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0.1909

George Sessford<EOT>1

George Sessford

George Minshull Sessford (7 November 1928 - 21 July 1996) was Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness in the second half of the 20th century. George was born in Aintree and educated at St Andrews University. After a period of study at Lincoln Theological College, he was ordained in 1954. His first posts were as Curate at St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow and Chaplain of the city’s university. He was Priest in charge of Cumbernauld New Town from 1958 to 1966 and Rector of Forres until his elevation to the Episcopate. He is survived by three daughters, four grandchildren and three great grandchildren.1

George Minshull Sessford (7 November 1928 - 21 July 1996) was Bishop of Moray, Ross and Caithness in the second half of the 20th century. George was born in Aintree and educated at St Andrews University. After a period of study at Lincoln Theological College, he was ordained in 1954. His first posts were as Curate at St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow and Chaplain of the city’s university. He was Priest in charge of Cumbernauld New Town from 1958 to 1966 and Rector of Forres until his elevation to the Episcopate. He is survived by three daughters, four grandchildren and three great grandchildren.1

0.1910

Sarita Sarvate<EOT>The new seeds require huge amounts of water and pesticides, raising production costs and entrenching the farmers deeper in debt. Then the monsoons fail to arrive, un-seasonally hot and humid weather continues well into autumn, and crops wilt away -- like this year. Read on. . . 1

Sarita Sarvate

Sarita Sarvate is an Indian-American journalist and writer. For nearly twenty years, she has published the “Last Word” column for India Currents, an Indian-American magazine. She has also published opinion essays for New America Media, a coalition of ethnic media around the world and its predecessor the Pacific News Service, for over a decade. Her opinion columns, essays, and book reviews have been syndicated in the Los Angeles Times, the San Jose Mercury News, the Oakland Tribune, Salon Magazine, Rediff News Service of India, and many other online and print media outlets. She has been a leader in the South Asian community, speaking at various events, and has been written about in a profile of exceptional women in the South Asian immigrant women. Her fiction has been published in an anthology of poetry and fiction by South Asian American writers.

Sarita Sarvate is an Indian-American journalist and writer. For nearly twenty years, she has published the “Last Word” column for India Currents, an Indian-American magazine. She has also published opinion essays for New America Media, a coalition of ethnic media around the world and its predecessor the Pacific News Service, for over a decade. Her opinion columns, essays, and book reviews have been syndicated in the Los Angeles Times, the San Jose Mercury News, the Oakland Tribune, Salon Magazine, Rediff News Service of India, and many other online and print media outlets. She has been a leader in the South Asian community, speaking at various events, and has been written about in a profile of exceptional women in the South Asian immigrant women. Her fiction has been published in an anthology of poetry and fiction by South Asian American writers. == Awards == In 1998, she won the award for the best commentary in ethnic media from New California Media, a coalition of ethnic digital and print media that has since expanded to become the New America Media. The following year, she won the second prize in the same category.1

0.1911

Giants–Redskins rivalry<EOT>Tiki Barber had the game of his career in his final regular-season game -- and also got the Giants into the playoffs. The 31-year-old ran for a franchise-record 234 yards and three touchdowns on 23 carries in Giants’ 34-28 Week 17 win in 2006. Barber had two touchdown runs of 50-plus yards and also added a 15-yard score as the Giants snuck into the playoffs with an 8-8 record. He not only broke his year-old franchise single-game rushing record (220), but also broke the record for most rushing yards by a player in his final regular-season game. The previous record was held by Washington’s Cliff Battles, who ran for 165 yards in 1937 . . . against the Giants. 1

Giants–Redskins rivalry

The Giants–Redskins rivalry is a rivalry between the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. The rivalry began in 1932 with the founding of the Washington Redskins, and is the oldest rivalry in the NFC East Division. While often dismissed, particularly in recent times, this rivalry has seen periods of great competition. In particular the Giants and Redskins competed fiercely for conference and division titles in the late 1930s and early 1940s and 1980s. Perhaps most fans today recall the 1980s as the most hotly contested period between these teams, as the Redskins under Joe Gibbs and the Giants under Bill Parcells competed for division titles and Super Bowls. During this span the two teams combined to win 7 NFC East Divisional Titles, 5 Super Bowls and even duked it out in the 1986 NFC Championship Game with the Giants winning 17–0. This rivalry is storied and while it tends to be dismissed due to the Redskins' recent struggles, Wellington Mara, long time owner of the Giants, always said that he believed the Redskins were the Giants' truest rival. Despite flagging in recent years, in 2012 the rivalry intensified significantly, both on the field and off it: when, in March of that year, a special NFL commission headed by Giants owner John Mara imposed a $36 million salary cap penalty on the Redskins (and a smaller one on the Dallas Cowboys) for the organization's approach to structuring contracts in the 2010 NFL season, when there was no cap – which he publicly claimed was, if anything, too lenient, and should have cost them draft picks as well – the Redskins organization, particularly owner Daniel Snyder, were convinced that, by so disciplining divisional rivals, Mara had abused his league-wide office to advance his own teams' interests (the draft sanctions Mara sought were regarded as especially malicious, as such a punishment would have likely voided the pick-laden trade with the St. Louis Rams – completed three days before the cap penalties were announced – to acquire the #2 position, used to draft Robert Griffin III); in the week leading up to a crucial Week 13 Monday Night Football showdown eventually won by Washington, copies of Mara's quote, along with statistics implying that NFL referees were biased in the Giants' favor, were posted throughout the teams' facilities, and a smiling Snyder, within earshot of numerous media personnel, told a team employee that "I hate those motherfuckers" in the victorious locker room after the game.

The Giants–Redskins rivalry is a rivalry between the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. The rivalry began in 1932 with the founding of the Washington Redskins, and is the oldest rivalry in the NFC East Division. While often dismissed, particularly in recent times, this rivalry has seen periods of great competition. In particular the Giants and Redskins competed fiercely for conference and division titles in the late 1930s and early 1940s and 1980s. Perhaps most fans today recall the 1980s as the most hotly contested period between these teams, as the Redskins under Joe Gibbs and the Giants under Bill Parcells competed for division titles and Super Bowls. During this span the two teams combined to win 7 NFC East Divisional Titles, 5 Super Bowls and even duked it out in the 1986 NFC Championship Game with the Giants winning 17–0. This rivalry is storied and while it tends to be dismissed due to the Redskins' recent struggles, Wellington Mara, long time owner of the Giants, always said that he believed the Redskins were the Giants' truest rival. Despite flagging in recent years, in 2012 the rivalry intensified significantly, both on the field and off it: when, in March of that year, a special NFL commission headed by Giants owner John Mara imposed a $36 million salary cap penalty on the Redskins (and a smaller one on the Dallas Cowboys) for the organization's approach to structuring contracts in the 2010 NFL season, when there was no cap – which he publicly claimed was, if anything, too lenient, and should have cost them draft picks as well – the Redskins organization, particularly owner Daniel Snyder, were convinced that, by so disciplining divisional rivals, Mara had abused his league-wide office to advance his own teams' interests (the draft sanctions Mara sought were regarded as especially malicious, as such a punishment would have likely voided the pick-laden trade with the St. Louis Rams – completed three days before the cap penalties were announced – to acquire the #2 position, used to draft Robert Griffin III); in the week leading up to a crucial Week 13 Monday Night Football showdown eventually won by Washington, copies of Mara's quote, along with statistics implying that NFL referees were biased in the Giants' favor, were posted throughout the teams' facilities, and a smiling Snyder, within earshot of numerous media personnel, told a team employee that "I hate those motherfuckers" in the victorious locker room after the game. == Game results == The following is a list of results from all of the meetings between the New York Giants and Washington Redskins from their first meeting on October 9, 1932 to the present: * Denotes playoff game == 1930s (Giants 9–5–2) == == 1940s (Giants 12–9) == == 1950s (Giants 15–5) == == 1960s (Giants 12–5–1) == == 1970s (Redskins 13–7) == == 1980s (Redskins 11–10) == == 1990s (Giants 11–8–1) == == 2000s (Giants 14–6) == == 2010s (Giants 9–5) == == Rivalry statistics == Updated January 3, 2015. == Notable rivalry moments == In 1937, their first season in Washington, D.C., the Washington Redskins were set to meet the New York Giants in the season finale in New York City at the Polo Grounds with the winner earning the right to play in the NFL Championship. The owner of the Washington Redskins, George Preston Marshall, loaded 12,000 fans and a 150 piece marching band onto trains and had them march an impromptu parade through New York City, all the while belting out "Hail to the Redskins". The tactic appeared to work as the Redskins went on to beat the Giants 49–14, going on to defeat the Chicago Bears in the 1937 NFL Championship. The Giants would pay the Redskins back in 1938 with a 36–0 victory of their own, a win which propelled them to their own victory in the 1938 NFL Championship. In 1939 the Giants and Redskins again met in the last game of the season. Having tied in their first meeting 0–0 and having identical records (8–1–1) the two teams were playing for a spot in the NFL Championship game. The game was very competitive and the Redskins trailed 9–7 in the final moments. The Redskins attempted a field goal in the last seconds, seemingly giving them a victory. However, the field goal was called no good allowing the Giants to escape with a victory. The Redskins were irate, with one player even punching referee Bill Haloran. The outcome was so controversial that rumor has it George Preston Marshall, the Redskins owner, tried to pull strings to get Haloran fired from his day job as post master of Providence R.I., unsuccessfully. The Giants would go on to lose the NFL Championship to the Green Bay Packers 27–0. On November 27, 1966 the Giants and Redskins participated in the highest combined scoring game in NFL history. The two teams combined for 16 touchdowns, 9 of which were of 30 yards or more. While the game was an offensive frenzy, the most memorable score was a Redskins field goal attempted with a few seconds remaining and the Giants trailing 69–41. Otto Graham, the Redskins head coach, claimed it was called merely to allow his kicker practice, but some claim that the field goal was ordered by Redskins middle linebacker and former Giant Sam Huff out of spite. In either case the final score was 72–41 and with 113 combined points the matchup remains the highest scoring game in league history. On November 18, 1985 in a Monday Night Football contest, the Redskins defeated the Giants 23–21. However, the win did not come without a loss as on one play the Redskins ran a flea-flicker, the Giants defense was not fooled by the play and Lawrence Taylor came from the outside and sacked quarterback Joe Theisman. The play is famous as that the sack injured Theisman's leg and effectively ended his career in the NFL. The Redskins would miss the playoffs that season. On October 27, 1986 in a Monday Night Football game, in what would be a preview of the NFC championship game. the Giants defeated the Redskins 27–20. This was one of two sporting events in the New York City area that night. Across the Hudson River at Shea Stadium in Queens, the New York Mets were wrapping up their second World Series championship with an 8–5 victory over the Boston Red Sox in Game 7 of the fall classic. Game 7 of the World Series had originally been scheduled for the previous night, but was postponed by rain. On September 11, 2011 was opening day for the Giants' Super Bowl XLVI championship season of 2011. It also coincided with tenth anniversary with the September 11 attacks hence the NFL scheduled the Giants and the Redskins to meet that day as the cities they represent were two metropolitan areas attacked on that day. FedExField was a patriotically and emotionally charged atmosphere as the two rivals took the field. Led by Eli Manning the Giants took an early 7–0 lead in the first quarter. Washington responded on a Tim Hightower touchdown run in the second. The two teams would take a 14–14 tie into halftime. Washington took the lead in the third after Ryan Kerrigan intercepted a pass from Manning and scored. Washington's defense would prevent New York from scoring in the second half and the Redskins ended a six-game losing streak to the Giants. The Redskins defeated the Giants at MetLife Stadium in Week 15, their first season sweep of the Giants since 1999. On October 21, 2012, the teams met for the first time with Redskins rookie QB Robert Griffin III at Metlife Stadium. After trading scores throughout the contest, they began the 4th quarter tied at 13. Following an Ahmad Bradshaw TD run, both teams turned the ball over on back to back plays. The Redskins would narrow the lead to 20–16 on a Kai Forbath field goal. Taking over at their own 23, Robert Griffin III keyed the go-ahead TD drive, including escaping the pass rush of Pro-Bowl DE Jason Pierre-Paul on a 4th and 10 before completing a 19-yard pass to backup TE Logan Paulsen. Griffin capped the drive with a 30-yard TD pass to Santana Moss to put the Redskins up 23–20. With the Giants now trailing with under two minutes remaining, Eli Manning, who was outstanding in the fourth quarter throughout the 2011 season, threw a 77-yard TD pass to Victor Cruz to retake the lead at 27–23. On the ensuing Redskins drive, Santana Moss fumbled at the Redskins 43 yard-line and the Giants recovered, securing their 27–23 victory. On December 4, 2012, in Robert Griffin III's first Monday Night Football appearance, the Redskins came back in the fourth quarter and defeated the Giants 17–16, with Griffin throwing for one score and accidentally creating another when wide receiver Josh Morgan caught his fumble on the fly and ran it into the end zone. The Redskins victory was a part of a critical streak for them to come back from a 3–6 record, this win put them at 6–6, only one game behind the Giants, who they would eventually overtake to win the NFC East. On September 25, 2016, the winless Redskins visited the undefeated Giants. This game was significant due to the ongoing feud between star wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. and cornerback Josh Norman. In the previous season, Norman and Beckham had many on-field scrums during a game when Norman played for the Carolina Panthers. The Redskins won by a score of 29-27, sealing the win on an interception by Su'a Cravens. Beckham had an impressive 7 receptions and 121 yards, but was noticeably frustrated by Norman, and was especially apparent when he took his helmet and hit the kicker's practice net on the sidelines, causing it to fall on him. Giants center Weston Richburg was the first to ever be ejected by the new rule of being ejected after two unsportsmanlike penalties, one of which costed Beckham and the Giants a significant play. The Redskins enter Week 17 fighting for their playoff chances while the Giants clinched the number 5 seed. The Giants defeated the Redskins 19-10 knocking the Redskins out the playoff contention.1

0.1912

Hancock Fabrics<EOT>1

Hancock Fabrics

Hancock Fabrics was a specialty retailer of crafts and fabrics based in Baldwyn, Mississippi, United States. Hancock Fabrics operated as many as 266 stores in 37 states under the Hancock Fabrics name. Hancock Fabrics was established by the late Lawrence D. Hancock. All stores are in bankruptcy liquidation. As of 2016 all of the stores have closed, marking the end of the chain.

Hancock Fabrics was a specialty retailer of crafts and fabrics based in Baldwyn, Mississippi, United States. Hancock Fabrics operated as many as 266 stores in 37 states under the Hancock Fabrics name. Hancock Fabrics was established by the late Lawrence D. Hancock. All stores are in bankruptcy liquidation. As of 2016 all of the stores have closed, marking the end of the chain. == History == The company, founded in 1957 in Tupelo, Mississippi by Elaine and Lawrence Doyce (L.D.) Hancock, started out as a cost-efficient retail store and offered a greater selection of merchandise to its customers at lower prices. By 1971, when Lucky Stores bought Hancock Fabrics, the chain owned 81 stores and had 265 additional franchise stores in 19 states. In 1985, it acquired Minnesota Fabrics based in Charlotte, North Carolina, which operated over one hundred stores under the names Minnesota Fabrics and Fabric Warehouse. Lucky Stores demerged Hancock in 1987, floating it as a public company. By 1992, the company was one of seven major retail piece-goods chains operating 482 stores in the United States. On March 21, 2007, Hancock Fabrics announced it would file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company closed 104 stores and emerged from bankruptcy in August 2008. In 2014, Hancock announced plans to take the company private, then withdrew the proposal. On April 1st, 2016, the U. S. Bankruptcy Court approved the sale of the remaining assets to Great American Group, who announced that the remaining 185 stores will be closed and their assets liquidated. In August 2016, Michaels Stores, Inc. announced its intent to acquire Hancock Fabrics' intellectual property and customer database.1

0.1913

Rafael Moure-Eraso<EOT>1

Rafael Moure-Eraso

Rafael Moure-Eraso (born May 2, 1946) is a former Chairman and Chief Executive of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB).

Rafael Moure-Eraso (born May 2, 1946) is a former Chairman and Chief Executive of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). == Early life == Moure-Eraso was born in Cali, Colombia, in 1946. He grew up in Bogotá where he was educated by Augustinian friars and at the University of Los Andes. == Education == He received his B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 1967 and M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from Bucknell University in 1970. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Cincinnati in Environmental Health-Industrial Hygiene in 1974 and 1982. == Career == For over 30 years, Moure-Eraso has been involved in workplace safety issues. Prior to joining the CSB Moure-Eraso served as a member of the National Advisory Committee on Occupational Health (NACOSH) for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and as a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Moure-Eraso has also worked as a chemical engineer for Rohm and Haas and the Dow Chemical Company. He was a faculty member at the University of Massachusetts Lowell for 22 years and chairman of the university's Department of Work Environment for 5 years. He has also served as an industrial hygienist engineer with the national offices of the United Automobile Workers union and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union. == Chemical Safety Board == Moure-Eraso was nominated by President Barack Obama to the U.S. Chemical Safety Board in March 2010 and confirmed by the Senate in June 2010. In March 2015, he was called to testify in front of the House Oversight Committee regarding the management of the Chemical Safety Board. Following that testimony fourteen members of the Committee issued a letter to the White House calling on the President to use his statutory authority to remove Moure-Eraso from his position as Chairman of the CSB. The letter cited a pattern of retaliation against whistleblowers, disenfranchisement of fellow board members, low morale in the organization, and possible violations of the Federal Records Act by using personal email accounts for official business. Moure-Eraso told the Los Angeles Times: "A lot of it is political. The mission of the organization is to produce good reports that make a difference for safety. We are doing that. I can show that we are producing the best reports ever produced in the agency. I stand by that. All of this other talk is peripheral... There have been a lot of accusations, but none of those have ever ended in any findings. The Office of Special Counsel has made no recommendations. Anybody can claim actions against whistleblowers, but there’s no evidence of this. To just say it is not enough. What I would like to be judged for is the quality of the product and the fulfillment of our mission. There will always be people complaining. But they are all rumors." He resigned his post on March 26, 2015.1

0.1914

Basel problem<EOT>Note that the coefficient of is . Remember that—it will return later! It turns out that this has zeros at , , and , as you can verify by plugging in those values for . By the Fundamental Theorem, this means it must be possible to factor this polynomial as For example, makes the term zero, and in general will make the term zero. Note how we also included a factor of , corresponding to the root at . We also have to include a constant factor of : this means that the coefficient of in the resulting sum (obtained by multiplying the leading by all the copies of ) will be , as it should be. Let’s think about what the coefficient of will be once this infinite product is completely distributed out and like degrees of are collected. The only way to get an term is by multiplying the initial by a single term of the form , and then a whole bunch of ’s. There is one way to do this for each possible . All told, then, we are going to have And now we’re almost done: recall that previously, by considering the MacLaurin series, we concluded that the coefficient of in is . But looking at it a different way, we have now concluded that the coefficient is . Setting these equal to each other, and dividing both sides by , we conclude that I believe that you have a typo in the equation after , in that you include the term and not . 1

Basel problem

The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734 and read on 5 December 1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since the problem had withstood the attacks of the leading mathematicians of the day, Euler's solution brought him immediate fame when he was twenty-eight. Euler generalised the problem considerably, and his ideas were taken up years later by Bernhard Riemann in his seminal 1859 paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude", in which he defined his zeta function and proved its basic properties. The problem is named after Basel, hometown of Euler as well as of the Bernoulli family who unsuccessfully attacked the problem. The Basel problem asks for the precise summation of the reciprocals of the squares of the natural numbers, i.e. the precise sum of the infinite series: . The sum of the series is approximately equal to 1.644934  A013661. The Basel problem asks for the exact sum of this series (in closed form), as well as a proof that this sum is correct. Euler found the exact sum to be and announced this discovery in 1735. His arguments were based on manipulations that were not justified at the time, although he was later proven correct, and it was not until 1741 that he was able to produce a truly rigorous proof.

The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734 and read on 5 December 1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since the problem had withstood the attacks of the leading mathematicians of the day, Euler's solution brought him immediate fame when he was twenty-eight. Euler generalised the problem considerably, and his ideas were taken up years later by Bernhard Riemann in his seminal 1859 paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude", in which he defined his zeta function and proved its basic properties. The problem is named after Basel, hometown of Euler as well as of the Bernoulli family who unsuccessfully attacked the problem. The Basel problem asks for the precise summation of the reciprocals of the squares of the natural numbers, i.e. the precise sum of the infinite series: . The sum of the series is approximately equal to 1.644934  A013661. The Basel problem asks for the exact sum of this series (in closed form), as well as a proof that this sum is correct. Euler found the exact sum to be and announced this discovery in 1735. His arguments were based on manipulations that were not justified at the time, although he was later proven correct, and it was not until 1741 that he was able to produce a truly rigorous proof. == Euler's approach == Euler's original derivation of the value essentially extended observations about finite polynomials and assumed that these same properties hold true for infinite series. Of course, Euler's original reasoning requires justification (100 years later, Karl Weierstrass proved that Euler's representation of the sine function as an infinite product is valid, by the Weierstrass factorization theorem), but even without justification, by simply obtaining the correct value, he was able to verify it numerically against partial sums of the series. The agreement he observed gave him sufficient confidence to announce his result to the mathematical community. To follow Euler's argument, recall the Taylor series expansion of the sine function Dividing through by x, we have Using the Weierstrass factorization theorem, it can also be shown that the left-hand side is the product of linear factors given by its roots, just as we do for finite polynomials (which Euler assumed, but is not always true): If we formally multiply out this product and collect all the x² terms (we are allowed to do so because of Newton's identities), we see that the x² coefficient of is But from the original infinite series expansion of , the coefficient of x² is − = −. These two coefficients must be equal; thus, Multiplying through both sides of this equation by −π² gives the sum of the reciprocals of the positive square integers. == The Riemann zeta function == The Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is one of the most important functions in mathematics, because of its relationship to the distribution of the prime numbers. The function is defined for any complex number s with real part greater than 1 by the following formula: Taking s = 2, we see that ζ(2) is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the squares of the positive integers: Convergence can be proven by the integral test, or via the following inequality: This gives us the upper bound 2, and because the infinite sum has no negative terms, it must converge to a value between 0 and 2. It can be shown that ζ(s) has a simple expression in terms of the Bernoulli numbers whenever s is a positive even integer. With s = 2n: == A rigorous proof using Fourier series == Use Parseval's identity (applied to the function f(x) = x) to obtain where for n ≠ 0, and c₀ = 0. Thus, and Therefore, as required. == A rigorous elementary proof == This is by far the most elementary well-known proof; while most proofs use results from advanced mathematics, such as Fourier analysis, complex analysis, and multivariable calculus, the following does not even require single-variable calculus (although a single limit is taken at the end). For a proof using the residue theorem, see the linked article. == History of this proof == The proof goes back to Augustin Louis Cauchy (Cours d'Analyse, 1821, Note VIII). In 1954, this proof appeared in the book of Akiva and Isaak Yaglom "Nonelementary Problems in an Elementary Exposition". Later, in 1982, it appeared in the journal Eureka, attributed to John Scholes, but Scholes claims he learned the proof from Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, and in any case he maintains the proof was "common knowledge at Cambridge in the late 1960s". == The proof == The main idea behind the proof is to bound the partial (finite) sums between two expressions, each of which will tend to as m approaches infinity. The two expressions are derived from identities involving the cotangent and cosecant functions. These identities are in turn derived from de Moivre's formula, and we now turn to establishing these identities. Let x be a real number with 0 < x < , and let n be a positive odd integer. Then from de Moivre's formula and the definition of the cotangent function, we have From the binomial theorem, we have (Here cotⁿ x is shorthand for (cot x)ⁿ, and similarly for other trigonometric functions.) Combining the two equations and equating imaginary parts gives the identity We take this identity, fix a positive integer m, set n = 2m + 1, and consider xᵣ = for r = 1, 2, …, m. Then nxᵣ is a multiple of π and therefore sin(nxᵣ) = 0. So, for every r = 1, 2, …, m. The values xᵣ = x₁, x₂, …, xₘ are distinct numbers in the interval 0 < xᵣ < . Since the function cot² x is one-to-one on this interval, the numbers tᵣ = cot² xᵣ are distinct for r = 1, 2, …, m. By the above equation, these m numbers are the roots of the mth degree polynomial By Vieta's formulas we can calculate the sum of the roots directly by examining the first two coefficients of the polynomial, and this comparison shows that Substituting the identity csc² x = cot² x + 1, we have Now consider the inequality cot² x < < csc² x (illustrated geometrically above). If we add up all these inequalities for each of the numbers xᵣ = , and if we use the two identities above, we get Multiplying through by ()2 , this becomes As m approaches infinity, the left and right hand expressions each approach , so by the squeeze theorem, and this completes the proof.1

0.1915

The American Males<EOT>1

The American Males

The American Males were a professional wrestling tag team in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) composed of Marcus Bagwell and Scotty Riggs. Their gimmick was of two "pretty boys" who were fond of their own bodies and popular with women. Riggs was Bagwell's third partner with whom he won the WCW World Tag Team Championship, the previous two being 2 Cold Scorpio and The Patriot. The American Males won the tag team title soon after they began teaming together but soon dropped the belts back to Harlem Heat, the previous champions. Bagwell and Riggs did not return to main-event status, and they eventually split up and feuded with each other.

The American Males were a professional wrestling tag team in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) composed of Marcus Bagwell and Scotty Riggs. Their gimmick was of two "pretty boys" who were fond of their own bodies and popular with women. Riggs was Bagwell's third partner with whom he won the WCW World Tag Team Championship, the previous two being 2 Cold Scorpio and The Patriot. The American Males won the tag team title soon after they began teaming together but soon dropped the belts back to Harlem Heat, the previous champions. Bagwell and Riggs did not return to main-event status, and they eventually split up and feuded with each other. == History == == Background == Marcus Bagwell had competed in the tag team division in WCW since 1993, during which time he held the WCW World Tag Team Championship with two different partners. Teaming with 2 Cold Scorpio, he held the title belts for three weeks. He later won the title twice more while teaming with The Patriot, a team that was dubbed Stars and Stripes due to the patriotic theme both wrestlers were using at the time. After being left behind by both partners, he expressed a desire to form a new tag team to challenge for the title again. According to WCW's storylines, his former partners believed that he was too demanding, and he was unable to find anyone interested in teaming with him due to his reputation as being "difficult to work with". == Formation == The team was formed in August 1995 when Scott Antol signed a WCW contract and was placed with "tag team specialist" Marcus Alexander Bagwell. In the process, both men changed their ring names, Antol changing his last name to "Riggs" and Bagwell shortening his name to simply Marcus Bagwell. Once together, they both wore short shorts and leather vests (later wrestling tights and suspenders) to the ring and began clapping their hands over their head in time with their entrance music, which sang their praises between choruses of the team name being repeated over and over. They wrestled on the first episode of Nitro, defeating World Tag Team Champions Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck in a non-title match. Their first major appearance together came at the Fall Brawl pay-per-view, where they defeated The Nasty Boys in a match that aired on Main Event. Pro Wrestling Illustrated magazine stated that the team "work[ed] well as a unit and could soon challenge for the belts". Bagwell commented on the team in a scripted interview, saying that he believed that his previous tag teams had failed because they were in a rush to win the title belts and that he planned to work slowly toward a title victory with Riggs. == World Tag Team Champions == On the episode of Nitro after Fall Brawl, Riggs and Bagwell won the World Tag Team Championship after defeating then-champions Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) in an upset win in an impromptu match. The American Males had been scheduled to face The Blue Bloods, but Harlem Heat attacked both members of the Blue Bloods prior to the match and volunteered to take their place. As champions, the pair defeated Harlem Heat and the team of Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck. However, Bagwell and Riggs lost the titles back to Harlem Heat one week later on Saturday Night. The American Males remained top challengers for the title belts for the rest of 1995 but were unable to regain the championship from Harlem Heat. By the end of 1995, The American Males were no longer being pushed by WCW; they competed at Starrcade 1995 in a dark match and defeated The Blue Bloods. Through most of 1996, they competed in the tag team division with no major storylines and never reached the same heights as when they were champions. They were able to defeat other mid-card teams like the Faces of Fear, and they competed in a dark match prior to Slamboree 1996, defeating The Shark and Maxx. They were consistently defeated by the company's top tag teams, and Pro Wrestling Illustrated noted that they were getting lost in a "very deep" tag team division that included The Road Warriors, Public Enemy, Harlem Heat, The Nasty Boys, the Blue Bloods, Lex Luger and Sting, Four Horsemen, The Steiner Brothers, and The Outsiders, among others. In October 1996, the team began showing signs of splitting, which intensified over the weeks. At World War 3 on November 24, 1996, the frustration came to a head as Bagwell attacked Riggs following both men's elimination from the three-ring battle royal that served as the main event. The next night on Nitro Eric Bischoff, representing the New World Order (nWo) stable, informed all WCW wrestlers that they would become targets of the nWo if they did not join the group within 30 days. Bagwell and Riggs walked to the ring shortly after Bischoff's statement, with Bagwell looking to join and Riggs trying to talk him out of it. Bagwell decided to join the nWo, turning on Riggs and dissolving the team in the process. In a scripted interview, Bagwell stated, "Who needs Riggs anymore when I have the nWo?!" He also later stated that the team's lack of success after their first title reign was the fault of Riggs' ineptitude, stating "I couldn't make up for all his weaknesses." == Split == Following the breakup, the former partners feuded for a while with Bagwell getting the better of Riggs. Riggs would go on to briefly feud with Raven, later joining The Flock, while Bagwell formed Vicious and Delicious with Scott Norton before suffering a severe neck injury that kept him out of action for a while. Bagwell later returned to WCW, teaming with Shane Douglas to win another tag team championship. After losing the championship, he formed another tag team, pairing with Lex Luger to form Totally Buffed. In 2000, when Riggs joined Extreme Championship Wrestling, he did a parody of the American Males gimmick by calling himself "The U.S. Male" and using their overhead clap taunt. == Championships and accomplishments == World Championship Wrestling WCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time)1

0.1916

Wesfarmers<EOT>1

Wesfarmers

Wesfarmers Limited is an Australian conglomerate, headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, with interests predominantly in Australian and New Zealand retail, chemicals, fertilisers, coal mining and industrial and safety products. With AU$65.98 billion in the 2016 financial year, it is the largest Australian company by revenue, overtaking Woolworths and BHP Billiton. Wesfarmers is the largest private employer in Australia, with approximately 205,000 employees. Wesfarmers was founded in 1914 as a co-operative to provide services and merchandise to Western Australian farmers. It was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in 1984 and grew into a major retail conglomerate.

Wesfarmers Limited is an Australian conglomerate, headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, with interests predominantly in Australian and New Zealand retail, chemicals, fertilisers, coal mining and industrial and safety products. With AU$65.98 billion in the 2016 financial year, it is the largest Australian company by revenue, overtaking Woolworths and BHP Billiton. Wesfarmers is the largest private employer in Australia, with approximately 205,000 employees. Wesfarmers was founded in 1914 as a co-operative to provide services and merchandise to Western Australian farmers. It was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in 1984 and grew into a major retail conglomerate. == History == Westralian Farmers Co‐operative Limited was formed in 1914 as a cooperative company by the Farmers' and Settlers' Association of Western Australia, to acquire the assets of the West Australian Producers' Union, to be focused on the provision of services and merchandise to the Western Australian rural community. By 1919 more than 65 local co-operative companies were acting as agents for Westralian Farmers Limited. In 1924, it established the first public radio station in Western Australia with 6WF before it passed into the hands of the Australian Broadcasting Commission in 1929. By the 1940s the company's business included "being wheat and general merchants; country distribution for Commonwealth Oil Refineries Ltd; wool, live stock, skin and produce auctioneers; grain & fruit exporters; insurance underwriters; acquiring agents for the wheat pool of W.A." Known as Westralian Farmers Limited, it had premises in various locations within the Perth central business district. In the 1940s there were premises at 563-571 Wellington Street. They also had premises in Newman Street in Fremantle. In 1984 Westralian Farmers Co-operative Limited formed Wesfarmers Limited, restructuring from a co-operative to a public company and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange on 15 November 1984. Initially the Co-operative retained 60% of the ordinary shares, guaranteeing that the co-op's farmer members retained control, and the rest were distributed to its members. In 1991, 19 m³ of the records of Westralian Farmers Co-operative were deposited with the J S Battye Library in Perth. == Rural business, Dalgety Farmers and Wesfarmers Landmark == Bought in January 1993 the integration of Dalgety Farmers with Wesfarmers proved more difficult than expected. For a time the merged rural agency and merchandise business was Wesfarmers Dalgety until renamed Wesfarmers Landmark in March 2001 after IAMA Limited was brought in. Landmark, Wesfarmers foundation business, was sold to AWB Limited (originally the Australia Wheat Board) in August 2003. == Bunnings == An initial investment in 10 per cent of Bunnings in February 1987 reached full ownership in January 1994. UK retailer Homebase was bought in February 2016 and Britain's first Bunnings store opened twelve months later in February 2017. == Australian Railroad Group == Begun in a joint venture with Genesee & Wyoming by the purchase of Westrail at the beginning of 2000 Australian Railroad Group was sold in 2006 to Babcock & Brown and Queensland Rail. == End of co-operative ownership == In 2001 Wesfarmers become a freely-traded publicly listed company with open ownership. After becoming a public company, Wesfarmers diversified its interests by acquiring other businesses. == Divisions == == Coles == On 2 July 2007, Wesfarmers announced it was purchasing the Coles Group retail business for A$22 billion making it the largest successful take-over in Australian corporate history. Wesfarmers took control of Coles on 23 November 2007, after paying almost A$20 billion for the company. Wesfarmers had already purchased 13 per cent of the retailer in April. Coles is a national supermarket, liquor, fuel and convenience retailer in Australia. As of September 2013, Coles operates 756 full-service supermarkets, 810 liquor outlets, 92 hotels, and 636 fuel and convenience stores. Coles employs more than 105,000 staff. Coles' businesses include Coles Supermarkets, Coles Online, Coles Express, Vintage Cellars, 1st Choice Liquor Superstore, BI-LO, Coles Financial Services and Liquorland. == Home Improvement and Office Supplies == This division is made up of Bunnings Warehouse, a retailer of home improvement and outdoor living products, servicing home and commercial customers in Australia and New Zealand, and Officeworks, a retailer and supplier of office products for home, business and education in Australia. There are 210 Bunnings "warehouse" (larger) stores, 67 Bunnings small format stores, 36 Bunnings Trade centres and 150 Officeworks stores. Bunnings employs more than 33,000 staff and Officeworks employs more than 6,000 staff. In January 2016, Home Retail Group accepted an offer from Wesfarmers to acquire the British home improvement retailer and garden centre Homebase. Homebase stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland will reportedly be rebranded as Bunnings as part of the takeover. == Department Stores == In February 2016, Wesfarmers announced a restructure of its department store businesses into a single division named Department Stores, with each brand continuing to operate independently. == Kmart == Kmart is a discount department store retailer in Australia and New Zealand, and a provider of retail automotive services, repairs and tyres in Australia. Kmart has 190 Kmart stores and 263 Kmart Tyre & Auto Service centres. Kmart employs more than 31,000 staff. == Target == Target is a department store retailer in Australia. Target has 183 Target stores and 125 Target Country stores. Target employs more than 24,000 staff. In 2014, Wesfarmers was forced to write-down the value of Target by $680 million because of a fall in the company's profits. == Industrials == In August 2015, Wesfarmers announced an organisational restructure to cluster its three industrial businesses, Chemicals, Energy and Fertilisers (WesCEF); Resources; and Industrial and Safety (WIS) into a single, new Industrials division. == Chemicals, Energy & Fertilisers == Wesfarmers Chemicals, Energy & Fertilisers (WesCEF) produces and markets chemicals, fertilisers and gas products. WesCEF has ammonia and ammonium nitrate production facilities in Western Australia, 50% of QNP ammonium nitrate production facilities in Queensland, sodium cyanide production facilities in Western Australia, PVC resin and specialty chemicals production facilities in Victoria, LPG and LNG distribution across Australia with LPG and LNG production facilities in Western Australia and fertiliser production and importation facilities in Western Australia. WesCEF employs more than 1,500 staff. WesCEF businesses include CSBP, Australian Vinyls, AGR, QNP, Evol LNG, Kleenheat and Modwood. == Resources == Wesfarmers Resources owns and operates world-scale open-cut coal producing resources in Australia, and has Curragh in Queensland which produces metallurgical coal for export and steaming coal for domestic power generation and 40% of Bengalla in New South Wales, which is operated by Coal & Allied and produces export steaming coal for Asia. Wesfarmers Resources employs more than 650 staff. == Industrial and Safety == Wesfarmers Industrial and Safety provides industrial and safety products and services in Australia and New Zealand. On 1 December 2014, Wesfamers Industrial and Safety completed the acquisition of the Workwear Group of Pacific Brands Limited. Wesfarmers Industrial and Safety businesses include Blackwoods, NZ Safety, Bullivants, Coregas, Blackwoods Protector, Safety Source, Total Fasteners, Packaging House, King Gee, Hard Yakka, Stubbies and GotStock. == Other activities == Wesfarmers has a 50% interest in investment house Gresham Partners plus interests in Gresham Private Equity Funds, 50% interest in Wespine, a plantation softwood sawmill in Dardanup and a 24% interest in BWP Trust which mainly owns Bunnings Warehouses tenanted by Bunnings Group Limited. == Other businesses == Wesfarmers has 100% interest in many other subsidiaries across Australia, New Zealand, India, New Caledonia, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Indonesia, China, Bermuda and Singapore. These include BBC Hardware, Coles Ansett Travel, Coles Group Superannuation Fund, Coles Property Management, Comnet, Fosseys, Grocery Holdings Pty Ltd, Harris Technology, Howard Smith, Katies Fashions, Loyalty Pacific, Masters Home Improvement New Zealand, Morley Shopping Centre, now.com.au, Theo's Liquor, Tooronga Shopping Centre, Tyremaster, Viking Direct and World 4 Kids. == Former interests == == Insurance == On 16 June 2014, Wesfarmers completed the sale of its insurance broking and premium funding operations, including OAMPS Insurance Brokers in Australia, OAMPS UK, Crombie Lockwood in New Zealand, Lumley Finance and Monument Premium Financing to Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. On 30 June 2014, Wesfarmers completed the sale of its insurance underwriting operations, including the WFI and Lumley brands, to the Insurance Australia Group. == Company executives == Chairmen 1914–1916: Deane Hammond 1916–1921: Matthew Padbury 1921–1953: Walter Harper 1953–1965: Ernest Thorley Loton 1965–1975: Walter Crosse 1975–1982: Maurice Clayton 1983–1986: Marcus Beeck 1986–2002: Harry Perkins 2002–2007: Trevor Eastwood 2008–2015: Bob Every 2015–present: Michael Chaney Chief executives / general managers / managing directors 1917–1925: Basil Murray 1925–1957: John Thomson 1958–1973: Keith Edwards 1974–1984: John Bennison 1984–1992: Trevor Eastwood 1992–2005: Michael Chaney 2005–2017: Richard Goyder 2017-Present: Rob Scott1

0.1917

Albert Cooper (soccer)<EOT>1

Albert Cooper (soccer)

Albert Cooper Jr. (February 23, 1904, in the Vincetown section of Southampton Township, New Jersey – December 1993) was a former U.S. soccer goalkeeper. Cooper earned two cap with the U.S. national team in 1928. The first came at the 1928 Summer Olympics when the U.S. lost to Argentina 11-2. Following this loss, the U.S. tied Poland, 3-3, on June 10, 1928. At the time of the Olympics, he played for Trenton F.C.1

Albert Cooper Jr. (February 23, 1904, in the Vincetown section of Southampton Township, New Jersey – December 1993) was a former U.S. soccer goalkeeper. Cooper earned two cap with the U.S. national team in 1928. The first came at the 1928 Summer Olympics when the U.S. lost to Argentina 11-2. Following this loss, the U.S. tied Poland, 3-3, on June 10, 1928. At the time of the Olympics, he played for Trenton F.C.1

0.1918

Teignbridge Hundred<EOT>1

Teignbridge Hundred

Teignbridge Hundred was the name of one of thirty two ancient administrative units of Devon, England. The parishes in the hundred were: Ashburton, Bickington, Bovey Tracey, Hennock, Highweek, Ideford, Ilsington, Kingsteignton, Lustleigh, Manaton, Moretonhampstead, North Bovey and Teigngrace1

Teignbridge Hundred was the name of one of thirty two ancient administrative units of Devon, England. The parishes in the hundred were: Ashburton, Bickington, Bovey Tracey, Hennock, Highweek, Ideford, Ilsington, Kingsteignton, Lustleigh, Manaton, Moretonhampstead, North Bovey and Teigngrace1

0.1919

Luna Torres v. Lynch<EOT>The Supreme Court affirmed. Writing for the Court, Justice Kagan23× 23. Justice Kagan was joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, and Alito. held that a state offense is an aggravated felony if it is an element-for-element match with a federal offense “in all ways but one” — namely, if the state offense lacks a federal jurisdictional hook.24× 24. Luna Torres, 136 S. Ct. at 1623. The Court started with the INA’s plain text: “The term ‘aggravated felony’ means . . . an offense described in” the federal arson statute.25× 25. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E) (2012). The word “described” could mean “set forth,” requiring the state offense to include every single element of the federal law.26× 26. Luna Torres, 136 S. Ct. at 1625. But it could also have a “looser meaning,” requiring the state statute to contain only the federal law’s “core, substantive elements.”27× 27. Id. The “bare term,” read in isolation, couldn’t get the Court to a holding.28× 28. Id. at 1625–26. So the Court relied on two “contextual considerations” instead.29× 29. Id. at 1626. The first context clue was the end of the INA’s aggravated felony list: “The term [aggravated felony] applies to an offense described in this paragraph whether in violation of Federal or State law . . . .”30× 30. Id. (alteration in original) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)). This was Congress’s way of saying that a criminal law’s source was “irrelevant.”31× 31. Id. Meanwhile, a strict “jot-for-jot” approach, disqualifying state offenses simply for lacking federal jurisdictional hooks, would produce “upside-down” results.32× 32. Id. at 1627–28. About half of the federal predicates in the aggravated felony list contain jurisdictional elements, meaning that almost no conviction under state law would ever be “described in” these predicates.33× 33. Id. at 1627. Worse yet, the crime’s gravity has no bearing on whether the federal predicate contains a jurisdictional element. The predicates for kidnapping and child pornography have jurisdictional hooks (and thus would not “describe” state convictions for those offenses), while predicates for forgery and possessing a firearm without a serial number have no jurisdictional hook (and thus would “describe” state convictions).34× 34. See id. at 1628. In other words, the “gravest” state crimes would not be aggravated felonies, but “comparatively minor” state crimes would.35× 35. Id. The jot-for-jot reading therefore contravened the first context clue’s core message: “[T]he national, local, or foreign character of a crime has no bearing on whether it is grave enough to warrant an alien’s automatic removal.”36× 36. Id. at 1629. <doc-sep> The definition of “aggravated felony” has 28 subsections with a list of around 80 offenses that qualify as aggravated felonies. Some of the offenses refer to specific federal statutes, other offenses are “generic,” such as burglary, which the statute defines as a “burglary offense for which the term of imprisonment [sic] at least one year.” The government argued that Mr. Luna, the petitioner in Torres, committed an offense “described in . . . section 844(i) of [Title 18].” INA § 101(a)(43)(i). After the section lists several more offenses, the penultimate sentence of the section states “[t]he term [aggravated felony] applies to an offense described in this paragraph whether in violation of Federal or State law and applies to such an offense in violation of the law of a foreign country[.]” The New York statute setting forth Mr. Luna’s conviction provides “A person is guilty of arson in the third degree when he intentionally damages a building or motor vehicle by starting a fire or causing an explosion.” The federal arson statute, 18 U.S.C. § 844(i), to which the INA referred, provides “[w]hoever maliciously . . . attempts to damage or destroy, by means of fire or an explosive, any building, vehicle, or other real or personal property used in interstate or foreign commerce or in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce shall be imprisoned for not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years, fined under this title, or both.” As Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justices Breyer and Thomas, wrote in the dissent, “[t]here is one more element in the federal offense than in the state offense . . . the interstate or foreign commerce element. Luna thus was not convicted of an offense ‘described in’ the federal statute. Case closed.” 1

Luna Torres v. Lynch

Luna Torres v. Lynch, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that section 1101(a)(43) of the federal Immigration and Nationality Act, which includes "aggravated felony" as a possible reason for deporting a non-citizen, can include state offenses, if all of the elements of the federal crime are met with the exception of being related to interstate or foreign commerce.

Luna Torres v. Lynch, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that section 1101(a)(43) of the federal Immigration and Nationality Act, which includes "aggravated felony" as a possible reason for deporting a non-citizen, can include state offenses, if all of the elements of the federal crime are met with the exception of being related to interstate or foreign commerce. == Background == George Luna was convicted of arson and sentenced to one day in prison and five years of probation. Seven years following, immigration officials sought to have Luna removed from the country for his "aggravated felony" under the Immigration and Nationality Act. == Opinion of the Court == Associate Justice Elena Kagan authored a 5–3 decision.1

0.1920

Marlton House<EOT>1

Marlton House

Marlton House, or the Hotel Marlton as it was known for most of its existence, is located at 5 West 8th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It is notable for having housed many famous artistic figures, especially during the peak of the area's bohemian scene. Since 1987, The New School has leased the building as a dormitory, housing primarily sophomore, junior and senior students enrolled at Parsons The New School for Design, Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts, Mannes College of Music, and the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music. It is the New School's oldest dormitory in continuous use. The Marlton Hotel was built in 1900 and, for much of its existence, served as a single room occupancy (SRO) hotel for mostly transient guests. However, many guests stayed for months or years at a time. Because of its location in the Village's cultural community as well as its relative affordability, the Marlton Hotel became popular amongst struggling actors, poets and artists looking for work in the city.

Marlton House, or the Hotel Marlton as it was known for most of its existence, is located at 5 West 8th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It is notable for having housed many famous artistic figures, especially during the peak of the area's bohemian scene. Since 1987, The New School has leased the building as a dormitory, housing primarily sophomore, junior and senior students enrolled at Parsons The New School for Design, Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts, Mannes College of Music, and the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music. It is the New School's oldest dormitory in continuous use. The Marlton Hotel was built in 1900 and, for much of its existence, served as a single room occupancy (SRO) hotel for mostly transient guests. However, many guests stayed for months or years at a time. Because of its location in the Village's cultural community as well as its relative affordability, the Marlton Hotel became popular amongst struggling actors, poets and artists looking for work in the city. == Notable guests of the hotel == Writers The Marlton Hotel attracted many writers and poets, most notably members of the Beat Generation, attracted to Marlton's location in the vibrant creative community of Greenwich Village. Jack Kerouac wrote The Subterraneans and Tristessa while living at the Marlton Hotel. Gregory Corso Neil Cassady Carolyn Cassady Delmore Schwartz Edna St. Vincent Millay Valerie Solanas, perhaps most famous (or infamous) for shooting Andy Warhol (memorialized many years later in the film I Shot Andy Warhol), lived in room 214 at the time she shot Warhol in 1968. Actors Lillian Gish lived in room 408, described by Albert Bigelow Paine in 1932 as a "tiny room" she stayed in to save money, in which she "cooked tinned things and tea using a sterno lamp" in 1913. John Barrymore Kay Francis Maggie Smith John Neville Claire Bloom Julie Andrews Mickey Rourke John Lithgow Others Galo Plaza, a revered South American politician who once served as the President of Ecuador, was born at the Marlton Hotel in 1906 to his diplomat parents. Isabel Dutaud Nagle, the muse, model and wife of sculptor Gaston Lachaise stayed at the Hotel Marlton when she came to visit Lachaise in New York. She was recorded there in 1915, and wrote many poems over the years on Hotel Marlton stationary. Lenny Bruce, the noted and controversial comedian, lived at the Marlton Hotel during his widely publicized six-month trial for obscenity in 1964. Carmen McRae, American jazz singer Ron Gorchov, American artist Miriam Makeba Hannah Hooper, vocalist and keyboardist in the rock band Grouplove == Redevelopment == In 2012, BD Hotels in partnership with Sean McPherson purchased the Marlton House with the intention of restoring the historic property and operating it as a mid-range boutique in the spirit of its original beatnik brand. Richard Born, a principal of BD Hotels says the hotel will have a bar and restaurant component and will not be "terribly pricey". The hotel reopened in September 2013.1

0.1921

British Journal of Politics and International Relations<EOT>1

British Journal of Politics and International Relations

The British Journal of Politics and International Relations is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Political Studies Association. It was established in 1999. Until 2016, the journal was published by Wiley-Blackwell. As of February 2015, its editors-in-chief are John Peterson and Alan Convery (University of Edinburgh). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.423, ranking it 41st out of 163 journals in the category "Political Science" and 21st out of 86 journals in the category "International Relations".1

The British Journal of Politics and International Relations is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Political Studies Association. It was established in 1999. Until 2016, the journal was published by Wiley-Blackwell. As of February 2015, its editors-in-chief are John Peterson and Alan Convery (University of Edinburgh). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.423, ranking it 41st out of 163 journals in the category "Political Science" and 21st out of 86 journals in the category "International Relations".1

0.1922

Art Nehf<EOT>Rose Hulman has developed into a nationally ranked program competing against some of the largest universities in the nation. They are a member of the Western Intercollegiate Rifle Conference. They have had two coaches, Kenny Hitt and James Mills earn coach of the year honors. . 1

Art Nehf

Arthur Neukom Nehf (July 31, 1892 – December 18, 1960) was an American baseball pitcher. He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Boston Braves (1915–1919), New York Giants (1919–1926), Cincinnati Reds (1926–1927), and the Chicago Cubs (1927–1929). He was left-handed, 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and 176 pounds when he made his debut in 1915.

Arthur Neukom Nehf (July 31, 1892 – December 18, 1960) was an American baseball pitcher. He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Boston Braves (1915–1919), New York Giants (1919–1926), Cincinnati Reds (1926–1927), and the Chicago Cubs (1927–1929). He was left-handed, 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and 176 pounds when he made his debut in 1915. == Early life == Nehf was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, and attended the Rose Polytechnic Institute in Terre Haute. His parents were Charles T. Nehf and Wilhelmina Neukom. Art married Elizabeth B. May on November 1, 1916. == Career overview == Besides finishing with a 184–120 record and a 3.20 ERA in 451 games, Nehf had 182 complete games and 28 shutouts (30 including postseason) in 319 starts. He had 13 career saves and also picked up a total of 844 strike outs in 2707 and 2/3 innings pitched. Some years, he pitched as a starter only, and some as a relief pitcher and a starter, but he was always solid in both roles, earning a reputation around the majors as an always-consistent pitcher. == Batting == Nehf had a .210 career batting average with 8 home runs and 76 RBIs. Of his 8 home runs, 2 came in one game in 1924. It was his only multiple home run season. Art Nehf was the last pitcher to have 3 hits in a World Series Game (Game 1~October 4, 1924) until Orel Hershiser tied that record in 1988. == Major league career == == Braves == Nehf came up with the Braves in 1915, and frequented the leaderboards throughout his time with them; he led the league in complete games with 28 in 1918, and showed up in the top 10 in wins, three times, including the year that he was traded to the Giants mid-season. In 1917, Nehf had what is generally thought of as his best season with the Braves, when he went 17-8 with a 2.16 ERA, pitching very consistently, and completing 17 of his 23 starts, with five shutouts, while also finishing seven games on the year. He also had his career-high in strike outs that year with 101, the only time he had more than 100 strike outs. == Giants == Nehf was traded to the Giants for four players and cash on August 15, 1919. He won a career-high 21 games in 1920, his first full year with the Giants. Nehf pitched in four consecutive World Series with the Giants: 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924. He was the last man to win back to back clinching games in the World Series in 1921 and 1922. In 1924, he defeated Walter Johnson in 12 innings in the WS opener, but the Giants lost to the Washington Senators that year. The Giants won in 1921 and 1922 with the help of Nehf, who had an all-time World Series record of 4–4 with an ERA of 2.16 in twelve games, and nine starts, with six complete games. He had 28 strikeouts all-time in the World Series. Nehf also participated in the 1929 World Series with the Cubs in his last year, as the Cubs lost to the Philadelphia Athletics. == Reds and Cubs == Nehf won 107 games with the Giants, while he lost only 60. After many solid, and sometimes great, seasons with the Giants and then being traded to Cincinnati, and then to Chicago, most thought Nehf's career was virtually over. But he managed to put up one more very good year in 1928 with the Cubs. He went 13-7 with a still very low, 2.65 ERA. That year, he was also involved in a very strange and controversial play against his former team, the Giants. With the Giants in a tight pennant race against the St. Louis Cardinals, their loss in the 1st game of a doubleheader on September 27, 1928, was made all the more controversial. New York's Shanty Hogan hit a ball back to Nehf who threw to third base to get the runner, but the runner Andy Reese was off with the crack of the bat and was already at home plate, knocking over catcher Gabby Hartnett. Hartnett grabbed the runner to keep from falling, and as Hartnett held him, Reese was tagged out by the Cubs third baseman. The Giants bench erupted, but umpire Bill Klem ruled Reese out. The subsequent protest was turned down despite clear pictures showing Reese being held back. The Giants went on to lose the pennant to the Cards by two games. Coincidentally, the Cubs were two games behind that. Nehf also was involved in one of the strangest innings in World Series history. Charlie Root was the Cubs' starting pitcher for Game 4 of the 1929 World Series at Shibe Park and was cruising along with an 8-0 lead against the Philadelphia Athletics. In the seventh inning, Nehf was brought in from the bullpen after the Athletics cut the lead to 8-4. The first batter he faced, Mule Haas, hit a fly ball that Hack Wilson lost in the sun. It ended up a three-run inside-the-park homer for Haas, and the A's went on to a 10-run inning. The Cubs lost the game 10-8 and lost the World Series two days later. == Post-playing life == Nehf died of cancer in his home in Phoenix, Arizona in 1960. == Highlights == Top 5 in the National League in ERA, twice (1922, 28), and in the top 10 one more time (1917) Top 10 in wins, six times (1917, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) Top 10 in winning percentage, six times (1917, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28) Led the league in complete games in 1918 (28), and made the top 10, four more times (1919, 20, 21, 22) Top 10 in strike outs, twice (1918, 24), and top 10 in strikeouts per nine innings, twice (1924, 25) As a Giant, held the record for postseason consecutive road scoreless innings pitched at 22 2/3rds for 90 years – broken by Giant Madison Bumgarner in the 2014 NLCS Winning pitcher in final game of both the 1921 & 1922 World Series == Honors == The varsity baseball field at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (formerly Rose Polytechnic Institute) is named in Nehf's honor. Art Nehf Field has served as the site for the 2005 and 2006 NCAA Division III Mideast Regional. Inducted into Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, (the 11th group)1

0.1923

R. H. Mathews<EOT>1

R. H. Mathews

Robert Hamilton Mathews (1841–1918) was an Australian surveyor and self-taught anthropologist who studied the Aboriginal cultures of Australia, especially those of Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland. He was a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales and a corresponding member of the Anthropological Institute of London (later the Royal Anthropological Institute). Mathews had no academic qualifications and received no university backing for his research. Mathews supported himself and his family from investments made during his lucrative career as a licensed surveyor. He was in his early fifties when he began the investigations of Aboriginal society that would dominate the last 25 years of his life. During this period he published 171 works of anthropology running to approximately 2200 pages. Mathews enjoyed friendly relations with Aboriginal communities in many parts of south-east Australia. Marginalia in a book owned by Mathews suggest that Aboriginal people gave him the nickname Birrarak, a term used in the Gippsland region of Victoria to describe persons who communicated with the spirits of the deceased, from whom they learned dances and songs. Mathews won some support for his studies outside Australia. Edwin Sidney Hartland, Arnold van Gennep and Andrew Lang were among his admirers. Lang regarded him as the most lucid and 'well informed writer on the various divisions which regulate the marriages of the Australian tribes.' Despite endorsement abroad, Mathews was an isolated and maligned figure in his own country. Within the small and competitive anthropological scene in Australia his work was disputed and he fell into conflict with some prominent contemporaries, particularly Walter Baldwin Spencer and Alfred William Howitt. This affected Mathews’ reputation and his contribution as a founder of Australian anthropology has until recently been recognised only among specialists in Aboriginal studies. In 1987 Mathews’ notebooks and original papers were donated to the National Library of Australia by his granddaughter-in-law Janet Mathews. The availability of the Robert Hamilton Mathews papers has allowed greater understanding of his working methods and opened access to significant data that were never published. Mathews' work is now used as a resource by anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, linguists, heritage consultants and by members of descendant Aboriginal communities.

