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Paris, Arkansas<EOT>1

Paris, Arkansas

Paris is a city in Logan County, Arkansas, United States, and serves as the county seat for the northern district of Logan County; its southern district counterpart is Booneville. The population was 3,532 at the 2010 United States Census.

Paris is a city in Logan County, Arkansas, United States, and serves as the county seat for the northern district of Logan County; its southern district counterpart is Booneville. The population was 3,532 at the 2010 United States Census. == Geography == Paris is located in a river valley near the Arkansas River in the Ozark Mountain region of northwest Arkansas. Its FIPS is 53480. Its ZIP code is 72855. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12.4 km²), of which, 4.5 square miles (11.7 km²) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km²) of it (5.43%) is water. == Demographics == As of the census of 2010, there were 3,532 people, 1,553 households, and 984 families residing in the city. The population density was 818.1 people per square mile (316.0/km²). There were 1,713 housing units at an average density of 780 per square mile (146.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.5% White, 2.4% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 1.11% from other races, and 1.29% from two or more races. 2.16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,553 households out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $25,424, and the median income for a family was $32,409. Males had a median income of $21,955 versus $17,015 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,738. About 15.0% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 18.7% of those age 65 or over. == History == Pioneers settled into the area about 1820. The village Paris was formed on the Old Military Road between Little Rock and Fort Smith, and 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the Arkansas River. The Logan County seat, Paris, was named after the French capital in 1874. Paris was incorporated on February 18, 1879. The villagers constructed a one-story frame courthouse. The town prison was constructed nearly three blocks from the courthouse, and remained the town's prison for many years. The prison now serves as the Logan County Museum. Coal mining flourished. In the 1890s, Paris was a bustling city of 800 people. Citizens boasted of two newspapers, a bottling works company, nine general stores and the Paris Academy. Coal mining was the community's main industry by 1917, but declined by the 60's. As a result, community leaders sought to diversify the town's economic base. Today, the economy of Paris is benefitting from the presence of manufacturing facilities producing parts for the automotive industry and the aerospace industry. Farming and ranching remain among the largest industries in the county and tourism got a boost with the construction and opening of a 60-room, world-class lodge and guest cabins on the top of Mount Magazine, which is 19 miles from Paris. An estimated 400,000 people a year travel to Mount Magazine State Park (2008 estimate). Paris' schools have seen a steady increase in enrollment over the last three years. The High School and Middle School switched campuses two years ago to complete a promise to the patrons that was made in 1988. Several interests have been made in the area by bauxite mining companies looking to reduce the costs of aluminum foil production. == Last hanging in Arkansas == Paris was the site of the last public hanging in Arkansas before the first electric chair in Little Rock. In 1914, Paris was thrown into turmoil from the murder of a young girl from Delaware, Arkansas. A young man named Arthur Tillman was courting a girl named Amanda Stevens. She disappeared one evening from her home and was found about eight days later, partly submerged in water in a well on the farm of Ambrose Johnson. She was found with a large stone tied around her neck with telephone wire, a bullet through her head, and approximately a wagon load of rocks covering her body. It is believed that the girl was not dead when she was put into the well because her hands were filled with dirt that could only result from a struggle or attempting to free herself. On July 15, 1914, Arthur Tillman was hanged for the murder of his girlfriend, Amanda. Today, the Jail (seen here) is now a museum dedicated to Logan County history. Where spectators were located is now a road, joining to the main road, HWY 22. You can tour through the entire building, jail keeper's living quarters side and the jail side. There are many relics of Paris' past, such as farming equipment, clothing, and everyday objects from the settlers' lives, and exhibits of Native American artifacts, Civil War artifacts, and coal mining to name a few. == Paris Express == The Paris Express was founded in 1880, one year after the community of Paris was established and it is the oldest, continually operating business in Paris. J.T. Perryman was the first publisher and W.H.H. Harley was the first editor. During the next five years of its existence it had several owners. In 1885 the weekly Express was purchased from Charles Noble by William M. Greenwood, former publisher of the Chismville Star and an associate with the Fort Smith Daily Tribune. Greenwood published the Paris Express for 46 years until his death in 1929. Hugh and J.C. Park of the Van Buren Press-Argus purchased the Express from the Greenwood estate and then sold it a few months later to Wallace D. Hurley. Hurley published the paper until 1939 when it was purchased by John Guion and Robert Breeden. Guion was editor and publisher of the Express and a sister paper, the Paris Progress, and in 1946 served as president of the Arkansas Press Association. It was at that time that the Paris company began publishing the Charleston and Greenwood papers. The Progress, which was launched in 1910 with J.W. Wagner as owner and editor, started out as a semi-weekly. In 1920 it was renamed the Paris Progress and in 1927 became a weekly. By that time Leslie and C.E. Gray, father and son, were the owners. In 1941 it was sold to John Guion. The Paris Commercial Press, which was only in business during 1937 became consolidated with the Progress. It was also a weekly. The papers were purchased in 1976 by Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc., of San Antonio, Tex. from John Guion. Victor Schneider continued as publisher. On Jan. 1, 1987 the newspaper was purchased by Worrell Enterprises of Lynchburg, Va. The Paris Express and the Paris Progress were combined into a bi-weekly bearing the name of Paris Express Progress in January 1977. The Paris Express Progress was sold in April 1988 to Westward Communications, a Dallas-based company. The bi-weekly Paris Express Progress combined into a "super" weekly issue on May 17, 1989 called the Paris Express. In July 1997 Westward Communications sold to Westward Communications, LLC based out of The Woodlands, Tex. Stephens Media Group purchased the Paris Express in March, 2000. The company is based in Las Vegas, Nev. with Sherman Frederick, President and Michael Ferguson, Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. Vickey Wiggins continued as publisher. The Paris Express located at 22 South Express, currently employs six full-time employees and one part-time employee with a circulation of 3,600. == Area schools == == Paris school district == Paris School District has three public schools: Paris Elementary Paris Middle School Paris High School One private school: Saint Joseph Catholic School == Subiaco == Subiaco preparatory academy: Subiaco Abbey Academy == Points of interest == Mount Magazine State Park is the highest point in the state of Arkansas and one of the highest points between the Alleghenies and the Rockies. County Line Auction House and Flea Market held every Wednesday, just west of Paris in Countyline, AR. Cowie Wine Cellars is a local vineyard and bottler of wines in the Arkansas River Valley, offering a museum and Bed and Breakfast. Logan County Museum is the restored jail and the site of the last state-sanctioned hanging in Arkansas (in 1914). Prisoners were kept in an iron cages upstairs, while the jailer and his family lived downstairs. Displays on permanent exhibit at the Museum include the history of local mining, the development and demise of the county's railroads, the history and impact of the Smith family of doctors, numerous Indian artifacts, and vintage quilts and other needlework. Main entrance exhibit themes change monthly. Cove Lake Recreation Area near Mount Magazine. Noted campsite 31. == Local festivals == Frontier Day - Held on the first Saturday of October, Frontier Day celebrates the founding members of the city. Butterfly Festival - Next to last weekend in June, honors the multitudes of butterflies (both rare and nonrare) found in the bluff region of Mount Magazine, founded in 1997. This initiative for the festival was spearheaded by June Gilbreath (fundraising and awareness) after the discovery of a rare species of butterfly — the Diana fritillary butterfly (discovered by Gary Noel Ross, PhD lepidopterist) — that was previously thought to be extinct, but is found in abundance on the mountain summit. The species has since been designated as the official state butterfly of Arkansas. The festival is celebrated at two sites, atop Mount Magazine and in downtown Paris. Attendance has steadily climbed since 2002 with the 2007 event topping 10,000 people. Farmers Market - beginning in May, farmers bring fresh produce to the square for sale. == Notable people == James Bridges - American screenwriter and director. Director of The Baby Maker (1970), The Paper Chase (1973), The China Syndrome (1979), Urban Cowboy (1980), Perfect (1985), and Bright Lights, Big City (1988) Harvey Locke Carey - Louisiana lawyer and politician reared in Paris Jon Eubanks - Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Paris since 2011 Paul Gibson - NFL player Zilphia Horton - American community organizer, educator, and folklorist, born 1910. Helped turn We Shall Overcome and other hymns into songs of the Civil Rights Movement. R. H. Sikes, professional golfer. Winner of two PGA Tour events. Bill Walters, lawyer and legislator James Lee Witt - Director of FEMA under Clinton.1

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New Perspective (song)<EOT>Leo DiCaprio at a Yale climate change conference hosted by John Kerry’s Kerry Initiative, announcing $20 million in grants given to more than 100 environmental organizations through his foundation . . . 1

New Perspective (song)

"New Perspective" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, released on July 28, 2009 as a single promoting the film Jennifer's Body. Vocalist Brendon Urie began writing the song two years prior to its recording regarding a lucid dream he had. The song was completed in the summer of 2009, and was co-written by producer John Feldmann. "New Perspective" was Panic! at the Disco's first single in aftermath of the departure of guitarist Ryan Ross and bassist Jon Walker, both of whom had no involvement in the track. The song made its radio debut in August 2009, but charted poorly in North America. It was a better success in Australia, where it peaked at number 69.

"New Perspective" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, released on July 28, 2009 as a single promoting the film Jennifer's Body. Vocalist Brendon Urie began writing the song two years prior to its recording regarding a lucid dream he had. The song was completed in the summer of 2009, and was co-written by producer John Feldmann. "New Perspective" was Panic! at the Disco's first single in aftermath of the departure of guitarist Ryan Ross and bassist Jon Walker, both of whom had no involvement in the track. The song made its radio debut in August 2009, but charted poorly in North America. It was a better success in Australia, where it peaked at number 69. == Background == On July 6, 2009, Ryan Ross and Jon Walker announced via the band's official website that the two were leaving the band. In an interview following the split, Ross explained that he first brought the idea to Smith in late June 2009 over lunch: "Spencer and I had lunch and caught up for a while, and then the big question came up, like, 'Well, what do you want to do?' and I said, 'Well, I think it might be best if we kind of do our own thing for a while,' and he said, 'I'm glad you said that, because I was going to say the same thing,' " Ross recalled. "And there was really no argument, which is really the best way that could've worked out." Ross said the split was largely due to creative differences between him and Urie. Urie wanted the band to explore a more polished pop sound, while Ross — and, by extension, Walker — was interested in making retro-inspired rock. The departures came at an odd time for the band, reportedly in the final stages of completing the writing process of their third album. The news asserted that both tour plans with Blink-182 in August 2009 and new album production "will continue as previously announced." "New Perspective" was recorded in the spring of 2009 with producer John Feldmann. Brendon Urie wrote the song two years prior after waking up from a dream. "I had this really lucid dream—it was so vivid I wanted to write it down before I forgot about it. I was never the best at explaining anything, so it wound up being random [lines] that ended up as the first verse," he said at the time. Urie wrote the first verse of the song and worked on the rest with Feldmann. Ross and Walker had no involvement in the track. The songs were described by drummer Spencer Smith as "Brendon and I having fun, because that's what we want to do." "New Perspective" was mentioned by Smith as a "side" of the new songs, 10 that were demoed in the summer of 2009. Smith described the styles as similar to that of both Frank Sinatra and Queen, with the electronic presence first found on the band's debut record, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out. Eventually, the producers of the film Jennifer's Body asked the band for a song. Urie and Smith did not get to see a screening of the film beforehand at all, which left them wondering if the song would fit the film. Eventually, the two saw an early screening of it and found the song in a scene when the characters are getting ready for prom, in the background of a montage. == Release == The song was first announced by Alternative Press on July 7, 2009. The song was debuted in a solo acoustic performance of San Diego Comic-Con International. "New Perspective" officially premiered on the band's MySpace page on July 28, 2009. Meanwhile, Ross and Walker debuted music from their new band, The Young Veins, at the same time, releasing their first track, "Change", through their MySpace as well. While Panic! announced the date in advance, the Veins did not. MTV credited The Young Veins with "attempting to steal [Panic!'s] thunder," to which Smith responded with "No, I wasn't shocked or mad at all. We had about three weeks of people not knowing what was going on with the bands, and it's kind of nice that the music was released at the same time." "New Perspective" was shipped to radio August 18. The line "Can we fast-forward till you go down on me?" was edited out of the song's radio version and accompanying music video. == Music video == The music video was filmed on July 22, 2009 with director Kai Regan. The video was released on iTunes on August 24, 2009. The video was filmed at Alexander Hamilton High School, with students in different cliques such as cheerleaders, goths, etc. The video starts with Brendon Urie and Spencer Smith walking into the school in plain black suits and black sunglasses. They walk past the students, not paying attention even when fighting breaks out around them. The pair continues walking as the fire alarm sounds and the sprinklers activate. They take off their sunglasses and a few seconds later the scene rewinds, returning to the start off the video, and again showing Brendon and Spencer as they enter the school. The next part of the music video is shown in photographs rather than film. The pictures depict the pair getting shouted at by teachers, and being taken towards the front doors only to be attacked by the same students involved in the fight earlier. Brendon and Spencer get pushed and beaten through the hallways and down a staircase to where they are finally shown alone and in film again, limping away from the school, with bruises and damaged clothing. Throughout the music video are Jennifer's Body references, such as shirts that read, "I eat boys" and "Jennifer's Body", as well as clips from the film. == Chart positions == == Weekly charts == == Release history == 1

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Epirrhoe molluginata<EOT>1

Epirrhoe molluginata

Epirrhoe molluginata is a moth of the Geometridae family. It is found from the southern part of central Europe to the Caucasus. The wingspan is about 23–27 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July. The larvae feed on Galium species, including Galium mollugo and Galium sylvaticum. The species overwinters as a pupa.1

Epirrhoe molluginata is a moth of the Geometridae family. It is found from the southern part of central Europe to the Caucasus. The wingspan is about 23–27 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July. The larvae feed on Galium species, including Galium mollugo and Galium sylvaticum. The species overwinters as a pupa.1

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TMI Associates<EOT>1

TMI Associates

TMI Associates (TMI総合法律事務所 TMI Sōgō Hōritsu Jimusho) is the fifth-largest law firm in Japan. The firm was founded in 1990 by ten intellectual property specialists who left the law firm of Nishimura & Partners. It grew quickly in ensuing years, with 33 attorneys as of 1998 and 84 attorneys as of 2004. TMI is headquartered in the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It has branch offices in Beijing, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Shanghai, Singapore and Yangon. It opened its first domestic branch office in Nagoya in 2012. It was the first Japanese law firm to open an office in Myanmar. The firm has joint ventures with the American law firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, the British law firm of Simmons & Simmons and the German law firm of ARQIS Rechtsanwälte. The Simmons & Simmons venture, begun in 2001, was the first registered joint venture between a major Japanese law firm and an international law firm under the attorney at foreign law system. TMI's Singapore office is also shared with Simmons & Simmons. The firm is particularly known for its intellectual property practice, being ranked one of the top 3 trademark firms in Japan by World Trademark Review and winning the "Best Japanese IP Firm 2013" award at the International Legal Alliance Summit & Awards. In 2010, the firm hired a former head of the Intellectual Property High Court as an advisor. Chambers & Partners ranks TMI as a second tier firm in intellectual property and as a third tier firm in corporate/M&A and dispute resolution.

TMI Associates (TMI総合法律事務所 TMI Sōgō Hōritsu Jimusho) is the fifth-largest law firm in Japan. The firm was founded in 1990 by ten intellectual property specialists who left the law firm of Nishimura & Partners. It grew quickly in ensuing years, with 33 attorneys as of 1998 and 84 attorneys as of 2004. TMI is headquartered in the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It has branch offices in Beijing, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Shanghai, Singapore and Yangon. It opened its first domestic branch office in Nagoya in 2012. It was the first Japanese law firm to open an office in Myanmar. The firm has joint ventures with the American law firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, the British law firm of Simmons & Simmons and the German law firm of ARQIS Rechtsanwälte. The Simmons & Simmons venture, begun in 2001, was the first registered joint venture between a major Japanese law firm and an international law firm under the attorney at foreign law system. TMI's Singapore office is also shared with Simmons & Simmons. The firm is particularly known for its intellectual property practice, being ranked one of the top 3 trademark firms in Japan by World Trademark Review and winning the "Best Japanese IP Firm 2013" award at the International Legal Alliance Summit & Awards. In 2010, the firm hired a former head of the Intellectual Property High Court as an advisor. Chambers & Partners ranks TMI as a second tier firm in intellectual property and as a third tier firm in corporate/M&A and dispute resolution. == Notable people == Toshiharu Furukawa, member of the House of Councillors Isao Imai, former Japanese Supreme Court justice Tokuji Izumi, former Japanese Supreme Court justice Chiharu Saiguchi, former Japanese Supreme Court justice1

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Geothermal power in the United Kingdom<EOT>1

Geothermal power in the United Kingdom

The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as petroleum prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic, a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal ground source heat pumps, shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK. Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily accessible currently except in specific locations.

The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as petroleum prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic, a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal ground source heat pumps, shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK. Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily accessible currently except in specific locations. == History == Ancient legend credited the early Celtic kings with the discovery of the thermal springs at the Roman Baths in Aquae Sulis (modern city of Bath) which then fell into disrepair during the Dark Ages and were not rediscovered until the 18th century, along with the springs at Buxton in the Peak District. The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as petroleum prices fell. The geothermal potential of the UK was investigated by a program funded by the UK government and the European Commission that ran from 1977 until 1994, and saw a Hot Dry Rock experiment drilled in Carnmenellis granite of Cornwall. The project, which was never intended to produce electricity, was a rock mechanics experiment to research the hydraulic stimulation of fracture networks at temperatures below 100˚C. Three wells were drilled to a total vertical depth of 2.6 km where the bottom-hole temperature was around 100˚C. In 1994, the Hot Dry Rock project was closed, and research effort was transferred to the European Geothermal Project at Soultz-sous-Forêts. Geothermal energy development in the UK has been limited, partly due to the lack of high enthalpy resources, but also due to the availability of cheap fossil fuels. However, when comparisons are made to countries in a similar tectonic setting, it is clear that the UK is underutilizing this potential resource. The lack of geothermal development has largely been a result of the availability of North Sea natural gas during the 1980s and 1990s. Interest in the geothermal energy resources of the UK rose again in the 2000s, as a potential way of addressing some of the UK's "energy gap" == Solar (shallow geothermal) energy == There is what may be mistakenly known as geothermal energy at shallow depths but it is technically solar energy; the upper 10–15 m of ground is heated by solar radiation and not (except in rare exceptions) geothermal energy. This acts a heat store and can be exploited in a number of different ways. This heat can be utilised by ground source heat pumps that can substantially reduce heating bills and reduce the associated carbon footprint. The heat from the sun is conducted downwards into the ground. At a depth of about 15 metres, ground temperatures are not influenced by seasonal air temperature changes and tend to remain stable all year around at about the mean annual air temperature (9–13 °C in the UK). Hence, the ground at this depth is cooler than the air in summer and warmer than the air in winter. This temperature difference is exploited by ground source heat pumps that are used for heating and/or cooling of homes and office buildings. == Aquifer-based schemes == Groundwater in Permo-Triassic sandstones in the UK has the potential to provide an exploitable geothermal resource at depths of between 1 and 3 km. Since 1979 the basins of principal interest are East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, Wessex, Worcester, Cheshire, West Lancashire, Carlisle, and basins in Northern Ireland. In addition, some of these basins are in areas of elevated heat flow, or are overlain by less thermally conductive strata, providing in effect an insulating layer. The following table lists the primary UK Geothermal aquifer resources for areas where the temperature is greater than 40 °C and the transmissivity is greater than 10 Dm, except as indicated: == Southampton District Heating Scheme == In the 1980s, the United Kingdom Department of Energy undertook a research and development programme to examine the potential of geothermal aquifers in the UK. However, after some initial success drilling a well in the Wessex Basin in 1981, it was deemed too small to be commercially viable. The project was abandoned by the Department of Energy, but Southampton City Council refused to let the project fall and took the decision to create the UK's first geothermal power scheme. This was undertaken as part of a plan to become a ‘self sustaining city’ in energy generation, promoted by then leader of the city council Alan Whitehead. The scheme was eventually developed in conjunction with French-owned company COFELY District Energy and the Southampton Geothermal Heating Company was then established. Construction started in 1987 on a well to draw water from the Wessex Basin aquifer at a depth of 1,800 metres and a temperature of 76 °C. The scheme now heats a number of buildings in the city centre, including the Southampton Civic Centre, the WestQuay shopping centre, Royal South Hants Hospital, Solent University and the Carnival offices; and is part of an enlarged city centre district heating system that includes other combined heating, cooling and power sources. As of 2011 the district heating and cooling scheme provides annually 42 GWh of heat, 22GWh of chilled water, and 8GWh of electricity. Brine from the geothermal well provided 18% of the total district heating mix, with fuel oil (10%) and natural gas (70%) making up the rest. The electricity generated from the scheme is used by Associated British Ports via a private electrical connection to the Port of Southampton, with any surplus electricity sold back to the grid == Stoke-on-Trent == In 2014, Stoke-on-Trent City Council announced plans for a £52m project to create a district heating network powered by geothermal energy. This will provide heating, in the form of hot water, to local customers. According to the plan, work will start in 2016 and be completed by March 2019. == Other == Another area with great potential for geothermal energy is in the North Sea, on the continental shelf where the Earth's crust is thin (less than 10 kilometres). The offshore platforms extract hydrocarbons from this region, but each year the output falls by 5% and soon it will be uneconomic to continue using these platforms for fossil fuel extraction. An alternate use could be geothermal power generation. A 1986 work on this was undertaken by Total Energy Conservation and Management Co. Ltd. An overview document was produced called "Single Borehole Geothermal Energy Extraction System for Electrical Power Generation". == Hot rock schemes == The average geothermal gradient in the UK is 26˚C per km depth. There is no deep geothermal power generation in the UK. The granite regions of South West England, the Lake District and Weardale and the Eastern Highlands of Scotland are considered most likely to have the best prospects for power generation. In addition to using geothermally heated aquifers, Hot-Dry-Rock geothermal technology can be used to heat water pumped below ground onto geothermally heated rock. Starting in 1977, trials of the technology were undertaken at Rosemanowes Quarry, near Penryn, Cornwall. Heat-only projects are generally considered to have the greatest potential in the UK because the resource is more widespread and shallower. This includes the hot aquifers (i.e. subterranean bodies of water) in the North East, Wessex, Cheshire, and Northern Ireland. The UK’s only existing geothermal heat-generating station (heat only) is at Southampton, where an 1800-metre borehole taps into the edge of the aquifer under Wessex and provides heat to the Southampton district heat network. The borehole is being refurbished. In 2008 a planning application was submitted for a hot rocks project on the site of a former cement works at Eastgate, near Stanhope in County Durham. The geothermal plant will heat the Eastgate Renewable Energy Village, the UK's first geothermal energy model village. In 2010 planning permission for a commercial-scale geothermal power plant was granted by Cornwall Council. The plant will be constructed on the United Downs industrial estate near Redruth by Geothermal Engineering Ltd. The plant will produce 10MW of electricity and 55MW of renewable heat. On 18 December 2010 The Eden Project in Cornwall was given permission to build a Hot Rock Geothermal Plant. Drilling began in 2011 with electricity being produced from the second half of 2013. The plant will be on the north side of the Eden Project, a showcase for environmental projects at Bodelva, near St Austell. It should produce 3-4 megawatts of electricity for use by Eden with a surplus, enough for about 3,500 houses, going into the National Grid. == Deep geothermal energy in the UK == The Deep Geothermal Challenge Fund of the Department of Energy and Climate Change has provided more than £4.5 million in grants to support the following projects: Power projects United Downs near Redruth, Cornwall – £1.475m in 2009 Eden Project near St Austell, Cornwall – £2.011m in 2009 Heat-only projects Southampton City Centre – £200,000 in 2010. Eastgate in Weardale, County Durham – £461,000 in 2009 Science Central site, Newcastle City Centre – £400,000 in 2010 In early 2013 the government pulled a multimillion-pound grant from Geothermal Engineering Ltd, which seemed to put to an end the UK's first commercial hot rocks power scheme, The £50m United Downs project, after the company failed to secure the necessary additional investment to meet the terms of the grant. Newcastle University Science Central Borehole Project, at 1800 m is the deepest geothermal well drilled for nearly 30 years. built on the former Tyne Brewery in the city. The temperature profile of 3.9˚C/100m is higher than that found in Weardale. The project failed as flow rates of hot water from the borehole were not great enough to be exploitable, leaving the development to be heated by conventional sources. == Potential == A report for the Renewable Energy Association prepared by the engineering consultants Sinclair Knight Merz in 2012 identified the following key findings: The resource is widely spread around the UK with ‘hotspots’ in Cornwall, Weardale, Lake District, East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Worcester, Dorset, Hampshire, Northern Ireland and Scotland; Cost reduction potential is exceptionally high; Deep geothermal resources could provide 9.5GW of baseload renewable electricity – equivalent to nearly nine nuclear power stations – which could generate 20% of the UK’s current annual electricity consumption; Deep geothermal resources could provide over 100GW of heat, which could supply sufficient heat to meet the space heating demand in the UK; Despite this significant potential, the UK support regime is uncompetitive with other European countries. == Memorandum of understanding with the Icelandic Government == On 30 May 2012, the UK government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Icelandic government on a number of energy issues, including supporting the development of deep geothermal energy in the UK. To exchange information on the development of the deep geothermal sector in the UK, including in the supply of heat to district heating networks; To explore the possibility of developing electricity interconnection between Iceland and the UK, including relevant legal and regulatory issues;1

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Hard Men<EOT>1

Hard Men

Hard Men is a 1996 British crime gangster black comedy film directed by J. K. Amalou. A forerunner to Lock, Stock And Two Smoking Barrels, it was originally shown at the London Film Festival on 28 October 1996. It was released in cinemas on 28 February 1997.

Hard Men is a 1996 British crime gangster black comedy film directed by J. K. Amalou. A forerunner to Lock, Stock And Two Smoking Barrels, it was originally shown at the London Film Festival on 28 October 1996. It was released in cinemas on 28 February 1997. == Synopsis == The plot resolves around three friends Tone (Vincent Regan), Speed (Lee Ross) and Bear (Ross Boatman) working as debt collectors on behalf of notorious crime boss Pops Den (Mad Frank Fraiser). Tone discovers he has a baby daughter and decides to retire from gangster life. Pops Den subsequently orders Bear and Speed to kill Tone and to deliver his hand at 9am the following day. The story shows the fears that Bear and Speed have, while trying to think of a way to kill Tone by giving him one last big night to remember. == Reception == Hard Men received mixed reviews. Loaded gave the film a positive review and went on to say "In a nutshell, The Krays meets Reservoir Dogs." On the other hand Variety wrote a negative review, as they felt that the "Film has a consistently interesting look on an obviously meagre budget, with atmospheric use of grungy London locations and much use of close-ups in dialogue sequences. The latter, unfortunately, only serve to emphasize the script’s weaknesses."1

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Star Wars (1983 video game)<EOT>1

Star Wars (1983 video game)

Star Wars is an arcade game produced by Atari Inc. and released in 1983. The game is a first person space combat game, simulating the attack on the Death Star from the 1977 film Star Wars. The game is composed of 3D color vector graphics. This game was developed during the Golden Age of Arcade Games and is considered the #4 most popular game of all time according to the readers of Killer List of Videogames.

Star Wars is an arcade game produced by Atari Inc. and released in 1983. The game is a first person space combat game, simulating the attack on the Death Star from the 1977 film Star Wars. The game is composed of 3D color vector graphics. This game was developed during the Golden Age of Arcade Games and is considered the #4 most popular game of all time according to the readers of Killer List of Videogames. == Gameplay == The player assumes the role of Luke Skywalker ("Red Five"), as he pilots an X-wing fighter from a first-person perspective. Unlike other arcade games of similar nature, the player does not have to destroy every enemy in order to advance through the game; he must simply survive as his fighter flies through the level, which most often means he must avoid or destroy the shots that enemies fire. Each hit on his craft takes away one shield (of the six he started out with), and if he runs out of shields and takes another hit, the game ends. The player's ultimate goal is to destroy the Death Star through three attack phases. In the first phase of the game, the player begins in outer space above the Death Star. The player must engage in a dog fight with Darth Vader and enemy TIE fighters. In the second phase the player reaches the Death Star's surface, although this section is omitted during the first wave of the game. During the second wave the player is attacked by flak bunkers, while in the third and subsequent waves laser turrets on towers rise to confront the player. The player is awarded a bonus for destroying a certain number of turrets. In the final scenario, the player must navigate the trench of the Death Star until finally firing a proton torpedo at the correct time for a direct hit on the exhaust port target. If the player is successful, the Death Star explodes and the player is awarded a bonus shield up to a maximum of 6. Should the player fail to hit the exhaust port, a shield is lost and the player must attempt the trench again. If the player manages to destroy the Death Star without firing at anything but the exhaust port, a bonus is awarded for "using the Force." The game then resets to the first phase. Each successive Death Star run greatly increases the difficulty; TIE Fighters shoot more often, laser towers appear in the second round, and obstacles appear in the trench run. Unlike the movie, where the units shoot beams similar to lasers, the enemy units in this game shoot projectiles resembling fireballs, in order to give the player a chance to destroy the shots. == Arcade details == The game features several digitized samples of voices from the movie, including Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker, Alec Guinness as Obi-Wan Kenobi, James Earl Jones as Darth Vader, Harrison Ford as Han Solo, the mechanized beeps of R2-D2, and the growls of Chewbacca. The game is available as a standard upright or a sit-down cockpit version, both of which are elaborately decorated. The controls consist of a yoke control with four buttons — two trigger style and two in position to be pressed by the thumbs — each of which fired a laser positioned on the four leading edges of the X-Wings. After the TIE fighter waves, when flying towards the Death Star, the yellow grid lines on the Death Star spell out either "MAY THE FORCE BE WITH YOU" on odd-numbered waves or names of some of the developers on even numbered waves. This game can be converted into The Empire Strikes Back via a conversion kit. == Records == In 1984 Robert Mruczek scored 300 million points in 49 hours of gameplay (the world record for an individual) and in 2005, Brandon Erickson set a world endurance record of 54 hours on a single credit (with a score of 283 million). In June 1985 Flavio Tozzi, Dave Roberts and Mike Ohren played as a team in turns for five days, two hours and 26 minutes on a single credit to attain the world record score of 1,000,000,012 points. It was featured on Yorkshire Television and was verified in the September 1985 edition of the UK Computer and Video Games magazine. Their efforts raised money for a local charity. The score counter of this game "turns over" at 100 million points. Because of the fact that a number of skilled players could play indefinitely on the factory settings, it was decided to put the machines on a harder setting for the annual Twin Galaxies International Scoreboard/Guinness Book Masters Tournament, where the player would have six initial shields but NO bonus shields, and thus the game would be a test of skill rather than endurance. In the 1986 Tournament, David Palmer scored 31,660,614 points on that setting (in approx. 7 hours), a score which was subsequently published in the Guinness Book of World Records and which remains the world record to this day. == Home versions == The game was originally designed for the arcade by Mike Hally. It was converted first by Parker Brothers in 1983 and 1984 to numerous 8-bit consoles and computers. These include the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, the Atari 8-bit family, ColecoVision and Commodore 64. The home console version for the ColecoVision was programmed by Wendell Brown. The same game was converted again, in 1987 and 1988, for the Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, Acorn Electron, BBC Micro and Enterprise 64; the game was also converted again for the Atari 8-bits and the Commodore 64. All conversions were developed by UK-based Vektor Grafix (the Atari 8-bit version by Zeppelin Games being an exception) and were published in Europe by Domark. That same year Brøderbund acquired the rights to develop Star Wars games from Lucasfilm. Brøderbund published the Apple II, Macintosh, Commodore 64 and MS-DOS versions of the arcade game in North America in 1988. The Amiga and Atari ST versions are very similar to the arcade original. They allow the ability to use mouse control and feature digitized sound effects. The Macintosh version contains sampled speech from the films, but has no in-game music other than a monophonic theme during the "attract" mode. This game, along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was also included as an unlockable extra in the Nintendo GameCube game Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike. In the United States and some European countries, customers could get the GameCube version of the game for free when they pre-ordered Rebel Strike. == Reception == The game was one of the top selling games of 1983, as Atari produced 12,695 total units. Compute! praised the Atari ST version of Star Wars, calling it "amazing, smoothly animated". The MS-DOS, Amiga, Atari ST, and Commodore 64 versions by Broderbund Software were reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #145 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 3 out of 5 stars.1

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Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus<EOT>1

Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus

Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus (died 526) was a 6th-century Roman aristocrat, a historian and a supporter of Nicene Orthodoxy. He was a patron of secular learning, and became the consul for the year 485. He supported Pope Symmachus in the schism over the Popes' election, and was executed with his son-in-law Boethius after being charged with treason.

Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus (died 526) was a 6th-century Roman aristocrat, a historian and a supporter of Nicene Orthodoxy. He was a patron of secular learning, and became the consul for the year 485. He supported Pope Symmachus in the schism over the Popes' election, and was executed with his son-in-law Boethius after being charged with treason. == Biography == He belonged to the Symmachi, one of the richest and most influential senatorial families in Rome; his father, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, had been consul in 446. Memmius Symmachus had three daughters (Rusticiana, Galla and Proba) and adopted the young Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius when his father died; later Boethius married Rusticiana, and the couple had two sons, Symmachus and Boethius, both consuls in 522. Memmius Symmachus' civil offices included being appointed sole consul for 485, the third known member of his family to hold this office. Although Symmachus was the head of a family with a long connection with Pagan tradition—his grandfather Quintus Aurelius Symmachus delivered a famous speech urging the return of the Altar of Victory to the Roman Senate House -- he was an ardent Christian, interested both in theological disputes and, more prosaically, in the struggles for the control of the Pope; during and after the disputed election of Pope Symmachus, he and Anicius Probus Faustus Niger were the only two Senators known to support the pope against his more popular rival, Laurentius. Symmachus cultivated the ancient Roman culture, writing a Roman history in seven volumes; this work has been lost except for a section quoted by Jordanes in his Getica. Symmachus' wealth enabled his patronage: he was involved in publication of the Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis by Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, and there is even a copy of the work corrected by his hand. For the most part, Symmachus maintained good relationships with the new rulers of Italy—both Odovacer and Theodoric the Great -- demonstrated by his appointment as praefectus urbi between 476 and 491, consul in 485, patricius within 510, and even reaching the influential rank of caput senatus (president of the Senate). His visit to Constantinople, after which Priscian dedicated him some poems, was likely on behalf of king Theodoric. However, Symmachus contradicted the Ostrogothic king, who condemned him to death for treason in 526, one year after the execution of Boethius.1

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Bruce Kirby (actor)<EOT>1

Bruce Kirby (actor)

Bruce Kirby (Bruno Giovanni Quidaciolu; born April 24, 1928) is an American character actor.

Bruce Kirby (Bruno Giovanni Quidaciolu; born April 24, 1928) is an American character actor. == Life and career == Bruce Kirby started his television career in the 1950s with appearances in Goodyear Television Playhouse. During the 1960s, he appeared in I Dream of Jeannie, The Nurses, The Defenders, Car 54, Where Are You?, and The Patty Duke Show among others. He played in Bonanza, Ironside, Barney Miller, Hogan's Heroes, The Rockford Files, The Marcus-Nelson Murders, Kojak, M*A*S*H and Alice during the 1970s. In the 1980s, he appeared in Remington Steele, Night Court, Matlock, Hill Street Blues, Lou Grant and Punky Brewster. His 1990s television credits include The Golden Girls, L.A. Law, In the Heat of the Night, Murphy Brown, Murder, She Wrote and Chicago Hope. During the 2000s, he appeared in The Sopranos, The Agency, Scrubs and The West Wing. Kirby had several roles in the long-running series Columbo, most notably as the gullible Sergeant Kramer in six episodes. In 1981–1982, he appeared as San Francisco police officer Schmidt in the nine-episode CBS crime drama Shannon starring Kevin Dobson in the title role. He played the part of District Attorney Bruce Rogoff in thirteen episodes of L.A. Law from 1986 until 1991. He also played minor roles in some films, including the film classics Catch-22 (1970) and Stand by Me (1986). He also appeared in the 1971 movie called How to Frame a Figg with Don Knotts and the 1972 comedy Another Nice Mess with Rich Little. A notable recent appearance was as Pop Ryan, father of Officer John Ryan (played by Matt Dillon) in the 2005 film Crash. Bruce Kirby was also active as an actor on New York's Broadway, appearing in Diamond Orchid (1965) and Death of a Salesman (1984). His late son, Bruno Kirby, was also a character actor in both comedies and dramas. His other son, John Kirby is an acting coach. == Filmography == Catch-22 (1970) - Doctor How to Frame a Figg (1971) - Dale Groat J.W. Coop (1971) - Diesel Tanker Driver Another Nice Mess (1972) - Adolf The Commitment (1976) - Simon Benson Fyre (1979) - Father The Muppet Movie (1979) - Gate Guard Sweet Dreams (1985) - Arthur Godfrey Stand by Me (1986) - Mr. Quidacioluo Armed and Dangerous (1986) - Police Captain Happy New Year (1987) - Taxi Driver Throw Momma from the Train (1987) - Detective DeBenedetto The In Crowd (1988) - Morris Lady in White (1988) - Cabbie The Big Picture (1989) - Businessman Bad Jim (1990) - Customer Joey Takes a Cab (1991) Another Time, Another Place (1992) - Cotton Traynor Mr. Wonderful (1993) - Dante Rave Review (1994) - Milton Mandler The Cottonwood (1996) A Bold Affair (1998) - Walter Autunno (1999) - Giovanni Vinnie and Angela's Beauty Salon and Funeral Parlor (1999) - Big Tony Crash (2004) - Pop Ryan Alpha Mail (2007) 2:22 (2008) - Norman Penn Bottom Feeders (2009) - Marv1

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Coleman A. Young International Airport<EOT>For information on these opportunities, call (313) 628-2146 or send an e-mail to detroitairport@detroitmi.gov . 1

Coleman A. Young International Airport

Coleman A. Young International Airport (IATA: DET, ICAO: KDET, FAA LID: DET) (Coleman A. Young Municipal Airport. formerly Detroit City Airport until 2003) is six miles northeast of downtown Detroit, in Wayne County, Michigan. It is owned by the City of Detroit. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a regional general aviation facility. In 2003, it was given its current name in honor of the late former Mayor of Detroit. The airport was once served by Southwest Airlines and Pro Air, both of which operated Boeing 737s from the airfield. Chautauqua Airlines served the airport but ceased service less than a year later. Spirit Airlines planned to fly McDonnell-Douglas DC-9s to DET in 1995, but the service never began. Pro Air, a scheduled passenger airline, was based at the airport and grounded by the FAA due to poor maintenance performance. The airport now has no scheduled passenger airline service. The airport's passenger terminal is also operated by the US Customs department, which serves private and cargo airplanes. The 53,000-square-foot (4,900 m²) passenger terminal includes space for restaurants, retail concessions, car rental facilities, airline offices, baggage pick-up and claim areas, boarding areas and passenger lounges. The airport has three 1,000 space parking lots. The airport was listed as an asset of the city of Detroit which could be sold to cover debts as a result of the city's 2013 bankruptcy filing. Other assets, such as public museums, are prohibited from sale due to private agreements and state laws. The future of the site as a functioning airport after such a sale is unclear.

Coleman A. Young International Airport (IATA: DET, ICAO: KDET, FAA LID: DET) (Coleman A. Young Municipal Airport. formerly Detroit City Airport until 2003) is six miles northeast of downtown Detroit, in Wayne County, Michigan. It is owned by the City of Detroit. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a regional general aviation facility. In 2003, it was given its current name in honor of the late former Mayor of Detroit. The airport was once served by Southwest Airlines and Pro Air, both of which operated Boeing 737s from the airfield. Chautauqua Airlines served the airport but ceased service less than a year later. Spirit Airlines planned to fly McDonnell-Douglas DC-9s to DET in 1995, but the service never began. Pro Air, a scheduled passenger airline, was based at the airport and grounded by the FAA due to poor maintenance performance. The airport now has no scheduled passenger airline service. The airport's passenger terminal is also operated by the US Customs department, which serves private and cargo airplanes. The 53,000-square-foot (4,900 m²) passenger terminal includes space for restaurants, retail concessions, car rental facilities, airline offices, baggage pick-up and claim areas, boarding areas and passenger lounges. The airport has three 1,000 space parking lots. The airport was listed as an asset of the city of Detroit which could be sold to cover debts as a result of the city's 2013 bankruptcy filing. Other assets, such as public museums, are prohibited from sale due to private agreements and state laws. The future of the site as a functioning airport after such a sale is unclear. == Former airline service (1966-2000) == The following airlines served Detroit City Airport: Wright Airlines (1966–1985) Northwest Airlink (1985–1988) Comair (1987–1991) Southwest Airlines (1988–1993) Direct Air (1988–1990) Northcoast Executive Airlines (1988–1990) Continental Express (1988–1991) Central State Airlines (1989–1990) Air Alpha (1991) USAir Express (1993–1994) Pro Air (1997–2000) DET was Detroit's primary airport until 1946-47 when almost all airline flights moved to Willow Run Airport and later to Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 13 weekday departures on American, 10 on Pennsylvania Central and one on Marquette. The June 1946 OAG shows 100 weekday departures on Pennsylvania Central, American, United, Northwest, Eastern, TWA, C&S and Michigan Central. == Facilities == The airport covers 264 acres (107 ha) at an elevation of 626 feet (191 m). It has two asphalt runways: 15/33 is 5,090 by 100 feet (1,551 m × 30 m) and 7/25 is 4,025 by 100 feet (1,227 m × 30 m). In 2007 the airport had 77,571 aircraft operations, average 212 per day: 88% general aviation and 11% air taxi and 1% military. 97 aircraft were then based at the airport: 84% single-engine, 11% multi-engine, 4% jet and 1% ultralight. Until around 1965 a gas tank 330 ft tall was at 42.40817N 83.00926W NAD83, less than 630 ft west of the centerline of runway 15/33. In 1989 mayor Coleman A. Young abandoned a plan to expand the airport's runway because the adjoining Gethsemane Cemetery blocked the way, and relatives protested. A few years later Southwest Airlines ended operations there, citing the city's inability to keep its promises and the need for longer runways to allow larger jets. in 1988, complaints were registered because the city removed/discarded several families' memorial statuary without notification, replacing them with simple flat in-ground markers, stating that the statues poses a collision risk should an airplane go off the end of the runway. The segment of E. McNichols Road. (aka "6 Mile Road") between Conner Ave. and French Rd at the north end of the airport was closed off and annexed to the airport, allowing for expansion of the approach to Runway 15 and additional service roads. Satellite photos still show some ruins of the original roadbed and a driveway to a motel and topless bar that used to reside on the south side of McNichols near Conner.1

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Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin<EOT>1

Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin

The IFA or Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (International radio exhibition Berlin, a.k.a. 'Berlin Radio Show') is one of the oldest industrial exhibitions in Germany. Between 1924 and 1939 it was an annual event, but as from 1950 it was organized on a two yearly basis until 2005. Since then it has become an annual event again, held in September. Today it is one of world's leading trade shows for consumer electronics and home appliances. It offers the opportunity to exhibitors to present their latest products and developments to the general public. As a result of daily reporting in almost all the German media, the radio exhibition achieves a large spreading of the information – and advertising messages and has also become international. In the course of its history, a large number of world innovations were first seen at the exhibition. As of 2015 IFA is “Europe’s biggest tech show”. 245,000 visitors and 1,645 exhibitors attended IFA 2015.

The IFA or Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (International radio exhibition Berlin, a.k.a. 'Berlin Radio Show') is one of the oldest industrial exhibitions in Germany. Between 1924 and 1939 it was an annual event, but as from 1950 it was organized on a two yearly basis until 2005. Since then it has become an annual event again, held in September. Today it is one of world's leading trade shows for consumer electronics and home appliances. It offers the opportunity to exhibitors to present their latest products and developments to the general public. As a result of daily reporting in almost all the German media, the radio exhibition achieves a large spreading of the information – and advertising messages and has also become international. In the course of its history, a large number of world innovations were first seen at the exhibition. As of 2015 IFA is “Europe’s biggest tech show”. 245,000 visitors and 1,645 exhibitors attended IFA 2015. == History == German physicist and inventor Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a cathode ray tube for both transmission (using flying-spot image scans, not a camera) and reception, at the 1931 show. In 1933 The Volksempfänger (VE 301 W), a Nazi-sponsored radio receiver design, was introduced. Ordered by Dr. Joseph Goebbels, designed by Otto Griessing, sold by Gustav Seibt, it was presented at the tenth Berliner Funkausstellung on 18 August 1933, its price fixed at 76 Reichsmark (RM). 100,000 units were sold during the exhibition. In 1938 the DKE 38 (Deutscher Kleinempfänger 38, i.e. German miniature receiver 1938) followed, the price fixed at 35 RM. AEG, founded in 1883 by Emil Rathenau, showed the first practical audio tape recorder, the Magnetophon K1, at the August 1935 show. In 1939 the exhibition was called Grosse Deutsche Funk- und Fernseh-Ausstellung (Great German Radio and Television Exhibition). The Einheits-Fernseh-Empfänger E1, a TV set designed to be affordable for everybody, was introduced. The physical display size was 7.68" × 8.86". Plans for large-scale manufacture were thwarted by the outbreak of World War II. Color TV was also introduced (a prototype), based on an invention by Werner Flechsig (cf. shadow mask). Multinational Dutch electronics corporation Philips introduced the compact audio cassette medium for audio storage and the first cassette recorder (the Philips EL3300), developed by ir. Lou Ottens and his team at the Philips factory in Hasselt, at the 1963 show, on Friday 30 August.1

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Revelry (song)<EOT>1

Revelry (song)

"Revelry" is the third single from Kings of Leon's fourth studio album Only by the Night, released on March 2, 2009. The single debuted in the UK Singles Chart at #55 via download sales alone on March 1, 2009, and peaked at #29 the following week. It dropped only two places to #31 during its second physical week. It has marked the band's ninth UK Top 40 single.

"Revelry" is the third single from Kings of Leon's fourth studio album Only by the Night, released on March 2, 2009. The single debuted in the UK Singles Chart at #55 via download sales alone on March 1, 2009, and peaked at #29 the following week. It dropped only two places to #31 during its second physical week. It has marked the band's ninth UK Top 40 single. == Track listing == "Revelry" - 3:21 "Pistol of Fire" (Mark Ronson Remix) - 3:17 == Charts and certifications == == Weekly charts == == Certifications == == Year-end charts == == Decade-end charts == 1

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Musashino Academia Musicae<EOT>Samuel "Savoirfaire" Williams is a Living Chicago Urban Legend { Classically trained professional – Occupation -( Jazz Violinist ) Jazz is an American Musical Art form based on Chord progressions derived from Early 20th Century American Popular music , specifically the period between 1915 – 1950 . At the age of 5 years old as part of a special group of Suzuki Violin child prodigies of Betty Haag . Samuel performed for the first time at Chicago ’s Orchestra Hall . This performance was part of a Public Television Broadcast . This became an Annual event that has span over 35 yrs ,of which Samuel performed with this group for five years . Samuel continued study of the Violin attending The Merit Music School participating in various curriculum offerings Music theory , Youth Orchestras ( CYS, CYSO , Protégé ,All City , All State ) and Private Violin instruction from Joseph Williams in the Traditional Method .Having exhibited a high level of proficiency on the Violin and strong leadership skills Samuel was invited by Conductor Frank Winkler to lead the principal desk for the Viola Section for the City Youth String ensemble at the age of 16 . Samuel went on to receive the Merit Music Grant to study Classical Viola with Edward Adelson for a Summer at Interlochen Music Camp . It was at Interlochen that Samuel sat in with Milt Jackson at a Jazz Workshop and after speaking with Mr. Jackson changed his musical focus to Jazz Violin. After several years of struggling to find his voice in Jazz . Samuel met Wynton Marsalis while working as an Andy Fran at Symphony Center and after performing for him and mentioning his desire to become a Professional Jazz Violinist , Mr. Marsalis instructed him to study with Jazz Violin Legend Johnny Frigo .Mr. Frigo was not interested in Teaching but mentored Samuel in the Jazz Tradition of allowing Samuel to sit in with him at his local performances.During this period Samuel began Classical Violin study with Violinist and Composer Harold Geller who was a Violin pupil of Ivan Galamian .Samuel continued his Classical training with Richard Ferrin Principal Violist for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra . To pay for his lessons Samuel " Busked " on the streets of Chicago and while busking Legendary Jazz Guitar Great Kenny Burrell invited Samuel to work on a Professional Bebop Performance at the Jazz Showcase with Willie Pickens and Larry Grey . In the year 2000 Samuel was voted into the Chicago Chapter of the elite jazz organization AACM for exhibiting an exemplary musical flexibility leading to Samuel being referred to as Savoirfaire . After releasing three independent Albums of Live recordings , Savoirfaire was discovered by Bob Koester owner of Delmark Records and has received critical acclaim internationally for his album “Running Out Of Time"(Delmark 562) . Savoirfaire continues to perform with his group Savoirfaire Jazz Quartet and has been invited to record for numerous albums and International Jazz Festivals worldwide most notably as a session string player for Otis Clay , R Kelly . In 2005 Samuel was personally invited to play an extra role as principal violinist with his quartet "Renascent Strings" in the movie "Proof " (05)with Gwenyth Paltrow and Anthony Hopkins a first in the history of American film making .Savoirfaire continues to trail blaze as a composer , producer and arranger breaking down industry barriers by integrating contemporary Jazz with other forms of music such as Hip Hop , Rock , and World Music. 1

Musashino Academia Musicae

Musashino Academia Musicae (武蔵野音楽大学 Musashino Ongaku Daigaku), located in Tokyo, Japan, is a music conservatory founded in 1929. After World War II, the music school expanded, becoming the Musashino College of Music. It now has educational sites in Nerima, Iruma, Saitama, and Tama, Tokyo.

Musashino Academia Musicae (武蔵野音楽大学 Musashino Ongaku Daigaku), located in Tokyo, Japan, is a music conservatory founded in 1929. After World War II, the music school expanded, becoming the Musashino College of Music. It now has educational sites in Nerima, Iruma, Saitama, and Tama, Tokyo. == Concert halls == Musashino Academia Musicae owns four music halls: Beethoven Hall Bach Saal Mozart Hall Schubert Hall == Notable faculty == Frank Bencriscutto (conducting) Kálmán Berkes (clarinet and conductor) Roger Bobo (tuba) == Graduates == Makoto Nakura (marimba) Toshiro Ohmi, Japanese popular singer, TV personality Saori Kobayashi, Japanese video game composer1

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FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015 – Women's downhill<EOT>1

FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015 – Women's downhill

The Women's downhill competition at the 2015 World Championships was held on Friday, February 6.

The Women's downhill competition at the 2015 World Championships was held on Friday, February 6. == Results == The race was started at 11:00 MST.1

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Bicycle helmet<EOT>Bloomfield A, 2000. Cycling: your health, the public's health and the planet's health. Making Cycling Viable symposium . Cameron M, Newstead S, Vulcan P, Finch C, 1994. Effects of the compulsory bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria during its first three years. Monash University Accident Research Centre . Riding a bike for transport - 2011 survey findings. Canberra: Cycling Promotion Fund. 2011. . Hendrie D, Legge M, Rosman D, Kirov C, 1999. An Economic Evaluation of the Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Legislation in Western Australia. Road Accident Prevention Research Unit . Johns R, . Cost Benefit Analysis. How it works, and when it doesn�t work. . University of British Columbia, 2011. Includes consideration of helmet benefits.. Walker M, 1996. Bicycling in Sydney: law compliance and attitudes to road safety. Velo Australis . Webber R, 1992. Cycling in Europe. Ausbike 1992 proceedings, Bicycle Fed of Australia . <doc-sep> High life expectancy confirms low risk in cycling. . Bonham J, Cathcart S, Petkov J, Lumb P, . Safety in numbers: a strategy for cycling?. University of South Australia . <doc-sep> If you have been injured . . . <doc-sep> The health benefits of cycling. . A case study of the effectiveness of bicycle helmets. . Rabl A, de Nazelle A, 2011. Benefits of shift from car to active transport. Transport Policy . 1

Bicycle helmet

A bicycle helmet is designed to attenuate impacts to the head of a cyclist in falls while minimizing side effects such as interference with peripheral vision. There is ongoing scientific research into the degree of protection offered by bicycle helmets in the event of an accident, and the effects of helmet wearing on cyclist and motor vehicle driver behaviour. There is active debate over what can be concluded from available studies, and on whether the use of helmets by cyclists should be promoted or mandated, either just for children, or for cyclists of all ages. In particular the debate over bicycle helmet laws is intense and occasionally bitter, often based not only on differing interpretations of the scientific and other academic literature, but also on differing assumptions and interests of various parties.

