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  1. USW00003017_19.json +397 -0
  2. USW00003017_20.json +397 -0
  3. USW00003017_23.json +397 -0
  4. USW00003017_24.json +397 -0
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  9. USW00003017_31.json +397 -0
  10. USW00003017_4.json +397 -0
  11. USW00003017_7.json +397 -0
  12. USW00003927_0.json +397 -0
  13. USW00003927_1.json +397 -0
  14. USW00003927_14.json +397 -0
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  17. USW00003927_2.json +397 -0
  18. USW00003927_22.json +397 -0
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  20. USW00003927_26.json +397 -0
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  22. USW00003927_35.json +397 -0
  23. USW00003927_38.json +397 -0
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  25. USW00003927_5.json +397 -0
  26. USW00003947_10.json +397 -0
  27. USW00003947_20.json +397 -0
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  29. USW00003947_22.json +397 -0
  30. USW00003947_26.json +397 -0
  31. USW00003947_31.json +397 -0
  32. USW00003947_33.json +397 -0
  33. USW00003947_5.json +397 -0
  34. USW00003947_7.json +397 -0
  35. USW00003947_8.json +397 -0
  36. USW00012815_0.json +397 -0
  37. USW00012815_14.json +397 -0
  38. USW00012815_16.json +397 -0
  39. USW00012815_18.json +397 -0
  40. USW00012815_2.json +397 -0
  41. USW00012815_21.json +397 -0
  42. USW00012815_25.json +397 -0
  43. USW00012815_27.json +397 -0
  44. USW00012815_29.json +397 -0
  45. USW00012815_3.json +397 -0
  46. USW00012815_37.json +397 -0
  47. USW00012815_39.json +397 -0
  48. USW00012815_4.json +397 -0
  49. USW00012815_6.json +397 -0
  50. USW00012815_7.json +397 -0
USW00003017_19.json ADDED
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 27.8164 km away, between 2018-04-13 00:45:00 and 2018-04-13 00:45:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 0.75 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: A powerful storm system moved over northeast Colorado on the 13th, then slowly exited into the Central Plains on the 14th. The storm produced blizzard conditions over the far northeastern plains of Colorado, with high winds elsewhere. Snow and blowing snow produced extensive drifting snow up to 7 feet deep, along with near zero visibility. The dangerous conditions made the roads impassable and stranded motorists over northeast Lincoln, Logan, Phillips, Sedgwick, and Washington counties. Consequently, I-76 east of Sterling, I-70 east of Limon and nearly all other roads and highways across Northeast and East-Central Colorado were closed due to hazardous driving conditions. In total, more than a dozen semi-trucks were blown over. Eight semi trucks west of Akron, along Colorado Highway 34 were blown over. Blizzard conditions made it nearly impossible to get tow trucks to accidents and rescue stranded motorists. The dangerous conditions also caused widespread power outages and strayed cattle. Some livestock was lost, mainly calves.||Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted in the Hugo and Limon areas. A large tree, 2.5 ft in diameter, was knocked over in Hugo. Peak wind gusts included: 78 mph at Akron-Washington County Airport, 76 mph at Limon Municipal Airport, 72 mph in Hugo and Sterling, 71 mph near Bennett and Genoa, 65 mph at Briggsdale, 62 mph, 7 miles northwest of Boyero and Denver International Airport; 60 mph, 8 miles south of Holyoke and near Wiggins; 59 mph near Keenesburg, 12 miles east-northeast of Kiowa, 7 miles south of Shamrock and Woodlin School; 58 mph at Agate, Front Range Airport in Watkins, Kassler and 11 miles west-northwest of Westplains. Snowfall totals ranged from 4 to 10 inches. Event Narrative:",
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+ "question": "Given the reported intense weather conditions on April 13th, including hail and blizzard scenarios, which of the following options about the expected temperature patterns on April 14th is most accurate?\n\nA) Following the blizzard conditions, a sudden increase in temperature is expected, leading to a rapid thaw and the potential for flooding due to melting snow. \nB) After the hailstorm, temperatures are likely to stabilize around freezing with limited fluctuation, preventing any significant thawing. \nC) The significant drop in temperature after April 13th indicates the likelihood of a second storm system moving in from the northwest, which could bring additional snowfall. \nD) The temperature is expected to drop due to the high winds and blizzard conditions experienced on the previous day, leading to a continued sub-freezing environment.",
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+ "answer": "D"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 31.3054 km away, between 2013-08-03 16:24:00 and 2013-08-03 21:45:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 5000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorms brought damaging hail, wind, tornadoes, heavy rain and flash flooding to portions of the Urban Corridor and Northeast Plains. Very large hail, ranging from quarter to softball size, caused extensive damage to property and crops. Several small and brief non supercell tornadoes touched down but did little if any damage. Most the damage was the result of the large hail, intense thunderstorm winds, heavy rain and flash flooding. In Erie, a velodrome under construction was heavily damaged. Severe thunderstorms brought damaging hail, wind, tornadoes, heavy rain and flash flooding to portions of the Urban Corridor and Northeast Plains. Event Narrative: A tornado touched down briefly in an open field. No damage was reported. A velodrome under construction was heavily damaged by heavy rain and high winds. The wind toppled the eastern third of the 250-meter cycling track. Bolts measuring one-half-inch thick by 7 1/2 inches in length were ripped out of concrete footers while 16-inch-wide trusses, collapsed under the force of the wind. In town, heavy rain, around 2.5 inches in less than one hour, caused extensive street flooding. The intense wind also downed trees which resulted in localized power outages. In addition, an empty semi-trailer was blown on its side. A tornado touched down briefly but did no damage. Road closures were set up in both directions on both Picadilly Road and Gun Club Road, just north of Buckley AFB. A man had to be rescued when his car was trapped in flood waters at the intersection of 6th Ave. and Picadilly Road. Flash Flooding was also observed at the junction of E-470 and I-70 with water running over the road.",
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+ "question": "Given the significant weather events reported on August 3rd, 2013, particularly the occurrence of flash flooding and severe thunderstorms, which of the following temperature trends in time series A from July 28th to August 3rd would most likely contribute to the development of such weather phenomena on August 3rd?\n\nA) A continuous increase in temperature patterns with values consistently above 30 degrees Celsius leading up to the weather event. \nB) A drastic decline in temperatures after a period of several steady high temperatures, indicating a potential cold front arrival before the storm. \nC) Stable temperatures fluctuating between 15 and 20 degrees Celsius throughout the last days prior to the event, providing an unstable atmospheric condition conducive to thunderstorms. \nD) A consistent rise in temperatures with a peak temperature exceeding 35 degrees Celsius immediately before the weather event, promoting severe convection.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 27.6882 km away, between 2014-05-21 12:34:00 and 2014-05-21 15:50:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 7.792222222222222 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorms occurred in and around the Denver area. The storms produced large hail, from quarter to golfball size. Frontier Airlines canceled 16 flights, when several planes sustained hail damage. Forty flights at Denver International Airport were either delayed or canceled. Some homes in Green Valley Ranch east of Denver were damaged by hail. Several vehicles were also damaged. Five short lived tornadoes touched down but no damage was reported. ||The storms also produced heavy rain and strong damaging winds. The wind downed trees and power lines east of Denver. The heavy rain and hail, up to 6 inches deep in spots, caused street flooding around the metro area. The hailstorm at Dick\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds Sporting Goods Park knocked out power to the stadium where the 4A and 5A girls soccer championship games were about to be played. The inclement weather snarled traffic on Interstate 70, Pe\ufffd\ufffda Boulevard, U.S. 85 and elsewhere due to the flooded roads. In some areas, snow plows were called out to clear the hail. Parts of Tower Road and Peoria Street, and other roads in Commerce City, were closed through the late evening hours, because of standing water. Several vehicles stalled in standing water where water pooled in the underpasses. Severe thunderstorms occurred in and around the Denver area. Event Narrative: A tornado touched down briefly. No damage was observed. A tornado touched down briefly. No damage was reported. Thunderstorm winds downed trees and power lines. A tornado touched down for a few minutes. Large hail damaged some vehicles and shingles.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 45.2932 km away, between 2007-04-23 16:11:00 and 2007-04-23 17:34:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 0.7933333333333333 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: A storm system wound itself up over Southeast Colorado, allowing for heavy snow and rain to develop over much of North-Central and Northeast Colorado. Severe thunderstorms preceded the storm system on the 23rd, affecting the Urban Corridor and Northeast Plains. Severe weather included: large hail; up to golfball size, damaging thunderstorm winds and several small tornadoes. |On the 24th, heavy snow fell in the foothills west of Denver and Boulder, where storm totals ranged from 1 to 2 feet. Heavy snow also occurred along the Palmer Divide, with storm totals from 10 to 16 inches. Elsewhere, a steady moderate to heavy rainfall was reported. Denver International Airport measured 1.64 inches of precipitation, which broke the single day record for the 24th of April. A few short lived tornadoes also developed over Lincoln County, in the vicinity of the surface cyclone. |The heavy wet snow caused several power outages. In some instances, it took several days to restore power. Several road closures were reported, including Interstates 25 and 70. A jackknifed semi-trailer backed up traffic for nearly 20 miles; on southbound I-25, between Denver and Colorado Springs. In addition, a 50-ton boulder blocked the southbound lane of State Highway 285, near Parmalee Gulch. Crews had to use explosives to break up the boulder and clear the debris. Stranded buses and impassable roadways also forced several school closures. A storm system wound itself up over Southeast Colorado, allowing for heavy snow and rain to develop over much of North-Central and Northeast Colorado. Event Narrative:",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Hail. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 37.634 km away, between 2018-06-18 11:05:00 and 2018-06-19 05:00:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 1.59375 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 10000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: The storms that moved across northern Washington County caused severe agricultural damage. Wheat fields were significantly damaged and the young corn was stripped of all its leaves. Although no roads were completely washed out, there were multiple places where water ran across the roads and washed away the gravel and damaged the shoulders. One house at State Highway 61 and county road 57 had at least one broken window from the hail. Most of the water and damage from these storms was between state highways 61 and 63, and between county roads 60 and 55.||In Weld County, several communities received hail damage and flooding due to severe thunderstorms: Frederick, Firestone, Hudson, Keenesburg and Prospect Valley. Lightning struck an injection well northeast of Hudson, sparking a fire. First responders worked this incident for several hours. Weld County had several road closures due to flash flooding including Hudson, Keenesburg, Roggen and Prospect Valley. Some of the road closures included: county road 46 from between county roads 45 to 47, county road 63 from county roads 16 to 16.5. Trained spotters measured storm total rainfall from 2.93 inches to 5.53 inches. The storms that moved across northern Washington County caused severe agricultural damage. Event Narrative: Several roads were damaged. The frontage road at Interstate 76 and Weld County Road 53 which was inundated by floodwaters and completely washed. County roads 16 and 63, and county road 49 and State Highway 52 were partially flooded.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 35.2365 km away, between 2018-07-24 17:13:00 and 2018-07-24 19:30:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 26.47 inches.The events resulted in 0 injuries and 1 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 500000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Thunderstorms produced very heavy rainfall, 1 to 2 inches in less than 30 minutes. In Englewood, the floodwaters quickly inundated a basement apartment and trapped a woman inside. She was found unresponsive in the apartment and died several hours later. Several homes in the immediate area suffered severe flood damage. The floodwaters also stalled vehicles and forced the closure of several intersections. In Sheridan, the heavy rain created a large sinkhole which swallowed a small SUV. A downed power line caused a fire in Arapahoe County. Severe thunderstorms produced damaging wind and hail in Jefferson, Logan, Morgan, Washington, and Weld counties. Thunderstorms produced very heavy rainfall, 1 to 2 inches in less than 30 minutes. Event Narrative: Strong winds downed a tree. Strong winds from a thunderstorm blew down a tree. The tree fell onto a power line and caused a small fire. At 4600 South Acoma, the floodwaters quickly inundated a basement apartment and trapped a 32-year-old woman inside. She was rescued, but died several hours later. |Floodwaters stalled several vehicles and forced the closure of several intersections including: East Iliff Ave. and South Chambers Road, Santa Fe Drive and West Oxford Ave., South Buckley Road and East Bates Ave., East 6th Ave. and South Picadilly Road, East Hampden Ave and South Uruvan Way. Flooding created a large sinkhole in Sheridan. A small SUV was fell into the hole. The driver was not injured. She escaped her vehicle before it was swallowed by the sinkhole.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 35.7908 km away, between 2017-05-08 13:40:00 and 2017-05-08 14:45:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 1.5389655172413794 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorm broke out across Denver and the surrounding metro area and produced large damaging hail, strong winds, heavy rain and flash flooding. Large hail up to baseball size, caused extensive property damage to cars, homes and businesses across a large part of Denver and the western suburbs including Arvada, Lakewood and Wheat Ridge. According to the Rocky Mountain Insurance Agency Association, the storm was Colorado\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds most expensive insured catastrophe, around $2.3 billion. It also ranked as the second costliest hailstorm in U.S. history. The group estimated more than 150,000 auto insurance claims and 50,000 homeowner insurance claims would be filed. Businesses and homes sustained holes in siding along with broken windows and torn screens. Severe thunderstorm producing large hail, strong winds and heavy rain impacted areas around Greeley as well. ||The high cost incurred from the storm was due to a number of factors including: the size of the hail, the densely populated area, the time of day, the escalating costs to repair high-tech cars, and more expensive homes. Colorado Mills Mall in Lakewood was severely damaged after hail busted skylights and caused flooding inside stores. The common areas and tenant spaces suffered substantial water damage. Extensive damage to electrical systems, mechanical systems, including HVAC and lighting, kept the mall closed until November 2017. In Lakewood, the loss in sales tax was projected to be about $350,000 per month, which was 3 to 4 percent of the city's monthly budget. Prestige Imports in Lakewood which sells Audis and Porches, estimated 250 to 300 vehicles were impacted by the storm. Some of those vehicles were valued at nearly $200,000 each.||Significant damage was reported at Lutheran Medical Center after a hailstorm tore through Wheat Ridge. The hospital building and some of the medical office buildings sustained broken windows. The storm also hit the office of the Colorado Bureau of Investigation in Lakewood. The offices were flooded, several cubicles destroyed, and even some ceiling tiles fell off. The storm damage prompted school officials to close all thirteen Adams 12 Five Star schools in Commerce City and Beach Court Elementary school in Denver. Most of the schools in the Adams 12 Five Star District are at least 50 years old and sustained flood damage. Large hail damaged an apartment building near Regis University, shattered windows and punctured the siding on the west-facing side of the building. Severe thunderstorms also produced large hail across parts of Larimer, Lincoln and Weld Counties.||Hail and heavy rain clogged drains and caused flash flooding throughout Greeley. Up to three feet of water covered the roadway near U.S. 34 and U.S. 85. Flooding was reported throughout Greeley. The Greeley Fire Department received 30 calls of flooding. Firefighters helped several residents get out of garden level apartments that had flooded. Several other businesses and buildings suffered flood damage, including Greeley City Hall and an apartment complex in Evans. The Greeley Mall was extensively damaged when water poured into the mall from the roof and debris inundated the main floor. The Frontier Academy Elementary School was also flooded, with administrators canceling classes the following day to clean up the damage. Windsor-Severance Fire Protection District had multiple reports of lightning strikes, including one that hit near Windsor Middle School and set off the school's fire alarms. Severe thunderstorm broke out across Denver and the surrounding metro area and produced large damaging hail, strong winds, heavy rain and flash flooding. Event Narrative: The estimated damage is for the entire episode.",
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+ "answer": "B"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 38.8635 km away, between 2021-06-07 15:59:00 and 2021-06-07 16:34:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 530500.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A landspout developed in southwest Weld County, 2 miles southwest of Firestone. The tornado traveled north-northeast, and ended 3 miles northwest of Platteville. The tornado reached an intensity of EF-2 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, with estimated wind speeds of 99 mph. There were no injuries, but at least two calves were killed, and several chickens. The cloud base was so high, the landspout was visible from a distance of 40 miles. ||In total, seven properties sustained damage. Two homes were destroyed, meaning more than 50% of the home sustained damaged, with an estimated loss of those homes at $429,176 Three homes were damaged but not destroyed, with the estimated cost of damage at $101,336. Two businesses were hit, a feedlot and a dairy. The feedlot suffered the loss of two buildings, one was caused by a downed power line and the other from the tornado. Downed power lines led to a closure of Weld County Road 21 between Highway 66 and Weld County Road 32.5. The dairy was hit but had limited damage to roofs and some out buildings. The estimated cost of damage to those businesses had not yet been determined. Event Narrative: The tornado touched down in southern Weld County. Several homes lost windows and roofing material. One home lost an entire wall and most of its roof, and an unattached garage was completely destroyed with the car inside flipped on its roof. Nearby outbuildings sustained damage, and one caught fire due to downed power lines. Downed power lines also led to a closure of WCR 21 between Highway 66 and WCR 32.5.",
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+ "question": "Based on the observed temperature trends from June 1st to June 7th and the tornado event reported on June 7th, what could be the expected influence on the temperature patterns for the following day, considering that tornadoes often affect local atmospheric conditions?\n\nA) The temperatures are expected to rise significantly above 30\u00b0C due to the heat released from the tornado.\n\nB) The temperatures are expected to drop sharply below 10\u00b0C as a result of the cooling effect from the tornado's passage.\n\nC) The temperatures are anticipated to rise again above 30\u00b0C, reflecting a typical post-storm warming trend influenced by antecedent heat.\n\nD) The temperatures are expected to remain relatively stable around the mid-20s\u00b0C, indicating no significant influence from the tornado.",