Robert Hamilton Mathews (1841–1918) was an Australian surveyor and self-taught anthropologist who studied the Aboriginal cultures of Australia, especially those of Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland. He was a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales and a corresponding member of the Anthropological Institute of London (later the Royal Anthropological Institute). Mathews had no academic qualifications and received no university backing for his research. Mathews supported himself and his family from investments made during his lucrative career as a licensed surveyor. He was in his early fifties when he began the investigations of Aboriginal society that would dominate the last 25 years of his life. During this period he published 171 works of anthropology running to approximately 2200 pages. Mathews enjoyed friendly relations with Aboriginal communities in many parts of south-east Australia. Marginalia in a book owned by Mathews suggest that Aboriginal people gave him the nickname Birrarak, a term used in the Gippsland region of Victoria to describe persons who communicated with the spirits of the deceased, from whom they learned dances and songs. Mathews won some support for his studies outside Australia. Edwin Sidney Hartland, Arnold van Gennep and Andrew Lang were among his admirers. Lang regarded him as the most lucid and 'well informed writer on the various divisions which regulate the marriages of the Australian tribes.' Despite endorsement abroad, Mathews was an isolated and maligned figure in his own country. Within the small and competitive anthropological scene in Australia his work was disputed and he fell into conflict with some prominent contemporaries, particularly Walter Baldwin Spencer and Alfred William Howitt. This affected Mathews’ reputation and his contribution as a founder of Australian anthropology has until recently been recognised only among specialists in Aboriginal studies. In 1987 Mathews’ notebooks and original papers were donated to the National Library of Australia by his granddaughter-in-law Janet Mathews. The availability of the Robert Hamilton Mathews papers has allowed greater understanding of his working methods and opened access to significant data that were never published. Mathews' work is now used as a resource by anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, linguists, heritage consultants and by members of descendant Aboriginal communities. == Family Background == Robert Hamilton Mathews was the third of five children in a family of Irish Protestants. His elder siblings Jane and William were born in Ulster prior to the family's flight from Ireland in 1839. Robert and his younger sisters Matilda and Annie were born in New South Wales. Before they emigrated, Mathews’ father, William Mathews (1798–1866), was the principal co-proprietor of Lettermuck Mill, a small papermaking business near the village of Claudy in County Londonderry. The other partners were his three brothers, Robert, Hamilton and Samuel Mathews. When first established by Robert's grandfather (also named William Mathews), Lettermuck was a successful business. Changes in papermaking technology, combined with the introduction of the Paper Excise to Ireland in 1798, adversely affected profitability. Many Irish papermakers made efforts to evade the tax on paper and the Mathews family became 'notorious for crimes against the Excise'. They were regularly summoned before the Court of the Exchequer to answer charges of avoidance. Between 1820 and 1826 penalties of £3,300 were imposed on William Mathews, none of which he paid. Hostile relations developed between the Mathewses and the Excise officers who regularly inspected their business. In 1833 an Excise officer named James Lampen disappeared, having last been seen entering the Lettermuck premises. A witness heard the discharge of a firearm according to a newspaper report. In March 1833 Robert’s father, William Mathews, his three uncles and a journeyman employed in the mill were arrested for Lampen’s murder. They were incarcerated until May that year when the charges were dropped, reportedly because of the disappearance of a key witness and the failure to find a body, despite a substantial search. It was believed within and outside the Excise office that the Mathewses were guilty of murder. From the time of the brothers’ release, Excise officers, protected by an armed guard, monitored the mill around the clock. Prevented from trading illegally, the business collapsed and eventually all the brothers emigrated to various destinations. In later years, bodies were exhumed from bog near the mill, thought to belong to Lampen and an itinerant worker in the paper industry. This raises the possibility that R. H. Mathews’ father and uncles were involved in a double homicide. Penniless after the collapse of the business, William Mathews and his wife Jane (née Holmes) falsified their ages so as to qualify for assisted migration to New South Wales. In the company of R. H. Mathews’ two elder siblings, they arrived in Sydney on the Westminster in early 1840. William Mathews found labouring work for the family of John Macarthur (wool pioneer) at Camden, New South Wales and shepherded at another of their properties, Richlands near Taralga. They seem to have been itinerant for some years. R. H. Mathews was born at Narellan, southwest of Sydney, on 21 April 1841. The family's fortunes improved when they acquired a farm of 220 acres at Mutbilly near the present village of Breadalbane, New South Wales in the Southern Tablelands. Goulburn is the nearest city. == Early life == In explaining his success in working with Aboriginal people, Mathews claimed that 'black children were among my earliest playmates'. This could refer to the family's time at Richlands where William Mathews worked as a shepherd, as did several Aboriginal men from the area. At Mutbilly the family lived on territory that R. H. Mathews later identified as the traditional country of the Gandangara people (also spelled Gundungurra). Mathews' father was, according to his grandson William Washington Mathews, a 'broken man' by the time they settled at Mutbilly. He had sectarian disputes with Roman Catholic neighbours and was several times prosecuted for minor assaults against them. R. H. Mathews and his younger siblings were educated by his father and at times by a private tutor. Occasional visits by large survey teams inspired Mathews’ interest in his future profession. After his father’s death in 1866, he became an assistant to surveyor John W. Deering in 1866–67. He later trained with surveyors Thomas Kennedy and George Jamieson and in 1870 he passed the government-run examination to become a licensed surveyor. == Career as a Surveyor == As a licensed surveyor in colonial New South Wales, Mathews was entitled to do government work that fell within his assigned district while also maintaining a private practice. His earnings were considerable, and rapidly eclipsed the salary of the colony’s Surveyor-General. In the 1870s Mathews was posted successively to the districts of Deepwater, New South Wales, Goondiwindi and Biamble. In 1880 he was posted to Singleton, New South Wales in the Hunter Region. As a surveyor he had many opportunities to meet Aboriginal people and he employed at least one, the Kamilaroi man Jimmy Nerang, in his survey team. Mathews joined the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1875 but never published in the society’s journal until he took up anthropology in 1893. Private correspondence shows that he collected some linguistic data and artefacts during his early days as a surveyor. Mathews married Mary Sylvester Bartlett of Tamworth in 1872. They had seven children, two of whom became prominent later in life. Their first-born Hamilton Bartlett Mathews (1873–1959) served as Surveyor-General of New South Wales. Gregory Macalister Mathews CBE (1876–1849), their third child, won international renown as an ornithologist. He donated his outstanding collection of Australian books to the National Library of Australia. His collection of bird skins, sold to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild in the 1920s, is in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. After two years in Singleton Mathews resigned from his post as a licensed surveyor. From that time his surveying was confined to a part-time practice. From May 1882 until March 1883 Robert and Mary made a world tour, visiting the United States, Britain and possibly Europe. In Ireland, Mathews visited his parents’ village of Claudy, seemingly unaware that his father had been suspected of involvement in the murder of James Lampen. == Legal career == Mathews was appointed a justice of the peace for the colonies of Queensland and South Australia in 1875 and for New South Wales in 1883. This allowed him to serve as a magistrate in local courts. He did this regularly after he moved to Singleton where he also served as district coroner. This experience inspired his first publication, Handbook to Magisterial Inquiries in New South Wales: Being a Practical Guide for Justices of the Peace in Holding Inquiries in Lieu of Inquests (1888). When Mathews became interested in anthropology, he found his status as a magistrate advantageous. Contacts in the police force supplied information on Aboriginal ceremonies while others informed him about the location of potential informants or collected data on his behalf. Mathews’ coronial work exposed him to the sufferings of Aboriginal people in the districts around Singleton. He officiated at the magisterial inquiry into the death of a Singleton Aborigine known as Dick who died of malnutrition and exposure in 1886. James S. White, the minister of the Singleton Presbyterian Church where Mathews worshipped, was an active campaigner for Aboriginal rights. Mathews was friendly with White, but never became a political agitator, preferring instead to document the complexity of Aboriginal culture. In 1889 the Mathews family moved from Singleton to Parramatta in western Sydney where his sons attended The King's School, Parramatta. == Contribution to Anthropology == In early 1892 Mathews returned to the Hunter Valley to survey a pastoral property near the hamlet of Milbrodale, New South Wales. A worker on the property pointed out a rock shelter where a large man-like figure had been painted by Aboriginal artists. Mathews measured and drew the painting and documented hand stencils in other caves in the vicinity. From these observations he prepared a paper that he read before the Royal Society of New South Wales and subsequently published in the 1893 volume of the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. He identified the human figure as a depiction of the ancestral being, Baiame (also spelled Baiamai and Baiami). The encounter with the Baiame site, and the favourable reception of Mathews’ paper by the Royal Society of New South Wales, marked a turning point in his career. His biographer, the Australian historian Martin Thomas, describes it as the onset of his ‘ethnomania’. Mathews was further encouraged when he prepared a long paper on Sydney rock art which was awarded the Royal Society’s Bronze Medal essay prize for 1894. From this time, Mathews became a fanatical student of Aboriginal society. He familiarised himself with the fledgling discipline of anthropology by studying in the library of the Royal Society of New South Wales which exchanged publications with 400 other scholarly and scientific institutes around the world. He also studied at the Public Library in Sydney (now the State Library of New South Wales). Mathews’ work would now be classified as social or cultural anthropology. He did not practise physical anthropology or collect human remains. In addition to documentation of rock art, which appears in 23 published papers, Mathews published on the following themes: kinship and marriage rules; male initiation; mythology; and linguistics. He capitalised on the considerable international interest in Aboriginal Australians in the Victorian and Edwardian periods. His reports were read and cited by major social scientists including Émile Durkheim and van Gennep. Apart from a few short books and booklets, Mathews published almost entirely in learned journals, including Journal of the Anthropological Institute, American Anthropologist, American Antiquarian, Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, and Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft. In addition to these specialist anthropological journals, he published in general scientific periodicals including Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society and the journals of various Australian royal societies including the Royal Australasian Geographical Society (Queensland Branch). Mathews gathered information by forging links with Aboriginal communities that he visited in person. This was his preferred method of data collection, and he criticised Howitt and Lorimer Fison for 'not having gone out among the blacks themselves in all cases.' However, Mathews’ personal investigations were confined to southeast Australia while his publications concerned all Australian colonies (states from 1901) except Tasmania. When writing about areas he could not personally visit, he used data supplied by rural settlers whom he persuaded to collect information according to his instructions. The R. H. Mathews Papers contain many examples of this incoming correspondence. == Kinship and marriage rules == Of Mathews’ 171 publications, 71 are to do with Aboriginal kinship, totems or the rules of marriage. His first publication on kinship was read before the Queensland branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia in 1894. It concerns the Kamilaroi people of New South Wales whose country he knew from his surveying. Mathews noted that the Kamiliaroi community was divided into two cardinal groups, these days known as moieties (although Mathews more often called them 'phratries' or less often 'cycles'). Each moiety was divided into a further two sections. Particular sections (from opposite moieties) were expected to intermarry. The community was also divided into totems, which were also taken into consideration when marriages were being arranged. Particular totemic groups were expected to intermarry. Mathews noted that marriage rules similar to those of the Kamilaroi occurred across much of Australia. Some communities had intermarrying moieties without further divisions within the moiety groups. Others had moieties divided into four sections (now known as sub-sections). He plotted the distribution of marriage rules and other cultural traits in his 'Map Showing Boundaries of the Several Nations of Australia', published by the American Philosophical Society in 1900. Throughout his studies of Aboriginal kinship, Mathews claimed that some marriages occurred that were outside the standard marriage rules as generally understood by the community, although they were nonetheless accepted. He called them 'irregular' marriages and argued that a further set of rules governed these relationships. Despite these departures from the standard rules, it remained a highly ordered social system. Mathews pointed out that in Kamilaroi society there were some marriages, such as those between people of the same totem, that were never deemed acceptable. Mathews’ rival Howitt denounced these findings, arguing that this information was imparted by ‘degraded’ tribes, corrupted by European influence. However, later anthropologists, including Adolphus Peter Elkin, endorsed Mathews' interpretation. Mathews’ approach to kinship was very different from that of Howitt who, as John Mulvaney has written, sought ‘to lay bare the essentials of primeval society, on the assumption that Australia was a storehouse of fossil customs.’ Mathews reacted against this approach, which was based on the social evolutionary ideas of Lewis Henry Morgan, a patron of both Howitt and his collaborator Fison. Howitt and Fison argued that the vestiges of a primitive form of social organisation, called 'group marriage', were evident in Aboriginal marriage rules. Group marriage, as defined by Morgan, presupposed that groups of men who called each other 'brother' had collective conjugal rights over groups of women who called each other 'sister'. Thomas argues that Mathews found the idea of group marriage in Aboriginal society ‘counterintuitive’ because ‘the requirements of totems and sections made marriage a highly restrictive business.’ The idea that group marriage exists in Aboriginal Australia is now dismissed by anthropological authorities as ‘one of the most notable fantasies in the history of anthropology.’ == Male initiation == Mathews believed that ceremonial life was integral to the social cohesion of Aboriginal communities. Initiation, he explained, was ‘a great educational institution’ intended to strengthen the civil authority of the elders of the tribe. Mathews’ first publication on initiation was a description of a Bora ceremony, held by Kamilaroi people at Gundabloui in 1894. He returned to the subject of Kamilaroi initiation in his last paper, ‘Description of Two Bora Grounds of the Kamilaroi Tribe’ (1917), published the year before his death. In the intervening years, Mathews wrote extensively on ceremonial life, mostly in southeast Australia. More limited descriptions of ceremonies in South Australia and the Northern Territory were developed from data supplied by correspondents. Of his 171 anthropological publications, 50 are partly or wholly concerned with ceremony. The majority consist of a detailed description of the initiation ritual practised by a particular community. By 1897, Mathews could claim to have documented the male initiation ceremonies of about three quarters of the land mass of New South Wales. Mathews wrote primarily about the early stages of male initiation. However, he published some data on female initiation in Victoria and he was attentive to the activities that occurred in the women’s camps while neophytes were out in the bush being inducted into rituals by the men. Mathews documented initiation at a time when the ceremonies were endangered by colonisation and the consequent loss of access to sacred ceremonial sites. Many of the performers in ceremony who were known to Mathews were employed in the pastoral industry. Mathews’ reports show that these historical changes found expression in ceremonial life. Motifs of cattle, locomotives, horses and white people were carved into the ground at ceremonial sites in New South Wales. Mathews’ work on Kamilaroi initiation was cited extensively in a famous debate between Lang and Hartland about whether Aborigines ‘possessed the conception of a moral Being’. Much of Mathews’ research on ceremony was conducted during preparatory and rehearsal periods, rather than during the initiation rituals themselves. Thomas suggests that this may have been intentional on the part of Mathews’ informants, since it allowed them to control what secret-sacred information was revealed to an outsider. That Mathews was permitted even this degree of access is evidence of the degree to which he was trusted. He was given a number of sacred instruments relating to initiation ceremonies, now in the collection of the Australian Museum. Information documented by Janet Mathews, originating from Aboriginal elders on the South Coast of New South Wales in the 1960s, indicates that Mathews was himself initiated. Thomas argues that Mathews’ refusal to write directly about these experiences shows that his loyalty to the secret culture was ‘more important than whatever kudos he might have won as an anthropologist in revealing these secrets to the world.’ == Mythology == Mathews’ first contribution to the study of myth was a series of seven legends from various parts of New South Wales, published in 1898 as ‘Folklore of the Australian Aborigines’ by the anthropological magazine Science of Man. He republished them as a short book the following year. Over the next decade, Mathews published another dozen articles describing Aboriginal myths. While a few legends from Western Australia were documented by a correspondent, the great bulk of Mathews’ folklore research was done in person. Mathews’ interest in mythology connected with the British interest in folklore study that was a serious branch of inquiry during his lifetime. The Folklore Society, formed in 1878, was dedicated to the study of traditional music, customs, folk art, fairy tales and other vernacular traditions. The society published Folk-Lore, an internationally distributed journal, to which Mathews contributed five articles. In keeping with the Folk-Lore style, Mathews tended to rephrase Aboriginal narratives into respectable English. This was acceptable to his allies Hartland and Lang, both prominent in folklore studies. However, Mathews’ rephrasing was queried by Moritz von Leonhardi, the German editor and publisher, with whom he corresponded. . Despite these limitations, Mathews’ publications and unpublished notes preserve significant examples of Aboriginal folklore that might otherwise have been lost. Mathews’ most substantial documentation of Aboriginal mythology can be found in his account of the creation of the Blue Mountains, as told by Gundangara (or Gundungurra) people. The story involves an epic chase between the quoll Mirragan and the great fish Gurangatch who tore up the ground to create rivers and valleys. Mathews’ surveying background and his interest in topography made him attentive to the route of the journey. == Linguistics == The first language documented by R. H. Mathews was Gundungurra in a paper co-authored with Mary Everitt, a Sydney school teacher, dated 1900 From that time, linguistic study was a major part of his research. Language elicitation can be found in 36 of his 171 works of anthropology. His linguistic writings describe a total of 53 Australian languages or dialects. Most of Mathews’ linguistic research was conducted in person during visits to Aboriginal camps or settlements. He wrote in his study of Kurnu (spoken in western New South Wales): ‘I personally collected the following elements of the language in Kurnu territory, from reliable and intelligent elders of both sexes.’ A few of his linguistic studies were carried out with aid of correspondents. A 210 word vocabulary of the Jingili language was prepared with the aid of a Northern Territory grazier. The Lutheran missionary and anthropologist Carl Strehlow supplied information for a paper on Luritja, spoken in Central Australia. Mathews' publications seldom name the Aboriginal people who tutored him in language, but this information can often be found in notebooks or offprints of articles among the R. H. Mathews Papers. A consistent template was used throughout Mathews’ linguistic writings. First, the grammar was explained. This was followed by vocabulary, first with the word in English and then its equivalent in the Aboriginal language. Words are grouped in categories which were loosely replicated in each article: ‘The Family’, ‘The Human Body’, ‘Natural Surroundings’, ‘Mammals’, ‘Birds’, ‘Fishes’, ‘Reptiles’, ‘Invertebrates’, ‘Adjectives’ and ‘Verbs’. Mathews’ vocabularies typically number about 300 words, rising on occasion to 460. Mathews studied language in this manner because he believed that comparative linguistic study would provide evidence of the successive waves of migration into Australia when the continent was originally populated. . Mathews used a system of orthography developed from advice on the elicitation of native terms, circulated by the Royal Geographical Society. Mathews’ documentation was not sufficiently extensive so as to allow someone to learn or speak the language. Even so, his work constitutes an important historical record of many tongues that are no longer spoken. It has been used extensively in more recent historical investigations of Aboriginal linguistics. == Conflict with rivals == In a letter to Alfred William Howitt, Walter Baldwin Spencer said of Mathews that 'I don't know whether to admire most his impudence his boldness or his mendacity—they are all of a very high order and seldom combined to so high a degree in one mortal man.' Spencer said of Mathews’ writings that they merely ‘corroborate or make use of’ other scholarship ‘without adding any matter of importance’. Spencer provided little explanation of why he objected to Mathews so strongly. Theoretical differences are thought to have been a factor. Spencer believed in social evolution and group marriage, whereas Mathews' was sympathetic to ideas of cultural diffusion. Mathews corresponded with W. H. R. Rivers, who became a major proponent of diffusionist theories. Early in their anthropological careers, Mathews and the Melbourne-based Spencer themselves corresponded, and they were sufficiently close in 1896 for Spencer to be listed as having communicated Mathews’ article ‘The Bora of the Kamilaroi Tribes’ to the Royal Society of Victoria. By 1898 they had completely fallen out and Spencer commenced a behind-the-scenes campaign against Mathews. Spencer wrote to British anthropologists, among them Sir James George Frazer, urging them never to quote him. Frazer agreed, promising Spencer that 'I shall not even mention him [Mathews] or any of his multitudinous writings.' Spencer was closely allied to A. W. Howitt who was also hostile to Mathews. Mathews had initially assumed a collegial attitude to Howitt, describing him in 1896 as a ‘friend and co-worker’. Until 1898, Mathews’ references to Howitt’s work were invariably respectful, even when their opinions differed. Howitt, however, consistently refused to acknowledge Mathews’ scholarship, possibly because Mathews had queried his reports that the kinship systems of south Queensland descended through the paternal line. Mathews was enraged when Howitt’s magnum opus The Native Tribes of South-East Australia was published in 1904. By that time Mathews had published more than 100 works of anthropology, but he received not a footnote in Howitt’s book. The extent to which Mathews was being overlooked by his Australian contemporaries became apparent to British anthropologists. Northcote W. Thomas observed in 1906 that Mathews had written ‘numerous articles’, all of which had ‘either been ignored or dismissed in a footnote by experts such as Dr. Howitt and Prof. Baldwin Spencer’. In 1907 Mathews published a critique of Howitt and Spencer in Nature in which he complained that Howitt had consistently overlooked his own work. Considering it too prominent a forum to ignore, Howitt wrote a rejoinder and thus engaged in dialogue with Mathews for the first time. Howitt made the unlikely claim that he had only ever seen two publications by Mathews 'neither of which recommended itself to me by its accuracy'. Mathews replied, questioning the veracity of this assertion. Mathews and Howitt subsequently debated each other at greater length in American Antiquarian. Howitt was by this time mortally ill. His final contribution to anthropology, written on his death bed, was a denunciation of Mathews titled ‘A Message to Anthropologists’. It was posthumously printed as a circular letter by members of the Howitt family and posted to a list of anthropological luminaries that included Henri Hubert, Émile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss, Arnold van Gennep, Franz Boas, Prince Roland Bonaparte and Carl Lumholtz. It was also published in Revue des Études Ethnographiques et Sociologiques. Martin Thomas argues that ‘A Message to Anthropologists’ did significant damage to Mathews’ reputation. == Impact of R. H. Mathews == Thomas notes that professional anthropologists have often been cautious in acknowledging the contribution of their ‘amateur’ forebears. Mathews had few champions among academic anthropologists until A. P. Elkin became interested in his work. In an obituary of Alfred Radcliffe-Brown dated 1956, Elkin declared that Mathews' work on Australian kinship marked a significant intellectual breakthrough. He listed eleven key achievements in the field of kinship study, including Mathews' realisation that the totemic heroes 'were related to one another in the same kinship manner as human beings were related: in other words, that they were part of the same social order.’ More controversially, Elkin argued that anyone ‘familiar with Radcliffe-Brown’s writings on this subject since 1913 will realise the extent to which he used Mathews’s concepts and generalisations.’ Elkin claimed Radcliffe-Brown was familiar with Mathews’s writings but, regarding him as an amateur, ‘underestimated his ability for careful recording and sound generalisation. This, however, did not prevent him adopting the results of much which Mathews had accomplished.’ Twenty years later, Elkin built substantially on his earlier argument for Mathews’ importance. This was published as a three-part journal article titled ‘R. H. Mathews: His Contribution to Aboriginal Studies’. A draft ‘Part IV’ in the University of Sydney Archives indicates that Elkin was planning further writings on Mathews before his death in 1979. Another early champion was Norman Tindale who found Mathews' understanding of topography and cartography invaluable to his project of mapping tribal boundaries. The bibliography of Tindale's Aboriginal Tribes of Australia reveals the extensive use he made Mathews' writings. Tindale wrote in 1958 that in ‘going through Mathews’ papers for the purpose of checking the second edition of my tribal map and its data, I have been more than ever impressed with the vast scope and general accuracy of this work. Despite earlier critics I am coming to believe that he was our greatest recorder of primary anthropological data.’ Disagreement about the value of Mathews’ work has continued. In a 1984 article the historian Diane E. Barwick, made a damning appraisal of Mathews, criticising his Victorian research for perpetrating a ‘sometimes ignorant and sometimes deliberate distortion [that] has so muddled the ethnographic record …'. Barwick claimed that from 1898 Mathews 'contradicted, ridiculed or ignored' the 'careful ethnographic reports' of Howitt for whom he had an 'almost pathological jealousy'. The contemporary anthropologist Deborah Bird Rose and colleagues take the opposite view, describing Mathews as ‘a more sober and thorough researcher’ than Howitt. They claim that ‘Mathews did not share Howitt’s penchant for suppressing the particular in favour of the grand theory, or for suppressing women in favour of men.’ Unusually for a male anthropologist, he acknowledged ‘the existence of women’s law and ritual.’ The enactment of Native Title legislation in Australia has created new interest in Mathews’ work. His writings are now routinely cited in Native Title claims put forward by Aboriginal claimants.1

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Sharifa Alkhateeb<EOT>1

Sharifa Alkhateeb

Sharifa Alkhateeb (1946 – 2004) was an American writer, researcher and teacher on cultural communication and community building for Islam and Muslims in the United States. She was involved in feminist causes, domestic violence prevention, as well as interfaith and educational organizations. She founded the first nationwide organization for Muslim women in the US and was the first woman to receive the Community Service Award from the Islamic Society of North America.

Sharifa Alkhateeb (1946 – 2004) was an American writer, researcher and teacher on cultural communication and community building for Islam and Muslims in the United States. She was involved in feminist causes, domestic violence prevention, as well as interfaith and educational organizations. She founded the first nationwide organization for Muslim women in the US and was the first woman to receive the Community Service Award from the Islamic Society of North America. == Biography == Sharifa Alkhateeb was born on June 6, 1946 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father was Yemeni and her mother was from the Czech Republic. After finishing high school, Alkhateeb continued her education, receiving her B.A. in English Literature from the University of Pennsylvania. During her time at the University of Pennsylvania, she joined the feminist movement of the 1960s, never feeling that there was a conflict between her religious convictions and feminism. After completion of her undergraduate degree, she earned her Master's in Comparative Religion from Norwich University, in Northfield, Vermont and in 1977 edited a translation of the Quran published by Marmaduke Pickthall. Between 1978 and 1987, Alkhateeb and her husband, Mejdi Alkhateeb, lived in Saudi Arabia, where she worked as a journalist for the Saudi Gazette and taught at both a Saudi university and in private schools. In 1988, the couple returned to the United States, locating in northern Virginia, and Alkhateeb worked as a diversity consultant with the Fairfax County Public Schools in Fairfax, Virginia, producing a television program called "Middle Eastern Parenting", which aired from 1993 to 1997. In the early 1990s, she became managing editor of the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences (AJISS) and she co-wrote the Arab World Notebook, a social studies text used throughout the public school system in the United States. From 1989 until her death, Alkhateeb served as president of the Muslim Education Council, a regional organization focused on teaching administrators about Islamic culture. In 1992, she founded the North American Council for Muslim Women (NACMW) and served as its first president. NACMW was the first national organization of American Muslim women. She followed up with the establishment of a consultative database for organizations addressing the needs of Muslim women and created the first crisis hotline for them. In 1995, Alkhateeb served as Chair of the Muslim Caucus at the Fourth World Conference on Women convened by the United Nations in Beijing, China. In 1998, she established the Peaceful Families Project in conjunction with the Department of Justice, to analyze violence in the Muslim community. The resulting survey, was the first nationwide inquiry on domestic violence within the community. After the attacks of 9/11, Alkhateeb coordinated efforts of an "interfaith consortium of synagogues, churches and mosques to facilitate dialogues and understanding". She became the Middle Eastern/Muslim Team Leader for the Community Resilience Project, which was funded by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), as a crisis counseling center in Northern Virginia after the attacks. In September, 2004, she received the Community Service Award from the Islamic Society of North America, becoming the first woman to ever receive the honor. One month later, on October 21, 2004 she died due to cancer of the pancreas, at her home in Ashburn, Virginia. Since her death, several efforts continue to honor her legacy. Among these are the Peaceful Families Project, the Sharifa Alkhateeb Community Service Award given annually by the MAS Freedom Foundation, and the Sharifa Alkhateeb Memorial Scholarship of Fairfax County Public Schools.1

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Ibn Tumart<EOT>"Ibn Tumart." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Sep. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Ibn Tumart." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 18, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-tumart "Ibn Tumart." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Retrieved September 18, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-tumart <doc-sep> Page last updated on 04 Jan 2008 10:51:48 -0500 . 1

Ibn Tumart

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Tumart (Berber: Amghar ibn Tumert, Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد ابن تومرت‎‎, ca. 1080–1130 or 1128), a Muslim Berber religious scholar, teacher and political leader, came from southern Morocco. He founded and served as the spiritual leader of the Almohad movement, a puritanical reform movement launched among the Masmuda Berbers of the Atlas Mountains. Ibn Tumart launched an open revolt against the ruling Almoravids during the 1120s. After his death his followers, the Almohads, went on to conquer much of North Africa and Spain.

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Tumart (Berber: Amghar ibn Tumert, Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد ابن تومرت‎‎, ca. 1080–1130 or 1128), a Muslim Berber religious scholar, teacher and political leader, came from southern Morocco. He founded and served as the spiritual leader of the Almohad movement, a puritanical reform movement launched among the Masmuda Berbers of the Atlas Mountains. Ibn Tumart launched an open revolt against the ruling Almoravids during the 1120s. After his death his followers, the Almohads, went on to conquer much of North Africa and Spain. == Biography == == Early life == Many of the details of Ibn Tumart's life were recorded by hagiographers, whose accounts probably mix legendary elements from the Almohad doctrine of their founding figure and spiritual leader. Ibn Tumart was born sometime between 1078 and 1082 in the small village of Igiliz (exact location uncertain) in the Sous valley of southern Morocco. He was a member of the Hargha, a Berber tribe of the Anti-Atlas range, part of the Masmuda (Berber: imesmuden) tribal confederation. His father belonged to the Hargha and his mother to the Masakkala, both of which are divisions of the Masmuda tribal conferderation. His name is given alternatively as Muhammad ibn Abdallah or Muhammad ibn Tumart. al-Baydaq reported that "Tumart" was actually his father Abdallah's nickname. ("Tumart" or "Tunart" comes from the Berber language and means "good fortune", "delight" or "happiness", and makes it an equivalent of the Arabic name "Saad". As it was noted by Ahmed Toufiq in his research about Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili's famous book "at-Tashawof", many early Sufi saints held this name in Morocco). Ibn Khaldun reports that Muhammad ibn Tumart himself was very pious as a child, and that he was nicknamed Asafu (Berber for "firebrand" or "lover of light") for his habit of lighting candles at mosques. Ibn Tumart came from a humble family and his father was a lamp-lighter at the mosque. By his own declaration and that of his followers, he claimed to be descendant of Idriss I, a descendant of Hassan, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who took refuge in Morocco in the 8th-century However, and despite being supported by Ibn Khaldun, this ascendency is today largely disputed. At the time, it was common for Berber leaders and tribes to claim a Sharif lineage in order to gain religious authority. At the time, Morocco, al-Andalus and large parts of Maghreb, were ruled by the Almoravids, a Maliki puritanical Saharan Sanhaja Berber movements, who founded the city of Marrakesh and are credited with spreading Islam to much of West Africa. To pursue his education, Ibn Tumart went as a young man (c.1106) to Córdoba, which was at the time the biggest centre of learning in the Almoravids dominion, where he was a disciple of At-Turtushi. Thereafter, Ibn Tumart went east to deepen his studies where he came under the influence al-Ghazali's ideas (Almohad historians support that he met and studied under al-Ghazali, but modern historian maintain that it is unknown if this encounter actually happened). He appears in Baghdad soon after, and there he attached himself to the Ash'arite school of theology and the Zahirite school of jurisprudence, but with the creed of Ibn Hazm which differed significantly from early Zahirites in its rejection of Taqlid and reliance on reason == Doctrines == It was probably while in Baghdad that Ibn Tumart began to develop a system of his own by combining the teachings of his Ash'arite masters with parts of the doctrines of others, with a touch of Sufi mysticism imbibed from the great teacher al-Ghazali. Hagiographers report that Ibn Tumart was in al-Ghazali's presence when news arrived that the Almoravids had proscribed and publicly burned his recent great work, Ihya' Ulum al-Din, upon which al-Ghazali is said to have turned to Ibn Tumart and charged him, as a native of those lands, with the mission of setting the Almoravids right.(However, it is known that at this time, al-Ghazali was living in Damascus, suggesting that either Ibn Tumart also went there, or that this story is a mere legendary flourish, intimating Ibn Tumart's future career; at any rate, al-Ghazali died in 1111, whereas Ibn Tumart did not return to the west until 1117 at the earliest.) Ibn Tumart's main principle was a rigid unitarianism (tawhid) which denied the existence of the attributes of God as incompatible with his unity and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as anthropomorphism in the Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law. He laid the blame for the "theological flaws" of the nation upon the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids. Ibn Thumart strongly opposed their sponsorship of the Maliki school of jurisprudence, whom he accused of neglecting the Sunnah and Hadith (traditions and sayings of the Prophet and his companions) and relying too much on ijma (consensus of jurists) and other sources, an anathema to the stricter Zahirism favored by Ibn Tumart. Ibn Tumart condemned the subtle reasoning of Maliki scholars as "innovations" (bid‘ah), obscurantist, perverse and possibly heretical (a charge previously made by Ibn Hazm and al-Ghazali, and the main reason why their works were proscribed by Almoravid authorities.). Ibn Tumart also blamed the Almoravid governance for the latitude he found in Maghrebi society, notably the public sale of wine and pork in the markets, something the Qur'an forbids. Another reform was the destruction or hiding of any type of religious art in mosques. His rule and the rule of the Almohads after were full of reforms that attempted to turn the area under his control into a place where his doctrines held sway. Ibn Tumart's followers took up the name "al-Muwwahidun", meaning those who affirm the unity of God. Spanish authors wrote that down as "Almohades", by which "Almohads" entered other languages. == Return to the Maghreb == After his studies in Baghdad, Ibn Tumart is claimed in one account to have proceeded on pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), but was so bubbling with Ash'arite doctrines and a one-minded zeal to 'correct' the mores of the people he came across that he quickly made a nuisance of himself and was expelled from the city. He proceeded to Cairo, and thereon to Alexandria, where he took a ship back to the Maghreb in 1117/18. The journey was not without incident - Ibn Tumart took it upon himself to toss the ship's flasks of wine overboard and set about lecturing (or harassing) the sailors to ensure they adhered to correct prayer times and number of genuflections; in some reports, the sailors got fed up and threw Ibn Tumart overboard, only to find him still bobbing a half-day later and fished him back (he is also reported in different chronicles of having either caused or calmed a storm at sea). After touching at Tripoli, Ibn Tumart landed in Mahdia and proceed on to Tunis and then Bejaia, preaching a puritan, simplistic Islam along the way. Waving his puritan's staff among crowds of listeners, Ibn Tumart complained of the mixing of sexes in public, the production of wine and music, and the fashion of veiling men unveiling women (a custom among the Sanhaja Berbers of the Sahara Desert, that had spread to urban centers with the Almoravids). Setting himself up on the steps of mosques and schools, Ibn Tumart challenged everyone who came close to debate - unwary Maliki jurists and scholars frequently got an earful. His antics and fiery preaching prompted fed-up authorities to hustle him along from town to town. After being expelled from Bejaia, Ibn Tumart set himself up c.1119 at an encampment in Mellala (a few miles south of the city), where he began receiving his first followers and adherents. Among these were al-Bashir (a scholar, who would become his chief strategist), Abd al-Mu'min (a Zenata Berber who would become his eventual successor) and Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Baydhaq (who would later write the Kitab al-Ansab, the chronicle of the Almohads.) It was at Mellala that Ibn Tumart and his close companions began forging a plan of political action. In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers headed west into Morocco. He stopped by Fez, the intellectual capital of Morocco, and engaged in polemical debates with the leading Malikite scholars of the city. Having exhausted them, the ulama of Fez decided they had enough and expelled him from the city. He proceeded south, hurried along from town to town like a vagabond (reportedly, he and his companions had to swim across the Bou Regreg, as they could not afford the ferry passage). Shortly after his arrival in Marrakesh, Ibn Tumart is said to have successfully sought out the Almoravid ruler Ali ibn Yusuf at a local mosque. In the famous encounter, when ordered to acknowledge the presence of the emir, Ibn Tumart reportedly replied "Where is the emir? I see only women here!" - an insulting reference to the tagelmust veil worn by the Almoravid ruling class. (According to one source, Ibn Tumart attacked the emir's own sister for going unveiled). Charged with fomenting rebellion, Ibn Tumart defended himself before the emir and his leading advisors. Presenting himself as a mere scholar, a voice for reform, Ibn Tumart set about lecturing the emir and his leading advisors about the dangers of innovations and the centrality of the Sunnah. When the emir's own scholars reminded him the Almoravids too embraed puritanical ideals, and were committed to the Sunnah, Ibn Tumart pointed out that the Almoravids professed puritanism had been clouded and deviated by "obscurantists", drawing attention to the ample evidence of laxity and impiety that prevailed in their dominions. When countered that at least on points of doctrine, there was little difference between them, Ibn Tumart brought out more emphasis on his own peculiar doctrines on the tawhid and the attributes. After a lengthy examination, the Almoravid jurists of Marrakesh concluded Ibn Tumart, however learned, was blasphemous and dangerous, insinuating he was probably a Kharijite agitator, and recommended he should be executed or imprisoned. The Almoravid emir, however, decided to merely expel him from the city, after a flogging of fourteen lashes. Ibn Tumart proceeded to Aghmat and immediately resumed his old behavior - destroying every jug of wine in sight, haranguing passers-by for impious behavior or dress, engaging locals in controversial debate. The ulama of Aghmat complained to the emir, who changed his mind and decided to have Ibn Tumart arrested after all. He was saved by the timely intervention of Abu Ibrahim Ismail Ibn Yasallali al-Hazraji ("Ismail Igig"), a prominent chieftain of the Hazraja tribe of the Masmuda, who helped him escape the city. Ibn Tumart took the road towards the Sous valley, to hide among his own people, the Haghra. == Cave of Igiliz == Before the end of 1120, Ibn Tumart arrived at his home village of Igiliz in the Sous valley (exact location uncertain). Almost immediately, Ibn Tumart set himself up in a nearby mountain cave (a conscious echo of the Prophet Muhammad's withdraw to the cave of Hira). His bizarre retreat, his ascetic lifestyle, probably combined with rumors of his being a faith healer and small miracle-worker, gave the local people the initial impression that he was a holy man with supernatural powers (a point de-emphasized by later hagiographers). But he soon set about spreading his principal message of puritanical reform. He preached in vernacular Berber. His oratory skill and crowd-moving eloquence are frequently referred to in the chronicles. Towards the end of Ramadan in late 1121, in a particularly moving sermon, Ibn Tumart reviewed his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument. After the sermon, having already claimed to be a descendant of Muhammad, Ibn Tumart suddenly 'revealed' himself as the true Mahdi, the expected divinely guided justicer. He was promptly recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state. For to reject or resist the Mahdi's interpretations was equivalent to resisting God, and thus punishable with death as apostasy. (Notions of mahdism were not unfamiliar in this part of Morocco - not long before, the Sous valley had been a hotbed of Waqafite Shi'iism, a remnant of Fatimid influence, and descendance from the Prophet had been the principle recommendation of the fondly remembered Idrisids). At some point he was visited by Abu Hafs Omar ibn Yahya al-Hintati ("Omar Hintati"), a prominent Hintata chieftain (and stem of the future Hafsids). Omar Hintati was immediately impressed and invited Ibn Tumart to take refuge among the Masmuda tribes of the High Atlas, where he would better protected from the Almoravid authorities. In 1122, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave and climbed up the High Atlas. In later years, Ibn Tumart's path from the cave of Igiliz to mountain fort of Tinmel - another conscious echo of the Prophet's life (the hijra from Mecca to Medina) - would become a popular pilgrimage route for the Almohad faithful. The cave itself was preserved as a shrine for many years, where apparently Almohad partisans, regardless of their origin or background, would ceremonially reject their past affiliations and be "adopted" into Ibn Tumart's Hargha tribe). == Tinmel and the Almohad rebellion == Ibn Tumart urged his followers to arms in open revolt against the Almoravids, to fulfill the mission of purifying the Almoravid state. In 1122, or shortly thereafter (c. 1124) he founded a ribat at Tinmel (or 'Tin Mal', meaning "(she who is) white"), in a small valley of the Nfis in the middle of the High Atlas. Tinmel was an impregnable fortified complex, which would serve both as spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad rebellion. It is during this period that he wrote a series of monographs on various doctrines for the instruction of his men. These disparate works were later collected and compiled in 1183-84, on the order of the Almohad caliph Yusuf ibn Abd al-Ma'mun (later translated in French in 1903, under the title Livre d'Ibn Toumert.) Six principal Masmuda tribes adhered to the Almohad rebellion: Ibn Tumart's own Hargha tribe (from the Anti-Atlas) and the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura and the Hazraja (roughly from west to east, along the High Atlas range). For the next eight years, the Almohad revolt was largely confined to an irresolute guerilla war through the ravines and peaks of the Atlas range. The principal damage done by the Almohads at this stage was the disruption of Almoravid tax-collection, and rendering insecure (or altogether impassable) the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh. The Sous valley, surrounded on three sides by Almohadist Masmuda mountaineers, was nearly cut off and isolated. Of more particular concern to the Almoravids was their threat to the Ourika and Tizi n'Tichka passes, that connected Marrakesh to the Draa valley on the other side of the High Atlas. These were the principal routes to the all-important city of Sijilmassa, gateway of the trans-Saharan trade, by which gold came from west Africa to Morocco. But the Almoravids were unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strongpoints. The Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongpoints to confine them (most famously the fortress of Tasghimout that protected the approach to Aghmat), while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes. Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of political commissar, enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy head. This culminated in an infamous purge (tamyiz) conducted by al-Bashir in the winter of 1129-30, with mass executions of disloyal partisans, what has been characterized as a brief "reign of terror". == Battle of al-Buhayra == In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack on the Almoravids in the lowlands. It was a disaster. Al-Bashir (others report Abd al-Mu'min) led the Almohad armies first against Aghmat. They quickly defeated the Almoravid force that came out the meet them, and then chased their fleeing remnant back to Marrakesh. The Almohads set up a siege camp before Marrakesh, the first recorded siege of the Almoravid capital, whose walls had only recently been erected. The Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf immediately called upon reinforcements from other parts of Morocco. After forty days of siege, in May (others date April 14, 1130), heartened by news of the approach of a relief column from Sijilmassa, the Almoravids sallied from Marrakesh in force and crushed the Almohads in the bloody Battle of al-Buhayra (named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were routed, suffering huge human losses - 12,000 men from the Hargha alone. Al-Bashir and several other leading figures were killed in action. If not for a sudden torrential rain that broke up the fighting and allowed the remnant to escape back to the mountains, the Almohads might have been finished off then and there. In a bizarre and chilling footnote in the aftermath, it is said that Ibn Tumart returned to the battlefield at night with some of his followers, and ordered them to bury themselves in the field with a small straw to breathe by. Then, to invigorate the rest of the demoralized Almohads, he challenged those who doubted the righteousness of their cause, to go to the battlefield and ask the dead themselves if they were enjoying the blisses of heaven after falling in the fight for God's cause. When they heard the positive reply from the buried men, they were assuaged. To prevent the ruse from being revealed, it is said Ibn Thumart left them buried there, filling their straws so they would suffocate. == Almohads after Ibn Tumart == Ibn Tumart died in August 1130, only a few months after the disastrous defeat at al-Buhayra. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse by the combined blows of the crushing defeat and large losses at the walls of Marrakesh, and the deaths of not only their spiritual leader, but also their chief military commanders, is testament to the careful organization that Ibn Tumart had built up at Tinmel. Ibn Tumart had set up the Almohad commune as a minutely detailed pyramidical hierarchy with fourteen grades. At the top was the Ahl ad-Dar (the Mahdi's family), supplemented by a privy council known as the Council of Ten (al-Jama'a al-'Ashara) which included the Ifriqiyan migrants who had first joined Ibn Tumart in Mellala. There was also a wider consultative "Council of Fifty", composed of the sheikhs of the major Masmuda Berber tribes - the Hargha (Ibn Tumart's tribe, which had primacy in the hierarchy among the tribes), the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura and the Hazraja. The Almohad military had been organized as arranged "units" named by tribe, with sub-units and internal hierarchies carefully and exactly spelled out. There were also organized groups of Talba and Huffaz, the preachers that had been the original missionaries and spreaders of Ibn Tumart's message. == The Council of Ten == Ibn Tumart organized the inner 'Council of Ten' (al-Jama'a al-'Ashara), composed of the ten who had first borne witness to Ibn Tumart as Mahdi. Several of them were drawn from the core of followers that Ibn Tumart had picked up in Ifriqiya (esp. while holding camp at Mallala, outside of Bejaia, in 1119-20); others were local leaders drawn from the local Masmuda Berbers who had proven early adherents. Although the list has some variations and there is some dispute in names, the Council of Ten is frequently identified as follows: Of the Council of Ten, five were killed at al-Buhayra in 1130, two died in subsequent years, and only three survived well into the height of the Almohad empire - Abd al-Mu'min, Omar Hintata and Ismail al-Hazraji. == Succession == The Almohad hagiographer al-Baydhaq claims that Ibn Tumart had already designated Abd al-Mu'min as his successor back in Bejaia. But it seems more probable (although passed over in the chronicles) that there was an intense power struggle for succession in the aftermath of Ibn Tumart's death. With half the Council of Ten killed at al-Buhayra, Abd al-Mu'min laid claim as the "successor" of the Ibn Tumart (the term "caliph", as "successor" of the Mahdi emerged only later, in conscious imitation of the term's original use for the "successors" of the Prophet Muhammad.) Abd al-Mu'min's claim was challenged by Ibn Malwiya (another survivor of the Ten) as well as by the Ahl al-Dar (Ibn Tumart's brothers). Exactly how Abd al-Mu'min imposed himself is uncertain. As a Zenata Berber, Abd al-Mu'min was an alien among the Masmuda. But that foreignness itself might have recommended him as a neutral choice to the Masmuda sheikhs, as it would avoid the appearance of favoritism towards any particular tribe. Nonetheless it is reported that the more easterly Masmuda tribes, the Haskura and the Harzaja, rejected Abd al-Mu'min's leadership and broke away from the Almohad coalition at this stage. Abd al-Mu'min would have to force them back to the fold. (Ibn Khaldun reports (improbably) that Abd al-Ma'mun managed to conceal the death of Ibn Tumart for nearly two years, in order to gather allies and marry the daughter of Omar Hintati, who would become his principal ally.) His principal rival Ibn Malwiya was captured, condemned and executed by 1132, and Ibn Tumart's own family soon disappears from significance, their roles eclipsed by Abd al-Mu'min's own family, the future dynasty of Almohad caliphs. Whatever doubts lingered about Abd al-Mu'min's leadership certainly dissipated a decade later, when Abd al-Mu'min led the renewed Almohads down from the mountains on a seven-year campaign of conquest of Morocco, culminating in the fall of Marrakesh in 1147.1

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Belfast Central railway station<EOT>You're almost there.We've just sent a confirmation email to . Check it out to confirm your registration. is already registered with . You will be able to use the same account on . Alternatively, you can create a new account with another email address. We have sent a confirmation email to . Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. <doc-sep> We use cookies to help us deliver our online services. By using our website or by using this message box, you agree to our use of cookies as described in our Cookie Policy. Click here to change your Cookie settings for this site . 1

Belfast Central railway station

Belfast Central is a railway station serving the city of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is one of the four stations located in Belfast City Centre, the others being Great Victoria Street, City Hospital and Botanic. Located on East Bridge Street in the city, Central is the northern terminus of the cross border Enterprise service to Dublin Connolly, which runs every two hours. As well as this service, Central is also served by Northern Ireland Railways, which operates routes to other locations in Northern Ireland, including Derry, Bangor, Portadown and Larne.

Belfast Central is a railway station serving the city of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is one of the four stations located in Belfast City Centre, the others being Great Victoria Street, City Hospital and Botanic. Located on East Bridge Street in the city, Central is the northern terminus of the cross border Enterprise service to Dublin Connolly, which runs every two hours. As well as this service, Central is also served by Northern Ireland Railways, which operates routes to other locations in Northern Ireland, including Derry, Bangor, Portadown and Larne. == Description == Regular services also operate between Central and the city's other main station: Great Victoria Street. Intending passengers travelling to and from Central are at present, upon presentation of a valid rail ticket, permitted to travel at no cost on Belfast's Metro service to the city centre. Despite the name of the station, it is significantly further from Belfast city centre than Great Victoria Street station. Contrary to popular belief, Central Station is in fact so named because it is on the former trackbed of the Belfast Central Railway, which was built in the early 1870s. The station itself was opened on 26 April 1976. The first Station Manager was Mr John Johnston. By the 1990s, it became clear that the facilities at Central were in need of upgrading. A major refurbishment programme started in 2000 and was completed in 2003. There are two Island Platforms at Belfast Central, capable of accommodating trains up to 9 coaches long. Platform 1 is used by southbound trains from Derry or Portrush on their way to Great Victoria Street. Platform 2 tends to be used for Enterprise services to Dublin. Platform 3 is a bi-directional platform used for northbound trains heading to Derry, Portrush and Bangor, and by trains coming from Bangor en route to Portadown via Great Victoria Street and Platform 4 is used for trains terminating off the Larne Line. == Service == == Newry–Belfast–Bangor line == From Monday to Saturday, there is a half hourly service from Bangor to Portadown, with some trains continuing on to Newry. During peak times there are up to 6 trains per hour operating to Bangor with 3 being express services and the other half being slow services stopping at all stations between here and Bangor. The service is reduced to hourly operation in the evenings. Some early morning trains in either direction will terminate at or start from Great Victoria Street rather than continuing on through Belfast to the respective outlying terminus. On Sundays, the service is hourly operating between Bangor and Portadown. There are no local services calling at stations between Portadown and Newry on Sundays. == Larne line == Inbound Larne Line services run half-hourly to Great Victoria Street. Outbound services run half-hourly on an alternating basis to either Whitehead or on to Larne Harbour. Extra services at peak times run to Carrickfergus, and some early morning and late night inbound trains terminate here. At weekends, the service still runs half-hourly on Saturdays on the same alternating pattern to Whitehead or Larne Harbour. On Sundays, the service reduces to hourly operation, with the outbound terminus alternating every hour as before. == Derry~Londonderry line == All Derry~Londonderry Line trains call at Belfast Central. During the week, the service runs hourly in each direction between Great Victoria Street and Londonderry Waterside or Coleraine on an alternating basis. On Saturdays, the service is slightly reduced, however operation remains much the same as during the week. On Sundays, the service reduces to two-hourly operation, with only seven trains operating each way. == Dublin line == There is an Enterprise train service every two hours between Dublin Connolly and Belfast Central, with the service being reduced to five trains each way on Sundays. This line can be popular with rugby fans connecting at Dublin Connolly for the DART to Lansdowne Road. The line is also used by rail passengers changing at Dublin Connolly onto the DART to Dún Laoghaire for example or travelling to Dublin Port for the Irish Ferries or Stena Line to Holyhead, and then by train along the North Wales Coast Line to London Euston and other destinations in England and Wales. == Rail and Sea Connections == == Port of Belfast == The Port of Belfast has a Stena Line ferry connecting to Cairnryan for the bus link to Stranraer and onward trains along the Glasgow South Western Line to Glasgow Central. == Port of Larne == The Larne line connects with Larne Harbour with P&O Ferries sailing to Cairnryan for the bus link to Stranraer and onward trains along the Glasgow South Western Line to Glasgow Central, as well as alternative sailings by P&O Ferries to Troon also on the Glasgow South Western Line to Glasgow Central.1

0.1927

Parwan Province<EOT>a 501(c)3 organization based in Overland Park, KS . 1

Parwan Province

Parwan (Persian/Pashto: پروان), also spelled Parvān, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 631,600, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The province is divided into ten districts. The town of Charikar serves as the provincial capital. Located north of Kabul Province and south of Baghlan Province, it was once the name of an ancient town in the Hindu Kush mountains. Parwan is one of the secured provinces of Afghanistan. However, occasional militant attacks are reported but they are usually minor. Security incidents in Parwan mostly involve grenade attacks on the residences of government officials or roadside bombs. Bagram Air Base, which is one of the largest U.S.-military bases in Afghanistan, is located in Parwan.

Parwan (Persian/Pashto: پروان), also spelled Parvān, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 631,600, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The province is divided into ten districts. The town of Charikar serves as the provincial capital. Located north of Kabul Province and south of Baghlan Province, it was once the name of an ancient town in the Hindu Kush mountains. Parwan is one of the secured provinces of Afghanistan. However, occasional militant attacks are reported but they are usually minor. Security incidents in Parwan mostly involve grenade attacks on the residences of government officials or roadside bombs. Bagram Air Base, which is one of the largest U.S.-military bases in Afghanistan, is located in Parwan. == History == In 329 BC, Alexander the Great founded the settlement of Parwan as his Alexandria of the Caucasus. It was conquered by Arab Muslims in 792 AD. In 1221, the province was the site of the battle between the invading Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, and the Khwarezmian Empire led by Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, where the Mongols were defeated. The famous Moroccan traveler and scholar, Ibn Battuta, visiting the area in 1333 writes: "We halted next at a place called Banj Hir (Panjshir), which means "Five Mountains," where there was once a fine and populous city built on a great river with blue water like the sea. This country was devastated by Tinkiz, the king of the Tatars, and has not been inhabited since. We came to a mountain called Pashay, where there is a convent of the Shaykh Ata Awliya, which means "Father of the Saints." He is also called Sisad Salah, which is the Persian for "three hundred years," because they say that he is three hundred and fifty years old. They have a very high opinion of him and come to visit him from the towns and villages, and sultans and princesses visit him too. He received us with honor and made us his guests. We encamped by a river near his convent and went to see him, and when I saluted him he embraced me. His skin is fresh and smoother than any I have seen; anyone seeing him would take him to be fifty years old. He told me that he grew new hair and teeth every hundred years. I had some doubts about him, however, and God knows how much truth there is in what he says. We travelled thence to Parwan, where I met the amir Buruntayh. He treated me well and wrote to his representatives at Ghazna enjoining them to show me honour. We went on to the village of Charkh [Charikar], it being now summer, and from there to the town of Ghazna. This is the town of the famous warrior-sultan Mahmud ibn Sabuktagin, one of the greatest of rulers, who made frequent raids into India and captured cities and fortresses there." — Ibn Battuta, 1304–1369 The area was subsequently ruled by the Timurids and Mughals until Ahmad Shah Durrani made it part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. In 1840, Parwan was the site of a major battle in the First Anglo-Afghan War where the invading British were defeated. Parwan's modern history began with the construction of a new textile factory in the town of Jabal Saraj in 1937. Parwan was involved in the Soviet war in Afghanistan as some of the fiercest fighting took place in the area. In the 1990s it was the site of heavy resistance against the Taliban. == Recent history == Since the removal of the Taliban in late 2001, the United States Armed Forces took control of Bagram Air Base and began using it as one of their main bases in Afghanistan. There is a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) led by South Korea helping the locals with development activities in the province. In mid-February 2011, five rocket-propelled grenades hit the newly built South Korean military base housing the provincial reconstruction team and civilian aid workers. No one was injured in the attack, but it came hours after a visit by South Korean Defense Minister Kim Kwan-jin, raising suspicions of Taliban involvement. The opening ceremony of the base was postponed indefinitely. A plan to build a power plant in the province is under consideration. A large portion of Parwan's economy relies on remittances from the Afghan diaspora living abroad. In July 2012, the Taliban executed a married woman in front of a large crowd after she was found guilty of adultery. It was reported that the woman had a secret affair with a married military commander of the Afghan National Army. == Politics and governance == The current governor of the province is Mohammad Asim Asim. The city of Charikar is the capital of the province. All law enforcement activities throughout the province are handled by the Afghan National Police (ANP). The provincial police chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabul. The ANP is backed by other Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), including the NATO-led forces. == Healthcare == The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 32% in 2005 to 11% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 4% in 2005 to 7% in 2011. == Education == The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 37% in 2005 to 28% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 42% in 2005 to 54% in 2011. == Demographics and geography == The total population of the province is about 631,600, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. According to the Naval Postgraduate School, the ethnic groups of the province are as follows: Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Qizilbash, Kuchi, Hazara, and other minority groups. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) states that "[t]he main ethnic groups are Pashtuns and Tajiks, but there are small numbers of Uzbeks, Qizilbash and Hazaras as well." According to Afghanistan's Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development: Around three quarters (73%) of the population of Parwan lives in rural districts, while one quarter (27%) lives in urban areas, Around 50% of the population is male and 50% is female. Dari and Pashto are the main languages spoken in the province; however Dari speakers outnumber Pashto speakers by a ratio of 5 to 2. Parwan province also has a population of Kuchis or nomads whose numbers vary in different seasons. In winter 30,290 Kuchi live in Parwan province, of which 66% are short-range migratory and the remaining 34% are long-range migratory. During the summer, Kuchi migrate to Parwan province from Laghman, Kapisa, Baghlan and to a lesser extent from Kabul, Nangarhar and Kunar. The Kuchi population in the summer is 121,517 individuals. == Districts == == Notable towns and villages == Gulbahar, Afghanistan == Gallery == 1

0.1928

Blue Horizon (Wishbone Ash album)<EOT>1

Blue Horizon (Wishbone Ash album)

Blue Horizon is a studio album by rock band Wishbone Ash, released by Solid Rock Records on Intergroove in 2014 It features the dual lead guitars of Powell and Muddy Manninen. It was produced by Tom Greenwood, Andy Powell and Joe Crabtree Blue Horizon has received a number of positive reviews.

