierre Gemayel, Lebanese politician (b. 1905)
1987 Archie Campbell, American comedian, writer and actor (b. 1914)
1987 Lee Marvin, actor (b. 1924)
1989 Peter Scott, English explorer, naturalist and painter (b. 1909)
1992 Teddy Turner, English actor (b. 1917)
1995 Frank Perry, American director (b. 1930)
From 2001
2001 Francisco Rabal, Spanish actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2003 Michel Constantin, French actor (b. 1924)
2003 Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, Iraqi political leader (b.1939)
2004 Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (b. 1942)
2007 Pierre Messmer, Prime Minister of France (b. 1916)
2011 David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues musician (b. 1915)
2013 Cliff Morgan, Welsh rugby player (b. 1930)
2013 Bruce C. Murray, American scientist (b. 1931)
2014 Bjorn Waldegard, Swedish rally driver (b. 1943)
2014 David Bala, Singaporean comedian and actor (b. 1947)
2015 Kyle Jean-Baptiste, American actor (b. 1993)
2015 Wayne Dyer, American self-help author and motivational speaker (b. 1940)
2016 Gene Wilder, American actor (b. 1933)
2017 Janine Charrat, French ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1924)
2017 Dmitri Kogan, Russian violinist (b. 1978)
2017 David Tang, Hong Kong businessman (b. 1954)
2018 Stan Brock, English philanthropist (b. 1936)
2018 James Mirrlees, Scottish economist (b. 1936)
2018 Carilda Oliver Labra, Cuban poet (b. 1922)
2018 Marie Severin, American comic book artist (b. 1929)
2018 Paul Taylor, American choreographer (b. 1930)
Observances
Anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising
Telugu language Day (India)
Days of the year |
8393 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%2020 | July 20 |
Events
Up to 1900
70 - Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of Vespasian, storms the fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
1189 - Richard I of England is invested as Duke of Normandy.
1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England takes control of Stirling Castle.
1402 - Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara - Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire, defeats the forces of Ottoman Empire Sultan, Bayezid I.
1592 - Japanese forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi capture Pyongyang during their invasion of Korea, but ultimately fail to hold on to it.
1738 - Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye reaches the western shore of Lake Michigan.
1799 - Tekle Giyorgis I starts the first of his five reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.
1807 - Nicéphore Niépce is given a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyreolophore, the first internal combustion engine.
1810 – Citizens of Bogota, New Granada (in present-day Colombia), declare independence from Spain.
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Peachtree Creek.
1866 - Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Lissa - The Austrian Navy, led by Wilhelm von Tegetthof, defeats the Italian Navy near the island of Vis in the Adriatic Sea.
1871 – British Columbia joins the Confederation of Canada.
1885 - The English Football Association allows professionalism in association football.
1898 – Spanish-American War: A boiler explodes on the USS Iowa, off the coast of Santiago de Cuba.
1901 2000
1903 – The Ford Motor company ships its first car.
1906 – Finland gives women the right to vote.
1917 – World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the postwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.
1922 - The League of Nations awards mandates of Togoland to France and Tanganyika to the United Kingdom.
1924 – FIDE, the worldwide governing body of chess, is founded in Paris.
1935 - Switzerland: A Royal Dutch Airlines plane en route from Milan to Frankfurt crashes into a Swiss mountain, killing 13 people.
1940 - Denmark leaves the League of Nations.
1940 - California opens its first freeway.
1944 – The 20 July plot to kill Adolf Hitler fails.
1949 - Israel and Syria sign a truce to end their 19-month war.
1951 – King Abdullah I of Jordan is murdered by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem.
1954 - Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East Germany.
1960 – In Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), Sirimavo Bandaranaike is elected as the world's first female Prime Minister.
1961 - The French military breaks the Tunisian siege of Bizerte.
1968 – The Special Olympics are founded.
1969 – A ceasefire ends the 6-day Football War between Honduras and El Salvador.
1969 - Eddy Merckx wins his first Tour de France.
1969 – Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon, becoming the first-ever humans to do so.
1974 – Cyprus dispute: The Turkish occupation of Cyprus begins.
1976 – The American Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.
1977 - Johnstown, Pennsylvania is hit by a flash flood that kills 80 people.
1982 - In London, the Hyde Park and Regents Park bombings are carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, killing 8 people and 7 horses. 47 people are injured.
1985 – The government of Aruba passes legislation to separate from the Netherlands Antilles.
1989 - Aung San Suu Kyi is put under house arrest by the Burmese military junta for the first time.
2000 – Leaders of Salt Lake City's bid to host the Winter Olympics, are indicted by a federal grand jury for bribery, fraud and racketeering.
From 2001
2001 - Italian activist Carlo Giuliani is shot dead by police during a demonstration against the G8 summit being held in Genoa.
2005 - Same-sex marriage is officially made legal in Canada.
2007 – Heavy rain causes flooding across England and Wales.
2012 - A gunman opens fire at a cinema in Aurora, Colorado during the screening of the new Batman movie. The shooting kills 12 people and 59 are reported injured.
2014 - The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict goes through its deadliest day, with over 90 Palestinian civilians and 13 Israeli soldiers killed.
2015 - A suicide bombing in Suruc, Turkey, near the Syrian border, kills at least 30 people.
2015 - Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States are fully restored after 54 years of hostilities between the two countries.
2017 - O. J. Simpson is granted parole after serving nine years of a 33-year jail sentence for armed robbery.
Births
Up to 1900
356 BC – Alexander the Great, Macedonian king and conqueror of Persia (d. 323 BC)
810 - Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim scholar (d. 870)
1304 – Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1374)
1519 – Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)
1620 - Nikolaes Heinsius, Dutch scholar (d. 1681)
1757 – Garsevan Chavchavadze, Georgian diplomat and politician (d. 1811)
1762 - Jakob Haibel, Austrian composer, tenor and choirmaster (d. 1826)
1766 - Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British peer, diplomat and art thief (d. 1841)
1785 - Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1839)
1797 - Pawel Edmund Strzelecki, Polish explorer and geologist (d. 1873)
1804 - Richard Owen, British scientist (d. 1892)
1811 - James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, British colonial officer and diplomat (d. 1863)
1822 – Gregor Mendel, Austrian priest and geneticist (d. 1884)
1830 - Clements Markham, British explorer, author and geographer (d. 1916)
1836 - Thomas Clifford Allbutt, English physician (d. 1925)
1838 - Augustin Daly, American playwright (d. 1899)
1838 - George Otto Trevelyan, English statesman and biographer (d. 1928)
1847 – Max Liebermann, German painter (d. 1935)
1849 - Robert Anderson Van Wyck, 91st Mayor of New York City (d. 1918)
1852 – Theo Heemskerk, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1932)
1859 - Otto Warburg, German botanist (d. 1938)
1864 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (d. 1931)
1868 - Miron Cristea, Patriarch of Romania (d. 1939)
1868 - José Félix Uriburu, President of Argentina (d. 1932)
1873 - Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviator (d. 1923)
1876 - Otto Blumenthal, German mathematician (d. 1944)
1889 - John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, British broadcaster (d. 1971)
1890 - Verna Felton, American actress (d. 1966)
1890 - Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish astronomer (d. 1960)
1890 - Giorgio Morandi, Italian painter and graphic artist (d. 1964)
1894 - Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1980)
1895 – László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian artist (d. 1946)
1896 – Eunice Sanborn, American supercentenarian, officially the second-oldest person in the world (d. 2011)
1897 - Camillo Berneri, Italian author, philosopher and anarchist (d. 1937)
1897 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist (d. 1996)
1900 - Maurice Leyland, English cricketer (d. 1967)
1901 1950
1910 – Mohamed Amin Didi, first President of the Maldives (d. 1954)
1914 - Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian philanthropist (d. 2018)
1914 - Magda Frank, Hungarian-Argentinian sculptor (d. 2010)
1914 - Ersilio Tonini, Italian cardinal (d. 2013)
1919 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
1920 – Elliot Richardson, American politician (d. 1999)
1922 - Alan Stephenson Boyd, American attorney and politician (d. 2020)
1924 - Tatyana Lioznova, Russian movie director (d. 2011)
1925 – Jacques Delors, French politician
1925 - Frantz Fanon, Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer (d. 1961)
1925 - Lola Albright, American actress (d. 2017)
1927 - Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Russian historian and activist (d. 2018)
1928 - Pavel Kohout, Austrian-Bohemian writer
1929 – Rajendra Kumar, Indian actor (d. 1999)
1930 – Chuck Daly, American basketball coach (d. 2009)
1930 – Heinz Kubsch, German footballer (d. 1993)
1932 – Nam June Paik, Korean video artist (d. 2006)
1932 – Otto Schily, German politician
1932 - Dick Giordano, American comic book artist and editor (d. 2010)
1933 – Cormac McCarthy, American writer
1933 - Rex Williams, English snooker player
1934 – Uwe Johnson, German writer (d. 1984)
1935 - Sleepy LaBeef, American musician
1936 - Alistair MacLeod, Canadian writer (d. 2014)
1937 - Ken Ogata, Japanese actor (d. 2008)
1938 – Roger Hunt, English footballer
1938 – Dame Diana Rigg, British actress
1938 – Heinz Strehl, German footballer (d. 1986)
1938 – Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)
1939 – Judy Chicago, American artist
1943 - Chris Amon, New Zealand Formula One driver (d. 2016)
1943 - Willie Mathieson, Scottish footballer
1943 – Wendy Richard, English actress (d. 2009)
1944 - Mel Daniels, American basketball player (d. 2015)
1945 - Larry Craig, American politician
1946 - Htin Kyaw, former President of Myanmar
1947 – Gerd Binnig, German-born physicist
1947 – Carlos Santana, Mexican-American musician
1948 - Muse Watson, American actor
1950 - Edward Leigh, British politician
1951 1975
1951 - Larry Black, American athlete (d. 2006)
1953 – Dave Evans, Welsh-Australian singer (AC/DC)
1953 - Marcia Hines, American-Australian singer, actress and television personality
1953 - Dan Shaughnessy, American writer
1954 - Keith Scott, Canadian guitarist
1956 – Paul Cook, English musician (The Sex Pistols)
1956 - Julio César Falcioni, Argentine footballer
1958 – Billy Mays, American advertising figure (d. 2009)
1958 - Mick MacNeil, Scottish musician (Simple Minds)
1960 - Pedro Zerolo, Spanish lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
1962 - Carlos Alazraqui, American actor, producer and screenwriter
1963 - Paula Ivan, Romanian athlete
1963 - Alexander Zhulin, Russian ice dancer
1963 - John Simmit, British actor and stand-up comedian
1964 – Dean Winters, American actor
1964 - Terri Irwin, American naturalist
1964 - Chris Cornell, American singer and musician (d. 2017)
1965 - Abdourahman Waberi, Djiboutian writer
1966 - Anton du Beke, British ballroom dancer
1966 - Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico
1966 - Stone Gossard, American musician
1967 - Courtney Taylor-Taylor, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Dandy Warhols)
1967 – Reed Diamond, American actor
1968 - Carlos Saldanha, Brazilian director
1969 – Josh Holloway, American actor
1969 - Tobi Vail, American musician
1971 - Sandra Oh, Canadian actress
1971 – DJ Screw, American DJ (d. 2000)
1973 – Peter Forsberg, Swedish ice hockey player
1973 – Haakon Magnus, Crown Prince of Norway
1973 – Claudio Reyna, American footballer
1973 - Roberto Orci, Mexican-American screenwriter and producer
1975 - Erik Hagen, Norwegian footballer
1975 - Rodolfo Arruabarrena, Argentine footballer
1975 - Birgitta Ohlsson, Swedish politician
From 1976
1977 – Alessandro Santos, Brazilian-Japanese footballer
1978 - Will Solomon, American basketball player
1978 - Nigel Quashie, British footballer
1979 – Miklos Feher, Hungarian footballer (d. 2004)
1980 – Gisele Bündchen, Brazilian model
1982 - Antoine Vermette, Canadian ice hockey player
1985 - John Francis Daley, American actor and screenwriter
1986 - Osric Chau, Canadian actor and martial artist
1987 - Nicola Benedetti, Scottish violinist
1987 - Niall McGinn, Northern Irish footballer
1988 – Julianne Hough, American dancer
1988 - Stephen Strasburg, American baseball player
1989 - Cristiano Pasquato, Italian footballer
1989 - Javier Cortés, Mexican footballer
1990 - Wendie Renard, French footballer
1991 - Philipp Reiter, German mountaineer and runner
1993 - Steven Adams, New Zealand basketball player
1993 - Alycia Debnam-Carey, Australian actress
1999 – Princess Alexandra of Hanover, Monegasque royalty
Deaths
Up to 1900
985 – Pope Boniface VII
1031 – King Robert II of France (b. 972)
1156 – Emperor Toba of Japan (1103)
1160 – Peter Lombard, French theologian (b. c. 1100)
1320 – King Oshin of Armenia (b. 1282)
1351 – Margaretha Ebner, German visionary (b.1291)
1387 – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (poisoned) (b. 1356)
1398 – Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (b. 1374)
1453 – Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French chronicler (b. c. 400)
1454 – King John II of Castile (b. 1405)
1524 – Claude of France, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1499)
1616 – Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone, Irish soldier (b. c. 1550)
1704 – Peregrine White, first English child born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1620)
1752 – Johann Christoph Pepusch, German composer (b. 1667)
1793 - Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, French explorer (b. 1737)
1796 - John Houstoun, Governor of Georgia (b. 1744)
1816 – Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin, Russian poet (b. 1743)
1866 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (b. 1826)
1870 – Jules de Goncourt, French writer (b. 1830)
1891 - Frederick Weld, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1823)
1897 – Jean Ingelow, English poet (b. 1820)
1901 2000
1901 – William Cosmo Monkhouse, English poet and critic (b. 1840)
1903 – Pope Leo XIII (b. 1810)
1908 – Demetrius Vikelas, Greek International Olympic Committee president (b. 1835)
1922 – Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician (b. 1856)
1923 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1878)
1926 – Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinskiy, head of the Soviet secret police (b. 1877)
1927 – King Ferdinand of Romania (b. 1865)
1932 - René Bazin, French author (b. 1853)
1937 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1874)
1941 – Lew Fields, American vaudeville performer (b. 1867)
1942 - Germaine Dulac, French movie director (b. 1882)
1944 – Mildred Harris, American actress (b. 1901)
1945 – Paul Valéry, French writer and poet (b. 1871)
1951 – King Abdullah I of Jordan (b. 1882)
1951 – Friedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern, Crown Prince of Germany (b. 1882)
1953 – Dumarsais Estimé, President of Haiti (b. 1900)
1953 – Jan Struther, British writer (b. 1901)
1955 - Calouste Gulbenkian, Armenian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1869)
1959 – William D. Leahy, American admiral (b. 1875)
1967 – Albert Lutuli, South African civil rights leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. c. 1898)
1970 - Iain Macleod, English politician (b. 1913)
1972 - Friedrich Flick, German industrialist and Nazi war criminal (b. 1893)
1973 – Bruce Lee, American actor and martial artist (b. 1940)
1982 – Okot p'Bitek, Ugandan poet (b. 1931)
1983 – Frank Reynolds, American television news anchor (b. 1923)
1986 - Stanley Rous, English FIFA President
1987 - Richard Egan, American actor (b. 1921)
1989 - Forrest H. Anderson, 17th Governor of Montana (b. 1920)
1990 – Herbert Jenkins, Atlanta's longest serving police chief (b. 1907)
1993 – Vincent Foster Jr., White House deputy counsel (b. 1945)
1997 – John Akii-Bua, Ugandan hurdler (b. 1949)
1999 – Sandra Gould, American actress (b. 1916)
From 2001
2001 – Carlo Giuliani, Italian anti-globalist demonstrator (b. 1978)
2003 – Nicolas Freeling, English writer (b. 1927)
2004 – Adi Lady Lala Mara, Fiji chieftainess, wife of Kamisese Mara (b. 1931)
2004 - Antonio Gades, Spanish dancer and choreographer (b. 1936)
2005 – James Doohan, Canadian-born actor (b. 1920)
2005 – Charles Chibitty, World War II Comanche code talker (b. 1921)
2005 – Finn Gustavsen, Norwegian politician (b. 1926)
2005 – Kayo Hatta, American movie director (b. 1958)
2005 – Alfred Hayes, British-born wrestling announcer (b. 1928)
2007 - Tammy Faye Messner, American televangelist (b. 1942)
2010 - Benedikt Gröndal, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1924)
2011 – Lucian Freud, German-born British painter (b. 1922)
2013 - Helen Thomas, American journalist (b. 1920)
2014 - Kadhal Dhandapani, Indian actor (b. 1943)
2014 - Victor G. Atiyeh, American politician, 32nd Governor of Oregon (b. 1923)
2014 - Klaus Schmidt, German archaeologist (b. 1953)
2014 - Kadhal Dhandapani, Indian actor (b. 1943)
2014 - Panna Rittikrai, Thai martial arts choreographer, actor and director (b. 1961)
2015 - Dieter Moebius, Swiss-German electronic musician (b. 1944)
2016 - Radu Beligan, Romanian actor, director and essayist (b. 1918)
2016 - Dimitri, Swiss clown (b. 1935)
2016 - Mohammed Shahid, Indian field hockey player (b. 1960)
2016 - Pavel Sheremet, Belarusian journalist (b. 1971)
2017 - Marco Aurélio Garcia, Brazilian politician (b. 1941)
2017 - Chester Bennington, American singer and musician (Linkin Park) (b. 1976)
2017 - Bernhard Kempa, German handball player and coach (b. 1920)
2017 - Kenneth Jay Lane, American costume jewellery designer (b. 1932)
2017 - John McCluskey, Baron McCluskey, Scottish lawyer, judge and life peer (b. 1929)
2017 - Claude Rich, French actor (b. 1929)
2017 - Jonathan Shurberg, American attorney and politician (b. 1963)
2017 - Jadwiga Szubartowicz, Polish supercentenarian (b. 1905)
2017 - Pudsey, Border Collie performing dog (b. 2005)
2018 - Thaddeus Radzilowski, Polish-American historian and author (b. 1938)
2018 - Christoph Westerthaler, Austrian footballer (b. 1965)
2018 - Mitsuo Matayoshi, Japanese political activist (b. 1944)
2019 - Sheila Dikshit, Indian politician (b. 1938)
2019 - Ilaria Occhini, Italian actress (b. 1934)
2019 - Peter McNamara, Australian tennis player (b. 1955)
Observances
Independence Day in Colombia
Friend's Day in Argentina
Engineer's Day (Costa Rica)
International Chess Day
Additional information
In 2007, the date of July 20 could have been written as 20072007, although in the US it was mostly written as 07202007.
Days of the year |
8395 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering%20wheel | Steering wheel | A steering wheel is a circular object used by the driver of a car or boat to change the direction it is moving.
The earliest known use of a steering wheel can be traced back to 1894 when Alfred Vacheron used one on his custom four-horsepower Panhard to participate in the Paris-Rouen race. That race in France in 1894 is one of the earliest known instances of a wheel-shaped device being used to steer a car.
In 1898 the French manufacturer introduced a steering wheel in all its models. Other manufacturers followed suit – and the steering wheel became a set part of automotive design. Early on, carmakers also began installing bulb horns on steering wheels, for as traffic increased, it became necessary to warn other drivers as well as pedestrians and cyclists.
For about two decades thereafter, steering wheels were incredibly simple: wooden circles directly connected to the wheel axis. They served no other task and could be extremely hard to turn, especially at low speeds or when stationary. Though power steering patents were circulating as early as the steering wheel itself, it was quite a long time before these systems were used. In the 1920s, an engineer named Francis W. Davis wanted to make truck driving a little easier and invented the first power steering system to be fitted into a vehicle, which was inspired by earlier work on power steering systems used in ships.
In the 1950s it became popular to line steering wheels with real or artificial leather, which gave drivers a better grip.
References
Auto parts |
8398 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Germany | East Germany | The German Democratic Republic (GDR) ( (DDR)), commonly called East Germany (), was founded on 7 October 1949, after World War II. It was formed from part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, including part of the city of Berlin. It is no longer a nation by itself since the two parts of Germany, East Germany and West Germany, reunified in 1990.
The GDR was ruled by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).
History
After World War II, the four Allied Occupation Zones in Germany were each controlled by a different country. The countries that controlled these parts of Germany were France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The French, American, and British parts of Germany formed West Germany (the Bundesrepublik). Part of the Soviet section became East Germany, and other parts became western Poland and small parts of other countries.
Walter Ulbricht, the head of the SED, also had a lot of power. Pieck died in 1960, and Ulbricht became "Chairman of the State Council". Now he was really the head of state.
On 13 August 1961, the Berlin Wall was built. Many people were shot dead by East German soldiers when they tried to escape the GDR. According to the SED this was to make it hard for American spies to use West Berlin as a place to work from, but it also made it hard for normal people to move between east and west.
After Mikhail Gorbachev had started glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union, many people in the GDR wanted reforms, too. In 1989, there were lots of demonstrations against the SED and for McDonalds and Nike. In the city of Leipzig, people met every Monday and demonstrated, and so these demonstrations are called Montagsdemonstrationen ("Monday Demonstrations"). Erich Honecker wished that the Soviets would use its army to suppress these demonstrations. The Soviet Union, with its own political and economical problems, refused and did not want to help Eastern Europe anymore. Honecker was eventually forced to resign on October 18, 1989.
Egon Krenz was elected by the politburo to be Honecker's successor. Krenz tried to show that he was looking for change within the GDR but the citizens did not trust him. On November 9, 1989, the SED announced that East Germans would be able to travel to West Berlin the next day. The spokesman who announced the new travel law incorrectly said that it would take effect immediately, implying the Berlin Wall would open that night. People began to gather at border checkpoints at the wall hoping to be let through, but the guards told them that they had no orders to let citizens through. As the number of people grew, the guards became alarmed and tried to contact their superiors but had no responses. Unwilling to use force, the chief guard at the checkpoint relented at 10:54pm and ordered the gate to be opened. Thousands of East-Germans swarmed into West Berlin and the purpose of the wall was deemed now obsolete. The fall of the wall destroyed the SED politically as well as the career of its leader, Egon Krenz. On December 1, 1989, the GDR government revoked the law that guaranteed the SED the right to rule the East German political system, effectively ending communist rule in the GDR.
On 18 March 1990, there were free elections in the GDR. The "Alliance for Germany", a group of political parties who wanted to unify the GDR with West Germany, won that election. This process, when East Germany was taken over by the West, is known also the Wende in Germany.
In the German reunification, the GDR joined West Germany by approving its constitution in 1990. The East German districts were reorganised into the Länder (Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thüringen) and joined West Germany, after which the GDR ceased to exist. Fidel Castro had long ago renamed the small Cuban island of Cayo Blanco del Sur and one of its beaches in honor of the GDR, though it remained part of Cuba.
Even though the western and the eastern part joined back together in 1990, people from former West Germany still call people from East Germany "Ossi". This comes from the German word "Osten" which means "East". Ossi is not always meant kindly.
After the reunification, many people became angry because the new government was from the west and didn't like East Germany. They closed down lots of the places people worked and tried to make it look like East Germany never existed. This made lots of people lose their jobs and become poor. Today lots of people who used to live in East Germany want it to come back. This is called "Ostalgie", which means "East nostalgia".
Politics
The leading role of the SED was written down in the constitution of the GDR. There were other parties in the GDR, which were called the Blockparteien ("block parties"), their job was mostly to cooperate with the SED:
CDU (Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands; in English "Christian Democratic Union of Germany") – when Germany was reunified in 1990, this party merged with the West German party of the same name, CDU.
LDPD (Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands; in English "Liberal Democratic Party of Germany") – in 1990, it was merged with the West German FDP
NDPD (National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands; in English "National Democratic Party of Germany") – it was merged with the FDP, too, and has nothing to do with the NPD
DBD (Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschland; in English "Democratic Farmer's Party of Germany") – it was merged with the CDU some months before the German reunification
The Ministry for State Security (in German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit; often called "MfS" or "Stasi") was the East German secret police. It searched for people who were against the state, the SED and their politics. The MfS had many informants who told them when people said or did something against the state. There was a big MfS prison in the town of Bautzen.