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+ "answer": "C"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 38.4859 km away, between 2007-05-29 11:05:00 and 2007-05-29 13:10:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 0.8661538461538462 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorms, producing hail up to quarter size, and heavy rain; trained across northern portions of the Denver Metropolitan area. The path of the storms stretched from around Golden to Denver International Airport. The thunderstorms formed quickly following the passage of a cold front. ||Some minor street flooding was also reported as hail clogged storm drains. The hail piled up 4 inches deep at Elitch Gardens amusement park in downtown Denver. Drivers were caught in up to 3 feet of water in some intersections. Xcel reported scattered power failures around the Denver metropolitan area. At D.I.A. some brief delays occurred as airlines were forced to pull in their ground crews for safety reasons. Lightning also struck two homes in Ft. Collins. No one was hurt in either incident. The incliment conditions forced the closure of Trail Ridge Road, in Rocky Mountain National Park, due to snow and very poor visibility.||Severe thunderstorms developed further south along the Palmer Divide. Hail up to 2.5 inches in diameter was reported over southern Elbert County. Hail damage was reported in the towns of Elbert and Limon, where skylights and windows were broken. Two tornadoes touched down but no structures were damaged. Severe thunderstorms, producing hail up to quarter size, and heavy rain; trained across northern portions of the Denver Metropolitan area. Event Narrative:",
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+ "answer": "C"
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1
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 30.2141 km away, between 2020-06-06 11:42:00 and 2020-06-06 16:08:00.The events resulted in 2 injuries and 0 fatalities. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: A combination of an upper level trough moving northwest across the state, coupled with a strong surface pressure gradient, led to numerous reports of high wind gusts across the region. Most of the wind damage occurred with the passage of a rare derecho; a large fast-moving complex of thunderstorms with powerful straight-line winds. In addition, strong wind gusts from 59 to 71 mph not associated with the derecho, occurred prior to and following the passage of this system over the urban corridor and plains of northeast Colorado.||By midday the derecho, which originated over the Great Basin, moved over the northern and central mountains, and then rapidly northeast across the I-25 corridor by mid afternoon. These storms then tracked across the plains from late afternoon into the early evening hours. Wind gusts from 60 to 80 mph were common with a few gusts exceeding 90 mph. The highest gust observed was 110 mph, at the Winter Park Ski area, around 12000 feet. Xcel Energy said in a press release that more than 208,000 customers lost power because of the storm statewide. The intense wind toppled a billboard that crashed onto Denver bakery. Two delivery trucks parked nearby were heavily damaged. Two injuries occurred in Denver, one seriously. A man and his nine-year-old daughter were injured by a fallen tree. They were standing in front of a family member\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds house when the incident occurred. The tree impaled the father through his back and he required several surgeries. His daughter sustained cuts and bruises that required stitches. A combination of an upper level trough moving northwest across the state, coupled with a strong surface pressure gradient, led to numerous reports of high wind gusts across the region. Event Narrative: Intense winds downed a tree. Intense thunderstorm winds snapped tree limbs up to one inch in diameter. Intense thunderstorm winds snapped tree limbs up to one inch diameter. Tree branches up to one inch in diameter were snapped. Numerous trees in town were damaged. Intense winds snapped or uprooted trees. Numerous trees were uprooted or snapped. Intense thunderstorm winds overturned greenhouses and a gazebo. Intense winds snapped tree limbs up to 6 inches in diameter. Intense winds uprooted or snapped trees. A man was hospitalized after a tree fell, impaled him and pinned down his 9-year-old daughter. He was seriously injured and underwent three surgeries. His daughter suffered minor injuries. Intense winds blew the roof and sides off a barn. Intense thunderstorm winds uprooted or snapped trees. A large tree was uprooted on Downing St near Alameda Ave. Intense winds downed a fence and snapped tree branches up to 3 inches in diameter. Intense thunderstorm winds snapped tree limbs from 6 to 10 inches in diameter. Intense winds knocked over shallow rooted trees and numerous power poles. Intense thunderstorm winds snapped tree limbs up to 3 inches in diameter. Intense thunderstorm winds snapped tree limbs up to three inches in diameter.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003017, approximately 29.1678 km away, between 2009-06-07 12:05:00 and 2009-06-07 13:31:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 1.7083333333333333 inches.The events resulted in 2 injuries and 0 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 161610000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorms in Denver and the surrounding metropolitan area produced five tornadoes, large hail and damaging thunderstorm winds. The strongest of the tornadoes touched down near Southlands Mall, in southeast Aurora. Two men were injured, one seriously. Overall the damage was rated mild to moderate, which translated to an EF1 rating. Four other tornadoes touched down, two of which caused minor damage. Another EF1 tornado damaged a home, several outbuildings, and injured some horses in unincorporated Elbert County.||In addition to the tornadoes, large hail from 1 to 3 inches in diameter was observed. In parts of Aurora and Centennial, thunderstorm winds blew down power lines and caused electrical outages. Approximately 8,000 homes and businesses were left without power for nearly two hours. Most of the damage consisted of broken windows and roofs. This day was the first in a series of eight to cause damage along the Urban Corridor. Damage to homes and property along the Front Range totalled $161 million during the 8-day span, making it the state's fifth highest insurance loss. The majority of the property damage was caused by hail; 21,000 automobile claims and 13,000 homeowner claims were filed. Severe thunderstorms in Denver and the surrounding metropolitan area produced five tornadoes, large hail and damaging thunderstorm winds. Event Narrative: A small tornado touched and caused minor damage. Several trees were downed in an open field. The tornado also damaged a metal fence and minor roof damage to a nearby residence. A tornado touched down in southeast Aurora, south of Buckley Airport, and moved south-southeast across open fields, some residential areas, and Southlands Mall. Numerous homes and apartments suffered window damage, minor roof damage and there were a few broken garage doors. The Southlands Mall had some roof and window damage, and wall damage to one of its restaurants. South of the mall, Lowe's received some roof damage, and lightweight sheds and other structures were destroyed. One resident, in the Sorrel Ranch subdivision, north of the mall, was swept off his porch while attempting to get close-up pictures of the tornado. He was found unconcious and bleeding in his front yard, with a dislocated shoulder, an injured neck, and multiple other injuries. In addition, the tornado flipped a trailer home. A man inside the trailer suffered minor injuries. A small tornado touched down and crossed Interstate 70, flipping a semi-trailer. A tornado damaged several outbuildings and a residence, and downed a number of trees. In addition, several horses were injured by flying metal debris.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 17.6098 km away, between 2012-04-03 12:00:00 and 2012-04-03 14:00:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 12.0304 inches.The events resulted in 7 injuries and 0 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 260987000.0 and crop damage of 12000.0. Episode Narrative: A historic North Texas tornado outbreak occurred on April 3rd, with 17 tornadoes developing from the DFW Metroplex east to Hopkins County. An EF-3 tornado tore through the town of Forney, heavily damaging homes in the Diamond Creek subdivision. Three EF-2 tornadoes damaged parts of Arlington and Kennedale in Tarrant County; Red Oak, Lancaster, and Dallas in Ellis and Dallas counties; and Royse City in Rockwall and Hunt counties. An EF-1 tornado caused damage near Joshua in Johnson County, and the remaining 12 tornadoes were rated EF-0s. In addition to the tornadoes, large hail damaged many parts of the DFW Metroplex. Approximately 110 airplanes at DFW International Airport were damaged by the hail and taken out of service until repaired. No fatalities occurred and only 29 people were injured. Of the 29 injuries, only 3 were considered serious but everyone made a full recovery. The environmental set-up on this day consisted of a cut-off low over New Mexico with a front draped north-to-south across the western counties of the CWA. By mid to late morning, strong and severe storms developed along the front as a lobe of energy rotated into west Texas and forcing from this energy overspread the front. The atmosphere was already unstable and uncapped by this time. In addition, a Mesoscale Convective System in Oklahoma sent an outflow boundary south across the Red River. This outflow boundary moved south of the DFW Metroplex by the late morning hours, and isolated storms began to develop south of the outflow boundary but east of the front. As these storms moved north and crossed the outflow boundary, the low level rotation increased and the storms quickly became tornadic. All of the tornadic storms were tied to this outflow boundary as it retreated north as a warm front. A historic North Texas tornado outbreak occurred on April 3rd, with 17 tornadoes developing from the DFW Metroplex east to Hopkins County. Event Narrative: Tree damage was reported around the Bank of America building in Arlington; near the intersection of Ballpark Way and E Lamar Blvd. A few trees had 2 diameter branches snapped off and at least one tree was broken off near the ground. An EF-0 tornado occurred in an unincorporated area just south of Denton. The tornado touched down in a wheat field southeast of the intersection of Country Club Road and Ryan Rd. The tornado was confirmed by photos, radar, and eyewitness evidence. Nickel sized hail fell at Hicks Airfield for approximately 10 minutes. Nickel sized hail was reported at Interstate 20 and Kelly Elliott Road. Baseball sized hail was reported near Duncan Drive in Irving. Hail stones ranging from the size of quarters up to teacup size was reported in Coppell. The hail fell for nearly 20 minutes with 2-3 hail falling for at least 10 minutes in some areas of the city. Golf ball sized hail was reported 1 mile south of The Colony. An EF-0 tornado with maximum estimated winds around 80 mph produced damage in the city of Coppell. The tornado began near the intersection of E Belt Line Rd and S Denton Tap Rd. The awning at a gas station was damaged at this intersection. The tornado moved to the northeast through a residential area causing minor damage to some roofs of homes and businesses and also damaging trees. The total path of the tornado was 2 miles long, but the damage path was non-continuous. The damage path was also narrow at about 75 yards wide. An EF-2 tornado began in Kennedale, and then moved north-northeast into Arlington. In its occlusion phase, the tornado curved back to the northwest; ending its track near the east shores of Lake Arlington along Waterview Drive. The path length of the tornado was 6.4 miles long with a width of approximately 150 yards. Damage from the tornado began near the Texas Raceway. Five manufactured homes were heavily damaged or destroyed near the racing strip. Moving to the north-northeast, the tornado produced sporadic damage to trees, power poles, and a storage facility as the storm organized rapidly. Part of the roof of a warehouse at a business on Tower Drive near Business 287 was torn off and tossed onto a city water tower nearby. The warehouse was also damaged by debris tossed by the tornado. Other businesses near this intersection were also damaged. Damage to residences began north of Sublett Rd. EF-2 damage was noted to a few homes between Sublett Rd and Hwy 287, but most areas received EF-0 or EF-1 damage. Approximately 143 homes and apartments sustained some type of damage in this area. Most of the homes appeared to have the initial failure at or near the garage, with subsequent damage coming to exterior walls or portions of roofs. Before the tornado crossed Hwy 287, it damaged the roofs of two buildings at the Chesterfield Apartments. Once the tornado crossed Hwy 287, it cut a path to the north-northeast causing mostly minor roof and fence damage to approximately 25-30 homes between Hwy 287 and Interstate 20. The tornado crossed Interstate 20 between Kelly Elliott Rd and Green Oaks Blvd. First the tornado damaged a church on the north side of the interstate, then the tornado went on to do significant damage in the Oldfield neighborhood just north of Interstate 20 near Martin High School. Approximately 100 homes were damaged in this neighborhood with an additional 85 damaged in the surrounding areas. Several homes experienced significant damage to garages and progressive failure of garage walls and portions of roofs. A few residences in this neighborhood along Haverford Dr and Thorncliffe Dr sustained EF-2 damage. Large trees were also uprooted in the neighborhood. The damage path continued to the north from this area with several other homes and trees sustaining damage near Little Road. Just west of Martin High School, the tornado began to occlude and turn northwest. At this point, near Green Oaks Boulevard and Chaperito Street, a nursing home suffered significant roof and outside wall damage, with the initial failure occurring near a large window. Nearly all of the residential damage in Kennedale and Arlington was EF-0 or EF-1. Only a small portion of the damage path suffered EF-2 damage. A total of 5 homes in Kennedale and 13 homes in Arlington were determined to be destroyed. Another 44 homes sustained major damage and 247 sustained minor damage. An additional 273 residences were affected by the storms on this day. Maximum estimated winds with the tornado were 135 mph. Eight people sustained injuries from the tornado, but only one of those injured was considered severe. Quarter sized hail was reported at Interstate 635 and Beltline Road near Coppell. Quarter to ping pong ball sized hail was reported in Burleson near Interstate 35 and the Wilshire Blvd exit. Golf ball to baseball sized hail damaged many aircraft at DFW International Airport. Around 110 aircraft from various airlines were damaged, but the airport was not damaged. The impacts from the storm affected air travel for several days after the event due to the damage done to the aircraft. Hail up to the size of baseballs was reported on the north side of Irving. Golf ball sized hail was reported near Lake Lewisville. Hen egg sized hail was reported near State Highway 121 and MacArthur Blvd in Lewisville. One to two inch hail was reported in several areas of Frisco by amateur radio and trained spotters. The hail fell for several minutes. Quarter sized hail was reported on the west side of Frisco. Small tree branches were broken by RFD winds associated with a tornadic supercell near the intersection of Airline Dr and Executive Dr in Coppell. A brief tornado occurred down in open field approximately 2 miles southeast of Spinks Airport. This tornado was observed by at least 2 storm chasers and the airport manager. Damaging thunderstorm winds, likely associated with the RFD of a tornadic supercell, removed some metal panels from the roof of a motel near Highway 183 and Estrada Pkwy in Irving. Golf ball sized hail was reported in Euless. Baseball sized hail was reported in Euless. Ping pong ball sized hail fell in Irving. Quarter sized hail was reported on the south end of Lake Lewisville. Golf ball sized hail was reported in The Colony. RFD winds associated with a tornadic supercell ripped shingles off a church near E Belt Line Rd and Ingle Way in Coppell. Some letters from the church sign were also removed. An EF-0 tornado occurred in the northern portions of Grand Prairie with maximum estimated winds around 85 mph. The tornado began just south of the intersection of Highway 360 and East Avenue K. As the tornado traveled northeast, it damaged the roofs of a few warehouse buildings and a strip mall. It also knocked over some light and electric poles. The tornado lifted just past Westpark Drive with a path length just under a half of a mile. Quarter to baseball sized hail was reported at the Fort Worth CWSU. Hen egg to tennis ball sized hail was reported in the area just northeast of Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport; around the intersections of Interstate 635 & Royal Lane and Interstate 635 & Belt Line Rd. Many cars were dented and many car windshields were broken. The COOP Observer in Frisco reported golf ball sized hail. An EF-0 tornado with maximum estimated around 85 mph occurred in west Irving. The twister damaged a metal awning at a house and uprooted trees along Avenida Loop by the Irving Mall. Continuing to the northeast, the twister damaged part of the roof of the Goodwill store on N Belt Line Rd and blew HVAC units off the rooftop of the store. Wood power poles were leaning near W Rochelle Rd and N Belt Line Rd. Near the end of the track, trees were uprooted and minor damage was noted at Townsell Elementary School. Two air conditioning units at the school were damaged and so was a gas line. The path length was non-continuous and was approximately 1.3 miles long with a narrow width of 30 yards.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flood, Hail, Lightning, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 28.8603 km away, between 2019-06-16 02:00:00 and 2019-06-16 15:51:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 53.45333333333334 inches. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain. Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 821000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Thunderstorms erupted along an outflow boundary between the Red River and the Interstate 20 corridor on the afternoon of Sunday June 16 (Father's Day 2019) as a disturbance moved in from the northwest. Storms produced significant wind damage along with a few brief tornadoes as they pushed southeast through the DFW Metroplex, with additional severe weather reports continuing as storms pushed southeast into Central and East Texas. Thunderstorms erupted along an outflow boundary between the Red River and the Interstate 20 corridor on the afternoon of Sunday June 16 (Father's Day 2019) as a disturbance moved in from the northwest. Event Narrative: Cars were stalled in water at Sam Reynolds Rd and Boss Range Road in Justin. The road and the bridge were shut down. The wood frame of a house under construction was completely knocked down in thunderstorm winds in the Bar C Ranch neighborhood near Saginaw. An area of enhanced thunderstorm winds damaged trees and a few homes in North Richland Hills stretching from Dewsbury Street to Richfield Park. The wind speeds are consistent with winds around 70-75 mph. Two homes sustained significant damage when the strong winds pushed the garage doors in, causing damage to the rest of the house. Other scattered tree damage was noted in the remainder of the neighborhood. Enhanced thunderstorm winds damaged trees and roofs in Arlington along a west to east line extending down parts of Shady Hill Lane, across Green Oaks Blvd, and down Ivy Hill and Marshfield Ct. Many large tree limbs were broken off over halfway up on the tree trunks, and some trees were uprooted. Roof damage was confined to shingles removed from several homes. Broadcast media reported quarter size hail in the city of Bedford, TX. Enhanced thunderstorm winds damaged trees in Arlington along mainly a west to east path. There were several large tree limbs broken and one tree was snapped. One building did have some window damage as well. This damage occurred around Rolling Hills Country|Club, just north of Interstate 30. A public report (including photos) indicated roof damage and large tree branches blown down in the northwest part of Fort Worth, TX. Frisco Fire Department reported a small fire in the attic of a home in the city of Frisco. The fire was caused by lightning and resulted in approximately 1,000 dollars in damage. Many large trees sustained significant damage on the property of the North Central Texas Council of Governments. Some trees were cracked at the base and very large branches were broken off at least a dozen trees. A few trees were snapped partially up the trunk. Most of the trees were about 3-5 feet in diameter. A National Weather Service survey team confirmed a brief tornado occurred in Arlington across a neighborhood east of Collins Street. The pattern of the damage in this neighborhood indicated a brief EF-1 tornado that dissipated before reaching the AT&T Stadium and Globe Life Park area. A few homes in the neighborhood had significant loss of roofing and several trees were snapped. Additional damage in Arlington was a result of straight-line winds of 60-70 mph. Several trees and homes suffered damage along and around Central Ave in Newark. Video obtained from the local fire station indicates the cause was straight-line winds. Many trees were snapped, large tree limb broken, and a few large trees were uprooted. Some of the trees damaged homes and vehicles. Some roofs sustained shingle damage. Water was over the road at Ben-Bert Rd and Hwy 114 with a depth of 1.5 feet. An area of enhanced wind damage occurred from near Hwy 121 and Bedford Rd in Bedford to just north of Hwy 183 on Main