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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/-AsaJEAav4s_postprocess.srt

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+1
+00:00:01,650 --> 00:00:05,010
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,010 --> 00:00:09,890
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لعين لprism aberration أو
+
+3
+00:00:09,890 --> 00:00:15,570
+الزيغ اللي ممكن يحدث ليها لprism أثناء مرور الضوء
+
+4
+00:00:15,570 --> 00:00:19,190
+فيه Chromatic aberration الزيغ اللوني produces
+
+5
+00:00:19,190 --> 00:00:23,270
+colored fringes at the edges of objects viewed
+
+6
+00:00:23,270 --> 00:00:26,630
+through prisms and can be bothersome to patients
+
+7
+00:00:26,630 --> 00:00:32,610
+يعنيamong the aberrations or the problems that
+
+8
+00:00:32,610 --> 00:00:34,810
+occur in the prism, which they call chromatic
+
+9
+00:00:34,810 --> 00:00:40,050
+aberration, that is, the objects that I look at
+
+10
+00:00:40,050 --> 00:00:42,870
+through the prism, especially when the power of
+
+11
+00:00:42,870 --> 00:00:45,490
+the prism is high, I see around the objects
+
+12
+00:00:45,490 --> 00:00:50,250
+colorful waves sometimes annoying the light
+
+13
+00:00:50,250 --> 00:00:53,980
+sources or the objects that I look aton them
+
+14
+00:00:53,980 --> 00:00:57,140
+through the prism, of course, the patients can be
+
+15
+00:00:57,140 --> 00:00:59,860
+disturbed from this age, so the chromatic
+
+16
+00:00:59,860 --> 00:01:03,080
+aberrations are one of the aberrations that the
+
+17
+00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:07,580
+prism can do with it, and also these aberrations,
+
+18
+00:01:07,660 --> 00:01:10,940
+the chromatic aberrations are more the more the
+
+19
+00:01:10,940 --> 00:01:13,940
+prism power is more, the more the prism power is
+
+20
+00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:17,490
+stronger and moreSo this is number one. Number
+
+21
+00:01:17,490 --> 00:01:20,850
+two, prisms have other aberrations such as
+
+22
+00:01:20,850 --> 00:01:24,950
+asymmetrical magnification. In other words, a
+
+23
+00:01:24,950 --> 00:01:27,870
+patient wearing a prism in front of his eye, and
+
+24
+00:01:27,870 --> 00:01:29,510
+the other eye does not have a prism in front of
+
+25
+00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:32,930
+it, may feel asymmetrical magnification.
+
+26
+00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:40,370
+Or the picture that comes on the network is
+
+27
+00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:44,150
+different from eye to eye because one eye is
+
+28
+00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:46,210
+wearing a prism and the other is not wearing a
+
+29
+00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:48,770
+prism So the chromatic aberration is the first
+
+30
+00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:52,230
+type of the .. of the aberrations, it is annoying
+
+31
+00:01:54,510 --> 00:01:57,430
+sometimes for the patient. The second type of
+
+32
+00:01:57,430 --> 00:02:01,430
+aberration is asymmetrical magnification. The
+
+33
+00:02:01,430 --> 00:02:04,210
+third type is curvature of field. That is, I feel
+
+34
+00:02:04,210 --> 00:02:08,590
+that the field that I look at is bent. All of this
+
+35
+00:02:08,590 --> 00:02:11,310
+is considered one of the annoyances of liberism.
+
+36
+00:02:11,810 --> 00:02:15,270
+Although these aberrations are usually
+
+37
+00:02:15,270 --> 00:02:17,730
+insignificant, most of the time these aberrations
+
+38
+00:02:17,730 --> 00:02:22,490
+are not many.They occasionally produce symptoms
+
+39
+00:02:22,490 --> 00:02:26,050
+even with low power of thalamic prisms أحياناً
+
+40
+00:02:26,050 --> 00:02:29,070
+كتير بتكون مش مزعجة بس في بعض الأحيان بعض المرضى
+
+41
+00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:34,930
+مابيقدرش يتحملها فبالتالي بده حل آخر على سبيل
+
+42
+00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:38,550
+المثال مثلا تخفيف قوة liprism، استعمال liprism
+
+43
+00:02:38,550 --> 00:02:43,330
+أمام العندين أو إيجاد حل آخر غير liprism، غير
+
+44
+00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:48,020
+liprismنيجي لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism
+
+45
+00:02:48,020 --> 00:02:48,440
+نيجي لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism نيجي
+
+46
+00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:49,660
+لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism طبعا ال S
+
+47
+00:02:49,660 --> 00:02:53,820
+silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S
+
+48
+00:02:53,820 --> 00:03:00,540
+silent طبعا
+
+49
+00:03:00,540 --> 00:03:03,020
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+50
+00:03:03,020 --> 00:03:03,280
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+51
+00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,380
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+52
+00:03:03,380 --> 00:03:06,580
+ال S silent طبعا ال S
+
+53
+00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:19,320
+and connected side by side it works like a single
+
+54
+00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:23,620
+large prism let's see this issue in the clear
+
+55
+00:03:23,620 --> 00:03:26,100
+drawing let's see this issue in the clear drawing
+
+56
+00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:34,740
+here I have a single large prism large prism its
+
+57
+00:03:34,740 --> 00:03:39,760
+base height is 10 millimeters its thickness is 10
+
+58
+00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:44,110
+millimeters and its lengthand the length is 40
+
+59
+00:03:44,110 --> 00:03:48,130
+millimeters 40 millimeters this is the apex angle
+
+60
+00:03:48,130 --> 00:03:52,850
+its apex angle has a certain value let's say 20
+
+61
+00:03:52,850 --> 00:03:56,730
+degrees let's say 20 degrees okay now the apex
+
+62
+00:03:56,730 --> 00:04:02,510
+angle is 20 degrees for example if we bring small
+
+63
+00:04:02,510 --> 00:04:07,480
+prismsthis is a prism and this is also a prism and
+
+64
+00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:10,140
+this is also a prism the first prism is its apex
+
+65
+00:04:10,140 --> 00:04:13,360
+which indicates it the second prism is its apex
+
+66
+00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:15,340
+which is the same direction of the apex and the
+
+67
+00:04:15,340 --> 00:04:18,800
+same direction of the base if we compare them to
+
+68
+00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:21,620
+the large prism here the base is on the right and
+
+69
+00:04:21,620 --> 00:04:23,360
+the apex is on the left here the same thing the
+
+70
+00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:25,020
+base is on the right and the apex is on the left
+
+71
+00:04:25,020 --> 00:04:26,580
+the base is on the right and the apex is on the
+
+72
+00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:27,420
+left and so on
+
+73
+00:04:30,260 --> 00:04:34,220
+the apical angle of each prism here this is 20
+
+74
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,120
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+75
+00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:37,840
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+76
+00:04:37,840 --> 00:04:39,280
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+77
+00:04:39,280 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+78
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,540
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+79
+00:04:39,540 --> 00:04:39,840
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+80
+00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:39,860
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+81
+00:04:39,860 --> 00:04:39,880
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+82
+00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:39,940
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+83
+00:04:39,940 --> 00:04:40,580
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+84
+00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:44,920
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+85
+00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:47,840
+degrees and
+
+86
+00:04:53,280 --> 00:04:59,000
+ونفذناهم على شريحة من اللدائن ال plastic أو مادة
+
+87
+00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,380
+معينة يعني شبيه بال plastic زي ال polyvinyl
+
+88
+00:05:02,380 --> 00:05:08,820
+alcohol هدولة ال prismات بيشتغلوا أو بيقوموا مقام
+
+89
+00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:13,170
+ال prism الكبير في العملmeans exactly the force of
+
+90
+00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:15,970
+this small prism is equal to the force of this big
+
+91
+00:05:15,970 --> 00:05:18,610
+prism and this force, but I can't say that their
+
+92
+00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:22,490
+total force is 20 and 20 and 20 and 20, it's like
+
+93
+00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,590
+their apex angle is 100 or 200 or 300, no, that's
+
+94
+00:05:26,590 --> 00:05:29,410
+not what I meant, that they stand like a big
+
+95
+00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:34,130
+prism, their apex angle is equal to the apex angle
+
+96
+00:05:34,130 --> 00:05:37,010
+of each of them. Okay, what is the goal of the
+
+97
+00:05:37,010 --> 00:05:40,070
+production of Fresnel Prism? To reduce weight and
+
+98
+00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:43,410
+reduce thicknessIt is clear that here if we want
+
+99
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:46,490
+to attach this Librasm to his glasses, there will
+
+100
+00:05:46,490 --> 00:05:49,490
+be an area with it on one side of the glasses
+
+101
+00:05:49,490 --> 00:05:53,430
+which is very thick and on the other side which is
+
+102
+00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:57,310
+very thin As we saw in one of the pictures when we
+
+103
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:04,630
+started talking about Librasms The
+
+104
+00:06:04,630 --> 00:06:06,290
+following picture will clarify the matter
+
+105
+00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:16,680
+لأ هي مش .. مش في المساقة ده، في مساقة اللي حوالي،
+
+106
+00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:21,820
+بنجيبها من ال net I
+
+107
+00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:26,480
+prism incorporation
+
+108
+00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:30,740
+into
+
+109
+00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:38,740
+spectacles هيكون
+
+110
+00:06:38,740 --> 00:06:45,190
+عندىهي عدسة ومعها prism من حفة معينة هيكون خميل
+
+111
+00:06:45,190 --> 00:06:49,390
+جدا، حفة تانية الصمك طبيعي، بس الحفة .. أحد الحفف
+
+112
+00:06:49,390 --> 00:06:52,910
+هتكون .. فهذه عشان أتفاد هذه القضية .. عشان أتفاد
+
+113
+00:06:52,910 --> 00:06:57,030
+هذه القضية، بلجأ لمه يسمى peripheral prism، واللي
+
+114
+00:06:57,030 --> 00:07:05,790
+هنشوفه احنا بعد شوية نرجع
+
+115
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:12,900
+للصورة بتاعتنا إذاThis is a series of
+
+116
+00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:18,260
+small prisms. Each prism has an apical angle which
+
+117
+00:07:18,260 --> 00:07:21,500
+is equal to the apical angle of the large prism.
+
+118
+00:07:21,660 --> 00:07:28,460
+All these prisms together block this big prism. So
+
+119
+00:07:28,460 --> 00:07:36,330
+that acts as a single large prism.This
+
+120
+00:07:36,330 --> 00:07:50,570
+Leprinoliprism shows that this cell is made from
+
+121
+00:07:50,570 --> 00:07:53,930
+polyvinyl chloride, not polyvinyl alcohol, sorry.
+
+122
+00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:58,370
+Polyvinyl chloride from the polyvinyl chloride
+
+123
+00:07:58,370 --> 00:08:00,950
+substance. Of course, it is a transparent
+
+124
+00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:04,650
+substance, so it can be used in the production of
+
+125
+00:08:04,650 --> 00:08:07,320
+Leprinoliprism.The Fresnel prism is like any
+
+126
+00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:10,280
+normal prism, like any large prism, it has a base
+
+127
+00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:12,800
+and it has an apex, but because it is small, it is
+
+128
+00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:14,800
+not clear where is the base and where is the apex,
+
+129
+00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:18,020
+so we are in manufacturing this Fresnel prism that
+
+130
+00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:19,740
+we will extract from it and stick it in the
+
+131
+00:08:19,740 --> 00:08:23,350
+glassesThis is the circular piece. We will
+
+132
+00:08:23,350 --> 00:08:26,910
+partially glue it to the glass. I will have a
+
+133
+00:08:26,910 --> 00:08:31,430
+guide to the base down here and the strength of
+
+134
+00:08:31,430 --> 00:08:34,270
+the prism here is 12 diopter prisms. If I bring
+
+135
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:37,150
+the frame of the glass and put it like this
+
+136
+00:08:43,970 --> 00:08:48,110
+this part will have a base down prism if I turn
+
+137
+00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:50,610
+it, this is the highest frame, the highest frame
+
+138
+00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:58,170
+here if I turn it, it will have .. or let's take
+
+139
+00:08:58,170 --> 00:08:59,410
+something that looks more like the frame of the
+
+140
+00:08:59,410 --> 00:09:03,070
+glasses so that it is wider on one side and
+
+141
+00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:04,190
+narrower on the other
+
+142
+00:09:14,530 --> 00:09:22,910
+Let's take this shape To
+
+143
+00:09:22,910 --> 00:09:24,610
+know where is the highest frame and where is the
+
+144
+00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:24,770
+lowest frame
+
+145
+00:09:39,630 --> 00:09:44,230
+So this flat is the highest frame of the glasses
+
+146
+00:09:44,230 --> 00:09:45,910
+and this is the lowest frame of the glasses So if
+
+147
+00:09:45,910 --> 00:09:52,630
+we put this frame in this shape So base down prism
+
+148
+00:09:52,630 --> 00:09:57,970
+So if we flip it
+
+149
+00:09:57,970 --> 00:10:04,190
+like this The
+
+150
+00:10:04,190 --> 00:10:06,710
+highest frame will be at the bottom So this will
+
+151
+00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:13,970
+be the base up prismلو حطينا زي هيك، هيعطيني
+
+152
+00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,850
+effect إما إذا كان هنا ال nose، إذا كان هنا هيكون
+
+153
+00:10:18,850 --> 00:10:22,250
+ال nose، يعني هذه لل right eye، هيكون عندي base in
+
+154
+00:10:22,250 --> 00:10:27,110
+the prismإذا كان جلبته لعكس هيكون base up prism و
+
+155
+00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:30,790
+هذا الكلام في ال dispensing بنعرف أو بنتعرف عليه
+
+156
+00:10:30,790 --> 00:10:35,990
+بشكل أفضل في ال dispensing هتتعرفوا عليه بشكل أفضل
+
+157
+00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:39,650
+طيب إذا أنا ممكن لفرين ال prism ألسقه بالنضارة
+
+158
+00:10:39,650 --> 00:10:44,310
+بشكل base up أو base down أو base in أو base out
+
+159
+00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:48,390
+حسب اتجاه الحوال اللي أنا بدي أصلحه طيب نفرض إنه
+
+160
+00:10:48,390 --> 00:10:53,930
+إيجادني القطعة هذه الدائريةI don't know where is
+
+161
+00:10:53,930 --> 00:10:57,530
+the base. This is the outer part of the frame that
+
+162
+00:10:57,530 --> 00:11:00,970
+tells me where is the base and how strong is the
+
+163
+00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:06,210
+prism. It's not there. The patient brought me a
+
+164
+00:11:06,210 --> 00:11:09,450
+piece or bought a piece that doesn't specify where
+
+165
+00:11:09,450 --> 00:11:11,750
+is the base and where is the apex. So I can
+
+166
+00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:15,610
+identify it with a very simple experiment. I put
+
+167
+00:11:15,610 --> 00:11:20,060
+any target under the prism frame.This is a Fresnel
+
+168
+00:11:20,060 --> 00:11:22,100
+prism, which means prism, so this is a target
+
+169
+00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,660
+coming horizontally I put a piece of Fresnel prism
+
+170
+00:11:25,660 --> 00:11:28,900
+Of course it's here, but this is just to clarify
+
+171
+00:11:28,900 --> 00:11:34,040
+the experiment We see that the image or part of
+
+172
+00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:37,500
+the pencil, which is the target that I put, tilts
+
+173
+00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:40,380
+upwards, the image always tilts towards the apex
+
+174
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:43,600
+As long as it tilts upwards compared to the rest
+
+175
+00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:46,760
+of the pencil, then the apex is up, then the base
+
+176
+00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,810
+is downSo this is the base, and so on, so I can
+
+177
+00:11:49,810 --> 00:11:53,410
+know the direction of the apex from the base by
+
+178
+00:11:53,410 --> 00:11:57,410
+putting any target and look at it This Fresnel
+
+179
+00:11:57,410 --> 00:11:59,550
+prism, how do I want to stick it in the glasses?
+
+180
+00:12:00,370 --> 00:12:03,610
+Let's go to the magnifying glass Of course, I
+
+181
+00:12:03,610 --> 00:12:08,830
+stick it, of course it has a flat edge Flat edge
+
+182
+00:12:08,830 --> 00:12:12,940
+here in the drawing, flat edge hereand a
+
+183
+00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:15,560
+protruding edge called the prisma. The protruding
+
+184
+00:12:15,560 --> 00:12:17,080
+edge is what begins to stick to the surface of the
+
+185
+00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:21,950
+rear glass.فى سطح النضارة الخالفى والحفة المتعرجة
+
+186
+00:12:21,950 --> 00:12:25,030
+اللى هى لبرزمات بدها تواجه عين المريض بدها تواجه
+
+187
+00:12:25,030 --> 00:12:30,170
+عين المريض اذا هو يلصق على السطح الخالفى للنضارة
+
+188
+00:12:30,170 --> 00:12:33,930
+اول حاجة بجيب القطعة الدائرية بلصقها على السطح
+
+189
+00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:38,330
+الخالفى و بجلم بسيط هيك احدد طبعا بده احطها باتجاه
+
+190
+00:12:38,330 --> 00:12:41,370
+ال base اللى انا بديها اما base up او base down او
+
+191
+00:12:41,370 --> 00:12:46,670
+base in ناحية ال nose او base out ناحية بعيدا عن
+
+192
+00:12:48,110 --> 00:12:51,910
+الأنف بعيدا عن الانف. كيف اعرف ال .. ال base؟ بشوف
+
+193
+00:12:51,910 --> 00:12:55,190
+وان الصورة راحت، ال .. ال base عكس الصورة، عكس
+
+194
+00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:59,130
+الصورة، فبلثقها حسب ال .. الانف طبعا بعد ما حددت
+
+195
+00:12:59,130 --> 00:13:04,450
+بالجلم، هاي التحديد بالجلم، بقى جوس بالامجاصحسب
+
+196
+00:13:04,450 --> 00:13:09,090
+التحديد عشان يناسب إطار النضارة و بنعمها بشكل كويس
+
+197
+00:13:09,090 --> 00:13:13,870
+تمام؟ بعدين باجي بقى بخ ميه على السطح الخلفي أو
+
+198
+00:13:13,870 --> 00:13:18,070
+بحط على أصبعي نقط .. نقطتين أو تلاتة من الماء و
+
+199
+00:13:18,070 --> 00:13:21,830
+بادهن السطح الأملس من ال prism بادهن السطح الأملس
+
+200
+00:13:21,830 --> 00:13:25,050
+من ال prism بأصبعي عشان ..
+
+201
+00:13:27,950 --> 00:13:34,290
+يعني يتبلل أو بستعمل بخّاق من الماء و بالسق ..
+
+202
+00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:38,330
+بالسق زي ما احنا شايفين من .. ببدأ من حفة و بتحرك
+
+203
+00:13:38,330 --> 00:13:43,830
+باتجاه الحفة و بأصبعي ب .. يعني ألسق السطح الاملس
+
+204
+00:13:43,830 --> 00:13:49,210
+للفرن البرزم بالسطح الخالفي للنضارة لغاية ما أتم
+
+205
+00:13:49,210 --> 00:13:53,330
+عملية اللسق يعني how to useor how to apply using
+
+206
+00:13:53,330 --> 00:13:57,930
+water So I have many useful things in this prism
+
+207
+00:13:57,930 --> 00:14:00,930
+The first thing is that it is very light It is not
+
+208
+00:14:00,930 --> 00:14:05,870
+comparable to the prism that we saw a while ago on
+
+209
+00:14:05,870 --> 00:14:08,570
+the internet This prism is very heavy, it makes
+
+210
+00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:13,150
+the glasses very heavy Here the prism is almost
+
+211
+00:14:13,150 --> 00:14:19,100
+weightless because it is light Easy to useIt's
+
+212
+00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:22,720
+easy to cut, it's easy to boil. Can I remove it
+
+213
+00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:24,900
+again after sticking it with water? Yes, I can
+
+214
+00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:28,560
+remove it again, wipe if there's some water
+
+215
+00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:32,300
+droplets or dust between it and the back of the
+
+216
+00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:37,940
+glasses. I can clean itبأي وسيلة بسيطة يعني بفرشات
+
+217
+00:14:37,940 --> 00:14:41,720
+الأسنان مثلا إذا تراكمت غبار أو شيء من هذا في
+
+218
+00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:45,780
+الفرزات بين البرزمات فبالتالي في فوائد كتيرة جدا
+
+219
+00:14:45,780 --> 00:14:50,360
+إليه منها إنه خفيف الوزن و هذا طبعا ممكن أستعمله
+
+220
+00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:55,500
+لعين تين أو لعين واحدة لعين تين أو لعين واحدة ممكن
+
+221
+00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:58,260
+أستعمله horizontal زي ما أحنا شايفين ممكن أستعمله
+
+222
+00:14:58,260 --> 00:15:01,660
+.. عفوا vertical هذا vertical apex إما up أو down
+
+223
+00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:05,540
+Tama'am? Here horizontal, Apex either out or in,
+
+224
+00:15:06,060 --> 00:15:10,480
+and here I can use oblique, oblique I use if I
+
+225
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,380
+have horizontal and vertical diplopia, I make them
+
+226
+00:15:14,380 --> 00:15:17,180
+compensation, meaning compensation or compensation
+
+227
+00:15:17,180 --> 00:15:19,120
+of the angle of rotation, if I have a horizontal
+
+228
+00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:22,190
+rotation and a vertical rotationفبعود عنهم ب
+
+229
+00:15:22,190 --> 00:15:26,510
+Oblique Prism بيسد عن ال Prismين ال Prism
+
+230
+00:15:26,510 --> 00:15:31,030
+Horizontal و ال Prism Vertical و تحديد اتجاه ال
+
+231
+00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:34,630
+base و ميلان ال Prism على المحور الأفقي أو العمودي
+
+232
+00:15:34,630 --> 00:15:38,770
+أخدناه في ال vector addition of Prisms طبعا هنا
+
+233
+00:15:38,770 --> 00:15:43,390
+الرسمة بتوضح ان ال base .. ال base up and inup and
+
+234
+00:15:43,390 --> 00:15:47,250
+in يعني ال apex out and down out and down هنا
+
+235
+00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:51,430
+horizontal prism horizontal prism يعني ال apex إما
+
+236
+00:15:51,430 --> 00:15:54,790
+لجوة و ال base لبرا أو العكس يعني base out أو base
+
+237
+00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:58,770
+in هنا أنا اقطعت هنا من جزء من الصورة عشان نعرف
+
+238
+00:15:58,770 --> 00:16:05,290
+بدون ما حد يقولنا هل ال apex out ولا in هل ال apex
+
+239
+00:16:05,290 --> 00:16:07,110
+out ولا in طبعا
+
+240
+00:16:09,450 --> 00:16:12,290
+If we notice here, we find that the position of
+
+241
+00:16:12,290 --> 00:16:14,490
+the glasses behind the prism is shifted in this
+
+242
+00:16:14,490 --> 00:16:17,690
+direction In this direction, compared to the part
+
+243
+00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:21,390
+of the arm If we notice here, it is shifted inward
+
+244
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:25,370
+a little compared to what is left of the glasses
+
+245
+00:16:25,370 --> 00:16:27,170
+arm, so it is shifted inward, which means that the
+
+246
+00:16:27,170 --> 00:16:29,850
+apex is inward, and this is based out of the prism
+
+247
+00:16:29,850 --> 00:16:32,490
+This is based out of the prism, so without anyone
+
+248
+00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:35,010
+telling me that I can know the direction of the
+
+249
+00:16:35,010 --> 00:16:39,790
+baseإذا ماقدرتش أعرف، أنا بلبس نفسي النضارة و بشوف
+
+250
+00:16:39,790 --> 00:16:44,630
+لوين زيغا الصورة، الصورة دائما بتنحرف أو بتزوغ
+
+251
+00:16:44,630 --> 00:16:48,430
+باتجاه ال apex بتاعة librism، باتجاه ال apex بتاعة
+
+252
+00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:52,030
+librism، هاي رسمة تمثيلية ل .. او simulation ل
+
+253
+00:16:52,030 --> 00:16:55,630
+librism إنه هذه السلسلة من ال librismات بتصد عن
+
+254
+00:16:55,630 --> 00:16:59,850
+large prism بنفس ال apex angle، بنفس ال apex angle
+
+255
+00:17:01,340 --> 00:17:04,820
+طبعا ال friendly prism is typically used to avoid
+
+256
+00:17:04,820 --> 00:17:08,660
+the weight of some of .. and some to avoid weight
+
+257
+00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:12,960
+عشان اتجنب الوزن الثقيل لل large prism and some of
+
+258
+00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:16,540
+aberrations of conventional prism عشان اتجنب ال
+
+259
+00:17:16,540 --> 00:17:19,590
+aberrations اللي حكينا عنها قبل شويةwhich is
+
+260
+00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:22,230
+chromatic aberration, asymmetrical field,
+
+261
+00:17:23,590 --> 00:17:27,590
+asymmetrical magnification, curvature of field,
+
+262
+00:17:28,070 --> 00:17:31,590
+and so on The most popular form of Fresnel prism
+
+263
+00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:32,670
+is a membrane
+
+264
+00:17:39,140 --> 00:17:44,480
+molded from clear polyvinylachloride مصنوع من مادة
+
+265
+00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:48,960
+الـ polyvinylachloride الشفافة ومعروف إله اسم
+
+266
+00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:52,760
+بيسموه Fresnel Prism أو بيسموه Press-on Prism
+
+267
+00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:59,790
+Press-on Prism يعني بنضغط على السطح الخلفي لIt is
+
+268
+00:17:59,790 --> 00:18:02,530
+applied with water to the back surface on the
+
+269
+00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:06,930
+ordinary spectacle lens على النضارة العادية Press
+
+270
+00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,110
+-on prisms are available in a variety of powers
+
+271
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:13,710
+Visual
+
+272
+00:18:13,710 --> 00:18:18,150
+acuity
+
+273
+00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:21,830
+is reduced
+
+274
+00:18:21,830 --> 00:18:24,850
+because of light scattering at the groove edges
+
+275
+00:18:25,610 --> 00:18:27,870
+means that the convergence of these grooves
+
+276
+00:18:27,870 --> 00:18:32,730
+between the small prisms makes a scattering of
+
+277
+00:18:32,730 --> 00:18:35,190
+light that is less than the width of the eye
+
+278
+00:18:35,190 --> 00:18:42,870
+instead of being 6x6 it can be 6x9 or 6x12 and so
+
+279
+00:18:42,870 --> 00:18:46,170
+on so visual acuity is reduced because of light
+
+280
+00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:48,370
+scattering at the groove edges this is the first
+
+281
+00:18:48,370 --> 00:18:51,250
+flaw which is visual acuity reduction
+
+282
+00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:56,990
+But the chromatic aberration of the prisms
+
+283
+00:18:56,990 --> 00:19:01,990
+themselves produce the most .. produces most of
+
+284
+00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:05,350
+the visual decrement. The visual acuity be .. be
+
+285
+00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:08,190
+.. be .. be .. be .. be .. be less than if the
+
+286
+00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:10,550
+prisms are not present, if the Fresnel prism is
+
+287
+00:19:10,550 --> 00:19:14,490
+not presentbecause of light scattering and because
+
+288
+00:19:14,490 --> 00:19:16,350
+of chromatic aberration, which is one of the most
+
+289
+00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:19,910
+important factors in vision loss. If someone asks
+
+290
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,310
+me what is the reason for wearing a press-on prism
+
+291
+00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:26,570
+or friendly prism with his glasses, he will have a
+
+292
+00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:29,310
+reduction in vision for two reasons. The first
+
+293
+00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:31,390
+reason is chromatic aberration, which is the most
+
+294
+00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:32,710
+important factor. The second reason is light
+
+295
+00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:34,250
+scattering.
+
+296
+00:19:51,170 --> 00:19:57,580
+The advantages of these prisms far outweighthe
+
+297
+00:19:57,580 --> 00:20:00,240
+disadvantage. Of course, the advantages of Fresnel
+
+298
+00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:04,240
+Prism are more than its disadvantages and they are
+
+299
+00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,500
+widely used in the field of strabismus and
+
+300
+00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:11,480
+orthoptics. Of course, Fresnel Prism is widely
+
+301
+00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,800
+used in the field of circumcision and in the field
+
+302
+00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,360
+of visual exercises related to circumcision which
+
+303
+00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:23,120
+are orthoptic exercises. Because of their ease of
+
+304
+00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:27,240
+use,of application, because they are easy to use,
+
+305
+00:20:27,680 --> 00:20:30,160
+and lower expenses, which are relatively
+
+306
+00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:31,140
+inexpensive.
+
+307
+00:20:33,420 --> 00:20:36,240
+The breasts on the prisms are especially useful
+
+308
+00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,020
+for patients whose strabismus is changing. You
+
+309
+00:20:40,020 --> 00:20:44,280
+might ask, does this person have a squint?وممكن
+
+310
+00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:47,180
+نعمله عملية جراحية بس أحياناً كتير بيكون this
+
+311
+00:20:47,180 --> 00:20:50,020
+point variable يعني أو .. or changing يعني من فترة
+
+312
+00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:54,960
+لفترة بتغير أو ممكن يتحسن يعني يكون بدأ بسبب معين
+
+313
+00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:59,970
+يعني مثلا ..A lot of people who have for example 6
+
+314
+00:20:59,970 --> 00:21:07,650
+nerve palsy, because of a simple reason, or for
+
+315
+00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:09,730
+example he has diabetes and he has a deficiency in
+
+316
+00:21:09,730 --> 00:21:11,970
+the sixth nerve, a lot of them recover
+
+317
+00:21:11,970 --> 00:21:14,390
+immediately. So the deficiency of the sixth nerve
+
+318
+00:21:14,390 --> 00:21:16,470
+weakens the lateral rectus and he will have
+
+319
+00:21:16,470 --> 00:21:20,840
+esotropia. Usually this esotropia is temporary.So,
+
+320
+00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:24,880
+I don't need any surgical intervention and I start
+
+321
+00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:27,240
+recovering. Of course, during the period of
+
+322
+00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:29,960
+esotropia or a defect in the sixth nerve, I can
+
+323
+00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:33,100
+use the Fresnel Prism to get rid of the diplopia
+
+324
+00:21:33,100 --> 00:21:37,520
+until I recover and start every three or four
+
+325
+00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,340
+weeks to change it or reduce it in the force of
+
+326
+00:21:40,340 --> 00:21:43,280
+the Prism as long as it starts to recover until I
+
+327
+00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:47,970
+remove it once.So, this case is very useful to
+
+328
+00:21:47,970 --> 00:21:52,110
+frame the presumption in the situation if the
+
+329
+00:21:52,110 --> 00:21:55,630
+strabismus is changing, if the strabismus is
+
+330
+00:21:55,630 --> 00:21:59,630
+changing, which is in the case of change in the
+
+331
+00:21:59,630 --> 00:22:00,890
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+332
+00:22:00,890 --> 00:22:00,990
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+333
+00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:01,170
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+334
+00:22:01,170 --> 00:22:02,410
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+335
+00:22:02,410 --> 00:22:02,990
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+336
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:03,030
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+337
+00:22:03,030 --> 00:22:03,070
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+338
+00:22:03,070 --> 00:22:03,090
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+339
+00:22:03,090 --> 00:22:04,130
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+340
+00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:08,450
+case of change in
+
+341
+00:22:08,770 --> 00:22:14,310
+a kidney disease that affected the eye and caused
+
+342
+00:22:14,310 --> 00:22:21,090
+swelling in some parts of the eye. So this issue
+
+343
+00:22:21,090 --> 00:22:24,270
+is going to be clear. Fresnel lenses are also
+
+344
+00:22:24,270 --> 00:22:27,650
+available with concentric groove construction to
+
+345
+00:22:27,650 --> 00:22:32,330
+approximate spherical lenses. These fresnel lenses
+
+346
+00:22:32,330 --> 00:22:34,610
+look exactly like conventional spherical lenses.
+
+347
+00:22:35,530 --> 00:22:39,510
+But its idea is exactly like the idea of the
+
+348
+00:22:39,510 --> 00:22:44,010
+Fresnel prism and also this is also a way of means
+
+349
+00:22:44,010 --> 00:22:47,630
+that I don't have a big thickness for the lens,
+
+350
+00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:51,710
+for the lens, so Fresnel lenses, Fresnel lenses is
+
+351
+00:22:51,710 --> 00:22:55,530
+the same idea of Fresnel prisms We stop at this
+
+352
+00:22:55,530 --> 00:22:58,010
+point and God bless you and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/1wSSzKQRRNI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1605 @@
+1
+00:00:01,840 --> 00:00:06,080
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات البصريات
+
+2
+00:00:06,080 --> 00:00:09,520
+الهندسية وتوقفنا عند فيرمات ال principle أو مبدأ
+
+3
+00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:15,520
+فيرمات، طبعا فيرمات عالم يعني رياضي أو في
+
+4
+00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:19,260
+الرياضيات، the mathematician Pierre de Fermat
+
+5
+00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:22,580
+believed that natural processes occur in the most
+
+6
+00:00:22,580 --> 00:00:26,390
+economical way. I mean from his experience, his
+
+7
+00:00:26,390 --> 00:00:31,290
+experience, his work and his research, the
+
+8
+00:00:31,290 --> 00:00:34,190
+scientist Fermat concluded that natural phenomena,
+
+9
+00:00:34,330 --> 00:00:37,410
+including phenomena against them, occur in the
+
+10
+00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:40,410
+most economical way possible, meaning with the
+
+11
+00:00:40,410 --> 00:00:45,320
+least consumption of .. consumption of time. And the
+
+12
+00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,220
+Fermat principle as applied to optics, if we want
+
+13
+00:00:48,220 --> 00:00:51,920
+to apply the Fermat principle on the subject of
+
+14
+00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,120
+vision, the goal is that the light travels from
+
+15
+00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:58,320
+one point to another along the path requiring the
+
+16
+00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,760
+least time. That is, when the light travels from
+
+17
+00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:04,500
+one point to another, it will consume the least
+
+18
+00:01:04,500 --> 00:01:09,360
+time possible to reach the point or the next
+
+19
+00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:13,310
+target. Historically, the laws of reflection and
+
+20
+00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:16,270
+refraction were discovered by careful experimental
+
+21
+00:01:16,270 --> 00:01:18,670
+measurements before Fermat's time.
+
+22
+00:01:36,060 --> 00:01:42,920
+already مكتشف و العلماء بيعرفوا. However, both the
+
+23
+00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,720
+law of refraction and the law of reflection can be
+
+24
+00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:48,840
+mathematically derived from the Fermat principle
+
+25
+00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:52,670
+without the need for any measurement. If we imagine
+
+26
+00:01:52,670 --> 00:01:55,290
+a dispute that the law of reduction and the law of
+
+27
+00:01:55,290 --> 00:02:00,710
+inversion was not discovered before the time of
+
+28
+00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:04,270
+Fermat, and we will find that it is possible in a
+
+29
+00:02:04,270 --> 00:02:06,630
+mathematical way or mathematical calculations by
+
+30
+00:02:06,630 --> 00:02:10,950
+using the principle of Fermat that we reach the
+
+31
+00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:12,690
+law of reflection and the law of contraction
+
+32
+00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:17,150
+without the need for calculations of the law of
+
+33
+00:02:17,150 --> 00:02:20,190
+reflection and the law of contraction, but by
+
+34
+00:02:20,190 --> 00:02:22,640
+using the principle of Fermat. Of course, the
+
+35
+00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:24,880
+details of this matter are outside the scope of
+
+36
+00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:27,980
+engineering perspectives, so we will not go into
+
+37
+00:02:27,980 --> 00:02:31,320
+it. But what we want to be sure of is that, as the
+
+38
+00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:33,780
+law of reflection and the law of contraction was
+
+39
+00:02:33,780 --> 00:02:37,320
+proven by experience and was calculated with
+
+40
+00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:42,660
+certain equations, if we use the principle of
+
+41
+00:02:42,660 --> 00:02:46,870
+Fermat, we can reach the conclusion of the two
+
+42
+00:02:46,870 --> 00:02:48,650
+laws, the law of refraction and the law of
+
+43
+00:02:48,650 --> 00:02:50,710
+contraction, using the principle of Fermat without
+
+44
+00:02:50,710 --> 00:02:55,350
+the need for the method that was proven to them
+
+45
+00:02:55,350 --> 00:03:01,950
+before that. Suppose the law of refraction was
+
+46
+00:03:01,950 --> 00:03:06,070
+unknown. Let's assume now that the law of
+
+47
+00:03:06,070 --> 00:03:06,590
+contraction 
+
+48
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:13,800
+لسه مش معروف، لسه مش مكتشر and consider ..
+
+49
+00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:16,800
+consider a light travelling from a point source in
+
+50
+00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,500
+air across an optical interface to some point in a
+
+51
+00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:24,900
+glass. بدنا نشوف أو بدنا نفترض أنه عندنا .. عندنا
+
+52
+00:03:24,900 --> 00:03:30,880
+ضوء أو قانون الانكسار .. قانون الانكسار مش معروف و
+
+53
+00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:34,240
+هي أن الضوء بدنا نفترض بيسافر من النقطة إيه في
+
+54
+00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:40,160
+الهواء عبر مسارات عديدةلا النقطة بيه داخل الزجاج,
+
+55
+00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:43,700
+لا النقطة بيه داخل الزجاج, نهاية الرحلة and بيه،
+
+56
+00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:48,180
+بداية الرحلة انطلق الضوء من ايه؟ وبدنا نفترض جدلا
+
+57
+00:03:48,180 --> 00:03:51,500
+ان الضوء بياخد مسارات عديدة، ليش؟ لأن الضوء بينتشر
+
+58
+00:03:51,500 --> 00:03:55,400
+في جميع الاتجاهات، احنا هذه المسارات العديدة،
+
+59
+00:03:55,400 --> 00:04:01,380
+المسارات العديدة، لو حبنا نختصرها على تلت مسارات،
+
+60
+00:04:01,380 --> 00:04:05,780
+مسار مستقيم and two paths that are not straight,
+
+61
+00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:07,560
+that is, they come from angles, that is, the light
+
+62
+00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:10,760
+went and reached this point and then it broke or
+
+63
+00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:15,900
+the light goes in a straight way from A to B
+
+64
+00:04:15,900 --> 00:04:19,060
+because if it reaches B or path number one which
+
+65
+00:04:19,060 --> 00:04:24,420
+is the path number one now we are from the many
+
+66
+00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:28,200
+paths taken by light and from thousands and
+
+67
+00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,040
+hundreds of thousands and an infinite number of
+
+68
+00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:34,540
+paths taken by light. We shortened it to study, to
+
+69
+00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:40,540
+see what firms will do. On three paths, a straight
+
+70
+00:04:40,540 --> 00:04:43,980
+path, a slightly curved path, a much curved path,
+
+71
+00:04:44,060 --> 00:04:49,260
+a much curved path. And we come to see which path
+
+72
+00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:51,740
+is better for light. What does better for light
+
+73
+00:04:51,740 --> 00:04:54,600
+mean? It means the path that will take the least
+
+74
+00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,240
+time possible to light in it. The path that will
+
+75
+00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,780
+take the least time possible to light in it. We say
+
+76
+00:05:01,780 --> 00:05:07,550
+as follows. مفهوم ضمن واتعلمنا في المدارس أن أقصر
+
+77
+00:05:07,550 --> 00:05:12,070
+طريق بين نقطتين .. The shortest way between two
+
+78
+00:05:12,070 --> 00:05:16,210
+points is the straight line. So if we ask which of
+
+79
+00:05:16,210 --> 00:05:19,330
+the three paths, path one or path two or path
+
+80
+00:05:19,330 --> 00:05:25,370
+three is the shortest distance, we say path three.
+
+81
+00:05:25,610 --> 00:05:28,730
+So it is better for the light to take it. In fact,
+
+82
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:33,890
+mathematically speaking, without considering the
+
+83
+00:05:33,890 --> 00:05:38,600
+speed of light, بنقول نعم المسار هو الأقصى، بس هذا
+
+84
+00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:43,400
+المسار حقيقة غير مناسب للضوء، ليش؟ لأن جزء كبير من
+
+85
+00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:47,800
+المسار هذا، جزء كبير من المسار هذا، بيقع داخل
+
+86
+00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,790
+الزجاجة. ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق
+
+87
+00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:59,890
+ومعروف 
+
+88
+00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:02,950
+إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق. ومعروف إن الضوء
+
+89
+00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,550
+داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق. ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج
+
+90
+00:06:04,550 --> 00:06:08,570
+بيكون بطيق. ومعروف
+
+91
+00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:12,130
+إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق. ومعروف إن الضوء
+
+92
+00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:13,630
+داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق. ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج
+
+93
+00:06:13,630 --> 00:06:16,250
+بيكون بطيق. ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق
+
+94
+00:06:16,250 --> 00:06:17,270
+ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق. ومعروف إن
+
+95
+00:06:17,270 --> 00:06:20,870
+الضوء الجزء الكبير من هذا المسار اللي هو path رقم
+
+96
+00:06:20,870 --> 00:06:24,310
+تلاتة جاي داخل الزجاج. ومعروف أن الطوارق لما بدخل
+
+97
+00:06:24,310 --> 00:06:28,790
+من الهواء لليجزاز بطبطأ سرعته، بطبطأ سرعته، طيب
+
+98
+00:06:29,570 --> 00:06:33,890
+Okay, if we say any of the remaining two paths,
+
+99
+00:06:34,850 --> 00:06:38,470
+any of the remaining two paths, meaning the length
+
+100
+00:06:38,470 --> 00:06:40,930
+of the glass is small, we will say path number one
+
+101
+00:06:40,930 --> 00:06:43,830
+path number one is the shortest distance walked on
+
+102
+00:06:43,830 --> 00:06:47,310
+glass, if compared to path number two and path
+
+103
+00:06:47,310 --> 00:06:51,690
+number three. Okay, so path number three, path
+
+104
+00:06:51,690 --> 00:06:55,580
+number three is the answer. بنقول برضه لأ. ليش لإنه
+
+105
+00:06:55,580 --> 00:06:58,740
+المصار رقم .. عفواً المصار رقم واحد هو ال answer
+
+106
+00:06:58,740 --> 00:07:03,800
+برضه هنقول لأ. ليش لإنه المصار رقم واحد .. طوله الكل
+
+107
+00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220
+مفرض، يعني هو أطول التلاتة على الإطلاق، أنا عشان
+
+108
+00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:12,800
+أتجنب طريق متعرج، نفرض هذه طريق شديد التعريج،
+
+109
+00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,420
+بروحش أعمل التفاف كبير جدا جدا، لأن هذا مرهق جدا،
+
+110
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:20,900
+يعني .. يعني هيكون هندي أنا صحيحت، خلاصت، روحت على
+
+111
+00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,640
+طريق ممهد، بس هذا الطريق الممهد طريق التفافي و
+
+112
+00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:29,400
+بعيد جدا، بدل ما أنا أقطع kilometer متعرج. I went to
+
+113
+00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,940
+cross twenty kilometers of paved roads. So why
+
+114
+00:07:32,940 --> 00:07:36,280
+don't I choose a middle road that is not too far
+
+115
+00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:37,900
+away, for example one and a half kilometers, two
+
+116
+00:07:37,900 --> 00:07:40,900
+kilometers long? So this is if I were driving a
+
+117
+00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:44,580
+car and moving between point A and point B. وهذا
+
+118
+00:07:44,580 --> 00:07:48,120
+حقيقة تبقى بيقول أنسب المسارات هو المسار رقم اتنين
+
+119
+00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:52,980
+لأن طوله في الزجاج مش كبير وطوله الكل مش مفرط
+
+120
+00:07:52,980 --> 00:07:57,500
+فبالتالي من ناحية مبدأ فرمات الضوء مفروض يتبع
+
+121
+00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:03,180
+الطريق رقم اتنين. مش مفروض يتبع الطريق رقم واحد. مش
+
+122
+00:08:03,180 --> 00:08:07,920
+مفروض يتبع الطريق رقم واحد لأن طوله في الزجاج او
+
+123
+00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:13,840
+طوله الكل مفرط. It's very long and it's not supposed
+
+124
+00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:18,600
+to follow the path number three because its length
+
+125
+00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:23,020
+.. or its length inside the glass is big and
+
+126
+00:08:23,020 --> 00:08:25,380
+therefore it's the longest piece in the glass.
+
+127
+00:08:25,380 --> 00:08:28,640
+Number three. The path number three is if the light
+
+128
+00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,480
+goes from here to here, it will be longer than the
+
+129
+00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:33,180
+distance from here to here, and longer than the
+
+130
+00:08:33,180 --> 00:08:35,350
+distance from here to here. Because if therefore ..
+
+131
+00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:37,210
+and therefore the length of the glass is complex,
+
+132
+00:08:37,390 --> 00:08:39,650
+therefore this way is not suitable. A person can
+
+133
+00:08:39,650 --> 00:08:41,970
+say no, the light as long as it reaches the point,
+
+134
+00:08:42,130 --> 00:08:43,890
+this means that it will continue. We will say no,
+
+135
+00:08:43,930 --> 00:08:46,250
+because the light fell in a curved way with
+
+136
+00:08:46,250 --> 00:08:49,130
+respect to the flat surface, then it will break,
+
+137
+00:08:49,390 --> 00:08:52,190
+it will not remain straight, that is, and if it
+
+138
+00:08:52,190 --> 00:08:55,310
+breaks, it will not reach point B. If it breaks,
+
+139
+00:08:55,530 --> 00:08:58,270
+it will remain on point B. Therefore, the light
+
+140
+00:08:58,270 --> 00:09:02,070
+will go in the way of Islam .. in the way of Islam
+
+141
+00:09:02,070 --> 00:09:08,930
+which is .. the path B, and this path is if we
+
+142
+00:09:08,930 --> 00:09:11,490
+calculate it in a mathematical way, we will find
+
+143
+00:09:11,490 --> 00:09:15,850
+that it exactly applies to the law of contraction,
+
+144
+00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:19,550
+so the mouse will take the shortest way in terms
+
+145
+00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,470
+of time, the shortest way in terms of time, so we
+
+146
+00:09:23,470 --> 00:09:28,010
+say, unaware of Snell's law, if we assume that we
+
+147
+00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:31,210
+are not aware of Snell's law, that Snell's law,
+
+148
+00:09:31,610 --> 00:09:33,470
+the law of contraction, has not been discovered
+
+149
+00:09:33,470 --> 00:09:38,030
+yet. We might consider various hypothetical paths
+
+150
+00:09:38,030 --> 00:09:41,190
+that light might follow as it moves from point A
+
+151
+00:09:41,190 --> 00:09:42,190
+to point B.
+
+152
+00:09:50,380 --> 00:09:54,200
+Path 3 is a straight line from A to B and is the
+
+153
+00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,860
+shortest total distance between points. طبعا path
+
+154
+00:09:57,860 --> 00:10:02,920
+3 يعتبر طريق مستقيم بين A و B. مفروض أنه مسافة
+
+155
+00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:07,320
+يعتبر الأقصى. However, a large part. جزء كبير of
+
+156
+00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:11,020
+path 3 inside glass where light travels more
+
+157
+00:10:11,020 --> 00:10:15,200
+slowly. إذا path 3 is not the fastest route. مش هو
+
+158
+00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:19,460
+الأسرع أو مش هو الطريق الأسرع. Path 1 is the longest
+
+159
+00:10:19,460 --> 00:10:22,920
+route from A to B, but has the shortest distance
+
+160
+00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:27,160
+in a class. It is true that path 1 is very long,
+
+161
+00:10:27,340 --> 00:10:30,120
+but it is the shortest distance in the three paths
+
+162
+00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:33,860
+in a class. His share in the class is very small,
+
+163
+00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:36,960
+so he will not get used to the class.
+
+164
+00:10:39,630 --> 00:10:43,110
+Nevertheless, على الرغم من ذلك, the extreme length
+
+165
+00:10:43,110 --> 00:10:46,430
+of the overall route makes this fairly slow path
+
+166
+00:10:46,430 --> 00:10:58,230
+. Path
+
+167
+00:10:58,230 --> 00:11:02,730
+2 is the best compromise between distance in glass
+
+168
+00:11:02,730 --> 00:11:06,990
+and total path length, and this is the path light
+
+169
+00:11:06,990 --> 00:11:11,100
+will actually follow. طبعا الطريق رقم اتنين هو
+
+170
+00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:15,660
+عبارة عن حل وسط بين طول المفرد، طبعا هو طول أقل من
+
+171
+00:11:15,660 --> 00:11:20,340
+مفرد، يعني طول معتدل و بين المسافة في الإجزاز اللي
+
+172
+00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:23,760
+هي طويلة، طبعا هو حل وسط بين اتنين و هو الحل
+
+173
+00:11:23,760 --> 00:11:27,160
+الأنسب، و هو الحل الأنسب. Using mathematics beyond
+
+174
+00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:30,780
+the scope of this text, it can be shown that the
+
+175
+00:11:30,780 --> 00:11:35,660
+optimal path is the one predicted by Snell's law. Of
+
+176
+00:11:35,660 --> 00:11:39,300
+course, if we use mathematics, we will find that
+
+177
+00:11:39,300 --> 00:11:42,420
+the light travels in the best direction at any
+
+178
+00:11:42,420 --> 00:11:44,080
+given time, each ray, of course, depending on
+
+179
+00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:47,340
+where is the point where it happened, or the point
+
+180
+00:11:47,340 --> 00:11:49,520
+where it got stuck in the roof, and that this
+
+181
+00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:53,440
+speech applies exactly to the path that Snell's
+
+182
+00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:56,180
+law determined, that is, if I brought a ray of
+
+183
+00:11:56,180 --> 00:11:57,200
+light that went up, went down, went up and down,
+
+184
+00:11:57,380 --> 00:12:01,300
+each of them hit exactly the point of the roof. I
+
+185
+00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:03,400
+mean, the letter C is here, and the letter S is
+
+186
+00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,840
+here, and the letter I is here, and I calculated
+
+187
+00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:10,060
+mathematically using Fermat's principle, I will
+
+188
+00:12:10,060 --> 00:12:12,880
+get that C will be like this, and S will be like
+
+189
+00:12:12,
+
+223
+00:14:13,460 --> 00:14:17,820
+مثلا سرق متر و نص في الهواء و بعدين دخل حوض مثلا
+
+224
+00:14:17,820 --> 00:14:21,520
+مليان ميه تمام The distance of the whale is 40 cm,
+
+225
+00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:27,740
+then it left the whale and entered a third
+
+226
+00:14:27,740 --> 00:14:30,140
+substance, for example, glass or something of this
+
+227
+00:14:30,140 --> 00:14:33,680
+kind. So, we can't get a direct measurement and
+
+228
+00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:36,840
+say, by God, that this is the length of the eye
+
+229
+00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:39,120
+path that cut off the light. No. The purpose of
+
+230
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:42,760
+the optical path length is to unite the media.
+
+231
+00:14:42,860 --> 00:14:44,420
+What does it mean to unite the media? The light
+
+232
+00:14:44,420 --> 00:14:47,630
+went into three or four visual medium between
+
+233
+00:14:47,630 --> 00:14:50,470
+Sarayano in the air, then in the water, then in
+
+234
+00:14:50,470 --> 00:14:53,350
+the glass, then in the air again, for example, to
+
+235
+00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:55,790
+know exactly how much is Sarayano and how much is
+
+236
+00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:57,970
+the length of the visual path, it is necessary to
+
+237
+00:14:57,970 --> 00:15:00,690
+unify the media, to turn all the media into one
+
+238
+00:15:00,690 --> 00:15:04,270
+substance. What does this look like in our
+
+239
+00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:06,610
+practical life? We say this looks like a person,
+
+240
+00:15:06,690 --> 00:15:09,290
+for example, Ahmed and Mahmoud. Ahmed has ten
+
+241
+00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:13,120
+dollars and twenty shekels and fifty dinars. and
+
+242
+00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,480
+Mahmoud has for example 10 dananir and 50 dollars
+
+243
+00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:19,580
+and 70 shekels if we want to compare Ahmed and
+
+244
+00:15:19,580 --> 00:15:24,280
+Mahmoud, who has more coins, we have to unite the
+
+245
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:26,320
+coins, for example we turn all the coins into
+
+246
+00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:29,300
+shekels and the other person turns all the coins
+
+247
+00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:33,800
+into shekels and in the end he will share with
+
+248
+00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,440
+Ahmed a quantity of the shekels and share with
+
+249
+00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:39,870
+Mahmoud another quantity of the shekels and we will
+
+250
+00:15:39,870 --> 00:15:43,490
+see which one of them has more money than the
+
+251
+00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:46,530
+other one here to see the length of the first
+
+252
+00:15:46,530 --> 00:15:48,590
+visual path that cut off the light and the length
+
+253
+00:15:48,590 --> 00:15:51,970
+of the visual path that cut off the light from
+
+254
+00:15:51,970 --> 00:15:54,310
+another source which one of them is longer, we
+
+255
+00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:56,870
+must unite the media what does it mean to unite
+
+256
+00:15:56,870 --> 00:15:59,770
+the media? to unite the media means to turn it all
+
+257
+00:15:59,770 --> 00:16:03,250
+into air to turn it all into air to understand
+
+258
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:10,220
+this case we will make a very simple example بنقول
+
+259
+00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:16,480
+نفرض عندي مصدرين للضوء مصدرين للضوء المصدر الأول
+
+260
+00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:19,820
+الضوء
+
+261
+00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:24,500
+light سرف
+
+262
+00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:32,620
+الهواء in air two meters و هنا بنجوسين هكتب رقم
+
+263
+00:16:32,620 --> 00:16:36,400
+واحد الرقم واحد هنا الان تساوي واحد الان يعني
+
+264
+00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:49,080
+refractive index one equals one then then water for
+
+265
+00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:54,400
+example ninety centimeters of course now I want to
+
+266
+00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:59,860
+assume that the water is equal to one third of ten
+
+267
+00:16:59,860 --> 00:17:03,820
+then
+
+268
+00:17:03,820 --> 00:17:07,080
+glass
+
+269
+00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:17,960
+عشرين سانتي يعني صرف الزجاج عشرين سانتي طيب الزجاج
+
+270
+00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:22,160
+واحد و نص الان تعو يعني ال refractive index تعو
+
+271
+00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:26,660
+الان المطلوب يعني الضوء صرف الهواء مسافة مترين
+
+272
+00:17:26,660 --> 00:17:31,860
+بعدها دخل على حوض مية تسعين سانتي طوله قطع الماء و
+
+273
+00:17:31,860 --> 00:17:36,620
+بعدين صرفي الزجاج عشرين سانتي بدنا نحسب ال optical
+
+274
+00:17:36,620 --> 00:17:37,460
+path length
+
+275
+00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:48,320
+Calculate the optical path length. What does
+
+276
+00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:50,760
+calculate the optical path length mean? Calculate
+
+277
+00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:55,160
+the
+
+278
+00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,440
+optical path length.
+
+279
+00:17:59,340 --> 00:18:01,480
+When we say calculate the length of the visual
+
+280
+00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:06,880
+path, it means in time, in time, and I hope to
+
+281
+00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,870
+focus on the speech now. In the time that the light
+
+282
+00:18:09,870 --> 00:18:12,730
+cuts two meters in the air and ninety centimeters
+
+283
+00:18:12,730 --> 00:18:16,250
+in water and twenty centimeters in glass, if we
+
+284
+00:18:16,250 --> 00:18:20,270
+assume that the light became silent in the same
+
+285
+00:18:20,270 --> 00:18:23,370
+time, if the distance became in the air, how long
+
+286
+00:18:23,370 --> 00:18:26,710
+would it cut? If the light remained in the air, if
+
+287
+00:18:26,710 --> 00:18:29,970
+the light remained in the air It was not a fraction
+
+288
+00:18:29,970 --> 00:18:31,570
+of a distance, it was a fraction of a distance.
+
+289
+00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:33,950
+The real distance that light travels is equal to
+
+290
+00:18:33,950 --> 00:18:37,350
+two meters, plus ninety centimeters, plus twenty
+
+291
+00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:40,110
+centimeters. That is, the distance that light
+
+292
+00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:43,210
+actually travels in this experiment is two meters
+
+293
+00:18:43,210 --> 00:18:45,930
+in the air, ninety centimeters in water, and
+
+294
+00:18:45,930 --> 00:18:48,110
+twenty centimeters in glass. That is, the total
+
+295
+00:18:48,110 --> 00:18:51,430
+distance is three meters and ten centimeters. تلاتة
+
+296
+00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:55,350
+متر و عشرة، لأن عشرين و تسعين يعني مية و عشرة
+
+297
+00:18:55,350 --> 00:18:58,830
+سانتي، يعني متر و عشرة سانتي، مية و عشرة سانتي
+
+298
+00:18:58,830 --> 00:19:01,890
+يعني متر و عشرة سانتي، بنضيف عليهم مترين، يعني
+
+299
+00:19:01,890 --> 00:19:08,340
+حقيقة القطع قطع 3 meters and 10 centimeters. Okay,
+
+300
+00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,560
+if we assume that the light did not go into the
+
+301
+00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:13,400
+water or into the glass, but remained in the air,
+
+302
+00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:16,300
+in the same period of time that it passed two
+
+303
+00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:18,580
+meters in the air and 90 centimeters in the water
+
+304
+00:19:18,580 --> 00:19:22,560
+and 20 centimeters in the glass, how much did it
+
+305
+00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:25,290
+pass in the air in the same period of time? In
+
+306
+00:19:25,290 --> 00:19:27,710
+order to know, we need to unify the media. To
+
+307
+00:19:27,710 --> 00:19:30,010
+unify the media, we multiply each distance in the
+
+308
+00:19:30,010 --> 00:19:33,030
+refractive index of the material that has this
+
+309
+00:19:33,030 --> 00:19:36,070
+distance. We say the optical path length is the
+
+310
+00:19:36,070 --> 00:19:36,330
+answer.
+
+311
+00:19:39,170 --> 00:19:41,270
+The solution of this example is to say that the
+
+312
+00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:45,550
+optical path length is equal to two meters
+
+313
+00:19:45,550 --> 00:19:50,670
+multiplied by one because the refractive index is
+
+314
+00:19:50,670 --> 00:19:52,010
+one plus
+
+315
+00:19:55,310 --> 00:20:04,350
+90 cm means 9 out of 10 meters, 0.9 times, this is
+
+316
+00:20:04,350 --> 00:20:07,310
+in the water of course, so to change its path to
+
+317
+00:20:07,310 --> 00:20:09,890
+the water, as if it happened in the air, I need to
+
+318
+00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:13,950
+say times 1.3 out of 10 plus,
+
+319
+00:20:16,190 --> 00:20:17,610
+let's move away from the plus a little bit
+
+320
+00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:25,010
+in water 20 cm means 2 out of 10 meters multiply
+
+321
+00:20:25,010 --> 00:20:31,070
+by 1.5 equals
+
+322
+00:20:31,070 --> 00:20:39,510
+we
+
+323
+00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:45,650
+say as follows 2 meters in 1 remains 2 meters plus
+
+324
+00:20:45,650 --> 00:20:48,450
+9 out of 10 meters here
+
+325
+00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:57,960
+and here 2 out of 10 meters 2 out of 10 meters 2
+
+326
+00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:00,700
+meters multiplied by 1 remains 2 meters plus 9 out
+
+327
+00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:05,000
+of 10 multiplied by 1.3 out of 10 9 out of 10
+
+328
+00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:15,960
+meters multiplied by 1.3 so one meter and
+
+329
+00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,600
+seventeen out of 100 meters and seventeen out of
+
+330
+00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:31,570
+100 one point seventeen hundred meters plus two
+
+331
+00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:34,770
+out of ten times one and a half two out of ten
+
+332
+00:21:34,770 --> 00:21:37,350
+times one and a half equals
+
+333
+00:21:50,710 --> 00:22:01,770
+3 out of 10, 3 out of 10 meters and
+
+334
+00:22:01,770 --> 00:22:08,330
+it equals we
+
+335
+00:22:08,330 --> 00:22:10,810
+want to combine these with each other the sum we
+
+336
+00:22:10,810 --> 00:22:16,010
+say as follows 2,1,3 point
+
+337
+00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:21,630
+seventeen out of one hundred and three out of ten
+
+338
+00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:25,150
+to forty-seven out of one hundred. Forty-seven out
+
+339
+00:22:25,150 --> 00:22:27,790
+of one hundred meters. This is the answer. It
+
+340
+00:22:27,790 --> 00:22:31,450
+means in time, in time that light passed through
+
+341
+00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:35,310
+ittwo meters in the air and ninety centimeters in
+
+342
+00:22:35,310 --> 00:22:39,330
+the water and twenty centimeters in the glass in a
+
+343
+00:22:39,330 --> 00:22:43,050
+full length of three meters and ten centimeters if
+
+344
+00:22:43,050 --> 00:22:45,170
+they stayed in the air, if they stayed to light in
+
+345
+00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:46,890
+the air, they would have crossed not three meters
+
+346
+00:22:46,890 --> 00:22:48,530
+and ten centimeters, they would have crossed three
+
+347
+00:22:48,530 --> 00:22:51,710
+meters and forty-seven centimeters this is the
+
+348
+00:22:51,710 --> 00:22:54,290
+optical path length, this is the optical path
+
+349
+00:22:54,290 --> 00:22:56,870
+length to light really crossed two meters, then
+
+350
+00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:59,690
+ninety centimeters and then twenty centimeters in
+
+351
+00:22:59,690 --> 00:23:05,670
+the glass, their total مجموعهم المباشر مترين وتسعة
+
+352
+00:23:05,670 --> 00:23:08,570
+من عشرة متر واتنين من عشرة متر يعني تلاتة متر
+
+353
+00:23:08,570 --> 00:23:12,790
+وعشرة سانت لو الضوء فرضنا دال في الهواء ولا دخل
+
+354
+00:23:12,790 --> 00:23:17,100
+ميه ولا دخل اجزاز معناته الضوء in the same period
+
+355
+00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:20,060
+of time, the one who used to cut 2 meters in the
+
+356
+00:23:20,060 --> 00:23:23,340
+air and 90 centimeters in water and 20 centimeters
+
+357
+00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:27,940
+in glass would cut in the air 3 meters and 47
+
+358
+00:23:27,940 --> 00:23:30,620
+centimeters instead of cutting in these three
+
+359
+00:23:30,620 --> 00:23:33,540
+materials together 3 meters and 10 centimeters and
+
+360
+00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:36,260
+this is what is meant in the optical path length
+
+361
+00:23:37,620 --> 00:23:41,100
+tell me about what is it? The unification of media
+
+362
+00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:44,360
+exactly like we unify currency The unification of
+
+363
+00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:46,860
+media transforms all distances as if they happened
+
+364
+00:23:46,860 --> 00:23:49,420
+in the air How do I transform it? I multiply each
+
+365
+00:23:49,420 --> 00:23:52,140
+distance in a matter that is in the refractive
+
+366
+00:23:52,140 --> 00:23:56,040
+index of this matter and thus it turns out how
+
+367
+00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,220
+much light was going to happen in the air, was
+
+368
+00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:00,440
+going to happen in the air if it is multiplied by
+
+369
+00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,220
+that in the same time that happened in a certain
+
+370
+00:24:03,220 --> 00:24:05,780
+distance in the same matter, in the same matter
+
+371
+00:24:11,810 --> 00:24:14,370
+The following figure shows light from an object
+
+372
+00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:18,310
+point traveling along two different paths to the
+
+373
+00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:21,230
+image point. لو احنا اجينا هنقول ايش فايدة ال
+
+374
+00:24:21,230 --> 00:24:25,730
+optical path links احنا هناخد نقطة من ال object و
+
+375
+00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:29,690
+هاي صورتها في ال image بنقول الضوء هينتشر في جميع
+
+376
+00:24:29,690 --> 00:24:33,440
+الاتجاهات بس احنا هناخد Two paths, two paths,
+
+377
+00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,340
+meaning the light followed them. To explain the
+
+378
+00:24:37,340 --> 00:24:40,500
+idea of optical path length, optical path length,
+
+379
+00:24:40,660 --> 00:24:43,140
+we say that the first path, the light started from
+
+380
+00:24:43,140 --> 00:24:46,440
+point A and broke at the front surface and broke a
+
+381
+00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,580
+little at the back surface and reached I which is
+
+382
+00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:54,540
+the emission and it also took another ray or a
+
+383
+00:24:54,540 --> 00:24:58,000
+group of rays took the second path If we notice,
+
+384
+00:24:58,260 --> 00:25:01,220
+if we notice, the first path is much shorter and
+
+385
+00:25:01,220 --> 00:25:05,060
+the second path is much longer So, for the picture
+
+386
+00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:08,000
+to be clear and to connect, it must connect with
+
+387
+00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,380
+each other, the rays connect with each other Why
+
+388
+00:25:10,380 --> 00:25:12,740
+do the rays have to connect with each other? We
+
+389
+00:25:12,740 --> 00:25:15,600
+give an example from practical life, we say if a
+
+390
+00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:21,590
+person لو إنسان اتفق مع عشر أشخاص they meet at a
+
+391
+00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:25,550
+certain place to go on a trip, okay? One comes at
+
+392
+00:25:25,550 --> 00:25:29,550
+ten in the morning at this agreed place to go on a
+
+393
+00:25:29,550 --> 00:25:32,050
+trip One comes at ten and a quarter, one comes at
+
+394
+00:25:32,050 --> 00:25:33,990
+ten and a half, one comes at eleven to the third,
+
+395
+00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:36,350
+one comes at eleven and .. In the end, this is not
+
+396
+00:25:36,350 --> 00:25:38,110
+a trip because they will not meet and gather
+
+397
+00:25:38,110 --> 00:25:42,070
+together at the same time so that later they can
+
+398
+00:25:42,070 --> 00:25:45,530
+go on their trip And also things started at a
+
+399
+00:25:45,530 --> 00:25:48,610
+certain moment from a point from the object Lazim
+
+400
+00:25:48,610 --> 00:25:52,730
+غالبا تصل في نفس اللحظة ل ال image point ل ال
+
+401
+00:25:52,730 --> 00:25:56,930
+image point اذا انطلقت في نفس اللحظة من A لازم تصل
+
+402
+00:25:56,930 --> 00:26:00,650
+في نفس ال .. او .. او .. تصل في نفس المدة الزمنية
+
+403
+00:26:00,650 --> 00:26:05,050
+ل A شرطة اللي هي سورة A طب كيف هذا بده يتوفر ..
+
+404
+00:26:05,050 --> 00:26:09,350
+كيف هذا بده يتوفر اذا كان انا عندي في مصار للضوء ل
+
+405
+00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:15,390
+بعض او لحزمة شعاعية انطلقت عبر ممر الأولو مسافتها
+
+406
+00:26:15,390 --> 00:26:19,090
+أقصر و الحزمة الشععية التانية طلقت عبر الممر
+
+407
+00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:22,230
+التاني و مسافتها أطول كده دم يصلوا في نفس الميعاد
+
+408
+00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:26,890
+بنقول أه، الان صحيح ال path one أقصر ولكن هيعدي من
+
+409
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:30,870
+منطقة سميكة من الزجاج فهيتأخر لإن الضوء في الزجاج
+
+410
+00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:36,290
+بيكون أبطأ while the path to .. the path to .. its
+
+411
+00:26:36,290 --> 00:26:38,910
+distance is longer but it will pass through less
+
+412
+00
+
+445
+00:28:38,350 --> 00:28:42,550
+أنه هيتعوج هنا فتعويج to high هتخلي الضوء اللي سلك
+
+446
+00:28:42,550 --> 00:28:46,790
+المسرق التاني يعني يلحجوا و التانين يلتقوا في
+
+447
+00:28:46,790 --> 00:28:47,730
+الimage
+
+448
+00:28:49,910 --> 00:28:52,990
+Light travelling the longer path to goes through
+
+449
+00:28:52,990 --> 00:28:56,930
+less lens .. less glass if the lens is properly
+
+450
+00:28:56,930 --> 00:29:01,570
+shaped و هذا هو مربط الفرس و هذا هو أهم إشي ضروري
+
+451
+00:29:01,570 --> 00:29:05,970
+يكون ال lens شكلها و الانحناق بتاعها مناسببشكل
+
+452
+00:29:05,970 --> 00:29:09,710
+proper، بشكل مناسب، the greater distance in air is
+
+453
+00:29:09,710 --> 00:29:13,450
+perfectly compensated for by the shorter distance
+
+454
+00:29:13,450 --> 00:29:17,790
+in glass صحيح الممر التاني هيعدي .. هيكون طويل، بس
+
+455
+00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:21,650
+لأنه هيعدي من منطقة رفيعة من ال .. من العدسة، مش
+
+456
+00:29:21,650 --> 00:29:25,870
+هيتأخر كتير، فبالتالي هيقدر يوصل ل ال image point
+
+457
+00:29:25,870 --> 00:29:30,590
+بنفس الزمن اللي وصل الأشعة اللي عبرت عبر ممر ايه؟
+
+458
+00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:35,750
+عبر ممر ايه؟If the lens is properly shaped, the
+
+459
+00:29:35,750 --> 00:29:39,810
+greater distance in air for path 2 is perfectly
+
+460
+00:29:39,810 --> 00:29:44,950
+compensated by the shorter distance in glass. So
+
+461
+00:29:44,950 --> 00:29:47,830
+the time required to travel from object to image
+
+462
+00:29:56,010 --> 00:30:00,230
+بعبارة أخرى ال optical path length is identical
+
+463
+00:30:00,230 --> 00:30:06,050
+for both paths وبنتوقف عند هذه النقطة اللي شرحنا
+
+464
+00:30:06,050 --> 00:30:08,450
+فيها ال optical path length وحنلاقي ان شاء الله
+
+465
+00:30:08,450 --> 00:30:12,970
+تمارين، هحاول أنزل تمارين على ال model لحساب ال
+
+466
+00:30:12,970 --> 00:30:16,950
+optical path length ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+467
+00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:18,670
+ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/2oRzk38-n14_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2384 @@
+1
+00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:02,730
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,430 --> 00:00:07,030
+We continue the lectures on Geometric Optics and
+
+3
+00:00:07,030 --> 00:00:12,230
+we talked in lecture 21 about the Lensmaker's
+
+4
+00:00:12,230 --> 00:00:17,150
+Equation and in lecture 22 about the two basics
+
+5
+00:00:17,150 --> 00:00:22,510
+that I use from the Lensmaker's Equation which are
+
+6
+00:00:22,510 --> 00:00:26,550
+first of all the image locationThe image location
+
+7
+00:00:26,550 --> 00:00:29,690
+or image distance is related to the location of
+
+8
+00:00:29,690 --> 00:00:31,750
+the object. If the location of the object changes,
+
+9
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:34,830
+the location of the image changes. This is one
+
+10
+00:00:34,830 --> 00:00:38,550
+point. The second point is that the image location
+
+11
+00:00:38,550 --> 00:00:41,330
+is also related to R, which is half the magnitude
+
+12
+00:00:41,330 --> 00:00:44,700
+of the spherical refracting surface.In the form of
+
+13
+00:00:44,700 --> 00:00:49,420
+a reflecting surface, is it more than half a small
+
+14
+00:00:49,420 --> 00:00:54,060
+drop, or less than half a large drop, which also
+
+15
+00:00:54,060 --> 00:00:57,960
+affects the location of the image, and these are
+
+16
+00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:03,500
+the two main things that we learned from the
+
+17
+00:01:03,500 --> 00:01:07,430
+lensmaker's equation.And we said that the power of
+
+18
+00:01:07,430 --> 00:01:11,550
+the refracting service is N minus N divided by R
+
+19
+00:01:11,550 --> 00:01:14,490
+Now we want to say that the refracted power
+
+20
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:20,190
+Strictly speaking applies to spherical surfaces,
+
+21
+00:01:20,510 --> 00:01:23,650
+but the cornea is not spherical. It is known that
+
+22
+00:01:23,650 --> 00:01:28,310
+the Lensmakers equation was derived by using a
+
+23
+00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:30,990
+spherical refracting surface, and by
+
+24
+00:01:30,990 --> 00:01:34,830
+approximations, approximations, that is, it was
+
+25
+00:01:34,830 --> 00:01:37,010
+transmitted to the Lensmakers equation, that is,
+
+26
+00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:41,080
+it was treated onlywith a spherical refracting
+
+27
+00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:44,860
+surface, spherical refracting surface so that we
+
+28
+00:01:44,860 --> 00:01:48,860
+don't get the targets of the normal surface, the
+
+29
+00:01:48,860 --> 00:01:53,360
+empty targets which are x and y and z, but just
+
+30
+00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:57,280
+the point where the para-axial ray touched, where
+
+31
+00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,260
+the surface of theThe spherical refracting service
+
+32
+00:02:01,260 --> 00:02:03,840
+extends from the center of the service to this
+
+33
+00:02:03,840 --> 00:02:07,140
+point, a line, and extends again until it becomes
+
+34
+00:02:07,140 --> 00:02:10,660
+the normal service So when we talk about power, we
+
+35
+00:02:10,660 --> 00:02:14,780
+mean the spherical services, that is, the word
+
+36
+00:02:14,780 --> 00:02:18,860
+refractive power is appliedonly in case of
+
+37
+00:02:18,860 --> 00:02:22,200
+spherical surface but the cornea is not spherical
+
+38
+00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:26,860
+I can't say the power of the cornea although many
+
+39
+00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:34,360
+people deal with the cornea as a lens or optical
+
+40
+00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:37,800
+system they say the corneal power or they give
+
+41
+00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,540
+numbers to the corneal power so the cornea is not
+
+42
+00:02:41,540 --> 00:02:45,080
+spherical but the cornea is
+
+43
+00:02:48,010 --> 00:02:51,350
+more steep in the middle and towards the edges
+
+44
+00:02:56,270 --> 00:03:00,230
+more steep centrally, and more flat peripherally.