Foreign policy
East Germany was a member of the Warsaw Pact. The GDR was no longer protected by the USSR after Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev during his reforms in the late 1980s in what was known as the "Sinatra Doctrine".
Economy
In the GDR, there was a planned economy. All big factories and companies were in property of the state (officially Volkseigentum, "people's property"). Only some small companies and shops were private property.
A famous relic of the GDR is the low-powered automobile "Trabant" or Trabi.
Sports
Until 1964, East and West Germany took part in the Olympic Games with only one team for both states. Since 1968, East and West Germany had their own team each.
East German sportspeople were very successful, for example in athletics, cycling, boxing or some winter sports. Famous sportspeople from East Germany were Täve Schur (cycling), Waldemar Cierpinski (athletics), Heike Drechsler (athletics), Olaf Ludwig (cycling), Katarina Witt (ice skating) or Jens Weißflog (ski jumping).
A famous cycling race was the Peace Race (in German: Friedensfahrt).
The East German national football team was not so successful. They were only in one FIFA World Cup. This was the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which took place in West Germany. On 22 June 1974, East Germany played against West Germany. Jürgen Sparwasser shot a goal and East Germany won 1-0.
Athletes
Uwe Ampler, racing bicyclist
Karin Büttner-Janz, gymnast
Ernst Degner, racing motorcyclist
Thomas Doll, footballer
Heike Drechsler, athlete
Mikhail Grabovski, hockey player
Marita Koch, athlete
Olaf Ludwig, racing bicyclist
Uwe Raab, racing bicyclist
Jürgen Sparwasser, footballer
Jens Weissflog, skier
Katarina Witt, ice skater
Holidays
References
1990 disestablishments in Germany
1949 establishments in Germany
Former socialist republics
Former dictatorships
States and territories disestablished in the 1990s
States and territories established in the 1940s |
8404 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball | Netball | Netball is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed. The player cannot step with the ball either, nor hold it for more than three seconds. The game proceeds by players throwing (passing) the ball to each other until one attempts to throw it through the hoop, known as a "shot".
There are 7 fixed positions on the court, which restrict the places where each player is allowed to go:
C - Centre
WA - Wing attack
WD - Wing defence
GD - Goal defence
GK - Goal keeper
GS - Goal shooter
GA - Goal attack
There are many rules in netball some of which are:
If a shooter attempts to shoot the ball but misses the hoop without it touching, then the shooter must wait until another player touches the ball first or until the ball bounces before she can touch the ball again.
A player can only hold the ball for three seconds - held ball
No stepping with the ball - stepping
When defending, a player must be 3 feet from the player with the ball - otherwise it is called obstruction
A player may not bounce the ball to herself - replay
A player may not contact another player - contact
A player may not enter a part of the court where her position is not allowed - offside
When shooting or defending, a player may not use the pole as support - free pass to the other teams.
no girl is allowed to shoot from outside the semi circle or pass over a third.
Playing Court
A netball court is 30.5m long and 15.25m wide. The longer sides are called the side lines and the shorter sides the goal lines. The court is divided into three equal parts, a centre third and two goal thirds. These sections are marked by two transverse lines parallel to the goal lines. Each third measures 10.167m wide.
The goal circle is a semi‑circle 4.9m in radius and its centre is the midpoint of the goal line. The centre circle is 0.9m in diameter and is marked in the centre of the court.
All lines are part of the court and 50mm wide, preferably white. It is recommended that they are a textured, water‑based acrylic, straight and have clean, crisp edges.
Team sports |
8407 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20number | Atomic number | The atomic number (symbol: Z) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number of an atom identifies which element it is. In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The elements of the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number.
Atomic number is not the same as:
atomic mass (symbol: ma), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units
mass number (symbol: A), which is the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
relative atomic mass (also called atomic weight; symbol: Ar), which is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
The atomic number of the periodic table directly corresponds to the number of protons which is in the atom. Once another proton is added, it is no longer the same element. The same cannot be applied to when another neutron or another electron is added. Adding more electrons will give the atom a negative charge and removing electrons will give the atom a positive charge. Metals tend to lose electrons, which creates a positive charge. Non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming a negative charge. Electrons are the foundation for determining how compounds are formed among atoms.
Adding or removing neutrons within an atom changes its isotope. As an example, carbon-12 is the most stable isotope for a carbon atom. However, we can add two more neutrons and carbon-12 is now carbon-14, a less stable isotope of carbon. The number of an isotope directly correlates to the atomic mass of an element. The amount of neutrons in any given atom by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass.
For example oxygen has 8 protons. The atomic number is the number of protons an element has. So, if an unidentified element has 8 protons, then it is oxygen. This is because each element has a certain number of protons. If an element had 9 protons, it would not be oxygen, but an element can have 8 protons, and 9 neutrons and still be considered oxygen; we call this an isotope.
References
Related pages
Henry Moseley
Chemistry
Nuclear physics |
8412 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%2021 | June 21 | In most years, this is the date of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, as the day with the most daylight hours. In the southern hemisphere, this is the winter solstice, with the least daylight hours.
Events
Up to 1925
524 – Battle of Vezerone: Burgundy triumphs over the French.
1529 - French forces are driven out of Northern Italy by Spain in the Battle of Landriano.
1621 - 27 Czech noblemen are executed in the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.
1665 – First soldiers of Le Régiment de Carignan-Salières arrive at Quebec to invade Iroquois territories.
1734 – In Montreal in New France (today primarily Quebec), a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
1749 – Halifax Nova Scotia founded.
1767 – English captain Samuel Wallis reaches the island of Tahiti.
1788 – New Hampshire ratifies the Constitution and is thus admitted as the 9th state in the United States.
1791 - King Louis XVI of France and members of his close family attempt to flee Paris.
1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: British Army defeats Irish rebels at Battle of Vinegar Hill
1813 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vitoria
1813 – Laura Secord sets out to warn British forces of impending American attack at Queenston Ontario.
1824 – Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.
1859 – Franco-Austrian War: Battle of Solférino is fought. Witnessed by Henri Dunant, the results were the Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross.
1864 – Maori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign ends.
1877 – The Molly Maguires, ten Irish immigrants who were labour activists, are hanged in the Carbon County, Pennsylvania Prison.
1887 – Queen Victoria's golden jubilee
1898 – Guam becomes U.S. Territory.
1908 - The Women's Social and Political Union holds a demonstration in London for a woman's right to vote. Over 250,000 women take part.
1915 – The U.S. Supreme Court hands down decision in Guinn v. United States 238 US 347 1915, striking down an Oklahoma law denying the right to vote to some citizens.
1919 – Royal Canadian Mounted Police fire a volley into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two, during Winnipeg General Strike.
1919 – Admiral Ludvig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Orkney. The nine sailors killed were the last casualties of World War I.
1926 2000
1930 - One-year conscription begins in France.
1939 – The New York Yankees announce Lou Gehrig's retirement.
1940 – World War II: France surrenders to Germany.
1940 – First successful west to east navigation of Northwest Passage begins at Vancouver, British Columbia.
1942 – World War II: Tobruk falls to German forces.
1942 – World War II: A Japanese submarine surfaces near the Columbia River in Oregon, firing 17 shells at nearby Fort Stevens in one of only a handful of attacks by the Japanese against USA mainland.
1945 – World War II: Battle of Okinawa ends.
1947 – A Seaman named Harold Dahl claims to have seen six UFOs near Maury Island. The next morning Dahl reported the first modern MIB encounter.
1948 - The Manchester small-scale Experimental Machine, the first stored-program computer, runs its first computer program.
1957 – Ellen Louks Fairclough sworn in as Canada's first woman Cabinet Minister
1963 - Pope Paul VI is elected.
1964 – Three civil rights workers, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney and Mickey Schwerner are murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi by members of the Ku Klux Klan.
1965 – Folk rock band The Byrds release their highly influential debut album Mr. Tambourine Man.
1973 – In handing down the decision in Miller v. California 413 US 15, the Supreme Court of the United States establishes the Miller Test, which now governs obscenity in U.S. law.
1982 – John Hinckley is found not guilty by reason of insanity for the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan.
1982 – Fête de la Musique street music festival inaugurated in France by Jack Lang.
1989 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Texas v. Johnson that flag burning is protected speech under the United States Constitution.
1998 – French police officer Daniel Nivel is beaten by German hooligans at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He survives the attack, but is left permanently brain damaged.
2000 – Section 28, a law banning the "promotion" of homosexuality, is repealed in Scotland with a 99 to 17 vote.
From 2001
2003 – Deputy Justice Fazel Ahmed Manawi of the Afghan Supreme Court announces that Aftab editor Sayed Madawi and his deputy Ali Payam Sestani will be tried for "libelling Islam"
2003 – Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the fifth book in J.K. Rowling's hugely popular Harry Potter series is published.
2004 – SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.
2006 - Pluto's newly discovered moons are named Nix and Hydra.
2009 – Greenland is allowed to make more decisions independently from Denmark.
2013 - At 11am, Singapore's new PSI record was broken again, with a PSI of 400 in the "Hazardous" range. The newly minted record was broken soon after at 12pm, with the PSI remaining in the "Hazardous" range with a reading of 401.
2014 - 2014 FIFA World Cup: Two World Cup scoring records are equaled in the 2-2 draw between Germany and Ghana. Asamoah Gyan of Ghana equals Roger Milla's African record of five, and Miroslav Klose of Germany equals Ronaldo's overall all-time record of fifteen.
2019 - The 2019 Africa Cup of Nations football tournament starts.
Births
Up to 1800
1002 - Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)
1226 - Boleslaus V of Poland (d. 1279)
1528 - Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)
1535 - Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
1639 - Increase Mather, American minister and author (d. 1723)
1646 - Maria Francisca of Savoy, Queen of Portugal (d. 1683)
1676 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher (d. 1729)
1710 - James Short, Scottish mathematician (d. 1768)
1730 - Motoori Norinaga, Japanese scholar (d. 1801)
1732 – Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German composer (d. 1791)
1736 – Enoch Poor, American general (d. 1780)
1750 - Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet, French sculptor, draftsman and printmaker (d. 1818)
1759 - Alexander J. Dallas, 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1817)
1763 - Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, French statesman and philosopher (d. 1845)
1774 – Daniel D. Tompkins, US Congressman, Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United States (d. 1825)
1781 - Simeon Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
1788 - Princess Augusta of Bavaria (d. 1850)
1791 - Robert Napier, Scottish engineer (d. 1876)
1801 1900
1811 – Carlo Matteucci, Italian composer (d. 1868)
1818 - Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1893)
1823 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873)
1826 – Georg von Neumayer, German scientist and polar explorer (d. 1909)
1831 - Duke Ludwig Wilhelm of Bavaria (d. 1920)
1839 – Machado de Assis, Brazilian writer (d. 1908)
1850 - Daniel Carter Beard, American illustrator and author (d. 1941)
1850 - Enrico Cecchetti, Italian ballet dancer (d. 1928)
1856 - Friedrich Kluge, German philologist (d. 1926)
1862 – Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince, administrator and historian (d. 1943)
1863 – Albert Sauveur, metallurgist (one of the founders of physical metallurgy)
1863 – Max Wolf, German astronomer (d. 1932)
1870 – Clara Immerwahr, German chemist (d. 1915)
1882 - Rockwell Kent, American painter, printmaker, illustrator and writer (d. 1971)
1883 - Feodor Gladkov, Russian writer (d. 1958)
1883 – Lluís Companys i Jover, President of Catalonia (d. 1940)
1884 – Claude Auchinleck, British Field Marshal (d. 1981)
1887 – Norman L. Bowen, petrologist (d. 1956)
1889 – Ralph Craig, American athlete (d. 1972)
1890 - Frank S. Land, American businessman (d. 1959)
1891 – Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian architect (d. 1979)
1891 – Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966)
1892 – Reinhold Niebuhr, German-American Protestant theologian (d. 1971)
1893 – Alois Hába, Czech composer (d. 1973)
1896 – Charles B. Momsen, American inventor (d. 1967)
1899 - Pavel Haas, Czech composer (d. 1944)
1901 1925
1903 - Hermann Engelhard, German athlete (d. 1984)
1903 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
1905 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and playwright, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 (he decided not to accept it) (d. 1980)
1905 - Jacques Goddet, French sports journalist (d. 2000)
1910 - Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Soviet poet (d. 1971)
1911 – Ralph Wendell Burhoe, theologian and scientist, first American to win the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion
1911 - Karl Silberbauer, Austrian SS officer (d. 1972)
1912 – Mary McCarthy, American writer (d. 1989)
1912 - Marga Spiegel, German author (d. 2014)
1912 - Kazimierz Leski, Polish pilot and engineer (d. 2000)
1914 – William Vickrey, Canadian economist, receives the Nobel Prize in Economics (d. 1996)
1918 - Eddie Lopat, American baseball player, coach and manager (d. 1992)
1918 - Robert Roosa, American economist and banker (d. 1993)
1918 - Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1955)
1919 – Gower Champion, dancer and choreographer (d. 1980)
1919 – Gérard Pelletier, French journalist, politician and diplomat (d. 1997)
1919 – Vladimir Simagin, Chess International Grandmaster & Master, International Correspondence Chess Master, trainer
1919 - Paolo Soleri, Italian architect (d. 2013)
1920 - Ron Lewin, English footballer (d. 1985)
1920 - Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater (d. 2017)
1921 – Helmut Heissenbüttel, German avant-garde novelist and poet (d. 1996)
1921 – Judy Holliday, American actress (d. 1965)
1921 – Jane Russell, American actress (d. 2011)
1921 - István Zsolt, Hungarian football referee (d. 1991)
1922 - Heino Lipp, Estonian decathlete, shot putter and discus thrower (d. 2006)
1924 - Marga Lopez, Mexican-Argentine actress (d. 2005)
1925 - Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas, President of Bolivia (d. 2005)
1925 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)
1925 – Giovanni Spadolini, Italian politician (d. 1994)
1926 1950
1926 - Johanna Quandt, German businesswoman (d. 2015)
1927 – Carl Stokes, American politician, Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio (d. 1996)
1928 - Per Lillo-Stenberg, Norwegian actor (d. 2014)
1929 - Abdel Halim Hafez, Egyptian singer and actor (d. 1977)
1930 - Gerald Kaufman, English politician (d. 2017)
1931 - Margaret Heckler, American politician (d. 2018)
1932 - Bernard Ingham, English journalist and civil servant
1932 - Lalo Schifrin, Argentine pianist, composer and conductor
1934 – Wulf Kirsten, German writer and recipient of the 1989 Heinrich Mann Prize
1934 - Ken Matthews, British race-walker (d. 2019)
1935 – Françoise Sagan, French writer (d. 2004)
1938 - Ron Ely, American actor
1938 - Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist
1939 – Ruben Berrios, Puerto Rican politician
1939 - Ken Catchpole, Australian rugby player (d. 2017)
1941 - Liz Mohn, German media proprietor
1941 - Valeri Zolotukhin, Russian actor (d. 2013)
1943 – Salomé, Spanish singer and Eurovision Song Contest winner
1943 - Beat Fehr, Swiss racing driver (d. 1967)
1944 - Tony Scott, British director and producer (d. 2012)
1944 – Ray Davies, English musician (The Kinks)
1944 - Jon Hiseman, English drummer (d. 2018)
1944 - Corinna Tsopei, Greek model and actress
1945 - Adam Zagajewski, Polish philosopher and poet
1946 - Piotr Domaradzki, Polish-American journalist and historian (d. 2015)
1946 – Brenda Holloway, American musician
1946 - Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, Iraqi-British businessman
1946 - Kate Hoey, British politician
1946 - Malcolm Rifkind, British politician
1947 – Meredith Baxter, American actress
1947 – Shirin Ebadi, Iranian jurist, activist and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize
1947 - Michael Gross, American actor
1947 - Joey Molland, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1947 - Fernando Savater, Spanish philosopher and author
1948 – Ian McEwan, British writer
1948 – Lionel Rose, first aboriginal boxer to win a world title (in 1968) (d. 2011)
1948 – Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish fantasy writer
1949 - Stephen Hunter Flick, American sound editor
1950 – Anne Carson, poet
1950 – Joey Kramer, American musician (Aerosmith)
1950 – Vasilis Papakonstantinou, Greek singer
1951 1975
1951 – Nils Lofgren, American musician
1951 - Jim Douglas, 80th Governor of Vermont
1952 - Koichi Mashimo, Japanese director
1953 – Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan (twice), first female Muslim head of government (d. 2007)
1954 – Robert Menasse, Austrian writer
1954 - Anne Kirkbride, English actress (Coronation Street) (d. 2015)
1955 – Tim Bray, computer programmer
1955 – Michel Platini, French footballer
1957 - Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal
1959 - Tom Chambers, American basketball player
1959 – Marcella Detroit, singer, musician and songwriter (Shakespear's Sister)
1959 - Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi cleric (d. 2016)
1960 - Kate Brown, American politician, 38th Governor of Oregon
1961 - Manu Chao, French singer and guitarist
1961 - Karen Barber, British ice dancer
1961 - Joko Widodo, 7th President of Indonesia
1962 – Viktor Tsoi, Russian musician
1963 - Dario Marianelli, Italian composer
1964 – David Morrissey, British actor
1964 – Doug Savant, American actor (Melrose Place, Desperate Housewives)
1965 - Yang Liwei, Chinese astronaut
1965 - Lana Wachowski, American movie director, screenwriter and producer
1966 – Rudi Bakhtiar, journalist
1966 - Sergey Grishin, Russian businessman and billionaire
1967 - Pierre Omidyar, French-American businessman, co-founded eBay
1967 - Yingluck Shinawatra, former Prime Minister of Thailand
1968 – Chris Gueffroy, last person to be shot at the Berlin Wall (d. 1989)
1971 - Anette Olzon, Swedish singer
1971 - Keith Loneker, American football player and actor (d. 2017)
1973 – Juliette Lewis, American actress
1974 - Flavio Roma, Italian footballer
From 1976
1976 – René Aufhauser, Austrian footballer
1976 – Miroslav Karhan, Slovakian footballer
1978 - Erica Durance, Canadian actress
1978 - Jean-Pascal Lacoste, French singer and actor
1979 – Kostas Katsouranis, Greek footballer
1979 – Chris Pratt, American actor
1981 – Brandon Flowers, American singer/keyboardist (The Killers)
1982 – Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, second-in-line to the British throne
1982 - Jussie Smollett, American actor
1983 - Edward Snowden, American intelligence contractor, activist and academic
1983 - Nadia López, Mexican singer
1985 – Kris Allen, American singer/American Idol Winner
1985 - Lana Del Rey, American singer
1986 - Hideaki Wakui, Japanese baseball player
1986 - Cheick Tioté, Ivorian footballer (d. 2017)
1987 – Sebastian Prödl, Austrian footballer
1987 - Pablo Barrera, Mexican footballer
1987 - Kim Ryeowook, South Korean singer, songwriter and actor
1988 - Alejandro Ramírez, Costa Rican chess player
1988 - Alyssa DeHaan, American basketball and volleyball player
1988 - Thaddeus Young, American basketball player
1989 - Abubakar Kaki Khamis, Sudanese track-and-field athlete
1990 - Knowledge Musona, Zimbabwean footballer
1991 - Gaël Kakuta, French footballer
1992 - Carly Booth, Scottish golfer
1992 - Max Schneider, American actor, dancer, model and singer
1994 - Chisato Okai, Japanese singer and actress
1997 – Rebecca Black, American pop singer, became famous on YouTube
1998 - Isabel Atkin, English freestyle skier
2001 – Aleksandra Obolentseva, Russian chess player
2001 - Eleanor Worthington Cox, English actress
2011 - Lil Bub, American celebrity cat
Deaths
Up to 1900
223 - Liu Rei, Chinese Emperor (b. 161)
1040 - Fulk III, Count of Anjou (b. 972)
1206 - Enrico Dandolo, 42nd Doge of Venice (b. 1107)
1208 - Philip of Swabia (b. 1177)
1305 – Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Poland (b. 1271)
1377 – King Edward III of England (b. 1312)
1521 - Leonardo Loredan, 76th Doge of Venice (b. 1436)
1547 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian political philosopher (b. 1469)
1582 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese shogun (b. 1534)
1591 - Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (b. 1568)
1621 - Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (b. 1575)
1621 - Krystof Harant, Czech soldier, writer and composer (b. 1564)
1652 – Inigo Jones, English architect (b. 1573)
1661 - Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter (b. 1599)
1874 - Anders Jonas Angstrom, Swedish physicist (b. 1814)
1876 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican President and military figure (b. 1794)
1893 - Leland Stanford, 8th Governor of California (b. 1824)
1901 2000
1908 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer (b. 1844)
1914 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian pacifist and first female winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)
1917 – Matthias Zurbriggen, Swiss mountain climber (b. 1856)
1921 - Murphy J. Foster, Governor of Louisiana (b. 1849)
1951 - Charles Dillon-Perrine, American astronomer (b. 1867)
1952 - Wop May, Canadian pilot and captain (b. 1896)
1954 - Gideon Sundback, Swedish engineer and inventor of the zipper (b. 1880)
1957 – Johannes Stark, German physicist (b. 1874)
1964 – James Chaney, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1943)
1964 – Andrew Goodman, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1943)
1964 – Michael Schwerner, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1939)
1969 – Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (b. 1934)
1970 – Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (b. 1901)
1970 - Piers Courage, English racing driver (b. 1942)
1979 - Angus MacLise, American drummer and songwriter (b. 1938)
1985 – Tage Erlander, Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1901)
1992 – Li Xiannian, President of the People's Republic of China (b. 1909)
1993 – Ticho Parly, Danish tenor (b. 1928)
1997 - Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor, singer, director and producer (b. 1931)
1998 - Anastasio Ballestero, Italian cardinal (b. 1913)
2000 – Alan Hovhanness, American composer (b. 1911)
From 2001
2001 - John Lee Hooker, American blues musician (b. 1916)
2003 – Leon Uris, American writer (b. 1924)
2005 - Jaime Sin, Archbishop of Manila (b. 1928)
2007 - Georg Danzer, Austrian singer (b. 1946)
2008 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (b. 1916)
2010 – Stanley Lucas, British supercentenarian (b. 1900)
2011 – Maria Gomes Valentim, Brazilian supercentenarian (b. 1896)
2012 - Ramaz Shengelia, Soviet-Georgian footballer (b. 1957)
2012 - Anna Schwartz, American economist and author (b. 1915)
2014 - Yozo Ishikawa, Japanese politician (b. 1925)
2014 - Walter Kieber, 7th Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (b. 1931)
2014 - Jimmy C. Newman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1927)
2015 - Veijo Meri, Finnish writer (b. 1928)
2015 - Gunther Schuller, American conductor, composer and musician (b. 1925)
2015 - Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, German politician (b. 1932)
2016 - Kunio Hatoyama, Japanese politician (b. 1948)
2016 - Henk Hofland, Dutch journalist, columnist and writer (b. 1927)
2016 - Al Howie, Scottish-Canadian long-distance runner (b. 1945)
2017 - Jean-Pierre Kahane, French mathematician (b. 1926)
2017 - Steffi Martin, German luger (b. 1962)
2017 - Con Sciacca, Italian-Australian politician (b. 1947)
2017 - Robert M. Shoemaker, American military officer (b. 1924)
2017 - Brian Street, British anthropologist (b. 1943)
2018 - Katriina Elovirta, Finnish footballer and referee (b. 1961)
2018 - Charles Krauthammer, American political commentator, columnist and writer (b. 1950)
2018 - Armando Merodio, Spanish footballer (b. 1935)
2018 - Laurence Street, Australian judge (b. 1926)
2018 - Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician (b. 1927)
2018 - Jamsheed Marker, Pakistani politician (b. 1922)
2019 - Demetris Christofias, 6th President of Cyprus (b. 1946)
2019 - Bubba Green, American football player (b. 1957)
2019 - Jan Meyers, American politician (b. 1928)
Observances
Saint Aloysius Gonzaga
Summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, day with the most daylight hours
Winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, day with the fewest daylight hours
National Aboriginal Day (Canada)
National Day (Greenland)
World Humanist Day (International Humanist and Ethical Union)
Statehood Day (New Hampshire)
References
Days of the year |
8413 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920 | 1920 | 1920 was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the 1920s.