Street in Euless. Scattered significant tree damage was observed along this path, walkway awnings were damaged at Trinity High School, and the roof was damaged at the Napa Auto shop on Main Street. All the damage was pushed to the east and maximum winds were estimated at 65-70 mph. Medium sized tree branches were snapped off in the Tehama Ridge Subdivision in north Fort Worth. Part of the metal roof was torn off an election building on Premier Street in Fort Worth. Emergency management reported that a 69 MPH wind gust was measured in the city of Dalworthington Gardens, TX. Strong thunderstorm winds moved across the City of Irving causing scattered damage across the city. Most of the damage was to trees. Damage began at the Promenade at Valley Ridge apartments carport awnings were damaged. The next most significant damage was to the roof of an apartment building at Stonehill Terrace. Part of the roof was lifted off of one building. Next, a vacant building sustained significant damage near Walnut Hill and Hurd Dr. The facade was ripped off one corner, leaving the inside of the building exposed. The damage ended at the Mustang Rec Center where the roof was damaged. The damage pattern through the city suggests several small downbursts caused the most significant damage with winds of mostly 65-70 mph but maximum winds at times may have reached near 80 mph. Amateur radio reported nickel size hail in the Pelican Bay area of Eagle Mountain Lake. A National Weather Service employee reported a wind gust of 59 MPH in the north part of the city of Fort Worth, TX. Frisco Fire and Rescue reported a house fire started by a lightning strike at the 7175 block of Maple Street. The strike caused an electrical surge which ignited the gas feed coming into the stove, creating 5,000 dollars in damage. A video showed a brief tornado over Eagle Mountain Lake along the leading edge of the gust front. No damage was reported from this tornado. A National Weather Service damage survey found an EF-0 tornado with maximum winds of 85 MPH on the far north side of Fort Worth. The tornado began on the west end of Aldersyde Drive in the Crawford Farms Subdivision, tracked east for about one and one-quarter mile, lifting just east of the Vista Meadows Subdivision. Damage to roofs, windows, and siding occurred on many single family homes, as well as tree limbs blown off of mostly Bradford pear trees. The most significant damage was found on Sourwood Drive where one home had more than 20% of the roof decking removed,|windows broken, and a garage door blown in. This damage was consistent with a high-end EF-0 tornado with winds of 85 mph. Enhanced thunderstorm winds damaged trees and roofs in Arlington along mainly a west to east path. There was minor roof damage seen across this area and large tree limbs broken. Roof damage was confined to shingles removed from several homes and an apartment complex. This damage occurred southwest of AT&T Stadium between|Cooper St and AT&T Way. A 63 MPH wind gust was reported by the Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS). Large tree limbs were knocked down in the Village of Woodland Springs in North Fort Worth/Keller. Large trees were snapped and the roof of an apartment building suffered minor damage from strong thunderstorms winds. The report was near Silver Creek Rd and Bomber Rd in White Settlement. The nearby AWOS reported a 63 MPH wind gust. Public reports indicated numerous trees down and homes/roofs damaged in Haltom City. The Fort Worth Alliance Airport Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS) reported a wind gust of 66 MPH. Large tree limbs were broken off on NW 28th Street near Meacham Blvd in Fort Worth. A manufactured home on Private Road 4866 in Briar was damaged and shifted back about 4 feet by thunderstorms winds. The skirting of the home was peeled and windows were knocked out or blown out. In addition, a large metal garage system was damaged. The garage doors were pushed in and part of the metal roof was peeled off. Another public report indicated additional home and tree damage in the Briar area, particularly in the Hills of Briar Oak Addition. A trained spotter reported approximately a dozen downed tree branches throughout The Canyons Apartment complex, several with broken branch diameters of 4- 6. One entire dogwood tree appeared snapped at the base, approximately 6 or so in diameter. Another main trunk section of crape myrtle approximately 4 diameter appeared twisted from the top of the tree at about a 10'-15' height from the ground and blown over car(s) and dropped about 50 yards away. There were also several downed tree branches across the levee at the former Lockheed Martin Recreational area at the baseball field right field fence. A couple of roof tiles were blown off; this is a newly installed roof (installed approximately 12 months ago). There is some additional notable damage up River Bend Drive from River Park Drive, such as some tree branches and several examples of decorative cement toppers for brick columns facing River Bend having been blown off either completely or just chunks of the toppers blown off. None of the connected brick columns appear to have been damaged.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Flood, Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 31.5155 km away, between 2015-05-27 19:04:00 and 2015-05-30 10:00:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 8.697142857142858 inches. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain. The events resulted in 0 injuries and 1 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 14751000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: The end of May brought widespread flooding to north and central Texas. By the end of the month, the region had essentially erased a four year drought in less than four weeks. Several area lakes were in surcharge capacity and releasing water downstream. The city of Dallas was impacted most of all, with one major highway closed for nearly a week due to flooding. Occasional bouts with severe weather also occurred during the final 5 days of May. The end of May brought widespread flooding to north and central Texas. Event Narrative: Significant flooding of parts of Dallas County continued after nearly 3-8 inches of rain fell across the county. Some of the hardest hit areas were along Duck Creek in Garland which overflowed it banks affecting properties along the creek, and Loop 12 at Interstate 30. Loop 12 between Irving Blvd and I-30 was closed for nearly 4 days until the water could be removed from the low-lying area. Arlington PD reported that many vehicles were stranded in high water and some water rescues were occurring. Broadcast media reported street flooding in north Fort Worth along Interstate 35 from Alliance to Hwy 183. Broadcast media reported that Little Fossil Creek was causing flooding in Blue Mound, TX, where water was up to car doors on Independence, Waggoman and Globe Streets. Broadcast media is reporting that some residents are beginning to evacuate homes on Independence, Waggoman and Globe Streets where water is waist-deep. Broadcast media reported that some signs were blown down in what was estimated to be 60 to 70 MPH wind gusts on Interstate 35 east of Krum, TX. Emergency management reported that vehicle rescues and flooded homes were occurring in both the Lillian and Cleburne areas. In addition, around 45 roads had been closed by 330 AM according to emergency management. TXDOT estimated the damages to be around 1.5 million dollars. Emergency management and media reports high water rose quickly near the intersection of Northwest Highway / Loop 12 / and US 114 in the eastern sections of the city of Irving. Several cars were stranded in this area, especially near the intersection of California Crossing and Northwest Highway. Multiple high water rescues were performed, and one flash flood death occurred at this location. A social media report indicated a swift water rescue in the town of Prosper, TX. Broadcast media reported that the first floor of an apartment complex near 1000 South Belt Line Rd was flooded and residents were being evacuated. Broadcast media reports indicated that the access roads of Interstate 35 at Golden Triangle Blvd were experiencing high water. In Grapevine, Dove Road was closed near Silvercrest Lane due to flooding. The Grapevine City Council estimated rebuilding efforts would take months. The city council also estimated the costs for repairs would be in the range of $13 Million. Rain continued to fall in Denton County on Saturday, May 30th, lake levels rose and flood waters entered homes on Lewisville Lake and closed numerous roads around the county. The county emergency manager told the newspaper homes are flooding in areas all around Lewisville Lake, including Shady Shores on Shady Shores Road, in Oak Shores and The Colony, and in Frisco off Lebanon Road.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Flood, Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 34.5488 km away, between 2015-04-24 11:30:00 and 2015-04-25 11:00:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 55.87555555555556 inches. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain. Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 306000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorms erupted across the region in an unstable airmass ahead of an approaching upper level trough/low. Although initially isolated to scattered early in the event, the storms eventually merged into a squall line that moved across the region. This system produced an EF0 tornado in Parker County and another EF0 tornado in Ellis County. In addition, very strong and damaging winds up to 90 mph occurred in Tarrant and Johnson County near the apex of an embedded bow echo. Flooding in Denton County left many roads closed through the day and into the morning of the 25th. Severe thunderstorms erupted across the region in an unstable airmass ahead of an approaching upper level trough/low. Event Narrative: Large limbs were knocked down by thunderstorm winds in Fort Worth. The local newspaper reported several streets were blocked by fallen trees in Fort Worth. Residential roof damage and downed tree branches were reported near New York Ave and E Arbrook Blvd in Arlington. Winds were estimated around 60 mph. Trees were uprooted in and east of Westover Hills. Eighty mph wind gusts were estimated in the TCU area in Fort Worth. An estimated 45 trees were damaged by thunderstorm winds at Mira Vista Country Club in Benbrook. Most of them lost large tree limbs and some were snapped several feet above the ground. The largest snapped tree was estimated to be approximately 4 feet in diameter. Two and a half feet of water was reported over Trinity Blvd. According to the sheriff's office, several roads were closed across the county due to heavy rainfall and creek flooding in some areas: In Denton, Hickory Creek Road between Country Club Rd and the railroad tracks, Blagg Road off Mayhill Road, Hilltop Road, and Jackson Road. In Argyle, Britt Drive. In Aubrey, Bryan Road. In Ponder, C Wolfe Road. In Northlake, Faught Road. In Pilot Point, Foutch Road, Stiles Road, and Pelzel Road. In Krum, Radecke Road and Rector Road. In Celina, Smiley Road. In Sanger, View Road. Lots of roads in the county were closed due to high water and several motorists were stranded in high water. South Bonnie Brae in Denton had up to 4 feet of water over it. According to the sheriff's office, several roads remained closed across the county due to heavy rainfall earlier in the day that also resulted in creek flooding in some areas. Additional heavy rainfall moved into the county in the evening hours that resulted in new flash flooding across the county. According to the sheriff's office, several roads remained closed across the county through the night and into the following morning due to a few rounds of heavy rainfall earlier in the day that also resulted in creek flooding in some areas. A tree fell on a home on Lipscomb Street in Fort Worth. Part of the metal roof of a business near West Park Row Road and South Bowen Rd in Arlington was blown off by thunderstorm winds. A 72 mph wind gust was measured at Highway 377 and Tiger Trail in Benbrook. Tree damage and uprooted trees were reported around Benbrook.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Flood, Hail, Heavy Rain, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 18.9999 km away, between 2015-05-23 12:00:00 and 2015-05-28 01:30:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 40.25 inches. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain. The events resulted in 0 injuries and 3 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 36612500.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: For several days, a stalled cold front, combined with abundant moisture from the Gulf of Mexico combined to produce widespread rain and thunderstorms in Texas. Several rounds of strong to severe thunderstorms occurred during a four day period, producing flash flooding, and numerous reports of large hail. Tornadoes affected areas in central Texas, from near Lampasas to a deadly tornado in Milam County. For several days, a stalled cold front, combined with abundant moisture from the Gulf of Mexico combined to produce widespread rain and thunderstorms in Texas. Event Narrative: Broadcast media reported that Abrams Road and a nearby shopping center in Arlington, TX were flooded. A public report stated that water was up to the headlights of cars near the intersection of Hwy 360 and Mayfield Rd. The Grand Prairie Fire Department reported that approximately 2.5 feet of water covered the area near the intersection of Hwy 360 and Claremont Dr. Emergency management reported temporary road closures on Corporate, Old Orchard and South Valley Roads due to high water and stalled cars. Emergency management reported that the Frontage Road of Interstate 35 East, South of Valley Ridge, was being shut down due to high water. Arlington Police reported a swift water rescue at the 1300 block of Abram Street in Arlington, TX. A social media report indicated that cars were trapped in high water on North Belt Line Road in Irving, TX. The Grand Prairie Fire Department reported that Hwy 360 was closed at Riverside, Carrier and Pioneer Dr due to high water. Emergency management reported ongoing street closures due to flooding in Lewisville, TX. A vehicle hydroplaned, crashed through a guard rail and down an overpass, killing the 3 occupants inside. The accident happened near the Loop 820 and Highway 121 interchange. Flooding was reported at Walnut Creek Country Club in Mansfield. The ASOS in Arlington measured a wind gust to 69 mph. Flooding across Dallas County persisted from Sunday the 24th, until the early morning hours of Thursday, May 28th. In Dallas, Loop 12, underneath the Interstate 30 overpass was closed for several days thanks to flood waters. Other areas in the county sustained an extended period of flooding, from Duck Creek in Garland, to the Trinity River in Dallas, which submerged parts of several city streets for nearly a week. Grand Prairie Fire Department reported that 4 hangers and a metal gate were damaged at Grand Prairie Municipal Airport. A National Weather Service damage survey team found evidence of a separate tornado in Dallas County, this time in the city of Irving. The tornado began just north of a golf course in the Los Colinas subdivision, just south of US 114. the tornado moved north and northwest, damaging several trees, two high rise buildings, and several carports. The tornado itself was doing damage for less than three minutes according to eyewitnesses. The Mansfield fire department reported wind gusts to near 60 mph in the city of Mansfield.",
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+ "question": "Given the severe weather events reported between May 23 and May 28, 2015, including flash floods, tornadoes, and heavy rainfall, what is the most probable temperature anomaly expected on May 29, 2015, considering the trend observed in the preceding week and the influence of these events on local atmospheric conditions?\n\nA) A significant drop in temperatures to seasonal lows due to lingering cold air associated with the stalled front.\nB) An immediate increase in temperatures to seasonal highs as the severe weather subsides and clear skies return.\nC) A moderate rise in temperatures leading to highs around 25\u00b0C as moisture may still be lingering in the atmosphere, affecting cooling.\nD) Fluctuating temperatures with a drastic drop towards evening due to residual atmospheric disturbances from the tornado activity.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 25.5709 km away, between 2011-05-24 17:05:00 and 2011-05-24 21:25:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 19.354727272727274 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 3213000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Three rounds of thunderstorms affected north Texas with 10 tornadoes confirmed. The atmosphere was highly unstable on this day and a High Risk was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for the northwestern counties of north Texas while a Moderate Risk covered much of the rest of north Texas. A strong upper level disturbance approaching from the west interacted with a dryline across the western portions of north Texas, and the first round of storms began to develop around 330 pm in the western counties. The first two rounds of storms remained along and north of Interstate 20 but the third round of storms later that night moved through most of the region as a line of storms. The most significant tornado occurred in the western limits of the city of Denton where EF-2 damage occurred. An EF-1 tornado also occurred in the city of Irving in Dallas County, and softball sized hail fell in the northern portions of the Metroplex. In the city of Dallas, one person died from electrocution after going outside around live, downed wires after a storm had passed. Three rounds of thunderstorms affected north Texas with 10 tornadoes confirmed. Event Narrative: Thunderstorm winds, likely associated with the RFD of a tornadic supercell, knocked down trees in the Vintage subdivision located in the southwestern portions of the city of Denton. Fences were also knocked down. Penny sized hail fell in the Sendera Ranch neighborhood just west of Haslet. Penny sized hail was reported by a NWS meteorologist in far north Keller. A brief tornado was observed about 3 miles north of Rhome. Some minor damage was reported to barns, and this tornado was rated an EF-0 with maximum estimated winds of 75-80 MPH. Penny to nickel sized hail fell in Frisco. Penny sized hail was reported 2 miles east of Eagle Mountain Lake. Golfball to baseball sized hail fell at Interstate 20 and Bowen Road in Arlington for several minutes. Hail stones up to 2 in diameter fell in the Sendera Ranch neighborhood just west of Haslet. Quarter to golfball sized hail fell in North Richland Hills. Cars were dented by the hail. Nickel sized hail was reported 3 miles southwest of Keller. Golfball sized hail was reported 1 mile south of Euless. Penny to quarter sized hail was reported in the southern portions of Euless by a NWS meteorologist. Tennis ball sized hail fell 1 mile west of Keller. Hail fell for several minutes in Avondale. The hail began as nickel sized but progressively grew to softball sized hail. Golfball sized hail fell at the intersection of Highway 114 and North MacArthur Blvd in Irving. A NWS Storm Survey determined that an EF-1 tornado occurred in the city of Irving, south of Highway 183. This tornado began along West Grauwyler Road and traveled nearly due south about one and a third miles before lifting near Story Road and 5th Street. Significant tree damage occurred in the Sherwood Forest neighborhood and some roofs were damaged in the same neighborhood. Most of the damage occurred south of Conflans Road along Huntington Drive. One large tree fell through the second story of a home. A small apartment complex at the end of Highland Park Drive was also significantly damaged. The roof was partially torn off one building, and the chimney and A/C vents were also torn off the same roof. Roof damage was observed on other apartment buildings and many windows were broken. South of the apartment complex, across Rock Island Road, the metal roof of a small retail building was torn off, and other buildings in the same retail center sustained damage. Significant tree damage also occurred along the southern portions of the tornado track. Maximum estimated winds were 105 MPH. The automated weather station at Arlington Municipal Airport (KGKY) measured a 70 MPH wind gust. A house was damaged by thunderstorm winds in Saginaw. Shingles were also damaged in the city and several trees were either knocked down or uprooted. Golfball sized hail fell for several minutes in Grapevine. The hail damaged many cars parked outside at DFW International Airport. In addition, about 50 American Airlines airplanes and three other large planes were damaged by the hail. Pea to penny sized hail was reported in the southern portions of Euless by a NWS meteorologist. Hailstones up to 2 in diameter fell at the intersection of Highway 114 and Freeport Parkway in Coppell. Seventy to seventy-five MPH winds were estimated along and just north of Loop 820 from Highway 377/Denton Highway to near Holiday Lane. These strong winds damaged several business signs and the roof of a commercial building at Loop 820 and Rufe Snow Drive. Several large trees and power poles were also knocked down along Rufe Snow Drive north of Loop 820. In the neighborhood around Richland Hills High School, many large tree limbs were broken, a few power poles were leaning about 20 degrees, and some trees were either split or knocked down. One tree fell on a house and damaged the roof. Softball sized hail fell just west of Willow Springs Golf Course. The hail knocked tiles off a pool and left holes in the