+
+45
+00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:11,430
+Aspheric, we call it aspheric surface. In general,
+
+46
+00:03:11,810 --> 00:03:15,210
+every point on aspheric surface is associated with
+
+47
+00:03:15,210 --> 00:03:19,230
+infinitely many curvatures. There is no such thing
+
+48
+00:03:19,230 --> 00:03:22,070
+as a single radius of curvature.
+
+49
+00:03:25,060 --> 00:03:28,880
+Now if I say, at this point that I'm pointing at,
+
+50
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:32,240
+this point, let's put an arrow on it, let's say
+
+51
+00:03:32,240 --> 00:03:41,600
+point A for example, at this point, at
+
+52
+00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:46,160
+this point which is next to number 6How much is R?
+
+53
+00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:48,800
+How much is the radius of curvature? This point or
+
+54
+00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,720
+this part of the cone can by itself without the
+
+55
+00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:56,560
+cone being a part of a sphere and has a radius of
+
+56
+00:03:56,560 --> 00:04:02,840
+curvature The next point has another curve
+
+57
+00:04:10,540 --> 00:04:13,280
+The point that follows to another curve, so point
+
+58
+00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:15,300
+B for example that I pointed at with the arrow,
+
+59
+00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:18,720
+and the point that I pointed at with the first
+
+60
+00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:21,960
+arrow, this curve is curved and this curve is
+
+61
+00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:24,040
+different from it, it is like the nature of the
+
+62
+00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,760
+aspherical, the aspherical refracting surfaces,
+
+63
+00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:32,320
+that every point from itIt has half a drop for
+
+64
+00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:34,220
+itself, which is different from half a drop, which
+
+65
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,900
+means half a drop of point B is different from
+
+66
+00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:39,100
+half a drop of point A is different from minus
+
+67
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:41,720
+half a drop, which means that there is a very
+
+68
+00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:45,200
+large number of curves because the surface of the
+
+69
+00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:50,320
+sphere is not spherical So, contrary to the ball,
+
+70
+00:04:50,780 --> 00:04:53,160
+contrary to the ball, if we imagine that this is a
+
+71
+00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:55,020
+spherical surface, a spherical surface, I swear to
+
+72
+00:04:55,020 --> 00:04:57,720
+God, R equals, for example, six and a half
+
+73
+00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:01,020
+millimeters, which means RIt's equal to six and a
+
+74
+00:05:01,020 --> 00:05:03,200
+half millimeters at each point high, at each point
+
+75
+00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,920
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+76
+00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:08,540
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+77
+00:05:08,540 --> 00:05:08,800
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+78
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:09,040
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+79
+00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:09,880
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+80
+00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:10,380
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+81
+00:05:10,380 --> 00:05:10,880
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+82
+00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:11,340
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+83
+00:05:11,340 --> 00:05:13,880
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+84
+00:05:13,880 --> 00:05:13,900
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+85
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:25,320
+each point high, at each point high, at each
+
+86
+00:05:25,320 --> 00:05:30,780
+point high, at each point high,until its center is
+
+87
+00:05:30,780 --> 00:05:36,000
+a line and this line is equal no matter how
+
+88
+00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:42,320
+different the point is on the surface so in
+
+89
+00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:45,540
+general every point on aspheric surface is
+
+90
+00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:49,280
+associated with infinitely many curvatures there
+
+91
+00:05:49,280 --> 00:05:53,000
+is no such thing as a single radius of curvature
+
+92
+00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:56,340
+unlike the spherical surface, the aspheric surface
+
+93
+00:05:56,340 --> 00:06:01,970
+has a large number ofwhich is half of which is
+
+94
+00:06:01,970 --> 00:06:04,830
+greater than or equal to I can't say that the
+
+95
+00:06:04,830 --> 00:06:07,270
+radius of the aspheric surface is equal to this
+
+96
+00:06:07,270 --> 00:06:10,490
+because it is equal to this at the point C but it
+
+97
+00:06:10,490 --> 00:06:13,570
+is equal to a different value at the point C and a
+
+98
+00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:16,630
+third value at point I and so on but for the
+
+99
+00:06:16,630 --> 00:06:20,250
+spherical surfaceبقول نصف القطر يساوي كذا، معناته
+
+100
+00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:24,430
+كل أنصاف أقطار الكرة واحدة The sphere is a very
+
+101
+00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:27,630
+special case, a single radius of curvature
+
+102
+00:06:27,630 --> 00:06:31,550
+characterizes the entire sphere يعني لما أقول نصف
+
+103
+00:06:31,550 --> 00:06:36,030
+قطر، أسمي نصف قطر واحد، معناته أنا بعطي وصف كامل
+
+104
+00:06:36,030 --> 00:06:41,610
+لكل سفير لأنه لن يتغير نصف الكرة أو نصف القطر لهذه
+
+105
+00:06:41,610 --> 00:06:45,120
+ال sphereA single radius of curvature can
+
+106
+00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:47,800
+characterize no other shape
+
+107
+00:06:50,740 --> 00:06:54,520
+to shape, and I say that half of the ball will
+
+108
+00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:56,720
+give me a complete description of any shape, we
+
+109
+00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:58,980
+will say spherical shape
+
+110
+00:07:22,340 --> 00:07:25,720
+And no refractive power should not .. and
+
+111
+00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:28,500
+refractive power should not be applied to non
+
+112
+00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:32,300
+-spherical surfaces يعني الكورنيا بمعنىها أسفرق مش
+
+113
+00:07:32,300 --> 00:07:36,340
+spherical surface معناته الصحيح إن ما أستعملش كلمة
+
+114
+00:07:36,340 --> 00:07:39,920
+refractive power refractive power مع أنه تجاوزا
+
+115
+00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:45,460
+يعني في كتير من اللي هو العلماء و الأطباء و ما إلى
+
+116
+00:07:45,460 --> 00:07:49,430
+ذلك بستعملوا و بقول corneal power corneal powerIn
+
+117
+00:07:49,430 --> 00:07:53,310
+addition, power is a para-axial concept, thus it
+
+118
+00:07:53,310 --> 00:07:56,750
+applies only to small area near the optical axis
+
+119
+00:08:06,940 --> 00:08:10,700
+minus n over r, all our work with the paraaxial
+
+120
+00:08:10,700 --> 00:08:14,100
+ray, and this word will be true, the word power
+
+121
+00:08:14,100 --> 00:08:17,920
+will be true only for the paraaxial ray, for the
+
+122
+00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:21,560
+paraaxial ray, we have this ball
+
+123
+00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:29,040
+نصف قطر واحد بيدل انه R لو قلنا R تساوي اتنين صنطي
+
+124
+00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:33,660
+معناته R لهنا اتنين صنطي وR لهنا اتنين صنطي وR لأى
+
+125
+00:08:33,660 --> 00:08:38,560
+نقطة على السطح اتنين صنطي هنا spherical surface
+
+126
+00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:41,980
+spherical surface اللى احنا هاد الرسمة اللى
+
+127
+00:08:41,980 --> 00:08:47,700
+استنتجنا منها اللى هو lens makers equationWe say
+
+128
+00:08:47,700 --> 00:08:49,560
+as follows, what is the difference between sphere
+
+129
+00:08:49,560 --> 00:09:17,180
+and spherical surface?
+
+130
+00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:20,460
+And here I have a ball The spherical surface and
+
+131
+00:09:20,460 --> 00:09:23,520
+the ball are all spherical spherical spherical
+
+132
+00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:25,000
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+133
+00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:25,560
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+134
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:25,700
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+135
+00:09:25,700 --> 00:09:26,460
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+136
+00:09:26,460 --> 00:09:27,540
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+137
+00:09:27,540 --> 00:09:28,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+138
+00:09:28,300 --> 00:09:28,480
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+139
+00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:29,400
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+140
+00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:30,000
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+141
+00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:31,280
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+142
+00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:31,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+143
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+144
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:46,480
+sphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspir
+
+145
+00:09:48,380 --> 00:09:53,320
+بالنسبة لل power أنا بحكي power لما أكون أنا ب ..
+
+146
+00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:57,360
+ب .. أتبع في ال paraxial rays بحكي power لما يكون
+
+147
+00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:01,060
+في عندى spherical surface مش aspheric surface
+
+148
+00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:05,360
+Power is .. is not applicable to non-paraxial
+
+149
+00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:10,080
+regions of the cornea ال cornea .. ال cornea بعض
+
+150
+00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:13,400
+العلماء بعتبروها أنه في المركز دا هتعتبر سفير يعني
+
+151
+00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:18,690
+الجزء هذا يعتبر سفيرThe peripheral region of the
+
+152
+00:10:18,690 --> 00:10:23,330
+cornea is not spherical, but it becomes more flat,
+
+153
+00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:27,930
+more flat, some scientists say that the central 2
+
+154
+00:10:27,930 --> 00:10:31,890
+mm or 3 mm of the cornea is considered spherical
+
+155
+00:10:31,890 --> 00:10:34,730
+in the sense of the word sphere, and because of
+
+156
+00:10:34,730 --> 00:10:39,180
+thatوطبعا من هذه النقطة او من هذه المنطقة هتدخل ال
+
+157
+00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:43,220
+paraxial rays ال paraxial rays فبالتالي انا اذا
+
+158
+00:10:43,220 --> 00:10:47,080
+بدأ اجي اقول corneal power بدأ اقتصر على ال
+
+159
+00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:52,140
+paraxial rays على ال paraxial raysPower is not
+
+160
+00:10:52,140 --> 00:10:57,020
+applicable لأ يمكن يعني تطبيق كلمة power على ال
+
+161
+00:10:57,020 --> 00:11:00,000
+non-paraxial regions of the corner. In the
+
+162
+00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:03,800
+paraxial region imaging is stigmatic ال paraxial
+
+163
+00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:07,080
+rays focus to a common point بس ال paraxial ray
+
+164
+00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:11,280
+وعددها قليل even for spherical surfaces outside
+
+165
+00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:15,240
+the paraxial region rays do not focus to a single
+
+166
+00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:15,720
+point
+
+167
+00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:28,820
+Paraxial rays focus on single point, but
+
+168
+00:11:28,820 --> 00:11:32,220
+non
+
+169
+00:11:32,220 --> 00:11:36,280
+-paraxial rays focus on various locations
+
+170
+00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:45,580
+طبعا الأشعة ككل مع بعضها بتعطيني صورة مش stigmatic
+
+171
+00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:51,680
+لإنه مش كل الأشعة بتكون focus to a single point
+
+172
+00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:55,640
+إذا .. إذا ال para axial rays focus to a single
+
+173
+00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:59,300
+point بينما ال non para axial ray اللي عددها أكبر
+
+174
+00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:04,320
+بتعطيني point spread function يعني مش stigmatic
+
+175
+00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:10,430
+imaging .. مش stigmatic imagingThat is, away from
+
+176
+00:12:10,430 --> 00:12:13,710
+the para-axial region, rays do not focus as
+
+177
+00:12:13,710 --> 00:12:17,850
+predicted when the lensmaker's equation is used
+
+178
+00:12:22,450 --> 00:12:25,650
+I use it to say where is the image of the x-ray,
+
+179
+00:12:25,710 --> 00:12:33,990
+if I take this example and apply lens maker
+
+180
+00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:37,710
+equation minus n over o plus condition minus n
+
+181
+00:12:37,710 --> 00:12:41,290
+over r equals n condition over i, it will give me
+
+182
+00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:43,960
+the location of the image hereWhere did the focus
+
+183
+00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,140
+go to the para-axial ray? Because the lensmakers
+
+184
+00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:50,480
+equation was produced by using the para-axial
+
+185
+00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:54,420
+rays. So it will give me the image that formed at
+
+186
+00:12:54,420 --> 00:12:58,180
+this point and not give me the place where the
+
+187
+00:12:58,180 --> 00:13:03,500
+focus went to the non-para-axial ray
+
+188
+00:13:05,950 --> 00:13:09,070
+ندخل في موضوع جديد اللي هو ال orthalmic lenses هو
+
+189
+00:13:09,070 --> 00:13:13,910
+موضوع حقيقة مهم جدا من ناحية العملية لإنه هناخد
+
+190
+00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:18,610
+فيه اللي هو العدسات ال lenses العينية اللي احنا
+
+191
+00:13:18,610 --> 00:13:25,070
+بنامي يعني بنستعملهم في شغل أخصائي البصريات in
+
+192
+00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:28,870
+this section we build upon the basic principles of
+
+193
+00:13:28,870 --> 00:13:32,790
+first order optics to show howto show how both
+
+194
+00:13:32,790 --> 00:13:36,430
+simple lenses and complex optical systems are
+
+195
+00:13:36,430 --> 00:13:40,990
+modeled. Of course here, this topic was prepared
+
+196
+00:13:40,990 --> 00:13:47,370
+in previous lectures by taking a detailed idea of
+
+197
+00:13:47,370 --> 00:13:50,730
+what is called first order optics. We will use the
+
+198
+00:13:50,730 --> 00:13:53,370
+principles of first order optics and the lens
+
+199
+00:13:53,370 --> 00:13:58,610
+makers equationWe will benefit from them in a way
+
+200
+00:13:58,610 --> 00:14:02,830
+that we know how simple lenses and complex optical
+
+201
+00:14:02,830 --> 00:14:07,250
+systems how to deal with them and how to calculate
+
+202
+00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:10,670
+the image and how to reach the attributes of the
+
+203
+00:14:10,670 --> 00:14:14,070
+image that make up these lenses or complex optical
+
+204
+00:14:14,070 --> 00:14:18,610
+systems We also demonstrate how imaging problems
+
+205
+00:14:18,610 --> 00:14:23,090
+are solved, meaning how to deal withكيف أتعامل مع
+
+206
+00:14:23,090 --> 00:14:27,010
+مثلا optical system مكوّن من أكتر من عدسة؟ وين
+
+207
+00:14:27,010 --> 00:14:30,630
+الصورة النهائية هتتكون؟ إيش صفاتها؟ كل هذا الكلام
+
+208
+00:14:30,630 --> 00:14:35,930
+هيندرج تحت عنوان the ophthalmic lenses أول شيء
+
+209
+00:14:35,930 --> 00:14:39,890
+بدنا نبدأ نشرحه نقول we begin by considering the
+
+210
+00:14:39,890 --> 00:14:44,650
+concept of virgins بدنا نعرف في مصطلح اسمه ال
+
+211
+00:14:44,650 --> 00:14:49,720
+virginsAlvergence, alvergence يقصد في تشتتية
+
+212
+00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:55,820
+الضوء, تشتتية الضوء, ولمّا بنقول تشتتية الضوء يعني
+
+213
+00:14:55,820 --> 00:14:59,770
+هذه بتحتمل تلت احتمالاتDivergent rays, the
+
+214
+00:14:59,770 --> 00:15:03,070
+divergent state of light, which is divergence, the
+
+215
+00:15:03,070 --> 00:15:06,950
+divergent state of light has three cases, not four
+
+216
+00:15:06,950 --> 00:15:10,170
+cases. What are the three cases? Either the light
+
+217
+00:15:10,170 --> 00:15:12,810
+is divergent from each other, that is, whenever
+
+218
+00:15:12,810 --> 00:15:15,790
+there is space, the light rays move away from each
+
+219
+00:15:15,790 --> 00:15:17,810
+other, they call them divergent rays
+
+220
+00:15:21,860 --> 00:15:25,860
+or they call it negative divergence, which means
+
+221
+00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:28,300
+that every time the light shines, it moves away
+
+222
+00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:32,880
+from each other Okay, so I have divergent rays
+
+223
+00:15:32,880 --> 00:15:38,160
+Second thing, parallel rays, which means parallel
+
+224
+00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:42,600
+rays to each other These parallel rays to each
+
+225
+00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:46,370
+other, every time they shine in spaceكل ما ضالت
+
+226
+00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:49,950
+المسافة اللي بين الأشعة الضوئية نفس المسافة
+
+227
+00:15:49,950 --> 00:15:54,930
+ماتغيرتش لأنها مش divergent ولا convergent النوع
+
+228
+00:15:54,930 --> 00:15:59,570
+التالت convergent rateconvergent rays, meaning
+
+229
+00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:03,830
+collected rays, if they are not collected but
+
+230
+00:16:03,830 --> 00:16:08,610
+collected, they are called convergent rays and we
+
+231
+00:16:08,610 --> 00:16:12,790
+can call them divergence positive, so divergent
+
+232
+00:16:12,790 --> 00:16:16,010
+rays divergent rays, this is the first case that
+
+233
+00:16:16,010 --> 00:16:19,870
+can have light rays that started from point A
+
+234
+00:16:19,870 --> 00:16:24,950
+divergent rays, the second thing is to be parallel
+
+235
+00:16:24,950 --> 00:16:28,830
+raysتالت حاجة أنها تكون convergence، يا إما
+
+236
+00:16:28,830 --> 00:16:33,190
+متشتتة، يا إما متوازية، يا إما متجمعة، لا توجد
+
+237
+00:16:33,190 --> 00:16:37,710
+حالة تشتتية أخرى، الضوء إما بيكون متشتت أو متوازي،
+
+238
+00:16:37,710 --> 00:16:41,230
+موازي لبعض لبعض أو متجمع، فال convergence يقصد دي
+
+239
+00:16:41,230 --> 00:16:47,190
+الحالة التشتتية للضوء Light rays emanating from a
+
+240
+00:16:47,190 --> 00:16:51,470
+single object point spread apart and are referred
+
+241
+00:16:51,470 --> 00:16:56,470
+to as divergentLight rays travelling towards an
+
+242
+00:16:56,470 --> 00:16:59,710
+image point after passing through an optical lens
+
+243
+00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:03,370
+come together and are referred to as convergence
+
+244
+00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:06,710
+The light that comes out of the point diverges in
+
+245
+00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:14,610
+all directions and is called divergent rays The
+
+246
+00:17:14,610 --> 00:17:19,300
+rays that come out of the lens will form imagesكيف
+
+247
+00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,440
+ده تكون الصورة؟ بإنها تتجمع مع بعض على بعض، اذا
+
+248
+00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:26,080
+الأشعة اللي رايحة تكون صورة بتكون convergent ray
+
+249
+00:17:26,080 --> 00:17:29,840
+أو الحالة التشتوتية بتاعتها positive، ال versions
+
+250
+00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:33,860
+بتاعتها positive، و الأشعة الصادرة من ال object،
+
+251
+00:17:33,860 --> 00:17:37,620
+الحالة التشتوتية إلها negative versions، يعني أشعة
+
+252
+00:17:37,620 --> 00:17:45,050
+متشتتة، هذه الأشعة مثلا ضوء الشمسهذا الشمس جسم
+
+253
+00:17:45,050 --> 00:17:49,370
+حقيقي, real object ما حد بينكر أنه الشمس جسم
+
+254
+00:17:49,370 --> 00:17:54,870
+حقيقي, real object الأشعب تتشتت في جميع الاتجاهات
+
+255
+00:17:55,360 --> 00:18:25,340
+لما تصدر من الشمس
+
+256
+00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,880
+meaning parallel or convergent means it will have
+
+257
+00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:32,680
+a specific direction and sometimes only the person
+
+258
+00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:37,820
+who is exposed to this direction or to these solar
+
+259
+00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:41,760
+rays or to this light of the sun will see it any
+
+260
+00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,600
+person who is not exposed to light will not see it
+
+261
+00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,320
+but as long as we are in different places on the
+
+262
+00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:51,720
+surface of the earthin Saudi Arabia, Jordan,
+
+263
+00:18:51,980 --> 00:18:57,460
+Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, etc. and we see
+
+264
+00:18:57,460 --> 00:18:59,440
+the sun at the same time, which means that the
+
+265
+00:18:59,440 --> 00:19:02,660
+rays coming from the sun are scattered and each
+
+266
+00:19:02,660 --> 00:19:05,000
+part reaches a region, which means that a part
+
+267
+00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,540
+will reach Palestine, a part will reach Jordan, a
+
+268
+00:19:08,540 --> 00:19:12,680
+part will reach Iraq, a part will reach Kuwait,
+
+269
+00:19:12,860 --> 00:19:18,370
+etc. So, the real object is always and neverThe
+
+270
+00:19:18,370 --> 00:19:22,110
+rays are scattered from it. If the object is
+
+271
+00:19:22,110 --> 00:19:25,090
+small, we say point source of light or point
+
+272
+00:19:25,090 --> 00:19:28,810
+light, the rays also scatter from it in all
+
+273
+00:19:28,810 --> 00:19:32,050
+directions. If there is a person standing in this
+
+274
+00:19:32,050 --> 00:19:34,650
+area that I am pointing at, and a person here, and
+
+275
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:37,170
+a person here, and a person here, and the light
+
+276
+00:19:37,170 --> 00:19:39,470
+begins to fade, the four people will see the light
+
+277
+00:19:39,470 --> 00:19:42,570
+at the same moment because it scattered towards
+
+278
+00:19:42,570 --> 00:19:45,250
+them all. This is one point. The second point, if
+
+279
+00:19:45,250 --> 00:19:48,580
+we take two raysلو أخدنا شعاعين نطلع على الرسم
+
+280
+00:19:48,580 --> 00:19:53,100
+المكبر لو أخدنا الشعاع هذا و الشعاع هذا، كل ما
+
+281
+00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:57,280
+صاروا في الفرق، المسافة بينهم ابتبعد، المسافة
+
+282
+00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:00,980
+بينهم ابتبعد، فبالتالي هذا divergence trace، إذا
+
+283
+00:20:00,980 --> 00:20:05,460
+أي real object، هذه قاعدة، أي real object، الأشعة
+
+284
+00:20:05,460 --> 00:20:09,600
+بتطلع منه divergence، divergencethey're just
+
+285
+00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:13,220
+..الان لو جينا ال .. needing و الأشعة اللي خلصت
+
+286
+00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:17,000
+دخلت في optical system، هيكون vex lens و رايح
+
+287
+00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,680
+اتكون ل image في مكان ما من الفرق، في مكان ما من
+
+288
+00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:23,920
+الفرقNow, while it is going to form an image,
+
+289
+00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:27,540
+convergent, it becomes convergence, it becomes
+
+290
+00:20:27,540 --> 00:20:31,480
+convergent, so therefore, the rays that left the
+
+291
+00:20:31,480 --> 00:20:35,220
+optical system and in their way to form an image,
+
+292
+00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:39,850
+it becomes convergent or its convergencepositive,
+
+293
+00:20:39,990 --> 00:20:43,170
+the convergence is positive until it meets in the
+
+294
+00:20:43,170 --> 00:20:47,190
+picture in a place that .. in a place that .. as
+
+295
+00:20:47,190 --> 00:20:49,650
+we get closer to the picture, the convergence
+
+296
+00:20:49,650 --> 00:20:51,230
+increases, that is, the distance between these two
+
+297
+00:20:51,230 --> 00:20:54,770
+rays here in a certain distance began to decrease,
+
+298
+00:20:54,890 --> 00:20:56,930
+that is, the convergence increased, began to
+
+299
+00:20:56,930 --> 00:20:58,410
+decrease, that is, the convergence increased,
+
+300
+00:20:58,610 --> 00:21:00,930
+began to decrease, the convergence increased, so
+
+301
+00:21:00,930 --> 00:21:05,270
+as we get closer to the pictureكل ما اقتربنا من
+
+302
+00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:09,090
+مكان الصورة بيكون الأشعة more convergent بيزيد ال
+
+303
+00:21:09,090 --> 00:21:12,350
+convergence ده كل ما ابتعدنا بيكون less
+
+304
+00:21:12,350 --> 00:21:18,310
+convergent، تمام؟
+
+305
+00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:25,810
+كل ما اقتربنا من الصورة،
+
+306
+00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:33,230
+إيش بيصير عندنا؟ بيقول rays are more convergent
+
+307
+00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:38,400
+means closest to the image, we take for example
+
+308
+00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,680
+this ray and this ray, the last two rays, there is
+
+309
+00:21:42,680 --> 00:21:44,920
+a distance between them, this distance decreases,
+
+310
+00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:48,180
+decreases more, decreases more, decreases more,
+
+311
+00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:50,200
+means they are closer to each other, so they make
+
+312
+00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:55,040
+convergence more, so close to the image, close to
+
+313
+00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:58,100
+the image rays are more convergent
+
+314
+00:22:03,940 --> 00:22:10,800
+Far from the image, rays
+
+315
+00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:17,340
+are less
+
+316
+00:22:17,340 --> 00:22:18,140
+convergent
+
+317
+00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,540
+When we are close to the image, the rays are more
+
+318
+00:22:34,540 --> 00:22:38,080
+convergent, when we are far from the image, the
+
+319
+00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:40,360
+rays are convergent, they are getting closer to
+
+320
+00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,600
+each other, but the convergence here is less than
+
+321
+00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,260
+that. So, far from the image, less convergent,
+
+322
+00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:49,840
+close to the image, more convergent. This is when
+
+323
+00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,020
+we talk about the back side of the optical system.
+
+324
+00:22:53,120 --> 00:22:55,300
+On the right side of the optical system,
+
+325
+00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:58,340
+convergence started to happen. But the convergence
+
+326
+00:22:58,340 --> 00:23:02,370
+of light, the convergence of light,عند هذه النقطة
+
+327
+00:23:02,370 --> 00:23:05,550
+أكتر و لا كل ما اقتربنا لل image أكتر؟ قبعا كل ما
+
+328
+00:23:05,550 --> 00:23:09,910
+اقتربنا من الصورة الأشعة بتكون more convergent كل
+
+329
+00:23:09,910 --> 00:23:13,570
+ما ابتعدنا عن الصورة احنا بنحكي عند الجزء هذا فقط
+
+330
+00:23:13,570 --> 00:23:14,250
+الجزء هذا
+
+331
+00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:38,770
+Close to the image, rays are more convergentClose
+
+332
+00:23:38,770 --> 00:23:42,530
+to the image, rays are more convergent. Far from
+
+333
+00:23:42,530 --> 00:23:45,070
+the image, rays are less convergent.
+
+334
+00:23:50,550 --> 00:23:55,310
+If rays are diverging, divergence is negative. If
+
+335
+00:23:55,310 --> 00:23:58,950
+rays are converging, the convergence is positive.
+
+336
+00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:02,380
+طيب، ممكن إنسان يقول لي طيب لو الأشعة لا هي
+
+337
+00:24:02,380 --> 00:24:05,600
+diverging ولا هي converging، يعني parallel to one
+
+338
+00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,960
+another، زي ما الصورة بتوديه، جديش الvergence ده
+
+339
+00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:11,460
+هعطيله positive ولا negative، بنقول الvergence
+
+340
+00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:15,320
+للأشعة المتوازية صفر، لا هو positive ولا هو
+
+341
+00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:18,440
+negative، لما بنسمع إنسان بيقولني الvergence of
+
+342
+00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:22,500
+light zero، الvergence of light zero، معناته احنا
+
+343
+00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:26,160
+الvergence of light zero، معناته الأشعة parallel،
+
+344
+00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:30,770
+الأشعة parallelالان حكينا انه على ال side التاني
+
+345
+00:24:30,770 --> 00:24:34,770
+من العدسة far from the image, far from the image
+
+346
+00:24:34,770 --> 00:24:39,050
+يعني بعيد عن الصورة، الأشعة less convergent، هي
+
+347
+00:24:39,050 --> 00:24:44,090
+صحيح convergent بس قليل و close to the image، كل
+
+348
+00:24:44,090 --> 00:24:46,570
+ما اقتربنا من الصورة close to the image, rays are
+
+349
+00:24:46,570 --> 00:24:50,750
+more convergent،الان إيش بالنسبة لل object؟These
+
+350
+00:24:50,750 --> 00:24:53,390
+are the rays close to the object, and these are
+
+351
+00:24:53,390 --> 00:24:56,750
+the rays away from the object We are this distance
+
+352
+00:24:56,750 --> 00:25:00,230
+away from the object, and this distance close to
+
+353
+00:25:00,230 --> 00:25:04,290
+the object Okay, if we wanted to compare the first
+
+354
+00:25:04,290 --> 00:25:07,910
+picture with the second picture, we say that the
+
+355
+00:25:07,910 --> 00:25:12,440
+closer we areFor the object, it should be more
+
+356
+00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:15,960
+divergent or the farther we are from the object,
+
+357
+00:25:16,180 --> 00:25:18,780
+the more divergent it should be? The answer to
+
+358
+00:25:18,780 --> 00:25:21,680
+that should be clarified by drawing, it should be
+
+359
+00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,600
+clarified by drawing Drawing, for example, will
+
+360
+00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:30,680
+clarify the matter in a way that when we say how
+
+361
+00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:34,900
+much is the divergence of light, the first thing
+
+362
+00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:36,440
+that should be taken into account is that it is
+
+363
+00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:40,090
+not any lightHere there are light rays, I didn't
+
+364
+00:25:40,090 --> 00:25:43,010
+draw them here This is a ray number, for example,
+
+365
+00:25:43,170 --> 00:25:46,650
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and a thousand
+
+366
+00:25:46,650 --> 00:25:49,830
+These rays that will not enter the lens, we don't
+
+367
+00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:52,550
+talk about the divergence, we didn't do it What
+
+368
+00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:54,450
+does it have to do with the whole trip? We said
+
+369
+00:25:54,450 --> 00:25:56,810
+that this science, the science of geometric optics
+
+370
+00:25:56,810 --> 00:26:00,130
+studies the journey from the object to the optical
+
+371
+00:26:00,130 --> 00:26:02,410
+system to the image That is, we are interested in
+
+372
+00:26:02,410 --> 00:26:06,070
+part of the rays that enter the optical system
+
+373
+00:26:08,270 --> 00:26:10,930
+enters the optical system in the lens and goes to
+
+374
+00:26:10,930 --> 00:26:14,050
+form the image Okay, before entering the optical
+
+375
+00:26:14,050 --> 00:26:16,490
+system, we want to say as usual, this is the
+
+376
+00:26:16,490 --> 00:26:23,270
+location of the lens close to the object And here
+
+377
+00:26:23,270 --> 00:26:24,830
+is the location of the lens away from us, we took
+
+378
+00:26:24,830 --> 00:26:27,410
+this lens in the second example, but I drew them
+
+379
+00:26:27,410 --> 00:26:29,750
+above each other to clarify some things that we
+
+380
+00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:32,430
+want to clarify The lens here in the first
+
+381
+00:26:32,430 --> 00:26:34,630
+location, close to the object, then we took the
+
+382
+00:26:34,630 --> 00:26:37,850
+lens and moved it awayOr you see the divergence
+
+383
+00:26:37,850 --> 00:26:43,150
+here more, or the divergence here more? We say as
+
+384
+00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:47,230
+follows, before we rush into the answerBefore we
+
+385
+00:26:47,230 --> 00:26:50,630
+rush into the answer, we want to say how to
+
+386
+00:26:50,630 --> 00:26:54,590
+calculate divergence? To calculate divergence, we
+
+387
+00:26:54,590 --> 00:26:57,030
+take the distance between two rays that entered
+
+388
+00:26:57,030 --> 00:26:59,490
+the lens, that is, in the first example when the
+
+389
+00:26:59,490 --> 00:27:02,510
+lens was close, rays one and two are the distance
+
+390
+00:27:02,510 --> 00:27:04,090
+between two rays, because if there is a distance
+
+391
+00:27:04,090 --> 00:27:05,850
+from them, the lens will not enter, and as long as
+
+392
+00:27:05,850 --> 00:27:07,350
+the lens will not enter, we will not touch it,
+
+393
+00:27:07,930 --> 00:27:10,790
+that is, the rays that come between one and two
+
+394
+00:27:10,790 --> 00:27:15,400
+are all rays one and two, and herethousands of
+
+395
+00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,140
+rays between them, we forget the red rays, these
+
+396
+00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:20,780
+red rays belong to the second example, or the
+
+397
+00:27:20,780 --> 00:27:24,360
+second part of the experiment when we moved the
+
+398
+00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:26,840
+lens away, I'm drawing them in red, it's not our
+
+399
+00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:30,420
+topic now Now, there are rays here, and there are
+
+400
+00:27:30,420 --> 00:27:32,040
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+401
+00:27:32,040 --> 00:27:33,720
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+402
+00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:35,320
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+403
+00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:35,340
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+404
+00:27:35,340 --> 00:27:35,380
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+405
+00:27:35,380 --> 00:27:35,420
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+406
+00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:35,540
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+407
+00:27:35,540 --> 00:27:35,560
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+408
+00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:35,880
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+409
+00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:36,020
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+410
+00:27:36,020 --> 00:27:37,680
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+411
+00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:44,230
+rays here, and there are rays hereو في الجزء
+
+412
+00:27:44,230 --> 00:27:48,350
+التاني من التجربة لما بعدنا العدسة الشعاع رقم
+
+413
+00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,190
+تلاتة و أربع المرسومين باللون الأحمر هما أبعد
+
+414
+00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:57,610
+شعاعين، أبعد شعاعين، يا ترى مين أكتر divergence؟
+
+415
+00:27:57,610 --> 00:28:02,950
+الشعاع واحد و اتنين ولا الشعاع تلاتة و أربع؟
+
+416
+00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:06,450
+الإجابة واضحة جدا أن واحد و اتنين أكتر divergence
+
+417
+00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,480
+than three and four. Of course, one and two and
+
+418
+00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:15,980
+three and four must enter the optical system,
+
+419
+00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:18,400
+otherwise they will be outside the comparison,
+
+420
+00:28:18,940 --> 00:28:23,700
+away from the comparison. So, the closer we are to
+
+421
+00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:28,320
+the object, the more divergent the rays will be.
+
+422
+00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,680
+You can say, okayWe don't want to make it too
+
+423
+00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:34,420
+clear, we say if we extend these two rays to have
+
+424
+00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,100
+a certain distance compared between the four rays
+
+425
+00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:43,060
+If we extend the ray number one and the ray number
+
+426
+00:28:43,060 --> 00:28:49,400
+two, I mean, look, we extend it like this to
+
+427
+00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:50,800
+happen at the other site
+
+428
+00:29:03,620 --> 00:29:07,480
+So who reads more divergence? The rays one and two
+
+429
+00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,720
+or three and four? It is clear that one and two,
+
+430
+00:29:11,060 --> 00:29:15,080
+one and two, more divergence than three and four
+
+431
+00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:20,480
+In other words, when we approach the lens, a place
+
+432
+00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:24,620
+close to the object, these rays will gather more
+
+433
+00:29:24,620 --> 00:29:28,780
+divergence When we move away from the lens, when
+
+434
+00:29:28,780 --> 00:29:29,940
+we move away from the lens
+
+435
+00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:47,200
+close to the object the light rays are more
+
+436
+00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:53,360
+divergent and far from the object the light rays
+
+437
+00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:56,000
+are less divergent
+
+438
+00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:04,740
+يعني نحكيها باللغة العربية نقول كل ما اقتربنا من
+
+439
+00:30:04,740 --> 00:30:08,720
+الجسم بتكون الأشعة more divergent كل ما ابتعدنا عن
+
+440
+00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:13,600
+الجسم بتكون الأشعة less divergent قريب من ال
+
+441
+00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:17,300
+object قريب من ال object more divergent بعيد عن ال
+
+442
+00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:21,580
+object less divergent المقصود في ذلك كله الأشعة
+
+443
+00:30:21,580 --> 00:30:24,860
+اللي هتدخل في ال lens يعني الأشعة اللي هتدخل في ال
+
+444
+00:30:24,860 --> 00:30:28,660
+lens هي الأشعة كلها المحصورة بين تلاتة وأربعة
+
+445
+00:30:29,140 --> 00:30:31,220
+including 3 or 4 light rays and what is between
+
+446
+00:30:31,220 --> 00:30:32,740
+them.
+
+447
+00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:38,950
+Hadi الحزمة الشعاعية اللي دخلت ال .. دخلت ال lens
+
+448
+00:30:38,950 --> 00:30:43,710
+على المسافة البعيدة أقل تشتتا من الحزمة الشعاعية
+
+449
+00:30:43,710 --> 00:30:47,390
+اللي دخلت .. أشياء الحزمة الشعاعية اللي دخلت ال
+
+450
+00:30:47,390 --> 00:30:50,750
+lens على المسافة القريبة، هي كل الأشعة المحصورة
+
+451
+00:30:50,750 --> 00:30:54,190
+بين واحد و اتنين، بما فيها واحد و اتنين، اذا هذه
+
+452
+00:30:54,190 --> 00:30:58,070
+الأشعة اللي محصورة بين واحد و اتنين أكثر تشتتا من
+
+453
+00:30:58,070 --> 00:31:03,160
+الأشعة اللي محصورة بين تلاتة و أربعةليش؟ ليش أكتر
+
+454
+00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:06,880
+تشتتا اللي محصورة بين واحد و اتنين، هتشمل تلاتة و
+
+455
+00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:10,100
+هتشمل أربعة و هتشمل المنطقة هاى و هتشمل المنطقة
+
+456
+00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:12,920
+هاى و هتشمل المنطقة هاى؟ ليش اللي محصور بين واحد و
+
+457
+00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:16,980
+اتنين أكتر تشتتا من اللي محصور بين تلاتة و أربعة؟
+
+458
+00:31:16,980 --> 00:31:21,700
+لأنه لو أجينا و أخدنا مقطع ضوء عند نقطة ما من
+
+459
+00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:23,160
+الفرق، يعني لو أخدنا هنا
+
+460
+00:31:28,190 --> 00:31:32,870
+Any point at this line And we said, which one is
+
+461
+00:31:32,870 --> 00:31:36,570
+more complicated, the red point or the white
+
+462
+00:31:36,570 --> 00:31:41,070
+point? The white point extends from this point to
+
+463
+00:31:41,070 --> 00:31:43,970
+this point, we forgot everything for the trip and
+
+464
+00:31:43,970 --> 00:31:49,270
+only caught up to this point This point The white
+
+465
+00:31:49,270 --> 00:31:53,410
+point is more complicated than the red point So,
+
+466
+00:31:53,830 --> 00:31:58,210
+the closer we get to the objectكل ما اقتربنا من ال
+
+467
+00:31:58,210 --> 00:32:01,510
+object، ال .. ال light rays بتكون more divergent
+
+468
+00:32:01,510 --> 00:32:05,450
+كل ما بتاعتنا ال light rays اللي بتجمعهم العدسة،
+
+469
+00:32:05,450 --> 00:32:08,890
+ضروري جدا نحط في أذهانها اللي بتجمعهم العدسة، الآن
+
+470
+00:32:08,890 --> 00:32:12,850
+هنا اللي جمعته العدسة هي الحزمة الحمراء، الحزمة
+
+471
+00:32:12,850 --> 00:32:17,210
+الحمراء، الحزمة الحمراءاللي جمعتها العدسة إذا ما
+
+472
+00:32:17,210 --> 00:32:20,450
+قورنت بالحزمة البيضاء اللي جمعتها العدسة الحزمة
+
+473
+00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:23,610
+البيضاء أكثر تشتتا إذا قريب من ال object أكثر
+
+474
+00:32:23,610 --> 00:32:27,810
+تشتتا more divergent بعيد عن ال object less
+
+475
+00:32:27,810 --> 00:32:31,710
+divergent less divergent احنا عساس احنا ما تختلط
+
+476
+00:32:31,710 --> 00:32:36,170
+علينا الأمور بدنا احنا يعني اللفظ كل الكلام اللي
+
+477
+00:32:36,170 --> 00:32:38,410
+حكيناه كالقاتي بنقول
+
+478
+00:32:46,860 --> 00:32:53,560
+بنرسم ال optical system و
+
+479
+00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:54,180
+بنقول أن
+
+480
+00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:31,270
+this is the object point and
+
+481
+00:33:31,270 --> 00:33:33,970
+these are going to form the image you tap to form
+
+482
+00:33:33,970 --> 00:33:36,770
+the image in this area did you notice that we say
+
+483
+00:33:36,770 --> 00:33:44,930
+close to the object more divergent the light
+
+484
+00:33:47,950 --> 00:33:53,190
+Away from the object means
+
+485
+00:33:53,190 --> 00:33:56,250
+when it gets closer to the lens it becomes less
+
+486
+00:33:56,250 --> 00:34:10,790
+divergent and
+
+487
+00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:15,330
+away from the image it becomes less convergent
+
+488
+00:34:27,250 --> 00:34:30,710
+and close to the image should be more convergent
+
+489
+00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:33,450
+then
+
+490
+00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,620
+ع الجهة الشمال كله divergent ع الجهة اليمين كله
+
+491
+00:34:51,620 --> 00:34:54,660
+convergent عشان ما نتخربطش ع الجهة الشمال
+
+492
+00:34:54,660 --> 00:35:00,040
+divergent ع الجهة اليمين convergent طيب less و
+
+493
+00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:04,680
+less less و less سواء divergent او .. قرب من
+
+494
+00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:10,500
+العدسة يعني حوالين العدسة لما بنبعد ع الشمال و
+
+495
+00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:14,480
+بنبعد ع اليمين more و more اذا more divergent less
+
+496
+00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:18,960
+divergent less convergent more convergentmore
+
+497
+00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:22,640
+divergent, less divergent, less and less on the
+
+498
+00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:25,180
+sides of the lens, meaning the light, the vergence
+
+499
+00:35:25,180 --> 00:35:29,020
+of light, the fluctuating state of light changes
+
+500
+00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:32,800
+with the distance, it changes more divergent, okay
+
+501
+00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:34,400
+the light moves a little in the space, it became
+
+502
+00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:37,900
+less divergent, less divergent, less divergent, it
+
+503
+00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:41,060
+reached the lens, it turned it from divergent to
+
+504
+00:35:41,060 --> 00:35:42,740
+convergent, but what is the state of the
+
+505
+00:35:42,740 --> 00:35:45,700
+fluctuating convergence of it, it is accumulating,
+
+506
+00:35:45,780 --> 00:35:48,540
+but it accumulates slowlyOr it accumulates in a
+
+507
+00:35:48,540 --> 00:35:50,500
+small way, increasing the accumulation, increasing
+
+508
+00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:52,140
+the accumulation, increasing the accumulation,
+
+509
+00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:54,260
+until it accumulates in the form of a Morphine
+
+510
+00:35:54,260 --> 00:35:58,080
+Virgin. Therefore, the fluctuation of light varies
+
+511
+00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:01,480
+depending on the distance that the light cuts. So
+
+512
+00:36:01,480 --> 00:36:04,880
+the virgins of light change with the change of
+
+513
+00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:07,720
+distance, change with the change of distance.
+
+514
+00:36:08,660 --> 00:36:11,700
+فبالتالي، the lens collects a large fraction of
+
+515
+00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:15,320
+light radiating from the object point. When the
+
+516
+00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:18,620
+lens is moved away from the object point, it
+
+517
+00:36:18,620 --> 00:36:22,240
+collects a smaller portion of light radiated by
+
+518
+00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:25,200
+the object point. The rays that reach the lens are
+
+519
+00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:28,700
+less divergent than they were when the lens was
+
+520
+00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:32,490
+closer to the object. هذا معنا الكلاملما بتكون ال
+
+521
+00:36:32,490 --> 00:36:36,470
+lens قريبة من ال object بتجمع أشعة more divergent
+
+522
+00:36:36,470 --> 00:36:42,510
+لما بتبعد بتجمع أشعة less divergent لأن تلاتة و
+
+523
+00:36:42,510 --> 00:36:46,770
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+524
+00:36:46,770 --> 00:36:47,250
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+525
+00:36:47,250 --> 00:36:48,250
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+526
+00:36:48,250 --> 00:36:48,550
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+527
+00:36:48,550 --> 00:36:48,910
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+528
+00:36:48,910 --> 00:36:50,130
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+529
+00:36:50,130 --> 00:36:51,010
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+530
+00:36:51,010 --> 00:36:52,770
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+531
+00:36:52,770 --> 00:36:57,660
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتClose to the
+
+532
+00:36:57,660 --> 00:37:02,000
+object point, the light is more divergent. Farther
+
+533
+00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:05,080
+from the object point, the light is less divergent
+
+534
+00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:15,340
+على ناحية التانية من العدسة Similarly, close to an
+
+535
+00:37:15,340 --> 00:37:18,360
+image point, light is more convergent لإن كون
+
+536
+00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:21,420
+جاريبين من ال image Farther from the image point,
+
+537
+00:37:21,520 --> 00:37:26,080
+light is less convergent Vergence is inversely
+
+538
+00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:29,900
+proportional to the distance from the object or
+
+539
+00:37:29,900 --> 00:37:36,950
+the image يعنيال .. ال .. ال object و ال image، ال
+
+540
+00:37:36,950 --> 00:37:40,970
+.. الضوء إذا كان بعيد، بيكون less divergent، وإذا
+
+541
+00:37:40,970 --> 00:37:45,130
+كان قريب، بيكون more divergent، بالنسبة لل image،
+
+542
+00:37:45,130 --> 00:37:48,890
+إذا كان قريب، more convergent، إذا كان بعيد، less
+
+543
+00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:52,250
+convergent، إذا ال versions of light، سواء
+
+544
+00:37:52,250 --> 00:37:57,430
+divergent أو convergentبيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من
+
+545
+00:37:57,430 --> 00:38:02,590
+ال object وبيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من ال image
+
+546
+00:38:02,590 --> 00:38:06,050
+كيف .. كيف يعني بيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من ال
+
+547
+00:38:06,050 --> 00:38:09,770
+object وبيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من ال image؟ لما
+
+548
+00:38:09,770 --> 00:38:14,010
+احنا بنفسر هذه القضية، لازم ناخد كل جانب على حده،
+
+549
+00:38:14,010 --> 00:38:16,690
+احنا هالجيت ال object، ضغ منه divergent، طلع عند
+
+550
+00:38:16,690 --> 00:38:22,590
+هناهذه مسافة كل ما زادت مسافة الضوء عن النقطة اللى
+
+551
+00:38:22,590 --> 00:38:25,370
+صدر منها عن ال object كل ما ابتعد يعنى ازدادت
+
+552
+00:38:25,370 --> 00:38:26,070
+المسافة
+
+553
+00:38:28,470 --> 00:38:32,730
+more divergent, less divergent, less divergent,
+
+554
+00:38:32,750 --> 00:38:49,170
+less divergent, less divergent, less divergent,
+
+555
+00:38:49,330 --> 00:38:52,810
+less divergentEach time the distance increases
+
+556
+00:38:52,810 --> 00:38:55,850
+from the object, the divergence decreases, which
+
+557
+00:38:55,850 --> 00:38:58,750
+means that the relationship between the divergence
+
+558
+00:38:58,750 --> 00:39:02,870
+of light and the distance is opposite Okay, let's
+
+559
+00:39:02,870 --> 00:39:06,550
+forget the left side and go to the right sideThe
+
+560
+00:39:06,550 --> 00:39:09,630
+less the distance towards the image, the more
+
+561
+00:39:09,630 --> 00:39:13,150
+convergence. If you say the convergence is
+
+562
+00:39:13,150 --> 00:39:15,690
+correct, and if you say the convergence is also
+
+563
+00:39:15,690 --> 00:39:20,090
+correct. So the less the distance, the more
+
+564
+00:39:20,090 --> 00:39:23,610
+convergence. Well, the more the distance, the less
+
+565
+00:39:23,610 --> 00:39:25,610
+convergence. Here we are away from the image, we
+
+566
+00:39:25,610 --> 00:39:27,630
+have become a distance away from the image, less
+
+567
+00:39:27,630 --> 00:39:30,610
+convergence or less convergence. Also, the
+
+568
+00:39:30,610 --> 00:39:32,390
+opposite relationship between the convergence of
+
+569
+00:39:32,390 --> 00:39:35,760
+light, which is going to form the image,and the
+
+570
+00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:38,820
+distance, and the distance from this image So
+
+571
+00:39:38,820 --> 00:39:40,620
+whether we talked about the direction of the
+
+572
+00:39:40,620 --> 00:39:42,980
+object or about the object and the various rays
+
+573
+00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:46,260
+coming out of it Or we talked about the image and
+
+574
+00:39:46,260 --> 00:39:49,680
+the various rays that are going to form it The
+
+575
+00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:52,040
+relationship between the vergence of light and the
+
+576
+00:39:52,040 --> 00:39:54,980
+distance is a reverse relationship And conversely,
+
+577
+00:39:55,340 --> 00:39:58,060
+and conversely, the vergence and the distance,
+
+578
+00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:01,340
+that is, the vergence of light is equal to one
+
+579
+00:40:01,340 --> 00:40:04,040
+over the distance is equal to one over the
+
+580
+00:40:04,040 --> 00:40:04,300
+distance
+
+581
+00:40:10,390 --> 00:40:13,510
+vergence is inversely proportional to the distance
+
+582
+00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:16,390
+from the object or the image point whether we
+
+583
+00:40:16,390 --> 00:40:19,150
+talked about the object that is inversely
+
+584
+00:40:19,150 --> 00:40:22,050
+proportional to the distance or we talked about
+
+585
+00:40:22,050 --> 00:40:24,410
+the image on the other side of the lens that is
+
+586
+00:40:24,410 --> 00:40:28,590
+also inversely proportional to the distance how to
+
+587
+00:40:28,590 --> 00:40:30,770
+calculate the vergence? vergence is the reciprocal
+
+588
+00:40:30,770 --> 00:40:36,040
+of the distancemeans if the distance is two
+
+589
+00:40:36,040 --> 00:40:38,640
+meters, it is one and a half meters, one to two,
+
+590
+00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:43,280
+if the distance is three meters, it is three
+
+591
+00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:47,980
+meters and a third, a third, so we say the
+
+592
+00:40:47,980 --> 00:40:51,980
+divergence is the reciprocal of the distance, is
+
+593
+00:40:51,980 --> 00:40:56,830
+the reciprocal of the distance, we will stop atإنه
+
+594
+00:40:56,830 --> 00:41:00,090
+ال Virgin's هو ال reciprocal of the distance و هي
+
+595
+00:41:00,090 --> 00:41:03,290
+المرة القادمة ان شاء الله بنستكمل و يعطيكم العافية
+
+596
+00:41:03,290 --> 00:41:06,090
+و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/2oRzk38-n14_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2456 @@
+1
+00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:02,730
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,430 --> 00:00:07,030
+We continue the lectures on Geometric Optics and
+
+3
+00:00:07,030 --> 00:00:12,230
+we talked in lecture 21 about the Lensmaker's
+
+4
+00:00:12,230 --> 00:00:17,150
+Equation and in lecture 22 about the two basics
+
+5
+00:00:17,150 --> 00:00:22,510
+that I use from the Lensmaker's Equation which are
+
+6
+00:00:22,510 --> 00:00:26,550
+first of all the image locationThe image location
+
+7
+00:00:26,550 --> 00:00:29,690
+or image distance is related to the location of
+
+8
+00:00:29,690 --> 00:00:31,750
+the object. If the location of the object changes,
+
+9
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:34,830
+the location of the image changes. This is one
+
+10
+00:00:34,830 --> 00:00:38,550
+point. The second point is that the image location
+
+11
+00:00:38,550 --> 00:00:41,330
+is also related to R, which is half the magnitude
+
+12
+00:00:41,330 --> 00:00:44,700
+of the spherical refracting surface.In the form of
+
+13
+00:00:44,700 --> 00:00:49,420
+a reflecting surface, is it more than half a small
+
+14
+00:00:49,420 --> 00:00:54,060
+drop, or less than half a large drop, which also
+
+15
+00:00:54,060 --> 00:00:57,960
+affects the location of the image, and these are
+
+16
+00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:03,500
+the two main things that we learned from the
+
+17
+00:01:03,500 --> 00:01:07,430
+lensmaker's equation.And we said that the power of
+
+18
+00:01:07,430 --> 00:01:11,550
+the refracting service is N minus N divided by R
+
+19
+00:01:11,550 --> 00:01:14,490
+Now we want to say that the refracted power
+
+20
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:20,190
+Strictly speaking applies to spherical surfaces,
+
+21
+00:01:20,510 --> 00:01:23,650
+but the cornea is not spherical. It is known that
+
+22
+00:01:23,650 --> 00:01:28,310
+the Lensmakers equation was derived by using a
+
+23
+00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:30,990
+spherical refracting surface, and by
+
+24
+00:01:30,990 --> 00:01:34,830
+approximations, approximations, that is, it was
+
+25
+00:01:34,830 --> 00:01:37,010
+transmitted to the Lensmakers equation, that is,
+
+26
+00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:41,080
+it was treated onlywith a spherical refracting
+
+27
+00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:44,860
+surface, spherical refracting surface so that we
+
+28
+00:01:44,860 --> 00:01:48,860
+don't get the targets of the normal surface, the
+
+29
+00:01:48,860 --> 00:01:53,360
+empty targets which are x and y and z, but just
+
+30
+00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:57,280
+the point where the para-axial ray touched, where
+
+31
+00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,260
+the surface of theThe spherical refracting service
+
+32
+00:02:01,260 --> 00:02:03,840
+extends from the center of the service to this
+
+33
+00:02:03,840 --> 00:02:07,140
+point, a line, and extends again until it becomes
+
+34
+00:02:07,140 --> 00:02:10,660
+the normal service So when we talk about power, we
+
+35
+00:02:10,660 --> 00:02:14,780
+mean the spherical services, that is, the word
+
+36
+00:02:14,780 --> 00:02:18,860
+refractive power is appliedonly in case of
+
+37
+00:02:18,860 --> 00:02:22,200
+spherical surface but the cornea is not spherical
+
+38
+00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:26,860
+I can't say the power of the cornea although many
+
+39
+00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:34,360
+people deal with the cornea as a lens or optical
+
+40
+00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:37,800
+system they say the corneal power or they give
+
+41
+00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,540
+numbers to the corneal power so the cornea is not
+
+42
+00:02:41,540 --> 00:02:45,080
+spherical but the cornea is
+
+43
+00:02:48,010 --> 00:02:51,350
+more steep in the middle and towards the edges
+
+44
+00:02:56,270 --> 00:03:00,230
+more steep centrally, and more flat peripherally.
+
+45
+00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:11,430
+Aspheric, we call it aspheric surface. In general,
+
+46
+00:03:11,810 --> 00:03:15,210
+every point on aspheric surface is associated with
+
+47
+00:03:15,210 --> 00:03:19,230
+infinitely many curvatures. There is no such thing
+
+48
+00:03:19,230 --> 00:03:22,070
+as a single radius of curvature.
+
+49
+00:03:25,060 --> 00:03:28,880
+Now if I say, at this point that I'm pointing at,
+
+50
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:32,240
+this point, let's put an arrow on it, let's say
+
+51
+00:03:32,240 --> 00:03:41,600
+point A for example, at this point, at
+
+52
+00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:46,160
+this point which is next to number 6How much is R?
+
+53
+00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:48,800
+How much is the radius of curvature? This point or
+
+54
+00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,720
+this part of the cone can by itself without the
+
+55
+00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:56,560
+cone being a part of a sphere and has a radius of
+
+56
+00:03:56,560 --> 00:04:02,840
+curvature The next point has another curve
+
+57
+00:04:10,540 --> 00:04:13,280
+The point that follows to another curve, so point
+
+58
+00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:15,300
+B for example that I pointed at with the arrow,
+
+59
+00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:18,720
+and the point that I pointed at with the first
+
+60
+00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:21,960
+arrow, this curve is curved and this curve is
+
+61
+00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:24,040
+different from it, it is like the nature of the
+
+62
+00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,760
+aspherical, the aspherical refracting surfaces,
+
+63
+00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:32,320
+that every point from itIt has half a drop for
+
+64
+00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:34,220
+itself, which is different from half a drop, which
+
+65
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,900
+means half a drop of point B is different from
+
+66
+00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:39,100
+half a drop of point A is different from minus
+
+67
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:41,720
+half a drop, which means that there is a very
+
+68
+00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:45,200
+large number of curves because the surface of the
+
+69
+00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:50,320
+sphere is not spherical So, contrary to the ball,
+
+70
+00:04:50,780 --> 00:04:53,160
+contrary to the ball, if we imagine that this is a
+
+71
+00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:55,020
+spherical surface, a spherical surface, I swear to
+
+72
+00:04:55,020 --> 00:04:57,720
+God, R equals, for example, six and a half
+
+73
+00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:01,020
+millimeters, which means RIt's equal to six and a
+
+74
+00:05:01,020 --> 00:05:03,200
+half millimeters at each point high, at each point
+
+75
+00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,920
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+76
+00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:08,540
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+77
+00:05:08,540 --> 00:05:08,800
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+78
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:09,040
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+79
+00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:09,880
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+80
+00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:10,380
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+81
+00:05:10,380 --> 00:05:10,880
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+82
+00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:11,340
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+83
+00:05:11,340 --> 00:05:13,880
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+84
+00:05:13,880 --> 00:05:13,900
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+85
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:13,900
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+86
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:13,900
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+87
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:13,900
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+88
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:13,900
+each point high, at each point high, at each point
+
+89
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:13,900
+high, at each point high, at each point high, at
+
+90
+00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:25,320
+each point high, at each point high, at each
+
+91
+00:05:25,320 --> 00:05:30,780
+point high, at each point high,until its center is
+
+92
+00:05:30,780 --> 00:05:36,000
+a line and this line is equal no matter how
+
+93
+00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:42,320
+different the point is on the surface so in
+
+94
+00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:45,540
+general every point on aspheric surface is
+
+95
+00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:49,280
+associated with infinitely many curvatures there
+
+96
+00:05:49,280 --> 00:05:53,000
+is no such thing as a single radius of curvature
+
+97
+00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:56,340
+unlike the spherical surface, the aspheric surface
+
+98
+00:05:56,340 --> 00:06:01,970
+has a large number ofwhich is half of which is
+
+99
+00:06:01,970 --> 00:06:04,830
+greater than or equal to I can't say that the
+
+100
+00:06:04,830 --> 00:06:07,270
+radius of the aspheric surface is equal to this
+
+101
+00:06:07,270 --> 00:06:10,490
+because it is equal to this at the point C but it
+
+102
+00:06:10,490 --> 00:06:13,570
+is equal to a different value at the point C and a
+
+103
+00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:16,630
+third value at point I and so on but for the
+
+104
+00:06:16,630 --> 00:06:20,250
+spherical surfaceبقول نصف القطر يساوي كذا، معناته
+
+105
+00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:24,430
+كل أنصاف أقطار الكرة واحدة The sphere is a very
+
+106
+00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:27,630
+special case, a single radius of curvature
+
+107
+00:06:27,630 --> 00:06:31,550
+characterizes the entire sphere يعني لما أقول نصف
+
+108
+00:06:31,550 --> 00:06:36,030
+قطر، أسمي نصف قطر واحد، معناته أنا بعطي وصف كامل
+
+109
+00:06:36,030 --> 00:06:41,610
+لكل سفير لأنه لن يتغير نصف الكرة أو نصف القطر لهذه
+
+110
+00:06:41,610 --> 00:06:45,120
+ال sphereA single radius of curvature can
+
+111
+00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:47,800
+characterize no other shape
+
+112
+00:06:50,740 --> 00:06:54,520
+to shape, and I say that half of the ball will
+
+113
+00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:56,720
+give me a complete description of any shape, we
+
+114
+00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:58,980
+will say spherical shape
+
+115
+00:07:22,340 --> 00:07:25,720
+And no refractive power should not .. and
+
+116
+00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:28,500
+refractive power should not be applied to non
+
+117
+00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:32,300
+-spherical surfaces يعني الكورنيا بمعنىها أسفرق مش
+
+118
+00:07:32,300 --> 00:07:36,340
+spherical surface معناته الصحيح إن ما أستعملش كلمة
+
+119
+00:07:36,340 --> 00:07:39,920
+refractive power refractive power مع أنه تجاوزا
+
+120
+00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:45,460
+يعني في كتير من اللي هو العلماء و الأطباء و ما إلى
+
+121
+00:07:45,460 --> 00:07:49,430
+ذلك بستعملوا و بقول corneal power corneal powerIn
+
+122
+00:07:49,430 --> 00:07:53,310
+addition, power is a para-axial concept, thus it
+
+123
+00:07:53,310 --> 00:07:56,750
+applies only to small area near the optical axis
+
+124
+00:08:06,940 --> 00:08:10,700
+minus n over r, all our work with the paraaxial
+
+125
+00:08:10,700 --> 00:08:14,100
+ray, and this word will be true, the word power
+
+126
+00:08:14,100 --> 00:08:17,920
+will be true only for the paraaxial ray, for the
+
+127
+00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:21,560
+paraaxial ray, we have this ball
+
+128
+00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:29,040
+نصف قطر واحد بيدل انه R لو قلنا R تساوي اتنين صنطي
+
+129
+00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:33,660
+معناته R لهنا اتنين صنطي وR لهنا اتنين صنطي وR لأى
+
+130
+00:08:33,660 --> 00:08:38,560
+نقطة على السطح اتنين صنطي هنا spherical surface
+
+131
+00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:41,980
+spherical surface اللى احنا هاد الرسمة اللى
+
+132
+00:08:41,980 --> 00:08:47,700
+استنتجنا منها اللى هو lens makers equationWe say
+
+133
+00:08:47,700 --> 00:08:49,560
+as follows, what is the difference between sphere
+
+134
+00:08:49,560 --> 00:09:17,180
+and spherical surface?
+
+135
+00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:20,460
+And here I have a ball The spherical surface and
+
+136
+00:09:20,460 --> 00:09:23,520
+the ball are all spherical spherical spherical
+
+137
+00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:25,000
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+138
+00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:25,000
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+139
+00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:25,560
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+140
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:25,700
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+141
+00:09:25,700 --> 00:09:25,700
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+142
+00:09:25,700 --> 00:09:26,460
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+143
+00:09:26,460 --> 00:09:27,540
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+144
+00:09:27,540 --> 00:09:28,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+145
+00:09:28,300 --> 00:09:28,480
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+146
+00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:29,400
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+147
+00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:30,000
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+148
+00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:31,280
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+149
+00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:31,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+150
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:31,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+151
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:31,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+152
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:31,300
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+153
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+154
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+155
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+156
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+157
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+158
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical spherical spherical
+
+159
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:31,320
+spherical spherical spherical
+
+160
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:46,480
+sphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalsphericalspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspiracspir
+
+161
+00:09:48,380 --> 00:09:53,320
+بالنسبة لل power أنا بحكي power لما أكون أنا ب ..
+
+162
+00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:57,360
+ب .. أتبع في ال paraxial rays بحكي power لما يكون
+
+163
+00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:01,060
+في عندى spherical surface مش aspheric surface
+
+164
+00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:05,360
+Power is .. is not applicable to non-paraxial
+
+165
+00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:10,080
+regions of the cornea ال cornea .. ال cornea بعض
+
+166
+00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:13,400
+العلماء بعتبروها أنه في المركز دا هتعتبر سفير يعني
+
+167
+00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:18,690
+الجزء هذا يعتبر سفيرThe peripheral region of the
+
+168
+00:10:18,690 --> 00:10:23,330
+cornea is not spherical, but it becomes more flat,
+
+169
+00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:27,930
+more flat, some scientists say that the central 2
+
+170
+00:10:27,930 --> 00:10:31,890
+mm or 3 mm of the cornea is considered spherical
+
+171
+00:10:31,890 --> 00:10:34,730
+in the sense of the word sphere, and because of
+
+172
+00:10:34,730 --> 00:10:39,180
+thatوطبعا من هذه النقطة او من هذه المنطقة هتدخل ال
+
+173
+00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:43,220
+paraxial rays ال paraxial rays فبالتالي انا اذا
+
+174
+00:10:43,220 --> 00:10:47,080
+بدأ اجي اقول corneal power بدأ اقتصر على ال
+
+175
+00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:52,140
+paraxial rays على ال paraxial raysPower is not
+
+176
+00:10:52,140 --> 00:10:57,020
+applicable لأ يمكن يعني تطبيق كلمة power على ال
+
+177
+00:10:57,020 --> 00:11:00,000
+non-paraxial regions of the corner. In the
+
+178
+00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:03,800
+paraxial region imaging is stigmatic ال paraxial
+
+179
+00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:07,080
+rays focus to a common point بس ال paraxial ray
+
+180
+00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:11,280
+وعددها قليل even for spherical surfaces outside
+
+181
+00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:15,240
+the paraxial region rays do not focus to a single
+
+182
+00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:15,720
+point
+
+183
+00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:28,820
+Paraxial rays focus on single point, but
+
+184
+00:11:28,820 --> 00:11:32,220
+non
+
+185
+00:11:32,220 --> 00:11:36,280
+-paraxial rays focus on various locations
+
+186
+00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:45,580
+طبعا الأشعة ككل مع بعضها بتعطيني صورة مش stigmatic
+
+187
+00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:51,680
+لإنه مش كل الأشعة بتكون focus to a single point
+
+188
+00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:55,640
+إذا .. إذا ال para axial rays focus to a single
+
+189
+00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:59,300
+point بينما ال non para axial ray اللي عددها أكبر
+
+190
+00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:04,320
+بتعطيني point spread function يعني مش stigmatic
+
+191
+00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:10,430
+imaging .. مش stigmatic imagingThat is, away from
+
+192
+00:12:10,430 --> 00:12:13,710
+the para-axial region, rays do not focus as
+
+193
+00:12:13,710 --> 00:12:17,850
+predicted when the lensmaker's equation is used
+
+194
+00:12:22,450 --> 00:12:25,650
+I use it to say where is the image of the x-ray,
+
+195
+00:12:25,710 --> 00:12:33,990
+if I take this example and apply lens maker
+
+196
+00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:37,710
+equation minus n over o plus condition minus n
+
+197
+00:12:37,710 --> 00:12:41,290
+over r equals n condition over i, it will give me
+
+198
+00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:43,960
+the location of the image hereWhere did the focus
+
+199
+00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,140
+go to the para-axial ray? Because the lensmakers
+
+200
+00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:50,480
+equation was produced by using the para-axial
+
+201
+00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:54,420
+rays. So it will give me the image that formed at
+
+202
+00:12:54,420 --> 00:12:58,180
+this point and not give me the place where the
+
+203
+00:12:58,180 --> 00:13:03,500
+focus went to the non-para-axial ray
+
+204
+00:13:05,950 --> 00:13:09,070
+ندخل في موضوع جديد اللي هو ال orthalmic lenses هو
+
+205
+00:13:09,070 --> 00:13:13,910
+موضوع حقيقة مهم جدا من ناحية العملية لإنه هناخد
+
+206
+00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:18,610
+فيه اللي هو العدسات ال lenses العينية اللي احنا
+
+207
+00:13:18,610 --> 00:13:25,070
+بنامي يعني بنستعملهم في شغل أخصائي البصريات in
+
+208
+00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:28,870
+this section we build upon the basic principles of
+
+209
+00:13:28,870 --> 00:13:32,790
+first order optics to show howto show how both
+
+210
+00:13:32,790 --> 00:13:36,430
+simple lenses and complex optical systems are
+
+211
+00:13:36,430 --> 00:13:40,990
+modeled. Of course here, this topic was prepared
+
+212
+00:13:40,990 --> 00:13:47,370
+in previous lectures by taking a detailed idea of
+
+213
+00:13:47,370 --> 00:13:50,730
+what is called first order optics. We will use the
+
+214
+00:13:50,730 --> 00:13:53,370
+principles of first order optics and the lens
+
+215
+00:13:53,370 --> 00:13:58,610
+makers equationWe will benefit from them in a way
+
+216
+00:13:58,610 --> 00:14:02,830
+that we know how simple lenses and complex optical
+
+217
+00:14:02,830 --> 00:14:07,250
+systems how to deal with them and how to calculate
+
+218
+00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:10,670
+the image and how to reach the attributes of the
+
+219
+00:14:10,670 --> 00:14:14,070
+image that make up these lenses or complex optical
+
+220
+00:14:14,070 --> 00:14:18,610
+systems We also demonstrate how imaging problems
+
+221
+00:14:18,610 --> 00:14:23,090
+are solved, meaning how to deal withكيف أتعامل مع
+
+222
+00:14:23,090 --> 00:14:27,010
+مثلا optical system مكوّن من أكتر من عدسة؟ وين
+
+223
+00:14:27,010 --> 00:14:30,630
+الصورة النهائية هتتكون؟ إيش صفاتها؟ كل هذا الكلام
+
+224
+00:14:30,630 --> 00:14:35,930
+هيندرج تحت عنوان the ophthalmic lenses أول شيء
+
+225
+00:14:35,930 --> 00:14:39,890
+بدنا نبدأ نشرحه نقول we begin by considering the
+
+226
+00:14:39,890 --> 00:14:44,650
+concept of virgins بدنا نعرف في مصطلح اسمه ال
+
+227
+00:14:44,650 --> 00:14:49,720
+virginsAlvergence, alvergence يقصد في تشتتية
+
+228
+00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:55,820
+الضوء, تشتتية الضوء, ولمّا بنقول تشتتية الضوء يعني
+
+229
+00:14:55,820 --> 00:14:59,770
+هذه بتحتمل تلت احتمالاتDivergent rays, the
+
+230
+00:14:59,770 --> 00:15:03,070
+divergent state of light, which is divergence, the
+
+231
+00:15:03,070 --> 00:15:06,950
+divergent state of light has three cases, not four
+
+232
+00:15:06,950 --> 00:15:10,170
+cases. What are the three cases? Either the light
+
+233
+00:15:10,170 --> 00:15:12,810
+is divergent from each other, that is, whenever
+
+234
+00:15:12,810 --> 00:15:15,790
+there is space, the light rays move away from each
+
+235
+00:15:15,790 --> 00:15:17,810
+other, they call them divergent rays
+
+236
+00:15:21,860 --> 00:15:25,860
+or they call it negative divergence, which means
+
+237
+00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:28,300
+that every time the light shines, it moves away
+
+238
+00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:32,880
+from each other Okay, so I have divergent rays
+
+239
+00:15:32,880 --> 00:15:38,160
+Second thing, parallel rays, which means parallel
+
+240
+00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:42,600
+rays to each other These parallel rays to each
+
+241
+00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:46,370
+other, every time they shine in spaceكل ما ضالت
+
+242
+00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:49,950
+المسافة اللي بين الأشعة الضوئية نفس المسافة
+
+243
+00:15:49,950 --> 00:15:54,930
+ماتغيرتش لأنها مش divergent ولا convergent النوع
+
+244
+00:15:54,930 --> 00:15:59,570
+التالت convergent rateconvergent rays, meaning
+
+245
+00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:03,830
+collected rays, if they are not collected but
+
+246
+00:16:03,830 --> 00:16:08,610
+collected, they are called convergent rays and we
+
+247
+00:16:08,610 --> 00:16:12,790
+can call them divergence positive, so divergent
+
+248
+00:16:12,790 --> 00:16:16,010
+rays divergent rays, this is the first case that
+
+249
+00:16:16,010 --> 00:16:19,870
+can have light rays that started from point A
+
+250
+00:16:19,870 --> 00:16:24,950
+divergent rays, the second thing is to be parallel
+
+251
+00:16:24,950 --> 00:16:28,830
+raysتالت حاجة أنها تكون convergence، يا إما
+
+252
+00:16:28,830 --> 00:16:33,190
+متشتتة، يا إما متوازية، يا إما متجمعة، لا توجد
+
+253
+00:16:33,190 --> 00:16:37,710
+حالة تشتتية أخرى، الضوء إما بيكون متشتت أو متوازي،
+
+254
+00:16:37,710 --> 00:16:41,230
+موازي لبعض لبعض أو متجمع، فال convergence يقصد دي
+
+255
+00:16:41,230 --> 00:16:47,190
+الحالة التشتتية للضوء Light rays emanating from a
+
+256
+00:16:47,190 --> 00:16:51,470
+single object point spread apart and are referred
+
+257
+00:16:51,470 --> 00:16:56,470
+to as divergentLight rays travelling towards an
+
+258
+00:16:56,470 --> 00:16:59,710
+image point after passing through an optical lens
+
+259
+00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:03,370
+come together and are referred to as convergence
+
+260
+00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:06,710
+The light that comes out of the point diverges in
+
+261
+00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:14,610
+all directions and is called divergent rays The
+
+262
+00:17:14,610 --> 00:17:19,300
+rays that come out of the lens will form imagesكيف
+
+263
+00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,440
+ده تكون الصورة؟ بإنها تتجمع مع بعض على بعض، اذا
+
+264
+00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:26,080
+الأشعة اللي رايحة تكون صورة بتكون convergent ray
+
+265
+00:17:26,080 --> 00:17:29,840
+أو الحالة التشتوتية بتاعتها positive، ال versions
+
+266
+00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:33,860
+بتاعتها positive، و الأشعة الصادرة من ال object،
+
+267
+00:17:33,860 --> 00:17:37,620
+الحالة التشتوتية إلها negative versions، يعني أشعة
+
+268
+00:17:37,620 --> 00:17:45,050
+متشتتة، هذه الأشعة مثلا ضوء الشمسهذا الشمس جسم
+
+269
+00:17:45,050 --> 00:17:49,370
+حقيقي, real object ما حد بينكر أنه الشمس جسم
+
+270
+00:17:49,370 --> 00:17:54,870
+حقيقي, real object الأشعب تتشتت في جميع الاتجاهات
+
+271
+00:17:55,360 --> 00:18:25,340
+لما تصدر من الشمس
+
+272
+00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,880
+meaning parallel or convergent means it will have
+
+273
+00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:32,680
+a specific direction and sometimes only the person
+
+274
+00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:37,820
+who is exposed to this direction or to these solar
+
+275
+00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:41,760
+rays or to this light of the sun will see it any
+
+276
+00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,600
+person who is not exposed to light will not see it
+
+277
+00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,320
+but as long as we are in different places on the
+
+278
+00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:51,720
+surface of the earthin Saudi Arabia, Jordan,
+
+279
+00:18:51,980 --> 00:18:57,460
+Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, etc. and we see
+
+280
+00:18:57,460 --> 00:18:59,440
+the sun at the same time, which means that the
+
+281
+00:18:59,440 --> 00:19:02,660
+rays coming from the sun are scattered and each
+
+282
+00:19:02,660 --> 00:19:05,000
+part reaches a region, which means that a part
+
+283
+00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,540
+will reach Palestine, a part will reach Jordan, a
+
+284
+00:19:08,540 --> 00:19:12,680
+part will reach Iraq, a part will reach Kuwait,
+
+285
+00:19:12,860 --> 00:19:18,370
+etc. So, the real object is always and neverThe
+
+286
+00:19:18,370 --> 00:19:22,110
+rays are scattered from it. If the object is
+
+287
+00:19:22,110 --> 00:19:25,090
+small, we say point source of light or point
+
+288
+00:19:25,090 --> 00:19:28,810
+light, the rays also scatter from it in all
+
+289
+00:19:28,810 --> 00:19:32,050
+directions. If there is a person standing in this
+
+290
+00:19:32,050 --> 00:19:34,650
+area that I am pointing at, and a person here, and
+
+291
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:37,170
+a person here, and a person here, and the light
+
+292
+00:19:37,170 --> 00:19:39,470
+begins to fade, the four people will see the light
+
+293
+00:19:39,470 --> 00:19:42,570
+at the same moment because it scattered towards
+
+294
+00:19:42,570 --> 00:19:45,250
+them all. This is one point. The second point, if
+
+295
+00:19:45,250 --> 00:19:48,580
+we take two raysلو أخدنا شعاعين نطلع على الرسم
+
+296
+00:19:48,580 --> 00:19:53,100
+المكبر لو أخدنا الشعاع هذا و الشعاع هذا، كل ما
+
+297
+00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:57,280
+صاروا في الفرق، المسافة بينهم ابتبعد، المسافة
+
+298
+00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:00,980
+بينهم ابتبعد، فبالتالي هذا divergence trace، إذا
+
+299
+00:20:00,980 --> 00:20:05,460
+أي real object، هذه قاعدة، أي real object، الأشعة
+
+300
+00:20:05,460 --> 00:20:09,600
+بتطلع منه divergence، divergencethey're just
+
+301
+00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:13,220
+..الان لو جينا ال .. needing و الأشعة اللي خلصت
+
+302
+00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:17,000
+دخلت في optical system، هيكون vex lens و رايح
+
+303
+00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,680
+اتكون ل image في مكان ما من الفرق، في مكان ما من
+
+304
+00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:23,920
+الفرقNow, while it is going to form an image,
+
+305
+00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:27,540
+convergent, it becomes convergence, it becomes
+
+306
+00:20:27,540 --> 00:20:31,480
+convergent, so therefore, the rays that left the
+
+307
+00:20:31,480 --> 00:20:35,220
+optical system and in their way to form an image,
+
+308
+00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:39,850
+it becomes convergent or its convergencepositive,
+
+309
+00:20:39,990 --> 00:20:43,170
+the convergence is positive until it meets in the
+
+310
+00:20:43,170 --> 00:20:47,190
+picture in a place that .. in a place that .. as
+
+311
+00:20:47,190 --> 00:20:49,650
+we get closer to the picture, the convergence
+
+312
+00:20:49,650 --> 00:20:51,230
+increases, that is, the distance between these two
+
+313
+00:20:51,230 --> 00:20:54,770
+rays here in a certain distance began to decrease,
+
+314
+00:20:54,890 --> 00:20:56,930
+that is, the convergence increased, began to
+
+315
+00:20:56,930 --> 00:20:58,410
+decrease, that is, the convergence increased,
+
+316
+00:20:58,610 --> 00:21:00,930
+began to decrease, the convergence increased, so
+
+317
+00:21:00,930 --> 00:21:05,270
+as we get closer to the pictureكل ما اقتربنا من
+
+318
+00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:09,090
+مكان الصورة بيكون الأشعة more convergent بيزيد ال
+
+319
+00:21:09,090 --> 00:21:12,350
+convergence ده كل ما ابتعدنا بيكون less
+
+320
+00:21:12,350 --> 00:21:18,310
+convergent، تمام؟
+
+321
+00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:25,810
+كل ما اقتربنا من الصورة،
+
+322
+00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:33,230
+إيش بيصير عندنا؟ بيقول rays are more convergent
+
+323
+00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:38,400
+means closest to the image, we take for example
+
+324
+00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,680
+this ray and this ray, the last two rays, there is
+
+325
+00:21:42,680 --> 00:21:44,920
+a distance between them, this distance decreases,
+
+326
+00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:48,180
+decreases more, decreases more, decreases more,
+
+327
+00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:50,200
+means they are closer to each other, so they make
+
+328
+00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:55,040
+convergence more, so close to the image, close to
+
+329
+00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:58,100
+the image rays are more convergent
+
+330
+00:22:03,940 --> 00:22:10,800
+Far from the image, rays
+
+331
+00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:17,340
+are less
+
+332
+00:22:17,340 --> 00:22:18,140
+convergent
+
+333
+00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,540
+When we are close to the image, the rays are more
+
+334
+00:22:34,540 --> 00:22:38,080
+convergent, when we are far from the image, the
+
+335
+00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:40,360
+rays are convergent, they are getting closer to
+
+336
+00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,600
+each other, but the convergence here is less than
+
+337
+00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,260
+that. So, far from the image, less convergent,
+
+338
+00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:49,840
+close to the image, more convergent. This is when
+
+339
+00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,020
+we talk about the back side of the optical system.