Events
The King of Spain blesses the Real Madrid football team.
August Krogh, Danish zoologist, won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Births
January 9 - Clive Dunn, British actor, comedian, and singer (d. 2012)
January 20 – DeForest Kelley, American actor (d. 1999)
February 26 – Tony Randall, American actor (d. 2004)
May 18 – John Paul II, Polish-born Pope (d. 2005)
June 10 – Ruth Graham, American poet, wife of Billy Graham (d. 2007)
August 18 - Shelley Winters, American actress (d. 2006)
August 22 – Ray Bradbury, American writer (d. 2012)
September 23 - Mickey Rooney, American actor (d. 2014)
November 8 – Esther Rolle, American actress, known for role in Good Times and Maude (d.1998)
November 21 - Stan Musial, American baseball player (d. 2013)
Deaths
January 2 – Paul Adam, French writer (b. 1862)
January 3 – Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician (b. 1888)
January 4 – Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish novelist (b. 1843)
January 6 – Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen, Danish mathematician (b. 1839)
January 7 – Edmund Barton, Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1849)
January 18 – Giovanni Capurro, Italian poet (b. 1825)
January 24 – William Percy French, Irish songwriter and entertainer (b. 1854)
January 24 – Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (tuberculosis) (b. 1884)
January 24 – William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket, British diplomat and administrator (b. 1864)
January 26 – Jeanne Hébuterne, French artist, model, and common-law wife of Amedeo Modigliani (suicide) (b. 1898)
February 2 – Field E. Kindley, American World War I aviator (b. 1896)
February 3 – Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland (b. 1846)
February 6 – Augustus F. Goodridge, Canadian merchant and politician (b. 1839)
February 7 – Aleksandr Kolchak, Russian naval commander (b. 1874)
February 15 – Joseph Burton Sumner, founder of Sumner, Mississippi (b. 1837)
February 20 – Joseph J. Fern, Mayor of Honolulu (b. 1872)
February 20 – Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer (b. 1856)
February 27 – William Sherman Jennings, Governor of Florida (b. 1863)
March 1 – John H. Bankhead, U.S. Senator from Alabama (b. 1842)
March 1 – William A. Stone, Governor of Pennsylvania (b. 1846)
March 1 – Joseph Trumpeldor, Russian Zionist (b. 1880)
March 4 – Roswell P. Bishop, U.S. Congressman from Michigan (b. 1843)
March 11 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (b. 1865)
March 13 – Charles Lapworth, English geologist (b. 1842)
March 26 – William Chester Minor, American surgeon (b. 1834)
March 26 – Mary Augusta Ward, Tasmanian novelist (b. 1851)
March 31 – Paul Bachmann, German mathematician (b. 1837)
March 31 – Edwin Warfield, Governor of Maryland (b. 1848)
April 8 – John Brashear, American astronomer (b. 1840)
April 8 – Charles Tomlinson Griffes, American composer (b. 1884)
April 9 – Moritz Cantor, German historian of mathematics (b. 1829)
April 21 – Maria L. Sanford, American educator (b. 1836)
April 26 – Srinivasa Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (b. 1887)
May 1 – Princess Margaret of Connaught, Crown Princess of Sweden (b. 1882)
May 9 – Agnes Macdonald, wife of John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1836)
May 11 – James Colosimo, Italian-born gangster (b. 1877)
May 11 – William Dean Howells, American writer (b. 1837)
May 16 – Levi P. Morton, Vice President of the United States (b. 1824)
May 21 – Venustiano Carranza, President of Mexico (b. 1859)
May 21 – Eleanor H. Porter, American novelist (b. 1868)
May 23 – Svetozar Borojevic, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. 1856)
May 30 – George Ernest Morrison, Australian adventurer (b. 1862)
June 5 – Rhoda Broughton, Welsh writer (b. 1840)
June 5 – Julia A. Moore, American poet (b. 1847)
June 6 – James Dunsmuir, Canadian politician (b. 1851)
June 13 – Essad Pasha, Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1863)
June 14 – Gabrielle Réjane, French actress (b. 1856)
June 14 – Max Weber, German political economist (b. 1864)
June 18 – Jewett W. Adams, Governor of Nevada (b. 1835)
June 18 – John Macoun, Irish born naturalist (b. 1831)
June 20 – Marie Adolphe Carnot, French chemist, mining engineer, and politician (b. 1839)
June 20 – John Grigg, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1838)
June 27 – Adolphe Basile Routhier, Canadian poet (b. 1839)
July 1 – Delfim Moreira, President of Brazil (b. 1868)
July 10 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)
July 11 – Empress Eugénie of France (b. 1826)
July 14 – Albert Keller, German painter (b. 1844)
July 22 – William Kissam Vanderbilt, American heir (b. 1849)
August 1 – Frank Hanly, Governor of Indiana (b. 1863)
August 1 – Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Indian nationalist (b. 1856)
August 2 – Ormer Locklear, American pilot (b. 1891)
August 9 – Samuel Griffith, Australian politician and judge (b. 1845)
August 10 – Adam Politzer, Austrian otologist (b. 1835)
August 12 – Hermann Struve, Russian-born astronomer (b. 1854)
August 16 – Henry Daglish, Premier of Australia (b. 1866)
August 16 – Joseph Norman Lockyer, English astronomer (b. 1836)
August 17 – Ray Chapman, baseball player (b. 1891)
August 22 – Anders Zorn, Swedish painter (b. 1860)
August 26 – James Wilson, Scottish-born American politician (b. 1835)
August 31 – Wilhelm Wundt, German physiologist and psychologist (b. 1832)
September 7 – Simon-Napoléon Parent, Premier of Quebec (b. 1855)
September 10 – Olive Thomas, American actress (b. 1894)
September 18 – Robert Beaven, Canadian politician (b. 1836)
September 24 – Peter Carl Fabergé, Russian jeweler (b. 1846)
September 25 – Jacob Schiff, German-born banker and philanthropist (b. 1847)
September 30 – William Wilfred Sullivan, Canadian journalist, politician, and jurist (b. 1843)
October 2 – Winthrop M. Crane, Governor of Massachusetts and Senator (b. 1853)
October 10 – Hudson Stuck, English mountaineer (b. 1865)
October 19 – John Reed, American journalist (b. 1887)
October 20 – Max Bruch, German composer (b. 1838)
October 24 – Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia (b. 1853)
November 4 – Ludwig Struve, Russian astronomer (b. 1858)
November 13 – Luc-Olivier Merson, French painter and illustrator (b. 1846)
November 23 – George Callaghan, British admiral (b. 1852)
November 25 – Gaston Chevrolet, Swiss-born automobile race driver and manufacturer (b. 1892)
November 30 – Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (b. 1852)
December 3 – William de Wiveleslie Abney, English astronomer and photographer (b. 1843)
December 11 – Olive Schreiner, South African writer (b. 1855)
December 12 – Edward Gawler Prior, Canadian mining engineer and politician (b. 1854)
December 14 – George Gipp, American football player (b. 1895)
Art, music, theatre, literature
The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari is released. |
8415 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%20number | Cardinal number | Cardinal numbers (or cardinals) are numbers that say how many of something there are, for example: one, two, three, four, five, six. They are sometimes called counting numbers.
The cardinality of a set is the cardinal number that tells us, roughly speaking, the size of the set.
In mathematics, people also study infinite cardinal numbers. The first infinite cardinal number was named (pronounced "Aleph null", "Aleph-zero" or "Aleph-naught") by Georg Cantor. is the number of numbers that are in the group 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (which goes on forever). Both the set of natural numbers and the set of rational numbers are of size (that is, they are both countable).
Another infinite cardinal number is the number of numbers in the set of real numbers, and is represented by the symbol (or , the cardinality of the continuum). Cantor proved that there are many different infinite cardinal numbers that are bigger than . A famous theorem of Cantor is that the cardinality of the real numbers is larger than the cardinality of the natural numbers. The continuum hypothesis is the statement that there is no middle cardinal number strictly between that of natural numbers and real numbers.
Related pages
Cardinal numeral
Ordinal number
Names for ordinal numbers
References
Number theory |
8426 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960 | 1960 | 1960 (MCMLX) was .
Events
January – State of emergency is lifted in Kenya – Mau Mau Rebellion is officially over
January 1 – Independence of Cameroon
January 9 – Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt
January 14 – Ralph Chubb, the gay poet and printer, dies at Fair Oak Cottage in Hampshire.
January 14 – Reserve bank and Commonwealth Bank created (a)
January 23 – Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in the bathyscaphe USS Trieste break a depth record when they descend to the bottom of Challenger Deep 35,820 feet (10,750 meters) below sea level in the Pacific Ocean
January 24 – A major insurrection in Algiers against French colonial policy
January 25 – The National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the Payola scandal by threatening fines for any disk jockeys who accepted money for playing particular records
February 1 – (Greensboro, N.C.) Four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the South. Six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same Woolworth's counter.
February 9 – Joanne Woodward receives the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
February 9 – Adolph Coors III, chairman of the board of the Coors Brewing Company, is kidnapped and captors demand $500.000. Coors is later found killed and Joseph Corbett Jr is indicted
February 11 – The airship ZPG-3W is destroyed in a storm in Massachusetts
February 13 – Nuclear testing: France tests its first atomic bomb
February 29 – Earthquake totally destroys Agadir, Morocco.
March 21 – The Sharpeville Massacre occurs in South Africa.
April 4 – Senegal becomes independent.
April 27 – Togo becomes independent.
May 1 – A Lockheed U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers is shot down over the Soviet Union, making an international incident.
May 11 – Nazi politician Adolf Eichmann is captured in Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Mossad.
May 22 – The Great Chilean Earthquake occurs.
June 26 – The British protectorate Somaliland becomes independent.
June 26 – Madagascar becomes independent.
June 30 – The present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo becomes independent.
July 1 – Somalia becomes independent.
July 1 – Ghana becomes a Republic.
August 1 – Benin becomes independent.
August 3 – Niger becomes independent.
August 5 – Upper Volta becomes independent. It is later renamed Burkina Faso.
August 11 – Chad becomes independent.
August 13 – The Central African Republic becomes independent.
August 15 – The Republic of the Congo becomes independent.
August 17 – Gabon becomes independent.
October 1 – Nigeria becomes independent.
October 24 – Zambia becomes independent.
November 8 – John F. Kennedy is elected President of the United States.
November 28 – Mauritania becomes independent.
Births
January 4 – Michael Stipe, singer for R.E.M.
January 6 – Nigella Lawson, celebrity chef, writer
January 6 – Howie Long, American football star
January 11 – Stanley Tucci, actor
January 12 – Oliver Platt, actor
January 13 – Kevin Anderson, actor
January 22 – Michael Hutchence, musician ("INXS") (d. 1997)
January 28 – Robert von Dassanowsky, cultural historian, writer, producer
January 29 – Greg Louganis, Olympics gold medalist in diving
February 7 – James Spader, actor (Pretty in Pink, Stargate, The Practice)
February 11 – Richard Mastracchio, astronaut
February 13 – Pierluigi Collina, football referee
February 14 – Jim Kelly, American football quarterback
February 19 – Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II
February 29 – Cheb Khaled, Algerian musician
February 29 – Tony Robbins, motivational speaker
March 4 – Mykelti Williamson, actor
March 7 – Joe Carter, baseball star
March 7 – Ivan Lendl, tennis player
March 13 – Adam Clayton, bassist for the rock band U2
March 18 – Richard Biggs, actor
March 21 – Ayrton Senna, automobile racer (d. 1994)
March 24 – Nena Kerner, German singer
March 26 – Marcus Allen, American football star
March 29 – Marina Sirtis, actress
April 2 – Linford Christie, British athlete
April 3 – Elizabeth Gracen, American actress, model, winner of 1982 Miss America pageant
April 4 – Jane Eaglin, English soprano
April 4 – Hugo Weaving, actor
April 12 - Dennis Bateman, American voice actor
April 14 – Brad Garrett, actor
April 15 – Crown Prince Philippe of Belgium
April 16 – Rafael Benitez, Spanish football manager
April 16 – Pierre Littbarski, German football player and manager
April 19 – Frank Viola, baseball player
April 26 – Roger Taylor, musician ("Duran Duran")
April 28 – Ian Rankin, Scottish writer
May 4 – Werner Faymann, Chancellor of Austria.
May 10 – Bono, singer of U2
May 18 – Jari Kurri, Hockey Hall of Famer
May 18 – Yannick Noah, tennis player
May 19 – Gadi Eizenkot, Israeli general
May 20 – John Billingsley, actor
May 21 – Jeffrey Dahmer, serial killer (d. 1994)
May 24 – Kristin Scott Thomas, British actress
June 6 – Gary Graham, actor
June 6 – Steve Vai, musician
June 8 – Mick Hucknall singer/songwriter of Simply Red
June 20 – John Taylor, musician, Duran Duran
June 28 – John Elway, Pro Football Hall of Famer
June 30 - Murray Cook, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
July 21 – Ezequiel Viñao, composer
August 4 – José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Prime Minister of Spain
August 7 – David Duchovny, actor (The X-Files)
August 10 – Antonio Banderas, actor (Desperado, Spy Kids)
August 19 – Morten Andersen, American football player
August 24 – Cal Ripken, Jr., baseball star
August 26 – Branford Marsalis, jazz musician
September 1 - Joseph Williams, American singer (Toto)
September 9 – Hugh Grant, English actor
September 10 – Colin Firth, actor
September 16 – John Franco, baseball relief pitcher
September 17 – Damon Hill, 1996 Formula 1 World Champion
September 26 – Jouke de Vries, Frisian politician and professor
October 5 – Daniel Baldwin, actor
October 7 – Kyosuke Himuro, Japanese rock singer
October 30 – Diego Maradona, football (soccer) player
November 3 – Karch Kiraly, volleyball star
November 9 – Andreas Brehme, German footballer
November 10 – Neil Gaiman, writer
November 25 – John F. Kennedy, Jr., lawyer and journalist (d. 1999)
November 25 – Amy Grant, contemporary Christian music star
November 27 – Tim Pawlenty, American politician
November 27 – Paul Robinson, writer
November 27 – Yulia Tymoshenko, Ukrainian politician
November 30 – Gary Lineker, English footballer.
December 2 – Rick Savage, bass guitarist (Def Leppard).
December 3 – Julianne Moore, actress
December 4 – Glynis Nunn, Australian heptathlete
December 9 – Caroline Lucas, British politician
December 10 – Kenneth Branagh, actor, movie director
December 18 – Kazuhide Uekusa, former Japanese professor of graduate school at Waseda University, economist
December 19 – Mike Lookinland, television actor
December 27 – Maryam d'Abo, actress
December 31 – John Allen Muhammad, convicted Beltway sniper
December 31 – Steve Bruce, English football player and manager
Deaths
January 4 – Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize winner (b. 1913)
January 12 – Nevil Shute, English writer (b. 1899)
January 24 – Edwin Fischer, pianist and conductor (b. 1886)
February 3 – Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (b. 1921)
February 10 – Aloysius Stepinac, Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1898)
February 11 – Ernö Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (b. 1877)
February 29 – Walter Yust, American editor-in-chief of the Encyclopædia Britannica (b.1894)
March 2 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (b. 1874)
April 1 – Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan and 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (b. 1895)
May 8 – J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (b. 1904).
May 30 – Boris Pasternak, Russian novelist (b. 1890)
May 31 – Walther Funk, German Nazi politician (b. 1890)
June 23 – Frantisek Omelka, Czech educator (b. 1904)
June 25 – Tommy Corcoran, baseball player (b. 1869)
June 27 – Lottie Dod, English athlete (b. 1871)
August 5 – Arthur Meighen, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1874)
August 28 – John O'Hara, U.S. Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1888)
August 29 – Vicki Baum, Jewish writer (b. 1888)
September 1 – Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah, Sultan of Selangor and 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (b. 1898)
September 9 – Jussi Björling, Swedish tenor (b. 1911)
October 15 – Henny Porten, German movie producer
November 2 – Dimitri Mitropoulos, Greek conductor, pianist, and composer (b. 1896)
November 5 – Mack Sennett, Canadian movie producer and director (b. 1880)
November 16 – Clark Gable, American actor (b. 1901)
December 26 – Watsuji Tetsuro, Japanese philosopher (b. 1889)
Movies released
Exodus
Spartacus
Swiss Family Robinson
The Apartment
The Alamo
Toby Tyler
Pollyanna
Psycho
Hit songs
"Only The Lonely" – Roy Orbison
"Today's Teardrops" – Roy Orbison, written by Gene Pitney
"I'm Sorry" – Brenda Lee
"True Love Ways" – Buddy Holly
"Chain Gang" – Sam Cooke
"Save The Last Dance For Me" – The Drifters
"Stay" – Maurice Williams & the Zodiacs
"Walk, Don't Run" – The Ventures
"Rubber Ball" – Bobby Vee
"Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" – Brian Hyland
"Cathy's Clown" – The Everly Brothers
"Sink the Bismarck" – Johnny Horton
"North To Alaska" – Johnny Horton
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool" – Connie Francis
"Good Timin'" – Jimmy Jones
"You're Sixteen" – Johnny Burnette
"You Talk Too Much" – Joe Jones
"Georgia On My Mind" – Ray Charles
"It's Now Or Never" – Elvis Presley
"Road Runner" – Bo Diddley
"Exodus" – Ferrante & Teicher
"Dreamin' " – Johnny Burnette
"Alley-Oop" – Hollywood Argyles
"Mission Bell" – Donnie Brooks
"What In the World's Come Over You" – Jack Scott
"Burning Bridges" – Jack Scott
"T'Aimer Follement" – Dalida
"L'Arlequin de Tolède" – Dalida
"Les Enfants du Pirée" – Dalida
"Romantica" – Dalida
"Itsi Bitsi Petit Bikini" – Dalida
"'O Sole Mio" – Dalida
"Tall Oak Tree" – Dorsey Burnette
"Wild One" – Bobby Rydell
"Teen Angel" – Mark Dinning
"Mule Skinner Blues" – The Fendermen
"Corinna, Corinna" – Ray Peterson
"Tell Laura I Love Her" – Ray Peterson
New books
Border Country – Raymond Williams
Casanova's Chinese Restaurant – Anthony Powell
The Chapman Report – Irving Wallace
Clea – Lawrence Durrell
Critique of Dialectical Reason – Jean-Paul Sartre
Don't Tell Alfred – Nancy Mitford
For Your Eyes Only – Ian Fleming
Green Eggs and Ham – Dr. Seuss
Hunters in a Narrow Street – Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
The Many Colored Coat – Morley Callaghan
New Maps of Hell – Kingsley Amis (non-fiction)
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich – William L. Shirer
Take a Girl Like You – Kingsley Amis
Tintin in Tibet- Hergé
To Kill A Mockingbird – Harper Lee
The Torch – Wilder Penfield
Truth and Method – Hans-Georg Gadamer
The Violent Bear It Away – Flannery O'Connor
The White Stone – Carlo Coccioli
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? – Henry Farrell |
8427 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956 | 1956 | 1956 (MCMLVI) was .
Events
The Summer Olympics were held in Melbourne, Australia.
The Winter Olympics were held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. This was the first Olympic Games in which the USSR competed.
February 11 – British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean appear in the Soviet Union after being missing for 5 years
March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France
April 19 – American actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
May 2 – The United Methodist Church in America grants women full ordained clergy status
June 5 – Elvis Presley performs "Hound Dog", on The Milton Berle Show. His dancing causes a scandal.
July 25 – The Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship SS Stockholm, killing 51
August 17 – West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany
September 16 – Television broadcasting begins in Australia
October 26 – Red Army troops invade Hungary
October 29 – November 7 – Suez Crisis: France, Israel and the United Kingdom in war with Egypt.
November 30 – Floyd Patterson wins the world heavyweight boxing championship
December 5 – Rose Heilbron becomes Britain's first female judge
Births
January 3 – Mel Gibson, American-Australian actor
January 28 – Dario Chioli, Italian poet
February 6 - Jerry Marotta, American drummer (Orleans)
February 16 – Peter Hook, English bass guitarist
February 26 – Emanuel Radovan, Romanian politician of Albanian nationality.
February 27 – Csaba Vrabie, Romanian politician of Hungarian nationality from UDMR.
February 27 – Angela Aames, American actress (d. 1988)
February 29 – Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
March 24 – Steve Ballmer, American business person, CEO of Microsoft
April 5 – Dwight Hicks, American NFL player
April 12 – Andy García, American actor
April 19 - Lane Hoppen, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
May 7 – Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime minister of the Netherlands
May 17 – Bob Saget, American actor and comedian
June 2 – Mani Ratnam, Indian movie director
June 4 – Martin Adams, English darts player
June 11 – Joe Montana, American NFL player
June 11 – Ray Nagin, American politician, mayor of New Orleans
July 9 – Tom Hanks, American actor
July 13 – Michael Spinks, American boxer
July 15 – Joe Satriani, Italian-American guitar virtuoso
August 4 – Margaret Whitman, American business person, CEO of Ebay
August 26 – Sally Beamish, English composer
August 31 – Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer
August 31 - Mark Mangini, American sound editor
September 14 – Maxime Verhagen, Dutch politician
September 17 – Andreas Starke, German politician, Lord Mayor of Bamberg
September 27 – Milan Smrčka, Czech musician
October 1 — Theresa May, British Prime Minister
October 2 – Mike Scully, American television writer
October 28 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, 6th President of Iran
November 11 – Ian Craig Marsh, English musician
December 6 - Peter Buck, American guitarist (R.E.M.)
December 9 - Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French author
Hugh Cook, English-born New Zealand writer
Hans Enoksen, Prime minister of Greenland
Deaths
January 18 – Konstantin Päts, 1st President of Estonia (b. 1874)
January 27 – Erich Kleiber, German conductor (b. 1890)
February 10 – Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, British marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. 1873)
February 29 – Elpidio Quirino, 6th President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
March 8 – Drastamat Kanayan, Armenian military leader and politician (b. 1884))
March 17 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1897)
April 13 – Emil Nolde, German-Danish painter (b. 1867)
May 18 – Maurice Tate, English cricketer (b. 1895)
June 22 – Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer, and novelist (b. 1873)
June 26 – Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1930)
July 11 – John T. Raulston, Scopes Monkey Trial judge (b. 1868)
August 11- Jackson Pollack, American painter
August 14 – Bertolt Brecht, German playwright (b. 1898)
August 25 – Alfred Kinsey, American sex researcher (b. 1894)
September 22 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
October 25 – Risto Ryti, 5th President of Finland (b. 1889)
October 30 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (b. 1872)
November 22 – Theodore Kosloff, Russian-born ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. 1882)
December 14 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi, 7th President of Finland (b. 1870)
December 16 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (b. 1890)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics won by William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain for inventing the point-contact transistor
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English physical chemist, and Nikolay Semyonov, Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, and Dickinson W. Richards for the development of cardiac catheterization
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish poet
Nobel Peace Prize – Not Awarded
Movies released
Around the World in 80 Days winning the Academy Award for Best Picture
Bus Stop starring Marilyn Monroe and Don Murray
Giant starring Rock Hudson, Elizabeth Taylor, and James Dean
Hollywood or Bust the final Martin and Lewis movie
The King and I winning Best Actor for Yul Brynner
The Searchers starring John Wayne and Jeffrey Hunter
The Ten Commandments starring Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner
War and Peace starring Audrey Hepburn and Henry Fonda
New books
Agatha Christie – Dead Man's Folly
Arthur C. Clarke – The City and the Stars
Ian Fleming – Diamonds Are Forever
Fred Gipson – Old Yeller
Alf Prøysen – Little Old Mrs Pepperpot |
8428 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%204 | March 4 | From 1793 – 1933, March 4 was Inauguration Day for the President of the United States. Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been January 20.