A bicycle helmet is designed to attenuate impacts to the head of a cyclist in falls while minimizing side effects such as interference with peripheral vision. There is ongoing scientific research into the degree of protection offered by bicycle helmets in the event of an accident, and the effects of helmet wearing on cyclist and motor vehicle driver behaviour. There is active debate over what can be concluded from available studies, and on whether the use of helmets by cyclists should be promoted or mandated, either just for children, or for cyclists of all ages. In particular the debate over bicycle helmet laws is intense and occasionally bitter, often based not only on differing interpretations of the scientific and other academic literature, but also on differing assumptions and interests of various parties. == About helmets == == History of designs == A cycle helmet should generally be light in weight and provide ample ventilation because cycling can be an intense aerobic activity which significantly raises body temperature, and the head in particular needs to be able to regulate its temperature. The dominant form of the helmet up to the 1970s was the leather "hairnet" style. This offered acceptable protection from scrapes and cuts, but only minimal impact protection, and was mainly used by racing cyclists. More widespread use of helmets began in the U.S. in the 1970s. After many decades, when bicycles were regarded only as children's toys, many American adults took up cycling during and after the bike boom of the 1970s. Two of the first modern bicycle helmets were made by MSR, a manufacturer of mountaineering equipment, and Bell Sports, a manufacturer of helmets for auto racing and motorcycles. These helmets were a spin-off from the development of expanded polystyrene foam liners for motorcycling and motorsport helmets and had hard polycarbonate plastic shells. The bicycle helmet arm of Bell was split off in 1991 as Bell Sports Inc., having completely overtaken the motorcycle and motorsports helmet business. The first commercially successful purpose-designed bicycle helmet was the Bell Biker, a polystyrene-lined hard shell released in 1975. At the time there was no appropriate standard; the only applicable one, from Snell, would be passed only by a light open-face motorcycle helmet. Over time the design was refined and by 1983 Bell were making the V1-Pro, the first polystyrene helmet intended for racing use. In 1984 Bell produced the Lil Bell Shell, a no-shell children's helmet. These early helmets had little ventilation. In 1985, Snell B85 was introduced, the first widely adopted standard for bicycle helmets; this has subsequently been refined into B90 and B95 (see Standards below). At this time helmets were almost all either hard-shell or no-shell (perhaps with a vacuum-formed plastic cover). Ventilation was still minimal due mainly to technical limitations of the foams and shells in use. Around 1990 a new construction technique was invented: in-mould micro shell. A very thin shell was incorporated during the moulding process. This rapidly became the dominant technology, allowing for larger vents and more complex shapes than hard shells. Use of hard shells declined rapidly among the general cyclist population during the 1990s, almost disappearing from road and cross country mountain bike helmets by the end of the decade, but remaining popular with BMX riders and more aggressive mountain bike disciplines such as downhill riding. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw advances in retention and fitting systems, with cradles which adjust precisely to the rider's head, replacing the old system of varying thickness pads. This resulted in the back of the head being less covered by the helmet, although more recent designs have largely addressed this. Since more advanced helmets began being used in the Tour de France, carbon fiber inserts are often used to increase strength and protection of the helmet. The Giro Atmos and Ionos, as well as the Bell Alchera, were among the first to use carbon fiber. Some modern road and track racing bicycle helmets have a long tapering back end for streamlining. This type of helmet is mainly dedicated to time trial racing as they lack significant ventilation, making them uncomfortable for long races. == History of standards == In the United States the Snell Memorial Foundation, an organization initially established to create standards for motorcycle and auto racing helmets, implemented one of the first standards, since updated. Snell's standard includes testing of random samples. In 1990 the Consumers' Association (UK) market survey showed that around 90 % of helmets on sale were Snell B90 certified. By their 1998 survey, the number of Snell certified helmets was around zero. There are two main types of helmet: hard shell and soft/micro shell (no-shell helmets are now rare). Hard shells declined rapidly among the general cyclist population over this period, almost disappearing by the end of the decade, but remained more popular with BMX riders as well as inline skaters and skateboarders. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) created a standard called ANSI Z80.4 in 1984. Later, the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) created its own mandatory standard for all bicycle helmets sold in the United States, which took effect in March 1999. In the European Union (EU) the currently applicable standards are EN 1078:1997 and EN 1080:1997. In Australia and New Zealand, the current legally-required standard is AS/NZS 2063. A 2004 report concluded that the performance requirements of the 1996 version of this standard was slightly less strict than the Snell B95 standard but incorporated a quality assurance requirement, making it arguably safer. == Design intentions and standards == The standards are intended to reduce acceleration to (and within) the head due to impact, as a stiff liner made of expanded polystyrene is crushed against the head. However, both the CPSC and the EN 1078 standards only look at linear accelerations and ignore rotational accelerations. The rotational accelerations that arise in bicycle accidents can be large enough to cause concussions, diffuse axonal injury and subdural haematoma. A few new helmets are designed to reduce rotational accelerations in accidents. It is important that a helmet fit the cyclist properly – in one study of children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years, 96 % were found to be incorrectly fitted. Efficacy of incorrectly fitted helmets is reckoned to be much lower; one estimate states that risk is increased almost twofold. The Snell Memorial Foundation recommends that any helmet that has sustained a substantial blow should be discarded and replaced, including any helmet involved in a crash in which the head has hit a hard surface or in which a fall has resulted in marks on the shell. Because some helmet materials deteriorate with age, the Snell Memorial Foundation recommends that a helmet be replaced at least every 5 years, or sooner if the manufacturer recommends it. In 2015 several manufacturers were making, or seeking financing to make, folding helmets in various designs. == History of use == Helmets use varies greatly between populations and between groups. Downhill mountain bikers and amateur sportive cyclists normally wear helmets, and helmet use is enforced in professional cycle sport and in a few legal jurisdictions. Utility cyclists and children are much less likely to wear helmets unless compelled. == Required helmet use in cycling sport == Historically, road cycling regulations set by the sport's ruling body, Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), did not require helmet use, leaving the matter to individual preferences and local traffic laws. The majority of professional cyclists chose not to wear helmets, citing discomfort and claiming that helmet weight would put them in a disadvantage during uphill sections of the race. The first serious attempt by the UCI to introduce compulsory helmet use was 1991 Paris–Nice race, which resulted in a riders' strike, and UCI abandoned the idea. While voluntary helmet use in professional ranks rose somewhat in the 1990s, the turning point in helmet policy was the March 2003 death of Andrei Kivilev at the Paris–Nice. The new rules were introduced on 5 May 2003, with the 2003 Giro d'Italia being the first major race affected. The 2003 rules allowed for discarding the helmets during final climbs of at least 5 kilometres in length; subsequent revisions made helmet use mandatory at all times. == Cycling risk and head injury == In the USA, two-thirds of cyclists admitted to hospital have a head injury. Ninety percent of cyclist deaths are caused by collisions with motor vehicles. For cyclists admitted to hospital in Western Australia before the helmet law, about 30% of cyclists and 30% of pedestrians had head injuries. Trends and proportions of cyclists admitted to hospital with head injury were similar for all road users. == Comparison to other modes of transportation == An article by Roger Ford in Informed Sources, and a paper by Malcolm Wardlaw, reported that measured per hour, the risk of driving, cycling and walking are similar. A 2010 study by Tin Tin et al., at the School of Population Health at the University of Auckland, found that in New Zealand the average number of serious (AIS>3) (not necessarily head) injuries per million hours spent travelling in 2003-07 was 6.2 for cyclists, 1.0 for pedestrians, and 0.8 for car/van drivers. This study was based on data from New Zealand, and the authors point out that "our findings indicate that cyclists are likely to be at greater risk when travelling in the road environment of auto-centric countries like New Zealand." == Effectiveness == == Meta-analyses == There are several meta-analyses and reviews which synthesize and evaluate the results of multiple case-control studies. A 1999 Cochrane review of case-control studies of bicycle helmets by Thompson et al., a team funded by the helmet industry, said that "helmets provide a 63 to 88% reduction in the risk of head, brain and severe brain injury for all ages of bicyclists. Helmets provide equal levels of protection for crashes involving motor vehicles (69%) and crashes from all other causes (68%). Injuries to the upper and mid facial areas are reduced 65%.". A 2001 meta-analysis commissioned by the Australian government said that there was "overwhelming evidence in support of helmets for preventing head injury and fatal injury". A 2012 re-analysis, by Elvik, concluded that the 2001 meta-analysis "was influenced by publication bias and time-trend bias that was not controlled for. As a result, the analysis reported inflated estimates of the effects of bicycle helmets". Elvik writes "When the risk of injury to head, face or neck is viewed as a whole, bicycle helmets do provide a small protective effect. This effect is statistically significant in older studies. New studies, summarised by a random-effects model of analysis, indicate only a statistically non-significant protective effect". As a result of a challenge to the accuracy of the meta-analysis, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration removed the language, "up to 85 percent effective" from their web site. They also reworded their web site to read, "Bicycle helmets are the single most effective piece of equipment to reduce head injuries in the event of a crash." == Health benefits of cycling == Studies from China, Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom show that regular cyclists live longer because the health effects far outweigh the risk of crashes. A reduction in the number of cyclists is likely to harm the health of the population more than any possible protection from injury. UK figures show that it takes at least 8000 years of average cycling to produce one clinically severe head injury and 22,000 years for one death. De Jong developed a mathematical model to evaluate the health-risk trade-offs of all-age mandatory helmet laws, if they were to be introduced in various North American and Western European countries. He concluded that helmet laws appear to offer net health benefit only in those countries with more dangerous bicycling environments under optimistic assumptions of the efficacy of helmets. Newbold suggested improvements to the De Jong model, and, using published cycling statistics for the United States in his revised model, found that mandatory bicycle helmet laws would seem to have positive net public health benefits there. However, Newbold stressed that there were many parameters to these models which require further research to properly quantitate, and that results should be considered provisional rather than definitive. Some researchers have suggested that a legal requirement to wear helmets there may have dissuaded people from cycling, and that repeal of these laws could lead to increased cycling. This suggestion has been criticized. Fewer cyclists might lead to increased risks per cyclist due to the "safety in numbers" effect. According to one source, the probability of an individual cyclist being struck by a motorist declines with the 0.6 power of the number of cyclists on the road. This means that if the number of cyclists on the road doubles, then the average individual cyclist can ride for an additional 50% of the time without increasing the probability of being struck. It is thought that the increased frequency of motorist-cyclist interaction creates more aware motorists. == Risk compensation == It has been hypothesised that the wearing of helmets may make cyclists feel safer and thus take more risks. This hypothetical effect is known as risk compensation or risk homeostasis. Some authors have suggested that risk compensation occurs with other road safety interventions such as seat belts and anti-lock braking systems, but these views are disputed by other road safety experts. A Spanish study of traffic accidents between 1990 and 1999 found that helmeted cyclists involved in accidents were less likely to have committed a traffic law violation than unhelmeted cyclists, and that helmeted cyclists were no more likely to have committed a speeding violation in association with the accident than unhelmeted cyclists. The authors concluded that "…although the findings do not support the existence of a strong risk compensation mechanism among helmeted cyclists, this possibility cannot be ruled out." In one experimental study, adults accustomed to wearing helmets cycled more slowly without a helmet, but no difference in helmeted and unhelmeted cycling speed was found for cyclists who do not usually wear helmets. An experimental study found that children negotiating an obstacle course on foot went faster and took more risks when wearing safety gear (including helmets). A telephone interview study found that in hypothetical scenarios of their children wearing protective equipment or not, parents' ratings of permissible risk for their children was higher if protective gear was hypothetically worn. Motorists may also alter their behavior toward helmeted cyclists. One study by Walker in England found that 2500 vehicles passed a helmeted cyclist with measurably less clearance (8.5 cm less) than that given to the same cyclist unhelmeted (out of an average total passing distance of 1.2 to 1.3 metres). The significance of these differences has been re-analysed by Olivier. As described above, in 1988 Rodgers re-analysed data which supposedly showed helmets to be effective; he found data errors and methodological weaknesses, and concluded that in fact the data showed "bicycle-related fatalities are positively and significantly associated with increased helmet use". He mentioned risk compensation as one possible explanation of this association. == Accidental hanging by helmet straps == There are cases of young children playing (on or near bunk beds, trees, clothes lines, play equipment etc.) suffering death or severe brain damage as a result of hanging by the straps of their bicycle helmets. European Standard EN 1080, which uses a weak retention system designed to open under load, was published in 1997 to address this problem. Such helmets are not intended for use anywhere motor vehicles are present. To avoid serious accidents, parents and carers should take care to ensure that children do not wear bicycle helmets during unsupervised play, or when using climbing equipment. == Opinions for and against the compulsion or strong promotion of helmets == == Supporters == Significant helmet promotion preceded epidemiological studies evaluating the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in bicycle crashes. Received opinion in some English-speaking countries is that bicycle helmets are useful and that every cyclist should wear one; helmets had become a ‘ "Mom and apple pie" issue’ in the United States by 1991 according to the League of American Bicyclists. The National Health Service of the United Kingdom lists wearing a helmet as one of its "cycling safety tips" for beginners and states "wearing a cycling helmet can help prevent a head injury if you fall from your bike". The American Medical Association Medical Student Section has stated that "helmet use is an effective public health intervention". A number of cycling advocacy organizations support helmet use or legislation. The League of American Bicyclists "has encouraged the wearing of helmets via its publications and its education program for many years. Since 1991 the League has required participants in League-sponsored events to wear helmets." Cycling Action Network (CAN), a nationwide New Zealand cycling advocacy group, "fully supports the use of helmets when undertaking recreational cycling in difficult terrain or high-speed competitive racing." Bicycle Network, Australia's largest bike riding organisation, supports the helmet legislation. Bicycle Queensland supports helmet laws, noting that "ample research shows the safety benefits of wearing helmets surpasses the no-helmet personal-freedom argument". Numerous health medical groups support helmet laws. These include the World Health Organization, the British Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Canadian Paediatric Society, the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine, and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the (British) Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents recommend wearing helmets. Safety groups Safe Kids USA and the National Safety Council urge helmet wearing. SWOV (the Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research) recommends helmet use. Temple University's Public Health Law Research program classifies bicycle helmets laws as an "effective" public health intervention, based on a review of scholarly research. The British National Children's Bureau supports and promotes helmet use. == Opponents == Dorothy Robinson reviewed data from jurisdictions where helmet use increased following legislation, and concluded that helmet laws did not demonstrably reduce cyclists' head injuries. Mayer Hillman, a transport and road safety analyst from the UK, does not support the use of helmets, reasoning that they are of very limited value in the event of a collision with a car, that risk compensation negates their protective effect and because he feels their promotion implicitly shifts responsibility of care to the cyclist. He also cautions against placing the recommendations of surgeons above other expert opinion in the debate, comparing it to drawing conclusions on whether it is worthwhile to buy lottery tickets by sampling only a group of prizewinners. The prominent UK-based cycling activist John Franklin is skeptical of the merits of helmets, regarding proactive measures including bike maintenance and riding skills as being more important. Cyclists' representative groups complain that focus on helmets diverts attention from other issues which are much more important for improving bicycle safety, such as road danger reduction, training, roadcraft, and bicycle maintenance. In 1998 the European Cyclists' Federation (ECF) adopted a position paper rejecting compulsory helmet laws as being likely to have greater negative rather than positive health effects. The UK's largest cyclists' organisation, Cycling UK, believes that the "overall health effects of compulsory helmets are negative." The Dutch Fietsersbond (Cyclists' Union) summarized existing evidence and concluded that a compulsory helmet law (for utility cyclists) would have a negative impact on population health: "Helmet laws save a few brains, but destroy a lot of hearts". No policy position was provided for other types of cycling, particular mountain biking (MTB) and all forms of on- and off-road cycle sports. In March 2013, Malcolm Wardlaw was reported by the Guardian saying that helmet compulsion "should be challenged. It's sending out the wrong message about cycling being dangerous. It's as pernicious as saying smoking is safe." == Legislation and culture == The following countries have mandatory helmet laws, in at least one jurisdiction, for either minors only, or for all riders: Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Spain requires helmets on interurban routes. In the U.S. 21 states have statewide mandatory helmet laws for minors of varying ages, and 37 states have mandatory helmet laws for varying age groups in varying jurisdictions. Nearly 9 in 10 American adults support helmet laws for children. Israel's helmet law was never enforced or obeyed, and the adult element has been revoked; Mexico City has repealed its helmet law. In 2004, a Bill proposing to make the wearing of bicycle helmets compulsory came before the UK Parliament, and was defeated. Horton observed: "The 2004 Parliamentary Bill was unanimously opposed by the cycling establishment, with every major cycling organisation and magazine rejecting helmet compulsion." A 2016 Irish postage stamp originally depicting a cyclist with helmet and hi-vis vest was altered to remove those after Cycling Ireland complained that it would discourage people from taking up cycling. Although a causal link is not proven, it is observed that the countries with the best cycle safety records (Denmark and the Netherlands) have among the lowest levels of helmet use. Their bicycle safety record is generally attributed to public awareness and understanding of cyclists, safety in numbers, education, and cycling infrastructure. A study of cycling in major streets of Boston, Paris and Amsterdam illustrates the variation in cycling culture: Boston had far higher rates of helmet-wearing (32% of cyclists, versus 2.4% in Paris and 0.1% in Amsterdam), Amsterdam had far more cyclists (242 passing bicycles per hour, versus 74 in Paris and 55 in Boston). Cycle helmet wearing rates in the Netherlands and Denmark are very low. An Australian journalist writes: "Rarities in Amsterdam seem to be stretch-fabric-clad cyclists and fat cyclists. Helmets are non-existent, and when people asked me where I was from, they would grimace and mutter: "Ah, yes, helmet laws." These had gained international notoriety on a par with our deadly sea animals. Despite the lack of helmets, cycling in the Netherlands is safer than in any other country, and the Dutch have one-third the number of cycling fatalities (per 100,000 people) that Australia has." Cycling UK say that cycling in the Netherlands and Denmark is perceived as a "normal" activity requiring no special clothing or equipment. Pucher and Buehler state: "The Dutch cycling experts and planners interviewed for this paper adamantly opposed the use of helmets, claiming that helmets discourage cycling by making it less convenient, less comfortable, and less fashionable. They also mention the possibility that helmets would make cycling more dangerous by giving cyclists a false sense of safety and thus encouraging riskier riding behavior." == Quotes == Towner et al. 2002, Section 7. Opinion Pieces: "In terms of tone, the bicycle helmet debate can best be described as sour and tetchy. Neither side seems willing to concede that there can be alternative points of view." Hagel et al. 2006: "Confounding variables may also influence both the exposure and outcome variables in the context of a time series or ecological study. For example, a fall in the number of bicyclists in the 1990s may simply reflect an increase in in-line skating or other recreational activities... Without evidence that those who allegedly stopped cycling rode enough to confer a heart health benefit or that they did not take up another healthy activity in its place, Robinson cannot conclude that decreases in cycling are harmful to health and her argument crumbles." Zehl 2008: Her 15-year-old son, Eddie Holewa, is a quadriplegic. But it wasn't always so. When Eddie was small, he was an effervescent, agile little boy -- but that was before the accident. He was 5 then, and still wearing his bicycle helmet when he started playing on a jungle gym. In a freak accident, his helmet somehow caught on the monkey bars, strangling him and cutting off oxygen to his brain. By the time Kayla Picciano, his now-18-year-old sister, found him, the damage couldn't be undone. His family has the advantage of around-the-clock care, including time at school, which wards off the emotional and physical exhaustion common to special-needs providers. To see Eddie is to understand the severity of his disability -- but to see him smile when his mom teases him is to understand there's still somebody alive and well inside his body. "He's a person," says Elizabeth Scott of Afton, one of his aides. "We can get him to laugh, and he cries at certain movies." Riches 2007: Helmet strangles boy, 3. Sam Riches, police reporter. 5 April 2007, Adelaide Now. A three-year-old boy died this afternoon after being strangled by the strap of a bike helmet. It is believed the boy tried to climb through a window while wearing the helmet and became wedged between the house wall and the window. Herald-Sun 2009: A six-year-old Tasmanian boy has accidentally hanged himself after getting entangled in a clothes line while jumping on a trampoline. Police said the boy was using a trampoline placed under a clothes line in the backyard of his New Norfolk home, north west of Hobart, about 11.30am today. As he jumped, the strap of his bicycle helmet got caught on the nylon rope of the clothes line and tightened around his neck. The clothes line appeared to have swung away from the trampoline, leaving the boy suspended and unable to free himself, police said. Attempts to resuscitate him were unsuccessful and he died at the scene. AP 2012: Investigators have determined that a bicycle helmet's strap strangled a 12-year-old boy while he was riding a zip line installed at his home outside Redmond. The King County Sheriff's office says Friday that Jackson Roos died when a safety line caught the back of his helmet and pulled it up. It caused the helmet strap to tighten around his neck and cut off his air supply. Detectives say the accident could not have been predicted. Roos' mother thought he was riding his bike around their home Wednesday when she went to look for him. She found him hanging from the zip line.1

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Anuruddha<EOT>How to cite this document (a suggested style): "Ananda: The Guardian of the Dhamma", by Hellmuth Hecker. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel273.html . <doc-sep> How to cite this document (a suggested style): "Anuruddha Sutta: To Anuruddha" (AN 8.30), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.030.than.html . <doc-sep> How to cite this document (a suggested style): "Buddhism in Sri Lanka: A Short History", by H.R. Perera. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 1 December 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/perera/wheel100.html . <doc-sep> The interaction between Tamil Nadu monks and Sri Lankan monks is also mentioned in the Mani Mekalai, the 6th Century Tamil literary epic by Sattanar. Among the other Tamil literary epics which show the influence of Buddhism are the Sillappadhihkaram, Valaiyapathi Kundalakesi and Jivaka Cintamani. The Manimekalai, is a Buddhist work, it expounds the doctrines and values of Buddhism. The book also mentions Tamil Buddhists in the island of Nagadipa off the coast of Jaffna. Since Tamil Nadu was largely Buddhist, one can easily conclude that the Tamil population in the north and east of Sri Lanka was also largely Buddhist. "The Tamil Buddhists who followed Theravada Buddhism shared common places of worship with the Sinhalese . There were also Tamil Buddhists who were followers of Mahayana Buddhism, and they had their own Mahayana temples", states L K . Devanda In his book Tamil Buddhism in Ancient South India and Sri Lanka. He points out that there are still some Tamil Buddhist establishments "Palli" in the East of Sri Lanka and possibly in the Jaffna peninsula. The best known is Velgam Vihare, which was renamed Rajaraja Perun Palli after the Chola emperor. Another was the Vikkirama Calamekan Perumpalli. Velgam Vihare also known as Natanar Kovil by the present day Tamils stands out as the only known example of a Tamil Vihare or Buddhist Palli. In the words of Dr Senerat Paranavithana –"an Ancient Buddhist shrine of the Tamil people"— some of the Tamil inscriptions found at the site record donations to this shrine and are dated in the reigns of the Chola kings Raja Raja chola and Rajendra Chola. It is the view of Dr Paranavithana that the date of the original foundation of the Vihare was considerably older. <doc-sep> "There is hope that the other will grow through my caring . . . [I]t is akin, in some ways, to the hope that accompanies the coming of spring . . . Such hope is not an expression of the insufficiency of the present in comparison with the sufficiency of a hoped-for future; it is rather an expression of the plenitude of the present, a present alive with a sense of the possible." related article SGI-USA Cohosts Martin Luther King Jr. Day Events in Santa Monica SGI-USA celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Day on January 20 with a festival themed "Unity in Community." SGI-USA cohosted the festival, held at its World Peace Ikeda Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, together with The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Westside Coalition and others including the City of Santa Monica and Santa Monica College Associates. <doc-sep> How to cite this document (a suggested style): "The Life of Sariputta", compiled and translated from the Pali texts by Nyanaponika Thera. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/wheel090.html . 1

Anuruddha

Anuruddha (Sinhala: අනුරුද්ධ මහ රහතන් වහන්සේ) was one of the ten principal disciples and a cousin of Gautama Buddha.

Anuruddha (Sinhala: අනුරුද්ධ මහ රහතන් වහන්සේ) was one of the ten principal disciples and a cousin of Gautama Buddha. == Early years == Anuruddha was the son of Sukkōdana and brother to Mahanama. Since Amitodana was the brother of Suddhodana, king of the Sakyas in Kapilavastu, Anuruddha was cousin to Siddhartha, (Gautama Buddha). He was a kshatriya by birth, enabling him to be raised in wealth. Anuruddha returned to his home town two years after the enlightenment of Gautama Buddha, preaching his ideas to the Sakyan kingdom. Together with his 3 cousins Bhaddiya, Ananda, and Devadatta and their barber Upali, became ordained by the Buddha at the Anupiya Mango Grove. == Religious life == Anuruddha acquired "divine vision" (dibba-cakkhu) and was ranked foremost among those who had the ability. Sariputta assigned the eight thoughts of a great man for Anuruddha to use as a meditation topic. Journeying into the Pacinavamsadaya in the Ceti country to practice, he was able to master seven, but could not learn the eighth, which Buddha taught him. Anuruddha developed insight and then realized arahantship. == Depiction == Anuruddha is depicted in the Pali Canon as an affectionate and loyal bhikkhu, and stood near the Buddha in assembly. At one point, when the Buddha was disappointed with the arguments of the monks at Kosambi, he retreated to Pacinavamsadaya to stay with Anuruddha. In many texts, even when a large number of distinguished monks were present, Anuruddha is often the recipient of the Buddha's questions, and answers on behalf of the sangha == After the Buddha == Anuruddha was present when the Buddha died at Kusinara. He was foremost in consoling the monks and admonishing their future course of action, reminding them of the Buddha's decree to follow the dharma. As the Buddha was reclining and going through the jhanas, Ananda said to Anuruddha: "The Exalted One has attained final Nibbana, Venerable Sir." Anuruddha, having divine vision, stated that the Buddha was absorbed in the state of "cessation," but had not yet died. Anuruddha was consulted by the Mallas of Kusinara regarding the Buddha's last obsequies. Later, at the First Buddhist Council, he played a notable role and was entrusted with the custody of the Anguttara Nikaya. Anuruddha died at Veluvagama in the Vajji country, in the shade of a bamboo thicket. He was one hundred and fifteen years old at the time of his death. == Depictions in the Jataka == Anuruddha is frequently depicted in the Jataka, which describes the previous reincarnations of Buddhist figures. In the time of Padumuttara Buddha, he had been a wealthy householder. Hearing one of the monks declared best among possessors of the celestial eye, he desired a similar honor. He performed acts of merit, including holding a great feast of light in front of the Buddha's tomb. In Kassapa Buddha's era he had reincarnated and was born in Varanasi; one day he placed bowls filled with ghee around the Buddha's tomb and set them alight, circumscribed the tomb throughout the night, bearing on his head a lighted bowl. He was reborn in an impoverished family in Varanasi and was named Annabhara. One day, while working for his master, the banker Sumana, he gave his meal to a Pratyekabuddha, Uparittha. The banker, having heard of Annabhara's pious deed, rewarded him by helping to establish a business for him. The king, impressed, gave him a site for a house, and when the ground beneath was excavated, yielded much buried treasure.1

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Drik Picture Library<EOT>1

Drik Picture Library

Drik Picture Library Ltd. is a picture library based in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Drik Picture Library Ltd. is a picture library based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. == Background == Drik Picture Library was set up by Bangladeshi writer and photographer Shahidul Alam and Bangladeshi writer and anthropologist Rahnuma Ahmed that has been awarded a grant by the Prince Claus Fund. The agency was set up in 1989 to provide a platform for local photographers in the majority world. Drik is Sanskrit for vision. Drik has gone on to provide media services that include web development, video production, print production and exhibitions. In 1998 it set up Pathshala, the South Asian Institute of Photography, and Chobi Mela, the first festival of photography in Asia. Drik uses new media extensively in its activism and introduced email to Bangladesh in the early nineties. It also set up Banglarights, the Bangladesh Human Rights Network, and DrikNEWS, independent news that extensively uses citizen journalism. Drik has also set up Majority World, an unprecedented photo library and agency set up to promote the work of photographers from the Global South and to promote Fair Trade Photography. It is headquartered in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, but also has branch offices in India and the UK. == Pathshala South Asian Media Institute == Pathshala, the South Asian Media Institute was set up in 1998 by the Bangladesh photographer, writer and activist Shahidul Alam, as "Pathshala South Asian Institute of Photography". It is affiliated to Sunderland University and Bolton University in the UK; Oslo University College in Norway; Edith Cowan University in Australia; and The Danish School of Journalism. It provides a Bachelors degree in photography which is, however, not recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC) or National University Affiliation with the country's oldest university, Dhaka University, is in process. The school has however received death threats by fundamentalists claiming photography is un-Islamic. Students have been active in social movements and have organised exhibitions addressing social concerns at overseas events. Pathshala, after consultations with international and local experts and local stakeholders, has now been set up as a media academy, to help strengthen other fields of media. == Students == Student awards have included first prize in World Press Photo Contest, The National Geographic All Roads Awards, and the Prix Pictet. Several students have made it to the Photo District News' 'PDN's 30 2008' Alumna Taslima Akhter has won several awards, including the Best Photographer Award from the 5th Dali International Photography Exhibition in China. Since 2002, Pathshala alumni GMB Akash, Munem Wasif, Andrew Biraj, and Saiful Huq Omi have been selected for the Joop Swart Masterclass run by World Press Photo. Pathshala alumni Khaled Hasan and Saiful Huq Omi have won the National Geographic All Roads Awards, while alumni Munem Wasif received the Prix Pictet Commission on "Water".1

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Duane Clarridge<EOT>Mr. Newsom: At what point did you . . . have knowledge that the cargo of the plane was actually weapons? [T]he question was asked when did I feel that that shipment in November, the 25th, had had weapons on board. By the 26th or 27th -- and I can't give you a precise date -- Charlie Allen was showing me [intelligence reports] . . . that indicated that that flight had had munitions or something on board.7 Mr. Eggleston: . . . it is your understanding as of that time [November 22] that the cargo onboard is oil drilling equipment . . . ? Mr. Eggleston: You had not heard . . . other than this cable . . . that reflected what the pilots had said . . . that it [the cargo] was anything other than oil-drilling equipment? About an hour after Allen left Clarridge's office, North arrived.49 The mission was now proceeding on two separate fronts. While the senior CIA field officer and the charge AE1 were still trying to obtain clearances from the European country, North was attempting to set up a series of flights using the CIA proprietary and flying through a different city, perhaps in a second European country.50 Clarridge, who was monitoring efforts in the first European country, was simultaneously attempting to arrange clearances for a CIA proprietary to fly from Israel through an Asian country's airspace with a possible stopover in the second European country ``for deception purposes,'' that is, to satisfy the Asian country's concerns about being involved with a direct flight from Israel to Iran.51 Clarridge informed senior field personnel in both the second European country and the Asian country that the mission was essential to the release of the U.S. hostages.52 By this time, a CIA Air Branch officer was in Clarridge's office to discuss staffing the proprietary flights and arranging an ``appropriate cover . . . so it would look like a normal charter activity.'' 53 Allen had also returned to Clarridge's office along with another CIA intelligence official, Dr. Joseph Markowitz; thus, Clarridge, North, Allen, the CIA Air Branch officer, and Markowitz were all in Clarridge's office working on the operation.54 . . . I can't recall whether he specifically said HAWK missile parts or TOWs or what; but he indicated there was military equipment on board. . . . I'm not positive he said missiles. He said military equipment. My impression is that he said missiles, but I can't be 100 percent certain of it. While the computer note does not establish that North told Clarridge the cargo was weapons before November 24, it does contradict Clarridge's testimony that he did not get ``a fix on'' the cargo until ``January [1986] when Charlie Allen debriefed . . . the Iranian go-between in all this.'' 84 It also contradicts Clarridge's testimony that his only involvement with the planning for shipments in December 1985 was ``getting the aircraft clearances.'' 85 Clarridge disputed the story told in the December 4, 1985 computer note, claiming not to remember any conversations during early December 1985 with North about the operation, and specifically denying that he and North had gone over the ``whole concept twice.'' 86 Indeed, Clarridge testified that as late as the middle of December 1985, when he pointed out to North that reliable intelligence reports were ``beginning to . . . suggest'' that the cargo had been weapons, that North still maintained it was oil-drilling equipment.87 Finally, the relationship between North and Clarridge makes more compelling the evidence that North told Clarridge that the cargo of the November 1985 shipment was weapons. North and Clarridge had a close working relationship, dating back to Clarridge's work in support of the contras when he was chief of the Latin American Division. According to former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence John McMahon, ``North thought that Duane Clarridge was the best guy in CIA . . . [b]ecause he was . . . an action-oriented guy who would get things done.'' 88 He described North and Clarridge as ``professionally close'' and ``peas in a pod.'' 89 The husband of a CIA employee who had worked for Clarridge recalled a CIA Christmas party he attended at which Clarridge was wearing an ``Ollie North is an American Hero'' T-shirt.90 Assuming the ``missing cable'' was sent, the next question is, was it received at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia? The cables between Langley and the European country that weekend were sent in Clarridge's ``privacy channel'' -- a special channel for ``background exchanges on sensitive issues between Chiefs of Division and [senior field officers]. . . .'' 130 Privacy channel cables may be retained only ``temporarily''; they must be destroyed once the ``issue in question is transferred to the command channel or when the temporary circumstances end.'' 131 Although the senior CIA officer in the European country destroyed all of his copies of the cables, Clarridge instructed his secretary to retain copies in an unofficial, ``shadow'' file.132 Clarridge's secretary maintained carbon copies of the cables in a file ``in a corner of her desk,'' while the originals went to CIA field chronological files and were routinely purged in accordance with normal practice.133 Clarridge's secretary kept the file even after Clarridge left to become chief of the Counterterrorism Center because she ``never got around to throwing the material away.'' 134 When the Iran/contra affair became public in November 1986, Clarridge called his former secretary to see if she still had the file, and she sent the entire file to him.135 It turned out that Clarridge had retained the CIA's only file of the November 1985 cables. 140 CIA Communications Expert, FBI 302, 11/21/91, pp. 2-3. When asked if he knew of any explanation for the missing cable, former Deputy Director for Operations Clair E. George testified, ``I suppose three times in the last 20 years I have seen a cable eaten alive by the relay station. . . . The odds are so high, I am afraid we would be foolish to think that happened.'' (George, Select Committees Deposition, 8/5/87, p. 296.) an extremely sensitive NSC initiative, that . . . had been held with a small number of people in Washington at the White House and Defense and within the Central Intelligence Agency, that the Department of State was not part of this process, and that through this process we had obtained the release of Reverend Weir [a U.S. hostage in Lebanon released in September 1985]. . . .150 157 Allen, FBI 302, 1/10/91, p. 3. In his testimony before congressional investigators, Allen was never quite so forthcoming. When questioned about North's assertion that the cargo was oil-drilling equipment, Allen testified that he ``had doubts . . . as to whether Colonel North was being totally candid. . . .'' (Allen, Select Committees Deposition, 4/21/87, p. 165.) At other times he referred to a ``suspicion'' he had that the cargo was weapons. (Ibid., 7/2/87, pp. 674-78; ibid., 6/29/87, pp. 625-26.) He never admitted to congressional investigators, however, that he knew the cargo was weapons. (See Allen, Select Committees Deposition, 7/2/87, p. 678, denying certainty about cargo but admitting ``suspicion.'') 170 Clarridge was formally reprimanded and reduced in rank for ``provid[ing] assistance to the NSC staff in connection with [shipping arms to Iran] . . . without appropriate authorizations.'' (Letter from Webster to Clarridge, 12/16/87.) In a memorandum for the record of his meeting with Clarridge to discuss the reprimand, Webster wrote that he told Clarridge that he was ``culpable in respect to his testimony before Congress'' and for ``fail[ing] to keep his senior officials properly apprised and to obtain appropriate authorizations'' in connection with the use of the CIA proprietary in November 1985. (Memorandum from Webster to the Record, 12/16/87.) In other words, Clarridge was reprimanded for failing to tell Juchniewicz the truth about the operation when he sought approval for using the proprietary. According to Juchniewicz, even if Clarridge thought the cargo was ``commercial,'' he had an obligation to inform Juchniewicz that the purpose of the mission was to secure the release of the hostages and that the flight was going into Iran. (Juchniewicz, FBI 302, 3/20/91, p. 13.) If he knew the cargo was weapons, it would have been even more critical that he inform his superiors. (Ibid.) Thus, once Clarridge lied to Juchniewicz, he had to lie to Congress to conceal the first lie. If he was reprimanded merely for not informing Juchniewicz that the mission was about the hostages and that the flight was going into Iran, Clarridge might well have been fired for failing to inform Juchniewicz that the cargo was weapons. The testimony of John McMahon, former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, was that Clarridge would withhold information from his superiors if he thought the superior would impede an operation he believed in. (McMahon, FBI 302, 2/15/91, p. 9.) Juchniewicz agreed, stating that Clarridge ``never told anyone a full story,'' and that Clair George and McMahon never felt that Clarridge ``squared with them.'' (Juchniewicz, FBI 302, 3/20/91, p. 14) (quotations are from the report, which paraphrases Juchniewicz). McMahon believed that using oil-drilling equipment as a cover story within the CIA would have been a good way to get the operation ``through the CIA hierarchy without setting off alarms. . . .'' (McMahon, FBI 302, 2/15/91, p. 9) (quotations are from the report, which paraphrases McMahon). an extremely sensitive NSC initiative, that . . . had been held with a small number of people in Washington at the White House and Defense and within the Central Intelligence Agency, that the Department of State was not part of this process, and that through this process we had obtained the release of Reverend Weir.173 Finally, in a cable Clarridge sent to the senior CIA officer in the second European country on November 25, 1985, he wrote: ``One of the key elements for [the Asian country] is the requirement that they have at least a good approximation when the aircraft is going to enter their airspace eastbound. . . . If this were a normal commercial flight, it probably wouldn't make much difference to them but under the circumstances it does.'' 174 1

Duane Clarridge

Duane Ramsdell "Dewey" Clarridge (April 16, 1932 – April 9, 2016) was an American senior operations officer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and supervisor for more than 30 years. Clarridge was the chief of the Latin American division from 1981 to 1987 and a key figure in the Iran-Contra Affair.

Duane Ramsdell "Dewey" Clarridge (April 16, 1932 – April 9, 2016) was an American senior operations officer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and supervisor for more than 30 years. Clarridge was the chief of the Latin American division from 1981 to 1987 and a key figure in the Iran-Contra Affair. == CIA career == Clarridge was born into a "staunchly Republican family" in Nashua, New Hampshire. His father was Duane Herbert Clarridge, and his mother was Alice Scott Ramsdale. Duane Herbert Clarridge worked as a dentist. Duane Ramsdell Clarridge went to the private college preparatory Peddie School for high school, and then went to the Ivy League Brown University. For graduate school he went to Columbia University's Graduate School of International Affairs and joined the CIA in 1955. He then rose through the ranks of the CIA in "a normal career pattern up to the late 70s", (as quoted in an interview he gave to CNN's Cold War Episodes program), being chief of the CIA station in Istanbul, where he maintained close contacts with the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish stay-behind anti-communist organization. He transferred to Rome before becoming chief of the Latin America division in 1981. According to the New York Times, "[f]rom his days running secret wars for the C.I.A. in Central America to his consulting work in the 1990s on a plan to insert Special Operations troops in Iraq to oust Saddam Hussein, Mr. Clarridge has been an unflinching cheerleader for American intervention overseas." During his three-year tenure, he directed several of the CIA's more notorious operations in Latin America, including the 1984 mining of Nicaraguan harbors, an act for which the United States was convicted in a 1986 World Court case at the Hague (Nicaragua v. United States). When asked about his role in the mining, Clarridge was open about his involvement but downplayed the severity of the covert operation: "So we decided to go big time for the economics alright... So I was sitting at home one night, frankly having a glass of gin, and I said you know the mines has gotta be the solution. I knew we had 'em, we'd made 'em outta sewer pipe and we had the good fusing system on them and we were ready. And you know they wouldn't really hurt anybody because they just weren't that big a mine, alright? Yeah, with luck, bad luck we might hurt somebody, but pretty hard you know?" Clarridge was also instrumental in organizing and recruiting Contra forces to overthrow Nicaragua's leftist Sandinista government. Clarridge used aliases such as "Dewey Maroni" during these operations. He described the early Contra force as "about 500... some of them were former members of the Nicaraguan National Guard (whose leader Anastasio Somoza Debayle had been overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979), or a lot of them were just you know peasants from the mountainous areas between Honduras and Nicaragua who had been at war with somebody, forever. And in many respects they were like a bunch of cattle rustlers. Bandits. Not bandits, they weren't robbing people but they were doing the things they do in that area." But, Clarridge maintained, by the end of the conflict, the Contras numbered more than 20,000 peasants due less to the CIA's efforts than to the Sandinistas' attempts at reeducation and land redistribution. He admitted to the House Intelligence Committee staff in a secret briefing in 1984 that the Contras were routinely murdering "civilians and Sandinista officials in the provinces as; well as heads of cooperatives, nurses, doctors and judges". But he claimed that this did not violate President Reagan's executive order prohibiting assassinations because the agency defined it as just 'killing'. "After all, this is war—a paramilitary operation," Clarridge said in conclusion. In 1984 he became chief of the European Division of the CIA, where he ran a successful "counterterrorist" operation. Later, with the support of CIA director William Casey, he set up a Counterterrorist Center that operated out of Langley, Virginia. == Iran-Contra == Clarridge has said that he had no involvement in the later illegal diversion of funds to the Contras. Clarridge was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements. On Christmas Eve 1992 in the waning hours of his presidency, George H. W. Bush pardoned Clarridge before his trial could finish. At the same time, Bush pardoned five of Clarridge's associates in the Iran-Contra Affair including former Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, Elliott Abrams, a former assistant secretary of state for Inter-American affairs; former National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane; and former CIA employees Alan Fiers and Clair George. The final version of the Walsh Report concluded that "there was strong evidence that Clarridge’s testimony was false." == Post-CIA career == Clarridge operated a "private spying operation . . . from poolside at his home near San Diego." According to the New York Times, he "fielded operatives in the mountains of Pakistan and the desert badlands of Afghanistan." Specifically, he "sought to discredit Ahmed Wali Karzai, the Kandahar power broker who has long been on the C.I.A. payroll, and planned to set spies on his half brother, the Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, in hopes of collecting beard trimmings or other DNA samples that might prove Mr. Clarridge’s suspicions that the Afghan leader was a heroin addict." In addition to these efforts, Clarridge's "dispatches—an amalgam of fact, rumor, analysis and uncorroborated reports—have been sent to military officials who, until last spring at least, found some credible enough to be used in planning strikes against militants in Afghanistan. They are also fed to conservative commentators, including Oliver L. North, a compatriot from the Iran-contra days and now a Fox News analyst, and Brad Thor, an author of military thrillers and a frequent guest of Glenn Beck." Colleagues said that Clarridge viewed the CIA "largely with contempt." He has "likened his operation, called the Eclipse Group, to the Office of Strategic Services, the C.I.A.’s World War II precursor." In November 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times reported that Clarridge was a top adviser to the Ben Carson presidential campaign on terrorism and national security. Clarridge was quoted as indicating that Carson struggled to grasp foreign policy, and could not grasp “one iota of intelligent information about the Middle East.” The Carson campaign released a statement charging the Times with taking advantage of "an elderly gentleman." Carson subsequently replied: "He's not my adviser. He is not my adviser. He is a person who has come in on a couple of our sessions to offer his opinions about what was going on... To call himself my adviser would be a great stretch, and he has no idea who else I'm sitting down and talking to." Clarridge died at the age of 83, a week short of his 84th birthday in Leesburg, Virginia on April 9, 2016 from complications of esophageal cancer. In his last interview, Clarridge hinted that Reagan's October Surprise may have been real.1

0.1727

New York State Route 306<EOT>1

New York State Route 306

New York State Route 306 (NY 306) is a north–south state highway in western Rockland County, New York, in the United States. NY 306 runs from NY 59 in the hamlet of Monsey to U.S. Route 202 (US 202) in Ladentown, on the western boundary of the village of Pomona. The road is currently 5.33 miles (8.58 km) long; however, it originally extended south to the New Jersey state line and north to Willow Grove Road (former NY 210) when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.

New York State Route 306 (NY 306) is a north–south state highway in western Rockland County, New York, in the United States. NY 306 runs from NY 59 in the hamlet of Monsey to U.S. Route 202 (US 202) in Ladentown, on the western boundary of the village of Pomona. The road is currently 5.33 miles (8.58 km) long; however, it originally extended south to the New Jersey state line and north to Willow Grove Road (former NY 210) when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. == Route description == NY 306 begins at NY 59 in the Ramapo hamlet of Monsey and proceeds north as Main Street through part of the business district of Monsey. After passing Maple Avenue in the Jewish village of Kaser, NY 306 becomes Monsey–Ladentown Road for the rest of its run. NY 306 quickly leaves the small village and reenters the town of Ramapo. Roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Kaser, NY 306 intersects County Route 74 (CR 74). Ramapo High School is located just east of NY 306 on CR 74. NY 306 then passes a fairly large cemetery called Church of the West Hempstead Cemetery. NY 306 continues north past CR 80, and enters the village of Wesley Hills. There it passes a small shopping center, and proceeds into residential areas. Finally, NY 306 enters Pomona at CR 86. The route ends shortly afterward at US 202. == History == When NY 306 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, it extended from the New Jersey state line in the south to Willow Grove Road (then part of NY 210) in the north via East Saddle River Road, Monsey–Ladentown Road, and Call Hollow Road. NY 306 was truncated to its current northern terminus at US 202 in Ramapo (now part of the village of Pomona) c. 1939 and to its modern southern end at NY 59 in Monsey c. 1962. The former extensions of NY 306 are now largely maintained by Rockland County as CR 73 (East Saddle River Road) and CR 75 (Call Hollow Road north of the Ramapo town line). The current southern terminus of NY 306 in Monsey was the proposed southwestern terminus of the Spring Valley Bypass, a bypass of NY 45 and NY 59 that was never built. == Major intersections == The entire route is in Rockland County.1

0.1728

Andrew Dunn (cinematographer)<EOT>1

Andrew Dunn (cinematographer)

Andrew William Dunn, BSC, is a British cinematographer. He received the British Academy of Film and Television Arts best cameraman award three times in the 1980s. Andrew Dunn was born in London, England. He started making films in his early teens and joined the BBC as a film editor, but continued to develop and shoot his personal projects. Dunn’s first film credit was in 1981 for cinematography on the BBC film Andrina. Dunn has served as Director of Photography on a wide variety of films, including L.A. Story, The Madness of King George, Gosford Park, The History Boys, Crazy, Stupid, Love, Summer in February, The Butler, Hello Carter, and Endless Love, amongst many others.

Andrew William Dunn, BSC, is a British cinematographer. He received the British Academy of Film and Television Arts best cameraman award three times in the 1980s. Andrew Dunn was born in London, England. He started making films in his early teens and joined the BBC as a film editor, but continued to develop and shoot his personal projects. Dunn’s first film credit was in 1981 for cinematography on the BBC film Andrina. Dunn has served as Director of Photography on a wide variety of films, including L.A. Story, The Madness of King George, Gosford Park, The History Boys, Crazy, Stupid, Love, Summer in February, The Butler, Hello Carter, and Endless Love, amongst many others. == Awards == 1985 British Academy of Film and Television Arts TV Award - Best Film Cameraman for: Threads (1984) 1986 British Academy of Film and Television Arts TV Award - Best Film Cameraman for: Edge of Darkness (1985) 1989 British Academy of Film and Television Arts TV Award - Best Film Cameraman for: Tumbledown (1988) 1995 British Society of Cinematographers - Best Cinematography Award for: The Madness of King George (1994) 1996 Evening Standard British Film Award - Best Technical/Artistic Achievement for: The Madness of King George (1994)1

0.1729

1992–93 Dallas Mavericks season<EOT>1

1992–93 Dallas Mavericks season

The 1992–93 NBA season was the Mavericks' thirteenth season in the National Basketball Association. The dismantling of the 1980s Mavericks continued as Fat Lever missed the entire season with a knee injury. In addition, top draft pick Jim Jackson's rookie year was abbreviated due to a lengthy contract dispute where he held out for most of the season. This would all spell the recipe for disaster as the Mavericks flirted all season with the worst record in NBA history as they stood 4–57 through 61 games, including a 19-game losing streak. Head coach Richie Adubato was fired after a 2–27 start, and was replaced with Gar Heard. However, Jackson finally signed with the Mavericks in early March, and played in the final 28 games of the season averaging 16.3 points per game. Although, he was not selected to an All-Rookie Team at season's end. In the final 21 games, Jackson helped the team to seven wins, including two straight to close out the year, but the Mavericks still finished with a franchise worst 11–71 (.134) record. The Mavericks were led by Derek Harper, who led the team in scoring averaging 18.2 points per game. The 1992–93 Mavericks also had by far the worst average point differential in the history of the NBA at -15.2 points per game – over three points worse than the 1972–73 76ers who won only nine games, and over five points worse than the 2015–16 76ers who won ten. For this reason, NBA historian Kyle Wright declared in 2007 that the 1992–93 Mavericks must rank as, at least relative to their opponents, the worst team in the history of the NBA. Following the season, Heard was fired as coach, and second-year guard Mike Iuzzolino signed as a free agent with the Orlando Magic, but was later on released. For the season, the Mavericks sported blue road uniforms which lasted until 2001.

The 1992–93 NBA season was the Mavericks' thirteenth season in the National Basketball Association. The dismantling of the 1980s Mavericks continued as Fat Lever missed the entire season with a knee injury. In addition, top draft pick Jim Jackson's rookie year was abbreviated due to a lengthy contract dispute where he held out for most of the season. This would all spell the recipe for disaster as the Mavericks flirted all season with the worst record in NBA history as they stood 4–57 through 61 games, including a 19-game losing streak. Head coach Richie Adubato was fired after a 2–27 start, and was replaced with Gar Heard. However, Jackson finally signed with the Mavericks in early March, and played in the final 28 games of the season averaging 16.3 points per game. Although, he was not selected to an All-Rookie Team at season's end. In the final 21 games, Jackson helped the team to seven wins, including two straight to close out the year, but the Mavericks still finished with a franchise worst 11–71 (.134) record. The Mavericks were led by Derek Harper, who led the team in scoring averaging 18.2 points per game. The 1992–93 Mavericks also had by far the worst average point differential in the history of the NBA at -15.2 points per game – over three points worse than the 1972–73 76ers who won only nine games, and over five points worse than the 2015–16 76ers who won ten. For this reason, NBA historian Kyle Wright declared in 2007 that the 1992–93 Mavericks must rank as, at least relative to their opponents, the worst team in the history of the NBA. Following the season, Heard was fired as coach, and second-year guard Mike Iuzzolino signed as a free agent with the Orlando Magic, but was later on released. For the season, the Mavericks sported blue road uniforms which lasted until 2001. == Draft picks == == Roster == == Roster Notes == Guard Fat Lever missed the entire season due to a knee injury. == Regular season == == Season standings == y - clinched division title x - clinched playoff spot z - clinched division title y - clinched division title x - clinched playoff spot == Record vs. opponents == == Game log == == Player statistics == == Awards and records == == Transactions == 1

0.1730

Ada Norris<EOT>1

Ada Norris

Dame Ada May Norris, DBE CMG, (née Bickford; 28 July 1901–1989), was an Australian women's rights activist and community worker. She founded the UNAA National Status of Women Network in 1974 and served as President of Australia's National Council of Women. In 1975 Norris headed the Australian International Women's Year Committee.

Dame Ada May Norris, DBE CMG, (née Bickford; 28 July 1901–1989), was an Australian women's rights activist and community worker. She founded the UNAA National Status of Women Network in 1974 and served as President of Australia's National Council of Women. In 1975 Norris headed the Australian International Women's Year Committee. == Education == Ada May Bickford was educated at Melbourne High School and the University of Melbourne, where she graduated in 1924 (BA Dip. Ed.) == Marriage == In 1929 she married John Gerald Norris (1903-1990), a future Victoria Supreme Court jurist, later styled as Sir John Norris; they had two daughters, Rosemary (born 1933) and Jane (born 1938). Rosemary would later be known as the Hon. Rosemary Balmford, a barrister, lawyer, law lecturer and judge. Jane completed architecture at the University of Melbourne, worked extensively in Theatre and film production design in the UK and became head of Design at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School (AFTRS; 1988-1994). == Honours == Awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1953 Ada Norris was appointed OBE on 10 June 1954 Appointed DBE on 12 June 1976 "for distinguished community service". Appointed a CMG (in her capacity as President of Australia's National Council of Women) Awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 1977 Awarded the UN Peace Medal 19751

0.1731

John Sewel, Baron Sewel<EOT>1

John Sewel, Baron Sewel

John Buttifant Sewel, Baron Sewel, CBE (born 15 January 1946) is a British politician, life peer, and former academic. He was the Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords, its deputy speaker. He is also a former senior vice principal of the University of Aberdeen and former parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. He was made a Labour minister in the Scottish Office department of the Blair Government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 1997, where he assisted Donald Dewar in steering through the legislation that led to the creation of the Scottish Parliament. His name is given to the Sewel motion, parliamentary device passed by the Scottish Parliament, in which it agrees that the United Kingdom parliament may pass legislation on a devolved issue extending to Scotland, over which the Scottish Parliament has regular legislative authority. He left ministerial office in 1999 upon the new Parliament taking over the majority of the Scottish Office's functions. Sewel left the House of Lords in 2015 after being the subject of a drugs scandal.

John Buttifant Sewel, Baron Sewel, CBE (born 15 January 1946) is a British politician, life peer, and former academic. He was the Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords, its deputy speaker. He is also a former senior vice principal of the University of Aberdeen and former parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. He was made a Labour minister in the Scottish Office department of the Blair Government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 1997, where he assisted Donald Dewar in steering through the legislation that led to the creation of the Scottish Parliament. His name is given to the Sewel motion, parliamentary device passed by the Scottish Parliament, in which it agrees that the United Kingdom parliament may pass legislation on a devolved issue extending to Scotland, over which the Scottish Parliament has regular legislative authority. He left ministerial office in 1999 upon the new Parliament taking over the majority of the Scottish Office's functions. Sewel left the House of Lords in 2015 after being the subject of a drugs scandal. == Early life == Sewel was born on 15 January 1946. He was educated at Hanson Boys' Grammar School and Durham University (BA, 1967) before taking his MSc degree at University College of Wales, Swansea in 1970, and a PhD from the University of Aberdeen in 1977. == Academic career == Sewel joined the University of Aberdeen as a research fellow in the Department of Politics in 1969. During the next three decades he worked in the Departments of Education and Political Economy and also the Regional Centre for the Study of Economic and Social Policy, where he was appointed to his chair. In 1988 he became the dean of the then Faculty of Economic & Social Sciences. Subsequently, in 1995, he was appointed vice-principal and dean of the faculty of Social Sciences & Law. Sewel returned to the University of Aberdeen to resume his role as vice-principal in 1999 and was subsequently senior vice-principal from 2001 to 2004. == Political career == Sewel was first elected to political office as an Aberdeen District Councillor in 1974, serving as council leader from 1977 to 1980, and also as president of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities from 1982 to 1984. Sewel was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1984 New Year Honours. Later, he was an influential member of the Scottish Constitutional Convention from 1994 to 1995. On 10 January 1996 he was created Baron Sewel, of Gilcomstoun in the District of the City of Aberdeen, and became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Scottish Office from 1997 to 1999, serving as the Minister for Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries. As such he piloted the Scotland Act 1998 through Parliament and helped draft the plans for the new Scottish Parliament. At the first election to the Parliament, Sewel was a candidate as third on the Labour Party list for North East Scotland, but was not elected. As an active member of the House of Lords, Sewel chaired the European Union Select Committee in Agriculture, the Environment and Fisheries and was a member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. His interests include enlargement of the European Union and of NATO, constitutional change and rural development. Sewel was elected Chairman of Committees on 9 May 2012, whereupon he gave up the Labour whip and sat as a non-affiliated member in the House of Lords. == Scandal and resignation == He resigned as Chairman of Committees on 26 July 2015 after The Sun released hidden camera footage seemingly showing him snorting white powder (widely reported in the media to be cocaine) at a party with prostitutes. He was also filmed wearing an orange bra and leather jacket. On the following day he was granted a leave of absence from the Lords, and on 28 July 2015 he formally resigned from the House of Lords.1

0.1732

Godwin Heights Public Schools<EOT>1

Godwin Heights Public Schools

The Godwin Heights Public Schools is a school system located in Wyoming, Michigan, United States.

The Godwin Heights Public Schools is a school system located in Wyoming, Michigan, United States. == History == The Godwin Heights Public Schools system was founded in 1867 by Augustus Godwin, in what was then known as Wyoming Township, Michigan. The school district is currently located primarily in the city of Wyoming, Michigan, and consists of six buildings. North Godwin Elementary, West Godwin Elementary, Godwin Heights High School, Godwin Learning Center, Godwin Middle School and Godwin Administration. == Godwin Heights High School Wolverines Athletics == == MHSAA State Championships == 1958 Boys Cross Country - Lower Peninsula Class B 2015 Boys Basketball - Class B == MHSAA State Runners-up == 1950 Boys Basketball - Class B 1960 Boys Basketball - Class B 1968 Boys Swimming and Diving - Lower Peninsula Class B-C-D 1975 Baseball - Class B 1996 Boys Track and Field - Lower Peninsula Class B (tied) == Marching Band == 2004 MCBA State Champions 2008 MCBA State Champions 2009 MCBA State Champions 2011 MCBA State Champions 2013 MCBA State Champions 2014 MCBA State Champions1

0.1733

Wyee, New South Wales<EOT>1

Wyee, New South Wales

Wyee is a small town in the Lake Macquarie region of New South Wales, Australia, in the City of Lake Macquarie. It is near the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway and has a railway station (opened 1892) on NSW TrainLink's Central Coast & Newcastle Line. It had a population of 1,487 in 2001, which significantly increased to 2,588 in 2011. Wyee is said to be derived from an Awabakal Aboriginal term for "fire" or "place of bushfires". Wyee is part of the City of Lake Macquarie but it lacks a connection to sewer system; there are the Hunter Water Sewage Treatment Plant and the Wyong Shire Treatment Plant in the area.1

Wyee is a small town in the Lake Macquarie region of New South Wales, Australia, in the City of Lake Macquarie. It is near the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway and has a railway station (opened 1892) on NSW TrainLink's Central Coast & Newcastle Line. It had a population of 1,487 in 2001, which significantly increased to 2,588 in 2011. Wyee is said to be derived from an Awabakal Aboriginal term for "fire" or "place of bushfires". Wyee is part of the City of Lake Macquarie but it lacks a connection to sewer system; there are the Hunter Water Sewage Treatment Plant and the Wyong Shire Treatment Plant in the area.1

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Fuck the Facts<EOT>Entertaining article thanks. Also gives an insight into how urban myths are propagated and that those who claim them do so with such certitude. Additionally it shows how few people read others’ answers before posting their own . <doc-sep> He goes on to talk about Richard Pryor and Bill Clinton being involved with it. Richard Pryor let out an inside joke Paul Mooneys Roast basically saying they had engage in homosexual acts to get success, this seems to be common theme appearing these days with mainstream artists trying to get big…read about lil wayne, birdman, dr dre…etc . If you are interested to learn more about that aspect look up “hollywood gravy”. 1

Fuck the Facts

Fuck the Facts is a Juno-nominated, Canadian grindcore band from Ottawa, Ontario, formed in 1998. They began in the late nineties as a solo recording project constructed by musician Topon Das. After many early recordings, including split tapes with groups from around the world, Fuck the Facts began developing a name in the underground with fans of grind. In 2001, the first full-length CD-R, Discoing the Dead, was recorded. The same year, Das would assemble a full band to continue with the project. The band has since coined the terms "bastardized grindcore" and "mullet-core" to describe their sound.

Fuck the Facts is a Juno-nominated, Canadian grindcore band from Ottawa, Ontario, formed in 1998. They began in the late nineties as a solo recording project constructed by musician Topon Das. After many early recordings, including split tapes with groups from around the world, Fuck the Facts began developing a name in the underground with fans of grind. In 2001, the first full-length CD-R, Discoing the Dead, was recorded. The same year, Das would assemble a full band to continue with the project. The band has since coined the terms "bastardized grindcore" and "mullet-core" to describe their sound. == History == == Formation (1998–2001) == Fuck the Facts began early in 1997 as an unnamed recording project by Topon Das. The project remained nameless until featured on a compilation in 1998, where Topon decided upon the name Fuck the Facts after a song from the first Naked City album. A self-titled cassette was released on Topon's own Dedfuk Records that compiled all of the recordings made since the projects’ inception. Fuck the Facts then released split cassettes with Cult of the Damned, Longdreamdead and S.M.E.S. before releasing another full-length cassette entitled Vagina Dancer in September 2000 on Slovak label Where Late The Birds Sang. Vagina Dancer showcased a more experimental, noise side to Fuck the Facts than the self-titled release which featured more of a grindcore style. == Discoing the Dead, Mullet Fever (2001–2002) == With the two full length tapes, and the various splits, Fuck The Facts started to gain notoriety in the underground noise and grindcore world. The next full length, Discoing the Dead, was recorded in 2000 and released on Ghetto Blaster Recordings (another label run by Topon) on February 6, 2001. Positive feedback with this release motivated Topon to continue Fuck the Facts as a full band. Drummer Matt Connell and guitarist Tim Audette joined in late February. The three recorded music for a split with Ames Sanglates, before the addition of vocalist Brent Christoff in April and bassist Shomir Das in May. In May 2001, the band recorded and released Four0ninE, an EP which featured a cover of The Beach Boys song "409." Shomir left the band after only three days, but the band continued on as a four piece performing their first live show on August 4, 2001 in Melbourne, Quebec. Regular performances around Ontario and Quebec continued until the fall when the band decided to record a full-length release. Before the end of 2001, the new Fuck the Facts lineup would release Mullet Fever, the full length follow-up to Discoing the Dead. Mullet Fever, with its catchphrase "37 songs in 35 minutes," featured a more punk influenced grindcore sound, though still retained some of the noise influence. == Backstabber Etiquette, Splits (2002–2003) == In early 2002, following the recording of Mullet Fever, Fuck the Facts parted ways with vocalist Brent Christoff. Soon after, a replacement was found in Mel Mongeon. While Mel had made a guest appearance on a previously recorded split, her first recording as a member of the band was a re-recording of the song "The Burning Side" for the Goreland compilation CD released by Black Hole Productions (the song was originally featured on Discoing the Dead performed by entirely by Topon). Since joining the band, Mel has done most of the artwork for Fuck the Facts releases. The summer of 2002 saw the band expand their touring area reaching as far west as Winnipeg, and including a December tour of the Maritimes. The touring, along with the release of a split with Sylvester Staline, helped expand their fanbase overseas. The summer of 2002 also saw the release of Escunta, the long-awaited noise follow-up to Vagina Dancer, on Mandarangan Recordings. Escunta had been recorded from late 1999 to early 2000 before Topon had assembled the band, but its release had been delayed until now. Following the winter Maritime tour, Fuck the Facts recorded their next full-length album entitled Backstabber Etiquette. It was released in early 2003 on Grind It! Records (a sublabel of Great White North Records). This new release featured a matured sound that incorporated progressive death metal elements to an already expanding sound. After the release of Backstabber Etiquette, more touring ensued. This proved to be too demanding for guitarist Tim Audette. Tim parted ways with the band in June 2003 following a Maritime tour. The band continued as a three-piece and recorded a series of three splits with Feeble Minded, Sergent Slaughter and Subcut respectively. While recording the material for these splits, guitarist Dave Menard joined the band and brought new inspiration. However, the split with Subcut would be the last recording with drummer Matt Connell who felt it was time to part ways with the band. == Legacy of Hopelessness (2004–2006) == Shortly after Matt’s departure, local drummer Tim Olsen was brought in as a replacement. Also around that time, Marc-André Mongeon was brought as a bassist (the first since Shomir had left the band in 2001). As a five-piece, the band toured throughout the summer of 2004 across Canada. By the time mid-2005 came around, the constant touring proved to be too much for Marc and Dave and they decided to step down. Mathieu Vilandré and Steve Chartier (aka Esteve Decalisse) were brought on guitar and bass respectively just in time for touring in support of Fuck the Fact’s next release, Legacy of Hopelessness. This six-song EP had been recorded in the fall of 2004 and was co-released in June 2005 through Topon's Ghetto Blaster Recordings and Steve's label Capital Kill. A much more experimental release, Legacy of Hopelessness featured more electronic and ambient elements combined with the usual Fuck the Facts grindcore sound. The summer support tour for the EP took the band all the way from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Vancouver, British Columbia. == Collection of Splits, Stigmata High-Five (2006–2007) == Upon return from the Legacy of Hopelessness tour, Mathieu Vilandré and Steve Chartier were brought into the band as permanent members. It was at this time that the band recorded a two-song pre-production demo as an indicator of the direction the band would be taking for their next album. These demos were eventually released on two splits (with Pleasant Valley and Mesrine), and were used to look for a possible record deal. At the start of 2006, Tim Olsen was asked to leave the band. Mathieu Vilandré, who had previously filled in on drums, took over the position permanently and recording began for the next full-length album in February. Early in the recording process, the band was contacted by Relapse Records and secured a three-album deal with them that would start with their next album. In the interim, the Collection of Splits 2002-2004 was released by Great White North Records which exposed fans to some of the band's music that was more difficult to acquire due to limited pressings. It included all of the material from the splits released between Backstabber Etiquette and Legacy of Hopelessness (with Subcut, Sergent Slaughter, Feeble Minded and Sylvester Staline) as well as enhanced MP3 tracks from some earlier splits. The summer of 2006 was filled with tours of the Maritimes, North-Eastern United States (including a performance at the New England Doom and Grind Festival), Ontario and Quebec. In August 2006, Stigmata High-Five was released on Relapse Records. The album highlighted not just a change in musical direction, but also a development in the recording quality. For the first time, the band had enlisted a separate producer to help them forge their sound and went to a professional studio to record. Following the release of Stigmata High-Five, the band filmed a music video, featuring local actors Adam Steptoe, Luke Williams, and Eugene Swain, for the song "The Sound of Your Smashed Head" on location in London, Ontario, Canada, and spent seven weeks in the US touring, including a slot on the Relapse Contamination Festival before returning home to start a three-week tour of Ontario and Quebec which ended in November. Constant touring continued into early 2007 with a Maritime tour in March. A two-week tour followed that took the band down to Texas and back up to Canada in time for another tour of Ontario. The band decided to take a break in June to begin work on their next album. == Disgorge Mexico (2007–2009) == Following the final Stigmata High-Five tour in June 2007, the band parted ways with bassist Steve Chartier "for reasons that aren't that uncommon of why bands and people split." The band then spent two weeks going on a road trip to Mexico and back to write the material for their next album. The album was tracked that August; however, immediately following that, the three remaining members decided that it was time to take a break. With no plans, the completion of the next album was questionable. At this point, the band still remained somewhat silent on their situation; however, by January 2008, they were back performing again. The touring, along with some personal issues, slowed the mixing and mastering progress of the album, however by April it was announced that Disgorge Mexico would be released in North America on July 22, 2008 as the band's second Relapse Records release. The band celebrated the album's release with a free CD release party in which they performed the entire CD from start to finish on August 2 in Hull, Quebec. In 2009, Fuck the Facts embarked on their first ever European tour. Polish Relapse Records label mates Antigama and Dutch grindcore band Dr. Doom joined Fuck the Facts for the tour which lasted from February 12 to March 3, 2009. In an interview, Topon noted the irony that the band was only now finding its way to Europe considering that many of their earlier releases (up to a decade earlier) were on European labels. Late in 2009, the band announced that touring bassist Marc Bourgon had become a full-time member of the band. Marc had been touring with the band since January 2008, and had recorded with the band on their latest split with Leng Tch'e. == Unnamed EP and Die Miserable (2010–present) == In late 2009, the band announced that the following year would see the release of a new EP, their first video release, and a new full-length album. In late February 2010, they released Unnamed EP having been recorded by the band and featuring artwork created and printed by the band. Many reviewers lauded the band for their "do it yourself" ethic. In early March, the band left for Europe on their Unnamed European Tour 2010 including a few countries they had yet to visit such as Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Upon returning to North America, the band completed work on their first video release, Disgorge Mexico: The DVD. The DVD combined a live performance of their 2008 album Disgorge Mexico with a short art film made by Canadian filmmaker David Hall that used the album as its soundtrack. A bonus DVD featuring a plethora of other videos was also included in limited numbers. Fuck the Facts released Die Miserable on October 11, 2011, on Relapse Records. The band begun recording the album in January 2010, but put it on hold to go on various tours and release their EP and DVD. The album was nominated for a Juno Award for best heavy metal/hard rock album for 2012, but lost to KEN Mode's Venerable. A companion EP, Misery, was released the same day by the band. Fuck the Facts released the EP Amer on June 18, 2013. The band released a new EP, Abandoned, on October 1, 2014. == Musical style == Fuck the Facts has had three different vocalists, all with their own style and impact on the sound of the band. The first recordings up until Discoing the Dead feature only Topon on vocals (aside from a few guest appearances). His singing varies between deep growls and more high pitched screams. The Mullet Fever lineup features Brent Christoff who has a slightly deeper, more grunting sound. The biggest change is with the replacement of Brent with Mel Mongeon who has a very distinctive high-pitched shriek which has become the vocal style that the band is most known for. Most (if not all) Fuck the Facts songs are played on guitars tuned down a fourth (B E A D F# B). Bass tuning is the same (B E A D), though depending on the performer, sometimes a 5 string bass is used. Common grindcore elements such as blast beats are also present. Generally, most of the songs feature the darker modes such as Aeolian, Phrygian, Locrian and heavy use of the tritone, though many songs feature other more chromatic scales as well. Different textures are used to create different moods. For example, a common feature will be the use of clean guitar within the context of a grindcore song that creates a radical change in the sound of the piece (an example would be the last half of Gated Community from Mullet Fever). Despite these few generalities, the musical style of the band has changed over the years. == Early period == Topon has stated numerous times that the name Fuck the Facts was chosen, in part, as a statement about his attitude towards the music he wrote. He tried not to feel hampered by genre labels, and that is reflected in the musical style. The earlier Fuck the Facts recordings up until approximately 2000 featured a combination of grindcore and noise. Though those two genres were prominent during this era of recording, many other styles crept into the music as well including death metal, electronic and even as some as diverse as disco and jazz. When Discoing the Dead was released in early 2001, it retained many of these experimental styles, paving the way for the beginning of the first incarnation of Fuck the Facts as a full band. In addition to the grindcore style of the recordings, there were also many songs that were almost straight noise recordings. Vagina Dancer and Escunta, recorded in 2000 and 2001 respectively, are the core of these noise recordings, with some other tracks being featured on various compilations and splits. Mullet Fever was released in 2002 and featured a more punk-influenced grindcore sound. However, many of the songs included more experimental (for grindcore) styles including rap, hip-hop, jazz, noise and electronic. The album was largely recorded in one session of the band recording their own jam session and some minimal editing afterwards, and may explain why this album stands out on its own in terms of musical style and scope. == Middle period == When Backstabber Etiquette was recorded in 2002, vocalist Mel Mongeon had replaced Christoff, and her distinctive growl was markedly different than Brent's deep sound. Mel's higher pitched scream became the norm for the band. The musical style became more heavily influenced by death metal and showed more technical aspirations. This style persisted over the splits recorded between Backstabber Etiquette and Legacy of Hopelessness (these recordings are largely what make up the tracks on the Collection of Splits 2002-2004). Legacy of Hopelessness showcased a bit of a departure for the band in that it had a lot more electronic influences. Keyboards are featured on nearly every track, and are sometimes the primary focus. Of course, grindcore is still quite present as well as Mel's distinctive vocals. The change in musical style can probably be attributed to this being initially intended to be a solo release by Topon, but was migrated over to the band when it was realized that another full-length release was not quite feasible. == Later period == Stigmata High-Five represents the latest musical style of the band. The grindcore and death metal elements are still present, but so are more progressive and experimental ideas mixed with metalcore elements. The album contains longer songs with more intricate riffs and atypical time signatures. For example, the opening song "La Dernière Image" moves from groove-oriented grindcore based around a repeating clave rhythm with odd meters interspersed throughout (the clave rhythm and odd meters are both basic musical features of much progressive rock). A middle section counters that with more ambient textures and clean guitars. Disgorge Mexico contains shorter songs than Stigmata High-Five but retains a similar overall musical style. In some cases, the experimental ideas are expanded further to the point where one track contains a section that is reminiscent of straight ahead jazz and contains a high register melodic bass solo typical of jazz or fusion. Rhythmic elements often featured in progressive rock are still present, and metric dissonance via polyrhythms are often present. == Band members == == Current == Topon Das – guitar (1998–present) Melanie Mongeon – vocals (2002–present) Mathieu "Vil" Vilandré – drums (2005–present) Marc "Chops" Bourgon – bass (November 2009–present) Johnny "Beige" Ibay – guitar (September 2010–present) == Former == Matt Connell – drums (February 2001–2004) Tim Audette – guitar (February 2001–2003) Brent Christoff – vocals (April 2001–2002) Shomir Das – bass (May 23, 2001–May 26, 2001) Dave Menard – guitar (2003–2005) Tim Olsen – drums (2004–2006) Marc-Andre Mongeon – bass (2004–2005) Steve Chartier – bass (2005–2007) == Touring == Travis Tomchuk – vocals (May 2006) Jean-Louis Wittinger – guitar (September 2006–December 2006) Leigh Newton – guitar (January–March 2008) Jonathan Ibay – guitar (June 2008–present) == Timeline == == Discography == In addition to the releases below, Fuck the Facts have released a plethora of splits that count for a large portion of their repertoire. Additionally, the band has been featured on numerous compilations and tribute albums. == Studio albums == 1999: Fuck the Facts (Dedfuk Records) 2000: Vagina Dancer (Where Late the Bird Sang) 2001: Discoing the Dead (Ghetto Blaster Recordings) 2001: Mullet Fever (Ghetto Blaster Recordings) 2002: Escunta (Mandarangan Recordings) 2003: Backstabber Etiquette (Grind It! Records) 2006: Stigmata High-Five (Relapse Records) 2008: Disgorge Mexico (Relapse Records) 2011: Die Miserable (Relapse Records) 2015: Desire Will Rot == EPs and other releases == 2001: Four0ninE (Ghetto Blaster Recordings) 2005: Legacy of Hopelessness (Ghetto Blaster Recordings / Capital Kill Records) 2006: Collection of Splits 2002–2004 (Great White North Records) 2008: The Wreaking (self released) 2010: Unnamed EP (self released) 2010: Disgorge Mexico: The DVD 2011: Misery (self released) 2013: Amer 2014: Abandoned1

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Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology<EOT>Tel : 0484-2425121. email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Fax: 0484-2427796, Web: www.bharatamatacollege.in E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it Web: www.shcollege.ac.in . Tel : 0484-2592677, 9388616626. FAX: 0484-2592677 Web: www.mcmat.org E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Tel: 0484-2485440, 2485400 E-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Tel: 0484-2224246, 2223230 E-mail: srbs This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Principal: Dr. C.M. Paul, Mob: 9746894274, Office: 0484-3202323. Website: kmeaartscollege.ac.in, E.mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Principal: DR. GEORGE T.U., Mob: 9447608974, E.mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . <doc-sep> Quality purified water is provided to the students using water purifier. Wi Fi connectivity is available in the hostel. The hostel is equipped with an inverter of 3KVA to provide students with an uninterrupted power supply . 24 hours security service is provided for the hostel. The students can relax themselves by involving in indoor or outdoor games during their leisure time. For relaxation and news gathering, the students can make use of Television which is available within the Mess hall. <doc-sep> World Conference Next Generation Testing 2017 will be happening in Bangalore on 20 – 21 July 2017, with focus on Technical Sessions featuring over 25+ Presentation exploring the depth and breadth of Software Testing. The Summit will be a key meeting place for Test Professionals and Executives from leading IT organizations globally . India Testing... We are expanding Hackster Hardware Community Kerala to more Makers . Agenda:- 1. Discussion about Hackster Kerala Future Activities 2.Introduction of New Members 3.Session about Johnny-Five: The JavaScript Robotics & IoT Platform Registration fee :- 50 Ruppes. (Refreshments will be provided ) Hackster is an online community for hardware hackers. By popular demand, we’re also... Travancore Hub , the south Kerala regional office of IEEE Kerala student chapter is organizing its flagship event " Travancore Hub Meet " , on 4th to 6th of August 2017 at Marian Engineering College , Trivandrum . Travancore Hub , the south Kerala regional office of IEEE Kerala student chapter is organizing its flagship event " Travancore Hub Meet " , on 4th to 6th of August 2017 at Marian Engineering College , Trivandrum . GEAR UP ALL YOU PROGRAMMERS I am a beginner. I know nothing . It’s high time to change this perspective! You are open to learning. You are not afraid to try. Be a part of one of the best workshops under Takshak’17. Come and join us at C Workshop Registration fee: INR 400. Date:26th August... Learn 3D modeling in Fusion 360 . We’ll introduce you to valuable tools for learning and teaching Autodesk Fusion 360 essentials, and give you great tips and tricks from industry professionals. What is Fusion360. Fusion 360 is the first 3D CAD, CAM, and CAE tool of its kind. It connects your entire product development process in a single cloud-based... <doc-sep> H A P P Y B I R T H D A Y Mr.V . Happieee happiee birthday to u. May U have all the happiness in the world. God bless you ... 1

Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology

Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (MBCET), is an engineering educational institution located in Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Kerala, India offering engineering education and research. The college is located on a hillock in the Bethany Hills. The college is a part of the Mar Ivanios Vidyanagar Campus which has 22 educational institutes, including primary, secondary and higher secondary schools, training institutes and an arts college. The college which started operations in July 2002 is affiliated to the University of Kerala and the Kerala Technological University. It is one of the top ranked colleges in Kerala for engineering. All B.Tech programmes have been accredited by the National Board of Accreditation w.e.f 1 July 2016 for two years.

Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (MBCET), is an engineering educational institution located in Nalanchira, Trivandrum, Kerala, India offering engineering education and research. The college is located on a hillock in the Bethany Hills. The college is a part of the Mar Ivanios Vidyanagar Campus which has 22 educational institutes, including primary, secondary and higher secondary schools, training institutes and an arts college. The college which started operations in July 2002 is affiliated to the University of Kerala and the Kerala Technological University. It is one of the top ranked colleges in Kerala for engineering. All B.Tech programmes have been accredited by the National Board of Accreditation w.e.f 1 July 2016 for two years. == Academics == The following courses in MBCET are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and sanctioned by the Government of Kerala, leading to the B.Tech. Degree of the University of Kerala and Kerala Technological University.It has an annual intake of 600 students for B.Tech courses. The distribution of seats are as follows. Civil Engineering : 120 seats Computer Science & Engineering : 120 seats Electrical & Electronics Engineering : 120 seats Electronics & Communications Engineering : 120 seats Mechanical Engineering : 120 seats MBCET offers M.Tech programmes in the CSE, EEE, ME, CE and ECE Departments. == Computer Science and Engineering == The Department of Computer Science and Engineering offers 4 years undergraduate program leading to the award of B.Tech Degree in Computer Science and Engineering. Every year 120 students are admitted to the program. Head of the Department: Prof. Tessy Mathew Year in which the department began: 2002 == Electrical and Electronics Engineering == Electrical & Electronics engineering deals with the generation, transfer and conversion of electric power with the aid of mechanical, electronic circuits and computer systems. Head of the Department: Prof. M.K. Giridharan (Also Dean of Academics) Year in which the department began: 2002 == Electronics and Communication Engineering == This department deals with the teaching of electronic engineering such as analog circuits, digital circuits, VLSI, and solid state conductors, and communication engineering, networking, and digital signal processing. Dean of Research and Development: Dr. Sakuntala. S. Pillai Head of the Department: Prof. S. Viswanatha Rao Year in which the department began: 2002 Student body: Electronic Association (EA), IEEE Mr. Joji John Varghese was selected as the winner in Electronics Skills from Kerala as part of Nypunyam 2015 and won first prize worth Rs 1,50,000/-. Student project gets funding from Startup Village and Kerala Chapter of IEEE Communication Society. == Mechanical Engineering == The Mechanical Engineering department of Mar Baselios College has various contributions and had students develop environment friendly engines.The batch of 2005 had introduced the G-Mech or "Generation Mech" as a student body to unite future mechanical engineering students and act as a branch student body. Head of the Department: Prof. Pradeep M Year in which the department began: 2005 Student Body: Association of Mechanical Engineers (G-Mech) == List of notable mechanical projects in MBCET == == Civil Engineering == Head of the Department: Dr. Neethu Roy Year in which the department began: 2005 Student Body: Civil Engineering Students Association (CESA) UTBHAV - Annual Technical fete by Civil Engineering Department == Basic Sciences == The department offers courses in engineering mathematics, engineering physics and engineering chemistry within the engineering curricula. There are no students directly under this department. However, there are lectures and seminars conducted by these department to all students in the first year of Engineering. Head of the Department: Prof. Cherian Year in which the department began: 2002 == Governance == Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology is administered by the Major Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram through the Malankara Catholic Educational Society, a society found by the diocese exclusively for the formation of educational technical and other institutions to benefit the community and the public in general. The society was registered in 1996, under the Travancore – Cochin Literary Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act XII of 1955. The major Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram under which the society functions, has established several primary, secondary and higher secondary schools, nursing college, technical college, NAAC 'A' grade training college and other colleges. == Admissions == Candidates for admission to the B.Tech degree courses will have passed the higher secondary examination of Kerala with Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as subjects or any other examination accepted as equivalent by the Kerala Technological University. Pass in Higher Secondary Examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education of Kerala or an examination recognized equivalent thereto with at least Fifty percent marks in Mathematics separately and Fifty percent marks in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry / equivalent subjects put together or equivalent grade. Candidates should qualify in the Engineering Entrance Exam conducted by the Commissioner of Entrance Exams, Govt. of Kerala. == Facilities == == Library == The backbone of MBCET is the library. There are 21,000 engineering books for the six engineering branches. A periodical section has 190 national and international journals. Back volumes of journals, question papers etc. are available for reference. MBCET Library Portal Award for MBCET Library portal == Hostel == MBCET's men's hostel is Mar Aprem Hostel and it is located behind the college. The ladies stay at the foot of the hillock at the Sacred Heart Hostel along with students from other institutions in the Mar Ivanios Vidyanagar. == WiFi and Intranet == The campus is fully networked, with optical fiber inter-building backbone. Services like MOODLE, Student Management System, MBCET Webmail which uses VMware Zimbra, Digital Library-DSpace and centralized License server for software like AutoCAD, StaaD, Pspice etc. are provided. Leased line connection of 50MBps provides internet connection. 24 hr campus wide WiFi connection is provided to faculty and students. == Other facilities == Amenities center Chapel Canteen Central Computing Facility == NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME (NSS) == The NSS unit of the college is a very active one which does a number of Social Service activities in and out of the college. It Conducts campaigns to make students aware of the society. Assistant professor Jinu Baby is the program office of the unit, Sajin James and Sumayya s are the volunteer Secretaries of the unit. == Conferences and workshops == Design and Innovation Workshop by MIT Media Lab The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab is an interdisciplinary research laboratory devoted to projects at the convergence of technology, multimedia and design. The MIT Media Lab joins hands with Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (MBT) to host a Design and Innovation Workshop from 30 July to 1 August 2013 at MBT Campus.The workshop has been designed around the MIT Media Lab philosophy, where the future is lived, not imagined. The workshop aims to share MIT’s interdisciplinary research, design, and development cultures—hands-on creative learning (learning-by-doing) and "hacking" (rapid prototyping). International Conference on Green Technologies 2012 International Conference on Green Technologies (ICGT12) was organized by Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum, jointly with University of Dayton, USA during 18–20 December 2012 at Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum. The Conference was technically sponsored by IEEE EDS India Chapter and IEEE Kerala Section. The Conference was inaugurated by Honorable Minister for Education Sri P K Abdu Rabb and was presided by Samuel Irenios, Auxiliary Bishop, Archdiocese of Trivandrum. During the three days of the Conference, the Research and Development activities in all Engineering fields viz. Civil, Computer Science and IT, Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering related to Green Technologies were discussed. The keynote address ‘Alternative Energy Sources: A Practical Perspective" was delivered by Dr. R. Unnikrishnan, Dean, California State University, Fullerton, USA. == Professional student bodies == The college shows keen interest in developing a professional caliber among the students. This was done with the help of various international organisations forming student bodies with the college. Mar Baselios College in association with the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Kerala circle, Computer Society of India, Thiruvananthapuram chapter, and the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) had organised national conference on communication systems and networks (CoMNeT- 2010). The Mar Baselios College in association with the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Kerala circle, Computer Society of India, Thiruvananthapuram chapter, has also conducted a national conference on broadband technologies in 2008. == Computer Society of India == The college is an institutional member of the Computer Society of India. The CSI Student Branch of Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology was inaugurated on 24 September 2004. Over the years, the CSI branch has proved itself to be the most active association in the college. It is also the biggest student branch in the Kerala state, boasting 153 members. The CSI branch has been conducting an annual technical quiz competition under the name BYTES. CSI has in its own way been a trend setter in the matter of conducting events regularly. The branch also had the privilege of hosting the State Level Student Convention in 2006. An important event and a milestone in the history of the CSI Student Chapter was the 26th National Student Convention - NSC 2010 that the Mar Baselios Student Branch hosted in association with Trivandrum Chapter of CSI from 2–4 September 2010. The CSI student branch of MBCET was selected as the Best Student Branch from among engineering colleges in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry for the year 2010-2011. This is the second consecutive year that the student branch has received this award. == Indian Society for Technical Education == The college is an institutional member of the ISTE since 2005. A chapter of the society is functioning in the college with 37 members. == IEEE student branch == An IEEE student body was set up on 14 February 2006. A number of students are involved in the activities conducted by this group. Deepthi Anna George, student of Computer Science branch has been selected to receive the prestigious IEEE Computer Society - Richard E. Merwin Scholarship - 2011 in recognition of her exemplary involvement in student chapter activities and excellent academic achievement. She is one among fourteen students chosen from colleges and universities throughout the world for this scholarship. The scholarship includes an award and amount of $2,500. == Finishing school == In alliance with EDS Technologies, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology has set up a finishing school to provide industry specific technical training in Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). == Green Dream == An environmental initiative was undertaken by students of Mar Baselios College of Engineering along with nine other college to form Green Dream. The group along with UST Global and "TidyCity" ran a clean-up drive on Veli beach. == Sports and College Festivals == == Crossroads == Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology (MBCET) holds an annual technical and cultural event named CROSSROADS. This is conducted in the month of February or March. It is often a three- or four-day event. == Sports == Joji Varghese is the coach for the basketball team and is in charge of Physical Education. == Basketball == Mar Baselios College has a basketball team. This team has won several accolades and awards at various intra college basketball tournaments. It hosts the Baselios Trophy all-Kerala Professional Colleges Basketball Tournament. == Awards won by MBCET Basketball team == == Table tennis == Mar Baselios won awards in table tennis in Kerala University's inter-collegiate table tennis tournament held at the Government Engineering College in 2009. == Badminton == Mar Baselios Engineering College won the title in the Kerala University inter-collegiate women’s badminton tournament held on 9 October 2012. == College rating == Careers360 rates MBCET among the Top 10 Engineering Colleges in Kerala. == Tallest Christ statue in India == 33.5 feet-tall statue of Jesus Christ, the tallest Christ statue in the country, was unveiled and blessed by Major Archbishop of the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church Baselios Cleemis at the campus of Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology on 29 September 2012.1

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The Bad Old Days<EOT>1

The Bad Old Days

"The Bad Old Days" was the British entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978, performed in English by Co-Co. The song, written by Stephanie de Sykes and Stuart Slater was an uptempo love song, with the narrator recalling 'the bad old days' before they met their current partner. On the night of the final, 22 April, the song was performed eighth, following Spain's José Vélez with "Bailemos un vals" and preceding Switzerland's Carole Vinci with "Vivre". At the close of voting, it had received 61 points, placing 11th in a field of 20. At the time, this was the worst showing yet for the UK in Eurovision, surpassing the 9th place from 1966 which until 1978 had held the dubious distinction. "The Bad Old Days" held the ignominious title until 1987, when the UK finished 13th. Of all the UK entries submitted from 1975-1993, this was the only UK song that did not receive either a 12 or a 10 point score at least once in the voting sequence. The highest score awarded to The Bad Old Days was 8 points from Germany. The single reached No.13 in the UK during a seven-week chart run. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at no.39 for the week the contest was staged. In the following week, it rose rapidly to no.16. Its eventual peak of 13 occurred three weeks after their failure in the contest. It was to be the group's only hit. "The Bad Old Days" was succeeded as the British representative at the 1979 contest by Black Lace with "Mary Ann".1

"The Bad Old Days" was the British entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978, performed in English by Co-Co. The song, written by Stephanie de Sykes and Stuart Slater was an uptempo love song, with the narrator recalling 'the bad old days' before they met their current partner. On the night of the final, 22 April, the song was performed eighth, following Spain's José Vélez with "Bailemos un vals" and preceding Switzerland's Carole Vinci with "Vivre". At the close of voting, it had received 61 points, placing 11th in a field of 20. At the time, this was the worst showing yet for the UK in Eurovision, surpassing the 9th place from 1966 which until 1978 had held the dubious distinction. "The Bad Old Days" held the ignominious title until 1987, when the UK finished 13th. Of all the UK entries submitted from 1975-1993, this was the only UK song that did not receive either a 12 or a 10 point score at least once in the voting sequence. The highest score awarded to The Bad Old Days was 8 points from Germany. The single reached No.13 in the UK during a seven-week chart run. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at no.39 for the week the contest was staged. In the following week, it rose rapidly to no.16. Its eventual peak of 13 occurred three weeks after their failure in the contest. It was to be the group's only hit. "The Bad Old Days" was succeeded as the British representative at the 1979 contest by Black Lace with "Mary Ann".1

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Davy Condon<EOT>1

Davy Condon

Davy Condon (born ~1984/1985) is an Irish National hunt racing jockey in Great Britain and Ireland. Condon’s father, Michael Condon, was an amateur jockey. His father rode for Jimmy Murphy and Charles Byrnes, but a fall that left him in a coma cut his career short with just one win to his credit. His grandfather, Gerry Townend, was also a notable amateur jockey. Condon retired in 2015 after a spinal injury. After graduating from the pony racing circuit, Condon was discovered by horse trainer Willie Mullins. At the age of 16, Condon made his first appearance as a jockey at Tipperary on 25 May 2001. That August, Condon got his first victory, winning atop Slaney Boy in a handicap race at Tramore. Just one day later, Condon found himself in the winner’s circle once again at Tramore, winning another handicap race with Knockatotaun. The next month, Condon was part of a winning double at Gowran Park. Later in the season, Condon won again, this time while riding Flying Boat to a win at Cork. The win at Cork gave Condon five in his inaugural campaign. In 2002, Condon won a total of 27 races. He finished second to Tadhg O'Shea in the race for the Champion Apprentice title, winning four less races, but taking 161 less rides than O'Shea during the season. In 2003, Condon won 22 flat races, many of those coming while riding Holy Orders. He also won on Definite Best in the Irish Cambridgeshire at Curragh. Condon followed 2003 with similar success in 2004, winning a total of 21 flat races. Like the previous season, much of his success in 2004 was atop Holy Orders. However, after riding Holy Orders to a fourth-place finish at Musselburgh late in the year, Condon began to look at the prospects of switching to National hunt racing. His first season on the National hunt circuit was unsuccessful, as he won just nine races. It was not until the 2006/07 racing season that Condon began to make an impact in National hunt racing. Under the tutelage of Willie Mullins, Condon made his presence known by accumulating 26 victories. Condon rode Homer Wells to significant wins in the Thyestes Chase at Gowran Park and the Bobbyjo Chase at Fairyhouse. However, perhaps Condon’s most notable win in the 2006/07 season came when he rode Ebaziyan, a 40-1 underdog, to a win in the Supreme Novices' Hurdle. Condon matched his 2006/07 success with 26 more wins in 2007/08, capped with a win in the Pat Taaffe Handicap Chase at the Punchestown Festival atop Emma James. In 2008, Condon became the stable jockey for Nicky Richards. During the season, he went on to win 24 races, including wins in the Peterborough Chase on Monet's Garden and the Scottish Champion Hurdle on Noble Alan. In 2009, Condon decided to leave Richards in favor of returning to Ireland, teaming up with Noel Meade. He has since taken over for the suspended Paul Carberry and found great success in the process, winning a total of five Grade 1 races, including the Drinmore Novice Chase and Knight Frank Novice Chase with Pandorama, the Future Champions Novice Hurdle on Hollo Ladies, and the Fighting Fifth Hurdle and Christmas Hurdle on Go Native.

Davy Condon (born ~1984/1985) is an Irish National hunt racing jockey in Great Britain and Ireland. Condon’s father, Michael Condon, was an amateur jockey. His father rode for Jimmy Murphy and Charles Byrnes, but a fall that left him in a coma cut his career short with just one win to his credit. His grandfather, Gerry Townend, was also a notable amateur jockey. Condon retired in 2015 after a spinal injury. After graduating from the pony racing circuit, Condon was discovered by horse trainer Willie Mullins. At the age of 16, Condon made his first appearance as a jockey at Tipperary on 25 May 2001. That August, Condon got his first victory, winning atop Slaney Boy in a handicap race at Tramore. Just one day later, Condon found himself in the winner’s circle once again at Tramore, winning another handicap race with Knockatotaun. The next month, Condon was part of a winning double at Gowran Park. Later in the season, Condon won again, this time while riding Flying Boat to a win at Cork. The win at Cork gave Condon five in his inaugural campaign. In 2002, Condon won a total of 27 races. He finished second to Tadhg O'Shea in the race for the Champion Apprentice title, winning four less races, but taking 161 less rides than O'Shea during the season. In 2003, Condon won 22 flat races, many of those coming while riding Holy Orders. He also won on Definite Best in the Irish Cambridgeshire at Curragh. Condon followed 2003 with similar success in 2004, winning a total of 21 flat races. Like the previous season, much of his success in 2004 was atop Holy Orders. However, after riding Holy Orders to a fourth-place finish at Musselburgh late in the year, Condon began to look at the prospects of switching to National hunt racing. His first season on the National hunt circuit was unsuccessful, as he won just nine races. It was not until the 2006/07 racing season that Condon began to make an impact in National hunt racing. Under the tutelage of Willie Mullins, Condon made his presence known by accumulating 26 victories. Condon rode Homer Wells to significant wins in the Thyestes Chase at Gowran Park and the Bobbyjo Chase at Fairyhouse. However, perhaps Condon’s most notable win in the 2006/07 season came when he rode Ebaziyan, a 40-1 underdog, to a win in the Supreme Novices' Hurdle. Condon matched his 2006/07 success with 26 more wins in 2007/08, capped with a win in the Pat Taaffe Handicap Chase at the Punchestown Festival atop Emma James. In 2008, Condon became the stable jockey for Nicky Richards. During the season, he went on to win 24 races, including wins in the Peterborough Chase on Monet's Garden and the Scottish Champion Hurdle on Noble Alan. In 2009, Condon decided to leave Richards in favor of returning to Ireland, teaming up with Noel Meade. He has since taken over for the suspended Paul Carberry and found great success in the process, winning a total of five Grade 1 races, including the Drinmore Novice Chase and Knight Frank Novice Chase with Pandorama, the Future Champions Novice Hurdle on Hollo Ladies, and the Fighting Fifth Hurdle and Christmas Hurdle on Go Native. == Major wins == Knight Frank Novice Chase – Pandorama (2009) Future Champions Novice Hurdle – Hollo Ladies (2009) Christmas Hurdle – Go Native (2009) Drinmore Novice Chase – Pandorama (2009) Fighting Fifth Hurdle – Go Native (2009) Supreme Novices' Hurdle – Ebaziyan (2007) Powers Gold Cup - Realt Mor 20131

0.1738

Chaparral Lake<EOT>1

Chaparral Lake

Chaparral Lake is located in Chaparral Park in west Scottsdale, at the northeast corner of Hayden and Chaparral Roads.

Chaparral Lake is located in Chaparral Park in west Scottsdale, at the northeast corner of Hayden and Chaparral Roads. == Fish species == Rainbow trout Largemouth bass Sunfish Catfish (channel) Catfish (flathead) Tilapia Carp1

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Chromodoris elisabethina<EOT>1

Chromodoris elisabethina

Chromodoris elisabethina is a species of very colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae.

Chromodoris elisabethina is a species of very colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae. == Distribution == This species was described from Burias Island in the Philippines. It is found in the central area of the Indo-Pacific region from Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Queensland, Australia to the southern part of Japan. == Description == Chromodoris elisabethina can reach a maximum size of 5 cm length. The body is elongate with a foot which is distinct from the upper body by a skirt like mantle partially hiding the foot. The branched gills and the rhinophores are orange to yellow and can be withdrawn into pockets under the skin in case of danger. The main background colour is bluish, the intensity of the latter varying from blue-grey to intense blue. The blue dorsal side has a median black line which may be broken in some individuals and usually some short, finer parallel lines. These longitudinal lines are also present on the foot. The longitudinal discontinuous lines are distinctive of this species and allow the observer to differentiate it from other close species like Chromodoris lochi, Chromodoris willani and Chromodoris boucheti. The mantle edge and the foot are bordered with white and orange to yellow lines in which the width and the colour intensity can vary greatly from a specimen to another. The blue colour of the body and the external margin is outlined by a black line.1

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2012–13 Colorado Avalanche season<EOT>1

2012–13 Colorado Avalanche season

The 2012–13 Colorado Avalanche season was the 41st overall season for the franchise, 34th season in the National Hockey League, since June 22, 1979, and 18th season since the franchise relocated to Colorado to start the 1995–96 NHL season. The regular season was reduced from its usual 82 games to 48 due to a lockout.

The 2012–13 Colorado Avalanche season was the 41st overall season for the franchise, 34th season in the National Hockey League, since June 22, 1979, and 18th season since the franchise relocated to Colorado to start the 1995–96 NHL season. The regular season was reduced from its usual 82 games to 48 due to a lockout. == Off-season == On September 4, 2012, the Avalanche named Gabriel Landeskog as the fourth team captain in Avalanche history. Landeskog also becomes the youngest captain in NHL history, as he is 11 days younger than Sidney Crosby was when he was named as captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2007. == Regular season == The Avalanche finished the season with the worst record in the Western Conference and 2nd worst record in the league. As a result, head coach Joe Sacco was relieved of his duties the day after the season ended. Former Avalanche goalie Patrick Roy was hired as the new head coach on May 23, 2013. == Standings == {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL OTL tiebreak |update = complete |source = National Hockey League |template_name=Template:2012–13 NHL Northwest Division standings |showteam=COL |matches_text=game(s) |table_header=Northwest Division |sortable_table=yes |pld_header=GP |tiebr_header = ROW Source: National Hockey League p – Clinched Presidents Trophy; x – Clinched playoff spot; y – Clinched division. == Schedule and results == == Regular season == Win (2 points) Loss (0 points) Overtime/shootout loss (1 point) == Playoffs == The Colorado Avalanche failed to qualify for the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs. == Player statistics == Final stats Skaters Goaltenders †Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Avalanche. Stats reflect time with the Avalanche only. ‡Traded mid-season Bold/italics denotes franchise record == Transactions == The Avalanche have been involved in the following transactions during the 2012–13 season. == Trades == == Free agents acquired == == Free agents lost == == Claimed via waivers == == Lost via waivers == == Lost via retirement == == Player signings == == Draft picks == Colorado's picks at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Draft notes The Avalanche's first-round pick (#11) and second-round pick (#54) went to the Washington Capitals as the result of a July 1, 2011 trade that sent the rights for Semyon Varlamov to the Avalanche in exchange for these picks. The Avalanche's fourth-round pick went to the Phoenix Coyotes as the result of a June 28, 2010, trade that sent Daniel Winnik to the Avalanche in exchange for this pick.1

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Intercultural bilingual education in Guatemala<EOT>1

Intercultural bilingual education in Guatemala

Intercultural bilingual education in Guatemala was begun as part of a 20th-century educational reform effort intended to promote the country's cultural diversity. The programs merge Mayan language and culture with Spanish language and Ladino culture, a shift from the assimilation policy of educational programs promoting Spanish literacy which reduce the use of indigenous languages. During the 20th century, education reform evolved from castilianization and the 1965 Bilingual Castilianization Program to the 1980 National Bilingual Education Project. Each program aimed to increase Spanish fluency. In 1985, the Constitution legalized bilingual education and the Ministry of Education formed the Programa Nacional de Educación Bilingüe (PRONEBI). PRONEBI developed from the 1980–1984 National Bilingual Education Project, and aimed to provide bilingual education for rural indigenous children. PRONEBI differed from previous education programs in recognizing the value of Mayan culture and language in Guatemala's multicultural and multilingual society, and has played a major role in institutionalizing intercultural bilingual education. In 2005 there were bilingual programs in Q’eqchi’, Achi’, Kaqchikel, Ch’orti’, Poqomam, Mam, Q’anjob’al, Garifuna, Mopán, K’iche’, Tz’utujil and Xinka, and the Ministry of Education’s Strategic Plan for Education 2012-2016 has made bilingual, intercultural education a national priority. Intercultural bilingual education programs in Guatemala have received criticism and support from Mayan activists, indigenous communities and international scholars and activists.

Intercultural bilingual education in Guatemala was begun as part of a 20th-century educational reform effort intended to promote the country's cultural diversity. The programs merge Mayan language and culture with Spanish language and Ladino culture, a shift from the assimilation policy of educational programs promoting Spanish literacy which reduce the use of indigenous languages. During the 20th century, education reform evolved from castilianization and the 1965 Bilingual Castilianization Program to the 1980 National Bilingual Education Project. Each program aimed to increase Spanish fluency. In 1985, the Constitution legalized bilingual education and the Ministry of Education formed the Programa Nacional de Educación Bilingüe (PRONEBI). PRONEBI developed from the 1980–1984 National Bilingual Education Project, and aimed to provide bilingual education for rural indigenous children. PRONEBI differed from previous education programs in recognizing the value of Mayan culture and language in Guatemala's multicultural and multilingual society, and has played a major role in institutionalizing intercultural bilingual education. In 2005 there were bilingual programs in Q’eqchi’, Achi’, Kaqchikel, Ch’orti’, Poqomam, Mam, Q’anjob’al, Garifuna, Mopán, K’iche’, Tz’utujil and Xinka, and the Ministry of Education’s Strategic Plan for Education 2012-2016 has made bilingual, intercultural education a national priority. Intercultural bilingual education programs in Guatemala have received criticism and support from Mayan activists, indigenous communities and international scholars and activists. == Contexts == == Ethnolinguistic context == Guatemala was described as a multi-ethnic, multicultural and multilingual country in the Constitution of 1985, which recognizes the right to cultural identity (Article 58) and says that bilingual instruction is preferable in regions with large indigenous populations. Guatemalans identify as mestizo, European and Mayan; its population is 59 percent mestizo and European and 40 percent Mayan. Spanish is the official language of Guatemala, with 60 percent of the population speaking the language. Speakers of Amerindian languages constitute 40 percent of the population, and the government officially recognizes 23 Amerindian languages. Education policy distinguishes between Mayan and Ladino education, but does not address the education of the Xinca (whose languages are nearly extinct) or the Garífuna (who speak Garífuna). Guatemala is one of a number of Latin American countries (including Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua and Mexico) whose governments have implemented intercultural, bilingual education reform. In Guatemala, Spanish and the Mayan languages are tied to ethnic and cultural identity and rooted historically in colonization and nation-building. During the 1940s, Mayan cultural and linguistic diversity was regarded as an "Indian problem"; bilingual education programs sought to educate native Mayan-language speakers in their first language to facilitate future Spanish literacy. Central to these bilingual education programs was the objective of eventually transitioning Mayan-language speakers to Spanish. == Political context == The development and institutionalization of intercultural bilingual education programs coincided with the 36-year Guatemalan Civil War. The peace accords, signed in December 1996, ended the war which had displaced the Mayan population. The 1996 peace accords were in part the country’s renewed commitment to sustaining Mayan culture, and the revitalization of the Mayan language was centrally to the new political and cultural discourse. One of the five sets of peace accords, "The Accords on the Identity and Rights of the Indigenous Peoples", devotes one of its three sections to Mayan rights. Signed on March 31, 1995, this agreement divides Mayan rights into "Cultural Rights" and "Civil, Political, Social and Economic Rights". In "Cultural Rights", language is included in the broader concept of culture. This section enumerates measures which would elevate the status of Mayan languages, with bilingual education listed as a means of giving the Mayan languages a status equal to Spanish. The seven measures to encourage Mayan-language use as a cultural right are "constitutional recognition; bilingual education and Mayan language education; the use of Mayan languages in government services in Mayan communities; informing the indigenous peoples of their rights; training bilingual judges and interpreters; fostering appreciation of indigenous languages; and promoting the officialization of indigenous languages." The peace accords mandate bilingual education, diverging from early attempts at indigenous assimilation into a dominant society by explicitly promoting Mayan-language education. == Educational disparity == Factors related to geographical location, ethnicity, and gender create great disparity in the educational opportunities available to Guatemalan children and their academic success. Statistics suggest that where schoolchildren live may partially determine their economic opportunities, since rural illiteracy rates are much higher than those in cities. Although 40 percent of the population identifies as indigenous, only 50 percent of indigenous children are enrolled in school; two-thirds of non-indigenous children are enrolled. Among adults, the average educational level of an indigenous worker is 1.6 years; a non-indigenous worker averages five years of schooling. Within the indigenous population, educational levels of men and women vary greatly: half the indigenous men, and three-quarters of the indigenous women, have no formal education. Indigenous men have transitioned more easily to bilingualism than indigenous women. == Early bilingual education programs == == Castilianization == After Guatemala became independent in 1821, its government adopted a policy of assimilation for the country's indigenous peoples. The national language was Spanish, and the government proposed teaching Spanish to the indigenous population to develop national unity. Although limited resources and the inaccessibility of rural areas made it impossible to fully enforce this policy, the government maintained its policy of castilianization until the mid-20th century. Castilianization was introduced as a formal program in rural areas before 1940, educating students in a pre-primary grade (itself known as "Castilianization") and first grade. Castilianization was intended as a preparatory year in which oral Spanish would be taught and indigenous children could acclimate to a formal school environment. == Bilingual Castilianization Program (1965) == The Bilingual Castilianization Program was intended to address issues of bilingual education which were not resolved through castilianization, particularly the limited Spanish proficiency of indigenous children. The development of the program coincided with the Constitution of 1966 (which made Spanish the national language) and the Education Law, which required Spanish as the language of instruction and allowed indigenous-language use only to further Spanish literacy. The Bilingual Castilianization Program capitalized on this clause, beginning school for Mayan children one year early to improve literacy in the mother language and provide simultaneous instruction in Spanish. Instead of employing teachers, the program enlisted bilingual "promoters" who taught children part-time as a portion of their community-service time teaching adult-literacy classes. Language lessons included individual and group recitation of Spanish texts and the copying of Mayan language and Spanish texts. The program, which originally served Ixil speakers, later extended to rural communities of Guatemala's four major indigenous languages: K'iche', Kaqchikel, Q'eqchi', and Mam. The program was designed to assimilate and acculturate Mayan children, but logistical problems arose related to the language abilities and dialects of the bilingual promoters. Some bilingual promoters spoke a dialect which was unintelligible to their students, and they resorted to Spanish. Others believed that students needed as much access to Spanish as possible, and used the language in the classroom before the scheduled time. The program was opposed by parents, who said that their children were sent to school to learn Spanish. The Bilingual Castilianization Program provided bilingual promoters and resources to only 20 percent of eligible children. Evaluations indicated improved academic performance of indigenous students as a result of the program, but their Spanish skills were insufficient for success in monolingual Spanish schools. == National Bilingual Education Project (1980-1984) == The National Bilingual Education Project was a pilot program testing the effectiveness of an extended bilingual education program in primary schools. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which had been working with the government of Guatemala since 1979, provided some funding for the project. The project cost over $3 million; a USAID grant covered two-thirds of the cost, and the Guatemalan government covered the remaining third. For the pre-primary year of castilianization through the second grade, the project provided materials for all academic subjects in K'iche', Kaqchikel, Q'eqchi', and Mam. There were ten pilot schools for each of the four languages. The pilot schools, chosen at random, were matched with control schools so the project could be assessed. Pilot-school evaluations indicated higher scores in academic subjects, higher promotion rates and lower dropout rates. == National Bilingual Education Program (1985) == In 1984, the National Bilingual Education Program (PRONEBI) was established by the Ministry of Education with Government Accord No. 1093-84. In cooperation with the Ministry of Education Directorate of Rural Social Education, PRONEBI has improved intercultural bilingual programs. International funding has enabled it to develop educational programs and supply schools with resources, such as bilingual textbooks and trained bilingual teachers. For its first five years, PRONEBI was financed by a loan of $10.2 million and a grant of $3.3 million from USAID and $25 million from the Guatemalan government. Although implementation of the bilingual education programs varies by region and the availability of resources, PRONEBI's education model provides parallel instruction in Spanish and a Mayan language from the pre-primary level through fourth grade. PRONEBI has faced obstacles, including the cost of bilingual resources for classrooms, a lack of bilingual teachers and linguistic variation among the Mayan languages and their dialects. According to PRONEBI, language is central to cultural identity. Its mission is "to strengthen Mayan ethnic identity, and to promote the integral and harmonious development of the Indian population with the linguistic context of a plural Guatemalan society so that it may respond to its own authentic needs and legitimate interests". Initially focusing on the K'iche', Kaqchikel, Q'eqchi and Mam language communities, PRONEBI's five-year goal was to provide bilingual education in 800 schools. Half of them, known as "complete schools", would establish a bilingual curriculum for preschool through fourth grade. After the fourth year of schooling, students would follow a monolingual Spanish curriculum. The other 400 schools, known as "incomplete schools", would offer only the preschool curriculum. PRONEBI's Section of Curricular Development designs and distributes bilingual resources for students and teachers. == Outcomes == Early assessments of PRONEBI's bilingual programs indicated that the programs were consistent with Guatemalan public policy and focused on strengthening native-language skills in the early school years to accelerate Spanish language acquisition in later years. Bilingual education programs have reduced repetition and dropout rates and improved students' performance in reading, writing, mathematics and Spanish. According to a 1986-1991 study, indigenous students enrolled in the bilingual program improved their academic performance. PRONEBI benefits girls in particular; although indigenous boys in PRONEBI schools performed as well as non-PRONEBI boys, PRONEBI girls outperformed non-PRONEBI girls. Within the program, results varied between complete and incomplete schools; students at complete PRONEBI schools received higher test scores than students at incomplete schools. Spanish proficiency by the end of the fourth year of school suggests further academic success, since a solid foundation in Spanish gives students an advantage in the monolingual Spanish curriculum following the fourth year of school. Long-term projections suggest that bilingual education may improve economic opportunities for indigenous Guatemalans and reduce the income disparity between the country's indigenous and non-indigenous populations. World Bank projections suggest that PRONEBI, by reducing the repetition rate, may reduce the cost of education in Guatemala. However, increased costs of implementing bilingual education programs, especially as PRONEBI expands to more rural areas and less-widely-spoken languages, may offset that savings. == Public response == Mayan parents recognize the value of Spanish literacy for their children, especially since Spanish-language skills increase job opportunities. Parents also remember when Spanish-language use was compulsory in formal education. At the same time, they have minimal expectations for their children: that they learn arithmetic and Spanish-language skills (reading, writing and listening). The educational system may be considered "extra", an accessory of the community education received through the family. This community education includes values and principles that may (or may not) be taught at school, including gender roles, a positive attitude toward work, discipline, community spirit and respect. Bridging the academic development of the student at school and at home presents more challenges, especially when parents are monolingual Mayan-language speakers. If their children learn Spanish at PRONEBI schools, though, Mayan parents generally view the program positively. PRONEBI has received praise and criticism nationally and internationally. Although the program is part of the Ministry of Education, it has been criticized for being "too Mayan". Although PRONEBI attempts to prevent the use of Spanish loanwords (Hispanicisms) in bilingual classrooms, bilingual teachers often express concepts which do not exist in the Mayan languages (like "flashlight" or "numerator") with Spanish loanwords. PRONEBI aims to retain the "purity" of the Mayan languages by encouraging the development of neologisms, using Mayan-language lexicons to express foreign concepts. However, some Mayan intellectuals and activists believe that PRONEBI is not sufficiently representative of Mayan identity. Critiques of the educational program are often related to implementation obstacles. Two criticisms are the disparities in the amount of resources available to speakers of each Mayan language and the standardization of a Mayan alphabet which is not representative of the entire Mayan-language family. Critics have said that bilingual resources still marginalize the Mayan worldview (tacitly or overtly), perpetuating European ethnocentrism. Proponents of the program say that PRONEBI restores social value to Mayan languages and culture. In some cases, intercultural bilingual education for children may motivate adults in indigenous communities to begin (or continue) indigenous-language learning informally or through Mayan revitalization organizations.1

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Bash Tapia Castle<EOT>1

Bash Tapia Castle

Bash Tapia Castle, (Arabic: باشطابيا) also known as Bashtabiya Castle or Pashtabia Castle, is a ruined 12th-century castle located on the western bank of the Tigris river, forming part of the city wall of Mosul, Iraq. It was partially destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in April 2015.

Bash Tapia Castle, (Arabic: باشطابيا) also known as Bashtabiya Castle or Pashtabia Castle, is a ruined 12th-century castle located on the western bank of the Tigris river, forming part of the city wall of Mosul, Iraq. It was partially destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in April 2015. == History == Bash Tapia Castle was built in the 12th century as one of seven castles within Mosul's city wall. The castle was damaged by Timur in 1393, and was later rebuilt by the Ottoman Empire. Bash Tapia Castle played an important role in the siege of Mosul during the Ottoman–Persian War of 1743–46. The siege began on 14 September 1743 when the Shah of Persia, Nadir Shah, arrived in city. The Pasha of Mosul, Hajji Hossein Al Jalili, successfully defended the city, and the siege was lifted on 23 October of the same year. The ruins of the castle were an archaeological site, and were also significant as being one of the few surviving parts of Mosul's walls. The castle was a landmark and a symbol of Mosul's identity, and it was popular with tourists from other parts of Iraq and neighbouring countries. It became neglected after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. == Destruction == The city of Mosul was captured by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on 10 June 2014, and Bash Tapia Castle was damaged in the subsequent fighting. A missile fell near the castle on 10 July and damaged its walls, while a drone fired two shells on it on 23 July. According to reports by the Iraqi Ministry of Tourism, the castle was blown up by ISIL in April 2015, making it one of many heritage sites destroyed by that group. Photos released by ISIL in 2016 show that parts of the castle remain intact. The remains of the castle was recaptured by the Iraqi Army in June 2017.1

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Richmond Colts<EOT>1

Richmond Colts

The Richmond Colts were a minor league baseball team based in Richmond, Virginia that existed on-and-off from 1894 to 1953. They played in the Virginia League in 1894, and in another Virginia League in 1900, and another Virginia League from 1906–1914 and from 1918–1928. In 1932, they played in the Eastern League and from 1933 to 1953, they played in the Piedmont League. They were affiliated with the Philadelphia Athletics from 1935 to 1936, and the New York Giants from 1937 to 1938, in 1940, and from 1944 to 1950. As was more common during that time period, the Colts occasionally played exhibition games against major league teams. One of their home ballparks was Mooers Field, from the early 1940s until 1953, named after Eddie Mooers, who purchased the team in 1931. Prior to Mooers Field, the team played at Tate Field on Mayo Island in the James River, but that facility was destroyed in a fire in May 1941. In 1953, the team signed Whit Graves as its first black player. When Richmond obtained a Class AAA franchise in 1954, Mooers moved the Colts to Colonial Heights' Shepherd Stadium. Harry Seibold purchased the team and renamed it the Virginians. Mooers Field was turned into a racing track, and then torn down in 1958.

The Richmond Colts were a minor league baseball team based in Richmond, Virginia that existed on-and-off from 1894 to 1953. They played in the Virginia League in 1894, and in another Virginia League in 1900, and another Virginia League from 1906–1914 and from 1918–1928. In 1932, they played in the Eastern League and from 1933 to 1953, they played in the Piedmont League. They were affiliated with the Philadelphia Athletics from 1935 to 1936, and the New York Giants from 1937 to 1938, in 1940, and from 1944 to 1950. As was more common during that time period, the Colts occasionally played exhibition games against major league teams. One of their home ballparks was Mooers Field, from the early 1940s until 1953, named after Eddie Mooers, who purchased the team in 1931. Prior to Mooers Field, the team played at Tate Field on Mayo Island in the James River, but that facility was destroyed in a fire in May 1941. In 1953, the team signed Whit Graves as its first black player. When Richmond obtained a Class AAA franchise in 1954, Mooers moved the Colts to Colonial Heights' Shepherd Stadium. Harry Seibold purchased the team and renamed it the Virginians. Mooers Field was turned into a racing track, and then torn down in 1958. == League championships == Under manager Perry Lipe in 1908, the Colts won their first league championship. They were co-league champions in 1923 under manager Dave Robertson, and from 1924 to 1926 they won the league championship every year. In 1924, they were managed by Jack Onslow; in 1925, Percy Dawson and in 1926, Troy Agnew, Guy Lacy and Rube Oldring. They won a league championship again in 1935, under manager Eddie Rommel. In 1952, they won their final league championship, under manager Tom O'Connell.1

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Scott Morgan (rugby player)<EOT>1

Scott Morgan (rugby player)

Scott Morgan is a former Welsh international rugby union player. His usual position was Lock or Flanker. Morgan began his career at Neath before joining Llanelli, Bristol and Leeds. In 2006 he joined Cardiff Blues. During his time at Leeds he helped them win the 2004–05 Powergen Cup, the final of which he started. In July 2010 Morgan joined Newport Gwent Dragons. He was released by Newport Gwent Dragons in June 2012 From the start of the 2013-2014 season, Morgan became Head Coach of Coventry RFC in National League 1, the third tier of the English rugby union system.

Scott Morgan is a former Welsh international rugby union player. His usual position was Lock or Flanker. Morgan began his career at Neath before joining Llanelli, Bristol and Leeds. In 2006 he joined Cardiff Blues. During his time at Leeds he helped them win the 2004–05 Powergen Cup, the final of which he started. In July 2010 Morgan joined Newport Gwent Dragons. He was released by Newport Gwent Dragons in June 2012 From the start of the 2013-2014 season, Morgan became Head Coach of Coventry RFC in National League 1, the third tier of the English rugby union system. == International == Morgan represented Wales at under-21 level and was a part of the Welsh squad for the 2007 Six Nations championship. He made his debut for the Wales national rugby union team in 2007 against Australia in Brisbane. == Honours == Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles: 1 20051

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OTO Melara 76 mm<EOT>1

OTO Melara 76 mm

The OTO Melara 76 mm gun is a naval artillery piece built and designed by the Italian defence company Oto Melara. It is based on the Oto Melara 76/62C and evolved toward 76/62 SR and 76/62 Strales. The Oto Melara 76 mm cannon system is compact enough to be installed on relatively small warships, such as corvettes, avisos (a vessel somewhere in size between a corvette and a patrol boat), and patrol boats. The gun's high rate of fire and availability of specialised ammunition make it well-suited to varied roles such as short-range anti-missile point defence, anti-aircraft, anti-surface, and ground support. Specialised ammunition includes armour-piercing, incendiary, directed fragmentation effects, and a guided round marketed as capable of destroying manoeuvring anti-ship missiles. A stealth cupola is now offered. The OTO Melara 76 mm has been widely exported, currently in use internationally by 60 navies. It has recently been favoured over the French 100mm naval gun for the joint French/Italian Horizon-class frigate project and FREMM frigate. On 27 September 2006 Iran announced it has started mass production of a marine artillery gun, named the Fajr-27, which is a reverse-engineered Oto Melara 76 mm gun.

The OTO Melara 76 mm gun is a naval artillery piece built and designed by the Italian defence company Oto Melara. It is based on the Oto Melara 76/62C and evolved toward 76/62 SR and 76/62 Strales. The Oto Melara 76 mm cannon system is compact enough to be installed on relatively small warships, such as corvettes, avisos (a vessel somewhere in size between a corvette and a patrol boat), and patrol boats. The gun's high rate of fire and availability of specialised ammunition make it well-suited to varied roles such as short-range anti-missile point defence, anti-aircraft, anti-surface, and ground support. Specialised ammunition includes armour-piercing, incendiary, directed fragmentation effects, and a guided round marketed as capable of destroying manoeuvring anti-ship missiles. A stealth cupola is now offered. The OTO Melara 76 mm has been widely exported, currently in use internationally by 60 navies. It has recently been favoured over the French 100mm naval gun for the joint French/Italian Horizon-class frigate project and FREMM frigate. On 27 September 2006 Iran announced it has started mass production of a marine artillery gun, named the Fajr-27, which is a reverse-engineered Oto Melara 76 mm gun. == Other specifications == Cooling: sea water—fresh water for flushing Electrical Power supply 440 V, 3-phase, 60 Hz, main circuit; 115 V, 1-phase, 400 Hz, servo and synchro network == Variants == == Super Rapid == Developed in the early 1980s (and sometimes called the "Super Rapido"), this variant is the up-to-date development of rapid fire Italian 76 mm naval cannons, capable of firing an increased 120 rounds per minute. The Super Rapid's higher rate of fire was achieved by designing a faster feed system. == Strales system == These new improvements led to the Italian Navy preferring the Super Rapido with Strales System and DART ammunition to the Fast Forty 40 mm CIWS, in the anti-missile defence role, being capable of countering several subsonic missiles from 6,000 to 1,000 meters away. The Durand de la Penne class was initially planned to carry four 40 mm Fast Forty dual turrets, but they were replaced by three 76 mm Super Rapido turrets. The longer range means one single gun can engage more than one missile in a single engagement, and minimises the danger posed by fragments and splinters if a missile is destroyed close to the ship. The 76 mm was also capable of being used versus surface targets, being a medium caliber gun with relatively long range. == Ammunition == To provide multiple roles for the gun, OTO provides the user with wide ranges of specialised ammunition: HE standard (all models): weight 6.296 kg, range 16 km, effective 8 km (4 km vs. air targets at 85°) MOM: developed by OTO (Multirole OTO Munition) PFF: anti-missile projectile, with proximity fuse and tungsten balls embedded in the shell for defined fragmentation effect SAPOM: 6.35 kg (0.46 kg HE), range 16 km (SAPOMER: 20 km) semi-armoured piercing DART: guided projectile for anti-aircraft manoeuvring targets Vulcano: 5 kg, maximum range around 40 km (it is a smaller version of the 127 mm Vulcano) == Fire control system == There were evolutions in the gun's fire control systems as well. The early versions (Compatto) utilised radars such the RTN-10X Orion (made by Selenia, now Selex); From the early 1980s there was a more powerful and flexible system, the RTN-30X (used with the Dardo-E CIWS system and known within Italian Navy as SPG-73), that was capable to manage both guns (40,76 and 127 mm calibres) and missiles (Sea Sparrow-Aspide). This system came in service with the Italian Navy, on the cruiser Garibaldi (C551: the RTN-30X entered in service first with Maestrale-class frigates, but the Dardo 40 mm turret were slaved to the smaller and older RTN-20X radars), but still with the twin 40 mm Dardo's turrets; while the first ship equipped with Dardo E and 76 mm Super Rapido was the upgraded Audace-class destroyers, later followed by the Durand de la Penne class. The 76/62 has also been used with countless other fire control systems, when not being used in the Italian fleet. == Fuses == There have been many developments in the fuses, essential to shoot down low-flying missiles. The best fuse developed for the 76/62 guns is arguably the 3A-Plus programmable multi-role fuse, manufactured by Oto Melara and Simmel Difesa, introduced in the early 2000s. This fuse requires the installation of a fuse programmer in the mount. The programmable multi-role fuse offers the user different modes for excellent flexibility, including a time mode for air burst; proximity mode: including Gated Proximity, Anti-Missile Proximity, Conventional Air Defence Proximity and Anti-Surface Proximity Modes; and several different impact modes: including Delayed Impact. The system includes a DSP which rejects ground/sea clutter and makes the fuse capable of detecting a missile flying as low as two meters above sea level. It has the capability to recognise a target at a 10-meter stand-off. In all, the fuse greatly increases the effectiveness of the gun when engaging anti-ship missiles. == DART == Since the 1980s efforts were made for development of guided 76 mm ammunition, but this was not achieved until recently. The first such ammunition was the CCS (Course Corrected Shell), also known as 'CORRETTO'; a joint program of OTO and British Aerospace. Work started in 1985. The projectile had several small rockets in order to deviate the trajectory. Radio commands were sent from the ship FCS. The FCS did not know the exact position of the projectile, only that of the target. This system was too complex and unreliable, so OTO studied another development in order to obtain a real 'guided ammunition'. The result of this development is a system which was called DAVIDE just for the Italian market and STRALES for export purposes while the fired guided ammunition is called DART(Driven Ammunition Reduced Time of flight). The DART projectile is similar in many aspects to other hyper-velocity systems, for example the Starstreak SAM missile's multi-dart warhead, but is a guided gun projectile with radio controls and a proximity fuse for low level engagement (up to 2 meters over the sea). DART is fired at 1,200 m/s (3,900 ft/s), can reach 5 km range in only 5 seconds, and can perform up to 40 manoeuvres. The DART projectile is made of two parts: the forward is free to rotate and has two small canard wings for flight control. The aft part has the 2.5 kg warhead (with tungsten cubes and the 3A millimetric wave new fuse), six fixed wings and the radio receivers. The guidance system is Command Line of Sight (CLOS). It uses a TX antenna installed on gun. The radio-command for them is provided on a broadcast data-link (Ka Band). The first lot of DART/STRALES 76mm guided ammunition, produced by OTO Melara, was successfully tested at the end of March, 2014. The firing trials were conducted on board one of the Italian Navy’s ships equipped with Strales 76mm SR and Selex NA25 fire control system. The first firing trials of the DART ammunition bought by Colombia in 2012, were successfully conducted in the Caribbean Sea on August 29 from the 76/62 Strales inner-layer defence system fitted to its modernised FS 1500 Padilla-class frigates. == VULCANO == The more recent development is the VULCANO 76 ammunition system. Basically, it is a scaled down version of the 127–155 mm Vulcano family of extended-range projectiles developed by Oto Melara; guided by Inertial Navigation System and Global Positioning Systems, it is capable of hitting targets twice the distance of normal 76 mm gun ammunition. GPS-IMU guidance and IR or SALT Terminal sensor == Other uses == Most of the basic ammunition types offered for the Oto Melara 76mm can also be fired from the South African Rooikat armoured car with slight modification to change from electric to percussion primers. This is the only land-based vehicle system capable of deploying the same ammunition as its naval counterpart. == Users == Platforms using the Oto-Melara 76 mm include: == Asia ==  Bangladesh Bangabandhu frigate (ex-ROKN Ulson class frigate)– 1 x 1 BNS Somudra Joy (ex-USCG Hamilton-class cutter)- 1 x 1  Indonesia ex-Van Speijk – Ahmad yani-class frigate – 1 x 6 (compact) Diponegoro-class corvette – 1 x 4 (super rapid with torsion cable) Bung Tomo class corvette – 1 x 3 (super rapid with slip ring) Raden Edy Martadinata-class corvette – 1 x 2 (super rapid with torsion cable, stealth cupola)  India Kolkata-class destroyer – 1 x 3 Godavari-class frigate – 1 x 3 Brahmaputra-class frigate – 1 x 3 Shivalik-class frigate – Kora-class corvette – Kamorta-class corvette – Veer-class corvette – Vikrant Class Aircraft Carrier- 4 guns per ship  Israel Sa'ar 3-class missile boat Sa'ar 4-class missile boat Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat  Japan Hatsuyuki-class destroyer Asagiri-class destroyer Murasame-class destroyer Minegumo-class destroyer(JDS Murakumo only) JDS Ishikari Yubari-class destroyer escort Abukuma-class destroyer escort Hayabusa-class patrol boat  South Korea Ulsan-class frigate – 2 x 9 Pohang-class corvette Donghae-class corvette Gumdoksuri-class patrol vessel  Malaysia Laksamana-class corvette Kedah class Corvette  Oman Khareef-class corvette  Philippines Gregorio del Pilar-class frigate Jacinto-class corvette Tarlac-class landing platform dock (planned)  Singapore Endurance-class landing platform dock Formidable-class frigate Victory-class corvette Fearless-class patrol vessel  Sri Lanka Nandimithra-class missile boat  Taiwan (Republic of China) Cheng Kung-class frigate Kang Ding-class frigate Tuo Chiang class corvette  Thailand Pattani-class offshore patrol vessel Ratanakosin-class corvette Ratcharit-class missile boat Chuburi-class patrol boat Tapi-class corvette Khamronsin-class corvette Laemsing-class patrol boat  Turkey Doğan-class fast attack craft Kılıç-class fast attack craft Kılıç-II-class fast attack craft Yıldız-class fast attack craft G-class frigate Milgem-class corvette  United Arab Emirates Baynunah-class corvette  Lebanon Combattante FS56 – 1 x 3 == Africa ==  Algeria Kalaat Béni Abbès Class – 1 x 1 1 x Oto Melara 127/64 LW 127mm main gun for MEKO 200  Egypt Ambassador MK III Missile Boat Descubierta-class corvette – Spanish built, 1 x 2 Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate Ramadan-class missile boat Tiger-class fast attack craft Gowind 2500 corvette – 1 x 4 FREMM multipurpose frigate  Morocco Mohammed VI FREMM frigate – 1 x 1 Sigma-class frigate 1x3 Descubierta-class corvette – Spanish built, 1 x 1 Floréal-class frigate 1 x 2 Lazaga-class missile boat 1 x 4 Bir Anzaran-class patrol vessel 1 x 5  South Africa Warrior-class patrol vessel former fast attack craft modified to OPVs – missiles launchers and rear 76mm gun removed. Valour-class frigate  Tunisia Albatros-class fast attack craft == Europe ==  Belgium Karel Doorman-class frigate  Denmark Willemoes-class fast attack craft (decommissioned in 2000) Niels Juel-class corvette (decommissioned in 2009) Flyvefisken-class patrol vessel Thetis-class ocean patrol vessel Iver Huitfeldt-class frigate Knud Rasmussen-class patrol vessel  France FREMM multipurpose frigate Horizon-class frigate  Germany Brandenburg-class frigate – MEKO design Bremen-class frigate – MEKO design Sachsen-class frigate – MEKO design Braunschweig-class corvette – MEKO design Gepard-class fast attack craft  Greece Elli-class frigate (Kortenaer-class frigate) La Combattante IIa-class fast attack craft La Combattante III-class fast attack craft La Combattante IIIb-class fast attack craft Osprey 55-class gunboat HSY-55-class gunboat Osprey HSY-56A-class gunboat Roussen-class fast attack craft Jason-class tank landing ship  Ireland Peacock-class patrol vessel Róisín-class offshore patrol vessel Samuel Beckett-class offshore patrol vessel  Italy Audace-class destroyer (8 guns, all retired) Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (2 guns) Comandanti class OPV (4 guns) Durand de la Penne-class destroyer (6 guns) FREMM multipurpose frigate (14 guns) Fulmine gunboat (1 gun – the first, prototype -, retired) Minerva-class corvette (8 guns, with 4 retired) Orizzonte-class frigate (6 guns) San Giorgio-class amphibious transport dock (1 gun) Sparviero class hydrofoil (7 guns, all retired)  Netherlands Karel Doorman-class frigate Holland-class offshore patrol vessel  Norway Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate Skjold-class patrol boat  Poland Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate  Portugal Bartolomeu Dias-class frigate  Romania Regele Ferdinand Regina Maria  Spain Santa María-class frigate – 1 x 6 Descubierta-class corvette – 1 x 6 Buque de Acción Marítima-class patrol vessel – 1 x 6 == Oceania ==  Australia Adelaide-class frigate – 1 x 6 == North America ==  Canada Iroquois-class destroyer after TRUMP modifications – 1 x 4  United States Famous-class cutter (USCG) Hamilton-class cutter (USCG) Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate (USN) Pegasus-class hydrofoil (now de-commissioned) (USN)  Mexico Oaxaca-class patrol vessel – 1 x 4 == South America ==  Argentina Espora-class corvette – license built MEKO 140 design – 1 x 6 Intrépida-class fast attack craft – based on the TNC-45 design – 1 x 2  Chile Karel Doorman-class M-class frigate – 1 x 2 CNS Almirante Williams 1 x 1 OPV-83 Marinero Fuentealba-class Patrulleros de Zona Marítima 1 x 1 Sa'ar 4-class missile boat 2 x 3 Tiger-class fast attack craft 1 x 3 (decommissioned)  Colombia Almirante Padilla-class frigate – modernised with Strales 76 mm and DART guided ammunition – 1 x 4  Ecuador Esmeraldas corvettes – 1 x 6 Quito-class missile boat – 1 x 3  Peru PR-72P-class corvette – 1 x 6  Venezuela Guaiquerí OPV – 1 x 4 Guaicamacuto OPV – 1 x 3 Constitución Class OPV – 2 x 61

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Sacks & Sons<EOT>1

Sacks & Sons

Sacks & Sons was a short lived NASCAR Winston Cup race team from 1983-85. The team ran 38 races, all but one run by Greg Sacks, son of owner Arnie Sacks. Cecil Gordon also ran one race for the team. The team had 0 wins, 0 top 5's, 3 top 10's, 12 top 20's, 0 poles, and 18 DNF'S. The average start was 24.71 and the average finish was 24.2. They led 2 laps out of a possible 7,999. They ran 64.3% of the total laps they could possibly run.1

Sacks & Sons was a short lived NASCAR Winston Cup race team from 1983-85. The team ran 38 races, all but one run by Greg Sacks, son of owner Arnie Sacks. Cecil Gordon also ran one race for the team. The team had 0 wins, 0 top 5's, 3 top 10's, 12 top 20's, 0 poles, and 18 DNF'S. The average start was 24.71 and the average finish was 24.2. They led 2 laps out of a possible 7,999. They ran 64.3% of the total laps they could possibly run.1

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Kukersite<EOT>1

Kukersite

Kukersite is a light-brown marine type oil shale of Ordovician age. It is found in the Baltic Oil Shale Basin in Estonia and North-West Russia. It is of the lowest Upper Ordovician formation, formed some 460 million years ago. It was named after the German name of the Kukruse Manor in the north-east of Estonia by the Russian paleobotanist Mikhail Zalessky in 1917. Some minor kukersite resources occur in sedimentary basins of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and Oklahoma in North America and in Amadeus and Canning basins Australia.