Blue Horizon is a studio album by rock band Wishbone Ash, released by Solid Rock Records on Intergroove in 2014 It features the dual lead guitars of Powell and Muddy Manninen. It was produced by Tom Greenwood, Andy Powell and Joe Crabtree Blue Horizon has received a number of positive reviews. == Track listing == "Take It Back" (Aynsley Powell) - 6:01 "Deep Blues" (Muddy Manninen / Ian Harris, Andy Powell, Joe Crabtree) - 5:28 "Strange How Things Come Back Around" (Roger Filgate) - 6:01 "Being One" (Manninen, Crabtree, Tom Greenwood / Harris, Crabtree, Greenwood, Andy Powell) - 5:07 "Way Down South" (Harris, Andy Powell) - 6:45 "Tally Ho!" (Manninen / Harris) - 4:46 "Mary Jane" (Manninen / Harris) - 4:38 "American Century" (Aynsley Powell / Andy Powell, Crabtree) - 5:07 "Blue Horizon" (Manninen / Harris) - 7:45 "All There Is to Say" (Pat McManus, Wishbone Ash / Andy Powell) - 7:24 == Personnel == == Wishbone Ash == Andy Powell - guitar, lead vocals Muddy Manninen - guitar, backing vocals Bob Skeat - bass, backing vocals Joe Crabtree - drums, percussion, backing vocals, guitar solo (outro) on "All There Is To Say". == Additional musicians == Pat McManus - fiddle on "Take It Back" and "All There Is To Say", bouzouki on "All There Is To Say" Lucy Underhill - backing vocals on "Strange How Things Come Back Around", additional vocals on "American Century" Richard Young - percussion on "Strange How Things Come Back Around" Tom Greenwood - organ on "Blue Horizon"1

0.1929

Cedar Springs, Arizona<EOT>1

Cedar Springs, Arizona

Cedar Springs is a populated place situated in Navajo County, Arizona. It has an estimated elevation of 6,279 feet (1,914 m) above sea level.1

Cedar Springs is a populated place situated in Navajo County, Arizona. It has an estimated elevation of 6,279 feet (1,914 m) above sea level.1

0.1930

Aigbe Oliha<EOT>1

Aigbe Oliha

Aigbe Oliha (born 11 February 1993) is a Nigerian football player who plays for ES Zarzis in the Tunisian Professional league.

Aigbe Oliha (born 11 February 1993) is a Nigerian football player who plays for ES Zarzis in the Tunisian Professional league. == International career == Oliha represented Nigeria at the Under 17 World Cup in 2009. He played in 7 games and Nigeria reached the final where they lost 1–0 to Switzerland. He was also called by Nigeria for the 2013 African U-20 Championship.1

0.1931

Count of the Stable<EOT>1

Count of the Stable

The Count of the Stable (Latin: comes stabuli; Greek: κόμης τοῦ σταύλου/στάβλου, komēs tou staulou/stablou) was a late Roman and Byzantine office responsible for the horses and pack animals intended for use by the army and the imperial court. From Byzantium, it was adopted by the Franks, and is the origin of the post and title of constable, via the Old French conestable.

The Count of the Stable (Latin: comes stabuli; Greek: κόμης τοῦ σταύλου/στάβλου, komēs tou staulou/stablou) was a late Roman and Byzantine office responsible for the horses and pack animals intended for use by the army and the imperial court. From Byzantium, it was adopted by the Franks, and is the origin of the post and title of constable, via the Old French conestable. == History and functions == The post first appears in the 4th century as the tribunus [sacri] stabuli ("tribune of the [sacred] stable"), initially responsible for the levying of horses from the provinces. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, the holders of the post ranked equal to the tribunes of the Scholae Palatinae guard regiments. In the Notitia Dignitatum, they are listed as the praepositi gregum et stabulorum under the comes rerum privatarum. By the early 5th century, as attested in the Codex Theodosianus, they were raised to comites with the rank of vir clarissimus, but the older title of tribune remained in parallel use for some time (cf. Cod. Theod., 6.13.1). Eight holders of the office are known from the 4th century, including Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) and his brothers-in-law Cerealis and Constantinianus. Evidently, the post was closely associated with the imperial family, as affirmed further when Stilicho was appointed to it on the occasion of his marriage to the adopted niece of Emperor Theodosius I (r. 378–395), Serena. However, holders are rarely mentioned thereafter. The distinguished general Flavius Aetius held the post in 451, and in the 6th century, the variant "Count of the Imperial Grooms" was conferred on leading generals such as Belisarius and Constantinianus, while Baduarius, a relative of Emperor Justin II (r. 565–578), is recorded by the 9th-century chronicler Theophanes the Confessor to have held the post of "Count of the Imperial Stables". The office reappears in the sources in the 820s, when the "prōtospatharios and komēs tou basilikou hippostasiou" Damian led an unsuccessful expedition against the Saracens in Crete. The Byzantine office of the komēs tou staulou is best known during the 9th and 10th centuries, when it was classed as belonging to the group of military officials known as stratarchai. Along with the Logothete of the Herds (logothetēs tōn agelōn), he was responsible for the imperial horses in the capital, Constantinople, and for the horse ranches in the great army camp (aplēkton) at Malagina in Bithynia. He usually held the dignity of patrikios, and ranked 51st in the overall imperial hierarchy. During imperial processions, as well as during campaigns, he escorted the emperor along with the prōtostratōr, and played a role in the receptions of foreign ambassadors. In the 13th century, the Latin-inspired office of the konostaulos seems to have replaced the komēs tou staulou, but another title, the komēs tōn basilikōn hippōn (κόμης τῶν βασιλικῶν ἴππων, "count of the imperial horses") appears in the 14th-century treatise on offices of Pseudo-Kodinos. Aside from bringing the emperor his horse and holding it while he mounted it, the functions of this office are unknown. He does not appear to have held a rank within the court hierarchy, but his proximity to the emperor did apparently lead to some influence, as in the case of Constantine Chadenos, who rose from this post to high political offices under Emperor Michael VIII (r. 1259–1282). == Subordinate officials == The staff (officium) of the Count of the Stable is not explicitly mentioned in Byzantine sources, but its composition for the 9th and 10th centuries can be inferred, at least in part. It included: Two chartoularioi, one for Constantinople (ὁ ἔσω χαρτουλάριος, "the inner chartoularios") and one for Malagina (ὁ χαρτουλάριος τῶν Μαλαγίνων or ὁ ἔξω χαρτουλάριος, "the outer" or "provincial" chartoularios"). The epeiktes, in seals often epiktes (ἐπ[ε]ίκτης, according to John Bagnell Bury "an overseer who presses work on"), responsible for fodder, watering, and other related supplies like horseshoes or saddles. The saphramentarios (σαφραμεντάριος), the origin of whose title and his functions are unknown. In the sources, he seems to be responsible for outfitting the imperial mules prior to an expedition. The four counts (komētes) of Malagina (οἱ δ′ κόμητες τῶν Μαλαγίνων). Forty grooms (οἱ μ′ σύντροφοι τῶν σελλαρίων), also known as the "grooms of the two stables" (οἱ σύντροφοι τῶν δύο στάβλων, i.e. Constantinople and Malagina). These were probably subaltern officers charged with leading detachments of mules. The kellarios (κελλάριος) or apothetēs (ἀποθέτης) of the imperial stable, responsible for the stables' granary.1

0.1932

Donnie Davis<EOT>1

Donnie Davis

Donnie Davis (born December 16, 1972) was the starting quarterback for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1993 and 1995. He later played in the Arena Football League for the Arizona Rattlers, Milwaukee Mustangs, and Georgia Force.

Donnie Davis (born December 16, 1972) was the starting quarterback for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1993 and 1995. He later played in the Arena Football League for the Arizona Rattlers, Milwaukee Mustangs, and Georgia Force. == College == Davis's college career began in the wake of the 1990 National Championship run under Head Coach Bobby Ross. Davis redshirted in 1991 and would await the graduation of star quarterback Shawn Jones through his redshirt freshman and sophomore seasons. Bobby Ross would leave before Davis's sophomore season and Bill Lewis was appointed head coach. The team, 2 years removed from a National Title, only won five games and finished the 1992 season with a 5-6 record. His redshirt sophomore campaign began with a thrashing of Furman but over the next three games Georgia Tech would be outscored 102-27. Davis would finish the year with a 5-6 record and a loss to archrival Georgia. Bill Lewis wanted a spark for his wilting team so he recruited junior college transfer Tom Luginbill from Palomar. Luginbill came in from a wide open pass offense where he tossed for over 7,600 yards and had won 21 games in two years. Luginbill would eventually take the starting job from Davis after Davis got injured in spring practice. Luginbill's first two efforts in 1994 saw Georgia Tech narrowly lose to then #1 Arizona and demolish Western Carolina. Luginbill's career ended at Georgia Tech with a 1-10 record and the firing of Coach Bill Lewis. Lewis was replaced by defensive coordinator George O'Leary. After Luginbill transferred to Eastern Kentucky, Davis and O'Leary began a major rebuilding of the Georgia Tech football program that would lead Georgia Tech eventually back to playing in bowls and competing at the highest level in the ACC. Davis over his career compiled an 11-11 record with over 4,000 yards of total offense and 29 total touchdowns. == Professional career == Davis would go on to be one of the most successful passers in Arizona Rattler history. He won the Most Valuable Player of Arena Bowl XI in 1997. == After football == Davis retired from arena football in 2001 and has worked in the mortgage banking industry ever since. Davis plans on graduating from Georgia Tech in 2009 with a Bachelor of Science in Management. He is currently an intern at both the Southern Company and for the Georgia Tech department of athletics, and has also started a LinkedIn group for Georgia Tech football letter winners1

0.1933

Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School<EOT>1

Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School

Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School is a charter school for adults in Washington D.C..

Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School is a charter school for adults in Washington D.C.. == History == The Carlos Rosario Adult Education Center was started in the 1930s at Gordon Junior High, 35th and T Streets NW in Burleith, Washington, D.C.. Its first program, "Program of English Instruction for Latin Americans," (PEILA) was started by Marcelo Fernandez. In 1972, Sonia Gutierrez was named director of PEILA. In 1978, PEILA was merged with Gordon Junior High and Americanization School forming the Gordon Center. In 1992, the Gordon Center was renamed to Carlos Rosario Center in memory of Carlos Manuel Rosario. The school functioned until 1996 and had 1,600 students during that year. In 1996, the District of Columbia closed the Carlos Rosario Center due to a district-wide financial crisis that eliminated all DCPS adult education programs. Afterwards, Sonia Gutierrez raised $150,000, while working from her basement, to reopen the center as a private, non-profit school. In 1997, the Carlos Rosario International Career Center opened as a non-profit organization under Sonia Gutierrez's leadership.It was located at the Calvary Baptist Church in Chinatown. In 1998, Gutierrez won approval from the District of Columbia Public Charter School Board to establish the Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School. It was the first adult charter school in the United States. In 2004 Carlos Rosario opened a new building at 1100 Harvard Street, Columbia Heights, NW. In 2006 Carlos Rosario Career Center and Carlos Rosario Charter School merged to become Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School. The school continued to grow and expand under Gutierrez's leadership. In 2013, the Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School opened the Sonia Gutierrez Campus, a workforce development satellite site located in Eckington, Washington, D.C., a neighborhood in the northeast of Washington, D.C., to serve an additional 500 people. With the opening of this second campus, the school provides services to more than 2,500 students. Its support services and courses include English as a Second Language, GED in Spanish and English, technology essentials, citizenship and career training. == Campus == The school has two main campuses: Harvard Street Campus, located at 1100 Harvard St NW, Washington, D.C. Sonia Gutierrez Campus, located at 514 V St NE, D.C. == Curriculum == == Career training academies == The career training options include: Culinary Arts Academy: Culinary Arts Fundamentals, International Cuisines and Baking and Pastry. Health Academy: Nurse Aide Training for English Language Learners and Nurse Aide Training. Technology Academy: IT Fundamentals and Computer Support Specialist Career Training. == English classes == English as a Second Language (ESL) ESL for Families == Other classes and programs == Citizenship Test Preparation GED Program Math for Life and Work == Student life == More than 2,500 students attend Carlos Rosario and about 350 students graduate from Carlos Rosario each year. The school has many extracurricular activities and volunteer opportunities. == Multilingual education == The school has a multilingual team providing services to speakers of Amharic, French, Spanish and Vietnamese. The school helps the students address their language barriers, while living in the U.S. == Extracurricular activities == Some extracurricular activities at the school include: Math club Latin group Zumba dance group Legal clinics Remedial computer instruction == Awards == It was awarded "one of the best 10 charter schools in Washington D.C." by the mayor of D.C. in 2005 It received the Gold Star Award for its 100% compliance with all applicable D.C. codes and regulations and Charter School Board regulations in 2009. The school won the E Pluribus Unum Award from the Migration Policy Institute.1

0.1934

Alan Schaaf<EOT>1

Alan Schaaf

Alan Schaaf (born October 21, 1987) is an American entrepreneur. He is best known as the founder and CEO of the image-sharing app and website Imgur.

Alan Schaaf (born October 21, 1987) is an American entrepreneur. He is best known as the founder and CEO of the image-sharing app and website Imgur. == Early life == Schaaf was born to Ulysses Grant and Lola Faye Schaaf in Granville, Ohio. He attended Ohio University and received a bachelor's degree in computer science. == Career == Schaaf founded Imgur when he was still an undergraduate at Ohio University in 2009. Imgur started as a simple image-sharing website and evolved into the largest democratized image-sharing community in the world with more than 150 million monthly active users in 2015. Under Schaaf's leadership, Imgur was bootstrapped and profitable for five years, scaling organically to millions of users before finally receiving $40 million in investment from Andreessen Horowitz in 2014. Imgur ranks among the top 50 sites in the world, and was called "the next big social network" by CNBC. ComScore ranks Imgur as the website with the highest concentration of millennial men users on the internet, above Facebook and Twitter. Schaaf has previously given a TEDx Talk at TEDxWellington and spoke at TechCrunch Disrupt. In 2015 Schaaf was listed as one of Forbes' 30 Under 30. He has also been featured and quoted in notable newspapers and news sites including The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, CNBC, The Atlantic, and TechCrunch.1

0.1935

Wallsend Boys Club<EOT>1

Wallsend Boys Club

Wallsend Boys Club is an English youth football club based in Wallsend, North Tyneside. The club is well known for producing professional footballers; more than 65 players from the club have gone on to play professionally. They also have an adult team that plays in the Northern Alliance Division One.

Wallsend Boys Club is an English youth football club based in Wallsend, North Tyneside. The club is well known for producing professional footballers; more than 65 players from the club have gone on to play professionally. They also have an adult team that plays in the Northern Alliance Division One. == History == The club was founded in 1904 by the employees and directors of Swan Hunters Shipyard in order to provide recreational activities for the apprentices and young people in the area and initially specialised in boxing. The original club premises were a series of wooden huts on Station Road, erected by workers from the shipyard. A fire destroyed the original premises and work commenced on the current club building in 1964, which was opened on 16 December 1966. Club activities in the early days were mainly snooker, trampolining, judo, table tennis, cross country running and football. Various fund raising activities were held, including a "pram push" across England and a 24-hour relay race from Wallsend to Edinburgh Castle and back. In 1975, the club opened seven days a week and formed a separate sub-committee for 11-a-side football. Over the years, the 11-a-side representative teams have won hundreds of trophies in local and national competitions. The club has gained a formidable reputation for the early development of many professional footballers. In 2008, the club was awarded the Freedom of the City of North Tyneside, in recognition of what the deputy mayor called the club's "factory line of talent", and for its community work. In June 2011, the club opened its first football centre, prior to which they had to play on park and local authority pitches. The facility, for which negotiations began in 2006, which is situated next to Wallsend Sports Centre on Rheydt Avenue, has: two senior size grass pitches, five junior size grass pitches, one mini-soccer size grass pitch, and a changing pavilion. It was funded by grants of £850,000 from the Football Foundation, £150,000 from The FA and £301,000 from North Tyneside Council with the club itself raising £114,000 towards the scheme. The Station Road headquarters of the club was demolished in the February and March 2012, following high winds in January which damaged one of the walls of the building. == Former players == Professional players to have played for the club include: Paul Baker Steve Baker Peter Beardsley Ian Bogie Michael Bridges Steve Bruce Adam Campbell Michael Carrick Phil Cavener Vince Chapman Lee Clark Tony Dinning Robbie Elliott Nicky Evans Graham Fenton Fraser Forster Damon Gray Ray Hankin Chris Hedworth Rob Hindmarch Shaun Hutchinson Russell Irving Dan Jones Brian Laws Tony Lormor Shaun Lowther Kevin McDonald Neil McDonald Mark Maley Lee Novak Derrick Parker Ben Pringle Phil Ray Barry Richardson David Robinson David Roche Tony Sealy Alan Shearer Kevin Smith Michael Smith Eric Steele Paul Stephenson Mick Tait Paul Tait Jeff Tate Les Taylor Steven Taylor Alan Thompson Alan Waddle Dean Walker Mick Wardrobe Ian Watson Steve Watson Alex Whitmore Tommy Widdrington Jeff Wrightson == International representation == The club has had a representative at four of the six FIFA World Cup finals since 1986, with the two exceptions coming in 1994, when the England national football team did not qualify, and 2002. In 1986 and 1990 Peter Beardsley starred for England. In 1998 Alan Shearer was England captain. Michael Carrick made appearances for England in both the 2006 and 2010 tournaments. Fraser Forster was in the 2014 squad but did not make an appearance. Alan Thompson received one full cap for England in 2004, and Fraser Forster did the same in 2013, while numerous other former players have made youth or B international appearances.1

0.1936

James Young (Missouri politician)<EOT>Monroe accepted Adams's advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. ". . . the American continents," he stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power." Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine. 1

James Young (Missouri politician)

James Young (May 11, 1800 – February 9, 1878) was an American politician. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Missouri from 1844 to 1848. He also served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1831 to 1833, in the Missouri House of Representatives 1836 to 1838, and in the Missouri Senate from 1840 to 1844.1

James Young (May 11, 1800 – February 9, 1878) was an American politician. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Missouri from 1844 to 1848. He also served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1831 to 1833, in the Missouri House of Representatives 1836 to 1838, and in the Missouri Senate from 1840 to 1844.1

0.1937

Frankfort, Ohio<EOT>Winner of the Special Tony Award® for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre, Stephen Sondheim has received more Tonys® than any other composer. Mr. Sondheim wrote the music and lyrics for Saturday Night, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Anyone Can Whistle, Company, Follies, A Little Night Music, The Frogs, Pacific Overtures, Sweeney Todd, Merrily We Roll Along, Sunday in the Park With George (for which he received a Pulitzer Prize), Into the Woods, Assassins, Passion and Road Show, there are five musical revues based entirely on his work). Revues of his work include Sondheim on Sondheim, Side by Side by Sondheim, Marry Me a Little, You’re Gonna Love Tomorrow, and Putting It Together. For films and television, he composed the scores of Stavisky and Reds and wrote songs for Dick Tracy, for which he received an Academy Award, and Evening Primrose. He was also the recipient of The Kennedy Center Honors in 1993. Mr. Sondheim is on the Council of the Dramatists Guild, having served as its president from 1973 to 1981 .In 2010, A new Broadway Theater was named the after him . <doc-sep> Get tickets to the Country Concert Music Fest in Ft. Loramie, Ohio . 1

Frankfort, Ohio

Frankfort is a village in Ross County, Ohio, United States, along the North Fork of Paint Creek. The village is located in Concord Township. The population was 1,064 at the 2010 census.

Frankfort is a village in Ross County, Ohio, United States, along the North Fork of Paint Creek. The village is located in Concord Township. The population was 1,064 at the 2010 census. == History == Frankfort was originally called Oldtown, and under the latter name was laid out in 1816. A post office called Old Town was established in 1817, and the name was changed to Frankfort in 1834. Frankfort was incorporated as a village in 1827. == Gallery == == Geography == Frankfort is located at 39°24′20″N 83°10′56″W (39.405687, -83.182219). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.56 square miles (1.45 km²), all land. == Demographics == == 2010 census == As of the census of 2010, there were 1,064 people, 448 households, and 279 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,900.0 inhabitants per square mile (733.6/km²). There were 511 housing units at an average density of 912.5 per square mile (352.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 92.6% White, 3.9% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.2% of the population. There were 448 households of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.7% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the village was 41.2 years. 24.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 18.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.0% male and 53.0% female. == 2000 census == As of the census of 2000, there were 1,011 people, 442 households, and 274 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,792.9 people per square mile (697.1/km²). There were 474 housing units at an average density of 840.6 per square mile (326.8/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 91.89% White, 4.85% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, and 2.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.10% of the population. There were 442 households out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.95. In the village, the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $32,262, and the median income for a family was $43,365. Males had a median income of $34,417 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,259. About 11.6% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 25.4% of those age 65 or over. == Education == Frankfort is served by the Adena Local School System, a K-12 school that jointly serves Concord, Union, and Deerfield townships. == Arts and culture == Frankfort is the home of the International Sunflower Festival, a three-day event held annually on the last full weekend of July. == Notable person == Beulah Woodard, sculptor, was born in Frankfort. Mathew Allen Jones, notable electronics engineer was raised in Frankfort.1

0.1938

Chandigarh Literati<EOT>1

Chandigarh Literati

Chandigarh Literati or Chandigarh Literature Festival is a literary festival held in Chandigarh, India. It is organised by the Chandigarh Literary Society with the support of the Chandigarh Administration and Haryana Tourism.

Chandigarh Literati or Chandigarh Literature Festival is a literary festival held in Chandigarh, India. It is organised by the Chandigarh Literary Society with the support of the Chandigarh Administration and Haryana Tourism. == History == According to the chairperson of Mrs. Sumita Mishra, the Chandigarh Literati was originally conceived in an attempt to promote the literary arts in the city, to provide a platform for talented regional writer and thinkers and making available world-class writers to the public. The festival promotes poetry, haiku, vernacular writers as well as fiction and non-fiction writers in English and regional languages like Punjabi, Hindi, etc. "Chandigarh Lit Fest shall showcase the very best in contemporary writing from established and emerging writers, and inspire children as well as all those engaged in creative reading and writing pursuits." == 2013 Festival == The 2013 festival was graced by more than thirty authors from different parts of the country, including bestselling authors and celebrities like Bhaskar Ghose, Gul Panag, Ashwin Sanghi, Jerry Pinto, Meghna Pant, V. Sudarshan, Tishaa Khosla, etc. The two-day festival was organised at the Lake View Club on 23-24 November. There were many sessions which included book readings, author discussions and book launches. The festival attracted visitors from all across the country. == Participating Authors == The following authors participated in the 2013 Chandigarh Literati. Kishwar Desai Bhaskar Ghose Madhu Kishwar Gul Panag Imtiaz Ali Kishalay Bhattacharjee Jaideep Bhoosreddy Upamanyu Chatterjee Angelee Deodhar Krishna Shastri Devulapalli Pam Handa Irshad Kamil Manju Kapur Tishaa Khosla Gen. V.P. Malik Govind Mishra Rahul Pandita Pushpesh Pant Meghna Pant Jerry Pinto Nandita C. Puri Manjula Rana Ashwin Sanghi Navtej Singh Sarna Manish Shukla Jai Arjun Singh Mohyna Srinivasan Bubbu Tir Ashok Vajpeyi Ram Varma Chandra Shekhar Verma Gyan Prakash Vivek1

0.1939

Biff, the Michigan Wolverine<EOT>1

Biff, the Michigan Wolverine

Biff, the Wolverine was a live wolverine who served as a team mascot at University of Michigan Wolverines football games and was later kept in a small zoo at the University of Michigan in the 1920s and 1930s. In the mid-1920s, before the acquisition of a live wolverine, the University of Michigan used a mounted and stuffed wolverine, also named "Biff", as the team mascot. In 1923, after seeing the University of Wisconsin football team carry live badgers at games, University of Michigan athletic director and football coach Fielding H. Yost decided to procure a wolverine. Despite writing letters to 68 trappers, Yost was reportedly unable to find a wolverine. The best he could do in 1924 was to obtain a mounted and stuffed wolverine from the Hudson's Bay Company. The stuffed wolverine was named “Biff” and was featured on the cover of a 1925 game program, along with team captain Robert J. Brown straining to hold Biff on a leash. The caption to the photograph read: “Capt. Bob Brown and Biff: The Wolverine Mascot of Michigan Athletic Teams Is Noted for Its Ferocity and Gameness in Battle, a Characteristic of Every Team that Wears the Maize and Blue.” Then, in 1927, the Detroit Zoo acquired ten wolverines from Alaska. During the 1927 season, Yost struck a deal with the zoo to have two of the wolverines transported to Ann Arbor on football Saturdays. The two wolverines were nicknamed “Biff” and “Bennie” and were paraded around Michigan Stadium during football games. Biff and Bennie’s first appearance came on dedication day for Michigan Stadium in 1927. The University of Michigan Athletic Department reports that Biff and Bennie “grew larger and more ferocious,” leading Yost to conclude, "It was obvious that the Michigan mascots had designs on the Michigan men toting them, and those designs were by no means friendly." Accordingly, the practice of bringing Biff and Bennie into the stadium ended after just one season. One of the Wolverines, Biff, was put in a cage at the University of Michigan Zoo. National Geographic reported that "Yost had not accounted for the rapid growth or the ferocity of the animals, and when his players were no longer willing to carry the wolverines around the stadium, one live mascot, 'Biff,' was turned over to the University of Michigan Zoo so that the students would be able to visit—and be inspired by—him." Though some sources report that Biff and Bennie were paraded in cages around Michigan Stadium for only one year, an article from the Bentley Historical Library states that the two live wolverine mascots were brought to the stadium for “a number of years.” The Bentley account also states that both Biff and Bennie lived for a time at a small zoo near the Natural History Museum, "but eventually became too vicious to remain on campus and were moved to the Detroit Zoo."1

Biff, the Wolverine was a live wolverine who served as a team mascot at University of Michigan Wolverines football games and was later kept in a small zoo at the University of Michigan in the 1920s and 1930s. In the mid-1920s, before the acquisition of a live wolverine, the University of Michigan used a mounted and stuffed wolverine, also named "Biff", as the team mascot. In 1923, after seeing the University of Wisconsin football team carry live badgers at games, University of Michigan athletic director and football coach Fielding H. Yost decided to procure a wolverine. Despite writing letters to 68 trappers, Yost was reportedly unable to find a wolverine. The best he could do in 1924 was to obtain a mounted and stuffed wolverine from the Hudson's Bay Company. The stuffed wolverine was named “Biff” and was featured on the cover of a 1925 game program, along with team captain Robert J. Brown straining to hold Biff on a leash. The caption to the photograph read: “Capt. Bob Brown and Biff: The Wolverine Mascot of Michigan Athletic Teams Is Noted for Its Ferocity and Gameness in Battle, a Characteristic of Every Team that Wears the Maize and Blue.” Then, in 1927, the Detroit Zoo acquired ten wolverines from Alaska. During the 1927 season, Yost struck a deal with the zoo to have two of the wolverines transported to Ann Arbor on football Saturdays. The two wolverines were nicknamed “Biff” and “Bennie” and were paraded around Michigan Stadium during football games. Biff and Bennie’s first appearance came on dedication day for Michigan Stadium in 1927. The University of Michigan Athletic Department reports that Biff and Bennie “grew larger and more ferocious,” leading Yost to conclude, "It was obvious that the Michigan mascots had designs on the Michigan men toting them, and those designs were by no means friendly." Accordingly, the practice of bringing Biff and Bennie into the stadium ended after just one season. One of the Wolverines, Biff, was put in a cage at the University of Michigan Zoo. National Geographic reported that "Yost had not accounted for the rapid growth or the ferocity of the animals, and when his players were no longer willing to carry the wolverines around the stadium, one live mascot, 'Biff,' was turned over to the University of Michigan Zoo so that the students would be able to visit—and be inspired by—him." Though some sources report that Biff and Bennie were paraded in cages around Michigan Stadium for only one year, an article from the Bentley Historical Library states that the two live wolverine mascots were brought to the stadium for “a number of years.” The Bentley account also states that both Biff and Bennie lived for a time at a small zoo near the Natural History Museum, "but eventually became too vicious to remain on campus and were moved to the Detroit Zoo."1

0.1940

Judicial Conference of the State of New York<EOT>1

Judicial Conference of the State of New York

The Judicial Conference of the State of New York is an institution of the New York State Unified Court System responsible for surveying current practice in the administration of the state's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation and regulations. Its members include the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and judges from the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division.

The Judicial Conference of the State of New York is an institution of the New York State Unified Court System responsible for surveying current practice in the administration of the state's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation and regulations. Its members include the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and judges from the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division. == History == It was created by Laws of 1955, ch. 869, and codified at New York Judiciary Law article 7-A (§§ 214, 214-A). It is the successor body of the Judicial Council of the State of New York, which was abolished with the repeal of article 2-A of the Judiciary Law in Laws of 1955, ch. 869. That body was formed for the purpose of surveying current practice in the administration of the State's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation.1

0.1941

Farnham, Suffolk<EOT>1

Farnham, Suffolk

Farnham is a village and civil parish about 3 miles (4.8 km) south-west of Saxmundham in the English county of Suffolk on the A12 road. Farnham is located West of Friday Street, South of Benhall Street and North East of Straford St Andrew.

Farnham is a village and civil parish about 3 miles (4.8 km) south-west of Saxmundham in the English county of Suffolk on the A12 road. Farnham is located West of Friday Street, South of Benhall Street and North East of Straford St Andrew. == History == The village of Farnham get its name from Old English where it means "Fern hemmed-in land" or "Fern homestead/village". The earliest known recording of the village of Farnham is from the Domesday Book, written in 1086, where it appears three times. Farnham was located in the Hundred of Plomesgate in the County of Suffolk and had a population of 18 households; 8 smallholders and 13 free men. Farnham also had one Lord's plough teams and 2 men's plough teams. In addition to this the Domesday Book also had 2 mills and 21 acres of meadow recorded St. Mary's Church was not recorded in the Domesday Book. In 1870–72 John Marius Wilson described Farnham, in John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, as: A parish in Plomesgate district, Suffolk; near the river Alde and the East Suffolk railway. It has a post office under Wickham Market. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Norwich. The church is Norman, with a flint tower, and very good. In this he also described the village as having a population of 184 and 46 houses, with property costing around £1,521. He also said the village had an acreage of 1,177. Census data for Farnham goes back to 1801 with the population in this year being 216, by the 1811 census this number had fallen to 186, the next census in 1821 saw an increase in population up to 213. The population then peaked in 1831 with the population once again reaching 216. From here the population began to fall with the population in 1961 being 118. This number remained fairly consistent with the population in 2001 being 108 and then in 2011 it rose back up to 118; 57 males and 61 females. It has also been recorded that as of 1 December 2016 there were 99 electors on Farnham's electoral register. The number of houses in Farnham is also something that has risen over time. The earliest known recording of the number of houses in Farnham is from the 1831 census when the number of houses was 35. This number steadily increased when in 1881 the number of houses reached 48. In 1891 the number of houses fell to 45, however thirty years later, in 1921, the number of houses reached it lowest number – 40 houses. This number once again rose and reached 46 in 1931 and remained this way until 1961 when the number of houses fell once again to 41. More recently in 2001 it was recorded that there were 47 houses. In 2011 this number had once again risen to 53 houses. This has since decreased to 50 houses in 2016. The average house price in Farnham is around £231,044. Out of the 2011 population, 63 persons (aged between 18 and 74) were employed. Of these 63, 10 were employed in construction, 8 in human health and social work activities, 6 in agriculture and 6 in public administration and defence; compulsory social security. This is a stark contrast to employment in 1831 where the most popular industry was agriculture with 29 persons employed, the services industry was also a significant employer with 8 persons employed. In 1881 over half of the working population were employed in agriculture, and just under a quarter in services (this includes carpenters, bricklayers and person working in textiles). From 1881 to 2011 there has been a big industrial shift with the number employed in agriculture falling (fall of 23 persons); this is likely because in 1881 agricultural activities required people to carry them out whereas in 2011 fewer people are required as technology has advanced. However one job sector that hasn't undergone technological advance is the construction industry as this has seen a large increase with only 3 people in this industry in 1881 to 10 in 2011 (the biggest industry in 2011) a rise of 7 persons. == St. Mary's Church == St. Mary's Church is located just South of the village and has a long history dating back to the Norman times. Before the church was constructed there was a Roman encampment constructed here due to its positioning at the top of a hill offering vantage points across the surrounding area. It is thought that the original church building was built around AD800 but was kept hidden due to the nearby environment at the time. It was not recorded in the Domesday Book. The building that is currently there is built of mostly flint and stone and was built in the Norman time, with most of the interior being the original interior. There are some more recent instalments such as the organ which was installed in 2000. More recently in 1992, after the redundancy of St Andrew's church in Stratford St Andrew, both Farnham and Stratford St Andrew's churches united with both parishes now using St. Mary's Church. St Andrew's Church has been converted into a house. == Present Day == In 2011 the national census recorded the population in Farnham at 118. Employment in Farnham in 2011 was moderately high with 32.6% of the population in full-time employment, 10.5% part-time and 23.2% were self-employed; this equates to 66.3% of the population of Farnham in employment. On the other hand, despite the relatively high unemployment rates at the time of the 2011 census (7.7% nationally) unemployment in Farnham was measured at 0.0%. Meaning the rest of the population in Farnham were either too young to work or have retired. The village of Farnham itself has very limited employment opportunities. There are two main employers in Farnham – Farnham Industrial Estate and Farnham Leisure. Farnham Industrial Estate is home to up to five separate units all housing different businesses including a renewable energy firm and a car workshop. Farnham Industrial Estate is likely to make up for a large amount of 23.2% of self-employed people. Farnham Leisure specialises in the sale of caravans both new and used; it also contains a workshop for caravans. As of 21 March 2017 it employs 11 people (9 men, 2 women), a considerable amount given the population size of Farnham. Transportation in Farnham is also scarce. The closest railway station to Farnham is Saxmundham railway station which is located 3 miles North East of Farnham, also located 3 miles South West of Farnham is Wickham Market railway station which is another stop on the same service; this service starts and terminates at Ipswich on one end and Lowestoft the other. In the village there is only one bus stop however this is used by the First in Norfolk and Suffolk bus service providing a regular bus to the village on a two hourly basis, this bus starts/terminates in Ipswich and Aldeburgh. The village is also served by two other bus services run by Coastal Accessible Transport. The village also has the A12 road running through it; however this is met with criticism from the locals due to occurrence of crashes in the village. As a result they campaign for a bypass to be built around the village, this had previously been given the go ahead however due to financial reasons this development had to be cancelled. Farnham is also home to nine listed buildings, all of which are Grade II listed, including the aforementioned St. Mary's Church. Other listed buildings in Farnham include Farnham Manor (formerly known as Farnham Hall), Rose Hill House, Elm Treet Farmhouse & Cottage, Turret Cottage Turret House and Hill Farmhouse. There are two more significant listed buildings within Farnham, not including St. Mary's Church, and these are The George and Dragon and the Post Office Stores. The George and Dragon is located on The Street, also known as the A12, through Farnham. This building used to be a pub (public house) for the area however closed down in 1996 however it acquired its Grade II status long before in 1983. Today the building has been converted into a residential property. The other listed building in Farnham is the Post Office Stores also located on The Street. The post office also acquired its Grade II status in 1983. This building was of much importance to the village of Farnham and the neighbouring Straford St Andrew as letters that were sent to Straford St Andrew from Wickham Market were left at Farnham Post Office. The building is now used a residential property with the property going up for sale priced at £275,000. The village of Farnham is located in the electoral region of Wilford, which in turn falls into the Suffolk Coastal district. Currently Wilford is under Conservative rule with Andrew Reid representing Wilford at Suffolk County Council. However this is subject to change as Suffolk County Council are due to hold another election in May 2017.1

0.1942

Charles Scontras<EOT>Down to 1887, when our present system of labor laws were enacted, Maine had grown to quite extensive proportions as a manufacturing state. Labor system it had none, each manufacturer making his own rules relating to help, wages, and working hours, with the result that women and children of all ages and conditions were often huddled into unsanitary workrooms, days of all length, from ten hours to fifteen hours, were demanded of them the year through. . . . A spirit of unrest was moving the masses.1 1

Charles Scontras

Charles A. Scontras (born November 25, 1929) is a Maine labor historian, educator and author.

Charles A. Scontras (born November 25, 1929) is a Maine labor historian, educator and author. == Personal == Scontras was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Greek immigrants. He spent his childhood and adolescence in Old Orchard Beach, Maine. His mother worked in the textile mills of nearby Biddeford and his father was a shoe repairman. Prior to his career in education, he owned a shoe store and shoe repair business. He attended the University of New Hampshire, earning a B.S. in Business Administration. He later earned a M.Ed. and a M.A. and Ph.D. in history from the University of Maine, Orono. He lives in Cape Elizabeth, Maine with his wife, Joanne. == Career == Dr. Scontras taught at the University of Maine for 36 years, holding positions in the Modern Society, History, and Political Science Departments, and in the Honors Program. He retired in 1997, but continues serve as a Research Associate at the University of Maine Bureau of Labor Education. == Maine Labor History Mural == In 1997, the Maine Department of Labor consulted with Dr. Scontras as the agency worked to commission a mural highlighting Maine's labor history. He worked closely with Judy Taylor, the artist selected for project, to identify the scenes that were captured on the eleven panel mural. Taylor honored his contribution to the work by using his image in a mural panel that depicts apprenticeship. He is shown teaching an apprentice how to hand sew shoes.1

0.1943

Quercus brantii<EOT>1

Quercus brantii

Quercus brantii, the Brant's oak or Persian oak, is a species of oak native to Western Asia, including Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Quercus brantii (covering more than 50% of the Zagros forest area) is the most important tree species of the Zagros in Iran. Iranians use its seed in traditional medicine. Other useful products derived from oaks include fuel wood, charcoal and timber hardwood.1

Quercus brantii, the Brant's oak or Persian oak, is a species of oak native to Western Asia, including Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Quercus brantii (covering more than 50% of the Zagros forest area) is the most important tree species of the Zagros in Iran. Iranians use its seed in traditional medicine. Other useful products derived from oaks include fuel wood, charcoal and timber hardwood.1

0.1944

Carbofuran<EOT>1

Carbofuran

Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. It is marketed under the trade names Furadan, by FMC Corporation and Curater, among several others. It is used to control insects in a wide variety of field crops, including potatoes, corn and soybeans. It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from here the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained. Carbofuran also has contact activity against pests. Carbofuran usage has increased in recent years because it is one of the few insecticides effective on soybean aphids, which have expanded their range since 2002 to include most soybean-growing regions of the U.S. The main global producer is the FMC Corporation. Carbofuran exhibits toxicity mediated by the same mechanism as that of the notorious V-series nerve agents and presents a risk to human health. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. It is marketed under the trade names Furadan, by FMC Corporation and Curater, among several others. It is used to control insects in a wide variety of field crops, including potatoes, corn and soybeans. It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from here the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained. Carbofuran also has contact activity against pests. Carbofuran usage has increased in recent years because it is one of the few insecticides effective on soybean aphids, which have expanded their range since 2002 to include most soybean-growing regions of the U.S. The main global producer is the FMC Corporation. Carbofuran exhibits toxicity mediated by the same mechanism as that of the notorious V-series nerve agents and presents a risk to human health. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. == Chemistry == The technical or chemical name of carbofuran is 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate and its CAS number is 1563-66-2. It is manufactured by the reaction of methyl isocyanate with 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-hydroxybenzofuran. == Bans == Carbofuran is banned in Canada and the European Union. In 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it intends to ban carbofuran. In December of that year, FMC Corp., the sole US manufacturer of carbofuran, announced that it had voluntarily requested that the United States Environmental Protection Agency cancel all but six of the previously allowed uses of that chemical as a pesticide. With this change, carbofuran usage in the US would be allowed only on maize, potatoes, pumpkins, sunflowers, pine seedlings and spinach grown for seed. However, in May 2009 EPA cancelled all food tolerances, an action which amounts to a de facto ban on its use on all crops grown for human consumption. Kenya is considering banning carbofuran, but it is legal to buy over-the-counter in Kenya. In India, in certain areas, organic pesticides having the same functions as carbofuran is being sold. == Toxicity to vertebrates == Carbofuran is highly toxic to vertebrates with an oral LD₅₀ of 8–14 mg/kg in rats and 19 mg/kg in dogs. Carbofuran is known to be particularly toxic to birds. In its granular form, a single grain will kill a bird. Birds often eat numerous grains of the pesticide, mistaking them for seeds, and then die shortly thereafter. Before the granular form was banned by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1991, it was blamed for millions of bird deaths per year. The liquid version of the pesticide is less hazardous to birds since they are not as likely to ingest it directly, but it is still very hazardous. Carbofuran has been illegally used to intentionally poison wildlife in the US, Canada and Great Britain; poisoned wildlife have included coyotes, kites, golden eagles and buzzards. Secondary fatal poisoning of domestic and wild animals has been documented, specifically, raptors (bald eagles and golden eagles), domestic dogs, raccoons, vultures and other scavengers. In Kenya, farmers are using carbofuran to kill lions and other predators. In a number of publicized incidents worldwide, carbofuran has also been used to poison domestic pets. Carbofuran is an endocrine disruptor and a probable reproduction/development intoxicant. At low-level exposures carbofuran may cause transient alterations in the concentration of hormones. These alterations may consequently lead to serious reproductive problems following repeated exposure. When exposed in utero or during lactation, a decrease in sperm motility, sperm count along with increase in percent abnormal sperm was observed in rats at 0.4 mg/kg dose level. In one study, the exposure of rats to sublethal amounts of carbofuran decreased testosterone by 88%, while the levels of progesterone, cortisol, and estradiol were significantly increased (1279%, 202%, and 150%, respectively). == Toxicity to humans == Carbofuran has one of the highest acute toxicities to humans of any insecticide widely used on field crops (only aldicarb and parathion are more toxic). Most carbofuran is applied by commercial applicators using closed systems with engineered controls so there is no exposure to it in preparation. Since its toxic effects are due to its activity as a cholinesterase inhibitor it is considered a neurotoxic pesticide. A recent study reports that carbofuran is a structural mimic of the neurohormone melatonin and could directly bind to MT2 melatonin receptor (Ki = 1.7 uM). Disruption of melatonin signaling could impact the circadian rhythm balance and linked to elevated risk of developing diabetes. == Health scare in Thailand == Due to nonregistration of 4 carcinogenic chemicals used on crops not listed in the Dangerous Substances Act of Thailand, vegetables with residues of methomyl, carbofuran, dicrotophos, and EPN were taken off supermarket shelves in July 2012. == Death of Lions in Kenya == In 2009, the CBS television news magazine 60 Minutes ran an exposé discussing the use of Furadan as a poison used by Kenyan farmers to kill African lions. The piece suggested that Furadan was a serious threat to the future of the lion population in Africa. FMC has commented extensively on this issue through the media and their websites including furadanfacts.com. They actively engaged with government officials, NGOs and others to try and resolve the illegal use of pesticides to kill wildlife. The company took action to stop the sale of this product and instituted a buy-back program in East Africa when it was determined that the illegal and intentional misuse of chemicals against wildlife could not be controlled by education or stewardship programs alone.1

0.1945

Robert Ashton (historian)<EOT>" Artist Overview and Analysis". [Internet]. . TheArtStory.org 1

Robert Ashton (historian)

Professor Robert 'Bob' Ashton, FRHistS (21 July 1924 – 9 February 2013) was a British historian specialising in early modern England. A leading authority on the House of Stuart, he was Professor of English history at the University of East Anglia. In addition, at various points in his academic career, he lectured at the University of Nottingham, University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Oxford.

Professor Robert 'Bob' Ashton, FRHistS (21 July 1924 – 9 February 2013) was a British historian specialising in early modern England. A leading authority on the House of Stuart, he was Professor of English history at the University of East Anglia. In addition, at various points in his academic career, he lectured at the University of Nottingham, University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Oxford. == Early life == Ashton was born on 21 July 1924. He was educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford, an all boys independent school in Oxford. He joined the Royal Air Force in 1943. After the end of World War II, he left the RAF in 1946. He attended University College, Southampton the predecessor to the University of Southampton. He graduated with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) in History. He went on to study at the London School of Economics under R. H. Tawney. His doctoral thesis was on the subject of the early Stuart Monarchs. == Academic career == In 1953, Ashton joined the University of Nottingham where he lectured in economic history. His first book The Crown and the money market, 1603–1640, concerning borrowing under the first two monarchs of the House of Stuart, James I of England and Charles I of England, was published in 1960. In 1962, he was awarded a visiting chair at the University of California, Berkeley. When the University of East Anglia opened in 1963, he was appointed the founding Professor of English history. He was appointed Dean of the School of English Studies in 1964, after Ian Watt moved on, serving until 1967. Under his direction, American studies was added to the school as part of his commitment to interdisciplinary study. His was twice awarded a visiting fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. He gave the Ford Lectures at the University of Oxford in 1982. He retired in 1988. He was president of the Norfolk and Norwich Branch of the Historical Association. He served three times on the Council of the Royal Historical Society, on the last occasion as its vice-president. == Later life == Following his retirement, Ashton remained active as a scholar. He published his last book in 1994 and gave his final lecture in 2002 at the Norfolk and Norwich branch of the Historical Association. He died on 9 February 2013. His funeral service was held at St Michael's Church, Braydeston, on 20 February 2013. == Personal life == Ashton was a devout Christian and member of the Church of England. He served as churchwarden at Braydeston Church, Norfolk for more than 30 years. He lived at the Manor House, Brundall, where coincidentally the English Historian Lord Blake was born. He married Margaret Alice Sedgwick in 1946. Together they had two daughters, Rosalind and Celia. His wife predeceased him, dying in 2010. == Honours == In 1960, Ashton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS).1

0.1946

Eilema albicosta<EOT>1

Eilema albicosta

Eilema albicosta is a moth of the family Arctiidae. It is found in Spain and on the Canary Islands. Adults are on wing year round. The larvae feed on algae, mosses, lichen and detritus.1

Eilema albicosta is a moth of the family Arctiidae. It is found in Spain and on the Canary Islands. Adults are on wing year round. The larvae feed on algae, mosses, lichen and detritus.1

0.1947

WKOL<EOT>1

WKOL

WKOL (105.1 FM; "Kool 105") is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. The station, which signed on in 1994 as WEXP-FM, is licensed to Plattsburgh, New York, United States, and serves the Burlington / Plattsburgh area. WKOL is owned by Hall Communications, Inc.

WKOL (105.1 FM; "Kool 105") is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. The station, which signed on in 1994 as WEXP-FM, is licensed to Plattsburgh, New York, United States, and serves the Burlington / Plattsburgh area. WKOL is owned by Hall Communications, Inc. == History == The station was assigned the call letters WAEE on July 23, 1993; on March 18, 1994, the station changed its call sign to WEXP-FM. The station signed on August 22, 1994 with an album-oriented rock and adult album alternative format under the ownership of UBC Inc. and branded as "Experience 105.1". After UBC ran into financial problems, Hall Communications, owner of WOKO and WJOY in Burlington, agreed to purchase WEXP-FM in February 1995 and assumed control on June 13, 1995; on that date, the station was assigned its present WKOL call sign. "Experience 105.1" programming ended on June 15, 1995; on June 22, WKOL returned to the air as "Kool 105" with an oldies format.1

0.1948

Little Gransden<EOT>1

Little Gransden

Little Gransden is a civil parish and village in South Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 the population was 262 people,including Waresley and increasing to 296 at the 2011 Census. It is 11 miles (18 km) from Cambridge, on the border with the district of Huntingdonshire. Little Gransden has two airfields, one of which was used in World War II.

Little Gransden is a civil parish and village in South Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 the population was 262 people,including Waresley and increasing to 296 at the 2011 Census. It is 11 miles (18 km) from Cambridge, on the border with the district of Huntingdonshire. Little Gransden has two airfields, one of which was used in World War II. == History == The village's name is derived from 'valley of a man named Granta or Grante'. It was spelled Grantandene in 973 and Grante(s)dene in the 1086 Domesday book. Woodland was important in the settlement's early history; there was enough to support 60 pigs in 1086. By 1251, a large area of woodland in the south-east of the parish had been split into Hayley Wood and Littlehound Wood (the latter no longer exists, but the shape can still be seen in field boundaries). Little Gransden village evolved as an offshoot of Great Gransden. The church and manor house of the abbey of Ely face Great Gransden across the low-lying land along Home Dole Brook; the village grew southwards from a street alongside the brook. There were 56 inhabited houses in 1666, but the number had dropped to 38 by 1801. By 1961 there were 84 houses. Due to its isolated location, there were no inns in the village until 1800, though by the 1840s there were four (the Sun in Church Lane, the Chequers, the Double Chequers at Mill Hill and the Hardwicke Arms). In 1834, the overseer of the poor considered that an excess of beer-houses may have been partly responsible for recent problems. Only the Chequers was left after 1967. Despite the heaviness of the soil, most of the parish land has been used mainly for arable farming. It was cultivated in three open fields until parliamentary inclosure in 1814. High, flat land in the east of the parish was hard to drain before mechanisation and was usually used for pasture and as the village common. In 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, the area was made into an airfield, called Gransden Lodge Airfield. It was in operational use from 1941 to 1946 but was unoccupied after 1948 and then sold off. Since October 1991 it has been the home of the Cambridge Gliding Centre. == Governance == Little Gransden is represented on South Cambridgeshire District Council by two councillors for the Gamlingay ward and on Cambridgeshire County Council by one councillor for the Gamlingay electoral division. It is in the parliamentary constituency of South Cambridgeshire, represented at the House of Commons by Heidi Allen. == Geography == Little Gransden is 11 miles (18 km) from the county town of Cambridgeshire, 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Huntingdon and 47 miles (76 km) north of London. The village stands on the B1046 road between Abbotsley, to the west, and Longstowe, to the east. A minor road runs south-west to Gamlingay. The district council boundary, marked by the Home Dole Brook, separates Little from Great Gransden. The parish's northern boundary follows the line of a disused road between Great Gransden and Longstowe, formerly called Deadwomen's Way after Deadwomen's Cross at the north-east corner of the parish. The parish has an area of 1,920 acres (777 hectares) and ranges from 45 metres, along the Home Dole Brook, to more than 80 metres above sea level in the eastern part of Hayley Wood. The soil is light sand and heavy clay, with a subsoil of beds of stone and sand. == Demography == At the time of the 2001 census, Little Gransden parish had 262 residents living in 99 households. 98.5% described themselves as White and 1.5% Asian or British Asian. 79.9% said they were Christian, 1.1% followed another religion and 18.9% had no religion or did not state one. == Landmarks == The parish has two airfields: Little Gransden Airfield, located at Fuller's Hill Farm, which holds an air and car show every summer; and Gransden Lodge, a former Royal Air Force station which saw active service in World War II, but is now a gliding site, its three paved runways having been removed. A cross in the churchyard commemorates Little Gransden men who were killed in World Wars I and II. There are 16 listed buildings in the village, including the Old Rectory, the parish church and various houses. == Religious sites == The parish church, dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, was built from stone in the 13th Century and comprises a chancel, nave of four bays aisles and an embattled western tower containing three bells. In 1858 the chancel was restored and its east end rebuilt; a stained window was put in by the Rev. Alfred Newby, a former rector, in 1875. The church was restored in 1885-8 at a cost of £700.1

0.1949

Fist of the Blue Sky<EOT>百年树人 bǎi nián shù rén It takes ten years to nurture a tree, but a hundred years to train a man . A good education program takes a long time to develop.; refers to the idiom 十年树੐ (expr. idiom.) Il faut dix ans pour nourrir un arbre, mais une centaine d'années pour former un homme 本性难移 běn xìng nán yí It is hard to change one's essential nature . You can't change who you are.; Can the leopard change his spots? (Jeremiah 13:23) 病从口入 bìng cóng kǒu rù Illness enters by the mouth . Mind what you eat!; fig. A loose tongue may cause a lot of trouble. (expr. idiom.) la maladie entre par la bouche; faites attention à ce que vous mangez !; fig. une langue bien pendue peut causer beaucoup d'ennuis 病从口入，祸从口出 bìng cóng kǒu rù , huò cóng kǒu chū Illness enters by the mouth, trouble comes out by the mouth . A loose tongue may cause a lot of trouble. 吃一堑，长一智 chī yī qiàn , cháng yī zhì Fall into the moat and you'll be wiser next time . One only learns from one's mistakes. Une chute dans le fossé, un gain pour votre sagesse. Chaque échec nous rend plus avisés. 初生之犊不怕虎 chū shēng zhī dú bù pà hǔ A new-born calf has no fear of the tiger . The fearlessness of youth. 大处着眼 dà chù zhuó yǎn View the big picture while handling the details . 大处着眼，小处着手 dà chù zhuó yǎn , xiǎo chù zhuó shǒu View the big picture while handling the details . 当局者迷，旁观者清 dāng jú zhě mí , páng guān zhě qīng The person on the spot is baffled, the onlooker sees clear . The onlooker sees more of the game. 耳听为虚，眼见为实 ěr tīng wéi xū , yǎn jiàn wéi shí Take what you hear to be false, only believe it when you see it . Don't believe what people tell you until you see if for yourself.; It ain't necessarily so. 各有所好 gè yǒu suǒ hào Each has his likes and dislikes . There is no accounting for tastes.; chacun son gout 贵人多忘事 guì rén duō wàng shì An eminent person has short memory . 祸从口出 huò cóng kǒu chū Trouble issues from the mouth . A loose tongue may cause a lot of trouble. 积恶余殃 jī è yú yāng Accumulated evil will be repaid in suffering . 既来之，则安之 jì lái zhī , zé ān zhī Since they have come, we should make them comfortable . Since we're here, take it easy.;Since this is so, we should accept it.; Now we have come, let's stay and take the rough with the smooth.; If you can't do anything to prevent it, you might 劫数难逃 jié shù nán táo Destiny is inexorable, there is no fleeing it . Your doom is at hand. 苦海无边，回头是岸 kǔ hǎi wú biān , huí tóu shì àn The sea of bitterness has no bounds, turn your head to see the shore . Only Buddhist enlightenment can allow one to shed off the abyss of worldly suffering.; Repent and ye shall be saved! 两虎相斗，必有一伤 liǎng hǔ xiāng dòu , bì yǒu yī shāng When two tigers fight, one will get injured . If it comes to a fight, someone will get hurt. 忙中有错 máng zhōng yǒu cuò Rushed work lead to errors . Mistakes are likely at times of stress. 忙中有失 máng zhōng yǒu shī Rushed work lead to slip-ups . Mistakes are likely at times of stress. exempt de toute erreur 名师出高徒 míng shī chū gāo tú A famous teacher trains a fine student . A cultured man will have a deep influence on his successors. 牡丹虽好，全凭绿叶扶持 mǔ dan suī hǎo , quán píng lǜ yè fú chí Although the peony is beautiful, it depends entirely on help from the green leaves . However brilliant you may be, you can't do anything without support from others. 牡丹虽好，全仗绿叶扶 mǔ dan suī hǎo , quán zhàng lǜ yè fú Although the peony is beautiful, it depends entirely on help from the green leaves . However brilliant you may be, you can't do anything without support from others. 旁观者清 páng guān zhě qīng The person on the spot is baffled, the onlooker sees clear . The spectator sees more of the game. (expr. idiom.) La personne sur place est déroutée, le spectateur voit clair 情人眼里有西施 qíng rén yǎn lǐ yǒu xī shī In the eyes of the lover, a famous beauty . Beauty in the eye of the beholder (expr. idiom.) dans les yeux de l'amant, une célèbre beauté; la beauté est dans l'oeil du spectateur 屈指可数 qū zhǐ kě shǔ You count them on your fingers . tiny number;just a very few; just a handful; not many at all Zhang He 人怕出名，猪怕壮 rén pà chū míng , zhū pà zhuàng Man should fear fame as pigs fear fattening . 人生一世，草木一春 rén shēng yī shì , cǎo mù yī chūn Man has but one life, grass but one spring . fig. the brevity of human existence 仁言利博 rén yán lì bó Words of benevolence apply universally . Humanitarian expressions benefit all. 若要人不知，除非己莫为 ruò yào rén bù zhī , chú fēi jǐ mò wéi If you don't want anyone to know, don't do it . fig. If you do something bad, people will inevitably hear about it. 十年树木，百年树人 shí nián shù mù , bǎi nián shù rén It takes ten years to nurture a tree, but a hundred years to train a man . A good education program takes a long time to develop. 识时务者为俊杰 shí shí wù zhě wèi jùn jié Only an outstanding talent can recognize current trends . A wise man submits to circumstances. 时势造英雄 shí shì zào yīng xióng Time makes the man . The trend of events brings forth the hero. 水火无情 shuǐ huǒ wú qíng Fire and water have no mercy . forces of nature beyond human control; implacable fate (expr. idiom.) le feu et l'eau n'ont aucune pitié; les forces de la nature sont hors du contrôle humain;implacable fatalité 所向披靡 suǒ xiàng pī mǐ to sweep everything before one; to be invincible tout bouleverser sur son passage; Tout succombe à son assaut . 眼见为实，耳听为虚 yǎn jiàn wéi shí , ěr tīng wéi xū to believe what one sees, not what one hears . Don't believe what people tell you until you see if for yourself.; It ain't necessarily so. 言教不如身教 yán jiào bù rú shēn jiào Explaining in words is not as good as teaching by example . Action speaks louder than words. 业精于勤 yè jīng yú qín mastery of study lies in diligence . You can only master a subject by assiduous study.; Excellence in work is only possible with diligence.; Practice makes perfect. 与人方便，自己方便 yù rén fāng biàn , zì jǐ fāng biàn Help others, and others may help you . (expr. idiom.) Aide les autres et les autres pourront t'aider 1

Fist of the Blue Sky

Fist of the Blue Sky (Japanese: 蒼天の拳 Hepburn: Sōten no Ken) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tetsuo Hara, with plot supervision by Buronson. It was serialized in Weekly Comic Bunch from 2001 to 2010, with the chapters collected into 22 tankōbon volumes by Shinchosha. It is a prequel to the popular 1980s manga Fist of the North Star, which Hara originally illustrated with Buronson writing. Set primarily in Shanghai during the 1930s, the series centers on the 62nd successor of the Hokuto Shinken martial arts style, Kenshiro Kasumi, the namesake and predecessor of Kenshiro from Fist of the North Star. The manga was adapted into a 26-episode anime series that aired on TV Asahi from 2006 to 2007. In the July 2017 issue of Comic Zenon, a continuation of the manga was announced titled Sōten no Ken: Re:Genesis (蒼天の拳 RE:GENESIS), which will begin serialization in their December 2017 issue.