Events
Up to 1900
51 - Nero is given the title of Princeps Iuventutis (Head of the Youth).
1152 – Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of the Germans.
1226 - The city of Hamm, in North Rhine-Westphalia, present-day Germany, is founded.
1275 - Chinese astronomers observe a solar eclipse.
1351 – Ramathibodi becomes King of Siam.
1386 – Wladyslaw II Jagiello (Jogaila) is crowned King of Poland.
1461 – The Lancastrian King Henry VI of England is deposed by his Yorkist cousin, King Edward IV of England.
1493 – Christopher Columbus arrives in Portugal after the voyage that took him to the Caribbean.
1519 – Hernan Cortes arrives in Mexico.
1628 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a royal charter.
1665 – England's King Charles II declares war on the Netherlands.
1675 – In England, John Flamsteed is appointed as the first Astronomer Royal.
1681 – Charles II grants a land charter to William Penn, to colonise what is now Pennsylvania.
1769 - The Orion Nebula is first observed by Charles Messier.
1776 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army fortifies Dorchester Heights with cannon, leading the British troops to abandon the Siege of Boston.
1789 – In New York City, the first United States Congress meets, putting the United States Constitution into effect.
1790 – France is divided into 83 Departements.
1791 – Vermont becomes the 14th State of the US.
1793 – John Adams becomes the first US President to be inaugurated on March 4.
1794 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed by the United States Congress.
1837 - The city of Chicago is incorporated.
1848 - Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will later represent the Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy.
1861 – Abraham Lincoln becomes President of the United States. During his time in office, he will be faced with the American Civil War.
1861 – The Stars and Bars Flag of the Confederate States of America is introduced.
1865 – The third national flag of the Confederate States of America is introduced.
1882 – The United Kingdom's first electric trams run in London.
1877 – The ballet Swan Lake by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky has its premiere at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.
1890 – The Forth Rail Bridge is opened in Scotland.
1899 – Cyclone Mahina passes to the north of Cooktown, Queensland, Australia, with 12-metre waves travelling inland by as much as five kilometres, killing 300 people.
1901 2000
1902 - The American Automobile Club is founded in Cleveland, Ohio.
1908 - The Collinwood School Fire near Cleveland, Ohio kills 174 people.
1913 - The United States Department of Labor is created.
1917 – Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman in the House of Representatives.
1918 – The first case of the Spanish flu pandemic occurs.
1918 - The ship USS Cyclops leaves Barbados, never to be seen again. It is one of several disappearances in the so-called Bermuda Triangle.
1929 – Herbert Hoover becomes President of the United States. At the same time, Charles Curtis becomes the first Vice President of the United States of Native American ancestry.
1933 – Chancellor of Austria Engelbert Dolfuss begins authoritarian rule by decree.
1933 – Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the last President of the United States to be inaugurated on March 4.
1933 – Frances Perkins becomes the first woman in the United States Cabinet, as she becomes Secretary for Labor.
1936 - The Hindenburg airship makes its first test-flight over Lake Constance.
1941 – World War II: The United Kingdom launches Operation Claymore on the Lofoten Islands.
1943 – World War II: The Battle of the Bismarck Sea ends.
1943 - British passenger steamer City of Pretoria is sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic Ocean. No-one on board survives.
1945 – Lapland War: Finland declares war on Germany.
1960 – The French freighter La Coubre explodes in Havanna, Cuba.
1962 - A Caledonia Airways Douglas DC-7 crashes shortly after take-off in Cameroon, killing 111 people.
1966 – A Canadian Pacific Airlines DC-8-43 explodes on landing at Tokyo International Airport, killing 64 people.
1966 - John Lennon of The Beatles says that the band is probably "Bigger than Jesus".
1970 - French submarine Erydice explodes underwater, killing the entire 57-man crew.
1974 - People magazine is first published in the United States, under the name "People Weekly".
1976 - Northern Ireland is directly ruled from London from this date.
1977 – An earthquake strikes southeastern Europe. Bucharest, Romania, is among the places that suffer damage, as around 1,500 people are killed.
1980 – Robert Mugabe is elected Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
1983 - Bertha Wilson becomes the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada.
1985 – The US Food and Drug Administration approves a blood test for AIDS.
1986 – The Soviet Vega 1 space probe starts to return images of Halley's Comet, including its nucleus.
1987 - President Ronald Reagan apologizes to the American people on a live televised address about the Iran-Contra affair.
1991 - For the first time since Iraq's invasion, Prime Minister of Kuwait Sheikh Saad Al-Abdallah Al-Salim Al-Sabah returns to his country.
1996 - A train that has crashed off the tracks in Weyauwega, Wisconsin. causes an emergency evacuation of 2,300 people for 16 days.
2000 – Play Station 2 is released for the first time, in Japan.
From 2001
2001 – A car bomb explodes outside the BBC television centre, seriously injuring one person.
2001 – A Bridge collapse in northern Portugal kills up to 70 people.
2001 - A majority of voters in Switzerland rejects membership of the European Union.
2007 – In Estonia, approximately 30,000 voters make uses of electronic voting, which had previously never been used in an election, for the Estonian Parliamentary Election.
2009 – The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for a sitting head of state for the first time, for Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, President of Sudan, on war crimes charges in relation to the crisis in Darfur.
2012 – More than 100 people are killed in a munitions dump fire in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
2012 – Vladimir Putin declares victory in the Russian Presidential Election, allowing him to become President of Russia for a second time.
2014 - Prime Minister of Estonia Andrus Ansip resigns from office after nine years, being succeeded by Taavi Roivas.
2015 - A mine explosion in Rebel-controlled Eastern Ukraine kills 34 miners.
2018 - The German Social Democrats vote in favour of a new governing coalition under Angela Merkel's CDU/CSU, ending a period of political uncertainty after the Bundestag election over five months earlier.
2018 - Italian general election, 2018: Italy holds its general election, with no party gaining an overall majority and populist and right-wing parties gaining seats.
2018 - Russian former spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia are poisoned with a nerve agent in Salisbury, England.
Births
Up to 1800
895 - Liu Zhiyuan, Chinese Emperor (d. 948)
1188 – Blanche of Castile, Queen of Louis VIII of France (d. 1252)
1394 – Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)
1484 - George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, follower of Martin Luther (d. 1543)
1492 - Francesco de Loyolle, Italian composer (d. 1540)
1525 – Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer of Renaissance music (d. 1594)
1610 – William Dobson, English portraitist and painter (d. 1646)
1645 - Johann Ambrosius Bach, German musician (d. 1695)
1665 - Philip Christoph von Konigsmarck, Swedish soldier (d. 1694)
1678 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (d. 1741)
1702 - Jack Sheppard, English burglar and escapee (d. 1724)
1706 - Lauritz de Thurah, Danish architect (d. 1759)
1715 - James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, British statesman (d. 1763)
1745 - Kazimierz Pulaski, Polish-American general (d. 1779)
1756 – Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (d. 1823)
1770 - Joseph Jacotot, French teacher and educational philosopher (d. 1840)
1782 - Johann Rudolf Wyss, Swiss folklorist (d. 1830)
1792 - Samuel Slocum, American inventor (d. 1861)
1793 – Karl Lachmann, German philologist (d. 1851)
1801 1900
1808 - Frederik Stang, Norwegian politician (d. 1884)
1811 - John Lawrence, Irish nobleman and British Viceroy of India (d. 1879)
1817 - Edwards Pierrepoint, 34th United States Attorney General (d. 1892)
1820 - Francesco Bentivegna, Italian revolutionary (d. 1856)
1826 - Elme Marie Caro, French philosopher (d. 1887)
1838 - Paul Lacome, French composer (d. 1920)
1847 – Karl Bayer, Austrian chemist (d. 1904)
1851 - Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek writer (d. 1911)
1852 – Kristjan Jonsson, 3rd Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1926)
1856 - Alfred William Rich, English painter (d. 1921)
1862 - Jacob Robert Emden, Swiss astrophysicist and meteorologist (d. 1940)
1870 - Thomas Sturge Moore, English poet (d. 1944)
1871 - Boris Galerkin, Russian mathematician (d. 1945)
1873 – John H. Trumbull, 70th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1961)
1875 – Mihaly Karolyi, Prime Minister and President of Hungary (d. 1955)
1875 - Enrique Larreta, Argentine writer, academic, writer and art collector (d. 1961)
1878 – P. D. Ouspensky, Russian esoterist and writer (d. 1947)
1879 – Bernhard Kellermann, German writer and poet (d. 1951)
1879 – Josip Murn, Slovenian poet (d. 1901)
1881 - Todor Aleksandrov, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1924)
1882 - Nicolae Titulescu, Romanian diplomat and politician (d. 1941)
1883 - Maude Fealy, American actress (d. 1971)
1888 – Knute Rockne, Norwegian-born American football coach (d. 1931)
1889 – Oren E. Long, Territorial Governor of Hawaii and US Senator (d. 1965)
1889 - Oscar Chisini, Italian mathematician (d. 1957)
1891 - Lois W., American co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (d. 1988)
1899 - Liana Del Balzo, Argentine-Italian actress (d. 1982)
1901 1950
1901 - Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, Malagasy-French poet (d. 1937)
1904 – Luis Carrero Blanco, Spanish politician (d. 1973)
1908 - Thomas Shaw, American blues musician (d. 1977)
1910 - Tancredo Neves, Brazilian politician (d. 1985)
1913 - John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
1914 – Gino Colaussi, Italian footballer (d. 1991)
1914 – Ward Kimball, American cartoonist (d. 2002)
1915 - Carlos Surinach, Catalan composer and conductor (d. 1997)
1915 - Laszlo Csatary, Hungarian war criminal (d. 2013)
1916 - Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer and poet (d. 2000)
1918 - Margaret Osborne duPont, American tennis player (d. 2012)
1921 - Olev Olesk, Estonian politician
1921 - Kaljo Raid, Estonian cellist, composer and clergyman (d. 2005)
1922 - Iring Fetscher, German political scientist (d. 2014)
1922 - Xenia Stad-de Jong, Dutch athlete (d. 2012)
1923 – Patrick Moore, British astronomer, writer and television presenter (d. 2012)
1923 - Piero D'Inzeo, Italian equestrian show jumper (d. 2014)
1925 - Inezita Barroso, Brazilian folk singer (d. 2015)
1926 - Pascual Pérez, Argentine boxer (d. 1977)
1926 - Fran Warren, American singer and actress (d. 2013)
1927 - Phil Batt, former Governor of Idaho
1928 - Samuel Adler, German-American composer
1928 – Alan Sillitoe, British writer (d. 2010)
1929 - Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor and violinist
1930 - John Toohey, Australian judge (d. 2015)
1931 - William H. Keeler, American cardinal (d. 2017)
1932 - Brunella Bovo, Italian actress (d. 2017)
1932 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer (d. 2008)
1932 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist (d. 2007)
1932 – Frank Wells, American businessman, president of the Walt Disney Company (d. 1994)
1934 - Mario Davidovsky, Argentine-American composer
1934 - Gleb Yakunin, Russian priest and dissident (d. 2014)
1935 – Bent Larsen, Danish chess player (d. 2010)
1935 - Prabha Rau, Indian politician (d. 2010)
1936 – Jim Clark, Scottish racing driver (d. 1968)
1936 – Aribert Reimann, German composer
1938 – Paula Prentiss, American actress
1938 - Alpha Condé, Guinean politician
1938 - Angus MacLise, American drummer (The Velvet Underground) (d. 1979)
1943 – Lucio Dalla, Italian singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2012)
1944 - Bobby Womack, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)
1945 – Tommy Svensson, Swedish football manager
1945 - Dieter Meier, Swiss musician, singer and artist
1945 - Femi Benussi, Italian actress
1946 - Michael Ashcroft, British politician
1947 - Jan Garbarek, Norwegian jazz saxophonist
1947 - Gunnar Hansen, Icelandic-American actor (d. 2015)
1948 – Shakin' Stevens, Welsh singer
1948 - Chris Squire, English bass guitarist (Yes) (d. 2015)
1948 - Brian Cummings, American voice actor
1948 – James Elroy, American writer
1949 – Sergei Bagapsh, Abkhazian politician (d. 2011)
1950 – Rick Perry, American politician, former Governor of Texas
1951 1975
1951 – Kenny Dalglish, Scottish footballer and manager
1951 - Zoran Zizic, Montenegrin politician (d. 2013)
1952 – Umberto Tozzi, Italian singer
1952 – Svend Robinson, Canadian politician
1953 – Pawel Janas, Polish football manager
1953 - Rose Laurens, French singer-songwriter
1954 – François Fillon, former Prime Minister of France
1954 - Boris Moiseev, Russian singer, choreographer, dancer, writer and actor
1954 - Catherine O'Hara, Canadian actress
1954 - Irina Ratushinskaya, Russian writer and dissident
1954 – Willie Thorne, English snooker player
1955 - Joey Jones, Welsh footballer
1955 - Dominique Pinon, French actor
1958 - Massimo Mascioletti, Italian rugby player and coach
1958 - Patricia Heaton, American actress
1960 – John Mugabi, Ugandan boxer
1961 - Ray Mancini, American boxer
1962 – Lolo Ferrari, French actress (d. 2000)
1963 - Jason Newsted, American musician (Metallica)
1963 - Daniel Roebuck, American actor
1964 - Dave Colclough, Welsh computer programmer and poker player
1965 – Khaled Hosseini, Afghan writer and physician
1965 - Yury Loncharov, Russian cosmonaut
1966 - Kevin Johnson, American basketball player and politician
1967 - Sam Taylor-Wood, English conceptual artist
1967 – Kubilay Türkyilmaz, Turkish-Swiss footballer
1967 – Tim Vine, British actor and comedian
1968 – Patsy Kensit, British actress
1968 - Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Greek politician
1968 - Christina McKelvie, Scottish politician
1969 - Chaz Bono, American actor and LGBT activist
1969 – Pierluigi Casiraghi, Italian footballer and manager
1971 - Fergal Lawler, Irish musician (The Cranberries)
1971 - Claire Baker, Scottish politician
1972 - Jos Verstappen, Dutch racing driver
1972 – Alison Wheeler, British singer (The Beautiful South)
1972 – Ivy Queen, Puerto Rican musician
1973 - Massimo Brambilla, Italian footballer
1973 – Len Wiseman, American movie director and screenwriter
1973 - Penny Mordaunt, English politician
1974 – Ariel Ortega, Argentine footballer
1974 - Joaquim Alberto Silva, Angolan footballer (d. 2019)
1975 – Antti Aalto, Finnish ice hockey player
From 1976
1976 - Gary Shortland, English figure skater
1977 - Christian Jessen, English doctor and television host
1977 - Tonga Lea'aetoa, Tongan-New Zealand rugby player
1977 - Jason Marsalis, American drummer
1978 - Jean-Marc Pelletier, American ice hockey player
1979 - Vyacheslav Malafeev, Russian footballer
1979 – Jon Fratelli, Scottish singer
1980 – Omar Bravo, Mexican footballer
1980 – Phil McGuire, Scottish footballer
1981 - Laura Michelle Kelly, English actress and singer
1982 - Elia Rigotto, Italian cyclist
1982 - Ludmila Ezhova, Russian gymnast
1982 – Landon Donovan, American soccer player
1983 - Adam Deacon, English actor, rapper and director
1984 – Tamir Cohen, Israeli footballer
1984 - Phillip Inzerillo, American trombone player
1985 - Park Min-young, South Korean actress
1985 - Mathieu Montcourt, French tennis player (d. 2009)
1986 - Manu Vatuvei, New Zealand rugby player
1986 – Tom De Mul, Belgian footballer
1988 - Cody Longo, American actor and singer
1989 - Erin Heatherton, American model
1990 – Andrea Bowen, American actress
1992 – Jazmin Grace Grimaldi, daughter of Prince Albert II, Prince of Monaco
1992 - Erik Lamela, Argentine footballer
1992 - Jared Sullinger, American basketball player
1993 - Jenna Boyd, American actress
1993 - Bobbi Kristina Brown, American media personality and singer (b. 2015)
1995 - Bill Milner, English actor
Deaths
Up to 1900
251 – Pope Lucius I
561 - Pope Pelagius I
1172 – King Stephen III of Hungary (b. 1147)
1193 – Saladin, Turkish sultan (b. 1137)
1238 – Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland (b. 1210)
1238 - Yuri II of Vladimir (b. 1189)
1303 - Daniel of Moscow, Russian prince and Grand Duke of Muscovy (b. 1261)
1484 – Saint Casimir, Prince of Poland (b. 1458)
1496 – Sigismund of Austria (b. 1427)
1615 - Hans von Aachen, German painter (b. 1552)
1619 - Anne of Denmark, Queen of James VI of Scotland/James I of England (b. 1574)
1710 - Louis, Prince of Condé (b. 1668)
1762 – Johannes Zick, German fresco painter (b. 1702)
1793 - Louis de Bourbon, French admiral (b. 1725)
1795 - John Collins, 3rd Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1717)
1805 - Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (b. 1725)
1807 - Abraham Baldwin, American politician (b. 1754)
1832 – Jean-François Champollion, French scholar and Egyptologist (b. 1790)
1852 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (b. 1809)
1858 – Matthew C. Perry, American naval officer (b. 1794)
1883 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1812)
1888 – Amos Bronson Alcott, American philosopher and writer (b. 1799)
1901 2000
1903 - Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English novelist (b. 1854)
1906 - John Schofield, American general and politician (b. 1831)
1915 - William Willett, founder of British Summer Time (b. 1856)
1925 - John Montgomery Ward, American baseball player (b. 1860)
1941 – Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist (b. 1858)
1944 – Rene Lefebvre, martyr of the French Resistance (b. 1879)
1944 - Louis Capone, Italian-American gangster (b. 1896)
1945 - Mark Sandrich, American movie director, writer and producer (b. 1900)
1946 – Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Danish big-game hunter (b. 1886)
1948 – Antonin Artaud, French actor and director (b. 1896)
1950 - Adam Rainer, Austrian dwarf and giant (b. 1899)
1952 – Charles Scott Sherrington, English doctor, won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1857)
1960 - Herbert O'Conor, Governor of Maryland (b. 1896)
1973 - Samuel Tolansky, British scientist (b. 1907)
1976 – Walter H. Schottky, German physicist (b. 1886)
1977 - Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, German politician (b. 1897)
1978 - William Bolin, 15th Governor of Arizona (b. 1909)
1980 - Luis Piazzini, Argentine chess player (b. 1905)
1981 - Karl-Jesco von Puttkamer, German admiral (b. 1900)
1986 – Howard Greenfield, American songwriter (b. 1936)
1993 - Richard Sale, American screenwriter and director (b. 1911)
1994 – John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor (b. 1950)
1999 - Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (b. 1917)
From 2001
2001 – Glenn Hughes, American singer (b. 1950)
2001 - Jim Rhodes, 61st Governor of Ohio (b. 1909)
2001 - Harold Stassen, 25th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1907)
2004 - John McGeoch, Scottish guitarist (b. 1955)
2006 - Roman Ogaza, Polish footballer (b. 1952)
2008 - George Walter, former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (b. 1928)
2008 – Gary Gygax, American games designer who made Dungeons & Dragons (b. 1938).
2010 – Vladislav Ardzinba, Abkhazian politician (b. 1945)
2011 – Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist (b. 1925)
2011 – Johnny Preston, American singer (b. 1939)
2011 – Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1924)
2013 - Seki Matsunaga, Japanese footballer (b. 1928)
2013 - Fran Warren, American singer and actress (b. 1926)
2014 - Wu Tianming, Chinese movie director (b. 1939)
2014 - Mark Freidkin, Russian writer (b. 1953)
2015 - Ninan Koshy, Indian thinker, theologian and social analyst (b. 1934)
2016 - Bud Collins, American sports journalist (b. 1929)
2016 - Pat Conroy, American author (b. 1945)
2016 - P. A. Sangma, Indian politician (b. 1947)
2016 - Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, Iranian cleric (b. 1935)
2016 - Morgan F. Murphy, American politician (b. 1932)
2017 - Edi Fitzroy, Jamaican singer-songwriter (b. 1955)
2017 - Helen M. Marshall, American politician (b. 1929)
2017 - Clayton Keith Yeutter, American politician (b. 1930)
2018 - Davide Astori, Italian footballer (b. 1987)
2018 - Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet, British engineering businessman (b. 1936)
2018 - Farhang Mehr, Iranian-American scholar and writer (b. 1923)
2018 - H. Wayne Norman, Jr., American politician (b. 1955)
2018 - James Luna, American performance artist (b. 1950)
2019 - King Kong Bundy, American professional wrestler (b. 1957)
2019 - Eric Caldow, Scottish footballer (b. 1934)
2019 - Juan Corona, Mexican-American serial killer (b. 1934)
2019 - Keith Flint, English singer (The Prodigy) (b. 1969)
2019 - Ted Lindsay, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1925)
2019 - Klaus Kinkel, German politician (b. 1936)
2019 - Luke Perry, American actor (b. 1966)
2019 - Johnny Romano, American baseball player (b. 1934)
2019 - Jean Starobinski, Swiss literary critic (b. 1920)
Observances
Saint Casimir's Day (Poland and Lithuania)
Historical Significance
Inauguration Day of Presidents of the United States from 1793 to 1933. From 1937, the inaugurations take place on January 20.
March 04 |
8429 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant%20marine | Merchant marine | Merchant marine is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war.
In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines.
References
Other websites
The Marine Society
International Merchant Marine Community
United States Merchant Marine Academy
Canadian Merchant Navy: Second World War
Official database of deceased Canadian Merchant Mariners
SwissWorld: The Swiss Merchant Navy
Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London
Naval transport |
8434 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD | FreeBSD | FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.
Open source
FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.
Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.
Operating systems based on FreeBSD
There are a lot of operating systems, which are based on FreeBSD.
Operating systems with a GUI
Several projects created an operating system, based on FreeBSD, which has a GUI by default.
Examples for that kind of operating systems are:
DesktopBSD
GhostBSD
PC-BSD
Related pages
DragonFly BSD
OpenBSD
NetBSD
Further reading
Other websites
FreeBSD
FreeBSD software
Other interesting information about FreeBSD including One Floppy FreeBSD MP3 and CD Player
mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
BXR.SU — FreeBSD source code search
FreeBSD 9.1 - Announcement of FreeBSD 9.1
BSD
Free software
Operating systems |
8435 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Marshall | Garry Marshall | Garry Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American writer, producer, director and actor.
Career
Marshall wrote for comedians Joey Bishop and Phil Foster. Soon he moved on to writing for television series, including The Dick Van Dyke Show and The Tonight Show. In 1970, he adapted the Neil Simon play and 1968 movie The Odd Couple into a popular television series starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman.
It was very successful. Marshall worked on Happy Days, Laverne and Shirley (which co-starred his sister Penny), and Mork and Mindy. Both of there were spin-offs from Happy Days and just as successful and well-known. He directed and acted in several movies including Pretty Woman and Runaway Bride.
Marshall also ran and works out of a local community theatre house in Los Angeles, The Falcon Theatre.
Death
On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall, aged 81, died at a hospital in Burbank, California, due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.