+
+340
+00:22:53,120 --> 00:22:55,300
+On the right side of the optical system,
+
+341
+00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:58,340
+convergence started to happen. But the convergence
+
+342
+00:22:58,340 --> 00:23:02,370
+of light, the convergence of light,عند هذه النقطة
+
+343
+00:23:02,370 --> 00:23:05,550
+أكتر و لا كل ما اقتربنا لل image أكتر؟ قبعا كل ما
+
+344
+00:23:05,550 --> 00:23:09,910
+اقتربنا من الصورة الأشعة بتكون more convergent كل
+
+345
+00:23:09,910 --> 00:23:13,570
+ما ابتعدنا عن الصورة احنا بنحكي عند الجزء هذا فقط
+
+346
+00:23:13,570 --> 00:23:14,250
+الجزء هذا
+
+347
+00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:38,770
+Close to the image, rays are more convergentClose
+
+348
+00:23:38,770 --> 00:23:42,530
+to the image, rays are more convergent. Far from
+
+349
+00:23:42,530 --> 00:23:45,070
+the image, rays are less convergent.
+
+350
+00:23:50,550 --> 00:23:55,310
+If rays are diverging, divergence is negative. If
+
+351
+00:23:55,310 --> 00:23:58,950
+rays are converging, the convergence is positive.
+
+352
+00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:02,380
+طيب، ممكن إنسان يقول لي طيب لو الأشعة لا هي
+
+353
+00:24:02,380 --> 00:24:05,600
+diverging ولا هي converging، يعني parallel to one
+
+354
+00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,960
+another، زي ما الصورة بتوديه، جديش الvergence ده
+
+355
+00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:11,460
+هعطيله positive ولا negative، بنقول الvergence
+
+356
+00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:15,320
+للأشعة المتوازية صفر، لا هو positive ولا هو
+
+357
+00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:18,440
+negative، لما بنسمع إنسان بيقولني الvergence of
+
+358
+00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:22,500
+light zero، الvergence of light zero، معناته احنا
+
+359
+00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:26,160
+الvergence of light zero، معناته الأشعة parallel،
+
+360
+00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:30,770
+الأشعة parallelالان حكينا انه على ال side التاني
+
+361
+00:24:30,770 --> 00:24:34,770
+من العدسة far from the image, far from the image
+
+362
+00:24:34,770 --> 00:24:39,050
+يعني بعيد عن الصورة، الأشعة less convergent، هي
+
+363
+00:24:39,050 --> 00:24:44,090
+صحيح convergent بس قليل و close to the image، كل
+
+364
+00:24:44,090 --> 00:24:46,570
+ما اقتربنا من الصورة close to the image, rays are
+
+365
+00:24:46,570 --> 00:24:50,750
+more convergent،الان إيش بالنسبة لل object؟These
+
+366
+00:24:50,750 --> 00:24:53,390
+are the rays close to the object, and these are
+
+367
+00:24:53,390 --> 00:24:56,750
+the rays away from the object We are this distance
+
+368
+00:24:56,750 --> 00:25:00,230
+away from the object, and this distance close to
+
+369
+00:25:00,230 --> 00:25:04,290
+the object Okay, if we wanted to compare the first
+
+370
+00:25:04,290 --> 00:25:07,910
+picture with the second picture, we say that the
+
+371
+00:25:07,910 --> 00:25:12,440
+closer we areFor the object, it should be more
+
+372
+00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:15,960
+divergent or the farther we are from the object,
+
+373
+00:25:16,180 --> 00:25:18,780
+the more divergent it should be? The answer to
+
+374
+00:25:18,780 --> 00:25:21,680
+that should be clarified by drawing, it should be
+
+375
+00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,600
+clarified by drawing Drawing, for example, will
+
+376
+00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:30,680
+clarify the matter in a way that when we say how
+
+377
+00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:34,900
+much is the divergence of light, the first thing
+
+378
+00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:36,440
+that should be taken into account is that it is
+
+379
+00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:40,090
+not any lightHere there are light rays, I didn't
+
+380
+00:25:40,090 --> 00:25:43,010
+draw them here This is a ray number, for example,
+
+381
+00:25:43,170 --> 00:25:46,650
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and a thousand
+
+382
+00:25:46,650 --> 00:25:49,830
+These rays that will not enter the lens, we don't
+
+383
+00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:52,550
+talk about the divergence, we didn't do it What
+
+384
+00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:54,450
+does it have to do with the whole trip? We said
+
+385
+00:25:54,450 --> 00:25:56,810
+that this science, the science of geometric optics
+
+386
+00:25:56,810 --> 00:26:00,130
+studies the journey from the object to the optical
+
+387
+00:26:00,130 --> 00:26:02,410
+system to the image That is, we are interested in
+
+388
+00:26:02,410 --> 00:26:06,070
+part of the rays that enter the optical system
+
+389
+00:26:08,270 --> 00:26:10,930
+enters the optical system in the lens and goes to
+
+390
+00:26:10,930 --> 00:26:14,050
+form the image Okay, before entering the optical
+
+391
+00:26:14,050 --> 00:26:16,490
+system, we want to say as usual, this is the
+
+392
+00:26:16,490 --> 00:26:23,270
+location of the lens close to the object And here
+
+393
+00:26:23,270 --> 00:26:24,830
+is the location of the lens away from us, we took
+
+394
+00:26:24,830 --> 00:26:27,410
+this lens in the second example, but I drew them
+
+395
+00:26:27,410 --> 00:26:29,750
+above each other to clarify some things that we
+
+396
+00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:32,430
+want to clarify The lens here in the first
+
+397
+00:26:32,430 --> 00:26:34,630
+location, close to the object, then we took the
+
+398
+00:26:34,630 --> 00:26:37,850
+lens and moved it awayOr you see the divergence
+
+399
+00:26:37,850 --> 00:26:43,150
+here more, or the divergence here more? We say as
+
+400
+00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:47,230
+follows, before we rush into the answerBefore we
+
+401
+00:26:47,230 --> 00:26:50,630
+rush into the answer, we want to say how to
+
+402
+00:26:50,630 --> 00:26:54,590
+calculate divergence? To calculate divergence, we
+
+403
+00:26:54,590 --> 00:26:57,030
+take the distance between two rays that entered
+
+404
+00:26:57,030 --> 00:26:59,490
+the lens, that is, in the first example when the
+
+405
+00:26:59,490 --> 00:27:02,510
+lens was close, rays one and two are the distance
+
+406
+00:27:02,510 --> 00:27:04,090
+between two rays, because if there is a distance
+
+407
+00:27:04,090 --> 00:27:05,850
+from them, the lens will not enter, and as long as
+
+408
+00:27:05,850 --> 00:27:07,350
+the lens will not enter, we will not touch it,
+
+409
+00:27:07,930 --> 00:27:10,790
+that is, the rays that come between one and two
+
+410
+00:27:10,790 --> 00:27:15,400
+are all rays one and two, and herethousands of
+
+411
+00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,140
+rays between them, we forget the red rays, these
+
+412
+00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:20,780
+red rays belong to the second example, or the
+
+413
+00:27:20,780 --> 00:27:24,360
+second part of the experiment when we moved the
+
+414
+00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:26,840
+lens away, I'm drawing them in red, it's not our
+
+415
+00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:30,420
+topic now Now, there are rays here, and there are
+
+416
+00:27:30,420 --> 00:27:32,040
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+417
+00:27:32,040 --> 00:27:33,720
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+418
+00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:35,320
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+419
+00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:35,320
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+420
+00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:35,340
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+421
+00:27:35,340 --> 00:27:35,340
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+422
+00:27:35,340 --> 00:27:35,380
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+423
+00:27:35,380 --> 00:27:35,420
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+424
+00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:35,540
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+425
+00:27:35,540 --> 00:27:35,560
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+426
+00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:35,880
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+427
+00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:36,020
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+428
+00:27:36,020 --> 00:27:37,680
+rays here, and there are rays here, and there are
+
+429
+00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:44,230
+rays here, and there are rays hereو في الجزء
+
+430
+00:27:44,230 --> 00:27:48,350
+التاني من التجربة لما بعدنا العدسة الشعاع رقم
+
+431
+00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,190
+تلاتة و أربع المرسومين باللون الأحمر هما أبعد
+
+432
+00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:57,610
+شعاعين، أبعد شعاعين، يا ترى مين أكتر divergence؟
+
+433
+00:27:57,610 --> 00:28:02,950
+الشعاع واحد و اتنين ولا الشعاع تلاتة و أربع؟
+
+434
+00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:06,450
+الإجابة واضحة جدا أن واحد و اتنين أكتر divergence
+
+435
+00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,480
+than three and four. Of course, one and two and
+
+436
+00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:15,980
+three and four must enter the optical system,
+
+437
+00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:18,400
+otherwise they will be outside the comparison,
+
+438
+00:28:18,940 --> 00:28:23,700
+away from the comparison. So, the closer we are to
+
+439
+00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:28,320
+the object, the more divergent the rays will be.
+
+440
+00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,680
+You can say, okayWe don't want to make it too
+
+441
+00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:34,420
+clear, we say if we extend these two rays to have
+
+442
+00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,100
+a certain distance compared between the four rays
+
+443
+00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:43,060
+If we extend the ray number one and the ray number
+
+444
+00:28:43,060 --> 00:28:49,400
+two, I mean, look, we extend it like this to
+
+445
+00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:50,800
+happen at the other site
+
+446
+00:29:03,620 --> 00:29:07,480
+So who reads more divergence? The rays one and two
+
+447
+00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,720
+or three and four? It is clear that one and two,
+
+448
+00:29:11,060 --> 00:29:15,080
+one and two, more divergence than three and four
+
+449
+00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:20,480
+In other words, when we approach the lens, a place
+
+450
+00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:24,620
+close to the object, these rays will gather more
+
+451
+00:29:24,620 --> 00:29:28,780
+divergence When we move away from the lens, when
+
+452
+00:29:28,780 --> 00:29:29,940
+we move away from the lens
+
+453
+00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:47,200
+close to the object the light rays are more
+
+454
+00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:53,360
+divergent and far from the object the light rays
+
+455
+00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:56,000
+are less divergent
+
+456
+00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:04,740
+يعني نحكيها باللغة العربية نقول كل ما اقتربنا من
+
+457
+00:30:04,740 --> 00:30:08,720
+الجسم بتكون الأشعة more divergent كل ما ابتعدنا عن
+
+458
+00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:13,600
+الجسم بتكون الأشعة less divergent قريب من ال
+
+459
+00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:17,300
+object قريب من ال object more divergent بعيد عن ال
+
+460
+00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:21,580
+object less divergent المقصود في ذلك كله الأشعة
+
+461
+00:30:21,580 --> 00:30:24,860
+اللي هتدخل في ال lens يعني الأشعة اللي هتدخل في ال
+
+462
+00:30:24,860 --> 00:30:28,660
+lens هي الأشعة كلها المحصورة بين تلاتة وأربعة
+
+463
+00:30:29,140 --> 00:30:31,220
+including 3 or 4 light rays and what is between
+
+464
+00:30:31,220 --> 00:30:32,740
+them.
+
+465
+00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:38,950
+Hadi الحزمة الشعاعية اللي دخلت ال .. دخلت ال lens
+
+466
+00:30:38,950 --> 00:30:43,710
+على المسافة البعيدة أقل تشتتا من الحزمة الشعاعية
+
+467
+00:30:43,710 --> 00:30:47,390
+اللي دخلت .. أشياء الحزمة الشعاعية اللي دخلت ال
+
+468
+00:30:47,390 --> 00:30:50,750
+lens على المسافة القريبة، هي كل الأشعة المحصورة
+
+469
+00:30:50,750 --> 00:30:54,190
+بين واحد و اتنين، بما فيها واحد و اتنين، اذا هذه
+
+470
+00:30:54,190 --> 00:30:58,070
+الأشعة اللي محصورة بين واحد و اتنين أكثر تشتتا من
+
+471
+00:30:58,070 --> 00:31:03,160
+الأشعة اللي محصورة بين تلاتة و أربعةليش؟ ليش أكتر
+
+472
+00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:06,880
+تشتتا اللي محصورة بين واحد و اتنين، هتشمل تلاتة و
+
+473
+00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:10,100
+هتشمل أربعة و هتشمل المنطقة هاى و هتشمل المنطقة
+
+474
+00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:12,920
+هاى و هتشمل المنطقة هاى؟ ليش اللي محصور بين واحد و
+
+475
+00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:16,980
+اتنين أكتر تشتتا من اللي محصور بين تلاتة و أربعة؟
+
+476
+00:31:16,980 --> 00:31:21,700
+لأنه لو أجينا و أخدنا مقطع ضوء عند نقطة ما من
+
+477
+00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:23,160
+الفرق، يعني لو أخدنا هنا
+
+478
+00:31:28,190 --> 00:31:32,870
+Any point at this line And we said, which one is
+
+479
+00:31:32,870 --> 00:31:36,570
+more complicated, the red point or the white
+
+480
+00:31:36,570 --> 00:31:41,070
+point? The white point extends from this point to
+
+481
+00:31:41,070 --> 00:31:43,970
+this point, we forgot everything for the trip and
+
+482
+00:31:43,970 --> 00:31:49,270
+only caught up to this point This point The white
+
+483
+00:31:49,270 --> 00:31:53,410
+point is more complicated than the red point So,
+
+484
+00:31:53,830 --> 00:31:58,210
+the closer we get to the objectكل ما اقتربنا من ال
+
+485
+00:31:58,210 --> 00:32:01,510
+object، ال .. ال light rays بتكون more divergent
+
+486
+00:32:01,510 --> 00:32:05,450
+كل ما بتاعتنا ال light rays اللي بتجمعهم العدسة،
+
+487
+00:32:05,450 --> 00:32:08,890
+ضروري جدا نحط في أذهانها اللي بتجمعهم العدسة، الآن
+
+488
+00:32:08,890 --> 00:32:12,850
+هنا اللي جمعته العدسة هي الحزمة الحمراء، الحزمة
+
+489
+00:32:12,850 --> 00:32:17,210
+الحمراء، الحزمة الحمراءاللي جمعتها العدسة إذا ما
+
+490
+00:32:17,210 --> 00:32:20,450
+قورنت بالحزمة البيضاء اللي جمعتها العدسة الحزمة
+
+491
+00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:23,610
+البيضاء أكثر تشتتا إذا قريب من ال object أكثر
+
+492
+00:32:23,610 --> 00:32:27,810
+تشتتا more divergent بعيد عن ال object less
+
+493
+00:32:27,810 --> 00:32:31,710
+divergent less divergent احنا عساس احنا ما تختلط
+
+494
+00:32:31,710 --> 00:32:36,170
+علينا الأمور بدنا احنا يعني اللفظ كل الكلام اللي
+
+495
+00:32:36,170 --> 00:32:38,410
+حكيناه كالقاتي بنقول
+
+496
+00:32:46,860 --> 00:32:53,560
+بنرسم ال optical system و
+
+497
+00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:54,180
+بنقول أن
+
+498
+00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:31,270
+this is the object point and
+
+499
+00:33:31,270 --> 00:33:33,970
+these are going to form the image you tap to form
+
+500
+00:33:33,970 --> 00:33:36,770
+the image in this area did you notice that we say
+
+501
+00:33:36,770 --> 00:33:44,930
+close to the object more divergent the light
+
+502
+00:33:47,950 --> 00:33:53,190
+Away from the object means
+
+503
+00:33:53,190 --> 00:33:56,250
+when it gets closer to the lens it becomes less
+
+504
+00:33:56,250 --> 00:34:10,790
+divergent and
+
+505
+00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:15,330
+away from the image it becomes less convergent
+
+506
+00:34:27,250 --> 00:34:30,710
+and close to the image should be more convergent
+
+507
+00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:33,450
+then
+
+508
+00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,620
+ع الجهة الشمال كله divergent ع الجهة اليمين كله
+
+509
+00:34:51,620 --> 00:34:54,660
+convergent عشان ما نتخربطش ع الجهة الشمال
+
+510
+00:34:54,660 --> 00:35:00,040
+divergent ع الجهة اليمين convergent طيب less و
+
+511
+00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:04,680
+less less و less سواء divergent او .. قرب من
+
+512
+00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:10,500
+العدسة يعني حوالين العدسة لما بنبعد ع الشمال و
+
+513
+00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:14,480
+بنبعد ع اليمين more و more اذا more divergent less
+
+514
+00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:18,960
+divergent less convergent more convergentmore
+
+515
+00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:22,640
+divergent, less divergent, less and less on the
+
+516
+00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:25,180
+sides of the lens, meaning the light, the vergence
+
+517
+00:35:25,180 --> 00:35:29,020
+of light, the fluctuating state of light changes
+
+518
+00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:32,800
+with the distance, it changes more divergent, okay
+
+519
+00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:34,400
+the light moves a little in the space, it became
+
+520
+00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:37,900
+less divergent, less divergent, less divergent, it
+
+521
+00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:41,060
+reached the lens, it turned it from divergent to
+
+522
+00:35:41,060 --> 00:35:42,740
+convergent, but what is the state of the
+
+523
+00:35:42,740 --> 00:35:45,700
+fluctuating convergence of it, it is accumulating,
+
+524
+00:35:45,780 --> 00:35:48,540
+but it accumulates slowlyOr it accumulates in a
+
+525
+00:35:48,540 --> 00:35:50,500
+small way, increasing the accumulation, increasing
+
+526
+00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:52,140
+the accumulation, increasing the accumulation,
+
+527
+00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:54,260
+until it accumulates in the form of a Morphine
+
+528
+00:35:54,260 --> 00:35:58,080
+Virgin. Therefore, the fluctuation of light varies
+
+529
+00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:01,480
+depending on the distance that the light cuts. So
+
+530
+00:36:01,480 --> 00:36:04,880
+the virgins of light change with the change of
+
+531
+00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:07,720
+distance, change with the change of distance.
+
+532
+00:36:08,660 --> 00:36:11,700
+فبالتالي، the lens collects a large fraction of
+
+533
+00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:15,320
+light radiating from the object point. When the
+
+534
+00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:18,620
+lens is moved away from the object point, it
+
+535
+00:36:18,620 --> 00:36:22,240
+collects a smaller portion of light radiated by
+
+536
+00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:25,200
+the object point. The rays that reach the lens are
+
+537
+00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:28,700
+less divergent than they were when the lens was
+
+538
+00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:32,490
+closer to the object. هذا معنا الكلاملما بتكون ال
+
+539
+00:36:32,490 --> 00:36:36,470
+lens قريبة من ال object بتجمع أشعة more divergent
+
+540
+00:36:36,470 --> 00:36:42,510
+لما بتبعد بتجمع أشعة less divergent لأن تلاتة و
+
+541
+00:36:42,510 --> 00:36:46,770
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+542
+00:36:46,770 --> 00:36:47,250
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+543
+00:36:47,250 --> 00:36:48,250
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+544
+00:36:48,250 --> 00:36:48,550
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+545
+00:36:48,550 --> 00:36:48,910
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+546
+00:36:48,910 --> 00:36:50,130
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+547
+00:36:50,130 --> 00:36:51,010
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+548
+00:36:51,010 --> 00:36:52,770
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتنين لأن تلاتة و
+
+549
+00:36:52,770 --> 00:36:57,660
+أربعة less divergent than واحد و اتClose to the
+
+550
+00:36:57,660 --> 00:37:02,000
+object point, the light is more divergent. Farther
+
+551
+00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:05,080
+from the object point, the light is less divergent
+
+552
+00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:15,340
+على ناحية التانية من العدسة Similarly, close to an
+
+553
+00:37:15,340 --> 00:37:18,360
+image point, light is more convergent لإن كون
+
+554
+00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:21,420
+جاريبين من ال image Farther from the image point,
+
+555
+00:37:21,520 --> 00:37:26,080
+light is less convergent Vergence is inversely
+
+556
+00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:29,900
+proportional to the distance from the object or
+
+557
+00:37:29,900 --> 00:37:36,950
+the image يعنيال .. ال .. ال object و ال image، ال
+
+558
+00:37:36,950 --> 00:37:40,970
+.. الضوء إذا كان بعيد، بيكون less divergent، وإذا
+
+559
+00:37:40,970 --> 00:37:45,130
+كان قريب، بيكون more divergent، بالنسبة لل image،
+
+560
+00:37:45,130 --> 00:37:48,890
+إذا كان قريب، more convergent، إذا كان بعيد، less
+
+561
+00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:52,250
+convergent، إذا ال versions of light، سواء
+
+562
+00:37:52,250 --> 00:37:57,430
+divergent أو convergentبيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من
+
+563
+00:37:57,430 --> 00:38:02,590
+ال object وبيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من ال image
+
+564
+00:38:02,590 --> 00:38:06,050
+كيف .. كيف يعني بيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من ال
+
+565
+00:38:06,050 --> 00:38:09,770
+object وبيتناسب عكسيا مع المسافة من ال image؟ لما
+
+566
+00:38:09,770 --> 00:38:14,010
+احنا بنفسر هذه القضية، لازم ناخد كل جانب على حده،
+
+567
+00:38:14,010 --> 00:38:16,690
+احنا هالجيت ال object، ضغ منه divergent، طلع عند
+
+568
+00:38:16,690 --> 00:38:22,590
+هناهذه مسافة كل ما زادت مسافة الضوء عن النقطة اللى
+
+569
+00:38:22,590 --> 00:38:25,370
+صدر منها عن ال object كل ما ابتعد يعنى ازدادت
+
+570
+00:38:25,370 --> 00:38:26,070
+المسافة
+
+571
+00:38:28,470 --> 00:38:32,730
+more divergent, less divergent, less divergent,
+
+572
+00:38:32,750 --> 00:38:49,170
+less divergent, less divergent, less divergent,
+
+573
+00:38:49,330 --> 00:38:52,810
+less divergentEach time the distance increases
+
+574
+00:38:52,810 --> 00:38:55,850
+from the object, the divergence decreases, which
+
+575
+00:38:55,850 --> 00:38:58,750
+means that the relationship between the divergence
+
+576
+00:38:58,750 --> 00:39:02,870
+of light and the distance is opposite Okay, let's
+
+577
+00:39:02,870 --> 00:39:06,550
+forget the left side and go to the right sideThe
+
+578
+00:39:06,550 --> 00:39:09,630
+less the distance towards the image, the more
+
+579
+00:39:09,630 --> 00:39:13,150
+convergence. If you say the convergence is
+
+580
+00:39:13,150 --> 00:39:15,690
+correct, and if you say the convergence is also
+
+581
+00:39:15,690 --> 00:39:20,090
+correct. So the less the distance, the more
+
+582
+00:39:20,090 --> 00:39:23,610
+convergence. Well, the more the distance, the less
+
+583
+00:39:23,610 --> 00:39:25,610
+convergence. Here we are away from the image, we
+
+584
+00:39:25,610 --> 00:39:27,630
+have become a distance away from the image, less
+
+585
+00:39:27,630 --> 00:39:30,610
+convergence or less convergence. Also, the
+
+586
+00:39:30,610 --> 00:39:32,390
+opposite relationship between the convergence of
+
+587
+00:39:32,390 --> 00:39:35,760
+light, which is going to form the image,and the
+
+588
+00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:38,820
+distance, and the distance from this image So
+
+589
+00:39:38,820 --> 00:39:40,620
+whether we talked about the direction of the
+
+590
+00:39:40,620 --> 00:39:42,980
+object or about the object and the various rays
+
+591
+00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:46,260
+coming out of it Or we talked about the image and
+
+592
+00:39:46,260 --> 00:39:49,680
+the various rays that are going to form it The
+
+593
+00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:52,040
+relationship between the vergence of light and the
+
+594
+00:39:52,040 --> 00:39:54,980
+distance is a reverse relationship And conversely,
+
+595
+00:39:55,340 --> 00:39:58,060
+and conversely, the vergence and the distance,
+
+596
+00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:01,340
+that is, the vergence of light is equal to one
+
+597
+00:40:01,340 --> 00:40:04,040
+over the distance is equal to one over the
+
+598
+00:40:04,040 --> 00:40:04,300
+distance
+
+599
+00:40:10,390 --> 00:40:13,510
+vergence is inversely proportional to the distance
+
+600
+00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:16,390
+from the object or the image point whether we
+
+601
+00:40:16,390 --> 00:40:19,150
+talked about the object that is inversely
+
+602
+00:40:19,150 --> 00:40:22,050
+proportional to the distance or we talked about
+
+603
+00:40:22,050 --> 00:40:24,410
+the image on the other side of the lens that is
+
+604
+00:40:24,410 --> 00:40:28,590
+also inversely proportional to the distance how to
+
+605
+00:40:28,590 --> 00:40:30,770
+calculate the vergence? vergence is the reciprocal
+
+606
+00:40:30,770 --> 00:40:36,040
+of the distancemeans if the distance is two
+
+607
+00:40:36,040 --> 00:40:38,640
+meters, it is one and a half meters, one to two,
+
+608
+00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:43,280
+if the distance is three meters, it is three
+
+609
+00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:47,980
+meters and a third, a third, so we say the
+
+610
+00:40:47,980 --> 00:40:51,980
+divergence is the reciprocal of the distance, is
+
+611
+00:40:51,980 --> 00:40:56,830
+the reciprocal of the distance, we will stop atإنه
+
+612
+00:40:56,830 --> 00:41:00,090
+ال Virgin's هو ال reciprocal of the distance و هي
+
+613
+00:41:00,090 --> 00:41:03,290
+المرة القادمة ان شاء الله بنستكمل و يعطيكم العافية
+
+614
+00:41:03,290 --> 00:41:06,090
+و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3U8quwM9QDg.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1263 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:06,140
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنبدأ مع علم ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:06,140 --> 00:00:10,160
+optics والمحاضرة الأولى ال geometric optics أو
+
+3
+00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:18,100
+البصريات الهندسية هو علم معنى بدراسة رحلة الضوء
+
+4
+00:00:18,100 --> 00:00:25,140
+انطلاقا من الأجسام ووصولا إلى صور تلك الأجسام يعني
+
+5
+00:00:25,140 --> 00:00:29,780
+كل جسم stands in front of cameras such as lenses,
+
+6
+00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,700
+mirrors or similar things or cameras that take
+
+7
+00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:36,840
+pictures of it. The light moves from this body
+
+8
+00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:39,540
+through the cameras, which we will call the
+
+9
+00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:44,460
+optical system, and the light then reaches the
+
+10
+00:00:44,460 --> 00:00:48,340
+image. The optical system collects the rays to
+
+11
+00:00:48,340 --> 00:00:51,740
+form a picture of what is in the vacuum, in the
+
+12
+00:00:51,740 --> 00:00:54,840
+place of water.And that's how the light journey
+
+13
+00:00:54,840 --> 00:01:00,060
+ends. It starts from the body, then it reaches the
+
+14
+00:01:00,060 --> 00:01:04,320
+optical system or photography equipment from a
+
+15
+00:01:04,320 --> 00:01:09,100
+lens or a mirror or a camera or anything else and
+
+16
+00:01:09,100 --> 00:01:13,620
+it reaches the image Now in scientific terms or in
+
+17
+00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,500
+English, the body is called the objectThe object
+
+18
+00:01:17,500 --> 00:01:20,940
+and the photography equipment they call it the
+
+19
+00:01:20,940 --> 00:01:24,780
+optical system or the visual system The visual
+
+20
+00:01:24,780 --> 00:01:30,180
+system and the picture they call it the image, so
+
+21
+00:01:30,180 --> 00:01:34,680
+I have object and I have optical system and I have
+
+22
+00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,250
+imageThe journey of light from the object to the
+
+23
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:40,830
+image, to the formation of the image, through the
+
+24
+00:01:40,830 --> 00:01:43,530
+optical system, this science, which is the science
+
+25
+00:01:43,530 --> 00:01:47,270
+of geometric optics, means studying this journey
+
+26
+00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:54,170
+and this path that follows the light Now I want to
+
+27
+00:01:54,170 --> 00:01:57,470
+know or .. or .. I mean, what is the thing in
+
+28
+00:01:57,470 --> 00:02:02,190
+existence that I can call optical system? Actually
+
+29
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:08,270
+.. actually all things which can form a picture,
+
+30
+00:02:08,450 --> 00:02:12,890
+anything can form a picture, I call it a visual
+
+31
+00:02:12,890 --> 00:02:17,970
+system or optical system And here I want to point
+
+32
+00:02:17,970 --> 00:02:21,010
+out a very important point, not necessarily that
+
+33
+00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:23,950
+the picture should be clear Let's give many
+
+34
+00:02:23,950 --> 00:02:27,570
+examples of this A person with his phone, the
+
+35
+00:02:27,570 --> 00:02:31,890
+phone is turned off, he looks at the screen of the
+
+36
+00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:36,270
+black phone and sees a picture of himself in
+
+37
+00:02:36,270 --> 00:02:38,850
+the phone, so he used the phone as if it was a
+
+38
+00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:42,030
+mirror, as if it was a mirror, this way the phone
+
+39
+00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:44,670
+screen is considered an optical system because it
+
+40
+00:02:44,670 --> 00:02:47,730
+formed a picture, a person walking in front of a
+
+41
+00:02:47,730 --> 00:02:52,530
+glass shop وشاف صورة حاله في الإجازة هذه الواجهة
+
+42
+00:02:52,530 --> 00:02:57,490
+الزجاجية تعتبر optical system إنسان آخر يقف أمام
+
+43
+00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:04,370
+سيارة مغلق زجاجها شاف صورته في الزجاج إذا الزجاج
+
+44
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:10,430
+يعتبر optical system إنسان رابع بتطلع في ساعة اليد
+
+45
+00:03:10,430 --> 00:03:17,400
+بتاعتهفشاف صورة نفسه في إجزاز الساعة و هذه ساعتها
+
+46
+00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,360
+إجزاز الساعة يعتبر optical system أيضا من ال
+
+47
+00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:25,140
+optical system اللي هي عين الإنسان أو عين الحيوان
+
+48
+00:03:25,140 --> 00:03:33,160
+أو يعني العدسات، المرايا و ما إلى ذلك، إذا هذه كل
+
+49
+00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:38,360
+ما يستطيع أن يكون صورة يعتبر optical system، يعتبر
+
+50
+00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:43,310
+optical systemالآن بنبدأ مع بعض مع هذا العلم بنقول
+
+51
+00:03:43,310 --> 00:03:48,110
+Geometric optics is the study of light and images
+
+52
+00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:52,710
+using geometric principles يعني أنا بدرس الضوء و
+
+53
+00:03:52,710 --> 00:03:56,430
+الصورة اللي اتكونت بواسطة هذا الضوء، طبعا الضوء ��ن
+
+54
+00:03:56,430 --> 00:04:00,110
+وين؟ إجا من ال object، من الأجسام، إذا the study
+
+55
+00:04:00,110 --> 00:04:04,250
+of light and images which is made up of bodies
+
+56
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:08,890
+using geometric principles by using the principles
+
+57
+00:04:08,890 --> 00:04:12,750
+of vacuum engineering to create a vacuum in the
+
+58
+00:04:12,750 --> 00:04:17,570
+vacuum or in any part of the vacuum. Geometric
+
+59
+00:04:17,570 --> 00:04:21,910
+optics uses linear rays to represent the path
+
+60
+00:04:21,910 --> 00:04:26,050
+traveled by lightNow when we want to point out and
+
+61
+00:04:26,050 --> 00:04:29,790
+point out on the path led by light When it left
+
+62
+00:04:29,790 --> 00:04:33,210
+the body and reached the camera or the optical
+
+63
+00:04:33,210 --> 00:04:37,850
+system Then after that it formed the image I use
+
+64
+00:04:37,850 --> 00:04:43,630
+straight arrows or straight rays Of course we call
+
+65
+00:04:43,630 --> 00:04:48,370
+them light rays, we call them light rays Of course
+
+66
+00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:52,070
+these light rays that we represent with straight
+
+67
+00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,160
+linesto .. to show or represent the path through
+
+68
+00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:58,860
+which the light travels .. the path through which
+
+69
+00:04:58,860 --> 00:05:02,000
+the light travels One can say that this
+
+70
+00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:03,900
+information is not strange, that is, we always
+
+71
+00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:07,880
+draw rays in a straight line It is actually ..
+
+72
+00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,940
+this case was intended to show something very
+
+73
+00:05:12,940 --> 00:05:15,980
+important that the nature of light is a wave
+
+74
+00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:17,780
+nature, that is, light is supposed to be drawn as
+
+75
+00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:23,710
+wavesLight is a kind of electromagnetic waves that
+
+76
+00:05:23,710 --> 00:05:26,370
+our eyes have sensors that can interact with it
+
+77
+00:05:26,370 --> 00:05:30,030
+and understand it Therefore, light is not .. the
+
+78
+00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:31,990
+reality of the matter does not happen in straight
+
+79
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:35,570
+lines, but it is waves But in the science of
+
+80
+00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:38,690
+geometric optics, we will consider light as
+
+81
+00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:42,630
+straight lines or we will use straight lines and
+
+82
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:44,250
+we will call them light rays
+
+83
+00:05:46,980 --> 00:05:50,040
+to show me where the light came from, or what is
+
+84
+00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:53,260
+the path, what is the journey, or where did the
+
+85
+00:05:53,260 --> 00:05:58,140
+light go from the object, then reaching the
+
+86
+00:05:58,140 --> 00:06:02,740
+optical system, then ending at the image. So this
+
+87
+00:06:02,740 --> 00:06:10,040
+path is .. I mean .. what do they study? Geometric
+
+88
+00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:14,450
+optics science .. Geometric optics scienceThe
+
+89
+00:06:14,450 --> 00:06:19,050
+simplest camera you can get is called the pinhole,
+
+90
+00:06:19,210 --> 00:06:23,370
+the pinhole or the pinhole, or the pinhole, or the
+
+91
+00:06:23,370 --> 00:06:26,290
+pinhole Of course, we will start by explaining a
+
+92
+00:06:26,290 --> 00:06:29,390
+very simple experiment that any person can do at
+
+93
+00:06:29,390 --> 00:06:32,750
+home If we bring a piece of paper from the drawer
+
+94
+00:06:33,620 --> 00:06:36,960
+parchment paper or aluminum foil. This aluminum
+
+95
+00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,980
+foil, which is the parchment paper that we use at
+
+96
+00:06:39,980 --> 00:06:45,740
+home to wrap some foods while putting them in the
+
+97
+00:06:45,740 --> 00:06:48,340
+oven, such as chicken and the like. This parchment
+
+98
+00:06:48,340 --> 00:06:52,240
+paper or aluminum foil, we bring a certain paper
+
+99
+00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:57,100
+or ..a small piece of paper and we make holes in
+
+100
+00:06:57,100 --> 00:07:00,960
+the middle of it, we make holes in the middle of
+
+101
+00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:04,080
+it with the tip of the pick or the tip of the
+
+102
+00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:08,310
+needle الآن هذا الثقب بنسميه pinhole يسمى باللغة
+
+103
+00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,550
+الإنجليزية pinhole الآن بقى أضوي شمعة .. بقى أضوي
+
+104
+00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:17,290
+شمعة و بقى أجيب ورقة شمع و ورقة شمع إذا ما توفرش
+
+105
+00:07:17,290 --> 00:07:20,950
+عندي بجيب ورقة عادية plain paper اللي هي ال .. ورق
+
+106
+00:07:20,950 --> 00:07:25,310
+ال A4 اللي بنستخدمه في الطبع ورق ال A4 اللي
+
+107
+00:07:25,310 --> 00:07:29,830
+بنستخدمه في الطبعةI leave the candle on the table,
+
+108
+00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:33,330
+I fix it and I light it, I light the candle and I
+
+109
+00:07:33,330 --> 00:07:36,350
+move away, I move away and the paper on which the
+
+110
+00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:38,470
+picture will remain, which is the A4 paper, I move
+
+111
+00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:41,570
+it two feet away from the candle, which is about
+
+112
+00:07:41,570 --> 00:07:45,620
+sixty-six centimeters Bajeeb ال .. ال .. ورقة
+
+113
+00:07:45,620 --> 00:07:50,500
+القصدير اللي .. اللي ثقبتها أنا في المنتصف و بحطها
+
+114
+00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:55,520
+في نص المسافة .. في نص المسافة بين الشامعة و بين
+
+115
+00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:59,260
+ورقة التلقي تاعة الصورة اللي هتلق عليها الصورة
+
+116
+00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:03,300
+يعني هتبعد ورقة القصدير بال .. بين هول اللي موجود
+
+117
+00:08:03,300 --> 00:08:08,800
+فيها مسافة واحد قدم عن الشامعة و واحد قدم عن ورقة
+
+118
+00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:14,000
+التلقي الآن هيك اكملت ظروف التجربة ما عدا ظرف واحد
+
+119
+00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:18,300
+ضروري للغاية لازم أعمل الغرفة اللي بيجري فيها
+
+120
+00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,280
+التجربة أعملها معتمة للغاية يعني أسكر كل الستائر
+
+121
+00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:27,980
+يعني أغلق الستائر و أطفئ الأضواء حتى أتمكن من رؤية
+
+122
+00:08:27,980 --> 00:08:32,100
+الصورة حتى أتمكن من رؤية الصورةBut after doing all
+
+123
+00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:35,160
+these cases, I will find that on the acceptance
+
+124
+00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,240
+form, on the A4 paper, there started to appear a
+
+125
+00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:41,920
+picture that is a bit weird, why? Candle wax,
+
+126
+00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,960
+upside down picture, I'm not used to upside down,
+
+127
+00:08:45,340 --> 00:08:50,500
+to candle waxAs long as a picture is formed, it
+
+128
+00:08:50,500 --> 00:08:52,920
+means that the simplest way to photograph it, I
+
+129
+00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:57,120
+will call it the pinhole or the octopus, it is
+
+130
+00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:00,560
+considered an optical system, why? Because it
+
+131
+00:09:00,560 --> 00:09:01,200
+formed a picture Why? Because it formed a picture
+
+132
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,860
+A person might say, no, this is not a photography
+
+133
+00:09:04,860 --> 00:09:08,220
+tool, we say simply, leave the candle in its
+
+134
+00:09:08,220 --> 00:09:11,060
+place, or leave the receipt paper in its place,
+
+135
+00:09:11,540 --> 00:09:13,800
+and remove the receipt paper containing the
+
+136
+00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:15,800
+pinhole, we will find that the image of the candle
+
+137
+00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,880
+has disappearedIt means that the woman is the one
+
+138
+00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:25,400
+who made the image of the candle Now we want to
+
+139
+00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:31,120
+make a more advanced step in the .. I mean .. the
+
+140
+00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:33,950
+experience We want to move the paper of the
+
+141
+00:09:33,950 --> 00:09:36,530
+receiver towards the candle, that is, to make it
+
+142
+00:09:36,530 --> 00:09:38,570
+closer to the candle, we will find that the
+
+143
+00:09:38,570 --> 00:09:43,130
+picture is large, then we move it further, to make
+
+144
+00:09:43,130 --> 00:09:45,330
+it closer to the receipt paper, we will find that
+
+145
+00:09:45,330 --> 00:09:49,920
+the picture is smallWebsite of photography tools
+
+146
+00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:52,560
+makes the characteristics of the image change from
+
+147
+00:09:52,560 --> 00:09:56,840
+big to small. So when the pinhole I try it from
+
+148
+00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,320
+the candle, when I try it from the candle, the
+
+149
+00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:05,460
+image gets bigger. When I try it from the place of
+
+150
+00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:10,990
+the candle, the image gets smaller. حبنا نغير مش في
+
+151
+00:10:10,990 --> 00:10:14,150
+موقع ورقة القصدير اللي فيها ال pinhole، في ورقة
+
+152
+00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,830
+التلقى، لو بعتها، هتكبر الصورة، لو جربتها من ال
+
+153
+00:10:18,830 --> 00:10:23,150
+pinhole، هتصغر الصورة المنطق في ذلك، المنطق في ذلك
+
+154
+00:10:23,150 --> 00:10:27,810
+أنه لو جربت ورقة التلقي، هتكون الصورة بالحجم اللي
+
+155
+00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:31,950
+أنا قاعد بأشر عليه لإن الأشعة لسه ما انتشرت كتير
+
+156
+00:10:31,950 --> 00:10:35,770
+فبالتالي هتكون مركزة في ال .. ال .. الحجم هذا، في
+
+157
+00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:39,190
+الحجم هذا وكل ما جربت أكتر من ال .. من ال pinhole،
+
+158
+00:10:39,190 --> 00:10:44,610
+هتصغر الصورة، هتصغر الصورة، إذا أبسط جهاز تصوير هو
+
+159
+00:10:44,610 --> 00:10:50,240
+ال pinhole، ال pinhole، بيقول make a pinhole نعمل
+
+160
+00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:54,380
+خرم إبرة near the center of a large sheet of
+
+161
+00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:58,040
+aluminum foil يعني بجيب ورق قصدير كبيرة شوية
+
+162
+00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:04,390
+بأثقبها في المنتصف, light a candle and extinguish
+
+163
+00:11:04,390 --> 00:11:16,450
+all other illumination in the room hold
+
+164
+00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:21,300
+a sheet of a plain white paper Or better يعني ممكن
+
+165
+00:11:21,300 --> 00:11:25,740
+احنا .. يعني نمسك ورقة بيضة اللي هي ورقة ال A4 أو
+
+166
+00:11:25,740 --> 00:11:29,040
+اذا .. افضل اذا عندنا ورق شمعي، في ورق شمعي يباع
+
+167
+00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:34,620
+احيانا فبالتالي ممكن استعمله، اذا مش موجود انا
+
+168
+00:11:34,620 --> 00:11:40,120
+بستعمل plain white paper اللي هي ورقة ال A4 طبعا
+
+169
+00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:44,540
+الورقة ال A4 بده أحملها على بعد اتنين feet قدمين
+
+170
+00:11:44,540 --> 00:11:49,080
+from the candle من الشامعة طبعا ال pinhole place
+
+171
+00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:51,860
+the pinhole midway between the paper and the
+
+172
+00:11:51,860 --> 00:11:55,680
+candle بحطه في منتصف الطريق بين ال paper اللي
+
+173
+00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:59,560
+هتلقى عليها الصورة و بين الشامعة اللي هتمثل ليه ال
+
+174
+00:11:59,560 --> 00:12:02,320
+object اللي هتمثل ليه ال object
+
+175
+00:12:05,310 --> 00:12:09,130
+observe .. لاحظ ال inverted image of the candle
+
+176
+00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:12,710
+flame on the paper هنلاحظ صورة مجلوبة للها
+
+177
+00:12:12,710 --> 00:12:17,410
+بالشامعة للها بالشامعة on the paper moving the
+
+178
+00:12:17,410 --> 00:12:20,570
+pinhole closer to the candle while keeping the
+
+179
+00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:26,170
+paper stationary yields larger imageI moved the
+
+180
+00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:28,850
+pinhole closer to the candle, closer to the
+
+181
+00:12:28,850 --> 00:12:31,810
+candle, you will notice that the candle or the
+
+182
+00:12:31,810 --> 00:12:35,790
+picture of the candle grew because I changed the
+
+183
+00:12:35,790 --> 00:12:39,010
+location of the camera Of course, when I try from
+
+184
+00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:41,010
+the candle, when I try the pinhole from the
+
+185
+00:12:41,010 --> 00:12:44,770
+candle, the picture grows When I move the pinhole
+
+186
+00:12:44,770 --> 00:12:48,830
+from the candle, the picture shrinks, the picture
+
+187
+00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:53,370
+shrinks Okay, now we said that the journey is
+
+188
+00:12:53,370 --> 00:12:57,550
+lightIt starts from the object, it starts from the
+
+189
+00:12:57,550 --> 00:13:02,010
+object And 
+
+190
+00:13:02,010 --> 00:13:0
+
+223
+00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:18,330
+مش مضيق بذاته .. الجسم اللي مش مضيق بذاته ي ..
+
+224
+00:15:18,330 --> 00:15:22,870
+لازم يكون مضاء و عاكس حتى يتم ..or حتى نتمكن من 
+
+225
+00:15:22,870 --> 00:15:27,370
+رؤيته. هذا بالنسبة لأ الأجسام، إما مضيقة بذاتها أو
+
+226
+00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:31,390
+مضاءة، بس إذا مضاءة، لازم تكون عاكزة مثال آخر و 
+
+227
+00:15:31,390 --> 00:15:35,750
+واضح في حياتنا العملية، إنه القمر، القمر لا يضيق 
+
+228
+00:15:35,750 --> 00:15:42,950
+بذاته، ولكن يعكس إضاءة الشمس على هذا القمر، ثم 
+
+229
+00:15:42,950 --> 00:15:46,690
+يعكسها باتجاه الأرض، فبالتالي احنا بنشوفه، هو طبعا
+
+230
+00:15:46,690 --> 00:15:53,300
+يعكسها في جميع الاتجاهات، ولكن We are looking at
+
+231
+00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,480
+the moon because it reflects part of its light 
+
+232
+00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,600
+towards the surface of the earth. Towards the 
+
+233
+00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,240
+surface of the earth. Now the object is made up of 
+
+234
+00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,340
+parts. And these parts can be divided into smaller 
+
+235
+00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:12,120
+parts. And smaller parts can be divided into
+
+236
+00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:15,520
+smaller and smaller parts until we reach the 
+
+237
+00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,160
+smallest part that we call the blind spots. We
+
+238
+00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:23,350
+agreed انه الجسم اما مضيق بذاته و Either upside down
+
+239
+00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:26,170
+or upside down. We will consider that the body 
+
+240
+00:16:26,170 --> 00:16:29,210
+will emit light from it, whether it is self or 
+
+241
+00:16:29,210 --> 00:16:31,470
+reversed from another body. The important thing is
+
+242
+00:16:31,470 --> 00:16:34,030
+that it will emit light from it. Okay, will the
+
+243
+00:16:34,030 --> 00:16:36,970
+light come from the part that I point to, for 
+
+244
+00:16:36,970 --> 00:16:39,410
+example, or from the part that I point to, or from
+
+245
+00:16:39,410 --> 00:16:42,290
+the part that I point to? No, in fact, the light
+
+246
+00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:45,790
+will come from all parts of the body. For example, 
+
+247
+00:16:45,870 --> 00:16:48,970
+I see the body as a whole when we look at a candle
+
+248
+00:16:49,460 --> 00:16:52,360
+when we look at a candle, we have to consider our 
+
+249
+00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,440
+eyes as the optical system, instead of the pinhole. 
+
+250
+00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:58,480
+We see the candle as a whole .. as a whole. It's
+
+251
+00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:00,920
+true that we see the flame more than the body of 
+
+252
+00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:03,480
+the candle, but we see the candle as a whole with 
+
+253
+00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:06,780
+the flame around it. So, as long as we see the 
+
+254
+00:17:06,780 --> 00:17:09,420
+candle as a whole, it means that the flame is
+
+255
+00:17:09,420 --> 00:17:11,840
+narrowed by itself and the body of the candle ..
+
+256
+00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,060
+the body of the candle is illuminated by another
+
+257
+00:17:14,060 --> 00:17:16,200
+light, let's say the room light or the candle's 
+
+258
+00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:18,540
+flame, and it is reflected towards our eyes. 
+
+259
+00:17:18,940 --> 00:17:23,360
+فبالتالي احنا بنشوف الشمعة متكاملة So, when we 
+
+260
+00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:26,760
+divide this body into parts, and we divide the 
+
+261
+00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:29,500
+parts into parts smaller than them, and the parts
+
+262
+00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,240
+smaller than them, then smaller, then smaller, we
+
+263
+00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,680
+will reach that the body, any body in the world, 
+
+264
+00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:38,300
+candle or non-candle, is made up of bodies or
+
+265
+00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:42,320
+things that intersect in the small, we call them 
+
+266
+00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:46,580
+the point sources of light. Point source of light, 
+
+267
+00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:51,290
+point source of light, we consider الجسم عبارة عن 
+
+268
+00:17:51,290 --> 00:17:55,890
+مجموعة لا متناهية عددها لا نهائي من النقاط الصغيرة
+
+269
+00:17:55,890 --> 00:17:59,910
+المتماسكة مع بعضها البعض و اللي بتكونلي في مجموعها
+
+270
+00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:04,050
+الجسم كل نقطة تصدر دوقها الخاص سواء دوقها الذاتي
+
+271
+00:18:04,050 --> 00:18:09,330
+أو دوقها المعكوس، اذا كل جسم مكون من عدد لا نهائي
+
+272
+00:18:09,330 --> 00:18:13,790
+من النقاط الصغيرة اللي بنسميها ال point source of
+
+273
+00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:16,970
+light ال point source of light 
+
+274
+00:18:21,780 --> 00:18:26,000
+An object may be regarded as a collection of
+
+275
+00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:32,580
+points. Geometric 
+
+276
+00:18:32,580 --> 00:18:37,080
+optics treats every point of an object as a point
+
+277
+00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:38,160
+source of light.
+
+278
+00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:53,700
+An object has an infinite number of point sources,
+
+279
+00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:58,520
+any object مهما صغر إذا شفنا عدد النقاط المضيقة 
+
+280
+00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:02,000
+فيه المكونة إله هتكون عددها لانهائي infinite 
+
+281
+00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:06,200
+number and each source point يعني لو جينا نمسك 
+
+282
+00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:10,640
+نقطة معينة منها هنلاقيها infinitesimally small. 
+
+283
+00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:15,360
+يعني صغيرة متناهية في الصغر يعني أصغر شيء ممكن 
+
+284
+00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:21,780
+يعني نتصوره طبعا هذا .. ممكن يقول كيف ممكن نجسم
+
+285
+00:19:21,780 --> 00:19:25,520
+الجسم حتى نصل لنقطة؟ حقيقة نقطة متناهية في الصغر،
+
+286
+00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:30,140
+يعني جد ما نجسم الجسم لأجسام، بيضل النقطة أصغر من 
+
+287
+00:19:30,140 --> 00:19:33,000
+الجسم، بس هذا شيء افتراضي في علم ال geometric
+
+288
+00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,860
+optics، أنه المصدر النقطي للضوء، أن الضوء عبارة عن 
+
+289
+00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:43,280
+الصدر طبعا من الأجسام، الأجسام عبارة عن ..a group
+
+290
+00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:47,260
+of narrow points that are attached side by side 
+
+291
+00:19:47,260 --> 00:19:49,700
+and that are attached and that give me a group of 
+
+292
+00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:53,740
+objects. Why did we have to talk about the narrow
+
+293
+00:19:53,740 --> 00:19:58,180
+points? Because I will study one point or two
+
+294
+00:19:58,180 --> 00:20:02,940
+points and I will get tired of the whole body? No, 
+
+295
+00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,610
+a person cannot No matter how old he is, no matter
+
+296
+00:20:06,610 --> 00:20:11,350
+how intelligent he is, he studies all the light
+
+297
+00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:14,030
+coming out of all the points of the object because 
+
+298
+00:20:14,030 --> 00:20:17,270
+his whole life will not be enough to study the 
+
+299
+00:20:17,270 --> 00:20:20,230
+infinite number of light rays coming out of this 
+
+300
+00:20:20,230 --> 00:20:23,670
+object. So when I consider the object made up of 
+
+301
+00:20:23,670 --> 00:20:27,390
+points and I focus on my study on the journey of 
+
+302
+00:20:27,390 --> 00:20:31,470
+light from the object to the image on one point or 
+
+303
+00:20:31,470 --> 00:20:34,890
+two points, it makes things much easier, and 
+
+304
+00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:37,870
+sometimes studying the point, the journey of this 
+
+305
+00:20:37,870 --> 00:20:41,230
+point, or the rays coming from this point towards
+
+306
+00:20:41,230 --> 00:20:44,490
+the formation of the image, when I study them, 
+
+307
+00:20:44,870 --> 00:20:48,030
+they block it, or they do it on purpose, or they 
+
+308
+00:20:48,030 --> 00:20:50,210
+avoid it on purpose, instead of studying each 
+
+309
+00:20:50,210 --> 00:20:52,530
+point of the object, instead of studying each 
+
+310
+00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,650
+point of the object. Now Light radiates in all 
+
+311
+00:20:57,650 --> 00:21:02,250
+directions from each point of an on an object. Of
+
+312
+00:21:02,250 --> 00:21:05,510
+course, the object consists of an infinite number
+
+313
+00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:08,410
+of points. We want to take an example, a single
+
+314
+00:21:08,410 --> 00:21:11,270
+point, which is the point here in the example that 
+
+315
+00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:15,690
+we have presented. The point is the tip of a 
+
+316
+00:21:15,690 --> 00:21:20,090
+candle, which emits light, but where does the 
+
+317
+00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:23,250
+light go? In which direction? حقيقة الضوء يشع في 
+
+318
+00:21:23,250 --> 00:21:27,730
+جميع الاتجاهات، يشع باتجاه ال penhole و باتجاه
+
+319
+00:21:27,730 --> 00:21:30,870
+الورقة، يعني جزء من الإشعاعات الضوئية هيصطدم في 
+
+320
+00:21:30,870 --> 00:21:35,290
+ورقة القصدير، وجزء حيطب للأعلى وجزء للأسفل وجزء 
+
+321
+00:21:35,290 --> 00:21:39,650
+للشمال وجزء للشمال وللأعلى ومائلا، اذا light 
+
+322
+00:21:39,650 --> 00:21:43,830
+radiates in all directions from each object point
+
+323
+00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:48,160
+طبعا احنا ضربنا مثال على نقطة ايه و هذا ينطبق على 
+
+324
+00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:52,520
+جميع النقاط كل نقطة من النقاط بتاعة ال object سواء 
+
+325
+00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:56,780
+مضيقة بذاتها او مضاءة او عاكسة هينتشر الضوء منها
+
+326
+00:21:56,780 --> 00:22:06,540
+في جميع الاتجاهات، في جميع الاتجاهات. Stars
+
+327
+00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:10,680
+behave as point sources of light. طبعا النجوم اللي 
+
+328
+00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:16,430
+شاهقة البعد عننا احنا بنشوفها كنقط .. كنقاط مضيقة 
+
+329
+00:22:16,430 --> 00:22:20,950
+في السماء ليلا وعشان هيك النجوم تتصرف وكأنها نقاط 
+
+330
+00:22:20,950 --> 00:22:25,800
+مضيقة The point source is mainly a conceptual tool 
+
+331
+00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:30,080
+يعني ال point source of light المصدر النقطي للضوء 
+
+332
+00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:33,700
+هو عبارة عن شيء افتراضي لأنه جد ما جسمنا الجسم
+
+333
+00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,520
+منها مش هنصل إنه نجسمه لأجزاء صغيرة متناهية في
+
+334
+00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:42,320
+الصغر نطلق عليها اللي هو النقاط المضيقة حقيقة
+
+335
+00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:47,620
+وإنما هي شيء افتراضي هيساعدنا على فهم رحلة الضوء
+
+336
+00:22:47,620 --> 00:22:52,560
+وعلى دراسة علم الـ Geometric Optics. طبعا it is
+
+337
+00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:56,900
+easier .. it is usually easier .. أسهل لنا to 
+
+338
+00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:01,580
+understand an optical system by concentrating on
+
+339
+00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:05,080
+light radiating from single object point or few
+
+340
+00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:09,370
+points. يعني بمعنى آخر لما أفترض أنه الجسم مكوّن من 
+
+341
+00:23:09,370 --> 00:23:13,670
+نقاط مضيقة متناهية في الصغر و أركز في دراستي على
+
+342
+00:23:13,670 --> 00:23:17,870
+نقطة أو نقطتين أو few points، قليل من النقاط،
+
+343
+00:23:17,870 --> 00:23:23,350
+بيكون أسهل بكثير من أني أدرس الضوء المنتشر من جميع
+
+344
+00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:27,100
+مناطق ال object و من جميع نقاط ال object. لأن هذا 
+
+345
+00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:31,760
+هياخد مني وقت وجهد كبير جدا جدا لا يمكن لشخص أو 
+
+346
+00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:36,800
+حتى لمجموعة كبيرة من الأشخاص تانفيف هذا إشي
+
+347
+00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:42,240
+فبالتالي هنتوقف عند هذه النقطة و هنستكمل ان شاء
+
+348
+00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,560
+الله تعالى في المحاضرة القادمة و يعطيكم العمل

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4Z2l80h8T3k_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+1
+00:00:02,180 --> 00:00:06,940
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عنا تلات مسائل عن إيجاد قوة
+
+2
+00:00:06,940 --> 00:00:10,320
+لبريزم What is the power of the following prisms؟
+
+3
+00:00:10,320 --> 00:00:13,600
+عنا تلات مسائل، مسألة الأولى عنا بريزم deviates
+
+4
+00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,980
+the light rays two centimeters at distance fifty
+
+5
+00:00:16,980 --> 00:00:20,520
+centimeters from the prism يعني على بعد خمسين
+
+6
+00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:24,580
+سانتي من البريزم، هذا البريزم هرف الأشعة المسارها
+
+7
+00:00:24,580 --> 00:00:28,580
+مقدار اتنين سانتي، جداش قوته؟ المسألة سهلة ان شاء
+
+8
+00:00:28,580 --> 00:00:28,800
+الله
+
+9
+00:00:32,160 --> 00:00:35,440
+So, the first example we say on a distance of
+
+10
+00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:37,000
+fifty centimeters,
+
+11
+00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:46,840
+the rays move away from their path by two
+
+12
+00:00:46,840 --> 00:00:51,080
+centimeters. Okay. On a distance of one hundred
+
+13
+00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:53,980
+centimeters, how many are there? One hundred
+
+14
+00:00:53,980 --> 00:00:56,900
+centimeters will be the number X.
+
+15
+00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:01,440
+So X equals
+
+16
+00:01:05,250 --> 00:01:17,090
+درب تبادلي 100 في 2 ب 200 على 50 و
+
+17
+00:01:17,090 --> 00:01:24,890
+يساوي 4 Prism Diopter 4 Prism Diopter، نجيب الرمز
+
+18
+00:01:34,750 --> 00:01:37,850
+So the force of the prism in the first example is
+
+19
+00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:44,310
+4 Prism Diode Now we come to the second example
+
+20
+00:01:44,310 --> 00:01:51,390
+Prism at a distance of 26 cm Or the radius of the
+
+21
+00:01:51,390 --> 00:01:54,250
+rays is 26 cm at a distance of 2 meters Not a
+
+22
+00:01:54,250 --> 00:01:56,490
+meter, at a distance of 2 meters At a distance of
+
+23
+00:01:56,490 --> 00:01:59,650
+200 cm Of course in all prisms we deal with
+
+24
+00:01:59,650 --> 00:02:06,970
+centimeters We say as usualOn a distance of 200
+
+25
+00:02:06,970 --> 00:02:16,750
+cm, the radius of the rays is 26 cm So
+
+26
+00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:19,330
+on a distance of 100 cm, because the force of the
+
+27
+00:02:19,330 --> 00:02:21,210
+prism is measured on a distance of 100 cm, how
+
+28
+00:02:21,210 --> 00:02:24,030
+many cm is the radius of the rays? On a distance
+
+29
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:29,590
+of 100 cm, its radius is xthen x is equal to
+
+30
+00:02:29,590 --> 00:02:38,650
+multiply by 100 times 26 divided by 200 100 times
+
+31
+00:02:38,650 --> 00:02:44,110
+26 divided by 200 is 2600 let's write it
+
+32
+00:02:44,110 --> 00:02:52,030
+completely 100 times 26 divided
+
+33
+00:02:52,030 --> 00:02:53,510
+by 200
+
+34
+00:03:00,510 --> 00:03:07,210
+when we multiply 26 by 2 we get 13 so x is equal
+
+35
+00:03:07,210 --> 00:03:16,910
+to 13 prism diopter this
+
+36
+00:03:16,910 --> 00:03:19,050
+is the answer to the second question so the force
+
+37
+00:03:19,050 --> 00:03:22,810
+of the prism is 13 prism diopter the second
+
+38
+00:03:22,810 --> 00:03:22,970
+question
+
+39
+00:03:26,260 --> 00:03:33,500
+المسألة التالتة، عندي prism حرف الأشعة مقدار نص
+
+40
+00:03:33,500 --> 00:03:38,180
+سانتي على بعد سانتي واحد من الprism، اذا على بعد
+
+41
+00:03:38,180 --> 00:03:50,520
+واحد سانتي متر، حرف الأشعة مقدار نص سانتي طيب،
+
+42
+00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:54,060
+على بعد مائة سانتي كده إيش؟ على بعد مائة سانتي
+
+43
+00:03:57,650 --> 00:04:02,410
+it would be the length of x so x times the
+
+44
+00:04:02,410 --> 00:04:07,330
+intermediate is equal to one hundred and fifty
+
+45
+00:04:07,330 --> 00:04:15,010
+which is fifty times one hundred and fifty which
+
+46
+00:04:15,010 --> 00:04:21,510
+is fifty one hundred and fifty fifty divided by
+
+47
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:31,160
+oneويساوي خمسين Prism diopter خمسين Prism diopter
+
+48
+00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:35,500
+إذا هذا قوته خمسين Prism diopter خمسين Prism
+
+49
+00:04:35,500 --> 00:04:41,520
+diopter هيك بتنتهي هذه المسألة لإيجاد قوة تلت
+
+50
+00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:47,600
+منشير مختلفة القوة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+51
+00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:49,480
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4Z2l80h8T3k_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+1
+00:00:02,180 --> 00:00:06,940
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عنا تلات مسائل عن إيجاد قوة
+
+2
+00:00:06,940 --> 00:00:10,320
+لبريزم What is the power of the following prisms؟
+
+3
+00:00:10,320 --> 00:00:13,600
+عنا تلات مسائل، مسألة الأولى عنا بريزم deviates
+
+4
+00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,980
+the light rays two centimeters at distance fifty
+
+5
+00:00:16,980 --> 00:00:20,520
+centimeters from the prism يعني على بعد خمسين
+
+6
+00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:24,580
+سانتي من البريزم، هذا البريزم هرف الأشعة المسارها
+
+7
+00:00:24,580 --> 00:00:28,580
+مقدار اتنين سانتي، جداش قوته؟ المسألة سهلة ان شاء
+
+8
+00:00:28,580 --> 00:00:28,800
+الله
+
+9
+00:00:32,160 --> 00:00:35,440
+So, the first example we say on a distance of
+
+10
+00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:37,000
+fifty centimeters,
+
+11
+00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:46,840
+the rays move away from their path by two
+
+12
+00:00:46,840 --> 00:00:51,080
+centimeters. Okay. On a distance of one hundred
+
+13
+00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:53,980
+centimeters, how many are there? One hundred
+
+14
+00:00:53,980 --> 00:00:56,900
+centimeters will be the number X.
+
+15
+00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:01,440
+So X equals
+
+16
+00:01:05,250 --> 00:01:17,090
+درب تبادلي 100 في 2 ب 200 على 50 و
+
+17
+00:01:17,090 --> 00:01:24,890
+يساوي 4 Prism Diopter 4 Prism Diopter، نجيب الرمز
+
+18
+00:01:34,750 --> 00:01:37,850
+So the force of the prism in the first example is
+
+19
+00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:44,310
+4 Prism Diode Now we come to the second example
+
+20
+00:01:44,310 --> 00:01:51,390
+Prism at a distance of 26 cm Or the radius of the
+
+21
+00:01:51,390 --> 00:01:54,250
+rays is 26 cm at a distance of 2 meters Not a
+
+22
+00:01:54,250 --> 00:01:56,490
+meter, at a distance of 2 meters At a distance of
+
+23
+00:01:56,490 --> 00:01:59,650
+200 cm Of course in all prisms we deal with
+
+24
+00:01:59,650 --> 00:02:06,970
+centimeters We say as usualOn a distance of 200
+
+25
+00:02:06,970 --> 00:02:16,750
+cm, the radius of the rays is 26 cm So
+
+26
+00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:19,330
+on a distance of 100 cm, because the force of the
+
+27
+00:02:19,330 --> 00:02:21,210
+prism is measured on a distance of 100 cm, how
+
+28
+00:02:21,210 --> 00:02:24,030
+many cm is the radius of the rays? On a distance
+
+29
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:29,590
+of 100 cm, its radius is xthen x is equal to
+
+30
+00:02:29,590 --> 00:02:38,650
+multiply by 100 times 26 divided by 200 100 times
+
+31
+00:02:38,650 --> 00:02:44,110
+26 divided by 200 is 2600 let's write it
+
+32
+00:02:44,110 --> 00:02:52,030
+completely 100 times 26 divided
+
+33
+00:02:52,030 --> 00:02:53,510
+by 200
+
+34
+00:03:00,510 --> 00:03:07,210
+when we multiply 26 by 2 we get 13 so x is equal
+
+35
+00:03:07,210 --> 00:03:16,910
+to 13 prism diopter this
+
+36
+00:03:16,910 --> 00:03:19,050
+is the answer to the second question so the force
+
+37
+00:03:19,050 --> 00:03:22,810
+of the prism is 13 prism diopter the second
+
+38
+00:03:22,810 --> 00:03:22,970
+question
+
+39
+00:03:26,260 --> 00:03:33,500
+المسألة التالتة، عندي prism حرف الأشعة مقدار نص
+
+40
+00:03:33,500 --> 00:03:38,180
+سانتي على بعد سانتي واحد من الprism، اذا على بعد
+
+41
+00:03:38,180 --> 00:03:50,520
+واحد سانتي متر، حرف الأشعة مقدار نص سانتي طيب،
+
+42
+00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:54,060
+على بعد مائة سانتي كده إيش؟ على بعد مائة سانتي
+
+43
+00:03:57,650 --> 00:04:02,410
+it would be the length of x so x times the
+
+44
+00:04:02,410 --> 00:04:07,330
+intermediate is equal to one hundred and fifty
+
+45
+00:04:07,330 --> 00:04:15,010
+which is fifty times one hundred and fifty which
+
+46
+00:04:15,010 --> 00:04:21,510
+is fifty one hundred and fifty fifty divided by
+
+47
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:31,160
+oneويساوي خمسين Prism diopter خمسين Prism diopter
+
+48
+00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:35,500
+إذا هذا قوته خمسين Prism diopter خمسين Prism
+
+49
+00:04:35,500 --> 00:04:41,520
+diopter هيك بتنتهي هذه المسألة لإيجاد قوة تلت
+
+50
+00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:47,600
+منشير مختلفة القوة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+51
+00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:49,480
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4iidAXN1jGY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1897 @@
+
+1
+00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:04,500
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنكمل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:09,220
+Geometric Optics واتحدثنا المرة الماضية عن كيف ال
+
+3
+00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:14,300
+astigmatic lens أو ال spherical lens بتكون صورة
+
+4
+00:00:14,300 --> 00:00:19,500
+فرقية عبارة عن conoid of a star لكل نقطة من نقاط
+
+5
+00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:22,940
+ال object. And we learned how to determine the first
+
+6
+00:00:22,940 --> 00:00:25,880
+focal line and the second focal line and the
+
+7
+00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:30,040
+location of the circle of least confusion. Now we
+
+8
+00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,540
+will talk more about the astigmatic lens or the
+
+9
+00:00:34,540 --> 00:00:37,520
+spherocylindrical lens, and we will say why we call
+
+10
+00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:40,580
+astigmatic lens sometimes, or most of the time,
+
+11
+00:00:40,580 --> 00:00:45,100
+spherocylindrical lens. First of all, its name
+
+12
+00:00:45,100 --> 00:00:48,340
+astigmatic lens; astigmatic lens means a lens that
+
+13
+00:00:48,340 --> 00:00:51,860
+does not give me, it doesn't give me a stigmatic
+
+14
+00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:55,260
+imaging, but the image itself is more stigmatic
+
+15
+00:00:55,260 --> 00:01:00,500
+because the meridians have different forces, but
+
+16
+00:01:00,500 --> 00:01:04,420
+the difference in force is regular and expected
+
+17
+00:01:04,420 --> 00:01:07,600
+from a weaker meridian to a stronger meridian, and
+
+18
+00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:09,800
+what's between them is the average force, or from a
+
+19
+00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:13,360
+stronger meridian to a weaker meridian. Why did we
+
+20
+00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:13,540
+name it?