Fist of the Blue Sky (Japanese: 蒼天の拳 Hepburn: Sōten no Ken) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tetsuo Hara, with plot supervision by Buronson. It was serialized in Weekly Comic Bunch from 2001 to 2010, with the chapters collected into 22 tankōbon volumes by Shinchosha. It is a prequel to the popular 1980s manga Fist of the North Star, which Hara originally illustrated with Buronson writing. Set primarily in Shanghai during the 1930s, the series centers on the 62nd successor of the Hokuto Shinken martial arts style, Kenshiro Kasumi, the namesake and predecessor of Kenshiro from Fist of the North Star. The manga was adapted into a 26-episode anime series that aired on TV Asahi from 2006 to 2007. In the July 2017 issue of Comic Zenon, a continuation of the manga was announced titled Sōten no Ken: Re:Genesis (蒼天の拳 RE:GENESIS), which will begin serialization in their December 2017 issue. == Plot overview == The main protagonist of this story is Kasumi Kenshiro, better known as "Yan Wang" or "The King of Hell" (derived from the myth Yan Luo Wang). Kasumi is a laid back and chain-smoking Tokyo professor who is secretly the successor of the deadly Chinese assassin martial art Hokuto Shinken that travels to Shanghai, China after hearing that his Triad friend Pan Guang-Lin and Pan's sister Yu-Ling are in trouble. In Shanghai, Kasumi fights the three Hokuto families, the Hokuto Sankaken (based on the royal families of Romance of the Three Kingdoms). At the same time he helps Pan's Qīng Bāng triad against their rivals, the immoral Hóng Huá Huì, in gaining territory and influence in Shanghai. == Characters == == Hokuto Shinken == North Dipper Divine Fist" (Japanese: 北斗神拳 Hepburn: Hokuto Shinken, Pinyin: Běidǒu Shénquán). Called "God Fist of the North Star" in the Gutsoon! Entertainment English translation. Kenshirō Kasumi (霞 拳志郎 Kasumi Kenshirō) Voiced by: Kōichi Yamadera The main character and 62nd successor to Hokuto Shinken. Known in Shanghai as "Yán Wáng" (閻王 En'ō). An avid smoker, reader, and endowed with an uncanny sense of smell, he places friends above almost everything else (for example, he is not shy about threatening Japanese soldiers into helping him to find Liú Fēi-Yàn during the Battle of Shanghai, telling them that he cares nothing for their war). His fighting technique is similar to that of Toki in Fist of the North Star, in which he fights in a fluid and smooth fighting style. In Japan, he is a lecturer at the Tōwa Women's University and is popular with his students due to his quirky and paternal personality. Despite being depicted as somewhat easy going, as well as comical, he uses the same chilling catch-phrase as his nephew, "You are already dead" (お前はもう死んでいる Omae wa mō shindeiru), but says it in Chinese, "Nǐ yǐ jīng sǐ le" (traditional Chinese: 儞已經死了; simplified Chinese: 你已经死了), or Niichinsura. Ramon Kasumi (霞 羅門 Kasumi Ramon) Voiced by: Takashi Kondō (young) / Mugihito (old) Kenshiro's younger half-brother, the future 63rd successor of Hokuto Shinken Ryūken (リュウケン), the adoptive father of Raoh, Toki, Jagi and Kenshiro. He named the infant Kenshiro (from Fist of the North Star) in honor of his brother Kenshiro Kasumi, who were both born with a birthmark shaped as the Big Dipper on their head. He refers to his older brother, Kenshiro, as the "Strongest Hokuto Shinken warrior" who was "mighty as the blue sky above." The young Ramon appears thorough the series, first protecting Aya Kitaoji from hired thugs, later serving as a bodyguard to Pān Yù-Líng against the Tài Hú Bāng during her stay in Japan. Tesshin Kasumi (霞 鉄心 Kasumi Tesshin) Father of Kenshirō and Ramon; he was the 61st successor of Hokuto Shinken. As a young man he sought to fight Liú Xuán-Xìn in the "Tenju no Gi" challenge, but Liú had become too old to fight. Tesshin fell in love with his daughter and they conceived a son, Kenshiro. Tesshin once fought Wèi Ruì-Yīng, founder of Kyokujūji Seiken, to a draw. Tesshin remarked that Ruì-Yīng may have been able to defeat him had he not lost a leg. Shuken (シュケン) The founder of Hokuto Shinken, first mentioned in Fist of the North Star. He became an apprentice of Seito Gekken 2,000 years ago, learning its secrets of the Keiraku Hikō pressure points and blending it with the original Hokuto style. In order to fulfill his destiny as foreordained by the Hokuto Sōke priests, he killed the other disciples of Seito Gekken, including his lover Yahma, and established the one successor rule for Hokuto Shinken so that its dangerous secrets would not fall into the wrong hands. == Hokuto Sankaken == The North Dipper Three Family Fists (Japanese: 北斗三家拳 Hepburn: Hokuto Sankaken, Pinyin:Běidǒu Sānjiāquán) are three martial arts styles that branched off from Hokuto Shinken during the Three Kingdoms period and went on to develop their styles independently after the main Hokuto Shinken school was relocated to Japan. They are named after the Cao, Sun and Liu families, which they were each sworn to protect and serve. The Liu Family Fist would later branched off from the other school and become the Hokuto Ryūken school from Fist of the North Star. Máng Kuáng-Yún (芒 狂雲 Bō Kyōun) Voiced by: Kiyoyuki Yanada Also known as Líng-Wáng (靈王 Reiō). A master of the Sun Family Fist (北斗孫家拳 Hokuto Sonkaken), he learn the forbidden art of "Pressure Point Displacement" (秘孔変位 Hikō Hen'i), which drives its users insane and shortens their lifespan. He was the one that took Pan Yu-Ling's memory because he fell in love with her, but also because he thinks this is a fitting punishment to Kenshiro. He got his wish to "fight someone worthy of taking my life" granted by the Old Taoist Fortune Teller. He was already dying from a slow decaying death from his self-inflicted pressure points by then. In contrast to Yan Wang's smelling instinct, he possesses great hearing instinct which allows him to hear conversations miles away. Charles de Guise (シャルル・ド・ギーズ Sharuru Do Gīzu) Voiced by: Taiten Kusunoki A French Jew and colonel in the French army that works with the Qing-Bang. Although he knows the Sun Family Fist, he prefers using conventional fighting methods like guns and swords; however, if necessary, he uses Sonkaken combined with either his saber or pistol and only truly uses it when he fights seriously, otherwise, he'd usually surrender, summons his soldiers, or fight regularly using firearms or fencing. He has a sister, Sophie, who suffered trauma resulting in memory suppression due to her experiences in escaping from Nazi Germany as her husband (a non-Jewish German who was prohibited from marrying her by Nazi law) got sent to a concentration camp. When she regained her memory by Kenshiro's acupressure, she was assassinated by Zhang Tai Yan. De Guise was eventually wounded fatally by Liú Fēi-Yàn when the latter deemed him unfit to take care of Erika and challenged him to a duel. Kenshiro used acupressure techniques on him to prolong his life just long enough to watch his friends staging a glimpse of his vision- a Shanghai in prosperity (where Jews can take refuge). Believing that Kenshiro and friends will make it come true, he then died in peace. Zhāng Tài-Yán (張 太炎 Chō Taien) Voiced by: Hōchū Ōtsuka Successor to the Cao Family Fist (北斗曹家拳 Hokuto Sōkaken) and the Hóng Huá Huì's No.2 man. Although he appears laid back, he can be destructive when angered, his attacks are based on cutting and slicing with his hands. Has a monstrous libido and is known as the "Bride Thief" because of his habit of killing newlywed husbands and taking their wives. He assassinated Charles de Guise's little sister with a time bomb. His next target was Lǐ Xiù-Bǎo, because of her resemblance to Pan, but when Kenshiro revealed that Lǐ Xiù-Bǎo was Yu-Ling, it made him more determined to claim her, resulting in him fighting Kenshiro with all his strength. Due to a misunderstanding, he believed his stepfather Zhāng Dà-Yán killed his mother and yearns to kill him for it. Later on, after learning the truth, he repented all his past sins with de Guise agreeing not to seek revenge for the time being. He eventually became the new Master of the Cao Family Fist after a showdown fight with Zhāng Dà-Yán and earned his father's approval. Zhāng Dà-Yán (章 大厳 Shō Daigen) Voiced by: Seizō Katō Master of the Sōkaken style. Father of the Hong Hua Hui boss, Zhāng Liè-Shān. He later married Zhāng Tài-Yán's mother and had been led to believe Tài-Yán was his child when he was actually the son of her previous husband. Years later Dà-Yán was enraged to learn the truth and his wife killed herself on the condition Dà-Yán spare Zhāng Tài-Yán's life. Noticing the young Tài-Yán's talent, he adopted him and trained him in Sōkaken. Eventually Dà-Yán passed on the title of Sōkaken Master to Tài-Yán after Tài-Yán defeated him. However, Dà-Yán then died as a result of injuries from the fight. Wǔchāmén-Dǎng (五叉門党 Goshamon-Tō) An order of monks who serve Zhāng Tài-Yán. Each is known only by the number of stars they have tattooed on their heads. Their true purpose is to help Tài-Yán become a worthy successor of Hokuto Sōkaken; under the orders of Zhāng Dà-Yán. They were challenged by De Guise, who was intent on protecting Kenshiro, who was fighting Tai-Yan at the time; realizing what De Guise was trying to do, the group thanked him. All of them are armed with a Khakkhara, which they are able to pierce through any object, especially metal. Liú Zōng-Wǔ (劉 宗武 Ryū Sōbu) Successor to the Liu Family Fist (北斗劉家拳 Hokuto Ryūkaken). Driven to revenge by the death of his family, Zōng-Wǔ turned evil and joined the Nazis as a German army officer even though he is Chinese. He had the chance to kill Adolf Hitler, but didn't because he felt Hitler is too pitiful a prey for him to kill. He later renounces his evil ways and becomes a monk. He bears a strong resemblance Raoh, implying he may be a blood relative or a past life incarnation. Xià Wén-Lì (夏 文麗 Ka Bunrei) Liú Zōng-Wǔ's former lover. She had her nipples ripped off by him when she attempted to dissuade him from joining the Nazis. She then became a Buddhist nun, but in spite of what Zōng-Wǔ did she still loves him deeply—while she claimed to be wishing to see Zōng-Wǔ dead, she really meant that she wants to see him living out his destiny. Jūkei (ジュウケイ) An orphaned young boy whose sister was killed. He will eventually become the Hokuto Ryūken master from Fist of the North Star who would train Kaioh, Hyo, Han, and Shachi. Liú Xuán-Xìn (劉 玄信 Ryū Genshin) Zōng-Wǔ's predecessor as master of the Liu Family Fist. Měi-Fú (美福 Mifuku) Mistress of the Tài Shèng Yuàn (泰聖院 Taiseiden) Temple in Ningbo. She is actually Liú Xuán-Xìn's daughter Liú Yuè-Yīng (劉 月英 Ryū Getsuei) and is the mother of Kenshirō Kasumi. == Kyokujūji Seiken == "Pole Cross Sacred Fist" (極十字聖拳, Pinyin: Jíshízì Shèngquán), an offshoot of Hokuto Ryūkaken. A relatively new style compared to the Hokuto styles, its astrological symbol is the constellation of the Southern Cross and uses stabbing techniques that destroys the body externally. It's assumed to be the precursor to the Nanto Seiken styles. Wèi Ruì-Yīng (魏 瑞鷹 Gi Zuiyō) The grubby founder of Kyokujūji Seiken. Ruì-Yīng was at first the most promising student of Hokuto Ryūkaken of his generation, but left after he became disgruntled since he considered all other practitioners of Ryūkaken too weak by his standards. When he left he asked his Hokuto Ryūkaken master for the right to challenge Hokuto Shinken in order to become the strongest Hokuto Master, but was refused. He then fought his own master but was hit with a poisoned arrow in the leg during the process, which he then chopped off. Wèi Ruì-Yīng later fought Kasumi Tesshin, Kenshirō's father and 61st successor of Hokuto Shinken, to a draw. Biāo Bái-Fèng (彪 白鳳 Hyō Hakuhō) Wèi Ruì-Yīng's elder student. Prepared for death, he challenged Kenshiro, but was shot to death by the Nazis before their actual duel. A member of the Communist Party, he accepted a contract for Kasumi's live by the Nationalist Party in exchange for an enormous sum. He is the "Older Brother" of Liu Fei-Yan, being the first student. Dies protecting Wei Rui-Ying from a Nazi sniper. Liú Fēi-Yàn (流 飛燕 Ryū Hien) Wèi Ruì-Yīng's second student. Nicknamed the Death Bird Demon (死鳥鬼, Sǐ Niǎo Guǐ), he befriended Erika and risked his life to protect her. He challenged Charles de Guise to a duel because he thought de Guise cannot bear the responsibility of protecting Erika and ended up killing de Guise. This led to a fight with Kenshiro, and although he was defeated, Erika's influence on him earned him Kenshiro's forgiveness. He was mortally wounded at the hands of Yasaka. Fēi-Yàn, knowing that he was certain to die from his injuries and unwilling to add to Erika's grief by making her witness his death (although, despite Kenshiro and friends' best efforts to avoid mentioning his death, Erika is eventually able to figure it out), asked Kenshiro to send him to sea in a boat. There he recounted all the good things Erika did for him before drawing his last breath. == Seito Gekken == "West Dipper Lunar Fist" (西斗月拳, Pinyin: Xīdǒu Yuèquán). A martial art of the Yuezhi people. Shuken studied this martial art and blended it with his Hokuto Sōke no Ken (北斗宗家の拳, lit. "North Dipper Lineage's Fist") to create Hokuto Shinken. Seito Gekken uses the Keiraku Hikō, the same vital points used by Hokuto Shinken, to cause destruction, but does so through hitting multiple points through the course of a fight rather than hitting a single point. Yasaka (ヤサカ) A mysterious green-eyed warrior. A descendant of the Yuezhi who carries their nearly 2,000-year grudge against the Hokuto for the death of his ancestor, Yahma, during Shuken's massacre. He works as a bodyguard for Dù Tiān-Fēng. He claims his name is ancient Hebrew for "to see God". He eventually gives up his vendetta after Kenshiro shows him the truth about Yahma's death and leaves on good terms with his former rival. He appears in the second closing credits of the Sōten no Ken anime. Yahma (ヤーマ Yāma) A female practitioner from 2,000 years ago that was the lover of Shuken. She was initially thought to have been killed by Shuken, but was later revealed to have committed suicide to spare her lover the pain of killing her. Her last act before death was to give birth to her and Shuken's child, who was then found and raised by a wolf who happened to find Yahma's corpse. == Qīng Bāng == Qīng Bāng (青幇 Chinpan) is the Shanghai "Green Gang". Pān Guāng-Lín (潘 光琳 Han Kōrin) Voiced by: Masaki Terasoma Leader of the Qīng Bāng, also close friend of Kenshiro. While Kenshiro was away from Shanghai, his Triad gang members were killed one by one. He was tortured for a period of time by the Hong Hua, thus losing his feet from flesh eating rats. Kenshiro saved his life by amputating his already poisoned feet. He now walks with two prosthetic iron shoes. Pān Yù-Líng (潘 玉玲 Han Gyokurei) Voiced by: Aya Hisakawa Pān Guāng-Lín's sister and Kenshirō's girlfriend. She first met Kenshirō after he was badly beaten and she nursed him back to health. She also appears to be some sort of Christian. Her adopted father promised her to Máng Kuáng-Yún as payment. But Yù-Líng was already in love with Kenshiro, and a jealous Kuáng-Yún erased her memory and left her with a nomadic warlord in Northern China. She became the horse bandit leader Lǐ Xiù-Bǎo (李 秀寶, Ri Shūhō), fighting small guerilla battles against the Imperial Japanese Army, gaining a sense of hatred against the Japanese. She also learned some Praying Mantis martial art. She eventually regains her memories in Shanghai after meeting Kenshiro again, and soon marries him. After Guāng-Lín was crippled in a failed assassination attempt, she succeeds her brother as leader of the Qīng Bāng. Yáng Měi-Yù (楊 美玉 Yan Bigyoku) Voiced by: Sayaka Ōhara Pān Guāng-Lín's actress girlfriend. Yè (葉 Yō) Voiced by: Kinryu Arimoto Nicknamed "Two-Pistol Yè". He was horribly burned by the Hóng Huá Huì and disfigured. Yè Zi-Yīng (葉 子英 Yō Shiei) Voiced by: Yūdai Satō Son of Yè, a streetwise kid (around 12-14 year old) who also serves as a sidekick of Kenshiro. Lǐ Yǒng-Jiàn (李 永健 Ri Eiken) Voiced by: Umeji Sasaki Worked as an assassin for the secret society Qīng-Bāng and was called The Sleeping Dragon (睡龍, Shuì-Lóng). A good friend of Kenshirō Kasumi. At the beginning of the series, the old man works as a food taster for Emperor Pu-Yi and travels with him to Japan. He was captured by the Hóng-Huá Society and was interrogated as to the whereabouts of Yán-Wáng . Even when they cut off his toes, he refused to tell them anything. Dies from his illness by the end of the first story arc. == Hóng Huá Huì == Shanghai's evil "Red Flower Gang" (紅華会 Kōkakai). Most of them were maimed in some way by Kenshiro during a previous visit to Shanghai prior to the start of the series. Based on the real life Red Gang (紅幫 Hóng Bāng) in Shanghai. Zhāng Liè-Shān (章 烈山 Shō Retsuzan) The gigantic leader of the Hóng Huá Society. He is the son of the Hokuto Sōkaken master, Zhāng Dà-Yán, and Zhāng Tài-Yán's older step-brother. Formerly served in the Beiyang Army, he joins the National Revolutionary Army following the collapse of the Beiyang government, eventually becoming a general (this character reflects real historical support the Kuomintang received from various Triad gangs), but also works in secret with Chinese communist groups as well to his own benefit. His father did not train him in Hokuto Sōkaken, something he is very resentful for, but due to his giant stature and overwhelming physical strength he is still deadly wielding a pair of matching giant sai. He later repented his actions after learning the truth behind his father not training him (that Zhāng Dà-Yán could never bring himself to engage his own son in the fight to decide on the new Master of Hokuto Sōkaken, a fight that can very well turn deadly). Huáng Xī-Fēi (黄 西飛 Kō Seihi) Voiced by: Yōsuke Akimoto The Number Three Boss after Zhāng Liè-Shān & Zhāng Tài-Yán. Due to injuries he suffered at the fists of Kasumi Kenshiro, he must wear a metal contraption on the left side of his head and body. Whenever he moves he always shouts, "A-I-TA!" in pain. He's a big contributor to a corrupt Catholic church that will forgive any sins he confesses for the right price. Wú Dōng-Lái (吳 東來 Go Tōrai) Voiced by: Chafurin The Number Four Boss comes from the province of Canton. Due to injuries he suffered at the fists of Yán Wáng, he is wheelchair-bound and must wear a metal contraption with a crank to raise and lower his head. Jumpy and triggerhappy, he'll shoot anything that bothers him. A slovenly womanizer, Wu desired Pān Guāng-Lín's actress girlfriend Yáng Měi-Yù. The insanely jealous Wu held Pan in his dungeon, intending to use him as the "tiger-meat" in his "Dragon-Tiger Stew". Wu never got the chance, because Yan-Wang knocked Wu into his own boiling cauldron, killing him. Chén Jùan-Mín (陳 狷民 Chin Kenmin) Voiced by: Issei Futamata Nicknamed "Weasel" Chén, he has a metal hand. His face was scarred by Yan-Wang after his failed attempt to kidnap Takeshi Kitaoji. Píng Yīng-Zhèng (憑英正 Hyō Eisei) Voiced by: Katsuhisa Houki Has a metal jaw. Shot to death by Yè. Mù Dà-Hóng (沐 大洪 Moku Daikō) Voiced by: Masuo Amada Wears dark glasses and has a metal plate on his head. Has a metal claw in place of one hand. Shot to death by Yè. Tián Xué-Fāng (田 學芳 Den Gakuhō) Voiced by: Minoru Inaba Once nicknamed Shuǐ Hǔ Tian for the bald patch atop his head, he now wears a heavy iron toupee that is bolted to his head, of which he is in denial that it is obvious to anyone that it's a toupee; the weight of it also causes him to easily fall over. Has metal hands. Died from drowning in a bath house after Kenshiro disabled his arms and legs. Gaurin (ゴラン Goran) Voiced by: Yoshinori Sonobe A boxer who serves as the champion of the Execution Games held at the Great New World Entertainment Hall. He was responsible for the deaths of countless Qīng Bāng members that were captured by the Hóng Huá Huì and thrown into the ring. While serving in the French Indochina Army, he learned Muay Thai in Siam. He is destroyed by Kenshiro Kasumi's rendition of the Hokuto Hyakuretsuken which ends with him striking Tōmonketsu Hashisō pressure point, which causes all of Goran's bones to break within his body, turning him into mush. Jean Carné (ジャン・カルネ Jan Karune) Voiced by: Masaru Ikeda The chief of police at the Shanghai French Concession. An ally of the Hóng Huá Huì, he got his position by murdering his predecessor Gitanesdeau, a supporter of the Qīng Bāng. After Pān Guāng-Lín is saved by Kenshiro, he attempts to flee to South America, but is shot to death by Guāng-Lín. == Japanese == Takeshi Kitaōji (北大路 剛士 Kitaōji Takeshi) Voiced by: Katsuhiko Sasaki Head of the Kitaōji Zaibatsu and founder of Tōwa Women's University. He and his daughter Aya were saved by Kenshirō in Shanghai from Chen the Weasel and soon became friends with him, giving him a job as a lecturer in at Tōwa University. A collaborator in the Fugu Plan. Aya Kitaōji (北大路 綾 Kitaōji Aya) Voiced by: Aya Hisakawa The daughter of Takeshi Kitaōji. A student attending Professor Kasumi's class at the Tōwa Women's University. In the TV series, Kenshirō notices her resemblance to Pan Yu-Ling. Tokusaburō Kumazasa (熊笹 徳三郎 Kumazasa Tokusaburō) Voiced by: Nobuyuki Furuta Head of the Shanghai branch of the Kitaōji Zaibatsu. Hōsaku Ōkawa (大川 奉作 Ōkawa Hōsaku) Voiced by: Nobuaki Kakuda Lieutenant General of the Kwantung Army Headquarters. His son was killed by the horse bandit Yǔ Zhàn-Hǎi. Kūkai (空海) 9th century monk of that was instrumental in bringing Hokuto Shinken from China to Japan. Oda Nobunaga (織田信長) == Chinese == Aisin-Gioro Puyi (愛新覺羅溥儀 Aishinkakura Fugi) Voiced by: Hiroshi Yanaka Former emperor of China, then emperor of Manchukuo. Purely a puppet of the Japanese Empire, the neurotic Puyi becomes terrified of being assassinated by the Chinese Nationalist Party. On April 6, 1935, Puyi came to Japan under the cover of a "Japan-Manchuria Friendship Envoy" to employ the legendary Hokuto Shinken successor Yan-Wang as his bodyguard. Kenshiro assaults him after his men, though Puyi was going to kill him; the attack opens his eyes to the fact that he is nothing but a puppet, though he attempts to fight Ken with a sword because he wished to die a man. After Ken spares his life, he admits he wishes he could have been friends with someone like him and seems to come out stronger. Jīn Kè-Róng (金 克榮 Kin Katsuei) Voiced by: Ryūzaburō Ōtomo The Captain of the first regiment of Puyi's Manchukuo Imperial Guards, and is known as the "Fist Hero of Hebei". He is a master of Bajiquan, and fights with a metal fan. Years ago, when was working as a bodyguard in Shanghai he was scarred in a fight with Yán Wáng, which resulted in a draw; but felt cheated by Yán Wáng because he refused to use Hokuto Shinken against him (though Ken would later reveal that he only did this because at the time of their first fight, he was not the successor to Hokuto Shinken and that by Hokuto law, only Hokuto Shinken's master could use it in a fight against other martial arts schools). He kidnaps Kenshiro's friend Li and pretends to kill him, in order to drawn out Ken and have a rematch, only to immediately realize that he is no match for Kenshiro and is spared. "The Taoist" (道士 Dōshi) Voiced by: Masaru Ikeda A mystical old fortune teller, who appears time to time out of nowhere to talk to (or sometimes taunt) Kenshiro. Other people may or may not notice his appearance or existence, as he seems to possess some kind of mysterious ability to make bystanders forget about him. He gave a "fate medallion" to Kenshiro as a flip coin to help him make a decision when facing a serious dilemma. He also grants worthy people connected to the Hokuto clan a wish about their fate. His identity and agenda have yet to be revealed. Horse Bandits (馬賊 Bazoku) A group of lawless non-Han Chinese bandits roaming in the countryside, elements of whom hired by Zhāng Liè-Shān to cause chaos in Shanghai and reinforce the Hong Hua Triads. They adopted Yu-Ling when her memory was erased. Dù Tiān-Fēng (杜 天風 To Tenbū) The big boss of a secret organization called the Tài Hú Bāng (太湖幇, Taikopan, "Lake Tai Gang"). He murdered Zōng-Wǔ's father, Liú Zōng-Jiàn, in order to launder money from him when Zōng-Wǔ was still a child. Yasaka is in his employ. He created an electrified "Pressure Point Defense Suit" that would electrocute anyone that tried to touch him; an attempt at protecting himself from the Hokuto arts. Liú Zōng-Wǔ was able to safely kick him using his rubber-soled boots, shorting out the circuits on his suits and then sending him into the ocean where Dù ended up electrocuting himself to death. Huì-Guǒ (惠果 Keika) Kūkai's Buddhist master. Chiang Kai-shek (蒋介石 Jiang Jieshi) Generalissmo of Kuomintang and President of the Republic of China during World War 2. When Kenshiro kills Luó Hŭ-Chéng, who not only is a treacherous underling of Zhāng Liè-Shān but also happens to be a general in the National Revolutionary Army, Chiang overrules a suggestion to deploy the military against Kenshiro in retaliation, considering the motives behind the latter's actions noble enough to deserve better than execution or covert assassination. Nevertheless agreeing that the Nationalist government can ill-afford a show of weakness, he instead issued an order to find the best Chinese fighter to defeat Kenshiro in a bid to uphold the Chinese honor. == Other foreign == Edmond Heckler (エドモンド・ヘックラー Edomondo Hekkurā) A Colonel in the German Wehrmacht, he works as a military advisor for the Nazi Party and has a side job as an arms dealer. He uses Zōng-Wǔ to prolong the war so he can continue to profit from it. After Zōng-Wǔ kills one of Dù Tiān-Fēng's informant, he tries to kill Zōng-Wǔ at Dù's request, but fails and is killed by Zōng-Wǔ. Erika Arendt (エリカ・アレント Erika Arento) A Jewish girl with a photographic memory, Erika has a catalogue of hidden valuable artwork called "The List of Hope" memorized. Nazis pursue her to get this information, and she comes under the protection of Liú Fēi-Yàn to guide her to the Shanghai Ghetto. == Production == Many of the plot points mentioned in the comic contain real historical facts, such as how Shanghai was controlled by the foreign concessions (the story focus mainly on the French settlement) during the 1930s. Also seen are Jewish refugees who escaped from Nazi persecution in Europe, and the invasion of China by the Japanese Army. Chiang Kai-shek and some historical Kuomintang figures appear in the story as well. Tetsuo Hara wanted the fights in the manga to look more like traditional Chinese martial arts, so the action is somewhat faster and more detailed than those in Fist of the North Star. Hara went to Shanghai in person to get his inspiration. Tetsuo Hara describes the protagonist Kenshiro Kasumi as a combination of the strength of Kenshiro, the good nature of Keiji Maeda from Hana no Keiji and the sarcastic attitude of the title character of Nakabo Rintaro. == Media == == Manga == Written and illustrated by Tetsuo Hara, Fist of the Blue Sky was serialized in Weekly Comic Bunch throughout the magazine's entire history. Beginning in its first issue with the cover date of May 29, 2001, the chapters were published irregularly until the final issue in August 2010. Publisher Shinchosha collected the chapters into 22 tankōbon volumes. An English version of Fist of the Blue Sky was serialized in the now-defunct manga anthology Raijin Comics published by Gutsoon! Entertainment from 2002 to 2004. Four collected volumes were published by Gutsoon under their Raijin Graphic Novels imprint before the company went out of business and ceased publication of all their titles. Volumes English volumes == Anime == A weekly anime series based on Sōten no Ken aired on Japan's TV Asahi on Thursdays at 2:40am from October 4, 2006 to March 14, 2007. The series lasted only 26 episodes, but four of the episodes (16-18, and 21) did not air during the original run. The complete series has been released on DVD in Region 2 format by Universal Entertainment Japan, including unaired episodes and uncensored content. The series adapts the storyline from the beginning and up to vol. 8. Episodes Theme songs Opening theme "Bara ga Saku, Bara ga Chiru" (薔薇が咲く 薔薇が散る, "Roses Bloom, Roses Scatter") by Rina Aiuchi Ending themes "Kokoro no Rhythm Tobichiru Butterfly (心のリズム飛び散るバタフライ Kokoro no Rizumu Tobichiru Batafurai, "The Rhythm of the Heart is a Fluttering Butterfly") by doa "Kissing til i die" by Jun Manaka1

0.1950

Anameristes<EOT>1

Anameristes

Anameristes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

Anameristes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae. == Species == Anameristes cyclopleura (Turner, 1916) Anameristes doryphora (Liu & Bai, 1986)1

0.1951

Caroline Street (Key West)<EOT>1

Caroline Street (Key West)

Caroline Street is an iconic and historically significant local road on the island of Key West, Florida. It extends approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) northeastward to Grinnell Street from Whitehead Street at its southwest end. One of the oldest roads on the island, Caroline Street is surrounded by many old houses, inns, and historic landmarks, which are known for their seclusion from the street by dense landscaping. From its mostly residential origins between Whitehead and Elizabeth streets, Caroline becomes more commercial, punctuated by numerous businesses. Situated within the historic "Old Town" district, Caroline Street was part of the original infrastructural layout of the island at the time of its 1829 mapping by William Whitehead. Other than changes to both its termini, the majority of its route has remained unaltered since then. Caroline Street was named for a sibling of Whitehead; his brother, John, became interested in the island after a shipwreck left him stranded in 1819. The street and some of its surrounding area have been subject to long-term improvement and beautification efforts, beginning chiefly in 1996.

Caroline Street is an iconic and historically significant local road on the island of Key West, Florida. It extends approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) northeastward to Grinnell Street from Whitehead Street at its southwest end. One of the oldest roads on the island, Caroline Street is surrounded by many old houses, inns, and historic landmarks, which are known for their seclusion from the street by dense landscaping. From its mostly residential origins between Whitehead and Elizabeth streets, Caroline becomes more commercial, punctuated by numerous businesses. Situated within the historic "Old Town" district, Caroline Street was part of the original infrastructural layout of the island at the time of its 1829 mapping by William Whitehead. Other than changes to both its termini, the majority of its route has remained unaltered since then. Caroline Street was named for a sibling of Whitehead; his brother, John, became interested in the island after a shipwreck left him stranded in 1819. The street and some of its surrounding area have been subject to long-term improvement and beautification efforts, beginning chiefly in 1996. == Route description == At its southwesternmost point, Caroline Street begins on Whitehead Street at the Presidential Gates to the Truman Annex, the site of a former naval base that opened to the public in 1986. Caroline Street's terminus on Whitehead is two blocks away from the southern terminus of U.S. Route 1. Between Whitehead and Telegraph Lane just a few hundred feet to the northeast, Caroline is a quiet, shaded street, before its left (northern) side opens up to a strip of businesses and shops. The road reaches its first major junction at Duval Street, yielding a largely commercialized zone; The Bull and Whistle Bar is situated at this intersection. However, upon leaving Duval, Caroline Street returns almost immediately to a chiefly residential road. Homes along this stretch of Caroline are noted for their architectural significance, representing a late-19th century "conch style" that incorporates elements of several more prominent styles, including Victorian and Colonial. Although many of these houses were constructed quickly and cheaply, their builders employed the same techniques that were used at the time to craft boats, lending them resistance to extreme weather. Described as "stately", their lots are heavily landscaped, leaving several secluded. The only interruption of this residential stretch is a minor junction with one-way Ann Street, which terminates at Caroline with little fanfare. Further northeast, Caroline intersects Simonton Street to a less commercial degree than Duval. Another block of shaded residences follows before an intersection with Elizabeth Street about midway between Caroline's termini. Elizabeth serves as a sort of transition point for Caroline, which becomes lined with small shops as it meets Peacon Lane; Peacon is a one-way street that approaches from the south. As Caroline continues toward the northeast, it crosses William Street and offers an obscured view of the Gulf of Mexico side of the island and vessels at port. Here, the road's "homely marine practicality" becomes evident, according to a Florida travel writer. Between William and Margaret Street, Caroline passes numerous restaurants and parking for the Key West Bight, which remains visible and can also be accessed by bearing left on Margaret. At the junction of the two roads are several stores and the starting point of the Conch Tour Train. The final several hundred feet of Caroline Street are uneventful, limited to the backdrop of a few houses and businesses. Paralleling the Bight, Caroline comes to an end at Grinnell Street, having traveled almost exactly 0.5 miles (0.80 km). == History and culture == Caroline Street is situated along the northwestern side of the island, in an historic district known as Old Town Key West. Part of the district, roughly defined as the area between Caroline Street and Angela Streets (which run parallel about four blocks apart), harbors many old houses, some of which belonged to famous writers and other influential persons. For example, the Dr. Joseph Y. Porter House at 429 Caroline Street was home to the first public health inspector in the state of Florida. The Porter House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Many of the houses in the area have been converted into inns; the Curry Mansion Inn at the corner of Caroline and Ann streets was originally built in 1855 for the Currys, a prominent local family. At Caroline Street's southern terminus across from the Presidential Gates is the Airways Building, which served as the original Pan American World Airways office during its formation in 1927. Caroline Street, along with Margaret, William, Thomas, and Emma streets, were named for siblings of John Whitehead, who—in 1819—became stranded on Key West after a shipwreck and took note of the island's strategic geography. Whitehead's brother, William, surveyed the city of Key West in 1829. The original map from William Whitehead's survey shows the northwestern corner of the island, bounded by present-day Angela Street, designated as "town plot". This plot was the only part of the island which had a grid-like pattern of streets: five running southwest to northeast, including the path of Caroline Street, at least a dozen oriented from southeast to northwest, and Front Street, which borders the extreme northwestern coast of the island. Therefore, Caroline was cleared by 1829 at the latest, making it among the oldest streets in either the city or the island of Key West. When it received its name, however, is unclear. Currently, Caroline never reaches water at either ends. The 1829 map, however, shows it accessing the Gulf of Mexico at both termini. Whereas the road now starts at Whitehead, it once continued past both Whitehead and Front to the shore. This is confirmed by a map of the island from the early 1900s, which depicts Caroline abutting a breakwater at its southwestern end. Eventually, the street was excluded from the lot of the Truman Annex, and disconnected from the water at its northeastern terminus by the construction of the former City Electric Power Plant on new land. Since 1996, the upper Caroline Street corridor and Key West Bight have been part of ongoing improvement efforts spearheaded by the City of Key West and funded by a special property tax system. At the beginning of the project, the area, once dominated by commercial fishing, had been falling into disarray as its practical future became uncertain. The dynamics of the project changed throughout its course; in early 2011, the city approved spending for specific updates to infrastructure along the corridor, including improved lighting and signs, a more extensive sidewalk system, and versatility with regard to bicycle and pedestrian traffic. As recently as February 2012, additional requests for improvements were lodged with $720,000 available for the project. == In Popular Culture == Caroline Street is mentioned in Jimmy Buffett's song "Woman Goin' Crazy on Caroline Street" from his 1976 album Havana Daydreamin'.1

0.1952

Ewa Podleś<EOT>1

Ewa Podleś

Ewa Podleś ([ˈɛva ˈpɔdlɛɕ]; born April 26, 1952) is a Polish coloratura contralto singer who has had an active international career both on the opera stage and in recital. She is known for the agility of her voice and a vocal range which spans more than three octaves.

Ewa Podleś ([ˈɛva ˈpɔdlɛɕ]; born April 26, 1952) is a Polish coloratura contralto singer who has had an active international career both on the opera stage and in recital. She is known for the agility of her voice and a vocal range which spans more than three octaves. == Life and career == Podleś was born in Warsaw, Poland, and after studying at the Warsaw Academy of Music under Alina Bolechowska, made her stage debut as Rosina in Rossini's The Barber of Seville in 1975. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut on February 14, 1984, singing the title role in Handel's Rinaldo, but only for a few performances that year (from which only two were in the Met's house), and was notably absent from the Met for more than 24 years, since then pursuing her career elsewhere and performing regularly at many other opera houses in Europe and America. In 1996, she sang the part of the Marquise de Birkenfeld in Donizetti's La fille du régiment at La Scala, a performance which has been preserved on DVD. Her return to the Met took place on September 24, 2008, when she sang the role of La Cieca in Ponchielli's La Gioconda. Though known mainly for her interpretation of Baroque works, Podleś's repertoire ranges from Handel's Giulio Cesare (Cesare) to songs by Shostakovich. However, the coloratura contralto roles (some of them trouser roles) in Rossini's operas have been central to her repertoire. Critics have noted the expressive power of her voice and her ability to cope with the florid singing demanded of Rossini's heroes and heroines. Her voice has a wide range, spanning more than three octaves and has been called a "force of nature". Her recent performances include roles of La Cieca in La Gioconda, Bertarido in Handel's Rodelinda, the title role in Rossini's Tancredi, the title role in Handel's Giulio Cesare, Isabella in Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri, Erda in Wagner's Ring Cycle (at the Seattle Opera), Klytämnestra in Richard Strauss's Elektra (with the Canadian Opera Company), Madame de la Haltière in Massenet's Cendrillon (at London's Royal Opera House), and the title role in Rossini's Ciro in Babilonia (in the work's US premiere at the Caramoor International Music Festival in July 2012 and at the Rossini Opera Festival in Pesaro, Italy, in August 2012). Podleś was scheduled to sing Azucena in Verdi's Il trovatore at the Atlanta Opera in 2009, but withdrew. Podleś and her husband, the pianist Jerzy Marchwiński, live in Warsaw. == Recordings == Audio CD Airs Célèbres (Handel, Vivaldi, Purcell, Gluck, and Marcello) with Patrick Peire Chopin: Mélodies with Abdel Rahman El Bacha Chopin: Songs with Garrick Ohlsson de Falla: El amor brujo with Krzysztof Penderecki Duets (Mendelssohn, Brahms, Schumann) with Joanna Kozłowska and Jerzy Marchwinski (piano) Gluck: Armide as La Haine with Marc Minkowski Gluck: Orfeo ed Euridice as Orfeo with Peter Maag Gluck: Orphée et Eurydice as Orphée with Patrick Peire Handel Arias from Rinaldo and Orlando with Constantin Orbelian Handel: Ariodante as Polinesso with Marc Minkowski Mahler: Symphony No. 2: "Resurrection" with Jean-Claude Casadesus Mahler: Symphony No. 3 with Antoni Wit Mozart: Requiem with Michel Corboz and L'Ensemble vocal et instrumental de Lausanne Offenbach: Orphée aux enfers as L'Opinion publique Penderecki: Seven Gates of Jerusalem with Kazimierz Kord Penderecki: Te Deum and Lacrimosa Ewa Podleś & Garrick Ohlsson Live Marta Ptaszynska: Concerto for Marimba; Songs of Despair and Loneliness Prokofiev: Alexandr Nevsky with Jean-Claude Casadesus Puccini: Il trittico with Bruno Bartoletti Respighi: Il Tramonto with Michel Nesterowicz Rossini Arias for Contralto with Pier Giorgio Morandi Rossini Gala with Wojciech Michniewski Rossini: Tancredi as Tancredi with Alberto Zedda Russian Melodies with Constantin Orbelian A Treasury of Polish Songs with Ewa Pobłocka DVD Handel: Giulio Cesare in Egitto as Cornelia from Barcelona Opera Donizetti: La fille du régiment as Marquise de Birkenfeld Ponchielli: La Gioconda as La Cieca from Barcelona Opera Rossini: Ciro in Babilonia as Ciro from Pesaro Rossini Opera Festival Massenet: Cendrillon as Madame de la Haltière from Royal Opera Covent Garden1

0.1953

Haunting of the Octoroon Mistress<EOT>1

Haunting of the Octoroon Mistress

The Haunting of the Octoroon Mistress is a ghost tale about the haunting of a house on 734 Royal Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The haunting of the Octoroon House has a history in the social morals of the 1800s. The term Octoroon is used for people in New Orleans in the 1800s that were 1/8 black, 7/8 white. These octoroons were known as Creoles of Color. They received the best education and were often very wealthy. Relationships between octoroons and elite Creoles of New Orleans was prohibited, but it was not uncommon for young men to have a strong attraction to octoroon women because of their beauty. Octoroon balls were used as a way for rich Creoles to obtain an octoroon mistress. These balls were used as a personal gain for the Creole men and the octoroon mistresses because it entitled the men to keep these beautiful women for their own and the octoroon mistresses would gain, in return, wealth, personal slaves, and the finest living arrangements. Most of the men had families aside from the octoroon mistresses and would often keep their affairs a secret. Because of their different social statuses, octoroons and Creole men were not allowed to marry.

The Haunting of the Octoroon Mistress is a ghost tale about the haunting of a house on 734 Royal Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The haunting of the Octoroon House has a history in the social morals of the 1800s. The term Octoroon is used for people in New Orleans in the 1800s that were 1/8 black, 7/8 white. These octoroons were known as Creoles of Color. They received the best education and were often very wealthy. Relationships between octoroons and elite Creoles of New Orleans was prohibited, but it was not uncommon for young men to have a strong attraction to octoroon women because of their beauty. Octoroon balls were used as a way for rich Creoles to obtain an octoroon mistress. These balls were used as a personal gain for the Creole men and the octoroon mistresses because it entitled the men to keep these beautiful women for their own and the octoroon mistresses would gain, in return, wealth, personal slaves, and the finest living arrangements. Most of the men had families aside from the octoroon mistresses and would often keep their affairs a secret. Because of their different social statuses, octoroons and Creole men were not allowed to marry. == Legend of the Octoroon Mistress == The legend has it that the octoroon who inhabited this house in the 1850s was named Julie. Julie was an octoroon because she had 1/8 black in her antecedents. Julie was said to be very beautiful with striking black hair and dark eyes that were said to be full of mystery. Julie met and fell in love with a very handsome and rich Frenchman. To the Frenchman Julie was just a mistress, his secret lover. But to Julie the Frenchman was much more. Julie desperately wanted to marry the Frenchman but the Frenchman repeatedly denied her request for marriage because of their social status. After months of begging the Frenchman devised a test which he thought would prove Julie's love for him. He told her that he was going to play a card game downstairs with some of his friends and while he was entertaining his guests he wanted her to strip off her clothing and wait on the rooftop for him until he was done. The Frenchman thought Julie would not take his request seriously and continued to entertain his friends. Julie was desperate to show her undeniable love for the Frenchman, so she immediately undressed and waited on the rooftop for her lover to return. Julie waited patiently in the cold and damp December air for her lover. When the Frenchman finally made his way to bed, he realized that Julie was nowhere to be found. He had not thought she took his request seriously, but he ran up to the rooftop to look for her. When he got up there, he saw her naked, frozen body in a corner, waiting patiently for him to return. Legend has it that the death of Julie put the Frenchman into a deep depression because he really loved Julie. Some also say that he died a few months later of a broken heart. The octoroon mistress is still said to haunt the house she once resided in. Some people say on a cold and damp December night you can see her figure pacing on the rooftop waiting for her lover to return. Her ghost is also said to roam the floors of the house but her presence is a friendly one. The house is now home to the Bottom of the Tea Cup Psychic Readings and many of the employees and customers have had many encounters with her. They often note her as playful and energetic with lots of giggles being heard from room to room. The Frenchman is also said to roam the garden outside and people who have encountered him have said that his spirit seems sad. == Henri Enge Rouge == Another spirit is said to roam the floors of the house but his background is unknown. His name is supposedly Henri Enge Rouge. His name literally means “Henry Red Eye”. Creoles would call someone “Enge Rouge” if they were “bad” people. His name is often picked up through recordings of Julie saying his name over and over again. His spirit is not so kind. His energy is very evil and malevolent and often scares tourists away. At night once The Bottom of the Tea Cup closes and Julie retires to the third floor “Henri Enge Rouge” is said to roam the house freely. == Bottom of the Cup Tea Room == The Bottom of the Cup Tea Room opened up in 1929 at 734 Royal Street. Since then it has established a reputation for being the most reliable psychic house in New Orleans. Recently celebrating 80 years, the Bottom of the Cup still gives tarot readings, palm readings, and tea leaf readings. It is also home to a gift shop at 327 Chartres St, New Orleans with various teas from around the world and trinkets to fulfill anyone’s psychic interest.1

0.1954

St Mary's Church, Crich<EOT>You're almost there.We've just sent a confirmation email to . Check it out to confirm your registration. is already registered with . You will be able to use the same account on . Alternatively, you can create a new account with another email address. We have sent a confirmation email to . Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. 1

St Mary's Church, Crich

St Mary’s Church, Crich is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England in Crich, Derbyshire.

St Mary’s Church, Crich is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England in Crich, Derbyshire. == History == The church dates from 1135 and has additions in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, with a vestry added in the 20th century. The church was hit by lightning on 5 February 1945, which caused a fire to start. It was extinguished by local volunteers armed with stirrup pumps. The church is in a joint parish with All Saints' Church, South Wingfield. == Monuments == Sir William de Wakebridge (c. 1369) Godfrey Beresford (d. 1513) John Clay (d. 1632) German Pole (d. 1588 German Wheatcroft (d. 1857) == Organ == The church had a pipe organ by William Hill and Son dating from 1913. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. In 2012 it was up for sale.1

0.1955

Shiver Productions<EOT>1

Shiver Productions

Shiver is a British television production company. It is a subsidiary of ITV Studios and one of the largest providers of factual entertainment in the United Kingdom. Some of its productions include Paul O'Grady: For the Love of Dogs, 60 Minute Makeover and Peter Andre: My Life. Originally Shiver was the factual entertainment and features network production departments of Tyne Tees Television and Yorkshire Television. When ITV Plc was created the separate departments of these two subsidiaries were merged into Yorkshire Television and they were branded as Granada Productions North Factual Entertainment and Features. They were then renamed as the northern factual entertainment and features department of ITV Productions. At this point an internal re-organisation took place to disband the management structure of Yorkshire Television and transfer the production business from Yorkshire Television Limited to ITV Productions Limited. The departments were then closed as part of a wider company production review but were re-opened in Leeds as Shiver, a subsidiary of ITV Studios.

Shiver is a British television production company. It is a subsidiary of ITV Studios and one of the largest providers of factual entertainment in the United Kingdom. Some of its productions include Paul O'Grady: For the Love of Dogs, 60 Minute Makeover and Peter Andre: My Life. Originally Shiver was the factual entertainment and features network production departments of Tyne Tees Television and Yorkshire Television. When ITV Plc was created the separate departments of these two subsidiaries were merged into Yorkshire Television and they were branded as Granada Productions North Factual Entertainment and Features. They were then renamed as the northern factual entertainment and features department of ITV Productions. At this point an internal re-organisation took place to disband the management structure of Yorkshire Television and transfer the production business from Yorkshire Television Limited to ITV Productions Limited. The departments were then closed as part of a wider company production review but were re-opened in Leeds as Shiver, a subsidiary of ITV Studios. == Productions == 1

0.1956

John R. Gregg<EOT>“The family has their own loss to concentrate on, the loss of these two young fellows,” said William Kennedy, the attorney for Furtado’s estate. “I don’t think they take any joy in the loss of the Hernandez family. . . . That’s the way they are. They keep God in their hearts at all times.” <doc-sep> Prior to its official release, reaction to the book from pastors and ONU professors and administrators had been almost universally positive. The president, who had read early drafts of the book, purchased copies to distribute to church officials. But after its release, the book began to attract national media attention, partly through the efforts of Professor Colling, and, with it, the first significant negative reaction. In the December 3, 2004, issue of the Wall Street Journal, columnist Sharon Begley gave a favorable account of the book and its author in her weekly “Science Journal” column. At Olivet Nazarene, “as soon as you mention evolution in anything louder than a whisper,” she quoted Professor Colling as saying, “you have people who aren’t very happy.” That kind of response, Ms. Begley wrote, has not “stopped Prof. Colling . . . from coming out swinging,” and she proceeded to describe how Random Designer not only defended evolution but also attacked intelligent design. Complaints from alumni, church leaders, and parents continued during the 2005–06 academic year, some of it responding to articles that Professor Colling had published in various newspapers. In “Not Such Intelligent Design,” which appeared in the November 27, 2005, issue of the Chicago Tribune, Professor Colling stated that, despite the “clear” and “compelling” evidence supporting evolution, “many Christians remain skeptical, seemingly mired in a naive religious bog that sees evolution as merely a personal opinion, massive scientific ruse or atheistic philosophy.” In a letter to President Bowling voicing objections to what Professor Colling had written, an alumnus asked, “How can Olivet call [itself] a school ‘With a Christian Purpose’ but . . . take Christ out of creation and back Evolution? . . . How did this Mr. Colling ever get hired and why would you allow him to write an article for a major newspaper that represents Olivet as a ‘Christian’ school that backs evolution?” Demanding Professor Colling’s resignation, the writer informed the president that he would not donate to the school or recommend it to prospective students “until this is resolved.” The Church of the Nazarene believes in the biblical account of creation (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . . .”—Genesis 1:1). We oppose any godless interpretation of the origin of the universe and of humankind. However, the church accepts as valid all scientifically verifiable discoveries in geology and other natural phenomena, for we firmly believe that God is the Creator. (903.8) At first, the joint letters appeared to have accomplished their purpose; no action was initiated against Professor Colling at the October board of trustees meeting. Several weeks before that meeting, however, President Bowling had recounted in an e-mail message to Professor Colling a recent meeting with Dr. Lee and Dr. Anthony. In that message, he noted that the two men still harbored “some lingering concerns” and that, in the president’s opinion, the controversy had “damaged Olivet’s perception among many of our constituents and . . . called my leadership into question both here on campus and with a segment of churches of the region.” Further, during a September 27 meeting among the president, Professor Colling, and biology department chair Randal Johnson, President Bowling had indicated, according to Professor Colling’s notes of that meeting, that Dr. Lee and Dr. Anthony had set aside their dismissal plans only for the time being and were asking for two concessions: that evolution be taught only as a “theory,” not as “fact,” and that Random Designer no longer be used as a textbook in university courses. In response, Professors Johnson and Colling told the president that evolution would be taught as it always had been—as a scientific theory—and that Random Designer would be required only in an upper-level course on science and religion and would be made optional for general biology, positions to which the president assented. The remainder of the fall semester passed without major incident. Before receiving the president’s June 1 letter, Professor Colling had written to him again on May 31, defending more fully his own teaching record and reiterating his hope that the president would reconsider his actions. Responding on June 20, President Bowling wrote, “I do not share your conviction that the solution lies in continuing to focus campus controversy upon you and your book. . . . I also respectfully disagree with your suggestion that this decision infringes upon your academic freedom.” The president then stated that the “right of individual academic freedom is subject to the university’s own right to determine who teaches classes and which teaching materials are used in university classes,” an institutional right that the president called “particularly compelling where, as here, the subjects being taught are profoundly related to the religious principles governing the institution.” Professor Colling wrote to the president at length again on July 29. In that letter he took issue with, among other things, the president’s previous references to a “campus controversy” regarding his views on evolution and asserted that the president was in fact bowing to the demands of outside critics. Replying in a letter of August 3, President Bowling wrote that, despite his efforts, “there remained . . . a significant and growing level of apprehension about all of this among many of our constituents. This was, in my opinion, resulting in a diminished level of confidence, on the part of many of our constituents, in our ability at Olivet to teach biological science in a way that does not erode the Christian faith of our students.” The undersigned investigating committee made its visit to Bourbonnais on March 11 and 12, 2008, after a blizzard forced a postponement from the previously scheduled dates. Before the committee’s arrival, the committee chair contacted President Bowling by e-mail, urging him to reconsider his decision not to participate. In a response of March 10, he wrote, “[I]t seems clear that AAUP has already come to a conclusion. . . . Given that posture, it does not seem productive to continue any discussions with AAUP and I certainly regret this for there is . . . a different perspective on these events than the one being widely circulated.” Since the president had declined to cooperate with the investigation, the committee conducted its interviews off campus. During its two-day visit, the committee met with twelve people, including, in addition to Professor Colling, the entire biology department, a professor of religion, several members of the grievance committee, and an administrative officer. Despite President Bowling’s refusal to participate in its inquiry, the investigating committee is confident that these interviews as well as its examination of the extensive documentation of Professor Colling’s case have provided an adequate range of evidence and opinion upon which to base its conclusions. Moreover, it should be noted that the ONU administration has not contested the main facts of the case. In explaining his actions against Professor Colling, President Bowling did not call into question Professor Colling’s competence as a biology professor or his faith as a member of the Church of the Nazarene. The summer before he issued his May 2007 directives, President Bowling wrote to university board members to support Professor Colling against criticism, stating his own “confidence in Dr. Colling’s Christian character and his sincere desire to teach ONU students with personal and professional integrity.” As stated in the previous section of this report, he also asserted repeatedly that the directives aimed at Professor Colling did not constitute disciplinary action against him, nor did he claim that they were issued in response to deficiencies in the content of Random Designer or of Professor Colling’s teaching in general biology. In fact, he had consistently stated the opposite. In his June 1 letter to Professor Colling, he wrote, “It [the issuance of the directives] does not arise from a determination that your teaching, writing, or comments are ‘deficient’ in specific respects.” In his June 20 letter to Professor Colling, he wrote, “Please remember . . . my decision is not intended as . . . criticism of your effectiveness a teacher.” In his August 3 letter, he wrote, “I have not been, nor do I ever intend to be, critical of you.” That his directives had nothing to do with the content of Professor Colling’s book was even more tellingly revealed when the president assured the biology department on May 30, 2007, that instructors could substitute another book whose content was identical to that of Random Designer. At that same meeting, he indicated that he was well aware that the content of general biology would not change because of Professor Colling’s removal as an instructor. We seek the strongest scholarship and the deepest piety, knowing that they are thoroughly compatible (and) . . . a Christian environment . . . where not only knowledge but character is sought. The Olivet Nazarene faculty handbook describes the ideal ONU faculty member as “a student of truth . . . committed to the ministry of teaching through Christian higher education. Freedom to pursue the truth in a field of study in which the faculty member has invested a significant portion of his or her career and to teach students these findings and conclusions is primary to the mission of the University.” As noted previously, the handbook also cites approvingly the 1940 Statement as describing “well the ten[e]ts of academic freedom important to and embraced by Olivet Nazarene University.” [S]ound governance practice and the exercise of academic freedom are . . . inextricably linked. While no governance system can serve to guarantee that academic freedom will always prevail, an inadequate governance system—one in which the faculty is not accorded primacy in academic matters—compromises the conditions in which academic freedom is likely to thrive. Although few of the faculty members interviewed by this committee mentioned deficiencies in the handbook, many of them did characterize shared governance at ONU as either severely deficient or entirely absent. One faculty member stated that “all the committees are run by administrators.” Several mentioned that both the abolition of tenure and the new general education plan had been “imposed from above.” While faculty members acknowledged that President Bowling tends to consult widely, they described the administration’s characteristic leadership style, especially under the former vice president for academic affairs, as “top-down.” Several faculty members blamed a paternalistic culture for the lack of a significant faculty role in institutional decision making. The ONU grievance committee’s final report on the Colling case included these recommendations: “We recommend that the administration update the university grievance policy and procedures within the Faculty Handbook to handle grievances. . . . We recommend that the administration update the university academic freedom policy within the Faculty Handbook.” For me . . . the issue has never been one of science but of the spirit and attitude portrayed by Dr. Colling before that body. . . . His arrogance was very troubling. . . . Perhaps most troubling, and what left me and, I suspect, the other [district superintendents] most saddened was that he refused to declare his belief in basic statements of the Christian faith and dogma that are universally accepted. . . . It really could have ended right then; instead, he drew a battle line and forced Dr. Bowling and the university to take action. 1

John R. Gregg

John R. Gregg (born September 6, 1954) is an American businessman, attorney, author, and politician from Indiana. He was a state representative in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1986 to 2003. He served as Majority Leader from 1990 to 1994, Minority Leader for a term, and as the 85th and longest serving Democratic Speaker of the Indiana House from 1996 to 2003. In 2012, John Gregg was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Indiana but lost to then-Congressman Mike Pence in the closest gubernatorial election in 50 years. On April 30, 2015, John Gregg announced he was again seeking the Democratic Party's nomination for governor in 2016, and successfully secured the nomination. He was critical of Governor Pence's emphasis on social issues, such as his signing of the controversial Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and his policies on public education and Hoosier workers. Pence withdrew from the election when picked by Donald Trump as his vice-presidential choice. The state Republican party then picked Lt. Governor Eric Holcomb as its candidate to replace Pence. Gregg was defeated again by a margin of 51.4% to 45.4%.