Filmography
Animation
BoJack Horseman - Abe
Father of the Pride - Bernie
Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero - Soda Jerk
Pinky and the Brain - Mr. Itch (The Devil)
Rugrats - Fred
The Looney Tunes Show - Dr. Weisberg
The Simpsons - Larry Kidkill, Sheldon Leavitt
Live action
Happy Days - Drum Player, Prom Drummer
Laverne & Shirley - Drummer
The Naked Truth - Garry Marshall
The Odd Couple - Walter Madison
Films
A League of Their Own - Walter Harvey
Can't Be Heaven - Pawn Shop Broker
Chicken Little - Buck Cluck
Finding Bliss - Garry Marshall
Hocus Pocus - Devil (Husband)
Orange County - Arthur Gantner
Pretty Woman - Bum Tour Guide
Race to Witch Mountain - Dr. Donald Harlan
Runaway Bride - First Baseman in Softball
Scooby-Doo and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery - Manny Goldman
The Strangest Rugrats Adventure - Garry Marshall
References
Other websites
1934 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from the Bronx |
8436 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934 | 1934 |
Events
January 1 – Alcatraz becomes a federal prison.
January 1 – Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring."
January 7 – First Flash Gordon comic strip is published.
January 10 – Execution of Marinus van der Lubbe
January 24 – Albert Einstein visits the White House
January 26 – The Apollo Theater opens in Harlem, New York City.
February 9 – Gaston Boumerque forms a new government in France
February 12 – The Export-Import Bank is incorporated.
February 12 to February 16 – Austrian Civil War
February 23 – Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
March 1 – Manchuria becomes Manchukuo
March 3 – John Dillinger escapes from jail in Crown Point, Indiana, using a wooden pistol
March 8 – Prince Sigvard of Sweden loses his titles because of his marriage
March 20 – All the police forces in Germany come under command of Heinrich Himmler
April 1 – Clyde Barrow and Henry Methvin kill two young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.
April 6 – Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
April 19 – Surgeon R.K. Wilson allegedly takes a photograph of the Loch Ness Monster.
April 22 – John Dillinger and two others shoot their way out of the FBI ambush in northern Wisconsin
May 23 - American outlaws Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed and killed by law officers on a rural road in Bienville Parish, Louisiana
Births
January 13 - Nick Clooney, American journalist (father of George Clooney)
January 20 – Tom Baker
February 10 – Barrie Ingham, English actor
May 2 - László-Arsenije Mert
May 28 – Dionne Quintuplets
July 1 – Jamie Farr
September 21 - Leonard Cohen, Canadian folk musician (d. 2016)
October 19 - William Frates, American war veteran and radiologist
November 9 – Carl Sagan (d. 1996)
November 13 – Garry Marshall (d. 2016)
Deaths
January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (born 1909)
January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1868)
February 17 – Albert I of Belgium (born 1875)
February 23 – Edward Elgar, English composer (born 1857)
March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born millionaire philanthropist (born 1867)
May 23 – Clyde Barrow, American outlaw (shot) (born 1909)
May 23 – Bonnie Parker, American outlaw (shot) (born 1910)
May 25 – Gustav Holst, English composer (born 1874)
May 30 – Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (born 1848)
June 10 – Frederick Delius, English composer (born 1862)
June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (born 1896)
July 4 – Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (born 1867)
July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (born 1848)
July 22 – John Dillinger, American criminal (born 1903)
July 25 – François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (born 1874)
July 25 – Englebert Dolfuss, Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (born 1892)
July 25 – Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (born 1889)
July 26 – Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (born 1871)
July 28 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (born 1868)
August 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician (born 1847)
September 2 – Alcide Nunez, American musician (born 1884)
October 9 – King Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1888)
November 2 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (born 1845)
November 16 – Alice Liddell, inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (born 1852)
November 27 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (born 1908)
December 1 – Sergei Kirov, Soviet leader (born 1886)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by George Whipple, American doctor, George Minot and William Parry for their discoveries about liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
Hit songs
"The Continental" – by Herb Magidson and Con Conrad, from the movie Gay Divorce, won the Academy Award for best song.
"Down Yonder" – by L.Wolfe Gilbert, and recorded by a hillbilly group, Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers, sold more than a million copies. |
8437 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/November%201 | November 1 |
Events
Up to 1900
365 - The Alamanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and to defend the Gallic tribe.
996 – First documented mention of Austria.
1141 - Empress Matilda's reign as "Lady of the English" ends with Stephen of Blois regaining the title King of England.
1197 - Philip II is crowned King of France.
1503 - Pope Julius II is elected.
1512 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, is exhibited for the first time.
1520 - Ferdinand Magellan and his crew enter the now-named Magellan Strait, linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, south of mainland South America. It is navigated by November 28.
1555 - French Huguenots establish the France Antarctique colony near present-day Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It lasts only 12 years.
1570 - The All Saints' Day flood devastates the Dutch coast.
1604 - William Shakespeare's play Othello is performed for the first time at Whitehall Palace, London.
1611 - William Shakespeare's play The Tempest is performed for the first time at Whitehall Palace, London.
1683 - The British crown colony of New York is sub-divided into 12 counties.
1700 - King Charles II of Spain dies at the age of almost 39, sparking the War of the Spanish Succession.
1755 – A major Earthquake and subsequent Tsunamis hit the city of Lisbon, Portugal, as thousands are killed, and the effects of the earthquake are felt around Europe, Morocco and Algeria.
1765 - The British Parliament enacts the Stamp Act on the 13 colonies in order to help pay for British military operations in North America.
1800 - John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion, which is now known as the White House.
1805 - Napoleon Bonaparte invades Austria during the War of the Third Coalition.
1814 - The Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the political map of Europe after the defeat the defeat of France, following the Napoleonic Wars.
1848 - The first medical school for women opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
1859 - The current Cape Lookout lighthouse in North Carolina is lit for the first time.
1861 - American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as the commander of the Union Army.
1876 - The Dutch North Sea canal is opened by William III of the Netherlands.
1894 – Tsar Nicholas II becomes Tsar of Russia.
1896 - A picture showing the bare breasts of a woman appears on the covers of National Geographic magazine for the first time.
1897 - The Library of Congress building in Washington, DC is opened to the public.
1897 - Juventus F.C. is founded.
1901 2000
1911 - The first dropping of a bomb from an airplane in combat occurs, during the Italo-Turkish War.
1914 - World War I: First British Royal Navy defeat of the war with Germany at the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Chile, in the Pacific Ocean. HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth are lost.
1918 – Western Ukraine gains its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
1922 – The last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates.
1928 - An alphabet reform takes effect in Turkey.
1939 - The first rabbit born after artificial insemination is exhibited to the world.
1941 - American photographer Ansel Adams takes an iconic image of moonrise over Hernandez, New Mexico.
1942 - World War II: The Matanikau Offensive begins in the Guadalcanal Campaign, ending a US victory on November 4.
1945 - Australia joins the UN.
1946 - Karol Woityla, the future Pope John Paul II, is ordained as a priest in Krakow, Poland.
1948 - Off southern Manchuria, China, a Chinese merchant ship explodes and sinks, killing 6,000 people.
1950 - Puerto Rican nationalists attempt to kill US President Harry S. Truman.
1952 – Operation Ivy: The United States detonates a large hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands. It yields the power of 10 megatons.
1954 – The Algerian War of Independence begins.
1955 - The bombing of the United Airlines Flight 629 near Longmont, Colorado, kills 44 people.
1956 – Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore State (now Karnataka) become states of India.
1956 - Kanyahurri district is joined to Tamil Nadu, from Kerala.
1956 - The Springhill Mining Disaster in Nova Scotia kills 39 people. 88 are rescued.
1957 - The Mackinac Bridge opens to traffic, connecting Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas.
1959 - Montreal Canadiens ice hockey goaltender Jacques Plante wears a protective mask for the first time in an NHL game.
1963 - A military coup occurs in South Vietnam against Ngo Dinh Diem, who is then killed.
1970 - A fire at a nightclub in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, kills 146 people.
1973 – Mysore state is renamed Karnataka.
1981 – Antigua and Barbuda becomes independent (separate) from the United Kingdom.
1982 - Honda becomes the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the US.
1984 - Anti-Sikh ethnic riots occur in India, following the fatal shooting of Indira Gandhi the previous day.
1986 – A chemical fire near Basel, Switzerland, pollutes the river Rhine.
1993 – The Maastricht Treaty enters into force.
1995 - Peace talks begin in Dayton, Ohio, in order to try to find a solution to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1996 - Al-Jazeera begins broadcasting by satellite from Doha, Qatar.
1998 - The European Court of Human Rights is created in Strasbourg.
2000 – Serbia joins the UN.
2000 - The Indian state of Chhattisgarh is created out of parts of eastern Madhya Pradesh.
From 2001
2003 - Jean-Claude Trichet becomes President of the European Central Bank.
2011 - Mario Draghi becomes President of the European Central Bank.
2012 - A fuel tank truck crashes and explodes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 26 people.
2013 - Senior Pakistani Taliban leader Hakimullah Mehsud is killed by a US drone strike.
2014 - A massive power outage affects Bangladesh after a failure on the main power supply from India.
2015 - The English Wikipedia reaches the milestone of 5 million articles.
2015 - Parliamentary elections in Turkey result in the governing AK Party regaining the majority that it lost nearly five months earlier.
2016 - Iraqi forces enter the city of Mosul in the battle to recapture it from the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
2018 - NASA's Dawn mission finishes after it runs out of fuel.
2019 - Christine Lagarde becomes President of the European Central Bank.
Births
Up to 1850
846 – Louis the Stammerer, King of West Francia (d. 879)
1339 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (d. 1365)
1351 – Duke Leopold III of Austria (d. 1386)
1500 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian sculptor (d. 1571)
1526 - Queen Catherine Jagiellonica of Poland (d. 1583)
1530 - Etienne de la Poétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)
1539 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
1549 - Anna of Austria (d. 1580)
1585 – Jan Brozek, Polish mathematician, physician and astronomer (d. 1652)
1596 - Pedro da Cortona, Italian architect (d. 1669)
1607 - Georg Philipp Harsdorffer, German poet (d. 1658)
1623 - Yongli Emperor of China (d. 1662)
1625 - Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop (d. 1681)
1666 - James Sherard, English botanist and amateur musician (d. 1738)
1727 - Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov, Russian educator (d. 1797)
1757 - Antonio Canova, Italian artist (d. 1822)
1762 – Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812)
1778 – King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (d. 1837)
1781 - Joseph Karl Stieler, German painter (d. 1858)
1782 – Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1859)
1808 - John Taylor, American Mormon church leader (d. 1887)
1814 - Doc Adams, American baseball player (d. 1899)
1815 - Crawford W. Long, American physician (d. 1878)
1823 - Lascar Catargiu, Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1899)
1828 - Santos Acosta, 6th President of Colombia (d. 1901)
1828 - Balfour Stewart, Scottish physician and meteorologist (d. 1887)
1831 – Harry Atkinson, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1892)
1831 - Eustorgio Salgar, 8th President of Colombia (d. 1885)
1832 - Richard B. Hubbard, 17th Governor of Texas (d. 1901)
1838 - Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (d. 1856)
1845 - Samuel Teleki, Hungarian politician and explorer (d. 1916)
1847 - Hiep Hoa, Emperor of Vietnam (d. 1883)
1847 - Emma Albani, Canadian soprano (d. 1920)
1849 - William Merritt Chase, American painter (d. 1916)
1851 1900
1852 - Haninbo Shuei, Japanese professional board game player (d. 1907)
1855 - Guido Adler, Austrian musicologist (d. 1941)
1859 - Charles Brantley Aycock, 50th Governor of North Carolina (d. 1912)
1859 - George W. P. Hunt, 1st Governor of Arizona (d. 1934)
1862 - Johan Wagenaar, Dutch composer and organist (d. 1941)
1864 – Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna of Russia (d. 1918)
1871 – Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)
1878 - Konrad Magi, Estonian painter (d. 1925)
1878 – Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politician (d. 1959)
1879 – Pál Teleki, Hungarian Prime Minister, scientist and scout (d. 1941)
1880 – Sholom Asch, Polish-American writer (d. 1957)
1880 – Alfred Wegener, German geologist and meteorologist, proponent of the theory of Continental Drift (d. 1930)
1885 - Anton Flettner, German inventor (d. 1961)
1886 - Sakutaro Hagiwara, Japanese poet (d. 1942)
1886 - Hermann Broch, Austrian writer (d. 1951)
1887 – L. S. Lowry, English painter (d. 1976)
1889 – Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, British politician and peace activist (d. 1982)
1889 - Hannah Höch, German Dada artist (d. 1978)
1892 – Alexander Alekhine, Russian chess player (d. 1946)
1896 - Edmund Blunden, English poet, author and critic (d. 1974)
1897 - Naomi Mitchison, Scottish novelist and poet (d. 1999)
1901 1950
1902 – Eugen Jochum, German conductor (d. 1987)
1902 - Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet (d. 1943)
1903 - Jean Tardieu, French writer (d. 1995)
1911 – Henri Troyat, French-Armenian writer (d. 2007)
1919 - Hermann Bondi, Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist (d. 2005)
1921 – Ilse Aichinger, Austrian writer (d. 2016)
1921 - Mario Rigoni Stern, Italian writer (d. 2008)
1921 - Wadih El Safi, Lebanese singer, songwriter, composer and actor (d. 2013)
1923 – Victoria de los Angeles, Spanish soprano (d. 2005)
1923 - Carlos Pies Vilaro, Uruguayan sculptor, writer and composer (d. 2014)
1924 - Basil Bernstein, British sociologist (d. 2000)
1924 – Süleyman Demirel, former President of Turkey (d. 2015)
1925 – Fritz Laband, German footballer (d. 1982)
1926 – Betsy Palmer, American actress (d. 2015)
1926 – Lou Donaldson, American musician
1927 - Marcel Ophüls, French movie maker and director
1927 - Filippo Maria Pandolfi, Italian politician
1930 - A. R. Gurney, American dramatist and author (d. 2017)
1930 - Russ Kemmerer, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1930 - Edgar Basel, German boxer (d. 1977)
1931 - Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer
1932 - Al Arbour, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1932 - Francis Arinze, Nigerian cardinal
1934 – Umberto Agnelli, Italian industrialist (d. 2004)
1935 – Gary Player, South African golfer
1935 - Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (d. 2003)
1936 - Adarsh Sein Anand, Chief Justice of India (d. 2017)
1936 - Eddie Colman, English footballer (d. 1958)
1936 - Katsuhisa Hattori, Japanese composer
1936 - Shizuka Kamei, Japanese politician
1939 - Barbara Bosson, American actress
1939 - Bernard Kouchner, French politician
1940 – Barry Sadler, American writer and songwriter (d. 1989)
1940 - Ramesh Chandra Lahoti, 35th Chief Justice of India
1940 - Bruce Grocott, Baron Grocott, English academic and politician
1941 – Alfio Basile, Argentine football coach
1941 - Joe Caldwell, American basketball player
1942 – Marcia Wallace, American actress (d. 2013)
1942 - Larry Flynt, American magazine publisher
1942 - Ralph Klein, 12th Premier of Alberta (d. 2013)
1943 - Salvatore Adamo, Italian-Belgian singer-songwriter
1944 - Mike Burney, English jazz saxophonist (d. 2014)
1944 – Rafik Hariri, Lebanese businessman and politician (d. 2005)
1944 – Oscar Temaru, French Polynesian politician
1945 - Narendra Dabholkar, Indian writer (d. 2013)
1946 - Ric Grech, English-French bass player (d. 1990)
1946 - Yuko Shimizu, Japanese graphic designer
1947 - Bob Weston, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2012)
1948 - Amani Abeed Karume, Zanzibar politician
1949 – Bernhard Cullmann, German footballer
1949 - Michael D. Griffin, American NASA executive
1950 – Robert B. Laughlin, American physicist
1950 – Dan Peek, American singer and musician (d. 2011)
1950 - Mitch Kapor, American computer programmer and businessman
1951 1975
1953 - Jan Davis, American astronaut
1953 - Darrell Issa, American politician
1957 – Lyle Lovett, American singer
1958 - Mark Austin, English journalist
1960 - Tim Cook, American CEO of Apple Inc.
1960 - Fernando Valenzuela, Mexican baseball player
1962 – Magne Furuholmen, Norwegian musician (a-ha)
1962 – Sharron Davies, British swimmer and broadcaster
1962 – Anthony Kiedis, American singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
1963 – Rick Allen, British musician (Def Leppard)
1963 – Kenny Alphin, American musician
1963 – Mark Hughes, Welsh footballer
1964 - Sophie B. Hawkins, American singer
1964 - Daran Norris, American actor
1964 - Kerry Peers, Welsh actress
1966 - Barbara Becker, German actress and model
1966 - Jeremy Hunt, British politician
1967 - Tina Arena, Italian-Australian singer
1970 - Igor Cvitanovic, Croatian footballer
1972 – Paul Dickov, Scottish footballer
1972 – Toni Collette, Australian actress and singer
1972 - Jenny McCarthy, American actress, model and anti-vaccine campaigner
1973 – Aishwarya Rai, Indian actress and model
1973 - Assia, Algerian singer
1974 - Emma George, Australian pole vaulter
1975 - Bo Rice, American singer
1975 – Megan Wing, Canadian figure skater
From 1976
1976 - Logan Marshall-Green, American actor
1976 - Chad Lindberg, American actor
1978 - Helen Czerski, English physicist, oceanographer and television presenter
1979 – Luis Delgado, Angolan footballer
1979 – Milan Dudic, Serbian footballer
1981 - LaTavia Roberson, American singer-songwriter
1983 - Yuko Ogura, Japanese model
1983 - Vaclav Sverkos, Czech footballer
1983 – Natalia Tena, British actress
1984 - Macnelly Torres, Colombian footballer
1984 - Milos Krasic, Serbian footballer
1986 – Penn Badgley, American actor
1986 - Ksenija Balta, Estonian high jumper, sprinter and heptathlete
1987 - Saori Ariyoshi, Japanese footballer
1987 - Ileana D'Cruz, Indian movie actress
1988 - Scott Arfield, Scottish-Canadian footballer
1988 - Ai Fukuhara, Japanese table tennis player
1988 - Masahiro Tanaka, Japanese baseball player
1989 - Gabriela Koukalová, Czech biathlete
1991 - Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast
1995 - Margarita Mamun, Russian gymnast
1996 - Lil Peep, American singer and rapper (d. 2017)
1997 - Alex Wolff, American actor and singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
921 - Richard, Duke of Burgundy
955 - Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
987 - Harald Bluetooth, Danish king (b. 910)
1112 – Henry, Duke of Portugal (b. 1069)
1296 - Guillaume Durand, French writer (b. 1230)
1391 – Amadeus VII of Savoy (b. 1360)
1399 - John V, Duke of Brittany (b. 1339)
1461 - David of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
1596 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (b. 1539)
1642 - Jean Nicolet, French explorer (b. 1598)
1676 - Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch minister and theologian (b. 1589)
1678 – William Coddington, 1st Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1601)
1700 – King Charles II of Spain (b. 1661)
1814 - Alexander Samoylov, Russian general and statesman (b. 1744)
1818 - Marie-Gabrielle Capet, French painter (b. 1761)
1877 - Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (b. 1784)
1888 - Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (b. 1838)
1894 – Tsar Alexander III of Russia (b. 1845)
1901 2000
1903 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer and historian (b. 1817)
1907 - Alfred Jarry, French writer (b. 1873)
1922 - Alva Adams, Governor of Colorado (b. 1850)
1942 – Hugo Distler, German composer (b. 1908)
1952 – Dixie Lee, American actress, dancer and singer (b. 1911)
1955 – Dale Carnegie, American writer (b. 1888)
1956 – Pietro Badoglio, Italian military officer and politician (b. 1871)
1963 – Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (b. 1901)
1968 – George Papandreou, Greek politician (b. 1888)
1972 – Ezra Pound, American poet (b. 1885)
1977 - Franco Albini, Italian architect and designer (b. 1905)
1979 – Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States (b. 1896)
1982 - King Vidor, American movie director (b. 1894)
1982 - James Broderick, American actor (b. 1927)
1985 - Phil Silvers, American actor and comedian (b. 1911)
1987 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (b. 1922)
1993 – Severo Ochoa, Spanish biochemist (b. 1905)
1994 - Noah Beery, Jr., American actor (b. 1913)
1996 – J.R. Jayewardene, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1906)
2000 - George Armstrong, English footballer (b 1944)
From 2001
2001 - Juan Bosch, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1909)
2003 - Xela Arias, Galician poet and translator (b. 1962)
2003 - Daishiro Yoshimura, Japanese footballer (b. 1947)
2006 – William Styron, American writer (b. 1925)
2007 – Paul Tibbets, American Air Force Brigadier General (b. 1915)
2008 – Jacques Piccard, underwater explorer and scientist (b. 1922)
2008 – Yma Sumac, Peruvian singer and actress (b. 1922)
2010 – Ed Litzenberger, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1932)
2011 - Dorothy Howell Rodham, mother of Hillary Clinton (b. 1919)
2012 - Gae Aulenti, Italian architect and designer (b. 1927)
2012 - Agustín García Calvo, Spanish philologist, philosopher, poet and playwright (b. 1926)
2012 - Mitch Lucker, American musician (b. 1984)
2013 - Hakimullah Mehsud, Pakistan Taliban leader (born around 1978)
2013 - John Y. McCollister, American politician (b. 1921)
2014 - Joel Barnett, Baron Barnett, English politician (b. 1923)
2014 - Jean-Pierre Roy, Canadian baseball player (b. 1920)
2014 - Gustau Biosca, Spanish footballer (b. 1928)
2014 - Thomas W. Sneddon, Jr., American attorney (b. 1941)
2014 - Wayne Static, American musician (b. 1965)
2014 - Brittany Maynard, American activist for assisted suicide (b. 1984)
2015 - Günter Schabowski, German politician (b. 1929)
2015 - Fred Thompson, American politician and actor (b. 1942)
2015 - Charles Duncan Michener, American entomologist (b. 1918)
2016 - Tina Anselmi, Italian politician (b. 1927)
2017 - Brad Bufanda, American actor (b. 1983)
2017 - Vladimir Makanin, Russian writer (b. 1937)
2018 - Carlo Giuffrè, Italian actor and stage director (b. 1928)
2018 - Theodor Hoffmann, German admiral (b. 1935)
2018 - Mariano Rajoy Sobredo, Spanish judge (b. 1921)
2018 - Ken Swofford, American actor (b. 1933)
2018 - Robert F. Taft, American Jesuit priest (b. 1932)
2018 - Yurik Vardanyan, Soviet-Armenian weightlifter (b. 1956)
2019 - Rudy Boesch, American Navy SEAL (b. 1928)
2019 - Rina Lazo, Guatemalan-Mexican artist (b. 1923)
Holidays
All Saints' Day Christian Holiday
Independence Day (Antigua and Barbuda)
National Holiday (Algeria)
Foundation Day (Kerala, Karnataka)
Day of the Leaders of the Bulgarian National Revival
World Vegan Day
November 01 |
8438 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Weissmuller | Johnny Weissmuller | Johnny Weissmuller (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a German-American swimmer and actor. He was born in Timisoara, Austria-Hungary to German parents.
He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s. He won five gold medals and set five then-Olympic records in swimming competitions at the Olympics in 1924 and 1928, and a bronze medal in water polo at the 1924 Olympics.
He later played Tarzan in a series of movies in the 1930s and became a movie star. This made him a character actor. He then had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this.
Death
On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died of pulmonary edema. He was 79. He was buried in Acapulco, Mexico, where he was living when he died. At his funeral, a sound recording of the Tarzan yell he had made famous in the movies was played three times, at his request.
References
Other websites
1904 births
1984 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
American swimmers
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Disease-related deaths in Mexico
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Sportspeople from Chicago |
8442 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1756 | 1756 |
Events
Mme Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont revises Beauty and the Beast.
Births
January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791)
February 6 – Aaron Burr, American politician, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836)
March 3 – William Godwin, English journalist (d. 1836)
May – John Macadam, Scottish engineer, invented Tarmac for the roads (d. 1836) |
8443 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1715 | 1715 | In 1715 lots of people who didn't like king George I of Great Britain rebelled in Scotland. These people were the Jacobites and they wanted James Francis Edward Stuart to be king instead of George I. Their luck was going well at first when they managed to take control of most of Scotland but the British Army came in and they lost.