roof of at least one home. Sixty MPH winds were estimated on Bonds Ranch Road in Haslet. Large tree limbs were knocked down and shingles were blown off roofs. Quarter sized hail was reported 7 miles south of Rhome or near Pecan Acres in northwest Tarrant County. Penny to half dollar sized hail fell in Hurst. Tennis ball sized hail was reported in west Keller between Highway 170 and Golden Triangle Blvd. Golfball sized hail fell near Highways 183 and 121 in Bedford. Significant structural damage occurred to some homes in the Nichols Way neighborhood of Irving. Roofs were damaged, part of a roof was torn off a house, and siding was stripped off a few homes. Trees were also knocked down or large limbs were broken off. Pea to penny sized hail fell in the 1000-1100 block of East Bowie Street for 10 minutes. Softball sized hail was reported on the northwest side of Keller. Sixty to seventy MPH winds were estimated in Corinth. Seventy MPH winds were estimated in the northwest side of Keller. A NWS Storm Survey analyzed wind damage along a line from Springtown to Haslet and determined that straight-line winds of 75 to 85 MPH caused much of the damage. Outbuildings, barns, roofs and trees were damaged by a supercell that tracked east across the area. Golfball sized hail was reported 4 miles west of Keller. Nickel to quarter sized hail fell in Euless. Seventy MPH winds were estimated on the east side of Fort Worth. Two large trees were blown down, and they fell on the roof of a house. Baseball sized hail was reported a mile south of Fort Worth. Straight-line winds caused damage along White Lane Road in south Haslet. Several trees were snapped or knocked over, two lean-tos that house horses were destroyed, a horse trailer was overturned, and an air conditioning unit was tossed across a yard. Other outbuildings, barns, and sheds were damaged. Five acres of fencing was also knocked down on one property and part of the trim of a house was torn off. A waterspout was observed over Lake Worth, and then it moved onto land damaging trees along Boat Club Road on the east side of the lake. A NWS Storm Survey determined that a EF-2 tornado began near the Argyle/Denton city line and traveled northeast for just over 1 mile. The tornado began in the Country Lakes subdivision where it significantly damaged the roofs of numerous homes. At least 10 to 12 homes sustained moderate damage. However, two homes lost part of their roofs on the order of EF-2 damage. To the northeast of the subdivision, near Johnson Lane, another home sustained minor roof damage and a barn was destroyed. Trees were also damaged along the path of the tornado. Maximum winds with this tornado were estimated between 115 and 125 MPH. Ping pong ball sized hail was reported in the southern portions of Euless by a NWS meteorologist. Golfball sized hail was reported at Interstate 30 and Beach Street on the east side of Fort Worth. Baseball sized hail fell near the intersection of Highway 377 and Keller Parkway. A 53-foot semitrailer was blown over and into a ditch on Interstate 35 around the Northlake area. Trees were blown down and shingles were blown off the roofs of an apartment complex on Boat Club Road near Lake Worth. A 67 MPH wind gust was measured at the National Weather Service Office. Straight-line winds caused damage near and east of Highway 121 and Glade Street in Bedford. Some business signs were blown out, about 10 trees were knocked down near the Lowe's, and tree damage was observed at homes behind the Lowe's store. Other wind damage to roofs, trees, fences, and sheds was also reported around Bedford.",
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+ "question": "Considering the reported weather events on May 24, 2011, which included hail, thunderstorm winds, and tornadoes in north Texas, analyze the likely impact on temperature trends for the following day (May 25). What explanation best correlates with the temperature increase observed in time series B?\n\nA) The increase in temperature on May 25th is due to the residual heat from the severe storms, which tends to elevate temperatures post-event in affected areas.\n\nB) Tornado activity is typically followed by a significant drop in temperature, thus the lower temperatures observed in time series B are unexpected after the intense storms reported.\n\nC) The intense frontal systems associated with thunderstorms often lead to prolonged cooling periods, which explains the consistent upward trend in temperatures observed on May 25th.\n\nD) The hail from the storms can lead to reflective cooling, which would logically continue cooling the next day, but instead, the data shows an increase in temperature on May 25, indicating external warming influences.",
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+ "answer": "A"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Lightning, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 27.907 km away, between 2021-04-28 19:00:00 and 2021-04-28 20:45:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 5.146551724137931 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 500010500.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: An upper level low and a cold front near the surface resulted in the development of showers and thunderstorms across much of North and Central Texas. Several storms produced very large hail and damaging winds west of I-35. The northern portions of Tarrant County were hit the hardest with large hail up to 3.25 in diameter. Hail damage estimates from this storm were over $500 million. The large hail damaged and/or shattered roofs, windows and cars. An upper level low and a cold front near the surface resulted in the development of showers and thunderstorms across much of North and Central Texas. Event Narrative: Multiple reports of quarter sized hail were received from Azle to Saginaw. Golf ball size hail was reported on Boat Club Road. A report of ping pong ball size hail was received via social media near the intersection of U.S. 287 and Harmon Road. Two inch hail was reported by an NWS Employee. Tennis ball size hail was reported by an NWS Employee. Golf ball size hail was reported by an NWS Employee. Golf ball size hail was reported in Trophy Club. Three inch hail was reported at Boat Club Road and Bailey Boswell Road. Quarter size hail was reported near Willow Springs Road and Bonds Ranch Road. Golf ball size hail was reported near Heritage Trace Parkway and I-35. Quarter size hail was reported in Lewisville, along with 40 knot winds. Ping pong ball size hail was reported one mile north of Downtown Flower Mound. Three inch hail was reported by an NWS Employee near Presidio Vista Drive. A report of 2.5 inch hail was received via social media. Two inch hail was reported near Heritage Trace Parkway and I-35 via social media. A report of 2.5 inch hail two miles north of Keller was received via social media. Hail slightly larger than three inches was reported just east of Hillcrest Airport in Keller via social media. Quarter size hail was reported near State Highway 199 and Nine Mile Bridge Road. Quarter size hail was reported near Eagle Mountain Lake. Golf ball size hail was reported near Bailey Boswell Road and Business 287. Golf ball size hail was reported near Harmon Road and Blue Mound Road. Hail 2.25 inches in diameter was reported near Highway 377 and Mt Gilead Road in Keller. Half dollar size hail was reported one mile south of Bartonville. Numerous homes and vehicles were damaged. Numerous trees were down near I-35W and Golden Triangle Boulevard. Hail between 1.5-2 inches was reported in Flower Mound. A home that was under construction was partially collapsed and shifted off the foundation due to strong thunderstorm winds. Lightning struck a water heater gas line connected to a house, causing a small fire that the homeowner extinguished.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Flood. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 28.9425 km away, between 2012-08-18 17:09:00 and 2012-08-18 23:30:00. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain. The events resulted in 0 injuries and 2 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 100000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Numerous showers and thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall over the Dallas/Fort Worth area; resulting in flash flooding in Dallas, Tarrant, and southern Denton County. Rainfall rates up to 2 in 30 minutes were measured during the event. Areal flooding continued for several hours after the rain had ended. Two males drowned in swollen creeks; one in the city of Dallas, and the other in the city of Fort Worth. In addition, there was one roof collapse in the city of Dallas due to the heavy rainfall. Numerous showers and thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall over the Dallas/Fort Worth area; resulting in flash flooding in Dallas, Tarrant, and southern Denton County. Event Narrative: Highway 114 near the Texas Motor Speedway was flooded under Highway 156. Rainfall totals as high as 2 in 30 minutes were measured during the heavy rain event. Four people were trapped in high water under the railroad bridge near Byron Nelson Blvd and Highway 377 in Roanoke. Several cars were stalled near West Vickery Blvd and Clover Lane in southwest Fort Worth. High water was also reported at Hulen Street and I-30, Hulen St and Camp Bowie Blvd, and Bledsoe and Currie streets. Flash flooding closed Highway 377 in Keller, approximately 1/4 mile north of Keller Haslet Road. Numerous high water rescues were reported around the city of Dallas as the roadways filled with water from heavy rainfall. It was also reported that the entrance to Dallas Love Field (KDAL) was closed due to high water. A 38-year old male drowned while attempting to fish in White Rock Creek near Samuell Blvd and Interstate 30 in East Dallas. The man was attempting to cross the creek, slipped, and fell into the rapidly flowing creek. A creek near Alta Vista Road and Keller Haslet Road in north Fort Worth overflowed its banks. A bridge near the intersection was impassable. Areal flooding continued for several hours after scattered to numerous thunderstorms producing heavy rainfall produced flash flooding in southern Denton County. Between 1-3 of rain had fallen over the area; resulting in the flooding of several creeks, underpasses, and streets. Areal flooding continued for several hours after scattered to numerous thunderstorms producing heavy rainfall produced flash flooding in Tarrant County. Most of the areal flooding occurred over the northern half of the county. Between 1-4.5 of rain had fallen over the area; resulting in the flooding of several creeks, underpasses, and streets. At about 10:15 pm CDT, a 33-year old man drowned in a swift moving creek near Trammel Davis Road and South Norwood Drive in Fort Worth. The man stepped into the creek to cool off and was swept off his feet.",
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+ "question": "Considering the temperature trend observed over the past week in time series A, which reflected consistently high temperatures leading up to the reported heavy rainfall and flash flooding event on 2012-08-18, what would be the most plausible weather outcome for the day following the flood event in time series B, and how might the thermal dynamics of the previous seven days influence this?\n\nA) A continuation of high temperatures, maintaining averages above 35\u00b0C due to residual heat from the preceding week.\nB) A sudden increase in temperatures thereafter due to a high-pressure system moving in post-flood.\nC) A significant drop in temperatures into the low 20s\u00b0C range, likely influenced by the heavy rainfall and resulting humidity during the flood event.\nD) A stabilization of temperatures around mid-30s\u00b0C, reflecting a balance between evaporative heat loss and residual heat from the flooded land.",
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+ "answer": "C"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 36.6767 km away, between 2018-04-13 14:29:00 and 2018-04-13 16:46:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 3.0069565217391303 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 1000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Thunderstorms developed along a dryline the afternoon of April 13 as an upper level disturbance moved overhead, many of which produced hail and some of which produced damaging wind gusts for areas mainly along and east of the Interstate 35/35W corridor. Thunderstorms developed along a dryline the afternoon of April 13 as an upper level disturbance moved overhead, many of which produced hail and some of which produced damaging wind gusts for areas mainly along and east of the Interstate 35/35W corridor. Event Narrative: Amateur radio reported nickel sized hail approximately 3 miles south-southwest of the city of Aurora, TX. Amateur radio reported quarter-sized hail in the city of Denton, TX. A public report indicated nickel sized hail in the city of Denton, TX. Amateur radio reported penny-sizd hail near Eagle Mountain Lake. A social media report indicated quarter-sized hail near Eagle Mountain Lake. A social media report indicated quarter-sized hail in the southeast part of Denton, TX. A public report indicated penny-sized hail approximately 2 miles southeast of the city of Denton, TX. Emergency management reported penny-sized hail on loop 288 east of the city of Denton, TX. A social media report indicated penny-sized hail along the Johnson/Tarrant County line near the city of Crowley, TX. Emergency management reported penny-sized hail at the Crowley Fire Station. A social media report indicated penny-sized hail near the intersection of Park Vista and Highway 170 in the city of Keller, TX. A public report indicated nickel sized hail approximately 1 mile south-southwest of the city of Copper Canyon, TX. A public report indicated nickel sized hail approximately 2 miles west-southwest of the city of Corinth, TX. Broadcast media reported nickel-sized hail in the city of Corinth, TX. Amateur radio reported quarter-sized hail between the cities of Aubrey and Pilot Point, TX. Amateur radio reported quarter-sized hail on Highway 377 in the city of Denton, TX. Amateur radio reported nickel sized hail in the city of Savannah, TX. Amateur radio reported quarter-sized hail in the city of Prosper, TX. A public report indicated penny-sized hail approximately 4 miles southeast of the city of Prosper, TX. Amateur radio reported quarter-sized hail in the city of Frisco, TX. Amateur radio reported penny-sized hail in the city of Mansfield, TX. Amateur radio reported nickel-sized hail in the city of Frisco, TX. A trained spotter reported that a utility pole was snapped off near the intersection of North Riverside Drive and Keller Hicks Road in North Fort Worth, TX.",
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+ "question": "Based on the temperature trends observed in time series A from April 7 to April 13 and the weather event report regarding the thunderstorms and hail occurring on April 13, what is the most likely temperature-related factor that contributed to the development of these storms, and how might the temperature on April 14 impact conditions for further storm development?\n\nA) The significant drop in temperature leading up to the storms likely increased instability in the atmosphere, which fueled the thunderstorms, and the temperature on April 14 is expected to remain stable, reducing the chances of subsequent storms.\n\nB) The gradual warming trend observed in the days prior indicated high pressure building in the area, suppressing storm development, while the higher temperatures on April 14 will continue to promote severe weather.\n\nC) A sharp decline in temperatures throughout the week created a favorable environment for storm development due to thermal gradients, and the warmer conditions on April 14 will likely enhance convection, increasing the probability of further storm activity.\n\nD) A consistent low temperature across the week contributed to humidity build-up, leading to severe weather, and temperatures rising on April 14 will lead to a dry-out, preventing any further storm formation.",
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+ "answer": "C"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 35.642 km away, between 2011-04-10 21:12:00 and 2011-04-11 00:32:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 40.18055555555556 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 675000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A strong upper level low pressure system over the southern Rockies aided in the late evening development of severe thunderstorms along a dryline across north central and central Texas. One of these storms was a strong linear mesoscale convective system which produced a swath of wind damage from Goldthwaite northeast into southern portions of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex and continued northeast to near Sulphur Springs. A swath of wind damage consistent with 70 to 80 mph winds was associated with this storm. Other supercell thunderstorms in the area produced brief tornadoes and large hail. A strong upper level low pressure system over the southern Rockies aided in the late evening development of severe thunderstorms along a dryline across north central and central Texas. Event Narrative: Trained spotters measured 70 mph winds in Burleson. Winds up to 80 mph were estimated in Prosper. Thunderstorm winds damaged the roofs of 3 single family homes and 2 mobile homes north of Venus. Thunderstorm winds blew tree limbs down and were estimated at 65 mph. An estimated wind gust of 60 mph was reported near Corinth. The county Emergency Manager estimated 70 mph winds near Interstate 35 and Mayhill Rd. The COOP Observer from Frisco reported 1.5 hail in the northwestern portions of the city. Minor tree damage was noted due to the hail. Ping pong ball sized hail fell three quarters of a mile north of Highway 380 and Paloma Creek Blvd. This location is approximately 4 miles northeast of Little Elm. The hail damaged numerous roofs and vehicles in the Little Elm and surrounding area. Seventy mph winds were estimated three quarters of a mile north of Highway 380 and Paloma Creek Blvd. Golfball sized hail fell at the intersection of Highway 380 and FM 720. Hail up to the size of baseballs fell in the town of Prosper for several minutes. The hail significantly damaged homes, windows, cars and trees in town. Thunderstorm winds estimated at 65 mph blew down power poles east of Haslet near Alliance Airport. A one foot diameter tree was downed on North Beach St., north of Interstate 820 and south of Fossil Creek Blvd. Thunderstorm winds blew down a large tree in the Kennedale community. Thunderstorm winds turned over RVs and trailers at Texas Motor Speedway. Signs, fencing, and flag poles were also damaged. A trained spotter measured a 61 mph wind gust in Mansfield. Penny to golfball sized hail fell over Lake Worth for 5 minutes.",
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+ "question": "Considering the reported weather events on April 10, 2011, and their potential influence on subsequent temperatures, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the correlation between the severe weather conditions and the temperature time series observed on April 12, 2011?\n\nA) The occurrence of severe thunderstorms and high winds typically precedes a significant drop in temperature, as shown by the lower temperatures in time series B compared to the previous day. \nB) Hail storms are known to cause immediate warming effects due to the heat generated from the atmospheric instability they create, which would be reflected in a temperature rise. \nC) The cooling effects of large hail and strong winds from the thunderstorms could result in a temperature drop, but patterns indicate a rebound back to significantly higher temperatures the day after such events. \nD) The prolonged period of severe weather usually results in stable temperatures over the following days, which is inconsistent with the observed fluctuations in temperature time series B.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 38.2121 km away, between 2004-06-01 16:44:00 and 2004-06-01 22:05:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 33.39 inches.The events resulted in 2 injuries and 0 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 65000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A series of slow moving upper level disturbances produced unusually heavy rain across most of North Central Texas in June. The monthly rainfall ranged from a low of4.08 inches in Eastland County to 20.02 inches at Hudson Oaks in Parker County. Many locations had twice their normal rainfall for the month. The DFW Airport had the second wettest June on Record, and had measurable rain 18 days, the most days in any month with measurable rain. These heavy rains produced periodic flash flooding somewhere in North Central Texas nearly every day of the month. The month began with a northwest flow event on the 1st, with a large hp supercell producing large hail from Jack County southeast to Parker County. The storm had an erratic southeast movement, but when the storm entered Northern Parker County, it made a left turn and moved nearly due east through Tarrant County, producing countywide wind damage, with measured winds up to 86 miles an hour at the Meacham Airport, some large hail, and flash flood producing rains. This became the most destructive storm in Tarrant County since the Mayfest Storm on May 5, 1995. TXU Electric had their worst power outages in the Companies history, as over 500,000 people were without electricity, some for as long as 5 days. They had to bring in work crews from out of state to help restore power. Damage estimates for Tarrant County were well over $100,000,000 from this storm. Sporadic severe weather occurred the rest of the month, but heavy rain and flooding were the main problems. A series of slow moving upper level disturbances produced unusually heavy rain across most of North Central Texas in June. Event Narrative: Trees were blown down in Gun Barrel City and across the county. Large tree limbs wereblown down at the Worth Ranch. Wind gusts were estimated at 65 mph in Cottondale. A brief tornado touchdown occurred with no known damage. Occurred on the north side of Burleson. Occurred in the Glen Garden area of Fort Worth. Over 40 large trees were blown down at the Shady Oaks Golf Course in West Fort Worth. A mobile home was destroyed by high winds, and two residents inside were seriously injured. The report was from a weathernet site in Cayuga. Quarter to golfball size hail in Krum. Trees and limbs blown down in Evant. Trees and power lines were blown down by high winds. Golfball size hail fell in Poolville. Occurred in Southwest Fort Worth.",