Kukersite is a light-brown marine type oil shale of Ordovician age. It is found in the Baltic Oil Shale Basin in Estonia and North-West Russia. It is of the lowest Upper Ordovician formation, formed some 460 million years ago. It was named after the German name of the Kukruse Manor in the north-east of Estonia by the Russian paleobotanist Mikhail Zalessky in 1917. Some minor kukersite resources occur in sedimentary basins of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and Oklahoma in North America and in Amadeus and Canning basins Australia. == Baltic Oil Shale Basin == The Baltic Oil Shale Basin covers about 3,000 to 5,000 square kilometres (1,200 to 1,900 sq mi). Main kukersite deposits are Estonian and Tapa deposits in Estonia, and Leningrad deposit in Russia (also known as Gdov or Oudova deposit). Other occurrences in Russia are Veimarn and Chudovo–Babinskoe deposits. The Estonian deposit, which covers about 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi), is exploited industrially; the Tapa deposit is not accounted as reserves due its lower value which makes its extraction economically inexpedient. The Leningrad deposit was exploited industrially but operations have ceased. == Geology == Kukersite occurs within the Kukruse and Uhaku stages of the Viivikonna and Kõrgekallas formations, as an often calcareous layer. In northern Estonia there are a total of 50 oil shale layers of kukersite, of which six lowest form a 2.5-to-3-metre (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) thick mineable bed. In this part kukersite lies near the surface while southward and westward its depth increases and its thickness and quality decreases. Estonia's kukersite represents about 1.1% of global and 17% of European oil shale resources. The total kukersite resources in Estonia are estimated to be about 4.8 billion tonnes, including about 1 billion tonnes economically proven reserve, 0.3 billion tonnes economic probable reserve and about 3.5 billion tonnes uneconomical proven and probable reserve. Economically proven and probable reserves forms active resource, which is defined as mineable deposits with energy ratings of at least 35 gigajoules per square metre and calorific values of at least 8 MJ/kg, located in areas without environmental restrictions. Energy rating of the oil shale mining block is calculated as the sum of the products of thickness, calorific values and densities of all oil shale layers and limestone interlayers. Up to 50% of active resources are designated as recoverable. The Leningrad deposit consists of 3.6 billion tonnes of kukersite, including more than one billion tonnes of economically proven and probable reserves. == Composition == Estonian kukersite deposits are one of the world's highest-grade deposits with organic content varying from 15% to 55% with average more than 40%, and it has 65–67% conversion ratio into shale oil and oil shale gas. Fischer Assay oil yield is 30 to 47%. Its organic matter has an atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon is 1.51 and the mean calorific value of kukersite is 3600 kcal/kg. The principal organic component of kukersite is telalginite, derived from the fossil green alga, Gloeocapsomorpha prisca, which has affinities with the modern cyanobacterium, Entophysalis major, an extant species that forms algal mats in inter-tidal to very shallow subtidal waters. Matrix minerals dominantly include low-magnesium calcite, dolomite, and siliciclastic minerals. They are not rich in heavy metals. Kukersite was deposited in a shallow marine basin. It lays in the depth of 7 to 170 metres (23 to 558 ft).1

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Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority<EOT>1

Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority

The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (Turkish: Kamu Gözetimi, Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumu, KGK) is a government organization in Turkey with responsibility for regulation of determining auditing standards and ethics, authorizing independent auditors and audit companies under a public oversight system and monitoring their activities within the frame of quality assurance in the process of EU negotiations.1

The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (Turkish: Kamu Gözetimi, Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumu, KGK) is a government organization in Turkey with responsibility for regulation of determining auditing standards and ethics, authorizing independent auditors and audit companies under a public oversight system and monitoring their activities within the frame of quality assurance in the process of EU negotiations.1

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The Thomaselli Brothers<EOT>1

The Thomaselli Brothers

The Thomaselli Brothers are the professional wrestling stable that consists of real life brothers Pauly Thomaselli (Brandon Thomas), Vito Thomaselli (Kent Thomas), and storyline brother Sal Thomaselli (Sal Takavoli). Kent Thomas and Sal Takavoli are now retired. They formerly worked for the American promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling, as well as occasionally for other various independent promotions. Before forming the group, all members competed as singles competitors. Sal and Vito first began teaming together in 2005 as The Iron Saints. The duo won the IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship three times. Brandon permanently joined his brothers in 2007, creating the stable the Thomaselli Brothers. As the Thomaselli Brothers, later renamed the Haters, Pauly and Vito are three time JCW Tag Team Champions.

The Thomaselli Brothers are the professional wrestling stable that consists of real life brothers Pauly Thomaselli (Brandon Thomas), Vito Thomaselli (Kent Thomas), and storyline brother Sal Thomaselli (Sal Takavoli). Kent Thomas and Sal Takavoli are now retired. They formerly worked for the American promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling, as well as occasionally for other various independent promotions. Before forming the group, all members competed as singles competitors. Sal and Vito first began teaming together in 2005 as The Iron Saints. The duo won the IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship three times. Brandon permanently joined his brothers in 2007, creating the stable the Thomaselli Brothers. As the Thomaselli Brothers, later renamed the Haters, Pauly and Vito are three time JCW Tag Team Champions. == Wrestling career == == IWA Mid-South (2005-2008) == Following several years of singles competition, Sal and Vito began teaming together in Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South in 2005 as The Iron Saints. On June 11, the team won the IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship in a Tag Team Battle Royal Tables Elimination match. One month later, the duo lost the championship to The Bad Breed. On September 10, The Iron Saints won a 4-Team Tournament to regain the championship. The duo defended their championship for six months before losing them to Ian Rotten and Mad Man Pondo on March 18, 2006. Vito and Sal began teaming with their brother Brandon, bringing him in as an occasional member of The Iron Saints. Brandon, however, focused on a career as a single competitor. On May 26, 2007, The Iron Saints won their third IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship by winning the 2007 Candido Cup. The duo held the championship for 280 days, becoming the longest reigning tag team champions in IWA Mid-South history. == Independent circuit (2007) == At Pro Wrestling Unplugged's Pride, Pain, & Punishment event on May 19, 2007, Brandon, Sal, and Vito formed the stable the Thomaselli Brothers. That July, The Iron Saints debuted in Elite Pro Wrestling and won the EPW Tag Team Championship. Vito betrayed and attacked Sal later that September, leading to the two brothers feuding with each other for several weeks. On November 3, The Iron Saints lost the EPW Tag Team Championship to Team W.A.R. == Juggalo Championship Wrestling (2007–present) == All three Thomaselli brothers debuted in Juggalo Championship Wrestling on December 21, 2007 at that year's Big Ballas' X-Mas Party. In early 2008, Brandon and Vito became involved in a brief feud with the heroic tag team The Ring Rydas. Later that year, Brandon and Vito took part in the "Slam TV Tour 2008." The brothers participated in the "JCW Tag Team Tournament" for the company's vacant JCW Tag Team Championship, but were eliminated in the first round. At Bloodymania II, The Outsiders (Scott Hall and Kevin Nash) defeated the Thomaselli Brothers (Sal and Vito). That December at Big Ballas X-Mas Party '08, the Thomaselli Brothers (Brandon and Vito) disguised themselves as The Ring Rydas and defeated The Bump-N-Uglies to win the JCW Tag Team Championship. At Bloodymania III, Brandon and Vito lost the championship to The Weedman and Billy Bong. On October 20, 2009, Brandon Thomaselli changed his wrestling name to Pauly Thomaselli. At that year's Hallowicked After-Party, the Thomaselli Brothers (Pauly and Vito) defeated The Weedman and Billy Bong to become two time JCW Tag Team Champions. Throughout May and June 2010, the Thomaselli Brothers went on tour with JCW on Insane Clown Posse's "Happy Daze Tour." The duo successfully defended their championship on numerous occasion. On June 3, as part of a storyline, the Thomaselli Brothers were renamed The Haters by Juggalo Championship Wrestling owners Insane Clown Posse due to their villainous actions. The Haters were also given masks and costumes that they are forced to wear during all of their matches. At Bloodymania IV, the Haters lost the JCW Tag Team Championship to The Kings of Wrestling in a four way Tag Team match that also featured the Briscoe Brothers and Ring Rydas. At Flashlight Hysteria, the Haters won their third JCW Tag Team Championship in an 8 tag team battle royal. The team lost the championship to Mad Man Pondo and Necro Butcher in a hardcore Barbed Wire, Thumbtacks, and Ladders match at the following event, Hardcore Hell. In the spring of 2011 they unsuccessfully pursued JCW Tag Team Championship losing to Mad Man Pondo and Necro Butcher in their rematch at iPPV Hatchet Attacks and later to Ring Rydas (who became champions earlier by defeating Pondo and Necro) at iPPV St. Andrews Brawl. == In wrestling == Pauly and Vito Finishing tag team moves Stereo Corner-to-corner missile dropkicks to an upside down opponent's face Vito applies an Argentine backbreaker rack while Pauly delivers an inverted DDT Signature tag team moves Running senton by Vito followed by a running shooting star press by Pauly Stereo running Mafia Kicks to opponents in opposite corners Pauly's finishing moves 450 splash Air Raid Crash The Deal (Sitout powerbomb onto his knees) Grand Theft Modest (Argentine neckbreaker) Maguillicutty (Double underhook gourdbuster onto his knees) Sal's finishing moves The STD / Snap Tiger Driver (Sitout double underhook powerbomb) Fisherman suplex with the opponent's leg hooked around his neck, sometimes from top rope Swinging fisherman suplex Vito's finishing moves Another Thomaselli Tragedy (Cross-legged single arm straight jacket) The Sicilian Driver (Side electric chair hold into a Death Valley driver) == Championships and accomplishments == ElitePro Wrestling EPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Sal and Vito Independent Wrestling Association Deep South IWA Deep South Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Sal and Vito Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Sal and Vito Juggalo Championship Wrestling JCW Tag Team Championship (3 times) - Pauly and Vito Pro Wrestling Iron PWI Tag Team Championship (2 times) - Sal and Vito1

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Gordon Freeman<EOT>After running from 2007 to 2014, the final HL1 episode was released on December 31st, 2014 . Ink-Suit Actor: At one point, Ross Scott looked very similar to Gordon . 1

Gordon Freeman

Dr. Gordon Freeman is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Half-Life video game series, created by Gabe Newell and designed by Newell and Marc Laidlaw of Valve Corporation. His first appearance is in Half-Life. Gordon Freeman is an American man from Seattle, who graduated from MIT with a PhD in Theoretical Physics. He was an employee at Black Mesa Research Facility. Controlled by the player, Gordon is often tasked with using a wide range of weapons and tools to fight alien creatures such as headcrabs, as well as Combine machines and soldiers. Gordon Freeman's character has been well received by critics, and various gaming websites often consider him to be one of the greatest video game characters of all time, including UGO and GameSpot.

Dr. Gordon Freeman is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Half-Life video game series, created by Gabe Newell and designed by Newell and Marc Laidlaw of Valve Corporation. His first appearance is in Half-Life. Gordon Freeman is an American man from Seattle, who graduated from MIT with a PhD in Theoretical Physics. He was an employee at Black Mesa Research Facility. Controlled by the player, Gordon is often tasked with using a wide range of weapons and tools to fight alien creatures such as headcrabs, as well as Combine machines and soldiers. Gordon Freeman's character has been well received by critics, and various gaming websites often consider him to be one of the greatest video game characters of all time, including UGO and GameSpot. == Character design == Half-Life director Gabe Newell coined the name "Gordon Freeman" during a conversation with the game's writer Marc Laidlaw in his car. It included a homage to the physicist and philosopher Freeman Dyson. Newell disliked Laidlaw's proposed name, "Dyson Poincaré", which also included the surname of Henri Poincaré. The texture for Gordon's head was "too big of a job for just one person", so Valve designers combined references from four people. An earlier model of Gordon, known as "Ivan the Space Biker", had a full beard that was subsequently trimmed. Other iterations of Gordon's concept featured different glasses, a ponytail, and a helmet. Gordon wears a special full-body hazmat suit, known as the Hazardous Environment Suit (or HEV Suit), during combat. The suit is designed to protect the user from radiation, energy discharges, and blunt trauma during the handling of hazardous materials. The suit's main feature is its "high-impact reactive armor", an electrically powered armor system that, when charged, absorbs two-thirds of the damage that Gordon would ordinarily suffer. A fully charged suit can survive several dozen hits from small arms and even one direct hit from an RPG. The suit can be charged by various means, and has its own oxygen supply and medical injectors, such as morphine and a neurotoxin antidote. It comes with a built-in flashlight, a radio, various tracking devices, a compass, and a Geiger counter. The suit contains an on-board computer system that constantly monitors the user's health and vital signs, and reacts to any changes in the user's condition. It also projects a heads-up display (HUD) which displays Gordon's health and suit charge level, remaining ammunition, and a crosshair. As a means of immersing the player in the role, Gordon never speaks, and there are no cutscenes or mission briefings—all action is viewed through Gordon's eyes, with the player retaining control of Gordon's actions at nearly all times. The images of Gordon are only seen on the game's cover and menu pages, and also in advertisements, making them marketing tools rather than pictures of what Gordon is "really like". Gabe Newell has stated that Valve sees no reason to give Gordon a voice. In Half-Life, Gordon wears the Mark IV suit. Later in the game, the suit is equipped with an optional long-jump module so Gordon can leap great distances. It is charged using power modules throughout Black Mesa. In Half-Life 2 Gordon receives the upgraded Mark V suit, which lacks the long-jump module but gains several new abilities. It features a visual zooming capability, limited sprinting, an anti-venom injector, an optional ammo and health counter on the crosshair, and the capability to use Combine power nodes to charge the suit. The Mark V initially used a single power source for the flashlight, sprinting, and oxygen supply; in Half-Life 2: Episode Two the flashlight was given a separate power source to improve gameplay. The symbol on Gordon's HEV suit is the lower case Greek letter Lambda, λ. This symbol is used by scientists to denote the decay constant of radioactive elements (related to the half-life of an element). As well as appearing on Gordon's suit, the symbol replaces the letter "a" in the game title (Hλlf-Life), and is the name of the complex in the Black Mesa Research Facility where teleportation experiments are conducted in the first game. The Lambda symbol is also seen in Half-Life 2 as a marking of the human resistance, seen close to hidden supplies and on the arm bands of better equipped resistance fighters. == Fictional biography == == Background and skills == A Seattle native, Gordon exhibited an early interest in theoretical physics, especially quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. His childhood heroes were Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, and Richard Feynman. After observing a series of teleportation experiments conducted by the Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Innsbruck, the transmission of matter became Gordon's obsession. Gordon has no known dependents. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Ph.D. degree in Theoretical Physics. His doctoral thesis on the teleportation of matter through extremely dense elements was titled Observation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Entanglement on Supraquantum Structures by Induction Through Nonlinear Transuranic Crystal of Extremely Long Wavelength (ELW) Pulse from Mode-Locked Source Array. Gordon's research into science eventually led him to accept a job offer by the Black Mesa Research Facility, and begin working on a top-secret research project headed by his mentor at MIT, Dr. Isaac Kleiner. He takes up residence at Black Mesa, conducting nuclear and subatomic research in its Anomalous Materials department. Despite his education as a theoretical physicist, the work Freeman is involved with at Black Mesa is of a more experimental nature. The games often make light of the fact that the tasks Gordon performs amount to little more than manual labor, despite his qualifications. Gordon's assigned job at the start of Half-Life consists of little more than pressing a button and pushing a cart. Barney Calhoun wryly notes this irony at the beginning of Half-Life 2, when Freeman performs similar "technical" assistance by flipping a switch and returning a plug to its socket. A silent protagonist, Gordon does not say a single word during the entire Half-Life saga. Although as proficient as the player with weapons and explosives, Freeman had not actually handled any weapons until some cursory training at the Black Mesa Research Facility's Hazard Course. == Half-Life == In Half-Life, Gordon Freeman and his research team perform an experiment that inadvertently creates an inter dimensional rift in spacetime. Intelligent (and confused) alien lifeforms from the Xen dimension come pouring through multiple breaches inside the Black Mesa facility, attacking anyone in sight. As scientific, military and civilian personnel fall under the alien onslaught, Freeman finds himself targeted not only by the alien monsters, but also the Hazardous Environment Combat Unit (HECU), a U.S. Marine Corps military force sent to contain the situation. The untrained theoretical physicist somehow manages to survive the chaos, impressing the few surviving scientists and security guards with his heroic acts, while quickly becoming the HECU's high-priority target. Freeman is eventually transported to Xen by a few surviving Lambda Sector scientists. After the successful elimination of the alien leader Nihilanth, Freeman meets the G-Man, who has been remotely observing Freeman throughout the entire Black Mesa Incident. He briefly teleports Freeman to several locations throughout Earth and Xen, ending on a train (much like how the game begins) where he offers Freeman a choice, either agree to work for him and his mysterious "employers" or be left to die on Xen. The two expansions for Half-Life feature different playable characters and take place during the events of the main game, and as such Gordon is seen at certain points of the games. In these appearances, Gordon maintains his silence, even though he is not the protagonist. In Half-Life: Opposing Force, Adrian Shephard only encounters Gordon once when he witnesses Gordon teleport to Xen in the Lambda Complex. Attempts to follow him through the same portal will result in a "temporal paradox" which sends Shephard falling through Xen's void and ends the game. Gordon is also seen three times by Barney Calhoun during the course of Half-Life: Blue Shift. Barney first sees Gordon passing by in a tram at the beginning of the game, later heading towards the HEV storage area through a surveillance camera, and lastly being dragged to a trash compactor by a pair of HECU troops. == Half-Life 2 and Episodes == Half-Life 2 begins as the G-Man speaks to Gordon in a dreamlike scene, after keeping him "in stasis far from Earth, thought, and time itself" for nearly two decades, during which he did not physically age. He comments that "the right man in the wrong place can make all the difference in the world." Gordon is then "point inserted" into a train bound for City 17, to the (mild) surprise of the other passengers. Freeman quickly learns that Earth has been conquered and occupied by the trans-dimensional Combine empire, with a military force powerful enough to have subdued the entirety of Earth's nations within a period of 7 hours. He soon meets up with Barney Calhoun and Alyx Vance, and joins the resistance against the Combine. During the course of the game, Gordon battles the forces of the Combine in order to free humanity from its grasp. Already famous for his role in the Black Mesa Incident, Gordon quickly develops a legendary reputation among Earth's surviving human populace, who begin to look up to him and refer to him by such messianic titles as "the One Free Man" or "the Opener of the Way." After slaying scores of Combine soldiers and leading an assault against the Combine stronghold of Nova Prospekt, Gordon eventually sparks a full-scale rebellion, in which he becomes a combatant. Gordon infiltrates one of the Combine's footholds on Earth, City 17's Citadel, and destroys it by detonating its Dark Energy Reactor. In doing so, he also prevents antagonist Dr. Wallace Breen, the Combine's human representative on Earth and Gordon's former administrator at Black Mesa, from escaping via teleporter, thereby killing him. Although caught in the reactor's explosion along with Alyx Vance, Gordon is rescued by the G-Man (apparently leaving Alyx Vance to face the explosion alone), who tells Freeman that he is impressed with his work and has received "several tempting offers" for his "services." He deposits Freeman back in stasis, this time without giving him "the illusion of free choice". Half-Life 2: Episode One rejoins Gordon and Alyx Vance, who are separately removed from the G-Man's stasis by the Vortigaunts and rescued a split second before the reactor explosion, greatly displeasing the G-Man. Gordon regains consciousness under a pile of rubble and is found by Alyx and Dog. Their proximity to the Citadel, coupled with its imminent explosion, which would level much of City 17, requires them to go back inside and stabilize the core, stalling the structure's destruction long enough for both themselves and much of the human population to escape. Gordon and Alyx succeed in doing so, but learn that the local Combine forces are attempting to send a distress message for off-world assistance, using the Citadel's destruction to power the transmission. The Combine consider this a positive, as the subsequent explosion would destroy all of City 17 and much of the surrounding countryside, which has been all but lost to human resistance forces. With a copy of the distress message, Gordon and Alyx escape the Citadel and meet up with Barney and other survivors. The pair escape City 17 via an evacuation train as the Citadel core goes critical, sending out the Combine message. The resulting shockwave derails their train. In Half-Life 2: Episode Two, Gordon wakes up in the wrecked train and is freed by Alyx, who had earlier escaped the wreckage. A massive superportal is forming over what was once City 17, which will allow the Combine to send an invasion fleet once it is fully formed. The data they carry is the key to destroying it. Gordon and Alyx make their way to White Forest, an apparent Soviet-era missile base turned into a rebel stronghold, where the data can be sent to an orbiting satellite via a rocket, which will allow the resistance to collapse the portal. After Alyx is critically wounded by a Hunter, Gordon assists the Vortigaunts in saving her, their healing ritual giving the G-Man the opportunity to speak to Gordon. During this conversation, the G-Man reveals to Gordon that he saved Alyx from the Black Mesa incident. He also embeds a message in Alyx's brain for her father, Eli: "prepare for unforeseen consequences." When the duo reaches White Forest, after a run-in with a Combine Advisor, they are reunited with Dr. Kleiner and Dr. Vance, and are formally introduced to Dr. Arne Magnusson, who has taken control of the base. After Gordon seals the silo from a Combine attack, Gordon, Alyx, Dr. Kleiner, and Dr. Vance watch the transmission from Dr. Mossman seen in Episode One, acquired with the stolen Combine data. It reveals that she has located the Borealis, an Aperture Science research vessel which contains something supposedly capable of causing "another Black Mesa." The G-Man compels Alyx to deliver his message, and once Eli sends her away he reveals that he, too, knows of the G-Man, referring to him as "our mutual friend." With the Combine now sending Striders to shoot the rocket down, Magnusson enlists Gordon's aid in stopping them through the use of his special explosive charges known as Magnusson Devices and Gordon's Gravity Gun. After repelling the attack, the rocket is launched and the portal is destroyed. As Gordon and Alyx prepare to leave for the Borealis in an old helicopter, they are ambushed by Advisors, which kill Eli before Dog forces them to flee. The game ends with Alyx mourning over Eli's body. == Reception == Gordon Freeman quickly became and then remained one of the most popular video game characters ever. In 2008, The Age ranked him as the 16th-best Xbox hero of all time, adding that "no one has done more for the reputations and street cred of theoretical physicists than Valve." In 2009, GameDaily listed the "strong and silent type" in their top 25 video game archetypes, using Gordon Freeman as an example. In 2010, Empire ranked him as the number one Greatest Video Game Character, commenting that "the character is the quintessential geek fantasy" who "has become a gaming icon, synonymous with the apotheosis of first-person action." He was also ranked 14th on UGO.com's list of top 100 heroes in all media, with a comment that "an MIT graduate, donning black-framed glasses and a goatee, he's not the guy you'd picture decimating the alien threat." In 2012, GamesRadar ranked him as the sixth "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, adding: "It’s how the characters of the Half-Life universe treat Gordon Freeman, not the way he treats them, that shape such a compelling character." In 2013, Complex ranked him as the 45th "most badass" video game character of all time. On the other hand, 1UP.com's Marty Sliva included him among the most unrelatable narrators, stating, "I'm sure some people love the fact that they can become Gordon Freeman -- I just think I'd be a little happier if there was anything there to become." In 1998, readers of GameSpot ranked him as the fifth-Best Hero of gaming. In 2009, a public poll on GameSpot resulted in him being voted the All Time Greatest Video Game Hero. He was also voted as the eighth-best video game character of all time in the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2011.1

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Search for Osama bin Laden<EOT>>> reporter: getting incredible insight into the last-minute planning and presidential decision-making behind the attack. and president obama 's top priorities -- protect u.s. forces but take out osama bin laden . the white house released photos of the nail-biting tension as the president and his national security team watch live video of the u.s. military attack on bin laden 's compound. >> reporter: 40 minutes into the operation, it was over and osama bin laden was dead. for a successful killer captured, the code word was " geronimo " but on the ground they transmitted, for god and country , geronimo , geronimo . bin laden 's code name was jackpot. <doc-sep> In June, at a joint press conference at Camp David with President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan, the President was forced to address the bin Laden question. A reporter asked where bin Laden might be, and Bush’s response was muted and cautious. “If Osama bin Laden is alive . . . slowly but surely we’re dismantling the networks, and we’ll continue on the hunt,” he said. He added that locating bin Laden “could take years.” 1

Search for Osama bin Laden

Osama bin Laden, the founder and former leader of al-Qaeda, went into hiding following the start of the War in Afghanistan in order to avoid capture by the United States and/or its allies for his role in the September 11, 2001 attacks, and having been on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list since 1999. After evading capture at the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001, his whereabouts became unclear, and various rumours about his health, continued role in al-Qaeda, and location were circulated. Bin Laden also released several video and audio recordings during this time. In the decade following his disappearance, there were many attempts made by the United States government to locate bin Laden. In December, 2009, U.S. Army General Stanley McChrystal said that bin Laden would need to be "captured or killed" in order for the U.S. to "finally defeat al-Qaeda." According to the U.S. government's official account of the operation, in August 2010 the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency located a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan and identified it as the likely location of bin Laden. On May 1, 2011, United States Navy SEALs of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DevGru) carried out an assault on the compound on orders from U.S. President Barack Obama. During a 40-minute raid, bin Laden was killed by one bullet above the left eye and another to the chest. The SEALs overpowered the compound's remaining residents, killing several, and extracted bin Laden's body (which was subsequently buried at sea) as well as computer hard drives, documents, and other material.

Osama bin Laden, the founder and former leader of al-Qaeda, went into hiding following the start of the War in Afghanistan in order to avoid capture by the United States and/or its allies for his role in the September 11, 2001 attacks, and having been on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list since 1999. After evading capture at the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001, his whereabouts became unclear, and various rumours about his health, continued role in al-Qaeda, and location were circulated. Bin Laden also released several video and audio recordings during this time. In the decade following his disappearance, there were many attempts made by the United States government to locate bin Laden. In December, 2009, U.S. Army General Stanley McChrystal said that bin Laden would need to be "captured or killed" in order for the U.S. to "finally defeat al-Qaeda." According to the U.S. government's official account of the operation, in August 2010 the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency located a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan and identified it as the likely location of bin Laden. On May 1, 2011, United States Navy SEALs of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DevGru) carried out an assault on the compound on orders from U.S. President Barack Obama. During a 40-minute raid, bin Laden was killed by one bullet above the left eye and another to the chest. The SEALs overpowered the compound's remaining residents, killing several, and extracted bin Laden's body (which was subsequently buried at sea) as well as computer hard drives, documents, and other material. == Bin Laden's life between 2001 and 2011 == ew information of Bin Laden's location has been emerging since his death and the arrest of his wives. On the day of the 9/11 attacks, Bin Laden was at the Khaldan terrorist training camp near Khost, which he left during the night with several Al Qaeda and Taliban operatives after sending his wives and children away into Pakistan to hide out. Bin Laden arrived the following morning in Khandahar and lived in a Taliban-controlled safe house from September 12 to October 7, 2001. Shortly after the US-led war in Afghanistan began, Bin Laden traveled from Khandahar to Kabul where he lived in another Taliban safe house until November 12 when he was believed to have traveled to Jalalabad where he spent at least five days in another safe house. From Jalalabad, he traveled to the Tora Bora region where he hid out from November 17 to December 12. He is believed to have crossed the border into Pakistan sometime in January 2002 and spent time in various Al Qaeda safehouses in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan between January and April 2002. According to one of his wives, Bin Laden was reunited with his family for first time after the 9/11 attacks in the second half of 2002 in Peshawar, the capital city of the Tribal Areas, where they lived for five months in another safe house. After this, in September 2002, Bin Laden took his family into the rural mountain areas of northwest Pakistan (and very notably, not in the tribal belt where main US attention was focused.) First they stayed in the Shangla district in the Swat valley, where they stayed in two safe houses for eight to nine months. In May 2003, Bin Laden and his family moved to Haripur, a small town close to Islamabad, where they stayed in a rented house for two years. In June 2005, Bin Laden and his family moved to Abbottabad. == Location and death of Osama bin Laden == == Tracking == American intelligence officials discovered the whereabouts of Osama bin Laden by tracking one of his couriers. Information was collected from Guantánamo Bay detainees, who gave intelligence officers the courier's pseudonym as Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, and said that he was a protégé of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. In 2007, U.S. officials discovered the courier's real name and, in 2009, that he lived in Abbottābad, Pakistan. Using satellite photos and intelligence reports, the CIA inferred the identities of the inhabitants of the mansion. In September 2010, the CIA concluded that the compound was "custom built to hide someone of significance" and that bin Laden's residence there was very likely. Officials surmised that he was living there with his youngest wife. == Identification attempt == To identify the occupants of the compound, the CIA worked with doctor Shakil Afridi to organize a fake vaccination program. Nurses gained entry to the residence to vaccinate the children and extract DNA, which could be compared to a sample from his sister, who died in Boston in 2010. It's not clear if the DNA was ever obtained. == Location == Built in 2005, the three-story mansion was located in a compound about 4 km (2.5 mi.) northeast of the center of Abbottabad. While the compound was assessed by US officials at a value of US$1 million, local real-estate agents assess the property value at US$250,000. On a lot about eight times the size of nearby houses, it was surrounded by 12- to 18-foot (3.7-5.5 m) concrete walls topped with barbed wire. There were two security gates and the third-floor balcony had a seven-foot-high (2.1 m) privacy wall. There was no Internet or telephone service coming into the compound. Its residents burned their trash, unlike their neighbors, who simply set it out for collection. The compound is located at 34°10′09″N 73°14′33″E, 1.3 km (0.8 mi.) southwest of the closest point of the sprawling Pakistan Military Academy. President Obama met with his national security advisors on March 14, 2011, in the first of five security meetings over six weeks. On April 29, at 8:20 a.m., Obama convened with Thomas Donilon, John O. Brennan, and other security advisers in the Diplomatic Room, where he authorized a raid of the Abbottābad compound. The government of Pakistan was not informed of this decision. == Death of Osama bin Laden == Osama bin Laden was killed after being shot in the head and chest, during Operation Neptune's Spear, with Geronimo as the code word for bin Laden's capture or death. The operation was a 40-minute raid by members of the United States special operations forces and Navy Seals on his safe house in Bilal Town, Abbottābad, Pakistan. It took place on May 2, 2011, around 01:00 Pakistan Standard Time (May 1, 20:00 UTC). U.S. forces then took his body to Afghanistan for identification before burying it at sea. Following his death new details of where he lived were learned from interrogations of his widows and surviving associates. According to the Associated Press reports based on interrogations, it was determined that he had lived in five different safehouses in Pakistan. His penultimate home was located in Haripur. It was a relatively upscale house in a neighborhood that contained other upscale homes but also bordered Afghan refugee huts. He lived there for eleven months while the Abbottabad compound was being built. == Pakistan's alleged role == Critics have accused Pakistan's military and security establishment of protecting bin Laden. Most believe bin Laden lived at the compound for at least six years before being killed there. On March 29, 2012, Pakistani newspaper Dawn acquired a report produced by Pakistani security officials, based on interrogation of his three surviving wives, that detailed his movements while living underground in Pakistan. Declan Walsh, writing in the New York Times, reported on speculation that Pakistan was planning to charge bin Laden's wives and adult daughters with immigration offenses, rather than simply deporting them, so that they will be in prison and unable to offer details of Pakistani cooperation with bin Laden that would be politically embarrassing. == Rumors and speculation about his whereabouts: 2001–2011 == Bin Laden's location and state of health were a continuing topic of speculation since his disappearance from Tora Bora. It has become clear that most of these rumors and speculation were not based on fact. First, rumors surfaced that bin Laden was killed or fatally injured during U.S. bombardments, most notably near Tora Bora, or that he died of natural causes. According to Gary Berntsen, in his 2005 book, Jawbreaker, a number of al-Qaeda detainees later confirmed that bin Laden had escaped Tora Bora into Pakistan via an eastern route through snow-covered mountains in the area of Parachinar, Pakistan. The media reported that bin Laden suffered from a kidney disorder requiring him to have access to advanced medical facilities, possibly kidney dialysis. Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda's second-in-command and a close bin Laden associate, is a physician and may have provided medical care to bin Laden. Between 2002 and 2011, the most common suggestion from U.S. national security officials and others was that "their best intelligence suggested that bin Laden was living along the mountainous, ungoverned border of Pakistan and Afghanistan," such as in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (an area that includes Waziristan) or volatile regions in North-West Frontier Province (now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), where an ongoing insurgency has taken place. Several experts and former officials expressed surprise when bin Laden was instead revealed to have been hiding in the urban city of Abbottabad. Less common suggestions were that bin Laden had died (either by illness or military attack), or that he was alive and living in countries other than Pakistan, such as Afghanistan or Iran. == 2001 == Dr Amer Aziz, a Pakistani doctor who had been traveling to Afghanistan since 1989, to treat wounded mujahideen, acknowledged he examined Osama bin Laden at a temporary clinic he set up at the University of Jalalabad, Nangarhar in November 2001. Aziz refuted the rumors that bin Laden was suffering from kidney disease, or any other chronic conditions. == 2004 == February 27: Iranian news agency IRNA reported that bin Laden had been caught some time earlier in Pakistan. The news was spread by Asheq Hossein, director of the state-sponsored radio station, who mentioned two sources. The first source was a reporter of the Pakistani newspaper "The Nation," Shamim Shahed, who denied ever telling this to Hossein. The second source was "someone closely related to intelligence agencies and Afghan tribal elders." Both the Pentagon and a spokesperson of the Pakistani armed forces have denied the capture of bin Laden. Similar rumours have appeared from time to time since the start of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan but none have been confirmed. October 21: John Lehman, a member of the 9/11 Commission, reported that Osama bin Laden was indeed alive, and that the Pentagon knew exactly where he was. According to Lehman, bin Laden was living in South Waziristan in the Baluchistan Mountains of the Baluchistan region, surviving from donations from outside countries such as the United Arab Emirates and high-ranking ministers inside Saudi Arabia. "There is an American presence in the area, but we can't just send in troops," Lehman said. "If we did, we could have another Vietnam, and the United States cannot afford that right now." == 2005 == June: Taliban commander Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Osmani tells Pakistani GEO News that bin Laden and Mullah Mohammed Omar are both alive. He does not reveal anything about bin Laden's location, stating "All I can tell you is that Osama Bin Laden is alive and well." September 25: Pakistani ISI counterterrorism chief "Ali," whose true identity has not been publicly revealed, tells CBS News' 60 Minutes that he believes that bin Laden is hiding in Afghanistan with a small group of supporters, possible with as few as 10 men. October 4: The 2005 Kashmir earthquake strikes the northeastern Pakistani area of Azad Kashmir. In November, Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid tells television news that "I heard today that he may have died in the earthquake that they had in Pakistan." December 11: A letter to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, dated December 11 and signed "Atiyah" (thought to be Atiyah Abd al-Rahman) is later intercepted and publicly reported in The Washington Post the following year. The letter indicates that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, "Atiyah" instructs Zarqawi to "send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership ... I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them..." Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are "weak" and "have many of their own problems." The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials. == 2006 == January 9: Neoconservative commentator Michael Ledeen writes in a column in National Review that "according to Iranians I trust," bin Laden died of kidney failure in mid-December 2005 and was buried in Iran. Ledeen claimed that bin Laden has "spent most of his time since the destruction of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan" in Iran and wrote that "The Iranians who reported this note that this year's message in conjunction with the Muslim Hajj came from his number two, Ayman al-Zawahiri, for the first time." May 24: Alexis Debat of ABC News reported on rumors that bin Laden was sighted in the Kumrat Valley of Pakistan. The report, on ABC News's blog, was later removed due to doubts about the credibility of Debat's reporting. September 21: The French newspaper L'Est Républicain publishes an article by Laid Sammari which cited a September 21 French foreign intelligence document as reporting that Saudi officials received confirmation that bin Laden died August 23 of typhoid fever in Pakistan. U.S. intelligence officials stated that the reporting was unsubstantiated and that the U.S. had received no confirmation of that report. French President Jacques Chirac stated that the report was "in no way confirmed." Members of the bin Laden family also said they heard nothing to confirm the report. == 2007 == June: Speaking to al Jazeera, Taliban leader Mullah Bakht Mohammed stated that "Sheikh Osama bin Laden is alive and active. He's carrying out his duties. The latest proof that he is alive is that he sent me a letter of condolences after the martyrdom of my brother. He advised me to follow my brother's path." Mohammed's brother Dadullah had led military operations for the Taliban until his death in May 2007. Mohammed stated that "Sheikh Osama prefers not to be seen or meet anyone because if he makes himself available to the media maybe he will be facing danger." September 7: Former counter-terrorism official Richard A. Clarke speculated that bin Laden's "phony looking beard" in a recent videotaped message may mean his original beard has been shaved to help him blend into different Muslim communities. Clarke stated to ABC News that beards would stand out in southeast Asia, the Philippines, or Indonesia, and noted that "No one's thought he was there, but that is an environment where most Muslim men normally don't have beards." == 2008 == July 12: Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik, speaking in opposition to drone attacks in Pakistan, claimed to the British Sunday Times that "If Osama was in Pakistan we would know, with all the thousands of troops we have sent into the tribal areas in recent months. If he and all these four or five top people were in our area they would have been caught, the way we are searching." Malik claimed that drone strikes in Pakistan were a waste of time, stating that "according to our information Osama is in Afghanistan, probably Kunar." November: CIA Director Michael Hayden, in a speech to the Atlantic Council, states that bin Laden is probably hiding in the tribal area of northwest Pakistan and that his capture remains a top U.S. priority. Hayden states that Bin Laden is "putting a lot of energy into his own survival, a lot of energy into his own security. In fact, he appears to be largely isolated from the day-to-day operations of the organization he nominally heads." == 2009 == February 17: A research team led by Thomas W. Gillespie and John A. Agnew of UCLA publish a report in which they use satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in Parachinar, Pakistan as likely hideouts of bin Laden. March: The New York Daily News reported that the hunt for bin Laden had centered in the Chitral District of Pakistan, including the Kalam Valley. According to the report, author Rohan Gunaratna states that captured Al-Qaeda leaders have confirmed that Chitral is where bin Laden is hiding. April 27: According to the Irish Times, Pakistan's president Asif Ali Zardari announced that the whereabouts of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden remained a mystery, and there was a suspicion that he could be dead after Pakistani intelligence and officials could find "no trace" of the al-Qaeda chief. November 29: News report states bin Laden is living in Pakistan and Gordon Brown urges Pakistan to do more to break Al-Qaeda and find Osama bin Laden. December 4: BBC reports of informant having knowledge of bin Laden in Ghazni, south east Afghanistan in early 2009. Ghazni is a Taliban stronghold and many areas do not permit coalition forces. The detainee was involved in kidnappings and fundraising operations for Taliban operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Former CIA analyst Bruce Riedel is quoted as saying "The entire Western intelligence community, CIA and FBI, have been looking for Osama bin Laden for the last seven years and haven't come upon a source of information like this." == 2010 == Nasser al-Bahri, a bodyguard for bin Laden in the late 1990s, writes a book, published in French as Dans l'ombre de Ben Laden (In the Shadow of Bin Laden), with French journalist Georges Malbrunot of the newspaper Le Figaro. According to al-Bahri, bin Laden is hiding in the regions in Afghanistan or along the border with Pakistan. Malbrunot stated in an interview with Mark Colvin of PM that bin Laden is likely "protected by tribes which are very loyal to him. These tribes, bin Laden has known them for the last 20 years. He help them financially and materially in the '80s and these tribes also, I think it's an important factor, are more loyal to the religion than to the typical tribal character, which mean that it's not very easy to bribe them." Malbrunot noted that "He's protected by perhaps, he kept three or four people around him from al Qaeda, and he can move with the protection of the tribal leaders and tribal connections in this region along the Pakistan, the Waziristan." Feathered Cocaine, a documentary by Icelandic filmmakers Om Marino Arnarson and Thorkell S. Hardarson dealing with the global falcon trade and featuring falconer Alan Parrot, claims that bin Laden, an avid falcon hunter, "has been taking part in the sport relatively freely" in Tehran in Iran since 2003. June 7: The Israeli-based intelligence news service DEBKAfile reports that bin Laden and top lieutenants have been living in the remote mountainous town of Sabzevar in northeastern Iran for the past five years, and that Turkish intelligence officials were aware of it. June 27: CIA Director Leon Panetta, speaking on ABC News' This Week, stated that the last time the CIA had "precise information" on bin Laden was "the early 2000s." Panetta states that "He is, as is obvious, in very deep hiding. He's in an area of the tribal areas of Pakistan, that is very difficult. The terrain is probably the most difficult in the world...All I can tell you is it's in the tribal areas...we know that he's located in that vicinity." Panetta states that "If we keep that pressure on, we think ultimately we can flush out bin Laden and Zawahiri and get after them." October 18: A senior NATO official tells CNN about claims that bin Laden is alive and well, living comfortably in a house in the north-west of Pakistan and being protected by local people and elements of Pakistani intelligence. Stating that "nobody in al Qaeda is living in a cave", the official stated the bin Laden was likely to have moved around in recent years in areas from the mountainous Chitral region in the far northwest, near the Chinese border, to the Kurram Valley bordering Tora Bora in Afghanistan. The official stated that Ayman al-Zawahiri is believed to be hiding close to bin Laden in houses in northwest Pakistan, but are not together. Another U.S. official stated that bin Laden and Zawahiri are "somewhere in the tribal areas of Pakistan near the Afghanistan border," but that their exact locations are unknown: "If we knew where he was – in a house, an apartment, a villa or an underground cave or bunker – we would have gotten him; we can't rule out he may be in a cave one day and a house in a city on another." October 28: An audio recording of bin Laden threatening France over their involvement in Afghanistan is pronounced genuine by the French Foreign Ministry. == 2011 == May 1: American President Barack Obama addressed the nation at 11:35 pm EST that Osama bin Laden had been killed in Abbottabad in a U.S. operation. The compound was located at 34°10′9″N 73°14′33″E. Osama bin Laden's body was taken to the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson, where it was buried at sea somewhere in the North Arabian Sea, approximately 18°N 66°E.1

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Ernest Baxter Fite House<EOT>1

Ernest Baxter Fite House

The Ernest Baxter Fite House is a historic residence in Hamilton, Alabama. Designed by Weatherly Carter, who had designed what later became the Alabama Governor's Mansion, the house was built in 1927–1928 for Ernest Baxter Fite, then a member of the Alabama House of Representatives and a former state senator. Ernest's son, Rankin Fite, served two terms as Speaker of the state House. The house was built of brick in a Colonial Revival style. Four doric columns frame the front portico. The main entrance is in the right third of the portico. The house contains 17 rooms split between 2 floors, including 6 bedrooms. It was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1992 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.1

The Ernest Baxter Fite House is a historic residence in Hamilton, Alabama. Designed by Weatherly Carter, who had designed what later became the Alabama Governor's Mansion, the house was built in 1927–1928 for Ernest Baxter Fite, then a member of the Alabama House of Representatives and a former state senator. Ernest's son, Rankin Fite, served two terms as Speaker of the state House. The house was built of brick in a Colonial Revival style. Four doric columns frame the front portico. The main entrance is in the right third of the portico. The house contains 17 rooms split between 2 floors, including 6 bedrooms. It was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1992 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.1

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Le mot de passe<EOT>1

Le mot de passe

Le mot de passe (Eng: The Password) is an album recorded by the French singer Patricia Kaas. It was her fifth successful studio album and was released in 1999. It was well charted in many countries, including France and Belgium.

Le mot de passe (Eng: The Password) is an album recorded by the French singer Patricia Kaas. It was her fifth successful studio album and was released in 1999. It was well charted in many countries, including France and Belgium. == Background and writing == This album was released on May 14, 1999. As for Je te dis vous and Dans ma chair, it was composed and produced by many famous artists in France. For example, it was produced by the French singer and songwriter Pascal Obispo, on which Kaas was accompanied by an orchestra on several tracks. Jean-Jacques Goldman again contributed to the making of the studio album, among others writing two songs : "Une Fille de l'Est" (Eng: "A Girl from the East") in which Kaas praised her East French heritage and "Quand les chansons commencent" (Goldman had already worked with Kaas for her two previous studio albums). The French singer Zazie wrote the track "Je compte jusqu'a toi" (she had also participated in the writing of "Je compte jusqu'à toi", on Dans ma chair). Lionel Florence, who had composed many songs for many artists such as Nolwenn Leroy, was involved in the writing of three tracks. Yvan Cassar, Abraham Laboriel Jr. and Jean-Philippe Audin, who participated in Mylène Farmer's albums and concerts tours, were parts of musicians. The song "Les Éternelles" (Eng: "The Eternals") was also published in Germany as a duet with the Swiss tenor Erkan Aki under the title of "Unter der Haut" (Eng: "Under the skin"), and was the theme music of the five-part ZDF serial Sturmzeit (Eng: Stormy Times), based on a book by Charlotte Link. In France, the two singles from this album didn't meet a great success. The first one, "Ma Liberté contre la tienne", peaked only at #34, while the second one, "Une Femme comme une autre", failed to reach the top 50 (#78). Two other songs from Le mot de passe were released as singles in 2000 ("Mon Chercheur d'or" and "Les Chansons commencent"), but in their live versions available on Kaas' 2000 album Live. They weren't successful too. == Chart performance == Even if this album was successful, it didn't hit the same sales and chartings as Kaas' two previous studio albums. In France, it reached #2 on May 22, 1999, and stayed there for three consecutive weeks. After that, it almost kept on dropping, falling off the top ten after just six weeks. However, it managed to stabilize in the lower positions and totaled 27 weeks in the top 50 and 36 weeks in the top 100. It achieved Platinum status and was the 26th best-selling album of 1999. In Belgium (Wallonia), the album had a great success : it debuted at #14 on May 29, then jumped to #7, finally hit #2 and remained at this position for three consecutive weeks. It dropped slowly and featured in the top ten for nine weeks, 18 weeks in the top 20 and 26 weeks in the top 40. The album was charted for 15 weeks in Switzerland (top 50), eight of them in the top 30, with a peak at #14 in its second week, on June 6, 1999. The album was certified Gold disc the same year. Le mot de passe met a moderate success in Germany, where it peaked at #27, and Finland, where it hit #26 and stayed on the chart for four weeks. == Track listing == == Credits == == Musicians == Strings arrangements : Yvan Cassar, except Yvan Cassar, Pascal Obispo (5-7) Keyboards, synths : Christophe Voisin, except Pascal Obispo (8) Organs : Jean Mora Piano : Yvan Cassar, except Pascal Obispo (8-9) Bass : Reggie Hamilton, except Laurent Vernerey (3-8-11) Acoustic guitars : Hugh Burns, Pascal Obispo, except Hugh Burns (1-9), Jean-Jacques Goldman (2) Guitar : Pierre Jaconelli Percussion : Denis Benarrosh Drum kit : Abraham Laboriel Jr., except Christophe Deschamps (3-8-11) Background vocals : Pascal Obispo, except Sweetness (9), Pascal Obispo, Patricia (3), Chorale Improvisation, Pascal Obispo, Jean-Jacques Goldman (11) Strings directed by Yvan Cassar First violin : Christophe Guiot Violins : Véronique Marcel, Marie-Paule Vieille, Thibault Vieux, Laurent Philipp, Élisabeth Pallas, Michèle Deschamps, Patrice Mondon, Alain Kouznetzoff, Yves Melon, Marie-Hélène Beridot, Jeanne Lancien, Christophe Bruckert, Arnaud Nuvolone, Alain Persiaux, Éric Lacrouts, Véronique Guay, Mathilde Pasquier, Thierry Huchin, François Harmelle, David Gabel, Alexandre Pelovsky, Fanny Rome, Gilles Donge, Pierre Rogue, Marie-Hélène Clausse, Lionel Turchi, Céline Plane, Cyril Ghestem, Marianne Lagarde, Lyonel Schmit, Béatrice Lormand Altos : François Gneri, Jonathan Naze, Diederik Suys, Jean-Charles Monciero, Olivier Grimoin, Petia Bruckert, Fabrice Leroux, Étienne Julien Tavitian, Alexis Rojanski, Vincent Aucante, Antoine Di Pietro, Christian Lormand, Agnès Toussaint, Cyrille Mercier Cellos : Jean-Philippe Audin, Philippe Nadal, Philippe Cherond, Cyrille Lacrouts, Michel Lacrouts, Mathieu Rogue, Philippe Feret, Nathalie Gaudemer, Frédéric Lagarde, Béatrice Toussaint Double basses : Philippe Noharet, Jean-Pascal Beintus, Stéphane Logerot, Axel Salles, Ludovic Dutriez, Michel Peyratout, Sandrine Vautrin, Catherine Robin, Sylvain Le Provost, Rémy Bouchy Flute : Frédéric Chatoux Oboe : François-Xavier Bourin Clarinets : Philippe Berraud, Jérôme Verharghe Bassoon : Jean-François Duquesnoy Horns : Jean-Michel Tavernier, Hervé Joulain, Jacques Peillon == Recording and production == Produced by Pascal Obispo Engineer, mixing : Thierry Rogen Assistants : Nicolas Duport, Étienne Colin, Frédéric Perrinet, Xavier Poisonnière Chargé of production : Marion Morel Derocle Artistic coordination : Michel Boulanger Recorded and mixed at Studio Méga (Suresnes, France) Mastering : Tony Cousin at Metropolis (London) Photos : Christine Fuhrmann, Ken Browar, Roland Allard Make up : Charlotte Willer Hairdresser : Romain Sorin, Barnabé, Stéphane Pous Design : FKGB Management : Talent Sorcier (Cyril Prieur, Richard Walter), Paris, France Editions: Sony / ATV Music Publishing Programming : Ivan Inverd, except Pascal Obispo, Christophe Voisin (3) == Charts == == Weekly charts == == Year-end charts == == Certifications and sales == 1

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International Life Sciences Institute<EOT>1

International Life Sciences Institute

The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is a nonprofit [501c3] science organization founded in 1978 and headquartered in Washington, DC. It is a member organization whose members are primarily food and beverage, agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical companies. According to its 2009 annual report, 68% of its revenue comes from member support; 17% from grants and contributions; and the balance from publications, conference registration, and other sources. ILSI is a global organization with 16 branches that operate at the global, regional, or country-specific level. These include ILSI Argentina; ILSI Brazil; ILSI Europe; ILSI Focal Point in China; the ILSI Health & Environmental Sciences Institute; ILSI-India; ILSI Japan; ILSI Korea; ILSI Mexico; ILSI North Africa and Gulf Region; ILSI North America; ILSI North Andean; ILSI South Africa; ILSI South Andean; ILSI Southeast Asia Region; and ILSI Taiwan. It also includes the ILSI Research Foundation, which, unlike the branches, does not have members. According to ILSI’s bylaws, 51% of its Board of Trustees must come from the public sector, primarily universities and agri/food companies such as Monsanto, Nestle and Coca-Cola [board of trustees, ILSI 2015 annual report]. The balance of trustees is elected from its membership.

The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is a nonprofit [501c3] science organization founded in 1978 and headquartered in Washington, DC. It is a member organization whose members are primarily food and beverage, agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical companies. According to its 2009 annual report, 68% of its revenue comes from member support; 17% from grants and contributions; and the balance from publications, conference registration, and other sources. ILSI is a global organization with 16 branches that operate at the global, regional, or country-specific level. These include ILSI Argentina; ILSI Brazil; ILSI Europe; ILSI Focal Point in China; the ILSI Health & Environmental Sciences Institute; ILSI-India; ILSI Japan; ILSI Korea; ILSI Mexico; ILSI North Africa and Gulf Region; ILSI North America; ILSI North Andean; ILSI South Africa; ILSI South Andean; ILSI Southeast Asia Region; and ILSI Taiwan. It also includes the ILSI Research Foundation, which, unlike the branches, does not have members. According to ILSI’s bylaws, 51% of its Board of Trustees must come from the public sector, primarily universities and agri/food companies such as Monsanto, Nestle and Coca-Cola [board of trustees, ILSI 2015 annual report]. The balance of trustees is elected from its membership. == Mission and science == According to its website, ILSI’s mission is to “improve public health and well-being by engaging academic, government, and industry scientists in a neutral forum to advance scientific understanding in the areas related to nutrition, food safety, risk assessment, and the environment.” It further identifies “Four Global Issues” of specific interest which are: biotechnology; functional foods; obesity; and risk assessment. ILSI conducts original research, publishes research, and organizes scientific conferences to achieve its mission. == Tobacco controversy == A 2001 editorial in the British Medical Journal claimed ILSI received money from tobacco industry from 1983 to 1998. In the article, ILSI denied accusations it sought to undermine tobacco control efforts. It further noted the infrequent symposia and publications sponsored on inhalation toxicology in the 1980s only tangentially addressed cigarette smoke. In these instances, ILSI addressed the effects of second-hand smoke. For example, in the 1989 ILSI Monograph Assessment of Inhalation Hazards, three of 33 chapters address tobacco. Two of those papers show unequivocally that second hand smoke has adverse effects on respiratory infection and lung function, especially in children and that epidemiological data show a “statistically significant increase in lung cancer risk of about 40%” for nonsmokers married to smokers. The third article did not address risk per se, but rather compares the strengths and weakness of study designs for assessing risk. ILSI is aware its funding raises questions about the neutrality of its science. The North American branch of ILSI (ILSI North America) initiated a Conflict of Interest project which resulted in simultaneous publication of the article “Funding Food Science and Nutrition Research: Financial Conflicts and Scientific Integrity” in full or excerpted in six peer-reviewed journals. The article outlines eight ground rules to ensure the integrity of industry-supported science.1

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Romer v. Evans<EOT>A second and related point is that laws of the kind now before us raise the inevitable inference that the disadvantage imposed is born of animosity toward the class of persons affected. "[I]f the constitutional conception of `equal protection of the laws' means anything, it must at the very least mean that a bare . . . desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot constitute a legitimate governmental interest." Department of Agriculture v. Moreno, 413 U.S. 528, 534 (1973). Even laws enacted for broad and ambitious purposes often can be explained by reference to legitimate public policies which justify the incidental disadvantages they impose on certain persons. Amendment 2, however, in making a general announcement that gays and lesbians shall not have any particular protections from the law, inflicts on them immediate, continuing, and real injuries that outrun and belie any legitimate justifications that may be claimed for it. We conclude that, in addition to the far-reaching deficiencies of Amendment 2 that we have noted, the principles it offends, in another sense, are conventional and venerable; a law must bear a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental purpose, Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, 487 U.S. 450, 462 (1988), and Amendment 2 does not. The primary rationale the State offers for Amendment 2 is respect for other citizens' freedom of association, and in [ ROMER v. EVANS, ___ U.S. ___ (1996) , 13] particular the liberties of landlords or employers who have personal or religious objections to homosexuality. Colorado also cites its interest in conserving resources to fight discrimination against other groups. The breadth of the Amendment is so far removed from these particular justifications that we find it impossible to credit them. We cannot say that Amendment 2 is directed to any identifiable legitimate purpose or discrete objective. It is a status-based enactment divorced from any factual context from which we could discern a relationship to legitimate state interests; it is a classification of persons undertaken for its own sake, something the Equal Protection Clause does not permit. "[C]lass legislation . . . [is] obnoxious to the prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment . . . ." Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S., at 24. The Court has mistaken a Kulturkampf for a fit of spite. The constitutional amendment before us here is not the manifestation of a "`bare . . . desire to harm'" homosexuals, ante, at 13, but is rather a modest attempt by seemingly tolerant Coloradans to preserve traditional sexual mores against the efforts of a politically powerful minority to revise those mores through use of the laws. That objective, and the means chosen to achieve it, are not only unimpeachable under any constitutional doctrine hitherto pronounced (hence the opinion's heavy reliance upon principles of righteousness rather than judicial holdings); they have been specifically approved by the Congress of the United States and by this Court. I turn next to whether there was a legitimate rational basis for the substance of the constitutional amendment - for the prohibition of special protection for homosexuals. 1 It is unsurprising that the Court avoids discussion of this question, since the answer is so obviously yes. The case most relevant to the issue before us today is not even mentioned in the Court's opinion: In Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), we held that the Constitution does not prohibit what virtually all States had done from the founding of the Republic [ ROMER v. EVANS, ___ U.S. ___ (1996) , 6] until very recent years - making homosexual conduct a crime. That holding is unassailable, except by those who think that the Constitution changes to suit current fashions. But in any event it is a given in the present case: Respondents' briefs did not urge overruling Bowers, and at oral argument respondents' counsel expressly disavowed any intent to seek such overruling, Tr. of Oral Arg. 53. If it is constitutionally permissible for a State to make homosexual conduct criminal, surely it is constitutionally permissible for a State to enact other laws merely disfavoring homosexual conduct. (As the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has aptly put it: "If the Court [in Bowers] was unwilling to object to state laws that criminalize the behavior that defines the class, it is hardly open . . . to conclude that state sponsored discrimination against the class is invidious. After all, there can hardly be more palpable discrimination against a class than making the conduct that defines the class criminal." Padula v. Webster, 822 F.2d 97, 103 (1987).) And a fortiori it is constitutionally permissible for a State to adopt a provision not even disfavoring homosexual conduct, but merely prohibiting all levels of state government from bestowing special protections upon homosexual conduct. Respondents (who, unlike the Court, cannot afford the luxury of ignoring inconvenient precedent) counter Bowers with the argument that a greater-includes-the-lesser rationale cannot justify Amendment 2's application to individuals who do not engage in homosexual acts, but are merely of homosexual "orientation." Some courts of appeals have concluded that, with respect to laws of this sort at least, that is a distinction without a difference. See Equality Foundation of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. v. Cincinnati, 54 F.3d 261, 267 (CA6 1995) ("[F]or purposes of these proceedings, it is virtually impossible to distinguish or separate individuals of a particular orientation which predisposes them toward a particular sexual conduct from those who actually engage in that particular type of sexual conduct"); Steffan v. Perry, 41 F.3d 677, 689-690 (CADC 1994). The Supreme Court of Colorado itself appears to be of this view. [ ROMER v. EVANS, ___ U.S. ___ (1996) , 7] See 882 P.2d, at 1349-1350 ("Amendment 2 targets this class of persons based on four characteristics: sexual orientation; conduct; practices; and relationships. Each characteristic provides a potentially different way of identifying that class of persons who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual. These four characteristics are not truly severable from one another because each provides nothing more than a different way of identifying the same class of persons") (emphasis added). "[Amendment 2] identifies persons by a single trait and then denies them protection across the board. The resulting disqualification of a class of persons from the right to seek specific protection from the law is unprecedented in our jurisprudence. The absence of precedent for Amendment 2 is itself instructive . . . . The United States Congress, by the way, required the inclusion of these antipolygamy provisions in the constitutions of Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Utah, as a condition of their admission to statehood. See Arizona Enabling Act, 36 Stat. 569; New Mexico Enabling Act, 36 Stat. 558; Oklahoma Enabling Act, 34 Stat. 269; Utah Enabling Act, 28 Stat. 108. (For Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, moreover, the Enabling Acts required that the antipolygamy provisions be "irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of said State" - so that not only were "each of [the] parts" of these States not "open on impartial terms" to polygamists, but even the States as a whole were not; polygamists would have to persuade the whole country to their way of thinking.) Idaho adopted the constitutional provision on its own, but the 51st Congress, which admitted Idaho into the Union, found its constitution to be "republican in form and . . . in conformity with the Constitution of the United States." Act of Admission of Idaho, 26 Stat. 215 (emphasis [ ROMER v. EVANS, ___ U.S. ___ (1996) , 14] added). Thus, this "singling out" of the sexual practices of a single group for statewide, democratic vote - so utterly alien to our constitutional system, the Court would have us believe - has not only happened, but has received the explicit approval of the United States Congress. "In our judgment, 501 of the Revised Statutes of Idaho Territory, which provides that `no person . . . who is a bigamist or polygamist or who teaches, advises, counsels, or encourages any person or persons to become bigamists or polygamists, or to commit any other crime defined by law, or to enter into what is known as plural or celestial marriage, or who is a member of any order, organization or association which teaches, advises, counsels, or encourages its members or devotees or any other persons to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime defined by law . . . is permitted to vote at any election, or to hold any position or office of honor, trust, or profit within this Territory,' is not open to any constitutional or legal objection." Id., at 346-347 (emphasis added). To the extent, if any, that this opinion permits the imposition of adverse consequences upon mere abstract advocacy of polygamy, it has of course been overruled by later cases. See Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969) (per curiam). But the proposition that polygamy can be criminalized, and those engaging in that crime deprived of the vote, remains good law. See Richardson v. Ramirez, 418 U.S. 24, 53 (1974). Beason rejected the argument that "such discrimination is a denial of the equal protection of the laws." Brief [ ROMER v. EVANS, ___ U.S. ___ (1996) , 15] for Appellant in Davis v. Beason, O. T. 1889, No. 1261, p. 41. Among the Justices joining in that rejection were the two whose views in other cases the Court today treats as equal-protection lodestars - Justice Harlan, who was to proclaim in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 559 (1896) (dissenting opinion), that the Constitution "neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens," quoted ante, at 1, and Justice Bradley, who had earlier declared that "class legislation . . . [is] obnoxious to the prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment," Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 24 (1883), quoted ante, at 14. 3 This Court cited Beason with approval as recently as 1993, in an opinion authored by the same Justice who writes for the [ ROMER v. EVANS, ___ U.S. ___ (1996) , 16] Court today. That opinion said: "[A]dverse impact will not always lead to a finding of impermissible targeting. For example, a social harm may have been a legitimate concern of government for reasons quite apart from discrimination. . . . See, e.g., . . . Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333 (1890)." Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520, 535 (1993). It remains to be explained how 501 of the Idaho Revised Statutes was not an "impermissible targeting" of polygamists, but (the much more mild) Amendment 2 is an "impermissible targeting" of homosexuals. Has the Court concluded that the perceived social harm of polygamy is a "legitimate concern of government," and the perceived social harm of homosexuality is not? I strongly suspect that the answer to the last question is yes, which leads me to the last point I wish to make: The Court today, announcing that Amendment 2 "defies . . . conventional [constitutional] inquiry," ante, at 10, and "confounds [the] normal process of judicial review," ante, at 11, employs a constitutional theory heretofore unknown to frustrate Colorado's reasonable effort to preserve traditional American moral values. The Court's stern disapproval of "animosity" towards homosexuality might be compared with what an earlier Court (including the revered Justices Harlan and Bradley) said in Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15 (1885), rejecting a constitutional challenge to a United States statute that denied the franchise in federal territories to those who engaged in polygamous cohabitation: But the Court today has done so, not only by inventing a novel and extravagant constitutional doctrine to take the victory away from traditional forces, but even by verbally disparaging as bigotry adherence to traditional attitudes. To suggest, for example, that this constitutional amendment springs from nothing more than "`a bare . . . desire to harm a politically unpopular group,'" ante, at 13, quoting Department of Agriculture v. Moreno, 413 U.S. 528, 534 (1973), is nothing short of insulting. (It is also nothing short of preposterous to call "politically unpopular" a group which enjoys enormous influence in American media and politics, and which, as the trial court here noted, though composing no more than 4% of the population had the support of 46% of the voters on Amendment 2, see App. to Pet. for Cert. C-18.) 1

Romer v. Evans

Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with sexual orientation and state laws. It was the first Supreme Court case to address gay rights since Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), when the Court had held that laws criminalizing sodomy were constitutional. The Court ruled in a 6–3 decision that a state constitutional amendment in Colorado preventing protected status based upon homosexuality or bisexuality did not satisfy the Equal Protection Clause. The majority opinion in Romer stated that the amendment lacked "a rational relationship to legitimate state interests", and the dissent stated that the majority "evidently agrees that 'rational basis'—the normal test for compliance with the Equal Protection Clause—is the governing standard". The state constitutional amendment failed rational basis review. The decision in Romer set the stage for Lawrence v. Texas (2003), where the Court overruled its decision in Bowers, for the Supreme Court ruling striking down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act in United States v. Windsor (2013), and for the Court's ruling striking down state bans on same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Justice Anthony Kennedy authored all four opinions, and was joined by Justices Breyer and Ginsburg in every one.

Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with sexual orientation and state laws. It was the first Supreme Court case to address gay rights since Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), when the Court had held that laws criminalizing sodomy were constitutional. The Court ruled in a 6–3 decision that a state constitutional amendment in Colorado preventing protected status based upon homosexuality or bisexuality did not satisfy the Equal Protection Clause. The majority opinion in Romer stated that the amendment lacked "a rational relationship to legitimate state interests", and the dissent stated that the majority "evidently agrees that 'rational basis'—the normal test for compliance with the Equal Protection Clause—is the governing standard". The state constitutional amendment failed rational basis review. The decision in Romer set the stage for Lawrence v. Texas (2003), where the Court overruled its decision in Bowers, for the Supreme Court ruling striking down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act in United States v. Windsor (2013), and for the Court's ruling striking down state bans on same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Justice Anthony Kennedy authored all four opinions, and was joined by Justices Breyer and Ginsburg in every one. == Passage of Amendment 2 == In 1992, Colorado voters approved by initiative an amendment to the Colorado state constitution (Amendment 2) that would have prevented any city, town, or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to recognize homosexuals as a protected class. The amendment stated: Neither the State of Colorado, through any of its branches or departments, nor any of its agencies, political subdivisions, municipalities or school districts, shall enact, adopt or enforce any statute, regulation, ordinance or policy whereby homosexual, lesbian or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices or relationships shall constitute or otherwise be the basis of or entitle any person or class of persons to have or claim any minority status, quota preferences, protected status or claim of discrimination. This Section of the Constitution shall be in all respects self-executing. That amendment was approved by a vote of 53% to 47%. According to public opinion surveys, Coloradans strongly opposed discrimination based upon sexual orientation, but at the same time they opposed affirmative action based upon sexual orientation, and the latter concern is what led to the adoption of Amendment 2. The governor of Colorado, Roy Romer, opposed the measure, but also opposed retaliatory boycotts against his state. == Proceedings in state court == Richard G. Evans, a gay man who worked for Denver mayor Wellington Webb, as well as other individuals and three Colorado municipalities, brought suit to enjoin the amendment. A former Colorado Supreme Court justice, Jean Dubofsky, was the lead attorney. A state trial court issued a permanent injunction against the amendment, and upon appeal, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that the amendment was subject to "strict scrutiny" under the Equal Protection Clause of the federal Constitution. The state trial court, upon remand, concluded that the amendment could not pass strict scrutiny, which the Colorado Supreme Court agreed with upon review. Both times, the Colorado Supreme Court rendered 2–1 decisions. The state supreme court held that Amendment 2 infringed on the fundamental right of gays to participate equally in the political process. Regarding the trial court's finding that homosexuals were not a suspect class, the Colorado Supreme Court said: "This ruling has not been appealed and thus, we do not address it." The majority of the Colorado Supreme Court acknowledged that Amendment 2 would not affect Colorado law that generally protects people from discrimination: Colorado law currently proscribes discrimination against persons who are not suspect classes....Of course Amendment 2 is not intended to have any effect on this legislation, but seeks only to prevent the adoption of anti-discrimination laws intended to protect gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. The dissenting justice on the Colorado Supreme Court argued that neither a suspect class nor a fundamental right was involved in the case, and thus he would have applied a rational basis test instead of strict scrutiny. == U.S. Supreme Court ruling == The case was argued on October 10, 1995. On May 20, 1996, the court ruled 6–3 that Colorado's Amendment 2 was unconstitutional, though on different reasoning from the Colorado courts. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote the majority opinion, and was joined by John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O'Connor, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer. The Court majority held that the Colorado constitutional amendment targeting homosexuals based upon animosity lacked a rational relation to any legitimate governmental purpose. Regarding the state's argument that Amendment 2 blocked homosexuals merely from receiving "special rights", Kennedy wrote: Amendment 2's reach may not be limited to specific laws passed for the benefit of gays and lesbians. It is a fair, if not necessary, inference from the broad language of the amendment that it deprives gays and lesbians even of the protection of general laws and policies that prohibit arbitrary discrimination in governmental and private settings....The state court did not decide whether the amendment has this effect, however, and neither need we. While leaving that question unresolved by his opinion, Kennedy concluded that the amendment imposed a special disability upon homosexuals by forbidding them to seek safeguards "without constraint". Instead of applying "strict scrutiny" to Amendment 2 (as the Colorado Supreme Court had done), Kennedy wrote that it did not even meet the much lower requirement of having a rational relationship to a legitimate government purpose: Its sheer breadth is so discontinuous with the reasons offered for it that the amendment seems inexplicable by anything but animus toward the class that it affects; it lacks a rational relationship to legitimate state interests. And: [Amendment 2] is at once too narrow and too broad. It identifies persons by a single trait and then denies them protection across the board. The resulting disqualification of a class of persons from the right to seek specific protection from the law is unprecedented in our jurisprudence. Kennedy did not go into depth in rejecting the claims put forward in support of the law (e.g. protecting the rights of landlords to evict gay tenants if they found homosexuality morally offensive), instead holding that the law was so unique as to "confound this normal process of judicial review" and "defies...conventional inquiry." He elaborated: "It is not within our constitutional tradition to enact laws of this sort." Finding that "laws of the kind now before us raise the inevitable inference that the disadvantage imposed is born of animosity toward the class of persons affected," the Court inferred that the passage of Amendment 2 was born of a "bare...desire to harm a politically unpopular group". The Court added: "[I]f the constitutional conception of 'equal protection of the laws' means anything, it must at the very least mean that a bare ... desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot constitute a legitimate governmental interest."(emphasis added) The majority opinion in Romer neither mentioned nor overruled the Court's prior opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), which allowed outright bans on homosexual activity. == Dissenting opinion == Justice Antonin Scalia wrote the dissent, joined by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Justice Clarence Thomas. Scalia asserted that Amendment 2 did not deprive anyone of the "protection [afforded by] general laws and policies that prohibit arbitrary discrimination in governmental and private settings", which he said was confirmed by the Colorado Supreme Court and not disputed by Justice Kennedy's opinion. Scalia's dissent said Amendment 2 merely provided that homosexuals "cannot as readily as others obtain preferential treatment under the laws". His objections also included these: Regarding the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), Scalia wrote: "If it is rational to criminalize the conduct, surely it is rational to deny special favor and protection to those with a self-avowed tendency or desire to engage in the conduct." Davis v. Beason (1890) had held that laws against polygamy were not an "impermissible targeting" of polygamists, and Scalia asked: "Has the Court concluded that the perceived social harm of polygamy is a 'legitimate concern of government,' and the perceived social harm of homosexuality is not?" The Court, Scalia said, was engaged in judicial activism; as the Constitution says nothing on the topic, it should be decided by democratic processes. The dissent added: "it [is] no business of the courts (as opposed to the political branches) to take sides in this culture war. But the Court today has done so, not only by inventing a novel and extravagant constitutional doctrine to take the victory away from traditional forces, but even by verbally disparaging as bigotry adherence to traditional attitudes." The dissent concluded as follows: Today's opinion has no foundation in American constitutional law, and barely pretends to. The people of Colorado have adopted an entirely reasonable provision which does not even disfavor homosexuals in any substantive sense, but merely denies them preferential treatment. Amendment 2 is designed to prevent piecemeal deterioration of the sexual morality favored by a majority of Coloradans, and is not only an appropriate means to that legitimate end, but a means that Americans have employed before. Striking it down is an act, not of judicial judgment, but of political will. Scalia took the rare step of omitting the word "respectfully" when he wrote "I dissent" at the end of his opinion. == Scholarly commentary == The Court's opinion in Romer did not closely follow established equal protection doctrine (Amendment 2 "defied...conventional inquiry" wrote Justice Kennedy), and the opinion led to much discussion by scholars and lawyers. One particular scholarly article that received widespread attention was by Akhil Amar, a prominent law professor at Yale. Amar wrote: The Constitution does not require that "special" antidiscrimination rights, once extended, irrevocably vest via some magic and antidemocratic one-way ratchet. And if Denver, Aspen, and Boulder can repeal these ordinances, presumably the Colorado legislature can repeal them by statute; and so too the people of Colorado can repeal them by state constitutional amendment (via initiative or referendum). To think otherwise is terminally silly. Still, Amar asserted that Amendment 2 violated the Equal Protection Clause (although he preferred an alternative argument based on the Attainder Clause). Regarding the Equal Protection Clause, Amar wrote: Under Amendment 2, heterosexuals could win local ordinances and state laws protecting themselves from being discriminated against on the basis of their sexual orientation, but nonheteros could not win symmetric ordinances and laws. Putting aside the odds of discrimination against heterosexuals, Amar suggested that even if Amendment 2 had barred special protection for both heterosexuals and homosexuals, that still would have been unconstitutional because it would single out groups by name for harm, just like a law that says "Akhil Reed Amar shall be ineligible for a private immigration bill or a suspension of deportation".Misleading. The "one-way ratchet" mentioned by Amar has been discussed by other authors as well. For example, law professor John Calvin Jeffries has argued that the Court in Romer was actually relying upon a principle of non-retrogression, whereby "The Constitution becomes a ratchet, allowing change in one direction only." Jeffries and his co-author, Daryl Levinson, conclude: "the revival of non-retrogression as a constitutional principle is symptomatic of a Supreme Court adrift in an age of judicial activism." Supporters of the decision, such as law professor Louis Michael Seidman, celebrated its "radical" nature, and hailed it as a revival of the Warren Court's activism. According to law professor Evan Gerstmann, the Court in Romer left unmentioned and unconsidered many purposes of Amendment 2 that the Colorado courts had acknowledged as legitimate. The case, says Gerstmann, "has left the law of equal protection even murkier than before." == Related cases and events == In 1993, Cincinnati, Ohio, passed Ballot Issue 3, an amendment to the city charter, which forbade the city from adopting or enforcing civil rights ordinances based on sexual orientation, the only municipality in the United States to pass such a restriction. The wording of Cincinnati's amendment was almost identical to that of Colorado's. The amendment was upheld by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1996. Later, the case was remanded by the Supreme Court for further consideration in 1997 in the wake of the Romer decision. The Sixth Circuit upheld the amendment a second time, differentiating it from the state-level amendment on the grounds that it was a local government action of the type that Amendment 2 was designed to preempt. On October 13, 1998, the Supreme Court rejected an appeal, allowing the Sixth Circuit decision and the city amendment to stand. In 2004, Cincinnati voters overturned the amendment. Since Romer stood in obvious tension with the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), it laid the groundwork for 2003's Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), which overturned Bowers; like the Romer case, Justices Kennedy and Scalia would author the majority and dissenting opinions in Lawrence with all nine justices voting almost the same way as in Romer (Justice O'Connor concurred, but with a different rationale). Romer has been narrowly cited but influential within its niche, being cited in the cases of Lawrence v. Texas and Hollingsworth v. Perry, but the case has not had a much broader impact given the Court's assertion that it was conducting neither a "normal process of judicial review" nor a "conventional inquiry." In the same niche, Romer was cited in the decision of Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court case Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, wherein the Department’s desire to deny marriage licences to same-sex couples was explicitly likened to Amendment 2’s attempt to broadly restrict from seeking benefits a narrowly defined class of citizens. In 2007, fifteen years after the referendum on Amendment 2, the Colorado legislature amended its anti-discrimination law by forbidding discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, in employment. In 2008, Colorado further expanded its LGBT protections to include housing, public accommodation, and advertising. Future Chief Justice John Roberts donated time pro bono to prepare oral arguments for the plaintiffs. Speaking during his nomination process, a case leader, Walter A. Smith Jr., praised his work on the case, recalling, "He said, 'Let's do it.' And it's illustrative of his open-mindedness, his fair-mindedness. He did a brilliant job."1

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Thuxton<EOT>1

Thuxton

Thuxton is a small village in the English county of Norfolk, six miles north west of Wymondham and five miles south east of Dereham. The village retains a church, St.Pauls, which has a monthly service and special events. The village is located just off the B1135 Wymondham to Dereham road, and is served by a station on the Mid-Norfolk Railway heritage line. The railway station waiting rooms have been converted into holiday accommodation Thuxton is also listed as a deserted medieval linear village, with twenty-nine tofts having been located.1

Thuxton is a small village in the English county of Norfolk, six miles north west of Wymondham and five miles south east of Dereham. The village retains a church, St.Pauls, which has a monthly service and special events. The village is located just off the B1135 Wymondham to Dereham road, and is served by a station on the Mid-Norfolk Railway heritage line. The railway station waiting rooms have been converted into holiday accommodation Thuxton is also listed as a deserted medieval linear village, with twenty-nine tofts having been located.1

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Samos International Airport<EOT>1

Samos International Airport

Samos International Airport (also known as Aristarchos) (IATA: SMI, ICAO: LGSM) is an airport on Samos Island, Greece. The airport is named after Aristarchos of Samos, an ancient astronomer and mathematician, and lies within 5 km from the nearby town of Pythagorio. The airport features a single short runway serving both arrivals and departures. The airports surroundings leave little room for error or mistake on the behalf of the pilots – with nearby mountains and sea at the end of the short runway. There are often strong Meltemi winds blowing from the north during the summer months which further contribute to the difficulty of the landing. There is only one terminal within the airport. There are five boarding gates, none of which have jet-bridges. Passenger facilities are split across two floors and include a duty-free shop and a small café.

Samos International Airport (also known as Aristarchos) (IATA: SMI, ICAO: LGSM) is an airport on Samos Island, Greece. The airport is named after Aristarchos of Samos, an ancient astronomer and mathematician, and lies within 5 km from the nearby town of Pythagorio. The airport features a single short runway serving both arrivals and departures. The airports surroundings leave little room for error or mistake on the behalf of the pilots – with nearby mountains and sea at the end of the short runway. There are often strong Meltemi winds blowing from the north during the summer months which further contribute to the difficulty of the landing. There is only one terminal within the airport. There are five boarding gates, none of which have jet-bridges. Passenger facilities are split across two floors and include a duty-free shop and a small café. == History == The airport first operated in May 1976 and during the late 1990s/early 2000s, the terminal was renovated – the capacity of the airport was increased to deal with increasing passenger numbers and the terminal was renovated. In December 2015 the privatisation of Samos International Airport and 13 other regional airports of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. "We signed the deal today," the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate the 14 airports (including Samos International Airport) for 40 years as of 11th April 2017. == Future investment == On 22 March 2017, the Fraport-Greece presented its master plan for the 14 regional airports including the International Airport of Samos. Immediate actions that will be implemented at the airports as soon as Fraport Greece takes over operations before the launch of the summer season include: General clean-up Improving lighting, marking of airside areas. Upgrading sanitary facilities Enhancing services and offering new free Internet connection (WiFi) Implementing works to improve fire safety in all the areas of the airports The following summarizes the enhancement changes that will be started in Ocrober 2017 and will be implemented for Samos International Airport under Fraport Greece’s investment plan until 2021: Expanding and remodeling the current terminal  New fire station Reorganizing the airport apron area 19 percent increase in the total size of the terminal at 9,605m² 40 percent increase in the number of check-in counters (from 10 to 14) 25 percent increase in the number of departure gates (from 4 to 5) 50 percent increase in the number of security lanes (from 2 to 3) == Airlines and destinations == == Traffic figures == The data token from Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) until 2016 and from 2017 and later from the official website of the airport. *2017 figures are for January–May only == Accidents and incidents == On 3 August 1989, Olympic Aviation Flight 545 crashed into Mount Kerkis while on approach to Samos Airport. All 34 passengers and crew perished in the accident.1

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Eleutherodactylus ruthae<EOT>Stetson, H. C. 1930. Notes on the structure of Dinichthys and Macropetalichthys . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 71(2):17-39 [BHL] Ostenfeld, C.H. 1909. Notes on the phytoplankton of Victoria Nuanza, East Africa. . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 52(10):169-181 [BHL] Woodworth, J.B. and R.S. Tarr. 1903. Postglacial and internglacial (?) changes of level at Cape Ann, Massachusetts with a note on elevated beaches . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 42(4):179-194 [BHL] Ward, H.B. 1891. Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory. XXVI. On some points in the anatomy and histology of Sipunculus nudus, L. . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 21(3):143-182 [BHL] Dall, W.H. 1889. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80), by the U.S. Coast Survey steamer "Blake," Lieut.-Commander C.D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and commander J.R. Bartlett, U.S.N., Commanding. XXIX. Report on the Mollusca. Part II Gastropoda and Scaphopoda. . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 18(1):1-492 [BHL] [MCZ specimens] Shaler, N.S. 1889. On the occurrence of fossils of the Cretaceous age on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 16(5):89-97 [BHL] 1

Eleutherodactylus ruthae

Eleutherodactylus ruthae (common name: Ruth's robber frog) is a species of frog in the Eleutherodactylidae family. It is endemic to Hispaniola and known from scattered locations in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It was described by Gladwyn Kingsley Noble, who named it in honour of his wife, Ruth Crosby Noble; she also first discovered the species. It might represent more than one species. Eleutherodactylus aporostegus, Eleutherodactylus bothroboans, Eleutherodactylus tychaethrous were first described as subspecies of Eleutherodactylus ruthae, but have later been elevated to full species status.

Eleutherodactylus ruthae (common name: Ruth's robber frog) is a species of frog in the Eleutherodactylidae family. It is endemic to Hispaniola and known from scattered locations in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It was described by Gladwyn Kingsley Noble, who named it in honour of his wife, Ruth Crosby Noble; she also first discovered the species. It might represent more than one species. Eleutherodactylus aporostegus, Eleutherodactylus bothroboans, Eleutherodactylus tychaethrous were first described as subspecies of Eleutherodactylus ruthae, but have later been elevated to full species status. == Description == The holotype, an adult male, measured 49 mm (1.9 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is distinctly shovel-shaped. Dorsum is spotted. Skin is glandular and finely warty above, with best developed warts on sides of body. == Habitat and conservation == Natural habitats of Eleutherodactylus ruthae are xeric pine forests and mesic forests. Its altitudinal range is from sea level 900 m (3,000 ft) asl. Males call from closed underground chambers where the eggs are also laid. This rarely encountered frog is believed to be declining. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and agriculture. However, it has declined even in suitable habitats, and factors such as invasive predators, climate change, and chytridiomycosis might also play a role.1

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The Knight of Sainte-Hermine<EOT>1

The Knight of Sainte-Hermine

The Knight of Sainte-Hermine (published in France in 2005 under the title Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine, and translated to English under the title The Last Cavalier) is an unfinished historical novel by Alexandre Dumas, believed to be Dumas' last major work. The novel was lost until the late twentieth century. Dumas scholar Claude Schopp found an almost-complete copy in the form of a newspaper serial. A number of Dumas' previously forgotten works have been found, but this novel is the largest and most complete at 900 pages. The novel is a swashbuckling tale set during the rise of the Napoleonic Empire. A key scene features the Battle of Trafalgar and the death of British admiral Horatio Nelson. It was translated into English and published in 2007 as The Last Cavalier, and has since been translated into other languages.

The Knight of Sainte-Hermine (published in France in 2005 under the title Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine, and translated to English under the title The Last Cavalier) is an unfinished historical novel by Alexandre Dumas, believed to be Dumas' last major work. The novel was lost until the late twentieth century. Dumas scholar Claude Schopp found an almost-complete copy in the form of a newspaper serial. A number of Dumas' previously forgotten works have been found, but this novel is the largest and most complete at 900 pages. The novel is a swashbuckling tale set during the rise of the Napoleonic Empire. A key scene features the Battle of Trafalgar and the death of British admiral Horatio Nelson. It was translated into English and published in 2007 as The Last Cavalier, and has since been translated into other languages. == History == "You can imagine my surprise when, among reels and reels of microfilmed archives, I stumbled upon an almost complete serialised novel, entitled The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, and signed by Alexandre Dumas". —Claude Schopp (Bell, 2005) The novel The Knight of Sainte-Hermine concludes the Sainte-Hermine trilogy, a story started in the 1857 novel The Companions of Jehu (Les Compagnons de Jehu), and continued in the 1867 The Whites and the Blues (Les Blancs et Les Bleus). It was originally serialised from January 1, 1869 to November of the same year in the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel. The rush to publish in a serialised form resulted in the novel's being published with errors, but the newspaper carried almost the entire work. Only a short section was missing at the end, presumably unfinished because of Dumas' final illness. The author died in December 1870. The novel was lost until 1990, when the Dumas expert Claude Schopp discovered references to its material and finally the newspaper serial in the archives of the Bibliothèque Nationale. Schopp's articles on Dumas' work have been part of a critical reappraisal of the writer, contributing to the government's honoring the author in 2002 by a reinterment ceremony at the Panthéon de Paris. Schopp kept the find a secret until 2005. He confided only in Jean-Pierre Sicre, his editor, and Christophe Mercier, a literary critic. Schopp received other contributing material from archives in the former Soviet Union after the change in government. During the last 10 years before the announcement, Schopp converted the serialised material to novel form, corrected the many errors, including confused names and places; did other editing, and wrote a final two and a half chapters based on Dumas' notes. The novel was released on June 3, 2005 by Editions aklas. Schopp had debated whether to complete the novel, and finally wrote the final two-and-a-half chapters. This section was printed in italic to distinguish it from Dumas' work. The novel, issued with a run of 2,000 copies, immediately became a bestseller in France, quickly selling 60,000 copies. In 2007 Pegasus Books in New York published an English translation entitled The Last Cavalier. Le Salut de l'Empire, a sequel written by Schopp incorporating additional Dumas materials, was published in French in 2008. Similarly, in 2002 Reginald Hamel, a Canadian scholar, found Dumas' unpublished five-act play, The Gold Thieves, in the Bibliothèque Nationale. It was published in 2004 in France by Honoré-Champion. == Plot == "It's vintage Dumas, in the same vein as the vengeful hero of The Count of Monte-Cristo." —Claude Schopp (Bell, 2005) The swashbuckling historical novel takes place after the events of the French Revolution and during the subsequent rise of the Napoleonic Empire. The protagonist is a French aristocrat who is torn between the old and new ways, and seeks vengeance for two brothers killed during the course of the preceding novels. Dumas imagines his main character killing the British admiral Horatio Nelson after his victory during the Battle of Trafalgar against the French and Spanish navies. Historically, Nelson was killed by an unknown sniper.1

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Harwell CADET<EOT>1

Harwell CADET

The Harwell CADET was the first fully transistorized computer in Europe, and may have been the first fully transistorized computer in the world. The electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, UK built the Harwell Dekatron Computer in 1951, which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic, although other functions were performed by relays. By 1953, it was evident that this did not meet AERE's computing needs, and AERE director Sir John Cockcroft encouraged them to design and build a computer using transistors throughout. E. H. Cooke-Yarborough based the design around a 64-kilobyte magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. This slow speed was partially offset by the ability to add together eight numbers concurrently. The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backwards). It first ran a simple test program in February 1955. CADET used 324 point-contact transistors provided by the UK company Standard Telephones and Cables, which were the only ones available in sufficient quantity when the project started; 76 junction transistors were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. CADET was built from a few standardised designs of circuit boards which never got mounted into the planned desktop unit, so it was left in its breadboard form. From August 1956 CADET was offering a regular computing service, during which it often executed continuous computing runs of 80 hours or more. Cooke-Yarborough described CADET as being "probably the second fully transistorised computer in the world to put to use", second to an unnamed IBM machine. Both the Manchester University Transistor Computer and the Bell Laboratories TRADIC were demonstrated incorporating transistors before CADET was operational, although both required some thermionic valves to supply their faster clock power, so they were not fully transistorised. In April 1955 IBM announced the IBM 608 transistor calculator, which they claim was "the first all solid-state computing machine commercially marketed" and "the first completely transistorized computer available for commercial installation", and which may have been demonstrated in October 1954, before the CADET. By 1956, Brian Flowers, head of the theoretical physics division at AERE, was convinced that the CADET provided insufficient computing power for the needs of his numerical analysts and ordered a Ferranti Mercury computer. In 1958, Mercury number 4 became operational at AERE to accompany the CADET for another two years before the CADET was retired after four years' operation.1

The Harwell CADET was the first fully transistorized computer in Europe, and may have been the first fully transistorized computer in the world. The electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, UK built the Harwell Dekatron Computer in 1951, which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic, although other functions were performed by relays. By 1953, it was evident that this did not meet AERE's computing needs, and AERE director Sir John Cockcroft encouraged them to design and build a computer using transistors throughout. E. H. Cooke-Yarborough based the design around a 64-kilobyte magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. This slow speed was partially offset by the ability to add together eight numbers concurrently. The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backwards). It first ran a simple test program in February 1955. CADET used 324 point-contact transistors provided by the UK company Standard Telephones and Cables, which were the only ones available in sufficient quantity when the project started; 76 junction transistors were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. CADET was built from a few standardised designs of circuit boards which never got mounted into the planned desktop unit, so it was left in its breadboard form. From August 1956 CADET was offering a regular computing service, during which it often executed continuous computing runs of 80 hours or more. Cooke-Yarborough described CADET as being "probably the second fully transistorised computer in the world to put to use", second to an unnamed IBM machine. Both the Manchester University Transistor Computer and the Bell Laboratories TRADIC were demonstrated incorporating transistors before CADET was operational, although both required some thermionic valves to supply their faster clock power, so they were not fully transistorised. In April 1955 IBM announced the IBM 608 transistor calculator, which they claim was "the first all solid-state computing machine commercially marketed" and "the first completely transistorized computer available for commercial installation", and which may have been demonstrated in October 1954, before the CADET. By 1956, Brian Flowers, head of the theoretical physics division at AERE, was convinced that the CADET provided insufficient computing power for the needs of his numerical analysts and ordered a Ferranti Mercury computer. In 1958, Mercury number 4 became operational at AERE to accompany the CADET for another two years before the CADET was retired after four years' operation.1

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Hannah August<EOT>1

Hannah August

Hannah August is the former Press Secretary for the First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama. Prior to that, she was previously a White House regional communications director and a spokeswoman at United States Department of Justice.

Hannah August is the former Press Secretary for the First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama. Prior to that, she was previously a White House regional communications director and a spokeswoman at United States Department of Justice. == Early life and education == Hannah August is the daughter of Charles "Buddy" August, a former council member of Livingston, New Jersey. She graduated from Livingston High School in 2001. She graduated from University of Pennsylvania in 2005 with major in International Relations. == Career experience == After graduation, August worked as the Press Assistant for Senator Bob Menendez. She served as Deputy Communications Director for the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee in June 2007 after Deirdre Murphy left the post. August joined the Department of Justice as a spokeswoman in which she handled the press communications in high-profile cases such as BP oil spill and the department's lawsuit against the state of Arizona related to immigration law. August joined the White House in 2010 as Regional Communications Director. She served as Press Secretary to the First Lady from May 25, 2011 through January 6, 2014.1

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Ichiro Suzuki<EOT>1

Ichiro Suzuki

Ichiro Suzuki /ˈiːtʃɪroʊ suːˈzuːki/ (鈴木 一朗 Suzuki Ichirō, born October 22, 1973), often referred to mononymously as Ichiro (イチロー Ichirō), is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). With 26 seasons combined in top-level professional leagues, he has spent the bulk of his career with two teams: nine seasons with the Orix Blue Wave of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) in Japan, where he began his career, and 12 with the Seattle Mariners of MLB in the United States. After playing for the Mariners, he played two and a half seasons in MLB with the New York Yankees before signing with his current club, the Marlins. Ichiro has established a number of batting records, including MLB's single-season record for hits with 262. He achieved 10 consecutive 200-hit seasons, the longest streak by any player in history. Between his major league career in both Japan and the United States, Ichiro has the most hits by any player in top-tier professional leagues. He also has recorded the most hits of any foreign-born player in MLB. In his combined playing time in NPB and MLB, Ichiro has received 17 consecutive selections both as an All-Star and Gold Glove winner, won nine league batting titles and been named Most Valuable Player (MVP) four times. While playing in NPB, he won seven consecutive batting titles and three consecutive Pacific League MVP Awards. In 2001, Ichiro became the first Japanese-born position player to be posted and signed to an MLB club. He led the American League (AL) in batting average and stolen bases en route to being named AL Rookie of the Year and AL MVP. Ichiro is the first MLB player to enter the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame (The Golden Players Club). He is a ten-time MLB All-Star and won the 2007 All-Star Game MVP Award for a three-hit performance that included the event's first-ever inside-the-park home run. Ichiro won a Rawlings Gold Glove Award in each of his first ten years in the majors, and has had an American League–record seven hitting streaks of 20 or more games, with a high of 27. Ichiro also leads all active players in singles with 2,440 and in stolen bases with 508. He is also noted for his longevity, continuing to produce at a high level with batting, slugging, and on-base percentages above .300 in 2016 while approaching 43 years of age. On August 7, 2016, Ichiro notched the 3000th hit of his MLB career off Chris Rusin of the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field, becoming only the 30th player ever to do so. In total he has over 4,300 hits in his career. On October 4, the Marlins exercised their 2017 option with Ichiro. The move will guarantee Ichiro $2 million in 2017, and includes a further team option for 2018.

Ichiro Suzuki /ˈiːtʃɪroʊ suːˈzuːki/ (鈴木 一朗 Suzuki Ichirō, born October 22, 1973), often referred to mononymously as Ichiro (イチロー Ichirō), is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). With 26 seasons combined in top-level professional leagues, he has spent the bulk of his career with two teams: nine seasons with the Orix Blue Wave of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) in Japan, where he began his career, and 12 with the Seattle Mariners of MLB in the United States. After playing for the Mariners, he played two and a half seasons in MLB with the New York Yankees before signing with his current club, the Marlins. Ichiro has established a number of batting records, including MLB's single-season record for hits with 262. He achieved 10 consecutive 200-hit seasons, the longest streak by any player in history. Between his major league career in both Japan and the United States, Ichiro has the most hits by any player in top-tier professional leagues. He also has recorded the most hits of any foreign-born player in MLB. In his combined playing time in NPB and MLB, Ichiro has received 17 consecutive selections both as an All-Star and Gold Glove winner, won nine league batting titles and been named Most Valuable Player (MVP) four times. While playing in NPB, he won seven consecutive batting titles and three consecutive Pacific League MVP Awards. In 2001, Ichiro became the first Japanese-born position player to be posted and signed to an MLB club. He led the American League (AL) in batting average and stolen bases en route to being named AL Rookie of the Year and AL MVP. Ichiro is the first MLB player to enter the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame (The Golden Players Club). He is a ten-time MLB All-Star and won the 2007 All-Star Game MVP Award for a three-hit performance that included the event's first-ever inside-the-park home run. Ichiro won a Rawlings Gold Glove Award in each of his first ten years in the majors, and has had an American League–record seven hitting streaks of 20 or more games, with a high of 27. Ichiro also leads all active players in singles with 2,440 and in stolen bases with 508. He is also noted for his longevity, continuing to produce at a high level with batting, slugging, and on-base percentages above .300 in 2016 while approaching 43 years of age. On August 7, 2016, Ichiro notched the 3000th hit of his MLB career off Chris Rusin of the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field, becoming only the 30th player ever to do so. In total he has over 4,300 hits in his career. On October 4, the Marlins exercised their 2017 option with Ichiro. The move will guarantee Ichiro $2 million in 2017, and includes a further team option for 2018. == Early life == Ichiro grew up in the town of Toyoyama, a relatively small town just outside Nagoya. At the age of seven, Ichiro joined his first baseball team and asked his father, Nobuyuki Suzuki (鈴木宣之), to teach him to be a better player. The two began a daily routine which included throwing 50 pitches, fielding 50 infield balls and 50 outfield balls, and hitting 500 pitches, 250 from a pitching machine and 250 from his father. As a little leaguer in Toyoyama, Ichiro had the word "concentration" (集中 shūchū) written on his glove. By age 12, he had dedicated himself to pursuing a career in professional baseball, and their training sessions were no longer for leisure, and less enjoyable. The elder Suzuki claimed, "Baseball was fun for both of us", but Ichiro later said, "It might have been fun for him, but for me it was a lot like Star of the Giants," a popular Japanese manga and anime series about a young baseball prospect's difficult road to success, with rigorous training demanded by the father. According to Ichiro, "It bordered on hazing and I suffered a lot." When Ichiro joined his high school baseball team, his father told the coach, "No matter how good Ichiro is, don't ever praise him. We have to make him spiritually strong." When he was ready to enter high school, Ichiro was selected by a school with a prestigious baseball program, Nagoya's Aikodai Meiden (ja:愛工大名電) High School. Ichiro was primarily used as a pitcher instead of as an outfielder, owing to his exceptionally strong arm. His cumulative high school batting average was .505, with 19 home runs. He built strength and stamina by hurling car tires and hitting Wiffle balls with a heavy shovel, among other regimens. These exercises helped develop his wrists and hips, adding power and endurance to his thin frame. Despite his outstanding numbers in high school, Ichiro was not drafted until the fourth and final round of the professional draft in November 1991, because many teams were discouraged by his small size of 5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in (177 cm) and 124 pounds (56 kg). Years later, Ichiro told an interviewer, "I'm not a big guy and hopefully kids could look at me and see that I'm not muscular and not physically imposing, that I'm just a regular guy. So if somebody with a regular body can get into the record books, kids can look at that. That would make me happy." == Career in Japan == Ichiro made his Pacific League debut in 1992 at the age of 18, but he spent most of his first two seasons in the farm system because his then-manager, Shōzō Doi, refused to accept Ichiro's unorthodox swing. The swing was nicknamed 'pendulum' (振り子打法 Furiko Dahō) because of the pendulum-like motion of his leg, which shifts his weight forward as he swung the bat, and goes against conventional hitting theory. Even though he hit a home run off Hideo Nomo, who later won a National league Rookie of the Year Award as a Dodger, Ichiro was sent back to the farm system on that very day. In his second career game, he recorded his first ichi-gun (Japan's major professional league) hit in Japan's Pacific League against Hawks pitcher Keiji Kimura. In 1994 he benefited from the arrival of a new manager, Akira Ōgi, who played him every day in the second spot of the lineup. He was eventually moved to the leadoff spot for the Orix BlueWave, where his immediate productivity dissolved any misgivings about his unconventional swing. He set a Japanese single-season record with 210 hits, the first player ever to top 200 hits in a single season. Five other players have since done so: Matt Murton, Norichika Aoki (twice), Alex Ramírez, Tsuyoshi Nishioka, and Shogo Akiyama. Ichiro's record was eventually surpassed in 2010 by former major leaguer Matt Murton, who had 214 hits in a 144-game season. Also, in 2015, current Saitama Seibu Lions Outfielder Shogo Akiyama had 216 hits in a 143-game season. Ichiro's 210 hits had come in a 130-game season. Ichiro's .385 batting average was a Pacific League record and won the young outfielder the first of a record seven consecutive batting titles. Ichiro also hit 13 home runs and had 29 stolen bases, helping him to earn his first of three straight Pacific League MVP (Most Valuable Player) awards. It was during the 1994 season that he began to use his given name, "Ichiro", instead of his family name, "Suzuki", on the back of his uniform. Suzuki is the second-most-common family name in Japan, and his manager introduced the idea as a publicity stunt to help create a new image for what had been a relatively weak team, as well as a way to distinguish their rising star. Initially, Ichiro disliked the practice and was embarrassed by it; however, "Ichiro" was a household name by the end of the season and he was flooded with endorsement offers. In 1995, Ichiro led the Blue Wave to its first Pacific League pennant in 12 years. In addition to his second batting title, he led the league with 80 RBI, 25 home runs, and 49 stolen bases. By this time the Japanese press had begun calling him the "Hit Manufacturing Machine" (安打製造機 Anda Seizōki). The following year with Ichiro winning his third-straight MVP award the team defeated the Central League champion, Yomiuri Giants, in the Japan Series. Following the 1996 season playing in an exhibition series against a visiting team of Major League All-Stars kindled Ichiro's desire to travel to the United States to play in the Major Leagues. In November 1998, Ichiro participated in a seven-game exhibition series between Japanese and American all-stars. Ichiro batted .380 and collected seven stolen bases in the series, winning praise from several of his MLB counterparts including Sammy Sosa and Jamie Moyer (who would become his teammate with the Mariners). In 2000, Ichiro was still a year away from being eligible for free agency, but the Blue Wave was no longer among Japan's best teams. Because the team would probably not be able to afford to keep him, and would lose him without compensation in another year, Orix allowed him to negotiate with Major League clubs. Ichiro used the posting system, and the Seattle Mariners won the right to negotiate with him with a bid of approximately $13 million. In November, Ichiro signed a three-year, $14 million contract with the Seattle Mariners. In his nine seasons in Japan, Ichiro had 1,278 hits, a .353 career batting average, and won seven Golden Glove Awards. Ichiro's time in the Japanese baseball leagues matured him as a player and a person, and he often credits it for his current success. == Career in the United States == == Seattle Mariners (2001–2012) == == 2001: postseason appearance == Due to an agreement between Japanese baseball and MLB, Ichiro was not allowed to play in the United States before 2001. His move to the United States was viewed with some interest because he was among the first Japanese position players to play for an MLB team. In the same way that many Japanese teams had considered the 18-year-old Ichiro too small to draft in 1992, many Americans believed he would prove too frail to succeed against Major League pitching or endure the longer 162-game season. Ichiro made an auspicious debut with Seattle, and in the Mariners' eighth game revealed his tremendous throwing arm by gunning down Oakland's Terrence Long, who had tried to advance from first to third on a teammate's single to right field. That play would be dubbed "The Throw" by Japanese media covering Ichiro's progress. After expressing no preference as to a uniform number, Ichiro was issued #51 by the Mariners. He was initially hesitant because it had previously been worn by pitching star Randy Johnson. To avoid insulting Johnson, Ichiro sent a personal message to the pitcher promising not to "bring shame" to the uniform. His trepidation was unfounded, as he had a remarkable 2001 season, accumulating a rookie-record 242 hits, the most by any MLB player since 1930. His perennial Gold Glove fielding led Safeco's right field to be dubbed "Area 51". With a .350 batting average and 56 stolen bases, Ichiro was the first player to lead his league in both categories since Jackie Robinson in 1949. The season included hitting streaks of 25 and 23 games, an appearance on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and intense media attention on both sides of the Pacific. Fans from Japan were taking $2,000 baseball tours, sometimes flying in and out of the U.S. just to watch Ichiro's games. More than 150 Japanese reporters and photographers were given media access. Safeco Field's sushi stands began selling "Ichirolls". Aided by Major League Baseball's decision to allow All-Star voting in Japan, Ichiro was the first rookie to lead all players in voting for the All-Star Game. That winter, he won the American League Most Valuable Player and the Rookie of the Year awards, becoming only the second player in MLB history (after Fred Lynn) to receive both honors in the same season. Ichiro is also the only player in major league history to have won an MVP, Rookie of the Year, Gold Glove Award, Silver Slugger Award, all while starting in the All-Star Game in the same season. 2001 had been an exceptionally successful regular season for the Seattle Mariners as a team, as they matched the 1906 Chicago Cubs' Major League record of 116 wins. In his only postseason appearance with the Mariners, Ichiro continued his hot hitting into the playoffs, batting .600 in the ALDS against the Cleveland Indians. However, Seattle's stellar season ended against the New York Yankees in the ALCS, as Ichiro was held to a .222 average. Yankees manager Joe Torre had emphasized to his pitchers, "Do not let Ichiro beat you. He is the key to Seattle's offense." Informed of this assessment, Ichiro said, "If that is true, it would give me great joy. I don't believe he is right." == 2002 == Ichiro finished his second year in American baseball with 208 total hits, making him the first Mariners player ever with two consecutive seasons of 200+ hits. He got off to a hot start in 2002, but a late-season slump drove his batting average down to .321, 29 points below his batting average as a rookie. He was the sixth player in MLB history to start a career with two 200-hit seasons. Ichiro finished the season second in the AL in hits, fourth in batting average, and fourth in steals. Ichiro led the major league All-Star balloting for the second straight year. Although the Mariners had a 93–69 record, that was good for only a third-place finish in the AL West. == 2003 == In 2003, Ichiro became just the third player in history to begin his career with three 200-hit seasons, by garnering 212. He again finished in the top ten for hits, batting average, steals, and runs, and, again, a late season slump brought his average down almost 40 points (to .312). Ichiro was elected to his third All Star game in the three years he had been in the league, and he was again the vote leader in both leagues. However, the second-place Mariners again fell short of the playoffs. == 2004 == Ichiro had his best offensive season to date in 2004, highlighted by his breaking of George Sisler's 84-year-old record for most hits (257) in a season. An increase in games played benefited Ichiro, as he accumulated only 251 hits through the first 154 games of the season, although it should be noted Sisler played his entire career in an era of racial segregation. Ichiro recorded 50 hits in four different months of the year (September and October are combined by MLB for this computational purpose), becoming the first player ever to have four in a season. With 51 hits in August 2001, Ichiro joined Pete Rose as the only players with five 50-hit months in a career. On May 21, Ichiro recorded his 2,000th professional hit. His 200th hit of 2004 came in just his 126th game. By the end of September, with one three-game series remaining, Ichiro's hit total stood at 256—one shy of Sisler. Ichiro singled off the Rangers' Ryan Drese on October 1 to tie Sisler's record. In the third inning, on a 3–2 count, Ichiro singled up the middle for his 258th hit of the year, which Ichiro later called "the greatest moment of my baseball career". He was greeted by a swarm of teammates, and a standing ovation from the fans. Sisler's daughter, Francis Sisler Drochelman attended the game, and was greeted by Ichiro after his hit. Ichiro finished the 2004 season with a record 262 hits, giving him the single-season records for both the United States and Japanese baseball. In July 2009, while in St. Louis for his ninth All-Star appearance, Ichiro made a trip to Sisler's grave. He later told reporters, "There's not many chances to come to St. Louis. In 2004, it was the first time I crossed paths with him, and his family generously came all the way to Seattle. Above all, it was a chance. I wanted to do that for a grand upperclassman of the baseball world. I think it's only natural for someone to want to do that, to express my feelings in that way. I’m not sure if he's happy about it." From 2001 to 2004, Ichiro had more hits (924) than anyone in history over any four-year period, breaking the record of 918 that Bill Terry accumulated from 1929 to 1932; Terry, however, played in 34 fewer games than Ichiro during their respective four-year spans. He would later surpass his own mark by recording 930 hits from 2004 to 2007. During one 56-game stretch in 2004, Ichiro batted over .450. By comparison, Joe DiMaggio batted .408 during his record-setting 56-game hitting streak. Ichiro batted over .400 against left-handed pitching in 2004. == 2005 == During the off-season, then-manager Bob Melvin's contract was not extended and the Mariners brought in Mike Hargrove as the new manager with a contract through 2007. Ironically, it was Hargrove who predicted that Ichiro would be no better than "a fourth outfielder on [an American] major league team" back when Ichiro was still in Japan. Speculation started that Hargrove and Ichiro did not get along very well in the season. In 2005, Ichiro had his second worst year in his MLB career to date, collecting only 206 hits (the lowest total of his career to that point). However, he reached the plateau of a .300 batting average, 100+ runs, 30+ steals, and 200+ hits for the fifth straight season. That allowed Ichiro to become the first player to collect 200 hits per season in each of his first five years in the Major Leagues. Only Willie Keeler, Wade Boggs, Chuck Klein, Al Simmons, and Charlie Gehringer had had five consecutive 200-hit seasons at any point in their careers. During the season, he accumulated 1,000 career hits, reaching the career milestone faster than any other player in MLB history. Ichiro hit a career-high 15 home runs. In the off-season, Ichiro played himself in Furuhata Ninzaburō, a Japanese Columbo-like TV drama that he loves. In the drama, he kills a person and is arrested. == Inaugural World Baseball Classic == Ichiro played for the Japan national baseball team in the inaugural World Baseball Classic in March 2006. During the March 15 Japan-Korea game Ichiro was booed by a few spectators during every at-bat, reportedly in response to a previous statement that he wanted "to beat South Korea so badly, that the South Koreans won't want to play Japan for another 30 years." That, however, was an incorrect translation mostly spread to the public through ESPN. Ichiro was variously quoted as saying "I want to win in a way that the opponent would think, 'we cannot catch up with Japan for the coming 30 years'. We should not merely win the games." Japan would later beat Korea in the playoffs and win the tournament after defeating Cuba in the finals, 10–6. For the tournament, Ichiro had twelve hits including a home run, seven runs, and four stolen bases. == 2006 == Ichiro's 2006 season got off to an unexpected start, with the outfielder hitting as low as .177 in the season's third week. He quickly rebounded, finishing the season with a .322 average (sixth in the AL and 11th in the majors). Ichiro's 224 hits led the majors, and he recorded 110 runs and 45 stolen bases. Ichiro was caught stealing only twice in 2006, for a 96% success rate. His 1,354 career U.S. hits topped Wade Boggs's record for the most hits in any six-year period. In his sixth year in the majors, Ichiro collected his sixth Gold Glove Award, and a sixth All-Star Game selection. He also won a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding MLB right fielder. Ichiro began wearing high stocking baseball pants in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. == 2007 == In May and June, Ichiro hit in 25 consecutive games, breaking the previous Seattle Mariners record set by Joey Cora in 1997. Ichiro broke Tim Raines's American League record by stealing 41 consecutive bases without being caught. Ichiro extended the record to 45; the major league record of 50 belongs to Vince Coleman. On July 10, 2007, he became the first player to hit an inside-the-park home run in any MLB All-Star Game after an unpredictable hop off the right field wall of AT&T Park in San Francisco. It was the first inside-the-park home run of Ichiro's professional career. Ichiro was a perfect 3-for-3 in the game and was named the Most Valuable Player in the American League's 5–4 victory. 2007 marked the end of Ichiro's second contract with the Mariners, and he initially told MLB.com that he would likely enter the free agent market, citing the team's lack of success in recent years. However, in July Ichiro signed a five-year contract extension with Seattle. The deal was reported to be worth $90 million, consisting of a $17 million annual salary and $5 million signing bonus. The Associated Press reported that Ichiro's contract extension defers $25 million of the $90 million at 5.5% interest until after his retirement, with payments through 2032. Other provisions in Ichiro's contract include a yearly housing allowance of more than $30,000, and four first-class round-trip tickets to Japan each year for his family. He is provided with either a new Jeep or Mercedes SUV, as well as a personal trainer and interpreter. On July 29, 2007, Ichiro collected his 1,500th U.S. hit, the third fastest to reach the MLB milestone behind Al Simmons and George Sisler. Ichiro had 213 hits in 2008, his eighth straight 200-hit season. This tied the 107-year-old record set by Wee Willie Keeler. Typically, Ichiro was among baseball's leaders in reaching base on an error (14 times in 2008, more than any other batter in the AL), and in infield hits (his 56 were the most in the majors). Ichiro has amassed more than 450 infield hits in his U.S. career. Detroit third baseman Brandon Inge told the New York Times, "I wish you could put a camera at third base to see how he hits the ball and see the way it deceives you. You can call some guys’ infield hits cheap, but not his. He has amazing technique." In May 2008, Ichiro stole two bases, giving him a career total of 292, surpassing the previous Seattle Mariners team record of 290 set by second baseman Julio Cruz. Cruz, who now does Spanish-language broadcasts of Mariners games, was watching from the broadcast booth as Ichiro broke his record. == 2008 == On July 29, 2008, Ichiro became the second-youngest player to amass 3,000 top-level professional hits (1,278 in Japan + 1,722 in the U.S.) after Ty Cobb He also became just the second Japanese professional to get 3,000 hits (Nippon Professional Baseball's record holder is Isao Harimoto, with 3,085 hits). By 2008, it had emerged in the media that Ichiro was known within baseball for his tradition of exhorting the American League team with a profanity-laced pregame speech in the clubhouse prior to the MLB All-Star Game. Asked if the speech had had any effect on the AL's decade-long winning streak, Ichiro deadpanned, "I’ve got to say over 90 percent." Minnesota first baseman Justin Morneau describes the effect: "If you’ve never seen it, it's definitely something pretty funny. It's hard to explain, the effect it has on everyone. It's such a tense environment. Everyone's a little nervous for the game, and then he comes out. He doesn’t say a whole lot the whole time he's in there, and all of a sudden, the manager gets done with his speech, and he pops off." Boston's slugger David Ortiz says simply, "It's why we win." == 2009 World Baseball Classic == Despite struggling uncharacteristically during most of the tournament, Ichiro provided the game-winning hit in the Championship game against South Korea. With two outs in the top of the tenth inning, he broke a 3–3 tie with a two-run single. This would prove to be the margin of victory in Japan's 5–3 defeat of South Korea. Ichiro ended the night 4-for-6, and is now 6-for-10 in WBC championship games. == 2009 == Ichiro began his 2009 season by going on the disabled list for the first time in his career. He had a bleeding ulcer, which team doctor Mitch Storey said may have been caused in part by the stress of playing in the World Baseball Classic. After missing 8 games, Ichiro debuted on April 15 and went 2-for-5 against the Angels, including a grand slam for his 3,085th career hit. The home run matched Isao Harimoto's Japanese record for career hits, and Harimoto had been flown out to Seattle to witness the event. Ichiro surpassed the record the following night. Ichiro was named #30 on the Sporting News' 2009 list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball, voted upon by a 100-person panel of experts and former stars. In May and June, Ichiro surpassed his own franchise record with a 27-game hitting streak. Ichiro went on to record 44 hits in June 2009, his 20th career month with 40 or more hits. The previous players to have accomplished this were Stan Musial in the NL and Lou Gehrig in the AL. On September 6 against the Oakland A's, Ichiro collected his 2,000th MLB hit on the second pitch of the game, a double along the first base foul line. He is the second-fastest player to reach the milestone, behind Al Simmons. On September 13 against the Texas Rangers, Ichiro collected his 200th hit of the season for the ninth consecutive year, setting an all-time major league record. Ichiro recorded 210 hits with Orix in 1994, thereby giving him a total of ten 200 hit seasons in his professional career. With two outs in the bottom of the 9th inning, September 18, Ichiro hit a walk-off, two-run home run against Yankees closer Mariano Rivera, scoring Michael Saunders in one of the more memorable victories of the season. His homer made a winner out of Félix Hernández, who was in line for the loss despite having allowed only one run in 9 innings pitched. On September 26, 2009, Ichiro was ejected from a game for the first time in his professional career. Arguing that a strikeout pitch from Toronto's David Purcey had been outside, Ichiro used his bat to draw a line on the outer edge of the plate, and was immediately tossed by umpire Brian Runge. He was the only Mariner to be ejected from a game all season. The ejection may have hurt Ichiro's chances regarding an esoteric record: the longest playing streak without going hitless in consecutive games. Ichiro's stretch was at 180 games, the longest in the majors since Doc Cramer went 191 consecutive games without back-to-back 0-fers in 1934–35. Ichiro went hitless in the following afternoon's game. Ichiro again led the majors in hits in 2009, with 225. In spite of hitting ground balls at a rate of 55 percent, he grounded into only one double play all season, in the April 15th game, his first game played in 2009. He won his second Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding right fielder in MLB. == 2010 == Ichiro's 32 career leadoff home runs rank ninth all time. Nevertheless, in 2009, Ichiro told The New York Times: "Chicks who dig home runs aren’t the ones who appeal to me. I think there's sexiness in infield hits because they require technique. I’d rather impress the chicks with my technique than with my brute strength. Then, every now and then, just to show I can do that, too, I might flirt a little by hitting one out." After playing in the season opener against the Oakland Athletics, Ichiro became eligible for Hall of Fame consideration, by playing in his tenth MLB season. On June 5, 2010, Ichiro scored his 1,000th career MLB run against the Angels on Franklin Gutierrez's RBI groundout. He is the third Mariner in history to reach that milestone. On September 1, 2010, Ichiro also collected his 2,200th hit, a leadoff infield single against Cleveland Indians pitcher Josh Tomlin. During the August 2010 series against the New York Yankees, Ichiro traveled to the Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York, to pay his respects at the grave of Hall-of-Famer "Wee Willie" Keeler. On September 23, Ichiro hit a single to center field against Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Shawn Hill to become the first MLB player in history to reach the 200 hit mark for 10 consecutive seasons. This feat also tied him with Pete Rose for the most career seasons of 200+ hits, and he surpassed Ty Cobb for most career seasons of 200+ hits in the AL. He finished the season with 214 hits, topping the MLB in that category. Ichiro also finished the season "ironman" style, playing in all 162 games. Only Ichiro and Matt Kemp did so for the 2010 season. This was Ichiro's 3rd season playing in all 162 games. Also, Ichiro was nominated for the This Year in Baseball Award. Ichiro finished first or second in hits in all of his first 10 MLB seasons. Ichiro won his tenth consecutive Rawlings Gold Glove Award in 2010, tying Ken Griffey Jr., Andruw Jones, and Al Kaline, and trailing only Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays (twelve each) for major league outfielders. Ichiro also won his second consecutive and third overall Fielding Bible Award for his statistically based defensive excellence in right field. == 2011 == On April 2, 2011, Ichiro broke the Seattle Mariners' all-time career hits record with his 2,248th hit in the 9th inning versus the Oakland Athletics, overtaking the team's previous leader Edgar Martínez. 2011 marked the first time in Ichiro's 11 seasons that he failed to make the all star team. He batted under .300 (.277) before the all star break for the first time in his career. On July 10, manager Eric Wedge did not start Ichiro, ending his then-major league-best active streak of 255 consecutive starts. Ichiro followed with an 11-game hitting streak, but Wedge noted "it's not that easy to give that guy a day off" due to Ichiro's iconic stature. On August 22, Ichiro hit his 35th career leadoff homer, tying him for 6th place with Bobby Bonds. Ichiro finished the season batting a career-low .272 with 184 hits, the first time in his 11-year MLB career he did not record 200 hits. It was also his first season not playing in the All-Star game, as well as his first season not winning a Gold Glove. == 2012 == On June 19, 2012, Ichiro led off a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks with a single to center field, the 2,500th hit of his MLB career. Ichiro reached the milestone in the fourth-fewest games in major league history, after Al Simmons, Ty Cobb, and George Sisler. In a 13-inning road loss to the Oakland A's on July 8, Ichiro was placed second in the batting order and responded by going 2 for 6 to bring his season batting average to .261 heading into the All-Star break. In the previous night's game, Ichiro recorded two hits to break a career-worst 0 for 23 hitless streak. Ichiro had also been tried at the three-spot in the batting order during a season for which he earned $18 million. Former teammate Jay Buhner stated he felt Ichiro was the recipient of too much blame for the Mariners' difficulties but "at the same time, they need help desperately." Buhner stated that if Ichiro were awarded a three-year contract extension for somewhere between $35 million and $40 million, "I'd vomit. I mean, really, no offense. No offense, we've got to get this organization turned around. You can't be spending all the money on one guy." With a contract extension with the Mariners unknown, Ichiro stated, "It's going to go both ways. It can't just come from the player. It's got to come from the team, too. If the team is saying they need you, you're necessary, then it becomes a piece. But if it's just coming from the player, it's not going to happen." Ichiro's agent, Tony Attanasio, said, "He knows that the club has to grow. He knows they have to play the younger guys and get them more playing time. The only way he knows to do that is to move on. He doesn't want to stop playing. He wants to continue." == New York Yankees (2012–2014) == == Rest of 2012: second postseason appearance == Ichiro approached the Mariners to ask for a trade at midseason in 2012, as he felt guilty for taking a roster spot from a younger player while his team was in a rebuilding process. His first choice was to play for the New York Yankees. The Mariners traded him to the Yankees for minor league pitchers D. J. Mitchell and Danny Farquhar on July 23. Seattle also received cash in the trade. Ichiro left Seattle hitting .261 with a .288 on-base percentage (OBP), four home runs, 28 RBIs and 15 stolen bases in 95 games. His first game as a Yankee was played the night of the trade, at Safeco Field against the Mariners. Before the trade was consummated, Ichiro agreed to the Yankees' conditions, which stated that they would play Ichiro primarily in left field, bat him at the bottom of the lineup, and occasionally sit him against left-handed pitching. Ichiro would go on to hit safely in his first 12 games as a Yankee, tying a record set by Don Slaught. He wore #31 during his tenure with the Yankees, as his traditional #51 was out of commission (later retired) by the Yankees for Bernie Williams. Ichiro hit his first home run as a Yankee, and the 100th of his career, on July 30 against the Baltimore Orioles. For the week ending September 23, Ichiro was named AL Player of the Week after hitting .600 (15-for-25) with three doubles, two home runs, five RBI, seven runs scored, and six stolen bases in six games. He led all MLB players in batting average, hits, steals and OBP (.630). In 67 games with New York, Ichiro batted .322 with a .340 OBP, 28 runs, five home runs and 27 RBIs. With his improved performance, the Yankees at times batted him second and also started him against left-handers. Ichiro performed well in his first playoff appearance since the beginning of his career. Against the Baltimore Orioles in the 2012 ALDS, Ichiro ran home on a ball hit by Robinson Canó. Despite the ball beating him to the plate, Orioles catcher Matt Wieters had difficulty tagging Ichiro, who evaded multiple tag attempts by jumping over and around Wieters. In Game 1 of the 2012 ALCS, Ichiro hit his first career postseason home run; however, the Yankees lost the series to the Detroit Tigers in only 4 games. On December 19, 2012, Ichiro finalized a $13 million deal for two years with the Yankees. == 2013 == On June 25, 2013, Ichiro hit a walk-off home run against Rangers pitcher Tanner Scheppers with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning. Earlier in the game, three of his teammates had led off the fourth, fifth, and sixth innings with home runs, so all of the Yankees' runs in the game were provided by solo home runs. On August 21, 2013, Ichiro collected his 4,000th professional career hit with a single off Toronto Blue Jays pitcher R.A. Dickey, becoming the seventh player in professional baseball history known to have reached the mark after Pete Rose, Ty Cobb, Julio Franco, Hank Aaron, Jigger Statz, and Stan Musial. It is quite possible that Jake Beckley and Sam Crawford may have also produced 4,000 hits, but data for some of their minor league seasons is missing. == 2014 == On July 10, 2014, Ichiro collected his 2,800th MLB hit off of Cleveland Indians pitcher Scott Atchison in the top of the eighth inning at Progressive Field. On August 9, 2014, Ichiro hit a single in a game, again against the Indians, to pass George Sisler on the all-time hit list with his 2,811th hit. Ichiro had previously broken Sisler's single season hit record in the 2004 season. == Miami Marlins (2015–present) == == 2015 == On January 23, 2015, Ichiro agreed to a one-year, $2 million contract with the Miami Marlins. The Marlins originally planned for him to be their fourth outfielder, but he finished the season with 439 plate appearances due to team injuries—primarily Giancarlo Stanton, who suffered a season-ending injury on June 26. On April 25, Ichiro scored his 1,310th major league run, which, combined with the 658 runs he scored in Japan, surpassed the record for runs scored by a Japanese player set by Sadaharu Oh. On June 18, he was batting .294 after playing in 64 of the Marlins' 68 games, but his average fell to .229 by season's end. On August 14 at Busch Stadium, Ichiro singled off St. Louis Cardinals starter John Lackey to earn his 4,192nd top-level hit, passing Ty Cobb. On July 29, Ichiro recorded his 2,900th major league hit against Washington Nationals pitcher Doug Fister. On August 18, Ichiro had his first four-hit game since 2013. On August 31, against the Atlanta Braves, Ichiro scored his 2,000th professional run when combining his runs scored in MLB (1,342) and in Japan's NPB (658). On September 5, Ichiro recorded his 100th right field assist in the major leagues. In the season finale against the Philadelphia Phillies on October 4, he made his major league pitching debut, completing the final inning and allowing one run and two hits in a 7–2 loss. == 2016 == On October 6, 2015, Ichiro and the Marlins agreed on a one-year, $2 million contract for the 2016 season. The deal also comes with a $2 million club option for 2017. He stole his 500th career MLB base on April 29, 2016, against the Milwaukee Brewers, and led off the game with a single against Zach Davies to move ahead of Frank Robinson into 33rd place on the all-time hit list, also the 2,944th of his career. That milestone stolen base made him one of eight players in MLB history with at least 500 stolen bases and 2,900 hits. On June 15, Ichiro recorded his 4,257 career hit, breaking Pete Rose's all-time record for hits in top tier professional baseball. Rose commented that "I’m not trying to take anything away from Ichiro, he’s had a Hall of Fame career, but the next thing you know you’ll be counting his high school hits". This was in response to the Japanese media labeling Ichiro as the "Hit King", claiming that Ichiro should be considered to be the all-time hits leader when his hits in Japan are included. On August 7, 2016, Ichiro collected the 3,000th hit of his MLB career when he hit a triple off the right field wall at Coors Field playing against the Colorado Rockies. He is just the second player to reach that milestone by way of a triple, joining Hall of Famer Paul Molitor. On the last day of the season, October 2, 2016, Ichiro played in his 2,500th MLB game. Ichiro and Pete Rose are the only two players in MLB history to have accomplished playing in 2,500 games in their first 16 seasons. After the 2016 season, the Marlins exercised their option on Ichiro's contract for the 2017 season, and added an option for the 2018 season. == 2017 == On April 19, Ichiro hit his first home run against his former team the Seattle Mariners, a 9th inning drive off Evan Marshall. Ichiro scored his 1400th run in a May 23rd game against the Oakland A's. On June 14, Ichiro singled for his 365th interleague hit, passing Derek Jeter to becoming the all-time leader in Interleague hits. On June 25, Ichiro became the oldest player to start a game in center field since at least 1900, breaking the record previously held by Rickey Henderson. On June 29, 2017, Ichiro became the oldest active MLB player when Bartolo Colon was designated for assignment by the Atlanta Braves. On July 6, he hit two singles against the St. Louis Cardinals, bringing his hits total to 3,054 and surpassing Panamanian-born Rod Carew as the all-time leader in MLB hits among foreign-born players. == Playing style == Sportswriter Bruce Jenkins, writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, described Ichiro's distinctive style of play: "There's nobody like Ichiro in either league—now or ever. He exists strictly within his own world, playing a game 100 percent unfamiliar to everyone else. The game has known plenty of 'slap' hitters, but none who sacrifice so much natural ability for the sake of the art... Ichiro, a man of wondrous strength, puts on impressive power-hitting displays almost nightly in batting practice. And he'll go deep occasionally in games, looking very much like someone who could do it again, often... [but] the man lives for hits, little tiny ones, and the glory of standing atop the world in that category. Every spring, scouts or media types write him off, swearing that opposing pitchers have found the key, and they are embarrassingly wrong". While he is known for his hitting ability, he does not draw many walks. In 2004, when he set the single-season record for hits, his low walk total (49) led to him being on base a total of 315 times. It was the 58th-most times a player has reached base in a season and short of the major league record of 379 set by Babe Ruth in 1923. Ichiro has a home run batting stroke that he displays in batting practice, but not in games. The New York Times criticized his inability to improve his power when his Mariner teams were often low-scoring while noting that he also did not steal bases as frequently as Rickey Henderson or Tim Raines. Ichiro, however, once commented, "If I'm allowed to hit .220, I could probably hit 40 [home runs], but nobody wants that." Ichiro has long been interested in pitching professionally, and he actually took the mound to pitch to one batter in the 1996 NPB All Star game, reaching close to 91 MPH (145 km) in warm up pitches. In 2009, it was reported that during an early February workout his fastball was clocked at 92 MPH. On the final day of the 2015 season on October 4, Ichiro pitched in his first MLB game, throwing one complete inning at the end of the game while allowing one run on two hits. He was still able to touch 88 mph with his fastball to go along with a mid 80s slider. == Personality and influence == Ichiro is noted for his work ethic in arriving early for his team's games, and for his calisthenic stretching exercises to stay limber even during the middle of the game. Continuing in Seattle the custom he began in Japan, he used his given name ( written in Romaji ) on the back of his uniform instead of his family name, becoming the first player in Major League Baseball to do so since Vida Blue; the custom was not continued following his trade to the Yankees in 2012, as the Yankees do not include players' names on their jerseys. However, upon joining the Marlins in 2015, he resumed using his given name on the back of his uniform. In addition to being a ten-time Gold Glove winner, Ichiro is a ten-time All-Star selection from 2001 to 2010. His success has been credited with opening the door for other Japanese players like former Yomiuri Giants slugger Hideki Matsui, former Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks catcher Kenji Johjima, former teammate So Taguchi, and former Seibu Lions infielder Kazuo Matsui to enter the Major Leagues. Ichiro's career is followed closely in Japan, with national television news programs covering each of his at-bats, and with special tour packages arranged for Japanese fans to visit the United States to attend his games. Ichiro's agent Tony Attanasio described his client's status: "When you mail Ichiro something from the States, you only have to use that name on the address and he gets it [in Japan]. He's that big." Ichiro performs in TV commercials in Japan for ENEOS. His likeness is used as the basis of the character "Kyoshiro" in the anime and manga Major. When he first came to the United States, he especially enjoyed trips to Kansas City to talk with Buck O'Neil, a former Negro Leagues star who went on to become MLB's first black coach. When O'Neil died in 2006, Ichiro sent a very large memorial wreath to the funeral service. The following year, he visited the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum while on a road trip to Kansas City, and made what, as of 2016, remains the largest contribution ever made to the museum by an active MLB player. When Ichiro was traded to the Yankees in July 2012, Ben Gibbard (of band Death Cab for Cutie and longtime Mariners fan) posted his tribute song, "Ichiro's Theme", on his SoundCloud page. == Personal life == The Japanese name "Ichiro" is often written 一郎, meaning "first son". Ichiro's name, however, is written with a different character, 一朗, so that his name roughly means "brightest, most cheerful". He has an elder brother, Kazuyasu Suzuki, who is a fashion designer. Ichiro married Yumiko Fukushima (福島弓子 Fukushima Yumiko), a former TBS TV announcer, on December 3, 1999, at a small church in Santa Monica, California. They have no children. They have a pet dog (Shiba Inu) named "Ikkyu", a combination of "Ichi" (一) of "Ichiro" and "Yumi" (弓) of "Yumiko", which can be vocalized "kyu" as well. The couple resided in Issaquah, Washington during the season while he played in Seattle, and now live during the season in Miami Beach. On March 18, 2011, Ichiro donated ¥100 million ($1.25 million) to the Japanese Red Cross for earthquake and tsunami relief efforts. Since November 2000, Nobuyuki Suzuki, Ichiro's father, has run the Ichiro exhibition room named "I-fain" in Toyoyama, Ichiro's hometown. It exhibits a wide variety of Ichiro memorabilia, including personal items from his childhood and up-to-date baseball gear. Ichiro is the honored chairman of the Ichiro Cup, a 6-month long boys' league tournament with more than 200 teams, held in Toyoyama and surrounding cities and towns since 1996. Ichiro watches the final game and attends its awards ceremony every year. == American League records == Most at-bats by rookie, season: 692 (157 games in 2001) Most at-bats by lefthander, season: 704 (161 games in 2004) Most seasons leading the league in at-bats: 8 (2001, 2004–2008, 2010–2011) Most consecutive seasons leading the league in at-bats: 5 (2004–2008) Most hits, season: 262 (2004) Most hits by rookie, season: 242 (2001) Most hits by lefthander, season: 262 (2004) Most consecutive seasons leading the league in hits: 5 (2006–2010) Most games with one or more hits, season: 135 (2001) tied with Wade Boggs (Boston Red Sox, 1985) and Derek Jeter (New York Yankees, 1999) Most seasons with 200 or more hits: 10 (2001–2010) Most consecutive seasons with 200 or more hits: 10 (2001–2010) Most hits, two consecutive seasons: 474 (212 in 2003, 262 in 2004) tied with Ty Cobb (Detroit Tigers, 248 in 1911, 226 in 1912) Most games with five or more hits, season: 4 (July 29 (13 inn.), August 3, September 4, September 21, 2004) tied with Ty Cobb (Detroit Tigers, May 7, July 7, July 12, July 17, 1922) Most batting streaks of 20 or more games, career: 7 (2001 (2), 2004, 2004–05, 2006, 2007, 2009) tied with Ty Cobb (Detroit Tigers, 1911, 1912, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1926, Philadelphia Athletics, 1927) Most singles, season: 225 (2004) Most singles by rookie, season: 192 (2001) Most singles by lefthander, season: 225 (2004) Most seasons leading the league in singles: 10 (2001–2010) Most consecutive seasons leading the league in singles: 10 (2001–2010) Fewest grounding into double plays by rookie, season [min. 150 games]: 3 (2001) Most seasons leading the league in fewest grounding into double plays [min. 150 games]: 4 (2001, 2003, 2005–2006) Most consecutive stolen bases with no caught stealing, career: 45 (April 29, 2006 – May 19, 2007) Only inside-the-park home run in MLB All-Star Game history: July 10, 2007, 1 on, off Chris Young, 5th inning, AT&T Park, San Francisco set with teammates Most wins, one regular season: 116 wins, 2001 Seattle Mariners (46 losses) tied ML mark set by 1906 Chicago Cubs (116 wins, 36 losses) Most home runs, start of game: 2, Seattle vs. Texas, September 9, 2002 (Suzuki, Desi Relaford) broken by Baltimore at Texas, May 10, 2012 •Oldest starting player in the MLB1