John R. Gregg (born September 6, 1954) is an American businessman, attorney, author, and politician from Indiana. He was a state representative in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1986 to 2003. He served as Majority Leader from 1990 to 1994, Minority Leader for a term, and as the 85th and longest serving Democratic Speaker of the Indiana House from 1996 to 2003. In 2012, John Gregg was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Indiana but lost to then-Congressman Mike Pence in the closest gubernatorial election in 50 years. On April 30, 2015, John Gregg announced he was again seeking the Democratic Party's nomination for governor in 2016, and successfully secured the nomination. He was critical of Governor Pence's emphasis on social issues, such as his signing of the controversial Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and his policies on public education and Hoosier workers. Pence withdrew from the election when picked by Donald Trump as his vice-presidential choice. The state Republican party then picked Lt. Governor Eric Holcomb as its candidate to replace Pence. Gregg was defeated again by a margin of 51.4% to 45.4%. == Early life and education == Gregg was born on September 6, 1954 to Donald R. and Beverly 'June' (née Blackwood) Gregg in Linton, Greene County, Indiana. His father operated a union construction and hauling business. John Gregg was the oldest of his parents' three sons. He grew up in small, rural Sandborn, Knox County, Indiana. Gregg was a 1972 graduate of North Knox High School. He graduated with an associate degree from Vincennes University in 1974, and is a member of Sigma Pi Fraternity. He graduated from Indiana University (B.A., Political Science and History) in 1976; Indiana State University (M.P.A., Public Administration) in 1978; and the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law (J.D., Juris Doctor) in 1984. == Business and legal career == From 1978–1985, Gregg worked as a land agent for Peabody Coal Company and as a governmental affairs representative for Amax Coal Company. After passing the state bar in 1984, Gregg opened a private practice, Gregg & Brock, in Vincennes, which he led until 2002, when he joined the Indianapolis law firm Sommer Barnard PC. In 2005, he became partner at the Vincennes office of the law firm Bingham McHale, now Bingham Greenebaum Doll LLP. He is a member of the Indiana State Bar Association and the Knox County Bar Association, where he served as President in 1992. After his legislative career ended, John Gregg served as interim university president for Vincennes University from 2003–2004, attorney, author, and radio host. At Vincennes, he succeeded President Bryan K. Blanchard. == Political career == Gregg was a Democratic precinct committeeman from 1974 until 1986. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2008. During the 2008 primary, Gregg was an honorary chair of the Hillary Clinton for President, Indiana Campaign, and he accompanied former President Bill Clinton to events across Indiana. == Indiana House of Representatives == == Elections == John Gregg's legislative career spanned 8 elections. In 1986 he ran against and defeated Republican incumbent Representative Bill Roach to represent District 45 in the Indiana House of Representatives. He was re-elected seven times: 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000. He represented Sullivan, Daviess, Greene, Knox, and Vigo counties. == Tenure == Over the span of his 16 years in the Indiana House, Gregg spent a dozen years in the most powerful positions in that chamber, and he contributed twice to redistricting process that occurs every decade. In 1990, Gregg went from a back-bencher in seat number 100 to the first position as House majority leader. He served as the House majority leader from 1990–1994 and as the House Democratic leader from 1994–1996. As the House Democratic leader, he is remembered for his leadership of a walkout in 1995. Gregg was first elected Speaker of the House in 1996, when the general election had left an equally divided House with 50 Democrats and 50 Republicans. For the first time in Indiana history, a single Speaker presided over an equally divided House. In 1988, Michael K. Phillips (D-Boonville) and Paul S. Mannweiler (R-Indianapolis) shared the Speaker position in the first even-split between the two parties in history. Gregg was re-elected Speaker following the 1998 general election when Democrats took control of the House of Representatives with a 53-47 majority. Throughout his legislative career, Gregg was a proponent of tax cuts, including the elimination of the excise and inventory taxes and the reform of property taxes. While in the House, he was an advocate of balanced budgets. As a member of the House, Gregg opposed gambling expansions, but later modified his stance, noting that gaming is "a business that is heavily regulated. We’ve not had indictments. We’ve not had any kind of federal investigations or anything like that [in Indiana]." During his tenure as Speaker, Gregg championed many causes, including reforms in education, campaign finance, lobbying and ethics. As Speaker, Gregg negotiated a compromise between Democrats and House Republicans to expand worker's compensation coverage and build Conseco Fieldhouse in downtown Indianapolis. During his terms as Speaker, Gregg implemented improvements in House procedures, including on-time convening of sessions, the support of a bipartisan clerk's office, staffing parity for both caucuses, and the prohibition of smoking within the interior hallways and offices surrounding the House chamber. Gregg introduced measures to help streamline the workload of legislators and staff, including reducing the number of standing committees from 21 to 17 and initiating stricter adherence to House rules regarding how members vote and conduct themselves on the House floor. A House Resolution to honor Speaker Gregg on his retirement in 2002 credited him with returning civility and congeniality to the House chamber. One commentator noted that despite disagreements over policy ideas during his speakership, "it is hard to find an enemy of Gregg’s at the Statehouse." Commenting on Gregg's legislative career, former Governor Evan Bayh stated that "[if there's] one thing about John Gregg, people on both sides of the aisle think he’s a good person and a man of his word.” == Election history == House Representative, District 45, 1986 The incumbent Republican Bill Roach lost to John Gregg. House Representative, District 45, 1988 John Gregg, in his first election as the incumbent, defeated opponent David Tatem, a Republican candidate from Terre Haute. House Representative, District 45, 1992 In 1992, Gregg ran unopposed for his fourth term. House Representative, District 45, 1994 John Gregg ran unopposed again for his fifth legislative term in 1994. House Representative, District 45, 1996 John Gregg won his sixth term against Republican opponent Scheffler. House Representative, District 45, 1998 John Gregg ran unopposed for his seventh term in 1998. House Representative, District 45, 2000 John Gregg again successfully defended his seat for his eighth term as state representative and as the incumbent Speaker of the House against his Republican opponent Hood. == Committee assignments == House County and Township Committee, 1986 House Natural Resources Committee, 1986 House Ways and Means Committee, 1988 House Committee on Joint Rules House Committee on Rules & Legislative Procedures == 2012 gubernatorial campaign == Gregg was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Indiana in the 2012 election. He faced Republican nominee Mike Pence. Although originally predicted to lose decisively to Pence, Gregg closed the gap late in the election, winning 46% of the vote to Pence's 49%. Gregg's campaign was focused on putting Indiana back to work in the midst of the economic recession, and called for an armistice on social issues. He attempted to brand Pence as an extremist Washington politician, which was effective with some demographics, particularly women, but did not carry the election. == 2016 gubernatorial campaign == On April 30, 2015, Gregg launched his second campaign, which originally was to be a rematch against Gov. Pence, who was perceived as politically weakened after signing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Gregg entered the 2016 race for Governor before other Democrats announced their presumed candidacies, including Indiana state Sen. Karen Tallian and state superintendent of schools Glenda Ritz, who withdrew. In July, after Pence dropped out of the race to become Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump's vice presidential running mate in the 2016 presidential election, Lieutenant Governor Eric Holcomb ended his candidacy to retain his seat in order to seek the gubernatorial nomination. The Indiana State Republican Committee selected Holcomb to replace Pence as their gubernatorial nominee. Greg was defeated by Holcomb in the general election for the governorship. == Awards and honors == Gregg has been honored with a Hoosier Hero Award (1996). He received an honorary doctorate from Vincennes University in 2002. He is a four-time recipient of the Sagamore of the Wabash award (awarded by Governors Robert D. Orr, 1989; Evan Bayh, 1996; Frank O'Bannon, 2002; and Joe Kernan, 2003. In 2002, Gregg was named "Public Official of the Year" in 2002 by Governing magazine. == Books == Gregg’s book, From Sandborn to the Statehouse, was published in 2008. He is writing a second book about growing up in a small town. == Writings == John Gregg, "Leave common construction wage law in place," Chicago Tribune, February 27, 2015. == Radio show == Gregg hosted a radio call-in show in Vincennes and in Washington, Indiana. He hosted the early morning talk show, “Indiana Open Phones,” on WIBC (FM), an Indianapolis radio station from 1999–2007. The forum covered topics from Indiana politics to folksy western Indiana cuisine. == Personal life == Gregg has been married three times. He is married to Lisa Kelly. The couple wed in 2012, after the November election, and live in Sandborn, Indiana. Gregg and his second wife, Sherry (née Biddinger) Gregg Gilmore, met while at law school at Indiana University and married two years later in 1989. They were married for 16 years, divorced in 2006, and have two sons, John Blackwood Gregg and Hunter Gregg. Their children were both adults when Gregg first ran for governor in 2012. Gregg's first marriage was to Kim (née Reichman) Kirkwood in 1978 and it lasted one year. He is a member of Sandborn First Christian Church. He is a member of the Sandborn Masonic Lodge #647, where he is a 33rd Degree Mason and past Master. John Gregg once pulled a man from a car wreck near Marco, Indiana on Highway 67 and although the man lost his leg, the car was on fire, and Gregg's assistance on site was considered a possible life saving action. A nurse traveling on the highway that Saturday then came to the Michigan man's assistance. In 2004, Gregg announced he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer, as had his father before him. At age 49, he was treated and later pronounced clean of cancer.1

0.1957

Peter Rice (executive)<EOT>“Well, I was born down in the Southland,” Williams belted. Rice shook his head as if a challenge had been issued between generations. He played a skitter of notes, culminating in a pregnant pause. Williams replied in chorus, “Twenty-some years ago . . . ,” and Rice resumed picking. Despite a fumbled note here and there, it was probably the longest he had extended the riff since 1983, on the Bluegrass Album Band’s original tour. At one point, after seeming to finish, Rice wagged a finger and kept going. Williams finally ended his phrase, “I ran away for the first time,” and the rest of the band launched into four minutes of dense, rich music, delighting the crowd. “If my heavenly father is willing right now, I might be able to show you a little bit of what I’ve been working on,” he said. “This is not easy; takes some brainpower, getting into this. So bear with me a second.” He paused. “I want to be able to tell Alison that now,” Rice said, pausing between each word, “I . . . am . . . speaking . . . in my real voice.” 1

Peter Rice (executive)

Peter Rice (born 1966) is a businessman and the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Fox Networks Group.

Peter Rice (born 1966) is a businessman and the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Fox Networks Group. == Early life == Rice was born in the United Kingdom in 1966 and raised in Britain. He earned a degree from the University of Nottingham in 1989. Rice's father was a business associate of Rupert Murdoch, and through this connection he obtained an internship at Fox in 1989. == Career == == Fox Networks Group == Rice was appointed Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for Fox Networks Group in 2012. In this role, he supervises all programming, creative and business aspects of Fox Networks Group, which includes Fox Broadcasting Company and 20th Century Fox Television, FX Networks, FOX Sports (encompassing Fox’s national sports channels, FS1 and FS2 and its 22 regional sports networks) and National Geographic Partners (which includes the National Geographic channels and brands). In 2016, Fox Networks Group received 144 Primetime and Sports Emmy nominations. FOX Sports won 10 Sports Emmy Awards, the most of any network group and FS1 earned eight awards, the most of any network. Fox received 103 Primetime Emmy nominations spanning FX, FOX, National Geographic Channel and shows from 20th Century Fox Television & Fox 21 Television Studios, and won 27 Primetime Emmy Awards. FX earned 56 nominations, setting a new record for nominations by a basic cable network, surpassing its own previous record of 45 set in 2014. The People v. O.J. Simpson earned 22 nominations and Fargo received 18, the second and third highest total number of nominations of any show that year. Before assuming his current role, Rice served as Chairman of Entertainment for Fox Networks Group. During that time, Rice helped propel FOX to three seasons as the number one network, extending its run on top to eight consecutive years. Earlier, Rice served as Chairman of Entertainment for Fox Broadcasting. He replaced Peter Ligouri and reported to then Fox Networks Group Chairman Tony Vinciquerra. == Fox Filmed Entertainment == Prior to his roles in Fox's television business, Rice was President for Fox Searchlight Pictures. He began his tenure there in 2000, during which time he released some of the most critically acclaimed films of the decade and some of the highest-grossing films in Fox Searchlight’s history, including Juno, The Last King of Scotland, Bend it Like Beckham, Little Miss Sunshine, Sideways and Napoleon Dynamite. With Rice at the helm, Fox Searchlight received 51 Academy Award and 42 Golden Globe Award nominations, including a record of 12 nominations and eight wins for Slumdog Millionaire at the 81st Annual Academy Awards. From 2007 - 2008, Rice also oversaw Fox Atomic, which created comedy and genre films, including Turistas and 28 Weeks Later. Fox Atomic closed in 2009. Rice began his career at Twentieth Century Fox in 1989, working for Tom Sherak, then head of U.S. distribution and marketing for Fox Filmed Entertainment. His roles included Director of Acquisitions, Vice President of Production and Senior Vice President, and in 1998, Rice was named Executive Vice President of Production for Twentieth Century Fox. Rice cultivated relationships with some of the most talented young filmmakers of the time, including Danny Boyle, Bryan Singer, Baz Luhrmann, Alex Proyas and the Hughes Brothers. Rice worked as a creative executive on director Danny Boyle's A Life Less Ordinary and oversaw the director's The Beach. Rice worked with director Baz Luhrmann in the development and production of his films, Oscar Best Picture nominee Moulin Rouge and modern-day adaptation William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Rice was the supervising creative executive on the X-Men film, which started a successful movie franchise that would go on to gross more than $4.3 billion at the global box office. He also worked on blockbuster films Independence Day (1996 film) and Alien: Resurrection. == Personal life == Rice lives in Los Angeles with his family. He serves on the Board of Directors of National Geographic Partners, Hulu, NCTA and the Walter Kaitz Foundation. Rice also sits on the MPTF’s Board of Governors.1

0.1958

Great Pacific garbage patch<EOT>1

Great Pacific garbage patch

The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988. It is located roughly between 135°W to 155°W and 35°N and 42°N. The patch extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area. The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. Its low density (4 particles per cubic meter) prevents detection by satellite photography, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. It consists primarily of a small increase in suspended, often microscopic, particles in the upper water column.

The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988. It is located roughly between 135°W to 155°W and 35°N and 42°N. The patch extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area. The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. Its low density (4 particles per cubic meter) prevents detection by satellite photography, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. It consists primarily of a small increase in suspended, often microscopic, particles in the upper water column. == Discovery == The great Pacific garbage patch was described in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. The description was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean. Researchers found high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents. Extrapolating from findings in the Sea of Japan, the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters. They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre. Charles J. Moore, returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpac sailing race in 1999, claimed to have come upon an enormous stretch of floating debris. Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer, who subsequently dubbed the region the "Eastern Garbage Patch" (EGP). The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution. The patch is not easily visible, because it consists of tiny pieces almost invisible to the naked eye. Most of its contents are suspended beneath the surface of the ocean, and the relatively low density of the plastic debris is, according to one scientific study, 5.1 kilograms per square kilometer of ocean area (5.1 mg/m²). A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean, called the North Atlantic garbage patch. == Information == It is thought that, like other areas of concentrated marine debris in the world's oceans, the Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of ocean or marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents. The garbage patch occupies a large and relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bound by the North Pacific Gyre (a remote area commonly referred to as the horse latitudes). The gyre's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean, including coastal waters off North America and Japan. As material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center, trapping it in the region. There is no strong scientific data concerning the origins of pelagic plastics. In a study published in 2014, researchers sampled 1571 locations throughout the worlds oceans, and determined that discarded fishing gear such as buoys, lines, and nets accounted for more than 60% of the mass of plastic marine debris. According to a 2011 EPA report, "The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products, including plastics (e.g., littering, illegal dumping) ... Debris is generated on land at marinas, ports, rivers, harbors, docks, and storm drains. Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels, stationary platforms and cargo ships." Pollutants range in size from abandoned fishing nets to micro-pellets used in abrasive cleaners. Currents carry debris from the west coast of North America to the gyre in about six years, and debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less. A 2017 study conducted by scientists from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Georgia, concluded that of the 9.1 billion tons of plastic produced since 1950, close to 7 billion tons are no longer in use. The authors estimate that only 9 percent got recycled over the years, while another 12 percent was incinerated, leaving 5.5 billion tons of plastic waste to litter the oceans or land. Another recent Australian study focused on the high rate of seafloor plastic pollution, thereby highlighting an often overlooked aspect of oceanic plastic pollution. The researchers from the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania stated that "while the huge volume of plastic debris accumulating in the world's oceans and on beaches has received global attention, the amount of plastic accumulating on the seafloor is relatively unknown." == Estimates of size == The size of the patch is unknown, as is the precise distribution of debris, because large items readily visible from a boat deck are uncommon. Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface, making it difficult to accurately detect by aircraft or satellite. Instead, the size of the patch is determined by sampling. Estimates of size range from 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) (about the size of Texas) to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres (5,800,000 sq mi) (0.4% to 8% of the size of the Pacific Ocean), or, in some media reports, up to "twice the size of the continental United States". Such estimates, however, are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas. Further, although the size of the patch is determined by a higher-than-normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris, there is no standard for determining the boundary between "normal" and "elevated" levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area. Net-based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled (net apertures 1–2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets, requiring dedicated ship's time). The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter, large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea. Long-term changes in plastic meso-litter have been reported using surface net tows: in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999, plastic abundance was 335 000 items/km² and 5.1 kg/km², roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s. Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan. However, caution is needed in interpreting such findings, because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity, and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses, which is to say that, if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted, an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed. In August 2009, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Project Kaisei SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a 1,700 miles (2,700 km) path through the patch. The survey also confirmed that, although the debris field does contain large pieces, it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the Gyre's centre, and these 'confetti-like' pieces are clearly visible just beneath the surface. Although many media and advocacy reports have suggested that the patch extends over an area larger than the continental U.S., recent research sponsored by the National Science Foundation suggests the affected area may be much smaller. Recent data collected from Pacific albatross populations suggest there may be two distinct zones of concentrated debris in the Pacific. == Photodegradation of plastics == The Great Pacific garbage patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic particulate suspended in the upper water column. As a result, it is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water. Unlike organic debris, which biodegrades, the photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer. This process continues down to the molecular level. As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the plastic ultimately becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. In this way, plastic may become concentrated in neuston, thereby entering the food chain. Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, leaching potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A, PCBs, and derivatives of polystyrene. The process of disintegration means that the plastic particulate in much of the affected region is too small to be seen. In a 2001 study, researchers (including Charles Moore) found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km² with a mean mass of 5,114 grams (11.27 lbs) per km², in the neuston. Assuming each particle of plastic averaged 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm, this would amount to only 8 m² per km² due to small particulates. Nonetheless, this represents a high amount with respect to the overall ecology of the neuston. In many of the sampled areas, the overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of zooplankton. Samples collected at deeper points in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles (primarily monofilament fishing line pieces). == Effect on wildlife and humans == Some of these long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals, and their young, including sea turtles and the black-footed albatross. Midway Atoll receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the patch. Of the 1.5 million Laysan albatrosses that inhabit Midway, nearly all are likely to have plastic in their digestive system. Approximately one-third of their chicks die, and many of those deaths are due to being fed plastic from their parents. Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons of that debris being fed to albatross chicks. Besides the particles' danger to wildlife, on the microscopic level the floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater, including PCBs, DDT, and PAHs. Aside from toxic effects, when ingested, some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol, causing hormone disruption in the affected animal. These toxin-containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish, which are then eaten by fish. Many of these fish are then consumed by humans, resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals. While eating their normal sources of food, plastic ingestion can be unavoidable or the animal may mistake the plastic as a food source. Marine plastics also facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems. Research has shown that this plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide. == Controversy == There has been some controversy surrounding the use of the term "garbage patch" and photos taken off the coast of Manila in the Philippines in attempts to portray the patch in the media often misrepresenting the true scope of the problem and what could be done to solve it. Angelicque White, Associate Professor at Oregon State University, who has studied the "garbage patch" in depth, warns that “the use of the phrase ‘garbage patch’ is misleading. ... It is not visible from space; there are no islands of trash; it is more akin to a diffuse soup of plastic floating in our oceans." In the article Dr. White and Professor Tamara Galloway, from the University of Exeter, call for regulation and cleanup and state that the focus should be on stemming the flow of plastic into the ocean from coastal sources. The US NOAA agrees, saying: While "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is a term often used by the media, it does not paint an accurate picture of the marine debris problem in the North Pacific Ocean. The name "Pacific Garbage Patch" has led many to believe that this area is a large and continuous patch of easily visible marine debris items such as bottles and other litter—akin to a literal island of trash that should be visible with satellite or aerial photographs. This is not the case. —  == Cleanup research == In April 2008, Richard Sundance Owen, a building contractor and scuba dive instructor, formed the Environmental Cleanup Coalition (ECC) to address the issue of North Pacific pollution. ECC collaborates with other groups to identify methods to safely remove plastic and persistent organic pollutants from the oceans. The JUNK raft project was a trans-Pacific sailing voyage from June to August 2008 made to highlight the plastic in the patch, organized by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Project Kaisei, a project to study and clean up the garbage patch, launched in March 2009. In August 2009, two project vessels, the New Horizon and the Kaisei, embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling. The SEAPLEX expedition, a group of researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, spent 19 days on the ocean in August, 2009 researching the patch. Their primary goal was to describe the abundance and distribution of plastic in the gyre in the most rigorous study to date. Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on mesopelagic fish, such as lanternfish. This group utilized a dedicated oceanographic research vessel, the 170 ft (52 m) long New Horizon. In 2012, Miriam C. Goldstein, Marci Rosenberg, and Lanna Cheng wrote: Plastic pollution in the form of small particles (diameter less than 5 mm) — termed ‘microplastic’ — has been observed in many parts of the world ocean. They are known to interact with biota on the individual level, e.g. through ingestion, but their population-level impacts are largely unknown. One potential mechanism for microplastic-induced alteration of pelagic ecosystems is through the introduction of hard-substrate habitat to ecosystems where it is naturally rare. Here, we show that microplastic concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past four decades, and that this increase has released the pelagic insect Halobates sericeus from substrate limitation for oviposition. High concentrations of microplastic in the NPSG resulted in a positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic, and an overall increase in H. sericeus egg densities. Predation on H. sericeus eggs and recent hatchlings may facilitate the transfer of energy between pelagic- and substrate-associated assemblages. The dynamics of hard-substrate-associated organisms may be important to understanding the ecological impacts of oceanic microplastic pollution. The Goldstein et al. study compared changes in small plastic abundance between 1972–1987 and 1999–2010 by using historical samples from the Scripps Pelagic Invertebrate Collection and data from SEAPLEX, a NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer cruise in 2010, information from the Algalita Marine Research Foundation as well as various published papers. At TEDxDelft2012, Dutch Aerospace Engineering student Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from the five oceanic gyres. Calling his project The Ocean Cleanup, he proposed to use surface currents to let debris drift to specially designed arms and collection platforms. Operating costs would be minimal and the operation would be so efficient that it might even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms, that divert rather than catch the debris. This way bycatch would be avoided, although even the smallest particles would be extracted. According to Slat's calculations, a gyre could be cleaned up in five years' time, collecting at least 7.25 million tons of plastic across all gyres. He also advocated "radical plastic pollution prevention methods" to prevent gyres from reforming. Method, a producer of household products, markets a dish soap whose container is made partly of recycled ocean plastic. The company sent crews to Hawaiian beaches to recover some of the debris that had washed up. Artists such as Marina DeBris use trash from the garbage patch to create trashion, or clothes made out of trash. The main purpose is to educate people about the garbage patch. The 2012 Algalita/5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition began in the Marshall Islands on 1 May, investigated the little-studied Western Pacific garbage patch, collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute, Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues, including NOAA, SCRIPPS, IPRC and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. From 4 October – 9 November 2012, the Sea Education Association (SEA) conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre. A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010. During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition, a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics, map the distribution of plastics in the gyre, and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life. On 11 April 2013, in order to create awareness, artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCO –Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova. It was the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of the Italian Ministry of the Environment. In 2015, The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the Design Museum's 2015 Designs of the Year awards. A fleet of 30 vessels, including a 32 metres (105 ft) mothership, took part in a month-long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys. In 2016, plans are in the concept stage to create floating Oceanscrapers, made from the plastic found in the Great Pacific garbage patch. In June, The Ocean Cleanup project launched a prototype boom, nicknamed Boomy McBoomface, off the coast of the Netherlands in the North Sea, with the intention that if tests with the 100 meter prototype go well plans to develop a 100 kilometer long scaled up version that would then be deployed in the Pacific would go forward.1

0.1959

Berkan Durmaz<EOT>1

Berkan Durmaz

Berkan Durmaz (born February 20, 1997) is a Turkish professional basketball player.

Berkan Durmaz (born February 20, 1997) is a Turkish professional basketball player. == Career == Born in Osmangazi in Bursa, Durmaz cut his teeth in the youth system of Tofaş S.K., before making his debut in professional basketball during the 2015-16 season. He saw action for Tofas in the TBL as well as for the club’s reserve squad in the TBL2. == International == Durmaz represented his country’s national team at the 2013 under-16 and the 2015 under-18 European Championships.1

0.1960

Thumpakhar<EOT>1

Thumpakhar

Thumpakhar (Nepali: थुम्पाखर) is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. In the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 5210, with 1023 houses.

Thumpakhar (Nepali: थुम्पाखर) is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. In the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 5210, with 1023 houses. == Popular Villages in Thumpakhar == Thumpakhar is a village development committee with many sattlements. Pakhardovan, Dhusine, Kuile, Sundanda, 9 kilo, Patidanda, Rotomate, 8 kilo are the popular villages. Tuki Assassination is also Located in Thumpakhar VDC. Bhotekoshi River and Aaraniko Highway is the Extra Attraction Of this Village.1

0.1961

4-6-4<EOT>◙ The Causes and Prevention of Deafness. Four Lectures, delivered under the Auspices of the National Bureau for Promoting the General Welfare of the Deaf by J. Kerr Love [ca 1914] ◙ “Lecture III. Sporadic Congenital Deafness and Deafness from Syphilis” [note: this is an off-print of Lecture #3 in The Causes and Prevention . . .] ◙ Natier, Marcel, 1904. Surdite et consanguinite, traitement par les exercices acoustiques… ◙ Handwritten notes 1

4-6-4

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. In France where the type was first used, it is known as the Baltic while it became known as the Hudson in most of North America.

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. In France where the type was first used, it is known as the Baltic while it became known as the Hudson in most of North America. == Overview == == Tender locomotives == The 4-6-4 tender locomotive was first introduced in 1911 and throughout the 1920s to 1940s, the wheel arrangement was widely used in North America and to a lesser extent in the rest of the world. The type combined the basic design principles of the 4-6-2 Pacific type with an improved boiler and larger firebox that necessitated additional support at the rear of the locomotive. In general, the available tractive effort differed little from that of the Pacific, but the steam-raising ability was increased, giving more power at speed. The 4-6-4 was best suited to high-speed running across flat terrain. Since the type had fewer driving wheels than carrying wheels, a smaller percentage of the locomotive's weight contributed to traction, compared to other types. Like the Pacific, it was well suited for high speed passenger trains, but not for starting heavy freight trains and slogging on long sustained grades, where more pairs of driving wheels are better. The first 4-6-4 tender locomotive in the world was a four-cylinder compound locomotive, designed by Gaston du Bousquet for the Chemin de Fer du Nord in France in 1911. Since it was designed for the Paris-Saint Petersburg express, it was named the Baltic after the Baltic Sea, which was a logical extension of the naming convention that started with the 4-4-2 Atlantic and 4-6-2 Pacific. The first 4-6-4 in the United States of America, the J-1 of the New York Central Railroad, was built in 1927 to the railroad’s design by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO). There, the type was named the Hudson after the Hudson River. The world speed record for steam locomotives was held by a 4-6-4 at least twice. In 1934, the Milwaukee Road’s class F6 no. 6402 reached 103.5 miles per hour (166.6 kilometres per hour) and, in 1936, the German class 05.002 reached 124.5 miles per hour (200.4 kilometres per hour). That record was broken by the British 4-6-2 Pacific no. 4468 Mallard on 3 July 1938, when it reached 126 miles per hour (203 kilometres per hour), still the world speed record for steam traction. == Tank locomotives == The 4-6-4T was also a fairly common wheel arrangement for passenger tank locomotives. As such, it was essentially the tank locomotive equivalent of a 4-6-0 tender locomotive, with water tanks and a coal bunker supported by four trailing wheels instead of in a tender. In New Zealand, all 4-6-4T locomotives were tank versions of 4-6-2 locomotives. The first known 4-6-4 tank locomotive was rebuilt from a Natal Government Railways (NGR) K&S Class 4-6-0T which was modified in 1896 to enable it to run equally well in either direction on the Natal South Coast line, where no turning facilities were available at the time. This sole locomotive later became the Class C2 on the South African Railways (SAR). The first known locomotive class to be designed with a 4-6-4T wheel arrangement, the NGR’s Class F tank locomotive, was based on this modified locomotive and built by Neilson, Reid and Company in 1902. These became the Class E on the SAR in 1912. One streamlined 4-6-4T was built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1935. == Usage == == Australia == Tender locomotives Seventy R class 4-6-4 Hudson tender locomotives, the only class of this configuration in Australia and built by North British Locomotive Company, were introduced by the Victorian Railways in 1951 for mainline express passenger operations. However, the introduction in 1952 of the B class diesel-electric locomotives saw the R class almost immediately being relegated to secondary passenger and freight use, with many being staged at depots around the state. A number were preserved and some of these continued to operate on special excursion trains. With the privatisation of regional passenger operations in Victoria in the mid-1990s, two R class locomotives were brought back into normal revenue service by the West Coast Railway, for regularly scheduled mainline passenger trains between Melbourne and Warrnambool. The locomotives underwent a number of modifications to allow for reliable high speed operation, including dual Lempor exhausts, oil firing and the addition of a diesel control stand for multiple unit operation. The use of these R class locomotives on the Warrnambool line did not continue after the demise of the private operator in 2004. Tank locomotives The 4-6-4 tank locomotive configuration was a popular type with the Western Australian Government Railways. The D class was introduced for suburban passenger service in 1912. Its successors, both also of the 4-6-4T wheel arrangement, were the Dm class of 1945 that was rebuilt from older E class 4-6-2 Pacific tender locomotives, and the Dd class of 1946. The N.S.W. Government Railways 30 Class 4-6-4T locomotives were used on Sydney and Newcastle suburban passenger train workings. No. 3046 is preserved at the Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum on the N.S.W. north coast. == Canada == Tender locomotives The second-largest user of the 4-6-4 type in North America was the Canadian Pacific Railway with 65 H1a to H1e class locomotives, numbered 2800 to 2864 and built by Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) between 1929 and 1940. They were highly successful and improved service and journey times on the CPR's transcontinental routes. The third and later batches of CPR Hudsons, H1c to H1e numbers 2820 to 2864, were dubbed Royal Hudsons and were semi-streamlined. Royal permission was given for these locomotives to bear the royal crown and arms after locomotive no. 2850 hauled King George VI across Canada in 1939. Five CPR Hudsons survived. H1b class no. 2816 Empress is the sole remaining unstreamlined CPR Hudson. It was repatriated from static display at Steamtown in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to the CPR in 1998 and was restored and converted to oil-burning to haul excursions for CPR. The other remaining H1 class locomotives are all Royal Hudsons. As of 2008, three were on display in museums, no. 2839 in California, no. 2850 in Quebec and no. 2858 in Ontario, while no. 2860, the first oil-burning Royal Hudson of the class, was operational and based in British Columbia. By 2008, the CPR Hudsons were the only operational Hudsons in North America. (Also see North American production list) Tank locomotives The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) had six K2 class 4-6-4T locomotives, built in September 1914 by MLW and acquired for suburban service. Numbered 1540 to 1545 on the GTR, they were reclassified as X-10-a and renumbered 45 to 50 after being absorbed by the Canadian National Railway (CN) in 1923. Three of them are preserved, numbers GT 1541 (CN 46) and GT 1542 (CN 47) at the Steamtown National Historic Site in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and GT 1544 (CN 49) at the Canadian Railway Museum in Delson, Quebec. (Also see North American production list) == Finland == The Finnish State Railways Class Pr2, nicknamed Henschel, was a 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge passenger tank locomotive class, ordered from Henschel & Son by the Estonian State Railways in the spring of 1939 and completed in 1941. The outbreak of the Second World War prevented their delivery to Estonia, but a few of these engines did operate in Latvia in 1942. They became superfluous when the Germans began converting the Baltic tracks to 4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in (1,435 mm) standard gauge, and the four locomotives were sold to Finland. They were classified Pr2 and numbered 1800 to 1803 upon their arrival in Finland in December 1942. The Class Pr2 tanks were quite advanced locomotives and were based on the Henschel-built DRG Class 62 tank engine design of 1928 for the Deutsche Reichsbahn. After their initial teething problems were solved, they proved to be fast runners and an ideal addition to the motive power stable. They were originally built as oil-burners and reverted to this type of fuel between 1947 and 1954, when oil prices were low. With its 1,830 millimetres (72 inches) coupled wheels, it was very fast and one of them achieved 144 kilometres per hour (89 miles per hour) during a test run. No. 1803, the last Class Pr2 in service, was withdrawn in May 1960. Only no. 1800 has been preserved. == France == The four-cylinder 4-6-4 compound locomotive designed by Gaston du Bousquet for the French Chemin de Fer du Nord, of which two (3.1101 and 3.1102) were built at the company's workshops in 1911, was the first tender locomotive in the world with this wheel arrangement. Named the Baltic since it was intended for service on the Paris-Saint Petersburg express, its most remarkable feature was the en echelon arrangement of the two low-pressure inside cylinders in order to accommodate the very large bore. One of them was built with a water-tube firebox. Although they were not multiplied, they were the forerunners of the highly successful 4-6-2 Nord Pacifics and Super-Pacifics. One survives in the Musée français du chemin de fer (French national railway museum) at Mulhouse in eastern France, cut up in sectioned form to display its interior during the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937. Its tender was not preserved. France also produced some of the last Baltic locomotives. In 1938, Marc de Caso, the last Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Nord, originated the construction of eight Baltic locomotives, all delivered to the newly established Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (French National Railway Corporation or SNCF). Of these eight, three were 232.R class three-cylinder simple expansion (simplex) locomotives with rotary cam poppet valve gear, while four were 232.S class four-cylinder compound locomotives, initially also with poppet valve gear that was later replaced by Walschaerts valve gear driving oscillating cams. Built for comparative purposes, it was found that the compounds outperformed the simples. The eighth of the class, the final French Baltic type, was completed in 1949 as the 232.U.1 class. This was another four-cylinder compound with Walschaerts valve gear, but with very large and light piston valves, that proved capable of more than 4,000 indicated horsepower (3,000 kilowatts). This locomotive is also preserved at Mulhouse. (Also see Netherlands) == Germany == Tender locomotives Three 4-6-4 tender locomotives were built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) by Borsig in 1935. Designated Class 05, they were designed for high speed running. They were three-cylinder locomotives with giant 90 ¹⁄₂ inches (2,299 millimetres) driving wheels and powerful clasp brakes on all wheels. The first two locomotives were conventional locomotives, but the third was built as a cab forward and burned pulverised coal. All three were built streamlined, in shrouds that covered the locomotives almost to the railhead. On 11 May 1936, the 05.002 set a world speed record of 124.5 miles per hour (200.4 kilometres per hour) that was bettered by the British 4-6-2 Pacific Mallard two years later, on 3 July 1938. The 05.003 was converted to conventional boiler-forward running in 1944. All three survived the Second World War and were rebuilt as conventional non-streamlined locomotives in 1950, with new boilers. They worked in this form until 1957, when electric locomotives took over on the high-speed routes. The first locomotive, 05.001, was restored to its original streamlined configuration in 1961, for display in the Nuremberg Transport Museum. Tank locomotives A number of German 4-6-4T locomotive classes were built, the best known being the Prussian T 18 class of 1912. Altogether 534 of them were built by the Stettiner Maschinenbau AG Vulcan and Henschel & Son between 1912 and 1927. Of these, 458 went to the Prussian state railways and subsequently the Deutsche Reichsbahn, where they became the DRG Class 78. == India == There were two classes of 4-6-4 tender locomotives in India, both early in the history of the wheel arrangement and also of unusually narrow gauge. The nine G class locomotives of the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge Barsi Light Railway in western India were built by Nasmyth, Wilson and Company in 1928 and 1930 and by W. G. Bagnall in 1939. The four ND class locomotives of the 2 ft (610 mm) gauge Scindia State Railway in Gwalior were built in 1928 by Kerr, Stuart and Company. == Indonesia == The Indonesian C27 class locomotive of the Java Staatsspoorwegen was introduced to Java by the Netherlands colonial administration. The class was designed to meet the requirement to haul trains of 400 tons at a speed of 50 kilometres per hour (31 miles per hour) on a 0.5% incline with 180 metres (590 feet) radius curves. The locomotives also had to be able to negotiate curves with a sharp radius of 120 metres (390 feet) at a speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour). Between 1916 and 1922, altogether 39 locomotives were ordered from three manufacturers, Werkspoor, Armstrong Whitworth and Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works. The C27 class was used on railway lines around Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya until electrification was carried out around Jakarta between 1925 and 1930. They were then relocated to secondary lines like the Merak-Tanah Abang in Banten province, the lines around Kertosono and Blitar and also between Purwokerto, Kutoarjo and Purworejo. From 1921, 58 C28 class express passenger 4-6-4 tank locomotives were built for the Java Staatsspoorwegen by three German manufacturers, Henschel & Son, Sächsische Maschinenfabrik and Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. The C28 class was one of the most popular in Indonesia, achieving speeds of up to 95 kilometres per hour (59 miles per hour). It was declared the world's fastest steam locomotive on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge when it achieved 110 kilometres per hour (68 miles per hour). In addition, being a tank locomotive, it was able to travel at full speed in both directions. It was used on the Jakarta-Bandung, Jakarta-Surabaya and Malang-Surabaya routes. During the Dutch colonial era, the term Vlugge Vier (Fast Four) was used on the Jakarta-Bandung route, where C28 class locomotives covered the distance of 175 kilometres (109 miles) four times a day at a speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 miles per hour) with a travel time of about 2 hours 45 minutes. These express trains only stopped for one minute at Karawang, Cikampek and Purwakarta. In addition, the C28 class locomotive was used on express trains like the Java Nacht Express (Java Night Express) and the Eendaagsche Express (One Day Express). A C28 class locomotive also hauled the train carrying President Sukarno and his entourage to Yogyakarta on 3 January 1948. == Ireland == The first and longest-lived Baltics in Ireland were two locomotives, built by Nasmyth, Wilson in 1904 for the narrow-gauge County Donegal Railways. Both were later superheated and one lasted until 1967, albeit derelict. == Japan == Between 1947 and 1961, the Japanese National Railways built three classes of rather advanced American style 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Hudson tender locomotives. Between 1947 and 1949, 33 Class C61 locomotives were rebuilt from former Class D51 2-8-2 Mikado freight locomotives. The Class C61 was the first Japanese locomotive with the 4-6-4 Hudson wheel arrangement. In 1948 and 1949, 49 Class C62 locomotives were built with new 4-6-4 frames and using the boilers of Class D52 2-8-2 Mikado locomotives. These were the largest and fastest steam passenger locomotives to run in Japan. Between 1953 and 1961, 47 Class C60 locomotives were rebuilt from surplus Class C59 4-6-2 Pacific locomotives at the Hamamatsu and Kōriyama factories. The Class C60 and Class C61 were smaller locomotives than the Class C62, which filled the tight Japanese loading gauge. They were equipped with Boxpok driving wheels and used several American-style appliances, even though they had British-style smokebox doors. == Netherlands == The Dutch Railways ordered six 4-6-4T passenger locomotives from Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1913. A follow-up order for 34 locomotives was only partly delivered when, due to the downturn in traffic caused by the First World War, the Dutch authorities cancelled the remainder of the order. The forty locomotives as ordered were originally to be numbered 1201 to 1240, but the 36 that were delivered were later renumbered 6001 to 6026. The fourteen undelivered locomotives were sold to the British War Department for use on the Western Front, where air-braked passenger locomotives were in short supply. They were assigned Railway Operating Division (ROD) numbers 1 to 12, 14 and 15 and were used on ambulance and troop trains as well as civilian passenger trains in the British sector. After the war, they were sold to the Chemin de Fer du Nord in France, who numbered them 3.871 to 3.884. In 1938, all fourteen passed on to the SNCF, who renumbered them 232.TB.1 to 232.TB.14. Two were withdrawn in 1946, but the rest remained in service until 1950-1951. They were outlived by their Dutch sister locomotives, of which twenty were still in service in 1952. (Also see France) There were also ten four-cylinder 6100 class locomotives, built in 1929 by Hohenzollern and Werkspoor and based on the 3700 4-6-0 class. The last two were withdrawn in 1958. == South Africa == No 4-6-4 tender locomotives saw service in South Africa, but six 4-6-4T tank locomotive classes were used, all of them on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge. In 1896, the Natal Government Railways (NGR) rebuilt one of its Class K&S 4-6-0 tank locomotives to a 4-6-4T configuration, as directed by NGR Locomotive Superintendent George William Reid. This was the first known use of this wheel arrangement and was done to enable the locomotive to run equally well in either direction in shuttle service on the Natal South Coast line, where no turning facilities were available. In 1912, when it was assimilated into the South African Railways (SAR), this locomotive was designated Class C2. Ten tank locomotives, designed by G.W. Reid, were built for the NGR by Neilson, Reid and Company in 1902. It was the first known locomotive in the world to be designed and built as a 4-6-4 Baltic type. Known as the Neilson, Reid locomotives until they were designated the NGR's Class F, they were larger versions of the rebuilt Class H locomotive of 1896 and many of the main dimensions were identical. It had a plate frame, Stephenson valve gear and used saturated steam. In 1912 they became the Class E on the SAR. Eight Class F tank locomotives were placed in service on the Central South African Railways (CSAR) in 1904, designed by CSAR Chief Locomotive Superintendent P.A. Hyde and built by Vulcan Foundry. It had a bar frame, Stephenson valve gear and used saturated steam, and was acquired for the suburban services between Springs and Randfontein. The double red lining on their black livery and polished copper-capped chimneys, brass domes and boiler bands earned them the nickname Chocolate Boxes. These locomotives retained their Class F classification on the SAR. In 1905, two rack tank locomotives were built for the CSAR by Vulcan Foundry, for use on the steep rack section between Waterval Onder and Waterval Boven on the line to Mozambique. Designed as two-cylinder locomotives by Hyde, the design was modified by the builders to four cylinders with the inside cylinders driving the rack equipment, but without a compensating increase in boiler capacity. The locomotives were failures on the rack section, their rack equipment was removed within a year of entering service and they were reassigned to shunting duty. In 1912, they were considered obsolete by the SAR and not classified, but they remained in service until 1915. Seven Class K tank locomotives which had been built for the Manila Railway Company in the Philippine Islands by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) in 1914, were sold to the SAR in 1917 since delivering them to the Philippines during the First World War became impossible. They were superheated, had Walschaerts valve gear and were the first locomotives in South Africa to be equipped with exhaust steam injectors, which were of the Davies and Metcalfe pattern. Nicknamed Manila, they remained in service until 1938. Six tank locomotives, designed by SAR Chief Mechanical Engineer D.A. Hendrie and built by Nasmyth, Wilson and Company, were introduced on the SAR in 1915. Designated Class J, they had Walschaerts valve gear and Belpaire fireboxes and used saturated steam. Acquired to cope with increasing traffic on the Natal South Coast, but unable to handle the rapidly increasing loads due to their small proportions, they soon ended up being employed as shunting engines in the Durban harbour, at Mossel Bay and in the Cape Midlands, until they were withdrawn from service by 1957. == Soviet Union == Only three prototype Hudson locomotives were built in the former Soviet Union, in 1937 and 1938. They were all streamlined and were the only streamlined series of Soviet steam locomotives, although a later post-war P36 series 4-8-4 Northern locomotive was semi-streamlined. All three were scrapped in the 1950s. In 1937, two were built by the Kolomna Locomotive Works. These were known as the 2-3-2K locomotives, designed by Lev Lebedyanskii and rated at 3,070 horsepower (2,290 kilowatts). Designated the P12 series, they were used to haul the Red Arrow passenger train between Moscow and Leningrad. The intention was to build up to ten 2-3-2K locomotives to haul all express passenger trains between Moscow and Leningrad, but these plans were interrupted by the Second World War and not resumed. Another one was built in Voroshilovgrad in 1938, known as the 2-3-2V experimental locomotive number 6998. This locomotive was never used on mainline service. == United Kingdom == Tender locomotives The only 4-6-4 tender locomotive in the United Kingdom was the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) no. 10000, built in 1930 as an experimental high-pressure compound locomotive with an experimental high-pressure water-tube boiler. It was the only locomotive of the Class W1 and became known as the Hush-hush locomotive on account of the great secrecy under which it was built. Its trailing wheels were arranged uniquely. Instead of being in one four-wheel trailing truck, the first pair was a Cartazzi axle, mounted in a rigid frame but still allowed sideways deflection against a centering force, as typical of the LNER’s practice on its Pacific locomotives. The second pair was in a two-wheel trailing truck. The experiment proved much less successful than had been hoped and in 1936 it was rebuilt along the lines of a streamlined LNER Class A4 Pacific, though it retained its Baltic wheel arrangement. After being rebuilt, the Class W1 was still easily distinguishable from an A4 at a glance, without looking for the extra trailing wheels, by the fact that it was never officially named even though the name Pegasus had been proposed. It therefore became known among trainspotters as the Un-named or No-name Streak. Tank locomotives A number of 4-6-4T locomotives were built for various British railway companies. The first standard-gauge examples were Robert Whitelegg’s design in 1912 for the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LT&SR). They were only delivered after the LT&SR had been taken over by the Midland Railway, where they were designated the 2100 class. Between 1914 and 1922, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) built seven L class tank locomotives, known as the Brighton Baltics. The first examples suffered from instability problems until they were rebuilt with well-tanks. These high-speed tank locomotives hauled the famous Brighton Belle train until the electrification of the Brighton mainline in 1933, after which they were converted into N15X class 4-6-0 tender locomotives. They remained in service until 1957. The Glasgow and South Western Railway and a number of other railways also had tank locomotive classes of this wheel arrangement. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway examples were very rare in having four cylinders. Known as the Dreadnought Tanks, they proved to be too large and too complex for the duties they performed. The saturated steam tank locomotives of the Belfast and County Down Railway were spectacularly unsuccessful because of poor valve settings. On the other hand, the Furness Railway tank locomotives, also using saturated steam and with inside cylinders, were very popular with their crews. == United States of America == The first Hudson locomotive in North America was built in 1927 for the New York Central Railroad (NYC) by American Locomotive Company (ALCO), to the railroad's design. The locomotive proved to be very successful and was named the Hudson type, after the Hudson River. Thirteen of these locomotives, one J-1 type and twelve J-3a types, were streamlined for use with named passenger trains like the Empire State Express and the 20th Century Limited. Between the NYC and its subsidiaries, the Boston and Albany Railroad (B&A), the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (CCC&StL or Big Four) and the Michigan Central Railroad (MC), they acquired altogether 275 4-6-4 locomotives of several different types, the largest Hudson fleet in North America. The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) could have produced the first American 4-6-4 since its design work was done earlier than that of the NYC, but financial constraints delayed the project and the Milwaukee's locomotives only emerged in 1930. The Milwaukee called them Baltic, following the European practice started in France. The initial order of fourteen Class F6 locomotives was followed by eight more Class F6a locomotives in 1931 and, in 1938, the Milwaukee acquired six streamlined Class F7 Baltics with the shrouds. These took over the Milwaukee's crack Hiawatha express trains from the Class A 4-4-2 Atlantics and were among the fastest steam locomotives of all time. The schedules of many of these trains required extended running at 100 miles per hour (160 kilometres per hour). In addition to the Milwaukee’s streamlined Class F7, two other railroads ordered larger and faster 4-6-4 locomotives with 84 inches (2,134 millimetres) drivers in the late 1930s. These were the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe) with its 3460 Class and the Chicago and North Western (CNW) with its Class E-4. The Milwaukee and CNW locomotives were all streamlined, and only one of the Santa Fe locomotives, the 3460 Blue Goose. In 1937, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Burlington Route) needed backup locomotives for their streamlined diesel-hauled Zephyr passenger trains. Their solution was to streamline their Baldwin-built no. 3002 in their main Iowa shops. The locomotive was renumbered as no. 4000 and given the name Aeolus, after the mythical keeper of the winds. A second streamlined 4-6-4 was built for this purpose and numbered 4001. There were also some once-off and experimental 4-6-4 locomotives. A number were rebuilt from 4-6-2 Pacific locomotives, or in some cases from other designs. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) built four as experimental locomotives between 1933 and 1936, using Colonel Emerson’s water-tube fireboxes, but eventually turned to diesel-electric traction instead. In 1937, the Illinois Central Railroad (IC) rebuilt a 2-8-4 Berkshire into its only Hudson, the Illinois Central No. 1, which was not a success and was not repeated. The Wabash Railroad rebuilt its seven Class P1 Hudsons from their unsuccessful K-4 and K5 Class 2-8-2 Mikado locomotives. == North American production list == Altogether 21 railroads in North America owned 4-6-4s. Many were similar in concept to the NYC Hudsons, with 79 to 80 inches (2,007 to 2,032 millimetres) driving wheels, but most were a little larger than the NYC locomotives, such as the F6 and F6a classes of the Milwaukee Road, the K-5-a class of the Canadian National, the Canadian Pacific locomotives, the S-4 class of the Burlington Route, the I-5 class of the New Haven and the 1151 class of the Lackawanna. There were also the lightweights, which include the L-1 class of the Nickel Plate Road, the class D of the Maine Central and the class NR-1 of the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (N de M). On these, the extra axle was used to reduce the axle load in comparison to a 4-6-2 Pacific locomotive. Because the 4-6-4 design was really only optimally suited to express passenger trains, which were dieselised early, the Hudsons were early candidates for withdrawal and scrapping. None of the NYC locomotives survived and neither did any of the Milwaukee locomotives. Five Canadian Pacific Hudsons survive, including four Royal Hudsons and the un-streamlined Canadian Pacific 2816. Five of the Burlington Route locomotives survive, including the Aeolus. Other surviving Hudson locomotives are two each of the Santa Fe and Canadian National, and single examples from the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, N de M and Nickel Plate Road.1

0.1962

Spider-Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom's Revenge<EOT>1

Spider-Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom's Revenge

Spider-Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom's Revenge was a side-scrolling computer game starring Marvel Comics' superheroes Spider-Man and Captain America battling a host of supervillains led by Doctor Doom. The player alternately controls Spider-Man and Captain America; the character being controlled switches after each battle.

Spider-Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom's Revenge was a side-scrolling computer game starring Marvel Comics' superheroes Spider-Man and Captain America battling a host of supervillains led by Doctor Doom. The player alternately controls Spider-Man and Captain America; the character being controlled switches after each battle. == Characters == The game featured an assortment of Marvel Comics supervillains through the course of the game, many of whom are relatively minor characters in the comic books: Eduardo Lobo, Grey Gargoyle, Machete, Boomerang, Oddball, Electro, Hobgoblin, Rhino, Batroc the Leaper, Zaran, Rattan (who was created specifically for the game), and finally Doctor Doom himself. Among the bosses included is also the Hulk (later revealed to be an illusion by Mysterio). The game's manual provided biographies on each character in a style similar to the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe, and information about each character was used as a form of copy protection. == Reception == Computer Gaming World gave Doctor Doom's Revenge a mixed review, praising the graphics but noting the game loaded and played very slowly. The review also noted the game was extremely linear, and controls were unresponsive. Compute! liked the PC version's graphics and sound card audio, but the reviewer—a fan of Marvel Comics—stated that the story was not as thought-provoking as the source material. The magazine described the Commodore 64 version as "a perfect example of a great idea that just doesn't cut it ... the comics are more complex and thus more interesting", calling fights "disappointing" despite the "great" graphics. == Trivia == Marvel Comics also released a comic book that was only available in the game package. It illustrated the plot leading up to Spider-Man and Captain America's mission to stop Dr. Doom.1

0.1963

Viceroy, Saskatchewan<EOT>1

Viceroy, Saskatchewan

Viceroy is a hamlet in Excel Rural Municipality No. 71, Saskatchewan, Canada. The population was 25 at the 2011 Census. The hamlet previously held the status of a village until May 10, 2002. Viceroy is located 7 km south of the historic Red Coat Trail on Highway 624 north of Willow Bunch Lake adjacent to Big Muddy Valley.