Deaths
September 1 – Louis XIV of France dies and his great-grandson, Louis XV of France becomes king even though he is just five years old. |
8444 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla%20Presley | Priscilla Presley | Priscilla Presley (née Wagner) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera Dallas, and The Naked Gun movies with Leslie Nielson. She is also a member of Scientology.
Early life
Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City. Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905. He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926). Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann. She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child. At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla. They both still have cousins in Norway. In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992.
She attended General H.H. Arnold High in Wiesbaden, West Germany.
References
Other websites
Priscilla Presley at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
1945 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
Elvis Presley
Scientologists |
8445 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973 | 1973 | 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was .
Events
January 1 – United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union.
January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, President of the United States Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.
January 17 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.
January 22 – Supreme Court of the United States rules on Roe v. Wade.
January 22 – George Foreman defeats Joe Frazier for the heavyweight world boxing championship.
January 23 – Eruption in Heimaey begins.
January 23 – President Richard Nixon announces that a peace accord has been reached in Vietnam.
January 27 – U.S. involvement in Vietnam War ends with the signing of peace pacts. See Paris Peace Accords.
April 3 – The World Trade Center opens in New York City.
September 11 – Augusto Pinochet takes power in Chile, in a coup, in which President Salvador Allende dies.
September 15 – Ascension to the throne of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
The rock group KISS form in New York City.
Homosexuality is no longer considered a mental disorder.
Japans first video game, Elepong is produced
Births
January 8 – Sean Paul, Jamaican reggae singer
January 22 – Rogério Ceni, brazilian football player
February 16 – Cathy Freeman, Australian Aborigine athlete
March 22 – Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater
April 8 – Emma Caulfield, American actress
April 14 – Adrien Brody, American actor
April 23 – John Cena, American professional wrestler
May 24 – Ruslana, Ukrainian singer
June 10 – Faith Evans, American singer
June 26 – Gretchen Wilson, American singer
July 15 – John Dolmayan, Armenian-American drummer (System of a Down)
July 23 – Monica Lewinsky, White House member of staff under Bill Clinton
July 30 – Markus Näslund, Swedish hockey player
August 7 – Zane Lowe, New Zealand disc jockey and television presenter
September 13 – Fabio Cannavaro, Italian footballer
September 18 – Mark Shuttleworth, South African businessman
October 22 – Ichiro Suzuki, Professional baseball player for the Seattle Mariners
October 28 – Alvin Burke, Jr., American professional wrestler
October 30 – Adam Copeland, Canadian professional wrestler
October 31 – Beverly Lynne, American actress
November 6 – Sandy Robson, Canadian actor
November 17 – Bernd Schneider, German footballer
November 30 – Kate Fischer, Australian actress and model
December 3 – Holly Marie Combs, American actress
Deaths
January 22 – Lyndon Johnson, 36th President of the United States (b. 1908)
April 8 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881)
April 21 – Arthur Fadden, 13th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)
April 25 – Frank Jack Fletcher, US Navy admiral during World War II (b. 1885)
May 6 – Ernest MacMillan, Canadian conductor (b. 1893)
June 13 – Viriato Clemente da Cruz, Angolan poet and politician (b. 1928)
July 20 – Bruce Lee, Chinese-American actor and martial artist (b. 1940)
August 4 – Eddie Condon, American jazz guitarist (b. 1904)
August 6 – Fulgencio Batista, President of Cuba (b. 1901)
September 2 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English writer (b. 1892)
September 11 – Salvador Allende, President of Chile (b. 1908)
September 15 – Víctor Jara, Chilean singer (b. 1932)
September 23 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet (b. 1904)
September 29 – W. H. Auden, English-American poet (b. 1907)
October 2 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish athlete (b. 1897)
December 1 – David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1886)
December 20 – Bobby Darin, American singer (b. 1936)
Movies released
American Graffiti
Enter the Dragon
Magnum Force
Last Tango in Paris
Papilon
The Exorcist
The Sting
Hit songs
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Roberta Flack
"Radar Love" – Golden Earring
"Smoke on the Water" – Deep Purple
"You're So Vain" – Carly Simon
"Bad Bad Leroy Brown" – Jim Croce
"Crocodile Rock" – Elton John
"Delta Dawn" – Helen Reddy
"D'yer Mak'er" – Led Zeppelin
"Frankenstein" – The Edgar Winter Group
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" – Elton John
"Half Breed" – Cher
"Higher Ground" – Stevie Wonder
"Keep On Truckin' " – Eddie Kendricks
"Kodachrome" – Paul Simon
"Let's Get It On" – Marvin Gaye
"Live and Let Die" – Paul McCartney and Wings
"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)" – ABBA
"Loves Me Like a Rock" – Paul Simon (with The Dixie Hummingbirds)
"Me and Mrs. Jones" – Billy Paul
"Midnight Train to Georgia" – Gladys Knight
"Morning After"- Maureen McGovern
"My Love" – Paul McCartney and Wings
"The Night The Lights Went Out in Georgia" – Vicki Lawrence
"Over the Hills and Far Away" – Led Zeppelin
"Photograph" – Ringo Starr
"Ramblin' Man" – Allman Brothers Band
"Ring Ring" – ABBA
"Saturday Night's All Right for Fighting" – Elton John
"Superstition" – Stevie Wonder
"Take Me to the Mardi Gras" – Paul Simon
"The Entertainer" by Scott Joplin
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon around the Old Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando & Dawn
"Top of the World" – Carpenters
"Touch Me in the Morning" – Diana Ross
"Why Me" – Kris Kristofferson
"Will It Go Around in Circles" – Billy Preston |
8446 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunkenness | Drunkenness | Drunkenness means being intoxicated by alcohol. This means a person's brain and body are not working normally, because of the alcohol they have had. A person who is intoxicated is usually called drunk.
The effects of being drunk depend on how much alcohol a person has had to drink.
Effects
Alcohol causes the mind and body to not work normally.
In low amounts, alcohol often causes good feelings, reddened skin, and feeling relaxed. People who drink small amounts of alcohol may feel less nervous about being around others. Even in small amounts, alcohol slows down the brain. Alcohol interferes with normal brain communication and changes a person’s behavior and mood. The ability to think clearly is often inhibited,. Consuming larger amounts of alcohol can drastically affect motor functions via its effects on the brain. Commonly seen effects on the brain and the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) include slurred speech and issues with coordination. It starts to affect a person's judgment - their ability to make good decisions. It also makes a person react more slowly and have slower reflexes. This is why it is not safe to drive even after drinking just a little.
In medium amounts, alcohol will cause trouble speaking clearly and moving the body normally. A person may have trouble staying balanced and walking normally. They may get confused or very tired. They will not be able to make good decisions. They may also start vomiting.
When a person drinks a dangerous amount of alcohol, they can get alcohol poisoning.
Alcohol poisoning
Alcohol poisoning is a medical emergency. "Alcohol poisoning" means that a person has drunk enough alcohol to cause a coma, dangerously slow breathing, or even death. A person with alcohol poisoning needs emergency medical treatment at a hospital to make sure they do not die from alcohol poisoning.
Signs and symptoms
Here are some of the signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning:
Being very confused and almost unconscious
Going into a coma
Vomiting while in a coma. If this happens, the person can breathe the vomit into their lungs. This can burn and injure the lungs so badly that the person can die
Very slow breathing. If a person's breathing gets slow enough, the person can die
Very slow heart rate
Seizures
Low body temperature
If the person wakes up, they will not be able to remember what happened. This is called a "blackout."
First aid
When a person has alcohol poisoning, 9-1-1 or another local emergency telephone number should be called right away. First aid can help the person until an ambulance gets there.
A first aider SHOULD:
Lay the person down and try to keep them still
Turn the person on their side
Cover them with a blanket to keep them warm
If the person has a seizure, do not try to hold them still. Try to keep them from injuring themselves. Note that people having a seizure cannot control their movements, and their reflexes do not work.
If the person's heart stops, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An emergency medical dispatcher can explain how to do this
A first aider should NOT:
Leave the person alone
Give them anything to eat or drink
Give the person any medications or illegal drugs
Make them throw up
Put the person in a cold shower or bath
Make the person walk. Walking is not safe for a person with alcohol poisoning
Treatment
Paramedics and hospitals can treat alcohol poisoning by:
Putting a tube down the person's throat and pumping oxygen into their lungs (if they are not breathing well enough to survive)
Putting a tube down the person's nose and into their stomach to:
Pump alcohol out of the person's stomach
Pour activated charcoal into the person's stomach. This is a treatment for poisoning. The charcoal keeps more alcohol from being taken up into the bloodstream.
Giving them fluids, glucose (sugar), and vitamins through a needle placed into a vein
Myths
There are many myths (untrue beliefs) about drunkenness. Here are some examples of myths about drunkenness:
Some people can drive safely while they are drunk
Drinking coffee will make a person less drunk
Taking a cold shower or bath will make a person less drunk
Some types of alcohol make a person more drunk than others
Related pages
Binge drinking
Alcoholism
Drunk driving
References
Alcohol drinking habits
Health problems |
8447 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20Dry | Canada Dry | Canada Dry is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as gin and tonic.
Drink companies
Canadian food companies
Companies based in Texas |
8448 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger%20ale | Ginger ale | Ginger ale is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name ale, which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It is enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most ginger ales come in a green can.
Related beverages
Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad.
Ginger ale |
8449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving | Shaving | Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.
Hygiene |
8450 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene | Hygiene | Hygiene is the act of being clean. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples. Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit. People who do not have good hygiene might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick).
First proven use of the word in English was in 1677s. The word hygiene comes from the French word hygiène, which is the western version of Greek word ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) - hugieinē technē, meaning "(art) of health", from ὑγιεινός (hugieinos), "good for the health, healthy", in turn from ὑγιής (hugiēs), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the daughter of Asclepius and represented health.
Related pages
Public health
Global Handwashing Day
References |
8451 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spork | Spork | A spork is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool used to eat. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno. Many people dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.
Other websites
The Straight Dope on: why is it so hard to get a good spork?
The spork’s weird history, Bee Wilson, Salon
Food utensils |
8454 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall%20Astra | Vauxhall Astra | Vauxhall Astra is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980. It was first just branded as a Vauxhall, since 1991 it has also been sold as a Opel, a Holden and a Chevrolet. From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn.
History
In 1979, General Motors, the owners of Vauxhall, decided to replace the Viva model (Kaddett in Europe including Republic of Ireland) in the United Kingdom as Vauxhall's small family car. The model still shared its body with the Kaddett, however it had things suited for use in this country, i.e. the steering wheel on the right side so that owners could drive on the left-hand side of the road. The first generation was made from 1980 to 1984 and had hatchback, saloon and estate versions with 2 or 4 doors, the saloons looked identical to the hatchback but they sold poorly and were axed in 1982, the same year when a Bedford van model appeared. The second generation launched in late 1984, being larger with an aerodynamic design, the versions on offer were much the same as before, a saloon model called the Belmont launched in January 1986 with a cabriolet added in Spring 1987. It was given a mild facelift in January 1989. Some versions continued until 1993 when the cabriolet and Astramax van ended production. In late 1991, the third generation launched and this time, the 3-door estate was axed and the saloon from Spring 1992 was just called Astra. A new cabriolet model arrived in June 1993. In late 1994, it was facelifted and featured Vauxhall’s new V grille which appeared on the Omega that launched in the same year. The cabriolet continued until 1999. When it launched, Opel and Chevrolet both binned the Kaddett name. Therefore, they adopted the Astra one. In 1995, Holden did that too. It was only in South Africa that the Kaddett name continued and it was only on the Astra hatchback. The fourth generation launched in Spring 1998 with the same large range as before, coupe and cabriolet models were added in 2000. In 1999, the year after the launch of the fourth generation, South Africa binned the Kaddett name too, leaving no countries/regions/continents using the Kaddett badge. Some versions continued until 2005 as a cheap alternative to the new generation model while the van continued until late 2006 when it was replaced with a new version. In May 2004, the fifth generation launched, the 3-door from early 2005 was made to look more sporty and featured a large, panoramic windscreen on some models, the saloon was axed due to poor sales while in 2006, a hard-folding coupe/cabriolet launched called the TwinTop. It was facelifted in early 2007 and sales continued until 2011 for some versions. The van was axed in 2013 without a replacement. The sixth generation Astra was launched in late 2009 as a hatchback at first and an estate added in late 2010. The sporty 3-door was marketed as the GTC and launched in late 2011. It was facelifted in September 2012 and continued until 2015, 2016 for the estate and 2017 for the GTC.
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Astra |
8455 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20Ka | Ford Ka | The Ford Ka is a car made by the Ford Motor Company in Spain, Poland and Brazil. It has three doors and was first made in 1996. The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold. A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model has been introduced in 2009.
Engine data
4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves; electronic multipoint fuel injection
1.0l Duratec (Brazil)
48 kW (65 HP) at 6.000 rpm
87 Nm at 3.250 rpm
1.3l Duratec (1297 cc-Europe)
44 kW (60 HP) at 5500 rpm
99 Nm at 2500 rpm
1.3l Duratec (1297 cc-Europe)
51 kW (70 HP) at 5500 rpm
106 Nm at 3000 rpm
1.6l Duratec (1597 cc-Europe and Brazil)
70 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm
135 Nm at 4250 rpm
Second Generation
The second generation of the Ka was released in the beginning of 2009. The car is build in cooperation with Fiat, the technic is the same as used in the Fiat 500.
For the first time, a Diesel engine is available for the Ford Ka.
Engine data
4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves
1.2l Duratec (1242 cc)
51 kW (69 HP)
102 Nm at 3.000 rpm
1.3l Duratorq (1248 cc)
55 kW (75 HP)
145 Nm at 1500 rpm
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Ka |
8456 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower%20Bridge | Tower Bridge | Tower Bridge is a drawbridge in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. It allows ships through the bridge deck when is raised at an angle in the centre.
The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark. Tower Bridge is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge. It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway. This gives one of the best vantage points in London.
The "bascules" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year. The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83o from the horizontal.
History
The City of London Corporation held a competition for the design in 1876. Over 50 designs were entered, and in 1884 Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry's design was chosen.
Workers began to build the Tower Bridge in April 1886 and the bridge was opened in 30 June 1894.
In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.
Design
The bridge is in length with two towers, each high, built on piers. The central span of between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83o to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,100 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes. The bascules are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by steam engines. In 1976 these were replaced by oil and electricity. The bridge is made from more than 11,000 tons of steel, and covered with Cornish granite and Portland stone.
The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are above the river at high tide. These walkways allow people to still cross the river, even when the bridge is raised. They were closed in 1910 because not enough people used them, but were reopened in 1982.
Gallery
Tower Bridge,London Getting Opened
Tower Bridge Photo
Related pages
List of crossings of the River Thames
References
Other websites
Tower Bridge Exhibition
Tower Bridge
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Bridges and tunnels in London
Steel bridges
Stone bridges
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Suspension bridges |
8457 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiter | Waiter | A waiter is a person who "waits" on tables, often at a restaurant or cafe. A female waiter is called a waitress. They will take orders and delivers food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or cafe.
Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.
Food-related occupations |
8459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Spielberg | Steven Spielberg | Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is an American filmmaker.
He was born to an Ukrainian Orthodox Jewish family in Cincinnati, Ohio. His parents were pianist Leah Adler (1920–2017) and engineer Arnold Spielberg (1917–2020). He started his movie career learning to direct in 1975. He was raised in Haddon Township, New Jersey. Spielberg studied at Saratoga High School. He went to California State University, Long Beach.
Spielberg started his career learning how to direct in 1963. His first movies include Jaws, Jurassic Park, Indiana Jones, and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. His later movies include Saving Private Ryan and Munich.
Spielberg helped establish the PG-13 rating for the Motion Picture Association of America.
Spielberg married Amy Irving in 1985. They divorced in 1989. He married Kate Capshaw in 1991.
Spielberg won two Academy Awards for best director. These two awards were for Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan. In 1986, he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a Lifetime Achievement Award. He has been nominated and has won several other awards.
In Oscar acceptance speeches given since 1966, Spielberg holds the record for being thanked the most at 43 mentions, more than God and beating Harvey Weinstein who was thanked 34 times.
Filmography
Ready Player One (2018)
The Post (2017)
The BFG (2016)
Bridge of Spies (2015)
Jurassic World (2014)
Lincoln (2012)
Men in Black 3 (2012)
War Horse (2011)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
Real Steel (2011)
Cowboys & Aliens (2011)
Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011)
Super 8 (2011)
Paul (2011)
True Grit (2010)
Hereafter (2010)
Hollywood Don't Surf! (2010)
The Lovely Bones (2009)
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009)
Eagle Eye (2008)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Munich (2005)
War of the Worlds (2005)
The Terminal (2004)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
Minority Report (2002)
A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Saving Private Ryan (1998) (Academy Award, Best Director)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Amistad (1997)
Schindler's List (1993) (Academy Award, Best Director, Best Picture)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Hook (1991)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Always (1989)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
The Color Purple (1985)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) segment: Kick the Can
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
1941 (1979)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
Jaws (1975)
The Sugarland Express (1974)
References
Other websites
Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (founded by Spielberg)
Time 100: Steven Spielberg
Spielberg at 60 – Empire
1946 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
American movie directors
American movie editors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
BAFTA Award winners
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from Ohio
Movie producers from Ohio
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Businesspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
Writers from Cincinnati, Ohio
Screenwriters from Ohio
Ukrainian Americans |
8460 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable | Variable | A variable is a special type of amount or quantity with an unknown value. The opposite of a variable (that is, a known value) is called a constant.
Variables in math
In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as x or y. For example:
The letters m, n, p, q are often used as variables for integers.
The letters a, b and c are often used as coefficients of functions.
The letters i, j ,k are often used as indices of summation.
The letter t is often used as a variable for time.
The letter z is often used as a variable for complex numbers.
Most letters are used in equations to show numbers that are unknown (an exception is e, which is a constant). Using a type of math called algebra, one can find the value of the variable.
Any number cannot change its value. This is true whether the number is rational (such as -8.625) or irrational (such as 2√3, which is 2 multiplied by the square root of 3), or whether the number is real (such as ) or imaginary (such as ).
Variables are also common in science, where they usually represent physical properties that do not stay the same. For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the distance variable compared to the building does not change over time. 5 feet is called a fixed amount, which is the opposite of a variable amount. But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing. So it does not have the same value and we cannot use the same number for it, as the distance might be 1 foot now, but 2 feet a second later.
Variables in computer science
In computer science, a variable is a value in a program that can change. It does not have to be a number. In fact, it can be a string (text value), a date, an amount of money, an object such as a picture, or simply null (which means it has no content). The value that is stored in a variable can change the behavior of a program when it is run. Because of this, variables are commonly used to store input and output values.
Each programming language works differently with variables. Most of them allow any character string that is not "reserved" (that is, has a special meaning) to be the name of the variable. It is good in computer programming to use names that tells what will be stored in the variable (such as "person", "age", "total", and so on). Also, some languages like C and Java require the data type of the variable (that is, the kind of content that will be stored in it) to be declared (written) when the variable is created. Others, like Python and Visual Basic, do not have this rule, which allows the type of variable to be changed when a new value is stored in it.
Related pages
Dependent and independent variables
Explanatory variable
References
Mathematics
Computer science |
8462 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador%20Allende | Salvador Allende | Salvador Allende Gossens (June 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was a physician, senator, minister of health and the 28th President of Chile from November 3, 1970 until his death on September 11, 1973. He was a socialist and the first socialist president elected democratically (voted for by people) in South America.
Salvador was in politics for nearly forty years, having been a senator, deputy, and cabinet minister. He had run for president in 1952, 1958 and 1964, but had failed. He won as the leader of the Popular Unity coalition (a group of political parties) in a very close race.
Biography
Early life
Allende was born on June 26, 1908 in the port city of Valparaiso, Chile to a well-to-do family. Like many Chileans, Allende had a mestizo (mixed) racial background (European and other races mixed with Native Americans). His father Salvador Allende (senior), a lawyer, was of Basque background and his mother Laura Gossens had a Belgian Jewish background (though converted to Catholicism).
School
In 1918 his father sent Allende to study at the Instituto Nacional (National Institute) in Santiago. He then did his compulsory military service and entered the University of Chile to study medicine. Allende was a gifted, friendly and popular student; a great debater and public speaker and quickly becomes a student leader and vice-president of the FECH. (Student Federation of Chile). As an undergraduate student Allende requested to his parents to let him earn his own livelihood and he started to work as a paramedic in the ambulance services and as an assistant in pathology. He graduated with a medical degree in 1933.
Politics
He was one of the founders of the Socialist Party of Chile and in 1938 became a minister of health. He was a senator from 1945 until 1969 and was President of the Chilean Senate from 1966 until 1969.
Elections
Allende first ran for the presidency in the 1952 elections but failed. Determined to succeed he tried again in 1958 and then in 1964. In both instances he failed again.
Allende would tour Chile from Iquique to Magallanes, for example one end to the other, speaking to peasants in the south and miners in the north and held rallies in the big cities. Allende found it hard to win an election because of the successful scare campaigns launched by opposing parties, many financed by large multi-national corporations and powerful national institutions such as private banks and schools.
Results
Finally, and to the surprise of many working people - who had voted for him in previous elections and felt he would never win - in 1970 he won and became the President of Chile.
Goals
Allende always ran for election on the same socialist platform (plan) proposing the same resolutions (things to be done), focusing on the persistent inequality in the country and the underdevelopment (poverty for large part of the population) which Allende saw as being rooted in the lack of control the Chilean people had over their natural resources and vital industries. (e.g. banks, copper mines, electricity companies etc.).
Allende promised that he would nationalize (put under control of government) vital industries and then create an advanced public health system and educational system that would be free and accessible to all. During the cold war (between the U.S. and the former U.S.S.R) many people feared that Chile would fall under the influence of the USSR and after the 1960s under the influence of Cuba.
Revolutionary change
Allende’s speeches were said to be very radical (extreme) and Allende’s vision for Chile seemed completely different to the Chile that most people were familiar with. For example: Allende was said to be an atheist and Marxist. He was a non- practicing Catholic This was considered odd in a country that was very catholic, held traditional family values, and in which people were taught that political freedoms (the freedom to elect politicians from different parties) was more important than solving problems such as extreme poverty or economic inequality (division between the poorest and the wealthiest people).
Allende also wanted revolutionary change, i.e. he wanted deep changes to Chilean society very quickly, such forms of changes have been said to have tended to cause great divisions in society between those who oppose the changes (called reactionaries) and those who support the drastic changes (revolutionaries). Through history such situations tend to end up resolved violently. For example, civil war (where one group of people fight another group of people of the same country), or military coup (when a government is overthrown before it finishes its term).
Results
As a result, many Chileans, especially professionals like University professors, doctors and business people left the country–this had a negative effect on Allende’s reforms. E.g. Allende increased health services and places at Universities for the underprivileged while many professors, specialists and doctors were leaving the country.
Peaceful revolution
However, Allende was unique in that he did all he could to prevent this sort of violence, calling his revolution a “peaceful one within democracy” or calling it “the Chilean road to socialism.” In 1973 Allende’s enemies accused him of preparing a secret war and that his supporters were hoarding stocks of illegal weapons (in shanty towns and in rural areas) that were being sent from communist Cuba. To prove that this was not true, Allende allowed the Chilean Army to enforce a “weapons control’s law” that allowed the Chilean military to search and comb for any illegal weapons anywhere in the country. The Chilean army confirmed that after thoroughly searching for such weapons throughout the country they had found no significant stocks as the opposition was claiming. This ended up creating more support for Allende and allowed Allende to begin to focus on the upcoming election.
Allende's mandate
Allende came to power with a socialist plan. His vision for Chile was one in which the country's resources and wealth would be owned by Chileans and distributed more democratically. Allende started his program by nationalizing (put under control of government) major industries. Such as, Chile's copper mines (Chile had one of the largest copper mines in the World) but these mines were not owned by Chileans but by very powerful U.S. business people.