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Ann Winsborn<EOT>1

Ann Winsborn

Ann Winsborn (born 5 July 1981 in Malmö, Sweden) is a Swedish artist, singer and songwriter. Winsborn debuted in 2002 with the song "Everything I Do", and her second single "Be The One" was released the same year. Her debut album Everything I Am was released in 2003 along with her third single "Je n'ai pas compris". Her second album Pink-Collar-Crime was released in 2005, as was her fourth single "La La Love on My Mind" (written by Bobby Ljunggren and Ingela Forsman). The song "Everything I Do" placed on several dance lists in Europe, and so did her second single "Be The One". In Poland, her third single "Je n'ai pas compris" was one of the most played song of the year in 2004, and her debut album went gold there as well. Winsborn sings in both English and French. For example, she sings partly in French in the song "Je n'ai pas compris" and partly in French in her second album. Winsborn also recorded the song "Kärlekens makt" (meaning "The Power of Love") in Swedish in 2012.

Ann Winsborn (born 5 July 1981 in Malmö, Sweden) is a Swedish artist, singer and songwriter. Winsborn debuted in 2002 with the song "Everything I Do", and her second single "Be The One" was released the same year. Her debut album Everything I Am was released in 2003 along with her third single "Je n'ai pas compris". Her second album Pink-Collar-Crime was released in 2005, as was her fourth single "La La Love on My Mind" (written by Bobby Ljunggren and Ingela Forsman). The song "Everything I Do" placed on several dance lists in Europe, and so did her second single "Be The One". In Poland, her third single "Je n'ai pas compris" was one of the most played song of the year in 2004, and her debut album went gold there as well. Winsborn sings in both English and French. For example, she sings partly in French in the song "Je n'ai pas compris" and partly in French in her second album. Winsborn also recorded the song "Kärlekens makt" (meaning "The Power of Love") in Swedish in 2012. == Discography == == Albums == Everything I Am (2003) Pink-Collar-Crime (2005) == Singles == "Everything I Do" (2002) "Be The One" (2002) "Je n'ai pas compris" (2003) "La La Love on My Mind" (2005)1

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Janet DiFiore<EOT>“Neither my mental nor physical fitness is in question,” she said. “I am . . . deeply concerned that the Office of Court Administration has chosen to remove a qualified judge that was duly elected by 2.8 million citizens of Kings County in 2012. <doc-sep> “The question is why the special favor. Why are cases being opened in Central Office . . . Just because she is the District Attorney does not mean she is above the law!” Vazquez wrote. 1

Janet DiFiore

Janet Marie DiFiore (born August 9, 1955) is an American judge who since 2016 has been the Chief Judge of the State of New York. A New York native, DiFiore graduated from Long Island University and St. John's University School of Law. As a practicing attorney, DiFiore worked in a law firm and in the Westchester District Attorney's Office. DiFiore then was elected a judge of the Westchester County Court, and was subsequently named a justice on the New York Supreme Court (the state trial court in New York), serving in that post from 2003 to 2005. DiFiore left the bench to become district attorney of Westchester County, New York in 2006; she stayed in that position nearly a decade, until Governor Andrew Cuomo appointed her to the New York Court of Appeals.

Janet Marie DiFiore (born August 9, 1955) is an American judge who since 2016 has been the Chief Judge of the State of New York. A New York native, DiFiore graduated from Long Island University and St. John's University School of Law. As a practicing attorney, DiFiore worked in a law firm and in the Westchester District Attorney's Office. DiFiore then was elected a judge of the Westchester County Court, and was subsequently named a justice on the New York Supreme Court (the state trial court in New York), serving in that post from 2003 to 2005. DiFiore left the bench to become district attorney of Westchester County, New York in 2006; she stayed in that position nearly a decade, until Governor Andrew Cuomo appointed her to the New York Court of Appeals. == Early life and education == Janet Marie DiFiore was born on August 9, 1955, in Mount Vernon, New York, the only child of Italian immigrants. Raised in Mount Vernon, New York, DiFiore has never lived outside the county. She graduated from Mount Vernon High School. DiFiore graduated from C.W. Post College at Long Island University and St. John's University School of Law. == Legal career == While a law student, DiFiore interned for Westchester District Attorney Carl A. Vergari. After graduating from law school in 1981, DiFiore became an assistant district attorney in the Westchester District Attorney's Office. DiFiore left in 1987 to work part-time at the law firm of Goodrich & Bendish while raising her family; she worked at the firm until 1994. During this period, DiFiore also served as deputy village attorney for Bronxville, New York. In 1994, DiFiore returned to the office to serve as chief of the narcotics bureau under DA Jeanine F. Pirro. In 1998, DiFiore was elected a judge of the Westchester County Court. She served in that position from 1999 to 2002. From 2003 to 2005, DiFiore was a justice on the New York Supreme Court (the state trial court in New York). In November 2005, DiFiore was elected Westchester County district attorney, succeeding Pirro. DiFiore defeated Democrat Tony Castro in the race. She took office the following year. As head of the Westchester County District Attorney's Office, DiFiore led an office of more than 230 employees. Soon after assuming office, DiFiore approved new DNA testing to be used in the case of Jeffrey Mark Deskovic, who was wrongfully convicted of the rape and murder of a classmate. Such testing had been refused by Pirro, DiFiore's predecessor. The evidence exonerated Deskovic, and he was released from prison after 16 years. DiFiore subsequently set up an inquiry which reviewed the errors in the case and recommended reforms to prevent future wrongful convictions, such as videotaping police interrogations. In August 2007, DiFiore switched party affiliations, from Republican to Democratic. She was twice reelected district attorney, in 2009 and 2013. In September 2009, DiFiore defeated Castro in the Democratic primary and in the general election defeated Castro (who ran on the Independence Party of New York and Working Families Party ballot lines) and Republican candidate Dan Schorr. In 2013, DiFiore ran unopposed. From 2011 to 2013, DiFiore was chairwoman of the New York Joint Commission on Public Ethics, a body to which she was appointed by Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. DiFiore resigned this position to run for reelection as district attorney. In 2014, Cuomo appointed DiFiore to a juvenile justice commission. DiFiore is also co-chairwoman of the New York Justice Task Force, which investigates wrongful convictions; she was appointed to the task force by Jonathan Lippman, the chief justice of the New York Court of Appeals. == Election results == == Appointment to the New York Court of Appeals == Thirty-three people, including DiFiore, applied to succeed Lippman as chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals, following Lippman's mandatory retirement at the end of 2015. DiFiore was included as one of seven finalists chosen by the state Commission on Judicial Nomination, led by former chief judge Judith S. Kaye. Other notable finalists included Michael J. Garcia, former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, who in 2016 also joined the New York Court of Appeals, having been appointed to fill another vacancy. On December 1, 2015, Governor Andrew Cuomo nominated DiFiore to serve as chief judge. Following a procedural delay, the New York State Senate unanimously confirmed DiFiore to the position by voice vote on January 21, 2016. DiFiore was sworn in by Cuomo at the Court of Appeals building on February 8, 2016. The chief judge technically serves a fourteen-year term, but the New York State Constitution provides a mandatory retirement age for Court of Appeals justices, and so DiFiore must retire at the end of 2025, the year she will turn 70 years old. == Personal life == DiFiore is married to Dennis E. Glazer, a retired lawyer. The couple met on the first day of law school, and married on August 15, 1981, at the Westchester Country Club in Rye. She is the mother of three children, Alexandra, Joseph and Michael, now all adults. She lives in Bronxville, New York.1

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Fix This Now<EOT>1

Fix This Now

"Fix This Now" was the headline on the front page of Indiana's dominant newspaper, the Indianapolis Star, on March 31, 2015. Almost the entire front page of the newspaper was taken by the headline, set in large white letters on a black background. It is unusual for a 20th or 21st century mass-market American newspaper to dedicate its entire front page to an editorial or for a non-tabloid to set any headline in such large type. Many publications commented on the headline on the day of its appearance. The Washington Post called the move "extraordinary", the New York Daily News called it "rare". Other major publications such as Time also took immediate notice of the Star's editorial, and news of and commentary on the event was quickly and widely tweeted and circulated on social media. The editorial was occasioned by Indiana's newly passed Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). Unlike many State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts, Indiana's did not (at that time) prohibit its use to discriminate against LGBT people, and allowed private entities to cite the law as a defense in a civil suit. The editorial called on the legislature and Indiana governor Mike Pence to pass another law ensuring that the law cannot be used as an excuse to discriminate against gay people: “We are at a critical moment in Indiana's history. And much is at stake... Half steps will not undo the damage... Gov. Mike Pence and the General Assembly need to enact a state law to prohibit discrimination in employment, housing, education and public accommodations on the basis of a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. Those protections and RFRA can co-exist. They do elsewhere... Governor, Indiana is in a state of crisis. It is worse than you seem to understand. You must act with courage and wisdom. You must lead us forward now. You must ensure that all Hoosiers have strong protections against discrimination.”— Indianapolis Star (Jeff Taylor, editor), "Gov. Pence, fix 'religious freedom' law now", Indianapolis Star The editorial, which also promoted the hashtag #WeAreIndiana with the assertion that "Indiana embraces everyone and we do not discriminate", was published in the context of a larger general backlash against the Indiana law.1

"Fix This Now" was the headline on the front page of Indiana's dominant newspaper, the Indianapolis Star, on March 31, 2015. Almost the entire front page of the newspaper was taken by the headline, set in large white letters on a black background. It is unusual for a 20th or 21st century mass-market American newspaper to dedicate its entire front page to an editorial or for a non-tabloid to set any headline in such large type. Many publications commented on the headline on the day of its appearance. The Washington Post called the move "extraordinary", the New York Daily News called it "rare". Other major publications such as Time also took immediate notice of the Star's editorial, and news of and commentary on the event was quickly and widely tweeted and circulated on social media. The editorial was occasioned by Indiana's newly passed Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). Unlike many State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts, Indiana's did not (at that time) prohibit its use to discriminate against LGBT people, and allowed private entities to cite the law as a defense in a civil suit. The editorial called on the legislature and Indiana governor Mike Pence to pass another law ensuring that the law cannot be used as an excuse to discriminate against gay people: “We are at a critical moment in Indiana's history. And much is at stake... Half steps will not undo the damage... Gov. Mike Pence and the General Assembly need to enact a state law to prohibit discrimination in employment, housing, education and public accommodations on the basis of a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. Those protections and RFRA can co-exist. They do elsewhere... Governor, Indiana is in a state of crisis. It is worse than you seem to understand. You must act with courage and wisdom. You must lead us forward now. You must ensure that all Hoosiers have strong protections against discrimination.”— Indianapolis Star (Jeff Taylor, editor), "Gov. Pence, fix 'religious freedom' law now", Indianapolis Star The editorial, which also promoted the hashtag #WeAreIndiana with the assertion that "Indiana embraces everyone and we do not discriminate", was published in the context of a larger general backlash against the Indiana law.1

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Simon Pearce<EOT>1

Simon Pearce

Simon Pearce is an Irish-American entrepreneur in glassblowing and pottery, who learned his trade in Kilkenny, Ireland.

Simon Pearce is an Irish-American entrepreneur in glassblowing and pottery, who learned his trade in Kilkenny, Ireland. == Business development == Pearce located his first US factory, in Quechee, Vermont, in 1981. This site, which is powered hydroelectrically by the Ottauquechee River, became a showroom, restaurant, and glass-blowing demonstration facility. The New York Times described him as a prominent American designer of glassware and his works have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries and to presenters at the Academy Awards. Pearce's company headquarters is in Windsor, Vermont; another manufacturing facility is in Mountain Lake Park, Maryland. His company has retail outlets, sometimes with associated restaurants, on both coasts of the US. == Personal life and family == As of 2010, Pearce reportedly maintained a home in Hartland, Vermont. He and his wife, Pia, have four sons. Their youngest son is Kevin Pearce, a snowboarder, who was seriously injured in 2009 while training for the Olympics. Kevin is the subject of the 2013 HBO film The Crash Reel. Pearce's book, “Simon Pearce: Design For Living” was published in the fall of 2016.1

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James W. Skotchdopole<EOT>1

James W. Skotchdopole

James W. Skotchdopole (born January 31, 1933) is an American film producer and former assistant director, who shared the Academy Award for Best Picture for 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) at the 87th Academy Awards in 2015.1

James W. Skotchdopole (born January 31, 1933) is an American film producer and former assistant director, who shared the Academy Award for Best Picture for 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) at the 87th Academy Awards in 2015.1

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Jesus Dress Up<EOT>[This is not my vid] @joelosteen's 16,800 seat, multi level #LakeWoodChurch is "flooded" alright… flooded with BULLSHIT! Meanwhile, there's #MattressMack in Houston letting people (and pets) take shelter in his furniture store and sleep for free on his merchandise! Respects! And big ups to the gentleman who filmed this (cred?)✊ #BeNotInhospitableToStrangers . . #ComradeSlim #FTW #JoelOsteen #texasstrong #prayfortexas #prayersfortexas #texas #hurricaneharvey #atheists #atheism #agnostic #freethinker #goodwithoutgod #jesus #harvey #hurricane #houston #twitter #megachurch #seperationofchurchandstate #hypocrite #prayer #pray #science #flood #flooding #blacklivesmatter 1

Jesus Dress Up

Jesus Dress Up is a game that was created by artist Normal Bob Smith in 1991 as a black-and-white colorform, which he photocopied and distributed to friends. In August 2000, Smith converted the drawings to digital art and launched a website, allowing users to virtually play with a dress-up doll by placing movable layers of clothing on top of a crucified Jesus. Outfits in the original version included a light-blue tuxedo, football uniform, snorkeling gear, and red devil pajamas.

Jesus Dress Up is a game that was created by artist Normal Bob Smith in 1991 as a black-and-white colorform, which he photocopied and distributed to friends. In August 2000, Smith converted the drawings to digital art and launched a website, allowing users to virtually play with a dress-up doll by placing movable layers of clothing on top of a crucified Jesus. Outfits in the original version included a light-blue tuxedo, football uniform, snorkeling gear, and red devil pajamas. == Internet reach == Within a month of its launch, JesusDressUp.com received over 150,000 original hits, and by October 2000 had over 250,000 original visits. Almost entirely by word-of-mouth referrals, the website received nearly 6 million monthly hits by the end of 2000. In 2003, Normal Bob Smith produced a companion refrigerator-magnet set, which was sold through the website. Retailer Urban Outfitters ordered 3,000 of the magnet sets for sale through its stores, and Smith estimated he had sold around 5,000 sets in total by March 2004. As of 2012 there are ten versions of the Jesus Dress Up: the original, Superstar, Miscellaneous Holiday, Halloween, Christmas, Final Justice, BDSM, Wizard of Oz, Star Wars and Lady Gaga. Smith has also created a Mohammed Dress Up game, allowing people to dress up the prophet Mohammed. Smith hosts photographs of celebrities including David Cross, Janeane Garofalo and Sarah Silverman holding the Jesus Dress Up magnet set on his website, and has also posted a YouTube video of himself giving a set to Richard Dawkins. Jesus Dress Up magnets appeared in the segment on Normal Bob Smith in the Neil Abramson documentary film Bob Smith USA, which premiered at the American Film Institute’s SilverDocs Film Festival in Washington DC in June 2005. == Response == On March 14, 2004, Jesus Dress Up sparked national controversy when a Philadelphia man, known only as "Gerry", voiced his outrage after seeing the magnets at an Urban Outfitters store in the King of Prussia mall. He wrote a letter of complaint to the chain and brought his story to his local NBC affiliate WCAU-TV when he received their response: Urban Outfitters stated that the magnet was not being sold to offend anyone, but to reflect a diversity of opinion among its customer base. Urban Outfitters received more than 250,000 complaints, due mostly to organizational efforts from OneMillionMoms.com and OneMillionDads.com, activism group websites created by the American Family Association. Following the controversy on March 17, Urban Outfitters cancelled an order for an additional 3,500 magnet sets and publicly stated that while they would sell their remaining stock they would not order any more. As a result of this attention, on March 28, 2004, an activism group called Laptop Lobbyists alerted Normal Bob Smith’s web-hosting company, Pick Internet Solutions Inc, and succeeded in shutting down the Jesus Dress Up site. Charles Wheelus, President of Pick Internet Solutions Inc., said in response to the protests, "I am as appalled as you. I find the content of these sites to be obscene and offending." Austin Cline from About.com commented that he hoped Normal Bob Smith would find a new hosting service, "one with a bit more backbone and a bit more respect for the existence of different points of view." JesusDressUp.com was offline for several days until a new web hosting service was found.1

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Packet loss<EOT>You need to use the Intermediate Functional Block pseudo-device IFB . This network device allows attaching queuing discplines to incoming packets. 1

Packet loss

Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is typically caused by network congestion. Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) detects packet loss and performs retransmissions to ensure reliable messaging. Packet loss in a TCP connection is also used to avoid congestion and reduces throughput of the connection. In streaming media and online game applications, packet loss can affect the user experience.

Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is typically caused by network congestion. Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) detects packet loss and performs retransmissions to ensure reliable messaging. Packet loss in a TCP connection is also used to avoid congestion and reduces throughput of the connection. In streaming media and online game applications, packet loss can affect the user experience. == Causes == Packet loss is typically caused by network congestion. When content arrives for a sustained period at a given router or network segment at a rate greater than it is possible to send through, then there is no other option than to drop packets. If a single router or link is constraining the capacity of the complete travel path or of network travel in general, it is known as a bottleneck. Packet loss can be caused by a number of other factors that can corrupt or lose packets in transit, such as radio signals that are too weak due to distance or multi-path fading (in radio transmission), faulty networking hardware, or faulty network drivers. Packets are also intentionally dropped by normal routing routines (such as Dynamic Source Routing in ad hoc networks, ) and through network dissuasion technique for operational management purposes. Packet loss can also be caused by a packet drop attack. == Effects == Packet loss can reduce throughput for a given sender, whether unintentionally due to network malfunction, or intentionally as a means to balance available bandwidth between multiple senders when a given router or network link reaches nears its maximum capacity. When reliable delivery is necessary, packet loss increases latency due to additional time needed for retransmission. Assuming no retransmission, packets experiencing the worst delays might be preferentially dropped (depending on the queuing discipline used) resulting in lower latency overall at the price of data loss. During typical network congestion, not all packets in a stream are dropped. This means that undropped packets will arrive with low latency compared to retransmitted packets, which arrive with high latency. Not only do the retransmitted packets have to travel part of the way twice, but the sender will not realize the packet has been dropped until it either fails to receive acknowledgement of receipt in the expected order, or fails to receive acknowledgement for a long enough time that it assumes the packet has been dropped as opposed to merely delayed. == Measurement == Packet loss may be measured as frame loss rate defined as the percentage of frames that should have been forwarded by a network but were not. == Acceptable packet loss == Packet loss is closely associated with quality of service considerations, and is related to the erlang unit of measure. The amount of packet loss that is acceptable depends on the type of data being sent. For example, for Voice over IP traffic, one commentator reckoned that "[m]issing one or two packets every now and then will not affect the quality of the conversation. Losses between 5% and 10% of the total packet stream will affect the quality significantly." Another described less than 1% packet loss as "good" for streaming audio or video, and 1-2.5% as "acceptable". On the other hand, when transmitting a text document or web page, a single dropped packet could result in losing part of the file, which is why a reliable delivery protocol would be used for this purpose (to retransmit dropped packets). == Diagnosis == Packet loss is detected by application protocols such as TCP, but when a person such as a network administrator needs to detect and diagnose packet loss, they typically use a purpose-built tool. Many routers have status pages or logs, where the owner can find the number or percentage of packets dropped over a particular period. For remote detection and diagnosis, the Internet Control Message Protocol provides an "echo" functionality, where a special packet is transmitted that always produces a reply after a certain number of network hops, from whichever node has just received it. Tools such as ping, traceroute, and MTR use this protocol to provide a visual representation of the path packets are taking, and to measure packet loss at each hop. In some cases, these tools may indicate drops for packets that are terminating in a small number of hops, but not those making it to the destination. For example, routers may give echoing of ICMP packets low priority and drop them preferentially in favor of spending resources on genuine data; this is generally considered an artifact of testing and can be ignored in favor of end-to-end results. == Rationale == The Internet Protocol (IP) is designed according to the end-to-end principle as a best-effort delivery service, with the intention of keeping the logic routers must implement as simple as possible. If the network made reliable delivery guarantees on its own, that would require store and forward infrastructure, where each router devoted a significant amount of storage space to packets while it waited to verify that the next node properly received it. A reliable network would not be able to maintain its delivery guarantees in the event of a router failure. Reliability is also not needed for all applications. For example, with a live audio stream, it is more important to deliver recent packets quickly than to ensure that stale packets are eventually delivered. An application may also decide to retry an operation that is taking a long time, in which case another set of packets will be added to the burden of delivering the original set. Such a network might also need a command and control protocol for congestion management, adding even more complexity. To avoid all of these problems, the Internet Protocol allows for routers to simply drop packets if the router or a network segment is too busy to deliver the data in a timely fashion, or if the IPv4 header checksum indicates the packet has been corrupted. Obviously this is not ideal for speedy and efficient transmission of data, and is not expected to happen in an uncongested network. Dropping of packets acts as an implicit signal that the network is congested, and may cause senders to reduce the amount of bandwidth consumed, or attempt to find another path. For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is designed so that excessive packet loss will cause the sender to throttle back and stop flooding the bottleneck point with data (using perceived packet loss as feedback to discover congestion). == Packet recovery for reliable delivery == The Internet Protocol leaves responsibility for any retransmission of dropped packets, or "packet recovery" to the endpoints - the computers sending and receiving the data. They are in the best position to decide whether retransmission is necessary, because the application sending the data should know whether speed is more important than reliability, whether a message should be re-attempted in whole or in part, whether or not the need to send the message has passed, and how to vary the amount of bandwidth consumed to account for any congestion. Some network transport protocols such as TCP provide endpoints an easy way to ensure reliable delivery of packets, so that individual applications don't need to implement logic for this themselves. In the event of packet loss, the receiver asks for retransmission or the sender automatically resends any segments that have not been acknowledged. Although TCP can recover from packet loss, retransmitting missing packets causes the throughput of the connection to decrease. This drop in throughput is due to the sliding window protocols used for acknowledgment of received packets. In certain variants of TCP, if a transmitted packet is lost, it will be re-sent along with every packet that had been sent after it. This retransmission causes the overall throughput of the connection to drop. Protocols such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provide no recovery for lost packets. Applications that use UDP are expected to define their own mechanisms for handling packet loss. == Impact of queuing discipline == There are many queuing disciplines used for determining which packets to drop. Most basic networking equipment will use FIFO queuing for packets waiting to go through the bottleneck and they will drop the packet if the queue is full at the time the packet is received. This type of packet dropping is called tail drop. Other full queue mechanisms include random eviction or weighted random eviction. Dropping packets is undesirable as the packet is either lost or must be retransmitted and this can impact real-time throughput; however, increasing the buffer size can lead to bufferbloat which has its own impact on latency and jitter during congestion. In cases where quality of service is rate limiting a connection, packets may be intentionally dropped in order to slow down specific services to ensure available bandwidth for other services marked with higher importance (like those used in the leaky bucket algorithm). For this reason, packet loss is not necessarily an indication of poor connection reliability or a bottleneck.1

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Mount Glenn<EOT>1

Mount Glenn

Mount Glenn, is in the Coronado National Forest, about 75 miles (121 km) east of Tucson, Arizona. The summit, in Cochise County, is the highest point in the Dragoon Mountains and is a popular local hiking destination.

Mount Glenn, is in the Coronado National Forest, about 75 miles (121 km) east of Tucson, Arizona. The summit, in Cochise County, is the highest point in the Dragoon Mountains and is a popular local hiking destination. == Referenced == "Dragoon". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 2014-02-06. "Mount Glenn, Arizona". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2014-02-06.1

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Abby Dahlkemper<EOT>1

Abby Dahlkemper

Abigail "Abby" Lynn Dahlkemper (born May 13, 1993) is an American soccer player. She plays as a defender for the North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League and the United States under-23 women's national soccer team.

Abigail "Abby" Lynn Dahlkemper (born May 13, 1993) is an American soccer player. She plays as a defender for the North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League and the United States under-23 women's national soccer team. == Early life == Born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Andrew and Susan Dahlkemper, Abby was raised in Menlo Park, California where she attended Sacred Heart Preparatory and played on the soccer team. In 2010, she was named Gatorade California Girls Soccer Player of the Year. == Playing career == == Collegiate == == UCLA Bruins, 2011–2014 == In 2014, Dahlkemper was awarded the Honda Sports Award. == Club == In 2013, Dahlkemper signed with the Pali Blues in the W-League. The team won the western conference title as well as the national championship in July 2013. In January 2015, Dahlkemper was selected by the Western New York Flash in the 2015 NWSL College Draft as the third overall pick. She was signed to the team in March and made her debut in April. In October 2015, Dahlkemper joined Adelaide United in the Australian W-League on loan for the 2015–16 season. == International == In 2013, she represented the United States at the 2013 Four Nations Tournament helping the under-23 team win the championship. She played in the 2014 Six Nations Tournament as a member of the under-23 team and helped lead the team to win the championship for a second time. == Career statistics == == Club == 1

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A Cloud of Red Dust<EOT>1

A Cloud of Red Dust

A Cloud of Red Dust is the 1998 debut album by jazz vibraphonist Stefon Harris released by Blue Note Records. Saxophonist Greg Osby, a fellow Blue Note recording artist, also lent his skills to the recording. As with all Harris records to date, this albums employs the assistance of a large ensemble.

A Cloud of Red Dust is the 1998 debut album by jazz vibraphonist Stefon Harris released by Blue Note Records. Saxophonist Greg Osby, a fellow Blue Note recording artist, also lent his skills to the recording. As with all Harris records to date, this albums employs the assistance of a large ensemble. == Track listing == == Personnel == Stefon Harris – vibraphone, balafon, orchestra bells Dwayne Burno – double bass Kamati Dinizulu – harp, percussions June Gardner – Vocals Alvester Garnett – drums Mulgrew Miller, Jason Moran – piano Greg Osby – alto saxophone Steve Turre – trombone, shells Kaoru Watanabe – flute Steve Wilson – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone1

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Ana Gros<EOT>1

Ana Gros

Ana Gros (born 21 January 1991) is a Slovenian handballer for Metz Handball and the Slovenian national team.

Ana Gros (born 21 January 1991) is a Slovenian handballer for Metz Handball and the Slovenian national team. == Achievements == Slovenian Championship: Winner: 2009, 2010 Slovenian Cup: Winner: 2009, 2010 Nemzeti Bajnokság I: Winner: 2011, 2012 Magyar Kupa: Winner: 2011, 2012 German Championship: Winner: 2013 French Championship: Winner: 2014 French League Cup: Winner: 2014 EHF Champions League: Finalist: 2012 Semifinalist: 2011 == Individual awards == French Championship Top Scorer: 2016 French Championship Right Back: 2015, 20161

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Ioflupane (123I)<EOT>1

Ioflupane (123I)

Ioflupane (¹²³I) is the International Nonproprietary Name of a phenyltropane compound which is a neuro-imaging radiopharmaceutical drug, used by nuclear medicine physicians for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease over other disorders presenting similar symptoms. It is injected into a patient and viewed with a gamma camera in order to acquire SPECT images of the brain with particular respect to the striatum, a subcortical region of the basal ganglia. The drug is sold under the tradename DaTSCAN and is manufactured by GE Healthcare, formerly Amersham plc. It is not marketed outside of Europe and the United States.

Ioflupane (¹²³I) is the International Nonproprietary Name of a phenyltropane compound which is a neuro-imaging radiopharmaceutical drug, used by nuclear medicine physicians for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease over other disorders presenting similar symptoms. It is injected into a patient and viewed with a gamma camera in order to acquire SPECT images of the brain with particular respect to the striatum, a subcortical region of the basal ganglia. The drug is sold under the tradename DaTSCAN and is manufactured by GE Healthcare, formerly Amersham plc. It is not marketed outside of Europe and the United States. == Pharmacology == DaTSCAN is a solution of ioflupane (¹²³I) for injection into a living test subject. The iodine introduced during manufacture is a radioactive isotope, I-123, and it is the properties of this isotope that makes the solution visible to a gamma camera. I-123 has a half life of approximately 13 hours and a gamma photon energy of 159 keV making it an appropriate radionuclide for medical imaging. The solution also contains 5% ethanol to aid solubility and is supplied sterile since it is intended for intravenous use. Ioflupane has a high binding affinity for presynaptic dopamine transporters (DAT) in the brains of mammals, in particular the striatal region of the brain. A feature of Parkinson's disease is a marked reduction in dopaminergic neurons in the striatal region. By introducing an agent that binds to the dopamine transporters a quantitative measure and spatial distribution of the transporters can be obtained. == Method of administration == The DaTSCAN solution is supplied ready to inject with a certificate stating the calibration activity and time. The nominal injection activity is 185 MBq and a scan should not be performed with less than 111 MBq. Thyroid blocking via oral administration of 120 mg potassium iodide is recommended to minimize unnecessary excessive uptake of radioiodine. One dose is given 2 hours before the injection and a further dose 24 hours later. The most convenient way to administer the IV dose is via a peripheral intravenous cannula. The scan is carried out 3 to 6 hours post injection. == Risks == Common side effects of ioflupane (¹²³I) are headache, vertigo, increased appetite and formication. Less than 1% of patients experience pain at the injection site. The radiation risks are reported as low. The committed effective dose for a single investigation on a 70 kg individual is 4.35 mSv. Pregnant patients should not undergo the test and breast feeding patients must cease since I-123 is secreted in breast milk.1

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State Bank of Stratford<EOT>1

State Bank of Stratford

The State Bank of Stratford is a historic building located in Stratford, Iowa, United States. The bank opened for business in 1891, eight years after the town was incorporated. Its early success reflected the prosperity in rural Iowa at the time. The bank occupied this corner since 1910, and this building was completed in 1918. The older building was relocated to the west, and it is still extant. It survived the agricultural economic downturn of the 1920s, but it could not survive the Great Depression. The bank building was purchased in 1936 by the Farmer's Savings Bank, which operated in this building until a new bank building was built across the street to the south. The Georgian Revival elements of the building include the pedimented entrance portico, elliptical arched windows, the brick quoining on the corners, and the dentilated cornice. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.1

The State Bank of Stratford is a historic building located in Stratford, Iowa, United States. The bank opened for business in 1891, eight years after the town was incorporated. Its early success reflected the prosperity in rural Iowa at the time. The bank occupied this corner since 1910, and this building was completed in 1918. The older building was relocated to the west, and it is still extant. It survived the agricultural economic downturn of the 1920s, but it could not survive the Great Depression. The bank building was purchased in 1936 by the Farmer's Savings Bank, which operated in this building until a new bank building was built across the street to the south. The Georgian Revival elements of the building include the pedimented entrance portico, elliptical arched windows, the brick quoining on the corners, and the dentilated cornice. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.1

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Thomas Kirkland<EOT>1

Thomas Kirkland

Thomas Kirkland M.D. (1721–1798) was an English physician and medical writer.

Thomas Kirkland M.D. (1721–1798) was an English physician and medical writer. == Life == Kirkland was born at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, the son of Thomas Kirkland, an attorney, and his second wife Mary Allsop. After a grammar school education he was apprenticed to a surgeon in Loughborough. He studied under Thomas Lawrence in London. Kirkland became a surgeon at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. In January 1760 he became involved in the murder case around Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers: he was called in to attend the steward of Lord Ferrers after he had been shot by his master. Kirkland, detained to dinner with the disturbed Earl, left the house covertly, brought a magistrate with armed men, and removed the wounded steward, Johnson, who soon died. He was a witness at the trial. By 1774 Kirkland had graduated M.D. at Edinburgh. He subsequently became a member of the Royal Medical Societies of Edinburgh and London. He died at Ashby-de-la-Zouch on 17 January 1798. == Works == Kirkland's writings were: A Treatise on Gangrenes, Nottingham, 1754. An Essay on the Methods of Suppressing Hæmorrhages from Divided Arteries, London, 1763. An Essay towards an Improvement in the Cure of those Diseases which are the cause of Fevers, London, 1767. A Reply to Mr. Maxwell's Answer to his Essay on Fevers; wherein the Utility of the Practice of Suppressing them is further exemplified, London, 1769. Observations on Mr. Pott's General Remarks on Fractures, etc.; with a Postscript concerning the Cure of Compound Dislocations, London, 1770 (Appendix, 1771). Against Percivall Pott. A Treatise on Childbed Fevers... with two Dissertations, the one on the Brain and Nerves, the other on the Sympathy of the Nerves, etc. (included in Essays on the Puerperal Fever, published by the Sydenham Society in 1849), London, 1774. Animadversions on a late Treatise on the Kink-Cough. To which is annexed an Essay on that Disorder, London, 1774, published anonymously. Against Dr. William Butter. Thoughts on Amputation; being a Supplement to the Letters on Compound Fractures, and a Comment on Dr. Bilguer's book on this operation; also, an Essay on the use of Opium in Mortifications, London, 1780. Johann Ulrich von Bilguer, a Prussian military surgeon, had written against amputation, and a book of his had appeared in English in 1764. An Essay on the Inseparability of the different Branches of Medicine, (London, 1783). An Account of the Distemper Among the Horned Cattle: At Caulk in Derbyshire, in 1783. And of the Remedies Recommended, for the Cure, with Observations (1783) An Inquiry into the Present State of Medical Surgery, 2 vols., London, 1783-6. With Appendix, edited by his son, James Kirkland, surgeon to the Tower of London, 1813. A Commentary on Apoplectic and Paralytic Affections, and the Diseases connected with the Subject, London, 1792. Observations on the Use and Abuse of Mercury as a Cure for Syphilis, as a letter to Samuel Foart Simmons.1

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Anna Reid<EOT>For support on your academic profile contact . 1

Anna Reid

Anna Reid (born 1965) is a journalist and author whose work focuses primarily on the history of Eastern Europe.

Anna Reid (born 1965) is a journalist and author whose work focuses primarily on the history of Eastern Europe. == Early life == Reid read law at Oxford University and studied Russian History at the University College London School of Slavonic and East European Studies. After working as a consultant and business journalist, she moved to Kiev, where she acted as the Ukraine correspondent for the Economist from 1993 to 1995. From 2003 to 2007 she worked for the British think-tank Policy Exchange, editing several of their publications and running the foreign affairs programme. == Works == Reid has published three books on East European history: Borderland: a journey through the history of Ukraine, The Shaman's Coat: A Native History of Siberia, and Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II: 1941-1944. Critics have praised her for her highly descriptive narratives of the locations she studies. She has received especially high praise for Leningrad, which is the first 21st century book-length account of the Siege of Leningrad (modern-day Saint Petersburg) by the Germans from 1941 to 1944. In its use of newly discovered primary sources from the Siege, including private diaries of ordinary citizens who suffered from cold and starvation during the winter of 1941-1942, the book has been called "a relentless chronicle of suffering." == Selected bibliography == Borderland: a journey through the history of Ukraine. Westview Press. 2000. ISBN 0-8133-3792-5. The Shaman's Coat: A Native History of Siberia. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2003. ISBN 0-8027-7676-0. Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II: 1941-1944. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. ISBN 0-8027-1594-X.1

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Logania distanti<EOT>1

Logania distanti

Logania distanti, the dark mottle, is a small but striking butterfly found in India that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.

Logania distanti, the dark mottle, is a small but striking butterfly found in India that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family. == Description == == Male == Upperside dark brown. Forewing: a medial dull whitish spot at base of interspace 3 extended upwards on to vein 4 and below into interspace 2. Hindwing; uniform, immaculate. Underside: very pale dull brown, with darker brown mottlings and striae, that on the forewing are absent on a broad streak from base outwards along the basal half of the dorsum, this area pale brown without markings; a dark obscure spot at apex of cell and an incomplete similarly obscure dark transverse discal band. On the hindwing the mottlings coalesce and form three or four very ill-defined, obscure, transverse, somewhat broad bands. Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Sex-mark: the base of vein 4 swollen and bare of scales. == Female == "Above black, a round dull white discal area on the forewing from just above the upper median (vein 4) almost to the submedian vein (vein 1). Below irregularly speckled and variegated; forewing with the costal and apical parts ochreous brown, the rest blackish. Hindwing also tinged with ochreous, a submarginal dark area, and obscure dark transverse bands. Hindwing not angled, the margin entire." (Doherty quoted in Bingham) == Range == Assam - Burma, Malaya, Borneo?, Thailand, Laos, Sumatra. == Taxonomy == The butterfly is also referred to as Logania massalia Doherty, 1891.1

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2003 Mountain Dew Southern 500<EOT>After several seasons filled with extraordinary triumphs and heartrending setbacks, Jimmie Johnson finally won the coveted NASCAR Nextel Cup title in 2006. Johnson began competing fulltime in the Cup series in 2002 and has finished in the top five in points every year through 2006 and was twice a runner-up for the championship. Johnson nearly won the title in 2005 but during the final race of the season, he blew a tire and flew into the wall. Once again in 2006, the title came down to the final race and a nail-biting finish. Before the start of the season-ending Ford 400 at the Homestead-Miami Speedway, Johnson knew a 12th-place finish would be good enough for the title. For Johnson and his crew, the race should have been fairly stress-free. However, flying debris ripped a hole in his car's nose causing an unexpected and lengthy pit stop near the start of the race. When Johnson re-entered the race after the repairs, he found himself in 40th place. Bit by bit, Johnson edged his way up through the field of drivers to finish ninth, earning enough points to win the title. "I worked my whole life for this," Johnson said after winning the Nextel Cup, according to the Miami Herald . "That weight fell off my shoulders. We've worked so hard to get to this point and we didn't want to let this one slip away." 1

2003 Mountain Dew Southern 500

The 2003 Mountain Dew Southern 500, the 54th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on August 31, 2003 at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina. Contested at 367 laps on the 1.366 mile (2.198 km) speedway, it was the twenty-fifth race of the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Terry Labonte of Hendrick Motorsports won the race. This is his final Cup series win. It is the last Southern 500 held on Labor Day weekend until 2015.

The 2003 Mountain Dew Southern 500, the 54th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on August 31, 2003 at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina. Contested at 367 laps on the 1.366 mile (2.198 km) speedway, it was the twenty-fifth race of the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Terry Labonte of Hendrick Motorsports won the race. This is his final Cup series win. It is the last Southern 500 held on Labor Day weekend until 2015. == Background == Darlington Raceway, nicknamed by many NASCAR fans and drivers as "The Lady in Black" or "The Track Too Tough to Tame" and advertised as a "NASCAR Tradition", is a race track built for NASCAR racing located near Darlington, South Carolina. It is of a unique, somewhat egg-shaped design, an oval with the ends of very different configurations, a condition which supposedly arose from the proximity of one end of the track to a minnow pond the owner refused to relocate. This situation makes it very challenging for the crews to set up their cars' handling in a way that will be effective at both ends. The track, Darlington Raceway, is a four-turn 1.366 miles (2.198 km) oval. The track's first two turns are banked at twenty-five degrees, while the final two turns are banked two degrees lower at twenty-three degrees. The front stretch (the location of the finish line) and the back stretch is banked at six degrees. Darlington Raceway can seat up to 60,000 people. == Top 10 results == == Race Statistics == Time of race: 4:09:08 Average Speed: 120.733 miles per hour (194.301 km/h) Pole Speed: 169.048 miles per hour (272.056 km/h) Cautions: 10 for 55 laps Margin of Victory: 1.651 sec Lead changes: 24 Percent of race run under caution: 15.0% Average green flag run: 28.4 laps1

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CBS Evening News<EOT>1

CBS Evening News

CBS Evening News is the flagship evening television news program of CBS News, the news division of the CBS television network in the United States. The program has been broadcast since May 3, 1948 under the original title CBS Television News, eventually adopting its current title in 1963. Since June 19, 2017, the program is anchored by Anthony Mason on an interim basis. Previous anchors have included Douglas Edwards, Walter Cronkite, Dan Rather, Connie Chung, Bob Schieffer, Katie Couric and Scott Pelley. Weekend editions of the CBS Evening News weekends began in February 1966. On May 2, 2016, CBS announced that the weekend editions would be rebranded, effective May 7, as the CBS Weekend News, whose Saturday and Sunday editions are anchored by Reena Ninan and Elaine Quijano respectively. The weekend editions draw from the resources of CBSN, the digital news channel where Ninan and Quijano also serve as anchors. The weekday edition of the CBS Evening News airs live at 6:30pm in the Eastern and 5:30pm in the Central Time Zones, and is tape delayed for the Mountain Time Zone. A separate "Western Edition", featuring updated segments to provide coverage of breaking news stories, airs pre-recorded at 6:30pm in the Pacific Time Zone and on tape delay in the Alaska and Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zones.