Viceroy is a hamlet in Excel Rural Municipality No. 71, Saskatchewan, Canada. The population was 25 at the 2011 Census. The hamlet previously held the status of a village until May 10, 2002. Viceroy is located 7 km south of the historic Red Coat Trail on Highway 624 north of Willow Bunch Lake adjacent to Big Muddy Valley. == History == Viceroy was incorporated in 1912. At its peak in the 1950s it had a population of 250. Prior to May 10, 2002, Viceroy was incorporated as a village, and was restructured as a hamlet under the jurisdiction of the Rural municipality of Excel on that date. == Demographics == == Services == Once a bustling community with two schools, two restaurants, Klemenz Poolroom and bowling alley, a theatre and many other businesses. After two fires in the past century the community has shrunk to a much smaller scale. Viceroy still boasts the Viceroy Co-op which in a sense is the local "general store" offering grocery staples, tools, feed, hardware, parts, auto repair and petroleum sales. The RM of Excel No. 71, office is located on main street with the equipment yard/shop to the south. Bengough Credit Union also operates a branch in Viceroy.1

0.1964

Sheet bend<EOT>1

Sheet bend

The sheet bend (also known as becket bend, weaver's knot and weaver's hitch) is a bend, that is, a knot that joins two ropes together. Doubled, it is effective in binding lines of different diameter or rigidity securely together, although it has a tendency to work loose when not under load. The sheet bend is related in structure to the bowline. It is very fast to tie, and along with the bowline and clove hitch is considered so essential it is knot №1 in the Ashley Book of Knots. It is a more secure replacement for the reef knot (square knot), especially in its doubled variety.

The sheet bend (also known as becket bend, weaver's knot and weaver's hitch) is a bend, that is, a knot that joins two ropes together. Doubled, it is effective in binding lines of different diameter or rigidity securely together, although it has a tendency to work loose when not under load. The sheet bend is related in structure to the bowline. It is very fast to tie, and along with the bowline and clove hitch is considered so essential it is knot №1 in the Ashley Book of Knots. It is a more secure replacement for the reef knot (square knot), especially in its doubled variety. == Definition == The term "sheet bend" derives from its use bending ropes to sails (sheets). It is mentioned in David Steel's 1794 book Elements and Practice of Rigging and Seamanship but was used by Neolithic peoples for tying the meshes of fishing nets. The name "weaver's knot" comes from its historic use in textile mills. Even in modern operations, weavers are taught to use this particular knot when correcting broken threads in the warp. In practice, weavers are taught to be able to tie the knot in as little time possible, with the mean average being no more than three to five seconds. == Method == The sheet bend may be tied by various methods: the basic "rabbit through the hole" method of forming a half hitch in the bight of the larger rope, by a more expedient method shown in Ashley as №1431 (similar to the method used by an experienced sailor or mountaineer to tie a bowline) or by a trick method, Ashley №2562, involving upsetting a noose knot over a short end of the "larger" rope. (Lines of equal size may be joined with a sheet bend, of course, but when one is larger, it plays the simpler role of the red line shown in the infobox, rather than forming the nipped hitch as the green line does.) One type of weaver's knot is topologically equivalent to a sheet bend, but is tied (usually in smaller stuff) with a different approach. Sheet bends are also used for netting. Notice that, to have any strength, the two free ends should end up on the same side of the knot (see below). Under even moderate load, a left-hand sheet bend will quickly slip and release completely. == Double sheet bend == When lines are of unequal diameter or rigidity it is necessary for security to "double" the sheet bend by making an additional round turn below the first and again bringing the working end back under itself. The free ends should end up on the same side of the knot for maximum strength. == Security == A study of 8 different bends using climbing rope of equal diameter said the sheet bend was weak. In one test, it pulled apart with less than half the pressure that other knots withstood. The authors recommend "2 half hitches on the bend back line and overhand knot on turn thru line." Even with these, it was always a bottom performer and the double sheet bend did little better. The butterfly bend did best, but the double fisherman's knot was recommended for being easier to untie.1

0.1965

Christmas Hills, Victoria<EOT>About Two Truffles There are two cottages on site at Two Truffles Bed & Breakfast. Each cottage sleeps two guests & is equipped with quality amenities, tea, coffee, fridge, microwave and, of course a relaxing spa-bath. Generous continental breakfast provisions are left for you to enjoy in your Cottage: Locally baked bread and jams, boxed cereals, juices, fresh fruit, tea, coffee, sugar, milk and butter provided. Close to many wedding venues - Zonzos, Stones, Coombe Melba, De Bortoli & Balgownie are all only a very easy 5-10 minute drive. Other area attractions include wineries, golfing, hot-air ballooning, the Yarra Valley Chocolaterie & the Yarra Valley Dairy. For the adventurous types, there is parachute jumping and sight-seeing flights available from the local airfield. The Cottages are within easy walking distance to both the Racecourse and the Yarra Glen township. Acorn Cottage Acorn is our studio-style Cottage. The bedroom, kitchenette & living area together comprise a spacious yet intimate retreat. A Coonara woodheater adds ambience for those cooler months. Acorn Cottage's cosy ensuite features a shower over the relaxing spa-bath. One-way privacy glass on all windows helps to make Acorn a very romantic space to while away the hours, or days . . . Oaktree Cottage Oaktree Cottage has separate bedroom and living areas & features a luxurious spa-bath which is separate from the shower. A Coonara woodheater and one-way privacy glass on all windows adds to the intimate atmosphere. If you are staying for more than just a few nights, BBQ & cooking facilities allow Oaktree Cottage guests to take advantage of private dining opportunities. OPTIONAL EXTRAS - upon request only, additional charges apply • Extra cleaning (for longer stays) • Pre-arrival grocery shopping • Romance Packages (sparkling wine & cheese plate) • Ask us about other available packages tailored to your needs. 1

Christmas Hills, Victoria

Christmas Hills is a town in Victoria, Australia, 35 km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District in the local government area of the Shire of Nillumbik. At the 2016 Census, Christmas Hills had a population of 355. Christmas Hills is located between Kangaroo Ground and Yarra Glen, along Eltham-Yarra Glen Road (State Route C726), north of the Yarra River, in the Dandenong Ranges. In 1904, the Australian Handbook described Christmas Hills as "an excellent health resort". The locality is very hilly, with One Tree Hill in the northwest rising to 372 m above sea level, and is home to several reserves, including One Tree Hill Reserve and Sugarloaf Reservoir Park, opened in 1980 and managed by Melbourne Water.

Christmas Hills is a town in Victoria, Australia, 35 km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District in the local government area of the Shire of Nillumbik. At the 2016 Census, Christmas Hills had a population of 355. Christmas Hills is located between Kangaroo Ground and Yarra Glen, along Eltham-Yarra Glen Road (State Route C726), north of the Yarra River, in the Dandenong Ranges. In 1904, the Australian Handbook described Christmas Hills as "an excellent health resort". The locality is very hilly, with One Tree Hill in the northwest rising to 372 m above sea level, and is home to several reserves, including One Tree Hill Reserve and Sugarloaf Reservoir Park, opened in 1980 and managed by Melbourne Water. == History == Christmas Hills owes its name to an emancipated convict and shepherd, David Christmas, who became lost on a 640-acre (2.6 km²) grazing lease in the area in 1842, and was found after days of wandering at a rise which was subsequently named after him. The area was considered to have poor quality soil, although nearby settlers earned an income from chopping firewood in the sclerophyll forests. Gold was discovered at One Tree Hill in 1859, fuelling a brief goldrush. Quartz reef operations ended in 1864, and alluvial mining continued until 1908. The area grew considerably in the 1870s; at one point the town had two hotels, two schools, a post office and a Mechanics' Institute. The Post Office opened on 10 December 1874 as Christmas Hill, was renamed in 1913, and closed in 1974. In 1884, a primary school was built, and by 1912, when the railway from Heidelberg to Hurstbridge was built, the area had a population of 146 and had become a tourist destination, popular with Melburnians seeking "clean air and an invigorating climate". In 1893, 1939, 1962 and 2009, the area suffered from destructive bushfires. == Present Day == Christmas Hills today is a large area encompassing several districts. == Christmas Hills township == The Christmas Hills township consists of a cluster of homes, a public hall, a tennis court, a memorial park with a World War I monument and a fire brigade shed, erected after the 1939 bushfires. About 1 km to the west is Christmas Hills Primary School, first established in 1884, with an enrolment of 22 students in 2006. == Rob Roy == Rob Roy ₍₎ in the western part is used for a range of hill racing events by the MG Car Club of Victoria. It was first established in 1937 by motoring enthusiasts and the Light Car Club for hill-racing motorbikes and cars and was utilised as a venue well into the postwar years. It was burnt out in 1962, but the track was later bitumenised. == One Tree Hill == One Tree Hill ₍₎, a former mining area in northwestern Christmas Hills, is now a 143 hectare reserve managed by Parks Victoria. Its main features are Happy Valley Creek, which runs through the reserve, and the 372 m One Tree Hill in the northeast. According to the Land Conservation Council of Victoria, it has been assessed as "being of State botanical significance for its ecological integrity and viability, rarity and representation of community types", and is home to 22 species assessed as regionally threatened, rare or restricted in the greater Melbourne area, including roosting colonies of large bent-wing bat and eastern horseshoe bat, and the powerful owl, brush-tailed phascogale and barking owl. The LCC reports that 79 bird, 24 mammal, 7 reptile and 7 frog species have been recorded in the reserve. == Sugarloaf Reservoir == Sugarloaf Reservoir (37°40′30″S 145°17′33″E) is a 440-hectare reservoir which has a total water capacity of 96,000 megalitres, and was developed in the late 1970s and completed in 1981. It is managed by Melbourne Water and supplies scheme water to Melbourne's northern, western and inner suburbs. Sugarloaf is fed by the Maroondah Aqueduct and the Yarra River, and before entering the domestic water supply, water is treated at the Winneke Water Treatment Plant on the south bank of the reservoir to World Health Organisation guidelines. The main dam is 89 m high and 1,050 m long. Around the reservoir is the Sugarloaf Reservoir Park, which opened in 1982 and is managed by Parks Victoria. The park's entrance, open during most daylight hours, is 1.2 km off Eltham-Yarra Glen Road. Barbecue and picnic facilities are available at Saddle Dam, south-east of the dam wall, and Ridge Park to the North. Several walking trails can be used with permission of Parks Victoria. Watercraft are only permitted to launch from the Sugarloaf Sailing Club on the north bank, and sail boards, keel boats and/or craft with cabins, cooking or toilet facilities are not permitted on the Reservoir. The area is home to eastern grey kangaroos, echidnas, wedge-tailed eagles, crimson rosellas and other wildlife including a population of deer. Vegetation ranges from grassland, having been cleared for agriculture in the decades prior to the reservoir's construction, to dry forest. == Transport == The nearest public transport is by bus to Yarra Glen 9 km downhill to the east. However, driving is a much more viable option, considering the time and distance taken to use public transport, and spread of the towns.1

0.1966

CRYL1<EOT>1

CRYL1

Crystallin, lambda 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYL1 gene.

Crystallin, lambda 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYL1 gene. == Function == The uronate cycle functions as an alternative glucose metabolic pathway, accounting for about 5% of daily glucose catabolism. The product of this gene catalyzes the dehydrogenation of L-gulonate into dehydro-L-gulonate in the uronate cycle. The enzyme requires NAD(H) as a coenzyme, and is inhibited by inorganic phosphate. A similar gene in the rabbit is thought to serve a structural role in the lens of the eye. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. ##Evidence-Data-START## Transcript exon combination :: AF160216.1, AK024041.1 [ECO:0000332] RNAseq introns  :: single sample supports all introns ERS025081, ERS025082 [ECO:0000348] ##Evidence-Data-END##1

0.1967

Harold Badger<EOT>1

Harold Badger

Harold Lindsay Badger (10 October 1907 – 13 December 1981) was an Australian jockey, famous for riding the champion racehorse Ajax in many of his wins. Badger was born at Northcote, Melbourne, the third of eight children. Two of his brothers, Clarence and Eric, also became jockeys. Apprenticed at 14 to Richard Bradfield, he often raced in South Australia, winning the Adelaide Cup in 1925. Granted his senior jockey's licence in 1927, he moved to Adelaide and was immediately successful, winning the South Australian jockey's premiership in his first season. He returned to Victoria, but had few opportunities in major races as the number-two jockey for trainer Lou Robertson, so he turned freelance in 1936. That year he won the Caulfield Cup on Northwind. With Ajax's regular jockey, Maurice McCarten unavailable, Badger was given the ride in the 1937 Victoria Derby, finishing a close second. This was the start of his association with Ajax, and he went on to win 30 of 37 races on him, finishing second five times and third twice. Possibly the most famous of these races was the 1939 Rawson Stakes, where Ajax finished second, despite starting favourite at 40/1 on. His success with Ajax put him in great demand with Victorian owners and trainers, and he won his first Victorian jockey's premiership in the 1938-39 season. He went on to win the premiership a further five times. His major race wins included the Caulfield Cup, the Moonee Valley Cup, the Adelaide Cup, the Brisbane Cup, the Doncaster Handicap, the Epsom Handicap, the W S Cox Plate, the Newmarket Handicap (all twice) and the Futurity Stakes (three times).1

Harold Lindsay Badger (10 October 1907 – 13 December 1981) was an Australian jockey, famous for riding the champion racehorse Ajax in many of his wins. Badger was born at Northcote, Melbourne, the third of eight children. Two of his brothers, Clarence and Eric, also became jockeys. Apprenticed at 14 to Richard Bradfield, he often raced in South Australia, winning the Adelaide Cup in 1925. Granted his senior jockey's licence in 1927, he moved to Adelaide and was immediately successful, winning the South Australian jockey's premiership in his first season. He returned to Victoria, but had few opportunities in major races as the number-two jockey for trainer Lou Robertson, so he turned freelance in 1936. That year he won the Caulfield Cup on Northwind. With Ajax's regular jockey, Maurice McCarten unavailable, Badger was given the ride in the 1937 Victoria Derby, finishing a close second. This was the start of his association with Ajax, and he went on to win 30 of 37 races on him, finishing second five times and third twice. Possibly the most famous of these races was the 1939 Rawson Stakes, where Ajax finished second, despite starting favourite at 40/1 on. His success with Ajax put him in great demand with Victorian owners and trainers, and he won his first Victorian jockey's premiership in the 1938-39 season. He went on to win the premiership a further five times. His major race wins included the Caulfield Cup, the Moonee Valley Cup, the Adelaide Cup, the Brisbane Cup, the Doncaster Handicap, the Epsom Handicap, the W S Cox Plate, the Newmarket Handicap (all twice) and the Futurity Stakes (three times).1

0.1968

Morans Falls<EOT>1

Morans Falls

The Morans Falls, a plunge waterfall on Morans Creek, is located in the UNESCO World Heritage–listed Gondwana Rainforests in the South East region of Queensland, Australia.

The Morans Falls, a plunge waterfall on Morans Creek, is located in the UNESCO World Heritage–listed Gondwana Rainforests in the South East region of Queensland, Australia. == Location and features == The waterfall is situated within Lamington National Park in the Green Mountains, part of the Shield Volcano Group in the Scenic Rim of the Gondwana Rainforests and can be accessed via the Morans Falls Track, a 4.4-kilometre (2.7 mi) return walking track.1

0.1969

1900 European Figure Skating Championships<EOT>1

1900 European Figure Skating Championships

The European Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition in which elite figure skaters compete for the title of European Champion. The 1900 Championships were held on January 21 in Berlin, Germany. Skaters competed only in the categories of men's singles. The competitors performed only compulsory figures.

The European Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition in which elite figure skaters compete for the title of European Champion. The 1900 Championships were held on January 21 in Berlin, Germany. Skaters competed only in the categories of men's singles. The competitors performed only compulsory figures. == Results == == Men == Judges: Dr. I. von Forssling  Sweden J. Olbeter   Switzerland A. Schiess  Germany H. Ehrentraut  Germany Dr. Kurt Dannenberg  Germany == Navigation == 1

0.1970

Ghost (software)<EOT>1

Ghost (software)

Ghost (an acronym for general hardware-oriented system transfer) is a disk cloning and backup tool originally developed by Murray Haszard in 1995 for Binary Research. The technology was acquired in 1998 by Symantec. The backup and recovery functionality has been replaced by Symantec System Recovery (SSR), although the Ghost imaging technology is still actively developed and is available as part of Symantec Ghost Solution Suite.

Ghost (an acronym for general hardware-oriented system transfer) is a disk cloning and backup tool originally developed by Murray Haszard in 1995 for Binary Research. The technology was acquired in 1998 by Symantec. The backup and recovery functionality has been replaced by Symantec System Recovery (SSR), although the Ghost imaging technology is still actively developed and is available as part of Symantec Ghost Solution Suite. == History == Binary Research developed Ghost in Auckland, New Zealand. After the Symantec acquisition, a few functions (such as translation into other languages) were moved elsewhere, but the main development remained in Auckland until October 2009 at which time much was moved to India. Technologies developed by 20/20 Software were integrated into Ghost after their acquisition by Symantec in April 2000. == PowerQuest == At the end of 2003, Symantec acquired its largest competitor in the disk-cloning field, PowerQuest. On August 2, 2004, Norton Ghost 9.0 was released as a new consumer version of Ghost, which is based on PowerQuest′s Drive Image version 7, and provides Live imaging of a Windows system. Ghost 9 continues to leverage the PowerQuest file format, meaning it is not backward compatible with previous versions of Ghost. However, a version of Ghost 8.0 is included on the Ghost 9 recovery disk to support existing Ghost customers. == Ghost 3.1 == The first versions of Ghost supports only the cloning of entire disks. However, version 3.1, released in 1997 supports cloning individual partitions. Ghost could clone a disk or partition to another disk or partition or to an image file. Ghost allows for writing a clone or image to a second disk in the same machine, another machine linked by a parallel or network cable, a network drive, or to a tape drive. == Ghost 4.0 and 4.1 == Version 4.0 of Ghost added multicast technology, following the lead of a competitor, ImageCast. Multicasting supports sending a single backup image simultaneously to other machines without putting greater stress on the network than by sending an image to a single machine. This version also introduced Ghost Explorer, a Windows program which supports browsing the contents of an image file and extract individual files from it. Explorer was subsequently enhanced to support to adding and deleting files in an image with FAT, and later with ext2, ext3 and NTFS file systems. Until 2007, Ghost Explorer could not edit NTFS images. Ghost Explorer could work with images from older versions but only slowly; version 4 images contain indexes to find files rapidly. Version 4.0 also moved from real-mode DOS to 286 protected mode. The additional memory available allows Ghost to provide several levels of compression for images, and to provide the file browser. In 1998, Ghost 4.1 supports password-protected images. == Ghost 5.0 == Version 5.0 moved to 386 protected mode. Unlike the text-based user interface of earlier versions, 5.0 uses a graphical user interface (GUI). The Binary Research logo, two stars revolving around each other, plays on the main screen when the program is idle. In 1998, Gdisk, a script-based partition manager, was integrated in Ghost. Gdisk serves a role similar to Fdisk, but has greater capabilities. == Ghost for NetWare == A Norton Ghost version for Novell NetWare (called 2.0), released around 1999, supports NSS partitions (although it runs in DOS, like the others). == Ghost 6.0 (Ghost 2001) == Ghost 6.0, released in 2000, includes a management console for managing large numbers of machines. The console communicates with client software on managed computers and allows a system administrator to refresh the disk of a machine remotely. As a DOS-based program, Ghost requires machines running Windows to reboot to DOS to run it. Ghost 6.0 requires a separate DOS partition when used with the console. == Ghost 7.0 / Ghost 2002 == Released March 31, 2001, Norton Ghost version 7.0 (retail) was marketed as Norton Ghost 2002 Personal Edition. == Ghost 7.5 == Released December 14, 2001, Ghost 7.5 creates a virtual partition, a DOS partition which actually exists as a file within a normal Windows file system. This significantly eased systems management because the user no longer had to set up their own partition tables. Ghost 7.5 can write images to CD-R discs. Later versions can write DVDs. == Symantec Ghost 8.0 == Ghost 8.0 can run directly from Windows. It is well-suited for placement on bootable media, such as BartPE′s bootable CD. The corporate edition supports unicast, multicast and peer-to-peer transfers via TCP/IP. Ghost 8.0 supports NTFS file system, although NTFS is not accessible from a DOS program. == Transition from DOS == The off-line version of Ghost, which runs from bootable media in place of the installed operating system, originally faced a number of driver support difficulties due to limitations of the increasingly obsolete 16-bit DOS environment. Driver selection and configuration within DOS was non-trivial from the beginning, and the limited space available on floppy disks made disk cloning of several different disk controllers a difficult task, where different SCSI, USB, and CD-ROM drives were involved. Mouse support was possible but often left out due to the limited space for drivers on a floppy disk. Some devices such as USB often did not work using newer features such as USB 2.0, instead only operating at 1.0 speeds and taking hours to do what should have taken only a few minutes. As widespread support for DOS went into decline, it became increasingly difficult to get hardware drivers for DOS for the newer hardware. Disk imaging competitors to Ghost have dealt with the decline of DOS by moving to other recovery environments such as FreeBSD, Linux or Windows PE, where they can draw on current driver development to be able to image newer models of disk controllers. Nevertheless, the DOS version of Ghost on compatible hardware configurations works much faster than most of the *nix based image and backup tools. Ghost 8 and later are Windows programs; as such, they can run on Windows PE, BartPE or Hiren's BootCD and use the same plug and play hardware drivers as a standard desktop computer, making hardware support for Ghost much simpler. == Norton Ghost 2003 == Norton Ghost 2003, a consumer edition of Ghost, was released on September 6, 2002. Available as an independent product, Norton Ghost 2003 was also included as a component of Norton SystemWorks 2003 Professional. A simpler, non-corporate version of Ghost, Norton Ghost 2003 does not include the console but has a Windows front-end to script Ghost operations and create a bootable Ghost diskette. The machine still needs to reboot to the virtual partition, but the user does not need to interact with DOS. Symantec deprecated LiveUpdate support for Norton Ghost 2003 in early 2006. == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 1.0 (Ghost 8.2) == Released November 15, 2004, Symantec renamed the Enterprise version of Ghost to Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 1.0. This helped clarify the difference between the consumer and business editions of the product. This was further defined in February 2006, with the release of Norton Save And Restore (also known as Norton Backup And Restore), a standalone backup application based on Ghost 10.0. == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 1.1 (Ghost 8.3) == Ghost Solution Suite 1.1 is a bundle of an updated version of Ghost, Symantec Client Migration (a user data and settings migration tool) and the former PowerQuest equivalent, DeployCenter (using PQI images). Ghost Solution Suite 1.1 was released on December 2005. It can create an image file that is larger than 2 GB. (In Ghost 8.2 or earlier, such image files are automatically split into two or more segments, so that each segment has a maximum size of 2 GB.) Other new features include more comprehensive manufacturing tools, and the ability to create a "universal boot disk". == Norton Ghost 9.0 (includes Ghost 2003) == Ghost 9.0 was released August 2, 2004. It represents a significant shift in the consumer product line from Ghost 2003, in several ways: It uses a totally different code base, based on the DriveImage/V2i Protector product via Symantec′s acquisition of PowerQuest. It is a Windows program that must be installed on the target system. Images can be made while Windows is running, rather than only when booted directly into DOS mode. Incremental images (containing only changes since the last image) are supported. Requires Product Activation in order to function fully. The bootable environment on the Ghost 9 CD is only useful for recovery of existing backups. It cannot be used to create new images. Since Ghost 9 does not support the older .gho format disk images, a separate CD containing Ghost 2003 is included in the retail packaging for users needing to access those older images. The limitations of Ghost 9 compared to Ghost 2003 were not well-communicated by Symantec, and resulted in many dissatisfied customers who purchased Ghost 9 expecting the previous version′s features (like making images from the bootable Ghost environment, no installation required, and no product activation). == Norton Ghost 10.0 == Supports creating images on CDs, DVDs, Iomega Zip and Jaz disks as well as IEEE 1394 (FireWire) and USB mass storage devices. Supports encrypting images and Maxtor external hard disk drives with Maxtor OneTouch buttons. Ghost 10.0 is compatible with previous versions, but not with future versions. == Norton Save And Restore 1.0 (Ghost 10.0) == Norton Save And Restore 1.0, released in February 2006, was the renamed consumer version of Ghost. It used Ghost 10.0′s engine, with the addition of features to allow backup and restoration of individual files. == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 2.0 (Ghost 11.0) == Ghost Solution Suite 2.0 was released in November 2006. This version provides significant improvements in performance, as well as the ability to edit NTFS images. This version also adds support for Windows Vista, x64 versions of Windows, and GUID Partition Table (GPT) disks. However, the software does not fully support systems with Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) firmware. Ghost 11.0 supports saving and restoring from native Ghost image format (.gho, .ghs) and raw images (.img, .raw). == Norton Ghost 12.0 == Ghost 12.0 includes Windows Vista support with an updated and more thorough user interface. It supports both full system backup and individual files or folders backup. This version provides a "LightsOut Restore" feature, which restores a system from an on-disk software recovery environment similar to Windows RE, thereby allowing recovery without a bootable CD. Upon system startup, a menu asks whether start the operating system or the LightsOut recovery environment. LightsOut restore would augment the ISO image, which comes with Ghost. The latter contains a recovery environment that can recover a system without a working operating system. == Norton Save & Restore 2.0 (Ghost 13.0) == NSR 2.0 has fewer features in comparison to Norton Ghost 12. NSR 2.0 offers one-time backups, file and folder backup, simplified schedule editor, Maxtor OneTouch integration and modifiable Symantec recovery disc. This version supports 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Vista. == Norton Ghost 14.0 == Version 14.0 uses Volume Snapshot Service (VSS) to make backups and can store backups to an FTP site. Ghost can connect to ThreatCon, a Symantec service that monitors malware activity around the world, and performs incremental backups when a specific threat level is reached. Other features include the ability to back up to network-attached storage devices and support for NTFS partitions up to 16TB. Ghost can manage other installations of version 12.0 or later across a network. This version no longer supports opening .gho image files. It stores images in .v2i format. Incremental backup images created with Norton Ghost are saved with .iv2i filename extensions alone the original full backup (with .v2i filename extension) on a regular basis. Older .gho image files can be restored using Ghost Explorer, a separate utility. == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 2.5 (Ghost 11.5) == The ghost software for enterprise, including Ghost 11.5, was released in May 2008. New features include: As of January 6, 2010, the latest build from Live Update is 11.5.1.2266 (Live Update 5 (LU5)). This updates Ghost Solution Suite to 2.5.1 and provides support for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Furthermore, Ghost 11.5 is compatible with BartPE's bootable CD using a PE Builder plug-in for Symantec Ghost 11. == Norton Ghost 15.0 == According to the Norton community on Symantec′s site, the following features are available in Ghost 15: == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 3.0 (Ghost 12.0) == The ghost software for enterprise, including Ghost 12.0 and Deployment Solution 6.9, was announced in March 2015. == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 3.1 (Ghost 12.0) == The ghost software for enterprise, including Ghost 12.0 and Deployment Solution 6.9, was released in 7 March 2016. == Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 3.2 (Ghost 12.0) == The ghost software for enterprise, including Ghost 12.0 and Deployment Solution 6.9, was released in 18 May 2017. == Features == Ghost is marketed as a backup program. Its recovery environment comes in an ISO image file that needs to be written to a CD or other physical media, if it is to be used on a physical machine. This provides an environment to perform offline system recovery or backup. Ghost can mount a backup volume to recover individual files. Ghost can copy the contents of one volume to another or convert a volume contents to a virtual disk in VMDK or VHD format. Initially, Ghost supported only FAT file system, although it could copy (but not resize) other file systems by performing a sector-by-sector transfer. Ghost added support for NTFS later in 1996, and also provided a program, Ghostwalker, to change the Security ID (SID) that made Windows NT systems distinguishable from each other. Ghostwalker is capable of modifying the name of the Windows NT computer from its own interface. Ghost added support for the ext2 file system in 1999 and for ext3 subsequently. == Discontinuation == Norton Ghost was discontinued on April 30, 2013. Support via chat and knowledge base was available until June 30, 2014. Until it was removed, the Symantec Ghost Web page invited Ghost customers to try Symantec System Recovery, described as software for backup and disaster recovery. The current version of the enterprise software, the Symantec Ghost Solution Suite 3.1, which includes Ghost 12.0, is updated available at 2016 http://buy.symantec.com/estore/clp/productdetails/pk/ghost-solution-suite1

0.1971

Sheung Shui<EOT>1

Sheung Shui

Sheung Shui (Chinese: 上水; Jyutping: soeng5 seoi2) is an area in New Territories, Hong Kong. Sheung Shui Town, a part of this area, is part of the Fanling-Sheung Shui New Town in the North District of Hong Kong. Fanling Town is to its southeast.

Sheung Shui (Chinese: 上水; Jyutping: soeng5 seoi2) is an area in New Territories, Hong Kong. Sheung Shui Town, a part of this area, is part of the Fanling-Sheung Shui New Town in the North District of Hong Kong. Fanling Town is to its southeast. == History == Shek Wu Hui (石湖墟) used to be the marketplace of the Sheung Shui area, before the development of Sheung Shui Town. Bounded by Lung Sum Avenue (龍琛路), San Fung Avenue and Jockey Club Road, it was the main market in the Sheung Shui area from the 1930s onwards. Today some private residences can be found towering over the old flats in the hui (market). The majority of the buildings still standing were repaired in the 1950s. Sheung Shui Wai (上水圍), originally lived in by the Liu (廖) clan, is a walled village. The ancestral hall Liu Man Shek Tong (廖萬石堂) in the village is one of the declared monuments of Hong Kong. The Fung Kai No.1 Secondary School (鳳溪第一中學), located near Sheung Shui Wai and originally established by the Liu clan, is the largest secondary school in Hong Kong, in terms of area covered. More than one turfed football pitch can be found inside the school campus. Because of its green and ample campus, the school used to serve as a scene for local educational television programs. == Housing estates in Sheung Shui Town == == Public estates == Choi Yuen Estate (彩園邨) Tin Ping Estate (天平邨) Tai Ping Estate (太平邨) Ching Ho Estate (清河邨) == Home Ownership Scheme Courts == Yuk Po Court (旭埔苑) Choi Po Court (彩蒲苑) On Shing Court (安盛苑) Sunningdale Garden (順欣花園) Tsui Lai Garden (翠麗花園) == Private estates == Lung Fung Garden (龍豐花園) Metropolis Plaza (新都廣場) Sheung Shui Centre (上水中心) Sheung Shui Town Centre (上水名都) Woodland Crest (奕翠園) Venice Garden (威尼斯花園) Noble Hill (皇府山) Royal Green (御皇庭) Royal Jubilee (海禧華庭) On Kwok Villa (安國新村) Pearl Vista (明珠華軒) Glorious Peak (顯峰) == Villages in the Sheung Shui area == Hakka Wai (客家圍) Tsung Pak Long Tsuen (松柏塱村) Tai Tau Leng (大頭嶺) Sheung Shui Wai (上水圍) Wai Loi Tsuen (圍內村) Man Kok Village (文閣村) Ha Pak Tsuen (下北村) Sheung Pak Tsuen (上北村) Chung Sam Tsuen (中心村) Tai Yuen Tsuen (大元村) Hing Yan Tsuen (興仁村) Po Sheung Tsuen (莆上村) Mun Hau Tsuen (門口村) Fu Tei Au Tsuen (虎地拗村) Hung Kiu San Tsuen (紅橋新村) Wa Shan Tsuen (華山村) Tin Ping Shan Tsuen (天平山村) Wu Nga Lok Yeung (烏鴉落陽) Shek Wu San Tsuen (石湖新村) Ling Shan Tsuen (靈山村) Ng Uk Village (吳屋村) Siu Hang Tsuen (小坑村) Siu Hang San Tsuen (小坑新村) 新界五大氏族The Great Five Clans in New Territories-侯氏(HAU) Ho Sheung Heung (河上鄉) Yin Kong Tsuen (燕崗村) Kam Tsin Tsuen (金錢村) Ping Kong (丙崗) == Shopping centres in Sheung Shui Town == Lung Fung Garden (龍豐花園) Metropolis Plaza (新都廣場) Sheung Shui Centre (上水中心) Sheung Shui Town Centre (上水名都) Landmark North (上水廣場) == Community facilities in Sheung Shui Town == Lung Sum Avenue Sports Centre (龍琛路體育館) North District Park (北區公園) North District Sportsground (北區運動場) North District Town Hall (北區大會堂) Shek Wu Hui Municipal Services Building (石湖墟市政大廈) Shek Wu Hui Playground (石湖墟公園) Sheung Shui Public Library (上水公共圖書館) Sheung Shui Swimming Pool (上水游泳池) Tin Ping Sports Centre (天平體育館) == Public services in Sheung Shui Town == North District Hospital (北區醫院) Shek Wu Hui Jockey Club Clinic (石湖墟賽馬會診所) Shek Wu Hui Post Office (石湖墟郵政局) Sheung Shui Fire Station (上水消防局) Sheung Shui Library == Schools in Sheung Shui Town == == Transport == Sheung Shui Town and the rest of the Sheung Shui area is served by the Sheung Shui Station of the MTR East Rail Line in the Sheung Shui's town centre. This line takes them into Kowloon within 40 minutes, and then onto surrounding areas through connections with other MTR lines. Many KMB routes and minibus routes serve Sheung Shui. Residents can take buses to other parts of North District, western New Territories (including Yuen Long Town, Tuen Mun new Town and Tsuen Wan new Town), Tai Po newTown, Sha Tin new Town, most parts of Kowloon, parts of northern Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong International Airport. The KMB bus terminus and the green minibus terminus are located by Landmark North in Sheung Shui Town. Also, a non-schedule red minibus terminus is located at San Hong Street in Sheung Shui Town. Taxi ranks are located around the town, including outside the MTR station, Landmark North shopping centre and on side roads branching off of San Fung Avenue. Ma Sik Road is a road connecting Sheung Shui and Fanling in Hong Kong. It is an U-shaped road. == Cross-border activities == Due to their proximity to the Shenzhen border, towns in the northern parts of Hong Kong, notably Sheung Shui and Yuen Long, have become hubs for parallel traders who have been buying up large quantities of goods, forcing up local prices and disrupting the daily lives local citizens. Since 2012, there has been a vertiginous increase in mainland parallel traders arriving in the North District of Hong Kong to re-export infant formula and household products – goods popular with mainlanders – across the border to Shenzhen. Trafficking caused chronic local shortages of milk powder in Hong Kong, forcing the government to impose restrictions on the amount of milk powder exports from Hong Kong. The first anti-parallel trading protest was started at Sheung Shui in September 2012. As government efforts to limit the adverse impact of mainland trafficking were widely seen as inadequate, so there have been further subsequent protests in towns in the North District including Sheung Shui.1

0.1972

October Group (constructivism)<EOT>" Movement Overview and Analysis". [Internet]. . TheArtStory.org 1

October Group (constructivism)

The October Group was a collective of constructivist artists active in the Soviet Union from 1928-1932. The artists involved include: Gustav Klutsis Alexander Rodchenko Sergei Eisenstein El Lissitzky Aleksei Gan Sergei Senkin Solomon Telingater Leonid Vesnin, Victor Vesnin, and Alexander Vesnin1

The October Group was a collective of constructivist artists active in the Soviet Union from 1928-1932. The artists involved include: Gustav Klutsis Alexander Rodchenko Sergei Eisenstein El Lissitzky Aleksei Gan Sergei Senkin Solomon Telingater Leonid Vesnin, Victor Vesnin, and Alexander Vesnin1

0.1973

SWLABR<EOT>1

SWLABR

"SWLABR" is a 1967 song by British rock band Cream.

"SWLABR" is a 1967 song by British rock band Cream. == Background == The song was a collaborative writing effort between poet Pete Brown and bassist Jack Bruce, with Brown providing the lyrics and Bruce the music. The song was released on the 1967 album Disraeli Gears and in 1968 as the B-side to the single "Sunshine of Your Love" on ATCO in the U.S. Bruce sings and plays bass guitar, with Eric Clapton on guitars, and Ginger Baker on drums. The title is an initialism for "She Walks Like a Bearded Rainbow". Bruce later commented that the W stood for "Was" rather than "Walks". This alternative title was also referenced by Brown in a 2006 interview. A live version of "SWLABR" was released on BBC Sessions and the Deluxe Edition of Disraeli Gears. A four-minute demo version also appeared on the Disraeli Gears Deluxe Edition. The studio version appears on several Cream compilation albums, including Best of Cream, Heavy Cream, Strange Brew: The Very Best of Cream, The Very Best of Cream, Those Were the Days, and Gold.1

0.1974

Charity: Water<EOT>1

Charity: Water

Charity: Water (stylized as charity: water) is a non-profit organization that provides clean and safe drinking water to people in developing nations. The organization was founded in 2006 and has helped fund 19,819 projects in 24 countries, benefiting over 6.1 million people. Overall, the organization has raised over US$200 million as of January 11, 2016. Based in New York City, Charity: Water uses both mainstream and social media platforms to raise awareness, including annual galas and events arranged via Twitter. The initiative has received donations from 300,000 individuals. It provides GPS coordinates and photos of the wells it builds. The organization has 70 full-time staff members, 10 interns and more than 800 volunteers. 100% of its public donations are used to fund clean water projects, as its operating costs are funded by private donors, foundations and sponsors. Charity: Water has raised more than $252 million for more than 23,000 water projects in 24 countries, including Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Malawi.

Charity: Water (stylized as charity: water) is a non-profit organization that provides clean and safe drinking water to people in developing nations. The organization was founded in 2006 and has helped fund 19,819 projects in 24 countries, benefiting over 6.1 million people. Overall, the organization has raised over US$200 million as of January 11, 2016. Based in New York City, Charity: Water uses both mainstream and social media platforms to raise awareness, including annual galas and events arranged via Twitter. The initiative has received donations from 300,000 individuals. It provides GPS coordinates and photos of the wells it builds. The organization has 70 full-time staff members, 10 interns and more than 800 volunteers. 100% of its public donations are used to fund clean water projects, as its operating costs are funded by private donors, foundations and sponsors. Charity: Water has raised more than $252 million for more than 23,000 water projects in 24 countries, including Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Malawi. == History == Founder Scott Harrison was a New York City club promoter for ten years. From 2004, Harrison committed two years of his life to the poor and marginalized through volunteer service in Liberia with Mercy Ships. He traced problems surrounding education, safety, and health back to a lack of clean water and basic sanitation systems. Harrison began to tap his network in an attempt to get as many people as possible to support his cause. In 2015, Charity: Water partnered with the silicone bracelet company, Lokai, to further support their organization. == Evaluations and criticism == Charity evaluator GiveWell published a review of the organization in December 2012. Their overall conclusion was that it "stands out from other organizations we have considered in some respects (such as conducting evaluations that include frank discussions of problems), but we remain uncertain about the humanitarian impact of their work and the relative effectiveness of their partner selection process." As of May 2017, Charity Navigator rates the organization among their highest-rated charities, with a full 4 out of 4 stars, and an overall rating of 92.29 out of 100 - with an 'Accountability & Transparency' score of a maximum of 100.1

0.1975

Nacirema<EOT>1

Nacirema

Nacirema ("American" spelled backwards) is a term used in anthropology and sociology in relation to aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of the United States of America. The neologism attempts to create a deliberate sense of self-distancing in order that American anthropologists might look at their own culture more objectively.

Nacirema ("American" spelled backwards) is a term used in anthropology and sociology in relation to aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of the United States of America. The neologism attempts to create a deliberate sense of self-distancing in order that American anthropologists might look at their own culture more objectively. == "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" == The original use of the term in a social science context was in "Body Ritual among the Nacirema", which satirizes anthropological papers on "other" cultures, and the culture of the United States. Horace Mitchell Miner wrote the paper and originally published it in the June 1956 edition of American Anthropologist. Dimsdale, Joel E. "The Nacirema Revisited." Annals Of Behavioral Medicine 23.1 (2001): 75. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. 26 February 2015. In the paper, Miner describes the Nacirema, a little-known tribe living in North America. The way in which he writes about the curious practices that this group performs distances readers from the fact that the North American group described actually corresponds to modern-day Americans of the mid-1950s. The article sometimes serves as a demonstration of a gestalt shift with relation to sociology. Miner presents the Nacirema as a group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. The paper describes the typical Western ideal for oral cleanliness, as well as providing an outside view on hospital care and on psychiatry. The Nacirema are described as having a highly developed market economy that has evolved within a rich natural habit. Miner's article became a popular work, reprinted in many introductory textbooks and used as an example process analysis in the literature text The Bedford Reader. The article itself received the most reprint permission requests of any article in American Anthropologist, but has become part of the public domain. Some of the popular aspects of Nacirema culture include: medicine men and women (doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists), a charm-box (medicine cabinet), the mouth-rite ritual (brushing teeth), and a cultural hero known as Notgnihsaw (Washington spelled backwards). These ritual practices are prescribed as how man should comport himself in the presence of sacred things. These sacred aspects are the rituals that the Nacirema partake in throughout their lives. == The mysterious fall of the Nacirema == In 1972 Neil B. Thompson revisited the Nacirema after the fall of their civilization. Thompson's paper, unlike Miner's, primarily offered a social commentary focused on environmental issues. Thompson paid special attention to the Elibomotua cult and its efforts to modify the environment. If a closer look is taken at the Elibomotua Cult, the name is automobile spelled backwards. This is one of the major ways Miner hides his clues to linking the Nacirema to the true source, American culture. The high esteem of the cult is demonstrated by the fact that near every population center, when not disturbed by the accumulation of debris, archaeologists have found large and orderly collections of the Elibomotua cult symbol. The vast number of these collections has given us the opportunity to reconstruct with considerable confidence the principal ideas of the cult. The newest symbols seem to have nearly approached the ultimate of the Nacirema's cultural ideal. Their colors, material, and size suggest an enclosed mobile device that corresponds to no color or shape found in nature, although some authorities suggest that, at some early time in the development, the egg may have been the model. The device was provided with its own climate control system as well as a system that screened out many of the shorter rays of the light spectrum. This article is reprinted and appears as the final chapter in an anthology called Nacirema: Readings on American Culture. The volume contains an array of scholarly investigations into American social anthropology as well as one more article in the "Nacirema" series, by Willard Walker of Wesleyan University: (American Anthropologist, Volume 72, Issue 1, pages 102–105, February 1970) "The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and the TI'YCIR Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture." This article laments the corrosive and subjugating ritual of attending sguwlz. On phonology, the anthropologist notes: The vowel system of Secular Nacireman consists of nine phonemically distinct vowels distinguished on the basis of three degrees of tongue height and three degrees of tongue advancement.... There can be no question as to the validity of these nine vocalic phonemes, for each is attested by a number of minimal pairs elicited independently from several informants. Curiously enough, however, most informants insist that only five vowels exist in the language: these are called ?ey, ?iy, ?ay, ?ow, and yuw, and are invariably cited in precisely that order.... The discovery of the widespread myth of the five-vowel system prompted the present writer to conduct a series of intensive interviews and administer questionnaires to a sample of Nacireman informants with a view to mapping the general outlines of Nacireman folk linguistics. This research strategy ultimately provided compelling evidence that it is the ti'yˆcir caste that has disseminated the notion of the five-vowel system. This refers to the conceptualization of the English vowel system based on orthography (with 5 vowels), which is in stark contrast to the actual system (with nine vowels and several diphthongs). == Nacirema vs Teamsterville == Gerry Philipsen (1992) studies what he terms "speech codes" among the Nacirema, which he contrasts with the speech codes of another semi-fictionalized group of Americans, the inhabitants of Teamsterville culture. His Nacirema comprises primarily middle-class west-coast Americans. == In philosophy == Nacirema is the name of a fictional country in Ronald M. Green's role-playing game aimed at explaining to undergraduate students the fundamentals of John Rawls's theory of justice as fairness. In "The Rawls Game" (1986), Green asks the students to take on the role of Nacireman citizens. Acting from unrestrained self-interest, the citizens vote on a series of public issues and attempt to find solutions that do not require anyone to be forced to act against their own will. The goal of the game is to show that the only way to obtain social fairness is to ignore one's own individual circumstances (race, sex, religion, income, etc.) when making deliberations that affect public life.1

0.1976

New York State Route 131<EOT>1

New York State Route 131

New York State Route 131 (NY 131) is a 12.45-mile (20.04 km) long state highway in St. Lawrence County, New York, in the United States. It serves as a coastal alternate route to NY 37, going around the village of Massena instead of through it. NY 131 leaves NY 37 in the town of Louisville and rejoins it in the town of Massena. Town Line Road, a county-maintained highway straddling the Louisville–Massena town line, serves as a connector between NY 131 and Massena village.

New York State Route 131 (NY 131) is a 12.45-mile (20.04 km) long state highway in St. Lawrence County, New York, in the United States. It serves as a coastal alternate route to NY 37, going around the village of Massena instead of through it. NY 131 leaves NY 37 in the town of Louisville and rejoins it in the town of Massena. Town Line Road, a county-maintained highway straddling the Louisville–Massena town line, serves as a connector between NY 131 and Massena village. == Route description == NY 131 begins at an intersection with NY 37 (Seaway Trail) in the hamlet of Louisville Corner in the town of Louisville. The route progresses northeastward on a parallel of NY 37 and the St. Lawrence River as a two-lane roadway. A short distance after the terminus, NY 131 intersects with the Wilson Hill Causeway, which connects to Wilson Hill Island. The route passes a nearby marina and some residences, soon entering the hamlet of Tucker Terrace. In Tucker Terrace, NY 131 makes a gradual curve to the southeast, passes the Massena Country Club, and intersects with County Route 41 (CR 41). Paralleling the Richards Landing Bike Trail, NY 131 makes another bend, this time back to the northeast past more riverside homes. After a distance, the amount of residences recedes, and NY 131 intersects with CR 43 (Town Line Road), which connects the route to the village of Massena. After the crossing, NY 131 leaves Louisville for the town of Massena, crossing the Massena Power Canal. Paralleling the riverside, NY 131 passes within 100 feet (30 m) of the St. Lawrence and Long Sault Island before turning to the southeast and soon east through Massena. Some residences appear after the intersection with Dennison Road, however the route remains mainly rural, passing an inlet of the St. Lawrence just south of the intersection with Barnhart Island Road. At that intersection, NY 131 abruptly turns southward along the right-of-way and heads deeper into the town. Crossing an intersection with CR 42 (Massena-Massena Center Road), NY 131 crosses the Grass River before entering an interchange with NY 37 (Seaway Trail), where the designation terminates in St. Lawrence Center. Right near the intersection is Massena International Airport's Richards Field. == History == NY 37 originally entered the village of Massena when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. In the mid-1950s, construction began on a bypass around the southern edge of the village. It opened to traffic as a realignment of NY 37 by 1958. The former alignment of NY 37 from the bypass eastward along the Grasse River to Town Line Road was designated as NY 131 by 1960. The remainder of NY 37's old routing through Massena became an extension of NY 37B, which continued west through the town of Louisville on Town Line Road and an unnamed roadway along the St. Lawrence River to NY 37 at Louisville Corner. The alignments of NY 37B and NY 131 west of the Town Line Road / Maple Street intersection were flipped c. 1962, placing NY 37B on NY 37's former alignment and NY 131 on the riverside highway and Town Line Road. Within two years, NY 131 was realigned again, this time east of Town Line Road, to follow a new road along the river to Barnhart Island Road, where it turned south and followed the highway to its junction with NY 37. A short, 0.10-mile (0.16 km)-long portion of NY 131's former alignment on Town Line Road is still maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation as NY 971J, an unsigned reference route. The remainder of Town Line Road is maintained by St. Lawrence County as County Route 43. == Major intersections == The entire route is in St. Lawrence County.1

0.1977

T'Pol<EOT>We previously ran articles on the disturbing truth behind costumes from The Next Generation and Troi's cleavage . Well, let's keep ... <doc-sep> Did it kill the Star Trek franchise? .. . . . That’s an awkward question. When I watched Voyager, I saw a lot of ridiculous episodes that I didn’t care for, but I still came back and ended up watching the entire series from it’s start to it’s end. With Enterprise, I wasn’t that interested. I guess it has to do with the series trying to be an origin story to every other Star Trek series that came before it. Nothing really exciting about that since we know nothing bad will ever happen. But what really turned me off was how rude these characters were to each other. Everyone acted like a jerk towards each other, and from the reviews I’ve watched from SFDEBRIS, it didn’t get much better. Condemning a whole race to die simply because of crappy evolution, and the moral of the story is that they didn’t come out here to play god? But I will give the series this. When they have a linguistics expert named Hoshi onboard, and the crew are being contacted by an alien race (The Romulans) who speak a language they don’t understand, she actually translates their language from scratch so the crew can understand it. WAY better care for the characters than Uhura from Trek09 who’s just there for…. I don’t know. Make out with Spock because JJ likes that stuff I guess. She also gets bonus points for wearing a full uniform that has the same amount of clothing as… Read more » 1

T'Pol

Commander T'Pol, born 2088, /tᵻˈpɒl/ is a fictional character portrayed by Jolene Blalock in Star Trek: Enterprise. She is a Vulcan who serves as the science officer aboard the starship Enterprise (NX-01).