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+ "question": "Based on the reported weather events on 2004-06-01, which of the following statements accurately predicts the temperature trends in the following day of 2004-06-02?\n\nA) The temperature is expected to remain consistently above 30\u00b0C throughout the day as the storms will clear and heat will persist.\n\nB) Following the hailstorm and tornado events, a significant drop in temperatures to below 25\u00b0C is expected, indicative of a cooling influence from the severe weather.\n\nC) The temperatures are likely to fluctuate between 25\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C due to the atmospheric instability caused by the severe weather.\n\nD) There will be a rapid increase in temperatures to peak values similar to those preceding the hailstorm, reaching around 35\u00b0C during the day.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Hail, Lightning, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 25.3942 km away, between 2007-05-02 17:00:00 and 2007-05-03 17:36:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 44.48529411764706 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 730000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A split in the upper levels of the atmosphere steered several southern stream impulses into north Texas, producing flash flooding, strong winds, and a few tornadoes. The most impressive of these events was a derecho which moved through North Texas on May 2. It produced winds in excess of 85 MPH. A split in the upper levels of the atmosphere steered several southern stream impulses into north Texas, producing flash flooding, strong winds, and a few tornadoes. Event Narrative: Large trees blown down. Two construction trailers were rolled over and damage to roofs was reported in Mansfield. Trees were also blown down. Trees downed. Large tree limbs down. Lightning struck runway 18R and left a 2-inch hole in the pavement, shutting down the airport for over an hour. Penny size hail was reported. Flooding reported along East Broad Street between Highways 287 and 360. Numerous fences blown down, as well as roof and window damage reported in South Grand Prairie. Large limbs down in Grapevine. Roof and structural damage to metal roofing; mailboxes blown over. Young trees bent to ground. Measured at Arlington Airport. Two small planes overturned. Measured by a weather station owned by Lockheed Martin. Large limbs blown down. Lightning struck and burned a house still under construction. The loss was valued at $220,000. Parking lots were flooded and a creek was out of its banks near the intersection of Highways 121 and 360. Also, water 8-10 inches deep on Interstate 30 near Hulen Mall in Fort Worth. Multiple vehicles were stalled in high water, and officials estimate about 50 people had to be rescued. Less than ten homes received water damage. In Arlington, three schools were flooded. Neighborhood streets were flooded, and at least one car was stranded. The Collin County Health Department was flooded as well, damaging the computer system. Several large trees blown down and minor roof damage to several buildings in the eastern half of the county. Numerous trees and power lines downed. Power outages occurred at about 300,000 homes and businesses in the metroplex. Two construction trailers were overturned in Mansfield, and a flagpole at a model home was bent at a 45-degree angle. One roof was ripped off a commercial business. There were numerous reports of fences and minor roof damage. Large limbs down in Bedford.",
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+ "question": "Given the significant weather events reported on May 2nd and 3rd, which of the following statements is most likely to characterize the temperature response in the following day\u2019s temperature series (May 4th), taking into consideration the potential for atmospheric disturbances impacting local thermal conditions?\n\nA) The temperature on May 4th is expected to show a sudden increase due to the heat released from the flash flood evaporation process.\n\nB) A decrease in temperature on May 4th is likely, as the atmospheric pressure changes from the previous squall line may lead to cooler air settling in the region. \n\nC) There should be a sharp drop in temperature on May 4th, indicating the onset of a cold front immediately following the intense heat from events on May 2nd.\n\nD) The temperature will remain constant on May 4th, unaffected by the previous day\u2019s weather events which only impacted humidity levels.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 26.0208 km away, between 2022-03-21 16:31:00 and 2022-03-21 17:50:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 17.2 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 78500.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A strong shortwave trough aided in the development of scattered to numerous thunderstorms during the late morning, afternoon, and evening hours of March 21. Thunderstorms initially fired along a dryline, many of which became severe, and some of which produced strong tornadoes. A total of 17 tornadoes were confirmed by storm survey teams, the strongest of which was the EF-3 Jacksboro tornado. One death occurred in a tornado in Grayson County near the Red River. A strong shortwave trough aided in the development of scattered to numerous thunderstorms during the late morning, afternoon, and evening hours of March 21. Event Narrative: Emergency management reported damage to multiple buildings near the intersection of Interstate 35E and Belt Line Road. Minor damage occurred to the Woody building. Damage also occurred to railroad crossing gates nearby. Shingle damage and small tree branch damage was reported near the 121 and 360 exchange in Grapevine. Damage survey and Doppler radar data confirm that an EF0 tornado with peak winds of 85 MPH struck the City of Euless. The damage path was somewhat sporadic, but in a corridor that lined up well with a strong velocity couplet seen in Doppler radar data. Furthermore, eyewitnesses from the Euless Fire Department on Harwood Rd reported observing a funnel cloud to the south of their location and above the eventual damage path. The damage path began along Ector Dr and tracked generally towards the northeast with the most significant damage noted along Milam Dr and Harris Dr. Damage mostly consisted of trees limbs down, though a few larger trees were blown over as well. Structural damage was minimal and generally only occurred when trees fell on top of homes. The damage path ended near the intersection of Harwood Dr and N Euless Main. Radar data suggests that the tornado was on the ground no longer than about two minutes. Roof and tree damage was observed along East Long Ave near Decatur Ave in Fort Worth. Minor roof damage to an apartment building at 2807 Royal Lane in Irving. Large tree limbs were down near E Hebron Pkwy and Providence Dr. The top of a street sign was also broken off. A public report indicated dime sized hail in Roanoke, TX. A public report indicated quarter sized hail about a mile southwest of Roanoke, TX. A public report indicated dime sized hail in Keller, TX off of Shiver Rd. A 58 MPH wind gust was measured at the Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base. Just south of JRB NAS, roof damage was reported at the American Freight and Big Lots businesses. A public report indicated 1.25 sized hail near Anthem Dr and W Stonebrook Parkway in west Frisco. A public report indicated quarter sized hail near Little Elm, TX. A brief tornado touched down in northern Carrollton around 6:31pm. The tornado initially caused damage to a building at the Hillside Community Apartments just east of Old Denton Road and south of Rosemeade Parkway. It uplifted a small section of a rooftop exposing the interior of the building, while also removing a large section of shingling nearby. The tornado then tracked northeastward towards Rosemeade Elementary School where it snapped two large trees near the ground which fell in a convergent pattern. Additional damage primarily to trees was observed northwestward towards N Josey Lane and Rosemeade Parkway which mostly consisted of broken tree branches. The tornado was likely in progress for only a minute or two, with estimated peak winds near 85 mph. Amateur radio reported quarter sized hail in White Settlement, TX. A public report indicated quarter sized hail about a mile south of Roanoke Road in Roanoke, TX. Damage survey, surveillance video, and CASA radar data confirm that a brief EF0 tornado passed across the Dutch Branch arm of Lake Benbrook at approximately 5:31 p.m. CDT on March 21, 2022. The tornado appeared to develop within the eastward surging outflow of an approaching line of thunderstorms. The tornado moved across a marina where a floating marina cover was lifted and thrown about 50 yards, being destroyed in the process. Several boats at the marina were also damaged. One tree on the shoreline was also damaged. Maximum estimated winds were 85 mph. The tornado began along Inspiration Lane in River Oaks. It then moved northeast and produced widespread tree damage through a neighborhood just southwest of Jacksboro Highway. Some EF1 tornado damage was found on Hillside Drive and Circle Ridge Drive where multiple tree trunks were snapped and/or uprooted. As the tornado crossed Jacksboro Highway, additional EF0 damage was found between 18th Street and 22nd Street between Menefee Avenue and Long Avenue. Maximum estimated winds were 100 mph. Public reports indicated dime to quarter sized hail near Lincoln Park, TX. A public report indicated dime sized hail in Little Elm, TX. Amateur radio reported dime sized hail in Bartonville, TX. A public report indicated quarter sized hail near Hackberry, TX. A public report indicated quarter sized hail near Corinth, TX. A public report indicated dime sized hail about 3 miles southwest of Roanoke, TX.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003927, approximately 28.1535 km away, between 2022-12-13 08:10:00 and 2022-12-13 09:10:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 35.0 inches.The events resulted in 5 injuries and 0 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 54000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A tornado outbreak occurred in the morning hours of December 13th resulting in 16 tornadoes across the northern half of the CWA; generally all along and north of Interstate 20. A total of 4 tornadoes were rated EF-2, and 9 people were injured, but none sustained life saving injuries. The most injuries occurred in the Grapevine tornado in Tarrant County. In addition to the tornadoes, one storm produced hail up to the size tennis balls in Rockwall County. A tornado outbreak occurred in the morning hours of December 13th resulting in 16 tornadoes across the northern half of the CWA; generally all along and north of Interstate 20. Event Narrative: A supercell embedded within the line of storms moved into the White Settlement/far northwestern Fort Worth area shortly after 8:00 AM. As the storm moved over the NAS JRB, video evidence shows a tornado developed near the control tower. Damage was observed to a metal warehouse building where the metal roof was peeled off and scattered across the taxiway. The tornado continued to track northeast damaging a fitness facility before dissipating just south of the commissary near the food court. The heaviest of the damage occurred to the fitness facility, where most of the sunshades were ripped off. Additional damage was observed to trees along the path of the tornado. Maximum estimated winds were 75 mph. The parent mesocyclone that impacted the NAS JRB continued moving off to the northeast, developing another tornado that mainly impacted the Marion Sansom Park. Damage was confined to trees, with a few trees snapped near the top of the trunk. The tornado crossed Roberts Cut Off Rd, causing more tree damage and minor fence damage before dissipating as it entered the city of Sansom Park. Maximum estimated winds were 105 mph. Video evidence was received of a brief, EF0 tornado that crossed over the train tracks at the railyard east of Blue Mound Road and north of Meacham Blvd. The tornado knocked over a few rail cars. A few broken branches were noted east of the railyard. Maximum estimated winds were around 70 mph. An EF-1 tornado with maximum winds of 90 mph developed just west of Davis Blvd on Sayer Ln in North Richland Hills, causing damage to residential properties. Roof damage was observed, along with damage to trees, as the tornado moved to the northeast. Notable roof damage occurred to several businesses along Davis Blvd before moving over the NRH Tipps Canine Hollow Dog Park. The tornado crossed Northfield Park then moved into another residential neighborhood where additional tree and shingle damage was observed. The tornado crossed Precinct Line just north of Lavaca Trl and dissipated as it reached W. McDonwell School Rd. An EF-1 tornado moved through Grapevine beginning near the Mustang Elite Car Wash on Ira E Woods Ave south of Hwy 114. The tornado crossed Ira E Woods Ave causing significant roof damage to the Sam's Club. Large sections of the roof were peeled off leaving large holes. The tornado then damaged a storage unit facility and a Discount Tire store. Many of the windows of the Discount Tire lobby where blown out, and a few power poles next to the store were also damaged. The tornado continued moving northeast damaging trees and shingles in a residential area. Near the intersection of Northwest Highway & North Dove Road the tornado damaged another car wash and a restaurant. The tornado next caused damage to two HVACs at Grapevine Middle School. The next notable damage was to the Grapevine Service Center where significant roof damage was observed, and several garage doors where blown out. One small truck was also overturned. The tornado continued through a residential area where it caused minor damage to several trees and roofs, but it damaged several large trees at the Grapevine Cemetery. The tornado continued to weaken from here until it dissipated near the Glass Cactus on the Gaylord Texan Resort property. Maximum estimated winds were 110 mph. A brief EF-1 tornado damaged parts of Grapevine Mills Mall including portions of the roof near the food court, paneling and HVACs on the roof of the mall, and the walls around the Burlington store. The tornado tracked north where it damaged some roofs in the Terrawood Apartment complex. There was also some minor tree damage in between the mall and the apartment complex. The tornado dissipated shortly after that. Maximum estimated winds were 100 mph. A trained spotter reported quarter-sized hail about 3 miles north-northeast of Mansfield, TX. A public report indicated trees uprooted near the intersection of Renfro Street and Highway 174 in Burleson, TX. The wall of a hangar was minimally damaged at Fort Worth Meacham Airport.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Lightning, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 26.4079 km away, between 2017-06-15 20:05:00 and 2017-06-17 20:55:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 47.15325 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 61000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: On the afternoons of June 15 through June 17 mulitple rounds of severe storms raked through western and central Missouri causing widespread wind damage and large hail. A tornado occurred in Lafayette County after dark, causing minor damage to rural areas north of Bates City. On the afternoons of June 15 through June 17 mulitple rounds of severe storms raked through western and central Missouri causing widespread wind damage and large hail. Event Narrative: A trained spotter reported a 60 mph wind. A 6 inch tree limb was down. HWY 116 near Birch St. closed due to live power line across the road along with numerous trees and limbs throughout the city. Damage was reported to a fertilizer structure at Sur-Gro. A trained spotter reported a 60 mph wind. Highway 33 north of 280th St is blocked due to a large tree down. Damage of unknown extent near NW 296th St and NW HWY Y near Plattsburg. ASOS at Kansas City International Airport reported 64 mph winds. ASOS at Kansas City International Airport reported 65 mph winds. An amateur radio spotter reported 60 mph wind. A NWS employee reported a 70-80 mph wind. A trained spotter reported a 80 mph wind with blown transmitters. A house was struck by lightning on NE 196th St near Smithville. Lightning strike caused a tree to catch fire which then fell on to a house and resulted in a house fire. Trees were down across HWY 45 near Waldron. Numerous tree limbs were blown down in the area NW of 67th St and N Overland Dr. Numerous reports of trees and limbs down in the Riss lake area. An amateur radio spotter reported a 60 mph wind. An amateur radio spotter reported a 60-70 mph wind. A NWS employee reported a 70 mph wind. A NWS employee reported a 60 mph wind. A tree of unknown size and condition was snapped near Farrelview. A 10 inch diameter tree fell on a car. No one was injured. Tree damage with 5 inch limbs snapped off. Damage done to the Boulevardia event in the West Bottoms to tents and vendor stands caused the event to close early. No damage estimate was given. A trained spotter reported a 70-80 mph wind. Power flashes occurred at the BP station across from Kauffman Stadium. A trained spotter reported a 60-70 mph wind with some small trees down. Several 4 to 6 inch tree limbs were blocking 44th Street at Phelps Road. A transformer was blown in Oakwood Park. A 3 to 4 inch tree limb was down in Independence.",
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+ "question": "Based on the 7-day temperature time series A and the reported severe weather events that occurred between June 15 and June 17, what can be inferred about the temperature fluctuations leading up to and following these weather events, particularly in relation to the following day\u2019s temperature data (B)? \n\nA) The severe weather events caused a significant drop in temperature, indicated by a drastic decrease in temperature from A to B. \nB) The temperature remained relatively stable during the severe weather events, implying that the events did not create any significant change in daily temperature patterns.\nC) The increase in hail and wind events would naturally lead to a rise in temperatures post-event as a result of atmospheric pressure changes.\nD) A notable drop in temperature after such severe weather events is typical, and the next day's temperature (B) demonstrates this effect with a lower average than the day prior.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 30.0796 km away, between 2022-06-08 00:04:00 and 2022-06-08 12:28:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Strong to Severe thunderstorms across Kansas and Missouri the evening of June 7th, 2022, continued to evolve into a complex of strong to severe thunderstorms as they moved into the Kansas City Metro area between 12:30 and 1 AM CDT. These storms resulted in numerous reports of wind damage across the region as well as four confirmed tornadoes, one through the southern side of the Kansas City Metro, one in northeastern Jackson County Missouri and two near Louisburg, KS. Strong to Severe thunderstorms across Kansas and Missouri the evening of June 7th, 2022, continued to evolve into a complex of strong to severe thunderstorms as they moved into the Kansas City Metro area between 12:30 and 1 AM CDT. Event Narrative: ASOS at Kansas City International Airport reported 59 mph wind. ASOS at Lees Summit Airport reported 60 mph wind. The tornado developed within a larger bowing line segment of thunderstorms moving across the region. In addition to the tornado, a large swath of wind damage was noted south of the tornado track. In this area, downed tree limbs and other indicators were noted to be blown in the same west to east direction. This is the continuation of the tornado that exited Johnson County, Kansas. The tornado developed on the west side of Lenexa, KS, embedded within the larger line of thunderstorms moving across the Kansas City Metro area. The tornado generally travelled east down W 95th St and Bannister Road, varying in strength at times, before dissipating near the northeast side of the Grandview Triangle on the Missouri Side. There were several small tree limbs down in Platte City, with some power outages. A one-foot diameter tree was snapped at the base, with some damage to a nearby metal building. A large tree was brought down by 60 to 70 mph wind. Several large tree limbs and power poles were down from strong thunderstorm wind. An off duty NWS employee recorded a 72 mph wind gust from their Davis Vantage Pro 2 at 1:25 am. Their neighbor recorded a 68 mph wind gusts using another weather instrument. There was also some tree damage in their yard.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flood, Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 33.5109 km away, between 2008-12-27 00:45:00 and 2008-12-28 20:23:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 46.275 inches. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain. Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 8000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: An abnormally warm and humid air mass, spread across Kansas and Missouri on December 26, 2008. Thanks in part to a large and powerful storm system which developed across the Great Basin. Temperatures in the afternoon of the 26th, soared to records levels in the upper 60s. By the evening hours of the 26th, the powerful upper level storm system|was beginning to bear down on the Central Plains. A potent cold front|was swinging through Nebraska and Iowa, with the development of|thunderstorm activity, across much of eastern Kansas and west central|Missouri. This thunderstorm activity, while strong to severe, caused|little in the way of damage. However, it did produce flash flooding in|areas from Warrensburg, Missouri to Moberly, Missouri.||After midnight, a large line of thunderstorms, began to develop further to the west, along the cold front stretching from central Kansas into northwestern Missouri. Additional thunderstorms developed in areas near Emporia, Kansas by 3 am on the 27th. These thunderstorms would go on to produce widespread wind damage, as they lifted northeast into the Kansas City Metropolitan area, and areas to the south and east.||Heavy rains of one to two inches was common across the area, and combined with the frozen ground, led to rapid runoff and flash flooding. Several rivers also went above flood stage. An abnormally warm and humid air mass, spread across Kansas and Missouri on December 26, 2008. Event Narrative: Power lines and trees were down because of thunderstorm wind gusts. The Platte River near Agency crested at 22.27 feet, or 2.27 feet above flood stage. Power lines and trees were downed and a roof was damaged at an apartment complex. Large branches and power lines were reported down in southern Kansas City. Numerous trees were reported down near Interstate 470 and Blue Ridge Boulevard. Thunderstorm winds gusted to 60 mph and caused minor damage at the Downtown Kansas City Airport.",