CBS Evening News is the flagship evening television news program of CBS News, the news division of the CBS television network in the United States. The program has been broadcast since May 3, 1948 under the original title CBS Television News, eventually adopting its current title in 1963. Since June 19, 2017, the program is anchored by Anthony Mason on an interim basis. Previous anchors have included Douglas Edwards, Walter Cronkite, Dan Rather, Connie Chung, Bob Schieffer, Katie Couric and Scott Pelley. Weekend editions of the CBS Evening News weekends began in February 1966. On May 2, 2016, CBS announced that the weekend editions would be rebranded, effective May 7, as the CBS Weekend News, whose Saturday and Sunday editions are anchored by Reena Ninan and Elaine Quijano respectively. The weekend editions draw from the resources of CBSN, the digital news channel where Ninan and Quijano also serve as anchors. The weekday edition of the CBS Evening News airs live at 6:30pm in the Eastern and 5:30pm in the Central Time Zones, and is tape delayed for the Mountain Time Zone. A separate "Western Edition", featuring updated segments to provide coverage of breaking news stories, airs pre-recorded at 6:30pm in the Pacific Time Zone and on tape delay in the Alaska and Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zones. == History == == Douglas Edwards (1948–1962) == CBS began broadcasting news programs on Saturday evenings in the mid-1940s, which expanded to two nights a week in 1947. On May 3, 1948, the network debuted a weeknightly newscast, CBS Television News, which originally aired as a 15-minute broadcast each weeknight at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time; first anchored by Douglas Edwards, it was the first regularly scheduled network television news program to use an anchor. The network also broadcast a recap of the week's news stories on a Sunday night program titled Newsweek in Review, which was later retitled The Week in Review and the show was moved to Saturdays. In 1950, the nightly newscast was renamed Douglas Edwards with the News; the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, through the installation of a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting "Good evening everyone, coast to coast" to begin each broadcast. On November 30, 1956, the program became the first to use the new technology of videotape to time delay the broadcast (which originated in New York City) for the western United States. == Walter Cronkite (1962–1981) == Walter Cronkite became anchor of the program titled Walter Cronkite with the News on April 16, 1962. On September 2, 1963, the program, retitled CBS Evening News, became the first half-hour weeknight news broadcast of network television and was moved to 6:30 p.m. Eastern time (the Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC expanded to 30 minutes exactly one week later on September 9, 1963). As before, some affiliates (including flagship owned-and-operated station WCBS-TV in New York City) had the option of carrying a later edition, this time scheduled for 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time. NBC also allowed this practice for the Huntley-Brinkley Report, with ABC later following it for the ABC Evening News (now ABC World News Tonight). The networks ended this practice after 1971, although some affiliates – mostly in larger markets – continued to carry the national newscasts at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time on a half-hour tape delay. The CBS Evening News was first transmitted in color as a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, Who, What, When, Where, Why, broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. "If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs. In the process, Cronkite became "the most trusted man in America" according to a Gallup Poll, a status that had first been fostered in November 1963 through his coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In late 1972, Cronkite prodded the show's producers to feature two nights of lengthy explanation on the Watergate scandal, which had been extensively covered by The Washington Post, but had not received major national coverage. After the first half of the report, shown on a Friday, ran for 14 minutes – roughly half of the air time of the broadcast – White House officials complained to CBS founder William S. Paley. The second half of the report was aired the following Monday, but only for eight minutes. == Dan Rather (1981–1993) == Cronkite was replaced as anchor of the program the Monday after his retirement, March 9, 1981, by then 49-year-old Dan Rather, who had been with CBS News as a correspondent since the early 1960s and later became a correspondent for the network's newsmagazine 60 Minutes. Concerns about excessive liberalism in the media were frequently leveled at Rather, the CBS Evening News, CBS News and CBS in general. Some of these concerns dated from Rather's position as White House correspondent for the network's news division during the Nixon administration. An interview related to the Iran–Contra affair with then-Vice President George H.W. Bush where the two engaged in a shouting match on live television did little to dispel those concerns. Rather apologized for his behavior in statements the following day. On September 1, 1986, amidst a brewing battle among CBS's Board of Directors for control of the company and turmoil at CBS News, Rather closed his broadcast with the word "courage," repeating it the following night. On September 3, Rather said the masculine noun for the Spanish word for "courage," "coraje" (the primary translation for "courage" in Spanish is "valor"). In the face of media attention and pleas from his staff, Rather abandoned the signoff on September 8. On September 11, 1987, Rather marched off-camera in anger just before a remote broadcast of the program when it appeared that CBS Sports' coverage of a U.S. Open tennis semifinal match between Steffi Graf and Lori McNeil was going to overrun into time allotted for his program. Rather was in Miami covering the visit to the city by Pope John Paul II. When the tennis match ended sooner than expected at 6:32 p.m. Eastern Time, Rather was nowhere to be found. Six minutes of dead air followed before he returned to the broadcast position; nearly half of the audience watched and waited. Rather apologized for the outburst the next day. By 1990, the CBS Evening News was in third place behind ABC's World News Tonight with Peter Jennings and NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw. Demonstrators from the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) broke into the CBS News studio on January 23, 1991, and chanted "Fight AIDS, not Arabs" during the show's introduction. One protester was seen on camera just as Rather began speaking. Rather immediately called for a commercial break, and later apologized to viewers about the incident. == Dan Rather and Connie Chung (1993–1995) == On June 1, 1993, CBS News correspondent Connie Chung began co-anchoring the broadcast with Dan Rather. Chung normally co-anchored in the studio with Rather, but sometimes one of them appeared on location, while the other remained in the studio. Though Rather never said so publicly, CBS News insiders said he did not approve of her appointment. Chung's last broadcast as co-anchor was on May 18, 1995. == Dan Rather (1995–2005) == The newscast returned to a solo anchor format on May 19, 1995, with Dan Rather continuing in his role as anchor. At age 73, Rather retired from the Evening News on March 9, 2005, exactly 24 years after succeeding Cronkite. Rather left the anchor position amidst controversy and a credibility crisis over reports broadcast in the heat of the 2004 presidential election campaign. The report was a segment featured on a September 2004 broadcast of 60 Minutes Wednesday questioning President George W. Bush's Texas Air National Guard record. Conservative activists challenged the authenticity of the documents used for the report. A number of bloggers analyzed scans of the documents, and rapidly concluded they were forgeries. Subsequently, CBS commissioned an independent inquiry into the matter and several CBS staffers were fired or asked to resign. After departing from the Evening News, Rather remained with CBS News as a correspondent. On June 20, 2006, CBS News President Sean McManus announced that Rather and CBS had agreed to end his 44-year career with the network. == Bob Schieffer (2005–2006) == On March 10, 2005, Rather was succeeded on an interim basis by Face the Nation host and CBS News correspondent Bob Schieffer. At the time Schieffer took over, it was uncertain how long he would host the broadcast, whether it would retain its current structure, or instead adopt some kind of multiple host or alternative format. Under Rather in the years leading up to his retirement, the CBS Evening News trailed its rivals at ABC and NBC by a fairly large margin. White House correspondent John Roberts, and Scott Pelley, his predecessor in that position, were often mentioned as possible successors to Rather when he retired. Jim Axelrod became White House correspondent when Roberts later left for CNN. In the months following Rather's departure, the program came to emphasize live exchanges between Schieffer and various CBS News correspondents around the world. In contrast to traditional network news practice, these exchanges were unrehearsed as part of an effort to make the language on the broadcast sound more "natural". Viewership levels increased over this period, with the program being the only network evening news broadcast to gain viewers during 2005. In November 2005, CBS announced that Evening News executive producer Jim Murphy would be replaced by Rome Hartman, who took the helm of the program in January 2006. Schieffer led the CBS Evening News to become the #2 evening news broadcast, ahead of ABC's World News Tonight. The death of anchor Peter Jennings in 2005 coupled with the adoption of a dual-anchor format on World News Tonight and life-threatening injuries suffered by Bob Woodruff when an Iraqi military convoy he rode in hit a road-side bomb, leaving Elizabeth Vargas as sole anchor, in January 2006 put the ABC News division in flux. When Charles Gibson was appointed as anchor of World News Tonight, ABC regained stability and momentum to regain the #2 spot. Bob Schieffer's final broadcast of the CBS Evening News occurred on August 31, 2006. Russ Mitchell filled in for the following two nights (September 1 and 4), after which he was succeeded on September 5 by Katie Couric. == Katie Couric (2006–2011) == On December 1, 2005, it was reported that Katie Couric, co-anchor of NBC's Today, was considering an offer by CBS to anchor the Evening News. Couric officially signed a contract to become anchor of the CBS Evening News on April 1, 2006, and formally announced on the April 5, 2006 edition of Today that she would be leaving the show and NBC News after a 15-year run as the morning show's co-anchor. Ratings during Couric's period as anchor fluctuated, seemingly improving at times, but also posting historic lows rivaling those dating back to at least the 1991–92 season. Couric began working at CBS News in July 2006. During her first broadcast as anchor on September 5, 2006, a new graphics package and set, and a new theme composed by Academy Award-winning composer James Horner were introduced. Similar graphics and music would be introduced on other CBS News programs such as Up to the Minute, CBS Morning News and The Early Show throughout the month of October. A new opening title sequence was designed, with Walter Cronkite providing the voiceover, replacing Wendell Craig unless a temporary voice-over was needed. Following Cronkite's death months earlier, actor Morgan Freeman recorded a new voice-over for the title sequence, which debuted on January 4, 2010. The program also debuted a new feature called "freeSpeech" in which different Americans, ranging from well-known national figures to average people, would provide news commentary. After overwhelmingly negative reaction, the segment was discontinued. On March 8, 2007, The New York Times reported that the program's executive producer Rome Hartman was being replaced by television news veteran Rick Kaplan. Hartman left as executive producer on March 7. Kaplan came to the Evening News after stints at MSNBC, CNN and ABC's World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. On April 4, 2007, Couric did a one-minute commentary about the importance of reading, in a piece substantially lifted from a Wall Street Journal column by Jeffrey Zaslow. Couric claimed that she remembered her first library card, but the words were all from Zaslow's column. it was determined that a producer had actually written the piece. What made the plagiarism especially striking was the personal flavor of the video – which was subsequently removed from the cbsnews.com website after the situation came to light – that began, "I still remember when I got my first library card, browsing through the stacks for my favorite books." Much of the rest of the script was stolen from the Journal article. Zaslow said at the time that CBS had "been very gracious and apologetic, and we at the Journal appreciate it." In a case of double plagiarism, the producer who wrote the piece copied from someone else for Couric, and the anchor claimed the words were hers when they were not. The producer responsible for Couric's piece, Melissa McNamara, was fired hours after the Journal contacted CBS News to complain. The network promised changes in its procedures. On July 28, 2008, the CBS Evening News became the third network evening newscast to begin broadcasting in high definition (behind NBC Nightly News and PBS's The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer). On August 27, 2008, Mediabistro wrote a piece about the Big Three network newscasts, praising Couric's Evening News for extensive reporting that had, in its opinion, content better than its rivals. Another critic from MarketWatch praised Couric's work and said that people should watch out for her in 2009. Washington Post writer Tom Shales praised Couric as a warmer, more benevolent presence than her two competitors, something that she brought to the program nearly 16 years of goodwill from doing "Today" and becoming America's sweetheart, or else very close to it, and he claimed that this goodwill remained. Shales added that viewers "may find bad news less discomforting and sleep-depriving if Couric gives it to them". He also added that she does not try to "sugarcoat" or "prettify" grim realities. According to Shales, the Evening News may be a more hospitable, welcoming sort of place than its competitors. He concluded by stating that "it's naive to think that viewers choose their news anchor based solely on strict journalistic credentials, though Couric's do seem to be in order, despite her critics' claims". The CBS Evening News with Katie Couric won the 2008 and 2009 Edward R. Murrow Award for best newscast. In September 2008, Couric interviewed Republican Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin, earning respect from a MarketWatch critic for asking tough questions. In 2011, the program was the recipient of both an Emmy for Outstanding Continuing Coverage and the Edward R. Murrow Award for Video News Series for foreign correspondent Terry McCarthy's feature story "Afghan Bomb Squad". On May 18, 2009, the newscast's graphics were overhauled, using a blue and red color scheme with web-influenced motifs and layouts. The new graphics design featured a look influenced by the graphics that CBS used during the 2008 presidential election coverage. On April 3, 2011, the Associated Press reported that Couric would be leaving the Evening News when her contract expired in June. Couric later confirmed her departure to People magazine, citing a desire for "a format that will allow (her) to engage in more multi-dimensional storytelling." On May 13, 2011, Couric announced that the following Thursday, May 19, would be her last broadcast. Despite originally retooling the newscasts to add more features, interviews, and human interest stories, over time it returned to the hard news format popularized by Cronkite. == Scott Pelley (2011–2017) == In an April 2011 article, The New York Times reported that 60 Minutes correspondent Scott Pelley was considered to be the front-runner to replace Couric as anchor of the program. On May 3, 2011, CBS confirmed that Pelley would replace Couric as anchor for the CBS Evening News in June. Harry Smith served as the interim anchor until Pelley's tenure started on June 6, 2011 (like Couric before him, Smith would also depart from CBS a month later). The graphics were subtly updated, the American flag background on the news set (which had been used since the 2008 elections) was replaced by a replica of the globe fixture during the Cronkite era, and the James Horner theme was replaced by the 1987–91 theme composed by Trivers-Myers Music that was used during the Rather era. In his first 9 months in the anchor chair, Pelley gained an additional 821,000 viewers. CBS News also enjoyed increases in its audience for special news events. After election night, 2012, Variety wrote, "With Scott Pelley front and center; the Eye was up 8% from four years ago." The CBS Evening News had increased its audience every year from 2011 through 2015. On May 29, 2015, the media website, The Wrap, wrote: "These days, CBS brass may finally have a reason to smile. On Wednesday, the network announced 'Evening News with Scott Pelley' added more than 1.25 million viewers over the past four years – a whopping 21 percent jump. The show also saw audience growth for the fifth consecutive season, the first time any network evening news broadcast has done that since 1987." At the end of the 2015–2016 television season, CBS News announced, "The CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley, America's fastest growing network evening news broadcast, finished the 2015–16 television season with CBS's highest ratings in the time period in 10 years (since the 2005–06 season), according to Nielsen most current ratings. The CBS Evening News has grown its audience for six consecutive seasons, a first-time achievement for any network evening news broadcast since the advent of people meters (since at least 1987). Under Pelley, who assumed the anchor chair in June 2011, the CBS Evening News has added +1.4 million viewers and an audience increase of + 23%, which is double NBC and ABC's growth combined over the same period (since the 2010–11 season). "Pelley has refocused the program towards hard news and away from the soft news and infotainment features of the early Katie Couric era. Story selection has focused more on foreign policy, Washington politics, and economic subjects. The program's audience viewership began to grow immediately, closing the gap between the CBS Evening News and its competitors by one million viewers within a year, although the CBS program remains in third place among the network evening newscasts. In late May 2016, a new theme tune composed by Joel Beckerman of Man Made Music was introduced. On May 30, 2017, reports surfaced confirming that Scott Pelley had been relieved of his anchor and editor duties at CBS Evening News. Pelley will remain at CBS News as a correspondent for 60 Minutes. Pelley reportedly asked staff members to clear out his office. The move was made official a day later on May 31 and Anthony Mason was named interim anchor of the program. On June 6, CBS Evening News announced on Twitter that Pelley would anchor until June 16, 2017, after which Mason took over the next Monday the 19th. == Weekend editions == The CBS Evening News expanded to weekend evenings in February 1966, originally anchored by Roger Mudd. The Sunday edition of the program was dropped in September 1971, when CBS began airing 60 Minutes in the 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (5:00 p.m. Central) slot in order to help affiliates fulfill requirements imposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s Prime Time Access Rule. The Sunday edition returned in January 1976, when the network moved 60 Minutes one hour later to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time, where that program remains to this day (outside of sports programming overruns that shift it to a later time). From 2011 to 2014 the CBS Evening News was the only remaining network evening newscast that used separate anchors for its Saturday and Sunday editions (NBC Nightly News previously used separate anchors for both weekend broadcasts until John Seigenthaler was appointed anchor of both the Saturday and Sunday editions in 1999, while ABC's World News Tonight maintained separate anchors for its weekend editions until then Saturday anchor David Muir also assumed anchor duties on the program's Sunday edition in 2011). John Roberts did anchor both Saturday and Sunday editions of the CBS Evening News for several months in 1999. More recently, Russ Mitchell served as the weekend anchor for the CBS Evening News until December 2011, when he announced his resignation from CBS News to take a lead anchor position with NBC affiliate WKYC-TV in Cleveland, Ohio. The following year, Mitchell was replaced on the weekend editions by Jim Axelrod on Saturdays and Jeff Glor on Sundays. In September 2014 after David Muir was appointed weeknight anchor of World News Tonight, ABC named separate anchors for their weekend newscasts. In June 2015, when Lester Holt became lead anchor of NBC Nightly News, NBC also assigned different anchors for the weekend edition of their newscasts. As a result, CBS, ABC, and NBC now have separate anchors for the weekend editions of evening news programming. Weekend editions of the CBS Evening News were occasionally abbreviated or preempted outright due to CBS Sports programming that overran into the program's timeslot. On May 2, 2016, CBS announced that the weekend editions of the CBS Evening News, effective May 7, 2016, would be revamped as the CBS Weekend News, whose Saturday and Sunday editions will be anchored by Reena Ninan and Elaine Quijano respectively. The re-branded program draws from the resources of CBSN, a digital news channel where Ninan and Quijano also serve as anchors; CBS News executive editor Steve Capus argued that "given the number of sports overruns and out-and-out pre-emptions, it would be better for us as a news organization to come up with what I think is a smarter, 24-hour approach to covering the world, and making sure we've got all the bases covered." == Western edition == CBS introduced a Western edition of the program in 1979, which was anchored by Terry Drinkwater with staff based in its Los Angeles bureau being placed on standby for updates to the main CBS Evening News broadcast each weeknight; this lasted until September 1985, when CBS News instituted layoffs at the Los Angeles bureau following a successful fending off of a takeover attempt of the network by Ted Turner. The program eventually resumed production of the Western edition from its New York City studios (which may also be produced from remote locations where the program is broadcast when warranted). == Anchors == Weeknights Douglas Edwards (1948–1962) Walter Cronkite (1962–1981) Terry Drinkwater (Western Editions co-anchor; 1979–1981) Dan Rather (1981–2005) Connie Chung (co-anchor; 1993–1995) Bob Schieffer (2005–2006) Katie Couric (2006–2011) Scott Pelley (2011–2017) Anthony Mason (2017–present) Saturdays Roger Mudd (1966–1973) Dan Rather (1973–1976) Bob Schieffer (1976–1996) Paula Zahn (1996–1999) John Roberts (1999) Thalia Assuras (1999–2008) Jeff Glor (2009–2010) Russ Mitchell (2010–2011) Jim Axelrod (2012–2016) Reena Ninan (2016–present) Sundays Morton Dean (1976–1984) Susan Spencer (1985–1989) Connie Chung (1989–1993) Deborah Norville (1993–1995) John Roberts (1995–2006) Russ Mitchell (2006–2011) Jeff Glor (2012–2016) Elaine Quijano (2016–present) == Radio == An audio simulcast of the CBS Evening News airs weekdays on some CBS Radio stations. Most stations (such as KNX in Los Angeles and KYW-AM in Philadelphia) carry only the first eight to ten minutes of the broadcast, before resuming regular programming, with stations in the Pacific and Mountain Time Zones carrying it ahead of the program's broadcast on local CBS stations. WCBS (AM) in New York, WBZ (AM) in Boston, and WDCH-FM in Washington, D.C. are among the few that simulcast the full half-hour broadcast from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time. == International broadcasts == Sky News broadcasts the CBS Evening News in Europe, Africa, Middle East and Asia at 2:30 and 5:30 a.m. GMT. In Australia, the program is shown daily on Sky News Australia at 11:30 a.m.; in New Zealand, Sky News broadcasts the program live at 1:30 p.m. local time. The program is broadcast on the American Network in Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador. In Japan, the CBS Evening News is shown on BS-TBS as part of that network's morning news program. The Evening News was broadcast live on ATV World in Hong Kong daily until January 1, 2009. Belize's Tropical Vision Limited occasionally airs the program as a substitute for its airing of the NBC Nightly News on Saturdays and occasionally during the week.1

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Outline of forensic science<EOT>1

Outline of forensic science

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to forensic science: Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in matters relating to criminal law, civil law and regulatory laws. it may also relate to non-litigious matters. The term is often shortened to forensics.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to forensic science: Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in matters relating to criminal law, civil law and regulatory laws. it may also relate to non-litigious matters. The term is often shortened to forensics. == Nature of forensic science == General forensics topics include: Crime – breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via mechanisms such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Crime scene – location where an illegal act took place, and comprises the area from which most of the physical evidence is retrieved by trained law enforcement personnel, crime scene investigators (CSIs) or in rare circumstances, forensic scientists. Mortuary investigations laboratory examinations CSI effect – phenomenon of popular television shows such as the CSI franchise raising the public's expectations of forensic science, stemming from the "dramatic license" taken by the shows' writers in which they exaggerate the abilities of forensic science, and this is of particular concern in the courtroom setting, where many prosecutors feel pressured to deliver more forensic evidence. == Forensic methodologies == Crime Scene Investigation: crime scene is the most fruitful source to gather forensic evidence (19) Forensic accounting – study and interpretation of accounting evidence. Forensic animation – Forensic anthropology – application of physical anthropology for personnel identification in a legal setting, usually for the recovery and identification of skeletonized human remains. Forensic facial reconstruction – Skull-face photo superimposition. skull suture identification with ante mortem skull x-rays Forensic archaeology – application of a combination of archaeological techniques and forensic science, typically in law enforcement. Forensic arts – artistic techniques used in the identification, apprehension, or conviction of wanted persons. Forensic astronomy – determines past celestial constellations for forensic purposes, using methods from astronomy. Bloodstain pattern analysis – draws on the scientific disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics to ascertain the details and sequence of events of a crime, including the area of origin of an impact pattern, and movement of persons or objects after bloodshed, etc. Forensic botany – study of plant life in order to gain information regarding possible crimes. Forensic chemistry – study of detection and identification of illicit drugs, accelerants used in arson cases, explosive and gunshot residue. Computational forensics – quantitative approach involving computer-based modeling, computer simulation, analysis, and recognition in studying and solving problems posed in various forensic disciplines. Concerns the development of algorithms and software to assist forensic examination. Criminalistics – analysis of physical evidence in criminal investigations. Applies various sciences to answer questions relating to examination and comparison of biological evidence, trace evidence, impression evidence (such as fingerprints, footwear impressions, and tire tracks), controlled substances, ballistics, firearm and toolmark examination, and other evidence in criminal investigations. In typical circumstances, evidence is processed in a crime lab. Forensic ballistics – methods of investigating the use of firearms and ammunition, and application of ballistics to legal questions. Ballistic fingerprinting – forensic techniques that rely on marks that firearms leave on bullets to match a bullet to the gun it was fired with. Forensic DNA analysis takes advantage of the uniqueness of an individual's DNA to answer forensic questions such as paternity/maternity testing or placing a suspect at a crime scene, e.g., in a rape investigation. Impression evidence analysis Forensic dactyloscopy – study of fingerprints. Forensic podiatry is an application of the study of foot, footprint or footwear and their traces to analyze scene of crime and to establish personal identity in forensic examinations. Forensic toxicology – the study of the effect of drugs and poisons on the human body. Trace evidence analysis is the analysis and comparison of trace evidence including glass, paint, fibers, hair, etc. Digital forensics – application of proven scientific methods and techniques in order to recover or investigate data from electronic or digital media, often in relation to computer crime. Mobile device forensics – scientific examination, and evaluation of evidences found in Mobile Phone, e.g. Call History, Deleted SMS etc., also include SIM Card Forensics Forensic document examination or questioned document examination answers questions about a disputed document using a variety of scientific processes and methods. Many examinations involve a comparison of the questioned document, or components of the document, to a set of known standards. The most common type of examination involves handwriting wherein the examiner tries to address concerns about potential authorship. Forensic economics – the study and interpretation of economic damage evidence to include present day calculations of lost earnings and benefits, lost earnings and profits, etc. Forensic engineering – investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. Also deals with retracing processes and procedures leading to accidents in operation of vehicles or machinery. Forensic materials engineering – focuses on the material evidence from crime or accident scenes, seeking defects in those materials which might explain why an accident occurred, or the source of a specific material to identify a criminal. Forensic polymer engineering – study of failure in polymeric products. Applicable in accident investigations. Forensic entomology – examination of insects in, on, and around human remains to assist in determination of time or location of death. It is also possible to determine if the body was moved after death. Forensic geology – examination and analysis of trace evidence in the form of soils, minerals and petroleum. Forensic identification – technology and procedures to identify specific objects from the trace evidence they leave, often at a crime scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic limnology – analysis of evidence collected from crime scenes in or around fresh water sources. Examination of biological organisms, in particular, diatoms, can be useful in connecting suspects with victims. Forensic linguistics – deals with issues in the legal system that requires linguistic expertise. Forensic meteorology – site specific analysis of past weather conditions for a point of loss. Forensic odontology – study of the uniqueness of teeth, mainly for the purpose of corpse identification Forensic optometry – study of glasses and other eyewear relating to crime scenes and criminal investigations Forensic pathology is a field in which the principles of medicine and pathology are applied to determine a cause of death or injury in the context of a legal inquiry. Forensic photography – the art of producing an accurate photographic reproduction of a crime scene to aid investigations and court proceedings. Forensic profiling – Forensic psychiatry – the two main areas of criminal evaluations in forensic psychiatry are evaluating a defendant's competency to stand trial (CST) and determining a defendant's mental state at the time of the offense (MSO). Forensic psychology – study of the mind of an individual, using forensic methods. Usually it determines the circumstances behind a criminal's behavior. Forensic seismology – study of techniques to distinguish the seismic signals generated by underground nuclear explosions from those generated by earthquakes. Forensic serology – study of the body fluids. Forensic video analysis – scientific examination, comparison, and evaluation of video in legal matters. Questioned document examination – the study and interpretation of evidence that takes the form of document. DNA in forensic entomology – Retrospective diagnosis – Statement analysis Digital Autopsy Lip Forensics- identifying suspects(terrorists) by studying the macro-structure of lips, namely, upper vermillion border, oral fissure and lower vermillion border# == History of forensic science == == By period == Forensics in antiquity – ancient sources contain several accounts of techniques that foreshadow the concepts of forensic science that were made possible by the Scientific Revolution centuries later. Predating the scientific method, these techniques were not based on a scientific understanding of the world in the modern sense, but rather on common sense and practical experience. == By subject == History of autopsies – Autopsies that opened the body to determine the cause of death were attested at least in the early third millennium BC, although they were opposed in many ancient societies where it was believed that the outward disfigurement of dead persons prevented them from entering the afterlife. History of dissection – During ancient times, investigators appeared to largely limit themselves to non-human animals. Roman law forbade dissection and autopsy of the human body, so physicians such as Galen were unable to work on cadavers. Galen for example dissected the Barbary macaque and other primates, assuming their anatomy was basically the same as that of humans. == Evidence == Ballistic impact – high velocity impact by small mass simulation analogous to runway debris or small arms fire. Calling card – particular object sometimes left behind by a criminal at a scene of a crime, often as a way of taunting police or obliquely claiming responsibility. Fingerprint – an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. In a wider use of the term, fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human or other primate hand. Footprints – impressions or images left behind by a person walking. Shoes have many different prints based on the sole design and the wear that it has received – this can help to identify suspects. Skid mark – mark a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the road. Skid marks are important for finding the maximum and minimum vehicle speed prior to the impact or incident. Trace evidence – evidence that occurs when different objects contact one another. Such materials are often transferred by heat induced by contact friction. == Forensic tools == Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer –Comparison Microscope-Spectrograph- gas analyzer- explosive detector Pollen calendar – == Organizations == American Academy of Forensic Sciences – Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners – Canadian Identification Society – Forensic Science Society of India == Forensic practitioners == Michael Baden (1934 – ) – forensic pathologist known for his work investigating high-profile deaths and as a host of HBO's Autopsy. William M. Bass – U.S. forensic anthropologist, renowned for his research on human osteology and human decomposition. Joseph Bell (1837–1911) – Sara C. Bisel (1932–1996) – Ellis R. Kerley (1924–1998) – Paul L. Kirk (1902–1970) – Clea Koff (1972 – ) – Wilton M. Krogman (1903–1987) – Henry C. Lee (1938 – ) – P.Chandra Sekharan (1934-) Edmond Locard (1877–1966) – William R. Maples (1937–1997) – Keith Simpson (1907–1985) – Clyde Snow (1928 – ) – Bernard Spilsbury (1877–1947) – Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818–1879) – Paul Uhlenhuth (1870–1957) – Cyril Wecht (1931 – ) – == Forensic science in popular culture == CSI (franchise) – CSI: Crime Scene Investigation – aka CSI: Las Vegas, a television series CSI: Miami – a spin-off from the above show CSI: NY – a spin-off from the above shows CSI: Trilogy – a three-part television crossover between the above shows CSI (comics) – CSI (novels) – CSI (video games) – Dick Tracy – Forensic Files – a documentary style show that reveals the use of forensic science in a criminal investigation Sherlock Holmes –1

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Sutter Basin<EOT>1

Sutter Basin

The Sutter Basin is a 264 sq mi (680 km²) area of the Sacramento Valley in the U.S. state of California, and is part of the Feather River drainage basin. The basin includes the Sutter Basin Fire Protection District of ~127 sq mi (330 km²) and uses irrigation from the Thermalito Afterbay's Sutter-Butte Canal. The Feather River and the Sutter By-Pass are the basin's east and southwest borders.

The Sutter Basin is a 264 sq mi (680 km²) area of the Sacramento Valley in the U.S. state of California, and is part of the Feather River drainage basin. The basin includes the Sutter Basin Fire Protection District of ~127 sq mi (330 km²) and uses irrigation from the Thermalito Afterbay's Sutter-Butte Canal. The Feather River and the Sutter By-Pass are the basin's east and southwest borders. == Sutter By-Pass == The Sutter By-Pass is a leveed channel of the Lower Sacramento Valley Flood-Control System along the southwest portion of the Sutter Basin. The by-pass allows channeling of escapement flow from the Tisdale Weir near the Sutter Buttes to the Feather River at 38.885421°N 121.614532°W. During Sacramento River flows of >23,000 cu ft/s (650 m³/s), Sacramento overflow tops the 53 ft (16 m) Tisdale Weir and flows via the Sutter By-Pass to Feather River mile 7 (the west levee of the bypass continues along the Feather River to the Sacramento River). The bypass also receives similar Sacramento escapement flow from the Colusa Weir, and the Snake River, Gilsizer Slough, Wadsworth Canal, and other west side watercourses of the Lower Feather Watershed also drain to the Feather River via the Sutter By-Pass, The bypass includes 3.24 sq mi (8.4 km²) of the Sutter National Wildlife Refuge, which is part of California's ~5.00 sq mi (12.9 km²) Sutter Bypass Wildlife Area.1

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Alex McDonald (prospector)<EOT>1

Alex McDonald (prospector)

Alexander "Big Alex" McDonald (1859–1909) was a Canadian gold prospector who made (and lost) a fortune in the Klondike Gold Rush, earning himself the title "King of the Klondike". The son of Scottish immigrants, McDonald was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. He was an unsuccessful prospector, having tried his luck in the Colorado gold fields, before heading to the gold rush in Juneau, Alaska, in the late 1880s. In 1895 or 1896, he was in the Yukon, employed by the Alaska Commercial Company at Forty-Mile to buy mining properties. Gold was discovered in the region in 1897. He was nicknamed the "Big Moose from Antigonish", "Big Alex" and "Big Mac". He was described by a contemporary as: ... a large brawny, swarthy man, canny and close of mouth, with a curious habit of slowly rubbing his chin whenever a new proposition is presented to him. He makes it a rule to first say "No" to every proposal, however alluring, thus gaining time to think it over. One of the early arrivals in the Klondike, he purchased either half or all of Claim 30 on Eldorado Creek from a Russian named Zarnosky or Zarnowsky for a sack of flour and a side of bacon. That claim proved to be one of the richest of the Klondike, yielding $5000 a day. McDonald's slowness of speech hid a shrewdness and business acumen that enabled him to amass a tremendous fortune, somewhere between seven and twenty-seven million dollars. Rather than just work that single piece of land, he leased it to two other miners, who did the actual work for half of the proceeds. In the first 45 days, that amounted to $30,000. He then proceeded to buy up other claims and by the end of the year he had acquired 28. By 1898, he had interests in 75 mines, making him the largest landowner and employer in the area. That year, when the local Catholic church burned down, he donated $30,000, more than enough to pay for its rebuilding. When Father William Judge started building St. Mary's Hospital, McDonald once again made a large donation. In the winter of 1898-1899, he toured Europe, finding time to marry, in London, Margaret Chisholm, the twenty-year-old daughter of the superintendent of the Thames Water Police, and to be received by Pope Leo XIII, who made him a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory in appreciation of his generosity. However, though the gold rush eventually died down, McDonald continued to buy land claims, now mostly worthless, squandering his money. Living alone in a cabin on Clearwater Creek, he died of a heart attack in 1909. His remaining assets of $30,000 did not cover his debts. Fortunately, his widow benefited from a life insurance policy urged upon him by another Klondike tycoon, Belinda Mulrooney. McDonald's legend was retold in an anonymous poem called "King of the Klondike" (ca. 1910). His resting place is in the cemetery in Dawson City.1

Alexander "Big Alex" McDonald (1859–1909) was a Canadian gold prospector who made (and lost) a fortune in the Klondike Gold Rush, earning himself the title "King of the Klondike". The son of Scottish immigrants, McDonald was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. He was an unsuccessful prospector, having tried his luck in the Colorado gold fields, before heading to the gold rush in Juneau, Alaska, in the late 1880s. In 1895 or 1896, he was in the Yukon, employed by the Alaska Commercial Company at Forty-Mile to buy mining properties. Gold was discovered in the region in 1897. He was nicknamed the "Big Moose from Antigonish", "Big Alex" and "Big Mac". He was described by a contemporary as: ... a large brawny, swarthy man, canny and close of mouth, with a curious habit of slowly rubbing his chin whenever a new proposition is presented to him. He makes it a rule to first say "No" to every proposal, however alluring, thus gaining time to think it over. One of the early arrivals in the Klondike, he purchased either half or all of Claim 30 on Eldorado Creek from a Russian named Zarnosky or Zarnowsky for a sack of flour and a side of bacon. That claim proved to be one of the richest of the Klondike, yielding $5000 a day. McDonald's slowness of speech hid a shrewdness and business acumen that enabled him to amass a tremendous fortune, somewhere between seven and twenty-seven million dollars. Rather than just work that single piece of land, he leased it to two other miners, who did the actual work for half of the proceeds. In the first 45 days, that amounted to $30,000. He then proceeded to buy up other claims and by the end of the year he had acquired 28. By 1898, he had interests in 75 mines, making him the largest landowner and employer in the area. That year, when the local Catholic church burned down, he donated $30,000, more than enough to pay for its rebuilding. When Father William Judge started building St. Mary's Hospital, McDonald once again made a large donation. In the winter of 1898-1899, he toured Europe, finding time to marry, in London, Margaret Chisholm, the twenty-year-old daughter of the superintendent of the Thames Water Police, and to be received by Pope Leo XIII, who made him a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory in appreciation of his generosity. However, though the gold rush eventually died down, McDonald continued to buy land claims, now mostly worthless, squandering his money. Living alone in a cabin on Clearwater Creek, he died of a heart attack in 1909. His remaining assets of $30,000 did not cover his debts. Fortunately, his widow benefited from a life insurance policy urged upon him by another Klondike tycoon, Belinda Mulrooney. McDonald's legend was retold in an anonymous poem called "King of the Klondike" (ca. 1910). His resting place is in the cemetery in Dawson City.1

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Lisa Johnson<EOT>1

Lisa Johnson

Lisa Johnson is a rock photographer known for her work with bands such as Reel Big Fish, Rage Against The Machine and Smashing Pumpkins. In 2014, "Decades: Warped Since 1995-Through The Lens of Lisa Johnson Rock Photographer" was displayed on the entire Warped Tour. The mobile gallery was a retrospective of Lisa Johnson's two decades documenting the tour. She has also earned the title of Official Warped Tour Photographer . Lisa Johnson Rock Photographer should not be confused with Lisa S. Johnson, they are two different people. Lisa Johnson Rock Photographer collaborated with William Francis of aiden and William Control on a poetry/photography book entitled Flowers + Filth. She photographs people, mostly music related and rock stars themselves. Lisa S. Johnson only photographs guitars that are owned by rock stars.1

Lisa Johnson is a rock photographer known for her work with bands such as Reel Big Fish, Rage Against The Machine and Smashing Pumpkins. In 2014, "Decades: Warped Since 1995-Through The Lens of Lisa Johnson Rock Photographer" was displayed on the entire Warped Tour. The mobile gallery was a retrospective of Lisa Johnson's two decades documenting the tour. She has also earned the title of Official Warped Tour Photographer . Lisa Johnson Rock Photographer should not be confused with Lisa S. Johnson, they are two different people. Lisa Johnson Rock Photographer collaborated with William Francis of aiden and William Control on a poetry/photography book entitled Flowers + Filth. She photographs people, mostly music related and rock stars themselves. Lisa S. Johnson only photographs guitars that are owned by rock stars.1

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Mary Chinery-Hesse<EOT>1

Mary Chinery-Hesse

Mary Chinery-Hesse is a retired International civil servant and the first female deputy director of the International Labour Organization.

Mary Chinery-Hesse is a retired International civil servant and the first female deputy director of the International Labour Organization. == Education == Mary Chinery-Hesse had her secondary education at the Wesley Girls' Senior High School in Cape Coast. She also holds a BA (Hons) in Sociology and Economics, and Doctor of Laws (Honoris causa) from the University of Ghana and did postgraduate training in Development Economics at the University of Dublin. == Career == She began her career in 1981 at the UN where she held the appointment of the first African Woman Resident Coordinator of the United Nations System and Resident Representative of UNDP to many countries including, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, the Seychelles, and Uganda. In 1989, she was appointed as the first woman Deputy Director-General of the International Labour Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. She served as an advisor to John Kufour, the former President of Ghana. == Chinery-Hesse Committee == She was commissioned by the erstwhile government of former President John Kufour to determine the end of service benefits of article 71 officer holders. == Legacy == She is currently a member of the Panel of the Wise, a consultative body of the African Union for West Africa and the Board Chairman for Zenith Bank, Ghana. == Awards and recognition == Chinery-Hesse received the highest national award of Ghana the Order of the Star of Ghana under President John Kufour's administration. She was also awarded the Gusi Peace Prize for International Diplomacy and Humanitarianism in Manila, Philippines, on 24 November 2010.1

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Labhra<EOT>1

Labhra

Labhra is a village development committee in Jumla District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 2053 persons living in 380 individual households.1

Labhra is a village development committee in Jumla District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 2053 persons living in 380 individual households.1

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Celebrity (TV series)<EOT>Others said to be in the mix include Helen Lederer, Jordan Davies, Max George, Alex Lee, Ester Dee, Jane Park, Sam Callahan and drugs mule Michelle McCollum . Also linked to the next series of the show are Gemma Massey, Jemma Lucy, Jeremy McConnell, Stephanie Davis, Bobby Norris, Rhian Sugden, Kellie Maloney, Helen Lederer, Simon Danczuk, Gemma Massey and Sandi Bogle . Love Island contestants - Former stars of Love Island including Alex Bowen, Olivia Buckland and Kady McDermott have been banned from appearing on the show because they are too boring and don't cause enough drama, according to The Sun . <doc-sep> This show is notable for debuting the current brand of Chuck Lorre Vanity Plates, which can be found on ChuckLorre.com . 1

Celebrity (TV series)

Celebrity is a television drama series based on a novel by Thomas Thompson. It was broadcast from February 12, 1984 to February 14, 1984 on NBC.

Celebrity is a television drama series based on a novel by Thomas Thompson. It was broadcast from February 12, 1984 to February 14, 1984 on NBC. == Plot == During their High School times, the three friends T.J. Luther, Mack Crawford and Kleber Cantrell commit a rape. While one of them rapes the girl, the other two hear the screams of the girl and watch the rape. The girl dies. Luther, Crawford and Cantrell hide the body and promise each other not to speak about this ever again. As grown ups each of them is very successful. One of them is a moviestar, the other one is a famous journalist and the third one a demagogic evangelist. When they meet up again, the meeting ends in tragedy. One of the friends is shot, the other one is terribly hurt and the third one is the murderer. == Series information == Celebrity is based on a 1983 novel by Thomas Thompson. The series was filmed in Texas, New York and Los Angeles and is altogether six and a half hours long. In Germany, the UK and North America the series is published on VHS. The series was shown in Spain, Finland, Turkey and Canada. == Cast == Michael Beck: T.J. Luther Joseph Bottoms: Mack Crawford Ben Masters: Kleber Cantrell James Whitmore: Clifford Casey Tess Harper: Susan French Karen Austin: Ceil Shannon Ned Beatty: Otto Leo Claude Akins: Uncle Bun Luther Dinah Manoff: Missy Craymore Debbie Allen: Regina Brown Jennifer Warren: Martha Dalton Hal Holbrook: Calvin Sledge Bonnie Bartlett: Mabel Hofmeyer Rhonda Dotson: Laurie Killman Jerry Hardin: Jonah Job Peter Nelson: Jeffie Crawford Anne Haney: Millie Stephen Pearlman: Arnold Beckman Kelli Maroney: Joanne River Phoenix: Jeffie - Age 11 James N. Harrell: Dr. Taler Sherman Howard: Director John M. Jackson: Detective == Awards and Nominations == == Nominations == Primetime Emmy Awards 1984: Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or a Special (Philip H. Lathrop) Edgar Allan Poe Awards: 1985: Best Television Feature or Miniseries (William Hanley) == Critical reception == John J. Connor (The New York Times) mentions that the series has a strong cast. Furthermore, the series has a great script, which includes the major events during the 50's, 60's and 70's, such as the Vietnam War or the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Tom Shales (The Deseret News) adds that the tale is very well plotted and "irresistible as a good rumor". According to Arthur Unger (Monitor) Celebrity is easy to watch and once started its difficult to stop.1

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Friendly, Eugene, Oregon<EOT>1

Friendly, Eugene, Oregon

Friendly is a neighborhood in south central Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is represented by the neighborhood association Friendly Area Neighbors. The neighborhood is named for Friendly Street, which in turn takes its name from Sam Friendly, a 19th-century mayor of the city. The area is home to more than 7,000 residents, and includes Civic Stadium, Westmoreland Park, Madison Meadow, and the western half of Amazon Park.1

Friendly is a neighborhood in south central Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is represented by the neighborhood association Friendly Area Neighbors. The neighborhood is named for Friendly Street, which in turn takes its name from Sam Friendly, a 19th-century mayor of the city. The area is home to more than 7,000 residents, and includes Civic Stadium, Westmoreland Park, Madison Meadow, and the western half of Amazon Park.1

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Latif Mohammed<EOT>Now we’re opening more . . . © 2016-2017 Abdul Latif Jameel IPR Company Limited. Permission to use this site is granted strictly subject to the Terms of Use . The Abdul Latif Jameel name and the Abdul Latif Jameel logotype and pentagon-shaped graphics are trademarks or registered trademarks of Abdul Latif Jameel IPR Company Limited. 1

Latif Mohammed

Latif Mohammed is a Ghanaian professional footballer who currently plays for Lusaka Dynamos F.C. in the Zambia Super League.

Latif Mohammed is a Ghanaian professional footballer who currently plays for Lusaka Dynamos F.C. in the Zambia Super League. == Career == Latif Mohammed has played for several Ghanaian teams and Gabon club as a left full back and Midfielder. But now a free player. == International career == In November 2013, coach Maxwell Konadu, invited him to be a part of the Ghana squad for the 2013 WAFU Nations Cup. He helped the team to a first-place finish after Ghana beat Senegal by three goals to one. January 2014 he also help the Ghana team for the African cup of Nations and was the runners up.1

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Academic dress of King's College London<EOT>Today over 54,000 students in 180 countries study for a University of London degree through the University of London International Programmes . <doc-sep> NB. The info on these pages may or may not be entirely accurate! If you have any specific requirements please check direct with the colleges. Refer to http://applytocambridge.com for the latest edition of the "Alternative Prospectus", and https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/colleges/choosing-a-college . Not baraged by tourists like others nearby . Cheapest accommodation in Cambridge, starting at around £60 a week (the most expensive for undergrads is around £135 a week, which is the same as the average rent in a lot of other colleges!) . 1

Academic dress of King's College London

Academic dress of King's College London describes the robes, gowns, and hoods worn by undergraduates, graduates and associates of King's College London. After being vested the power to award its own degrees from the University of London in 2006, graduates began wearing King's College London academic dress in 2008.

Academic dress of King's College London describes the robes, gowns, and hoods worn by undergraduates, graduates and associates of King's College London. After being vested the power to award its own degrees from the University of London in 2006, graduates began wearing King's College London academic dress in 2008. == History == Prior to 2008, the Academic dress of King's is basically that of the University of London's which, like most academic dress, is based on medieval attire. Graduates of the University of London have been formally presented to the Chancellor of the University since 1849, and the first public presentation of the University was held at King's Great Hall in 1850. From 1903 to 1992 this University ceremony was continued in the Royal Albert Hall, and King's first held its own ceremony in 1989. In 1995, the University of London granted some of its constituent colleges the power to confer degrees on behalf of the University. In 2007, in line with the evolution of the University's constituent colleges, King's successfully petitioned the Privy Council for its degree-awarding powers in its own right; these powers were first used in 2008. Such development in securing its own degree-awarding powers brought the need for King's to design its own academic dress. During the transition phase, global fashion icon Dame Vivienne Westwood was approached by Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings, then Chairperson of King's College London, to design an academic gown of the institution. Working with Ede & Ravenscroft, the producers of the academic dress, the Westwood-designed academic dresses for King's College London have been unveiled in 2008. On the gowns, Vivienne Westwood commented: "Through my reworking of the traditional robe I tried to link the past, the present and the future. We are what we know." The 'new' academic gowns were showcased at the first graduation of summer 2008, where Dame Westwood and former Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Lord Smith were among those wearing the gowns as they received their King's College London Honorary Fellowships. == Features == Westwood-designed academic dress features two long (4') stole-like streamers which serve as gown facings. There is no neckband. Westwood's unique but unifying style for King's academic dress is the King’s College London lion gold button on each shoulder. Influenced by University of London's tradition, being the first university in the world to devise a system of academic dress based on faculty colours, the gowns and hoods have been designed with colours that reflect the university's faculties/schools/institutes of study and the level of the degree. Owing to its unique shape, the hood cannot be folded flat. == Colours == The King's gowns and hoods have been designed with colours to reflect the academic faculties or schools. Faculty of Biomedical & Health Sciences - Orange Dental Institute - Fuchsia Faculty of Arts & Humanities - Green Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience - Deep Red Dickson Poon School of Law - Silver Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Medical Education (MBBS) only - Purple Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery - Lilac Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences - Coral Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy - Gold == First degrees == All hoods and gowns for first degrees are black, lined with a certain colour. Graduates are distinguished by the colour lining of the hood and stole, which denotes the respective Faculty, School or Institute. == Postgraduates == Postgraduate master's level graduates wear black gowns with hood, lined with a certain colour. A colour lining is also present on the sleeves. As with first degree recipients, the Faculty/School/Institute is denoted by the colour. For Master of Philosophy (MPhil), graduates wear a black gown, and a black hood attached to the gown on each shoulder with a King's lion button; the sleeve vents, cape and cowl are bound in blue with the binding extending over the shoulders. For research degree [i.e., PhD/MD(Res)] graduates wear a dark red gown, and a dark red hood attached to the gown on each shoulder with a King's lion button; the sleeve vents, cape and cowl are bound in blue with the binding extending over the shoulders. Using the Groves classification system, such research graduates wear a King's Full [f12] shape gown of deep red cloth, with stole of purple silk. The sleeves are held back by purple linings and gold buttons. The hood is lined with fully lined with purple silk. Specialist doctors (EdD/DClinPsy/DHC/DrPS/DthMin) graduates wear a blue gown, and a blue hood attached to the gown on each shoulder with a King's lion button. The sleeve vents, cape and cowl are bound in dark red with the binding extending over the shoulders; a King's Full [f12] shape gown of deep blue cloth, with stole of red silk. The hood is fully lined with red silk. == Graduating with an Associateship of King's College (AKC) == Students graduating who have also completed the tradition of Associateship of King's College (AKC), will wear as part of their academic gown a black epitoge with a golden embroidery of the university's lion 'Reggie', buttoned to the left shoulder. The epitoge is a short streamer of black fabric that matches the fabric of King's gowns. == Others == PG certificate and diploma recipients wear black gowns with King's Simple hood [s12]. The various officers of King's wear their official robes, while members of the academe wear the academic dress of the university from which they graduated; such would include that of other universities in the UK as well as around the world.1

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Alexander Pipa<EOT>1

Alexander Pipa

Alexander Pipa (born 12 June 1983 in Heidelberg) is a retired German international rugby union player, playing for the TSV Handschuhsheim in the Rugby-Bundesliga and the German national rugby union team. He has been playing rugby since 1996. Pipa has also played for the Germany's 7's side in the past, like at the 2008 and 2009 Hannover Sevens and the 2009 London Sevens. He was also part of the German Sevens side at the World Games 2005 in Duisburg, where Germany finished 8th. In the 2008-09 and 2009-10 seasons, Pipa was the top try scorer in the Bundesliga with 22 tries in each season. After the 2010-11 season, Pipa retired from the sport to concentrate on his private life and his job career.

Alexander Pipa (born 12 June 1983 in Heidelberg) is a retired German international rugby union player, playing for the TSV Handschuhsheim in the Rugby-Bundesliga and the German national rugby union team. He has been playing rugby since 1996. Pipa has also played for the Germany's 7's side in the past, like at the 2008 and 2009 Hannover Sevens and the 2009 London Sevens. He was also part of the German Sevens side at the World Games 2005 in Duisburg, where Germany finished 8th. In the 2008-09 and 2009-10 seasons, Pipa was the top try scorer in the Bundesliga with 22 tries in each season. After the 2010-11 season, Pipa retired from the sport to concentrate on his private life and his job career. == Honours == == Club == German rugby union championship Runners up: 2005 German rugby union cup Winners: 2005 == National team == European Nations Cup - Division 2 Champions: 2008 == Personal == Rugby-Bundesliga Top try scorer: 2008-09, 2009–10 == Stats == Alexander Pipa's personal statistics in club and international rugby: == Club == == National team == == European Nations Cup == == Friendlies & other competitions == 1

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Cloverdale, Western Australia<EOT>You may be interested to know within Cloverdale during August 2017 there were a total of properties sold. Prices ranged from for a , through to for the sale of a .Examples at both ends of the market include a that sold for between and a that sold for between . 1

Cloverdale, Western Australia

Cloverdale is a suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Perth's central business district (CBD) in the City of Belmont.

Cloverdale is a suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Perth's central business district (CBD) in the City of Belmont. == History == The name was from "Cloverdale Estate", a subdivision in the area advertised for sale in 1910. It was officially recognised as a suburb name in 1954. == Demography == In the 2006 census, Cloverdale had a population of 6,457. Cloverdale residents had a median age of 37, a year above the State average, and median individual incomes were below-average for the Perth metropolitan area — $414 per week compared with $513 per week. In the 2006 census, 4.37% of residents identified as Indigenous Australians. The suburb had a Decile 3 socioeconomic rating and a SEIFA index of 934. == Geography == Cloverdale is approximately diamond-shaped, and represents the eastern quarter of Belmont's main residential area. It is bounded by Belmont Avenue to the southwest, Sydenham Street to the northwest, Epsom Avenue to the northeast, Tonkin Highway (Route 4) to the east and Leach Highway (Route 7) to the southeast. Abernethy Road (Route 55) runs northwest to southeast through the suburb. == Land use == The suburb is almost completely residential. However, its boundaries take in a commercial and civic area on the western side. The main feature here is Belmont Forum, a regional shopping centre with 142 stores which first opened in 1974, and a smaller neighbouring centre Belmont Village which contains a Reading Cinema and the Belmont Tavern. Opposite the centre in Faulkner Park is a civic area containing the City of Belmont's council offices as well as a library, museum and a senior citizens centre. Small shops consisting of no more than two or three retailers are dotted through the suburb. Cloverdale contains no industrial areas, although Perth Airport is immediately to the east beyond Tonkin Highway, and on the other side of Leach Highway, is the Kewdale industrial area which is one of Perth's largest, which accounts for "Technicians and Trade Workers" being the biggest proportion of Cloverdale's workers in the 2006 ABS Census (18.2%) and workers, labourers and machinery operators and drivers also being high on the list. == Facilities == A number of schools, parks and community facilities are located in Cloverdale. The Cloverdale and Belmay state primary schools can be found here as well as Notre Dame Primary School, a Catholic school. Another school, Whiteside Primary, used to service the eastern part of the suburb but the school was closed in 1997, and the land sold off by the State Government to build housing. The nearest high school, just to the suburb's northwest, is Belmont City College. No less than three community centres are located in Cloverdale. These are: the City of Belmont Youth and Family Centre, Miles Park Community Centre, and Forster Hall, as well as a recreation centre near Belmont Oval. Belmont Oval has facilities for lawn bowls and tennis as well as a soccer pitch and dog exercise area. Gerry Archer Athletic Centre, next to the Oval, caters for all athletic events and has a 400-metre grassed running track. It is incorrectly believed by some that Forster Park and Belmont Oval are in Kewdale, but Cloverdale in fact extends southwest to Belmont Avenue. Numerous other small parks, most of them named, are scattered through Cloverdale but they are for the most part simply grassed areas with no distinguishing features. == Transport == The suburb is connected to the rest of Perth's metropolitan area by two routes - Leach Highway, which links to Tonkin Highway, Bayswater/Morley, Forrestfield and the Perth Airport; and Abernethy Road which links to Great Eastern Highway in the direction of Perth CBD. Cloverdale is served by Transperth buses operated by Path Transit. A small bus station at Belmont Forum is host to several bus routes including the 998-999 CircleRoute and various other routes. The 38-39 and 935 bus routes travel through Cloverdale along various streets while the 286, 287, 288, 293, 298 routes service Abernethy Road. The 380 bus route travel through between Perth Airport Terminal 1-2 and Perth City. The nearest train stations linked by bus to Belmont are Carlisle (288) and Oats Street (998-999).1

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Summers County Courthouse<EOT>1

Summers County Courthouse

The Summers County Courthouse in Hinton, West Virginia, is a red brick Romanesque Revival or late Victorian building, originally constructed in 1875-76. The building was remodeled between 1893 and 1898 by architect Frank Pierce Milburn, who added octagonal turrets at the corners. A 1923 addition followed suit with another square with two towers. A plan 1930s addition followed. A cast-iron stairway in the northwest tower ascends to the courtroom. The Putnam County Courthouse uses a similar arrangement of turrets around a square mass.1

The Summers County Courthouse in Hinton, West Virginia, is a red brick Romanesque Revival or late Victorian building, originally constructed in 1875-76. The building was remodeled between 1893 and 1898 by architect Frank Pierce Milburn, who added octagonal turrets at the corners. A 1923 addition followed suit with another square with two towers. A plan 1930s addition followed. A cast-iron stairway in the northwest tower ascends to the courtroom. The Putnam County Courthouse uses a similar arrangement of turrets around a square mass.1

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Alejandro Poiré Romero<EOT>1

Alejandro Poiré Romero

Alejandro Poiré Romero ([aleˈxandɾo pwaˈɾe roˈmeɾo]; born January 15, 1971) is a Mexican politician who served as the Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of Felipe Calderón from 17 November 2011 to 1 December 2012, following the death of Francisco Blake Mora in a helicopter crash on 11 November 2011. Before his post as the Secretary of the Interior, Poiré served as spokesman of Mexico's national security in the cabinet of Felipe Calderón. He often regarded as the face and voice of Mexico's strategy against drug trafficking and organized crime. Moreover, Poiré has the task of telling Mexicans—and the world—the government's strategy in the fight against the drug cartels and organized crime in the country's drug war. He has worked in many operatives against organized crime, and he strengthened the security in Tamaulipas. He has published several studies on democratization, public opinion and political parties; in addition, he has lectured in several universities in Mexico, the United States, Latin America and Europe. Most of his work can be read in Reforma, Milienio, Milenio Semanal, Hoja por Hoja, Letras Libres, Cambio, Nexos and other newspapers.

Alejandro Poiré Romero ([aleˈxandɾo pwaˈɾe roˈmeɾo]; born January 15, 1971) is a Mexican politician who served as the Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of Felipe Calderón from 17 November 2011 to 1 December 2012, following the death of Francisco Blake Mora in a helicopter crash on 11 November 2011. Before his post as the Secretary of the Interior, Poiré served as spokesman of Mexico's national security in the cabinet of Felipe Calderón. He often regarded as the face and voice of Mexico's strategy against drug trafficking and organized crime. Moreover, Poiré has the task of telling Mexicans—and the world—the government's strategy in the fight against the drug cartels and organized crime in the country's drug war. He has worked in many operatives against organized crime, and he strengthened the security in Tamaulipas. He has published several studies on democratization, public opinion and political parties; in addition, he has lectured in several universities in Mexico, the United States, Latin America and Europe. Most of his work can be read in Reforma, Milienio, Milenio Semanal, Hoja por Hoja, Letras Libres, Cambio, Nexos and other newspapers. == Career == Alejandro Poiré was born in Mexico City in 1971. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science from Mexico's Autonomous Institute of Technology, where he served as head of the department for four years, and a doctoral degree from Harvard University. In addition, while serving as spokesman for Mexico's national security, Poiré serves as the director-general of the Ministry of Public Safety and the CISEN. He has also been a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Robert F. Kennedy and John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, and as director of the Federal Electoral Institute and INEGI, where he helped the realization of the Primera Encuesta Nacional de Cultura Política y Prácticas Ciudadanas. On 26 May 2010, Poiré was named subsecretary of the Office of Population, Migration, and Religious Affairs, and later formed part of the Federal Public Administration. In 2013, Poiré was named head of the Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública and the Instituto de Administración Pública of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education. He is also a member of the advisory board for the Mexico Institute.1

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Matt Mitrione<EOT>Hey this is UFC heavyweight Matt Mitrione. The Brown Family can't come to the phone right now. Amy is online at cagepotato.com keeping up on all things MMA. Chris is re-watching MY second Round knock out of Marcus Jones . And the girls are fighting over daddy's new TrauMMA Combat Apparel T-shirt. Leave a message and in between rounds someone will call you back! 1

Matt Mitrione

Matthew Steven Mitrione (born July 15, 1978) is an American mixed martial artist and former American football player, who fights in Bellator MMA. He played college football at Purdue University and professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Giants and the Minnesota Vikings. He was a featured fighter on The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights.

Matthew Steven Mitrione (born July 15, 1978) is an American mixed martial artist and former American football player, who fights in Bellator MMA. He played college football at Purdue University and professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Giants and the Minnesota Vikings. He was a featured fighter on The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights. == Background == Mitrione was born in Bloomington, Illinois and raised in Springfield, where he attended Sacred Heart-Griffin High School for first four years, where he competed in football, swimming and diving, and track and field. He graduated from Springfield Southeast High School. In football, he received Honorable Mention USA Today All-American & All-State honors in his senior year playing defensive line. He also trained in Shotokan Karate as a child to help deal with his extreme hyperactivity. Mitrione competed in Toughman Contests while he was still in high school, and finished second in his initial Toughman Contest in his hometown of Springfield. He attended Purdue University on a football scholarship and started 35 consecutive games for the Boilermakers at defensive tackle, but broke his right foot during winter conditioning a practice in his senior year. Mitrione went undrafted for the NFL, but was offered a contract with the New York Giants in 2002. After again injuring his foot in a 2003 playoff loss to the San Francisco 49ers, Mitrione had seven surgeries to his foot including one that extended his Achilles tendon, and was in crutches for 16 months. Mitrione was released by the Giants in 2004 and then had brief stints with the San Francisco 49ers and Minnesota Vikings, before being released by the Vikings six weeks into the 2005 season and a week before his first child was born. Mitrione soon turned to mixed martial arts after Jayson Werth, a professional baseball player for the Washington Nationals, and close friend of Mitrione, invited Mitrione to fight in his inaugural promotion. Mitrione then relocated with his family to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he began training with fighters Chris Lytle and Jake O'Brien. == Mixed martial arts career == == The Ultimate Fighter == Mitrione appeared on the tenth season of The Ultimate Fighter. On the show, he was given the unofficial nickname "Meathead" by his coach Rashad Evans. After being picked second to last by Evans, Mitrione fought and defeated Scott Junk via majority decision (19–19, 20–18, 20–18), moving him on to the quarter finals. Following Mitrione's fight with Junk, Mitrione complained about migraines and dizziness, causing many of the cast members to feel that Mitrione may bow out of the competition to give Kimbo Slice a second opportunity. Mitrione did fight and was eliminated by teammate James McSweeney in the quarterfinals, losing via guillotine choke. == Ultimate Fighting Championship == Mitrione made his professional MMA debut at The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights Finale defeating Marcus Jones via KO early in the second round. Mitrione then faced another fellow Ultimate Fighter alumnus Kimbo Slice at UFC 113 in Montreal. Mitrone chopped Slice down with leg kicks and eventually defeated Slice via TKO (punches) in the second round, taking his professional record to 2–0. Mitrione faced Joey Beltran on September 25, 2010 at UFC 119. He won the fight via unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) and also won the "Fight of the Night" award. Mitrione defeated Tim Hague on January 22, 2011 at UFC Fight Night 23 via TKO in the first round. It was mentioned during the post-fight interview that Mitrione had broken his left hand and later confirmed that he had injured the second metacarpal in his left hand. Mitrione fought Christian Morecraft on June 26, 2011 at UFC on Versus 4. Mitrione dominated the first round with his standup scoring two knockdowns. Mitrione ended the fight via KO at 4:28 of round 2. Mitrione suffered his first professional MMA loss to Cheick Kongo via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–28, 29–28) on October 29, 2011 at UFC 137. Mitrione was unable to mount any consistent offense against Kongo on the feet as Kongo used his jab to keep Mitrione at bay, and in the third round Kongo secured a takedown and controlled Mitrione through the end of the fight. Mitrione was expected to face Rob Broughton on August 4, 2012 at UFC on FOX 4. However, the bout was scrapped after Broughton pulled out for an undisclosed personal matter. Mitrione/Broughton was briefly linked to UFC on FX 5 but was eventually scrapped altogether. Mitrione was expected to face Phil De Fries on December 29, 2012 at UFC 155. But Mitrione was pulled out of the bout to step in for injured Shane Carwin against Roy Nelson at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Carwin vs. Team Nelson Finale on December 15, 2012. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round. Mitrione vs. De Fries eventually took place on April 6, 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV 9. Mitrione won the fight via knockout just 19 seconds into the first round. On April 8, 2013 it was announced that Mitrione had his contract suspended by the UFC after making comments about male-to-female transgender fighter Fallon Fox during an interview on The MMA Hour. Mitrione called Fox a "lying, sick, sociopathic, disgusting freak" who he hoped would never fight again, and referred to Fox by male pronouns. Mitrione also criticized the state of Florida for licensing Fox to fight. The suspension was lifted after two weeks when Mitrione's next fight against Brendan Schaub was announced. Mitrione was expected to face Brendan Schaub on July 27, 2013 at UFC on Fox 8. However, in mid-July, Mitrione pulled out of the bout citing an injury and Schaub was pulled from the event as well. The bout eventually took place on September 21, 2013 at UFC 165. Schaub won the fight via first round submission, giving Mitrione the first submission loss of his professional MMA career. Mitrione faced Shawn Jordan on March 1, 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter: China Finale. He won via knockout at 4:59 of the first round. The win also earned Mitrione his first Performance of the Night bonus award. Mitrione was scheduled to face Stefan Struve on July 5, 2014 at UFC 175, but Struve collapsed in the locker room before the fight, leading to a cancellation. Mitrione faced Derrick Lewis on September 5, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 50. Mitrione quickly defeated Lewis via first-round knockout. Mitrione faced Gabriel Gonzaga on December 13, 2014 at UFC on Fox 13. He won the fight via TKO in the first round. The win also earned Mitrione a Performance of the Night bonus award. Mitrione faced Ben Rothwell on June 6, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 68. He lost the fight by submission in the first round. Mitrione faced Travis Browne on January 17, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 81. He lost the fight via TKO in the third round, though the bout was mired in controversy, as Mitrione suffered two eye pokes from Browne throughout the fight. This was the last fight on Mitrione's contract and he opted to test the free agency market. == Bellator MMA == On March 14, 2016, Mitrione announced he had signed with Bellator MMA. Mitrione made his promotional debut against Carl Seumanutafa at Bellator 157 on June 14, 2016. After being dropped by an overhand right by Seumanutafa, Mitrione recovered on the ground and eventually won the fight via knockout in the first round. Embracing a quick return to the Bellator cage, Mitrione faced Oli Thompson three weeks later on July 16, 2016 at Bellator 158. He won the back-and-forth fight via TKO in the second round. Mitrione was scheduled to take on Fedor Emelianenko at Bellator's February 18, 2017 show in San Jose, California. However hours before the fight Mitrione was forced out of the bout due to kidney stones. The match was rescheduled and took place at Bellator NYC on June 24, 2017. Mitrione won the fight via knockout in the first round. == Personal life == Mitrione is of Irish (mother, Cecelia) and Italian (father, Robert) descent. He has two sons and one daughter. He is no longer married to former wife, Tina. The couple divorced amicably in December 2014 after 9 years of marriage. Mitrione is friends with Drew Brees, as the two were teammates at Purdue University from 1997-2001 and members of Joe Tiller's first recruiting class. Mitrione is also close friends with NFL tight end Jeremy Shockey, who were teammates while playing for the New York Giants. Has casually competed in several eating competitions and lost miserably in all of them most recent being D.T. Kirby's 4th annual Wing Eating Contest. == Charity work == Mitrione has been involved with several other UFC fighters (Sean Pierson, Mark Hominick, and Sam Stout) as part of a Toronto area anti-bullying program. == Championships and accomplishments == Ultimate Fighting Championship Fight of the Night (One time) Performance of the Night (Two times) == Mixed martial arts record == == Mixed martial arts exhibition record == 1

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Paul Jorgensen<EOT>1

Paul Jorgensen

Paul Jorgensen (April 5, 1935 – August 6, 2008) was a super featherweight professional boxer from Louisiana.

Paul Jorgensen (April 5, 1935 – August 6, 2008) was a super featherweight professional boxer from Louisiana. == Personal life == Jorgenson was born in Tallulah, Louisiana and made his residence in Port Arthur, Texas. == Professional career == Jorgensen made his professional debut on April 27, 1954 with a four round points win against Infant Valdez in Houston, Texas. Jorgensen won his first sixteen fights, including a win against Eddie Bertolino on June 1, 1954. It was in the rematch against Bertolino on September 28, 1954 that Jorgensen suffered his first loss. Like many boxers of his day, Jorgensen fought frequently - often twice a month. Jorgensen continued to fight and generally to win, facing tough competition like Redtop Davis, Lulu Perez, Jackie Blair, Carmelo Costa, Victor Manuel Quijano, Harold Gomes, and Battling Torres. Jorgensen retired after a losing to Battling Torres on September 6, 1960. Jorgensen managed to cram an amazing number of fights (93) in a relatively short career (7½ years). His final record was 81 wins (35 by knockout), 8 losses, and 4 draws. Jorgensen died August 6, 2008 in Port Arthur, Texas.1

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Catarrhini<EOT>1

Catarrhini

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the simians, the other being the plathyrrhine (New World monkeys). The Catarrhini contains the Old World monkeys and the apes; the latter of which are in turn further divided into the lesser apes or gibbons and the great apes, consisting of the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The Catarrhine are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines.

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the simians, the other being the plathyrrhine (New World monkeys). The Catarrhini contains the Old World monkeys and the apes; the latter of which are in turn further divided into the lesser apes or gibbons and the great apes, consisting of the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The Catarrhine are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines. == Description == The technical distinction between the New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (from Ancient Greek platu-, "flat", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greek kata-, "down", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never have prehensile tails, and have flat fingernails and toenails, a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them a dental formula of: . Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond. Most, but not all, species live in social groups. Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal, and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet. The apes – in both traditional and phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape. In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the superfamily Hominoidea. This grouping comprises the two families Hylobatidae, the lesser apes or gibbons, and Hominidae, the great apes, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, Homo, and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus. == Classification and evolution == According to Schrago & Russo, apes and Old World monkeys split from their New World monkey kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division between Cercopithecoids and Hominoids of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the gibbons separating from the great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya. According to Begun and Harrison, apes and Old World monkeys split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia 32 - 29 Mya but not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya. The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys: Apes emerged as a sister group of Old World Monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World Monkeys. Therefore, cladistically, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidaea are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus, in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. Order Primates Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, etc. Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers + monkeys, including apes Infraorder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers Infraorder Simiiformes: simians, or higher primates Parvorder Catarrhini Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys Superfamily †Pliopithecoidea Family †Dionysopithecidae Family †Pliopithecidae Superfamily †Propliopithecoidea Family †Propliopithecidae (includes Aegyptopithecus) Superfamily †Dendropithecoidea Family †Dendropithecidae Superfamily †Saadanioidea Family †Saadaniidae Superfamily Hominoidea Family Hylobatidae: gibbons Family Hominidae: great apes (including humans) Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys1

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Nanoor<EOT>1

Nanoor

Nanoor (also spelt Nanur, called Chandidas Nanoor), is a town with a police station in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Nanoor is the birthplace of 14th century lyric poet Chandidas of Vaishnava Padavali fame. It is developing as a craft centre with NGO support. With the massacres in 2000, Nanoor was in intense media focus.