Commander T'Pol, born 2088, /tᵻˈpɒl/ is a fictional character portrayed by Jolene Blalock in Star Trek: Enterprise. She is a Vulcan who serves as the science officer aboard the starship Enterprise (NX-01). == Concept and creation == According to producer Rick Berman, it was originally intended that a younger version of T'Pau would be the Vulcan officer serving on the titular starship in Star Trek: Enterprise. Instead, after determining there were legal difficulties in using the original series character, the producers created T'Pol. == Overview == T'Pol is the first Vulcan officer to serve a prolonged term on a human vessel. T'Pol served aboard the Enterprise for 10 years (2151–2161). To compare, the previous record was just 10 days. As a subcommander serving the Vulcan High Command, she was stationed aboard the Enterprise in April 2151, as an observer to Captain Jonathan Archer and his crew, whom the High Command insisted were not ready for interstellar space exploration. After the success of the Enterprise's initial mission led to the vessel being given an extended exploration mandate, T'Pol requested to stay aboard. T'Pol remained aboard the Enterprise despite several attempts by her superiors to recall her to Vulcan. T'Pol's decision brought considerable scrutiny upon her from her superiors, and increasing support for her from her captain; she ultimately resigned from the High Command and accepted a field commission from Starfleet in 2154, resulting in her being granted the Starfleet rank of Commander. Originally viewed by her crew mates with resentment and suspicion, T'Pol was forced to earn the trust of fellow officers, Commander Charles "Trip" Tucker III being a particular focus of friction with her, due to his perception of her being a spy for the Vulcans and their very different personalities. The character of T'Pol developed from that of a "broken record" spouting the dogma of the Vulcan Science Council to that of a questioning scientific mind. Though she does not openly defy or reject the rulings of the Vulcan Science Council, her experiences on the Enterprise have proven to her that they can be wrong. (T'Pol had an especially hard time accepting the fact the Enterprise had traveled in time in "Storm Front, Part I" despite the overwhelming evidence proving that she had done so. The Vulcan Science Council had declared time travel to be impossible.) T'Pol is considerably more emotional than many other Vulcans and has always struggled to control her emotions, something that greatly concerned her mother. Her emotions became even more difficult to control following an exposure to trellium ore, a toxic substance which damaged the part of her brain responsible for emotional control. Nonetheless, T'Pol serves as an icon of Vulcan integrity. Her willingness to question the stale, self-serving decisions of her superiors (at least prior to the "Kir'Shara" incident), and her respect for Captain Archer position her at the fulcrum of human/Vulcan relations. Throughout the entire Enterprise run, T'Pol only once said the trademark Vulcan greeting "Live long and prosper". She also only once rendered the Vulcan hand salute, in the episode "In a Mirror, Darkly". == Biography == == Before Enterprise == In Season 3, episode 24 "Zero Hour" she tells Trip that she is not old – she will only be 66 years old on her next birthday. T'Pol was born in 2088 or 2089 (as is measured on earth, making her 62 or 63 years old at "Broken Bow"). T'Pol was the only child of T'Les, an instructor at the Vulcan Science Academy, and her husband. Per Vulcan tradition, T'Pol was bonded with a Vulcan named Koss while they were children and expected to marry as adults ("Breaking the Ice"). As a child, T'Pol's path in life was inspired by Ambassador V'Lar whom she watched negotiating with the Andorians during Treaty of 2097 over possession of the planetoid Paan Mokar ("Fallen Hero"). Approximately 16 years before joining the crew of the Enterprise, T'Pol served as an agent for the Vulcan intelligence service. At age 47, she completed her training for the Vulcan Ministry of Security. During an early mission to apprehend a pair of rogue Vulcans, she was forced to shoot and kill one of the fleeing men. She resigned from the service as a result, and the guilt over killing someone face-to-face caused her to suffer a nervous breakdown or emotional collapse which led to her undergoing a procedure, the Fullara, that erased all memory of the incident. This "memory cap" disappeared when she was briefly reactivated as an agent during 2152 in order to capture the last of the rogue Vulcans, and she experienced another emotional collapse which was alleviated by the support of Captain Archer. Given the option to once again suppress her memory of killing, she chose to live with it instead ("The Seventh"). While in the Ministry of Security, T'Pol was also involved in mission operations at Tomed near Romulan space. Serving under her was Major Talok. However, unbeknownst to T'Pol, Talok was a Romulan spy disguised as a Vulcan working in league with corrupt Administrator V'Las of the Vulcan High Command. Their goal was to promote the eventual conquest of Vulcan by the Romulan Star Empire ("Kir'Shara"). After her resignation from the Security Ministry, T'Pol served aboard the cruiser Seleya for a year under the command of Captain Voris ("Impulse"). In 2149, T'Pol began her tenure at the High Command's Consulate on Earth, assisting Ambassador Soval in his observation of humanity's progress toward space exploration ("Fusion"). She was selected by Soval to accompany Captain Jonathan Archer during his initial first mission aboard the Enterprise NX-01 as observer, sub-commander and Vulcan representative. When the mission was successful and the Enterprise greenlighted to continue its mission of exploration, T'Pol elected to remain on board as science officer ("Broken Bow"). == Pa'nar, trellium, mind melds, and emotion == T'Pol, who is described by her superiors as a maverick and a rebel, became fascinated with Tolaris, a member of a group of emotionally free Vulcans encountered during the first year of the Enterprise's mission. Tolaris introduced her to the concept of the mind meld, which at the time was considered a taboo activity among Vulcans. She severed her relationship with Tolaris after she asked him to stop the mind meld and he refused, attempting to continue the meld without her consent (essentially a form of mental rape), and causing her to forcefully break the link. She later learned that she had contracted Pa'nar Syndrome from the encounter. This condition was kept in check with medication. In 2154, T'Pol, who had been told that Pa'nar was an incurable virus, learned that the condition was in fact caused by an improperly trained melder, and contrary to what the intolerant (and soon to be overthrown) Vulcan High Command had decreed, it was indeed curable by the touch of an experienced mind – provided to T'Pol by T'Pau. T'Pol was told that she is genetically incapable of initiating mind melds herself, however following the 2154 overthrow of the Vulcan regime that stigmatized mind-melding she learned otherwise. She performed her first mind meld upon Hoshi Sato, with the assistance of Jonathan Archer, who had learned details about mind melds during a period of time when he held the katra of Surak. In fact, not only is T'Pol telepathic, but the episode "Affliction" revealed that she is able to communicate with Charles "Trip" Tucker III over great distances using her new-found mental abilities. It was established a year later (in "Bound") that this is because of a mating bond between the two. During T'Pol's early years aboard the Enterprise, she demonstrated an unusual (for a Vulcan) willingness to explore human culture and customs, although she stated that certain human foods do not agree with her. After a discussion with Commander Charles Tucker, she sampled pecan pie, a dessert she initially dismissed as being "mostly sugar". She began attending the ship's weekly film night social event (with Captain Archer), and expressed particular admiration for the 1931 film Frankenstein. She was reportedly less successful at mastering the art of eating with chopsticks, to the amusement of her crew mates (in one episode, Trip refers to her efforts as "dinner and a show"). Prior to her posting aboard the Enterprise, T'Pol on at least one occasion left the Vulcan Compound in San Francisco and visited a jazz music club; the chaotic music generated an emotional response that came back to haunt her during a brief period when she abandoned her nightly meditation ritual (concurrent with her experimentation with mind-melding). T'Pol also became adept at "play acting", which she found was often needed in order to successfully fulfill a mission. For example, she once pretended to be a slave when Ferengi pirates hijacked the Enterprise ("Acquisition"), distracted a group of Suliban invaders by acting deranged ("Shockwave (Part II)"), and pretended to be a domineering Vulcan commander preparing for an execution ("Precious Cargo"). In the latter example there is a clear indication that T'Pol enjoyed taking part in this sort of deception. On several occasions during her first two years aboard the Enterprise, T'Pol resisted efforts by her family and the Vulcan High Command to get her to leave the ship and return to her Vulcan obligations. When pressed for a reason by Vulcan Ambassador Soval, T'Pol replied that she found working aboard the Enterprise "gratifying", for which she was chided for engaging in an emotional indulgence. In 2153, after being ordered to leave the Enterprise and return to Vulcan, T'Pol resigned her commission with the Vulcan High Command in order to accompany the crew of the Enterprise into the Delphic Expanse to find the Xindi, a mysterious race accused of killing seven million humans on Earth. Despite being technically a civilian, she remained as first officer of the Enterprise and the crew continued to refer to her by her High Command rank of Sub-Commander during the mission. While investigating the Vulcan ship Seleya ("Impulse"), which had become trapped in The Expanse, T'Pol experienced the side effects of Trellium-D, a compound the ship had used to protect itself from anomalies within The Expanse, but which had the side effect of creating psychosis in Vulcans. T'Pol's brief exposure led to her experiencing extreme paranoia and losing control of her emotions. She recovered upon returning to the Enterprise. The compound, which Commander Tucker brought aboard, was necessary to line the ship so that the Enterprise could traverse the Expanse. Captain Archer, rather than line the ship with the concoction (lethal to T'Pol), stored it in a locker in the cargo bay. T'Pol, however, found herself wanting to experience more of the emotions the Trellium-D had unlocked. She discovered how to liquefy small, safe amounts of the compound and began to secretly inject herself with it, beginning approximately three months prior to the Enterprise's arriving at Azati Prime ("Azati Prime"). This led to what she felt was improved relations with her crew mates, in particular chief engineer Trip Tucker, which led to a sexual relationship in "Harbinger" where she experienced jealousy when Tucker began making romantic overtures toward a MACO on board. In the same episode, she referred to it as an exploration of human sexuality. However, this one-time encounter resulted in the formation of a psychic bond between Trip and T'Pol which doesn't manifest until the second half of Season 4. Over time, as T'Pol became addicted to the Trellium-D injections, her emotions began to flow more freely. This came to a head when the Enterprise reached Azati Prime ("Azati Prime") and Jonathan Archer chose to undertake a suicide mission in order to complete the Xindi mission. T'Pol's emotional reaction toward Archer's departure and presumed death incapacitated her as a commanding officer (ending up in crying and an attempt to recover him). She attempted to hide her condition, and the Enterprise was nearly destroyed in a subsequent Xindi attack which may or may not have been made worse by T'Pol's state. After the attack, T'Pol's supply of Trellium-D became difficult to reach (being located in a heavily damaged part of the ship) and she nearly died during a clandestine attempt to retrieve it. Soon after, she lost her temper with Archer (who had since returned to the Enterprise). He indicated he needed her for a difficult (and morally questionable) mission. She was nearly killed while trying to recover more Trellium-D after experiencing an erotic dream involving Tucker. This led her to seek medical help from Dr. Phlox to whom she confessed her addiction. Although T'Pol subsequently overcame her addiction, Phlox determined that she had permanently damaged her brain, and as a result might never achieve the same level of emotional control she once had. A subsequent encounter with an elderly version of herself (due to an Expanse-related anomaly seen in the episode "E²" - an alternate universe episode) indicated that she will live with the after effects of her Trellium-D exposure for the rest of her life. The older version of T'Pol served aboard an alternate time line version of the Enterprise, which had been transported into the past. Aboard the alternate Enterprise, T'Pol and Trip Tucker had married and conceived a son, Lorian, who at the time of the encounter was the captain of the alternate Enterprise. The older T'Pol advised her that Trip Tucker could provide a safe outlet for her newfound emotions if she could learn to trust him. She also advised her younger self that she could not imagine what her life would have been like without him. However, T'Pol did not choose to pursue a romantic/sexual relationship with Trip when the Enterprise returned to normal space in the Expanse. Following the Xindi mission, she continued to experience difficulty controlling her emotions and became particularly emotional following the death of her mother (as seen in the episodes "Awakening" and "Kir'Shara"). T'Pol, who (at the time) held the record for the longest time spent by a Vulcan serving with humans, has demonstrated her ability to adapt. Originally, she required a form of medication in order to tolerate the odors given off by humans and Captain Archer's pet dog Porthos (because of Vulcans having a sensitive sense of smell). It's revealed that she has a sense of humor, one she can demonstrate (as she has in "Future Tense" and other shows, including "Bound"). And, in a case of "when in Rome, do as the Romans do," she has also begun eating some types of foods (fruit, popcorn) with her hands, breaking a long-standing Vulcan taboo in the process. Following the death of her mother (see below), the divorce of her husband Koss and the discovery of the Kir'Shara, T'Pol began to re-evaluate Surak's teachings and what it means to be Vulcan. As a result, she began to distance herself from some of her crew mates, choosing to spend her free time studying the newly found word of Surak. Her decision had an adverse effect on her relationship with Commander Tucker. (In "Bound", however, she re-established her romantic relationship with Trip. T'Pol asked Trip to return to the Enterprise and, when he replied that he "would think about it" she showed her emotional commitment by pursuing him down the corridor and kissing him.) She has also experienced some success in controlling her emotions to a greater degree than she had over the two years. T'Pau's therapeutic mind-meld cured the Pa'nar Syndrome and may have helped restore some of her emotional balance as well. This, combined with the fact that T'Pol no longer has the added stress of living with an incurable, potentially fatal condition, may have calmed her mind sufficiently to maintain control. Despite this, she has admitted to Phlox that she had never before felt so unsure of herself. == Relationship with Charles "Trip" Tucker III == The relationship between T'Pol and Trip Tucker is a complex one. Initially, the two had a somewhat combative association. During the third season of Enterprise, while the ship was engaged in pursuing the Xindi weapon in the Expanse, T'Pol and Tucker became increasingly intimate. This process began because Trip had trouble sleeping (due to his sister's death when the Xindi first attacked earth with a prototype of the Xindi weapon). Dr. Phlox urged T'Pol to assist Trip by using Vulcan neuropressure, a system of massage that T'Pol referred to as "intimate" and which is frequently conducted in a semi-clothed state. A few episodes after this, starting in "Impulse", T'Pol begins to take Trellium-D, which has the result of lowering her barriers and producing greater emotion. In "Harbinger", a few months after Trellium-D usage and neuropressure sessions, T'Pol learns that Trip is attracted to a MACO aboard the Enterprise. T'Pol begins to display signs of jealousy regarding Trip's activities with another woman aboard the Enterprise and, ultimately, she and Trip have sex. Afterward, T'Pol attempts to distance herself from the act by referring to it as an exploration of human sexuality. After they engage in sex in "Harbinger", they do not engage in the act again in season 3. In "Zero Hour", T'Pol reveals her age to him, which she indicated Vulcans consider "intimate" information. At the end of the Xindi mission, when Trip tells her he has no home left to go to, T'Pol invites him to accompany her home to Vulcan. After arriving on Vulcan, T'Pol is blackmailed into marrying her original betrothed, Koss, in order to save her mother's career. Her mother, T'Les, realizes Trip is in love with her daughter and suggests to him he should express his feelings to T'Pol before the ceremony so that she could have all available information. Trip declines, saying that she is under enough stress and he cares about her too much to make things even more difficult for her. However, T'Pol was not unaware of his feelings. She paused on her way to marry Koss long enough to give Trip a kiss on the cheek, a scandalous public display of affection for a Vulcan, especially in those circumstances. Following the discovery of the Kir'Shara in season four, T'Pol's husband divorces her and Trip attempts to reconnect their relationship. T'Pol is studying the original teachings of Surak, and disregards that request. Hurt, Trip decides to make a new start and transfers to Enterprise's sister ship NX-02 Columbia, then working up prior to being commissioned. While he is away on Columbia, both he and T'Pol experience telepathic contact in the form of both waking daydreams as well as dreams while sleeping. An emergency requires Trip to return to the Enterprise. While he is aboard an attempted takeover by Orions reveals that Trip is the only human aboard who is immune to the pheromones emitted by the Orion women, which proves to T'Pol they have bonded. An undetermined amount of time after the two learn of their bond, their relationship undergoes a major shock during the Terra Prime episodes when Trip and T'Pol learn that they have a child. The baby was created using stolen DNA samples of the two by a terrorist group headed by a radical separatist, Paxton, who believed Earth should distance itself and defend itself from alien worlds and influences. The baby, a girl, was named Elizabeth after Trip's sister (who was killed in the Xindi attack on Earth). As stated by Phlox, the child has Trip's eyes and T'Pol's ears. Elizabeth does not survive due to a flawed procedure during the cloning process. Trip revealed this to T'Pol when he went to her quarters to try to console her. He further indicated that according to Phlox, a different cloning process performed by gene surgeons who were more highly skilled than those employed by Terra Prime would probably result in a viable child. The two grieved together for Elizabeth, whom they had accepted as theirs. == Relationship with Jonathan Archer == When T'Pol first reported to duty aboard the Enterprise, Archer resented her assignment due to his distrust of Vulcans and the fact that the Vulcans had refused to provide starcharts and a copy of the Vulcan database unless T'Pol was assigned to the crew. T'Pol would butt heads with Archer about his style of command during the ship's early missions, chastising him for taking chances just to be able to explore new planets. As time passed, T'Pol proved to be a valuable asset to Archer due to her time in space and her past experiences as an officer with command experience. Indeed, her command experience is what secured her position as First Officer. As Enterprise's mission progressed, T'Pol grew very close to Captain Jonathan Archer whose abilities she had come to respect and to whom she had developed a sense of loyalty after he assisted her in bringing to justice a renegade Vulcan Security agent. Her sense of loyalty went so far as to compel her to resign her position with Vulcan High Command and join Enterprise without a commission from either Starfleet or the Vulcans during her mission in the Delphic Expanse. During the Delphic Expanse mission, T'Pol continued to serve as First Officer despite her not holding a commission. After the Delphic Expanse mission, T'Pol opted to remain with Starfleet and with Archer's assistance; bypassed Starfleet training, was directly commissioned with the rank of Commander, and was formally assigned as Archer's First Officer. On the occasions when Archer was thought killed, T'Pol showed her affection for him to the point of crying during the Xindi mission when she believes he has been killed in "Azati Prime". She also grieves in "Zero Hour", when she believes he is dead, by holding close a book of his and pets his dog, Porthos (whose smell, as mentioned above, she originally could not stand). In one alternate timeline (depicted in "Twilight"), T'Pol devoted her life to caring for Archer when parasites robbed him of the ability to store long term memory (the same ones with which he was infected while saving her life). It was later implied by Dr. Phlox that T'Pol had fallen in love with Archer during the time that she took care of him. == Starfleet service == Near the end of the Xindi mission, T'Pol revealed to Archer and Tucker that she was considering enlisting in Starfleet. Following the Xindi mission, she accepted the commission and received the rank of Commander. In May 2154, T'Pol officially assumed duties as a Starfleet officer. However, as she does not wear a standard Starfleet uniform, it is suggested that her relationship with the organization is a unique one. (There is precedent for a Starfleet officer not to wear a regulation uniform, however: Montgomery Scott in The Original Series wore a kilt instead of regulation trousers with his dress uniform; Deanna Troi in Star Trek: The Next Generation only wore regulation uniform during seasons six and seven (followed by all the movies starring the TNG crew); and Worf wore a Klingon sash with his uniform throughout his Starfleet career on both USS Enterprise and Deep Space Nine. However, these series take place in later centuries than Star Trek: Enterprise). The final episode "These Are the Voyages..." reveals that T'Pol remained Archer's first officer aboard the Enterprise for a total of 10 years. Her relationship with Trip allegedly ended at some point within a year of the death of their cloned child in 2155 (see "Family", below), although she remained emotionally attached to him and expressed concern that she would never see Trip again after the decommissioning of the Enterprise in 2161. Trip's death on a minor mission just prior to the decommissioning affected her deeply, and she expressed a desire to meet his parents. She also grew comfortable in confiding in the ship's chef during the years prior to the finale. Dialog in the finale suggests that T'Pol was to be assigned to another vessel following the decommissioning of the Enterprise, implying that she remained a Starfleet officer for some time after 2161. In the Star Trek novels released following the formation of the United Federation of Planets it is stated that T'Pol was promoted to Captain and given command of the newly commissioned NX-class starship USS Endeavour, NX-06. T'Pol's ultimate fate has yet to be revealed. Given a Vulcan's life expectancy of approximately 250 years, it is possible that she is still alive at the time of Star Trek: The Original Series and subsequent films. == Family == Little is revealed of T'Pol's family until the fourth-season episode "Home", in which her mother T'Les appears. T'Pol's father is deceased. T'Les was an instructor at the Vulcan Science Academy, but resigned in 2154. In the episode "Awakening", she died in her daughter's arms during an attack on a Syrranite encampment in the desert region known as The Forge. T'Pol grieved upon her mother's death; following the death of Trip in 2161, she confessed to Archer that she missed her mother more as time went by. T'Pol has no siblings. As a child she had a pet sehlat. T'Pol was engaged to marry a Vulcan named Koss prior to the start of the Enterprise's mission, with the marriage scheduled for 2151 (about a week after the events of "Breaking the Ice" to be precise) but elected to delay her marriage indefinitely. The fourth-season episode "Home" saw T'Pol having to deal with the consequences of her decision, when she chooses to marry Koss in order to save her mother's professional reputation. She appears to be unaware that Trip has fallen in love with her (although in "The Augments" it is clear that she is beginning to realize his feelings). Prior to her marriage, she negotiated with Koss' family to defer the one-year Vulcan residence obligation required of newly-wed Vulcan females, in order to join Starfleet as a commissioned officer and stay aboard the Enterprise. Only a couple of months after their marriage, Koss released T'Pol from their marriage arrangement (effectively granting her a divorce) following the death of her mother. The marriage was officially annulled some weeks later (per the episode "Babel One"). In the episode "Carbon Creek", T'Pol tells Captain Archer and Commander Tucker a story about the Vulcans' real first contact with humanity on Earth in the 1950s. T'Mir (T'Pol's great grandmother) was involved in a survey mission when her spacecraft crash landed on Earth in 1957. She and two other Vulcan crew members were forced to live among humans for several months in a small American mining town called Carbon Creek, hiding their Vulcan identity. During her stay, T'Mir provided a patent office with a revolutionary material (Velcro), in order to raise college tuition money for a human teenager from the town that she had befriended. T'Pol kept her great-grandmother's purse into which T'Mir had placed her cash upon emerging from the patent office. In the alternate time line seen in "E²", T'Pol marries Trip and they have a son, Lorian, who becomes the captain of the Enterprise upon the death of Captain Archer. The fate of Lorian following the restoration of the time line is not known (the writers having left a door open for a later return by the popular character). In this same episode, T'Pol met an older version of herself (approximately 180 years old). The fate of "Old T'Pol" is also unknown. The fourth-season episode "Demons" revealed that T'Pol had a six-month-old daughter, the father being Trip. It was later learned that a terrorist group called Terra Prime had created the child by cloning. Samples of T'Pol and Trip's DNA stolen from the Enterprise were the source of the child's genetic material. The cloning procedure, however, was not performed correctly. The child — whom T'Pol named Elizabeth in honor of Trip's deceased sister — died soon after being rescued from the Mars facility where she was being held. The existence of a psychic bond between T'Pol and Trip is revealed during the fourth season; no such psychic bond is indicated between T'Pol and Koss. The final episode, "These Are the Voyages...", mentioned that T'Pol and Trip ended their relationship within a year of the events of "Terra Prime". However, subsequent novels based on the series have retconned this, saying that the two are still involved with each other. The book The Romulan War: To Brave the Storm states that T'Pol has two children – a daughter T'Mir and a son Lorian, most likely fathered by Trip. == Mirror Universe == A two-part episode in the fourth season, "In a Mirror, Darkly", introduced a Mirror Universe version of T'Pol. This version is more cynical and openly emotional than her "real universe" counterpart, and is also openly sexually manipulative, particularly of Commander Tucker. The Mirror Universe T'Pol underwent pon farr at some point in the recent past, and Trip mated with her in order to get her through it. Physically, she differs from her real universe counterpart in that she has long, blonde hair and, like other female officers in the Terran Empire, she wears a two-piece uniform with a bare midriff (although after transferring to the captured USS Defiant (NCC-1764), she adopts a TOS-style miniskirt uniform temporarily until she is able to obtain a more standard Empire uniform). Mirror-T'Pol's mind meld abilities appear to be somewhat more advanced than those of her counterpart, as she is capable of placing a form of post-hypnotic suggestion into the minds of those with whom she melds; since the real universe T'Pol had only recently learned how to meld, it is unlikely she had yet achieved this level of melding proficiency. She also appears to be more emotional than her counterpart, showing open sarcasm and contempt for Archer, and is seen to either grin or snarl (depending on one's point of view) during a brief bout of hand-to-hand combat with Hoshi Sato. Eventually, Mirror-T'Pol is forcibly transferred from the Defiant to the ISS Avenger when Jonathan Archer attempts to rid his ship of all alien crew members. T'Pol becomes convinced that Archer will never allow Vulcans to be equals, and tries to stop him from taking over the Empire. Mirror-T'Pol was inspired by reading the historical logs of our universe's Defiant, which revealed a universe where Humans, Vulcans, and other aliens lived as equals in a benevolent Federation. After recruiting the ISS Avenger's alien crew members to the rebellion, T'Pol is caught and interrogated by Archer. Her ultimate fate is not revealed; although both Archer and Hoshi Sato express a desire to have her executed following her interrogation, the Defiant immediately enters battle and this does not occur on screen. During the episode's stated date of January 2155, T'Pol foreshadows future events, such as the fall of the Terran Empire after several centuries (which would be chronicled in the Mirror Universe episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.)1

0.1978

M-186 (Michigan highway)<EOT>1

M-186 (Michigan highway)

M-186, is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. It functions as a connector highway wholly contained in Grand Traverse County, which is located in the northwestern Lower Peninsula. The western terminus is at M-113 east of Kingsley and the eastern terminus is at U.S. Highway 131 (US 131) west of downtown Fife Lake. The current incarnation of M-186 is the second usage of the designation. The first was used for a highway in the Upper Peninsula in the 1930s.

M-186, is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. It functions as a connector highway wholly contained in Grand Traverse County, which is located in the northwestern Lower Peninsula. The western terminus is at M-113 east of Kingsley and the eastern terminus is at U.S. Highway 131 (US 131) west of downtown Fife Lake. The current incarnation of M-186 is the second usage of the designation. The first was used for a highway in the Upper Peninsula in the 1930s. == Route description == M-186 forms an easterly extension of M-113 from Kingsley to Fife Lake. M-186 starts south of a ninety-degree curve in M-113 and runs east through flat, wooded terrain to Fife Lake. The roadway runs parallel to the survey section lines in Fife Lake Township, and it passes several residences along the whole length. From the eastern terminus, State Street connects M-186 and US 131 with downtown Fife Lake. In 2007, the average annual daily traffic (AADT) surveys conducted by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) showed that 2,100 vehicles used M-186. M-113 west of M-186 logged an average of 7,800 vehicles a day north of the junction and 4,400 vehicles south of the junction. On the east end, US 131 carried 5,100 vehicles north and 4,800 vehicles south of the junction in Fife Lake. Of the 2,100 vehicles on M-186, only 140 trucks travelled the highway each day on average. == History == == Previous designation == In the 1930s, M-186 was designated on a 4.3-mile (6.9 km) connector route in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan between US 2/US 41 at Rapid River and M-35 near Brampton. This designation existed from 1933 until July 26, 1939, forming a route for westbound US 2 traffic to access M-35 northbound towards Gwinn and Negaunee. == Current designation == In 1940, US 131 ended at a threeway convergence with M-113 and M-131 four miles (6 km) north of Walton Junction in Paradise Township. From this intersection, US 131 ran south to Walton Junction, M-113 ran west to Kingsley, and M-131 ran east toward Fife Lake before turning north to Petoskey. A new alignment of US 131 was built from Walton Junction directly to Fife Lake. This formed a third leg of a triangle of roads, allowing US 131 to bypass the Paradise Township intersection. US 131 replaced M-131 north from Fife Lake to Petoskey. M-113 was extended along the former section of US 131 south to Walton Junction. The remaining leg of the triangle from Paradise Township to Fife Lake along a portion of the former M-131 was designated M-186 at this time. == Major intersections == The entire highway is in Fife Lake Township, Grand Traverse County.1

0.1979

Barak Yitzhaki<EOT>1

Barak Yitzhaki

Barak Itzhaki (Hebrew: ברק יצחקי‎‎, also transliterated Itzhaki or Itzchaki; born September 25, 1984 in Ashkelon) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv. He mostly plays a Second striker, but can also play an Attacking midfielder.

Barak Itzhaki (Hebrew: ברק יצחקי‎‎, also transliterated Itzhaki or Itzchaki; born September 25, 1984 in Ashkelon) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv. He mostly plays a Second striker, but can also play an Attacking midfielder. == Career == Itzhaki started his professional career with boyhood club Hapoel Ashkelon. During his first two seasons as a professional, Itzhaki won the Toto Cup Artzit twice. He was sold to Beitar Jerusalem and saw limited time under manager Eli Ohana. With the arrival of French manager Luis Fernández in 2005, Itzhaki received more playing time and was even a first team choice over the club's leading scorer, Lior Asulin. After watching Itzhaki play, Fernández told the club to sign Itzhaki to a long term contract. At the end of the 2005–06 season, Itzhaki attracted interest from Belgian club Racing Genk. Media reports say that he was offered a €300,000 per annum contract that includes a 20% yearly wage rise for a period no less than three seasons. Beitar was reluctant to see Itzhaki leave and they have put a price on the striker of no less than US $1,000,000. On June 25, 2006 an official bid was sent for the immediate transfer of Itzhaki but Beitar chairman Vladimir Sklar rejected the offer of USD $250,000. While Itzhaki and the club were in training in Arnhem, the Netherlands, a representative of Racing Genk showed up at the hotel with an improved offer of USD $500,000. It initially looked as if Itzhaki would be sold to the Belgian side but he eventually signed a long term contract with Beitar. In January 2008, Itzhaki agreed a move to Racing Genk, where he signed a 3.5 year contract. He scored his first Racing Genk goal in KV Mechelen, it is already named as the goal of the year in Belgium. After this goal he also scored against Moeskroen en Club Brugge. On July 2008, Itzhaki returned earlier as planned to Beitar Jerusalem due to home sickness. Once back in Jerusalem he became the top scorer of the 2008–09 Israeli Premier League. == Maccabi Tel Aviv == On June 9, 2010 Itzhaki signed a five-year-contract with Maccabi Tel Aviv for a transfer fee of two million USD paid to Beitar. He made his official debut for Maccabi at the home win against FK Mogren at UEFA Europa League on July 15, 2010. On August 22, 2010 Itzhaki suffered a serious injury to his ACL against Maccabi Haifa and wasn't able to play until May 7, 2011. He made his return, replacing Maor Buzaglo in a league match against Maccabi Haifa, the same team he played against when he got injured, 32 fixtures and almost 9 months after that injury. He scored his first league goal for Maccabi by a penalty shot in the 87th minute of the last game of the season against Maccabi Netanya. In the summer of 2012 Itzhaki was loaned to Anorthosis Famagusta. In that season Itzhaki was a vital part of team, scoring 13 league goals in 23 matches. Barak was the last (loan) transfer of Anorthosis for the season 2012-13 and was the most helpful transfer of the year, he scored 13 goals in the league and helped the team to achieve the second place. Towards 2013–14 Itzhaki returned to Maccabi Tel Aviv, making his first game for the club since his return in the UEFA Champions League qualifying game against Győri ETO and accomplishing a great comeback to the club by socring an important away goal. == Honours == == Club == Hapoel Ashkelon Toto Cup (Artzit) : Winner 2001–02, 2002–03 Beitar Jerusalem Israeli Premier League : Winner 2006-07 Israel State Cup : Winner 2008-09 Toto Cup : Winner 2009-10 Anorthosis Famagusta First Division : Runner-up 2012–13 Maccabi Tel Aviv Israeli Premier League : Winner 2013–14, 2014–15 Israel State Cup : Winner 2014-2015 Toto Cup : Winner 2014-2015 == Individual == 2008–09 Israeli Premier League top scorer January 2014 - UEFA's Goal of the Week1

0.1980

Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)<EOT>The following pharmacological definition has been taken from the Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Department Glossary at Boston University School of Medicine . <doc-sep> c. Volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) . 1

Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)

In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the area under the curve (mathematically known as the definite integral) in a plot of drug concentration in blood plasma vs. time. In practice, the drug concentration is measured at certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC.

In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the area under the curve (mathematically known as the definite integral) in a plot of drug concentration in blood plasma vs. time. In practice, the drug concentration is measured at certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC. == Interpretation and usefulness of AUC values == The AUC (from zero to infinity) represents the total drug exposure over time. Assuming linear pharmacodynamics with elimination rate constant K, one can show that AUC is proportional to the total amount of drug absorbed by the body. The proportionality constant is 1/K. This is useful when trying to determine whether two formulations of the same dose (for example a capsule and a tablet) release the same dose of drug to the body. Another use is in the therapeutic drug monitoring of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. For example, gentamicin is an antibiotic that can be nephrotoxic (kidney damaging) and ototoxic (hearing damaging); measurement of gentamicin trough concentrations in a patient's plasma and calculation of the AUC is used to guide the dosage of this drug. AUC becomes useful for knowing the average concentration over a time interval, AUC/t. Also, AUC is referenced when talking about elimination. The amount eliminated by the body (mass) = clearance (volume/time) * AUC (mass*time/volume). == AUC and bioavailability == In pharmacokinetics, bioavailability generally refers to the fraction of drug absorbed systemically, and is thus available to produce a biological effect. This is often measured by quantifying the "AUC". In order to determine the respective AUCs, the serum concentration vs. time plots are typically gathered using C-14 labeled drugs and AMS (accelerated mass spectroscopy). Bioavailability can be measured in terms of "absolute bioavailablity" or "relative bioavailablity". == Absolute bioavailability == Absolute bioavailablity refers to the bioavailability of drug when administered via a non-intravenous (non-IV) dosage form (i.e. oral tablet, suppository, subcutaneous, etc.) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously (IV). This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug administered intravenously. This fraction is normalized by multiplying by each dosage form's respective dose. == Relative bioavailability == Relative bioavailability compares the bioavailability between two different dosage forms. Again, the relative AUCs are used to make this comparison and relative doses are used to normalize the calculation.1

0.1981

Kyōgaku no Gaijin Hanzai Ura File – Gaijin Hanzai Hakusho 2007<EOT>1

Kyōgaku no Gaijin Hanzai Ura File – Gaijin Hanzai Hakusho 2007

Kyōgaku no Gaijin Hanzai Ura File - Gaijin Hanzai Hakusho 2007 (驚愕の外人犯罪裏ファイル―外人犯罪白書2007, lit. Shocking Secret Foreigner Crime File - Foreigner Crime White Paper 2007), is a mook (ムック mukku, a Japanese word for a cross between a magazine and a book) that was published in Japanese on January 31, 2007 by Eichi Publishing Inc. It was distributed in convenience stores and online at Rakuten Books and Amazon.com. Its cover price was 690 yen.

Kyōgaku no Gaijin Hanzai Ura File - Gaijin Hanzai Hakusho 2007 (驚愕の外人犯罪裏ファイル―外人犯罪白書2007, lit. Shocking Secret Foreigner Crime File - Foreigner Crime White Paper 2007), is a mook (ムック mukku, a Japanese word for a cross between a magazine and a book) that was published in Japanese on January 31, 2007 by Eichi Publishing Inc. It was distributed in convenience stores and online at Rakuten Books and Amazon.com. Its cover price was 690 yen. == Content == The mook contains images and descriptions of what it says are crimes committed in Japan by non-Japanese, including graphs breaking down crimes by nationality. The mook's cover, in red and black, shows caricatured images of foreigners grinning maniacally with glowing red eyes under its banner headline. No advertising content was included in the mook. The mook included a caption describing a black man as a "nigga", an article entitled "Chase the Iranian!", and calls Tokyo a "city torn apart by evil foreigners". One cartoon re-enacts a murder on a pig farm in Chiba, east of Tokyo, allegedly by a Chinese man who overstayed his visa. == Response == The product was withdrawn from FamilyMart shelves after several complaints from customers. Debito Arudou, a commentator on racial issues in Japan, posted a bilingual letter on his blog for readers to take to FamilyMart stores, protesting against "discriminatory statements and images about non-Japanese residents of Japan." Richard-Lloyd Parry, Asia editor of The Times also criticised the book. The blog Japan Probe requested its readers to "check that FamilyMart is complying with its pledge to remove the publication". Citing the publication's "inappropriate racial expressions" FamilyMart decided to stop distributing the book on February 5. The editor of the book, Shigeki Saka, defended his decision to publish in an editorial in Metropolis. Saka stated that, "there are no lies, distortions or racist sentiments expressed in Gaijin Hanzai Ura Fairu. All the statistics about rising crime rates are accurate, and all the photographs show incidents that actually occurred." His stated purpose was to create an informed dialogue on the "taboo" topic of foreigner crime. Arudou disagreed with Saka's claim of informed dialogue on a taboo topic, arguing in an electronic journal that a magazine that "depicts foreigners as dangerous and evil" violates United Nations treaties pertaining to hate speech, incitement to racial hatred, and racial discrimination: "Gaijin Hanzai fails the [freedom of speech] test because it a) willfully spreads hate, fear, and innuendo against a segment of the population, b) fortifies that by lacking any sort of balance in data or presentation, and c) offers sensationalized propaganda in the name of "constructive debate". Dialog is not promoted by fearmongering". The magazine soon went off the market, and, according to an April 5, 2007 report from Teikoku Databank, Eichi Shuppan KK, the magazine's publisher, went bankrupt.1

0.1982

Rucker Brothers<EOT>1

Rucker Brothers

Brothers Wyatt J. Rucker (1857-1931) and Bethel J. Rucker (1862–1945) were pioneering entrepreneurs who helped to found the city of Everett, Washington. Originally from Ohio, in 1888 the Rucker brothers moved to Tacoma, Washington, along with their mother Jane Morris Rucker (1830–1907). The following year they moved 60 miles (97 km) north to the Port Gardner peninsula, the site that would become Everett. The Ruckers purchased most of the land on the peninsula with plans to create a port and city there. They hoped that the site, near the mouth of the Snohomish River, would attract the Great Northern Railway, which was then building track toward Puget Sound. The Ruckers were soon followed by Tacoma lumberman and investor Henry Hewitt, Jr. who had a similar ambition. Hewitt had lined up a group of wealthy investors, led by Charles Colby and Colgate Hoyt and backed by John D. Rockefeller. With their capital he formed the Everett Land Company, which began investing in land, construction, and other business needed by a new city. The Ruckers became partners in the company, selling about half of their land and retaining the rest. Speculation in Everett was intense, and the new city was built quickly, but the boom turned to bust when it was announced that the Great Northern would establish its West Coast terminus at Seattle instead of Everett. The Rucker brothers survived the economic downturn, and when Rockefeller and his colleagues were ready to divest themselves of their failed investment, the Ruckers helped arrange the deal by which the Everett Land Company's interests were sold to a new entity, the Everett Improvement Company, controlled by the Great Northern's James J. Hill. Wyatt Rucker became treasurer of the new company.

Brothers Wyatt J. Rucker (1857-1931) and Bethel J. Rucker (1862–1945) were pioneering entrepreneurs who helped to found the city of Everett, Washington. Originally from Ohio, in 1888 the Rucker brothers moved to Tacoma, Washington, along with their mother Jane Morris Rucker (1830–1907). The following year they moved 60 miles (97 km) north to the Port Gardner peninsula, the site that would become Everett. The Ruckers purchased most of the land on the peninsula with plans to create a port and city there. They hoped that the site, near the mouth of the Snohomish River, would attract the Great Northern Railway, which was then building track toward Puget Sound. The Ruckers were soon followed by Tacoma lumberman and investor Henry Hewitt, Jr. who had a similar ambition. Hewitt had lined up a group of wealthy investors, led by Charles Colby and Colgate Hoyt and backed by John D. Rockefeller. With their capital he formed the Everett Land Company, which began investing in land, construction, and other business needed by a new city. The Ruckers became partners in the company, selling about half of their land and retaining the rest. Speculation in Everett was intense, and the new city was built quickly, but the boom turned to bust when it was announced that the Great Northern would establish its West Coast terminus at Seattle instead of Everett. The Rucker brothers survived the economic downturn, and when Rockefeller and his colleagues were ready to divest themselves of their failed investment, the Ruckers helped arrange the deal by which the Everett Land Company's interests were sold to a new entity, the Everett Improvement Company, controlled by the Great Northern's James J. Hill. Wyatt Rucker became treasurer of the new company. == Everett & Monte Cristo Railway == Prosperity returned to Everett around 1900, and the Rucker brothers were among the city's leading citizens, with extensive investments in local real estate, banks, and other ventures. Among these ventures was the Rucker Brothers Timber Company, which operated a sawmill in nearby Lake Stevens and several timber camps to the east. These were serviced by the former Everett and Monte Cristo Railway, a line which had been built to access a large mining operation at Monte Cristo, high in the Cascade Mountains to the east. The mine and the railway were another speculative venture by Colby and Hoyt, financed by Rockefeller. When it, too, proved unprofitable, Rockefeller withdrew his investment, and in 1903 the railway came into the possession of the Northern Pacific Railway. The Ruckers then leased the line from Northern Pacific and ran it under the name Hartford Eastern (named for Hartford, a small town near Lake Stevens). Their primary interest was in servicing their own timber operations, but they also provided cargo and passenger service to others. The scenic mountain railway became popular with tourists from Everett, some of whom stayed at the Ruckers' hotel in the mining town of Silverton, Washington. Inspired by this, the Ruckers built a grand upscale mountain resort, the Big Four Inn (named for the nearby Big Four Mountain), completed in 1921. The Inn was well supplied with modern amenities and featured a nine-hole golf course, tennis courts, and an artificial lake. The Inn prospered, but the railway remained a financial burden on the Ruckers. It became worse in 1925 when their lease expired and the Ruckers were forced to purchase the line from the Northern Pacific. In 1929, they sold the railway. The Big Four Inn was sold as well, and it changed ownership several times before it was destroyed by fire in 1949. == Legacy == A major thoroughfare in Everett is named Rucker Avenue. The Rucker mansion, a three-story, 7,800-square-foot (720 m²) brick home built on a hill overlooking Puget Sound (412 Laurel Drive, Everett), was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Legend says that the home, completed in 1905, was a present for Bethel Wyatt's bride, Ruby Brown, whom he had married the year before, but it served as home for several members of the family. The house is currently a privately owned residence. Members of the Rucker family are buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Everett, where they are memorialized by the Rucker Monument, a 30-foot (9.1 m) granite pyramid commissioned by Wyatt and Bethel in 1907 to honor their mother. == In Popular Culture == Musician Jason Webley and several other collaborators produced an album entitled Margaret (2014), which is about Margrette Rucker, an accomplished poet and daughter of Bethel Rucker. She is also buried in the Rucker pyramid. The song "Pyramid" is about about Margaret in California and her burial in the pyramid.1

0.1983

Elavon<EOT>Elavon are pure evil . Do not use them ever for credit card processing. They do not support small businesses but instead bully them .and harass them with a team of nerds that have no idea about running anything. After One year of having the account I was forced to give my financial statements when they wanTed them and then bullied on a conference call , discussing every aspect of my statements and all kinds of intruding questions about my business . Don’t use them. A local Bank of the West employee here in Wichita Kansas approached me with a sales pitch that would save me money when compared to my current cc processing company. The person came across as their merchant services and further led me to believe that the services would be through the Bank of the West. After talking more about the services with a Bank of the West employee in Nebraska via phone , I signed a contract. Someone later was supposed to call me and give me an orientation and get me set up. This never happened. I continued on with the company I was doing business with at the time. As time went on, I called the individual a number of times in Nebraska, who never returned my calls. I later noticed several times money being withdrawn under the name of Merchant Services, I associated that name with the company I had been doing business with and never thought twice about it. I became suspicious of the debits in late 2012 and learned that it was coming from Elavon, after having my bank and First Data (our current processing company) do an inquiry of the numbers attached to my bank statement debits. When I called Elavon they gave me a run around answer and said that I had signed a contract. They skirted the issue that they had never processed one credit card since my signing of the contract. During this period of 1 1/2 years, my current cc processing company that I have had for at least 3 years had processed every cc sale the company had while Elavon was debiting the company’s bank account. Bank of the West is blaming Elavon and saying they cannot do anything because the Bank does not process cc’s . The Regional Manager of the Bank stated to me on March 20th 2012 that the Bank of the West has a partnership with Elavon. Hmmmmm, can the Bank have it both ways when they acknowledge a partnership and use deceptive practices to sell a merchant account to businesses? I have retained an attorney and will go after the Bank of the West and Elavon as much as legally possible. I would like to know more about the pending class action suit and be able to contribute what I can. This company along with the local Bank branch should be held accountable for misleading information and stealing from local small business’. Only in numbers can we stop this. Please contact me at les@windheaven.com and let me know your situation with a local seller of Elavon and your 1

Elavon

Elavon Inc., formerly NOVA, is a processor of credit card transactions and a subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp. Elavon offers merchant processing in more than 30 countries and supports the payment needs of more than 1,000,000 merchant locations across the globe. Elavon is the 4th largest U.S. credit card processor and is a top 6 acquirer in the European marketplace.

Elavon Inc., formerly NOVA, is a processor of credit card transactions and a subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp. Elavon offers merchant processing in more than 30 countries and supports the payment needs of more than 1,000,000 merchant locations across the globe. Elavon is the 4th largest U.S. credit card processor and is a top 6 acquirer in the European marketplace. == History == In May 2000, Nova Corporation and the Bank of Ireland announced the formation a joint venture in Dublin, Ireland, to be called EuroConex Technologies which would process card payment throughout Ireland and eventually the rest of Europe. In May 2001, U.S. Bancorp announced the acquisition of NOVA Corporation for $2.1 billion in stock and cash. In 2004, NOVA announced that EuroConex is to buy Polish processor "CardPoint" from "Bank Zachodni WBK", owned by AIB, netting AIB approximately €17million in profit. This move allows Bank Zachodni to "sponsor" Euroconex's operations in Poland. NOVA announces deals with Spanish Banco Santander, and the UK-based Alliance & Leicester, with 27,000 merchant accounts. In April 2004, Nova Corporation announced that it was buying the rest of EuroConex that it did not own from the Bank of Ireland for €40m. In April 2008, NOVA Information Systems was renamed Elavon.1

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Primus (Transformers)<EOT>Let's see here... Eldritch Abomination(by human standards)? Check. Wanders rather than being sealed? Check. Amasses an army of followers? Check. Most of those followers are mad and/or brainwashed? Check. Walks among sapient beings in a form that looks like one of them? Check . Compare Nyarlathotep at Wikipedia to Unicron at Transfomers Wiki . Or better yet, Obama is actually Rodimus Prime . Well, Transtech Prime is suspected to be based on him . Ratchet didn't kill him; he's the Dew machine in Leo's room in Fallen. Watching. Waiting. Alternately, that machine is Dewbot . Additionally, a humanoid civilization thrived until they were wiped out by the Quintessons. Survivors may have been forced underground. Primus tries to convert them into cyber-organic beings, which ultimately deformed them into the Demons (or Primordials) . Actually, we have seen cell division and mitosis in fully mechanical TFs, in the form of budding . And we also have actually seen fully-mechanical TFs self-repair, and there's plenty of TFs like Kup and Alpha Trion that certainly do show signs of aging. On top of that, it's been stated in canon that TFs have "CNA ". Not that I don't agree that the TFs probably do not get pregnant in the human sense, but only because we've never seen them ever do it that way despite there being no problem showing us the many other ways they reproduce (plus external building makes more practical sense), not because it's technically impossible. Actually, the idea of baby Cybertronians may not be as stupid as it sounds. Just read this if you don't believe me . Also, Wheelie's backstory in some versions mentions his crashing on Quintessa with his parents, and one of the commercials for the toys mentions the Decepticon Sixshot is the father of the Autobot Quickswitch. 1

Primus (Transformers)

Primus is a living planet and deity-entity in the fictional Transformers universe who fought against the Chaos-Bringer Unicron. The Lord of the Light, Primus is the being who created the Primes to help it defeat Unicron, and the Transformers homeworld Cybertron. Primus was voted as one of the "coolest toys around" by Boys' Life magazine in November 2006.

Primus is a living planet and deity-entity in the fictional Transformers universe who fought against the Chaos-Bringer Unicron. The Lord of the Light, Primus is the being who created the Primes to help it defeat Unicron, and the Transformers homeworld Cybertron. Primus was voted as one of the "coolest toys around" by Boys' Life magazine in November 2006. == Fictional character biography == == Primus and Unicron == According to transformers lore, before the dawn of time, Order and Chaos existed within an extra-dimensional entity known as The One. To explore the fledgling universe, he created the astral being known as Unicron, and then subdivided him, creating his twin, Primus. Both brothers were multiversal singularities, unique in all realities, but where as Unicron could only exist in one universe at a time, moving between them at will, Primus existed simultaneously in all realities at once. It is suggested, in fact, that the two brothers embody the basic concepts of reality—good and evil, order and chaos—and that their continued existence is necessary for the stability of the multiverse. As Unicron and Primus ventured through the cosmos, it became apparent to Primus that Unicron was a corrupt being, and then confronted the threat his sibling posed. In combat, Primus was no match for Unicron. In cunning, however, he proved himself to be his brother's superior when he shifted their battle to the astral plane, and then back to the physical world once more, sacrificing most of his strength to manifest their essences within metallic planetoids, leaving them both trapped. It was with this act of sacrifice that Primus hoped to contain the evil force forever. Unfortunately, over time, Unicron learned to physically shape his prison into a giant metallic planet, and Primus followed suit, becoming the mechanical world of Cybertron. When Unicron then learned to transform his planetary form even further, into a gigantic robot form, Primus could also, but adapted the idea, and created The Thirteen, a group of robotic beings that possessed the ability to change shape, like Unicron. The war between Unicron and Primus came to its seeming end during a climactic battle in which one of the Thirteen, Megatronus Prime, who would forever afterwards be known as The Fallen, betrayed Primus and became an acolyte of Unicron. The battle ended when the Fallen and Unicron were sucked into a black hole and disappeared from reality. With Unicron gone for now, Primus entered an eons-long slumber, preventing Unicron from detecting him through the mental link the brothers shared. The Primus/Unicron backstory has evolved and been rewritten a number of times since it originated in the Marvel Comics series. The version recounted above is the current iteration, which has slowly solidified across a wide swath of media (beginning around the time of Transformers: Armada). Before the Primus/Unicron mythos reached its present form it went through several distinct versions in the Marvel Generation 1 comics and elsewhere. == Retellings == The first time the Primus/Unicron backstory appeared was in the UK comic continuity, from Unicron himself, in the story "The Legacy of Unicron!", when he recounted it to Death's Head. Per Unicron's telling of events, he was a primal force of evil at the dawn of the universe, who led a legion of Dark Gods against his mortal foe, Primus, Lord of the Light Gods. Events proceeded to play out basically as described above, though the role of the Light and Dark Gods would diminish with each subsequent retelling of the story, until the current version, in which Primus and Unicron are alone, and have a unique origin. The second time the story was told was in the United States book by the Keeper, an ancient mechanoid who guarded Primus's head at the center of Cybertron. This telling is effectively the same as the previous UK story, but mentions that their battle was towards the end of the era of gods, that Primus and Unicron were the last of their respective pantheons, and Primus had to defeat Unicron before he could take his place with the other gods in the "Omniversal Matrix". The third time the story was told was also in the United States Marvel series, this time by Primus, when he gathered all his children together to prepare for Unicron's coming. It was with this telling that we learned that Unicron predated the current universe, and had destroyed the previous universe which existed before the current one. He had slept peacefully, alone in the void of un-creation that remained, until fragments of the old universe that he had overlooked reacted, causing the Big Bang and birthing the current universe. The "sentient core" of this new universe recognized the threat that Unicron posed, and so created Primus to counter his evil and be guardian of the new creation. The first modern retelling of the origins of Primus and Unicron did not come from Generation 1-oriented media, but from a set of Transformers: Armada trading cards released by Fleer. It was the backstory printed on Unicron's card which introduced the concept of the two being brothers created to explore the new universe by an extra-dimensional entity, here named the "Allspark". This was subsequently expanded on and combined with aspects of the various Marvel Comics stories in Transformers: The Ultimate Guide, published by Dorling Kindersley and written by Simon Furman, who had written all three prior tellings in the first place. Here, the entity Fleer had called the "Allspark" was redubbed "The One", and the modern iteration of the myth detailed above was firmly established, and went on to form the backbone of subsequent fiction such as Transformers: Universe and Fun Publications' Transformers: Cybertron comics. == Across the Multiverse == Although many of the official television and comics appearance of Unicron appear to present separate and distinct incarnations of the character, some writers have presented an interpretation of the sources that ties all the versions of Unicron together into a single continuity. Likewise, Primus is also a "multiversal singularity", but while Unicron is limited in this ability, and can only exist in one reality at a time, travelling between them, Primus co-exists in all realities simultaneously. This concept began with the release of a series of Transformers: Armada trading cards by Fleer. The biography printed on Unicron's card presented him to be one of two heralds created by the Allspark to explore the newly birthed universe. Inspired by his Marvel Comics origin, the other herald was Primus, and the brothers set about this task, until they came upon a region of space teeming with pure Energon. Unicron wanted this power for himself, and cut Primus down before he could report it to the Allspark, casting his brother's body into the orbit of a nearby star. And so Unicron went on to become the engine of destruction that menaced the universe in recent years. Not long after this, the publication of Transformers: The Ultimate Guide by Dorling Kindersley cemented this notion. Writer Simon Furman incorporated the various aspects of the Dreamwave comics story, some elements of the Fleer storyline and his original Marvel Comics origin to create what is now essentially the "definitive" origin for Unicron. In this version of events, Unicron and Primus were again twin heralds, giant metal planetoids created by the "One", who were sent to explore the universe. But Unicron was an imperfect being and turned to evil, adapting his form to transform into a giant robot. To battle him, The One gave Primus this power also, but Primus opted to remain in planet mode, and passed the transforming abilities on to thirteen robots that he created from himself; the first Transformers. One of the thirteen turned on Primus and sided with Unicron, however, and the war culminated in a battle that saw Unicron and this traitor, the "Fallen", sucked through a black hole into another universe. This new origin is part of the G1 timeline laid down by the Ultimate Guide, which is apparently being taken as the "official" G1 timeline for future projects that require it. This means that there is only one Unicron who has travelled from universe to universe across all the assorted Transformers continuities. This interpretation of the character is evidenced by the parallel universe spanning Transformers: Universe toyline and convention-exclusive comic books — in which the singular Unicron captured Transformers from various alternate realities and pitted them against each other, feeding off the energies released — and the Transformers: Cybertron comic strip in the Transformers Collectors' Club fan magazine, which depicts Unicron's actions in the various realities in a chronological order and claims that Cybertron is the stable heart of the Multiverse. == Physical Dimensions == Unicron's size is never specified in any canon materials, aside from the vague term "planet size". In Transformers: The Movie, Unicron's height appears to be anywhere from several kilometers (as when handling Galvatron) to several hundred kilometers (as when attacking and destroying Lithone and Cybertron's moons, and attacking Cybertron). A planet-mode diameter of 1000 km has been suggested and robot-mode dimensions would follow from that estimate, provided that there is no change in size (compression or expansion) common among so many Transformers. In fact, one scene in the movie shows Jazz driving out of one of Unicron's eyes, just small enough to fit through them, though in another scene the Quintesson ship Hot Rod arrived is tiny compared with the eye. Unicron is also small enough to stand on Cybertron's surface. In season 3, it is shown that the eyes from Metroplex and Trypticon (both city-sized Transformers) are the perfect size to use as replacement parts when Unicron orders the ghost of Starscream to steal them. However later in the episode when Trypticon moves Unicron's head, the head is larger than Trypticon's entire body. (Note: However, the eyes could be only small components for his Optic Sensors to be reformed and/ or completed.) In the storyline "The Ultimate Doom", Cybertron appeared to be smaller than Earth's own moon (and by extension, this would indicate Lithone would be too small to be a planet), making Unicron's dimensions in the cartoon harder to define. The comic version of Unicron may be far larger. In the first issue of Marvel Comics Generation One Transformers comic, Cybertron is said to be around the size of Saturn (which has a diameter of roughly 120,000 km at the equator). As Unicron's planet mode is seen to be as large as Cybertron (if not larger) in the comics, this would suggest a diameter of 120,000+ km. The Dreamwave equivalent of Unicron may be the same size, as the Cybertron of the Dreamwave universe was also said to be the size of Saturn. In the Transformers: Cybertron comics, the tank version of Unicron is only the same size as an average Transformer, and is shorter than the Autobots Sentinel Maximus and Omega Prime, whom he fought. The Transformers Prime iteration of Unicron depicts him as the center of Earth, making him a planet with sustainable life, though it has not been seen if Unicron wishes to consume other planets like his other incarnations. == Animated series == == Beast Wars == Although Primus was never mentioned in the original U.S. Transformers television series, the writers of Beast Wars included Primus to the television mythos with mention of Primus by the Transformers in that series, and the creation of the Covenant of Primus in the series finale. The character itself never appeared in those two series. == Unicron Trilogy == When the Transformers: Armada series came to feature a new incarnation of Unicron, the Fleer series of trading cards included on this Unicron's card a biography that mentioned Primus and told an entirely new story for this universe. Here, Primus and Unicron were brothers, twin heralds created by the Allspark to explore the universe. Unicron was a flawed being, and he eventually turned on his brother when they discovered a region of space rich in Energon. Unicron sought to use it for his own power, and to stop Primus telling the Allspark of this, he apparently slew him, and cast his body into the orbit of a nearby star. Armada's sequel series, Transformers: Energon, went on to feature a character named Primus, who dwelled at the core of Cybertron. Portrayed as an incandescent sphere of light, Primus is given no origin or explanation in the series, beyond apparently being the sentient energy core of Cybertron. Historical precedent would suggest a similar origin to the Marvel Comics, with the abandoned Primus somehow becoming Cybertron. Primus' first noted act in Energon was to imbue the young Chad "Kicker" Jones with the ability to sense Energon (presumably, this was to enable the Autobots to find the mineral, but seems like a very callous and self-serving act, which is in-line with the Marvel incarnation of Primus, but not how the Energon version of the character would go on to act). Subsequently, he bestowed upon the Autobots of this universe the "Spark of Combination", giving them the ability to Powerlink their bodies together for enhanced strength in the face of the attacks by Alpha Q and his Terrorcons. When these battles eventually led to full-scale Decepticon attack upon Cybertron, Primus's chamber was infiltrated by Terrorcons who began to drain his energy. When the Autobots successfully repelled them, Primus reconstructed the injured guard, Wing Dagger, as Wing Saber, who joined the battle, which resulted in a fissure being torn in space, hurling the Autobots far from Cybertron. In this new region of space, the Decepticons succeeded in restoring and reanimating Unicron. Primus guided Kicker's father, Doctor Brian Jones, to a subterranean temple on Cybertron, where they awoke the legendary Omega Supreme, who Powerlinked with Optimus Prime into "Optimus Supreme" to aid in fighting Unicron. Primus then transmitted the entirety of his energy across the gulf of space, enhancing the armor and power of Hot Shot, Jetfire, Ironhide, Cliffjumper and Landmine, and allowing Optimus Supreme to grow to a colossal height, to battle and best Unicron one-on-one. With Unicron defeated, the Autobots were afforded a brief moment of relaxation, but another Decepticon attack launched upon Cybertron soon shattered that. Having expended his energy, Primus was in "sleep mode", and had to be forcibly awakened by an infusion of Energon from the Omnicons, only to find himself forced to use all his power to once again enhance Optimus Supreme so that he could stop the Decepticon-induced movement of Cybertron. The Omnicons quickly re-energized him with Super Energon from the reservoir beneath the planet's surface, while Optimus Prime struggled with a Unicron-possessed Galvatron. Primus merged himself with the reservoir of Super Energon, creating a foundling sun, into which Galvatron plunged himself, preferring to be destroyed, rather than manipulated by Unicron any further. With this act, the sun ignited, as Primus and Unicron together breathed new life into the stars. For an unexplained reason, at the mid-point of the English-language version of the Energon series, much of Primus's presence and influence is written out. His lines are given to other characters, usually Rad or Dr. Jones, and he is often referred to as "the core", rather than by name. However, this is never consistent, as he would again eventually speak a line or perform an action, and by the show's final story arc, this strange trait had disappeared. In Transformers: Cybertron, it is learned that Primus returned to Cybertron after the Energon sun collapsed into a black hole due to Megatron's interference. He was the one who created the Cyber Planet Keys, which awakened him after Optimus Prime absorbed their power to stop Megatron. Using the Mini-Con Jolt as a medium, he revealed the true nature of the black hole that threatens Cybertron and eventually the universe itself as a disruption of the natural order & balance of the universe caused by the collapse of the Energon sun. Unfortunately, Primus grew weak since Starscream stole most of his spark power. He needed all the Cyber Planet Keys in order to return to true consciousness. Even with three Keys, Primus astonished everyone when he suddenly moved his hand and used his weapons. When the Autobots traveled to Gigantion, the Giant Planet, Primus tried to slow down the black hole until they could find the last key. Yet Primus fought against an even larger Starscream. Primus kept the black hole from expanding while the Autobots went looking for Gigantion. When the Omega Lock and Planet Keys reunited with him, all of his Spark becomes restored to him, making him strong again, and used the Ark's (called Noah in Galaxy Force) main cannon to destroy the black hole. Considering this as a final victory for him and the Autobots, Primus then happily turns back into Cybertron, reforming himself into a much more healthier place to live by both Transformers and humans. Primus has been made into a toy for the Cybertron toyline, with pictures of his initial look in both planet and robot mode having shown on various websites and an initial release date of 2006 for the toy itself. Since the toy's announcement, it was strongly hinted that there would be a change made between the American and Japanese figures that "would make fans want to buy both versions". Recently, that change has been made public; in its initial release, the American version of Primus will have a sculpt of a battle-damaged Unicron head. However, despite the inclusion of the Unicron head accessory, the toy had no differences otherwise from the Japanese release. The only part exclusive to the Japanese release was the packaging itself, which was designed to mimic the look and layout of a G1 toy box. When the toy was released, many fans found that their local shipments of Primus did not include the Unicron head, despite being the first received in their area. This led to many fans ordering Primus with Unicron head from Hasbro Toy Shop. == Transformers: Robots Heroes == In the Robots Heroes animated short, Primus, considered to be the very first Transformer, created the Matrix of Leadership and personally gave it to Optimus Prime. == Transformers: Prime == Before the beginning, there was Primus and there was Unicron. One, the incarnation of creation; the other, of destruction. For eons, Primus and Unicron battled. The balance of power shifting between them more times than could be counted. Only by creating the Thirteen, the original Primes who preceded me, was Primus finally able to defeat Unicron and cast him out. Primus became one with the very core of our planet, creating life through the Well of All Sparks, while Unicron was never to be heard from again... until now. — Optimus Prime, "One Shall Rise, Part 1" In the Transformers: Prime universe, Primus does not appear physically (though one could argue that the planet Cybertron and Primus are one and the same), though the "Core of Cybertron" which appears in Transformers: War for Cybertron may actually be Primus (if true then Primus would be the one who gave Optimus Prime the Matrix of Leadership). Like other incarnations, Primus is a mythical god-like figure and is likely believed to represent the Allspark (as his counterpart Unicron is believed to represent the Anti-spark). The Transformers' holy-text the Covenant of Primus also exists in this universe as well (and foretells of the rising threat of Unicron). == Comics == == Marvel Comics == The first clash between brothers Unicron and Primus came when Unicron succeeded in his goal of consuming the universe. As he slumbered in the void it was revealed that he hadn't been thorough enough — tiny fragments of the universe remained and reacted with each other, leading to the creation of the current universe. The universe grew around Unicron and when he awoke he did not question it, he merely began to consume it again. The sentient core of the universe responded by creating Primus, a guardian to battle Unicron. The infant universe shook and quaked from the ferocity of their battles and Primus was eventually forced into a desperate gamble. He shifted the battle to the astral plane where he fared no better and then returned them to the physical universe, but instead of allowing them to materialize in their energy forms he entrapped both Unicron and himself in two metallic asteroids. Unicron would not be stopped, psionically shaping his asteroid into a massive metal world and then into a gargantuan robot. Primus, however, elected to create a race of guardians to defend the universe against Unicron, transforming his own asteroid into a metal world which would later be known as Cybertron. On that world he gave birth to the Transformers, bestowing the race with his distilled genetic Matrix. So Primus slumbered, shutting himself down to hide the world from Unicron. In 1991, Primus was briefly awakened by a stray laser blast in the middle of a battle at the planet's core. He screamed once before falling back to sleep, but the scream echoed across existence reaching Unicron's ears. Unicron headed for Cybertron sending his herald, Galvatron, ahead of him. Galvatron proved treacherous and awakened Primus who possessed the body of Emirate Xaaron and brought all the Transformers to Cybertron before Unicron destroyed him. Subsequently, Unicron was destroyed by Optimus Prime with the help of the Matrix, which contained the full measure of Primus' power. In the animated series, however, it is Rodimus Prime who destroys Unicron. The above is the story of Primus as related in the United States in Marvel Comics but the story was originally told in British comics. The Primus story is recounted three times under Simon Furman - in order: Transformers UK #150, Transformers US #61, and US #74, and while the Primus/Unicron battle and ultimate solution are always the same, the background to their fight differs in each telling. The first (told by Unicron) has Primus and Unicron leading armies of similar beings at the dawn of the universe. The second (told by the Primus Chamber's Keeper) had the two as the last of their respective pantheons and Primus needing to stop Unicron before he could pass on from this realm. The third, told by Primus, has Unicron destroying the previous universe and trying to end the current one, with Primus being formed by the "sentient core" of this universe to stop him. By the third re-telling, the idea that Unicron and Primus were related to similar entities had been dropped and was not picked up again. == TFcon Comics == The expanded fiction of the Botcon and OTFCC comic books suggest that Primus experimented with a small planet before actually transforming himself into Cybertron. This world, named Protos, was where he created the first 12 Transformers, each of them themed after an animal of the zodiac. Later, Primus created the Original Thirteen Transformers. == 3h Enterprises == Primus appeared with Alpha Trion in the Transformers: Universe comic, bringing back Optimus Primal and guiding him in his battles against Unicron allied Decepticons. == Dreamwave Productions == When Dorling Kindersley published Transformers: The Ultimate Guide, the concept of Primus and Unicron as brother heralds created by an extra-dimensional entity, called the "AllSpark", as per the Armada trading card, was again referenced. Additionally, however, the book claimed that there was one, singular Unicron and Primus across all dimensions, retroactively adding these elements to the original Marvel Comic origin. This revised origin concept is now treated as the official take on the character by Hasbro, and has formed the core of the story in the Transformers: Cybertron comic book exclusive to the Transformers Collectors Club. The popularity of the idea is not universal within the Transformers fandom, and it notably flies in the face of the original animated show's version of events, where there was no Primus, and the Transformers were created by the Quintessons. An earlier convention-exclusive comic merged the two storylines in explanation; Primus created the transformers but then went to sleep; later the Quintessons invaded and conquered the planet and split the Cybertrons into two races. Worker/Builders (Autobots) Warrior/Soldier (Decepticon). This concept has been adopted by the majority of fans but is still met with mixed opinions by some. The book also features an image of Primus as a transformed, robot-mode Cybertron (originally drawn by Don Figueroa for Dreamwave Productions' War Within comic book series), which received such positive reaction that the idea of a transforming Primus/Cybertron eventually made it into toy form for the Transformers: Cybertron toyline. == IDW Publishing == Simon Furman, creator of the Primus backstory for Transformers, has stated there will be "no Primus. No Unicron" in the IDW Generation 1 comics, and that if Cybertronian prehistory is featured it will be different from previous takes; IDW's publisher confirmed there will be a story featuring Transformer prehistory. While a character exclaims "Primus!" in Megatron Origin #4 (by a different writer), Furman stated in his blog comments "doesn't necessarily mean it's G1 Primus. There are still no plans to do feature [sic] Primus (as was)". He does say it is possible a different being called Primus could have existed. This was later confirmed, as a version of Primus appeared as a member of the Guiding Hand, a group of five deities who were the first life on Cybertron. But, Primus and his noble fellows Adaptus, Epistemus, and Solomus were betrayed by their brother Mortilus, and the conflict left all five mortally wounded. They would give way to their descendants, the Knights of Cybertron, who would in turn be followed by IDW-G1 incarnation of the Thirteen. In the live-action film series comics, the Allspark gave life to Cybertron and Primus, who then created the Dynasty of Primes and the rest of the Transformers race. == Fun Publications == In the Shattered Glass universe, the idea of Primus, the benevolent Creator, was unknown to the heroic Decepticons until Cliffjumper, a visitor from the Positive Polarity universes, told them about him. Before long, Cliffjumper's "beliefs" were a subject of derision, especially among the evil Autobots. When Ultra Mammoth-the Ultra Magnus of Cliffjumper's reality-encountered the Vok on Shattered Glass prehistoric Earth, they took the form of Primus (mirroring the action of their counterparts in the Beast Wars cartoon) to mock Ultra Mammoth's attempts to bring order to a universe "founded on chaos." Cliffjumper was eventually vindicated, however, when the Nexus Prime gestalt members attempted to resurrect a recently assassinated Megatron. As they applied their powers to the body, they were transported to Primus' presence. There they chose for Primus to rebirth them as their original self, with Nexus returning to the battlefield and declaring himself to his enemies as being the "mighty fist of the lord of light". Megatron, meanwhile, received a vision from the other side of the Allspark of a healed Cybertron, before being reborn himself as Galvatron, with Nexus investing him with some of Primus' power by proxy. However, the events of Another Light resulted in the Primus of this universe being separated from his manifestations in other realities and developing an evil persona. Regarding his inhabitants as an infestation (not unlike the Aligned continuity version of Unicron regarded humanity) he approached the villainous Rodimus Prime about helping him eliminate them after Rodimus was defeated by Nova Prime, the formerly evil Optimus Prime who had been reborn through the power of the now noble Unicron. == Binaltech == Formerly the assistant to the Primacron, the ancient genius who created the giant mechanoid Unicron, the robotic being known as the Oracle was badly damaged when Unicron rebelled against his creator. His essence fled to a dead world at the centre of the galaxy, which he used his powers to transform into a verdant, green planet. However, the Oracle could sense that in the future, Primacron would go on to create another universal danger in the form of Tornedron, and so summoned a group of Primitive Transformers back through time from the year 2010 to his planet, where he instructed them in how to destroy the threat. Later in his life, the Oracle also reached through time when he discovered that the evil Sparkbots were attempted to recreate Unicron following the planet-eater's destruction in the year 2005. By this stage calling himself "Primus", the Oracle attempted to stop the villains and their unwitting pawns, the human Kiss Players, appearing as a giant golden hand to snatch away the fragments of Unicron's lifeforce each time the Kiss Players recovered them. Unfortunately, this merely led the Kiss Players to pursue him through the timestream and resulted in them crashing into the "Wall of Time" and becoming scattered throughout the multiverse. Knowing that the Kiss Players were innocent in this whole affair, having been duped by the Sparkbots, the benevolent Primus rescued them from the different regions of time and space they had wound up in, and properly introduced himself, explaining the Sparkbots' treachery. He then took them back in time to prehistoric Earth, arriving just in time to witness the Sparkbots' successful restoration of Unicron to life. Primus transformed once more and unleashed the power of his mobile cannon platform, destroying Unicron's energy and sealing it and the Sparkbots deep within the planet. To ensure that Unicron would never be freed again, he created a mighty guardian, Brave Maximus, who would watch over it and the Earth. With the battle over, Shaoshao asked about the Kiss Players' future, but Primus did not reply. After sending the Kiss Players back to their home time, Primus transformed into the golden sphere of Vector Sigma and returned to his world to sleep. Unfortunately for Primus, as he slumbered, his world was eventually discovered by the alien Quintessons, who shackled his powers and used them to both transform the planet into the metallic Cybertron, and to create the races of robots that would eventually become the Transformers. Additionally, the aliens acquired the shell that had held his essence, which became, through unknown means, the talisman that would be known to the Transformers as the Matrix of Leadership. == Video games == The Core of Cybertron that appears in Transformers: War for Cybertron may actually be Primus and if this is true, then Primus would be the one who gave Optimus Prime the Matrix of Leadership. == Toys == God Primus The First Primus figure was a Lucky Draw toy in Japan. It was a gold chrome recolored Rodimus Prime that was given away as a contest prize from the collector book, The Transformers: Generations and it came with Rodimus Prime's accessories. Cybertron Supreme Primus Released in the Cybertron toyline as described above, it is actually a triple changer, transforming not only into Cybertron's planet form and Primus' robot form, but also into a large world-ship, a spaceship the size of a planet. Many of its parts can only be moved using the included Omega Lock, which must be used to move the upper half of the planet mode out of the way so the lower half can transform. The Omega Lock has 4 slots of the Cyber Planet Keys included with other toys and has a small light that turns on when the Lock is inserted into any of the ports on the figure. A key hole is also located on each of Primus's arms and activates two non-firing double-barreled blasters on the toy's wrists. While the figure is identical in both its Japanese and American releases, the American package comes in original style packaging, and the Japanese also included a battle-damaged Unicron head in its initial release. The Unicron head has half of the face removed, exposing a skull-like vestige underneath. Later releases of Primus were sold without the Unicron head, and the last versions of Primus instead included four Mini-Cons who were planned to be parts of the Cybertron line, but were late and so were included as bonus figures. These four Mini-Cons would later appear as Mini-Cons in the Transformers Classics line. Although the four Mini-Cons had no personal biographies, they would get some characterization on the Transformers Collectors Club web site. This toy was designed by Takara's Takashi Kunihiro and released in Japan several months later with no alterations or deco changes. Transformers 2010 Creator Primus To be released in late 2010 as part of TakaraTomy's "Transformers 2010" promotion, which celebrates the year in which the third season of The Transformers was set in Japan, this figure is a redeco of the Cybertron Primus figure. Unlike the Unicron figure being released under the same promotion, no remolding is visible in the pre-release photos. The figure is redecoed such that the planet mode is now predominantly Cybertron's classic metallic silver, in place of the previous blue and white, with gold spires replacing the black ones of the original version of the figure.1