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+ "question": "Based on the recorded weather events of September 18-19, 2010, which of the following statements accurately predicts the temperature patterns for September 20, 2010, considering the effects of the severe weather on subsequent temperature changes in the following day? \n\nA) The temperature will drop significantly due to the cold front, resulting in a range below 20 degrees Celsius for the entire day. \nB) The severe weather event will stabilize the atmosphere, allowing temperatures to rise gradually throughout the day to exceed 30 degrees Celsius. \nC) The flash flooding and hail will lead to a major temperature decline, keeping the daytime temperature below 25 degrees Celsius. \nD) The warm airmass will reestablish itself due to the clearing skies after the storms, leading to a peak temperature exceeding 31 degrees Celsius during the day.",
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+ "answer": "D"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 28.8308 km away, between 2021-12-15 18:00:00 and 2021-12-15 18:32:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 45.964285714285715 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 25000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: On December 15, 2021, a large-scale weather event rolled through the Central Plains and Upper Midwest bringing tornadoes, dust storms, wildfires, and snow across several central and northern states. Record high temperatures were set across the region including Kansas City, with the Kansas City International Airport tying its all-time December high temperature. ||Non-convective winds both ahead and behind the thunderstorms were quite strong. Several locations around the area reported wind gusts above 50 MPH with Lees Summit peaking at 53 MPH, St. Joseph reached 52 MPH, and Johnson County Executive Airport in Olathe, KS reached 60 MPH. Once the line of storms arrived, several areas reported winds in excess of 75 MPH. The Kansas City Downtown Airport reached a peak gust of 77MPH. This resulted in the roof damage to a few airport buildings. Numerous trees and power poles fell across much of eastern Kansas and western Missouri. Areas in far northwest Missouri observed winds of 80-90 MPH as the thunderstorms moved through. Several homes and buildings were damaged across northern Missouri including missing shingles, peeled siding, and blown out windows. On December 15, 2021, a large-scale weather event rolled through the Central Plains and Upper Midwest bringing tornadoes, dust storms, wildfires, and snow across several central and northern states. Event Narrative: Several power poles were down in Independence. More than 2500 people were without power. Powerlines are down around 56th and Interstate 29. While a local reporter was on the air covering the strong winds a roof was ripped off of a hangar at Kansas City Downtown Airport. While this happened, the ASOS measured 77 mph wind at the location. A large tree was blown down, over Highway 116 in Plattsburg. Multiple windows were blown in and shingles were removed from a room. Two 6 to 8 inch diameter trees were blown down.",
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+ "question": "Considering the significant weather events reported on December 15th, including hail and thunderstorms, as well as high wind gusts, which of the following statements accurately describes the expected impact on the subsequent day's temperature trends and possible weather conditions for December 16th?\n\nA) The extreme fluctuations in temperature due to the preceding storm system typically lead to a rapid drop in temperature, potentially triggering additional severe weather warnings as the temperature stabilizes. \n\nB) In the aftermath of such storms, temperatures are expected to increase as warm air invades the region following the severe weather events to maintain stability in weather patterns.\n\nC) Following the thunderstorm activity, temperatures are often moderated by cloud cover which can delay cooling, however, the significant drop observed is consistent, indicating a complete clearance of clouds.\n\nD) Due to the instability created by the previous day\u2019s weather, a return to the normal seasonal temperature range is anticipated, yet atypically high temperatures may occur as residual effects of the thunderstorms linger.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 32.2813 km away, between 2015-06-21 08:00:00 and 2015-06-21 15:00:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 17.866153846153846 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: On the evening of June 20, an MCS was moving southeastward out of Iowa, into northeastern Missouri. Widespread thunderstorms formed on the southern flank of the original MCS causing widespread thunderstorm wind damage and some large hail up to the size of golf balls. As the boundary slid southward through the day on June 21 storms continued to form, bringing more wind damage and hail, this time up to baseball sized. These storms moved though the KC Metro area, which allowed for several reports of severe weather. On June 22, more storms formed across northern Missouri, bringing wind damage and flooding. On the evening of June 20, an MCS was moving southeastward out of Iowa, into northeastern Missouri. Event Narrative: Winds estimated about 60 mph from Fire Department. A trained spotter reported a 65 mph wind. A trained spotter reported a 60 mph wind gust. Several areas around Kearney received flash flooding as a result of heavy rain. The parking lot to the Pilot Truck Stop was flooded. Vehicles had water up the doors. West of Kearney, there was water flowing over the road at the intersection of Highway 92 and Francis Road. Northwest of Kearney water was flowing over 162nd Road and Nation Road. The Fishing River in Excelsior Springs came out of its bank and caused flooding in the streets of town. The storm drainage ditch was overflowing across the driveway off of Warnall Road onto Holtz Avenue. Craig Park had about 10 feet of water when the east branch of the Fishing River overflowed the levy. After almost 4 inches of rain in a short time several streets in Plattsburg were running over with 1.5 feet of water. Three power poles were down at the intersection of Highway 92 and North Winan Road. Crops were lying flat in adjacent field.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 29.358 km away, between 2017-10-14 16:11:00 and 2017-10-14 16:43:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 48.41142857142857 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: On the afternoon of October 14, 2017 strong thunderstorms formed along a boundary, which was draped across the Kansas City metro area. The strongest of these storms was a supercell that caused quite a bit of wind damage across the Northland of Kansas City. This wind damage manifested itself in several large trees being knocked over and a hotel sign across from Worlds of Fun crashing down. At the Worlds of Fun theme park displays were knocked over and tree damage was quite extensive. Aside from the tree damage in Kansas City there was minor structure damage in several other areas of western and central Missouri, but none of this structural damage appeared to be significant. Several automated wind gauges across the area recorded wind gusts in the 55 to 65 mph range. For more information, click the link for a dedicated web page: https://www.weather.gov/eax/October142017windacrosswesternandcentralmissouri . On the afternoon of October 14, 2017 strong thunderstorms formed along a boundary, which was draped across the Kansas City metro area. Event Narrative: Several trees were damaged in and around World's of Fun Theme Park. Across the street for Worlds of Fun a large hotel sign was blown over. Within the theme park some exhibits were knocked over. No injuries were reported. Multiple trees were down on roadways near Sibley. A full 110 gallon water tank was thrown several yards from its original resting place. An NWS Employee reported a 65 mph wind gust at the I-29 and HWY 69 interchange. Broadcast media reported a 60 mph wind gust. An NWS employee reported a 60 mph wind gust. The ASOS measured 65 mph wind at the Kansas City Downtown Airport. In a nearby neighborhood a large tree was knocked over on the 2000 block of Swift St.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 22.005 km away, between 2008-05-02 00:50:00 and 2008-05-02 01:15:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 15114000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: An early morning line of storms developed across south central Kansas. This line of storms, developed into a Bow Echo, which raced northeast at speeds in excess of 50 mph, into the greater Kansas City metropolitan area and surrounding communities, early on the morning of May 2, 2008. The Bow Echo generated hurricane force winds, which brought widespread wind damage, to areas from Olathe Kansas, northeast through Kansas City, to Brookfield in north central Missouri. As the Bow Echo moved through Kansas City, it spun up a couple of tornadoes along the apex, or nose, of its leading edge. One EF3 tornado moved across the north side of Gladstone, while the other EF2 tornado moved through an area just northwest of Liberty. However, most of the damage was due to the strong straight line winds, that were also occurring along the apex of the Bow Echo. Gladstone reported 20 homes destroyed, 280 homes with damage, and 19 businesses damaged. North Kansas City had 4 homes destroyed, and 117 damaged. Independence had 13 homes and two businesses badly damaged. Six people were injured and damage was in the millions of dollars. An early morning line of storms developed across south central Kansas. Event Narrative: Trees were reported down and power out at 23rd Street and Burlington. Fire and rescue reports widespread house damage around Cookingham and Stark. Several windows were blown out. Shed from a neighbor was reported to be blown into yard. Numerous trees were reported downed. Numerous 5 to 6 inch diameter trees and power lines down. Five empty train cars were blown over near Interstate 635. Semi was blown on its side, on Interstate 29 near Waukomis. A brief EF3 tornado developed along the apex of a bow echo, and touched down northwest of Liberty at 12:56 am CST. The tornado tracked east-northeast for nearly one mile before dissipating at 1:00 am. Four homes were destroyed and 117 suffered damage. Reports of power outages on the north side of Blue Springs to Independence, due to downed power lines. An EF2 tornado developed along a bow echo and touched down at 1:03 am in Gladstone. It then traveled northeast and dissipated at 1:08 am.|Numerous homes and businesses suffered damage or total loss. Extensive damage to a business near Highway 291 and 23rd Street. Also power poles and lines were downed. Fifty three homes suffered minor to major damage, mainly to roofs and windows. Numerous reports of trees and downed power lines near fire stations 2 and 5. Roof damage and trees through windows in homes were reported. Numerous trees were downed and widespread power outages reported, due to downed power lines. Communications was lost through much of Riverside.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flood. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 19.503 km away, between 2019-03-13 00:00:00 and 2019-03-31 23:59:00. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain / Snow Melt. Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 200000.0 and crop damage of 200000.0. Episode Narrative: Several months of heavy snow across the Northern Plains set the stage for a significant and catastrophic flooding event when temperatures warmed and heavy rain fell across Nebraska and the Dakotas. While the more significant damage occurred across eastern Nebraska several counties along the Missouri River in parts of northeast Kansas saw some high impacts as well. Numerous locations along the Missouri River received major flooding, in which the impacts were aggravated by by several levy failures. These failures resulted in numerous roads across the area being completely washed away and the inundation of several small towns and residential areas. While the flash flooding threats associated with the levy failures were fairly transient, the Missouri River remained in either minor or moderate flood through the rest of the month. Several months of heavy snow across the Northern Plains set the stage for a significant and catastrophic flooding event when temperatures warmed and heavy rain fell across Nebraska and the Dakotas. Event Narrative: The gauge in Leavenworth, Kansas reached 31.30 feet (2nd place at the time). Some resources were secured or moved off the base at Fort Leavenworth since some of the base was covered with water. The river remained in flood into the middle part of May. Note: The dollar value assigned to the damages is likely not accurate, as the full extent of the damage is unknown. Once the Missouri River started flooding on March 9, it remained in flood through the remainder of the month. The gauge in St. Joseph, Missouri reached 32.12 feet on March 22 (preliminarily a new record). The flooding was caused by several rounds of heavy snow across the Northern Plains through the winter months, followed by a rapid warm-up and several days of heavy rain. The Missouri River Basin across the Northern Plains flooded with catastrophic consequences as numerous dams and levees failed. As the water flowed into the Missouri River upstream of Buchanan County, the river swelled and ultimately overwhelmed the levees along the river. Local fields were also submerged, which delayed the growing season in the region, but several roads were washed away across Atchison County, and I-29 from St. Joseph northward to the Iowa/Missouri border was closed until mid May. Note: The dollar valued assigned to this event is likely inaccurate as a full tally of the extent of the physical damages is unknown. The Missouri River remained in flood through the rest of the month, into April.",
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+ "question": "Given the significant flooding event in March 2019, which of the following statements is most accurate about the weather and climate conditions that led to the observed temperature decline in the time series from March 31 to April 1st, 2019?\n\nA) The rapid drop in temperatures was a direct result of a cold front moving through the region following the flooding, which would lead to a significant decrease in precipitation. \nB) Increased temperatures during March caused a rapid snowmelt, resulting in flooding, and subsequently, the sharp drop in temperatures indicates the onset of a polar vortex affecting the area. \nC) The proximity to the flooding may have led to localized cooling due to increased evaporation rates, which contributed to the temperature drop experienced the following day. \nD) The temperature decline observed is typical as flooding events are often associated with long-term warming trends and should not impact short-term weather patterns.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Funnel Cloud, Hail, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00003947, approximately 34.2539 km away, between 2011-05-25 10:45:00 and 2011-05-25 12:09:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 1.5 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: A very warm and moist airmass had advected northwest into the area, during the morning hours of May 25, 2011, with the development of an intensifying warm front, near the Highway 50 corridor. Due to ample lift, provided by the strong upper level storm system just west of Kansas City, a little bit of clearing, made the rapid development of thunderstorms along and ahead of the cold front possible, as early as 10 am. As these storms lifted northward and rotated around the surface area of low pressure, they would rapidly begin to rotate, as they reached the enhanced winds near the warm front. Once thunderstorm activity crossed over the warm front into northern Missouri, and into a slightly cooler and more stable airmass, they would still indicate rotation, but the environment prevented further tornadic activity.||There were nearly two dozen reports of either funnel clouds or tornadoes, with seven of the tornado reports in Missouri, being confirmed by NWS damage survey crews and/or law enforcement. The tornadoes that occurred, were associated with the smaller cousin of the classic central plains supercell thunderstorm, called a mini- or low-topped supercell thunderstorm. Mini-supercells, typically occur in association with a cold-core upper level low pressure system, and are much smaller in height and areal expanse, than the classic supercell storm. But regardless of their size, mini-supercells still possess the mechanics to produce brief, and seen in the next paragraph about Sedalia, violent tornadoes. ||An EF-2 tornado, associated with winds up to 135 mph, damaged or destroyed numerous single family homes, and businesses, severely damaged two mobile home parks, blew over several tanker trucks, and injured 20 people, as it roared through the southern part of Sedalia, Missouri. In addition, several school buses, located in the school district bus barn, were damaged by the tornado. A very warm and moist airmass had advected northwest into the area, during the morning hours of May 25, 2011, with the development of an intensifying warm front, near the Highway 50 corridor. Event Narrative: At 1133CST a brief EFO tornado touchdown, was observed about a mile west of Liberty. The tornado touched down and then went right back up. No damage was reported. At 1145CST a brief EF0 tornado touchdown, was observed around 1 mile west northwest of Kearney. The tornado touched down and then right back up. No damage was observed.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Flood. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 25.0172 km away, between 2022-09-28 14:00:00 and 2022-09-30 23:59:00. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain / Tropical System. The events resulted in 0 injuries and 1 fatalities. The events caused property damage valued at 699500000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: After making landfall as a major hurricane in southwest Florida near Cayo Costa, Ian crossed the peninsula and into east central Florida (southern Osceola County) as a Category 1 Hurricane with estimated maximum sustained winds of 75 mph. The system was downgraded to a tropical storm shortly thereafter and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Canaveral. Ian's slow movement and large wind field led to a long period of tropical storm force winds across all of east central Florida, as well as hurricane force gusts in squalls and historic rainfall and flooding across parts of the area. Widespread rainfall totals of 4 to 8 inches were reported throughout the area, with a corridor of 10 to 20 inches across Osceola, Orange, Seminole, Volusia, and northern Brevard counties. The maximum observed rainfall total was 21.09 inches in Spruce Creek, Volusia County. The St. Johns River experienced historic rises with record crests set at Astor, Deland, Sanford, and Lake Harney in the days and weeks following Ian's heavy rainfall. A tornado briefly touched down and crossed US-192 in rural Brevard County with no damage to structures reported. Persistent onshore flow before and during the storm led to water level rises (storm surge) of 1-3 feet along the east central Florida, bringing moderate to severe beach erosion, with the most significant effects noted in Volusia County. Collectively, the effects of Hurricane Ian led to 15 storm-related fatalities (6 direct and 9 indirect) and between $800-900M in property damage across east central Florida. After making landfall as a major hurricane in southwest Florida near Cayo Costa, Ian crossed the peninsula and into east central Florida (southern Osceola County) as a Category 1 Hurricane with estimated maximum sustained winds of 75 mph. Event Narrative: Flash flooding affected many locations within Orange and Seminole Counties due to 8-14 inches of rain, which occurred primarily over a 12-18 hour period. Numerous roadways were flooded and became impassible. FDOT reported several water rescues along on-ramps to Interstate 4, where between 3 to 5 feet of standing water was noted. Emergency Management officials indicated numerous water rescues elsewhere along area roadways and within residential communities. Rainfall totals averaging between 8 to 12 inches, with locally higher amounts of up to 16 inches were reported, resulting in widespread street, urban, and poor drainage flooding. Numerous roadways were impacted by significant levels of standing water and many retention ponds reached capacity or overflowed. Notable flooding occurred in communities adjacent to Lake Center and Runnymede Lake in St. Cloud, as well as Mill Slough and Boggy Creek in Kissimmee. A NWS Flood Survey, combined with areal photography, confirmed historic flooding along Shingle Creek and within Good Samaritan Village in Kissimmee. Shingle Creek reached a record crest of 64.21 ft. on Oct. 1. A 71-year-old was discovered drowned face down in a foot of water in his home in the Good Samaritan Village in Kissimmee on Oct. 5 (direct).