This created a serious problem with the U.S. government who saw Allende's nationalisation as an attack on U.S. interest and a threat to U.S. money investments in South America.
The coup, September 11, 1973
The American Central Intelligence Agency was said to be involved in the overthrowing of his government. Allende was a socialist. Many of his reforms and programs revolved around socialism. He created universal health care for all, made education better, and took a stronger level of control within the economy. He died in 1973. His death has been disputed for years; some feel that he took his own life by committing suicide, but others feel that he was murdered by Augusto Pinochet's militia. Pinochet would then become the ruler of Chile.
Death and myth
Allende was replaced by those who overthrew him as president. Allende committed suicide by shooting himself. The new ruling Junta justified their coup claiming that “Chile could no longer tolerate the cancer of Marxism”. The Pinochet regime claimed Allende had violated the Chilean Constitution even though Pinochet ended up writing a completely new one.
Also, after the coup many rumors and myths emerged about Allende’s death and life. Many of these myths attempted to discredit the character of Allende i.e. make him appear as a coward, weak or cruel person:
Some of his enemies claimed he was living in Cuba or East Germany - photographs appeared depicting people with the likeness of Allende.
One of the more current myths about Allende, has been that he was an anti-Semite and white supremacist, even though he was a mestizo with Jewish extraction who advocated Marxism (which teaches that people are divided by class not race, ethnicity or nationality).
Legacy and place in history
Allende became of interest to people all over the world because he was the first democratically elected socialist in Chile and the first democratically elected Marxist in the world. Many people felt Allende was the beginning of a new era in which great changes to society - especially in developing countries - could be brought about peacefully through an election.
Allende has become one of the most commemorated Latin American polital figures in history. Since his death monuments, statues, parks and streets have been named in his honour all over the world. In France alone there are more than 320 public places named in honour of Allende. Ministries and municipalities in many countries have also officially approved the naming of schools and educational departments in his honour.
Australia
Belgium
Canada
France
Germany
Mexico
Spain
Venezuela
Despites Pinochet’s 17 years of military rule and an attempt to deny Allende his proper place in Chilean history, he was officially honoured in Chile as a defender of representative democracy (i.e. people’s right to elect their political representatives through free and fair elections) with a state funeral in 1990. A monument was also erected outside the Moneda Presidential Palace (Chile's house of Government) where he died defending the democratically elected Popular Unity government he lead.
References
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/11/newsid_3199000/3199155.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/september/11/newsid_3101000/3101146.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2771000/2771229.stm
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-kornbluh/35-years-after-original-9_b_125447.html
1908 births
1973 deaths
People from Valparaíso
Presidents of Chile
Chilean physicians
Social democrats
Democratic socialists
Suicides by firearm
Presidents of the Senate of Chile |
8463 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority | Authority | Authority is the ability of a person or an organization to conduct a certain lifestyle for another person or a group. Authority is known as one of the basis of society and stands against cooperation. Adopting lifestyle patterns as a result of authority is called obedience and authority as a concept includes most leadership cases.
Although authority is usually described as human there is also frequent mention of divine authority.
Authority is made by a certain social power. This power might be materialistic (such as a threat to harm someone) or fictitious (such as belief in a certain person's power). The power exists because of the possible use of sanction : An action who harms a person who's not obeying the authority or threatening it in order to conduct a social power.
Authority may exists in a direct way by virtue of an actual power (such as a threat of imprisonment), which is called "forcing", or by legitimization that the subject gives to the authority (such as recognition of aristocratic authority). In most cases both types exist.
Only a few authorities are based on physical power, most are based on an organizational authority system. In this way, the authoritys ability to act depends on her existence.
For example: the authority of a state leader takes part when there is some sort of a police that punishes individuals that do not obey him. The policeman are subordinated to the leader and his rules because they are also under the police threat. If all citizens of the state choose to deny the leader and his rules, the authority will be lost, but the very fact that the authority semi-exists allowes it to be full.
Obedience
Obedience, as said, is the sign that means authority is being enforced. While obedience is the law, disobedience, insubordination and crime are a violation and resistance to the authority.
Theoretically, violation of the authority drags with it a sanction or punishment that's given by the authority owner. The severity of the sanction and the threat it presents are based on the particular social situation, on the balance of power, on the local norms and so on.
Stanley Milgram was a psychologist who was interested in obedience. He designed an experiment to measured how willing people were to do what an authority figure told them to do. The experiment had three participants. The person running the experiment told one participant, the volunteer, to pretend to be a teacher. Another participant was an actor, but the volunteer didn't know this. The actor's role was to be the teacher's student. The actor and the volunteer were separated with a wall. The person running the experiment told the volunteer to test their "student"'s ability to remember pairs of words. When the teacher's "student" remembered a pair of words incorrectly, the experimenter told the teacher to give the student an electric shock from an electroshock generator. The electric shocks were not real, but the volunteer did not know this. Every time the student got a question wrong, the voltage of the shock went up by 15 volts. In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65% of the volunteers gave the highest shock. It was 450 volts. Milgram had two theories for why he got the results he did.
The first is the theory of conformism. Milgram based this theory on Solomon Asch's conformity experiments.
The second is the agentic state theory. According to agentic state theory, the participants who obeyed the experimenter's orders did this because they did not see themselves as responsible for their actions.
Criticism
Many people criticize people in authority, and some even criticize the existence of authority. Anarchism is a philosophy that opposes all forms of authority.
References
Related pages
Authoritarianism
Hierarchy
Basic English 850 words
Hierarchy |
8467 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20instrument | Musical instrument | Musical instruments are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music.
Musical instruments can be divided by type into:
string instruments (plucked or bowed)
wind instruments
woodwind
brass
percussion instruments
keyboard instruments
An orchestra has instruments from four families:
bowed string instruments (e.g. violin)
woodwind (e.g. flute)
brass (e.g. trumpet)
percussion (e.g. drums)
Some people think that the voice is a "natural musical instrument" because singing is a way to make music without any instrument at all. |
8470 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil | Pupil | There are different types of pupils:
Pupil (eye), the centre of the eye, which is an opening into the inside. It's the black circle on the outside of the eye
Student, someone who is learning something, usually in a school or university |
8471 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20Churchill | Winston Churchill | Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD FRS PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, once during World War II, and again in the early 1950s.
Churchill was the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a state funeral. He was also a soldier, journalist, and author. He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1953.
Churchill featured in two media polls. He was ranked as the greatest British prime minister of the twentieth century by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators. They were asked by BBC Radio 4's The Westminster Hour to rank the 19 prime ministers from Lord Salisbury at the turn of the century through to John Major in the 1990s. In a 2002 BBC 2 television poll, Churchill was ranked as the greatest Briton in history. A million votes were cast, and the voting was heavily influenced by public campaigns from various candidates.
He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize.
Personal life
Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, the home of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke, and a leading Tory politician. His mother (née Jenny Jerome) was American.
As a boy, Churchill went to the famous Harrow School. He did not get good results, but said he was good at fighting.
He joined the British Army, in 1893. In 1896, he was transferred to Bombay, in what was the Indian Empire (British India). He fought in what is now Pakistan. After this, he fought in a war in Sudan, in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry. In 1899, he went to the Second Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter. He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape.
In 1900, he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament. In 1904, he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party.
He married Clementine Hozier in 1908, and had 5 children named Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary.
World War I
In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government. In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which put him in charge of the Royal Navy. When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job. He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government. He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament. In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies (Minister of Munitions).
Between the wars
After World War I, in 1919, Churchill was made Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air (aircraft). In 1920, he ordered the first air bombing in Africa when he bombed the Darwiish State, (also called Daraawiish State).
In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies as Secretary of State. Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election. In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party. In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924.
After 1929, Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in. He was not given any job in the government. Instead he wrote books. One was called Marlborough: his life and times, about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was A History of the English Speaking Peoples, which was not published until after World War 2.
When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler. However, very few leaders agreed with him.
World War II
At the start of World War II, Churchill was again put in charge of the Navy. In 1940 the war was going badly for Britain. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned on May 10 and Churchill was given the job. Some people thought that Britain could not win the war, and that the British government should make peace with Hitler. Churchill was sure that Britain could win, and promised to continue the fight. He made famous speeches that are still remembered today.
He was friends with the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He persuaded Roosevelt to give supplies to Britain, and to help Britain. He had many meetings with Roosevelt and with Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, after they came into the war. They were called the Big Three.
After the war
In 1945, his Conservative party lost an election, and he stopped being Prime Minister. However, he became Prime Minister again in 1951, which he was until 1955.
He was knighted in 1953, and became Sir Winston, and also won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
In 1955, he retired from being Prime Minister. In 1964, he retired from Parliament.
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy named him 'Honorary Citizen of the United States' but too ill to attend a White House ceremony, his son and grandson accepted the award.
Sir Winston died of a stroke at the age of 90, in 1965. When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside.
Books
Title (US Title) (Year of publication)
The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)
The River War (1899): about the reconquest of the Sudan, after the revolution of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed.
Savrola (1900; serialised 1899 and published USA 1899): a novel
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900): the Second Boer War, and the Relief of Ladysmith
Ian Hamilton's March (1900): Second Boer War continued
Mr. Brodrick’s Army (1903)
Lord Randolph Churchill (1906): two-volume biography of his father
For Free Trade (1906)
My African Journey (1908)
Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909)
The People’s Rights (1910)
The World Crisis (1923–1931)
My Early Life: A Roving Commission (1930): autobiography
India (1931)
Thoughts and Adventures (Amid These Storms) (1932)
Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938): four-volume biography on his greatest predecessor
Great Contemporaries (1937): short biographies
Arms and the Covenant or While England Slept: A Survey of World Affairs, 1932–1938 (1938): a call to arms, warning about Hitler, urging rearmament
Step by Step 1936–1939 (1939)
Addresses Delivered in the Year 1940 (1940)
Broadcast Addresses (1941)
Into Battle (Blood Sweat and Tears) (1941)
The Unrelenting Struggle (1942)
The End of the Beginning (1943)
Onwards to Victory (1944)
The Dawn of Liberation (1945)
Victory (1946)
Secret Sessions Speeches (1946)
War Speeches 1940–1945 (1946)
The Second World War (1948–1954): six volumes (12 in paperback)
The Sinews of Peace (1948)
Painting as a Pastime (1948)
Europe Unite (1950)
In the Balance (1951)
The War Speeches 1939–1945 (1952)
Stemming the Tide (1953)
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958): four volumes
The Unwritten Alliance (1961)
Essays and short stories
"Man Overboard!" (1899). First printed in The Harmsworth Magazine, January 1899
"If Lee had not won the Battle of Gettysburg" (1930). First published in Scribner's Magazine, December 1930.
References
Other websites
The International Churchill Society -
1874 births
1965 deaths
British military personnel of World War I
British Nobel Prize winners
British people of World War II
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Companions of Honour
Deaths from stroke
English historians
English journalists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Liberal Party MPs (UK)
Order of Merit
People of the Boer Wars
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Time People of the Year
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
World War II political leaders
Writers from Oxfordshire |
8477 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan%20Heights | Golan Heights | The Golan Heights is a strip of land in northeastern Israel that was captured by Israel in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of extinct volcanos.
In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its border with Syria.
Maps
References
Notes
Other websites
Israeli community portal
The Syrian Golan – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
What is the dispute over the Golan Heights?
A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report |
8482 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650 | 1650 | 1650 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
The city of Helsinki is founded. |
8488 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil%20%28eye%29 | Pupil (eye) | The pupil is the opening in the centre of the eye. Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens, which focuses the image on the retina.
The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles. There is a circular group, which squeezes the iris smaller, and another group which pulls the iris wider. When more light is needed, the pupil is made larger. In brighter light, the pupil is made smaller. The pupil can be compared with the aperture of a camera. It is surrounded by the iris which is the colored part of the eye.
The lens changes its shape depending on how far away the eye focuses. The focus point is where the eye is focusing on. The light makes the pupil change its size. When it is darker, the pupils will dilate (get bigger) because they need to allow more light into the eye to see. When it is bright, the pupil will constrict (get smaller) to restrict the amount of light there is getting into the eye so we can see. The pupil is normally black in most animals, but in some reptiles, it can be a different colour.
The main reason why we have a pupil is to regulate the light which travels to the retina. The reason why it has no colour is because the light that travels through the pupil is absorbed by the tissues in the inside of the eye. In humans, the pupil is round, but in some other animals, like cats, it is shaped like a slit.
Pupils and health
In humans, the pupils can tell us many things about how healthy a person's brain is. For example:
Size
Normal pupils are about 4mm across. Pupils that are a normal size are called "regular."
Pupils that are both "pinpoint" (the size of the point of the end of a pin - about 1mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems:
They have overdosed on an opiate (like heroin or oxycodone)
They have been poisoned with a type of chemical called an organophosphate, which includes things like some pesticides as well as nerve gases like sarin
They are bleeding in a part of their brainstem called the pons (this is very rare)
A person's pupils may also be smaller than usual if they are in very bright light.
Pupils that are both "dilated" (larger than usual, up to 8mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems:
They are hypoxic (their brain is not getting enough oxygen)
They have used illegal drugs like methamphetamine, LSD, marijuana, or Ecstasy
The person has died
A person's pupils may also be dilated if they are in a dark place, or if they have used some kinds of eyedrops.
Equality
In most healthy people, the pupils should be the same size ("equal"). Pupils that are "unequal" (one is bigger than the other) are usually a sign that something is wrong with the brain. For example, their brain may be injured, or they may have had a stroke.
However, up to 20% of healthy people have pupils that are different sizes. In these people, this is normal and does not signal a problem. Usually, there is only a small difference in size.
Shape
Healthy pupils are round. When one pupil is a different shape, usually the person has had an injury to the eye.
Reactivity
When a light is shined in one pupil, both pupils should get smaller at the same time. When the light is taken away, both pupils should get bigger at the same time. This is called being "light-reactive" (the pupils are reacting to changes in light).
If both pupils change size at the same time, but the change happens slowly, the pupils are called "sluggish." This can be a sign of illegal drug use, hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen to the brain), or injury.
If only one pupil changes size, there is usually a problem with the brain, or with the optic nerve (the nerve that runs from the brain to the eye).
If neither pupil changes shape when light is shined in it, the pupils are called "fixed." This is a sign of a very serious brain problem. The brain is supposed to make the pupils change shape, so if this is not happening, it means the brain is not working normally. When a person is in a coma or has died, their pupils will be both fixed and dilated (large).
Healthy pupils
Since the brain controls the pupils, healthy pupils are one sign of a healthy brain. Medical professionals describe healthy pupils with the abbreviation PERRL:
Pupils are
Equal,
Round,
Regular, and
Light-reactive
References
Eye anatomy |
8489 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator | Translator | A translator reads something written in one language and speaks it or writes it in another language. For example, they could read a book in French and then translate it into English. See translation for more information.
In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language deeply. They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to the second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science.
Language |
8493 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia | Cambodia | Cambodia or Kampuchea (officially called Kingdom of Cambodia) is a country in Southeast Asia. It is near Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. About 13 million people live in Cambodia. The people of Cambodia are called Cambodians or Kampuchea. Khmer is the official language. The country has recently emerged from a long civil war and the rule of the Khmer Rouge. It is part of ASEAN, Association of South East Asian Nations.
History
The ancestors of Cambodia had an empire called Angkor centered in the northwest of present-day Cambodia. The Angkor civilization is the world's largest pre-industrial civilization. One of the buildings from Angkor is a Hindu/Buddhist temple called Angkor Wat which is the world's largest religious structure. This empire was later destroyed due to ecological and environmental problems as well as failing infrastructure. Theravada Buddhism came to the country in the 13th century via monks from Sri Lanka. Since then, Buddhism has been the official religion.
Geography
Cambodia is set entirely in the tropic zone. The Mekong River runs through the middle of the country and is the most important source of water in the country. The country is the size of Missouri.
Sports
In Cambodia, people play many sports. Some sports that are enjoyed that come from the West include golf, rugby and soccer. Traditional Cambodian sports are buffalo racing, dragon boat racing and bokator Khmer martial art also known as pradal serey. Cambodia attended its first Olympic Games in 1956 and participated in two more before warfare and civil strife interrupted its attendance. The country returned to regular participation with the 1996 Summer Games. Cambodia managed fourth in soccer in the 1972 Southeast Asian games.
Cambodia hosted the GANEFO games in the 1960s.
Culture
The culture of Cambodia has been influenced by Hinduism. Today most people in Cambodia practice Buddhism. A lot of their customs revolve around Buddhism.
The food of Cambodia includes tropical fruits, rice, noodles and various soups. Cambodians like to eat a rice noodle soup called 'kah-tieu' in the morning. Cambodians are famous for a type of 'kah-tieu' called 'kah-tieu Phnom Penh' which has shrimp, beef balls, fried garlic, pork broth and chicken. Cambodians also eat a red curry noodle soup with rice vermicelle noodles. Curry is also eaten with rice or French bread in Cambodia. Cambodian food is similar to Vietnamese and Southern Thai food.
Cambodia also has a mystical tattoo called a yantra tattoo that is popular with soldiers. A yantra tattoo has ancient Khmer and Pali (An ancient Indian language) writing. A yantra tattoo is usually done by a religious person or monk. The tattoo artist guarantees that the person cannot receive any physical harm as long as they follow certain conditions. A person is supposed to not talk to anyone for three days and three nights. Another alternative is to follow the five Buddhist percepts. Movie star actress Angelina Jolie is known to have a yantra tattoo.
Cambodians celebrate the Cambodian New Year in April. It is based on Theravada Buddhism. The date depends on astrological signs but are usually are on April 13-15 or April 14-16.
Flag
The Cambodian flag includes a three-towered temple called Angkor Wat. It is the most famous monument in the country. Many tourists visit the temple. The Cambodian flag has three horizontal bands. There are two blue bands on the top and the bottom. There is a red band that is twice the height of each blue band. The red band represents the nation. The temple represents the structure of the universe.
Provinces
Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital. The provinces are divided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities are then divided into communes and quarters.
Transportation
People in Cambodia use many different types of transportation. Transportation in Cambodia include: boat, car, motorcycle, elephant, train and airplane.
Economy
The Cambodian economy has been growing rapidly in recent years. Cambodia is set to build its first skyscraper, Gold Tower 42. Cambodia is also building a satellite city next to Phnom Penh which is called Camko City. Camko City is being constructed by Korean companies to modernize Phnom Penh so as to make it appealing to foreign investors and businesses. Cambodia is also one of the most corrupted nations in the world and has been pressured by international communities to fix it.
Foreign relations
Cambodia has foreign relations with most nations. It is part of ASEAN. Cambodia has border issues with Vietnam and Thailand over lost territories. Cambodia is one of a few nations with good relations with both Koreas. South Korean president Lee Myung Bak was an economic advisor to Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen and former Cambodian King Norodom Sihanouk was a good friend with former North Korean leader Kim Il-sung.
Ethnic groups
The Khmer (Cambodians) account for the vast majority of the population. Ethnic minorities include Chinese, Vietnamese, Muslim Cham-Malays, Laotians, and various native peoples of the rural highlands.
Land
Although much of Cambodia is heavily forested, the central lowland region is covered with rice paddies, fields of dry crops such as corn (maize) and tobacco, tracts of tall grass and reeds, and thinly wooded areas. Savanna grassland occur in the plains, with the grasses reaching a height of 5 feet (1.5 metres). In the eastern highlands the high plateaus are covered with grasses and deciduous forests. Broad-leaved evergreen forests grow in the mountainous areas to the north, with trees 100 feet (30 metres) high emerging from thick undergrowths of vines, rattans, palms, bamboos, and assorted woody and herbaceous ground plants. In the southwestern highlands, open forests of pines are found at the higher elevations, while the rain-drenched seaward slopes are blanketed with virgin rainforests growing to heights of 150 feet (45 metres) or more. Vegetation along the coastal strip ranges from evergreen forests to nearly impenetrable mangroves.
Related pages
Cambodia at the Olympics
Cambodia national football team
List of rivers of Cambodia
References
Other websites
Map of Cambodia with new provinces
Ta Chen's mentor Duch found guilty of crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, first khmer rouge trial
khmer rouge war crimes trials, cruel interrogator war criminal Ta Chen still free
khmer rouge overdue trials, ta chen still wanted man
Current monarchies
Least developed countries
1953 establishments in Asia |
8494 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1466 | 1466 | Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
June – Second Siege of Krujë: Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 to stop the Albanian resistance by taking Krujë. The Albanians stop him and the Ottoman army leaves from Albania.
August 26 – A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.
October 19 – The Thirteen Years' War ends
Date unknown
The Chimú Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.
Erik Axelsson Tott replaces Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.
The first printed German language Bible is made.
Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
Kingdom of Georgia ends. Rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago start.
Births
February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
October 27 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
November 30 – Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (d. 1560)
probable
Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1520)
Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
Laura Bowen, founder of the nursing profession.
Deaths
March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
date unknown
Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate
Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman
Nicolaus Zacharie, composer
References |
8495 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1502 | 1502 |
Events
The Franco-Spanish War over Naples begins.
Montezuma II becomes ruler of the Aztecs.
January 1 – The place where Rio de Janeiro is now is explored.
Safavid dynasty begins. |
8496 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenager | Teenager | A teenager, or teen, is someone who is between 13 and 19 years old. They are called teenagers because their age number ends with "teen". The word "teenager" is often associated with adolescence. Most neurologists consider the brain still developing into the persons early, or mid-20s. A person begins their teenage life when they become 13 years old, and ends when they become 20 years old. In some places, teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be regarded as both teenagers and adults.
The way the word is used varies. Most societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be quite elaborate. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development occurs. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.
The life of a teenager seems to change daily. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, Teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests during this time of great change. Before their teenage years, these adolescents focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents.
In the United States, teenagers typically leave middle school to attend high school.
References
Humans |
8497 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533 | 1533 |
Events
Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary
January 25– Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn
Births
September 7 – Elizabeth I of England
Deaths
June 25 – Mary Tudor |
8498 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age | Age | Age might mean:
Ageing, the process of people getting older
Period (geology) |
8499 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1546 | 1546 | Year 1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
The Anglo-French War ends
The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church
Births
December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
date unknown
Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)
Deaths
February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483) |
8500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1598 | 1598 |
Events
The Franco-Spanish War ends
The Eighth War of Religion ends
Births
April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
Bonaventura Cavalieri |
8501 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600 | 1600 | 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The year 1600 was also a century leap year.
Events
Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar
The Polish-Swedish War begins
October 8 – San Marino adopts its constitution
October 30- Sekigahara- Ieyasu unifies Japan after warring sates period by defeating the western army, lead by Mitsunari Ishida.
Deaths
September 16 – Gracia Hosokawa
December 13 – Mitsunari Ishida
Births
Charles I of England (d. 1649) |
8502 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult | Adult | An adult is a person who is grown up completely. The person is already past the child stage. It is the phase after being a teenager. Once someone reaches adulthood, that person typically no longer has to take directions from a parent or guardian, but rather can make decisions for themselves. Legally speaking, adulthood is reached at 18 in most countries.
In biology, a person is considered an adult physically when they are sexually mature. This means that they have begun or passed through the physical puberty, and are able to sexually reproduce.
Mentally and emotionally, a person is considered a full grown adult in their mid twenties. A person can be at legal age at 18, yet they're still in adolescence, their minds are still developing.
In most countries, someone is legally considered an adult when he or she is older than a certain age. This is called the Age of majority. Hitting the age of majority means that you are considered old enough to make your own decisions, and not having to be taken care of by your parents or other adults. In most countries, this age is 18 years. However, it varies from ages as low as 16 to as high as 21. There are many additional laws that determine from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse.
There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty.
References
Related pages
Adolescence
Middle age
Old age
Humans |
8503 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony | Colony | A colony is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase dependent territory is now used instead of colony.
A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.
Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.