+
+21
+00:01:23,070 --> 00:01:27,590
+The simplest form of astigmatic lens is a
+
+22
+00:01:27,590 --> 00:01:29,030
+planocylindrical lens.
+
+23
+00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:37,440
+What gives me a conoid of Sturb is called
+
+24
+00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:43,340
+a planocylindrical lens, either Planoplus
+
+25
+00:01:43,340 --> 00:01:51,240
+or Planominus, as this view shows. Let's
+
+26
+00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:56,220
+go to the magnifying glass. This is my planoconvex,
+
+27
+00:01:56,580 --> 00:02:01,960
+this is called a planoplus; curved from one side, this
+
+28
+00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:04,540
+surface is curved, and the back surface that we
+
+29
+00:02:04,540 --> 00:02:07,800
+don't see is flat, that's why it's called plano
+
+30
+00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:12,060
+convex. Of course, every cylindrical lens has an axis,
+
+31
+00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:15,660
+it has a vertical axis, as we see in the drawing,
+
+32
+00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:19,420
+which is the dotted line. When you enter the beam
+
+33
+00:02:19,420 --> 00:02:22,600
+of rays in it, when you enter the beam of rays in
+
+34
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:27,360
+it, it makes a focal line, not a focal point; focal
+
+35
+00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:33,840
+line, not focal point, so consequently, I have a
+
+36
+00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,500
+focal line, focal line, whether the optical band
+
+37
+00:02:37,500 --> 00:02:41,200
+came horizontally or vertically, it makes a focal
+
+38
+00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:48,480
+line, this focal line. الو اتجاه معين في الفرار الو
+
+39
+00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,740
+اتجاه معين في الفرار. What is the direction? The
+
+40
+00:02:51,740 --> 00:02:54,480
+direction is in line with the axis of the cylinder
+
+41
+00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,040
+عمودي على اتجاه قوة السليندر. عمودي على اتجاه قوة
+
+42
+00:02:58,040 --> 00:02:58,220
+السليندر. The force of the cylinder is the force of
+
+43
+00:02:58,220 --> 00:03:00,620
+the cylinder. قوة السليندر. قوة السليندر. The force
+
+44
+00:03:00,620 --> 00:03:01,040
+of the cylinder is the force of the cylinder, meaning
+
+45
+00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:04,340
+if we measure the power on this axis, which agrees with the
+
+46
+00:03:04,340 --> 00:03:05,080
+axis, is zero, meaning if we say how much force is on
+
+47
+00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:08,740
+the axis, while the inclination is
+
+48
+00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:10,490
+perpendicular to the axis, in the direction of the
+
+49
+00:03:10,490 --> 00:03:12,150
+cylinder. The direction of the cylinder here is
+
+50
+00:03:12,150 --> 00:03:14,590
+vertical, so the force of the cylinder is
+
+51
+00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:16,570
+horizontal. The force of the cylinder is
+
+52
+00:03:16,570 --> 00:03:18,490
+horizontal, because these rays that come
+
+53
+00:03:18,490 --> 00:03:22,050
+horizontally are collected in a way, in a way
+
+54
+00:03:22,050 --> 00:03:25,870
+that is, each horizontal axis acts as if it is a
+
+55
+00:03:25,870 --> 00:03:28,130
+lens for itself. So this is the horizontal axis.
+
+56
+00:03:28,410 --> 00:03:31,350
+The beam of the horizontal rays collected the rays
+
+57
+00:03:31,350 --> 00:03:33,850
+in a point here, the next beam collected it in a
+
+58
+00:03:33,850 --> 00:03:36,330
+point here, the next beam collected it in a point
+
+59
+00:03:36,330 --> 00:03:41,310
+here. طبعا هذه الحزم هي أمثلة وإنما مليئة بالحزم
+
+60
+00:03:41,310 --> 00:03:45,890
+فبالتالي بيصير عندي focal line لو, لو يعني حبيت
+
+61
+00:03:45,890 --> 00:03:49,310
+أعرف مكانه في القرار. هذا ال focal line هلاحظ أنه
+
+62
+00:03:49,310 --> 00:03:54,110
+باتجاه ال axis بتاع ال cylinder, باتجاه ال axis
+
+63
+00:03:54,110 --> 00:03:57,990
+بتاع ال cylinder. فبالتالي هذه القضية بدأتكون
+
+64
+00:03:57,990 --> 00:03:59,050
+مفهومة هنا.
+
+65
+00:04:04,190 --> 00:04:08,790
+The radiation that entered, or beams of radiation that entered, beams
+
+66
+00:04:08,790 --> 00:04:13,230
+of radiation that entered, are dispersed. If the image is virtual on
+
+67
+00:04:13,230 --> 00:04:19,130
+extensions of radiation, it will give me also vertical lines, 
+
+68
+00:04:19,130 --> 00:04:24,150
+aligned with the axis of the cylinder, regardless
+
+69
+00:04:24,150 --> 00:04:27,530
+of whether the pencil of light is horizontal or
+
+70
+00:04:27,530 --> 00:04:32,090
+vertical, as we see in the picture; virtual also in
+
+71
+00:04:32,090 --> 00:04:34,130
+the form of a focal line, in the form of a focal
+
+72
+00:04:34,130 --> 00:04:39,350
+line. Here is an example of a plano-convex, and a
+
+73
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:42,230
+plano-concave cylinder. If we took a rectangular
+
+74
+00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:44,030
+piece of it there would be a surface of it, and the
+
+75
+00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:48,280
+bottom surface is flat, and the surface بالسطح ال ... 
+
+76
+00:04:48,280 --> 00:04:53,380
+ال ... الأعلى هنا محدد. فإذا هي plano convex هنا; 
+
+77
+00:04:53,380 --> 00:04:57,280
+plano, the bottom surface, concave; plano concave
+
+78
+00:04:57,280 --> 00:05:01,540
+cylindrical lens. طبعا هذه أبسط نوع من ال astigmatic 
+
+79
+00:05:01,540 --> 00:05:06,560
+lens. طبعا كل astigmatic lens سواء plano cylinder
+
+80
+00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,800
+أو مش plano, or sphero cylinder, or sphero cylinder.
+
+81
+00:05:11,070 --> 00:05:16,610
+It has an axis; it has an axis. So this axis, this axis, 
+
+82
+00:05:16,910 --> 00:05:19,570
+as I point out here, it comes in length, and here
+
+83
+00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:22,410
+this axis also comes in length. The force of the
+
+84
+00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:28,390
+planus cylinder along the axis is zero.  قوة ال ...
+
+85
+00:05:28,390 --> 00:05:31,890
+planar ..., meaning it does not act as a lens; okay? It's zero, meaning
+
+86
+00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:35,410
+..., meaning radiation, radiation, if we imagine light radiation
+
+87
+00:05:35,410 --> 00:05:38,550
+will enter from this point, and this point, and this point, and this point,
+
+88
+00:05:38,550 --> 00:05:42,030
+and this point, nothing will happen to it. On the other hand, a ray
+
+89
+00:05:42,030 --> 00:05:46,790
+of light enters vertically towards the axis, this
+
+90
+00:05:46,790 --> 00:05:48,650
+is what will become either convergence or
+
+91
+00:05:48,650 --> 00:05:51,290
+divergence, depending on the type of light. If the
+
+92
+00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:54,890
+light enters in a curve, it will also have a
+
+93
+00:05:54,890 --> 00:05:55,450
+refraction. 
+
+94
+00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:02,380
+applied to the axis of the cylinder, nothing will
+
+95
+00:06:02,380 --> 00:06:07,560
+happen to it; nothing will happen to it. So this
+
+96
+00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:14,600
+is something that we must know; we must know it. I 
+
+97
+00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,580
+also have an example of that, I also have an
+
+98
+00:06:18,580 --> 00:06:25,860
+example of that. We want to see the rays; the object 
+
+99
+00:06:25,860 --> 00:06:30,720
+is represented by a cross. This is the object, and this is 
+
+100
+00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:36,280
+the plano convex cylinder. Why did they choose a cross
+
+101
+00:06:36,280 --> 00:06:39,260
+object here? Because a belt, this horizontal belt
+
+102
+00:06:39,260 --> 00:06:44,140
+that I'm pointing at will enter the cylinder 
+
+103
+00:06:44,140 --> 00:06:47,700
+aligned to the axis. This is the horizontal axis of
+
+104
+00:06:47,700 --> 00:06:51,580
+the cylinder coming. If I go back to draw it to
+
+105
+00:06:51,580 --> 00:06:52,100
+make it clear.
+
+106
+00:06:55,170 --> 00:06:57,250
+Or let's draw a rectangle in the direction of the 
+
+107
+00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:01,590
+arrow. And
+
+108
+00:07:01,590 --> 00:07:07,110
+adjust it after that. This
+
+109
+00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:09,950
+is the axis of the cylinder. This is the axis of
+
+110
+00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:13,750
+the cylinder. So the horizontal axis, let's draw it 
+
+111
+00:07:13,750 --> 00:07:19,850
+reddish, and with dotted points, to distinguish it 
+
+112
+00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:25,980
+from .... This is the axis of the cylinder. We say 
+
+113
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,100
+the longitudinal axis to the plano, to the plano
+
+114
+00:07:29,100 --> 00:07:32,360
+convex, or the cylindrical lens to the plus
+
+115
+00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,160
+cylindrical lens. They chose here in this example 
+
+116
+00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:38,940
+that the object should have a cross. Why? Because 
+
+117
+00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:43,120
+if someone pushes the cross, the rays from him
+
+118
+00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:46,280
+will be a horizontal line applied to the
+
+119
+00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:49,900
+cylindrical lens. Let's see what happened here in
+
+120
+00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:53,640
+the picture. No matter how big the image is, the 
+
+121
+00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:56,560
+image here is the same size, the same size; the 
+
+122
+00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:58,260
+horizontal arm is the same size, it doesn't have
+
+123
+00:07:58,260 --> 00:08:00,720
+any refraction. It's as if it didn't pass through
+
+124
+00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:04,460
+the lens because the power of the cylinder at its
+
+125
+00:08:04,460 --> 00:08:09,950
+axis is zero. While the other vertical arm entered 
+
+126
+00:08:09,950 --> 00:08:14,310
+vertically towards the axis of the cylinder. So
+
+127
+00:08:14,310 --> 00:08:17,730
+here the rays started to gather; its shape became 
+
+128
+00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:21,790
+smaller, because it became focusing. Also again it 
+
+129
+00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:24,210
+became smaller because it gathered more, then it 
+
+130
+00:08:24,210 --> 00:08:26,710
+became a point here, became a point here. The greatest
+
+131
+00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:30,730
+force of the cylinder in the meridian vertical
+
+132
+00:08:30,730 --> 00:08:37,010
+axis, in the vertical meridian axis. نفس المثال, نفس 
+
+133
+00:08:37,010 --> 00:08:42,290
+المثال, but on a plano concave cylinder, on a plano 
+
+134
+00:08:42,290 --> 00:08:48,890
+concave cylinder.  We take the axis from here, make a copy, 
+
+135
+00:08:48,890 --> 00:08:54,450
+and here we put a copy. 
+
+136
+00:08:54,450 --> 00:08:59,250
+This is the axis of the plano concave cylinder; the
+
+137
+00:08:59,250 --> 00:09:04,100
+plano concave cylinder.  We follow the horizontal arm
+
+138
+00:09:04,100 --> 00:09:06,980
+of the object. The object is a cross, the arm 
+
+139
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:11,820
+horizontally has rays that entered it matching the axis of 
+
+140
+00:09:11,820 --> 00:09:15,860
+the cylinder as if it didn't enter any lens, its length is one
+
+141
+00:09:15,860 --> 00:09:20,240
+meaning there is no problem, while the power of the plano concave
+
+142
+00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:24,990
+plano concave.  Betshattet, but for it to happen, the
+
+143
+00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:28,490
+rays must enter from any other area than the axis.
+
+144
+00:09:28,550 --> 00:09:30,990
+The axis has no pole. The axis has no pole.
+
+145
+00:09:51,820 --> 00:09:56,740
+Now the vertical arm, the radiation from it entered perpendicular to 
+
+146
+00:09:56,740 --> 00:10:00,540
+the direction of the cylinder. As long as this disperses, so it gets bigger, 
+
+147
+00:10:00,540 --> 00:10:04,800
+it disperses, gets bigger, gets bigger; so it gets refraction until
+
+148
+00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:08,920
+even if it's dispersion or gathering.  If the power of the cylinder, or the power of the
+
+149
+00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:13,220
+plano cylinder, is perpendicular to its axis. Good, someone
+
+150
+00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:17,080
+could ask a question: Good, perpendicular to its axis, 
+
+151
+00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:22,830
+but there is an important point.  This is the axis of the cylinder.
+
+152
+00:10:23,250 --> 00:10:26,330
+Its force is zero. And my vertical axis is the 
+
+153
+00:10:26,330 --> 00:10:29,410
+full power. What's between them? The power is 
+
+154
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:36,010
+gradually decreasing from zero to zero. Here, the
+
+155
+00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:38,690
+force of the plano and convex cylinder is zero at 
+
+156
+00:10:38,690 --> 00:10:42,390
+this axis. If we move the axis a little, this is 
+
+157
+00:10:42,390 --> 00:10:43,470
+the axis of the cylinder.
+
+158
+00:10:52,660 --> 00:10:55,880
+Now this axis, if we turn it, if we say how much
+
+159
+00:10:55,880 --> 00:11:01,280
+force is here? If we move 10 degrees from the axis
+
+160
+00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:02,860
+of the cylinder, is there force? Yes, there is 
+
+161
+00:11:02,860 --> 00:11:06,100
+force, but it is weak. If we move another 10
+
+162
+00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:10,140
+degrees, it starts to be strong. We move 10
+
+163
+00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:14,340
+degrees until we reach how much the power of the
+
+164
+00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:19,540
+cylinder in the meridian perpendicular to the axis
+
+165
+00:11:19,540 --> 00:11:23,820
+of the cylinder is the maximum power; the maximum
+
+166
+00:11:23,820 --> 00:11:29,480
+power.  If someone came and told us that this plus
+
+167
+00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:33,020
+cylinder, or plano convex cylinder, has a power of 
+
+168
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:47,280
+plus three diopters; plus three diopters, plus
+
+169
+00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:49,640
+three diopters. I understand from this
+
+170
+00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:51,180
+automatically; we must understand from this 
+
+171
+00:11:51,180 --> 00:11:57,550
+automatically where its axis is. Its axis is the
+
+172
+00:11:57,550 --> 00:12:02,370
+blue one. So its force at the axis is zero, and the
+
+173
+00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:04,750
+force will keep decreasing; zero, for example,
+
+174
+00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:08,550
+plus half, plus one, plus two, one and a half,
+
+175
+00:12:08,630 --> 00:12:12,170
+plus two, plus two and a half, until we reach the 
+
+176
+00:12:12,170 --> 00:12:14,870
+vertical axis, which will have a force plus three.
+
+177
+00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:20,030
+When we give a force to any astigmatic lens, 
+or any
+
+178
+00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:24,610
+plano cylindrical, whether plus or minus, we mean
+
+179
+00:12:24,610 --> 00:12:27,870
+in this force, the maximum power in the vertical
+
+180
+00:12:27,870 --> 00:12:31,580
+axis over its axis. The maximum power in the 
+
+181
+00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:34,720
+vertical axis over its axis. So it is necessary to 
+
+182
+00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:38,020
+understand this issue. When we move away from the 
+
+183
+00:12:38,020 --> 00:12:41,100
+vertical axis over the cylinder axis, the force
+
+184
+00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:43,800
+decreases, and decreases. We get closer to the axis 
+
+185
+00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:47,860
+of the lens. At the axis of the lens, at the 
+
+186
+00:12:47,860 --> 00:12:52,870
+equivalent meridian, المنطبق على ال axis بتاع ال
+
+187
+00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:56,430
+cylinder, the power is zero; the power of this cylinder is zero. Meaning 
+
+188
+00:12:56,430 --> 00:13:05,010
+as if it's not a lens, as if it's not a lens, as if it's not
+
+189
+00:13:05,010 --> 00:13:10,850
+a lens, as if it's not
+
+223
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,760
+شيء أكتر اللي هو Le Sphero Cylinder .. Le Sphero 
+
+224
+00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:22,680
+Cylinder طب .. قبل ما نحكي عن Le Sphero Cylinder
+
+225
+00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:27,900
+.. Le Plano Cylinder .. بقدر اعتبرها سفير و سلندر
+
+226
+00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:32,180
+بقوة 
+
+227
+00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:38,900
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير 
+
+228
+00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:43,140
+فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر 
+
+229
+00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,960
+بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة 
+
+230
+00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:46,720
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+231
+00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:48,220
+فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر 
+
+232
+00:15:48,220 --> 00:15:52,060
+بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة 
+
+233
+00:15:52,060 --> 00:15:52,100
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير 
+
+234
+00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:54,980
+فيها صفر بقوة So, planocylindrical lens is a
+
+235
+00:15:54,980 --> 00:15:58,960
+kind of sphere and cylindrical lens, but the force
+
+236
+00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:02,200
+of the sphere is zero, the force of the sphere is 
+
+237
+00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:06,980
+zero, so this case should be clear Now, the 
+
+238
+00:16:06,980 --> 00:16:15,180
+general form of an astigmatic lens, which 
+
+239
+00:16:15,180 --> 00:16:19,400
+is considered a sphere and cylindrical lens
+
+240
+00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,500
+which might be likened to the surface of a curved 
+
+241
+00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:30,280
+barrier or American football. 
+
+242
+00:16:35,340 --> 00:16:44,800
+which is curved football or American football Why
+
+243
+00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:50,840
+are we here similar to these two things? We want 
+
+244
+00:16:50,840 --> 00:16:54,240
+to say as follows, here there is a curve, but 
+
+245
+00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:57,050
+there is no curve behind it Here there is a curve,
+
+246
+00:16:57,570 --> 00:17:00,750
+but there is no curve here. If a person stands on
+
+247
+00:17:00,750 --> 00:17:03,890
+this point, a very small person, a micro-human,
+
+248
+00:17:04,490 --> 00:17:10,830
+and walks here, he will walk on a flat line. But
+
+249
+00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:13,670
+if he tries to go right or left, he will slip or 
+
+250
+00:17:13,670 --> 00:17:17,230
+slip, because there is a curve here and a curve 
+
+251
+00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:20,650
+here. The curve has this shape, not this shape.
+
+252
+00:17:21,570 --> 00:17:27,090
+This has no curve. While here, I have this curved, 
+
+253
+00:17:27,410 --> 00:17:31,250
+these lines. There is a vertical curve and there 
+
+254
+00:17:31,250 --> 00:17:34,450
+is also a horizontal curve. Here, the horizontal 
+
+255
+00:17:34,450 --> 00:17:39,250
+curve is horizontal, not vertical. Not vertical. I 
+
+256
+00:17:39,250 --> 00:17:41,710
+mean, there is a curve in this direction and there 
+
+257
+00:17:41,710 --> 00:17:45,370
+is no curve in this direction. Also for the 
+
+258
+00:17:45,370 --> 00:17:45,910
+concave 
+
+259
+00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:55,940
+لو حد وجف هنا، هنا مافي انحناء، مافي انحناء، لو 
+
+260
+00:17:55,940 --> 00:18:00,180
+جبت كورة معدنية صغيرة وضعتها دي لبلان و concave
+
+261
+00:18:00,180 --> 00:18:02,780
+cylindrical lens وضعتها على الطاولة و حطيت هي في 
+
+262
+00:18:02,780 --> 00:18:08,110
+النص، مش هتنزلق لا للأمام ولا للخلفBut if you put
+
+263
+00:18:08,110 --> 00:18:11,690
+it here, it will go down towards the curve. So
+
+264
+00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:14,230
+here there is a curve, but there is no curve here.
+
+265
+00:18:14,350 --> 00:18:17,290
+Here is the same thing. Here there is a curve, but
+
+266
+00:18:17,290 --> 00:18:19,550
+there is no curve here. So this axis does not have 
+
+267
+00:18:19,550 --> 00:18:21,530
+a curve. It does not have a curve because its
+
+268
+00:18:21,530 --> 00:18:24,230
+force is zero. And here there is no curve because 
+
+269
+00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:28,330
+its force is zero. So it is very important to be 
+
+270
+00:18:28,330 --> 00:18:33,010
+clear about this issue.The sphere and cylindrical
+
+271
+00:18:33,010 --> 00:18:36,190
+lens of the curve are on two axes. This is the 
+
+272
+00:18:36,190 --> 00:18:40,110
+axis. Here, for the barrel, the vertical axis is 
+
+273
+00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:42,950
+curved and the horizontal axis is curved with a
+
+274
+00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:45,550
+different curve. That's why the sphere and
+
+275
+00:18:45,550 --> 00:18:48,190
+cylindrical lens. If this is curved and this is 
+
+276
+00:18:48,190 --> 00:18:50,870
+curved to the same degree, this is a sphere. It 
+
+277
+00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:53,890
+was a whole ball. Here is the same thing. Here is 
+
+278
+00:18:53,890 --> 00:18:56,090
+the same thing. If we imagine this straight line
+
+279
+00:18:57,910 --> 00:18:59,630
+It's the horizontal meridian. This is the 
+
+280
+00:18:59,630 --> 00:19:04,990
+inclination. This is the inclination. And the
+
+281
+00:19:04,990 --> 00:19:07,690
+vertical inclination is of course more inclined.
+
+282
+00:19:08,290 --> 00:19:11,230
+It's more inclined. This is more inclined than 
+
+283
+00:19:11,230 --> 00:19:14,830
+this. So this is similar to the American football.
+
+284
+00:19:15,210 --> 00:19:17,670
+There is a more obvious example from our general 
+
+285
+00:19:17,670 --> 00:19:25,160
+life.ثمرة الشمام، بس .. بس في ثمار شمام كروية، بس
+
+286
+00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:28,120
+احنا بنقصد فيها اللي مش كروية، اللي هي ال .. ال ..
+
+287
+00:19:28,120 --> 00:19:33,480
+ال .. المتمددة قليلة، هنا في انحناع للسطح هذا، 
+
+288
+00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,260
+الانحناع ال vertical، بيختلف عن انحناع ال 
+
+289
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:41,200
+horizontal، هذا الانحناع ال vertical أكثر تحدبا و
+
+290
+00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:46,700
+أكثر انحناع من .. لإنه نصف قطره أقل، و هنا أقل
+
+291
+00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:51,620
+تحدبا لإنه نصف قطره أكترSo this is the general 
+
+292
+00:19:51,620 --> 00:19:54,940
+shape of the astigmatic cervix. In other words, if 
+
+293
+00:19:54,940 --> 00:19:57,720
+you bring a piece of chicken that looks like a 
+
+294
+00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,360
+chamomile fruit in this shape, it will be
+
+295
+00:20:00,360 --> 00:20:03,440
+considered a spherocylindrical lens. Also, the 
+
+296
+00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:08,440
+barrel here shows that there is a horizontal and a 
+
+297
+00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:13,780
+vertical axis. The vertical axis is half its 
+
+298
+00:20:13,780 --> 00:20:18,040
+diameter, R2, which is part of the ball.Horizontal
+
+299
+00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:22,160
+inclination is a part of another circle. A circle
+
+300
+00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:27,320
+that is more inclined than half a foot. So the
+
+301
+00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,760
+meridians of the greatest and least curvature and 
+
+302
+00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:33,700
+therefore the meridians of the greatest and least
+
+303
+00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:38,220
+power of an astigmatic lens are known as the 
+
+304
+00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,900
+principal meridians of that service or lens. So I 
+
+305
+00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:46,600
+have this.This is the horizontal meridian. Or
+
+306
+00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,680
+let's go back to here. Here, the meridian has a 
+
+307
+00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,480
+steep slope. And here, the meridian has a slope 
+
+308
+00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:55,020
+less than a slope. This is called the principle 
+
+309
+00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:56,900
+meridian and this is called the principle 
+
+310
+00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,920
+meridian. In regular astigmatism or in regular 
+
+311
+00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:04,080
+astigmatic service, the two meridians, the 
+
+312
+00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:08,140
+strongest and the weakest, must have a 90 degree
+
+313
+00:21:08,140 --> 00:21:13,400
+angle between them.Although spherocylindrical lens 
+
+314
+00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,800
+may be thought of as the combination of two
+
+315
+00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:21,300
+planocylindrical or two planocylinders, it is more
+
+316
+00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:24,560
+convenient to think of it as the combination of a 
+
+317
+00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,280
+spherical lens and cylindrical lens.
+
+318
+00:21:31,930 --> 00:21:35,130
+The astigmatic lens or the spherocylindrical lens 
+
+319
+00:21:35,130 --> 00:21:41,550
+can be imagined to be composed of two cylinders
+
+320
+00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:45,730
+and these two cylinders are perpendicular to each 
+
+321
+00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:52,130
+other But most commonly it is considered a sphere
+
+322
+00:21:52,130 --> 00:21:55,610
+with a cylinder Why is this? Why is this? We want
+
+323
+00:21:55,610 --> 00:21:56,370
+to say as usual
+
+324
+00:22:02,420 --> 00:22:06,280
+في مثال عندي هنا بيوضح القضية هاي، هاي أنا عندي 
+
+325
+00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:10,760
+cylindrical lensthis cylindrical lens I want to 
+
+326
+00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:13,040
+imagine that each meridian of the meridians that I 
+
+327
+00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:15,500
+have, whether it is aligned with the axis or 
+
+328
+00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,600
+perpendicular to the axis or whatever is between 
+
+329
+00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:19,940
+them I want to imagine that they are here and they 
+
+330
+00:22:19,940 --> 00:22:25,360
+represent me as if I have here the meridians of
+
+331
+00:22:25,360 --> 00:22:28,520
+this lens as if this lens is in the frame of the 
+
+332
+00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:33,600
+glasses and as if I am looking at it directly this 
+
+333
+00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:34,800
+is the axis of 180
+
+334
+00:22:37,810 --> 00:22:40,770
+this is the 90 degree angle, this is the 45 degree 
+
+335
+00:22:40,770 --> 00:22:43,190
+angle, and this is the 135 degree angle. Let's 
+
+336
+00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:45,330
+suppose that the axis of the cylinder, which I 
+
+337
+00:22:45,330 --> 00:22:50,630
+drew with the deep yellow color. Let's imagine 
+
+338
+00:22:50,630 --> 00:22:53,330
+that it is shaped like this. It is applied to the 
+
+339
+00:22:53,330 --> 00:22:58,250
+180 degree angle. This is a plane convex lens. 
+
+340
+00:23:00,370 --> 00:23:07,350
+وبدنا نتخيل إنه جاي على الـ 180 ال axis بتاع ال 
+
+341
+00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:12,970
+cylinder هذا بيقدّي إلى إنه، 
+
+342
+00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:15,610
+في هنا بس بدنا نعدّل الرسم شوية
+
+343
+00:23:36,100 --> 00:23:57,640
+To make the drawing correct We
+
+344
+00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:00,700
+put the lens in the trial frame in front of the
+
+345
+00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:04,160
+patient's eyes Its power is plus three diopters We 
+
+346
+00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:12,290
+put it like thisYes, so that its axis in the trial 
+
+347
+00:24:12,290 --> 00:24:17,790
+frame is exactly 180 degrees. So its force on this
+
+348
+00:24:17,790 --> 00:24:20,290
+axis is zero, because this axis is aligned with
+
+349
+00:24:20,290 --> 00:24:23,970
+the axis of the cylinder. Okay, we removed it from
+
+350
+00:24:23,970 --> 00:24:26,410
+the lens bag and its force is plus three. Yes,
+
+351
+00:24:26,490 --> 00:24:31,210
+plus three will work this lens as plus three on 
+
+352
+00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:34,750
+axis ninety.So you will work on the 90th axis as
+
+353
+00:24:34,750 --> 00:24:38,570
+plus 3. Okay, the axis next to 90 is less than it.
+
+354
+00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:41,730
+The axis next to it is less than it, less than it,
+
+355
+00:24:41,770 --> 00:24:45,430
+less than it. So this lens, which is written on it
+
+356
+00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:49,750
+plus 3 cylinders, plus 3 diopter cylinders, its 
+
+357
+00:24:49,750 --> 00:24:53,250
+force is plus 3 diopters completely at the 90th
+
+358
+00:24:53,250 --> 00:24:56,990
+axis. At the axis, for example, 75 can give me two 
+
+359
+00:24:56,990 --> 00:25:00,630
+and a half diopters.قوتها يعني تعمل كعدسة ك ..
+
+360
+00:25:00,630 --> 00:25:03,830
+قوتها plus two and a half ده يبتدى، عند المحور
+
+361
+00:25:03,830 --> 00:25:07,330
+خمسة واربعين هتعمل كعدسة plus واحد و نص ده يبتدى، 
+
+362
+00:25:07,330 --> 00:25:10,650
+عند المحور مية و تمانين هتعمل كعدسة صفر ده يبتدى، 
+
+363
+00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:15,690
+يعني كأنها مش موجودة، طيب، إذا هادي العدسة حطيها، 
+
+364
+00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:19,590
+طيب، لو أنا عندي عدسة تانية حطيت محورها على 
+
+365
+00:25:19,590 --> 00:25:24,620
+التسعين، بس قوتها بتختلفAlso planocylinder,
+
+366
+00:25:24,940 --> 00:25:27,880
+planocylinder, for example plus two planocylinder,
+
+367
+00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,620
+I put it on ninety, and plus three diopter
+
+368
+00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:34,200
+cylinder, I put it on one hundred and eighty So
+
+369
+00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,880
+these in their group work as spherocylindrical 
+
+370
+00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:43,120
+lens, as spherocylindrical lens, why? Because we 
+
+371
+00:25:43,120 --> 00:25:43,300
+say 
+
+372
+00:25:46,230 --> 00:25:50,610
+The first lens 
+
+373
+00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:52,030
+has a force of zero at one hundred and eighty 
+
+374
+00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:55,410
+degrees The
+
+375
+00:25:55,410 --> 00:26:02,090
+second lens has a force of plus two degrees at one 
+
+376
+00:26:02,090 --> 00:26:04,450
+hundred and eighty degrees The forces of the two 
+
+377
+00:26:04,450 --> 00:26:06,810
+lenses are different from each other
+
+378
+00:26:12,110 --> 00:26:18,250
+We can consider them as two planocylinders that
+
+379
+00:26:18,250 --> 00:26:23,350
+are perpendicular to each other Or more commonly,
+
+380
+00:26:23,670 --> 00:26:26,870
+we can consider them as a combination of spherical
+
+381
+00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:29,710
+lens and cylindrical lens Let's see an example 
+
+382
+00:26:29,710 --> 00:26:30,950
+that explains this better 
+
+383
+00:26:34,450 --> 00:26:40,250
+I have, for example, a lens that has a different
+
+384
+00:26:40,250 --> 00:26:43,830
+force than the meridian Astigmatic lens Astigmatic 
+
+385
+00:26:43,830 --> 00:26:47,250
+lens The force of this meridian in the astigmatic 
+
+386
+00:26:47,250 --> 00:26:50,130
+lens, we found it to be plus one We measured it on
+
+387
+00:26:50,130 --> 00:26:53,350
+a lensmeter, on a lens measuring device This axis,
+
+388
+00:26:54,230 --> 00:26:56,630
+this axis, we found its force to be plus one 
+
+389
+00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:59,990
+diopter And this axis, we found its force to be 
+
+390
+00:26:59,990 --> 00:27:04,390
+plus four dioptersوالمحاور اللي بينهم مثلا plus
+
+391
+00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:07,970
+واحد و نص plus اتنين plus اتنين و نص plus تلاتة 
+
+392
+00:27:07,970 --> 00:27:13,590
+plus تلاتة و نص plus اربع، اذا فش اي محور، فش اي
+
+393
+00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:20,120
+محور quota صفرOkay, if we wanted to say that any 
+
+394
+00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:25,120
+kind of astigmatic lenses, it's better to call 
+
+395
+00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,520
+them spherocylindrical lenses I represented all
+
+396
+00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:34,020
+these circles with the graph that we see aboveThe
+
+397
+00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:37,080
+axis is 180 and its force is plus 1. Of course, 
+
+398
+00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,140
+the force is measured by the sum. The more the
+
+399
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:41,020
+force increases, the more the contribution
+
+400
+00:27:41,020 --> 00:27:44,040
+increases. The axis is 180 and its force is plus
+
+401
+00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:47,240
+1. The next axis is closer to 90 and its force 
+
+402
+00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:49,120
+increases because this is a regular astigmatism.
+
+403
+00:27:49,810 --> 00:27:52,590
+This is regular astigmatism. And the meridians
+
+404
+00:27:52,590 --> 00:27:56,510
+force starts from the weakest to the strongest, 
+
+405
+00:27:56,990 --> 00:27:59,650
+gradually, regularly, or from the strongest to the
+
+406
+00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,330
+weakest, gradually, also, gradually, regularly. I
+
+407
+00:28:03,330 --> 00:28:06,710
+can say, first of all, that 180 plus 
+
+445
+00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:34,560
+can imagine it to be equal
+
+446
+00:30:39,460 --> 00:30:42,060
+And I want to enlarge the word equal or symbol
+
+447
+00:30:42,060 --> 00:30:48,260
+equal to make the idea more clear
+
+448
+00:30:48,260 --> 00:30:53,280
+This
+
+449
+00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:53,780
+is equal
+
+450
+00:31:08,990 --> 00:31:13,930
+Plus one sphere When
+
+451
+00:31:13,930 --> 00:31:20,390
+we say plus one means plus one diopter sphere
+
+452
+00:31:36,970 --> 00:31:39,250
+Add this to make it an extra sphere
+
+453
+00:32:09,790 --> 00:32:13,090
+I'm going to add distance, plus cylinder
+
+454
+00:32:56,090 --> 00:32:59,970
+Plus a cylinder whose force on the horizontal
+
+455
+00:32:59,970 --> 00:33:01,270
+meridian is zero.
+
+456
+00:33:04,190 --> 00:33:05,710
+Zero diopter.
+
+457
+00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:18,450
+And on the vertical axis plus three diopters.
+
+458
+00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:36,600
+Let's go to the big picture. So, when I have a
+
+459
+00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:41,680
+lens, one meridian has a certain force, and
+
+460
+00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,520
+another meridian has a stronger or weaker force,
+
+461
+00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:47,220
+but none of them is zero, this is considered a
+
+462
+00:33:47,220 --> 00:33:51,860
+sphero-cylindrical lens, which is the general form
+
+463
+00:33:51,860 --> 00:33:56,090
+of the astigmatic lens. Of course, we said that the
+
+464
+00:33:56,090 --> 00:34:07,150
+planocylindrical lens has a vertical force towards
+
+465
+00:34:07,150 --> 00:34:11,790
+its axis and its axis has zero force if we move
+
+466
+00:34:11,790 --> 00:34:15,370
+away from its axis, its force increases and
+
+467
+00:34:15,370 --> 00:34:18,790
+increases from zero to a certain value
+
+468
+00:34:23,740 --> 00:34:26,820
+The force of any plano-cylindrical lens, whether
+
+469
+00:34:26,820 --> 00:34:33,560
+plano-concave or plano-convex, when
+
+470
+00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,200
+its axis is zero, away from the axis, it increases
+
+471
+00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:39,180
+and increases and increases. When we walk on the
+
+472
+00:34:39,180 --> 00:34:42,700
+meridian, the vertical axis, it has its maximum
+
+473
+00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:45,500
+force as it is equivalent to the force of the
+
+474
+00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:53,020
+number written on it. Okay, now I have a lens. The
+
+475
+00:34:53,020 --> 00:34:56,400
+weakest meridian in it has power, not zero, that
+
+476
+00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,600
+is, this is not a plano cylinder, but this is
+
+477
+00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:01,980
+considered a spherocylinder. How did we consider
+
+478
+00:35:01,980 --> 00:35:06,420
+it a sphere? أضعف meridian قوته plus واحد، ال
+
+479
+00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:09,740
+meridian التاني قوته plus واحد وربع مثلا، واحد
+
+480
+00:35:09,740 --> 00:35:13,640
+ومصر، واحد وتلت اربع، لغاية ما نصل لأربع، لو إنسان
+
+481
+00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:19,100
+قلنا معاه يعني عشرة دنانير، إنسان آخر معاه خمستاشر
+
+482
+00:35:19,100 --> 00:35:22,300
+دينار، إنسان تالت معاه عشرين، إنسان رابع معاه خمسة
+
+483
+00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:27,440
+وعشرين، إنسان خامس معاه تلتين، بقولهم كلهم، كلكم
+
+484
+00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:32,320
+معاكم عشر دنانيرو بعدين الشخص رقم اتنين، الشخص رقم
+
+485
+00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:36,320
+اتنين عنده زيادة عن العشر دنانير، مثلا خمس دنانير،
+
+486
+00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:40,240
+الشخص رقم تلاتة عنده زيادة و هكذا، فهنا لما بلاجي
+
+487
+00:35:40,240 --> 00:35:44,040
+a stigmatic lens و كل ال meridians بتاعتها في إلها
+
+488
+00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,540
+قوة، مفيش صفير، مقدرش أسميها plan و cylinder،
+
+489
+00:35:47,540 --> 00:35:51,300
+وإنما إيش أفضل اسم بناسب إلها sphere و cylinder،
+
+490
+00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:56,100
+يعني انه كأنه كلهم Or as if this lens is a sphere
+
+491
+00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,740
+with a force of one diopter Why sphere? Because
+
+492
+00:35:58,740 --> 00:36:01,460
+all meridians in the sphere have a force of one
+
+493
+00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:05,040
+diopter It will be of the same force Plus in front
+
+494
+00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,360
+of it a cylinder As if it is a combination of a
+
+495
+00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:12,680
+sphere and a cylinder The cylinder here is from
+
+496
+00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,720
+zero Plan and cylinder of course Sphere with plan
+
+497
+00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:17,800
+and cylinder So they call them sphere and cylinder
+
+498
+00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:24,790
+Zero plus one plus two plus three Okay? Why zero
+
+499
+00:36:24,790 --> 00:36:27,690
+here? Because we .. this meridian took its place
+
+500
+00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:31,050
+in the sphere I mean .. I mean .. the sphere at
+
+501
+00:36:31,050 --> 00:36:33,110
+one hundred and eighty its force is one deuterium
+
+502
+00:36:33,110 --> 00:36:36,930
+So this is to clarify the idea .. to clarify the
+
+503
+00:36:36,930 --> 00:36:41,150
+idea Here, of course, which is the trial frame
+
+504
+00:36:41,150 --> 00:36:44,790
+that explains the meridians and how we deal with
+
+505
+00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:47,490
+the meridians in the trial frame Of course, the
+
+506
+00:36:47,490 --> 00:36:49,430
+trial frame may not be very clear here
+
+507
+00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:07,120
+Trial frames have different shapes and types, and
+
+508
+00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:11,440
+I will show you some examples here for example I
+
+509
+00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:15,340
+have axis 90 and I want to point out that 0 and
+
+510
+00:37:15,340 --> 00:37:18,340
+180 are the same thing, the opposite of 0 is the
+
+511
+00:37:18,340 --> 00:37:21,120
+opposite of 180, the opposite of 0 is the opposite
+
+512
+00:37:21,120 --> 00:37:23,700
+of 180, so it is necessary to pay attention to
+
+513
+00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:25,100
+this issue
+
+514
+00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:46,100
+this is the trial frame and these are its axes of
+
+515
+00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:56,860
+course axis 0 is 180 from 0 to 90 to 180 here from
+
+516
+00:37:56,860 --> 00:38:04,280
+0 to 90 to 180 of course these axes are numerated
+
+517
+00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:06,760
+not because of spherical lens spherical lens does
+
+518
+00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:11,990
+not require numeration كيف ما نحطت مايلهاش محور
+
+519
+00:38:11,990 --> 00:38:15,590
+اقوى من محور فكل المحاور متساوية وانما هذا الترقيم
+
+520
+00:38:15,590 --> 00:38:19,510
+عشان ال cylindrical lens نحط ال axis بتاعها بشكل
+
+521
+00:38:19,510 --> 00:38:23,410
+صحيح the zero meridian is the same as the مية و
+
+522
+00:38:23,410 --> 00:38:27,710
+تمانين meridian and the hundred eighty degree
+
+523
+00:38:27,710 --> 00:38:31,470
+notation is always used for this meridian. طيب احنا
+
+524
+00:38:31,470 --> 00:38:34,390
+قلنا الصفر هو المية و تمانين ولكن لما انا بدى اكتب
+
+525
+00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:40,500
+وصفة لنضارة لما بدى اكتب وصفة لنضارة For example,
+
+526
+00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:45,260
+let's say plus
+
+527
+00:38:45,260 --> 00:38:50,860
+three spheres plus three diopter spheres with
+
+528
+00:38:50,860 --> 00:38:57,180
+minus two diopter cylinders in axis, that is, we
+
+529
+00:38:57,180 --> 00:38:59,900
+want to put the diopter cylinder in axis, let's
+
+530
+00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,020
+not say zero, let's say one hundred and eighty
+
+531
+00:39:03,020 --> 00:39:07,770
+degrees one hundred and eighty degrees. So
+
+532
+00:39:07,770 --> 00:39:14,230
+therefore, when we have the axis on zero, we say
+
+533
+00:39:14,230 --> 00:39:19,430
+axis 180, as this book explains When I want to
+
+534
+00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:22,210
+write a description, I say the value of the
+
+535
+00:39:22,210 --> 00:39:25,230
+sphere, the value of the cylinder whether in plus
+
+536
+00:39:25,230 --> 00:39:27,670
+or minus, depending on whether it is plano concave
+
+537
+00:39:27,670 --> 00:39:30,930
+or plano convex In the axis, when it is zero, I
+
+538
+00:39:30,930 --> 00:39:36,000
+have to write 180. I have to write 180 degrees to
+
+539
+00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:46,500
+make things clear to make things clear. What
+
+540
+00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:47,820
+are the forms?
+
+541
+00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:01,840
+اللي ممكن اكتب عليها اللي هو ال power تاعت ال
+
+542
+00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,080
+spherical cylindrical lens هذا المرة القادمة
+
+543
+00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:07,720
+هنتعرف عليه ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+544
+00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:09,040
+الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5Bo-T07tCcM_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1596 @@
+1
+00:00:01,640 --> 00:00:04,700
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,700 --> 00:00:07,380
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Gaussian
+
+3
+00:00:07,380 --> 00:00:11,340
+Reduction أو الـ Gaussian Reduction. Thus far, we
+
+4
+00:00:11,340 --> 00:00:13,900
+have discussed the properties of a single optical
+
+5
+00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:17,550
+systemThe treatment of refractive errors usually
+
+6
+00:00:17,550 --> 00:00:21,010
+involves adding a lens to an existing optical
+
+7
+00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,310
+system, the patient's eye. When we were in
+
+8
+00:00:24,310 --> 00:00:27,450
+previous discussions and lectures, we were
+
+9
+00:00:27,450 --> 00:00:31,690
+discussing single optical systems. Now, when it
+
+10
+00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:34,490
+comes to the treatment of refractive errors, such
+
+11
+00:00:34,490 --> 00:00:38,530
+as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism, we add
+
+12
+00:00:38,530 --> 00:00:43,810
+a lens.we are adding a lens to an existing optical
+
+13
+00:00:43,810 --> 00:00:47,070
+system لأ optical system موجود بالأساس وهو عين
+
+14
+00:00:47,070 --> 00:00:50,630
+المريض وطبعا لما بنقول عين المريض بنقصد في optical
+
+15
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:54,090
+system مكوّن من الكورنيا ومن ال crystalline lens
+
+16
+00:00:54,090 --> 00:00:58,910
+Gaussian reduction describes what happens when two
+
+17
+00:00:58,910 --> 00:01:01,870
+optical systems such as the correcting lens and
+
+18
+00:01:01,870 --> 00:01:07,900
+the eye are combined معروف أنهكل optical system
+
+19
+00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,040
+لحال العين ك optical system و ال correcting lens
+
+20
+00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:15,300
+سواء plus أو minus سواء cylindrical lens أو sphero
+
+21
+00:01:15,300 --> 00:01:19,400
+cylindrical lens تعتبر optical lens لحال كل
+
+22
+00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,800
+optical system لوحده له three pairs of cardinal
+
+23
+00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:26,120
+points of cardinal points اللي هو two nodal و two
+
+24
+00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:32,610
+focal و two principal pointsلما بنضيف two optical
+
+25
+00:01:32,610 --> 00:01:35,950
+system لبعض من البعض، إيش اللي بيحصل عندي؟ اللي
+
+26
+00:01:35,950 --> 00:01:39,670
+بيحصل عندي إنه أنا بصير عندي new optical system،
+
+27
+00:01:39,670 --> 00:01:43,350
+إله طاقم جديد من ال cardinal points When two
+
+28
+00:01:43,350 --> 00:01:47,790
+optical systems each with its own cardinal points
+
+29
+00:01:47,790 --> 00:01:51,210
+are combined، a totally new، بنأكد على كلمة
+
+30
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:56,000
+totally new بمعنى إنه جديد جداa totally new
+
+31
+00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:01,300
+optical system is created يعني بيصبح عندي optical
+
+32
+00:02:01,300 --> 00:02:05,940
+system جديد بأعمله توصيف بواسطة new set of
+
+33
+00:02:05,940 --> 00:02:10,220
+cardinal points يعني إله يعني تلت أزواج من ال
+
+34
+00:02:10,220 --> 00:02:12,920
+reference points أو تلت أزواج من ال cardinal
+
+35
+00:02:12,920 --> 00:02:14,800
+points تختلف عن
+
+36
+00:02:19,730 --> 00:02:22,950
+The thick lens equation is used to reduce the two
+
+37
+00:02:22,950 --> 00:02:26,550
+individual systems to a single system with its own
+
+38
+00:02:26,550 --> 00:02:28,450
+set of cardinal points
+
+39
+00:02:33,190 --> 00:02:38,870
+عشان ال .. ال .. ال new optical system يعني يوصفوه
+
+40
+00:02:38,870 --> 00:02:43,450
+.. إيش يعني يوصفوه؟ يعني يحددوا أماكن ال focal
+
+41
+00:02:43,450 --> 00:02:47,350
+points بتاعته و ال nodal points بتاعته و ال
+
+42
+00:02:47,350 --> 00:02:51,390
+principal points Typically, the combined systems'
+
+43
+00:02:51,590 --> 00:02:54,650
+cardinal points and power differ from those of
+
+44
+00:02:54,650 --> 00:02:58,210
+either of the individual systems يعني ما حد يتخيل
+
+45
+00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:08,840
+No one can imagine that the
+
+46
+00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:12,360
+new optical system is a combination of cardinal
+
+47
+00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:13,020
+points. No.
+
+48
+00:03:23,140 --> 00:03:25,640
+I will try to see a picture to describe this case.
+
+49
+00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:32,840
+This is my eye. The eye is an optical system and
+
+50
+00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:36,140
+the lens is a different optical system from it The
+
+51
+00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:39,160
+lens itself has three pairs of cardinal points. It
+
+52
+00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:42,600
+has focal points, nodal points and principal
+
+53
+00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:48,020
+points. And the eye itself has principal points,
+
+54
+00:03:48,140 --> 00:03:51,220
+nodal points and focal points. When both join
+
+55
+00:03:51,220 --> 00:03:55,700
+togetherبعملهم combination بمعنى أنه بلبس المريض
+
+56
+00:03:55,700 --> 00:03:59,820
+العدسة أو بلبس النضارة بصير عندي a new optical
+
+57
+00:03:59,820 --> 00:04:03,040
+system عبارة عن عدسة minus مثلا زي ما الرسمها
+
+58
+00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:07,280
+بتوضح cornea and lens فبالتالي هذا ال new optical
+
+59
+00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:11,500
+system له three new pairs of cardinal points يعني
+
+60
+00:04:11,500 --> 00:04:15,300
+ماجيش أخد ال anterior focal point مثلا من العدسة
+
+61
+00:04:15,810 --> 00:04:18,030
+and the posterior focal point from the eye. No,
+
+62
+00:04:18,390 --> 00:04:23,610
+but I will have a new group of cardinal points.
+
+63
+00:04:23,610 --> 00:04:26,810
+Typically the combined optical, the combined
+
+64
+00:04:26,810 --> 00:04:30,150
+systems cardinal points and power, the cardinal
+
+65
+00:04:30,150 --> 00:04:33,640
+points of the new systemAnd its power is different
+
+66
+00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:39,660
+from the previous two components, which are the
+
+67
+00:04:39,660 --> 00:04:43,440
+eye as an optical system and the lens as an
+
+68
+00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:45,600
+optical system. It is completely different from
+
+69
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:46,540
+them to the new system
+
+70
+00:04:49,150 --> 00:04:52,050
+Clinically, Gaussian reduction is most important
+
+71
+00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:54,770
+in conjunction with the correction of ametropias
+
+72
+00:04:54,770 --> 00:04:58,430
+and in the calculation of IOL
+
+73
+00:05:08,540 --> 00:05:10,520
+The power of the lens that is produced after the
+
+74
+00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:12,340
+production of white water becomes very important
+
+75
+00:05:12,340 --> 00:05:17,320
+for Gaussian reduction to determine the cardinal
+
+76
+00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,980
+points of the new system.
+
+77
+00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,420
+This is for Gaussian reduction. We come today to
+
+78
+00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:29,990
+another topic which is the Knaps law.Knapp's law,
+
+79
+00:05:30,510 --> 00:05:35,510
+the beta principle and the lensmeter One problem
+
+80
+00:05:35,510 --> 00:05:38,230
+in treating refractive errors is that the
+
+81
+00:05:38,230 --> 00:05:41,050
+correcting lens often changes the size of the
+
+82
+00:05:41,050 --> 00:05:41,930
+original image.
+
+83
+00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,720
+لما بحط عدسة أمام العين ممكن حجم الصورة على ال
+
+84
+00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:03,060
+retina يكون مختلف لأنه العدسة اللي أنا بحطها سواء
+
+85
+00:06:03,060 --> 00:06:06,620
+plus أو minus ممكن تعمل magnification أو
+
+86
+00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:10,140
+minification فبالتالي if the retinal image in one
+
+87
+00:06:10,140 --> 00:06:14,140
+eye differs in size from that on the other eye the
+
+88
+00:06:14,140 --> 00:06:16,780
+difference is usually tolerated by the patient
+
+89
+00:06:16,780 --> 00:06:19,540
+unless different
+
+90
+00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:36,200
+different retinal image size بمعنى
+
+91
+00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:44,120
+آخر لو أخدنا الصورة I ربما تكون معبرة يعني نحاول
+
+92
+00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:45,480
+ننسخها و نكبرها
+
+93
+00:07:11,590 --> 00:07:13,530
+this is a picture of a human, it will come to the
+
+94
+00:07:13,530 --> 00:07:18,930
+network if I have ... if I have ... of course here
+
+95
+00:07:18,930 --> 00:07:22,790
+this is for another topic, but when the size of
+
+96
+00:07:22,790 --> 00:07:32,370
+the picture is different on the network this
+
+97
+00:07:32,370 --> 00:07:36,970
+is the size of the picture highlighted in blue the
+
+98
+00:07:36,970 --> 00:07:40,490
+size of the picture hereIt's totally different
+
+99
+00:07:40,490 --> 00:07:41,950
+from the size of the picture here. The size of the
+
+100
+00:07:41,950 --> 00:07:44,310
+picture here is much larger. Let's assume that
+
+101
+00:07:44,310 --> 00:07:46,510
+here is the right eye and here is the left eye. So
+
+102
+00:07:46,510 --> 00:07:49,610
+when the retinal image size is different, the
+
+103
+00:07:49,610 --> 00:07:53,410
+brain can only handle small differences. That is,
+
+104
+00:07:53,410 --> 00:07:56,430
+for adults, it can handle up to 8% difference in
+
+105
+00:07:56,430 --> 00:08:00,040
+the height of the picture.and for children it's up
+
+106
+00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:02,880
+to 12% if it's more than that, so this picture is
+
+107
+00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,800
+twice or three quarters bigger than this picture,
+
+108
+00:08:07,300 --> 00:08:10,060
+so it's going to be double. So what makes a
+
+109
+00:08:10,060 --> 00:08:13,380
+picture big and small? The correcting lens that I
+
+110
+00:08:13,380 --> 00:08:18,260
+usemungkin تعمل minification أو magnification يعني
+
+111
+00:08:18,260 --> 00:08:23,080
+ممكن تصغر صورة أو تكبر صورة بسبب ال difference في
+
+112
+00:08:23,080 --> 00:08:25,960
+ال refractive error between the two eyes فبالتالي
+
+113
+00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:29,500
+هذه هي الفكرة. So the adult brain can fuse retinal
+
+114
+00:08:29,500 --> 00:08:34,080
+images that differ in size by as much as تمانية في
+
+115
+00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,660
+المية. The child's brain can handle an even
+
+116
+00:08:37,660 --> 00:08:43,150
+greater disparity. بمعنى آخر المخ الإنسان البالغ،
+
+117
+00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:46,510
+دماغ الإنسان البالغ بقدر .. بقدر يدمج صورتين من
+
+118
+00:08:46,510 --> 00:08:51,290
+العين تان إذا كان الفارق في حجم الصور ما .. لا
+
+119
+00:08:51,290 --> 00:08:53,810
+يزيد عن تمانية في المية، يعني واحدة أكبر من واحدة
+
+120
+00:08:53,810 --> 00:08:57,210
+بتمانية في المية، سبعة في المية، خمسة في الميةOr
+
+121
+00:08:57,210 --> 00:09:02,610
+smaller than that value But more than 8% is double
+
+122
+00:09:02,610 --> 00:09:07,110
+For the child's brain, the child's brain can bear
+
+123
+00:09:07,110 --> 00:09:10,910
+bigger differences I mean, some studies say that
+
+124
+00:09:10,910 --> 00:09:15,850
+up to 12% can bear differences in the size of the
+
+125
+00:09:15,850 --> 00:09:18,690
+retinal image size What causes the retinal image
+
+126
+00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,840
+size?Difference, low correction of refractive
+
+127
+00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:26,040
+error. When I have an unequal refractive error in
+
+128
+00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:29,480
+both eyes, for example eye plus one and eye plus
+
+129
+00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:35,120
+seven, and I fix this issue, then when I use plus
+
+130
+00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:37,660
+seven in front of the eye that has hypermetropia
+
+131
+00:09:37,660 --> 00:09:41,240
+plus seven, it will do magnification greater than
+
+132
+00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:44,410
+what it does to plus one.فبالتالي و ايضا في ال
+
+133
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:47,470
+minus هذا الكلام برضه صحيح هتكون التصغير كل ما
+
+134
+00:09:47,470 --> 00:09:53,470
+كبرت العدسة بيكون عندها minification اكتر طيب اجا
+
+135
+00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:58,490
+العالم Knaps و حط قانون عشان يحل المشكلة هاي عشان
+
+136
+00:09:58,490 --> 00:10:03,570
+يحل المشكلة هاي ماذا ينص او على ماذا ينص قانون
+
+137
+00:10:03,570 --> 00:10:07,820
+Knaps according to Knaps lawThe size of retinal
+
+138
+00:10:07,820 --> 00:10:11,300
+image does not change when the center of the
+
+139
+00:10:11,300 --> 00:10:16,080
+correcting lens, or, to be precise, the posterior
+
+140
+00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:20,040
+nodal point of the correcting lens coincides with
+
+141
+00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:22,280
+the anterior focal point of the eye.
+
+142
+00:10:25,820 --> 00:10:28,220
+Even if the refractive error is different between
+
+143
+00:10:28,220 --> 00:10:30,480
+the two lenses And we want to testify that the
+
+144
+00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:34,920
+glasses with their different lenses are enlarged
+
+145
+00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:36,880
+or reduced We want the image size to remain
+
+146
+00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:40,380
+constant and we want to put a condition We say the
+
+147
+00:10:40,380 --> 00:10:46,440
+retinal image size does not change when the center
+
+148
+00:10:51,440 --> 00:11:01,840
+When the center of the correcting lens Coincides
+
+149
+00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,120
+with the anterior focal point of the eye
+
+150
+00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:20,240
+وهي عندنا ال nodal point بتاعتها ال nodal point
+
+151
+00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:23,620
+بتاعتها هاد ال nodal point بتاعت ال correcting
+
+152
+00:11:23,620 --> 00:11:28,320
+lens ال posterior nodal point وممكن تكون منطبق على
+
+153
+00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:30,900
+ال anterior nodal point بس مش هاد موضوعنا ال
+
+154
+00:11:30,900 --> 00:11:34,280
+posterior nodal point بتاعت ال correcting lens و
+
+155
+00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:39,560
+ال anterior focal focus ال FA بتاعت ال eye هم في
+
+156
+00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:44,420
+نفس المكان في الفرار طيب لما الشعاق بيجيfrom the
+
+157
+00:11:44,420 --> 00:11:47,080
+object that a person looks at wearing his glasses
+
+158
+00:11:48,730 --> 00:11:51,590
+The light that enters the nodal point does not
+
+159
+00:11:51,590 --> 00:11:54,370
+change its path, as we know, whatever world you go
+
+160
+00:11:54,370 --> 00:11:57,030
+to, there is no refraction. The light that enters
+
+161
+00:11:57,030 --> 00:12:00,750
+the nodal point does not change its path for this
+
+162
+00:12:00,750 --> 00:12:04,450
+lens. Okay, it's true that it entered the nodal
+
+163
+00:12:04,450 --> 00:12:07,670
+point of the lens, but at the same time it passed
+
+164
+00:12:07,670 --> 00:12:11,230
+through the F-A of the eye, so F-A of the eye
+
+165
+00:12:11,230 --> 00:12:13,170
+means that when it wants to exit, it wants to exit
+
+166
+00:12:13,170 --> 00:12:16,250
+from the lens and the lens parallel to the optical
+
+167
+00:12:16,250 --> 00:12:21,150
+axis.موازي لل optical axis يعني لو ال retina هنا
+
+168
+00:12:21,150 --> 00:12:26,050
+الحجم بتاعه هيك لو ال retina هنا الحجم بتاعه هيك
+
+169
+00:12:26,050 --> 00:12:29,170
+لو ال retina هنا الحجم بتاعه هيك بمعنى أخر لما
+
+170
+00:12:29,170 --> 00:12:31,950
+العين بتكون كبيرة جدا ال size بتاعها كبير و هذا
+
+171
+00:12:31,950 --> 00:12:36,210
+بنلاقيه في الmiopia يعني لما بتكون العين miopic ال
+
+172
+00:12:36,210 --> 00:12:42,430
+image بتضالها بنفس الحجم لما بتكون M-tropIt's the
+
+173
+00:12:42,430 --> 00:12:46,030
+same size. When the eye is short, hypermetropian,
+
+174
+00:12:46,130 --> 00:12:49,570
+it's known that the short eye with hypermetropian
+
+175
+00:12:49,570 --> 00:12:54,010
+axial length is short, also the retinal image size
+
+176
+00:12:54,010 --> 00:13:02,820
+does not differ.It is very important that the
+
+177
+00:13:02,820 --> 00:13:06,880
+nodal point of the lens that gives correction to
+
+178
+00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:09,800
+the refractive error and the focal point of the
+
+179
+00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,760
+eye to be adjacent to each other
+
+180
+00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,720
+For example, if the eye have identical refractive
+
+181
+00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:24,520
+power and differ only in axial length, then
+
+182
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:28,000
+placing the lens at the anterior focal point of
+
+183
+00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:32,060
+each eye will produce retinal image identical in
+
+184
+00:13:32,060 --> 00:13:32,280
+size.
+
+185
+00:13:35,300 --> 00:13:40,400
+However,It is rare that the difference between the
+
+186
+00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:45,040
+eyes are purely or is purely axial in addition the
+
+187
+00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:47,920
+un .. I mean .. Now we want to talk about this
+
+188
+00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:49,880
+word that we talked about a while ago about the
+
+189
+00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:55,100
+Knapp's law, a very good word Knapp's law only
+
+190
+00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:59,420
+applies to axial ametropia What does axial
+
+191
+00:13:59,420 --> 00:14:01,780
+ametropia mean? It is a refractive error resulting
+
+192
+00:14:01,780 --> 00:14:08,430
+from the length of the eyeEither it's too long, so
+
+193
+00:14:08,430 --> 00:14:11,270
+it gives me myopia or too short, so it gives me
+
+194
+00:14:11,270 --> 00:14:14,990
+hypermetropia. Therefore, Knaps law is only
+
+195
+00:14:14,990 --> 00:14:17,610
+suitable for applying it on axial refractive
+
+196
+00:14:17,610 --> 00:14:20,790
+error. Okay, as long as I have axial refractive
+
+197
+00:14:20,790 --> 00:14:22,490
+error, it means that there are other types of
+
+198
+00:14:22,490 --> 00:14:25,930
+refractive error. We say yes, there is someone who
+
+199
+00:14:25,930 --> 00:14:34,610
+calls it index refractive error orwhich is the
+
+200
+00:14:34,610 --> 00:14:37,550
+power of the eye, the power of the eye, the power
+
+201
+00:14:37,550 --> 00:14:39,790
+of the eye, either it is weak, so it gives me
+
+202
+00:14:39,790 --> 00:14:42,670
+hypermetropia, or it is stronger than necessary,
+
+203
+00:14:42,810 --> 00:14:45,690
+so it gives me myopia. Now the first problem that
+
+204
+00:14:45,690 --> 00:14:53,470
+NABS faces is that the difference between the eye
+
+205
+00:14:53,470 --> 00:14:58,070
+is rarely just axial, that the power of the eye is
+
+206
+00:14:58,070 --> 00:15:02,560
+equal, in other words,In comparison, the lens has
+
+207
+00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:05,900
+60 diopters in the right eye and 60 diopters in
+
+208
+00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:07,620
+the left eye, but the right one is different from
+
+209
+00:15:07,620 --> 00:15:10,280
+the left one in its length. One is longer and the
+
+210
+00:15:10,280 --> 00:15:12,220
+other is perpendicular to the length, meaning that
+
+211
+00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:14,360
+the longer one will be myopic. But their strength
+
+212
+00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:17,680
+as power or as lenses, as lenses, as an optical
+
+213
+00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:21,660
+system is the same. Most of the time, most of the
+
+214
+00:15:21,660 --> 00:15:25,930
+time, the refractive error is a mixture ofA
+
+215
+00:15:25,930 --> 00:15:29,210
+problem in axial length, plus a problem in power.
+
+216
+00:15:29,330 --> 00:15:31,110
+Either the power is more than necessary, so it
+
+217
+00:15:31,110 --> 00:15:33,690
+will give me myopia, or less than necessary, so it
+
+218
+00:15:33,690 --> 00:15:35,990
+will give me hypermetropia. So the first problem,
+
+219
+00:15:37,870 --> 00:15:42,490
+since the scientist said that my way or my law
+
+220
+00:15:42,490 --> 00:15:47,570
+only works in pure axial refractive error, we say
+
+221
+00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:49,770
+that it is rare that the difference between the
+
+222
+00:15:49,770 --> 00:15:53,730
+two eyes is purely axial.Second thing, if we
+
+223
+00:15:53,730 --> 00:15:57,150
+assume that there is a person who has axial
+
+224
+00:15:57,150 --> 00:15:58,970
+refractive error and the strength of the eye in
+
+225
+00:15:58,970 --> 00:16:02,330
+the right eye and the left eye is normal, but the
+
+226
+00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:05,430
+right eye is much longer, so it became myopia
+
+227
+00:16:05,430 --> 00:16:08,110
+because of its length, because of its length, and
+
+228
+00:16:08,110 --> 00:16:12,370
+we say okay, let's apply Knapp's lawWe put the
+
+229
+00:16:12,370 --> 00:16:17,190
+correcting lens on the anterior focal point of the
+
+230
+00:16:17,190 --> 00:16:22,310
+eye The anterior focal point is about 17 mm away
+
+231
+00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:25,110
+from the eye The vertex distance of the lens
+
+232
+00:16:25,110 --> 00:16:29,340
+should beBack Vertex Distance, or BVD, and this is
+
+233
+00:16:29,340 --> 00:16:32,020
+in refraction. All students studying visual arts
+
+234
+00:16:32,020 --> 00:16:34,860
+or visual arts students study this in refraction.
+
+235
+00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:39,540
+The BVD is usually around 12 mm and sometimes 10
+
+236
+00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:45,750
+mm, around 10 to 12 mm.أما إن أحط النضارة الـ back
+
+237
+00:16:45,750 --> 00:16:50,790
+vertex تاعتها على بعد 17 ملي، هذه مشكلة تانية،
+
+238
+00:16:50,790 --> 00:16:56,670
+وطبعا هذه من ناحية عملية صعبة، من ناحية عملية،
+
+239
+00:16:56,670 --> 00:16:59,810
+يعني تطبيقها صعب In addition, the anterior focal
+
+240
+00:16:59,810 --> 00:17:03,910
+point of the eye is approximately 17 mili in front
+
+241
+00:17:03,910 --> 00:17:08,550
+of the corneaAlthough it is possible to wear
+
+242
+00:17:08,550 --> 00:17:13,350
+glasses, so the spectacle lens is 17mm in front of
+
+243
+00:17:13,350 --> 00:17:19,570
+the eye يعني ممكن ينعمل .. ممكن ينعمل glasses back
+
+244
+00:17:19,570 --> 00:17:25,750
+vertex distance تقريبا 17mm ولكن most people
+
+245
+00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:29,090
+prefer to wear them at a corneal vertex distance
+
+246
+00:17:29,090 --> 00:17:34,090
+من 10 إلى 15mm والمعتاد عندنا تقريبا 12mm
+
+247
+00:17:36,730 --> 00:17:39,870
+Because the clinician is rarely certain that any
+
+248
+00:17:39,870 --> 00:17:43,670
+ametropia is purely axial, Knapp's law has limited
+
+249
+00:17:43,670 --> 00:17:48,290
+clinical application.because when we check the
+
+250
+00:17:48,290 --> 00:17:51,110
+refractive error, we usually check the O2
+
+251
+00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:54,850
+refractometer or the retinoscope as an objective
+
+252
+00:17:54,850 --> 00:17:57,550
+refraction and we do not measure the axial length
+
+253
+00:17:57,550 --> 00:18:00,670
+of the eye, so if a person has a refractive error,
+
+254
+00:18:00,770 --> 00:18:03,090
+we say he has a refractive error, but we do not
+
+255
+00:18:03,090 --> 00:18:04,790
+say what the details are, whether it is a
+
+256
+00:18:04,790 --> 00:18:07,570
+refractive error as a result of the increase or
+
+257
+00:18:07,570 --> 00:18:10,310
+decrease in eye strength, or that the length of
+
+258
+00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:14,600
+the eye طويل أو قصير. هذا الكلام ما بنفصل فيه ولما
+
+259
+00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:19,280
+بنقول غالبا ك .. كوادر طبية سواء طباء عيون أو
+
+260
+00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:21,940
+خصائين بصريات بنقول إن والله عنده refractive error
+
+261
+00:18:21,940 --> 00:18:26,260
+مثلا تلت درجات hypermetropia، درجتين astigmatism،
+
+262
+00:18:26,260 --> 00:18:29,640
+خمس درجات myopia، بس ما بنقولش هل ال myopia axial،
+
+263
+00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:33,900
+يعني نتجة عن طول مفرط للعين، ولا إنه قوة العين
+
+264
+00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:38,650
+كrefractionIn case of nuclear sclerosis, the
+
+265
+00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:44,250
+refractive index is high. We don't talk about this
+
+266
+00:18:44,250 --> 00:18:46,330
+in detail except rarely.
+
+267
+00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:51,220
+Since the situation is such that because the
+
+268
+00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,480
+clinician is rarely certain that any ametropia is
+
+269
+00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:58,780
+purely axial, Knapp's law has limited clinical
+
+270
+00:18:58,780 --> 00:19:02,360
+application. Unfortunately, although the benefits
+
+271
+00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:05,500
+of Knapp's law is that it really preserves the
+
+272
+00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:08,860
+retinal image size does not change, but there are
+
+273
+00:19:08,860 --> 00:19:11,820
+difficulties to face. The first difficulty is that
+
+274
+00:19:11,820 --> 00:19:14,560
+not all refractive errors are axial.Second
+
+275
+00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:18,120
+difficulty, it's hard to wear glasses, it's hard,
+
+276
+00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:20,740
+it's not normal that the glasses should be at the
+
+277
+00:19:20,740 --> 00:19:24,140
+back vertex, 17 millimeters away from the eye
+
+278
+00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:27,460
+Third thing, when we examine children or any
+
+279
+00:19:27,460 --> 00:19:29,600
+patient, we don't differentiate between the
+
+280
+00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:32,260
+refractive error they have, whether it's axial or
+
+281
+00:19:32,260 --> 00:19:38,560
+not axial, thereforeapplications or or or did not
+
+282
+00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,660
+find the NAPS law NAPS law applications in the
+
+283
+00:19:43,660 --> 00:19:46,400
+practical life with the patient in the practical
+
+284
+00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,760
+life with the patient but there are other benefits
+
+285
+00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:53,320
+from NAPS law we will talk about it shortly God
+
+286
+00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:59,220
+willing among NAPS law applications the manual
+
+287
+00:19:59,220 --> 00:20:03,020
+lensmeterThe lensmeter is a device that measures
+
+288
+00:20:03,020 --> 00:20:06,140
+the strength of lenses and glasses that we use.
+
+289
+00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:07,580
+Some of them are manual and some of them are
+
+290
+00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:11,300
+automatic. Manual lensmeters make use of the same
+
+291
+00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:16,480
+principle, although for an entirely different
+
+292
+00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:20,240
+reason, in order to measure the strength of the
+
+293
+00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:23,540
+lens. There, we used to use them as glasses so
+
+294
+00:20:23,540 --> 00:20:26,580
+that the size of the retinal image would not
+
+295
+00:20:26,580 --> 00:20:27,920
+differ between the two eyes.
+
+296
+00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:41,980
+لما بطبق NAPSLOW على .. لما بطبق NAPSLOW على ال
+
+297
+00:20:41,980 --> 00:20:46,920
+lens meters when applied to lens meters NAPSLOW is
+
+298
+00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:50,320
+called Bedel principle لما بنطبقه على ال lens
+
+299
+00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:54,040
+meter أصبح اسمه مش NAPSLOW أصبح اسمه Bedel
+
+300
+00:20:54,040 --> 00:21:01,100
+principle مبدأ Bedel و هو نفسه NAPSLOWThis is a
+
+301
+00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:04,180
+point. So when it is applied to the lensmeter, it
+
+302
+00:21:04,180 --> 00:21:07,500
+is called Badal Principle. Let's see what is meant
+
+303
+00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:10,980
+by Badal Principle. Badal Optometer, which
+
+304
+00:21:10,980 --> 00:21:13,060
+operates on the Badal Principle, the Badal
+
+305
+00:21:13,060 --> 00:21:17,300
+Optometer utilizes plus lens placed so that its
+
+306
+00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:20,900
+posterior focal plane is coincident with the
+
+307
+00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:25,890
+anterior focal plane of the eye.The Blast Lens
+
+308
+00:21:25,890 --> 00:21:30,950
+that we use in the Lens Meter, which is called
+
+309
+00:21:30,950 --> 00:21:33,810
+Gradal Optometer. This is the Blast Lens, this is
+
+310
+00:21:33,810 --> 00:21:37,790
+its FP, its posterior focus, which is applied to
+
+311
+00:21:37,790 --> 00:21:41,560
+the anterior focus of the eyeThis F here is the
+
+312
+00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,360
+point F A of the eye and it is in the same way F B
+
+313
+00:21:45,360 --> 00:21:47,900
+of the lens of the device which is the Pedal
+
+314
+00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,320
+Optometer The parallel rays that pass through the
+
+315
+00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:53,180
+head of the object regardless of the distance of
+
+316
+00:21:53,180 --> 00:21:56,320
+the object, that is, I can try the object or move
+
+317
+00:21:56,320 --> 00:22:00,860
+it up or down in the lens meterAnd it is meant in
+
+318
+00:22:00,860 --> 00:22:05,340
+the object of the glasses So the rays that are
+
+319
+00:22:05,340 --> 00:22:08,500
+parallel to the optical axis will break and will
+
+320
+00:22:08,500 --> 00:22:11,960
+enter the FB of the lens at the same time it will
+
+321
+00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,780
+enter the FA of the eye and what enters the FA of
+
+322
+00:22:14,780 --> 00:22:16,600
+the optical system will come out parallel
+
+323
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:23,820
+The retinal image size on the surface of the
+
+324
+00:22:23,820 --> 00:22:26,540
+retina in my eye as an examiner, I want to see the
+
+325
+00:22:26,540 --> 00:22:30,120
+power of the lens, whether I sent the object or
+
+326
+00:22:30,120 --> 00:22:35,400
+tried it, that is, the lens or the glasses, the
+
+327
+00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,580
+spectacles that are placed on the nose in the
+
+328
+00:22:39,580 --> 00:22:42,910
+lensmeter whether I raised it or lowered itOr I
+
+329
+00:22:42,910 --> 00:22:47,690
+moved it up or down towards the lens, its size
+
+330
+00:22:47,690 --> 00:22:50,510
+remained, it didn't grow or shrink, its size
+
+331
+00:22:50,510 --> 00:22:57,590
+remained on my network as examiner one and the
+
+332
+00:22:57,590 --> 00:23:01,160
+otherit makes it easier for me to do the test. So
+
+333
+00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:04,340
+the beta of the optometer has the focal plane
+
+334
+00:23:04,340 --> 00:23:07,940
+coincident with the anterior focal plane of the
+
+335
+00:23:07,940 --> 00:23:11,020
+eye. So here is the posterior focal plane of the
+
+336
+00:23:11,020 --> 00:23:18,480
+lens and the anterior focal plane of the
+
+337
+00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:18,820
+eye.