0.1985

Battle of Rice's Station<EOT>1

Battle of Rice's Station

The Battle of Rice's Station was a minor engagement in Appomattox Campaign of the American Civil War that was fought at the same time as the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865. In the early morning of April 6, Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet's command reached Rice's Station, Virginia (now Rice, Virginia) on the South Side Railroad. As Longstreet's corps was the first to reach Rice's Station after Lee moved his army west from Amelia Springs, Virginia, they awaited the remainder of the army, most of which ended up being delayed at the Battle of Sailor's Creek. The XXIV Corps commanded by Major General John Gibbon of Major General Edward Ord's Army of the James had occupied Burkeville Junction, Virginia, a junction of the South Side Railroad and Richmond and Danville Railroad to the southeast of Rice's Station, on the night of April 5. When Longstreet arrived at Rice's Station, he learned that Ord's troops were at Burkeville Junction. Longstreet ordered his men to dig in along the tracks and routes from Burkeville in case the XXIV Corps advanced toward them. During the morning of April 6, after being warned that Lee's Army was on the march, Ord and Gibbon had moved cautiously up the railroad and found Longstreet's force digging in near Rice's Station. Gibbon's skirmishers slowly formed for an attack and had a minor confrontation with the entrenched Confederates. As darkness approached and being unsure of the size of the Confederate force, Ord decided to wait for Sheridan and Meade to come up from behind. The Union force suffered 66 casualties before going into bivouac as darkness approached. Exact Confederate casualties are unknown. With the Union Army nearby after the disastrous Confederate defeat at Sailor's Creek, under General Lee's order, Longstreet withdrew during the night towards Farmville, Virginia where rations were waiting.1

The Battle of Rice's Station was a minor engagement in Appomattox Campaign of the American Civil War that was fought at the same time as the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865. In the early morning of April 6, Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet's command reached Rice's Station, Virginia (now Rice, Virginia) on the South Side Railroad. As Longstreet's corps was the first to reach Rice's Station after Lee moved his army west from Amelia Springs, Virginia, they awaited the remainder of the army, most of which ended up being delayed at the Battle of Sailor's Creek. The XXIV Corps commanded by Major General John Gibbon of Major General Edward Ord's Army of the James had occupied Burkeville Junction, Virginia, a junction of the South Side Railroad and Richmond and Danville Railroad to the southeast of Rice's Station, on the night of April 5. When Longstreet arrived at Rice's Station, he learned that Ord's troops were at Burkeville Junction. Longstreet ordered his men to dig in along the tracks and routes from Burkeville in case the XXIV Corps advanced toward them. During the morning of April 6, after being warned that Lee's Army was on the march, Ord and Gibbon had moved cautiously up the railroad and found Longstreet's force digging in near Rice's Station. Gibbon's skirmishers slowly formed for an attack and had a minor confrontation with the entrenched Confederates. As darkness approached and being unsure of the size of the Confederate force, Ord decided to wait for Sheridan and Meade to come up from behind. The Union force suffered 66 casualties before going into bivouac as darkness approached. Exact Confederate casualties are unknown. With the Union Army nearby after the disastrous Confederate defeat at Sailor's Creek, under General Lee's order, Longstreet withdrew during the night towards Farmville, Virginia where rations were waiting.1

0.1986

Delta, British Columbia<EOT>Vancouver's public transit is run by the regional transportation authority, TransLink [90] as an integrated system of buses, rapid transit (SkyTrain) and passenger ferry (SeaBus) . The transit system connects Vancouver with its neighbouring municipalities, stretching as far north as Lions Bay, south to the U.S. border and east to Langley and Maple Ridge. 1

Delta, British Columbia

Delta is a district municipality in British Columbia, and forms part of Greater Vancouver. Located south of Richmond, it is bordered by the Fraser River to the north, the United States (Point Roberts, Washington) to the south and the city of Surrey to the east. Delta is composed of three distinct communities: Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta.

Delta is a district municipality in British Columbia, and forms part of Greater Vancouver. Located south of Richmond, it is bordered by the Fraser River to the north, the United States (Point Roberts, Washington) to the south and the city of Surrey to the east. Delta is composed of three distinct communities: Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta. == History == Prior to European settlement, Delta's flatlands and coastal shores were inhabited by the Tsawwassen indigenous peoples, of the Coast Salish First Nations. The land was first sighted by Europeans in 1791, when Spanish explorer Lieutenant Francisco de Eliza mistook the area for an island and named it "Isla Capeda". The first European settler in Delta was James Kennedy who pre-empted 135 acres in what later became Annieville in February 1860. Thomas and William Ladner, began farming the area named after them in 1868. Farming and fishing helped the community grow quickly over the next few decades. In 1879, the area was incorporated to become "Delta", and the village of Ladner was made as its administrative centre. Due to its geography, Delta was a relatively isolated community. The completion of the George Massey Tunnel in 1959 linking Ladner to Richmond and Vancouver along with the opening, in 1960, of the Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal and the Highway 99 being rerouted from the King George Highway in Surrey in 1962 to a new route through Delta, ended Delta's isolation and resulted in a massive 400% population growth over the next 20 years. The 1986 completion of the Alex Fraser Bridge connecting North Delta to New Westminster and Vancouver also helped Delta's growth. == Population and people == As of 2005, Delta's population was 102,655. About 23% of Delta's population are visible minorities, of which there are approximately 12,000 South Asians and 5,400 Chinese Canadians. There are also about 1,400 Aboriginal peoples, some from Tsawwassen First Nation, who still hold a fraction of their former traditional territories on the Tsawwassen First Nation at the mouth of the Fraser River, which are shared with the Hwlitsum First Nation from the Gulf Islands == Communities == Delta comprises three distinct, geographically separate communities: North Delta (pop: 51,623) is home to over half of Delta's population. It is a largely suburban area in north-east Delta bordered by the Burns Bog and Surrey. Ladner (pop: 21,112) is a 19th-century fishing village in north-west Delta that has expanded into a suburb. Fishing and farming are important industries. Ladner Trunk Road is its main street. Tsawwassen (pop: 20,933) is a suburban community in south-west Delta that calls itself the sunniest place in Metro Vancouver. Luxury waterfront homes line Tsawwassen's coast. Tsawwassen is also home to the busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal which links the mainland to Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. Tsawwassen, together with Ladner are also known as South Delta. == Demographics == == 2011 == According to the 2011 Canadian Census, the population of Delta is 99,863, a 3.3% increase from 2006. The population density is 554.4 people per square km. The median age is 42.8 years old, which is a bit higher than the national median age at 40.6 years old. There are 35,781 private dwellings with an occupancy rate of 97.1%. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the median value of a dwelling in Delta is $562,181 which is significantly higher than the national average at $280,552. The median household income (after-taxes) in Delta is $71,590, quite higher than the national average at $54,089. Delta is a fairly diverse city. The racial make up of Delta is: 67.5% White 17.2% South Asian; 15.6% Indian 7.2% East Asian; 5.7% Chinese, 0.4% Korean, 1.0% Japanese 3.2% Southeast Asian; 2.7% Filipino 2.3% Aboriginal; 1.3% First Nations, 0.9% Metis 0.7% Latin American 0.5% Black 0.1% West Asian 0.1% Arab 0.7% Multiracial; 1.6% including Metis 0.3% Other Most of Delta is either Christian (44.9%), or affiliates with no religion (37.1%), but there is also large Sikh (10.6%), Hindu (3.0%), Muslim (2.0%) and Buddhist (1.3%) communities. The remaining 1.1% affiliate with another religion. == 2006 == == Geography and climate == Delta is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) south of Vancouver and 22 kilometres (14 mi) north of the Canada–US border at Peace Arch, Surrey. It is bordered by water on three sides: The Fraser River to the north, the Georgia Strait to the west and Boundary Bay to the south. At 364 square kilometres (141 sq mi), Delta is the largest municipality in the GVRD; the second largest is its neighbour to the east, Surrey, at 317.4 square kilometres (122.5 sq mi). Delta's flat, fertile land has made it one of the most important agricultural areas in Greater Vancouver. The Agricultural Land Reserve regulations preserve most of this land for agricultural use, preventing its conversion to suburban housing. North Delta is also home to the Burns Bog, 40 square kilometres (10,000 acres) of natural wetlands that are important for wildlife. == Government and politics == Delta is governed by the Delta Municipal Council, led by a Mayor and six Councillors, elected for four-year terms, and there is also an elected school board. The current mayor is Lois Jackson. Unlike most communities in Canada, but like Vancouver and Richmond, Delta has a system of locally based election slates such as TriDelta, IDEA, One Delta, Delta Residents Association, Delta Connect and DIVA. In the 2013 Provincial election, the North Delta seat went to Scott Hamilton of the British Columbia Liberal Party while the South Delta seat went to independent Vicki Huntington. In the House of Commons of Canada, Delta is part of the Delta electoral district. As of the 2015 elections, Delta's MP seat is held by Carla Qualtrough of the Liberal Party. Delta, unlike most Lower Mainland municipalities, has its own police department. == Power == In Delta is the Arnott Substation (ARN), the mainland terminal of the HVDC Vancouver Island circuit. == Transportation == Public transportation in Delta is provided by the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority bus system. There is no rapid transit system in Delta, though the SkyTrain system in Surrey comes within three kilometres of the city's borders. Delta is a major transportation hub for the Lower Mainland. Most vehicles leaving Vancouver for the United States pass through Delta's borders. Many vehicles destined for Vancouver Island use the Tsawwassen ferry terminal in Delta. Highway 99 links Richmond to Delta via the George Massey Tunnel, built in 1959. North Delta is linked to New Westminster and Richmond by Highway 91 and the massive Alex Fraser Bridge (opened in 1986). Delta is linked to Surrey, Langley, and all points eastward by Highway 10. Highway 17 in Delta provides a connection to the Tsawwassen B.C. Ferry terminal, which provides car ferry connections to Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. In December 2013, north of the current junction with Deltaport Way, Highway 17 will be rerouted upon completion of the "South Fraser Perimeter Road", and will primarily run parallel to River Road through Tilbury and North Delta to all points east. The remaining stretch of Highway 17 north of that point will be renamed Highway 17A. River Road is also another connector through the municipality. River Road starts in Surrey and heads westbound through North Delta, under the Alex Fraser Bridge, north of Burns Bog, and then terminates at 62B Street, which then turns into Highway 17A. Like River Road, the western communities of "South Delta" (Ladner and Tsawwassen) are linked to North Delta and communities to the east by Ladner Trunk Road; east of its crossover of Highway 91, the road becomes Highway 10. 56th Street is another major artery in the community, bisecting the Tsawwassen region; it is the only road leading into the community of Point Roberts, south of the Canada–US border. Delta is also home to Boundary Bay Airport, Canada's seventh busiest airport by aircraft movements. Boundary Bay Airport is primarily used for private aircraft, commercial charters, and flying lessons. == Health == Delta is the westernmost community served by Fraser Health Authority which operates Delta Hospital in Ladner and also funds home and community care. The Delta Hospice Society operates a facility near to the hospital. == Education == Delta Public Schools operates Anglophone public schools in the city. The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Francophone primary school in that city: école du Bois-joli. == Delta sports == Delta has many minor sports teams in ice hockey, soccer, football, field hockey, baseball, softball, field lacrosse and box lacrosse. Over 160 young people play ringette in Delta. The Delta Ringette Association has 13 teams in 2005. Notable professional sports players from Delta are Jeff Francis (MLB), Justin Morneau (MLB), Brent Seabrook (NHL), Troy Brouwer (NHL) and Mitch Berger (NFL). Delta's unique and varying terrain provides a challenging test for many of the world's best cyclists in the Tour de Delta (one day races, for men since 2001, and for women since 2011). Since its first event in 2001, the Tour de Delta has grown to be Canada's largest cycling event, held annually in July as part of BC Superweek. The Delta Triathlon is also a very popular event, selling out each year in April. The event takes place in Ladner from the Ladner Leisure Centre. Over 500 participants take part, including many from the local South Delta Triathlon Club. == Notable residents == Vince Abbott, former professional American football player; kicker for the San Diego Chargers (1987–1988) Dylan Ainsworth, CFL player Mitch Berger, former professional American football player; punter for eight National Football League teams Adam Braidwood, professional Canadian football player; defensive end for the Edmonton Eskimos Troy Brouwer, professional hockey player; forward for the Washington Capitals Tyler Connolly, Musician, Singer, Songwriter, Guitarist; vocalist and guitarist for the rock band, Theory of a Deadman John Cummins, Canadian politician; Formerly the Conservative Member of Parliament for the riding of Delta—Richmond East, Former leader of the BC Conservative Party Martin Cummins, Canadian actor Kevin Eiben, professional Canadian football player; linebacker for the Toronto Argonauts Jeff Francis, professional baseball player; starting pitcher for the Colorado Rockies Michael Lee, Canadian field hockey player Brandon McMillan, professional hockey player; Left wing/centre for the Vancouver Canucks Tyson Mulock, professional hockey player; centre for the Berlin Polar Bears of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga Gary Nylund, former professional hockey player; defenceman for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Blackhawks, and New York Islanders Kyle O'Reilly, professional wrestler Jason Priestley, Canadian actor and director Dave Randorf, Canadian sportscaster, currently works for Rogers Sportsnet Byron Ritchie, professional hockey player; formerly in the NHL, currently centre for SC Bern of the Swiss National League A Mark Rogers, former professional soccer player, Men's National Team Assistant Coach Davis Sanchez, professional Canadian football player; cornerback for the BC Lions Will Sasso, Canadian comedian and actor Brent Seabrook, professional hockey player; defenceman for the Chicago Blackhawks Rob Short, Canadian field hockey player Adam Wallace professional soccer player Marie Warder, writer and founder of the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society Brendan Gallagher, professional hockey player; forward for the Montreal Canadiens Nehemiah George Massey, former MLA for Delta serving from 1956-1960. George Massey Tunnel is named for him. == Surrounding municipalities == == Sister city == Mangalore, India, 20101

0.1987

A Very Black Friday<EOT>1

A Very Black Friday

A Very Black Friday is a split album between Rhode Island artists Glenn Robinson and The Black Dove Social Club. It contains an original Christmas song from each artist and one collaborative medley of traditional Christmas songs. The E.P. was released on Black Friday 2013

A Very Black Friday is a split album between Rhode Island artists Glenn Robinson and The Black Dove Social Club. It contains an original Christmas song from each artist and one collaborative medley of traditional Christmas songs. The E.P. was released on Black Friday 2013 == Track listing == == Personnel == Glenn Robinson - drums, guitar, bass, vocals Justin McGovern - guitar, vocals1

0.1988

Nancy E. Dunlap<EOT>1

Nancy E. Dunlap

Nancy E. Dunlap is a physician, researcher and business administrator focused in the area of pulmonary and critical care medicine. On August 1, 2013, Dunlap took over as the Dean of the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

Nancy E. Dunlap is a physician, researcher and business administrator focused in the area of pulmonary and critical care medicine. On August 1, 2013, Dunlap took over as the Dean of the University of Virginia School of Medicine. == Career == Prior to her work with the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Dr. Dunlap was Physician-in-Residence with the National Governors Association in Washington, DC. Dunlap held numerous appointments with increasing responsibilities at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, as professor of medicine and business. She also served as vice chair for clinical affairs, vice president of the UAB Health System for Ambulatory Services and chief of staff and chief operating officer for The Kirklin Clinic, a large, multi-specialty, academic clinic. As a Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Fellow, Dunlap worked on the reauthorization of FDA legislation regarding pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biologics, as well as issues related to Medicare, Medicaid, public health, insurance matters, sustainable growth rate and medical liability. Dunlap received a bachelor of arts degree from Wellesley College; a medical degree from Duke University; a doctoral degree in microbiology from UAB; and an MBA degree with distinction from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Dunlap is currently responsible for the University of Virginia School of Medicine’s educational and internal budgetary affairs; for the general welfare and development of its academic programs at all levels; for effective leadership and relations with students, faculty members, alumni and other University persons and entities; and for generally overseeing and leading the proper operation of the School of Medicine. She also will focus on the improvement of quality measures in the areas of safety and quality of care. Dunlap will serve as chief clinical officer for the School of Medicine, and as professor on the clinical faculty in the division of Pulmonary Medicine in the Department of Medicine. == Publications == Dr. Dunlap is cited as an author on over 45 PubMed publications. == Board certifications == 1984, American Board of Internal Medicine 1988, American Board of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases 1989, 1999, 2009, American Board of Internal Medicine, Critical Care Medicine == Education == Medical School: Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, Internship: University of Alabama - Birmingham, 1981–1982 Residency: University of Alabama - Birmingham, 1982–1984 Fellowship: University of Alabama - Birmingham, 1984–1987 Doctorate: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, Ph.D., Microbiology, 1991 Masters: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, M.B.A., Business, With Distinction1

0.1989

Indus Business Academy, Bangalore<EOT>1

Indus Business Academy, Bangalore

Indus Business Academy, Bangalore (IBA), formerly known as Indian Business Academy, is a business school in India. The IBA campus is situated near the Art of Living ashram in Bangalore. Indus Business Academy (IBA- formerly Indian Business Academy) has been Ranked '8th' by Competition Success Review (CSR) - GHRDC All India Survey in 2011, rated 'A++' Category B-School by Business India All India Survey in 2011 and ranked '30th' by SiliconIndia in 2011, comprehensive salary and career growth survey of management graduates from TOP 200 B-Schools of India. ‘2nd’ in Karnataka by The New Indian Express-South India. ‘4th’ in South India by Dainik Bhaskar B-School Survey 2011. IBA, Bangalore is also listed among Fastest Growing Private Institutes in Asia by KPMG – WCRC 2014 Survey. IBA’s founding mission was to bring excellence in Teaching, Training, Corporate Networking and in Placements. At IBA, students are groomed, not just as managers but as holistic individuals. It ensures emergence of positively charged individuals, ready to contribute to the growth of corporations and the welfare of the society. ‘IBA’ stands for three success mantras viz. Inspiration, Breakthrough and Achievement. At IBA, these three success mantras are represented by success formula viz. Success = Inspiration X Breakthrough X Achievement (S = I X B X A). Students of IBA imbibe these fundamental values and this has led to their success in various walks of life at the national and global levels. Learning at IBA is rooted in the 3 D model of Discussion, Dialogue and Discourse facilitating the development of Creative, Enlightened and Organic (CEO) leaders. Today IBA stands tall in the comity of B-Schools. Step-by-step in a decade’s time, it has made significant contributions to the field of management and management education. The success of IBA is rooted in the nurturing academic environment, use of latest technologies, creative curriculum design and excellent industry interface and placements. Mr. P.S. Jitesh, notable alumni of Indus Business Academy, Bangalore joined Omnicom Media Group, Malaysia as Head of Investment.

Indus Business Academy, Bangalore (IBA), formerly known as Indian Business Academy, is a business school in India. The IBA campus is situated near the Art of Living ashram in Bangalore. Indus Business Academy (IBA- formerly Indian Business Academy) has been Ranked '8th' by Competition Success Review (CSR) - GHRDC All India Survey in 2011, rated 'A++' Category B-School by Business India All India Survey in 2011 and ranked '30th' by SiliconIndia in 2011, comprehensive salary and career growth survey of management graduates from TOP 200 B-Schools of India. ‘2nd’ in Karnataka by The New Indian Express-South India. ‘4th’ in South India by Dainik Bhaskar B-School Survey 2011. IBA, Bangalore is also listed among Fastest Growing Private Institutes in Asia by KPMG – WCRC 2014 Survey. IBA’s founding mission was to bring excellence in Teaching, Training, Corporate Networking and in Placements. At IBA, students are groomed, not just as managers but as holistic individuals. It ensures emergence of positively charged individuals, ready to contribute to the growth of corporations and the welfare of the society. ‘IBA’ stands for three success mantras viz. Inspiration, Breakthrough and Achievement. At IBA, these three success mantras are represented by success formula viz. Success = Inspiration X Breakthrough X Achievement (S = I X B X A). Students of IBA imbibe these fundamental values and this has led to their success in various walks of life at the national and global levels. Learning at IBA is rooted in the 3 D model of Discussion, Dialogue and Discourse facilitating the development of Creative, Enlightened and Organic (CEO) leaders. Today IBA stands tall in the comity of B-Schools. Step-by-step in a decade’s time, it has made significant contributions to the field of management and management education. The success of IBA is rooted in the nurturing academic environment, use of latest technologies, creative curriculum design and excellent industry interface and placements. Mr. P.S. Jitesh, notable alumni of Indus Business Academy, Bangalore joined Omnicom Media Group, Malaysia as Head of Investment. == Events == It is one of the leading B-Schools in Bangalore organizing various events, festivals in its campus every year and one of them is International Conference. It was suggested in the year 2008 by Director Dr.Subhash Sharma continued and organized every year by one the experienced professor of Indus Business Academy Bangalore Prashant Kulkarni. This Conference is different from all other conferences as it had different theme the year it began and it is continuing .It is one of the open platform which gives opportunity to everyone for expressing their opinion, point of view through an interactive session among all the experienced dignitary's, professors and students. A great chance for all the PHD holder's to submit their research paper and give presentation. == 2009(Emergent Business Models and Strategies for the Knowledge Economy) == The first official International Conference organized by IBA in its campus for three days 19-11-2009 to 21-11-2009 with a theme of developing different models in which all the corporate, dignitaries,speakers, experienced faculties and students had a common debate and discussion.The point of view on, how can they overcome the problems and challenges faced by the team while working. One of the greatest opportunity we grabbed was getting a practical exposure on how business model works as PHD students shared their experiences. == 2010(Indian Management for Global Effectiveness: Insights from Mahabharata) == As time flies there is always some development around which is always beneficial to all of us especially if its related to academics,and when the awareness and knowledge is being generated which matters that how skill sets are important especially in 21st century when we enter the corporate world. The knowledge given by the intellectual and experienced person Swami Bodhanand Saraswathi( spiritual director and founder) the Sambodh society Inc and Prof.Keyur Thakur(I.I.M,Indore), from 19-2-2010 to 21-2-2010 which helped us in getting an overall idea that why now enhancing skills is important in work not only, individually it is also important on the other hand as a professional we must know how to work in groups, and how a task can be completed successfully if all the team members give 100%. == 2011( Evolving Frontiers on Business-Society-Nation Interfaces) == Globalization has played an important role in the life's of human beings since 21st century. One of the important challenges faced by the global world is cyber leaks leading to manipulating,change in the various policies mentioned by the companies as a firm and the various rules and regulations to be followed by all the employees. The reactions of the people have led to various implications, affecting the various opportunities missed out by the company which they had a chance to grab. So they could lead to greater heights, change in various models which affected the companies new opportunities which were coming on way. Overall everyone's opinion and point of view was how challenges posed before India's upward thrust in knowledge area. == 2012( Locating Thought Currents and Thought Leadership in Business Governance and Society) == The event was organized from 29-3-12 to 31-3-12 in Indus Business Academy which had various change in the dynamic system,be it related or unrelated.Anna Hazare Movement one of the major topic which was a reason of debate and discussion among people.There were Societal disclosure which got discourse in three forms:- Enlisting the fittest industrial information for mass media,in which economy could reflect its corporate black bush through TRIPS,strengthen regions,patent rolls,knowledge role,knowledge games. Communism is considered as a discourse,and how an individual has accepted it as a challenge.Evidences presented by internet based business models for public sphare generative. Liberation from oppression either through violent manifestations or through non-violent movement. == 2013( Situating New Management Philosophy: Nature, Mind and Technology) == Capitalism falling apart,human relations and corporate connections have leaped over national boundaries as environs and economic challenges have always thought about global population.The theme chosen for the purpose is nature,mind and technology.As technology plays a major role in our life's,one of the major question is how to manage relationship between these so that man and his place are in nature are not only sustained but enhanced and developed to a higher degree. Challenges to public sphere through generative internet based business models and his place in nature are not only sustained but enhanced developed. India's soft power let to the unique contribution of global society in general and US in particular.The emergence of knowledge professionals in current era let to interest of spiritual tradition.Model of soft power,essentially rooted in the mind,trickling up to the upper echelons of the society. One of the most silencers are western thinkers were attracting serious attention. Image and significance were in the form of nature,technology,mind. Image:-Image of the Earth, the outer circle. Technology-Inner circle,one of man’s highest scientific achievements,discovery of the very origin of the universe. Discovery of very origin of the universe – Technology as management tool. == 2014(Moving Towards Harmonic Society: Envisioning Management, Leadership and Consciousness in 21st Century) == In the current age of man-made turbulence, need for moving towards Harmony is felt across the world.Impact of violence and turbulence is becoming self-evident across the nations and businesses.For security impact of violence and turbulence is becoming self-evident across the nations and business,have to spend extraordinary amounts for ensuring their security.The world needs has a new thinking, a new paradigm and a vision for going beyond existing isms and ideas.For moving towards harmonic society, there is an urgent need to address the issue of harmony in terms of transformation of mindset from violence to non-violence and design new institutional structures and systems.It requires a new revolution in thinking about Management, Leadership and Consciousness and Indian tradition can contribute significantly in developing new frameworks for the same.In 2012, Global Harmony Association brought out a book under the title ABC of Harmony where in there are some glimpses of harmony without hierarchy. For any idea to take deeper roots, we need to view it from various perspectives such as Philosophical, Scientific, Psycho-spiritual and Mystical. Such a perspective leads us to an Integrative and Integral view for creating a new social vision. The idea of ‘Harmonic Globalization’ represented by four lions metaphor drawn from Indian tradition provides us a new basis for developing some new perspectives for moving towards ‘harmony without hierarchy’ through new understanding and new mantras of Management, Leadership and Conscious.1

0.1990

Belvidere (Williamsboro, North Carolina)<EOT>1

Belvidere (Williamsboro, North Carolina)

Belvidere, also known as the Boyd House, is a historic plantation house located near Williamsboro, Vance County, North Carolina. It is attributed to noted architect Jacob W. Holt and built about 1850. It is a two-story, double-pile frame Greek Revival / Italianate style frame dwelling. It has a high hipped roof with bracketed eaves. The front facade features a full-width porch with hipped roof and brackets. Also on the property is a contributing one-story, heavy timber frame school house (c. 1850). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.1

Belvidere, also known as the Boyd House, is a historic plantation house located near Williamsboro, Vance County, North Carolina. It is attributed to noted architect Jacob W. Holt and built about 1850. It is a two-story, double-pile frame Greek Revival / Italianate style frame dwelling. It has a high hipped roof with bracketed eaves. The front facade features a full-width porch with hipped roof and brackets. Also on the property is a contributing one-story, heavy timber frame school house (c. 1850). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.1

0.1991

Rape in Belgium<EOT>1

Rape in Belgium

In 2004, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police in Belgium was 28.4 per 100,000 people, according to data by UNODC; in 2008 it was 29.5 per 100,000 people. Belgium has been reported as being one of the countries with the highest rate of rape.

In 2004, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police in Belgium was 28.4 per 100,000 people, according to data by UNODC; in 2008 it was 29.5 per 100,000 people. Belgium has been reported as being one of the countries with the highest rate of rape. == Law == Rape in Belgium is defined by Article 375 of the Penal Code as "any act of sexual penetration, of whatever sort and by whatever means, committed on a non-consenting person". Marital rape is also illegal under this law. Apart from criminal proceedings, committing marital rape has also consequences in a divorce case. The new amendments to the Civil Code regulating marriage and divorce, that came into effect in September 2007, state that any of the spouses, following a divorce, may receive alimony if they need the money, but a spouse who has committed rape or other violent crimes against the other spouse cannot receive alimony. Article 301 reads: The court may refuse to grant the application for a alimony if the defendant proves that the applicant has committed a serious offense that rendered it impossible to continue living together. Under no circumstances will alimony be given to a spouse who was found guilty of an act referred to in Articles 375, 398-400, 402, 403 or 405 of the Penal Code, committed against the person of the defendant, or an attempt to commit an act referred to in Articles 375, 393, 394 or 397 of the Code against the same person. == Prevalence == In 2011, Belgian Institute for the Equality of Women and Men published a report on "Women and men in Belgium", which noted that in 2008, according to police report, 87% of victims of rape (89% for collective rape) were female. The survey, carried out by Belgian Institute and titled Experience of men and women in gender based violence, included the following figures; According to De Morgen, from 2009 and 2011 the number of reported rape cases increased from 3,360 to 4,038, an increase of more than 20 percent. According to a report by De Standaard, the sentences for rape is considerably lower than it is usually expected. For example, a person who had raped his 13-year-old stepdaughter was sentenced to 2.5 years. In another case, the criminal was sentenced to two years for repeated rape of two girls younger than 15; one of the victims was pregnant.1

0.1992

ENV<EOT>1

ENV

The ENV (Emission Neutral Vehicle) is an electric motorcycle prototype powered by an hydrogen fuel cell. It was developed by Intelligent Energy, a British company.

The ENV (Emission Neutral Vehicle) is an electric motorcycle prototype powered by an hydrogen fuel cell. It was developed by Intelligent Energy, a British company. == Specifications == The vehicle and the fuel cell centre respectively weigh approximately 80 and 20 kilograms. It uses a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell to generate about 8 hp or 6 kilowatts. The Discovery Channel has indicated it can reach approximately 80 km/h and, on a full tank may ride continuously for about 4 hours and travel a distance of 160 kilometres. The motorcycle is a preproduction prototype, which was targeted to sell for approximately $6000.1

0.1993

Katharine Jefferts Schori<EOT>Oh my goodness. I have to admit that when I first read about this sermon on another site I thought it must be a spoof. It couldn’t be serious. No leader of a church, let alone the national leader of a mainline denomination, could possibly have such a woeful grasp of biblical interpretation. But it appears to be so . . . <doc-sep> by Jordan Hylden 6 . 28 . 13 Pretty much all commentators, left and right, agree that one of the hallmarks of Jesus’ ministry was exorcism, the casting out of evil spirits, and that’s likely what’s being continued here through Paul”as the New Interpreter’s Bible commentary points out, the passage echoes similar events in the Gospels, where Jesus is confronted by possessed persons who tell the world rather loudly who he really is . The slave girl is possessed by such a spirit, and her owners keep her in this condition in order to exploit her for money. Paul is “troubled” by this, and “in the name of Jesus Christ,” commands the spirit to come out of her, just as Jesus had done for so many before. It’s a story about liberation, really”in the power of the Spirit, and in the name of Jesus Christ, an exploited child is freed from both the spiritual and the worldly powers that enslave and oppress her. Now, one might come to the conclusion after grappling with the authoritative biblical text that same-sex blessings may be warranted. The noted Episcopal biblical scholar Ellen Davis is one such figure, arguing in the summer 2008 issue of the Anglican Theological Review that it’s quite possible for conservatives and liberals to disagree on the matter, precisely while working from the assumption that “no individual or church community can in good faith reach a position on this issue without reckoning seriously with Scripture.” One might disagree with Davis that Scripture is as indeterminate on the issue as she thinks; she herself acknowledges that her Duke colleague Richard Hays would think so, along with many figures in the Anglican world, such as former Ugandan archbishop Henry Luke Orombi in the pages of First Things . But most Anglicans are likely to agree that Davis is a careful reader of Holy Scripture, someone who works very hard to listen for the Word of God in its pages. For several years now, she has traveled regularly to teach the Bible to seminary students of the Episcopal Church of the Sudan. In her teaching, Davis’ Sudanese students can recognize someone who seeks to be faithfully obedient to the Scriptures, even if they disagree with her on the shape of that obedience. Sadly, it has become increasingly difficult for most Anglicans to recognize this quality in the Episcopal Church’s leadership, and Bishop Jefferts Schori’s somewhat freewheeling sermon serves to highlight why. Some years ago, the Yale theologian David Kelsey pointed out that it’s axiomatic to say that the Scriptures are authoritative for the Church, since that’s the very definition of what it means to say that a text is canonical Scripture. So long as many conservative Anglicans cannot see how the Episcopal Church is answerable to the authority of the Scriptures, it will remain difficult for them to see the Episcopal Church as a Church . This has a very great deal to do with the schisms of the past decade. Become a fan of First Things on Facebook , subscribe to First Things via RSS , and follow First Things on Twitter . 1

Katharine Jefferts Schori

Katharine Jefferts Schori (born March 26, 1954, in Pensacola, Florida) is the former Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church of the United States. Previously elected as the 9th Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Nevada, she was the first woman elected as a primate in the Anglican Communion. Jefferts Schori was elected at the 75th General Convention on June 18, 2006, and invested at Washington National Cathedral on November 4, 2006 and continued until November 1, 2015, when Michael Bruce Curry was invested in the position. She took part in her first General Convention of the Episcopal Church as Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church in July 2009.

Katharine Jefferts Schori (born March 26, 1954, in Pensacola, Florida) is the former Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church of the United States. Previously elected as the 9th Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Nevada, she was the first woman elected as a primate in the Anglican Communion. Jefferts Schori was elected at the 75th General Convention on June 18, 2006, and invested at Washington National Cathedral on November 4, 2006 and continued until November 1, 2015, when Michael Bruce Curry was invested in the position. She took part in her first General Convention of the Episcopal Church as Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church in July 2009. == Early and family life == Of Irish ancestry, Jefferts Schori was born in Pensacola to Keith Jefferts and his wife Elaine Ryan. Jefferts Schori was first raised in the Roman Catholic Church. In 1963, her parents brought her, at the age of eight, into the Episcopal Church (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, New Providence, New Jersey) with their own move out of Roman Catholicism. Her mother converted to Eastern Orthodoxy a few years later and died in 1998. Jefferts Schori attended school in New Jersey, then earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Stanford University in 1974, a Master of Science degree in oceanography in 1977, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1983, also in oceanography, from Oregon State University. She is an instrument-rated pilot, and both her parents were pilots. She married Richard Schori, an Oregon State professor of topology, in 1979. Their daughter Katharine is a captain and pilot in the United States Air Force. == Career == Jefferts Schori earned her Master of Divinity in 1994 from the Church Divinity School of the Pacific and was ordained priest that year. She served as assistant rector at the Church of the Good Samaritan, in Corvallis, Oregon, where she had special responsibility for pastoring the Hispanic community as a fluent Spanish communicator, and was in charge of adult education programs. In 2001, Jefferts Schori was elected and consecrated Bishop of Nevada. The Church Divinity School of the Pacific gave her an honorary Doctor of Divinity in 2001. Seabury-Western Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois awarded her an honorary degree in 2007, as did The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee the following year. (Most Episcopal seminaries award an honorary doctorate to alumni who become bishops.) In 2006, Jefferts Schori was elected to serve a nine-year term as Presiding Bishop. == Election as Presiding Bishop == The Episcopal Church met in General Convention in Columbus, Ohio, in June 2006. Jefferts Schori was elected to serve a nine-year term as Presiding Bishop by the House of Bishops, on June 18, from among seven nominees on the fifth ballot with 95 of the 188 votes cast. The House of Deputies, consisting of deacons, priests and laity, overwhelmingly approved the House of Bishops' election later that day. Jefferts Schori was the first woman primate in the worldwide Anglican Communion and the 26th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church. During the selection process for Presiding Bishop, some controversy arose in connection with the characterization in her profile in the Nominees information booklet as the "Dean of the Good Samaritan School of Theology" in Corvallis, Oregon, from 1994 to 2000. Although Jefferts Schori's election was an indication of widespread support in the Episcopal Church in the United States for ordaining women to the historical episcopate, the Diocese of Fort Worth, which opposed women in holy orders, asked the Archbishop of Canterbury for "alternative primatial oversight"- a previously unknown ministry analogous to the "alternative episcopal oversight" suggested in the Windsor Report. Several other conservative dioceses affiliated with the Anglican Communion Network, including some that do ordain women, made similar requests. Jefferts Schori voted to consent to the election of Gene Robinson, an openly gay and partnered man, as Bishop of New Hampshire in 2003, to which some conservative Episcopalians objected strenuously. As not all churches in the Anglican Communion uphold the ordination of women, the election of a woman as primate also proved controversial in some other provinces. At a news conference on June 18, 2006, the Presiding Bishop-elect articulated a willingness to work with conservatives. She expressed her hope to lead the church in the reign of God, rooted in imagery from Isaiah and including such United Nations Millennium Development Goals as eradicating poverty and hunger: "The poor are fed, the Good News is preached, those who are ostracized and in prison are set free, the blind receive sight." Jefferts Schori remained as Bishop of Nevada until taking up the position of Presiding Bishop officially on November 1, 2006; her investiture was held on November 4 at the Washington National Cathedral. Her official seating was held the following day, also at the National Cathedral. An Episcopal Presiding Bishop's term typically lasts for nine years, running in three-year cycles in conjunction with General Convention. Jefferts Schori was the 963rd bishop consecrated in the Episcopal Church. She was consecrated by Jerry A. Lamb, Bishop of Northern California; Robert L. Ladehoff, Bishop of Oregon; and Carolyn Tanner Irish, Bishop of Utah. == Controversies == Jefferts Schori's tenure was highly controversial and marked by unprecedented schism, with four dioceses breaking off to become part of the Anglican Church in North America. At her direction, the national church initiated lawsuits against departing dioceses and parishes, with some $22 million spent as of 2011. She also established a policy that church properties were not to be sold to departing congregations. Jefferts Schori is a supporter of same-sex relationships and of the blessing of same-sex unions and civil marriages. Like her predecessor, she is a supporter of abortion rights, stating that "We say it is a moral tragedy but that it should not be the government's role to deny its availability." She also supported the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) mandate on birth control. Some within the church questioned the orthodoxy of her theology. For example, her statement that "the great Western heresy – is that we can be saved as individuals, that any of us alone can be in right relationship with God" in her opening address to the 2009 General Convention was widely criticized and prompted a clarifying statement from her in the following week. == End of term == Jefferts Schori announced on September 23, 2014, that she would not seek another term as Presiding Bishop. On June 27, 2015, the General Convention elected Bishop Michael Curry of North Carolina as the 27th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church. Curry is the first African-American to be elected to the post and succeeded Jefferts Schori as Presiding Bishop on All Saints Day (November 1), 2015.1

0.1994

Stephanie Kantis<EOT>Jolley's dialogue can be dizzying, but he's right. When you own your company, executives may remember you. If you were great at your job, they'll probably assume your own company reflects that. If you were a disaster at your desk . . . well, there are other executives out there. Future clients. That doesn't mean stealing them from your current employer. But your contacts have contacts . . . 1

Stephanie Kantis

Stephanie Kantis (born February 3, 1968 in St. Louis, MO) is an American jewelry designer based in Palm Beach, Florida.

Stephanie Kantis (born February 3, 1968 in St. Louis, MO) is an American jewelry designer based in Palm Beach, Florida. == Early life and education == Kantis was born to Andrew and Cassandra Kantis. She grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. Kantis attended the American University in London and Graduated from Florida International University. After graduating with a degree in Interior Design, she moved to Dallas, TX. == Career == Shortly after moving to Dallas, TX, Kantis pioneered and was the first to design and manufacturer custom, luxury baby cribs. She formed what became the premier luxury children's apparel, accessories and furniture brand under the name Stephanie Anne. Kantis established her first store - Stephanie Anne Room to Grow - on Lovers Lane (dubbed the Miracle Mile) in Dallas, TX in 1995. In 1999, Kantis started her second retail location near the Galleria on Post Oak Road in Houston, TX. Kantis was the first to manufacturer and retail a full scale luxury retail line for children's in multiple categories. In 2005, based on demand from her customers, Kantis converted her store to a luxury home decor hot spot. Kantis began designing and manufacturing everything from bed linens, furniture, tabletop, and lighting for distribution in her store. Kantis also started to get back to her roots of interior design and established a thriving residential interior design business with major projects in Dallas, Aspen, Miami, Palm Beach, Cabo San Lucas, and many other locations. In 2006, based on the plans to upgrade Highland Park Village, Kantis moved her Dallas store to the prime jewel box location in the flagship corner in Highland Park Village. In 2009, Kantis introduced her loungewear and cashmere collections in her Highland Park Village store. During a visit back to Dallas at the end of the Summer of 2010, Neiman Marcus asked Kantis to show her collection to them. Kantis did so and Neiman Marcus wanted to test the line in Florida where the Designer's name was not as well known. Kantis held trunk shows at the Neiman Marcus Palm Beach and Neiman Marcus Boca Raton Stores in December 2010. Neiman Marcus quickly placed an order for 3 of their stores (Palm Beach, Boca Raton, and Coral Gables) in Spring 2011 under the Stephanie Anne Brand. Neiman Marcus expanded to 8 stores in the Fall of 2011. By the Fall of 2012, Stephanie Kantis was in 20 Neiman Marcus stores. Saks Fifth Avenue soon discovered the line and placed a launch order for 12 of their stores in Spring 2013. Kantis, at this point, decided to change the brand that all her jewelry was sold under to Stephanie Kantis. This change was announced and shown in Vogue with the Spring 2013 jewelry launch. Bloomingdale's discovered Stephanie Kantis in 2016 and launched the brand in 16 stores and on Bloomingdales.com in Fall 2016. Kantis has been featured in Vogue, W, Harper’s Bazaar, Town & Country, Allure, O Magazine and InStyle.1

0.1995

Silo High School<EOT>1

Silo High School

Silo High School is a high school in Durant, Oklahoma. It serves 9th through 12th grade. The athletic teams are known as the Rebels. The school colors are red and blue. As of 2006, there are currently 100 students enrolled. The Rebel baseball team currently has 4 Fall State Championships 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2014. Also having 6 Spring State Championships from 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2015.

Silo High School is a high school in Durant, Oklahoma. It serves 9th through 12th grade. The athletic teams are known as the Rebels. The school colors are red and blue. As of 2006, there are currently 100 students enrolled. The Rebel baseball team currently has 4 Fall State Championships 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2014. Also having 6 Spring State Championships from 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2015. == Academics == Some of the elective classes are art, athletics, agricultural education, Spanish languages, and keyboarding and computer applications. == Organizations == Some of the organizations are FCCLA and FFA. == Athletics == There is Baseball Basketball, Cheerleading, Cross Country, Golf, Track & Field, Softball. == Demographics == The student to teacher ratio is 1:17. The school has a contract with Dell. The campus is a facility with school buses. == Famous alumni == Although no Silo High School student has risen to National or International fame, a few have managed to become regional celebrities. This includes Dave Hilton (1995), a.k.a. "Big Dave" who became a Radio DJ and has worked at KLBC-FM in Durant, OK, KSSU-FM in Durant, OK, KLAK-FM in McKinney, TX, KTRX-FM in Ardmore, OK, KYNZ-FM in Ardmore, OK, KKAJ-FM in Ardmore, OK, KVSO-AM in Ardmore, OK, KMKT-FM in Sherman, TX and KMAD-FM (known as Mad Rock 102.5) in Sherman, TX. Another Silo High School student, Mason Dye, is an actor known for a role on the Teen Wolf TV series.1

0.1996

Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals<EOT>CRSPs/PSACs must pay annual dues and complete a declaration of continuing OHS full-time employment . 1

Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals

The Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP) provides certification of occupational health and safety professionals in Canada and has an established Code of Ethics.

The Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP) provides certification of occupational health and safety professionals in Canada and has an established Code of Ethics. == History == The organization was formerly the Association for Canadian Registered Safety Professionals. The BCRSP is a public interest, not-for-profit, ISO 17024 accredited and ISO 9001 certified organization and deals with the principles of health and safety as a profession in Canada. The first Board of Governors was composed of 15 professionals from a cross-section of safety disciplines. The BCRSP has certified over 5000 individuals since its incorporation in 1976. == Formation == The Canadian Society of Safety Engineering’s Education & Research Committee reported a need for a generalist certification for Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) practitioners. In November 1974, a steering committee was formed to implement recommendations and establish the first Board of Governors. A meeting was held March 3, 1975 and the proposed name was Canadian Registered Safety Professional. Consumer and Corporate Affairs issued a Letters Patent on February 10, 1976 == Certification == The BCRSP grants the Canadian Registered Safety Professional (CRSP)/Professionnel en sécurité agréé du Canada (PSAC) designation to individuals who successfully complete the certification process through application assessment, interview and examination. BCRSP has Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with the Board of Certified Safety Professionals (USA) and the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (UK). The Certified Safety Professional (CSP) is a certification offered by the Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP). The Charter Member IOSH (CMIOSH) is a designation offered by the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health == Memberships and Affiliations == The BCRSP has a membership with the Canadian Network of National Associations of Regulators (CNNAR)., the Institute for Credentialing Excellence (ICE) and the International Network of Safety & Health Practitioner Organisations (INSHPO). The Canadian Society of Safety Engineering established a collaboration agreement with the BCRSP on May 5, 2014.1

0.1997

Limbo Parks<EOT>We’ve sent a registration confirmation email to . You already have an account registered under . You can link your Facebook account to your existing account. 1

Limbo Parks

Lemuel Tyrone "Limbo" Parks (born March 21, 1965) is a former American football player who played as an offensive guard for four years at college level with a short stint in professional football. He played college football for Coffeyville Community College and the University of Arkansas. He had a three-game stint as a replacement player for San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) during the 1987 NFL season.

Lemuel Tyrone "Limbo" Parks (born March 21, 1965) is a former American football player who played as an offensive guard for four years at college level with a short stint in professional football. He played college football for Coffeyville Community College and the University of Arkansas. He had a three-game stint as a replacement player for San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) during the 1987 NFL season. == Early years == Parks was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He attended Raytown South High School in Raytown, Missouri. == College career == Parks first played college football at Coffeyville Community College, where he was part of the Red Ravens 1983 National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) National Championship team. In 1984, Parks was named an NJCAA Football All-American. In 1985, Parks transferred to the University of Arkansas. Parks earned All-SWC honors in 1986. == Professional career == By the beginning of the 1987 NFL season, Parks was working as a Pizza Hut delivery driver. With the majority of NFL players choosing to walk out after the second game of the season, Parks became one of a large number of replacement players, joining the San Francisco 49ers. He made three appearances for the team before the regular players returned for the sixth game. The three games, against the New York Giants, the Atlanta Falcons and the St. Louis Cardinals were all wins.1