||A damage assessment report from the county indicated 4226 structures affected, 2474 with minor damage, 1733 with major damage, and 5 destroyed. The combined effects of Ian led to total estimated damages of approximately $245M across, mainly due to widespread and historic flooding. Rainfall totals averaging between 12 to 14 inches, with locally higher amounts of up to 16 inches were reported, resulting in widespread street, urban, and poor drainage flooding. County officials reported significant residential flooding in homes along both the Little and Big Econlockhatchee Rivers near Oviedo, as well as Howell and Gee Creeks in Winter Springs. An on-site survey, combined with county areal photography, confirmed major flooding along the Little Wekiva River, with water entering numerous homes along Little Wekiva Rd. in the Spring Oaks subdivision of Altamonte Springs. See separate entry for details on the significant (flash) flooding event which affected the Spring Oaks subdivision along the Little Wekiva River. ||Widespread inundation occurred along the shores of the St. Johns River and its associated lakes in Seminole County. Lake Harney, where the river crested at a record stage of 12.7 ft. 3, flooded numerous structures including the Jolly Gator Fish Camp and homes along Prevatt Rd., Lake Harney Cir., Fort Lane Rd., and Whitcomb Dr. Flooding was reported in communities adjacent to the river near Mullet Lake and north of SR-46 in Geneva. A portion of SR-46, between S. Jungle Rd. and Hatbill Rd., was closed from Oct. 2 - 22. Additional flooding of structures was reported on the south end of Lake Jesup on Lake St. near Overlook Park, as well as in the Black Hammock Community in Oviedo. Further downstream, at Lake Monroe, widespread inundation occurred along the Sanford Waterfront on Seminole Blvd., including residential areas to the east between Mellonville Ave. and Crescent Blvd. More homes were flooded in a community west of the Interstate 4 and US-17 bridges between Missouri Ave. and Canal Dr., as well as along Michigan Ave. near the Black Bear Wilderness Area. The river at Sanford crested at a record stage of 8.96 ft. 9th.||A countywide damage assessment indicated 3058 structures affected, 580 with minor damage, 1076 with major damage, and 2 destroyed, mainly due to widespread and historic flooding. The combined effects of Ian led to a total estimated damage of approximately $241M. Flash flooding affected many locations within Orange County due to 8-14 inches of rain, which occurred primarily over a 12-18 hour period. Emergency Management officials indicated several water rescues along area roadways and within residential communities to the north of Orlando International Airport due to standing water of up to 3 to 5 foot in depth. Rainfall totals averaging between 3 to 5 inches, with locally higher amounts up to 7 inches, were reported in the south part of Brevard County. Rainfall totals of 7 to 12 inches, with locally high amounts up to 14 inches, were reported in northern Brevard County. This resulted in areas of residential, street, urban, and poor drainage flooding, particularly across the north part of the county. Johns River crested in moderate flood stage at 16.56 ft. 11., which led to some street and structure flooding along the river's shoreline and connected lakes, particularly near Mims. A county assessment indicated $7.5M in damages from the storm, primarily due to flood waters. Flash flooding affected many locations within Osceola County due to 8-12 inches of rain, which occurred primarily over a 12-18 hour period. Emergency Management officials indicated several water rescues along area roadways and within residential communities in St. Cloud due to standing water in excess of three feet in depth. Florida Highway Patrol reported a full closure of the Florida Turnpike between Mile Marker's 254-267 near St. Cloud due to standing water on both sides of the highway. Flash flooding affected northern Brevard County due to 8-14 inches of rain, which occurred primarily over a 12-18 hour period. Emergency Management officials indicated numerous water rescues elsewhere along area roadways and within residential communities, particularly in Mims and Scottsmoor where the heaviest rain fell. Many areas experienced standing water at/above 3 feet above ground level and|water approached or entered several homes. Emergency Management officials indicated numerous water rescues elsewhere along area roadways and within residential communities in Cocoa and Port St. John. Many areas experienced standing water at/above 3 feet above ground level and water approached or entered several homes. State Road 528 was closed between Interstate 95 and SR 520 due to standing water on both sides of the highway. Rainfall totals averaging between 8 to 12 inches, with locally higher amounts of up to 16 inches were reported, resulting in widespread and historic street, residential, urban, and poor drainage flooding throughout the county. The combined effects of Ian led to total estimated damages of approximately $206M across 1727 properties, mainly due to widespread and historic flooding. Rainfall accumulations of 10 to 12 inches led to rapid water level rises along the Little Wekiva River late on Sep. 28 and early Sep. 29. Emergency Management officials indicated inundation of homes within the Spring Oaks subdivision of Altamonte Springs along Little Wekiva Rd. with nearly 2 to 4 feet of water breaching several properties. Numerous water rescues occurred during the overnight and early morning period as roadways quickly flooded and became impassible. The Little Wekiva reached a record crest of 31.09 ft. on Sep.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flash Flood, Heavy Rain. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 38.7526 km away, between 2021-09-19 15:30:00 and 2021-09-19 19:30:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: A large cluster of thunderstorms developed over Seminole County in the late afternoon due to colliding outflow boundaries. These thunderstorms were nearly stationary for several hours over northern Seminole County, where hourly rainfall rates of 2 to 4 inches occurred. Much of the Sanford and Lake Mary areas received between 4 and 6 inches of rain within 2 to 3 hours. | |Localized flash flooding occurred in the Sanford area of Seminole County. Numerous streets and sidewalks became impassable due to high standing water, causing several cars to stall. Water briefly entered one home, several garages nearby, and flooded the property of several businesses in downtown Sanford. A large cluster of thunderstorms developed over Seminole County in the late afternoon due to colliding outflow boundaries. Event Narrative: CoCoRaHS and mesonet reports indicated that between 4 and 6 inches of rain fell in just two to three hours during the late afternoon of September 19. Several observations over five inches were received from Sanford and Lake Mary (the highest value was from a Weather Underground mesonet site in Sanford; 5.90 inches). The ASOS at the Sanford International Airport (KSFB) measured 5.17 inches of rain, with 4.22 inches falling between 1600-1700 LST. Between 4 and 6 inches of rain fell during the late afternoon hours in portions of northern Seminole County. Heavy thunderstorms that were nearly stationary produced significant rainfall accumulations in approximately 2 hours, and this resulted in localized flash flooding in the Sanford area. Standing water reached at least 2 feet in some spots, resulting in numerous road closure and several stalled vehicles. Flood waters briefly entered one home and several nearby garages. Several businesses in Downtown Sanford along 1st Street reported having 2-3 inches of water inside their establishments.",
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+ "question": "Based on the observed heavy rainfall events and the subsequent temperature time series recorded the day after, which of the following statements correctly relates the effects of the flash flood on temperature dynamics in the aftermath of such weather conditions?\n\nA) Following heavy rainfall, the temperatures tend to rise significantly due to increased solar radiation, which is common in localized flood events.\n\nB) The rapid evaporation due to standing water generally leads to immediate cooling in the atmosphere and results in low temperatures in the subsequent days.\n\nC) Flooding causes a drastic reduction in soil temperature, leading to a prolonged cooling effect, often resulting in similar low temperatures for several days afterward.\n\nD) Persistent thunderstorms and heavy rain typically increase ambient temperatures shortly after due to cloud cover and humidity, as observed in post-flooding scenarios.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Flood. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 44.0558 km away, between 2022-11-08 12:00:00 and 2022-11-10 20:00:00. The flood was caused by Heavy Rain / Tropical System. Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Hurricane Nicole made landfall near Vero Beach, Florida as a Category 1 Hurricane on Thursday, November 10, 2023 with estimated maximum sustained winds of 75 mph. The system was originally classified as a subtropical storm after forming several hundred miles east of the Bahamas before it gained tropical characteristics as it approached Grand Bahama and Abaco Island. The interplay between Nicole and an expansive area of high pressure over the eastern United States produced a large wind field of tropical storm force over the western Atlantic, with a long northeast fetch that stretched over 1000 miles. These onshore winds generated very large seas in excess of 30 feet offshore, which over multiple unusually high tide cycles, led to moderate to severe beach erosion across east central Florida. Damage to coastal structures was extensive, particularly across Volusia County where an already weakened shoreline due to Hurricane Ian succumbed to the long-duration high surf event. Two indirect storm-related fatalities were reported in Orange County. Event Narrative: Rainfall totals of 4-7 inches, which fell between 0700EST on the 8th and 1500EST on the 10th, led to generally minor street flooding across portions of the county. The St. Johns River at Sanford, which was already in minor flood stage due to remnant effects from Ian, experienced water level rises to moderate flood stage on Thu. Nov. 10. Above Lake Harney at Geneva, the river, which was already in minor flood stage, experienced slow rises into moderate flood stage in the days after. A small number of structures experienced at least some damage according to reports; however, official estimates were unavailable at the time of this writing.",
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1
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Heavy Rain, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 23.0346 km away, between 2014-11-25 10:00:00 and 2014-11-26 16:00:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 5000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A stalled frontal boundary over the area as well as a developing area of low pressure over the eastern Gulf of Mexico produced numerous showers and thunderstorms across east central Florida. Several rounds of heavy rain and thunderstorms led to minor flooding across parts of the area as well as some wind damage to a manufactured home community in Orlando. A stalled frontal boundary over the area as well as a developing area of low pressure over the eastern Gulf of Mexico produced numerous showers and thunderstorms across east central Florida. Event Narrative: A severe thunderstorm with estimated winds of 60 mph produced minor wind damage to a few mobile homes in the Lakeshore Landings community in Orlando. A porch was torn off one of the homes and flipped onto its roof. Several other homes sustained minor damage to soffits and siding, and several trees were damaged. Several rounds of heavy rainfall occurred across Orange County during the day on the 25th, continuing into the 26th. Two day rainfall totals were 3 to 9 inches, with the highest totals across northern portions of the county including Winter Park, Union Park and Apopka. Flooding of many roadways caused them to become temporarily impassable. Several rounds of heavy rainfall occurred across Osceola County during the day on the 25th, continuing into the 26th. Two day rainfall totals were 4 to 7 inches, with the highest totals across the Four Corners area, as well as Holopaw and Deer Park. These amounts led to minor flooding of several roadways in the Holopaw area as well as overtopping a bridge near Deer Park.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Funnel Cloud, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 20.6352 km away, between 2020-06-06 16:40:00 and 2020-06-06 19:34:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 956000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Conditions became favorable for severe weather in central Florida due to enhanced winds aloft on the far eastern periphery of Tropical Storm Cristobal which was moving north over the central Gulf of Mexico. Scattered to numerous severe thunderstorms developed across Lake, Orange and Volusia counties producing areas of damaging winds and several tornadoes and waterspouts over inland lakes. Conditions became favorable for severe weather in central Florida due to enhanced winds aloft on the far eastern periphery of Tropical Storm Cristobal which was moving north over the central Gulf of Mexico. Event Narrative: The public reported a funnel cloud between Celebration and Hunters Creek moving north of State Road 417. A trained spotter reported a brief funnel cloud that lowered then lifted back into the storm cloud. He was looking west from near Downtown Orlando. A trained spotter reported a funnel cloud in the area of Interstate 4 and State Road 434 in Altamonte Springs. Multiple videos were obtained from the public which confirmed a weak tornado (landspout) briefly occurred just south of the 33rd Street Industrial Park, in the area of Interstate 4 and Mall-at-Millenia. The landspout-tornado quickly dissipated and no damage occurred. A trained spotter observed a brief tornado (landspout) develop near Lake Ellenor, lasting approximately 30 to 45 seconds before dissipating. No damage occurred from this landspout-tornado. Video corroborated the visual observation. Numerous eyewitness reports, photographs and video were received from trained spotters and the public of a large waterspout that developed on Lake Monroe, which then came onshore briefly along the north shore of the lake as a rapidly weakening tornado. The waterspout developed on Lake Monroe at approximately 1927 LST and quickly became large, reaching an estimated maximum width of approximately 200 yards. The slow-moving waterspout then reached the north side of the lake near the 860th block of Lakeshore Drive in Enterprise at approximately 1934 LST as a rapidly weakening EF-0 tornado. The tornado dissipated between Lakeshore Drive and Jacob Brock Avenue, just east of the Florida United Methodist Children's Home and west of Broadway Street. An eyewitness near the point of dissipation, initially observed the waterspout over the lake, then described a complete lull of wind, followed by a increase of winds from the opposite direction, suddenly becoming very strong. Based on this report, along with only minor damage to trees near the lakefront, peak winds were estimated between 45 and 55 mph. A National Weather Service damage survey and numerous eyewitness reports, photographs and video confirmed a waterspout/tornado moved north along a 5.1 mile path from Lake Conway to Thornton Park. The peak intensity was estimated at 100-105 mph.||A waterspout initially formed on the west-central portion of Lake Conway at approximately 1820LST and traveled north, briefly coming onshore and crossing a narrow strip of land at Hoffner Avenue, then moving back over water, crossing Little Lake Conway. The waterspout then moved back onshore as a tornado at the south end of Ferncreek Avenue. The tornado nearly paralleled Ferncreek Avenue and Martin Street as it moved nearly due north, crossing State Road 408, and lifting at Lake Lawsona Park at approximately 1832LST.||Damage was continuous along a 5.1 mile swath with a width of 350-500 yards. As the tornado came onshore at Hoffner Avenue it briefly attained EF-1 intensity (peak winds estimated at 85-90 mph) resulting in severe damage to the roof of a lakefront home and numerous large trees were toppled. Damage along much of the remainder of the path was rated EF-0 (winds estimated 65-85 mph).||The EF-0 damage consisted generally of uprooted trees, toppled trees, and snapped large branches. Several large trees fell onto homes, causing significant damage mainly to roofs. Multiple vehicles were damaged due to downed trees and fallen large branches. ||The tornado reached peak intensity of EF-1 in the vicinity of Ferncreek Avenue, Lake Margaret Drive and Carmia Drive (estimated peak winds 100-105 mph). Several one story apartment buildings lost significant portions of their roofs.||There were no injuries or fatalities. The Orange\ufffd\ufffdCounty Property Appraiser's Office reported 42 homes and businesses were damaged, totaling $955,748.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 18.9754 km away, between 2018-06-07 16:45:00 and 2018-06-07 17:35:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 0.94 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: A well-defined, positively tilted trough aloft became a closed mid-level low pressure over north central Florida. This resulted in modest force for ascent across north central Florida, and also maintained a weak surface trough across north-central Florida, which helped to decrease the strong west/southwest flow, allowing the east coast sea breeze to develop in the afternoon. Moisture was plentiful across the area with Precipitable Water values around 1.50 - 1.70 inches. With diurnal heating, numerous showers and thunderstorms were able to develop along and a head of the east coast sea breeze. Once the initial round of storms got going, numerous outflow boundaries helped to create additional storms across the area. One storm in eastern Seminole County became severe where it produced quarter-sized hail. Another storm in Brevard County also became severe and it produced a 55 knot gust along the intracoastal waters. A well-defined, positively tilted trough aloft became a closed mid-level low pressure over north central Florida. Event Narrative: A member of the public relayed video via social media from Chuluota showing mainly dime to nickel sized hail with a few quarter-sized hail stones mixed in. The same person also sent a video showing strong winds blowing over a trampoline. Those winds are estimated to be around 55 mph. A member of the public relayed a photo via social media showing nickel-sized hail in Taft, west of the Orlando International Airport.",
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+ "question": "Given the 7-day temperature time series A leading up to the reported heavy rain event on 2014-09-23, which of the following statements best explains the likely impact of the rain event on the temperature trends observed in the subsequent day's time series B? \n\nA) The heavy rain event is expected to significantly cool the local temperatures immediately following the rain, likely resulting in higher temperatures the day after compared to the last observed temperature before the rain.\n\nB) The heavy rain event will stabilize temperatures at a lower level, as moisture in the atmosphere typically leads to more cloud cover and prevents significant temperature fluctuations, which can be seen in the unchanging temperatures of 22.8\u00b0C throughout time series B.\n\nC) Due to the heavy rain and flooding, it is anticipated that the moisture content in the air will evaporate rapidly, leading to a sharp increase in temperatures to above 25\u00b0C the following day.\n\nD) The increased cloud cover from the moisture from heavy rainfall will lead to a clear drastic drop in temperatures, resulting in very low maximums around 20\u00b0C for the next day.",