+
+338
+00:23:22,730 --> 00:23:26,150
+And the posterior focal plane of the lens So this
+
+339
+00:23:26,150 --> 00:23:28,630
+is one of the applications of NAPS logo, but with
+
+340
+00:23:28,630 --> 00:23:33,930
+a slight modification We said that the nodal point
+
+341
+00:23:33,930 --> 00:23:37,370
+of the lens should be applied to the anterior
+
+342
+00:23:37,370 --> 00:23:39,590
+focal point of the eye Here, there is a simple
+
+343
+00:23:39,590 --> 00:23:43,150
+modification, the anterior focal pointand the
+
+344
+00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:45,490
+posterior focal point of the lens are adjacent to
+
+345
+00:23:45,490 --> 00:23:49,290
+each other. So, NAB's law is modified to a simple
+
+346
+00:23:49,290 --> 00:23:52,230
+modification called Bédel's principle. So, Bédel's
+
+347
+00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:56,630
+principle. There is another application. One type
+
+348
+00:23:56,630 --> 00:24:00,250
+of optometers used for performing objective
+
+349
+00:24:00,250 --> 00:24:03,610
+refraction is based on variation of NAB's law
+
+350
+00:24:03,610 --> 00:24:06,690
+wherein the posterior focal plane of the
+
+351
+00:24:06,690 --> 00:24:09,970
+correcting lens coincides with the anterior nodal
+
+352
+00:24:09,970 --> 00:24:11,590
+point of the eye. Another modification
+
+353
+00:24:17,550 --> 00:24:22,070
+Posterior focus of the lens is equivalent to the
+
+354
+00:24:22,070 --> 00:24:25,910
+anterior nodal point of the eye Retinal image size
+
+355
+00:24:25,910 --> 00:24:32,090
+remains the same posterior focus of the lens is
+
+356
+00:24:32,090 --> 00:24:39,650
+equivalent to the anterior nodal point of the eyeF
+
+357
+00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:43,430
+Sharta, which is the posterior focus of the lens,
+
+358
+00:24:43,710 --> 00:24:46,780
+all the rays are parallelEach parallel radiation
+
+359
+00:24:46,780 --> 00:24:50,040
+of the optical axis will pass through FB, but here
+
+360
+00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:55,180
+FB is inside the eye, the FB lens is applied to
+
+361
+00:24:55,180 --> 00:24:57,300
+the nodal point. Of course, the nodal point is
+
+362
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:24:59,100
+extended in the eye because here the middle is
+
+363
+00:24:59,100 --> 00:25:01,720
+higher than the air density, so the nodal points
+
+364
+00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:04,380
+are extended towards the middle of the axis, so
+
+365
+00:25:04,380 --> 00:25:07,900
+the nodal points will be inside the eye, and this
+
+366
+00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:12,940
+is called a nagel optometer.We got two apps for
+
+367
+00:25:12,940 --> 00:25:17,100
+NAPS, the first one is called Beta Le Principle
+
+368
+00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:21,240
+The posterior focus FB of the lens is applied to
+
+369
+00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:26,410
+the FA of the eyeThe second application FB of the
+
+370
+00:25:26,410 --> 00:25:29,370
+lens is applied to the nodal point of the eye to
+
+371
+00:25:29,370 --> 00:25:31,770
+the anterior nodal point of the eye and in all
+
+372
+00:25:31,770 --> 00:25:36,310
+cases to keep the image size one no matter how far
+
+373
+00:25:36,310 --> 00:25:38,970
+the object is which is the glasses that I check
+
+374
+00:25:38,970 --> 00:25:41,770
+its strength the glasses that I check its strength
+
+375
+00:25:41,770 --> 00:25:44,990
+whether they are back or close remains the size of
+
+376
+00:25:44,990 --> 00:25:48,670
+the image on my retina one so
+
+377
+00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:56,840
+The posterior focal plane of the correcting lens
+
+378
+00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,820
+coincides with the anterior nodal point of the
+
+379
+00:25:59,820 --> 00:26:03,220
+eye. The effect is the same. The other is one.
+
+380
+00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:07,420
+Retinal image size remains constant. In this
+
+381
+00:26:07,420 --> 00:26:10,000
+application, the law is called optometer
+
+382
+00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:10,580
+principle.
+
+383
+00:26:13,250 --> 00:26:17,450
+Bedel principle, here I call it optometer
+
+384
+00:26:17,450 --> 00:26:22,230
+principle. So when FB of the lens is applied to
+
+385
+00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:25,190
+the nodal point, this is the optometer principle.
+
+386
+00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:29,250
+When FB of the lens is applied to FA of the eye,
+
+387
+00:26:29,410 --> 00:26:33,190
+this is the bedel principle. Also a third benefit
+
+388
+00:26:33,190 --> 00:26:40,200
+from itThe optical engineers use a variation of
+
+389
+00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:43,640
+Knapp's law. This variation is called
+
+390
+00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:47,600
+telecentricity. The goal of telecentricity is to
+
+391
+00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:52,320
+improve the performance of telescopes and
+
+392
+00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:57,620
+microscopesبغض النظر بغض النظر regardless of the
+
+393
+00:26:57,620 --> 00:27:00,920
+name سواء سميته telecentricity سواء سميته pedal
+
+394
+00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:04,520
+principle سواء سميته optometer principle سواء
+
+395
+00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:07,640
+سميته NABS اللي هو بغض النظر عن الاسم the
+
+396
+00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:11,540
+principle remains the same يعني هو نفس المبد�� بدون
+
+397
+00:27:11,540 --> 00:27:15,700
+أي تغير هو نفس المبدأ بدون أي تغير هتنتهي المحاضرة
+
+398
+00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:19,480
+عند هذه النقطة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+399
+00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:20,740
+الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/E4SfMpVuLYk_raw.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"segments": [{"id": 1, "seek": 2611, "start": 4.91, "end": 26.11, "text": " In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. We have an example. The object on the left, but we still don't know if it is above or below the optical axis. The image below the optical axis is 15 cm high. The transverse magnification is X minus 3.", "tokens": [682, 264, 1315, 295, 1265, 11, 4534, 20586, 851, 11, 4534, 18897, 2069, 13, 492, 362, 364, 1365, 13, 440, 2657, 322, 264, 1411, 11, 457, 321, 920, 500, 380, 458, 498, 309, 307, 3673, 420, 2507, 264, 20674, 10298, 13, 440, 3256, 2507, 264, 20674, 10298, 307, 2119, 14668, 1090, 13, 440, 1145, 4308, 4944, 3774, 307, 1783, 3175, 805, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.4129464380324833, "compression_ratio": 1.4764705882352942, "no_speech_prob": 5.900859832763672e-06, "words": [{"start": 4.91, "end": 5.15, "word": " In", "probability": 0.345947265625}, {"start": 5.15, "end": 5.23, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90283203125}, {"start": 5.23, "end": 5.23, "word": " name", "probability": 0.83056640625}, {"start": 5.23, "end": 5.25, "word": " of", "probability": 0.97509765625}, {"start": 5.25, "end": 5.37, "word": " God,", "probability": 0.460693359375}, {"start": 5.45, "end": 5.67, "word": " Most", "probability": 0.3291015625}, {"start": 5.67, "end": 5.67, "word": " Gracious,", "probability": 0.87255859375}, {"start": 5.73, "end": 5.81, "word": " Most", "probability": 0.921875}, {"start": 5.81, "end": 5.81, "word": " Merciful.", "probability": 0.942138671875}, {"start": 6.45, "end": 7.09, "word": " We", "probability": 0.6875}, {"start": 7.09, "end": 7.25, "word": " have", "probability": 0.9248046875}, {"start": 7.25, "end": 7.83, "word": " an", "probability": 0.59423828125}, {"start": 7.83, "end": 7.83, "word": " example.", "probability": 0.93017578125}, {"start": 8.61, "end": 9.05, "word": " The", "probability": 0.671875}, {"start": 9.05, "end": 9.37, "word": " object", "probability": 0.75537109375}, {"start": 9.37, "end": 9.63, "word": " on", "probability": 0.546875}, {"start": 9.63, "end": 10.03, "word": " the", "probability": 0.61474609375}, {"start": 10.03, "end": 10.03, "word": " left,", "probability": 0.939453125}, {"start": 10.27, "end": 10.45, "word": " but", "probability": 0.80615234375}, {"start": 10.45, "end": 10.69, "word": " we", "probability": 0.57568359375}, {"start": 10.69, "end": 10.69, "word": " still", "probability": 0.489501953125}, {"start": 10.69, "end": 10.87, "word": " don't", "probability": 0.7489013671875}, {"start": 10.87, "end": 11.23, "word": " know", "probability": 0.89111328125}, {"start": 11.23, "end": 11.91, "word": " if", "probability": 0.5888671875}, {"start": 11.91, "end": 12.23, "word": " it", "probability": 0.9169921875}, {"start": 12.23, "end": 12.45, "word": " is", "probability": 0.662109375}, {"start": 12.45, "end": 13.53, "word": " above", "probability": 0.7802734375}, {"start": 13.53, "end": 14.57, "word": " or", "probability": 0.61474609375}, {"start": 14.57, "end": 15.09, "word": " below", "probability": 0.736328125}, {"start": 15.09, "end": 15.23, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91357421875}, {"start": 15.23, "end": 15.49, "word": " optical", "probability": 0.91015625}, {"start": 15.49, "end": 16.07, "word": " axis.", "probability": 0.9609375}, {"start": 16.73, "end": 17.11, "word": " The", "probability": 0.79931640625}, {"start": 17.11, "end": 17.61, "word": " image", "probability": 0.888671875}, {"start": 17.61, "end": 18.49, "word": " below", "probability": 0.64453125}, {"start": 18.49, "end": 18.71, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9130859375}, {"start": 18.71, "end": 19.05, "word": " optical", "probability": 0.94775390625}, {"start": 19.05, "end": 19.55, "word": " axis", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 19.55, "end": 19.73, "word": " is", "probability": 0.1929931640625}, {"start": 19.73, "end": 20.25, "word": " 15", "probability": 0.775390625}, {"start": 20.25, "end": 21.09, "word": " cm", "probability": 0.57470703125}, {"start": 21.09, "end": 21.33, "word": " high.", "probability": 0.2476806640625}, {"start": 23.39, "end": 23.59, "word": " The", "probability": 0.5869140625}, {"start": 23.59, "end": 24.07, "word": " transverse", "probability": 0.4342041015625}, {"start": 24.07, "end": 24.89, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.96875}, {"start": 24.89, "end": 25.05, "word": " is", "probability": 0.5791015625}, {"start": 25.05, "end": 25.31, "word": " X", "probability": 0.434326171875}, {"start": 25.31, "end": 25.69, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.77001953125}, {"start": 25.69, "end": 26.11, "word": " 3.", "probability": 0.63134765625}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 2, "seek": 5481, "start": 27.57, "end": 54.81, "text": "What is the object head? What is the object head? بنقول ال transference magnification الحال ال transference magnification يساوي image head على object head احنا المطلوب ال object head اذا ال object head يساوي image head على ال transference magnification بنبدل هدول مكان بعضهم البعض مكان بعضهم البعض", "tokens": [3748, 307, 264, 2657, 1378, 30, 708, 307, 264, 2657, 1378, 30, 44945, 39648, 2423, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 21542, 6027, 2423, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 7251, 3794, 995, 45865, 3256, 1378, 15844, 2657, 1378, 1975, 5016, 8315, 9673, 9566, 1211, 37746, 2423, 2657, 1378, 1975, 15730, 2423, 2657, 1378, 7251, 3794, 995, 45865, 3256, 1378, 15844, 2423, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 44945, 44510, 1211, 8032, 3215, 12610, 3714, 41361, 45030, 11242, 16095, 29739, 3615, 11242, 3714, 41361, 45030, 11242, 16095, 29739, 3615, 11242], "avg_logprob": -0.19522059454637417, "compression_ratio": 2.2325581395348837, "no_speech_prob": 1.7881393432617188e-07, "words": [{"start": 27.57, "end": 28.27, "word": "What", "probability": 0.533203125}, {"start": 28.27, "end": 28.57, "word": " is", "probability": 0.95166015625}, {"start": 28.57, "end": 28.75, "word": " the", "probability": 0.8818359375}, {"start": 28.75, "end": 29.25, "word": " object", "probability": 0.96435546875}, {"start": 29.25, "end": 29.63, "word": " head?", "probability": 0.3232421875}, {"start": 29.99, "end": 30.27, "word": " What", "probability": 0.443603515625}, {"start": 30.27, "end": 30.57, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9541015625}, {"start": 30.57, "end": 30.77, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9111328125}, {"start": 30.77, "end": 31.15, "word": " object", "probability": 0.97607421875}, {"start": 31.15, "end": 31.45, "word": " head?", "probability": 0.92919921875}, {"start": 31.51, "end": 31.97, "word": " بنقول", "probability": 0.56591796875}, {"start": 31.97, "end": 32.61, "word": " ال", "probability": 0.279541015625}, {"start": 32.61, "end": 33.31, "word": " transference", "probability": 0.4150390625}, {"start": 33.31, "end": 34.17, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.94580078125}, {"start": 34.17, "end": 34.71, "word": " الحال", "probability": 0.56121826171875}, {"start": 34.71, "end": 34.93, "word": " ال", "probability": 0.744140625}, {"start": 34.93, "end": 35.41, "word": " transference", "probability": 0.977783203125}, {"start": 35.41, "end": 36.05, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.940673828125}, {"start": 36.05, "end": 36.67, "word": " يساوي", "probability": 0.91162109375}, {"start": 36.67, "end": 37.37, "word": " image", "probability": 0.869140625}, {"start": 37.37, "end": 38.19, "word": " head", "probability": 0.919921875}, {"start": 38.19, "end": 38.97, "word": " على", "probability": 0.81298828125}, {"start": 38.97, "end": 39.89, "word": " object", "probability": 0.98486328125}, {"start": 39.89, "end": 40.63, "word": " head", "probability": 0.931640625}, {"start": 40.63, "end": 41.23, "word": " احنا", "probability": 0.8352864583333334}, {"start": 41.23, "end": 41.71, "word": " المطلوب", "probability": 0.96240234375}, {"start": 41.71, "end": 41.85, "word": " ال", "probability": 0.89404296875}, {"start": 41.85, "end": 42.25, "word": " object", "probability": 0.9931640625}, {"start": 42.25, "end": 42.77, "word": " head", "probability": 0.95068359375}, {"start": 42.77, "end": 43.57, "word": " اذا", "probability": 0.6734619140625}, {"start": 43.57, "end": 44.57, "word": " ال", "probability": 0.994140625}, {"start": 44.57, "end": 45.09, "word": " object", "probability": 0.99267578125}, {"start": 45.09, "end": 45.67, "word": " head", "probability": 0.93994140625}, {"start": 45.67, "end": 46.91, "word": " يساوي", "probability": 0.9393310546875}, {"start": 46.91, "end": 47.51, "word": " image", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 47.51, "end": 48.09, "word": " head", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 48.09, "end": 48.45, "word": " على", "probability": 0.88623046875}, {"start": 48.45, "end": 48.75, "word": " ال", "probability": 0.8740234375}, {"start": 48.75, "end": 49.55, "word": " transference", "probability": 0.965087890625}, {"start": 49.55, "end": 50.33, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.97314453125}, {"start": 50.33, "end": 50.91, "word": " بنبدل", "probability": 0.8380533854166666}, {"start": 50.91, "end": 51.41, "word": " هدول", "probability": 0.8785807291666666}, {"start": 51.41, "end": 52.27, "word": " مكان", "probability": 0.972900390625}, {"start": 52.27, "end": 52.95, "word": " بعضهم", "probability": 0.9905598958333334}, {"start": 52.95, "end": 53.81, "word": " البعض", "probability": 0.9825846354166666}, {"start": 53.81, "end": 54.11, "word": " مكان", "probability": 0.893310546875}, {"start": 54.11, "end": 54.69, "word": " بعضهم", "probability": 0.9913736979166666}, {"start": 54.69, "end": 54.81, "word": " البعض", "probability": 0.9197591145833334}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 3, "seek": 8398, "start": 54.98, "end": 83.98, "text": " So the object height is equal to the image height over the transphase magnification. The image height as long as it is below the optical axis, I give it a minus sign. Fifteen centimeters is fifteen out of one hundred meters over the transphase magnification minus three, which is equal to minus minus plus fifteen out of one hundred meters over", "tokens": [407, 264, 2657, 6681, 307, 2681, 281, 264, 3256, 6681, 670, 264, 1145, 43331, 4944, 3774, 13, 440, 3256, 6681, 382, 938, 382, 309, 307, 2507, 264, 20674, 10298, 11, 286, 976, 309, 257, 3175, 1465, 13, 21501, 9791, 23300, 307, 18126, 484, 295, 472, 3262, 8146, 670, 264, 1145, 43331, 4944, 3774, 3175, 1045, 11, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 3175, 1804, 18126, 484, 295, 472, 3262, 8146, 670], "avg_logprob": -0.445642609831313, "compression_ratio": 2.0414201183431953, "no_speech_prob": 3.2782554626464844e-06, "words": [{"start": 54.98, "end": 55.74, "word": " So", "probability": 0.1868896484375}, {"start": 55.74, "end": 55.94, "word": " the", "probability": 0.451904296875}, {"start": 55.94, "end": 56.34, "word": " object", "probability": 0.85107421875}, {"start": 56.34, "end": 56.7, "word": " height", 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"word": " over", "probability": 0.484375}, {"start": 70.68, "end": 72.9, "word": " the", "probability": 0.6767578125}, {"start": 72.9, "end": 73.42, "word": " transphase", "probability": 0.854736328125}, {"start": 73.42, "end": 74.26, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.970458984375}, {"start": 74.26, "end": 74.74, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.7919921875}, {"start": 74.74, "end": 75.32, "word": " three,", "probability": 0.8818359375}, {"start": 75.82, "end": 75.92, "word": " which", "probability": 0.455810546875}, {"start": 75.92, "end": 76.1, "word": " is", "probability": 0.74267578125}, {"start": 76.1, "end": 76.44, "word": " equal", "probability": 0.82470703125}, {"start": 76.44, "end": 76.64, "word": " to", "probability": 0.88427734375}, {"start": 76.64, "end": 76.98, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.86767578125}, {"start": 76.98, "end": 77.48, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.368896484375}, {"start": 77.48, "end": 78.3, "word": " plus", "probability": 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"word": " which", "probability": 0.2509765625}, {"start": 94.06, "end": 94.8, "word": " is", "probability": 0.76611328125}, {"start": 94.8, "end": 94.84, "word": " equal", "probability": 0.58984375}, {"start": 94.84, "end": 95.48, "word": " to", "probability": 0.94580078125}, {"start": 95.48, "end": 96.08, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.4384765625}, {"start": 96.08, "end": 96.9, "word": " 5", "probability": 0.9521484375}, {"start": 96.9, "end": 97.62, "word": " cm", "probability": 0.3486328125}, {"start": 97.62, "end": 98.18, "word": " So", "probability": 0.533203125}, {"start": 98.18, "end": 98.44, "word": " the", "probability": 0.491455078125}, {"start": 98.44, "end": 98.86, "word": " height", "probability": 0.58740234375}, {"start": 98.86, "end": 99.12, "word": " of", "probability": 0.951171875}, {"start": 99.12, "end": 99.32, "word": " the", "probability": 0.77734375}, {"start": 99.32, "end": 99.64, "word": " object", "probability": 0.95703125}, {"start": 99.64, "end": 99.9, "word": " is", "probability": 0.7314453125}, {"start": 99.9, "end": 100.24, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.896484375}, {"start": 100.24, "end": 100.6, "word": " 5", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 100.6, "end": 100.98, "word": " cm,", "probability": 0.83056640625}, {"start": 101.06, "end": 101.38, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.83837890625}, {"start": 101.38, "end": 101.6, "word": " means", "probability": 0.71826171875}, {"start": 101.6, "end": 101.92, "word": " above", "probability": 0.65234375}, {"start": 101.92, "end": 102.12, "word": " the", "probability": 0.892578125}, {"start": 102.12, "end": 102.54, "word": " optical", "probability": 0.935546875}, {"start": 102.54, "end": 103.22, "word": " axis", "probability": 0.96728515625}, {"start": 103.22, "end": 103.76, "word": " and", "probability": 0.51953125}, {"start": 103.76, "end": 104.24, "word": " its", "probability": 0.323486328125}, {"start": 104.24, "end": 104.24, "word": " height", "probability": 0.92919921875}, {"start": 104.24, "end": 104.38, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9052734375}, {"start": 104.38, "end": 104.74, "word": " 5", "probability": 0.861328125}, {"start": 104.74, "end": 105.4, "word": " cm", "probability": 0.88037109375}, {"start": 105.4, "end": 106.08, "word": " which", "probability": 0.5927734375}, {"start": 106.08, "end": 106.24, "word": " is", "probability": 0.71923828125}, {"start": 106.24, "end": 106.56, "word": " one", "probability": 0.3359375}, {"start": 106.56, "end": 106.82, "word": " third", "probability": 0.74853515625}, {"start": 106.82, "end": 107.74, "word": " of", "probability": 0.68994140625}, {"start": 107.74, "end": 107.74, "word": " the", "probability": 0.85009765625}, {"start": 107.74, "end": 107.74, "word": " height", "probability": 0.908203125}, {"start": 107.74, "end": 108.02, "word": " of", "probability": 0.96728515625}, {"start": 108.02, "end": 108.08, "word": " the", "probability": 0.81298828125}, {"start": 108.08, "end": 108.28, "word": " bird", "probability": 0.04266357421875}], "temperature": 1.0}], "language": "en", "language_probability": 1.0, "duration": 113.150875, "duration_after_vad": 106.40375}

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EaUP2qmuLNw_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2036 @@
+1
+00:00:02,260 --> 00:00:06,720
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:12,200
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع جديد تماما، مختلف
+
+3
+00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:15,700
+قليلا عن العدسات، اللي هو الـ ophthalmic prisms أو
+
+4
+00:00:15,700 --> 00:00:23,190
+المناشير اللي بتستعمل فيه أو بتستعمل لإلعينIt is
+
+5
+00:00:23,190 --> 00:00:28,310
+not a glass or glassware We say an ophthalmic
+
+6
+00:00:28,310 --> 00:00:31,890
+prism is a wedge of a transparent plastic or a
+
+7
+00:00:31,890 --> 00:00:36,350
+glass triangular with a triangular cross section
+
+8
+00:00:36,350 --> 00:00:39,990
+having an apex and base If we bring a piece of
+
+9
+00:00:39,990 --> 00:00:45,030
+plastic in a shape of a cube or an equilateral
+
+10
+00:00:45,030 --> 00:00:52,030
+rectangleوأخدنا منه حفة، يعني أشيلنا منه حفة، هذه
+
+11
+00:00:52,030 --> 00:00:57,470
+الحفة تعتبر a prism، إله apex وإله base، الbase
+
+12
+00:00:57,470 --> 00:01:02,230
+هنا جاية لفوق والapex جاية لتحت، هذه الحفةالحدودة
+
+13
+00:01:02,230 --> 00:01:05,630
+بتنتهي عند الخطوط الزرقاء، هذه الحفة اللي على
+
+14
+00:01:05,630 --> 00:01:09,550
+اليمين، شيلناها من قطعة من الزجاج أو قطعة من
+
+15
+00:01:09,550 --> 00:01:13,710
+البلاستيك، هذه تعتبر ophthalmic prism having an
+
+16
+00:01:13,710 --> 00:01:17,650
+apex، هاي ال apex، هاي القمة بتاعته، وهي القاعدة
+
+17
+00:01:17,650 --> 00:01:21,950
+بتاعه، هاي القاعدة بتاعته، اذا هذا هو الophthalmic
+
+18
+00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:25,010
+prism، هاي منظر آخر للophthalmic prism
+
+19
+00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:34,990
+الو قاعدة ال base القاعدة والو apex قمة وال apex
+
+20
+00:01:34,990 --> 00:01:39,530
+في angle بيسموها ال apical angle أو زاوية القمة
+
+21
+00:01:39,530 --> 00:01:43,630
+زاوية القمة مهمة جدا في موضوع الprismat لإنه كل ما
+
+22
+00:01:43,630 --> 00:01:47,000
+زادت زاوية القمةThe ability of the prism on the
+
+23
+00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,180
+letter of the letter A becomes more, becomes more,
+
+24
+00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:51,140
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+25
+00:01:51,140 --> 00:01:51,720
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+26
+00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:51,740
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+27
+00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:54,180
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+28
+00:01:54,180 --> 00:01:54,180
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+29
+00:01:54,180 --> 00:01:54,180
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+30
+00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:54,440
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+31
+00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:54,460
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+32
+00:01:54,460 --> 00:01:54,460
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+33
+00:01:54,460 --> 00:01:55,400
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+34
+00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:55,400
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+35
+00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:55,400
+more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more,
+
+36
+00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:58,730
+more, more, more, more, more, more, moreon
+
+37
+00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:03,650
+deviation or deviation of things will be more and
+
+38
+00:02:03,650 --> 00:02:08,250
+as we said there is apex and there is base there
+
+39
+00:02:08,250 --> 00:02:11,370
+is apex and there is base these are examples on
+
+40
+00:02:11,370 --> 00:02:17,110
+prisms these are prisms that we use in
+
+41
+00:02:17,110 --> 00:02:19,610
+circumference measurements this is a prism whose
+
+42
+00:02:19,610 --> 00:02:23,320
+apex angle is smallit could be that the apex
+
+43
+00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:25,380
+itself is a little bit crooked, but that's not a
+
+44
+00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:27,840
+problem, and it could still be there, that is up
+
+45
+00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:33,800
+to 35 prism diopter, the peak that has been
+
+46
+00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:36,640
+removed, it doesn't play a big role in this
+
+47
+00:02:36,640 --> 00:02:38,340
+matter, because the important thing is that the
+
+48
+00:02:38,340 --> 00:02:40,860
+prism is the same, but if we talk about the
+
+49
+00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:44,890
+strength of the prismIt's related to the apex
+
+50
+00:02:44,890 --> 00:02:48,050
+angle, it's not the apex angle, this apex angle is
+
+51
+00:02:48,050 --> 00:02:51,930
+light, so its strength is 5 prism diopter, this is
+
+52
+00:02:51,930 --> 00:02:55,050
+wider, it's clear that the bigger the angle of the
+
+53
+00:02:55,050 --> 00:03:00,110
+peak, the bigger the strength of the prism, I have
+
+54
+00:03:00,110 --> 00:03:03,510
+60 prism diopter, this is considered a high prism
+
+55
+00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:09,320
+القوة، عالي القوة. إذا هذه موضوع الprismat يعني
+
+56
+00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,920
+أحيانا مستخدمها أو كثير من الأحيان مستخدمها في
+
+57
+00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:19,130
+قياس الحول بأنواع المختلفةWhat is the difference
+
+58
+00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:21,870
+between these prisms and these prisms? This is
+
+59
+00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:23,950
+called a loose prism, that is, each prism by
+
+60
+00:03:23,950 --> 00:03:27,250
+itself, loose prism, that is, each prism is held
+
+61
+00:03:27,250 --> 00:03:29,930
+by itself, it can be held horizontally or
+
+62
+00:03:29,930 --> 00:03:33,550
+vertically This is called a prism bar, prism bar
+
+63
+00:03:33,550 --> 00:03:36,630
+means a column of prisms, this piece is a prism,
+
+64
+00:03:37,150 --> 00:03:40,150
+this piece is a prism of one force, a diopter
+
+65
+00:03:40,150 --> 00:03:44,260
+prismthis piece is a prism with 10 prism diopters,
+
+66
+00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:48,760
+and this last piece has 45 prism diopters, which I
+
+67
+00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:52,300
+am defining in its limits, this is its base, this
+
+68
+00:03:52,300 --> 00:03:54,720
+is its base, and this is its peak, this is the
+
+69
+00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:58,580
+base, and this is the peak, so it is clear thatThe
+
+70
+00:03:58,580 --> 00:04:01,960
+base is much lower than the top, much lower than
+
+71
+00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,520
+the top, and the more we move from the right to
+
+72
+00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:09,260
+the left, the apical angle increases, this is the
+
+73
+00:04:09,260 --> 00:04:12,120
+apical angle, apical angle, apical angle, and so
+
+74
+00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:16,350
+on until we get boredto the left, of course, it
+
+75
+00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:19,050
+increases the strength of the prism, because its
+
+76
+00:04:19,050 --> 00:04:22,590
+apical angle increases Of course, these hold the
+
+77
+00:04:22,590 --> 00:04:26,650
+column vertically, so these prisms move
+
+78
+00:04:26,650 --> 00:04:29,930
+horizontally, that's why it's a horizontal prism
+
+79
+00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:34,150
+The second column which is also a prism bar, is
+
+80
+00:04:34,150 --> 00:04:38,390
+also a prism, but it is curved in a vertical prism
+
+81
+00:04:38,390 --> 00:04:40,970
+When it is held vertically in front of the
+
+82
+00:04:40,970 --> 00:04:43,930
+patient's face, these are the prisms, this is the
+
+83
+00:04:43,930 --> 00:04:47,090
+top, this is the bottom, this is the top, this is
+
+84
+00:04:47,090 --> 00:04:50,070
+the bottom Here the shape is clearer, okay? Here
+
+85
+00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:53,310
+the shape is clearer, of course The top of the
+
+86
+00:04:53,310 --> 00:04:56,750
+prism is here, at the top of the sword, and the
+
+87
+00:04:56,750 --> 00:05:00,010
+bottom of the prism is hereThe top of the prism at
+
+88
+00:05:00,010 --> 00:05:01,570
+the top of the arrow, of course, is hidden under
+
+89
+00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:05,610
+the prism above it and this is the base Ok, now
+
+90
+00:05:05,610 --> 00:05:10,370
+this is for the prisms, what is their nature and
+
+91
+00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:12,050
+what are their types? These, of course, whether it
+
+92
+00:05:12,050 --> 00:05:15,810
+is a loose prism or a prism bar, are used in
+
+93
+00:05:15,810 --> 00:05:20,580
+circumference measurementHere means cross-section
+
+94
+00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:26,660
+explains why I have apex for the prism and base
+
+95
+00:05:26,660 --> 00:05:29,640
+for the prism, I have base for the prism Of
+
+96
+00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:31,180
+course, the mission of the prism is to make
+
+97
+00:05:31,180 --> 00:05:33,400
+deviation in the rays, which means to make
+
+98
+00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:36,580
+deviation of the rays from its path, this is its
+
+99
+00:05:36,580 --> 00:05:39,900
+supposed path before we put the prismThese are the
+
+100
+00:05:39,900 --> 00:05:43,240
+supposed paths before we put the prism, and it
+
+101
+00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:45,340
+made a deviation to the rays which became these
+
+102
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,540
+paths when it came out of the prism, so this is
+
+103
+00:05:48,540 --> 00:05:52,080
+the whole angle, which means that if the prism
+
+104
+00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:55,840
+didn't exist, the light ray wouldn't continue in
+
+105
+00:05:55,840 --> 00:06:00,030
+this wayAfter we put Librasm, the light ray has
+
+106
+00:06:00,030 --> 00:06:03,070
+this path, so this angle is called angle of
+
+107
+00:06:03,070 --> 00:06:03,510
+deviation
+
+108
+00:06:28,370 --> 00:06:34,310
+Okay, the usage of multiple prisms and many of
+
+109
+00:06:34,310 --> 00:06:38,460
+them, one of them is the low power prismتكون فيه
+
+110
+00:06:38,460 --> 00:06:42,280
+small apical angle و فيه high power prism فإيش
+
+111
+00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:45,880
+تستخدم ال small power prism؟ ال small power prism
+
+112
+00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:49,020
+طبعا و اللي بيكون اللي هى small apical angle may
+
+113
+00:06:49,020 --> 00:06:53,480
+be incorporated into spectacle lenses or and
+
+114
+00:06:53,480 --> 00:06:57,780
+contact lenses يعني ممكن تضاف لبرزمات بقوة ضعيفة
+
+115
+00:06:57,780 --> 00:07:02,720
+طبعا مش بقوة عالية يعني بقدرش أضيف برزم مثلا ستين
+
+116
+00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,980
+برزم أو خمسين برزم أو خمس و أربعين برزم لنضارة
+
+117
+00:07:06,190 --> 00:07:10,230
+بينما بقدر أضيف مثلا عشرة Prism، خمسة Prism، سبعة
+
+118
+00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:13,630
+Prism، زي المنظر التالي ما هيوضحلي، إذا ال low
+
+119
+00:07:13,630 --> 00:07:17,550
+power PrismThe low power prism can be added to
+
+120
+00:07:17,550 --> 00:07:19,670
+this prism, this is a lens of a glasses but it is
+
+121
+00:07:19,670 --> 00:07:22,070
+added to it by a prism so that this is the base
+
+122
+00:07:22,070 --> 00:07:24,490
+and this is the apex Here it is the same thing,
+
+123
+00:07:24,570 --> 00:07:26,890
+this is the base and this is the apex, this is a
+
+124
+00:07:26,890 --> 00:07:30,250
+lens of a glasses Now the lens with the prism as
+
+125
+00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:33,990
+one mass as we see means placed in the glasses,
+
+126
+00:07:34,130 --> 00:07:36,950
+placed in the glasses If we come to describe this
+
+127
+00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:40,420
+scene, we say this is a lensIn the right eye, the
+
+128
+00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:42,660
+lens in the right eye, the prism comes with the
+
+129
+00:07:42,660 --> 00:07:46,520
+base in, in towards the nose, in, while in the
+
+130
+00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:50,520
+left eye, the prism added to the lens, the base is
+
+131
+00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:53,820
+out, so here base in, out, and here in the left
+
+132
+00:07:53,820 --> 00:07:58,160
+eye, or the lens of the left eye, base outممكن انا
+
+133
+00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:01,680
+اختصر الكلام اقول ال .. ال .. ال base في ال .. في
+
+134
+00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,160
+الprismين to the left يعني هدى جاية للشمال و هدى
+
+135
+00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,620
+جاية للشمال او ممكن اقول في ال right base in و في
+
+136
+00:08:08,620 --> 00:08:12,760
+ال left base out طبعا حسب المطلب، حسب المطلب، اذا
+
+137
+00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:17,420
+low power prismwith small apical angles may be
+
+138
+00:08:17,420 --> 00:08:20,760
+incorporated into spectacle lenses و أحيانا تضاف
+
+139
+00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:25,520
+لل contact lenses بطريقة معينة طيب هى نقطة استخدام
+
+140
+00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:29,720
+تانى فى جهاز عندي اسمه كيراتوميتر اللى بقيست حدب
+
+141
+00:08:29,720 --> 00:08:33,920
+القرانية او ال K1 K2 هذا مثال على جهاز
+
+142
+00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:39,260
+الكيراتوميتر بيقيست حدب القرانيةin the different
+
+143
+00:08:39,260 --> 00:08:42,820
+meridians, of course, and it gives me numerical
+
+144
+00:08:42,820 --> 00:08:45,920
+results for the change in the diopter, for
+
+145
+00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:48,960
+example, the meridian is 90 G, 42 diopters, for
+
+146
+00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:52,260
+example, and the meridian is 180, for example, 43
+
+147
+00:08:52,260 --> 00:08:55,760
+or 40 or 41 diopters, depending on what comes out
+
+148
+00:08:55,760 --> 00:09:00,100
+with us, in this device, inside this devicethere
+
+149
+00:09:00,100 --> 00:09:04,300
+are two prisms, the goal of these two prisms is
+
+150
+00:09:04,300 --> 00:09:10,520
+that the blurred image that I send to the
+
+151
+00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,460
+patient's eye and it is reflected from the cornea,
+
+152
+00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:15,760
+I want this image to be double-sided, so this
+
+153
+00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:18,420
+double-sidedness or this double-sidedness in this
+
+154
+00:09:18,420 --> 00:09:21,260
+image, to help me with the measurement, is done
+
+155
+00:09:21,260 --> 00:09:24,530
+through the prism, this is the composition ofthe
+
+156
+00:09:24,530 --> 00:09:27,730
+keratometer from inside and we are not studying
+
+157
+00:09:27,730 --> 00:09:31,430
+the instrument or the instrumentation of the
+
+158
+00:09:31,430 --> 00:09:34,070
+device, but we want to know that within the whole
+
+159
+00:09:34,070 --> 00:09:38,350
+configuration of the keratometer that I have two
+
+160
+00:09:38,350 --> 00:09:42,500
+pinsThese two prisms are called doubling prisms,
+
+161
+00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:45,540
+meaning they make the image that I see as an
+
+162
+00:09:45,540 --> 00:09:48,900
+observer, this is my eye as an observer, and here
+
+163
+00:09:48,900 --> 00:09:52,280
+will be the patient's eye, so the image that I
+
+164
+00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:54,240
+want to return to my eye, I want to see it, I want
+
+165
+00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:57,740
+to have a double image, double image, this image
+
+166
+00:09:57,740 --> 00:10:00,300
+is called Myers, the Myers is a doubled image,
+
+167
+00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:03,080
+meaning instead of a picture, a picture, instead
+
+168
+00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:07,100
+of a picturetwo pictures and this detail will be
+
+169
+00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:12,120
+in the material or the instruments but what is
+
+170
+00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:14,240
+known or what we want to know here in the subject
+
+171
+00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:17,480
+of prisms is that in the keratometer there are two
+
+172
+00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:22,200
+low power prisms two low power .. low power prisms
+
+173
+00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:25,640
+so the doubled image viewed in keratometers is
+
+174
+00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:30,170
+achieved with low power prism ok this is a pointSo
+
+175
+00:10:30,170 --> 00:10:34,390
+the low power prism can be used in spectacles, it
+
+176
+00:10:34,390 --> 00:10:38,050
+can be incorporated for spectacles or contact
+
+177
+00:10:38,050 --> 00:10:42,190
+lenses. Also the low power prism can be used in
+
+178
+00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,690
+keratometers. Now the high power prismwith large
+
+179
+00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,550
+apex angles are used to measure angle of
+
+180
+00:10:49,550 --> 00:10:50,070
+strabismus
+
+181
+00:11:07,530 --> 00:11:13,230
+to produce the doubling in measurement of in
+
+182
+00:11:13,230 --> 00:11:15,630
+measuring head of the Goldman tonometer
+
+183
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:21,280
+This is the Goldman tonometer The Goldman
+
+184
+00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:24,260
+tonometer is a device connected to a slit lamp
+
+185
+00:11:24,260 --> 00:11:27,840
+device that we use to measure eye pressure Also,
+
+186
+00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:31,460
+when I measure eye pressure, I have a circle that
+
+187
+00:11:31,460 --> 00:11:35,900
+I want to see through this device We divide this
+
+188
+00:11:35,900 --> 00:11:39,720
+circle into two parts, half circle and half
+
+189
+00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:43,240
+circle, so that we can measure eye pressure What
+
+190
+00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:47,670
+divides the circleاللي بيقسم للدائرة، لأ نصين،
+
+191
+00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:52,000
+طبعا الدائرة اللي هي ناتجة أو .. أو ناتجة عن ..is
+
+192
+00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:56,700
+that this device which is the host of the shape,
+
+193
+00:11:57,100 --> 00:12:00,600
+its peak, touches the surface of the eye and makes
+
+194
+00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:02,900
+contact in a circle shape I'm supposed to see this
+
+195
+00:12:02,900 --> 00:12:07,820
+circle shape, but not as a circle, but as two
+
+196
+00:12:07,820 --> 00:12:09,740
+halves of a circle Who divided them into two
+
+197
+00:12:09,740 --> 00:12:13,980
+halves? I have two high power prisms printed
+
+198
+00:12:13,980 --> 00:12:19,200
+inside this device, inside this piece
+
+199
+00:12:21,770 --> 00:12:25,410
+Also, high power prisms, not compared to
+
+200
+00:12:25,410 --> 00:12:29,550
+strabismus, make a double image in the moduling
+
+201
+00:12:29,550 --> 00:12:32,570
+head of the goldman tonometer This is the moduling
+
+202
+00:12:32,570 --> 00:12:35,770
+head of the goldman tonometer, which touches the
+
+203
+00:12:35,770 --> 00:12:37,510
+surface of the eye, which touches the surface of
+
+204
+00:12:37,510 --> 00:12:41,130
+the eye also has high power prisms Now, there is a
+
+205
+00:12:41,130 --> 00:12:46,060
+third thingthat when we come to give treatment to
+
+206
+00:12:46,060 --> 00:12:48,220
+the retina with laser, the person has diabetes
+
+207
+00:12:48,220 --> 00:12:51,060
+retina obstruction and he needs laser. Now the
+
+208
+00:12:51,060 --> 00:12:54,560
+retina extends from the oracyrata, the edges, to
+
+209
+00:12:54,560 --> 00:12:59,020
+the posterior of the eye, which is the fovea, if
+
+210
+00:12:59,020 --> 00:13:01,920
+it is correct to say that we start from the
+
+211
+00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:04,520
+oracyrata. Let's assume that I have a problem in
+
+212
+00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:07,900
+the edges of the retina.and I want to get the
+
+213
+00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:10,840
+laser, as the yellow arrow shows, the laser will
+
+214
+00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:14,300
+not reach because I will not be able to read or
+
+215
+00:13:14,300 --> 00:13:16,300
+get to this area because there is a barrier which
+
+216
+00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:18,700
+is the iris, there is a barrier which is the iris
+
+217
+00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:23,340
+which is drawn in blue, so I want the laser to go
+
+218
+00:13:23,340 --> 00:13:26,420
+through the pupil, but if I take the laser alone
+
+219
+00:13:26,420 --> 00:13:29,320
+through the pupil, it will reach certain points
+
+220
+00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:32,100
+and there are edges that are covered by the iris,
+
+221
+00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:36,490
+covered by the irisin the high region or the high
+
+222
+00:13:36,490 --> 00:13:40,690
+region around the retina How did he get to these
+
+223
+00:13:40,690 --> 00:13:42,990
+far regions they call it or the peripheral,
+
+224
+00:13:43,250 --> 00:13:46,350
+extreme peripheral retina through the prism The
+
+225
+00:13:46,350 --> 00:13:50,150
+prism is known to break the rays or move the rays
+
+226
+00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:53,590
+towards its base If I want to treat the high
+
+227
+00:13:53,590 --> 00:13:55,910
+region, I put the base towards the high region,
+
+228
+00:13:56,070 --> 00:13:57,650
+this region for example in the lower, in the
+
+229
+00:13:57,650 --> 00:14:01,310
+inferior retina for exampleبحط ال base في ال .. في
+
+230
+00:14:01,310 --> 00:14:05,010
+ال .. بتكون .. حيث تكون down و بسلط ال laser عبر
+
+231
+00:14:05,010 --> 00:14:10,750
+ال prism فبيتخطى قضية ال ice، بيتخطى قضية ال ice،
+
+232
+00:14:10,750 --> 00:14:12,110
+اذا ا أيضا ..
+
+233
+00:14:15,290 --> 00:14:18,310
+and to apply laser treatment to the periphery of
+
+234
+00:14:18,310 --> 00:14:21,770
+the fundus which is the retina so these are many
+
+235
+00:14:21,770 --> 00:14:26,290
+uses for prisms whether low power or high power
+
+236
+00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:30,150
+let's say what is the simplest prism available
+
+237
+00:14:30,150 --> 00:14:35,590
+let's say as follows this is prism number one in
+
+238
+00:14:35,590 --> 00:14:39,630
+blue, two in red, three in yellow and four we will
+
+239
+00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:43,950
+talk about shortly we say as followsكل ما كبرت ال
+
+240
+00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:44,270
+apical angle بيكون قوة ال prism أقوى كل ما كبرت ال
+
+241
+00:14:44,270 --> 00:14:48,970
+apical angle بيكون قوة ال prism أقوى طيب الأزرق
+
+242
+00:14:48,970 --> 00:14:51,970
+أقوى من الأحمر لأن ال apical angle بتاعته أقوى
+
+243
+00:14:51,970 --> 00:14:57,250
+الأحمر أقوى من الأصفر لأن ال apical تاعته أكبر فبت
+
+244
+00:14:57,250 --> 00:15:01,450
+.. ال apical angle زاوية أكبر طبعا .. طبعا هذا
+
+245
+00:15:01,450 --> 00:15:06,390
+هيكون أضعف من الأحمر لغاية ما نصل لأضعف prism ممكن
+
+246
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:10,030
+العلماء نظريا بيقولوا أضعف prism ممكن لما زاوية
+
+247
+00:15:10,030 --> 00:15:14,040
+القمة ساوة صفرOkay, a person might ask himself,
+
+248
+00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:17,660
+this can't really exist in life, because if the
+
+249
+00:15:17,660 --> 00:15:20,980
+angle of the peak is zero, it means that the two
+
+250
+00:15:20,980 --> 00:15:23,560
+sides of the prism are aligned to each other, and
+
+251
+00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:26,080
+the prism is gone, I don't have a prism anymore
+
+252
+00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:29,340
+They say that this is theoretically true, but
+
+253
+00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:32,500
+there is something very similar that I can
+
+254
+00:15:32,500 --> 00:15:35,280
+consider as if the two sides are aligned to each
+
+255
+00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:39,080
+other What is the very similar thing that gives me
+
+256
+00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,880
+the force of a prism with a magnitude of zero?What
+
+257
+00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:45,500
+does zero mean? It means I can consider the apical
+
+258
+00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:47,740
+angle as zero and as if the two surfaces are
+
+259
+00:15:47,740 --> 00:15:50,780
+aligned to each other, but in fact this prism
+
+260
+00:15:50,780 --> 00:15:53,360
+exists and is not hidden How does this matter?
+
+261
+00:15:53,660 --> 00:15:56,980
+They say the plane parallel plate The plane
+
+262
+00:15:56,980 --> 00:16:01,700
+parallel plate is what? It is what if we look at
+
+263
+00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:06,100
+Google images and say here plane parallel plate
+
+264
+00:16:14,650 --> 00:16:18,070
+And we saw what pictures we can get from it I
+
+265
+00:16:18,070 --> 00:16:23,170
+mean, this for example is a piece of glass with a
+
+266
+00:16:23,170 --> 00:16:26,810
+plain parallel plate Notice that this window or
+
+267
+00:16:26,810 --> 00:16:29,550
+this is considered a plain parallel plate I mean,
+
+268
+00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:32,810
+it's like a rectangular piece of glass, this is
+
+269
+00:16:32,810 --> 00:16:35,950
+considered a plain parallel plate, plain parallel
+
+270
+00:16:35,950 --> 00:16:38,490
+plate This one also, the blue one, is a plain
+
+271
+00:16:38,490 --> 00:16:44,600
+parallel plate, plain parallel plateif let's say
+
+272
+00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:50,060
+glass plain plain glass plain parallel plate and
+
+273
+00:16:50,060 --> 00:16:52,980
+let's see what will come out with it this is a
+
+274
+00:16:52,980 --> 00:16:57,520
+plain parallel plate this is a plain parallel
+
+275
+00:16:57,520 --> 00:16:59,500
+plate of course there are pictures that may be
+
+276
+00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:06,180
+clearer than that or it can be plastic there is no
+
+277
+00:17:06,180 --> 00:17:12,920
+problem so it is a piece a piecethan for example
+
+278
+00:17:12,920 --> 00:17:18,380
+the window glass or any other plane parallel to
+
+279
+00:17:18,380 --> 00:17:20,880
+the plate Why do they consider the plane parallel
+
+280
+00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:26,800
+to the plate? As if the prism has zero force The
+
+281
+00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,600
+thing is very simple, if we look at the view below
+
+282
+00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:32,640
+This is the view below We say that the plane
+
+283
+00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:35,440
+parallel to the plate can be considered as two
+
+284
+00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:42,300
+prisms attached to each otherIn other words, this
+
+285
+00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:46,740
+blue prism, this is its apical angle, and the
+
+286
+00:17:46,740 --> 00:17:52,280
+moving prism, this is its apical angle What
+
+287
+00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,760
+happens to this prism, reflects to this one, and
+
+288
+00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:58,140
+what happens to this one, reflects to this one,
+
+289
+00:17:58,180 --> 00:18:00,300
+why? Because they are facing each other in space,
+
+290
+00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,880
+this is its apical angle up, and this is its
+
+291
+00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:09,840
+apical angle downفأثر هذا بلغي هذا و أثر هذا بلغي
+
+292
+00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:13,660
+هذا كأنه ال prism مش موجود فبالتالي يمكن مجازا انه
+
+293
+00:18:13,660 --> 00:18:17,100
+نعتبر ال plane parallel plate كأنه ال prism ال
+
+294
+00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:21,000
+apical angle بتاعته صفر ال apical angle بتاعته صفر
+
+295
+00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,320
+نيجي نحكي عن ال plane parallel plate اللي هو ال
+
+296
+00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:28,180
+simplest prism اذا the simplest prism has an apex
+
+297
+00:18:28,180 --> 00:18:32,590
+angle of zero degreeWhat does it mean? That is the
+
+298
+00:18:32,590 --> 00:18:35,870
+two faces are parallel, the two faces are
+
+299
+00:18:35,870 --> 00:18:38,530
+parallel, there is a face and there is a face,
+
+300
+00:18:39,470 --> 00:18:45,320
+therefore these two faces are parallelبس مش بالشكل
+
+301
+00:18:45,320 --> 00:18:48,660
+اللي احنا متصورينه لإنه لو بالشكل هذا معناته فيش
+
+302
+00:18:48,660 --> 00:18:52,140
+prism انطبقوا السطحين على بعض معناته ال apical
+
+303
+00:18:52,140 --> 00:18:56,280
+angle zero معناته اختفى ال prism لأ احنا بنقصد بيه
+
+304
+00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:57,920
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+305
+00:18:57,920 --> 00:18:58,020
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+306
+00:18:58,020 --> 00:18:58,080
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+307
+00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:58,460
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+308
+00:18:58,460 --> 00:18:58,540
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+309
+00:18:58,540 --> 00:18:59,080
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+310
+00:18:59,080 --> 00:18:59,080
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+311
+00:18:59,080 --> 00:18:59,180
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+312
+00:18:59,180 --> 00:19:05,720
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+313
+00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:12,020
+ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+314
+00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:20,400
+فبالتالي هذا هو ال plane parallel plate طيب إيش
+
+315
+00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,480
+بيعمل ال plane parallel plate when light ray
+
+316
+00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:27,760
+traverses a plane parallel plate such as a piece
+
+317
+00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:32,060
+of window glass لما الضوء بيعدي عبر plane parallel
+
+318
+00:19:32,060 --> 00:19:38,600
+plateزي ما يعدى عبر مثلا قطعة من زجاج الشباك it is
+
+319
+00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:42,340
+refracted at both surfaces يعني بينعكس على السطح
+
+320
+00:19:42,340 --> 00:19:46,040
+الأول أو .. أو بينكسر على السطح الأول هي الضوء
+
+321
+00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:51,070
+رايح يعدى، انكسرthen it broke again, it broke here
+
+322
+00:19:51,070 --> 00:19:53,410
+why? because it moved from the air to the glass
+
+323
+00:19:53,410 --> 00:19:55,870
+and it broke here why? because it moved from the
+
+324
+00:19:55,870 --> 00:19:58,690
+glass to the air okay, what is this going to
+
+325
+00:19:58,690 --> 00:20:02,330
+happen to me? it is refracted at both surfaces but
+
+326
+00:20:02,330 --> 00:20:05,490
+because the bending is equal and opposite at the
+
+327
+00:20:05,490 --> 00:20:09,610
+two surfaces there is no net deviation okay, what
+
+328
+00:20:09,610 --> 00:20:14,710
+does this mean? this means that first, what is the
+
+329
+00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,930
+deviation here?he broke the light and got closer
+
+330
+00:20:18,930 --> 00:20:21,970
+to the service normal why? because he entered a
+
+331
+00:20:21,970 --> 00:20:24,490
+more dense substance then here he broke the light
+
+332
+00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:27,010
+and got away from the service normal his proximity
+
+333
+00:20:27,010 --> 00:20:29,310
+here is equal to his distance here as if nothing
+
+334
+00:20:29,310 --> 00:20:33,390
+happened as if nothing happened in another sense
+
+335
+00:20:33,390 --> 00:20:39,310
+here he broke it as if imagine a man walking with
+
+336
+00:20:39,310 --> 00:20:47,500
+a flashlight we say turn rightبزاوية معينة، ثم مال
+
+337
+00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:51,060
+إلى اليسار بزاوية أخرى عكسة طبعا، هنا مال 30
+
+338
+00:20:51,060 --> 00:20:54,220
+degree إلى اليمين، بعدين مال 30 degree إلى الشمال،
+
+339
+00:20:54,220 --> 00:20:58,140
+الصافي كأنه مامالش، الدليل لو مدينا الشعاع اللي
+
+340
+00:20:58,140 --> 00:21:04,010
+داخل، الشعاع اللي داخل، لو مديناهAnd we completed
+
+341
+00:21:04,010 --> 00:21:06,370
+it as if the prism wasn't there, because if the
+
+342
+00:21:06,370 --> 00:21:09,010
+prism wasn't there, the beam would remain on the
+
+343
+00:21:09,010 --> 00:21:13,630
+same line And the beam that came out of the prism,
+
+344
+00:21:13,670 --> 00:21:15,630
+we will find that they are parallel, which means
+
+345
+00:21:15,630 --> 00:21:19,010
+that the beam didn't change its direction, but it
+
+346
+00:21:19,010 --> 00:21:22,670
+deviated It became displacement, not deviation,
+
+347
+00:21:22,770 --> 00:21:24,990
+there is a difference between displacement and
+
+348
+00:21:24,990 --> 00:21:27,710
+deviation What is this difference? Let's take an
+
+349
+00:21:27,710 --> 00:21:29,310
+example from everyday life Let's say a person
+
+350
+00:21:29,310 --> 00:21:34,680
+drives his car from Gaza to Rafahفى الطريق أمامه
+
+351
+00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:40,760
+شاحنة راح لليسار قليلا متر أو مترين تجاوز الشاحنة
+
+352
+00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:44,440
+وضلوا فى طريقه إلى رفعه إذا هو ماغير طريقه وإنما
+
+353
+00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:48,600
+أزاح المركب بتاعته إلى اليسار قليلا حتى يتجاوز
+
+354
+00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:56,980
+الشاحنة وهنا .. هنا الشعاعة ضوء فى اتجاهه إلى
+
+355
+00:21:56,980 --> 00:22:01,840
+اليمين والأعلىWhen he met the prism, he went right
+
+356
+00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:04,680
+and then passed his way again, he stayed to the
+
+357
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:06,680
+right and to the top, he stayed to the right and
+
+358
+00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:09,640
+to the top So there is displacement, fishnet
+
+359
+00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:12,400
+deviation If we imagine that the ray before
+
+360
+00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,820
+entering, before entering, tilts on the horizontal
+
+361
+00:22:15,820 --> 00:22:20,020
+axis by 30 degrees or 40 degrees, when it comes
+
+362
+00:22:20,020 --> 00:22:22,160
+out, it will tilt on the horizontal axis in the
+
+363
+00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:26,240
+same waythis one in the same way, so I don't have
+
+364
+00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:29,860
+net deviation, I don't have net deviation, so
+
+365
+00:22:29,860 --> 00:22:34,300
+there
+
+366
+00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:37,060
+is no net deviation, however there is lateral
+
+367
+00:22:37,060 --> 00:22:39,000
+displacement
+
+368
+00:22:41,980 --> 00:22:44,620
+walking in this direction and zeeh became walking
+
+369
+00:22:44,620 --> 00:22:48,000
+in this direction, walking in this direction, so I
+
+370
+00:22:48,000 --> 00:23:00,020
+have a lateral displacement to this, so if
+
+371
+00:23:00,020 --> 00:23:04,690
+I have the beam falling verticallyسقط عمودي مش
+
+372
+00:23:04,690 --> 00:23:09,590
+بميلان سقط عمودي مش هيغير طريقه و هيطلع زي ما هو
+
+373
+00:23:09,590 --> 00:23:13,610
+بس فى المنطقة هاى هيبطأ فى المنطقة هاى هيبطأ هنشوف
+
+374
+00:23:13,610 --> 00:23:16,690
+فجر الكلام بعد قليل فى ال simulation When the
+
+375
+00:23:16,690 --> 00:23:20,030
+surfaces of a wedge of a glass are not parallel,
+
+376
+00:23:20,630 --> 00:23:23,790
+light rays undergo a net deviation امتى ال prison
+
+377
+00:23:23,790 --> 00:23:27,550
+بيعطينا net deviation لما يكونThe two services,
+
+378
+00:23:27,870 --> 00:23:30,850
+the side services, are not parallel, they are at
+
+379
+00:23:30,850 --> 00:23:32,210
+an angle between them, like this is the prism, and
+
+380
+00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:33,770
+this is the prism, and this is the prism, and this
+
+381
+00:23:33,770 --> 00:23:38,270
+is the prism, it will change towards the beam
+
+382
+00:23:38,270 --> 00:23:42,110
+inside the prism, unless there is an end plane
+
+383
+00:23:42,110 --> 00:23:43,930
+parallel to the plane, then there will be a
+
+384
+00:23:43,930 --> 00:23:46,930
+deviation without a deviation, without a
+
+385
+00:23:46,930 --> 00:23:49,210
+deviation, the word deviation means to change its
+
+386
+00:23:49,210 --> 00:23:53,270
+course, it was tilting for example 40 degreeson
+
+387
+00:23:53,270 --> 00:23:55,170
+the horizontal axis, when it came out, it turned
+
+388
+00:23:55,170 --> 00:23:58,110
+30 degrees, but in the plane parallel plate, this
+
+389
+00:23:58,110 --> 00:24:01,430
+does not happen, this does not happen, we will see
+
+390
+00:24:01,430 --> 00:24:04,450
+in this simulation how it will happen here we want
+
+391
+00:24:04,450 --> 00:24:12,930
+to draw a plane parallel plate let
+
+392
+00:24:12,930 --> 00:24:20,690
+me just change the place of the drawing to make
+
+393
+00:24:20,690 --> 00:24:24,210
+the picture clearerhere I have a plain parallel
+
+394
+00:24:24,210 --> 00:24:33,470
+plate here
+
+395
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,950
+I have a plain parallel plate and here I have a
+
+396
+00:24:36,950 --> 00:24:40,030
+ray, a light ray that wants to drop a drop of
+
+397
+00:24:40,030 --> 00:24:40,170
+water
+
+398
+00:24:43,180 --> 00:24:46,680
+هذه الشعاع الساقط اللي داخل وهذه الشعاع اللي خارج
+
+399
+00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:50,460
+من ال plane parallel plate لو حابينا نعرف هل في
+
+400
+00:24:50,460 --> 00:24:55,680
+إزاحة ولا لأ نعمل extension نعمل
+
+401
+00:24:55,680 --> 00:24:59,800
+extend ده دلوقت بتضبط
+
+402
+00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:06,120
+لو مديت هذا أو مديت هذاThe two are parallel, this
+
+403
+00:25:06,120 --> 00:25:08,360
+parallel to this, which means that they are on the
+
+404
+00:25:08,360 --> 00:25:13,420
+same horizontal axis So when I move the light ray
+
+405
+00:25:13,420 --> 00:25:15,880
+through the plane parallel to the blade, it was
+
+406
+00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:19,060
+going in this direction It was going in this
+
+407
+00:25:19,060 --> 00:25:23,600
+direction, to simplify the situation, the blocker
+
+408
+00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:24,660
+helps us sometimes
+
+409
+00:25:34,260 --> 00:25:37,900
+Let's move the blocker and see So the candle was
+
+410
+00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,180
+moving, if we move it with the blocker, the candle
+
+411
+00:25:41,180 --> 00:25:52,820
+will move too
+
+412
+00:25:52,820 --> 00:25:58,320
+Ok
+
+413
+00:26:04,180 --> 00:26:09,600
+So, let's assume that this ray, excuse me, this
+
+414
+00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,560
+ray that entered the plane parallel plate, didn't
+
+415
+00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:14,540
+bring the plane parallel plate, it will keep going
+
+416
+00:26:14,540 --> 00:26:17,680
+its way Okay, it brought the plane parallel plate,
+
+417
+00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:20,980
+and here is the exit point, as long as it is
+
+418
+00:26:20,980 --> 00:26:23,740
+parallel, it means that it didn't deviate, it
+
+419
+00:26:23,740 --> 00:26:25,600
+didn't deviate from its path, that is, it deviated
+
+420
+00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,000
+from the horizontal axis, let's assume at an angle
+
+421
+00:26:29,450 --> 00:26:32,030
+Thirty degrees will come out at the angle of
+
+422
+00:26:32,030 --> 00:26:34,570
+thirty degrees Now I have another thing that helps
+
+423
+00:26:34,570 --> 00:26:40,050
+me with this topic Protractor Let's
+
+424
+00:26:40,050 --> 00:26:44,090
+see
+
+425
+00:26:44,090 --> 00:26:47,050
+how much water is on the horizontal axis above
+
+426
+00:26:47,050 --> 00:26:52,170
+Let's just make a duplication of it to see below
+
+427
+00:26:57,260 --> 00:27:09,080
+And delete Extended Ray Extended
+
+428
+00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:16,120
+Ray should be deleted Undo
+
+429
+00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:22,040
+It's
+
+430
+00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:23,380
+not responding. Of course there is a problem
+
+431
+00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:37,700
+Delete the Protractor That's
+
+432
+00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:40,560
+how I deleted everything Now we need to do it
+
+433
+00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:47,200
+again to make the ray And
+
+434
+00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:53,760
+now we need to delete the extension We
+
+435
+00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:57,300
+need to reset it from the beginning We take the
+
+436
+00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:12,500
+free shape, which is the plane parallel plate And
+
+437
+00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:18,200
+We
+
+438
+00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:18,700
+take the rail
+
+439
+00:28:24,810 --> 00:28:34,870
+this is the ray, now we take protractor and
+
+440
+00:28:34,870 --> 00:28:41,050
+make it duplication and see how much it is tilted
+
+441
+00:28:41,050 --> 00:28:46,290
+on
+
+442
+00:28:46,290 --> 00:28:46,990
+the horizontal axis
+
+443
+00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:04,400
+هنا تقريبا من مية و تمانين، مية و خمسين، يعني
+
+444
+00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:08,420
+تلاتين degree، خمسة و تلاتين degree، تقريبا سبعة و
+
+445
+00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:12,180
+تلاتين degree على المحور الأفقي مائل، طيب و هنا
+
+446
+00:29:12,180 --> 00:29:21,520
+جداش مائل و
+
+447
+00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:22,620
+هنا جداش مائل
+
+448
+00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:46,820
+لازم يكون سبعة و تلاتين degree على المحور الأفقي
+
+449
+00:29:46,820 --> 00:29:51,200
+طالما الشعاع اللي خارج سبعة و تلاتين degree بس
+
+450
+00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:54,100
+ضروري القياسات تكون عندنا عياش دقيقة
+
+451
+00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:03,000
+This is from 180 degrees to 150 degrees, 30
+
+452
+00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:09,040
+degrees, 35 degrees, maybe the surface is not 100%
+
+453
+00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:12,000
+because I touched it with my hand. So there is no
+
+454
+00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,380
+displacement at all, there is no displacement at
+
+455
+00:30:14,380 --> 00:30:16,760
+all, but displacement, it is called displacement,
+
+456
+00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:20,020
+it means it stays in its way, but it moves a
+
+457
+00:30:20,020 --> 00:30:24,920
+little to the side, lateral displacement. On the
+
+458
+00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:28,080
+contrary, if I had a prism
+
+459
+00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:38,300
+If I have a prism It
+
+460
+00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:46,840
+has an apical angle, not zero apical angle And
+
+461
+00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:52,520
+here I have a single ray So,
+
+462
+00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:57,310
+the light was in its path in this directionin this
+
+463
+00:30:57,310 --> 00:31:00,990
+direction, up and to the right, it became down and
+
+464
+00:31:00,990 --> 00:31:04,950
+to the right, so there is a net displacement here,
+
+465
+00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:08,130
+net displacement or net deviation, while here
+
+466
+00:31:08,130 --> 00:31:09,950
+there is only displacement, there is only
+
+467
+00:31:09,950 --> 00:31:11,890
+displacement here, therefore
+
+468
+00:31:17,370 --> 00:31:21,270
+this case we want to explain by simulation, so
+
+469
+00:31:21,270 --> 00:31:24,770
+plane parallel plate is the simplest prism, we can
+
+470
+00:31:24,770 --> 00:31:27,450
+consider it as an angle zero because it can be
+
+471
+00:31:27,450 --> 00:31:30,290
+considered as a miracle that it is two opposite
+
+472
+00:31:30,290 --> 00:31:32,010
+prisms, so what happens to the first one negates
+
+473
+00:31:32,010 --> 00:31:33,950
+the second one, and what happens to the second one
+
+474
+00:31:33,950 --> 00:31:35,870
+negates the first one or negates the first one, so
+
+475
+00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,570
+it is considered asprism, its force is zero. The
+
+476
+00:31:39,570 --> 00:31:41,510
+greater the apical angle, the greater the force of
+
+477
+00:31:41,510 --> 00:31:44,770
+the prism in the letter of the rays. Therefore,
+
+478
+00:31:44,970 --> 00:31:48,090
+this issue is very important to be clear
+
+479
+00:31:53,470 --> 00:31:57,210
+When the surfaces of a wedge of a glass are not
+
+480
+00:31:57,210 --> 00:32:01,050
+parallel, light rays undergo a net deviation Now,
+
+481
+00:32:01,270 --> 00:32:05,350
+the last thing is to make two prisms, one with an
+
+482
+00:32:05,350 --> 00:32:09,650
+apical angle and one with a small apical angle
+
+483
+00:32:09,650 --> 00:32:15,790
+Let's say this is my prism with a big apical angle
+
+484
+00:32:15,790 --> 00:32:18,910
+And
+
+485
+00:32:18,910 --> 00:32:23,460
+I have a prism with a small apical angleI want it
+
+486
+00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:27,200
+small And we see their power in the letter of the
+
+487
+00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:31,760
+rays Is it equal or not equal?
+
+488
+00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:48,020
+Okay, if we have light ray here Light
+
+489
+00:32:48,020 --> 00:32:48,300
+ray
+
+490
+00:32:54,560 --> 00:32:56,360
+It's not only about letters or numbers, it's about
+
+491
+00:32:56,360 --> 00:33:04,540
+total internal reflection Wait
+
+492
+00:33:04,540 --> 00:33:12,560
+a second The
+
+493
+00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:13,760
+apical angle is clear here
+
+494
+00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:23,590
+very big, to the extent that it has many letters
+
+495
+00:33:23,590 --> 00:33:32,710
+So let's say that this direction, wait
+
+496
+00:33:32,710 --> 00:33:39,010
+a minute So
+
+497
+00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,750
+the direction was up and down very sharply Same
+
+498
+00:33:43,750 --> 00:33:49,280
+thing here, if we want We take it to the second
+
+499
+00:33:49,280 --> 00:33:55,100
+prism and see how it is Of
+
+500
+00:33:55,100 --> 00:34:03,480
+course
+
+501
+00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:10,320
+here We want to make the same curve Similar to the
+
+502
+00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:13,200
+curve in the first case Curve of the rays to the
+
+503
+00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,320
+top and right Approximately
+
+504
+00:34:26,690 --> 00:34:36,450
+طبعا كان للأعلى ولا اليمين انحرف عن مصاره قليلا هو
+
+505
+00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:41,870
+كان بالاتجاه هذايعني جرب شوية من القاعدة بس مش
+
+506
+00:34:41,870 --> 00:34:44,950
+بالشكل اللي احنا شايفينه، مش بالشكل اللي احنا
+
+507
+00:34:44,950 --> 00:34:48,770
+شايفينه، هيك بتنتهي المحاضرة و المرة القادمة ان
+
+508
+00:34:48,770 --> 00:34:52,110
+شاء الله يتعالى بنكمل مع ال angle of deviation و
+
+509
+00:34:52,110 --> 00:34:55,730
+يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EdpKoyPVmO4_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+1
+00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:04,490
+I'm Rahim. We have a question about the virtual
+
+2
+00:00:04,490 --> 00:00:09,130
+image with lens combination. The object is 10 cm
+
+3
+00:00:09,130 --> 00:00:11,730
+away from the first lens, which has a force of
+
+4
+00:00:11,730 --> 00:00:16,390
+plus 6 diopters. The second lens, which is 15 cm
+
+5
+00:00:16,390 --> 00:00:19,950
+away from it to the right, has a force of plus 4.5
+
+6
+00:00:19,950 --> 00:00:23,530
+diopters. Where is the final image?
+
+7
+00:00:29,860 --> 00:00:33,440
+Transphase Magnification In order to solve this
+
+8
+00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:36,840
+problem, we must deal with each lens separately
+
+9
+00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:42,330
+بنروح حاطين ورقة تفسر أو تغطي الجزء التاني من
+
+10
+00:00:42,330 --> 00:00:45,610
+المسألة، بنعتبر إنه عندنا مسألة واحدة أو عدسة
+
+11
+00:00:45,610 --> 00:00:50,390
+واحدة عبارة object مع عدسة واحدة لثانية لها، بنقول
+
+12
+00:00:50,390 --> 00:00:57,310
+الضوء هيصل بتشتت مقدار U يساوي ناقص N على O ويساوي
+
+13
+00:00:57,310 --> 00:01:01,410
+ناقص واحد عشرة centimeter، يعني واحد من عشرة متر،
+
+14
+00:01:01,410 --> 00:01:03,130
+ويساوي ناقص
+
+15
+00:01:06,220 --> 00:01:09,180
+Minus 10, and the meter is minus 1, which is a
+
+16
+00:01:09,180 --> 00:01:13,680
+diopter. So, U is minus 10 diopters. Minus 10
+
+17
+00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:18,160
+diopters. How much oscillation will the light
+
+18
+00:01:18,160 --> 00:01:22,480
+produce? It is said that U plus the power is equal
+
+19
+00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,720
+to V. V is the oscillation factor after leaving
+
+20
+00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:29,900
+the lens. U minus 10 diopters plus the power 6
+
+21
+00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:34,220
+diopters is equal to V. So, V is equal to minus 4
+
+22
+00:01:34,220 --> 00:01:40,180
+diopters.إذا أضوء، هيخرج مودة شتتIt was less than
+
+23
+00:01:40,180 --> 00:01:41,820
+what it entered. It entered with a magnitude of
+
+24
+00:01:41,820 --> 00:01:44,840
+minus 10 and went out with a magnitude of minus 4.
+
+25
+00:01:45,740 --> 00:01:48,140
+But it is not collected, so it is impossible to
+
+26
+00:01:48,140 --> 00:01:50,260
+form a picture, no matter how much we put on the
+
+27
+00:01:50,260 --> 00:01:53,460
+paper or the screen of the screen on which the
+
+28
+00:01:53,460 --> 00:01:55,060
+picture will be placed, because the more the
+
+29
+00:01:55,060 --> 00:01:57,020
+distance increases, the more it moves away from
+
+30
+00:01:57,020 --> 00:01:59,820
+each other. As long as this is the case, we must
+
+31
+00:01:59,820 --> 00:02:02,080
+assume that there is an imaginary picture that has
+
+32
+00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,440
+formed. We bring this picture and complete it as
+
+33
+00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,650
+if The image is real but it is imaginary V is
+
+34
+00:02:09,650 --> 00:02:14,730
+equal to N divided by I So I is equal to N divided
+
+35
+00:02:14,730 --> 00:02:20,290
+by V Let's swap places And it is equal to N
+
+36
+00:02:20,290 --> 00:02:23,430
+divided by 1 We are in the air over V minus four
+
+37
+00:02:23,430 --> 00:02:27,590
+diopters It is equal to one minus four minus a
+
+38
+00:02:27,590 --> 00:02:30,850
+quarter And the diopter meter square meter means
+
+39
+00:02:30,850 --> 00:02:34,450
+minus twenty-five degrees Here minus means the
+
+40
+00:02:34,450 --> 00:02:37,990
+distance to the leftThis is an imaginary image,
+
+41
+00:02:38,470 --> 00:02:41,890
+located to the left of the lens that formed it. It
+
+42
+00:02:41,890 --> 00:02:44,690
+will not be formed, but we will assume that it is
+
+43
+00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,030
+formed at a distance of 25 cm, an imaginary image.