Related pages
Dependent territory
Other websites
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
Politics |
8506 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic%20boom | Sonic boom | A sonic boom is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound. When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes a bang sound or an explosive noise that can be seen with the naked eye. This is often called "breaking the sound barrier." The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves. The thunder that a storm makes is also a sonic boom caused by lightning forcing air to move faster than the speed of sound.
The first plane to fly at a level altitude above the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager.
References
Sound
Aviation |
8511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim | Sikkim | Sikkim (, ) has been a state in India since 1975. The people are of Nepali heritage. Its neighbours are Bhutan to the east, Nepal to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of P.R.C. to the north and the Indian province of West Bengal to its south. It has the smallest number of people and second smallest land size () of any major divisions in the Republic of India. The third highest mountain in the world, Mt. Kanchenjunga ( above sea level), is in Sikkim. The National capital is Gangtok and other big towns are Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam and Jorethang. The languages spoken here are Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tibetan, Nepali and now Hindi and English. Tourism makes a lot of the money in this small organised state of India, because it is not close to the sea.
Sikkim has been cut off from the outside world for a long time. It was settled by Tibetans in the 16th century. It became a British Protectorate in 1890. Sikkim was transferred to India in 1949 by the British. It was annexed in 1975.
Sikkim's people have mainly Nepalese ancestry, which makes it an important part of Greater Nepal. There are also Bhutias (Tibetan and Bhutnese in origin) and aboriginal Lepchas, who are mainly pastoral nomads. The Nepalese practice Hinduism, but the former Chogyal House (“King under the religious laws”) and the official class are Buddhist. Sikkim is known for its Buddhist monasteries. Tibeto-Burmese languages and dialects are commonly spoken. Sikkim is bordered by the Tibet autonomous region of Chini to north
Physical features
Sikkim is the second smallest state after Goa, but it has many physical features like forests, rivers and mountains around its edges. Most of the mountains are above 6100 metres (20000ft) are near the west of the occupied territory, like Mt Kanchendzonga. Other mountains that are over 6100 meters (20000ft)tall are Kabru (the second tallest), Sinilchu, Pandim, Rothong, Kokthang, Talung, Kanglakhang, Simvo & Jonsang. On the east side the tallest peak is Paunhri, which is about 6700 meters(22000ft) tall. The other mountains that are a little bit shorter than 6100 meters (20000ft) are Masthonangye, Yabukjakchen, Narsing and Lamaonden. Most of the mountains in Sikkim have never been climbed, because the Sikkimese consider them sacred. They feel that when the mountains are climbed, they will not be holy anymore.
Sikkim has many hot springs which are known to be good for health. The most important hot-springs are at Phurchachu (Reshi), Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. All these hotsprings have a lot of sulfur and are near the river banks. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C.
Lakes
On the way between Gangtok to Nathula, 35 kilometres from Gangtok is Lake Changu (Tsomgo), about 3693 meters (12310 ftp) above Sea level.
Two other lakes nearby are the Bidangcho and the Mememcho. Lake Kechopari is another well-known lake. It is between Gyalshing and Yoksum.
Many of the lakes in Sikkim are on the western border, north of Chiwabhanjang towards the Base Camp. Laxmipokhari, Lampokhari, Majurpokhari, Dud Phokhari, Samiti Lake, and the twin lakes of Ram-Laxman are a few of the lakes in this area.
Gurudogmar, which is the largest lake, is in North Sikkim.
Food
Sikkimese people usually eat rice, green vegetables, potatoes, dal, and sinky, Kenama and Gundruk, (Nepali food).
Momo is a very popular Nepalese treat in Sikkim. It is prepared by stuffing meat and vegetable ingredients in flour dough then making them into dumplings. Momos are eaten with soup and chilli sauce. This Nepalese dish can be found in almost every local restaurant and fast food shop.
Thukpa is a noodle soup with vegetables and beef which is also very popular.
Seal Roti (Nepali traditional food) is made by grinding rice and water into a paste, then deep fried. It is normally eaten with potato curry. It is prepared during Dasai and Tihar (local festivals).
Gundruk is the leaves of the mustard oil plant that are dried in the sun, then boiled with ingredients.
Geography
Area : 7110 km2
Capital : Gangtok
Height: 1,780 m (5,840 ft) above sea level
Population: 6.10 Lakhs (= 610,000)
Land type: Hilly from 180 m (~600 ft.) to over 8.690 m (28,509 ft) above sea level
Climate:
Summer
Max- 21 °C ; Min - 13 °C
Winter
Max -13 °C ; Min - 0.48 °C
Rainfall : 325 cm every year
Languages spoken: Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, Tibetan, English, Hindi
State symbols of Sikkim
1817 establishments
1974 disestablishments
1810s establishments in Asia
Former polities of the Cold War |
8515 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling%20bee | Spelling bee | A Spelling bee is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children to learn to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary. One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C.
The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by The Courier-Journal, the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky. Contests may have been held before that year. A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books. Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations. They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller". Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary.
In a Spelling Bee it is actually best to go first rather than last because words usually go by levels in a school competition, so if it goes from easiest to hardest you will most likely get the less difficult words.
Type of game: Nytimes Spelling Beefor free online.
Language
Learning |
8517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth%20control | Birth control | Birth control, also known as contraception or family planning, is a way for a man and woman to have sexual intercourse and avoid pregnancy.
Some contraceptives, such as condoms, will also protect a person from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). When people use contraception to prevent STDs and pregnancy, it may be called safe sex.
Birth control is also sometimes called family planning. It means people can have babies or not as they wish. That way, babies and families do not happen by accident.
The need for birth control
Birth control lets a man and woman have sexual intercourse but makes pregnancy less likely.
During intercourse, a man places his penis in a woman's vagina and moves it in and out while the woman moves her hips. The vagina is warm and soft, and it places pressure on the man's penis. These sensations, combined with the in-and-out movements, stimulate the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm. During orgasm, the man's penis spasms and experiences a series of rhythmic contractions during which he ejaculates (releases semen into the vagina). The semen can make the woman pregnant. Because intercourse is usually very enjoyable, men and women often want to have intercourse a lot more often than they want to have a baby. Birth control lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of the woman getting pregnant.
People may use birth control for several reasons. Perhaps a man and woman wish to have only a few children so they will have enough money to give those children good food, clothes, and education. More children might mean less for each child, so the parents use birth control to limit the number of children they have. Or maybe a man and woman do not want any children at all in order to focus on their own lives, jobs, or each other. Other couples may use birth control to make sure that they do not have too many children in too short a time, an idea that is called "spacing" their children. This may help them take better care of their children. Still another reason is that a young couple may not be able to afford having a baby until they are older and have more money or better jobs. This may be especially true of younger people who are still in school and probably not married. By using birth control, the couple can grow closer and strengthen their relationship by having sexual intercourse frequently so that when they are ready to have a baby their relationship is strong and stable. In most of these cases the man and woman want to have sex to be close, to feel good with each other, and to make their relationship stronger. Contraception lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of a pregnancy.
Birth control may be used by married couples, or by couples who live together but are not married, or by a man and woman who are engaged, or by a couple who are merely boyfriend and girlfriend, or even by single people who are not in a relationship at all but who may have casual sex with others.
Types of birth control
There are many types of birth control. Some of these have been done for a long time, but many of them were only discovered in the last eighty years. Each type of birth control has advantages and disadvantages. Another word for a type of contraception is a method.
Barrier methods
A barrier is something that stands between two things. So barrier methods stand between the sperm and the ovum (egg). Some barrier methods help prevent many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
Condom – this is the oldest barrier method. A condom is a thin tube (often made of latex) that the man puts over his penis. This keeps the sperm from getting to the egg. Condoms are also called rubbers.
Female condom – this is like a condom, but it goes in the woman's vagina.
Some barrier methods only protect a small amount against STDs:
Diaphragm and cervical cap – these are objects that a woman puts in her vagina to cover the cervix (the opening at the bottom of the uterus where sperm get in).
Contraceptive sponge – this is a sponge that is filled with spermicide (a substance that kills sperm) and is put in the woman's vagina over the cervix.
Barrier methods can be easy to use and have few side effects (bad things that happen if you take a medicine). Some of them can be bought without a doctor's prescription. Since they are easy to get and can help stop disease from spreading from one partner to the other, they are popular with younger couples or those who are early in a relationship. But sometimes they can be messy or interfere with the pleasure and sensation of sex.
Hormonal methods
These can only be used by women. Doctors are trying to find a way to use hormonal methods for men. Hormonal methods change the woman's reproductive cycle in different ways so that it is safe for her man to ejaculate inside her.
Birth Control Pills – these are pills that a woman takes every day that make her stop ovulating (making eggs). They usually have both female hormones estrogen and progesterone in them. Some have only progesterone. Birth control pills are a very popular type of birth control because of how effective and easy to use they are. A woman who uses birth control pills is often said to be "on the Pill."
Birth Control Patch – this is a small and thin object that is put on the woman's skin and stays there. Hormones in the patch go into the skin and into the woman's body. This makes her not ovulate.
Emergency contraception pill – also called the morning-after pill. This is a medicine that is taken after sex that makes the woman less likely to get pregnant. It is best if used very soon after sex. The longer after sex it is taken, the less effective it is. It is recommended to be taken no more than 48 hours after the event. After this time, the pill no longer works well.
Implants – these are objects that are put under the woman's skin and stay there for years. They slowly put hormones into her body and make her not ovulate. These only have progesterone in them (not estrogen).
Injections (shots) – this is where a doctor or nurse gives the woman a shot with a needle every three to six months depending on the type of injection. They inject a progesterone hormone that makes the woman not ovulate.
Rings - a soft plastic ring that is placed inside the vagina. The hormones in the ring go into the woman's vagina and into her body to prevent her from ovulating. The ring cannot be felt during sex and one ring lasts for up to three months.
Hormonal birth control is extremely effective if it is used in the right way. Many hormonal birth control methods also make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding, which most women like. And unlike barrier methods, hormonal methods do not interfere with sex. When a woman is using hormonal birth control, she and her man are usually not even aware of it during intercourse, which seems and feels very natural. The couple can have sex at any time they wish; they don’t need to interrupt foreplay to put birth control in place, and they can feel the physical sensations and emotional closeness of intercourse without interference from a make or female condom. Unlike coitus interruptus (see below), when a woman is on the Pill or using some other form of hormonal birth control, intercourse usually ends with her man reaching orgasm while inside the vagina, which both the man and woman usually find very pleasurable. For all of these reasons, hormonal methods are very popular, especially with women who are married or in steady relationships who are having sex often.
Hormonal birth control methods have some slight risks for side effects. They may make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer. Most of these risk are small. Some women may experience mood swings, weight gain, or loss of sex drive. Sometimes, but rarely, these side effects are serious enough to make a woman decide to stop using hormonal birth control.
Intrauterine methods
This is where an object is put in the woman's uterus (womb, where the fetus grows when she is pregnant). This object is called an intrauterine device or IUD (acronym).
There are two types of IUD: the copper IUD or an IUD with hormones implanted on it. The hormonal IUD has better protection against pregnancy but costs more.
There are many good things about them:
Do not need the woman to do anything after they are put in
Last a long time (up to 10 years)
Work very well at stopping pregnancy (98-99% of pregnancies are stopped)
The worst part about IUDs is that they have to be put in by a doctor. There is some risk of infection of the uterus after the IUD is put in, but this is only for 1-2 months after.
Copper IUDs can also be used as a day-after method to prevent pregnancy after the woman and man already had sex.
IUDs do not prevent STDs.
Sterilization
This is when a man or woman has surgery to make them not able to make babies.
Men can get a vasectomy. This is a small surgery where the tube that carries sperm from the testicles is cut.
Women can get tubal surgeries. These are ways that the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped so that eggs cannot go down them to the uterus. (The fallopian tube is the tube that carries the egg from the woman's ovary).
Sterilization is extremely effective, and they allow a man and woman to have intercourse that seems and feels very natural. But sterilization does involve surgery, which can cost more than other types of contraception and can be unpleasant, and unlike other methods it is very hard to reverse if a couple changes their minds and want to have children later.
Other surgeries will make a woman sterile (not able to get pregnant). These are not done only for contraception, but they are done for other reasons.
Hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus
Oophorectomy surgery to remove the ovaries (both must be removed to make a woman sterile).
Traditional contraception
These have been used for a very long time. They were used before modern medicine. Some of them were used before scientists even discovered how reproduction (making babies) happens.
Coitus interruptus (sometimes called "withdrawal" or "pulling out"– when the man takes his penis out of the woman's vagina before semen (liquid that has sperm in it) comes out. This is not a good method of birth control because the fluid that comes out before semen comes out also has sperm in it, and because if the man's semen is close to the woman's vagina, she can still get pregnant. Also, because the man's instinct is to stay inside the woman's vagina when he ejaculates, there is always a danger that he may not withdraw his penis in time. Even when it works, this can be a very frustrating method for both the man and woman because it interrupts their closeness and good feelings at the climax of intercourse.
Non-penetrative sex, non-vaginal sex – sex without putting the man's penis in the woman's vagina. This is more effective than coitus interruptus, but it can still be risky if the man ejaculates on or near the woman, and it can also be frustrating for the couple not to be able to have intercourse.
Abstinence – not having sex. If a couple can practice this correctly, it is completely effective at preventing pregnancy. It is free and does not require the help of a doctor. But it can be very frustrating for a man and woman to not be able to have intercourse.
Many methods can reduce the risk of STDs, but only abstinence is 100% effective.
Periodic abstinence
This means a man and a woman practice abstinence (not having sex) when the woman is fertile. When the woman is not fertile, she will not get pregnant when she has sex.
Natural family planning: this is also called 'fertility awareness'. For this method, a woman reads her temperature (how warm her body is) in the morning, or she reads her cervical mucus (liquid that comes out of her vagina). Using the temperature or the cervical mucus, there are rules that say when the woman is fertile and not fertile.
Billings ovulation method; Creighton model fertility care; two-day method; mucus-only method; basal body temperature method; sympto-thermo method: these are different names for natural family planning (see above).
Rhythm method: this is where a woman records the number of days between her menses (the time when she bleeds). The woman is most likely to be fertile in the days right between her menses. For some women, the math does not work. They get pregnant when the math says they are less fertile.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method
This is when a woman is breastfeeding (using her breasts to make milk for her baby). There are certain rules the woman can use to know if she is not fertile. Chances that this method will fail are about 10% (which means 10% chance she can get pregnant)
Induced abortion
Induced abortion (sometimes called just abortion) is when a doctor gives a pregnant woman a medicine or does a surgery to stop the pregnancy. Some people do not call abortion a kind of contraception. This is because contraception means preventing pregnancy, but abortion is stopping a pregnancy that has already started.
Abortion is not a good birth control method. If a woman does not want to get pregnant, other methods are more safe and inexpensive (cost less money). So many doctors who do abortions for women help women find a better way to not get pregnant the next time.
Religion and contraception
Some religions do not like contraception. Some of them teach that contraception is a sin.
Religions ideas about contraception:
Catholicism – almost all types of birth control are a sin (except Natural Family Planning or abstinence). The Catholic Church had no official policy over Contraception until 1930 when Pope Paul VI officially banned Catholics from using birth control pills, most forms of contraceptions, and even condoms. The Church believes sex is for a husband and wife to make a baby, and sex must always be open to life (possibility of making a new human) and contraceptions would be sinful as it blocks pregnancy even though the Bible does not ban contraceptions.
Protestantism – most Protestant churches believe birth control is not a sin and allow couples to use it if they do not wish to make a baby.
Islam – most schools of thought believe that some methods of birth control are not a sin. This is not applicable to sterilization, birth control due to financial hardship, or methods that deprive a woman of her right to sexual satisfaction.
Judaism – there are many different beliefs in Judaism about birth control, but even the most conservative types of Judaism allow it if the woman will get sick if she gets pregnant.
Religious beliefs that contraception is a sin also keep people from doing safe sex. Some groups who are opposed to this belief say it is dangerous in places where there is a lot of HIV and AIDS, because condoms make people much less likely to get HIV, but at the same times many feel that they can practice extra marital sex since they are "safe" from HIV/AIDS.
Related pages
Marie Stopes
Margaret Sanger
Other websites
These may be unsimple:
Wedding Website: A simple introduction to cpntraception - in simple English
University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo: Methods of Contraception For Men and Women
World Health Organization information on family planning
Planned Parenthood
Medline Plus on birth control
USFDA page "what kind of birth control is best for you?" in simpler English
Contraception
Feminism |
8518 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing%20game | Role-playing game | A role-playing game (also called an RPG) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGS), in a computer or video game, or alone (gamebooks). Often the characters gain experience (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger.
Traditional RPGs
A traditional role-playing game, or tabletop role-playing game, is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which each person playing the game will make-believe that he or she is a character in the game. A person playing the game will tell the action of his or her character, and a system of rules will tell whether the action can be done or not. The game will happen in a made-up world that is controlled by another person playing the game, called a gamemaster (GM). The gamemaster tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world, and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet.
The gamemaster will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete. Characters usually have things about them that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience points which can be used to make the character better.
Most tabletop RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap). This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill. Most games have a system of bonuses so that they can succeed more often.
A short example:
GM: "You enter a small room. It is wet and smells bad. You hear water dripping from somewhere. You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room."
Player: "I touch the pile with the tip of my sword."
GM: "The jelly starts to move up your sword."
Player: "I drop my sword."
GM: "The jelly starts to eat your sword, but you are safe."
Good GMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions. One example of this type of RPG is Dungeons & Dragons
Computer and video game RPGs
Graphical
There are also computer and videogame RPGs, where the player controls one or more characters. A good example is the Final Fantasy series of games. Just like the pre-computer RPGs, the characters in the games level up when they get EXP. They also usually contain a main quest which cannot be completed without completing smaller side quests. These computer RPGs are easier to play because they only need one person, but they also lack the freedom of the older games, where new quests can be made up whenever you want. MMORPGs (Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together. Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape.
Text-Based
Text Based RPGs are not too different from Traditional RPGs, generally based on the Dungeons and Dragons game. However some Text Based RPGs are not for combat, but are for socializing and meeting others.
With many Text Based RPGs you need a client, a program to send what you say to the server, which can be located in another country. Many clients are basic and display text in one colour, but there are others that use colours, enhancing the readability of the contents.
See MU* for more details. Omori
Live action role-playing game (LARP)
In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play. They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would.
References
omori |
8522 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic%20language | Arabic language | Arabic () is a Semitic language, like Hebrew and Aramaic. Around 292 million people speak it as their first language. Many more people can also understand it as a second language. The Arabic language has its own alphabet written from right to left, like Hebrew. Since it is so widely spoken throughout the world, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. The others are English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese.
Many countries speak Arabic as an official language, but not all of them speak it the same way. The language has many dialects, or varieties, such as Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic, Levantine Arabic and many others. Some of the dialects are so different from one another that speakers have a hard time understanding the other.
Most of the countries that use Arabic as their official language are in the Middle East. They are part of the Arab World because the largest religion is in the region is Islam.
Arabic is very important in Islam because Muslims believe that Allah (God) used it to talk to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril), giving him the Quran in the language. Many but not all Arabic-speakers are Muslims.
Arabic is also becoming a popular language to learn in the Western world even though its grammar is sometimes very hard to learn for native speakers of Indo-European languages. Many other languages have borrowed words from Arabic because of its importance in history. Some English words that can be traced to Arabic are sugar, cotton, magazine, algebra, alcohol and emir.
Arabic is an official language of these countries:
Algeria
Bahrain
Comoros
Chad
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Western Sahara
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
Sudan
Syria
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
It is also a national language of:
Mali
Senegal
References |
8524 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden | Dresden | Dresden (Upper Sorbian: Drježdźany) is the capital of the Free State of Saxony. It is in the southeast of Germany, on the River Elbe near the border with the Czech Republic. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
History
Dresden was already settled in the Neolithic part of the Stone Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence.
Dresden was bombed a lot at the end of World War II. It was bombed by American and British bombers between 13 February and 15 February 1945. Most of the city's buildings were damaged beyond repair after the bombings. The city had to rebuild most of its buildings after the war.
In 2002 Dresden was flooded in Germany's so-called "century flooding".
Politics and cultural
Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony. It is the seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of many universities. The city had a popiulation that exceeded 100,000 around 1852.
Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005). Dresden forms the core of the densely-populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre. Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig, it forms the population centre known as the Metropolregion Saxonia Triangle .
Traffic
Dresden has got an international airport (Flughafen Dresden-Klotzsche) which has about 2 million passengers/year. This Airport has got daily flight connections to Frankfurt and Munich (Lufthansa), Moscow (Aeroflot), Cologne and Stuttgart (germanwings), Düsseldorf (germanwings) as well as to Zurich (InterSky), Hamburg (eurowings on behalf of germanwings) and London-City (CityJet). The biggest station is Dresden Hauptbahnhof (Dresden Main station) with an ICE (InterCityExpress) connection to Leipzig, Erfurt, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden. There's an EuroCity connection to Prague, Graz and Vienna just as an InterCity connection to Berlin and Hamburg. The metropolitan of Dresden has got four highwas:
A4: Frankfurt - Dresden - Goerlitz - Wrocław - Kraków
A13: Dresden - Berlin
A14: Nossen (near Dresden) - Leipzig - Magdeburg (- Schwerin)
A17: Dresden - Prague
Dresden has got 3 S-Bahn (Metropolitan overground railway) lines and a big Tram network.
References
1206 establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Germany |
8525 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20will | Free will | Free will is being able to choose between different actions. If we judge an action (for example, as good or bad) it only makes sense if the action is freely chosen.
Things like advice, persuasion, and prohibition, are pointless unless people have some kind of free will. Free will means people can do different things. Different results come from different courses of action. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed deserve credit or blame. If there is no free will, there is no sense or justice in rewarding or punishing anybody for any action.
Free will is a major problem in ethical philosophy, and is also relevant to the philosophy of science.
In ordinary life, and in law, people are generally assumed to have free will, and are responsible for what they do.
In philosophy
Determinism
Determinism comes from the idea that our world – and the universe – is in some way rather like a machine. This idea goes back a long way in history (at least 2,500 years).
Hard determinism
There is more than one kind of determinism, but essentially it is the idea
that events in the past fully decide (cause) events in the future. It is the same as saying "the universe is like a clockwork instrument". If you knew everything about it, you could predict exactly what will happen. To illustrate this Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed a thought experiment in 1814, which he called Laplace's demon. If determinism is the case, then there can be no free will.
The view that a deterministic universe means people do not have free will is called "incompatibilism". It means if determinism is true, it is incompatible with free will, and so free will does not exist.
Soft determinism
Many thinkers do not like what follows from hard determinism, and ideas have been put forwards as to why we do have free will. Here we give just one of these ideas.
Soft determinism (or "compatibilism") tries keep determinism, but still claims that free will is possible. David Hume had this position. According to Hume, free will is not the ability to make a different decision under the same circumstances. Because there may be slight differences in the circumstances, a different decision can be reached. Chrysippos. a stoic philosopher gives the example of a dog which is tied to a cart. This dog can freely decide to follow the cart. William James coined the term "soft determinism" in The dilemma of determinism in 1884. There, James writes "A common opinion prevails that the juice has ages ago been pressed out of the free-will controversy". James went on to argue, just as did Plutarch, that events fall into two groups: the causally determined and the rest.
In law
The law assumes we have free will. The job of courts is to find out when people do things and what they were thinking when they decided to do it. For example, think of someone who kills someone else. A court tries to figure out (1) if he or she actually killed the other person, and (2) if he or she decided to do it. The courts do not ask the philosophical question above.
In science
Physics
In the past, people such as Democritus saw the universe as deterministic. Some people thought that getting enough information would allow them to predict perfectly what will happen in the future. Modern science, however, is a mixture of deterministic and stochastic theories.
References
Philosophy
Ethics
Causality |
8526 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic | Arabic | Arabic might mean:
Arabic language
Arabic alphabet
Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes called "Arabic numerals" |