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+ "answer": "B"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Heavy Rain, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 17.1476 km away, between 2023-09-11 18:55:00 and 2023-09-11 20:27:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 33.75 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 8000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Severe thunderstorms produced wind damage and quarter size hail around the Orlando metro area. Severe thunderstorms produced wind damage and quarter size hail around the Orlando metro area. Event Narrative: Broadcast media estimated quarter size hail in downtown Orlando. Trained spotter estimates quarter size hail near Fern Park. Emergency manager estimated quarter size hail near the Orlando Executive Airport. Orange County Fire Rescue reported wires down at 1203 West Pine St. Orange County Fire Rescue reported a tree down at 203 South Wekiwa Springs Rd in Apopka. Orange County Fire Rescue reported wires down on North Kirkman Rd and West Central Blvd. Orange County Fire Rescue reported a tree down on east Crystal Lake Ave at Conway Gardens Rd. Orange County Fire Rescue reported wires down at 2703 Page Ave in Orlando. Orange County Fire Rescue reported a tree down at South Conway Rd and Stonewall Dr. Orange County Fire Rescue reported a tree down at 1719 Hoffner Ave. Orange County Fire Rescue reported wires down at 4556 Landing Drive. Orange County Fire Rescue reported damage to several mobile homes along Jean Dr in the Gulfstream Harbor Mobile Home Park. Time estimated via radar. Orange County Fire Rescue reported heavy rain at a construction area washed dirt across the Florida Turnpike near mile marker 272, stranding several vehicles.",
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+ "answer": "C"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Funnel Cloud, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 38.3801 km away, between 2010-05-06 14:16:00 and 2010-05-06 14:32:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Scattered thunderstorms developed during the afternoon over the central Florida peninsula, east of Orlando. As the storms moved east toward the Atlantic coast, several funnel clouds were spotted and wind damage occurred over east Orange County and over northern Brevard County. Nickel size hail also fell in northern Brevard County. During the early evening, an isolated strong thunderstorm formed along the inland propagating east coast sea breeze boundary and produced nickel sized hail in St. Lucie County. Scattered thunderstorms developed during the afternoon over the central Florida peninsula, east of Orlando. Event Narrative: A cluster of strong thunderstorms developed east of Orlando and moved toward the coast. As the storms reached the border of Brevard County, they intersected an inland moving sea breeze boundary and briefly intensified to severe levels. Winds blew off a piece of a roof from a home and damaged a fence on Pine Street in Canaveral Groves. Nearby, a power pole was blown down onto a tree, downing powerlines toward the ground. The damage was reported near the intersection of Scarlet Avenue and Pine Street. A severe thunderstorm downed many large tree limbs in the Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area in Orange County south of Highway 50 near the town of Christmas. A funnel cloud was sighted near the intersection of Highway 520 and 528 by a Florida Department of Transportation crew.",
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396
+ "answer": "C"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 36.849 km away, between 2012-06-24 19:59:00 and 2012-06-24 22:38:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 50000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: While Tropical Storm Debby was located over the northeast Gulf of Mexico, numerous strong rain bands rotated across east-central Florida. One particular persistent, mini-supercell produced three tornadoes as it traveled north from Okeechobee to Brevard County. The tornadoes occurred over rural areas of Osceola and Brevard Counties, which limited damage. Another mini-supercell moved north from Polk County and produced discontinuous tornado damage along a 3.7 mile path in southeast Lake County. A linear squall line behind the mini-supercells caused a localized area of property damage in northwest Osceola County. A canoe capsized on an inland lake in Lake County due to gusty winds and choppy conditions on the water, resulting in a drowning. Multi-day rainfall totals exceeded four inches across portions of Seminole, Orange, Volusia and Lake Counties, with maximum accumulations of 7-9 inches near Pierson, Lady Lake, and Astor Park in Lake County. No significant flooding occurred due to abnormally dry soil conditions prior to the rain event. While Tropical Storm Debby was located over the northeast Gulf of Mexico, numerous strong rain bands rotated across east-central Florida. Event Narrative: Several homes in the Indian Ridge Subdivision near Indian River Trail North in Kissimmee were impacted by high winds as a linear squall line associated with an outer rain band of Tropical Storm Debby (located over the northeast Gulf of Mexico) passed the area. One awning was ripped from a home and several small trees were downed. Three adjacent homes experienced significant damage to pool screen enclosures, and several other homes had minor damage to pool screen enclosures. A mini-supercell traveled from Polk County to southeast Lake County and produced an EF0 tornado along a discontinuous path of 3.7 miles within Winter Garden in Lake County, just west of the Orange County line. The storm crossed Johns Lake, producing tornado damage on both the south and immediate north sides of the lake. Numerous trees were damaged as far south as Avalon Woods Drive, with four adjacent homes in the Suburban Shores Subdivision experiencing property damage on the northern end of the damage path. The damage consisted of large branches on a vehicle, a large tree on a roof of another home, and other homes with significant damage to pool screen enclosures. The supercell also produced a tornado nearly an hour earlier, well to the south in Polk County. DI28, DOD2, LB-EXP. The third and final tornado associated with a Tropical Storm Debby mini-supercell that traveled from northern Okeechobee County to northern Brevard County occurred just south of State Road 50 and west of Interstate 95, to the west of Titusville. This location was also just north of the Great Outdoors RV Park. Two motorists traveling on Highway 50 observed the tornado briefly touchdown (illuminated by lightning strikes), just to the south of their locations. One of the motorists provided a detailed eyewitness account of the tornado touchdown. While there was little to damage in the immediate area of the tornado, a path of downed tree limbs was noted immediately after the touchdown, from near the entrance of the RV Park to State Road 50.",
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+ "question": "Based on the reported tornado events and the temperature trends observed in the 7-day time series A, which statement most accurately describes the expected weather patterns for the following day (in time series B) and their relationship with the preceding weather event?\n\nA) Following the high temperatures and turbulent weather conditions caused by the tornadoes, we should expect a significant drop in temperature, indicating a cold front moving through with lower temperatures and a stable atmosphere.\n\nB) The temperature is likely to stabilize around a consistent range as the weather event passes and the atmospheric pressure normalizes, resulting in milder conditions suitable for outdoor activities.\n\nC) As a consequence of the tornadic conditions and the associated low-pressure system, a rapid drop in temperature can be expected, leading to potential frost conditions in localized areas.\n\nD) The temperature should reflect extreme volatility through the day, continuing the trend of fluctuating temperatures as a result of turbulence from the preceding weather event.",
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+ "answer": "B"
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 37.6704 km away, between 2020-04-20 10:45:00 and 2020-04-20 10:48:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: As a broken line of severe thunderstorms moved through Seminole County, one storm produced a brief wasterspout/tornado on and near Lake Jesup. A second thunderstorm produced damaging winds in Volusia County, while a third thunderstorm produced damaging winds and hail in Martin County. As a broken line of severe thunderstorms moved through Seminole County, one storm produced a brief wasterspout/tornado on and near Lake Jesup. Event Narrative: The ASOS at the Orlando-Sanford International Airport, KSFB, measured a peak wind gust of 62 mph from the northwest. National Weather Service Melbourne staff conducted a damage survey and found no damage along the radar-estimated rotational track of a supercell thunderstorm, which moved from Seminole County to the Brevard County coast. The survey team searched along a path from Heathrow to Scottsmoor. However, based on numerous videos received from trained spotters and the general public, NWS Melbourne confirms that a waterspout developed on Lake Jesup just east of State Road 417. The waterspout continued east for approximately 2.75 miles, and came onshore briefly as an EF-0 tornado (peak winds estimated 60-65 mph) within an unpopulated area adjacent to the lake.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Tornado. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 36.9124 km away, between 2012-12-10 16:26:00 and 2012-12-10 16:34:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. No significant property or crop damage was reported. Episode Narrative: Very moist southwest winds developed across east-central Florida well in advance of a cold front and associated upper level disturbance. Strong daytime heating, combined with moderate low-level wind shear, resulted in numerous strong storms, two of which produced tornadoes. The first tornado began as a waterspout over Lake Apoka, then crossed the northeast shore of the lake and remained on the ground for a short distance. Although the waterspout/tornado affected a rural area, several citizens witnessed the event. The second tornado impacted a mobile home park and adjacent wooded area in Edgewater, then became a waterspout as it crossed the intracoastal river, before moving across the barrier island as a tornado. Significant damage occurred at the mobile home park, with only minor damage on the barrier island. Several funnel clouds were also observed. Event Narrative: A citizen videotaped a waterspout over Lake Apopka for several minutes as it moved northeast from near the center of the lake toward the northeast shore. A short time later, several citizens located a few miles northeast of the lake observed the waterspout move onshore and track across the rural Lake Apopka Restoration Area before dissipating.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 26.3861 km away, between 2013-03-24 13:10:00 and 2013-03-24 14:10:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 50.58117647058823 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 250000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: Thunderstorms developed a pre-frontal squall line and developed two prominent bow echoes. The bow echoes raced east at 55-60 mph from the central Florida interior and persisted to the Brevard County coast. Significant straight-line wind damage occurred along two long swaths, from southwest Lake County to Cocoa, and from Orlando to Cape Canaveral. Winds were measured up to 86 mph at two observing sites in Orange County. Much the surrounding areas of Lake, Orange, and Brevard Counties (as well as adjacent portions of Seminole and Osceola Counties) experienced minor wind damage. A woman was injured in Cocoa when a tree fell on the Florida room that she was entering from outdoors. Damage estimates totalled over $3M, of which $2M was from the collapse of a storage warehouse under construction in Orlando. The remainder of the cost estimate was a result of falling trees and mainly minor structural damage. Thunderstorms developed a pre-frontal squall line and developed two prominent bow echoes. Event Narrative: Two adjacent homes on a large lake experienced major damage to pool screen enclosures from very strong winds which came off the lake. Several trees were also toppled. NSSL relayed report of one inch hail observed two miles east of Bay Lake. Very intense winds spread across Lake Nellie and impacted adjacent land areas. Six homes sustained roof damage on Colony Barn Road and many small barns and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed. Numerous large trees toppled and many 60-80 foot tall pine trees snapped. The ASOS at Orlando International Airport (MCO) recorded a peak gust of 86 mph from the WNW. Airport officials reported a Boeing 737 got pushed into a palm tree and damaged the wing. Some minor hangar damage was also reported due to the severe thunderstorm winds. Mesonet site at Orlando Health Hospital at Dr. Phillips recorded a peak wind of 86 mph from the WNW. The ASOS at Orlando Executive Airport (ORL) recorded a peak gust of 62 mph from the WNW. A weather spotter measured winds up to 60 mph. Small tree limbs were downed and lawn furniture was tossed about. Quarter size hail fell for 10 minutes within Lake Louisia State Park near Clermont. Large shed destroyed by wind. Several pool screen enclosures damaged, fences damaged. Significant damage to numerous large trees in Lake Louisa State Park, with the most significant damage noted at lake-front beach and surrounding area. Large trees toppled into a boardwalk. Nearly a dozen telephone poles along Highway 27 near the Lake Louisa State Park entrance were blown over or snapped by high winds. WeatherBug mesonet site near Bay Lake, west of Orlando, recorded a peak gust of 68 mph as a severe thunderstorm passed by. WeatherBug mesonet site in Windermere recorded a peak gust of 67 mph as a severe thunderstorm passed by. WeatherBug mesonet site in Orlando recorded a peak gust of 62 mph as a severe thunderstorm passed by. A weather spotter reported nickel size hail at County Road 405 near Walmart in Titusville. A 50 foot by 50 foot section was detached from the roof of a business. A weather spotter estimated wind gusts up to 60 mph.",
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+ "question": "Given the temperature trend observed in time series A leading up to the weather event report, which of the following best explains the potential physiological impact of the subsequent significant weather event (hail and high winds) on the temperatures forecast for March 25, 2013 (as shown in time series B)?\n\nA) The hail and strong winds created a cooling effect that would lead to sustained lower temperatures for several days after the event, resulting in a significant drop in high temperatures.\n\nB) The moisture from the hail evaporating post-event would enhance the greenhouse effect, significantly increasing temperatures for the next few days.\n\nC) The passage of thunderstorms generally leads to unstable atmospheric conditions, causing quick fluctuations in temperature that could lead to an increase in highs shortly after.\n\nD) After a significant storm with high winds and hail, surface temperatures stabilize, leading to a gradual increase in temperature trends over the following days.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Funnel Cloud, Tornado. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 9.209 km away, between 2017-07-07 19:00:00 and 2017-07-07 19:32:00.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 20000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: The Atlantic and Gulf coast sea breeze boundaries collided from south-central Orange County to western Osceola County during the early evening. During the initial collision and prior to shower and thunderstorm development, a brief tornado was observed from the Orlando International Airport tower and photographed by several people at the airport. Showers and thunderstorms then rapidly formed along the north-south boundary collision zone and a funnel cloud was observed by many citizens and weather spotters in Kissimmee. Shortly thereafter, the funnel cloud developed into a tornado and produced minor damage to several homes within two adjacent subdivisions. The Atlantic and Gulf coast sea breeze boundaries collided from south-central Orange County to western Osceola County during the early evening. Event Narrative: Air Traffic Controllers at the Orlando International Airport observed a brief tornado touchdown approximately 2 miles to their southwest. Several persons at the airport photographed the tornado. The tornado likely occurred in an undeveloped area of rural Orange County (Meadow Woods). No damage was reported. The (landspout) tornado developed as two strong sea breeze boundaries collided over the area, prior to any shower and thunderstorm development. Partly cloudy skies were occurring at the time. The photographs clearly showed a large radius of dust/dirt surrounding the vortex at the surface and the condensation funnel extending to the cloud base. Numerous weather spotters and citizens observed a funnel cloud in Kissimmee. The funnel cloud crossed above the Florida Turnpike and then impacted the Buena Ventura Lakes area as a tornado. Numerous residents within the Buena Ventura Lakes region of Kissimmee observed a funnel cloud approach from the southwest and become a tornado as it traveled through two adjacent subdivisions for less than 0.75 miles. Eyewitnesses described swirling debris at the surface and swirling water within an adjacent lake, with a visible funnel farther aloft to the cloud base. Several single family homes sustained minor damage, consisting of several removed shingles, and damage to carports and pool screen enclosures. A large mango tree fell onto one home resulting in roof damage. The tornado path and intensity (EF-0, winds estimated at 60-70 mph) were determined after examining damage photos from Osceola County Emergency Management and the Orlando news media and interviewing several eyewitnesses. DI2, DOD1, EXP; DI2, DOD2, LB-EXP.",
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+ "text": "The following events were reported: Hail, Thunderstorm Wind. These occurred near station USW00012815, approximately 23.1285 km away, between 2011-03-30 15:23:00 and 2011-03-30 16:12:00. The events included records with hailstones measuring 47.25 inches.Thankfully, no injuries or fatalities were reported. The events caused property damage valued at 500000.0 and crop damage of 0.0. Episode Narrative: A rare Florida derecho affected the region during the late afternoon and early evening, well ahead of a strong cold front. The rapidly moving squall line, contained multiple bow echoes as it moved across the central portion of Florida at 60 mph. Widespread wind damage resulted. Multiple observations of 65 to 74 mph winds were reported. The majority of damage was caused by falling trees, with many landing on homes, powerlines and vehicles. Eighteen homes in Seminole County neighborhood experienced structural damage, with isolated structural damage reported in Osceola and Brevard Counties. Hen egg sized hail (2 inch diameter) fell in Palm Bay, with multiple reports of penny to quarter sized hail across the region. A rare Florida derecho affected the region during the late afternoon and early evening, well ahead of a strong cold front. Event Narrative: Several trees and powerlines downed. A greenhouse was damaged due to wind. A weather spotter estimated winds over 60 mph downed large trees limbs and powerlines. Orlando Executive Airport (KORL) wind observation. A weather spotter reported trees down at North Street and Suniland Street in Altamonte Springs, blocking the roadway. Twelve homes damaged from severe thunderstorm winds. Three homes sustained severe damage, with the remainder experiencing moderate damage. Winds gusts measured at Sanford-Orlando Airport (KSFB). Wind gusts measured up to 60 mph at Orlando International Airport (KMCO). Wind gusts measured up to 59 mph at Kissimmee Airport (KISM). Penny size hail on Chuluota Road in Bithlo. Water Management District Officials observed numerous cypress trees toppled by very intense straight line winds associated with squall line passage. The downed trees were discovered in a rural conservation region, just west of the St. Johns River Basin. A weather spotter observed nickel to quarter sized hail at the Waterford Lakes Shopping Center. Trees downed onto five cars in the WOFL TV parking lot. Porch roof removed and walls blow in on Vermont Avenue in St. Cloud. Several trees downed within a mile of this location. A carport collapsed and roof damage occurred on Kingfish Street in Orlando.",
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+ "question": "Considering the temperature trends from time series A and the reported severe weather event (including a derecho with high winds and hail), which of the following statements correctly explains the observed temperature change and forecasts the subsequent temperature on March 31, 2011, after the weather event?\n\nA) The derecho indicates that a heat wave is likely to follow, leading to a significant increase in temperatures, reaching above 30\u00b0C during the day on March 31, 2011.\n\nB) The high winds and hail from the derecho would lead to a cooling effect, resulting in lower temperatures in the following days, with predictions suggesting a maximum of approximately 20\u00b0C on March 31, 2011.\n\nC) Following the derecho, a typical increase in temperatures can be expected due to the displacement of cool air masses, forecasting that temperatures will rise to around 25\u00b0C by the end of March 31, 2011.\n\nD) The severe storm would result in sustained high temperatures going into the next day, hovering consistently above 28\u00b0C on March 31, 2011, based on the humidity increase from rain.",
396
+ "answer": "B"
397
+ }