+
+44
+00:02:49,350 --> 00:02:51,370
+And we said that the imaginary image is preferred
+
+45
+00:02:51,370 --> 00:02:54,570
+with a dotted horizontal line, with a dotted
+
+46
+00:02:54,570 --> 00:02:59,920
+horizontal line. Now, to summarize the issue This
+
+47
+00:02:59,920 --> 00:03:06,240
+imaginary image, of course, is 25 cm away from the
+
+48
+00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:09,660
+lens that formed it And we make sure that it is
+
+49
+00:03:09,660 --> 00:03:11,980
+not formed, but we will assume that it is formed
+
+50
+00:03:11,980 --> 00:03:14,220
+Why it is not formed? Because the light is
+
+51
+00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:17,220
+divergent The light will not return to rotate
+
+52
+00:03:17,220 --> 00:03:19,260
+behind the lens that formed the image here
+
+53
+00:03:19,260 --> 00:03:22,020
+Divergent and will remain divergent and hence the
+
+54
+00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:24,980
+name imaginary image that does not exist in the
+
+55
+00:03:24,980 --> 00:03:27,620
+real world Ok, why did we assume it? So that we
+
+56
+00:03:27,620 --> 00:03:29,520
+can calculate the divergence from the surface of
+
+57
+00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:33,080
+the second lens Also, why? Because this image is
+
+58
+00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:35,800
+what will be considered as the body of the second
+
+59
+00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:38,760
+lens Before I go to the second lens and its body,
+
+60
+00:03:39,180 --> 00:03:40,760
+which is the image of the first lens, I will start
+
+61
+00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:46,440
+with T M1 equals U over V U minus ten times theta
+
+62
+00:03:48,180 --> 00:03:54,300
+over V minus 4 degrees It is equal to X because we
+
+63
+00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:56,600
+are talking about magnification Minus over minus
+
+64
+00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:00,320
+plus and ten over four which is two and a half So
+
+65
+00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:04,900
+the picture is regular not upside down and twice
+
+66
+00:04:04,900 --> 00:04:07,280
+and a half larger than the object So if the object
+
+67
+00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:10,080
+is ten centimeters high, it is twenty-five
+
+68
+00:04:10,080 --> 00:04:12,440
+centimeters high Now I will finish our work with
+
+69
+00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:15,370
+the first lens Now we are supposed to cover the
+
+70
+00:04:15,370 --> 00:04:17,910
+first object and the first lens and pay attention
+
+71
+00:04:17,910 --> 00:04:19,810
+to the second object, which is the picture of the
+
+72
+00:04:19,810 --> 00:04:21,750
+first lens with the second lens. This is the
+
+73
+00:04:21,750 --> 00:04:25,490
+object of the second lens. To fix the problem, now
+
+74
+00:04:25,490 --> 00:04:28,770
+we will draw the second lens in a different color,
+
+75
+00:04:29,830 --> 00:04:36,990
+which is red. And here too, I will make sure that
+
+76
+00:04:36,990 --> 00:04:37,830
+the two colors remain.
+
+77
+00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:43,460
+Why are the two colors still there? The black one
+
+78
+00:04:43,460 --> 00:04:45,560
+is to indicate that this is the shape of the black
+
+79
+00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:49,660
+lens And the red one is the object of the red lens
+
+80
+00:04:49,660 --> 00:04:52,300
+And I will also solve it with the red color But
+
+81
+00:04:52,300 --> 00:04:55,980
+before we start, let's say that this object is 25
+
+82
+00:04:55,980 --> 00:04:59,840
+cm away from the first lens And the distance
+
+83
+00:04:59,840 --> 00:05:02,840
+between the two lenses is 15 cm So the distance
+
+84
+00:05:02,840 --> 00:05:07,880
+between object number 2 which is number 1 And the
+
+85
+00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:13,640
+lens number 2, this distance25 plus 15 is equal to
+
+86
+00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:18,960
+2 which is equal to 25 cm plus 15 cm which is
+
+87
+00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:22,680
+equal to 40 cm So the distance of the object of
+
+88
+00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:24,920
+this mirror which is the shape of this mirror is
+
+89
+00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:29,500
+40 cm away from it Now we continue, we continue,
+
+90
+00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:33,380
+but we will continue with the black colorWe say U
+
+91
+00:05:33,380 --> 00:05:36,880
+is equal to minus N over O is equal to minus 1
+
+92
+00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,920
+over 40 centimeters which is 4 out of 10 meters.
+
+93
+00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,100
+Note that all measurements are in meters and it is
+
+94
+00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:47,460
+equal to minus two and a half diopters. Minus two
+
+95
+00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:49,760
+and a half diopters, so the light will reach here
+
+96
+00:05:49,760 --> 00:05:53,660
+with a magnitude of minus two and a half diopters.
+
+97
+00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:57,540
+What is the quadratic case of light when it comes
+
+98
+00:05:57,540 --> 00:06:02,500
+out of the lens? We say u plus p equals v minus
+
+99
+00:06:02,500 --> 00:06:06,960
+two and a half diopters plus four and a half
+
+100
+00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:13,240
+diopters equals v So v equals plus two diopters
+
+101
+00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:18,920
+plus two diopters plus two diopters Okay, v equals
+
+102
+00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,980
+I, what does plus two diopters mean? The light
+
+103
+00:06:22,980 --> 00:06:27,740
+will come outمش متشرطة وانما متجمع يعني في طريقه
+
+104
+00:06:27,740 --> 00:06:32,080
+يكون صورة حقيقية مش صورة تخيلية مكان الصورة
+
+105
+00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:36,780
+الحقيقية وين V تساوي Unshort على I I تساوي Unshort
+
+106
+00:06:36,780 --> 00:06:42,320
+على V ببدلهم مكان بعض ويساوي Unshort على 1 لإن
+
+107
+00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:46,900
+احنا في الهوا و ال V اللي هي plus 2 ده يبتد ويساوي
+
+108
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:54,400
+plus نص متر So, the second and the last image will
+
+109
+00:06:54,400 --> 00:07:04,820
+be 50 cm away from the second lens. This image is
+
+110
+00:07:04,820 --> 00:07:09,500
+larger than its body because of the second
+
+111
+00:07:09,500 --> 00:07:12,960
+transference magnification TM2 is equal to U over
+
+112
+00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:16,340
+V and is equal to U minus two and a half diopters
+
+113
+00:07:16,340 --> 00:07:18,820
+over
+
+114
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:28,520
+V plus 2 is equal to
+
+115
+00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:34,560
+1 quarter x minus 1 quarter what does it mean x
+
+116
+00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:38,360
+minus 1 quarter? it means that this picture is
+
+117
+00:07:38,360 --> 00:07:42,100
+upside down compared to its body and bigger than
+
+118
+00:07:42,100 --> 00:07:46,900
+it by a quarter now let's bring the total
+
+119
+00:07:49,610 --> 00:07:55,310
+Transphase Magnification يساوي T M1 في T M2 ويساوي
+
+120
+00:07:55,310 --> 00:07:59,530
+T M1 T M1 اتنين و نص
+
+121
+00:08:10,610 --> 00:08:13,210
+Minus one and a quarter. So plus two and a half
+
+122
+00:08:13,210 --> 00:08:16,510
+times minus one and a quarter. We multiply it. We
+
+123
+00:08:16,510 --> 00:08:20,290
+say one hundred and twenty-five times twenty-five.
+
+124
+00:08:21,230 --> 00:08:24,650
+Five times five times twenty-five. Ten, twelve,
+
+125
+00:08:25,710 --> 00:08:29,070
+six. Two times one hundred and twenty-five.
+
+126
+00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:42,580
+Eleven, three, I have one, two, three, so x plus
+
+127
+00:08:42,580 --> 00:08:47,620
+minus minus, three, one, one hundred and twenty
+
+128
+00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:52,420
+-five thousand That is, the last picture for the
+
+129
+00:08:52,420 --> 00:08:55,860
+original object is inverted, as it is clearly seen
+
+130
+00:08:55,860 --> 00:09:01,340
+And bigger than it, bigger than it, three times
+
+131
+00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:03,360
+and eight, one hundred and twenty-five thousand
+
+132
+00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,540
+and eight The last picture I will draw it in red
+
+133
+00:09:06,540 --> 00:09:09,180
+because it came from the red lens, the picture of
+
+134
+00:09:09,180 --> 00:09:13,080
+the red lens. This concludes the issue and we say
+
+135
+00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:15,940
+that the common factor between the two lenses is
+
+136
+00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:18,000
+the imaginary picture. It is an imaginary picture
+
+137
+00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:22,480
+for the lens number one and at the same time a
+
+138
+00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:28,040
+body for the lens number two. That is why we drew
+
+139
+00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,280
+it in two colors and this is how the issue ended
+
+140
+00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:32,280
+and may Allah bless you all. Assalamualaikum
+
+141
+00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:33,860
+warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EyCzwRR42kU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:06,970
+Now we are going to solve a problem using the
+
+2
+00:00:06,970 --> 00:00:11,350
+Lensmakers equation. I have an object 50 cm from a
+
+3
+00:00:11,350 --> 00:00:15,590
+single glass reflecting surface. The diameter is 2
+
+4
+00:00:15,590 --> 00:00:19,730
+meters from 10 meters. The refractive index is 1
+
+5
+00:00:19,730 --> 00:00:23,950
+.5. The refractive index of the air is 1. I want
+
+6
+00:00:23,950 --> 00:00:27,550
+to apply the equation. The equation of the
+
+7
+00:00:27,550 --> 00:00:33,720
+Lensmakers equation is negative n over O.زنشرطة
+
+8
+00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:43,640
+ناقص M على R يساوي أنشرطة على I ناقص واحد على O نص
+
+9
+00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:50,880
+متر طبعا القياسات كلها بالمتر زاوية أنشرطة ناقص M
+
+10
+00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:57,880
+واحد و نص ناقص واحد على R اتنين من عشرة متر يساوي
+
+11
+00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:00,100
+أنشرطة اللي واحد و نص
+
+12
+00:01:03,180 --> 00:01:07,780
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+13
+00:01:07,780 --> 00:01:15,560
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a
+
+14
+00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:20,580
+half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+15
+00:01:20,580 --> 00:01:22,060
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+16
+00:01:22,060 --> 00:01:22,560
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+17
+00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:22,640
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+18
+00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:22,680
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+19
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:23,540
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+20
+00:01:23,540 --> 00:01:24,080
+one and a half
+
+21
+00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:06,500
+I move here, then I equal
+
+22
+00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:15,800
+meter plus minus one one and a half by half is
+
+23
+00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:18,960
+three meters plus minus one when it comes out is
+
+24
+00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:24,860
+one meter plus three meters so the picture plus on
+
+25
+00:02:24,860 --> 00:02:26,880
+the right on the right of the reflecting surface
+
+26
+00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:33,340
+is three meters three meters okay now this is the
+
+27
+00:02:33,340 --> 00:02:35,340
+first required thing which is the picture the
+
+28
+00:02:35,340 --> 00:02:37,540
+second required thing is transphase magnification
+
+29
+00:02:38,340 --> 00:02:43,320
+يساوي image distance على object distance ويساوي
+
+30
+00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:48,240
+image distance plus 3 meters، ماننساش الإشارة، على
+
+31
+00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:52,680
+object distance minus نص متر، minus أنا على الشمال
+
+32
+00:02:53,370 --> 00:02:55,610
+Plus to minus, of course, the transverse
+
+33
+00:02:55,610 --> 00:03:00,590
+magnification, the x-axis, three to half, six, of
+
+34
+00:03:00,590 --> 00:03:05,870
+course, and meter to meter goes. So, x minus six,
+
+35
+00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:08,290
+x minus six, which means that the picture is
+
+36
+00:03:08,290 --> 00:03:13,530
+upside down, and six times the magnitude of the
+
+37
+00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:15,650
+object, six times the magnitude of the object,
+
+38
+00:03:15,810 --> 00:03:18,330
+which ends the matter and gives you peace, peace
+
+39
+00:03:18,330 --> 00:03:18,850
+be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/HJqn-3xsX3k_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1136 @@
+1
+00:00:01,300 --> 00:00:04,160
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عنا مسألة على ال lens
+
+2
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,700
+-decentration عشان نحصل على prismatic effect يحسن
+
+3
+00:00:08,700 --> 00:00:11,560
+الوضع الوظيفي أو يعالج الوضع الوظيفي في حالة
+
+4
+00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:17,620
+الحوال البصير عنا مريض عمره تلاتين سنة عنده
+
+5
+00:00:17,620 --> 00:00:21,640
+exotropia في ال right eye في ال right eye
+
+6
+00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:26,040
+exotropia ففيه فمقدرة سبعة prism exotropia بيرمز
+
+7
+00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:30,600
+إليها بالرمز XT وهذا هناخده في علم الحوال أو مساق
+
+8
+00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:35,520
+الحوالهدا المريض عنده Exotropia 7 Prism خفيفة طبعا
+
+9
+00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:38,740
+هنا مبين انه بيه كتيرة جدا و واضحة جدا طبعا ال
+
+10
+00:00:38,740 --> 00:00:42,600
+Exotropia 7 Prism يادوق بتكون مبينه أحيانا إلا
+
+11
+00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:45,940
+بالفحص لما تظهر أما بال .. بال .. بالعين المجردة
+
+12
+00:00:45,940 --> 00:00:48,370
+ممكن ما تلاحظشThe important thing is that this
+
+13
+00:00:48,370 --> 00:00:50,650
+patient has seven prism exotropia, he has
+
+14
+00:00:50,650 --> 00:00:53,310
+refractive error in both eyes, plus four diopters
+
+15
+00:00:53,310 --> 00:00:56,470
+in the right and plus four diopters in the left
+
+16
+00:00:56,470 --> 00:01:00,330
+The question is how to overcome the exotropia by
+
+17
+00:01:00,330 --> 00:01:03,330
+decentration? We will wear glasses plus four
+
+18
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:08,160
+diopters in front of each eyeplus four D diopter
+
+19
+00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:10,580
+in front of the right eye and plus four diopter in
+
+20
+00:01:10,580 --> 00:01:13,380
+front of the left eye How can we overcome through
+
+21
+00:01:13,380 --> 00:01:19,200
+decentration, to overcome the exotropia as if it
+
+22
+00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:22,180
+doesn't exist with the help of the prism? First of
+
+23
+00:01:22,180 --> 00:01:26,660
+all, I want to ask myself a question How do I
+
+24
+00:01:26,660 --> 00:01:29,100
+treat or where is the direction of the prism that
+
+25
+00:01:29,100 --> 00:01:32,160
+I'm supposed to get? We say as follows, first of
+
+26
+00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:33,180
+all, horizontal exotropia
+
+27
+00:01:36,470 --> 00:01:38,530
+exotropia and esotropia are called horizontal
+
+28
+00:01:38,530 --> 00:01:41,550
+waves, so the prism should be horizontal, but the
+
+29
+00:01:41,550 --> 00:01:44,450
+base should be in or out, in means the required
+
+30
+00:01:44,450 --> 00:01:47,510
+base of the spreadsheet, we will not add a
+
+31
+00:01:47,510 --> 00:01:49,410
+spreadsheet, we will do a decentration so that the
+
+32
+00:01:49,410 --> 00:01:51,630
+lens does not work as a spreadsheet, we say as
+
+33
+00:01:51,630 --> 00:01:54,690
+follows that in the case of exotropia, in the case
+
+34
+00:01:54,690 --> 00:01:56,870
+of exotropia, the base of the spreadsheet should
+
+35
+00:01:56,870 --> 00:02:01,390
+be inside, in, why? because the apex points
+
+36
+00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:02,290
+towards
+
+37
+00:02:04,450 --> 00:02:06,350
+exotropia towards the circumference, always the
+
+38
+00:02:06,350 --> 00:02:08,290
+apex we leave it as if it points to the
+
+39
+00:02:08,290 --> 00:02:10,730
+circumference, then the base is opposite as long
+
+40
+00:02:10,730 --> 00:02:12,550
+as the circumference is outside, the apex is
+
+41
+00:02:12,550 --> 00:02:15,230
+outside, the base is in it, of course, we call the
+
+42
+00:02:15,230 --> 00:02:18,330
+article or the article takes its direction, takes
+
+43
+00:02:18,330 --> 00:02:20,490
+the name of its direction in the name of its base,
+
+44
+00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:23,950
+this article is not called apex out, no, we say
+
+45
+00:02:23,950 --> 00:02:27,550
+base in prism, base in prism, so that the
+
+46
+00:02:27,550 --> 00:02:30,550
+treatment is functional, exotropia for this
+
+47
+00:02:30,550 --> 00:02:33,760
+patient requires a base in prism,Now what we need
+
+48
+00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:37,060
+to know is that I can use one prism or do
+
+49
+00:02:37,060 --> 00:02:41,880
+decentration in one lens or in both lenses and
+
+50
+00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:44,060
+whether I did it in one lens or both lenses, it is
+
+51
+00:02:44,060 --> 00:02:46,860
+necessary as long as there is an exotropia, the
+
+52
+00:02:46,860 --> 00:02:49,640
+base here should be in and the second base should
+
+53
+00:02:49,640 --> 00:02:52,580
+also be in. The details of this talk or
+
+54
+00:02:52,580 --> 00:02:55,100
+explanation will come in the science around, not
+
+55
+00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,280
+in geometric optics. So always and never the
+
+56
+00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:01,990
+exotropia because it is around outsideexotropia is
+
+57
+00:03:01,990 --> 00:03:04,810
+when the eye tries to exchange with another eye,
+
+58
+00:03:05,590 --> 00:03:08,330
+and you want to use two prisms instead of one
+
+59
+00:03:08,330 --> 00:03:11,410
+prism, the base of the two prisms must be in the
+
+60
+00:03:11,410 --> 00:03:17,360
+case of exotropiaYou can ask yourself, what forces
+
+61
+00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:23,360
+me to use two prisms? Or to do decentration in
+
+62
+00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:28,020
+both lenses? Sometimes decentration in one lens is
+
+63
+00:03:28,020 --> 00:03:33,180
+difficult How difficult? Let's look at this
+
+64
+00:03:33,180 --> 00:03:38,480
+experiment first Let's assume that we stopped ..
+
+65
+00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:44,880
+we decided that we don't need two prismsWe don't
+
+66
+00:03:44,880 --> 00:03:48,820
+want to make a prismatic effect for both eyes, but
+
+67
+00:03:48,820 --> 00:03:51,180
+only for the eye that has the circle, which is the
+
+68
+00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:54,740
+right eye So, how much is the decentration? I want
+
+69
+00:03:54,740 --> 00:04:01,240
+base n, how much is the decentration? We say that
+
+70
+00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,580
+the prismatic effect of the lens that is required
+
+71
+00:04:04,580 --> 00:04:05,440
+is decentration
+
+72
+00:04:15,110 --> 00:04:25,610
+It's equal to H in D Okay It's equal to
+
+73
+00:04:25,610 --> 00:04:29,670
+H Of course the prismatic effect has seven prisms
+
+74
+00:04:29,670 --> 00:04:34,810
+Seven prism diopters It's equal to H that I'm
+
+75
+00:04:34,810 --> 00:04:39,790
+supposed to know in D Which is the diopter of the
+
+76
+00:04:39,790 --> 00:04:51,770
+right lens which is four So Hتساوي تساوي
+
+77
+00:04:51,770 --> 00:05:02,270
+سبعة على أربعة سبعة على أربعة ويساوي واحد وخمسة
+
+78
+00:05:02,270 --> 00:05:10,370
+وسبعين من مية centimeter يعني بتحولها لملة يساوي
+
+79
+00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:12,650
+سبعتاشر ملة ونص
+
+80
+00:05:18,620 --> 00:05:21,000
+I was going to say okay, let me tell you, let me
+
+81
+00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:24,000
+tell you, let's see this topic, this is the
+
+82
+00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,300
+template I have, let's see how big the template
+
+83
+00:05:26,300 --> 00:05:30,600
+is, it's about 60 millimeters, 6 centimeters, 60
+
+84
+00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:37,980
+millimeters, I want to cut from it this part, at
+
+85
+00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:39,960
+the beginning it was called Decentration
+
+86
+00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,480
+This is number three, it's exactly on the center
+
+87
+00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:06,620
+The width is here one and a half millimeter and
+
+88
+00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:10,080
+here one and a half centimeter and here one and a
+
+89
+00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,220
+half centimeter I want to move the center outwards
+
+90
+00:06:13,220 --> 00:06:17,340
+or inwards with a space of one and a half
+
+91
+00:06:17,340 --> 00:06:19,380
+centimeter How much is one and a half centimeter?
+
+92
+00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:24,210
+Fifteen millimeters Fifteen millimeters, thenانا
+
+93
+00:06:24,210 --> 00:06:29,630
+مطلوب عندى سبعتاش و نص ملي سبعتاش و نص ملي طيب هل
+
+94
+00:06:29,630 --> 00:06:34,150
+ممكن اعمل هذا؟ غالبا مش ممكن الناس اللى بتشتغل فى
+
+95
+00:06:34,150 --> 00:06:37,270
+صناعة العدسات هبقى بقولك لأ مابقدرش اعمل فى العدسة
+
+96
+00:06:37,270 --> 00:06:42,690
+هاى و فى الإطار هذا بقدرش اعمل decentration سبعتاش
+
+97
+00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:45,750
+و نص ملي و هذا هتاخده فى ال dispensing طب اش اعمل
+
+98
+00:06:45,750 --> 00:06:49,550
+انا عشان احلى المشكلة هاى؟ بدي اعمل decentration
+
+99
+00:06:53,470 --> 00:07:12,970
+بدي أعمل decentralization في العدساتين فبالتالي
+
+100
+00:07:19,900 --> 00:07:23,360
+I want to use base in prism here or get base in
+
+101
+00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:28,280
+prism and base in prism Now I have to answer my
+
+102
+00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:30,480
+question, so we will do the decentration in both
+
+103
+00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:34,140
+eyes to have a small amount of decentration and we
+
+104
+00:07:34,140 --> 00:07:37,700
+can implement it when we come to make the lens,
+
+105
+00:07:37,940 --> 00:07:42,410
+how? as usualAs long as the refractive error in
+
+106
+00:07:42,410 --> 00:07:45,010
+both eyes is equal, then I want to divide the
+
+107
+00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:46,930
+circle by saying that the circle has seven prisms,
+
+108
+00:07:47,070 --> 00:07:51,010
+which is more like I have three and a half prisms
+
+109
+00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:53,790
+in the right and three and a half prisms in the
+
+110
+00:07:53,790 --> 00:07:56,830
+left. This is the total of the seven. The total of
+
+111
+00:07:56,830 --> 00:08:00,770
+the seven. Okay. How do we implement this? Before
+
+112
+00:08:00,770 --> 00:08:03,010
+we say how, we want to see in which direction we
+
+113
+00:08:03,010 --> 00:08:07,620
+want to move the center.ه�� مقطع عرضى، هى مقطع
+
+114
+00:08:07,620 --> 00:08:11,640
+رأسى، هنخليه عرضى، و هنا مقطع رأسى، هنخليه عرضى
+
+115
+00:08:20,330 --> 00:08:23,790
+أول نصيحة بانصحها في حل الأسئلة أرسم العينتين
+
+116
+00:08:23,790 --> 00:08:27,710
+عدلات حتى لو في Exotropia أو Esotropia أو
+
+117
+00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:31,470
+Hypertropia أو Hypotropia إذا بدي أشتغل صح مع هذه
+
+118
+00:08:31,470 --> 00:08:35,470
+المسائل بدي أ .. أرسم العينتين عدلات زي ما هي ..
+
+119
+00:08:35,470 --> 00:08:39,290
+زي ما هي و قاعدي أقول هاي عندي في الوضع الطبيعي ال
+
+120
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:43,670
+optical center بدي يكون بالشكل هذا خليني بس أرفع
+
+121
+00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:45,410
+شوية عشان ما تخفيش وراها
+
+122
+00:08:49,500 --> 00:08:53,500
+العين يعني ال optical center بتكون بالضبط على جبال
+
+123
+00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:59,180
+ال pupil ونصغر شوية optical
+
+124
+00:08:59,180 --> 00:09:03,260
+center بنرجعه هنا في الوضع الطبيعي بدون
+
+125
+00:09:03,260 --> 00:09:08,420
+decentralization العين بتبص من ال optical center
+
+126
+00:09:08,420 --> 00:09:15,720
+هذا نلغيه هنا ونستنزخه مرة تانية عشان نسرع في
+
+127
+00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:20,600
+الأمرthese lines of course we want to delete them
+
+128
+00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:25,380
+too
+
+129
+00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:32,640
+this is a plus sign in front of the left line here
+
+130
+00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:36,940
+we also want to delete it and copy the other one
+
+131
+00:09:36,940 --> 00:09:41,600
+because it is more suitable in size how do I get
+
+132
+00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:44,160
+this in the situation before the topic of
+
+133
+00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:46,180
+decentration how do I get
+
+134
+00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:03,590
+Base .. Base
+
+135
+00:10:03,590 --> 00:10:08,590
+in .. Base
+
+136
+00:10:08,590 --> 00:10:13,390
+in prison معاي خيار من خيارين إما أحرك العدسة لبرا
+
+137
+00:10:14,590 --> 00:10:18,210
+the center of it outwards or move it inwards if
+
+138
+00:10:18,210 --> 00:10:21,770
+you move it outwards, the pupil will become based
+
+139
+00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:25,310
+out of the prism the prism, the base is out, so
+
+140
+00:10:25,310 --> 00:10:29,810
+the center has to go inwards towards the nose, the
+
+141
+00:10:29,810 --> 00:10:35,170
+pupil will come out through the prism, the base is
+
+142
+00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:40,670
+in, the base is in here too, it has to move in
+
+143
+00:10:43,260 --> 00:10:46,100
+نطلع على منظر مكبر بس عشان توضح الصورة نطلع على
+
+144
+00:10:46,100 --> 00:10:46,660
+منظر مكبر بس عشان توضح الصورة نطلع على منظر مكبر
+
+145
+00:10:46,660 --> 00:10:50,340
+بس عشان توضح الصورة لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت
+
+146
+00:10:50,340 --> 00:10:51,420
+العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة
+
+147
+00:10:51,420 --> 00:10:54,180
+لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما
+
+148
+00:10:54,180 --> 00:10:54,760
+حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت
+
+149
+00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:55,980
+العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة
+
+150
+00:10:55,980 --> 00:11:12,520
+لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما
+
+151
+00:11:19,260 --> 00:11:26,540
+Decentration should be in both eyes اختصار be both
+
+152
+00:11:26,540 --> 00:11:37,920
+eyes اي واحد اتنين Decentration should be in عشان
+
+153
+00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:41,520
+نحصل ع base in بمعنى اش in to where the nose
+
+154
+00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:52,080
+طيب okay قداش
+
+155
+00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:56,140
+.. بنقول أول عين بدي أحصل على prismatic effect
+
+156
+00:11:56,140 --> 00:11:59,040
+تلاتة و نص برزم و تاني عين برضه بدي أحصل على
+
+157
+00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:03,960
+prismatic effect بنقول for right eye قداش ال
+
+158
+00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:09,360
+center لازم يروح لجوا for right eye هذه الإجابة
+
+159
+00:12:09,360 --> 00:12:12,780
+النموذجية طيب for right eye
+
+160
+00:12:20,390 --> 00:12:26,130
+The prismatic effect is equal to h in D The
+
+161
+00:12:26,130 --> 00:12:30,010
+prismatic effect which is three and a half is
+
+162
+00:12:30,010 --> 00:12:32,610
+equal to h which we want to know how much I move
+
+163
+00:12:32,610 --> 00:12:37,650
+inside in the diopter four in the diopter four So
+
+164
+00:12:37,650 --> 00:12:45,970
+h is equal to three
+
+165
+00:12:45,970 --> 00:12:49,030
+and a half over four
+
+166
+00:12:55,330 --> 00:13:01,770
+ويساوي، نروح على ال calculator،
+
+167
+00:13:01,770 --> 00:13:08,090
+نقوله
+
+168
+00:13:08,090 --> 00:13:15,030
+تلاتة و نص، تلاتة و تلاتين،
+
+169
+00:13:15,030 --> 00:13:19,990
+تقسيم
+
+170
+00:13:19,990 --> 00:13:22,410
+أربعة، يساوي
+
+171
+00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:30,330
+875 of 1000 cm means 8 millimeters and three
+
+172
+00:13:30,330 --> 00:13:32,390
+quarters of a centimeter 8 millimeters and three
+
+173
+00:13:32,390 --> 00:13:34,350
+quarters of a centimeter Let's go back here and
+
+174
+00:13:34,350 --> 00:13:40,550
+say it will be less than a centimeter 875 of 1000
+
+175
+00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:47,050
+of a centimeter is equal to 8 millimeters and
+
+176
+00:13:47,050 --> 00:13:52,930
+three quarters of a millimeter Can I do this?in
+
+177
+00:13:52,930 --> 00:13:58,550
+fact, yes I can do this, I have this in the normal
+
+178
+00:13:58,550 --> 00:14:04,570
+situation I'm
+
+179
+00:14:04,570 --> 00:14:08,370
+supposed to cut like this here nasal, we mark
+
+180
+00:14:08,370 --> 00:14:14,930
+where the nose is here nasal, we mark it with the
+
+181
+00:14:14,930 --> 00:14:17,730
+symbol N and of course here temporal, we move the
+
+182
+00:14:17,730 --> 00:14:21,490
+center towards nasalWe want to move the center to
+
+183
+00:14:21,490 --> 00:14:26,870
+the nasal The
+
+184
+00:14:26,870 --> 00:14:30,370
+center of the lens must be in order to give me a
+
+185
+00:14:30,370 --> 00:14:33,330
+base in effect Ok, this is the center of the lens,
+
+186
+00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:36,150
+how do I move the center inside? I leave the gas
+
+187
+00:14:36,150 --> 00:14:41,510
+outside I want to move the gas to an amount of
+
+188
+00:14:41,510 --> 00:14:43,490
+eight millimeters and three quarters Approximately
+
+189
+00:14:43,490 --> 00:14:46,630
+nine millimeters minus a quarter Let's use the
+
+190
+00:14:46,630 --> 00:14:55,310
+ruler, we say as followsthis is what I have let's
+
+191
+00:14:55,310 --> 00:14:58,570
+assume that here the measurement is 8 mm let's
+
+192
+00:14:58,570 --> 00:15:01,790
+assume that we are not in a dispensing lecture but
+
+193
+00:15:01,790 --> 00:15:03,890
+we are trying to approximate the concept we say as
+
+194
+00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:08,890
+follows now we want to move the line so that the
+
+195
+00:15:08,890 --> 00:15:13,550
+center is 8 mm away from
+
+196
+00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,290
+their original location, as their original
+
+197
+00:15:24,290 --> 00:15:27,730
+location means, let's see, let's go back again
+
+198
+00:15:27,730 --> 00:15:34,470
+yes, in the middle, it should become 8 mm when it
+
+199
+00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:40,890
+becomes .. here I have from 0 to about 15 mm
+
+200
+00:15:47,390 --> 00:15:51,470
+فعندي أنا هنا من خمستاشر بده يتراجع يصير عند سبعة
+
+201
+00:15:51,470 --> 00:15:58,430
+لأ مش هذا اللي بده يصير، القصر بده يكون لبرا و هذا
+
+202
+00:15:58,430 --> 00:16:04,000
+في ال dispensingWe were standing at 15mm and it
+
+203
+00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:08,640
+became 7 or 6 and a quarter, so here I moved the
+
+204
+00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:11,700
+center as if I moved the center inwards The frame
+
+205
+00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,180
+was projected outwards or the lens was projected
+
+206
+00:16:14,180 --> 00:16:16,260
+outwards from the center so that the center moves
+
+207
+00:16:16,260 --> 00:16:18,580
+inwards The important thing is that the center
+
+208
+00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:22,690
+should move inwards to the extent8 mille and three
+
+209
+00:16:22,690 --> 00:16:24,610
+quarters and this is possible and this is possible
+
+210
+00:16:24,610 --> 00:16:26,870
+practically this is possible easier than
+
+211
+00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:29,290
+subtracting 17 mille because this is not possible
+
+212
+00:16:29,290 --> 00:16:32,150
+from a practical point of view the left eye, let's
+
+213
+00:16:32,150 --> 00:16:34,110
+continue the example, we say that the left eye has
+
+214
+00:16:34,110 --> 00:16:36,630
+the same problem it wants to subtract the center
+
+215
+00:16:36,630 --> 00:16:40,330
+inside by the same measure why? because I want to
+
+216
+00:16:40,330 --> 00:16:47,350
+get three and the prismatic effect for left eye
+
+217
+00:16:47,350 --> 00:16:52,640
+for left eyeHow much is the distance inside? Both
+
+218
+00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:56,020
+must be distance inside, as the drawing shows For
+
+219
+00:16:56,020 --> 00:17:03,100
+drift eye, the prismatic effect of course is equal
+
+220
+00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:08,020
+to h into d I
+
+221
+00:17:08,020 --> 00:17:11,000
+need three and a half to give me the prismatic
+
+222
+00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:15,040
+effect of the lift lens The h I don't know yet,
+
+223
+00:17:15,560 --> 00:17:18,940
+times d, which is times four diopters
+
+224
+00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:37,500
+So, H is equal to 3.5 by 4 which
+
+225
+00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:41,020
+is equal to 875000
+
+226
+00:17:44,490 --> 00:17:49,130
+centimeter is equal to eight point seventy five
+
+227
+00:17:49,130 --> 00:17:55,030
+percent millimeter and this is also possible. We
+
+228
+00:17:55,030 --> 00:17:57,410
+come here just to finish the example, we say as
+
+229
+00:17:57,410 --> 00:18:03,590
+follows, we want to remove it now and we want to
+
+230
+00:18:03,590 --> 00:18:12,170
+copy it and
+
+231
+00:18:12,170 --> 00:18:12,890
+we want to
+
+232
+00:18:18,510 --> 00:18:29,670
+copy another one and copy center again to
+
+233
+00:18:29,670 --> 00:18:35,690
+represent the right and left lens the source may
+
+234
+00:18:35,690 --> 00:18:42,410
+not be copied, it is not necessary now but this is
+
+235
+00:18:42,410 --> 00:18:44,490
+what I have and what we need to copy it
+
+236
+00:18:52,290 --> 00:18:59,990
+I will try to focus on parts of it to make it more
+
+237
+00:18:59,990 --> 00:19:05,270
+clear
+
+238
+00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:16,410
+Now,
+
+239
+00:19:17,050 --> 00:19:21,750
+this is the center and this is the frame
+
+240
+00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:27,690
+of course the center should be in the middle of
+
+241
+00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:36,570
+the template exactly in
+
+242
+00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:40,190
+the normal position we moved the frame outside so
+
+243
+00:19:40,190 --> 00:19:41,450
+that the center moves inside
+
+244
+00:19:44,910 --> 00:19:47,810
+the center has to go inside rather than put the
+
+245
+00:19:47,810 --> 00:19:49,870
+center in the center instead of being here it
+
+246
+00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:52,890
+became inside this is what will be used to make
+
+247
+00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:55,570
+the glasses of course we say that the eye always
+
+248
+00:19:55,570 --> 00:19:58,290
+looks from the middle of the frame of the glasses
+
+249
+00:19:58,290 --> 00:20:01,930
+the
+
+250
+00:20:01,930 --> 00:20:04,370
+distance between the visual axis and the optical
+
+251
+00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:06,810
+center of the lens is eight millimeters and three
+
+252
+00:20:06,810 --> 00:20:11,160
+quarters here is the same caseWe want to get rid
+
+253
+00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:15,460
+of it so that the idea is very clear
+
+254
+00:20:54,330 --> 00:21:00,710
+This is the right lens, and this is the left lens
+
+255
+00:21:00,710 --> 00:21:07,790
+The nose, the nose comes between the eyes, so it's
+
+256
+00:21:07,790 --> 00:21:15,550
+between the two lenses Let's go to the front So
+
+257
+00:21:15,550 --> 00:21:20,950
+the nose will come between the two lenses Increase
+
+258
+00:21:20,950 --> 00:21:40,220
+the letter n a little bitTo appear with it The
+
+259
+00:21:40,220 --> 00:21:42,100
+center is always in the middle of the template
+
+260
+00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:50,820
+and we want to move the frame or the outside of
+
+261
+00:21:50,820 --> 00:21:53,740
+the frame so that the center comes inside when
+
+262
+00:21:53,740 --> 00:21:57,340
+this frame, which is the area that I want to cut
+
+263
+00:21:57,340 --> 00:22:01,460
+to put it in the frame of the glasses I cut it out
+
+264
+00:22:01,460 --> 00:22:03,840
+a little bit, the center becomes relative to this
+
+265
+00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:08,700
+piece, it becomes inside it becomes inside this,
+
+266
+00:22:08,780 --> 00:22:16,580
+the center is spread here towards the nosethis
+
+267
+00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:21,080
+center became closer to the nose for this piece
+
+268
+00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:34,240
+and here the same thing became
+
+269
+00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,860
+the center, of course, the eye is looking from the
+
+270
+00:22:36,860 --> 00:22:39,620
+middle to the frontThe center was separated, it
+
+271
+00:22:39,620 --> 00:22:41,420
+was supposed to be the center here, it was
+
+272
+00:22:41,420 --> 00:22:44,360
+supposed to be here, but we separated it this way,
+
+273
+00:22:44,660 --> 00:22:47,280
+so this is the idea of decentralization and
+
+274
+00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:51,080
+decentralization, this will functionally treat the
+
+275
+00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:54,680
+seventh prism of exotropia, so it is separated
+
+276
+00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:59,880
+into two lensesعشان أتمكن عمليا من تنفيذه من ناحية
+
+277
+00:22:59,880 --> 00:23:04,060
+dispensing العدستين بنزحوا لجوه ال optical center
+
+278
+00:23:04,060 --> 00:23:06,780
+بنزح لجوه عشان أخد Bayesian effect
+
+279
+00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:13,040
+لأن أنا جاعت بعالش في Exotropia كمية الإزاحة في كل
+
+280
+00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:17,060
+عدسة based in يعني إما بقول تمانمية و خمسة و سبعين
+
+281
+00:23:17,060 --> 00:23:20,960
+من الف جزء من الصنطي أو بقول تمانية ملي و تلات
+
+282
+00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:25,140
+تربع لكل عدسة تمانية ملي و تلات تربع لكل عدسة و
+
+283
+00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:29,220
+هنا تنتهي المشكلة المسألة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام
+
+284
+00:23:29,220 --> 00:23:31,480
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/HwFxRaxbs6w_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+1
+00:00:01,350 --> 00:00:02,330
+In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most
+
+2
+00:00:02,330 --> 00:00:05,630
+merciful, we have a problem today with the convex
+
+3
+00:00:05,630 --> 00:00:08,950
+mirror, convex mirror, half a drop is fifty
+
+4
+00:00:08,950 --> 00:00:12,050
+centimeters, there is a body at a distance of one
+
+5
+00:00:12,050 --> 00:00:14,250
+meter, one hundred centimeters, we want to see
+
+6
+00:00:14,250 --> 00:00:16,190
+where the image will form and what is the
+
+7
+00:00:16,190 --> 00:00:21,010
+transference magnification of this image, first of
+
+8
+00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:23,750
+all, we want to get the power of the mirror, the
+
+9
+00:00:23,750 --> 00:00:24,850
+power of the mirror
+
+10
+00:00:34,740 --> 00:00:38,900
+power of the mirror is equal to 2 divided by R
+
+11
+00:00:38,900 --> 00:00:48,520
+which is equal to 2 divided by half meter which is
+
+12
+00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:51,760
+equal to 2 divided by half which is equal to 4
+
+13
+00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:55,600
+which is equal to minus 4 diopter because it is a
+
+14
+00:00:55,600 --> 00:01:00,600
+convex mirror which is equal to minus 4 diopter
+
+15
+00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:03,460
+which is equal to minus 4 diopter
+
+16
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:11,830
+this is the power of the move now the rays will
+
+17
+00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:14,770
+come from the object divergent because it is a
+
+18
+00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:21,050
+real object u is equal to negative n over o which
+
+19
+00:01:21,050 --> 00:01:26,110
+is equal to negative one over one meter which is
+
+20
+00:01:26,110 --> 00:01:32,630
+equal to negative one diopter now the u is minus
+
+21
+00:01:32,630 --> 00:01:36,570
+one diopter because the rays camedivergent بمقدار
+
+22
+00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:46,510
+واحد ديوبتر وصلت لسطح المرأة divergent
+
+23
+00:01:46,510 --> 00:01:55,350
+بمقدار واحد ديوبتر هتنعكس
+
+24
+00:01:55,350 --> 00:02:00,430
+more divergent لإن ال convex mirror بتشتت الأشعة
+
+25
+00:02:00,430 --> 00:02:05,260
+بزيادة بتشتت الأشعة بزيادةSo it will make it
+
+26
+00:02:05,260 --> 00:02:09,700
+reflect in the
+
+27
+00:02:09,700 --> 00:02:13,620
+same direction Let's see how much the reflection
+
+28
+00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:16,620
+is when the rays leave Of course it will reflect
+
+29
+00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:20,020
+in the same direction So there is only one space
+
+30
+00:02:20,020 --> 00:02:23,620
+for the mirror The space behind is not present for
+
+31
+00:02:23,620 --> 00:02:26,560
+the mirror Let's say how much the reflection will
+
+32
+00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:37,750
+be U plus power equals VU-1 diopter and power-4
+
+33
+00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:42,490
+diopter is
+
+34
+00:02:42,490 --> 00:02:49,770
+equal to V, so V is equal to minus 5 diopter
+
+35
+00:02:51,550 --> 00:02:56,570
+Multiple rays of five diopters cannot form a real
+
+36
+00:02:56,570 --> 00:03:02,230
+picture, but the more it is reflected to the left,
+
+37
+00:03:02,470 --> 00:03:05,090
+the more it is diffused, the more the distance
+
+38
+00:03:05,090 --> 00:03:07,130
+increases away from each other. So we say that it
+
+39
+00:03:07,130 --> 00:03:10,630
+will form an imaginary image of the magnitude of
+
+40
+00:03:10,630 --> 00:03:17,090
+these raysin the virtual space of the mirror So we
+
+41
+00:03:17,090 --> 00:03:22,890
+say I is equal to unconditional over V I small is
+
+42
+00:03:22,890 --> 00:03:29,450
+equal to unconditional over V is equal to one over
+
+43
+00:03:29,450 --> 00:03:38,670
+minus five diopters is equal to minus two out of
+
+44
+00:03:38,670 --> 00:03:46,440
+ten metersويساوي ماينس عشرين صندرWhen we see the
+
+45
+00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:48,780
+word minus, we think of it here on the left, of
+
+46
+00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:51,900
+course the image space For the mirror, it's the
+
+47
+00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:54,280
+opposite, if this is not a mirror, if this is a
+
+48
+00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:56,800
+lens, we would say okay, the minus is on the left,
+
+49
+00:03:56,980 --> 00:03:59,020
+no, here the minus became on the right because
+
+50
+00:03:59,020 --> 00:04:00,640
+it's the opposite of the lens, opposite of the
+
+51
+00:04:00,640 --> 00:04:04,980
+lens, so the picture will be 20 cm wide on the
+
+52
+00:04:04,980 --> 00:04:07,200
+right of the mirror, on the right of the mirror,
+
+53
+00:04:07,620 --> 00:04:11,040
+and it will be an imaginary picture, it will be an
+
+54
+00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:11,400
+imaginary picture
+
+55
+00:04:14,740 --> 00:04:17,160
+and it will be an imaginary image at a distance of
+
+56
+00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:22,840
+20 cm to the right, it will be a picture of course
+
+57
+00:04:22,840 --> 00:04:27,500
+it will
+
+58
+00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:30,760
+be an imaginary image at a distance of 20 cm, that
+
+59
+00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:32,720
+is, this distance is 20 cm from the surface of the
+
+60
+00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:36,480
+mirror to ...
+
+61
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:41,280
+Okay, now we want to get the transference
+
+62
+00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:49,550
+magnification equal to U over Vويساوي ال U minus
+
+63
+00:04:49,550 --> 00:04:54,070
+one diopter على
+
+64
+00:04:54,070 --> 00:04:57,110
+ال V minus five diopter
+
+65
+00:05:02,060 --> 00:05:08,920
+x plus 5 or x plus 2 out of 10 x plus means the
+
+66
+00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:12,960
+picture is regular and 5 means 2 out of 10 or 5 is
+
+67
+00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:14,420
+the height of the object which means that if the
+
+68
+00:05:14,420 --> 00:05:19,760
+object is 10 cm high, its height is 2 cm this is
+
+69
+00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:21,820
+how the lesson ends and may God bless you all and
+
+70
+00:05:21,820 --> 00:05:22,520
+peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/I56VffKvb88.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,970
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محادرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,970 --> 00:00:08,310
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع Stigmatic Imaging
+
+3
+00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:13,310
+Using Single Refracting Surface يعني الحصول على
+
+4
+00:00:13,310 --> 00:00:17,710
+Stigmatic Image صورة طبق الأصل أو صورة يعني غاية
+
+5
+00:00:17,710 --> 00:00:21,830
+في ال quality وغاية في الدقة وصورة طبق الأصل
+
+6
+00:00:21,830 --> 00:00:25,850
+باستعمال Single Refracting Surface يعني سطح واحد
+
+7
+00:00:25,850 --> 00:00:33,610
+فاصل بين مادتين By the early 1600s
+
+8
+00:00:33,610 --> 00:00:38,190
+century, the telescope and microscope had been
+
+9
+00:00:38,190 --> 00:00:38,690
+invented.
+
+10
+00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:50,630
+Although the images produced by early devices were
+
+11
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:53,730
+useful, their quality was not very high because
+
+12
+00:00:53,730 --> 00:00:57,700
+the lenses did not focus stigmatically. طبعا لما تم
+
+13
+00:00:57,700 --> 00:01:01,040
+اختراع ال telescope و ال microscope الصور اللي
+
+14
+00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:05,380
+كانت تعطيها هذه الأجهزة اللي هو في بداية اختراعها
+
+15
+00:01:05,380 --> 00:01:10,160
+كانت صور بنطلق عليها انها صور useful يعني
+
+16
+00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:17,180
+بتمشي الحال Or useful in a way, but the quality of
+
+17
+00:01:17,180 --> 00:01:21,220
+these pictures was not high enough Why? Because
+
+18
+00:01:21,220 --> 00:01:26,500
+the lenses used in making the telescope and the
+
+19
+00:01:26,500 --> 00:01:31,860
+microscope at that time did not focus or focus the
+
+20
+00:01:31,860 --> 00:01:35,240
+rays in a stigmatic way In other words, the
+
+21
+00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:37,340
+pictures of the points of the object were not just
+
+22
+00:01:37,340 --> 00:01:41,770
+points rather than point spread function and the
+
+23
+00:01:41,770 --> 00:01:45,030
+quality was not high. Do you know what is the
+
+24
+00:01:45,030 --> 00:01:48,510
+reason for this issue? At the time, lens makers
+
+25
+00:01:48,510 --> 00:01:52,130
+were not very particular about the shape of the
+
+26
+00:01:52,130 --> 00:01:55,570
+surfaces that were ground on the lens. I mean,
+
+27
+00:01:56,990 --> 00:02:02,770
+when the lens makers at that time they didn't care
+
+28
+00:02:02,770 --> 00:02:05,790
+much about the mechanical shape of the surface of
+
+29
+00:02:05,790 --> 00:02:10,590
+the glass, whether it's oval, spherical, or curved
+
+30
+00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:15,310
+in a certain way, but rather they cared more about
+
+31
+00:02:15,310 --> 00:02:16,870
+the smoothness of the surface, there's a
+
+32
+00:02:16,870 --> 00:02:19,460
+difference between having a polished surface he
+
+33
+00:02:19,460 --> 00:02:23,820
+polished it well and made sure that it has a
+
+34
+00:02:23,820 --> 00:02:27,300
+certain mechanical shape, egg-shaped, ball-shaped,
+
+35
+00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:33,080
+etc. So, the lenses manufacturers at that time
+
+36
+00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,580
+were not interested in this topic, but they
+
+37
+00:02:36,580 --> 00:02:39,780
+thought Or they had a principle that any curved
+
+38
+00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:46,060
+surface could give them an image It seemed that
+
+39
+00:02:46,060 --> 00:02:49,940
+any curved surface produced an image It's true
+
+40
+00:02:49,940 --> 00:02:56,840
+that any curved surface of glass He can give me a
+
+41
+00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:59,400
+picture, why can he give me a picture? Because the
+
+42
+00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:01,820
+light when it falls from the air to penetrate this
+
+43
+00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:05,060
+curved surface, even if it is a curved and
+
+44
+00:03:05,060 --> 00:03:07,740
+irregular surface in its curvature, part of the
+
+45
+00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:10,960
+light that fell from the air towards the glass
+
+46
+00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:14,260
+will reflect towards the eye of the person looking
+
+47
+00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,880
+at the view, and therefore he will see a picture,
+
+48
+00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:19,800
+but the quality of this picture will of course be
+
+49
+00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:24,010
+low, it will be low It seemed that any curved
+
+50
+00:03:24,010 --> 00:03:28,390
+surface produced an image, so lens surfaces were
+
+51
+00:03:28,390 --> 00:03:32,330
+carefully polished but haphazardly shaped عشان هيك
+
+52
+00:03:32,330 --> 00:03:35,430
+هما ماكانوش مهتمين بالشكل إنما كانوا مهتمين بال
+
+53
+00:03:35,430 --> 00:03:38,870
+polishing يعني عملية التنعيم للسطح المهم إنه يكون
+
+54
+00:03:38,870 --> 00:03:44,240
+سطح منحني و خلاص حتى لو كان انحناقه مش منتظم So,
+
+55
+00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,000
+they were not asking about the shape, so any shape
+
+56
+00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:50,140
+that came up with them, they would reject it and
+
+57
+00:03:50,140 --> 00:03:52,460
+they would just say yes to this surface and that's
+
+58
+00:03:52,460 --> 00:03:57,220
+it However, as ideas such as stigmatic imaging and
+
+59
+00:03:57,220 --> 00:04:00,780
+Snell's law developed, it became clear that the
+
+60
+00:04:00,780 --> 00:04:04,180
+shape of the lens surfaces determined the quality
+
+61
+00:04:04,180 --> 00:04:08,220
+of the image As soon as it started The ideas of
+
+62
+00:04:08,220 --> 00:04:11,780
+scientists are aimed at getting stigmatic imaging,
+
+63
+00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:15,140
+to get the original image and improve the quality
+
+64
+00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:18,500
+of the image, and as soon as they discovered the
+
+65
+00:04:18,500 --> 00:04:21,380
+law of contraction, which is Snell's law, it
+
+66
+00:04:21,380 --> 00:04:23,680
+became that there are two new things in the
+
+67
+00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:26,380
+scientific community at that time, the idea that
+
+68
+00:04:26,380 --> 00:04:30,010
+we want to get stigmatic imaging And another thing
+
+69
+00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:33,390
+is that when the law of friction was proven and
+
+70
+00:04:33,390 --> 00:04:36,850
+proved by the scientist Snell, it became clear
+
+71
+00:04:36,850 --> 00:04:39,950
+that the shape of the lens surfaces determines the
+
+72
+00:04:39,950 --> 00:04:43,490
+quality of the image. It became clear that not
+
+73
+00:04:43,490 --> 00:04:46,730
+only polishing is what is necessary, but what is
+
+74
+00:04:46,730 --> 00:04:52,530
+more important than polishing is that it must have
+
+75
+00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:55,410
+a specific shape because there are certain shapes
+
+76
+00:04:56,200 --> 00:05:00,000
+It produces image quality much higher than other
+
+77
+00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,020
+forms, so the shape or shape or the nature of the
+
+78
+00:05:03,020 --> 00:05:06,900
+curve, whether it's curved, oval, curved, whether
+
+79
+00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:08,940
+it's like this, whether it's like that, became
+
+80
+00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:12,620
+that it has a great importance in image quality
+
+81
+00:05:12,620 --> 00:05:16,880
+and improving image quality In the 17th century,
+
+82
+00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:22,220
+lens makers began to carefully shape the lens
+
+83
+00:05:22,220 --> 00:05:25,700
+surface in order to improve image quality. In
+
+84
+00:05:25,700 --> 00:05:28,320
+addition to what they used to do before, from
+
+85
+00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:33,640
+perfectly smoothing the surface of the lens at the
+
+86
+00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:39,280
+beginning of the 17th century and towards the end
+
+87
+00:05:39,280 --> 00:05:44,020
+of the The manufacturers of lenses started to make
+
+88
+00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:50,820
+specific shapes for the lens surface to give me or
+
+89
+00:05:50,820 --> 00:05:55,840
+improve my image quality Now they had a very
+
+90
+00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:59,620
+simple and very important question The following
+
+91
+00:05:59,620 --> 00:06:03,740
+question arose I had a question What service
+
+92
+00:06:03,740 --> 00:06:07,360
+produces the best image? Now it is agreed that we
+
+93
+00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:12,140
+..There are ideas that the shape of the lens, the
+
+94
+00:06:12,140 --> 00:06:15,540
+mechanical shape of the surface of the lens is
+
+95
+00:06:15,540 --> 00:06:17,840
+very important in the subject of image quality
+
+96
+00:06:17,840 --> 00:06:22,460
+Well, you see, any mechanical shape is the best
+
+97
+00:06:22,460 --> 00:06:26,800
+and will produce the best image quality, the best
+
+98
+00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:30,640
+image quality The scientist Descartes came at that
+
+99
+00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:34,700
+time and applied the Fermat principle to the
+
+100
+00:06:34,700 --> 00:06:38,420
+simplest situation possible, a single refracting
+
+101
+00:06:38,420 --> 00:06:42,380
+surface The scientist Descartes, René Descartes,
+
+102
+00:06:42,820 --> 00:06:45,340
+applied the Fermat principle, the principle of
+
+103
+00:06:45,340 --> 00:06:47,600
+Fermat that we talked about in previous lectures,
+
+104
+00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:52,720
+to the simplest subject or the simplest lens,
+
+105
+00:06:52,940 --> 00:06:56,100
+let's say, or the simplest flat surface for light
+
+106
+00:06:56,100 --> 00:06:59,950
+What is the simplest surface? single refracting
+
+107
+00:06:59,950 --> 00:07:03,070
+service single refracting service كيف يعني single
+
+108
+00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:09,370
+refracting service لو اجينا احنا نظرنا للمنظر اللي
+
+109
+00:07:09,370 --> 00:07:14,710
+انا بده العدسة هلها دي أبسط شئ لأ ليش لإن انا
+
+110
+00:07:14,710 --> 00:07:18,630
+مكورة من سطحين سطح أمامي و سطح خالفي فDescartes
+
+111
+00:07:18,630 --> 00:07:22,510
+قال لأ احنا بدنا نختار refracting service should
+
+112
+00:07:22,510 --> 00:07:25,550
+consist of one service only, there is no other,
+
+113
+00:07:25,770 --> 00:07:27,970
+there is no such thing as a front surface and a
+
+114
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,250
+back surface and we want to get the simplest
+
+115
+00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:34,930
+object which is single or single object point,
+
+116
+00:07:35,010 --> 00:07:39,350
+single object point, therefore simplest ..
+
+117
+00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:44,910
+simplest ..A camera is a single refracting service
+
+118
+00:07:44,910 --> 00:07:49,170
+and what we mean by that is a glass rod I'm not
+
+119
+00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:52,630
+drawing a full glass rod here, but I'm drawing the
+
+120
+00:07:52,630 --> 00:07:54,670
+part that we're going to use in the formation of a
+
+121
+00:07:54,670 --> 00:07:57,130
+picture This is a single refracting service and
+
+122
+00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:59,950
+this is an object point The light spread from it in
+
+123
+00:07:59,950 --> 00:08:04,750
+all directions. Part of this light entered the
+
+124
+00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,590
+single refracting surface, penetrated the glass
+
+125
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:10,910
+and formed a picture inside the glass. This is the
+
+126
+00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:13,250
+simplest camera possible. There can be nothing
+
+127
+00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:15,590
+simpler than that. There can be nothing simpler
+
+128
+00:08:15,590 --> 00:08:17,970
+than that when it comes to the transition of light
+
+129
+00:08:17,970 --> 00:08:20,690
+from one substance to another that differs from it
+
+130
+00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:24,050
+in the refractive index. So
+
+131
+00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:30,110
+Descartes applied the Fermat principle to the
+
+132
+00:08:30,110 --> 00:08:33,170
+simplest situation possible, meaning the simplest
+
+133
+00:08:33,170 --> 00:08:36,230
+possible situation is to have a single refractive
+
+134
+00:08:36,230 --> 00:08:41,170
+surface, which is a single object point and a long
+
+135
+00:08:41,170 --> 00:08:44,710
+glass rod. Why a long glass rod? So that the image
+
+136
+00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:47,430
+is formed inside the glass. It can be difficult
+
+137
+00:08:47,430 --> 00:08:49,350
+for a person to understand how the image is formed
+
+138
+00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:51,630
+inside the glass. Is this possible? Of course this
+
+139
+00:08:51,630 --> 00:08:56,310
+is possible. وبيحدث في حياتنا كثيرا يعني كل إنسان
+
+140
+00:08:56,310 --> 00:09:00,510
+عنده myopia ..كل إنسان عنده myopia قصر نظر لو
+
+141
+00:09:00,510 --> 00:09:04,210
+مالبسش النضارات بتاعته الصورة عنده بتتكون أمام
+
+142
+00:09:04,210 --> 00:09:07,210
+الشبكة إيش يعني أمام الشبكة يعني في السائل الزجاجي
+
+143
+00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:10,550
+يعني داخل ال gel اللي بنسميه ال vitreous أو السائل
+
+144
+00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:14,790
+الزجاجي زي ما اتكونت الصورة في ال myopic eye داخل
+
+145
+00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:18,600
+ال gel أو داخل ال vitreous يعني قبل ال retinaايضا
+
+146
+00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:22,080
+ممكن الصورة تتكون داخل ال glass زي ما الصورة عندي
+
+147
+00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,340
+هنا بتوضح، زي ما الصورة عندي هنا بتوضح، اذا
+
+148
+00:09:25,340 --> 00:09:30,180
+consider a single object point and a long glass
+
+149
+00:09:30,180 --> 00:09:34,270
+road، هاي أنا عندي single object point I have a
+
+150
+00:09:34,270 --> 00:09:36,410
+long glass rod, not drawn or anything like that,
+
+151
+00:09:36,510 --> 00:09:39,390
+we are drawing the part where the picture will be
+
+152
+00:09:39,390 --> 00:09:41,790
+formed, which is marked with the symbol I, and
+
+153
+00:09:41,790 --> 00:09:45,190
+this is enough to clarify the idea Now, what will
+
+154
+00:09:45,190 --> 00:09:49,610
+Descartes and the team of researchers with him do?
+
+155
+00:09:49,790 --> 00:09:54,390
+They want to start playing or changing the shapes
+
+156
+00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:58,660
+of السطح هذا ال refracting surface هذا مرة يخليه
+
+157
+00:09:58,660 --> 00:10:04,380
+كروي مرة ينحطه بشكل بيضاوي مرة ينحطه بشكل مخروطي و
+
+158
+00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:08,440
+مرة ينحطه بشكل يعني جميع الأشكال الهندسية اللي هو
+
+159
+00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:12,320
+يعني عايز هذا يعني بمعنى أخر أنه بدنا نغير ال
+
+160
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:16,620
+shape بدنا نغير ال shape يعني الشكل طيب، إيش حصل مع
+
+161
+00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:21,600
+René Descartes، بنقول، Descartes realized that if
+
+162
+00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:25,420
+the end of the road was configured in a nearly
+
+163
+00:10:25,420 --> 00:10:29,880
+elliptical shape, a stigmatic image would form in
+
+164
+00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:30,320
+the glass
+
+165
+00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:38,130
+بننحطه و بنخلي شكله شبه بيضاوي, nearly elliptical,
+
+166
+00:10:38,510 --> 00:10:43,130
+nearly elliptical shape ساعتها stigmatic image لل
+
+167
+00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:46,670
+object point، لل object point، هذه ال object
+
+168
+00:10:46,670 --> 00:10:51,850
+point، هيتكون لها stigmatic image داخل ال glass
+
+169
+00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:56,030
+road، داخل ال glass road، يعني الأشعة، الأشعة كلها
+
+170
+00:10:56,030 --> 00:11:00,690
+هتتجمع في نقطة واحدة، إذا كان الشكل هنا، شكل السطح
+
+171
+00:11:00,690 --> 00:11:06,270
+شبه بيضاوي What did René Descartes do next? René
+
+172
+00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:09,790
+Descartes went to the place where the stigmatic
+
+173
+00:11:09,790 --> 00:11:12,950
+image was formed and cut the glass rod from there
+
+174
+00:11:12,950 --> 00:11:18,110
+and brought a glass rod similar in size to him and
+
+175
+00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:23,810
+stuck it in the back part of the first glass rod
+
+176
+00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:28,460
+this image, this image where the light is gathered
+
+177
+00:11:28,460 --> 00:11:31,780
+in a point shape and then it started again, it
+
+178
+00:11:31,780 --> 00:11:34,720
+became a divergence facing the other surface which
+
+179
+00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,540
+is also nearly elliptical. So why did Descartes do
+
+180
+00:11:38,540 --> 00:11:41,820
+such a thing? He did it to get a stigmatic image
+
+181
+00:11:41,820 --> 00:11:43,500
+in the vacuum, he didn't want to be humiliated in
+
+182
+00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:47,360
+the glass road. So this primary image became a
+
+183
+00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,560
+body that emits light and consequently when we
+
+184
+00:11:51,560 --> 00:11:56,140
+pass through the light froma new glass rode which
+
+185
+00:11:56,140 --> 00:11:58,660
+has the same characteristics and length which is
+
+186
+00:11:58,660 --> 00:12:04,460
+nearly elliptical and here it is almost elliptical
+
+187
+00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:07,120
+the light from the first image which was
+
+188
+00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:10,040
+considered as if it was a body was scattered and
+
+189
+00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:12,940
+then broke through the single refracting surface
+
+190
+00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:16,520
+here and collected and the image was printed on
+
+191
+00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:19,380
+the printing paper and the image was really
+
+192
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:23,850
+stigmatic عندي intermediate image, stigmatic,
+
+193
+00:12:23,930 --> 00:12:27,190
+stigmatic يعني طبق الأصل من ال object و final
+
+194
+00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:31,590
+image اللي هي الصورة الأخيرة أيضا stigmatic بمعنى
+
+195
+00:12:31
+
+223
+00:14:42,590 --> 00:14:48,190
+stigmatic image of any object we want The truth is 
+
+224
+00:14:48,190 --> 00:14:51,970
+that this is not correct Why is it not correct?
+
+225
+00:14:52,050 --> 00:14:56,790
+Because we used the simplest object and the
+
+226
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:59,490
+simplest camera The simplest object is a single 
+
+227
+00:14:59,490 --> 00:15:03,320
+object pointAnd the simplest camera is a single
+
+228
+00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,620
+refracting surface. You may remember the first 
+
+229
+00:15:06,620 --> 00:15:08,720
+lecture that said that the simplest camera is a 
+
+230
+00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:10,360
+pinhole camera. But we said that the pinhole
+
+231
+00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:16,220
+camera cannot be used because its pictures are too
+
+232
+00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:18,060
+faint to be useful. Meaning that it is too faint
+
+233
+00:15:18,060 --> 00:15:24,780
+to be useful. So the
+
+234
+00:15:24,780 --> 00:15:29,370
+solution to the problem is no.one point or if the 
+
+235
+00:15:29,370 --> 00:15:33,490
+body is one point then the Cartesian ellipsoid 
+
+236
+00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:37,890
+produces a stigmatic image of only one object
+
+237
+00:15:37,890 --> 00:15:41,090
+point and the rest of the points all other object 
+
+238
+00:15:41,090 --> 00:15:45,590
+points image non-stigmatically if the object for
+
+239
+00:15:45,590 --> 00:15:49,670
+example consists of ten points of course the
+
+240
+00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:52,250
+object consists of an infinite number of points
+
+241
+00:15:52,250 --> 00:15:56,130
+but we imagine that the object consists of ten
+
+242
+00:15:56,130 --> 00:16:02,020
+pointsOne of these points will have a stigmatic 
+
+243
+00:16:02,020 --> 00:16:04,140
+picture and the other nine will be non-stigmatic, 
+
+244
+00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:06,460
+which means it's a point spread function One might 
+
+245
+00:16:06,460 --> 00:16:09,900
+say, well, what did we gain from all this work of
+
+246
+00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:14,120
+Descartes? Descartes put the feet of scientists at
+
+247
+00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,530
+the beginning of our journeyin terms of getting a 
+
+248
+00:16:18,530 --> 00:16:21,210
+stigmatic image ..in terms of getting a stigmatic
+
+249
+00:16:21,210 --> 00:16:24,470
+image ..it is true that the formation ..the
+
+250
+00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:27,110
+formation of a glass rod in a nearly elliptical
+
+251
+00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:31,550
+shape leads to one object point ..only one object 
+
+252
+00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:35,330
+point being stigmatic and the rest not ..but as 
+
+253
+00:16:35,330 --> 00:16:38,130
+long as we get one point that is stigmatic it
+
+254
+00:16:38,130 --> 00:16:41,210
+means that we started to walk on the beginning of
+
+255
+00:16:41,210 --> 00:16:46,130
+the road to get ..Stigmatic imaging of other 
+
+256
+00:16:46,130 --> 00:16:51,290
+object points. The Cartesian ellipsoid produces a
+
+257
+00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:55,450
+stigmatic image of only one object point. All
+
+258
+00:16:55,450 --> 00:16:58,350
+other object points image non-stigmatically. 
+
+259
+00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:06,960
+في نقطة تانية او صعوبة تانية واجهت العلماء في ذلك
+
+260
+00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:11,800
+الزمن انه لغاية 1960 لعصرنا الحالي او للقرن 
+
+261
+00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:16,780
+العشرين لبعد منتصف القرن العشرين 1960 يعني تقريبا
+
+262
+00:17:16,780 --> 00:17:22,520
+من ستين سنة من ستين سنة بالضبط it was impossibleto
+
+263
+00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:36,420
+manufacture a Cartesian ellipsoid. The only 
+
+264
+00:17:36,420 --> 00:17:39,520
+surfaces that could be accurately figured were
+
+265
+00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:43,700
+spheres, cylinders, spherocylinders and flats.
+
+266
+00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:47,940
+Now, aspheric surfaces are relatively easy to
+
+267
+00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:48,400
+manufacture.
+
+268
+00:17:52,390 --> 00:17:56,530
+The rectangular shapes, the rectangular spherical
+
+269
+00:17:56,530 --> 00:18:03,640
+shapes, and the flat shapes.As for manufacturing
+
+270
+00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:07,400
+Cartesian ellipsoids and manufacturing them
+
+271
+00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,540
+artificially in large quantities in order to 
+
+272
+00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:12,980
+distribute them for practical use, of course this 
+
+273
+00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:15,560
+was almost impossible ..almost impossible
+
+274
+00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:37,840
+بشكل سهل جدا و ال computer ممكن هو اللي يشرف على 
+
+275
+00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:42,300
+القضية تقصها و تنتج بشكل صناعي بسهولة شديدة، 
+
+276
+00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:49,020
+بسهولة شديدة بدون تدخل يد الإنسان The 
+
+277
+00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:52,500
+cart established that a single refracting surface
+
+278
+00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,020
+could at best produce a stigmatic image of only
+
+279
+00:18:56,020 --> 00:19:00,080
+one object pointThe scholar René Descartes reached 
+
+280
+00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,600
+to a rule that if I have one refracting service, 
+
+281
+00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:08,560
+single refracting service, and I shaped it in the 
+
+282
+00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:11,340
+best possible way or in the most appropriate way, 
+
+283
+00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,180
+the maximum that this single refracting service
+
+284
+00:19:15,180 --> 00:19:18,580
+has is to make a stigmatic image for only one
+
+285
+00:19:18,580 --> 00:19:22,260
+point. Okay, I want more than one point to have a
+
+286
+00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:26,330
+stigmatic imageطبعا باستعمال علم الرياضيات by 
+
+287
+00:19:26,330 --> 00:19:30,070
+means of mathematics it has been demonstrated that
+
+288
+00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:34,650
+an optical system can produce a stigmatic image of 
+
+289
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:38,710
+only as many object points as there are degrees of
+
+290
+00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:42,650
+freedom in the optical system يعني ما معنى هذا
+
+291
+00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:48,160
+الكلام؟ ما معنى هذا الكلام؟Now, before we say the 
+
+292
+00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:49,360
+meaning of this word, let's go back to the
+
+293
+00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:52,480
+previous sentence, Descartes reached a base, that
+
+294
+00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:56,400
+if I have a single refractive surface, I can get 
+
+295
+00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,120
+from the single refractive surface on one object 
+
+296
+00:20:00,120 --> 00:20:04,770
+point that its shape is stigmaticI get the object
+
+297
+00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:07,030
+points, I get the point of the object, it's not 
+
+298
+00:20:07,030 --> 00:20:10,610
+possible because I have a chance to get one point
+
+299
+00:20:10,610 --> 00:20:14,110
+on a picture like the original And I get the point 
+
+300
+00:20:14,110 --> 00:20:16,150
+of the object, it's not possible, why? Because I
+
+301
+00:20:16,150 --> 00:20:19,610
+have single refracting surface, single refracting 
+
+302
+00:20:19,610 --> 00:20:23,120
+surfaceNow, by using mathematical science, 
+
+303
+00:20:24,060 --> 00:20:28,100
+scientists proved that any optical system .. any
+
+304
+00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:32,600
+optical system .. will give me a stigmatic image
+
+305
+00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,520
+of the number of points of the object as much as
+
+306
+00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:36,540
+there are degrees of freedom in this optical 
+
+307
+00:20:36,540 --> 00:20:41,020
+systemWe want to understand what degrees of 
+
+308
+00:20:41,020 --> 00:20:43,140
+freedom means. We want to understand what degrees
+
+309
+00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:46,260
+of freedom means. We repeat, we say if I have an
+
+310
+00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:50,020
+optical system scene and another optical system 
+
+311
+00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:53,540
+shot, and the optical system scene has degrees of 
+
+312
+00:20:53,540 --> 00:20:57,740
+freedom more than the optical system shot, then 
+
+313
+00:20:57,740 --> 00:21:01,760
+the optical system scene will give me a stigmatic
+
+314
+00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:04,300
+image for the number of points of the object more 
+
+315
+00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:09,790
+than what the optical system shot gives me.Okay, 
+
+316
+00:21:09,970 --> 00:21:12,970
+what is meant by degrees of freedom here? Of 
+
+317
+00:21:12,970 --> 00:21:14,950
+course, what is meant is not the political freedom
+
+318
+00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:18,530
+that we hear about But degrees of freedom means 
+
+319
+00:21:18,530 --> 00:21:22,110
+how much I am free to change the characteristics 
+
+320
+00:21:22,110 --> 00:21:24,810
+of the optical system Also, we want to understand 
+
+321
+00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,510
+more, we say I have one lens with two surfaces One
+
+322
+00:21:29,510 --> 00:21:34,950
+lens with two surfaces Let's see this drawing We 
+
+323
+00:21:34,950 --> 00:21:38,080
+will take this lens onlyWhat are the attributes
+
+324
+00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:41,560
+that I can change in the lens? I can change the
+
+325
+00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,180
+shape and tilt of the surface in front of me, this 
+
+326
+00:21:44,180 --> 00:21:46,440
+is the first degree of freedom I have, which means
+
+327
+00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:50,100
+I am free to change it or tilt it in a certain way
+
+328
+00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:54,300
+Second thing, the back surface, I can change its
+
+329
+00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:56,460
+shape and tilt it, so I have two degrees of 
+
+330
+00:21:56,460 --> 00:22:02,450
+freedom Third thing, third thingالسمك .. السمك 
+
+331
+00:22:02,450 --> 00:22:06,510
+بتاع العدسة فأقدر أخليها سميكة، أرفع شويه، 
+
+332
+00:22:06,510 --> 00:22:10,290
+أرفيعها، إذا برضه .. برضه عندي درجة أو عندي مجال
+
+333
+00:22:10,290 --> 00:22:13,970
+من الحرية إن أنا أغير السمك بتاع العدسة، إذا هذه
+
+334
+00:22:13,970 --> 00:22:18,810
+عدسة لها تلت درجات حرية، إذا هذه بتقدر تعطيني
+
+335
+00:22:18,810 --> 00:22:24,550
+تلاتة points، تلاتة pointsOr more than the
+
+336
+00:22:24,550 --> 00:22:27,270
+stigmatic imaging, than the stigmatic imaging I 
+
+337
+00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:31,690
+mean if the single refracting service gave me, 
+
+338
+00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:35,270
+because it's single, gave me only a stigmatic 
+
+339
+00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:37,250
+picture for one object point and the rest of the 
+
+340
+00:22:37,250 --> 00:22:42,510
+object points were not stigmatic pictures, while I 
+
+341
+00:22:42,510 --> 00:22:47,990
+haveA single lens has three degrees of freedom. 