Nanoor (also spelt Nanur, called Chandidas Nanoor), is a town with a police station in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Nanoor is the birthplace of 14th century lyric poet Chandidas of Vaishnava Padavali fame. It is developing as a craft centre with NGO support. With the massacres in 2000, Nanoor was in intense media focus. == Geography == Nanoor is located at 23.70°N 87.86°E. It has an average elevation of 24 metres (79 ft). Nanoor is located in the south-eastern corner of the district which is an alluvial plain between Ajay and Mayurakshi Rivers. It has hot and dry summers, spread over March – May, followed by the monsoon from June to September. 78 per cent of the rainfall occurs during this period. As per historical records there have been at least 13 intensive droughts between the years 1799 and 1855. The drought of 1836-37 was particularly severe. Floods also wreak havoc. Some 7,000 mud houses either collapsed or remained in bad shape in Nanoor and three other blocks, affecting around 15,000 villagers in 2004. It is 47 km from Suri, 18 km from Bolpur/Santiniketan and 29 km from Ahmedpur. == History == == Archaeological finds == The archaeological department of Calcutta University organised an excavation programme in Nanoor in 1932 and 1957 but nothing much has happened since then. The archaeological discoveries at Jalundi village in Nanoor block in 2007 are believed to be the ruins of the ancient Pala or Sen dynasties. == Economics == Nanoor Block covering 24 villages, is economically backward. It has many artisan families who live below the poverty line. A large section of the population is either Muslim or belong to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Although the population is talented they hardly had an opportunity to earn a decent living. The Institute of International Social Development – an international NGO, based and headquartered in Kolkata, has initiated steps to rectify the situation. The artisans get an opportunity to people from different countries. Such people visit Nanoor to have a first hand experience of the living and working conditions of artisans. Internationally renowned designers are helping the artisans to use the traditional kantha craft for producing modern-day utilities. Traditionally, there used to be a weekly market, locally called hat. Apart from vegetables, such needs as pottery, wooden materials, iron materials, baskets, seeds etc. were available. With the passage of time the periodicity gradually increased till it became a daily market. == Nanoor massacre == On 27 July 2000, CPI(M) activists allegedly killed 11 landless agricultural labourers in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station. Just after the massacre CPI(M) leaders said those killed were dacoits but a few days later they admitted that the dead were landless farmers and that they were killed over a land dispute. Two of the CPI(M)'s senior leaders, Anil Biswas and Biman Bose, both politburo members, condemned the Nanoor killings as well as the loss of lives in incidents of violence in the preceding weeks. The Hindu wrote, “On a long term, the killings, symbolising the birth of a new theatre of violence after Keshpur in district Midnapore - where deaths and maiming in political clashes have become a bizarre routine - constitute an extremely disturbing augury for the society in Bengal." The prime witness to the Nanoor killings was injured in an attack allegedly by CPI-M activists.The Statesman in an editorial wrote, “The sole purpose in attacking the prime witness in the gruesome Nanoor massacre of July 2000 in which 11 Trinamul Congress supporters were slaughtered by armed CPI(M) cadres was to shield those responsible and abort their trial, by hook or by crook. The irony is that although five years have elapsed since the occurrence of the horrendous killings by the Marxists, the trial of their 79 accused comrades has not yet begun. Repeated postponement of hearing (at least seven in the last two years) because of failure of the accused to turn up in court has made the outcome uncertain.” The Nanoor area has continued to be turbulent, with political clashes and murders continuing. On the basis of a FIR (first information report) lodged with the police against CPI(M) men, the police made arrests and in August 2001 they submitted charge sheets against 82 accused. The trial started in 2000 and continued for eight years. The court verdict is expected in November 2010. == Culture == == Temples == There is a temple dedicated to Devi Basuli at Nanoor. The Navaratna temple at Brahmandihi, Kirnahar Vadrokali Tala Temple , Parota Mahaprabhu Tala Temple and the Chand Roy temple and four Shiva temples at Uchkaran are amongst the temples under the protection of the state archaeological department. The renowned Navaratna temple was undertaken by the ASI but is now in bad shape. The four Shiva temples carry somewhat unusual terra cotta sculptures that need preservation. In 2001, the invaluable and rare black-stone Saraswati idol went missing from the Bishalakshmi temple. == Fairs == A fair is organized annually on the occasion of dol purnima (full moon) on the bank of the Dontapukur at Nanoor in memory of Dwija Chandidas and Rajakini (washerwoman) Tami. It is called Chandidas Mela and was earlier organized near Bisalkshi temple. Japeswar Shiva-Charturdashi Mela is organized at Japeswar in the Nanoor area. Locals here trace back the history of the Shiva temple to 1000 BC. Radhamadhab Mela is organized at Charkalgram on 14 Chaitra and continues for a week. Pirer mela is organized at Sherpur for 5/6 days in the month of Magha. In the month of Falgun, a fair is organized at Basapara. It was started by Atai Mian, a zamindar of the area. See also - Fairs in Birbhum1

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Last Comic Standing<EOT>NBC has announced the second season of its Last Comic Standing series, which has already been plagued by allegations of dishonesty in the selection of the program's Top 10 finalists, will debut Tuesday, June 8 at 8PM ET/PT with a special two-hour premiere . <doc-sep> #BBOTT Last Moments: Pride For the Final Three . #BBWARRIORS All. 1

Last Comic Standing

Last Comic Standing is an American reality television talent competition show on NBC that aired from 2003 to 2010, then again in 2014 and 2015. The goal of the program is to select a comedian from an initially large group of hopefuls. For the first seven seasons, the winner received a cash prize and a television special; for season eight in 2014, the winner won a cash prize, a talent deal with NBC, and a half-hour scripted project that will be developed by Universal Television.

Last Comic Standing is an American reality television talent competition show on NBC that aired from 2003 to 2010, then again in 2014 and 2015. The goal of the program is to select a comedian from an initially large group of hopefuls. For the first seven seasons, the winner received a cash prize and a television special; for season eight in 2014, the winner won a cash prize, a talent deal with NBC, and a half-hour scripted project that will be developed by Universal Television. == Format == The show has varied its format season by season. For seasons 1–2 and 4–7, NBC talent scouts Ross Mark and Bob Read held open casting calls in various locations around the United States. At each casting call, Mark and Read identified comics to participate in callback auditions in front of live audiences. Mark and Read then selected a predetermined number of comics from each callback, who were invited to participate in a semifinal qualifying round. The comics who advanced to the semifinal qualifying round were divided into two groups. In Season Four, 40 comics were divided into two groups of 20; these comics performed and competed against each other at the Alex Theater in Glendale, California. During the semifinal qualifying rounds, a panel of celebrity judges, and the show's producers, selected the finalists who would move forward to the final qualifying round, and live together in a group residence. Once the residence finalists are selected, the comics participate in some type of comedic challenge each television week. Challenges have included performing stand-up at a local laundromat, working as a tour guide in Los Angeles, participating in a roast at the Friars Club of Beverly Hills and performing comedy on a specific subject with little preparation time on a radio show. The winner of each challenge is usually rewarded with immunity from being eliminated from the competition for that week, while the remaining comics are vulnerable to elimination through a "head-to-head" standup challenge. As the conclusion of each television week drew near, each comic selected one other comic whom they believed they could defeat in a head-to-head challenge. The comics were sent off individually to a secluded booth, and named the person selected using the phrase "I know I'm funnier than _____." The comic who received the most nominations participated in that evening's head-to-head competition, and selected their opponent from any of the comics who had challenged them. The head-to-head competition occurs in front of a live studio audience. For the first seven seasons, the studio audience voted electronically for their preferred performer, while in the eighth season the judges always selected the winner. The winning comic remains "in the house", while the losing comic is eliminated from the competition. For the first seven seasons, when only five comics remained, the format changed again. All remaining comics performed for a large theatre audience as before, but now the decision-making power shifted from the studio audience to the television audience. Viewers cast their votes for their favorite comic by phoning a specific number, by voting online at the network's website, or both. Unlike some other "audience-vote reality" programs, the producers imposed a maximum number of eligible votes per originating phone number and email address. The comic who received the lowest number of votes each week was eliminated from the competition, until there was only the "Last Comic Standing". The "in the house" concept was dropped for season 7, and each week consisted of all remaining comics performing in front of a theater audience and being voted on by the television viewers to determine who leaves and who remains. It was essentially identical to the "final five" format used previously. The 3rd season was also unique in that it pitted the contestants of the first two seasons against one another. == Seasons == == Season 1 (2003) == Season one aired in the summer of 2003 and was hosted by Jay Mohr. The winner of the audience-participation final vote in season one was Dat Phan, with 35% of the vote. Other finalists included Ralphie May (28%), Rich Vos (18%), Cory Kahaney (12%), and Tess (7%). Contestants "in the house" who did not make the final five were Geoff Brown, Tere Joyce, Sean Kent, Dave Mordal, and Rob Cantrell. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing SAFE means the comic won the immunity challenge WIN means the comic participated in and won a head-to-head showdown OUT means the comic was the runner-up OUT means the comic lost a head-to-head showdown or viewer vote, and was eliminated == Season 2 (2004) == Season two aired in the summer of 2004, hosted by Jay Mohr. The winner was John Heffron. Alonzo Bodden was the first runner-up, while third place went to Gary Gulman. The other finalists were Ant, Tammy Pescatelli, Bonnie McFarlane, Jay London, Kathleen Madigan, Todd Glass, Chris Voth, and Corey Holcomb. Buck Star, who became infamous for appearing at every LCS audition, first appeared in season two. After being repeatedly rejected by talent scouts Mark and Read, Mark finally acquiesced and allowed Buck to perform in the callback auditions in Tampa (the final audition site of the season). Buck failed to impress the live audience, however, and did not advance further in the competition. After five head-to-head eliminations, a wildcard competition was set up among the five eliminated comics the top voter-getting returning to the competition. Jay London won this competition, but was ultimately eliminated again in the next vote. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing SAFE means the comic won the immunity challenge WIN means the comic participated in and won a head-to-head showdown WIN means the comic won the wildcard and returned to the show OUT means the comic lost a head-to-head showdown or viewer vote, and was eliminated OUT means the comic competed for the wildcard and lost == Season 3 (2004) == While Last Comic Standing Season Two was airing, NBC agreed to produce a third season, which would air during the fall of 2004. Season three, dubbed the "Battle of the Best", consisted of a competition between the final ten comedians from seasons one and two. The grand prize awarded this season was a flat $250,000 (unlike previous seasons' prizes, which included a talent contract and a television special). Alonzo Bodden, the runner-up from Season 2, was the winner and Dave Mordal, the seventh place man from Season 1, was the runner-up. The third place men were John Heffron, the Season 2 winner and Rich Vos, the third place man from Season 1 and Bonnie McFarlane's husband. Season 2's first-eliminated Bonnie McFarlane chose not to participate in this season for unspecified reasons. She was replaced by a finalists judge competition of four comics who made it to the Hawaii round; the winner of that competition was Jessica Kirson, who was eliminated first from season 2. Celebrities appearing in the season were Jeffrey Ross, Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog, Louie Anderson and Carrot Top. Episodes would be shown as 1 hour and the finale was a half-hour long. Season 1 comic Season 2 comic LCS means the comic was the last comic standing OUT means the comic was the runner-up WIN means the comic's team won the $50,000 viewer vote and the comic moved on in the competition IN means the comic's team lost the $50,000 viewer vote and the comic moved on in the competition OUT means the comic's team won the $50,000 viewer vote, but the comic was eliminated OUT means the comic's team lost the $50,000 viewer vote and the comic was eliminated. == Cancellation == Due to lackluster ratings in the third season (falling as low as 74th in the primetime Nielsen ratings), NBC canceled the show before the last episode aired; it aired on Comedy Central instead. == Season 4 (2006) == On May 30, 2006, the show returned to NBC with a two-hour special and a new host, Anthony Clark. Nielsen ratings from Season 4 averaged a 4.4 share (4,848,800 households). Josh Blue, a St. Paul, Minnesota, native who has cerebral palsy, was the Last Comic Standing on the August 9, 2006, conclusion of the contest. Ty Barnett was the runner-up, while third place went to Chris Porter. Other finalists were (in order of placement) Michele Balan, Roz, Kristin Key, Rebecca Corry, Gabriel Iglesias, Joey Gay, Bil Dwyer, April Macie, and Stella Stolper. Additionally, Theo Von won the separate online contest to be the Last Comic Downloaded. Iglesias was disqualified for multiple violations of his contract including using a BlackBerry and became the first in the history of the show to be thrown out of the competition. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing SAFE means the comic won the immunity challenge WIN means the comic participated in and won a head-to-head showdown LOW means the comic was shown as receiving the second-lowest viewer vote total OUT means the comic lost in a head-to-head showdown or viewer vote, and was eliminated DQ means the comic was disqualified for breaking the show's rules == Season 5 (2007) == Last Comic Standing returned for a fifth season in the summer of 2007. Comedian Bill Bellamy hosted the show. The winner got $250,000 along with an NBC Universal contract and a Bravo special. Unlike previous versions, this season featured comics from around the world competing alongside Americans. Auditions were held in London, Montreal, Sydney, Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, San Antonio and Tempe. The fifth season began June 13. This series premiered on British music channel TMF on July 4, 2007. The final ten comics were Lavell Crawford, Jon Reep, Gerry Dee, Amy Schumer, Ralph Harris, Doug Benson, Matt Kirshen, Debra DiGiovanni, Dante, and Gina Yashere. The season finale aired on September 19, 2007 in which Jon Reep was revealed as the winner. Lavell Crawford was the season 5 runner-up. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing SAFE means the comic won the immunity challenge WIN means the comic participated in and won a head-to-head showdown OUT means the comic lost a head-to-head showdown or viewer vote, and was eliminated == Season 6 (2008) == Bill Bellamy once again hosted. British television host Fearne Cotton joined him as co-host. Season 6 semi-final rounds were held and filmed in Las Vegas at the Paris Hotel & Casino. The season finale also aired from Las Vegas. The season premiered on May 22, 2008, and was being shown in Britain on Paramount Comedy. The season finale aired on August 7, 2008 during which Iliza Shlesinger was revealed as the winner, the first and only female to win the title. Marcus was the season 6 runner-up. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing SAFE means the comic won the immunity challenge WIN means the comic participated in and won a head-to-head showdown OUT means the comic lost a head-to-head showdown or viewer vote, and was eliminated == Season 7 (2010) == The seventh season premiered on June 7, 2010, hosted by Craig Robinson. The show was again reworked following a format similar to the one used for Season 3, without a House or Challenges, with voting beginning right after the Semi-Finals. The judges for season 7 were Greg Giraldo, Natasha Leggero, and Andy Kindler. Comedians that have appeared this season include James Adomian, Paula Bel, Claudia Cogan, Alycia Cooper, Ed Bedard, Jim David, Jimmy Dore, Felipe Esparza, Rachel Feinstein, David Feldman, Kirk Fox, Nikki Glaser, Kyle Grooms, Tiffany Haddish, Ryan Hamilton, Michael J. Herbert, Adrienne Iapalucci, Jesse Joyce, Myq Kaplan, Cathy Ladman, Jamie Lee, Jared Logan, Shane Mauss, Amanda Melson, Kurt Metzger, Brian McKim, Christina Pazsitzky, Chip Pope, Jeff Ragsdale, Jerry Rocha, Rajiv Satyal, Jonathan Thymius, Guy Torry, Jason Weems, and Taylor Williamson. The winner was Felipe Esparza. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing OUT means the comic was eliminated based on viewer votes == Season 8 (2014) == Season 8 premiered on May 22, 2014, and consisted of 13 episodes. Roseanne Barr, Keenen Ivory Wayans, and Russell Peters served as the judges with JB Smoove as the host. The winner received $250,000 and an NBC comedy development deal. Eliminated contestants faced off in an online head-to-head competition called the "Comic Comeback", with fans voting via Twitter to bring back a comic to perform on the season finale. Rather than holding open "live" auditions as in previous seasons, the eighth season started with 100 comedians who were invited by an NBC panel, based on reviews of emailed audition submissions. The first four nights of the season were called "Invitationals" featuring 25 comics, with the winning comics from these rounds advancing to the semifinals. Night one and night two both aired in a two-hour block on May 22, 2014. The following comics advanced to the semi-finals on night one: Tracey Ashley, Mark Normand, Dave Landau, Aida Rodriguez, Joe Machi, and Rod Man. On night two, comics advancing to the semi-final round included: Dana Eagle, Nick Guerra, Erin Jackson, Mike Vecchione, Jasper Redd, Lachlan Patterson, Tyree Elaine, and Jimmy Shubert. Night three aired on May 29, during which the following comics advanced to the next round of the competition: Chloe Hilliard, Alingon Mitra, Gerald Kelly, Zainab Johnson, DC Benny, Emily Galati, and Rocky LaPorte. Airing on June 5, the fourth night saw the advancement of Karlous Miller, DeAnne Smith, Nikki Carr, Tommy Ryman, Yamaneika Saunders, Mike Gaffney, and Monroe Martin. In all, 28 of the initial 100 comics advanced to the semi-finals. The semi-finals consisted of two shows of 14 contestants each, with five comics from each episode advancing to the Top Ten. In these rounds, Amy Schumer and executive producer Wanda Sykes appeared in segments where they gave advice to the contestants. Comics advancing through the semi-finals into the Challenge Rounds are shown in the table below. In the Challenge Rounds, the comics attempted to gain immunity from the head-to-head showdown that closed each episode. They participated in challenges that tested their skills in various comic situations. In the sketch comedy challenge (Episode 7), teams of five received advice from comic actress Cheryl Hines, with one entire team being granted immunity. Jay Leno provided advice for the talk show guest challenge (Episode 8), while Ellen DeGeneres hosted the challenge on the set of her show to determine the one comic granted immunity. For the improvisation challenge (Episode 9), Howie Mandel provided advice and one comic was granted immunity. Jeff Ross helped the comics prepare for a roast of Gilbert Gottfried (Episode 10), which determined immunity from the final head-to-head showdown. After the Challenge Rounds, the five finalists competed in the Title Rounds. Here, they would perform a set for the judges, who would then eliminate whoever they felt had the weakest performance. They narrowed down the contestants over three episodes (11, 12 and 13) until they decided on the winner. The finale also included performances by judges Roseanne Barr, Russell Peters, and the winner of the online Comic Comeback poll, Alingon Mitra. Starting with this season, the public did not vote for the Last Comic Standing at any time. The judges decided every elimination, and the final winner. This was done because Sykes decided that the judges would make a better decision than the potential voting public. The eighth season winner was Rod Man. He beat out Nikki Carr and Lachlan Patterson in what turned out to be a double-elimination final set. The judges were supposed to narrow the field down to two contestants following the first sets of the two-hour finale, but could not agree on a weakest performance. Therefore, all three finalists performed another set to determine the winner. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing WIN means the comic won an immunity challenge SAFE means the comic was nominated and won a head-to-head showdown LOW means the comic was the last to advance in a judges' vote OUT means the comic was nominated lost a head-to-head showdown (episodes 7-10) or lost judges' vote (episodes 11-13), and was eliminated SD means the comic was nominated and eliminated in a sudden-death round (1) (1) Joe Machi opposed Monroe Martin in Week 9's head-to-head elimination. Following their sets, the judges remarked that they were "blown away" by the performance of each comic, and could not agree on a winner. They asked each comic to perform two additional minutes, after which they still could not pick a winner. (Judge Russell Peters was heard shouting, "That solved nothing!") The comics were asked to return to the stage again and perform one final joke as a sudden-death showdown, after which Machi was announced as the winner. Following the semi-finals, viewers were asked to vote for the "Comic Comeback", in which a dismissed comic can earn the chance to return and perform a set in the final episode of Season 8. Alingon Mitra beat out the 5 other dismissed contestants to become the Comic Comeback winner. He performed a set in the season finale on August 14. == Season 9 (2015) == NBC renewed Last Comic Standing for a ninth season, which premiered on July 22, 2015. Season 9 was hosted by Anthony Jeselnik; the judges were Keenen Ivory Wayans and Roseanne Barr, returning from the previous season, as well as new judge Norm Macdonald. The top prize, as in the previous season, was $250,000 and an NBC development deal. Season 9 was shorter than any previous season, with only 8 episodes. It eliminated much of the structure of previous seasons, including contestants competing against one another in a variety of challenges, and unstructured interactions between contestants, in favor of a simple series of stand-up performances. As in the previous season, 100 comics were selected by an NBC panel to compete in the Invitationals. There were five rounds of Invitationals, with 20 comics starting each round. Invitationals Part 1 aired in a two-hour block on July 22, and consisted of the first two rounds. The following comics from Round 1 moved on to the semifinals: Taylor Tomlinson, Ian Bagg, Ryan Conner, Ms. Pat, Mehran Khaghani, Moses Storm, DC Ervin and K-Von. Moving on from Round 2 were: Ambrose Jones III, Esther Povitsky, Crystian Ramirez, Bryan Kellen, Kevin Bozeman and Amy Miller. Invitationals Part 2 (Round 3) aired on July 29 and saw the following comics make it to the semifinals: Andy Erikson, Greg Warren, Dominique, Tony Baker, Francisco Ramos, Cyrus McQueen, KT Tatara, Alycia Cooper and Sammy Obeid. Advancing from Invitationals Part 3 (Round 4) that aired August 5 were: Sheng Wang, Joe List, Mike Siegel, Drew Thomas, Andi Smith, Amir Gollan, Brad Loekle and Shakir Standley. The final round of invitationals (Part 4) aired on August 12 and sent the following to the semifinals: Clayton English, Noah Gardenschwarz, Ricarlo Flanagan, Melanie Barchow, Amir K, Lavar Walker, Angelo Tsarukas, Harrison Greenbaum, Mia Jackson and Michael Palascak. Part 1 of the two-part semifinals aired August 19 and saw Taylor Tomlinson, Andy Erikson, Francisco Ramos, Sheng Wang and Clayton English advance the Top 10 finals. In Part 2 of the semifinals, aired on August 26, Ian Bagg, Ryan Conner, Dominique, Joe List and Michael Palascak moved on to the Top 10 finals. On September 2, 2015, the Top 10 comics were paired in head-to-head duels, as follows, and trimmed to five finalists (winners in bold): Michael Palascak vs. Taylor Tomlinson Francisco Ramos vs. Ian Bagg Andy Erikson vs. Ryan Conner Sheng Wang vs. Dominique Clayton English vs. Joe List The finale aired on September 9, 2015. All five remaining finalists performed one set, after which Clayton English was declared the Season 9 winner. LCS means the comic was the last comic standing WIN means the comic participated in and won a head-to-head showdown OUT means the comic lost a head-to-head showdown or judges' vote, and was eliminated == Controversy == During season two, a panel of four celebrity judges was used to shrink the field of 40 semifinalists to ten finalists. The celebrity judges rated each of the semifinalists as they performed, and cast votes for the 10 top comedians. When the ten finalists were announced they did not seem to correspond with the judges' votes, which the judges noticed. Two celebrity judges, comedians Drew Carey and Brett Butler, left the judges' table visibly angry after the finalists were announced. The two were shown backstage arguing with producers. Carey and Butler did not understand how the finalists who were announced could have advanced, given the way the judges had voted. It was revealed that a panel of four producers were also casting votes in the process, assuring that unless all four celebrity judges cast exactly the same ten votes, their voting power could be usurped by the four unanimously agreeing producers. If for some reason all four celebrity judges did cast exactly the same votes, the worst the producers would be faced with was a tie. Upon learning of this, Carey became angry that the producers made it seem he had a deciding vote in the outcome of the show, calling the situation "crooked and dishonest." It was also revealed that some of the finalists who advanced were clients or employees of the producers or directors of the show. According to a March 2004 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article by Gene Collier, some of the competitors in opening rounds were plants hired by the producers to give bad performances on purpose, in order to liven up the auditions on television. Top local agents are usually given a number of specific call times for their clients. The first round of auditions were for a producer early in the morning, and those that were chosen came back for the celebrity judges in the afternoon. Breslin also confirmed that, while only two were shown advancing in the final broadcast, four comics had been initially chosen to advance to the finals. Brian Lazanik, one of the two finalists who did not end up at the Vegas finals, has said that he was also chosen as a finalist in season 5's Toronto auditions, but was similarly cut. Producers for the show called his agent, urging him to try out again for season 6. == Appearances by comics == Angry Bob ("Sirius Radio" and "Opie and Anthony") Arj Barker (Marijuana Logues, Comedy Central Presents, Flight of the Conchords) Bil Dwyer (Battlebots, I've Got a Secret and Comedy Central Presents) Chad Shapiro (MTV's "Yo Momma", LOGO's "Sketch Show") Claire Hooper (Good News Week) Dan Cummins (Comedy Central Presents) Dan Levy (The Reality Show and Your Face or Mine?) Dave Mordal (Wreckreation Nation with Dave Mordal) Doug Benson (Marijuana Logues, Best Week Ever, Comedy Central Presents, Super High Me) Fiona O'Loughlin Gabriel Iglesias (All That and Comedy Central Presents) Gary Gulman (Comedy Central Presents and Tourgasm) Gerry Dee (Trailer Park Boys: The Movie) Gilbert Gottfried Gina Yashere Harland Williams (RocketMan, Half Baked, Premium Blend, Comedy Central Presents) Iliza Shlesinger (The Soup) James Cunningham (Comedy Central Presents) Jim Norton (Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Opie and Anthony, Lucky Louie and Tourgasm) Jimmy Pardo (Conan) Joe DeVito (Comedy Central's Live at Gotham, Fox News Channel's Red Eye) Joel McHale (The Soup, Community) John Heffron (season two's winner) Jon Reep (Premium Blend, Comedy Central Presents, Bandits vs. Smokies, Dodge Ram Hemi commercials, Rodney) Josh Blue (Mind of Mencia, Comedy Central Presents) Josh Thomas (Talkin' 'bout your Generation, GNW) Kathleen Madigan (Comedy Central Presents) Larry Reeb (Bob & Tom Show) Lavell Crawford (Breaking Bad, Comedy Central Presents) Marc Price (Family Ties) Nikki Payne (Muchmusic's Video On Trial, CTV's Comedy INC, The Comedy Network's Buzz) Pablo Francisco (Comedy Central Presents, MadTV) Ralph Harris (On Our Own, Bob & Tom Show) Ralphie May (Girth of a nation, Prime Cut, Austintatious.) Rich Vos (Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Comedy Central Presents, Opie and Anthony) Rob Little (The Best Damn Sports Show Period, Last Call with Carson Daly, Strictly Sex with Dr. Drew, and won $25,000 on CBS's Fire Me...Please) Seán Cullen (CBC's The Seán Cullen Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Comedy Central Presents, Ellen's Really Big Show) Stephen Kramer Glickman (Big Time Rush) Thea Vidale (Thea) Theo Von (Road Rules) Ryan Belleville (Comedy Central Presents) Ryan Hamilton (Comedy Central Live at Gotham) Taylor Williamson Todd Glass (Comedy Central Presents, Tosh.0) Tom Cotter (Comedy Central Presents)1

0.1800

Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation<EOT>1

Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation

The Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation (formerly known as the KID Foundation) is a registered 501(c)3, nonprofit organization dedicated to research in 1979, education and advocacy for Sensory Processing Disorder. The Foundation was founded in 1979 by Dr. Lucy Jane Miller who serves as the Foundation's Executive Director. The foundation was funded by U.S. Public Health Service division of Maternal and Child Health (MCH). The Foundation is based in Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. The Wallace Research Foundation was attracted by the foundation in 1995 and helped fund the development of a psychophysiology research laboratory to study SPD. Currently, the Foundation is leading the effort to get Sensory Processing Disorder added to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Children with Sensory Processing Disorder are under responsive. They tend not to respond to input, and may be withdrawn or seem to be in their own world.

The Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation (formerly known as the KID Foundation) is a registered 501(c)3, nonprofit organization dedicated to research in 1979, education and advocacy for Sensory Processing Disorder. The Foundation was founded in 1979 by Dr. Lucy Jane Miller who serves as the Foundation's Executive Director. The foundation was funded by U.S. Public Health Service division of Maternal and Child Health (MCH). The Foundation is based in Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. The Wallace Research Foundation was attracted by the foundation in 1995 and helped fund the development of a psychophysiology research laboratory to study SPD. Currently, the Foundation is leading the effort to get Sensory Processing Disorder added to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Children with Sensory Processing Disorder are under responsive. They tend not to respond to input, and may be withdrawn or seem to be in their own world. == Services and programs == The Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation offers many services and programs, including mentorship opportunities, as well as online resources, classes and webinars. These programs are designed for professional, parents, and are offered to anyone that is interested in learning more about sensory challenges and potential solutions. Page text. == SPD University == The Sensory Processing Disorder University was developed by the SPD Foundation to provide e-Learning opportunities for anyone wishing to learn more about the disorder. They offer multiple online courses for purchase that feature videos of children during treatment, strategies for intervention, and real-life parents stories. All courses are eligible for Continuing Education Units (CEUs) from the American Occupational Therapy Association == Resources == The Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation offers a wealth of sensory processing disorder resources; including current research, news, articles and reports, links to parent connection groups, as well as advocacy information and supporting flyers. Page text. == Treatment directory == The Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation offers help finding service providers. Intended to assist individuals and families in locating professionals that may help serve important needs, the options range from dentists to occupational therapists, among many others. Page text.1

0.1801

Fire Station No. 15 (Tacoma, Washington)<EOT>1

Fire Station No. 15 (Tacoma, Washington)

Fire Station No. 15 is a fire station located in Tacoma, Washington listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by Tacoma architect, M. J. Nicholson, in 1928.1

Fire Station No. 15 is a fire station located in Tacoma, Washington listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by Tacoma architect, M. J. Nicholson, in 1928.1

0.1802

Leisure World, Maryland<EOT>1

Leisure World, Maryland

Leisure World is a census-designated place and unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is an age-restricted, gated development primarily inhabited by retirees. It was formerly known as the Rossmoor census-designated place for the 2000 census, at which time it had a population of 7,569.

Leisure World is a census-designated place and unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is an age-restricted, gated development primarily inhabited by retirees. It was formerly known as the Rossmoor census-designated place for the 2000 census, at which time it had a population of 7,569. == History == == Development == In 1963, developer Ross Cortese applied for a zoning amendment in order to build a 1,000-acre community of semi-detached homes, townhouses, and apartment buildings south of Norbeck, Maryland. Cortese's company had acquired the option to buy the 1,000 acres of land, formerly known as the Nash tract, for $5,000,000, and Cortese expected it would cost another $750,000 to build the development according to the plans. The development would be restricted to residents who are at least 52 years old. Cortese planned to build clubhouses, a swimming pool, riding stables, an auditorium, a shopping center, medical facilities, a hotel for guests, an 18-hole golf course, and an 8-acre lake at the site. Sixty-five percent of the area would be undeveloped green space. The entire site would be surrounded by a wall, and full-time security guards would restrict access. According to the plans, co-op homes would be available for between $15,000 and $18,000, payable with a $1,000 down payment and monthly payments thereafter of between $140 and $180. Cortese had already built Rossmore Leisure World at Seal Beach, California, in 1961, and he was then building Leisure World Laguna Hills in Laguna Hills, California, and another Leisure World in Walnut Creek, California. The Montgomery County Council approved the zoning amendment by a vote of 3 to 1, with 3 other members abstaining. The one dissenting council member was Kathryn E. Diggs, who said she was skeptical that the development would be economically successful. Local citizen groups opposed building the development because they preferred the area to remain zoned for low-density development. The Council had been planning to extend Connecticut Avenue through the area, but the Council put that action on hold because of the proposed development. Within a few months, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission approved 28,000 feet of water and sewer lines for the development. The architecture firm of Collins & Kronstadt designed the housing units and the community buildings. Thurman D. Donavan designed the landscaping, which received an award by the industrial landscaping committee of the American Association of Nurserymen in November 1966. A large rotating globe was installed at the front gate. Leisure World's sales office and model homes opened in August 1965; Loy Sigmon was the interior designer of the original seven model homes. J. Robert Conybeare served as general sales manager, and Angus T. Johnson was named the first administrator of the community. The community was marketed to people who wanted to stay active while living there. While residence was restricted to people at least 52 years old (later reduced to 50 years old), proof of age was not originally required. Leisure World allowed people of all races to live in the community. The community facilities were held in trust by the Foundation of Leisure World, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, with former Under Secretary of the Navy Kenneth E. BeLieu as its first president. Homes were sold a co-ops, with prices starting at $15,000 and ongoing monthly maintenance payments of at least $85. Within six months, 400 home units had been pre-sold. == Shopping center == Plans for Leisure World's 100,000-square-foot shopping center were announced in October 1965. The plan was to sell 9,200 residential units within five years, enough space for approximately 15,640 people to live. Commercial eases were signed with Safeway, Peoples Drug Stores, Hot Shoppes cafeteria-style restaurant, and Maryland National Bank for space at the adjoining shopping center. The Interfaith Meeting House broke ground on October 22, 1965, with plans for a capacity for 500 people. == First residents == The first residents moved in on August 15, 1965. The community held a welcoming ceremony at the eighteenth hole of the golf course for the first residents. The first residents lived in twelve units on Gleneagles Drive. The first nine holes of the golf course had been open since June 1, 1966. == Slowdown on sales == In early 1967, Leisure World changed its marketing focus from that of a retirement community to that of a country club community for adults. Sales of units at Leisure World were suspended in September 1967 after a tight mortgage market significantly increased prices and lower than expected interest. Sales resumed on January 1, 1968. Sales were still slow, the developer's carrying costs on the remaining vacant land were large, and the state of Maryland had prohibited further development in the area until a new sewage treatment plant was built, all of which temporarily prevented additional construction. The developer said it would need to develop the remaining vacant land eventually, as the additional residents were needed in order to support the common facilities by way of monthly maintenance fees. In October 1974, Leisure World canceled the sales contracts for 480 semidetached homes and low-rise apartments because inflation had increased construction costs and it was no longer certain when the units would actually be built. Five months later, Leisure World offered the units for sale again at increased prices. In September 1976, the developer agreed to build the 300,000-gallon wastewater treatment plant. Almost one year later, the developer sued the state of Maryland, saying Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission failed to complete a 1965 contract to provide water and sewer connections to the area because the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene had ordered a halt to sewer connections in 1973. The developer also said it was strong-armed into building a sewage treatment facility by the Montgomery County government in order to avoid significant financial losses. John E. Byrne, Jr., manager of Leisure World, agreed to buy Leisure World from Ross Coriese in August 1968, but the sale was not completed. In April 1969, Crane Company agreed to buy Leisure World from Coriese. That agreement was broken four months later by mutual consent. In February 1970, Zero Manufacturing Company agreed to buy Rossmore Corporation, the developer of Leisure World. == Fires == On March 1, 1968, there was a fire in a model two-story townhouse on Gleneagles Drive at Leisure World. Approximately 100 firefighters reported to the fire. The fire caused damage to four townhouses, estimated at $100,000. There was one injury; Chief Sidney Bailey of Sandy Spring Fire Department was treated for burns to the eye. A fire killed a woman in her home on Chiswick Court in October 1969. In May 1976, there was a fire in a three-story apartment building on Glen Eagle Drive. One-hundred firefighters reported to the fire. The only injury was a firefighter with a broken thumb. The fire destroyed twelve homes, and those twelve families had to move in with friends and families. Leisure World asked Montgomery County for approval to reduce its resident age limit from 50 to 40 years old, but Montgomery County disapproved the change. On August 12, 1968, Leisure World asked Montgomery County Planning Board to remove the age limit altogether, but the Montgomery County Planning Board disapproved the change. On August 23, 1968, Leisure World made another request to drop the age limit for almost half the land, and Montgomery County Planning Board disapproved the request again. Montgomery County Planning Board had agreed to change the land's zoning from low density to higher density on the condition that all residents would be of age 50 or older and, in a vote of 4-to-1, Montgomery County Planning Board would not let Leisure World out of its agreement. On December 31, 1968, the Montgomery County Council voted to allow the change to the age limit for about 40 percent of the land, despite the objections by the Montgomery County Planning Board. A part of the negotiation, Leisure World agreed to develop the unrestricted portion of land as a separate development. In February 1971, three families living nearby filed a lawsuit to prevent construction of about 2,500 homes. The plaintiffs contended that the population of the 2,500 homes without age restrictions would be much larger than originally intended because many of the units would be occupied by families. The plaintiffs said that the additional residents would cause an increase in public service costs and a decrease in their property values. == Geography == As an unincorporated area, Leisure World's boundaries are not officially defined, but are unofficially defined by a fence around the community. Leisure World is, however, recognized by the United States Census Bureau as a census-designated place, and by the United States Geological Survey as a populated place located at 39°6′14″N 77°4′16″W (39.103825, -77.070982). According to the United States Census Bureau, the place has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km²), all land. == Demographics == == 2015 == Of the population between 2011 and 2015, 23% speak a language other than English at home. As of 2015, of people age 25 or older, 92% had graduated high school, and 46% had earned a bachelor's degree. Of residents age 16 or older, 26% were working in the civilian labor force. Their mean travel time to work was 33 minutes. The median household income was $53,175. Of the population, 7% were below the poverty level. == 2010 == As of the census of 2010, there were 8,749 people living in 5,803 households in the area. The average household size was 1.57. The population density was 7,997 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the area was 75% White, 17% African American, 0.1% Native American, 4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7% of the population. 71% were white and not Hispanic or Latino. The population included 1,444 veterans. Foreign-born persons consisted of 23% of the population. In the area the population was spread out with 4.5% under the age of 18, 22.6% from age 18 to 64, and 72.9% who were 65 years of age or older. Of the population, 62.5% were female. == 2000 == As of the census of 2000, there were 7,569 people, 4,857 households, and 1,792 families residing in the area. The population density was 6,918.0 people per square mile (2,681.1/km²). There were 5,347 housing units at an average density of 4,887.1/sq mi (1,894.0/km²). The racial makeup of the area was 83.15% White, 11.57% African American, 0.04% Native American, 1.74% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.81% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.43% of the population. There were 4,857 households out of which 3.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.4% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 63.1% were non-families. 61.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 56.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.53 and the average family size was 2.33. In the area the population was spread out with 5.2% under the age of 18, 1.8% from 18 to 24, 6.8% from 25 to 44, 9.7% from 45 to 64, and 76.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 77 years. For every 100 females there were 52.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 50.9 males. The median income for a household in the area was $45,945, and the median income for a family was $63,773. Males had a median income of $54,408 versus $36,038 for females. The per capita income for the area was $37,761. About 1.0% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over.1

0.1803

Bilqees Sarwar Foundation<EOT>1

Bilqees Sarwar Foundation

The Bilqees Sarwar Foundation (BSF) is a registered foundation based in Lahore, Pakistan, which provides public health and education support to the local community as well as around the world. It was established by the Sarwar family, and cooperates with NRS International, a Dubai-based disaster relief supplier with a manufacturing facility in Pakistan.

The Bilqees Sarwar Foundation (BSF) is a registered foundation based in Lahore, Pakistan, which provides public health and education support to the local community as well as around the world. It was established by the Sarwar family, and cooperates with NRS International, a Dubai-based disaster relief supplier with a manufacturing facility in Pakistan. == Public Health Initiatives == == Razia Begum Dialysis Centre at Bilqees Sarwar Hospital == The Bilqees Sarwar Hospital (BSH) provides the employees of the HSNDS factory, their family, and patients in Pakistan with free and subsidized healthcare; this includes 50 dialysis machines to use without a cost and free eye-care treatments ranging from laser vision correction to minor surgeries. Since its inception, the hospital has served a community of 500,000 citizens and treats up to 3,000 eye patients per month. The hospital offers a range of other services, including: Ophthalmology Complete lab testing facility Consulting general practitioner Ultrasound Electrocardiography (ECG) Pharmacy In June, 2016 BSF established Razia Begum Dialysis Centre (RBDC) near Kahna, to treat patients suffering from kidney disease free of charge. The centre provides free dialysis to up to 4,500 patients on a monthly basis, and has provided 5,792 dialysis treatment to date. == Mobile Clinic in Syrian Refugee Camps == BSF has supported Alseeraj for Development and Healthcare in order for it to continue its mobile medical clinic in Syrian refugee camps in eastern Lebanon. == Mayo Hospital Renovations == BSF has donated to several departments of Mayo Hospital in Punjab, Pakistan: Neurology Ward East Medical Ward (Male) East Medical Ward (Female) Nephrology Ward == Education Initiatives == == Scholarship Programmes == BSF has granted 77 scholarships worth USD 33,398 to students at the Customs Public School in Lahore. The scholarship programme supports young students from the age of 3 to 13. BSF has also donated USD 11,450 in the form of 40 scholarships to Sanjan Nagar Public Education Trust for impoverished students. BSF also partnered with The City School in Lahore to sponsor the 7th Annual City School Model United Nations Conference. == Bilqees Camp of Hope in Syria == The Bilqees Sarwar Foundation's parent company, NRS International, joined the Global Business Coalition for Education to extend their support towards the education of Syrian refugee children. NRS International, through BSF, has donated multi-purpose tents to serve as temporary learning spaces and homes for children to learn and live in. == Humanitarian Assistance == == Nepal Disaster Relief == In April 2015, when a devastating earthquake hit Nepal, NRS International, through BSF, provided over 400 core relief items and solar products to Nepalese earthquake victims.1

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Bruno Ahlberg<EOT>1

Bruno Ahlberg

Bruno Valfrid Ahlberg (born 23 April 1911 – 9 February 1966) was a Finnish boxer who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1932 he became the first Finnish boxer to win an Olympic medal, a bronze in the welterweight division. Four years later he lost his first bout in the middleweight competition. Alhberg first competed nationally in ski jumping and swimming. He then changed to boxing and won the national titles in 1932 and 1933, placing second in 1935. After the 1936 Olympics he turned professional and had series of matches in South Africa (1937), United States (1939) and Europe (1938 and 1940–41). He retired in 1941 with a record of 11 wins, 8 losses and 6 draws. In 2008 he was inducted into to the Finnish Boxing Hall of Fame.1

Bruno Valfrid Ahlberg (born 23 April 1911 – 9 February 1966) was a Finnish boxer who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1932 he became the first Finnish boxer to win an Olympic medal, a bronze in the welterweight division. Four years later he lost his first bout in the middleweight competition. Alhberg first competed nationally in ski jumping and swimming. He then changed to boxing and won the national titles in 1932 and 1933, placing second in 1935. After the 1936 Olympics he turned professional and had series of matches in South Africa (1937), United States (1939) and Europe (1938 and 1940–41). He retired in 1941 with a record of 11 wins, 8 losses and 6 draws. In 2008 he was inducted into to the Finnish Boxing Hall of Fame.1

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Before and After (film)<EOT>1

Before and After (film)

Before and After is a 1996 American crime drama-mystery film based on the 1992 novel of the same title by American writer Rosellen Brown. The movie was directed by Barbet Schroeder and starred Meryl Streep as Dr. Carolyn Ryan, Liam Neeson as Ben Ryan, Edward Furlong as Jacob Ryan, and Julia Weldon as Judith Ryan (who also narrated the movie).

Before and After is a 1996 American crime drama-mystery film based on the 1992 novel of the same title by American writer Rosellen Brown. The movie was directed by Barbet Schroeder and starred Meryl Streep as Dr. Carolyn Ryan, Liam Neeson as Ben Ryan, Edward Furlong as Jacob Ryan, and Julia Weldon as Judith Ryan (who also narrated the movie). == Plot == In a small western Massachusetts town, Dr. Carolyn Ryan and her sculptor husband Ben live with their two children Jacob and Judith. Their world is shattered when Sheriff Fran Conklin tells them that Martha Taverner has been killed and witnesses saw Jacob with her just before she died. When he asks to speak with Jacob, the family realizes that he's not in his room as they thought. Conklin asks to look at Jacob's car, but Ben refuses. When Conklin asks Judith where Jacob is, Ben demands the sheriff get a warrant. When Conklin leaves, Ben inspects Jacob's car, finding clothes and a car jack with blood on them. He burns the clothes and cleans the jack before the police return. When he tells Carolyn what he has done, she is afraid that Ben may have destroyed evidence that could help them find Jacob, as she is fearful that a maniac may have killed both Martha and her son. The Ryans plaster the town with signs trying to find Jacob, but the town ostracizes them, assuming Jacob is a murderer. Postcards start to arrive from Jacob. Over the course of five weeks, he sends postcards from all over the country. Carolyn is convinced that he's been kidnapped and wants to alert the police. Ben remains wary of disclosing anything, insisting they must keep the postcards a secret. Eventually Jacob is caught and brought back home to stand trial. For the first several days, he is catatonic, only speaking aloud to enter his plea at the arraignment. He speaks to Judith in their treehouse when she asks him if he really traveled all over the country. He explained that he would take the train to the Boston airport once a week and press the postcards on people who were headed to the cities on the cards. He would explain that he had just returned from a vacation there but forgotten to mail the postcards to his parents, and he did not want them to think he'd forgotten them. The travelers would mail the cards for him when they arrived at their destination. The family receives a harassing phone call from one of the townspeople. Ben playfully toys with the caller, but offers an impassioned defense of his son. Touched by his father's sincerity, Jacob opens up and explains what happened. He had been fighting with Martha when she revealed that she was pregnant, in addition to the fact that she had been sleeping with several other boys. They made up, but while they made love in Jacob's car, they got snowed in. Unable to free the car through a variety of methods, they decided to try to jack one end of the car up while they packed snow under the other end. Their fight reignited and got violent. Martha swung a crowbar at Jacob and missed him by an inch. He charged at her, knocking her to the ground. She landed face first on the jack and was killed. Ben decides that it is best to not reveal the truth. He coaches Jacob on a different version of the story, which they tell to their lawyer, but the plan goes awry when Ben is deposed by the grand jury and realizes that there is no father-son privilege which exempts him from testifying. When Carolyn is called to testify, she reveals the truth. Jacob's lawyer is incensed, but he explains that he will simply treat Carolyn as a hostile witness and her testimony will amount to hearsay, since it conflicts with Jacob's account of the events. When Ben discovers what Carolyn has done, he is furious. A family argument ensues and in the morning, Jacob is missing again. He turns up at the police station, where he has given a full confession. As a minor, he needs his parents to sign his confession. Ben refuses, explaining that he could never sign anything that took Jacob away from him. Jacob is sentenced to five years for involuntary manslaughter, but is released after only 2 years with probation, and Ben is sentenced to almost one year for his cover up. The family relocates to Miami. == Soundtrack == Main Title (4:01) Searching for Clues (1:55) Destroying Evidence (3:04) Looking for Jacob (2:07) First Postcard (1:48) Dr. Ryan (0:51) Apprehended (3:12) Preliminary Hearing (1:04) Ben & Carolyn (1:27) Tree House (2:55) The Confession (4:49) The Grand Jury (1:46) Carolyn (2:11) It's Your Fault (1:54) The Truth (1:41) Jacob's Gone (2:00) Before And After (4:16) == Reception == Before and After received mixed to negative reviews from critics, as it currently holds a 32% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews. The movie was a box office flop, grossing only $8.8 million in ticket sales. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said, "Before and After is a long, slow slog through a story about a family crisis that is largely the fault of the family itself — especially the hot-tempered but loving father, who makes a series of crucial mistakes. It's one of those movies where you want to call out helpful advice to the screen, which would save the characters a lot of trouble."1

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Agri Decumates<EOT>1

Agri Decumates

The Agri Decumates or Decumates Agri were a region of the Roman Empire's provinces of Germania superior ("Upper Germania") and Raetia; covering the Black Forest, Swabian Jura, and Franconian Jura areas between the Rhine, Main, and Danube rivers; in present southwestern Germany, including present Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Freiburg im Breisgau, and Weißenburg in Bayern. The only ancient reference to the name comes from Tacitus' book Germania (chapter 29). However the later geographer Claudius Ptolemy does mention "the desert of the Helvetians" in this area. The meaning of Decumates is lost and has been the subject of much contention. According to the English Classicist Michael Grant, the word probably refers to an ancient Celtic term indicating the political division of the area into "ten cantons." Another theory is that the term implies that a tithe was paid by residents living in this country. According to Tacitus, the region was originally populated by the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii, but soon Germanic and Gaulish settlers arrived. Tacitus writes that: I should not reckon among the German tribes the cultivators of the tithe-lands [agri decimates], although they are settled on the further side of the Rhine and Danube. Reckless adventurers from Gaul, emboldened by want, occupied this land of questionable ownership. After a while, our frontier having been advanced, and our military positions pushed forward, it was regarded as a remote nook of our empire and a part of a Roman province. Under the Flavian and later emperors, Romans took control and settled the region. They built a road network for military communications and movements, and improved protection from invading tribes using the re-entrant region to penetrate into Roman Gaul provinces. Frontier fortifications (Limes) were constructed along a line running Rheinbrohl—Arnsburg—Inheiden—Schierenhof—Gunzenhausen—Pförring (Limes Germanicus). The larger Roman settlements were Sumolecenna (Rottenburg am Neckar), Civitas Aurelia Aquensis (Baden-Baden), Lopodunum (Ladenburg). and Arae Flaviae (Rottweil). Romans controlled the Agri Decumates region until the mid-3rd century, when the emperor Gallienus (259-260) evacuated it before the invading Alemanni and the secession of much of the Western Roman Empire under the "usurper and ruler" Postumus. The Emperor Aurelian (AD 270-275) may have had the region briefly reoccupied during the Roman resurgence of the late 3rd century under the so-called "military" emperors. Even if this did occur, re-establishment of Roman rule was brief. After the Emperor Probus' death (282), the region was finally given up and the Alemanni took control. Germanic peoples have continuously inhabited the region since then. However, Roman settlements were not immediately abandoned. There is evidence the Roman way of life continued well into the 5th century, much as Roman patterns continued in neighboring Gaul long after the Western Roman Empire's collapse. J. G. F. Hind has suggested the former Roman inhabitants of the Agri Decumates were to be found from the later 3rd to the 5th centuries in the Decem Pagi— also "ten cantons"— having transferred west of the Rhine, to the region between the Rhine and the Saar, between Mainz and Metz.1

The Agri Decumates or Decumates Agri were a region of the Roman Empire's provinces of Germania superior ("Upper Germania") and Raetia; covering the Black Forest, Swabian Jura, and Franconian Jura areas between the Rhine, Main, and Danube rivers; in present southwestern Germany, including present Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Freiburg im Breisgau, and Weißenburg in Bayern. The only ancient reference to the name comes from Tacitus' book Germania (chapter 29). However the later geographer Claudius Ptolemy does mention "the desert of the Helvetians" in this area. The meaning of Decumates is lost and has been the subject of much contention. According to the English Classicist Michael Grant, the word probably refers to an ancient Celtic term indicating the political division of the area into "ten cantons." Another theory is that the term implies that a tithe was paid by residents living in this country. According to Tacitus, the region was originally populated by the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii, but soon Germanic and Gaulish settlers arrived. Tacitus writes that: I should not reckon among the German tribes the cultivators of the tithe-lands [agri decimates], although they are settled on the further side of the Rhine and Danube. Reckless adventurers from Gaul, emboldened by want, occupied this land of questionable ownership. After a while, our frontier having been advanced, and our military positions pushed forward, it was regarded as a remote nook of our empire and a part of a Roman province. Under the Flavian and later emperors, Romans took control and settled the region. They built a road network for military communications and movements, and improved protection from invading tribes using the re-entrant region to penetrate into Roman Gaul provinces. Frontier fortifications (Limes) were constructed along a line running Rheinbrohl—Arnsburg—Inheiden—Schierenhof—Gunzenhausen—Pförring (Limes Germanicus). The larger Roman settlements were Sumolecenna (Rottenburg am Neckar), Civitas Aurelia Aquensis (Baden-Baden), Lopodunum (Ladenburg). and Arae Flaviae (Rottweil). Romans controlled the Agri Decumates region until the mid-3rd century, when the emperor Gallienus (259-260) evacuated it before the invading Alemanni and the secession of much of the Western Roman Empire under the "usurper and ruler" Postumus. The Emperor Aurelian (AD 270-275) may have had the region briefly reoccupied during the Roman resurgence of the late 3rd century under the so-called "military" emperors. Even if this did occur, re-establishment of Roman rule was brief. After the Emperor Probus' death (282), the region was finally given up and the Alemanni took control. Germanic peoples have continuously inhabited the region since then. However, Roman settlements were not immediately abandoned. There is evidence the Roman way of life continued well into the 5th century, much as Roman patterns continued in neighboring Gaul long after the Western Roman Empire's collapse. J. G. F. Hind has suggested the former Roman inhabitants of the Agri Decumates were to be found from the later 3rd to the 5th centuries in the Decem Pagi— also "ten cantons"— having transferred west of the Rhine, to the region between the Rhine and the Saar, between Mainz and Metz.1

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The Scapegoat (2012 film)<EOT>Worst Aid: Whip twice uses cocaine as a hangover cure after heavy nights of drinking. The health hazards of putting so many substances into your body notwithstanding, cocaine's effects on relieving a hangover are pretty short term . Realistically, Whip would fall back into a daze after 15 to 30 minutes, but aside from one mention of a later offscreen snort at the climax, he's sharp-minded and steady again for the rest of the day each time. <doc-sep> Andy Harries, Left Bank Pictures: “Few comics have had such a lasting influence on UK culture as Tommy Cooper . The man was a comedy giant who spent his final years juggling his hugely successful public persona with a private passion for two women. Just like that.” 1

The Scapegoat (2012 film)

The Scapegoat is a British film adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's 1957 novel of the same name. The drama is written and directed by Charles Sturridge and stars Matthew Rhys as lookalike characters John Standing and Johnny Spence. It was broadcast on ITV on 9 September 2012. The novel was first adapted into film in 1959 by director Robert Hamer, with Sir Alec Guinness playing the parts of John Barratt and Jacques de Gué.

The Scapegoat is a British film adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's 1957 novel of the same name. The drama is written and directed by Charles Sturridge and stars Matthew Rhys as lookalike characters John Standing and Johnny Spence. It was broadcast on ITV on 9 September 2012. The novel was first adapted into film in 1959 by director Robert Hamer, with Sir Alec Guinness playing the parts of John Barratt and Jacques de Gué. == Plot == There are significant differences between this adaptation and the original novel. Whereas the action of the novel takes place in France, this screen version is set in the UK in 1952 as Britain prepares for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Teacher John Standing, who has just lost his job, meets his doppelgänger Johnny Spence, a failed businessman, in a hotel. Standing is encouraged by Spence to get drunk and the next morning wakes without his clothes and wallet and with Spence gone. Collected by George, the chauffeur to the Spence family, he has difficulty explaining himself and is taken to the family's grand home. He is quickly drawn into family and business affairs and is forced to deal with Spence's business problems and the women in his life: his wife, mother, sister, young daughter, and two mistresses (Spence's sister-in-law Nina, and Bela, a French artist who lives in the nearby town). The family glass business is failing, and Standing staves off the inevitable by pretending to have signed a contract with a major customer. He finds that Spence's younger brother, Paul, is capable but lacking in confidence, whilst his sister, Blanche, hates Johnny, whom she blames for the suicide of her close friend. Standing discovers that the only money available to save the business is a trust fund belonging to Spence's neglected wife, Frances, but the trust pays out only if Frances has a male heir or she predeceases her husband. Spence, curious as to what is going on in his absence, returns to the house to retrieve his gun and sees Standing sleeping with Frances. Astonished, he uses their (John and Frances') improved relationship to his advantage. While Standing is out at a shooting party lunch with the rest of the family, Spence manipulates Frances into taking an overdose of morphine so that he can claim the trust fund and save the glass business. She willingly submits, sacrificing herself to save her family. Her daughter, "Piglet," sees them together and confronts Standing, still mistaking him for her father. Standing rushes to the house to find Frances barely alive; he revives her with help from Charlotte, Spence's mother's caretaker. Standing confronts Spence at the glass foundry. Spence offers him a share of the money, but Standing refuses, so Spence forces him at gunpoint to exchange clothing, planning to kill him and dispose of his body in the foundry. A struggle ensues, and Spence is killed. Standing returns to the house, intending to disappear, but is dissuaded by Charlotte, who has seen through him. In the final scene, Standing is seen with the Spence family, including a pregnant Frances, watching the Coronation on a newly acquired television set. This ending differs completely from the novel. == Cast == Matthew Rhys as John Standing/Johnny Spence Eileen Atkins as Lady Spence, Spence's mother Alice Orr-Ewing as Frances, Spence's wife Andrew Scott as Paul, Spence's brother Sheridan Smith as Nina, Spence's sister in law Jodhi May as Blanche, Spence's sister Eloise Webb as Mary Lou, Spence's young daughter Sylvie Testud as Bela, Spence's mistress Anton Lesser as Father McRready Pip Torrens as George, chauffeur Phoebe Nicholls as Charlotte, housekeeper == Production == The Scapegoat is the first film production for Sarah Beardsall and Dominic Minghella's production company, Island Pictures. Filming on The Scapegoat began in London in November 2011. Location filming for the film was carried out mainly at Knebworth House in Hertfordshire. == Home media release == A region 2 DVD was released on 10 September 2012.1

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WOCL<EOT>It’s here! The ALL NEW RADIO.COM app. Download now & listen to @1059SUNNYFM . Anytime. Anywhere.… twitter.com/i/web/status/9… 3 hours ago 1

WOCL

WOCL (105.9 FM) is a Classic Hits formatted broadcast radio station in Orlando, Florida, owned by CBS Radio. The station airs a classic hits format, focusing on music from 1970 (with a few songs per day from the 1960s) to 1989 with the core being the late 1970s and 1980s with even some 1990s. It is similar to the format used by sister station WCBS-FM in New York. Its studios are located in Maitland and the transmitter tower is in Orange City. The station can be heard not only in the Orlando area, but also as far away as the Space Coast in Brevard County, and the eastern shores of Central Florida. To the North, the station can be heard up to Jacksonville. Sunny can also be heard as far west as the Nature Coast of Citrus and Hernando Counties. Sunny FM is also one of the few Orlando stations to cover Ocala with a decent signal.

WOCL (105.9 FM) is a Classic Hits formatted broadcast radio station in Orlando, Florida, owned by CBS Radio. The station airs a classic hits format, focusing on music from 1970 (with a few songs per day from the 1960s) to 1989 with the core being the late 1970s and 1980s with even some 1990s. It is similar to the format used by sister station WCBS-FM in New York. Its studios are located in Maitland and the transmitter tower is in Orange City. The station can be heard not only in the Orlando area, but also as far away as the Space Coast in Brevard County, and the eastern shores of Central Florida. To the North, the station can be heard up to Jacksonville. Sunny can also be heard as far west as the Nature Coast of Citrus and Hernando Counties. Sunny FM is also one of the few Orlando stations to cover Ocala with a decent signal. == History == The first format on the 105.9 FM frequency was Country, which signed on from DeLand in 1965 with the callsign WOOO, which would change to WDLF three years later. It was sold in 1977 and re-branded as WELE-FM as a sister station of WELE in South Daytona, Florida. In 1986, the format was shifted to Oldies and the callsign changed to WOCL. Initially called "Class 105.9", it was renamed "Cool 105.9" in February 1988. On April 8, 1999, the Oldies format was moved to WSHE at 100.3 and called "Cool 100". (That station would eventually be reformatted to Latin pop and become "Rumba 100.3" with new call letters WRUM.) 105.9, meanwhile, was changed to "Jammin' Oldies", a fad-type format at the time, and re-branded "Power 105.9". In 2000, as part of AMFM Media's merger with Clear Channel, WOCL was sold off to Infinity Broadcasting (now known as CBS Radio). By this time, the Jammin' Oldies format had entered a period of decline. On October 31, 2000, the station fired its on-air staff and began stunting with Halloween-themed music and liners stating, "You're listening to WOCL 105.9. Listen today at noon.... or die." At Noon, WOCL became Alternative rock, "O-Rock 105.9." The first song was Foo Fighters' "Learn to Fly." Between October 31, 2000, and January 4, 2008, the station played modern rock. During this time, they were also noted for airing the Howard Stern morning show and also the Mr. Burgess prank calls. Two talk shows, The Morning After Show and The Jody & Scott Show were turned into music-only shows in mid-2007. == Stunting and 2008 format change == Without warning, at 9:00 A.M. on January 4, 2008, after playing Down by 311, WOCL dismissed its on-air staff and began stunting with Bill Drake's The History of Rock & Roll program. During this time, WOCL's webpage displayed a banner with pictures revolving between country music stars, classical figures such as Beethoven, smooth jazz icons such as Kenny G, and sports icons. At 12:40 P.M. on January 10, 2008, the station began playing a year-by-year montage of snippets of popular culture (including movies, commercials, and of course, hit music) and news stories covering the years from 1965 to 1989. This montage was similar to the one played by WCBS-FM in New York when they relaunched their oldies/classic hits format on July 12, 2007, and almost exactly the same one that would be used by classic hits convert WJMK in Chicago on March 14, 2011. At 1:05:09 P.M., the station re-launched with a Classic hits format, branded as "Sunny 105.9". It features a playlist and imaging that closely resembles that of WCBS-FM in New York. The first song played on "Sunny 105.9" was That's The Way I Like It by Hialeah group KC and the Sunshine Band. The shift left WJRR as Orlando's only alternative rock station, although WJRR transitioned back to active rock in 2011 because of panel changes on Nielsen BDS. "O-Rock 105.9" would return as an HD2 channel in April 2008, restoring its modern rock format. In February 2010, WOCL modified their moniker to "105.9 Sunny FM", focusing on music from 1970 (with a few songs per day from the 1960s) to 1989, with the core being the late 1970s and 1980s, with even some 1990s. It is similar to the format used by sister WCBS-FM in New York. == WOCL HD2 == WOCL's former modern rock format "O-Rock" airs on WOCL's HD2 channel. == WOCL HD3 == WFAN, a New York City sports radio station, airs on WOCL's HD3 channel. This makes the station a de facto affiliate of the New York Yankees, New York Giants, and several other NYC-area sports teams.1