+
+342
+00:22:48,650 --> 00:22:51,090
+What are these three degrees of freedom? The front 
+
+343
+00:22:51,090 --> 00:22:55,170
+surface, I can control its shape, change it, bend
+
+344
+00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,890
+it in one way, then change it in another way until
+
+345
+00:22:57,890 --> 00:23:03,650
+I get a stigmatic image to one point. The back 
+
+346
+00:23:03,650 --> 00:23:06,890
+surface to another point, I can change it. The 
+
+347
+00:23:06,890 --> 00:23:11,370
+thickness, I can control it until it gives me a
+
+348
+00:23:11,370 --> 00:23:16,220
+third point. So, onesingle lens and have three 
+
+349
+00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:17,880
+degrees of freedom
+
+350
+00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,820
+Two lenses, two lenses, as the drawing here shows, 
+
+351
+00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:27,920
+I have two lenses. How many degrees of freedom do 
+
+352
+00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,600
+I have? I have seven degrees of freedom. What are 
+
+353
+00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,200
+they? The front surface and the back surface, I 
+
+354
+00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,660
+can control their shape and thickness. These are 
+
+355
+00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:40,200
+three. And here also three, six. So why did we say
+
+356
+00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,420
+seven? Because I can also control the distance
+
+357
+00:23:43,420 --> 00:23:46,820
+between the two lenses. These two lenses together,
+
+358
+00:23:47,020 --> 00:23:51,200
+optical system oneSo I have three degrees of 
+
+359
+00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:53,860
+freedom here, and three, this is six, and the 
+
+360
+00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:57,740
+seventh that I can control, which is what? The
+
+361
+00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:00,980
+distance between them We notice some press cameras
+
+362
+00:24:00,980 --> 00:24:06,140
+in conferences and similarYou can .. or you find 
+
+363
+00:24:06,140 --> 00:24:10,160
+that the camera is extended forward, some people 
+
+364
+00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:11,520
+or some journalists say that they are doing 
+
+365
+00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,040
+zooming, they are doing zooming From the concept 
+
+366
+00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:16,180
+of geometrical optics, we say that it is extended
+
+367
+00:24:16,180 --> 00:24:19,140
+forward to make a greater distance between the
+
+368
+00:24:19,140 --> 00:24:24,020
+lenses, why? To get a higher image quality, to get
+
+369
+00:24:24,020 --> 00:24:28,330
+a higher image qualityNow, how will the journalist
+
+370
+00:24:28,330 --> 00:24:31,150
+know that he got a higher image quality when he
+
+371
+00:24:31,150 --> 00:24:33,530
+sees that his image is clearer and more obvious
+
+372
+00:24:33,530 --> 00:24:39,570
+and it becomes to a higher degree of clarity? Some
+
+373
+00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:42,590
+cameras don't even wait for the journalist to 
+
+374
+00:24:42,590 --> 00:24:45,710
+change the distance of the lenses from each other, 
+
+375
+00:24:45,750 --> 00:24:51,540
+but they do this automaticallyThe proof that I can 
+
+376
+00:24:51,540 --> 00:24:54,660
+control the distance is that these are two lenses 
+
+377
+00:24:54,660 --> 00:24:57,140
+connected to each other, so the distance between
+
+378
+00:24:57,140 --> 00:24:59,920
+them is zero, while these two lenses have a
+
+379
+00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:01,940
+certain distance between them, I can try them, I 
+
+380
+00:25:01,940 --> 00:25:03,620
+can distance them, so this is one degree of
+
+381
+00:25:03,620 --> 00:25:08,610
+freedom degrees. A person may wonder why I putThis 
+
+382
+00:25:08,610 --> 00:25:14,090
+picture, this picture is about a bed that needs to
+
+383
+00:25:14,090 --> 00:25:17,170
+be moved to another house or something similar We 
+
+384
+00:25:17,170 --> 00:25:20,590
+say that if we ask one person, because you see 
+
+385
+00:25:20,590 --> 00:25:26,890
+that he carries two people, one person to carry 
+
+386
+00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:29,710
+the bed, he will find it difficult because it is
+
+387
+00:25:29,710 --> 00:25:34,930
+big and has floors, I mean, toilets and pillows 
+
+388
+00:25:34,930 --> 00:25:39,960
+and so onNow if we ask .. of course he is one 
+
+389
+00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,440
+person, he has both hands, so he has two degrees
+
+390
+00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,140
+of freedom to control and hold with both hands If
+
+391
+00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:48,360
+we add another person, the situation becomes 
+
+392
+00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:52,920
+easier, I have four degrees or four working hands,
+
+393
+00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:56,340
+four working hands If we bring a third person, we 
+
+394
+00:25:56,340 --> 00:25:58,930
+say to him, hold these tools with your handsIt 
+
+395
+00:25:58,930 --> 00:26:02,690
+will be easier and easier. If we bring a fourth 
+
+396
+00:26:02,690 --> 00:26:04,710
+person, it will be easier. That is, the more the 
+
+397
+00:26:04,710 --> 00:26:08,450
+number of working hands, the easier it is to carry 
+
+398
+00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:11,610
+out the mission without any problems. And also,
+
+399
+00:26:11,850 --> 00:26:15,310
+the more lenses we have, the more freedom I have.
+
+400
+00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:19,640
+and therefore I have more quality of the picture
+
+401
+00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,980
+because the more degrees of freedom I have, the 
+
+402
+00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,920
+more points I can get from the object on a 
+
+403
+00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:32,320
+stigmatic image in the picture Stigmatic image
+
+404
+00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:37,220
+means that these object points are points Let's go 
+
+405
+00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:39,280
+to the optical system here in the drawing, let's 
+
+406
+00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:43,400
+say how many lenses are there? One, two, three,
+
+407
+00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:48,810
+four, fiveكل عدسة إلها تلت درجات حرية، سطحها 
+
+408
+00:26:48,810 --> 00:26:52,230
+الأمامي و سطحها الخالفي و السمك بتاعها، بغض النظر
+
+409
+00:26:52,230 --> 00:26:56,810
+العدسة محددة أو مقعرة، إذا عندي خمس عدسات في تلت 
+
+410
+00:26:56,810 --> 00:27:01,290
+درجات حرية، إذا عندي خمستاشر درجة حرية زائد، كام 
+
+411
+00:27:01,290 --> 00:27:05,970
+مسافة بينهم هاي مسافة؟ تنتين، تلاتة، أربع، خمستاشر
+
+412
+00:27:0

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/IiCVj1ZAxis_raw.json

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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/JynOvdHtkQI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1943 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,580 --> 00:00:02,600
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,180 --> 00:00:06,260
+We continue with the lectures of Geometric Optics
+
+3
+00:00:06,260 --> 00:00:11,040
+and we said that scientists in the 17th century
+
+4
+00:00:11,040 --> 00:00:15,640
+found a system of equations and mathematical 
+
+5
+00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:18,690
+calculations which made it easier to understand the
+
+6
+00:00:18,690 --> 00:00:21,230
+science of geometric optics and made it easier to
+
+7
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,890
+understand the journey of light from the object to
+
+8
+00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:26,910
+the optical system, to the image. This system of
+
+9
+00:00:26,910 --> 00:00:30,170
+equations and mathematical calculations became
+
+10
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:35,810
+known as the first order optics which is the basic
+
+11
+00:00:35,810 --> 00:00:41,780
+stone for understanding geometric optics. وعشان نفهم
+
+12
+00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:46,400
+بالتفصيل إيش اللي عملوه العلماء بنحكي إيش أول خطوة 
+
+13
+00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:50,120
+عملوها العلماء قبل ما نحكي الخطوة الأولى و اللي هي
+
+14
+00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,400
+ignoring image quality. بنذكر بصفات ال image أو ال
+
+15
+00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,080
+image characteristics و اللي هي ال magnification و
+
+16
+00:00:57,080 --> 00:01:01,180
+ال location و ال quality و ال brightness. هنمسك
+
+17
+00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:05,620
+تالت شئ اللي هي ال quality اللي هي one of the most
+
+18
+00:01:05,620 --> 00:01:07,460
+important characteristics of the image and we said
+
+19
+00:01:07,460 --> 00:01:09,880
+that the quality is required that the optical
+
+20
+00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:13,400
+system creates a high quality image and if 
+
+21
+00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:16,340
+possible it should create a stigmatic image that
+
+22
+00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:18,460
+is a picture that is as it should be. This is the 
+
+23
+00:01:18,460 --> 00:01:22,940
+best thing possible in the seventeenth century. The
+
+24
+00:01:22,940 --> 00:01:27,820
+issue of obtaining a very high quality, It was a
+
+25
+00:01:27,820 --> 00:01:32,380
+dream of scientists that the optical system at
+
+26
+00:01:32,380 --> 00:01:38,380
+that time was giving useful images, pictures that
+
+27
+00:01:38,380 --> 00:01:42,320
+were practical and useful, but not high quality,
+
+28
+00:01:42,420 --> 00:01:47,570
+not high quality. So first of all, scientists, in
+
+29
+00:01:47,570 --> 00:01:51,210
+order for the image to shine through the optical 
+
+30
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:53,770
+system, they said that the first thing we should 
+
+31
+00:01:53,770 --> 00:01:57,190
+do is to ignore image quality. We should not study 
+
+32
+00:01:57,190 --> 00:02:01,050
+image quality. Ignoring image quality. We will say
+
+33
+00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:06,120
+why they .. I mean .. I mean they agreed to neglect
+
+34
+00:02:06,120 --> 00:02:11,640
+image quality because they don't want high image 
+
+35
+00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:15,280
+quality, but they can't make an optical system 
+
+36
+00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:19,040
+that's not high quality or that gives me high
+
+37
+00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:23,330
+quality pictures or images. هدا لو احنا جبنا مثل من
+
+38
+00:02:23,330 --> 00:02:29,410
+الحياة، بنقول إنسان بسيط للغاية في حياته ما هيصعد
+
+39
+00:02:29,410 --> 00:02:34,210
+على سطح القمر في سفينة فضاء، ليش يشغل نفسه ب ..
+
+40
+00:02:34,210 --> 00:02:39,870
+يعني تفصيل بدلة مثل البدلة اللي بيلبسها رواد
+
+41
+00:02:39,870 --> 00:02:43,720
+الفضاء، يعني هذا بيكون مضيع للوقت. And in comparison
+
+42
+00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:47,520
+to that, scientists in the 17th century said that 
+
+43
+00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:51,840
+we are not able to create a high quality optical 
+
+44
+00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:56,060
+system. So as long as our image quality is 
+
+45
+00:02:56,060 --> 00:03:00,760
+basically humble. The image quality is low, so the
+
+46
+00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:02,980
+first thing to study the journey of light and 
+
+47
+00:03:02,980 --> 00:03:06,700
+study the image characteristics, we need to 
+
+48
+00:03:06,700 --> 00:03:09,160
+neglect the image quality. This is basically what
+
+49
+00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,320
+they mean or what they simplified to consider that
+
+50
+00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:15,340
+neglecting the image quality and ignoring the 
+
+51
+00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:20,880
+image quality simplified the topic. To know the
+
+52
+00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,180
+image quality exactly, I need to see the point
+
+53
+00:03:24,180 --> 00:03:25,460
+spread function. 
+
+54
+00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:37,630
+If we look at this view and make it bigger, we say 
+
+55
+00:03:37,630 --> 00:03:42,180
+this is the point spread function which is
+
+56
+00:03:42,180 --> 00:03:45,700
+irregular and irregular shape to one point of the
+
+57
+00:03:45,700 --> 00:03:49,280
+object's point. You might ask, what are these
+
+58
+00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,700
+colors? These colors show the intensity of the
+
+59
+00:03:51,700 --> 00:03:54,360
+light. The red color in the middle of the point
+
+60
+00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,320
+spread function, here is the largest amount of 
+
+61
+00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:59,360
+light that ended here is the intensity of the 
+
+62
+00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:01,680
+light, less, less, less, but these are the limits
+
+63
+00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:04,480
+of the point spread function. This is the limits of
+
+64
+00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:07,940
+point spread function in the rectangular form that
+
+65
+00:04:07,940 --> 00:04:13,940
+looks like a ghost to define its limits, it must
+
+66
+00:04:13,940 --> 00:04:17,140
+be from a point in the object, this is a picture 
+
+67
+00:04:17,140 --> 00:04:19,120
+of one point. Let's assume that this is a 
+
+68
+00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:21,640
+condition, it means that in this body, the point 
+
+69
+00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,420
+is a, and this picture is a condition I didn't 
+
+70
+00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:27,540
+draw the body, nor did I draw the optical system, 
+
+71
+00:04:27,580 --> 00:04:30,100
+because I want to know what is the point spread 
+
+72
+00:04:30,100 --> 00:04:33,860
+function. In order to know point spread function of 
+
+73
+00:04:33,860 --> 00:04:36,920
+A, in other words, in order to know the shape of A
+
+74
+00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:41,280
+in the image, A is a point in the object, we see,
+
+75
+00:04:41,420 --> 00:04:46,000
+we pass around 200 or 300 rays in the optical
+
+76
+00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:51,010
+system, and we apply all of them Snell's law. On 
+
+77
+00:04:51,010 --> 00:04:53,830
+each of the rays to know how much is the angle of
+
+78
+00:04:53,830 --> 00:04:56,970
+deflection or the angle of passage θt for each of
+
+79
+00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,390
+the rays. And consequently, this ray ends here,
+
+80
+00:04:59,470 --> 00:05:02,090
+this ray ends here, this ray ends here, this one 
+
+81
+00:05:02,090 --> 00:05:04,210
+here, this one here, and so on until I see the
+
+82
+00:05:04,210 --> 00:05:09,110
+limits of all of them, of course, this worked. It's 
+
+83
+00:05:09,110 --> 00:05:14,930
+very fast and it doesn't take a day or two or a 
+
+84
+00:05:14,930 --> 00:05:19,110
+month or two to see one point picture. So why do I
+
+85
+00:05:19,110 --> 00:05:21,770
+want to know the point spread function? Because 
+
+86
+00:05:21,770 --> 00:05:24,790
+it's known that I have a rule. The smaller the
+
+87
+00:05:24,790 --> 00:05:28,140
+point spread function, the higher the quality, 
+
+88
+00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,440
+why? Because when the point spread function is
+
+89
+00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,240
+smaller, its limits are smaller, it means that its
+
+90
+00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,400
+interaction with the point spread function of the 
+
+91
+00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:39,120
+second point is less, and of the third point is
+
+92
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,740
+less, and we said that the stigmatic image, which 
+
+93
+00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:45,020
+is the image of the original quality, which is the 
+
+94
+00:05:45,020 --> 00:05:48,180
+original quality must be a point, like the object
+
+95
+00:05:48,180 --> 00:05:51,400
+is a point. A point means that A condition must be a 
+
+96
+00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:53,980
+point and B point means that B condition must be a
+
+97
+00:05:53,980 --> 00:05:57,420
+point and so on. So, as long as I have A as a 
+
+98
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:06:00,300
+certain area that I call the point spread function
+
+99
+00:06:00,300 --> 00:06:03,080
+of the area in the image or part of the image, it 
+
+100
+00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,020
+means that I must know its limits. In order to 
+
+101
+00:06:05,020 --> 00:06:09,080
+know its limits, I must follow literally exact ray
+
+102
+00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:14,440
+tracing for hundreds of rays must be exactly 
+
+103
+00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:16,880
+traced in order to know the limits of the point
+
+104
+00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:21,820
+spread function. How do we know image quality? We 
+
+105
+00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:25,760
+define point spread function, if it's too small,
+
+106
+00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:28,880
+image quality will be higher, if it's too big,
+
+107
+00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:31,880
+image quality will be lower. Because if point
+
+108
+00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:33,720
+spread function is too big, the interaction
+
+109
+00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:39,980
+between point spread functions will be higher 
+
+110
+00:06:39,980 --> 00:06:42,780
+because it's too big, and if it's too small, the
+
+111
+00:06:42,780 --> 00:06:43,300
+interaction between point spread functions will be 
+
+112
+00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:46,300
+lower. Of course, the scientists were very 
+
+113
+00:06:46,300 --> 00:06:49,440
+realistic in this field, they said, well, we are 
+
+114
+00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:53,080
+basically unable to create an optical system or a
+
+115
+00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,380
+lens or a refracting service that gives me high 
+
+116
+00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:59,740
+image quality, so why should I bother with image
+
+117
+00:06:59,740 --> 00:07:04,700
+equality? To determine the point spread function,
+
+118
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:06,920
+or let's read from the beginning, ignoring image 
+
+119
+00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:09,380
+quality is the first thing in the first order
+
+120
+00:07:09,380 --> 00:07:13,880
+optics, the first thing in the first order optics
+
+121
+00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:16,200
+system that scientists adopted is ignoring image
+
+122
+00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:21,380
+quality. To determine image quality, 
+
+123
+00:07:23,540 --> 00:07:27,160
+it is necessary to know how light from a single
+
+124
+00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:30,180
+object 
+
+125
+00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:34,800
+point is distributed in the image, to know the 
+
+126
+00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,990
+point spread function. In order to define Point
+
+127
+00:07:37,990 --> 00:07:41,310
+Spread Function, hundreds of rays must be 
+
+128
+00:07:41,310 --> 00:07:42,550
+accurately traced.
+
+129
+00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,310
+In Gauss's time, which is of course what we said
+
+130
+00:08:00,310 --> 00:08:02,750
+about the first order optics, which means that its 
+
+131
+00:08:02,750 --> 00:08:05,950
+legacy basically goes back to the scientist Karl
+
+132
+00:08:05,950 --> 00:08:09,670
+Gauss and the scientists of his time. We say, in
+
+133
+00:08:09,670 --> 00:08:14,110
+Gauss's days, manufacturing techniques rather than
+
+134
+00:08:14,110 --> 00:08:17,600
+optical system design limited the image quality. in
+
+135
+00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:21,600
+that period of time, the manufacturing methods of
+
+136
+00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:25,020
+optical systems used to give me or produce optical
+
+137
+00:08:25,020 --> 00:08:29,060
+systems, lenses that do not give high quality in
+
+138
+00:08:29,060 --> 00:08:31,120
+the picture, so therefore I do not concern myself 
+
+139
+00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:32,880
+with the quality of the picture and I am not able
+
+140
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:41,140
+to get a high picture quality. This is also similar 
+
+141
+00:08:41,140 --> 00:08:45,200
+to our general life, I have 4 or 5 cars in my 
+
+142
+00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:48,660
+parking lot and they are all used and used cars 
+
+143
+00:08:48,660 --> 00:08:52,040
+and they all drive and they can go from Gaza city 
+
+144
+00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,200
+to Khan Younes city for example, so there is no
+
+145
+00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:57,440
+difference if we want to drive the first car or 
+
+146
+00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,260
+the second or the third or the fourth, they are 
+
+147
+00:08:59,260 --> 00:09:02,400
+all used and used cars and they all serve the
+
+148
+00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:04,780
+purpose and there is no distinction between them,
+
+149
+00:09:05,220 --> 00:09:09,250
+so any car, bet .. bet .. bet .. bet .. betafi .. 
+
+150
+00:09:09,250 --> 00:09:15,630
+betafi .. betafi .. betafi.
+
+151
+00:09:15,630 --> 00:09:15,730
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+152
+00:09:15,730 --> 00:09:21,210
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+153
+00:09:21,210 --> 00:09:28,870
+.. betafi .. betafi.
+
+154
+00:09:28,870 --> 00:09:30,830
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+155
+00:09:30,830 --> 00:09:32,290
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+156
+00:09:32,290 --> 00:09:34,370
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+157
+00:09:34,370 --> 00:09:34,450
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+158
+00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:35,850
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi. I'm not able to make
+
+159
+00:09:35,850 --> 00:09:43,370
+high quality lenses, so why should I analyze the
+
+160
+00:09:43,370 --> 00:09:46,630
+image quality and draw hundreds of rays from an
+
+161
+00:09:46,630 --> 00:09:48,370
+object point and insert them into the optical
+
+162
+00:09:48,370 --> 00:09:52,370
+system and then apply Snell's law on each ray of 
+
+163
+00:09:52,370 --> 00:09:55,540
+these rays? This is very tiring work. Interestingly,
+
+164
+00:09:55,540 --> 00:09:59,480
+instead in analyzing other image features such as 
+
+165
+00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,960
+magnification and location and scientists said
+
+166
+00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,220
+let's stop with the rest of the image features 
+
+167
+00:10:06,220 --> 00:10:08,420
+like location, which is the distance between the 
+
+168
+00:10:08,420 --> 00:10:12,300
+image and the optical system and magnification, 
+
+169
+00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:14,640
+which is the transfer of magnification, which is 
+
+170
+00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:17,740
+the method of calculation, which is the method of 
+
+171
+00:10:17,740 --> 00:10:18,260
+calculation. 
+
+172
+00:10:20,930 --> 00:10:27,070
+على كيف يعني بجيت صفات ال image بدون يعني مع تحييض
+
+173
+00:10:27,070 --> 00:10:32,350
+ال image equality مع تحييض ال image equality اذا 
+
+174
+00:10:32,350 --> 00:10:36,310
+to determine all image characteristics except
+
+175
+00:10:36,310 --> 00:10:41,380
+image equality requires tracing only a few rays. If 
+
+176
+00:10:41,380 --> 00:10:44,540
+image quality is ignored, analysis of optical
+
+177
+00:10:44,540 --> 00:10:48,300
+systems is reduced from tracing hundreds of rays 
+
+178
+00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:50,200
+to tracing just two rays.
+
+179
+00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,820
+In order to clarify the idea, when I want to 
+
+180
+00:10:56,820 --> 00:10:59,820
+define that we want to study image quality, it
+
+181
+00:10:59,820 --> 00:11:01,660
+means that we have to define the point spread
+
+182
+00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:02,260
+function.
+
+183
+00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:28,560
+Two rays, two rays, and the point of meeting the
+
+184
+00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:31,920
+two rays after leaving the optical system, after
+
+185
+00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:34,860
+breaking them and leaving the optical system, this 
+
+186
+00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:37,580
+point is considered the area of the image, the 
+
+187
+00:11:37,580 --> 00:11:40,480
+distance from the meeting of the two rays to the 
+
+188
+00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:43,480
+optical system is considered the image distance or 
+
+189
+00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:45,580
+image location, and greater than the image 
+
+190
+00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:48,620
+distance, I get the magnification, because the
+
+191
+00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:50,960
+magnification equals the image distance over the
+
+192
+00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:55,500
+object distance. So, neglecting image quality, or
+
+193
+00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:00,020
+putting it aside, reduced my tracking of rays from
+
+194
+00:12:00,020 --> 0
+
+223
+00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:20,040
+بسيطة لأ مش بسيطة السطوح المنحنية السطوح المنحنية
+
+224
+00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,680
+عشان أعرف زاوية السقوط عليها لازم أرسم ال
+
+225
+00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:27,930
+coordinate system اللي هو الإحداثياتOr the three
+
+226
+00:14:27,930 --> 00:14:32,830
+dimensions which are X, Y and Z at the point where
+
+227
+00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:35,510
+the beam hits the surface of this refracting
+
+228
+00:14:35,510 --> 00:14:38,810
+surface or lens. Therefore, this process is not
+
+229
+00:14:38,810 --> 00:14:43,090
+easy even if we shorten it to just two beams.
+
+230
+00:14:43,090 --> 00:14:47,150
+Scientists moved to the second point of
+
+231
+00:14:47,150 --> 00:14:49,930
+simplification and facilitation in this science. Or
+
+232
+00:14:49,930 --> 00:14:54,710
+the second part. From the system of first order
+
+233
+00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:58,030
+optics, we said that first order optics is a
+
+234
+00:14:58,030 --> 00:15:01,350
+system of equations and calculations that makes it
+
+235
+00:15:01,350 --> 00:15:03,730
+easier to understand the science of geometric
+
+236
+00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:05,850
+optics. The first thing we talked about was
+
+237
+00:15:05,850 --> 00:15:09,130
+ignoring image quality. Now, we want to talk about
+
+238
+00:15:09,130 --> 00:15:11,950
+something else, which is number 2, the paraxial
+
+239
+00:15:11,950 --> 00:15:16,610
+approximation. Paraaxial Approximation. When we say
+
+240
+00:15:16,610 --> 00:15:20,370
+paraaxial, it means adjacent to the optical axis.
+
+241
+00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:23,790
+Adjacent to the optical axis. We say to exactly
+
+242
+00:15:23,790 --> 00:15:27,370
+trace a ray through a refracting surface. We need
+
+243
+00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:30,930
+to establish a coordinate system. In order to track
+
+244
+00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:34,790
+our rays, here we are not tracing the rays
+
+245
+00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:38,030
+directly. We are not tracing the rays, but if I
+
+246
+00:15:38,030 --> 00:15:41,790
+have a single refracting surface. This is a glass
+
+247
+00:15:41,790 --> 00:15:48,910
+rod drawn in blue. To track our rays, Let's say I'm
+
+248
+00:15:48,910 --> 00:15:53,050
+pointing at the ray. Or let's draw a ray. To track a
+
+249
+00:15:53,050 --> 00:15:55,710
+ray, For example, it should hit the refracting
+
+250
+00:15:55,710 --> 00:15:59,350
+surface at this point. Let's make the ray another
+
+251
+00:15:59,350 --> 00:16:05,170
+color to
+
+252
+00:16:05,170 --> 00:16:06,170
+track the ray.
+
+253
+00:16:39,740 --> 00:16:44,130
+Let's look at the enlarged picture. و Y شرطة طبعا X
+
+254
+00:16:44,130 --> 00:16:48,610
+هنا .. X هنا عمودي على سطح المكتب عمودي على سطح
+
+255
+00:16:48,610 --> 00:16:52,990
+المكتب يعني باتجاه الإنسان اللي قاعد على مقابل
+
+256
+00:16:52,990 --> 00:16:57,490
+الشاشة بتاعة ال laptop أو ال computer. Z على سطح
+
+257
+00:16:57,490 --> 00:17:02,050
+المكتب بشكل أفقي و Y على سطح المكتب بشكل عمودي و 
+
+258
+00:17:02,050 --> 00:17:07,110
+عمودي عليه على سطح المكتب يعني يخترق من اتجاه
+
+259
+00:17:07,110 --> 00:17:13,210
+الناظر باتجاه So these are the main objectives. These
+
+260
+00:17:13,210 --> 00:17:16,310
+main innovations are applied to the optical axis
+
+261
+00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:19,270
+of the system. Of course, the optical axis, we all
+
+262
+00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:22,770
+know what is the optical axis. Of course, the
+
+263
+00:17:22,770 --> 00:17:28,330
+beam, which is seen, which is drawn in red, hit
+
+264
+00:17:28,330 --> 00:17:30,550
+the refracting surface at this point and it became
+
+265
+00:17:30,550 --> 00:17:33,390
+broken. In order to know its direction inside the
+
+266
+00:17:33,390 --> 00:17:37,210
+glass, I must first know the angle of fall. In
+
+267
+00:17:37,210 --> 00:17:41,160
+order to know the angle of fall, I must draw. لازم
+
+268
+00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:46,800
+أرسم إحداثيات فرعية equal to the basic priorities
+
+269
+00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:52,280
+of the system as all its priorities in space of
+
+270
+00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:54,880
+course this is not easy. This is something that
+
+271
+00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,140
+requires the intervention of mathematics in this
+
+272
+00:17:57,140 --> 00:18:02,420
+matter so to exactly trace in order to follow a
+
+273
+00:18:02,420 --> 00:18:05,340
+beam through a refracting surface we need to
+
+274
+00:18:05,340 --> 00:18:08,520
+establish a coordinate system by convention
+
+275
+00:18:08,520 --> 00:18:12,650
+according to what is known to him. The origin of the
+
+276
+00:18:12,650 --> 00:18:15,910
+coordinate system is located at the vertex, the
+
+277
+00:18:15,910 --> 00:18:19,190
+point where the optical axis intersects the
+
+278
+00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:19,670
+surface.
+
+279
+00:18:36,580 --> 00:18:41,680
+also by convention the y-axis is vertical. The z
+
+280
+00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:45,700
+-axis coincides with the optical axis and the x
+
+281
+00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:48,060
+-axis is perpendicular to the page.
+
+282
+00:18:52,630 --> 00:18:56,110
+The optical axis, the y-axis is vertical but it
+
+283
+00:18:56,110 --> 00:18:58,990
+comes to the exact surface of the desk, both come
+
+284
+00:18:58,990 --> 00:19:02,470
+to y and z, and the x is vertical on the surface
+
+285
+00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:05,010
+of the desk, vertical on the surface of the desk
+
+286
+00:19:05,010 --> 00:19:07,870
+or on the surface of the paper if we explain on
+
+287
+00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:13,650
+paper, that is written. I also have y and z, z is
+
+288
+00:19:13,650 --> 00:19:16,710
+applied to the optical axis and y is vertical but
+
+289
+00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:18,970
+both are on the surface of the desk and x is
+
+290
+00:19:18,970 --> 00:19:24,150
+vertical on the surface of the desk. An object
+
+291
+00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:29,050
+point is selected and a ray is drawn from the
+
+292
+00:19:29,050 --> 00:19:32,810
+object point to the refracting surface as we draw
+
+293
+00:19:32,810 --> 00:19:36,770
+now. We choose an object point let's call it point
+
+294
+00:19:36,770 --> 00:19:45,610
+A, point A as we used to
+
+295
+00:19:45,610 --> 00:19:49,490
+draw from point A of the object we draw
+
+296
+00:19:56,350 --> 00:20:00,810
+an object point is selected and a ray is drawn
+
+297
+00:20:00,810 --> 00:20:04,420
+from the object point to the refracting surface. The
+
+298
+00:20:04,420 --> 00:20:08,480
+first difficulty in making an exact ray trace is
+
+299
+00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,900
+determining the precise coordinates Y and Z where
+
+300
+00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:16,280
+the ray strikes the refracting surface.
+
+301
+00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:43,060
+The formula for finding the intersection of a ray
+
+302
+00:20:43,060 --> 00:20:46,260
+with a spherical surface requires fairly
+
+303
+00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:50,340
+complicated calculations involving square roots.
+
+304
+00:20:54,930 --> 00:20:57,910
+I want to enter into academic calculations and
+
+305
+00:20:57,910 --> 00:21:01,090
+curriculum, and this complicates the issue, not
+
+306
+00:21:01,090 --> 00:21:03,850
+makes it easier. I mean, it's true that we made it
+
+307
+00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:07,050
+easier. We simplified hundreds of things into two
+
+308
+00:21:07,050 --> 00:21:10,250
+chapters, but still working with two chapters is
+
+309
+00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:13,650
+also a difficult subject and not easy, and science
+
+310
+00:21:13,650 --> 00:21:15,990
+and mathematics need to intervene in this subject.
+
+311
+00:21:18,650 --> 00:21:21,610
+Instead of tracing a ray through an optical
+
+312
+00:21:21,610 --> 00:21:25,150
+system, it is easier to deal with rays extremely
+
+313
+00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:29,730
+close to the optical axis, so-called paraxial rays.
+
+314
+00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:52,960
+Well, why did they choose the rays adjacent to the
+
+315
+00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:57,700
+optical axis and ignore the rays away from the
+
+316
+00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,440
+optical axis because there is a feature of the
+
+317
+00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:05,680
+rays which is close to the optical axis? Let's see
+
+318
+00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,400
+this amount of rays coming out of one object
+
+319
+00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:14,190
+point, let's look at the upper drawing. الرسمة
+
+320
+00:22:14,190 --> 00:22:18,570
+العليا هنا الـ Paraxial region يعني هذه المنطقة
+
+321
+00:22:18,570 --> 00:22:22,770
+بتشمل الأشعة الـ Paraxial rays يعني الأشعة
+
+322
+00:22:22,770 --> 00:22:26,890
+المجاورة للـ optical axis.
+
+323
+00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:32,550
+While this distant area and this distant area is
+
+324
+00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:36,670
+considered peripheral rays or non-paraxial region.
+
+325
+00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:39,030
+Why did scientists say that we should ignore
+
+326
+00:22:39,030 --> 00:22:43,250
+peripheral rays and shorten our studies to reach
+
+327
+00:22:43,250 --> 00:22:45,450
+the rest of the image characteristics on the
+
+328
+00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:47,710
+paraxial ray because there is a feature of the
+
+329
+00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:50,910
+paraxial
+
+330
+00:22:50,910 --> 00:22:57,110
+ray. Here I have the para-axial rays in another
+
+331
+00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:57,550
+picture.
+
+332
+00:23:06,860 --> 00:23:10,200
+Peripheral ray. Here, para-axial ray is parallel to
+
+333
+00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,260
+the optical axis. And here, peripheral ray is far
+
+334
+00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:15,280
+from the optical axis. You can say that it is
+
+335
+00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:18,140
+parallel to this point, to the tipping point. This
+
+336
+00:23:18,140 --> 00:23:21,560
+is not called, to call it para-axial ray, the beam
+
+337
+00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:24,200
+must be parallel to the length of the line. Not
+
+338
+00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,480
+necessarily parallel, it can be parallel to the
+
+339
+00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:30,400
+optical axis. Or it can have a slight angle between
+
+340
+00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:34,500
+them. Means not parallel, but adjacent to it and
+
+341
+00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:36,760
+adjacent to it and adjacent to it along the line
+
+342
+00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,100
+from the starting point until it reaches the
+
+343
+00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:41,860
+optical system. If it starts adjacent to the
+
+344
+00:23:41,860 --> 00:23:44,080
+optical axis and then goes away, this is called
+
+345
+00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:47,990
+peripheral ray. If I have an extended object, I mean
+
+346
+00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:50,690
+for example, a candle or something and it took a
+
+347
+00:23:50,690 --> 00:23:54,150
+point from the top of the candle and one of the
+
+348
+00:23:54,150 --> 00:23:57,690
+candles started from A and reached and hit the
+
+349
+00:23:57,690 --> 00:24:01,370
+optical system in the lens near the optical axis
+
+350
+00:24:01,370 --> 00:24:03,630
+which is also not called adjacent because it is ..
+
+351
+00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,610
+Means that there is a period of time that his
+
+352
+00:24:06,610 --> 00:24:10,170
+money is away from the optical axis in order to
+
+353
+00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:12,990
+call it para-axial ray. It is very important that
+
+354
+00:24:12,990 --> 00:24:16,190
+the line is always adjacent to the optical axis
+
+355
+00:24:16,190 --> 00:24:18,690
+and this will give me a benefit, or why scientists
+
+356
+00:24:18,690 --> 00:24:22,690
+chose to deal with the optical or with the para
+
+357
+00:24:22,690 --> 00:24:27,060
+-axial ray and nothing else. Instead of tracing a
+
+358
+00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:30,880
+ray through an optical system, it is easier to
+
+359
+00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,600
+deal with rays extremely close to the optical axis
+
+360
+00:24:47,830 --> 00:24:51,790
+The portion of the refracting surface near the
+
+361
+00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:56,910
+optical axis may be treated as flat. Just as the
+
+362
+00:24:56,910 --> 00:25:00,410
+earth's surface seems flat to a human observer, a
+
+363
+00:25:00,410 --> 00:25:04,450
+refracting surface seems flat to a paraxial ray.
+
+364
+00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:12,520
+This part of
+
+365
+00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:18,940
+the surface of the refracting surface which is
+
+366
+00:25:18,940 --> 00:25:21,820
+very close to the optical axis. This part of the
+
+367
+00:25:21,820 --> 00:25:24,480
+surface of the lens which is very close to the
+
+368
+00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:29,300
+optical axis can be treated as flat. Here I took
+
+369
+00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:34,680
+this part and cut it and enlarged it here. Of
+
+370
+00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:38,420
+course, these rays and these rays are very close
+
+371
+00:25:38,420 --> 00:25:44,000
+to the optical axis, but in order to clarify that
+
+372
+00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:46,140
+they are rays and that there is a small angle
+
+373
+00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:48,080
+between them, we extended the image vertically.
+
+374
+00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:54,560
+This image, we cut a part of it in the way we see
+
+375
+00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,830
+it. And we extended it vertically and we enlarged
+
+376
+00:25:57,830 --> 00:26:01,690
+it vertically. The vertical drawing we enlarged it
+
+377
+00:26:01,690 --> 00:26:03,310
+vertically and we enlarged it vertically, just to
+
+378
+00:26:03,310 --> 00:26:06,690
+clarify the idea. This part of the surface for the
+
+379
+00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:10,950
+para-axial ray can exceed and almost we said the
+
+380
+00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:13,630
+approximation is what is dependent on this subject.
+
+381
+00:26:13,630 --> 00:26:18,330
+We can consider it flat for the para-axial ray or
+
+382
+00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:22,350
+we consider the para-axial ray. If a person falls
+
+383
+00:26:22,350 --> 00:26:25,060
+with an umbrella on the ground, The surface of the
+
+384
+00:26:25,060 --> 00:26:27,340
+earth is spherical, but this person who is very
+
+385
+00:26:27,340 --> 00:26:30,360
+small in size compared to the surface of the
+
+386
+00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:34,120
+entire earth, it is clear that he looks down into
+
+387
+00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:37,560
+the darkness and sees the earth as if it were a
+
+388
+00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:42,100
+flat surface. On the same scale, the para-axial
+
+389
+00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:47,680
+ray is a very small thing. When it falls on the
+
+390
+00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,280
+para-axial region in the lens or in the spherical
+
+391
+00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:53,910
+refracting surface, It is possible to consider this
+
+392
+00:26:53,910 --> 00:26:57,230
+surface as a very large surface. It is possible to
+
+393
+00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:01,250
+consider this area as flat as the area on which it
+
+394
+00:27:01,250 --> 00:27:04,210
+fell. So, scientists said that the first thing we
+
+395
+00:27:04,210 --> 00:27:08,030
+will do is ignoring image quality. Excellent. This
+
+396
+00:27:08,030 --> 00:27:11,710
+is short for 200 or 300 rays, not two rays. Now, I
+
+397
+00:27:11,710 --> 00:27:14,170
+want to simplify it more. I want to choose the two
+
+398
+00:27:14,170 --> 00:27:16,290
+rays not far from the optical axis. I want to
+
+399
+00:27:16,290 --> 00:27:21,340
+choose them close to the optical axis. Why? The
+
+400
+00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:24,180
+paraxial ray is the surface of the spherical
+
+401
+00:27:24,180 --> 00:27:27,300
+refracting surface, which is flat to them, just
+
+402
+00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:30,160
+like the surface of the earth is considered to be
+
+403
+00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,600
+flat to the human observer. For example, if a
+
+404
+00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:35,860
+person comes down from a building or a tower, the
+
+405
+00:27:35,860 --> 00:27:37,520
+surface of the earth appears to be flat to him,
+
+406
+00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,140
+despite the fact that the surface of the earth is
+
+407
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:42,340
+round. Why does the surface of the earth appear to
+
+408
+00:27:42,340 --> 00:27:46,160
+be flat to him? Because it is very, very small
+
+409
+00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:47,500
+compared to the surface of the earth.
+
+410
+00:27:53,290 --> 00:27:55,650
+Para-axial ray is considered to be very small
+
+411
+00:27:55,650 --> 00:28:01,950
+compared to the lens. If we agree on this point,
+
+412
+00:28:02,970 --> 00:28:05,550
+or scientists agree on this point, that the
+
+413
+00:28:05,550 --> 00:28:09,950
+surface of the lens at the optical axis is almost
+
+414
+00:28:09,950 --> 00:28:14,190
+flat, almost flat, then when I say that this
+
+415
+00:28:14,190 --> 00:28:19,980
+para-axial ray hits the point C, In
+
+445
+00:30:35,660 --> 00:30:39,800
+لا يعتبر para-axial ray. Treating a lens as a flat 
+
+446
+00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:45,400
+plane instead of a sphere eliminates the 
+
+447
+00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,880
+calculation necessary to find the intersection of 
+
+448
+00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:52,060
+the ray and the surface. لما أنا بتعامل مع السطح 
+
+449
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:55,760
+عند ال optical axis مع سطح العدسة عند ال optical
+
+450
+00:30:55,760 --> 00:31:00,520
+axis على أساس أنه flat هذا بلغيلي قضية الحسابات 
+
+451
+00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,980
+واني جيب ال coordinate الإحداثيات الأساسية 
+
+452
+00:31:03,980 --> 00:31:07,060
+والإحداثيات الفرعية يعني في النقطة اللي ضرب فيها 
+
+453
+00:31:07,060 --> 00:31:10,860
+الشعاع في السطح فبالتالي هذا الكلام كله بيلتذا 
+
+454
+00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:23,110
+ويكفي The intersection of 
+
+455
+00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:26,690
+the ray with the surface is specified simply as 
+
+456
+00:31:26,690 --> 00:31:28,770
+the distance from the optical axis 
+
+457
+00:31:42,690 --> 00:31:48,550
+هذا الشعاع برق Axial خلينا نعطيله another color, 
+
+458
+00:31:48,870 --> 00:31:52,450
+this is the para-axial beam, which is the falling 
+
+459
+00:31:52,450 --> 00:31:56,290
+beam, and we considered the spherical refracting 
+
+460
+00:31:56,290 --> 00:31:59,490
+surface at the optical axis flat, of course, the 
+
+461
+00:31:59,490 --> 00:32:02,010
+picture is rotated vertically to clarify the idea, 
+
+462
+00:32:02,110 --> 00:32:05,950
+if we don't rotate it vertically, all these lines 
+
+463
+00:32:05,950 --> 00:32:07,630
+will appear to be very intertwined with each other 
+
+464
+00:32:07,630 --> 00:32:10,570
+because they are very close to each other, from 
+
+465
+00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:15,230
+each other to each other, and therefore يعني هذا 
+
+466
+00:32:15,230 --> 00:32:19,270
+الكلام بده يكون واضح انه هذه المنطقة صغيرة جدا 
+
+467
+00:32:19,270 --> 00:32:22,450
+قريبة جدا من ال optical axis يعني بتمتد من هنا لما 
+
+468
+00:32:22,450 --> 00:32:26,990
+هنا بس احنا مطناها بشكل عمودي يكفي اقول ان الشعاع 
+
+469
+00:32:26,990 --> 00:32:30,000
+اللي باللون الأحمر اللي هو الشعاع الساقط In order 
+
+470
+00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,320
+to deal with it, I don't want to bring up the 
+
+471
+00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:35,260
+subjects, and compare them with the main topics, 
+
+472
+00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,600
+and go deep into the roots of education. No, no. 
+
+473
+00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,500
+All this talk has become unnecessary. I say the 
+
+474
+00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:43,640
+red light hits the refracting surface at a point 
+
+475
+00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,520
+away from the refracting surface, as we can see.
+
+476
+00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:53,460
+Only by doing this, I become not only ..I gave up 
+
+477
+00:32:53,460 --> 00:32:56,940
+hundreds of rays when I did ignoring for image 
+
+478
+00:32:56,940 --> 00:33:00,280
+quality Also, the two rays that remained with me 
+
+479
+00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:06,180
+.. the two rays that remained with me .. For me, 
+
+480
+00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:09,340
+the treatment affected me a lot when I considered 
+
+481
+00:33:09,340 --> 00:33:11,540
+.. When I considered that the two rays .. I didn't 
+
+482
+00:33:11,540 --> 00:33:13,300
+take them as a peripheral ray, I took them as a 
+
+483
+00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,960
+para-axial ray To consider the surface flat, and 
+
+484
+00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:19,140
+instead of drawing the need to say, by God, the 
+
+485
+00:33:19,140 --> 00:33:25,320
+first ray الشعاع الأول ضرب في ال refracting surface
+
+486
+00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,740
+ضرب في ال refracting surface بعيد في منطقة أو عند 
+
+487
+00:33:29,740 --> 00:33:34,340
+نقطة تبعد مسافة H عن ال optical axis عن ال optical 
+
+488
+00:33:34,340 --> 00:33:38,280
+axis ممكن إنسان يتسأل يقول طب يا عم الشعاع التاني 
+
+489
+00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,720
+وين احنا عشان تتكون صورة أقل إشي لازم شعاعين الحد 
+
+490
+00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:44,820
+الأدنى يعني بنفع الشعاع واحد يلتقي مع ذاته لازم 
+
+491
+00:33:44,820 --> 00:33:49,130
+شعاعين ومنطقة تقاطعهم And the intersection point 
+
+492
+00:33:49,130 --> 00:33:51,630
+here is called the image We say that the second 
+
+493
+00:33:51,630 --> 00:33:55,470
+ray is perfectly aligned with the optical axis As 
+
+494
+00:33:55,470 --> 00:33:58,730
+long as it is perfectly aligned with the white 
+
+495
+00:33:58,730 --> 00:34:01,310
+color With the white color Let's give it another 
+
+496
+00:34:01,310 --> 00:34:04,770
+color to make things clear Let's make it yellow 
+
+497
+00:34:04,770 --> 00:34:13,110
+The ray And here with the red color These two rays,
+
+498
+00:34:13,690 --> 00:34:16,830
+the red one broke inside the chicken, and the 
+
+499
+00:34:16,830 --> 00:34:20,130
+yellow one remained in its path. We will say why 
+
+500
+00:34:20,130 --> 00:34:21,410
+they remained in their path without breaking. 
+
+501
+00:34:21,650 --> 00:34:23,930
+Their meeting point is the image area. The image 
+
+502
+00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:27,130
+will be at this point. So why is the yellow ray, 
+
+503
+00:34:27,270 --> 00:34:29,710
+which is adjacent to the optical axis, did not 
+
+504
+00:34:29,710 --> 00:34:31,930
+undergo any change? Because we should not forget 
+
+505
+00:34:31,930 --> 00:34:34,270
+that this is a spherical refracting surface. This 
+
+506
+00:34:34,270 --> 00:34:37,460
+is a sphere. This is the center of the ball. It is 
+
+507
+00:34:37,460 --> 00:34:39,240
+true that we assumed from the approximation that 
+
+508
+00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:42,200
+this surface is flat, but in the end it is 
+
+509
+00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,560
+spherical. And any line that extends from the 
+
+510
+00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:47,260
+center of the ball to the surface is considered 
+
+511
+00:34:47,260 --> 00:34:49,480
+vertical on the surface. So this yellow light fell 
+
+512
+00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:53,320
+vertically, this yellow light fell vertically, so 
+
+513
+00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:55,300
+it will not change its path, but it will slow down 
+
+514
+00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:57,940
+its speed in the ball and remain straight in the 
+
+515
+00:34:57,940 --> 00:35:00,460
+same direction without changing anything other 
+
+516
+00:35:00,460 --> 00:35:04,860
+than speed. الآن هذا الشعاع الأحمر سقط بزاوية سقوط 
+
+517
+00:35:04,860 --> 00:35:08,340
+صغيرة جدا، على فكرة الزوايا هي صغيرة جدا، بس مبينة 
+
+518
+00:35:08,340 --> 00:35:13,220
+إلها يعني قيمة كبيرة لأنه احنا مطينا الرسم عموديا 
+
+519
+00:35:13,220 --> 00:35:17,820
+لتوضيح الفكرة، لتوضيح الفكرة So this is the first 
+
+520
+00:35:17,820 --> 00:35:20,760
+ray which is red and the second ray which is 
+
+521
+00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,240
+yellow and they meet in the image, they intersect 
+
+522
+00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:26,060
+in the image, the image is formed, I can calculate 
+
+523
+00:35:26,060 --> 00:35:28,520
+the image distance and object distance, that is, 
+
+524
+00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,980
+the image location and object location and get the 
+
+525
+00:35:31,980 --> 00:35:34,620
+magnification from them, and so I calculate the 
+
+526
+00:35:34,620 --> 00:35:37,060
+remaining image properties other than image 
+
+527
+00:35:37,060 --> 00:35:42,630
+quality So far, scientists have used two 
+
+528
+00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:44,030
+principles, the first one is to ignore image 
+
+529
+00:35:44,030 --> 00:35:46,530
+quality, and the second one is para-axial 
+
+530
+00:35:46,530 --> 00:35:51,190
+approximation The para-axial approximation is 
+
+531
+00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,810
+summarized in two words only, not a third of them 
+
+532
+00:35:53,810 --> 00:35:57,450
+That we will use as scientists the para-axial ray, 
+
+533
+00:35:57,570 --> 00:35:59,810
+not the peripheral ray, and we will consider the 
+
+534
+00:35:59,810 --> 00:36:00,090
+surface 
+
+535
+00:36:04,590 --> 00:36:09,410
+in comparison to para-axial ray, flat, not curved, 
+
+536
+00:36:09,490 --> 00:36:13,150
+flat, not curved to facilitate the task next time, 
+
+537
+00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:20,450
+or let's read, next time we will take The third 
+
+538
+00:36:20,450 --> 00:36:22,450
+thing that scientists did to simplify it even 
+
+539
+00:36:22,450 --> 00:36:26,510
+more, which is called Small Angle Approximation, 
+
+540
+00:36:26,510 --> 00:36:29,070
+which means this time we explained the ignoring 
+
+541
+00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:31,590
+for image quality, and the second thing is the 
+
+542
+00:36:31,590 --> 00:36:34,550
+Paraxial Approximation, God bless you all and 
+
+543
+00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:35,510
+peace be upon you all 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/LOzKaovn55M.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1495 @@
+1
+00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,680
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، عندنا مسألة في موضوع
+
+2
+00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:09,620
+الـdecentration of lenses، بنقوليعني شخص عنده plus
+
+3
+00:00:09,620 --> 00:00:12,660
+six diopter في العين اليمين و minus four diopter
+
+4
+00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:16,740
+في العين الشمال طبعا على .. يعني وجه الحقيقة
+
+5
+00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:20,880
+لاتوجد يعني عدسات بالشكل هذا يعني .. ولكن احنا
+
+6
+00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:25,560
+عشان نتدرب على حال المسائل عنده plus six diopter
+
+7
+00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:29,780
+في اليمين و minus four diopter في الشمال لما ذهب
+
+8
+00:00:29,780 --> 00:00:34,920
+لعمل النضارة ال .. ال .. optician او الفني لجث
+
+9
+00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:40,440
+العدسات بدون قصد in a wrong way so that the center
+
+10
+00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:45,460
+of the right lens has a decentration inside and up
+
+11
+00:00:45,460 --> 00:00:50,500
+inside of 5mm and up 6mm, so the center instead of
+
+12
+00:00:50,500 --> 00:00:52,580
+coming here in the middle on the pupil mountains
+
+13
+00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,440
+the center of this lens came inside 5mm and above
+
+14
+00:00:57,440 --> 00:00:59,880
+6mm and became in this area that the star is
+
+15
+00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:02,940
+pointing to and I also made a mistake in the
+
+16
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:08,680
+length of the left lens so that its center instead
+
+17
+00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:14,760
+of being in the middle came out 4mm and down 4mm
+
+18
+00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:19,040
+and became in this area what is required?What is
+
+19
+00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,960
+the total horizontal and vertical prismatic effect
+
+20
+00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:26,300
+and which effect is more problematic to the
+
+21
+00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:26,580
+patient?
+
+22
+00:01:32,020 --> 00:01:34,620
+وال total vertical effect من هذا ال
+
+23
+00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:39,200
+decentralization و أيهما أكتر أو يحدث مشكلة أكبر
+
+24
+00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:44,480
+لل patient أو لهذا الشخص هل هو ال vertical effect
+
+25
+00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,640
+ولا ال horizontal effect عندي هذه المسألة عشان
+
+26
+00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:52,300
+أحلها بشكل صحيح بدي أعمل ال simulations هاي أو
+
+27
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:57,180
+ممكن أقص ورق من ال nylon بهذه الأشكال يعني بيكفي
+
+28
+00:01:57,180 --> 00:02:00,500
+أقص ورقة واحدة ب .. ب .. أو .. أو قطعة من النيلون
+
+29
+00:02:00,500 --> 00:02:04,520
+بهذا الشكل، أرسمها على نيلون و أقصها و يفضل نيلون
+
+30
+00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:09,640
+مقوة، ليش النيلون؟ عشان شفاف و أجيب رسمة على A4،
+
+31
+00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:14,140
+أطبع رسمة على A4 بهذا الوجه أو بوجه مشابه، العينين
+
+32
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,000
+بدهم يكونوا straight حتى لو كان في عندي حوال أو
+
+33
+00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,520
+مافيش حوال، العينين بيكونوا ..stretched ..
+
+34
+00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:22,660
+straight عشان أعرف بالظبط ال .. ال prismatic
+
+35
+00:02:22,660 --> 00:02:28,680
+effect وين بده يحدث و هذه القطعة من الورق ممكن أنا
+
+36
+00:02:28,680 --> 00:02:32,760
+يعني في حالة ال vertical effect أمسكها vertical
+
+37
+00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:37,720
+أمام ال pupil أقول هنا إحضار للمقدمة
+
+38
+00:02:41,260 --> 00:02:44,520
+هي احضر للمقدمة لازم انا أشيل الاصم بس في الأول
+
+39
+00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:51,380
+حتى تغطي على العمل
+
+40
+00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:55,860
+بتاعي This is the assumption that we mentioned that
+
+41
+00:02:55,860 --> 00:03:00,100
+the direction of the decentration is inside and
+
+42
+00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:04,460
+up, outside and down Now here of course I can't
+
+43
+00:03:04,460 --> 00:03:09,460
+use this figure in front of the left eye because
+
+44
+00:03:09,460 --> 00:03:13,900
+the left eye is minus and this is plus If I want
+
+45
+00:03:13,900 --> 00:03:16,360
+to calculate the vertical effect, I hold the piece
+
+46
+00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:20,080
+of nylon that is formed in this way and I say for
+
+47
+00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:24,400
+exampleهي ال center بتاع العدسة، هاي .. هاي مقطع،
+
+48
+00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:28,940
+رأسي فيها، وهي ال center بتاعها وزيحت للأعلى،
+
+49
+00:03:28,940 --> 00:03:35,900
+وزيحت للأعلى، اذا .. طبعا لازم تكبر شوية، وزيحت
+
+50
+00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:41,780
+للأعلى، اذا أصبح عندى هنا based up prism على سبيل
+
+51
+00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:48,140
+المثال، هنا قطعة
+
+52
+00:03:48,140 --> 00:03:49,860
+أخرى من النيلون المقوة
+
+53
+00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:55,870
+مفروض .. مفروض العدسة يكون ال center بتاعها ع جبال
+
+54
+00:03:55,870 --> 00:04:02,670
+ال pupil وزيح للأسفل أيضا هيعطيني .. وزيح للأسفل
+
+55
+00:04:02,670 --> 00:04:06,830
+أيضا هيعطيني base of present .. أيضا هيعطيني base
+
+56
+00:04:06,830 --> 00:04:12,710
+of present طيب، الآن بدنا نرجع هذا ننقله لمكانه
+
+57
+00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:18,470
+ونقول كيف نحل هذه المثال، و هذا ننقله لمكانه أيضا
+
+58
+00:04:27,420 --> 00:04:33,980
+أول نقطة في الحال لابد أني أستعمل أو أحل كل عين
+
+59
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,960
+على حدا ثم .. ثم ..
+
+60
+00:04:53,070 --> 00:04:57,450
+أنا جسمت الفرق عندي هنا اللي بده أحل فيه لأربع
+
+61
+00:04:57,450 --> 00:05:00,930
+مربعات، أربع مربعات، أول إشي بده أشوف ال
+
+62
+00:05:00,930 --> 00:05:04,930
+horizontal prismatic effect لل right eye، بعدين ال
+
+63
+00:05:04,930 --> 00:05:08,580
+vertical prismatic effect لل right eyeSo in the
+
+64
+00:05:08,580 --> 00:05:10,640
+square I will see the horizontal effect and in the
+
+65
+00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,200
+square I will see the vertical effect for the
+
+66
+00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,400
+right eye I will repeat this process for the left
+
+67
+00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,180
+eye The left eye will see the horizontal prismatic
+
+68
+00:05:19,180 --> 00:05:22,560
+effect and will see the vertical prismatic effect
+
+69
+00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:25,400
+The horizontal effect of the right eye with the
+
+70
+00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:27,820
+horizontal effect of the left eye either I combine
+
+71
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:29,960
+them or I subtract them according to what we will
+
+72
+00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:32,900
+explain in the case what will happen with us And
+
+73
+00:05:32,900 --> 00:05:35,160
+the vertical effect of the right eye and of the
+
+74
+00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:37,180
+left eye either I combine them or I subtract them
+
+75
+00:05:37,620 --> 00:05:45,340
+حسب إيش بيطلع معايا في المسألة، هيك بكون أنا وجدت
+
+76
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,860
+ال total و بعرف من ال total مين أكتر إشكالي، هل هو
+
+77
+00:05:48,860 --> 00:05:52,400
+ال vertical effect ولا ال horizontal effect نيجي
+
+78
+00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:56,980
+احنا نمسك مسألة مسألة، بنقول ال right lens was
+
+79
+00:05:56,980 --> 00:06:02,760
+decentered 5 millimeter indecentred in 5mm then
+
+80
+00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:06,240
+the right lens is it plus or minus? it's plus so I
+
+81
+00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,420
+want to use as long as it's horizontal in and out
+
+82
+00:06:09,420 --> 00:06:13,400
+I want to use the width of the lens width of the
+
+83
+00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:18,040
+lens let's bring the level to the front let's
+
+84
+00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:23,080
+enlarge it a little let's
+
+85
+00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:25,740
+say as follows high cross section in the lens
+
+86
+00:06:27,340 --> 00:06:32,180
+Normally, if the lens is properly aligned, the
+
+87
+00:06:32,180 --> 00:06:35,160
+center of this lens should face the pupil exactly
+
+88
+00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:40,500
+as we see it, but the center is inside So, the
+
+89
+00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:43,920
+pupil is on top of the prism, its base is inside
+
+90
+00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:47,740
+So, the first thing is the direction in, base in
+
+91
+00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:53,080
+effect, base in prism So,
+
+92
+00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:53,980
+the base in
+
+93
+00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,720
+isn't based in your muzzle a bi effect is a new
+
+94
+00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,980
+kind of in front of the right eye in front of the
+
+95
+00:07:06,980 --> 00:07:10,360
+right eye as if there is a prism its base means
+
+96
+00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:12,760
+that the lens acts as a prism the right lens acts
+
+97
+00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:18,700
+as a prism its base inside inside
+
+98
+00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:22,020
+in because the center is extended inside how much
+
+99
+00:07:22,020 --> 00:07:23,680
+is the prismatic effect
+
+100
+00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:39,400
+Equal to H in D, the distance per centimeter in
+
+101
+00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:44,060
+the diopter of the lens, which is equal to H, the
+
+102
+00:07:44,060 --> 00:07:46,560
+distance, which is equal to 5 millimeters, which
+
+103
+00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:47,400
+is equal to half a centimeter,
+
+104
+00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:54,080
+multiplied by D, the diopter of the lens, which is
+
+105
+00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,160
+equal to 6, which is equal to 6 and a half, which
+
+106
+00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,420
+is equal to three prism diopters.
+
+107
+00:08:17,030 --> 00:08:20,310
+That's how I finished the first quarter of the
+
+108
+00:08:20,310 --> 00:08:23,930
+topic, which is the horizontal effect of the
+
+109
+00:08:23,930 --> 00:08:26,010
+decentration that happened by mistake with the
+
+110
+00:08:26,010 --> 00:08:30,050
+optician, that happened to me based in a prism of
+
+111
+00:08:30,050 --> 00:08:34,890
+three prism diodes. So let's move on to the
+
+112
+00:08:34,890 --> 00:08:38,590
+vertical effect. The vertical effect here prefers
+
+113
+00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:44,730
+that I say horizontal
+
+114
+00:08:48,170 --> 00:08:52,470
+Effect of decentralization for right eye,
+
+115
+00:08:52,710 --> 00:09:01,930
+horizontal effect for right
+
+116
+00:09:01,930 --> 00:09:02,350
+eye,
+
+117
+00:09:06,470 --> 00:09:10,610
+vertical effect for right eye, horizontal effect
+
+118
+00:09:10,610 --> 00:09:15,630
+for left eye, vertical effect for left eye
+
+119
+00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,820
+We come to the vertical effect for right eye I
+
+120
+00:09:22,820 --> 00:09:25,980
+want to remove the horizontal cross-section, which
+
+121
+00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:29,520
+is not necessary now I want to use the vertical
+
+122
+00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,960
+cross-section Of course, since it is a plus, then
+
+123
+00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,920
+this is the vertical cross-section The center is
+
+124
+00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:43,200
+supposed to be in the middle, above the pupil But
+
+125
+00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:44,180
+it is extended to the top
+
+126
+00:09:47,380 --> 00:09:49,720
+مفروض في الطبيعة يكون زيك، زي ما احنا شايفينه في
+
+127
+00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:56,060
+الرسم، أزيح لأعلى، معناته، هيصير عندي based up
+
+128
+00:09:56,060 --> 00:09:59,760
+effect، based up effect، اذا العين اليمين و كأنه
+
+129
+00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:04,280
+قدامها مرة based in، و في نفس الوجه based up، يعني
+
+130
+00:10:04,280 --> 00:10:07,040
+كأنه قدامها برزمين، واحد based in، لما حسبنا ال
+
+131
+00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,640
+horizontal effect، based in effect، هنا based up
+
+132
+00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:16,700
+effect، based up effectبسبب الإزاحة للأعلى و ال
+
+133
+00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:22,080
+base-in effect بسبب الإزاحة للداخل جداش مقدارة
+
+134
+00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:30,010
+لبريزمات تساوي او لprismatic effect تساوي HVDOf
+
+135
+00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,110
+course, D is capital and it is equal to .. How
+
+136
+00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:34,350
+much is the distance up? 6 millimeters, which
+
+137
+00:10:34,350 --> 00:10:37,350
+means 6 out of 10 centimeters always in the prism
+
+138
+00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:40,570
+.. in the prismatic effect or in the subject of
+
+139
+00:10:40,570 --> 00:10:43,850
+prisms, we use the centimeter because the print is
+
+140
+00:10:43,850 --> 00:10:47,290
+ruled by the centimeter 6 out of 10 times the
+
+141
+00:10:47,290 --> 00:10:51,690
+power of the lens is 6 this is greater and it is
+
+142
+00:10:51,690 --> 00:10:59,280
+equal to 3 and 6 out of 10 prisms, base upBase up
+
+143
+00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:04,500
+طب okay الان خلصنا النقطة الأولى الان بدنا نتقل
+
+144
+00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:09,760
+للعدسة التانية بدنا نتقل للعدسة التانية اللى هى
+
+145
+00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,760
+minus lens بدى أحسب ال horizontal effect وبدى أحسب
+
+146
+00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,780
+ال vertical effect نيجى لل horizontal effect for
+
+147
+00:11:17,780 --> 00:11:24,520
+left eye for left eye horizontal
+
+148
+00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:25,360
+effect
+
+149
+00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:48,620
+for left eye first
+
+150
+00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:50,980
+thing I want to bring the horizontal cross section
+
+151
+00:11:50,980 --> 00:11:53,120
+to the minus lens because I have here the minus
+
+152
+00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:54,800
+lens and I put it in front of the eye in the
+
+153
+00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,890
+normal state there is no decentrationThere is no
+
+154
+00:11:57,890 --> 00:12:00,250
+decentration in the natural state, but the
+
+155
+00:12:00,250 --> 00:12:03,330
+optician, the artist of vision made a mistake and
+
+156
+00:12:03,330 --> 00:12:08,070
+he made the center go out and down. We don't want
+
+157
+00:12:08,070 --> 00:12:10,830
+it to go down, we want it to go out first. When
+
+158
+00:12:10,830 --> 00:12:14,310
+the center goes out, the center will spread out.
+
+159
+00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:16,790
+This is the center of the lens that we called out.
+
+160
+00:12:16,990 --> 00:12:23,710
+So, based in effect .. based in effect .. in front
+
+161
+00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:31,070
+of the eyeBase-in-effect is the
+
+162
+00:12:31,070 --> 00:12:36,090
+part of the lens that works as a prism with base
+
+163
+00:12:36,090 --> 00:12:44,550
+-in-effect Base-in-effect is the prismatic effect
+
+164
+00:12:44,550 --> 00:12:45,910
+which is equal to
+
+165
+00:12:49,010 --> 00:12:53,890
+H لمقدار الإزاحة جد��ش الإزاحة out أربعة مليمتر
+
+166
+00:12:53,890 --> 00:13:00,010
+يعني أربعة من عشرة سانتر ضرب قوة العدسة أربعة
+
+167
+00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:04,710
+أربعة بأربعة بستاش يعني واحد وستة من عشرة a prism
+
+168
+00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:05,890
+based in
+
+169
+00:13:12,570 --> 00:13:17,170
+1.6 out of 10 are prominent so this is for the
+
+170
+00:13:17,170 --> 00:13:19,990
+horizontal effect for the left eye here just put a
+
+171
+00:13:19,990 --> 00:13:24,550
+line under the title and here it is preferred that
+
+172
+00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:29,230
+we give it a color and
+
+173
+00:13:29,230 --> 00:13:33,190
+here we give it a color too but we will give it
+
+174
+00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:40,270
+another color because it is horizontal so
+
+175
+00:13:45,020 --> 00:13:50,960
+This is the third part of the equation The
+
+176
+00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:57,560
+horizontal
+
+177
+00:13:57,560 --> 00:14:02,340
+effect is green and the vertical effect is red I
+
+178
+00:14:02,340 --> 00:14:04,660
+still have the fourth part which is the vertical
+
+179
+00:14:04,660 --> 00:14:10,440
+effect in front of the left eye Now the vertical
+
+180
+00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:12,040
+effect is in front of the left eye
+
+181
+00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,860
+before we do it, we need to put a square in the
+
+182
+00:14:19,860 --> 00:14:37,100
+middle as you can see the
+
+183
+00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:42,300
+vertical effect for
+
+184
+00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:43,020
+left eye
+
+185
+00:14:48,210 --> 00:14:53,890
+بنشوف إيش طبيعة الprism وين أوزيح؟ المفروض هو في
+
+186
+00:14:53,890 --> 00:15:03,170
+ال center بالظبط بس هو أوزيح للأسف للأسفل لما
+
+187
+00:15:03,170 --> 00:15:06,410
+أوزيح ال center للأسفل، انزيحه للأسفل أصبح أمام
+
+188
+00:15:06,410 --> 00:15:12,090
+العين أو أمام ال pupil الprism base up base up،
+
+189
+00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:15,970
+هاي ال base up، اذا base up effect
+
+190
+00:15:18,610 --> 00:15:21,750
+It will give me a base up effect. The distance of
+
+191
+00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:24,290
+the
+
+223
+00:17:20,570 --> 00:17:26,870
+الرؤية الان horizontal effect for right eye based 
+
+224
+00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:31,070
+in effect prism مقداره تلاتة prism طيب eye based 
+
+225
+00:17:31,070 --> 00:17:31,850
+in effect
+
+226
+00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:51,510
+What does it mean? It's like the right eye is
+
+227
+00:17:51,510 --> 00:18:01,070
+projected through its prism or its base outwards 
+
+228
+00:18:01,070 --> 00:18:09,410
+The left
+
+229
+00:18:09,410 --> 00:18:11,730
+eye where is the horizontal effect? It also has a
+
+230
+00:18:11,730 --> 00:18:12,990
+base in relation to it
+
+231
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170
+we get this prism and convert it to base n for the 
+
+232
+00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:39,550
+left eye total
+
+233
+00:18:39,550 --> 00:18:43,590
+effect is to combine 3 with 1 and 6 from 10 
+
+234
+00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:45,670
+horizontally with horizontal and to extend them 
+
+235
+00:18:46,390 --> 00:18:50,710
+بنقول ان تطلع هذه جدامها base in effect كأنه 
+
+236
+00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:53,810
+جدامها ال prism ال base بتاعته in وهذه جدامها ال 
+
+237
+00:18:53,810 --> 00:18:57,550
+prism برضه ال base بتاعته in ال prism لو سقلنا
+
+238
+00:18:57,550 --> 00:19:01,790
+أنفسنا سؤال وين بيحرف الصورة باتجاه ال apex بتاعته
+
+239
+00:19:01,790 --> 00:19:06,710
+يعني الصورة بتاعة العين اليمين صورة مثلا object
+
+240
+00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:12,050
+أمامه بالضبط هتكون زي غلاق يمينهليش؟ لأنه ال apex
+
+241
+00:19:12,050 --> 00:19:15,170
+بتاعت ال prism لليمين أنا لما بطلع ع شغل أمامي و 
+
+242
+00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:19,910
+بحط base in the prism الصورة بتروح ع جنب، ع جنب، و 
+
+243
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,090
+هاد الصورة هتروح ع شماله لإنه ال apex ع الشمال،
+
+244
+00:19:23,090 --> 00:19:26,730
+إذا الصور بتاعت العينتين بيتباعد، و إذا بدي أجمع 
+
+245
+00:19:26,730 --> 00:19:33,500
+المسافات أو أجمع ال prismات، ليش؟ لأنهالصورة هنا 
+
+246
+00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:37,600
+اللي هي المفروض أمام العين زاغت لليمين والصورة هنا 
+
+247
+00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:42,280
+زاغت للإشمال بس ال object واقف في النص بالضبط يعني
+
+248
+00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:47,520
+كأنه هادي راحت يعني لو تخيلنا شخصين .. شخصين 
+
+249
+00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:53,450
+واقفين في منطقة أمام الفرارةوشخص تحرك باتجاه
+
+250
+00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:58,470
+اليمين أو باتجاه الشمال متر و الشخص التان�� تحرك 
+
+251
+00:19:58,470 --> 00:20:03,210
+مترين في اتجاه المعاكس ساعتها المسافة بينهم ..
+
+252
+00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:07,050
+المسافة بينهم هي مجموعهم مجموع ما تحركوا الشخص
+
+253
+00:20:07,050 --> 00:20:11,250
+الأول مع الشخص التاني بس لو قلنا العكس، هذا اتحرك 
+
+254
+00:20:11,250 --> 00:20:15,930
+إلى اليمينmeter, and this moves to the right also, 
+
+255
+00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:17,890
+half a meter, so the distance between them is a 
+
+256
+00:20:17,890 --> 00:20:21,810
+meter minus half a meter, so when the apex is
+
+257
+00:20:21,810 --> 00:20:23,810
+opposite to the apex, the distances are combined,
+
+258
+00:20:24,450 --> 00:20:26,450
+the apex is opposite to the apex, this is a rule, 
+
+259
+00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:33,890
+whether in horizontal or vertical effect if
+
+260
+00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:38,810
+apex of 
+
+261
+00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:39,510
+one neprism
+
+262
+00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:56,270
+is opposite in direction to 
+
+263
+00:20:56,270 --> 00:21:06,470
+the apex of the other prism prismatic 
+
+264
+00:21:06,470 --> 00:21:11,390
+effect effects
+
+265
+00:21:11,390 --> 00:21:18,170
+are addedتضاف لبعض لبعض يعني هاي ال apex رايحة على 
+
+266
+00:21:18,170 --> 00:21:21,650
+الشمال و هاي ال apex رايحة على اليمين اذا مجموعهم
+
+267
+00:21:21,650 --> 00:21:25,410
+اذا مجموعهم ليش؟ لإن هاد الصورة بتاعة العين هاي 
+
+268
+00:21:25,410 --> 00:21:29,370
+هتنتقل لليمين و الصورة بتاعة العين الشمال لنفس ال 
+
+269
+00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:34,530
+object هتنتقل للشمال فبالتالي حاصل المجموع بتاعه 
+
+270
+00:21:34,530 --> 00:21:37,990
+اش يعني حاصل المجموع بتاعه؟ يعني تلاتة وستة من
+
+271
+00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:43,160
+عشرة ابرزه اذا هادي قاعدة هادي قاعدةHorizontal 
+
+272
+00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:46,220
+Effect or Vertical Effect If the apex is opposite 
+
+273
+00:21:46,220 --> 00:21:48,920
+to the apex, it means that we want to add up the 
+
+274
+00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:54,080
+Prismatic Effect Ok, we added them up, so the
+
+275
+00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,100
+total effect Total
+
+276
+00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:06,200
+Horizontal Effect Equals 
+
+277
+00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,500
+3 Prisms
+
+278
+00:22:20,850 --> 00:22:26,370
+3 prisms plus 
+
+279
+00:22:26,370 --> 00:22:39,310
+1.6 prisms equals 4.6 prisms Is this enough? No, 
+
+280
+00:22:39,450 --> 00:22:43,930
+it's not enough. I want to say base n. Base n. In
+
+281
+00:22:43,930 --> 00:22:49,410
+front of which eye?لأ يفرق، قدام العين اليمين أو
+
+282
+00:22:49,410 --> 00:22:52,310
+قدام العين الشمالي، اش يعني ال total horizontal
+
+283
+00:22:52,310 --> 00:22:59,010
+effect أربع وستة من عشرة based in before right eye 
+
+284
+00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:05,510
+or left eye، 
+
+285
+00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:10,920
+بمعنى آخر، كأني بقولحصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار 
+
+286
+00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:19,060
+حصيلة
+
+287
+00:23:19,060 --> 00:23:21,240
+اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي 
+
+288
+00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:22,800
+صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار
+
+289
+00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:26,090
+حصيلة اللي صارthat the left eye does not have any 
+
+290
+00:23:26,090 --> 00:23:28,830
+prism in front of it and that there is a prism 4 
+
+291
+00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,430
+or 6 out of 10 prisms in front of the right eye
+
+292
+00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:33,870
+and it is as if the picture here remained in front 
+
+293
+00:23:33,870 --> 00:23:36,510
+of the eye directly and the picture here moved to
+
+294
+00:23:36,510 --> 00:23:39,650
+the right towards the apex by 4 or 6 out of 10 
+
+295
+00:23:39,650 --> 00:23:44,570
+prisms by 4 or 6 out of 10 prisms or that the
+
+296
+00:23:44,570 --> 00:23:46,810
+picture of the right eye is straight in front of 
+
+297
+00:23:46,810 --> 00:23:50,510
+it and the picture of the left eye increased by 4 
+
+298
+00:23:50,510 --> 00:23:56,260
+or 6 out of 10 prismsلشمال باتجاه ال apex يعني لو
+
+299
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:01,340
+في شخصين عندى واحد اتحرك متر هنا و واحد اتحرك متر
+
+300
+00:24:01,340 --> 00:24:05,420
+او او اتنين متر هنا ع الشمال يعني هذا اتحرك خلينا
+
+301
+00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:10,780
+نرسمها بالأسهم عشان توضيح الفكرة هى شخص اتحرك متر
+
+302
+00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:19,830
+و هى شخص اخر اتحرك متريين نرسم سهم طوله مرتينبقدر
+
+303
+00:24:19,830 --> 00:24:23,390
+أقول إن الشخص الأول ضال واقف مكانه و الشخص التاني
+
+304
+00:24:23,390 --> 00:24:26,910
+اتحرك على شماله تلاتة متر أو بقدر أقول الشخص
+
+305
+00:24:26,910 --> 00:24:31,270
+التاني واقف و الشخص الأول اتحرك على يمينه تلاتة
+
+306
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:34,530
+متر لأن المسافة بينهم تلاتة متر هذا بينفع و هذا 
+
+307
+00:24:34,530 --> 00:24:37,400
+بينفع و في ال charismatic effectis an total
+
+308
+00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:41,600
+horizontal prismatic effect عبارة عن أربع وستة من
+
+309
+00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,560
+عشرة جماعة لأن ال apex عكس ال apex الصورة هاي
+
+310
+00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,180
+هتروح هيك و الصورة هاي هتروح هيك جديش راحت الصورة
+
+311
+00:24:48,180 --> 00:24:51,960
+هيك مثلا بمقدار تلاتة prism جديش راحت الصورة هيك
+
+312
+00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:57,330
+بمقدار واحد وستة من عشرة prism يعنيYou can imagine 
+
+313
+00:24:57,330 --> 00:25:01,610
+that one image is fixed and the other one is 4 or 
+
+314
+00:25:01,610 --> 00:25:04,790
+6 out of 10 prism This is for the horizontal 
+
+315
+00:25:04,790 --> 00:25:09,650
+prismatic effect, the total We are not done with 
+
+316
+00:25:09,650 --> 00:25:11,150
+the horizontal yet, but we want to move to the
+
+317
+00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:13,630
+vertical But we want to know if the horizontal is 
+
+318
+00:25:13,630 --> 00:25:16,430
+annoying or not, we will come back to it after a
+
+319
+00:25:16,430 --> 00:25:20,610
+while We come to the total vertical prismatic 
+
+320
+00:25:20,610 --> 00:25:40,920
+effectthe total vertical prismatic effect vertical
+
+321
+00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:42,240
+effect is equal to
+
+322
+00:25:56,140 --> 00:26:00,180
+نيجي احنا نشوف عنا إيش هنا، هنا base up و هنا base
+
+323
+00:26:00,180 --> 00:26:03,800
+up ال prism، base up و base up، نشوف ال prism اللي
+
+324
+00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:05,220
+base و up كيف وضعه
+
+325
+00:26:35,030 --> 00:26:42,150
+BaseUpEffect أمام العين اليمين و BaseUpEffect أمام
+
+326
+00:26:42,150 --> 00:26:50,110
+العين الشمال، هيك طالع معنا BaseUpEffect
+
+327
+00:26:50,110 --> 00:26:56,690
+و BaseUpEffect فبالتالي التنتين BaseUpEffect
+
+328
+00:27:10,010 --> 00:27:14,670
+بشوف الفارق بينهم، بشوف الفارق بينهم، طيب، مين
+
+329
+00:27:14,670 --> 00:27:18,540
+أكتر؟who landed more under the right eye? three or
+
+330
+00:27:18,540 --> 00:27:21,500
+six out of ten prisms compared to one or six out
+
+331
+00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,400
+of ten prisms as long as the two apex agree, it
+
+332
+00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,940
+means that we agree here the two apex in the
+
+333
+00:27:27,940 --> 00:27:30,260
+horizontal were different, we agree and this is a
+
+334
+00:27:30,260 --> 00:27:33,780
+rule of thumb of course if they are opposite, we 
+
+335
+00:27:33,780 --> 00:27:36,420
+agree if they are the same thing, we agree okay
+
+336
+00:27:36,420 --> 00:27:40,680
+now let's see three or six out of ten prisms 
+
+337
+00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:58,480
+three and six out of ten prism minus one and six 
+
+338
+00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,660
+out of ten prism one and six out of ten prism
+
+339
+00:28:02,660 --> 00:28:07,540
+equals two prism diopter two prism diopter so the
+
+340
+00:28:07,540 --> 00:28:11,940
+total vertical effect is two prism diopter but now
+
+341
+00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:15,020
+it is very important to put base up or base down
+
+342
+00:28:15,020 --> 00:28:18,900
+as if it says that the picture of the right eye is
+
+343
+00:28:18,900 --> 00:28:22,940
+downA lot, three or six out of ten prisms, and the
+
+344
+00:28:22,940 --> 00:28:26,180
+picture of the left eye came down less than it, so
+
+345
+00:28:26,180 --> 00:28:28,340
+who came down more than the other? The picture of
+
+346
+00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:31,000
+the right eye. How much does it differ from the
+
+347
+00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:34,340
+picture of the left eye? Two prisms lower than it, 
+
+348
+00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:36,940
+which means more than two prisms, which means that
+
+349
+00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:39,780
+the picture went down more because the prism in
+
+350
+00:28:39,780 --> 00:28:41,860
+front of the right eye is stronger than the prism
+
+351
+00:28:41,860 --> 00:28:43,960
+in front of the left eye, and as if the eye came
+
+352
+00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:48,830
+downتنين او اذا كان تخيل ان هذه ثابتة ما نزلتش هذه
+
+353
+00:28:48,830 --> 00:28:52,410
+طلعت بالنسبة لها اتنين يعني الصورة بالنسبة للعين
+
+354
+00:28:52,410 --> 00:28:58,730
+حقيقة حقيقة الصورة بالنسبة للعينتين نزلت هذه نزلت 
+
+355
+00:28:58,730 --> 00:29:03,070
+وهذه نزلت بس هذه نزلت تلاتة وستة من عشرة هذه نزلت
+
+356
+00:29:03,070 --> 00:29:08,980
+واحد وستة من عشرة طيب نيجي احنا على مثالالدرج 
+
+357
+00:29:08,980 --> 00:29:13,940
+قولنا شخصين واجفين على نفس الدرجة واحد نزل درجتين 
+
+358
+00:29:13,940 --> 00:29:19,340
+وواحد نزل أربع درجات الشخص رقم اتنين اللي نزل أربع 
+
+359
+00:29:19,340 --> 00:29:24,800
+درجات بقدر أقول عنه منخفض منخفض عن زميله بدرجتين
+
+360
+00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:29,260
+أو بقدر أقول زميله مرتفع عنه كأنه أعلى منه بدرجتين
+
+361
+00:29:29,260 --> 00:29:33,200
+رغم أنه نزل رغم أنه نزل فإما بقول اتنين present
+
+362
+00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:40,120
+based up before right eyemeans that the image is 
+
+363
+00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,540
+still in front of the right eye compared to the
+
+364
+00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:45,360
+left eye which is down by 2 prisms because the
+
+365
+00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,540
+base up means the apex down base up before right 
+
+366
+00:29:48,540 --> 00:29:59,430
+eye or 2 prisms base downbefore left eye. Why did 
+
+367
+00:29:59,430 --> 00:30:02,430
+I say based down before left eye? Based down means
+
+368
+00:30:02,430 --> 00:30:05,210
+that the apex is coming up. Uncle, I see that the 
+
+369
+00:30:05,210 --> 00:30:07,690
+apex is coming down. Yes, this is the left eye as 
+
+370
+00:30:07,690 --> 00:30:12,790
+it is. But if it is compared to the right eye, its 
+
+371
+00:30:12,790 --> 00:30:17,750
+shape is higher than the right eye. And we go back
+
+372
+00:30:17,750 --> 00:30:20,950
+to the example of the bike. We say that two people 
+
+373
+00:30:20,950 --> 00:30:24,780
+went down.a person we call him Aysar and another 
+
+374
+00:30:24,780 --> 00:30:27,700
+person we call him Ayman Ayman went down 4 degrees 
+
+375
+00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:32,060
+and Aysar went down 2 degrees both of them really
+
+376
+00:30:32,060 --> 00:30:34,300
+went down and here the two pictures really went
+
+377
+00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:36,360
+down to the bottom because the apex of the prism 
+
+378
+00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:38,920
+based up based up means that the apex is down
+
+379
+00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:40,160
+which means that the picture will go down and the 
+
+380
+00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,960
+picture will go down but the picture of the eye
+
+381
+00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:47,180
+that Ayman went down 4 degrees which means that
+
+382
+00:30:47,180 --> 00:30:50,480
+Aysar went down 2 degrees Ayman went down lower 
+
+383
+00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:53,780
+which means that he went down moreOr we can say
+
+384
+00:30:53,780 --> 00:30:57,560
+that Aisar is higher although he went down, higher 
+
+385
+00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:03,920
+by two degrees than for Ain or for Ayman So, both 
+
+386
+00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:06,500
+pictures went down because based up, based up, but 
+
+387
+00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:08,580
+this one went down more, I can consider this one
+
+388
+00:31:08,580 --> 00:31:10,880
+as if this one did not go down at all and this one 
+
+389
+00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:14,060
+went up by two prisms, what does it mean that it 
+
+390
+00:31:14,060 --> 00:31:17,260
+went up as if it was based down a prism? Okay, so 
+
+391
+00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:22,600
+my last point in this matter remainedHow much a
+
+392
+00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,860
+person can handle a total vertical effect, let's 
+
+393
+00:31:26,860 --> 00:31:29,680
+say from two prisms to three prisms, so the result
+
+394
+00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,620
+here I have two prisms, so a person can handle it
+
+395
+00:31:32,620 --> 00:31:36,520
+If more than three prisms, if more than three 
+
+396
+00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:39,940
+prisms, I had a problem and it became a vertical
+
+397
+00:31:39,940 --> 00:31:43,520
+diplopia In other words, if the optician who
+
+398
+00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:47,050
+shoots the lenses makes a mistakeلو بس عمل
+
+399
+00:31:47,050 --> 00:31:50,170
+vertical decentration في ال right eye وطلع معاه 
+
+400
+00:31:50,170 --> 00:31:53,970
+تلاتة وستة من عشرة وماعملش vertical decentration 
+
+401
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:58,290
+في ال left eye كان صار مشكلة بس هذا الخطأ اللي حدث
+
+402
+00:31:58,290 --> 00:32:02,150
+في ال left eye يعني خفف من ال total vertical
+
+403
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:06,090
+effect اذا vertical effect مش problematic لل
+
+404
+00:32:06,090 --> 00:32:09,110
+patient طيب ال horizontal effect اربعة وستة من 
+
+405
+00:32:09,110 --> 00:32:12,890
+عشرةtheir

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/N-78zzBlTYU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+1
+00:00:01,970 --> 00:00:04,570
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عندنا مسألة على ال lens
+
+2
+00:00:04,570 --> 00:00:10,210
+combinationWe have a plus 7 diopter lens and a
+
+3
+00:00:10,210 --> 00:00:12,530
+plus 8 diopter lens, the distance between them is
+
+4
+00:00:12,530 --> 00:00:17,910
+45 cm And we have a body that moves away from the
+
+5
+00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:21,170
+first lens by 50 cm to the left We need the final
+
+6
+00:00:21,170 --> 00:00:26,090
+picture and the total transphase magnification We
+
+7
+00:00:26,090 --> 00:00:30,830
+deal with each lens one by one, that is, we will
+
+8
+00:00:30,830 --> 00:00:41,780
+separate this distanceand we leave it this
+
+9
+00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:46,620
+part of the problem is not related to us at all
+
+10
+00:00:46,620 --> 00:00:50,640
+imagine a 7 diopter plus 7 diopter and the body is
+
+11
+00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:55,740
+50 cm away from it so we will deal with each case
+
+12
+00:00:55,740 --> 00:01:03,140
+one by one we will start the solution as follows
+
+13
+00:01:17,300 --> 00:01:24,800
+قول U تساوي ناقص N على O ناقص N .. ناقص عشان
+
+14
+00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:29,860
+الاشعة divergent هتخرج من ال object و يساوي ناقص
+
+15
+00:01:29,860 --> 00:01:34,260
+واحد في الهواء على O اللي هي مسافة ال object اللي
+
+16
+00:01:34,260 --> 00:01:38,720
+هي خمسين صندق اللي هي نص متر .. نص متر و يساوي
+
+17
+00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:44,400
+ناقص ..one over two and the meter is minus one
+
+18
+00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:46,880
+meter of course in mathematics it turns out to be
+
+19
+00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,840
+a meter minus one which means a diopter so O
+
+20
+00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:57,560
+equals minus two diopters U of one minus two
+
+21
+00:01:57,560 --> 00:02:01,420
+diopters we take it on the front surface of the
+
+22
+00:02:01,420 --> 00:02:06,920
+lens as if the light reached a multiple of two
+
+23
+00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:09,100
+diopters now
+
+24
+00:02:10,910 --> 00:02:22,130
+بنقول U زائد P يساوي V ال U اللي هي minus 2
+
+25
+00:02:22,130 --> 00:02:27,410
+diopter زائد ال power 7 diopter، ال power بتاعة
+
+26
+00:02:27,410 --> 00:02:36,200
+العدسة، تساوي V، اذا V تساوي plus 5 diopterI have
+
+27
+00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,500
+7 with minus 2, I still have 5 left, this is
+
+28
+00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:46,840
+fixed, quickly I put it on the back of the lens,
+
+29
+00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,000
+plus 5, this is fixed
+
+30
+00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:57,380
+And as I said in the drawing that the light came
+
+31
+00:02:57,380 --> 00:03:00,440
+in a diffraction state different in the amount of
+
+32
+00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:04,360
+two diopters and the lens changed its diffraction
+
+33
+00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:06,840
+state from different in the amount of two diopters
+
+34
+00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:09,180
+to collect in the amount of five diopters
+
+35
+00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:35,220
+I تساوى Uncharted على V، بنبدّلهم مكان بعضهم،
+
+36
+00:03:35,220 --> 00:03:39,200
+وتساوى Uncharted واحد، لإنه احنا في الهواء، على V
+
+37
+00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:40,800
+اللي هي plus خمسة ديوبة
+
+38
+00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:49,820
+و يساوي واحد على plus خمسة خمس يعني اتنين من عشرة
+
+39
+00:03:49,820 --> 00:03:55,900
+يعني plus اتنين من عشرة و ال diopter في المقام ال
+
+40
+00:03:55,900 --> 00:04:00,000
+diopter هو متر اص ناقص واحد لما بيطلع بيصير متر
+
+41
+00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,480
+اذا مسافة ال image اتنين من عشرة متر على يمين
+
+42
+00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:08,140
+العدسة على يمين العدسة اتنين من عشرة متر يعني
+
+43
+00:04:08,140 --> 00:04:13,400
+عشرين صانقي على يمين العدسة على يمين العدسة الان
+
+44
+00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:19,980
+بدنا نرسم ال image on a distance of 20 cm on the
+
+45
+00:04:19,980 --> 00:04:22,560
+right side of the lens on the right side of the
+
+46
+00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:40,040
+lens now
+
+47
+00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,000
+let's bring the first transphase magnification
+
+48
+00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,000
+which is the magnification of the first image
+
+49
+00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,320
+let's say TM
+
+50
+00:05:02,280 --> 00:05:03,680
+TM1UV
+
+51
+00:05:07,650 --> 00:05:10,970
+I don't want to go into too many numbers here, so
+
+52
+00:05:10,970 --> 00:05:11,130
+I'm going to transfer it to my drawing. I'm going
+
+53
+00:05:11,130 --> 00:05:15,150
+to say u-2 is a diopter and v plus 5 is a diopter.
+
+54
+00:05:15,210 --> 00:05:21,490
+So minus 2 is a diopter over plus 5 is a diopter
+
+55
+00:05:21,490 --> 00:05:26,710
+and it equalsx to make it bigger minus over plus
+
+56
+00:05:26,710 --> 00:05:31,990
+minus two over five means four out of ten four out
+
+57
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:37,090
+of ten so this is the first magnification of the
+
+58
+00:05:37,090 --> 00:05:40,570
+transphase we
+
+59
+00:05:40,570 --> 00:05:44,870
+give
+
+60
+00:05:44,870 --> 00:05:51,610
+it another color or
+
+61
+00:05:51,610 --> 00:05:52,810
+a clearer color than that
+
+62
+00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:03,540
+so I have the transference magnification x minus
+
+63
+00:06:03,540 --> 00:06:08,160
+four out of ten this
+
+64
+00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:14,740
+is how it works I finished the first part of the
+
+65
+00:06:14,740 --> 00:06:17,500
+question I keep writing that the image is twenty
+
+66
+00:06:17,500 --> 00:06:20,420
+centimeters away from the image to the lens this
+
+67
+00:06:20,420 --> 00:06:23,640
+distance is twenty centimeters why do I have to
+
+68
+00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:28,690
+write it?I will calculate the remaining distance
+
+69
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:33,110
+This
+
+70
+00:06:33,110 --> 00:06:37,030
+distance is 20 cm Okay, now before moving to the
+
+71
+00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:40,090
+second example This picture of the first lens is
+
+72
+00:06:40,090 --> 00:06:43,550
+considered an object of the second lens How far is
+
+73
+00:06:43,550 --> 00:06:45,710
+this picture from the second lens? Or the object
+
+74
+00:06:45,710 --> 00:06:50,950
+of the second lens? It is 45 minus 20, which is 25
+
+75
+00:06:50,950 --> 00:06:53,330
+cm 25 cm
+
+76
+00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:05,250
+means quarter of a meter Now
+
+77
+00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:11,610
+I can move to
+
+78
+00:07:11,610 --> 00:07:15,650
+the second part of the questionالان عندي مسألة
+
+79
+00:07:15,650 --> 00:07:19,530
+جديدة تماما، عندي object على بعد خمسة وعشرين سنتيم
+
+80
+00:07:19,530 --> 00:07:23,170
+من عدسة plus تمانية، بدي أشوف الصورة بتاعة هذا ال
+
+81
+00:07:23,170 --> 00:07:28,230
+object وين هتصفق معايا، بنقول كالقاتى
+
+82
+00:07:45,730 --> 00:07:55,390
+u is equal to negative n over o and
+
+83
+00:07:55,390 --> 00:07:59,310
+is equal to negative one because it is in the air
+
+84
+00:07:59,310 --> 00:08:01,970
+of course negative because the light will gather
+
+85
+00:08:01,970 --> 00:08:04,090
+in this picture and after it gathers it will
+
+86
+00:08:04,090 --> 00:08:10,230
+separate again negative one over o which is twenty
+
+87
+00:08:10,230 --> 00:08:12,290
+five centimeters which is a quarter of a meter
+
+88
+00:08:15,570 --> 00:08:21,530
+ويساوي ناقص واحد على ربع أربعة والمتر اللي في
+
+89
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:24,990
+المقام بطلع بصير متر أقصى ناقص واحد يعني دا يبتر،
+
+90
+00:08:24,990 --> 00:08:33,750
+اذا الدوق حيصل بيتشتت مقداره minus 4 دا يبتر،
+
+91
+00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:36,110
+بحط ال minus 4 دا يبتر
+
+92
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:42,370
+On the front surface of the lens, the light will
+
+93
+00:08:42,370 --> 00:08:47,610
+reach a wavelength of minus 4 diopters Now, the
+
+94
+00:08:47,610 --> 00:08:50,490
+lens's function is to change the wavelength of the
+
+95
+00:08:50,490 --> 00:08:54,170
+light We want to see what it will do It will emit
+
+96
+00:08:54,170 --> 00:08:57,030
+from its force 4 diopters, which is plus 8, it
+
+97
+00:08:57,030 --> 00:09:01,030
+will emit plus 4 To cancel the minus 4, it will
+
+98
+00:09:01,030 --> 00:09:04,910
+remain with it 4, as we will see in the equation U
+
+99
+00:09:04,910 --> 00:09:12,940
+plusP is equal to V U
+
+100
+00:09:12,940 --> 00:09:20,960
+minus four diopters plus eight diopters is
+
+101
+00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:30,000
+equal to V So, V is equal to plus four diopters V
+
+102
+00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,420
+is equal to plus four diopters Next, I put under
+
+103
+00:09:33,420 --> 00:09:34,180
+the back surface
+
+104
+00:09:38,460 --> 00:09:43,400
+plus 4 diopter.طيب الان اش اللي حدث اللي حدث الضوء
+
+105
+00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:47,240
+ايجا متشتت divergent العدسة
+
+106
+00:09:48,310 --> 00:09:52,490
+it changed its polarity from minus 4 diopter to
+
+107
+00:09:52,490 --> 00:09:55,030
+plus 4 diopter which means that it moved 8
+
+108
+00:09:55,030 --> 00:09:59,470
+complete diopters from minus 4 polar to plus 4
+
+109
+00:09:59,470 --> 00:10:01,970
+complex so this is the power of the lens which is
+
+110
+00:10:01,970 --> 00:10:05,530
+plus 8 now as long as it is complex then it will
+
+111
+00:10:05,530 --> 00:10:08,730
+go and form an image somewhere in space how do I
+
+112
+00:10:08,730 --> 00:10:14,970
+know where this image is? we say v is equal to i
+
+113
+00:10:20,910 --> 00:10:26,070
+إذن I تساوي on شرط على V ببدّلهم مكان بعضهم البعض
+
+114
+00:10:26,070 --> 00:10:32,930
+و يساوي on شرط واحد لإنه في الهوا و ال V plus
+
+115
+00:10:32,930 --> 00:10:38,010
+أربعة ديوبتر و
+
+116
+00:10:38,010 --> 00:10:41,650
+يساوي واحد على أربعة طبعا ال plus على plus بظهر ال
+
+117
+00:10:41,650 --> 00:10:44,770
+plus واحد على أربعة يعني ربع
+
+118
+00:10:47,460 --> 00:10:50,240
+The diopter which is one meter minus one in the
+
+119
+00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:53,140
+station, when it comes out, it becomes a meter So
+
+120
+00:10:53,140 --> 00:10:56,500
+the picture is twenty-five centimeters away from
+
+121
+00:10:56,500 --> 00:11:00,520
+the lens On the right of the lens, twenty-five
+
+122
+00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:03,480
+centimeters away So the picture starts to form
+
+123
+00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,480
+twenty-five centimeters away from the lens We draw
+
+124
+00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:14,580
+the picture now We
+
+125
+00:11:14,580 --> 00:11:15,340
+draw the picture
+
+126
+00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:35,560
+The picture is 25 cm on the right side of the lens
+
+127
+00:11:43,330 --> 00:11:46,690
+Same as the distance of the object The distance of
+
+128
+00:11:46,690 --> 00:11:53,510
+the object in this picture is 25
+
+129
+00:11:53,510 --> 00:11:57,490
+cm and the distance of the image is 25 cm Let's
+
+130
+00:11:57,490 --> 00:11:59,650
+see how much is the transference magnification
+
+131
+00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:19,870
+utm2 equals u over v equals
+
+132
+00:12:19,870 --> 00:12:25,930
+u minus 4 diopter over v plus 4 diopter minus 4
+
+133
+00:12:25,930 --> 00:12:33,950
+diopter over plus 4 dioptery is equal to x minus,
+
+134
+00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:37,130
+because minus on plus is minus, and four on four
+
+135
+00:12:37,130 --> 00:12:39,530
+is one, and the diopter goes with the diopter, so
+
+136
+00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:42,950
+this is the transphase magnification number two,
+
+137
+00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:43,970
+number two
+
+138
+00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:59,400
+So, I have one last point in the matter. This is
+
+139
+00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:01,160
+the final image at a distance of a quarter of a
+
+140
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,260
+meter from the second lens. And its magnification
+
+141
+00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:09,700
+for its body is x minus one. What does x minus one
+
+142
+00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:10,980
+mean? It means that it is the same height as its
+
+143
+00:13:10,980 --> 00:13:13,660
+body and it is upside down compared to its body.
+
+144
+00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,160
+Its body is coming down and it is coming up. Now
+
+145
+00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:19,260
+we calculate the total transference magnification.
+
+146
+00:13:21,340 --> 00:13:23,600
+The total transference magnification.
+
+147
+00:13:37,250 --> 00:13:44,430
+The total transverse magnification is equal to Tm1
+
+148
+00:13:44,430 --> 00:13:52,110
+multiplied by Tm2 And
+
+149
+00:13:52,110 --> 00:13:59,330
+it is equal to Tm1 multiplied by x minus four out
+
+150
+00:13:59,330 --> 00:14:04,230
+of ten minus four
+
+151
+00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:06,470
+out of ten multiplied by
+
+152
+00:14:09,560 --> 00:14:14,160
+minus one y
+
+153
+00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,140
+equals now I will put the x sign of the
+
+154
+00:14:17,140 --> 00:14:20,240
+magnification we say minus times minus times plus
+
+155
+00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,940
+four out of ten times one equals four out of ten
+
+156
+00:14:23,940 --> 00:14:29,540
+so this is the final magnification total transfers
+
+157
+00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:32,820
+magnification this is total transfers
+
+158
+00:14:32,820 --> 00:14:34,300
+magnification which means
+
+159
+00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,700
+بيعني إن الصورة النهائية معتادلة لأنه الإشارة plus
+
+160
+00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:52,000
+معتادلة زي ال object الأول و أربع أعشار ارتفاعه،
+
+161
+00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,860
+يعني إذا كان هو ارتفاعه عشرة صنطي، ارتفاع الصورة
+
+162
+00:14:55,860 --> 00:14:59,980
+النهائية بيكون أربع صنطي، يعني أربعة من عشرة، هيك
+
+163
+00:14:59,980 --> 00:15:02,500
+بتنتهي المسألة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+164
+00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:04,220
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/OFKXhpR4vkI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1280 @@
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:05,300
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,300 --> 00:00:09,800
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند ال combination of
+
+3
+00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:13,360
+sphero cylindrical lenses Sphero cylindrical
+
+4
+00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:16,460
+lenses can be added to one another to produce a
+
+5
+00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:20,600
+single equivalent sphero cylindrical lenses لو في
+
+6
+00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,680
+عندي sphero cylindrical lensوكمان بده أضيف لها
+
+7
+00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:29,700
+كمان spherical cylindrical lens بدنا احنا نشوف كيف
+
+8
+00:00:29,700 --> 00:00:33,880
+يضافوا لبعض عشان يعطوني equivalent spherical
+
+9
+00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:37,640
+cylindrical lens طبعا في ..
+
+10
+00:00:41,100 --> 00:00:44,980
+In fact, if any number of sphero cylindrical
+
+11
+00:00:44,980 --> 00:00:48,540
+lenses are combined, the result is always an
+
+12
+00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:51,600
+equivalent sphero cylindrical lens having
+
+13
+00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:55,800
+principal meridians 90 degree upper. يعني لو عندي
+
+14
+00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:01,600
+مثلا على
+
+15
+00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:02,660
+سبيل المثال
+
+16
+00:01:11,310 --> 00:01:18,810
+عندي مثلا plus واحد sphere minus مثلا واحد و نص
+
+17
+00:01:18,810 --> 00:01:26,510
+cylinder على محور مثلا عشرين degree وعندي مثلا
+
+18
+00:01:26,510 --> 00:01:32,250
+minus نص sphere و
+
+19
+00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:41,520
+minus مثلا75% cylinder on axis for example 50 and
+
+20
+00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:48,200
+I have for example plus 3 spheres on
+
+21
+00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:56,900
+minus for example or plus 2 cylindersمحور 90 هدولة
+
+22
+00:01:56,900 --> 00:01:59,760
+التلاتة عبارة كل واحدة منهم spherical cylindrical
+
+23
+00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:03,920
+lens لو حبيت استعملهم مع بعض بت .. بتصد عنهم
+
+24
+00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:05,940
+spherical cylindrical lens
+
+25
+00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,320
+It has a value for the sphere And it has a value
+
+26
+00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:15,540
+for the cylinder with a certain axis Of course, as
+
+27
+00:02:15,540 --> 00:02:18,340
+long as the sphere and the cylindrical lens are
+
+28
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:20,400
+away from them It means that there is an axis in
+
+29
+00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:22,480
+this lens that is stronger and an axis that is
+
+30
+00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:26,180
+weaker And the two axes in regular astigmatism, of
+
+31
+00:02:26,180 --> 00:02:29,940
+course, the two axes are perpendicular So there is
+
+32
+00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:35,420
+a 90 degree distance between them Also, if I have
+
+33
+00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:41,480
+sphero cylindrical lens, بدي أحللها لكذا sphero
+
+34
+00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:45,360
+cylindrical lens هذا أيضا ممكن باستعمال حسابات
+
+35
+00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:51,160
+معينة و باستعمال حساب المثلثة Similarly, a single
+
+36
+00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:55,540
+sphero cylindrical lens has .. يعني ..
+
+37
+00:03:11,140 --> 00:03:15,300
+It is easy to add spherical cylindrical lenses
+
+38
+00:03:15,300 --> 00:03:18,260
+together if the principal meridians are aligned
+
+39
+00:03:18,260 --> 00:03:22,690
+with one another.We have three cases for spherical
+
+40
+00:03:22,690 --> 00:03:26,030
+and cylindrical lenses that I want to add to each
+
+41
+00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:31,070
+other Let's see what the first case is Let's go
+
+42
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:33,650
+back to this example and delete it We want to add
+
+43
+00:03:33,650 --> 00:03:37,430
+two spherical and cylindrical lenses, but the axis
+
+44
+00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:41,580
+is the same axisSo I have plus one minus one and a
+
+45
+00:03:41,580 --> 00:03:44,340
+half axis is twenty and minus one and a half minus
+
+46
+00:03:44,340 --> 00:03:46,940
+three quarters axis is also twenty So the
+
+47
+00:03:46,940 --> 00:03:48,720
+principal meridians of the spherical and
+
+48
+00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:51,180
+cylindrical lens are these and the principal
+
+49
+00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:53,320
+meridians of the spherical and cylindrical lens
+
+50
+00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:55,740
+are these They are the same principal meridians
+
+51
+00:03:55,740 --> 00:04:00,780
+because the axis is the same axis When I add this
+
+52
+00:04:02,210 --> 00:04:04,430
+Spherocylindrical lens with spherocylindrical lens
+
+53
+00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:07,570
+which have same axis, it is done by direct sum,
+
+54
+00:04:08,230 --> 00:04:11,370
+that is, I combine sphere with sphere and cylinder
+
+55
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,030
+with cylinder, of course, and the axis remains as
+
+56
+00:04:14,030 --> 00:04:17,170
+it is as long as this axis is 20 and axis is 20,
+
+57
+00:04:17,570 --> 00:04:20,950
+the resultantsphere and cylindrical lens, the
+
+58
+00:04:20,950 --> 00:04:24,270
+result of course will be the axis corresponding to
+
+59
+00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:27,710
+the two axes corresponding to the two axes, so in
+
+60
+00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:32,030
+this case if I get a problem like this, I say plus
+
+61
+00:04:32,030 --> 00:04:34,730
+one and minus half, I will have the new sphere
+
+62
+00:04:34,730 --> 00:04:39,430
+minus, pardon me, plus half, a direct algebra,
+
+63
+00:04:40,550 --> 00:04:45,600
+plus half sphereNow I add the cylinder with the
+
+64
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:52,340
+cylinder (-1.5,-3.4,-2.4), and the axis remains
+
+65
+00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:55,860
+20. The axis does not add up at all. So it does
+
+66
+00:04:55,860 --> 00:05:00,560
+not happen that the axis adds up and becomes 40.
+
+67
+00:05:00,660 --> 00:05:02,740
+No, as long as the axis is aligned with the axis,
+
+68
+00:05:03,420 --> 00:05:06,340
+the spherical cylindrical length is
+
+69
+00:05:10,270 --> 00:05:16,330
+Plus 1 with minus half becomes plus half-1.5,-3.4,
+
+70
+00:05:16,450 --> 00:05:19,790
+-2.4 and the axis as it is This is the first
+
+71
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:24,370
+scenario when the axis is aligned with the axis
+
+72
+00:05:24,370 --> 00:05:31,150
+The second scenario is when the axis of one of the
+
+73
+00:05:31,150 --> 00:05:33,150
+spherical and cylindrical lenses is perpendicular
+
+74
+00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:35,770
+to the axis of the second spherical and
+
+75
+00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:40,010
+cylindrical lens For example, let's say plus 4
+
+76
+00:05:40,010 --> 00:05:42,750
+sphere
+
+77
+00:05:43,880 --> 00:05:51,600
+minus minus two and three quarters cylinder axis
+
+78
+00:05:51,600 --> 00:06:02,520
+twenty and the second minus one sphere plus one
+
+79
+00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:09,720
+cylinder axis one hundred and ten how do I .. how
+
+80
+00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:15,470
+do I ..I combine or add or make a combination of
+
+81
+00:06:15,470 --> 00:06:18,250
+these two spherical and cylindrical lenses to get
+
+82
+00:06:18,250 --> 00:06:22,110
+one spherical and cylindrical lens equivalent to
+
+83
+00:06:22,110 --> 00:06:25,750
+both of them Notice that the X is 20 for the first
+
+84
+00:06:25,750 --> 00:06:28,810
+spherical and cylindrical lens and the second is
+
+85
+00:06:28,810 --> 00:06:33,460
+110So the angle between them is 90 degrees, so I
+
+86
+00:06:33,460 --> 00:06:36,160
+have to make a transposition for one of them, and
+
+87
+00:06:36,160 --> 00:06:40,200
+then the axis becomes one. We want to make a
+
+88
+00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:44,960
+transposition for the first one, we say that the
+
+89
+00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,300
+first step in the transposition is to add the
+
+90
+00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,020
+cylinder to the sphere, it becomes plus four minus
+
+91
+00:06:51,020 --> 00:06:53,920
+seventy-two remains plus one quarter.
+
+92
+00:06:57,470 --> 00:07:00,170
+then I flip the pointer of the cylinder, it
+
+93
+00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:08,170
+becomes plus 72.75 then I move the axis 90
+
+94
+00:07:08,170 --> 00:07:11,850
+degrees, the 20 becomes 110 this is the first
+
+95
+00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,110
+step, I made a transposition to the first lens I
+
+96
+00:07:15,110 --> 00:07:19,210
+made a transposition to the first lens okay, we
+
+97
+00:07:19,210 --> 00:07:21,970
+made a transposition to the first lens now the
+
+98
+00:07:21,970 --> 00:07:25,630
+second lens as I write it minus 1
+
+99
+00:07:29,530 --> 00:07:34,470
+Plus one in
+
+100
+00:07:34,470 --> 00:07:39,370
+axis one hundred and ten. Now the axis is unified.
+
+101
+00:07:39,810 --> 00:07:42,410
+Why unified? Because the first lens, the first
+
+102
+00:07:42,410 --> 00:07:44,190
+spherical cylindrical lens, I made it a
+
+103
+00:07:44,190 --> 00:07:47,890
+transposition, so the axis turned to one hundred
+
+104
+00:07:47,890 --> 00:07:50,490
+and ten. I collect them a direct group, a direct
+
+105
+00:07:50,490 --> 00:07:51,090
+Gebri.
+
+106
+00:07:54,490 --> 00:07:59,070
+and then I get the reciprocal lens plus one and a
+
+107
+00:07:59,070 --> 00:08:03,210
+quarter and minus one plus a quarter this is the
+
+108
+00:08:03,210 --> 00:08:07,610
+reciprocal sphere the cylinder plus two and three
+
+109
+00:08:07,610 --> 00:08:10,310
+quarters and plus one so plus three or three
+
+110
+00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:15,190
+quarters and
+
+111
+00:08:15,190 --> 00:08:16,810
+the axis of course does not add up, the axis
+
+112
+00:08:16,810 --> 00:08:20,090
+remains as it is at one hundred and ten okay, one
+
+113
+00:08:20,090 --> 00:08:25,060
+can say I want to dotransposition of the second
+
+114
+00:08:25,060 --> 00:08:25,120
+lens
+
+115
+00:08:50,700 --> 00:09:06,020
+I will write it again here I have two lenses now
+
+116
+00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:11,920
+we want the first lens write
+
+117
+00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:16,740
+it as it is we don't want to make a transposition
+
+118
+00:09:16,740 --> 00:09:19,760
+we want to make a transposition to the second lens
+
+119
+00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:31,880
+now when we do transposition to the other lens
+
+120
+00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,020
+what will happen to my situation I want to add in
+
+121
+00:09:35,020 --> 00:09:37,220
+the cylinder to the sphere it will be plano zero
+
+122
+00:09:37,220 --> 00:09:42,640
+because it is plus one and minus one then I change
+
+123
+00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:47,540
+the sign of course plano either I write it in
+
+124
+00:09:47,540 --> 00:09:55,720
+writing or I write zero where it is and
+
+125
+00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:57,880
+this cylinder becomes minus one
+
+126
+00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:06,840
+in axis 20 because if we moved the axis it was 110
+
+127
+00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:10,020
+and we subtracted 90 from it so it remains 20 so
+
+128
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:24,700
+now plus
+
+129
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:29,800
+4 with 0 remains plus 4
+
+130
+00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:36,060
+and the cylinder with the cylinder which is minus
+
+131
+00:10:36,060 --> 00:10:39,900
+two and three quarters and minus one so minus
+
+132
+00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:43,600
+three and three quarters and the axis remains
+
+133
+00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,400
+twenty we can say that the result here when we did
+
+134
+00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:49,960
+the transposition of the second lens is different
+
+135
+00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:52,300
+from the result here when we did the transposition
+
+136
+00:10:52,300 --> 00:10:55,700
+of the first lens it does not differ at all if we
+
+137
+00:10:55,700 --> 00:10:58,840
+look at this and on this we will find the
+
+138
+00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:01,720
+transposition of each other, that is, if this is
+
+139
+00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:03,930
+the equivalent lensIf we want to make it a
+
+140
+00:11:03,930 --> 00:11:06,970
+transposition, we add 3 and 3 quarters to the
+
+141
+00:11:06,970 --> 00:11:10,790
+quarter and it becomes 4 The high point turns and
+
+142
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:13,190
+it becomes minus 3 and 3 quarters and the axis
+
+143
+00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:16,310
+turns 90 degrees and it becomes 20 So high
+
+144
+00:11:16,310 --> 00:11:18,590
+transposition to high and high transposition to
+
+145
+00:11:18,590 --> 00:11:23,400
+high So regardlessI make a transposition to the
+
+146
+00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:27,640
+first lens to make its axis like the axis of the
+
+147
+00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:31,400
+second lens, or make a transposition to the second
+
+148
+00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:34,980
+lens to make its axis like the axis of the first
+
+149
+00:11:34,980 --> 00:11:38,900
+lens, both results are correct, and the result
+
+150
+00:11:38,900 --> 00:11:41,360
+will be the same, but once in the plus cylindrical
+
+151
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:45,780
+form and once in the minus cylindrical form. So I
+
+152
+00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:47,900
+have two scenarios. The first scenario is
+
+153
+00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:51,130
+basically that I have two lenses in front of metwo
+
+154
+00:11:51,130 --> 00:11:54,970
+lenses, their axis is united, I add a direct
+
+155
+00:11:54,970 --> 00:11:59,530
+conjugate I add a direct conjugate now if two
+
+156
+00:11:59,530 --> 00:12:05,810
+lenses have one axis and the other axis is
+
+157
+00:12:05,810 --> 00:12:11,210
+perpendicular to it I make a transposition to one
+
+158
+00:12:11,210 --> 00:12:15,190
+of them so the axis becomes united and I add a
+
+159
+00:12:15,190 --> 00:12:18,210
+direct conjugate after that now the third scenario
+
+160
+00:12:18,210 --> 00:12:23,980
+is the most difficultWhen the axis of a sphere and
+
+161
+00:12:23,980 --> 00:12:27,020
+cylindrical lens are different and the angle
+
+162
+00:12:27,020 --> 00:12:32,520
+between them is not 90 degrees We say as follows,
+
+163
+00:12:33,420 --> 00:12:40,700
+for example, minus three spheres plus two
+
+164
+00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:48,960
+cylinders with an axis of 40 degrees and minus one
+
+165
+00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:59,040
+sphereminus half-cylinder axis 80 The axis here
+
+166
+00:12:59,040 --> 00:13:02,020
+and the axis here differ by 40 degrees The
+
+167
+00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:05,420
+distance between them is not 90 degrees, which is
+
+168
+00:13:05,420 --> 00:13:09,040
+the closest to the solution of the problem How do
+
+169
+00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:14,100
+we get the spherical cylindrical lens in this
+
+170
+00:13:14,100 --> 00:13:14,100
+case?
+
+171
+00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,460
+Of course, there are complicated equations to find
+
+172
+00:13:23,460 --> 00:13:28,420
+the spherocylindrical lens equivalent to two
+
+173
+00:13:28,420 --> 00:13:34,360
+spherocylindrical lenses whose axes differ not by
+
+174
+00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,100
+90 degrees But these equations are complicated,
+
+175
+00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:43,000
+but we can use one of two ways to find the
+
+176
+00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:48,810
+spherocylindrical lens equivalent easilyone of the
+
+177
+00:13:48,810 --> 00:13:52,790
+practical ways is to take the trial frame and
+
+178
+00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:54,890
+place it in the first sphere of cylindrical lens
+
+179
+00:13:54,890 --> 00:14:00,410
+on the axis 40 degrees
+
+180
+00:14:03,210 --> 00:14:06,370
+and then I put in front of it in the same housing
+
+181
+00:14:06,370 --> 00:14:09,070
+in the same place I put in front of it the
+
+182
+00:14:09,070 --> 00:14:14,750
+spherical cylindrical lens on axis 80 it became 40
+
+183
+00:14:14,750 --> 00:14:19,290
+one on axis 40 and one on axis 80 in front of each
+
+184
+00:14:19,290 --> 00:14:23,960
+other and I carry itAnd I put it on the lensmeter
+
+185
+00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,380
+device and I measure the strength of the two
+
+186
+00:14:26,380 --> 00:14:29,380
+lenses together, I get exactly the value of the
+
+187
+00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:33,060
+sphere and the cylinder and the new axis of the
+
+188
+00:14:33,060 --> 00:14:35,840
+spherical and cylindrical lens without
+
+189
+00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,120
+overestimating myself, but it is very important
+
+190
+00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:43,100
+when I put these two lensesWhen I put these two
+
+191
+00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:45,740
+lenses, it is very important that the axis does
+
+192
+00:14:45,740 --> 00:14:48,260
+not move, that is, one axis must be at 40 degrees
+
+193
+00:14:48,260 --> 00:14:50,960
+and the other at 80 degrees until it comes out
+
+194
+00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,180
+while moving, I now put the first lens and the
+
+195
+00:14:54,180 --> 00:14:58,200
+second, then I moved them to the lensmeter while
+
+196
+00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,340
+moving to the lensmeter and fixing the trial frame
+
+197
+00:15:01,340 --> 00:15:04,680
+on the lensmeter to read the sphero cylindrical
+
+198
+00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:10,480
+lens, I do not move the lenses so that the axis
+
+199
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:16,500
+does not changeSo this is one of the ways, there
+
+200
+00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:18,520
+is another way that there are programs on the
+
+201
+00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:21,600
+internet that calculate spherical and cylindrical
+
+202
+00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,280
+lenses equivalently, spherical and cylindrical
+
+203
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:28,940
+lenses equivalently, for example here the website
+
+204
+00:15:28,940 --> 00:15:35,120
+OpticCampus.com I have herefirst sphere power
+
+205
+00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:38,580
+first cylinder power first cylinder axis means
+
+206
+00:15:38,580 --> 00:15:41,660
+first sphere and cylindrical lens sphere and
+
+207
+00:15:41,660 --> 00:15:45,000
+cylinder and axis and sphere and cylinder and axis
+
+208
+00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,460
+and then we say calculate then we say calculate
+
+209
+00:15:48,460 --> 00:15:53,180
+means if we take an example if we say here minus
+
+210
+00:15:53,180 --> 00:15:59,680
+two spheres and here minus one cylinder axis for
+
+211
+00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:05,010
+exampleor let's take the same example from the
+
+212
+00:16:05,010 --> 00:16:10,150
+powerpoint we said minus 3 and plus 2, x is 40
+
+213
+00:16:10,150 --> 00:16:16,630
+minus 3 plus
+
+214
+00:16:16,630 --> 00:16:24,030
+2 x is 40 of course we don't write the plus here
+
+215
+00:16:24,030 --> 00:16:26,990
+according to the system but we write the minus the
+
+216
+00:16:26,990 --> 00:16:27,430
+second lens
+
+217
+00:16:31,050 --> 00:16:37,050
+-1-1-1-1
+
+218
+00:16:37,050 --> 00:16:44,630
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+219
+00:16:44,630 --> 00:16:45,110
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+220
+00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:49,390
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+221
+00:16:49,390 --> 00:16:49,470
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+222
+00:16:49,470 --> 00:16:49,470
+-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
+
+223
+00:16:49,470 --> 00:16:56,430
+-1This is the spherical and cylindrical lens that
+
+224
+00:16:56,430 --> 00:17:04,430
+came out with us. Minus 22.6% diopter minus 98.1%
+
+225
+00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:11,510
+diopter cylinder on axis 123 and 20. One might ask
+
+226
+00:17:11,510 --> 00:17:14,820
+why the axis did not come out between 40 and 80?if
+
+227
+00:17:14,820 --> 00:17:20,160
+we do transposition to high it will give me an
+
+228
+00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:25,780
+axis between 40 and 80 or it doesn't have to be
+
+229
+00:17:25,780 --> 00:17:31,600
+according to my calculations in this calculation
+
+230
+00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,540
+of course according to complicated equations
+
+231
+00:17:34,540 --> 00:17:39,230
+either I use high programs orIf I'm having a hard
+
+232
+00:17:39,230 --> 00:17:43,970
+time or I don't have the ability to use it, I put
+
+233
+00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:46,370
+the first and second lens, each one according to
+
+234
+00:17:46,370 --> 00:17:50,610
+its axis, and I transfer them directly to the
+
+235
+00:17:50,610 --> 00:17:53,410
+lensmeter without moving the axis, it will give me
+
+236
+00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:55,430
+a unified reading of both lenses for the
+
+237
+00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:59,970
+corresponding lens. So these are the three
+
+238
+00:17:59,970 --> 00:18:04,390
+scenarios in the combination of a sphero
+
+239
+00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:08,020
+-cylindrical lens.which is the first thing when
+
+240
+00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:12,280
+the axis is united, second thing when the two axis
+
+241
+00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:14,340
+between them are 90 degrees, I do the
+
+242
+00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,280
+transposition to one, it doesn't matter to whom I
+
+243
+00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:18,760
+do it, to the first or the second, third thing
+
+244
+00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:21,480
+when the axis is different and the distance
+
+245
+00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:24,410
+between them or the angle between themnot 90
+
+246
+00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:26,690
+degrees, either more than 90 degrees or less than
+
+247
+00:18:26,690 --> 00:18:29,470
+90 degrees, there are two ways to do that, either
+
+248
+00:18:29,470 --> 00:18:32,770
+we put the spherical and cylindrical lenses in the
+
+249
+00:18:32,770 --> 00:18:36,250
+trial frame and we read or we use the programs of
+
+250
+00:18:36,250 --> 00:18:40,050
+the internet, the calculators, which bring me the
+
+251
+00:18:40,050 --> 00:18:45,070
+lens, the spherical and cylindrical lens, which is
+
+252
+00:18:45,070 --> 00:18:47,270
+equivalent, which is equivalent and therefore this
+
+253
+00:18:47,270 --> 00:18:49,550
+is of course the third case, which is not the
+
+254
+00:18:49,550 --> 00:18:53,340
+angle between them90 degrees they call it
+
+255
+00:18:53,340 --> 00:18:57,920
+combination of cylinders at oblique axis which
+
+256
+00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:02,100
+means they are not 90 degrees between them and
+
+257
+00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:08,400
+they are not adjacent to each other there is a
+
+258
+00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,820
+last point we want to talk about in this topic we
+
+259
+00:19:12,820 --> 00:19:15,320
+need to notice that ..
+
+260
+00:19:18,450 --> 00:19:23,610
+the direction of the force is not
+
+261
+00:19:23,610 --> 00:19:28,390
+correct
+
+262
+00:19:28,390 --> 00:19:34,470
+in other words, we don't think that cylindrical
+
+263
+00:19:34,470 --> 00:19:37,610
+lenses can gather direction forces in other words,
+
+264
+00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:43,390
+when we say that a force acts on zeroAnd the force
+
+265
+00:19:43,390 --> 00:19:47,250
+works at 180 degrees And this force is 1 Newton
+
+266
+00:19:47,250 --> 00:19:50,850
+And this force is 1 Newton Let's take an example
+
+267
+00:19:50,850 --> 00:19:56,670
+of
+
+268
+00:19:56,670 --> 00:20:05,370
+that This
+
+269
+00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:05,810
+is an example
+
+270
+00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:16,620
+we have a force acting on zero and another force
+
+271
+00:20:16,620 --> 00:20:21,240
+acting on 180 it is supposed that this force and
+
+272
+00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:23,900
+this force are opposites so if this is one Newton
+
+273
+00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,340
+and this is one Newton then they get zero but in
+
+274
+00:20:27,340 --> 00:20:32,360
+cylinders the cylinder with its axis on zero and
+
+275
+00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:35,780
+the cylinder with its axis on 180 is the same axis
+
+276
+00:20:35,780 --> 00:20:38,620
+because zero is itself 180 in another meaning
+
+277
+00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,240
+Let's go to the first scenario, here I say that
+
+278
+00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:46,860
+the axis is one, but if we assume that the axis
+
+279
+00:20:46,860 --> 00:20:53,630
+here is zero and here the axis is 180Is there a
+
+280
+00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:55,190
+difference? No, there is no difference, we combine
+
+281
+00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:57,230
+the direct conjugate, the sphere with the sphere,
+
+282
+00:20:57,570 --> 00:20:59,510
+and the cylinder with the cylinder, and the axis
+
+283
+00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:03,030
+is the same, but we say when the axis is zero, we
+
+284
+00:21:03,030 --> 00:21:04,770
+write one hundred and eighty, because it is the
+
+285
+00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:07,650
+same thing, zero is the same as one hundred and
+
+286
+00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:10,090
+eighty, so when we say for example, another
+
+287
+00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,370
+example, we say plus two,
+
+288
+00:21:15,790 --> 00:21:19,830
+for example, we say plus one, sphere
+
+289
+00:21:22,360 --> 00:21:30,060
+plus two cylinders axis zero and for example plus
+
+290
+00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:35,460
+three spheres plus
+
+291
+00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:42,380
+two cylinders axis one hundred and eighty if I
+
+292
+00:21:42,380 --> 00:21:44,440
+want to put together a directed group it looks
+
+293
+00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:47,660
+like zero this way and one hundred and eighty in
+
+294
+00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:53,390
+the opposite direction this is zeroand 180 in the
+
+295
+00:21:53,390 --> 00:21:56,990
+opposite direction but this is not allowed in
+
+296
+00:21:56,990 --> 00:22:03,790
+cylinders because zero is equal to 180 so their
+
+297
+00:22:03,790 --> 00:22:10,290
+sum is direct plus 1 with plus 3 is plus 4 sphere
+
+298
+00:22:10,290 --> 00:22:13,970
+with sphere this is the spherical cylindrical lens
+
+299
+00:22:13,970 --> 00:22:16,910
+of the reciprocal as long as zero is equal to 180
+
+300
+00:22:16,910 --> 00:22:22,390
+I add a direct sum so also plus 4which is plus two
+
+301
+00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:25,830
+over plus two and the axis is one hundred and
+
+302
+00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:29,170
+eighty or zero, but we are used to write zero as
+
+303
+00:22:29,170 --> 00:22:32,030
+zero and one hundred and eighty as zero. This
+
+304
+00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:34,330
+point makes us say that it is not preferable or
+
+305
+00:22:34,330 --> 00:22:36,530
+does not combine the spherical and cylindrical
+
+306
+00:22:36,530 --> 00:22:42,120
+lenses in a directed way.means that it does not
+
+307
+00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:45,300
+combine positive integers so the vector addition
+
+308
+00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:47,460
+in spherical and cylindrical lenses is not allowed
+
+309
+00:22:47,460 --> 00:22:50,540
+because there are considerations that the zero
+
+310
+00:22:50,540 --> 00:22:54,000
+degree is the same as the zero degree is the same
+
+311
+00:22:54,000 --> 00:23:01,260
+as the zero degree this is how we sayطبعا آخر
+
+312
+00:23:01,260 --> 00:23:03,960
+سيناريو اللي بكون oblique axis أنه في عندي
+
+313
+00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:09,260
+computer programs بتشجع فيه أو بتساعدني فيه أن
+
+314
+00:23:09,260 --> 00:23:13,120
+أحسب ال sphere و ال cylindrical lens المكافئة زي
+
+315
+00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:16,440
+ال optic compass و ..ما شبه زي ال optic compass و
+
+316
+00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:21,900
+ما شبه طبعا في برامج كتيرة جدا ل ال combination of
+
+317
+00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,200
+spherical و cylindrical lenses و بنتوقف عند هذه
+
+318
+00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:28,640
+النقطة و المرة القادمة ان شاء الله هناخد ال
+
+319
+00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,280
+spherical aberration و نعطيكم العافية و السلام
+
+320
+00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:33,420
+عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/P_poCHustFY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2180 @@
+1
+00:00:01,670 --> 00:00:06,090
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنستكمل محاضرات البصريات
+
+2
+00:00:06,090 --> 00:00:13,010
+الهندسية، ووصلنا حقيقة عند موضوع مهم للغاية، وبده
+
+3
+00:00:13,010 --> 00:00:18,350
+شوية تخيل، مش صعب، ولكن بده شوية تخيل، اللي هو ال
+
+4
+00:00:18,350 --> 00:00:23,370
+virtual images and objectsWhat does virtual images
+
+5
+00:00:23,370 --> 00:00:26,650
+and objects mean? It means imaginary images and
+
+6
+00:00:26,650 --> 00:00:30,190
+imaginary objects A person might have heard the
+
+7
+00:00:30,190 --> 00:00:33,290
+word imaginary image, but he didn't hear imaginary
+
+8
+00:00:33,290 --> 00:00:37,430
+body, imaginary body Today we will talk about the
+
+9
+00:00:37,430 --> 00:00:40,290
+virtual image and in the next lecture, God
+
+10
+00:00:40,290 --> 00:00:43,030
+willing, we will talk about the virtual object and
+
+11
+00:00:43,030 --> 00:00:46,130
+we will know that the image can be a real image or
+
+12
+00:00:46,130 --> 00:00:50,950
+it can be an imaginary imageوال object أيضا ممكن
+
+13
+00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:55,870
+يكون object حقيقي يلمس باليد أو حتى لا يلمس باليد
+
+14
+00:00:55,870 --> 00:01:02,450
+وهذا هنشرحه وممكن يكون object تخيل .. object تخيل
+
+15
+00:01:02,450 --> 00:01:07,290
+.. إذا many people ..Find the subject of virtual
+
+16
+00:01:07,290 --> 00:01:10,310
+images and virtual objects to be the most
+
+17
+00:01:10,310 --> 00:01:14,130
+difficult aspect of Geometric Optics يعني كتير من
+
+18
+00:01:14,130 --> 00:01:17,730
+الناس بيلاجوا هذا الموضوع، موضوع ال virtual images
+
+19
+00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,730
+and objects هو أصعب موضوع في ال Geometric Optics
+
+20
+00:01:20,730 --> 00:01:25,070
+بس هو على النقيد حقيقة هوwith a little
+
+21
+00:01:25,070 --> 00:01:36,770
+imagination, it becomes a very enjoyable topic If
+
+22
+00:01:36,770 --> 00:01:41,330
+we follow some simple rules and stick to them, it
+
+23
+00:01:41,330 --> 00:01:43,990
+is very important to stick to them, we will find
+
+24
+00:01:43,990 --> 00:01:46,450
+that we understood the subject of virtual images
+
+25
+00:01:46,450 --> 00:01:51,920
+and objectsThe trick in this subject and the idea
+
+26
+00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:55,940
+in the subject of virtual image and object is that
+
+27
+00:01:55,940 --> 00:01:59,780
+the person does not overthink the subject, that
+
+28
+00:01:59,780 --> 00:02:02,960
+is, he does not go with his imagination and
+
+29
+00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:05,560
+complicate the subject and say what is a virtual
+
+30
+00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:09,360
+image and what is a virtual object, simply very
+
+31
+00:02:09,360 --> 00:02:15,180
+very veryThe virtual images and objects, which
+
+32
+00:02:15,180 --> 00:02:18,720
+means the imaginary objects and images are not
+
+33
+00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:23,540
+present in reality They are not present in the
+
+34
+00:02:23,540 --> 00:02:27,860
+experiments of geometric optics If we wanted to
+
+35
+00:02:27,860 --> 00:02:33,160
+meet or take a picture or get a receipt and
+
+36
+00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,960
+receive a virtual image or virtual object, it is
+
+37
+00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:40,420
+impossible to do this Why? Because it is simply
+
+38
+00:02:40,420 --> 00:02:43,810
+virtualmeans they are hypothetical things
+
+39
+00:02:43,810 --> 00:02:48,230
+hypothesized by scientists to facilitate reaching
+
+40
+00:02:48,230 --> 00:02:52,990
+the final picture when I use several lenses and we
+
+41
+00:02:52,990 --> 00:02:55,710
+will see this by example we will see it by example
+
+42
+00:02:55,710 --> 00:02:58,070
+we say consider .. this is an experience we have
+
+43
+00:02:58,070 --> 00:03:03,370
+consider an object 10 cm in front of plus 5
+
+44
+00:03:03,370 --> 00:03:06,750
+diopter thin lens in air we say as follows .. this
+
+45
+00:03:06,750 --> 00:03:07,310
+is my drawing
+
+46
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:15,580
+عندي object على بعد عشرة سانتي من عدسة قوتها خمسة
+
+47
+00:03:15,580 --> 00:03:23,880
+ديوبتر الضوء هيوصل ب U نحسبها نقول
+
+48
+00:03:23,880 --> 00:03:33,640
+U تساوي ناقص N على Oويساوي ناقص لأنه divergent,
+
+49
+00:03:33,820 --> 00:03:38,700
+divergent ناقص واحد في الهواء طبعا على O عشرة صنط
+
+50
+00:03:38,700 --> 00:03:45,990
+يعني واحد من عشرة متر ويساوي ناقص عشرة ديوبترSo,
+
+51
+00:03:46,090 --> 00:03:49,830
+the light will reach the surface of the lens by a
+
+52
+00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:54,530
+magnitude of 10 diopters. The lens must emit from
+
+53
+00:03:54,530 --> 00:03:59,950
+its power enough to emit 10 diopters. But the
+
+54
+00:03:59,950 --> 00:04:03,090
+total power of the lens is less than the magnitude
+
+55
+00:04:03,090 --> 00:04:08,180
+of the light. Its power is plus 5.It will all
+
+56
+00:04:08,180 --> 00:04:11,260
+explode on the front surface It will cancel the
+
+57
+00:04:11,260 --> 00:04:13,980
+plus 5 from the minus 10 It will cancel the minus
+
+58
+00:04:13,980 --> 00:04:16,960
+5 and I will have minus 5 So the light will come
+
+59
+00:04:16,960 --> 00:04:30,180
+out with V Which is U plus P equals V Okay The U
+
+60
+00:04:30,180 --> 00:04:38,280
+minus 10 diopter plus the power 5 diopterيساوي V
+
+61
+00:04:38,280 --> 00:04:47,120
+إذا V تساوي minus خمسة ديوبتر إيش يعني V تساوي
+
+62
+00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:50,200
+minus خمسة ديوبتر زي ما على الرسم المرسوم يعني
+
+63
+00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:53,860
+الضوء طلع divergence minus إيش يعني طلع divergence
+
+64
+00:04:53,860 --> 00:05:00,330
+minus يعني الضوء لازال متشتتاالضوء المتشتت مستحيل
+
+65
+00:05:00,330 --> 00:05:02,990
+يكوّن صورة Why is it impossible to form a picture?
+
+66
+00:05:03,230 --> 00:05:06,450
+Because the farther a distance is, the farther the
+
+67
+00:05:06,450 --> 00:05:10,390
+rays are away from each other The condition to
+
+68
+00:05:10,390 --> 00:05:13,190
+form a picture and call it a real picture is that
+
+69
+00:05:13,190 --> 00:05:17,730
+the rays are gatheredeven if it is a simple
+
+70
+00:05:17,730 --> 00:05:20,930
+collection, so that at a certain distance, the
+
+71
+00:05:20,930 --> 00:05:26,850
+rays can meet in a real picture Let's see this in
+
+72
+00:05:26,850 --> 00:05:30,090
+demonstration, we say as follows This is my first
+
+73
+00:05:30,090 --> 00:05:33,350
+example, this is a bright point, a point source of
+
+74
+00:05:33,350 --> 00:05:36,670
+light, the light reached a certain divergence, the
+
+75
+00:05:36,670 --> 00:05:40,070
+lens began to gather at this point, this point is
+
+76
+00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:43,380
+the location of the pictureThis is the picture,
+
+77
+00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:47,020
+this is the screen, okay Now after the light is
+
+78
+00:05:47,020 --> 00:05:49,560
+collected, it separates again This is the first
+
+79
+00:05:49,560 --> 00:05:51,420
+picture, if we imagine that there is another lens
+
+80
+00:05:51,420 --> 00:05:54,600
+here, it will start to collect to form the second
+
+81
+00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:57,000
+picture This picture is number one, the point
+
+82
+00:05:57,000 --> 00:06:01,000
+where the rays meet Okay, if we say that the rays
+
+83
+00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,480
+came out of the first lens divergent
+
+84
+00:06:08,990 --> 00:06:11,690
+means that it reached a big divergence and the
+
+85
+00:06:11,690 --> 00:06:13,990
+lens couldn't gather it as you can see, there is
+
+86
+00:06:13,990 --> 00:06:17,470
+no image at all the rays don't gather and the more
+
+87
+00:06:17,470 --> 00:06:23,870
+we move away, the more the rays diverge there is
+
+88
+00:06:23,870 --> 00:06:26,830
+no image at all one can say the circle, this
+
+89
+00:06:26,830 --> 00:06:29,870
+circle is not an image this residential circle is
+
+90
+00:06:29,870 --> 00:06:32,870
+not an image, but these rays are separated from
+
+91
+00:06:32,870 --> 00:06:40,040
+each othersome of them, so it means that a picture
+
+92
+00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:41,360
+does not form a picture does not form a picture
+
+93
+00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:46,020
+So, in this case .. in this case, a picture will
+
+94
+00:06:46,020 --> 00:06:49,560
+not form no matter how much we put the screen or
+
+95
+00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:52,900
+the paper of the receipt whether we put it on a
+
+96
+00:06:52,900 --> 00:06:54,640
+distance of a millimeter from the lens or ten
+
+97
+00:06:54,640 --> 00:06:56,780
+centimeters or a meter or two meters or a
+
+98
+00:06:56,780 --> 00:07:00,020
+kilometer So, in this case .. in this case, a
+
+99
+00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:03,000
+picture does not form Okay, let's continue with
+
+100
+00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:08,770
+the example we say of courselight strikes the lens
+
+101
+00:07:08,770 --> 00:07:12,890
+with a divergence of minus 10 diopter
+
+102
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:21,380
+and leaves with a divergence of minus five
+
+103
+00:07:21,380 --> 00:07:26,660
+diopters in
+
+104
+00:07:26,660 --> 00:07:30,520
+this case in this case unlike all in all previous
+
+105
+00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:35,380
+examples this example differs from all previous
+
+106
+00:07:35,380 --> 00:07:38,720
+examples light emerges with a negative divergence
+
+107
+00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:42,560
+light emerges with a divergence of negative
+
+108
+00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:46,800
+divergence all previous examplesThe light used to
+
+109
+00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:49,320
+come out with positive divergence and gather and
+
+110
+00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:52,000
+form a picture in space. I can receive this
+
+111
+00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,840
+picture on the receiving paper. This is true as
+
+112
+00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:57,560
+long as the high frequency is different and the
+
+113
+00:07:57,560 --> 00:08:01,200
+light also came out of the lens. It came out of
+
+114
+00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:06,290
+the lens with a magnitude of minus 5 diopter.which
+
+115
+00:08:06,290 --> 00:08:10,250
+means that light is still diverging after crossing
+
+116
+00:08:10,250 --> 00:08:14,830
+the lens, no real image is produced طبعا طالما بعد
+
+117
+00:08:14,830 --> 00:08:19,490
+ما غادر العدسة لساته divergent لساته has negative
+
+118
+00:08:19,490 --> 00:08:23,730
+divergence او divergent مافي real image is
+
+119
+00:08:23,730 --> 00:08:27,110
+produced طيب ممكن تقول طبعا أنا مش متأكد من هذا
+
+120
+00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:31,850
+الموضوع ممكن نقولك جيب شمعة و جيب عدسة plus 5
+
+121
+00:08:31,850 --> 00:08:35,890
+ديوبتر و أجيب الشمعةon a distance of 10
+
+122
+00:08:35,890 --> 00:08:38,990
+centimeters and that means turn on the candle and
+
+123
+00:08:38,990 --> 00:08:42,510
+put the plus 5 diopter lens on a distance of 10
+
+124
+00:08:42,510 --> 00:08:45,550
+centimeters and bring the receipt paper turn off
+
+125
+00:08:45,550 --> 00:08:48,330
+the light in the room and grab the receipt paper
+
+126
+00:08:48,330 --> 00:08:50,310
+from the back of the ceiling you will find the
+
+127
+00:08:50,310 --> 00:08:53,570
+lens and stay away no matter how far you go you
+
+128
+00:08:53,570 --> 00:08:55,790
+will not receive a picture of the candle you will
+
+129
+00:08:55,790 --> 00:09:00,630
+not receive a picture of the candle so you can
+
+130
+00:09:00,630 --> 00:09:03,070
+make sure of it by the practical experience the
+
+131
+00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:07,680
+readercan easily verify this by repeating the
+
+132
+00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:11,120
+basic imaging demonstration with plus five diopter
+
+133
+00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:13,740
+spherical convex trial lenses.
+
+134
+00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:37,420
+Notice that an image does not appear no matter
+
+135
+00:09:37,420 --> 00:09:41,440
+where the paper is held. نرجع تانى هنا بنقول هى
+
+136
+00:09:41,440 --> 00:09:45,180
+احنا عندنا الأشعة طلعت divergence هى ال paper أو
+
+137
+00:09:45,180 --> 00:09:47,820
+ال screen اللى احنا بنتلقى عليه الصورة هى حملناها
+
+138
+00:09:47,820 --> 00:09:53,760
+جريبة جدا فش صورة فش صورة فش صورة مافي صورة ابدا
+
+139
+00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:59,880
+مهماحملناها في أي مكان بعيدا او قريبا، بعيدا او
+
+140
+00:09:59,880 --> 00:10:02,760
+قريبا، في حالة ما يكون عند الأشعة اللي بتطلع من
+
+141
+00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:08,880
+العدسة convergent، convergent، اه الأشعة بتتجمع في
+
+142
+00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:12,160
+نقطة، هذه النقطة لأنها صدرت من نقطة و لازم تكون
+
+143
+00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:16,570
+تقريبا نقطةSo this point which is closest to the
+
+144
+00:10:16,570 --> 00:10:22,350
+place where the rays gather is point A. If we
+
+145
+00:10:22,350 --> 00:10:23,950
+assume that this point is point A, then this point
+
+146
+00:10:23,950 --> 00:10:27,650
+is point A. If we remove the screen and move it
+
+147
+00:10:27,650 --> 00:10:30,310
+away, it will meet in the first picture, this is
+
+148
+00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:32,510
+the first picture, then it will separate again
+
+149
+00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:36,950
+towards the gap or towards another lens if there
+
+150
+00:10:36,950 --> 00:10:38,730
+is another lens. But here
+
+151
+00:10:42,770 --> 00:10:46,170
+The rays came out divergent from the lens. True it
+
+152
+00:10:46,170 --> 00:10:48,530
+came out with a lot of divergence, but it came out
+
+153
+00:10:48,530 --> 00:10:52,530
+with less divergence, less divergence, like the
+
+154
+00:10:52,530 --> 00:10:56,760
+picture here or the powerpoint shows usThe rays
+
+155
+00:10:56,760 --> 00:11:00,200
+entered with a divergence of 10 minus 10 and also
+
+156
+00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:02,420
+came out with a divergence but less than what
+
+157
+00:11:02,420 --> 00:11:05,900
+entered in it Why? Because the lens changed the
+
+158
+00:11:05,900 --> 00:11:09,200
+oscillation state reduced from the divergence
+
+159
+00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:11,300
+reduced from the divergence became instead of
+
+160
+00:11:11,300 --> 00:11:15,180
+minus 10 minus 5 but in all cases as long as the
+
+161
+00:11:15,180 --> 00:11:17,540
+divergence is negative as long as divergence means
+
+162
+00:11:17,540 --> 00:11:21,820
+it will not form a real image will not form a real
+
+163
+00:11:21,820 --> 00:11:23,400
+image Now let's continue
+
+164
+00:11:27,450 --> 00:11:31,930
+Now suppose a plus 6 diopter thin lens is placed 5
+
+165
+00:11:31,930 --> 00:11:36,870
+cm behind the first lens هل هتتكون صورة احنا روحنا
+
+166
+00:11:36,870 --> 00:11:43,570
+جيبنا عدسة تانية بعد ب5 cm و حطناها بعد ب5 cm و
+
+167
+00:11:43,570 --> 00:11:48,110
+حطناها طيب في هذه الحالة هل هتتكون صورة؟ اذا
+
+168
+00:11:48,110 --> 00:11:51,510
+هتتكون صورة وين مكانها؟and how much is the
+
+169
+00:11:51,510 --> 00:11:55,510
+Transphase Magnification Transphase Magnification
+
+170
+00:11:55,510 --> 00:11:59,670
+can be complicated first of all we need to
+
+171
+00:11:59,670 --> 00:12:03,710
+establish a fact that any light any light this is
+
+172
+00:12:03,710 --> 00:12:07,550
+a general fact any light that comes out of a
+
+173
+00:12:07,550 --> 00:12:11,450
+divergent lens in a negative scattering state will
+
+174
+00:12:11,450 --> 00:12:16,050
+not form a picture if we put a distance to this
+
+175
+00:12:16,050 --> 00:12:18,510
+lens that came out of it negative it will not form
+
+176
+00:12:18,510 --> 00:12:22,880
+a pictureوحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل
+
+177
+00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,620
+هتتكون صورة؟
+
+178
+00:12:26,620 --> 00:12:31,260
+وحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل هتتكون صورة؟
+
+179
+00:12:31,260 --> 00:12:33,640
+وحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل هتتكون صورة؟
+
+180
+00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:35,000
+وحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل هتتكون صورة؟
+
+181
+00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:38,500
+وحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل هتتكون صورة؟
+
+182
+00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:40,160
+وحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل هتتكون صورة؟
+
+183
+00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:45,800
+وحطينا عدسة تانية عشان تجمع الضوء هل هصورة العدسة
+
+184
+00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:50,720
+الأولى صورة العدسة الأولى هي جسم للعدسة التانية هي
+
+185
+00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:55,360
+جسم للعدسة التانية نروح بس لصورة فيها العدستين
+
+186
+00:12:55,360 --> 00:13:00,860
+موجودين هاي العدستين هندي، هاي العدسة الأولى، وهي
+
+187
+00:13:00,860 --> 00:13:05,880
+الجسم الأول بالخط المنقط، العدسة بالخط المنقط، إذا
+
+188
+00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:11,690
+نطلع على عرض مكبر شويةبنقول هاي العدسة الأولى وهي
+
+189
+00:13:11,690 --> 00:13:17,150
+الجسم الأول هو الجسم الحقيقي الأول الضوء طلع من
+
+190
+00:13:17,150 --> 00:13:21,310
+العدسة الأولى divergent إذا مش هيكون صورة روحت أنا
+
+191
+00:13:21,310 --> 00:13:25,930
+على بعد خمسة سانتي حطيت عدسة تانية السؤال هل
+
+192
+00:13:25,930 --> 00:13:31,640
+هتتكون صورة ولا مش هتتكون صورة؟ بنقولI must track
+
+193
+00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:35,340
+the path of light when it reaches the other lens
+
+194
+00:13:35,340 --> 00:13:38,380
+and see if the other lens can cancel its
+
+195
+00:13:38,380 --> 00:13:41,320
+distortion and form a picture as the arrow shows
+
+196
+00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:45,220
+that it has become convergent or not? Okay, in
+
+197
+00:13:45,220 --> 00:13:48,200
+order to track the path of light in a base in
+
+198
+00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:55,240
+Geometric Optics, I can't .. I can't ignore it The
+
+199
+00:13:55,240 --> 00:14:00,720
+base is simply and very strictly thatالجسم بتاع
+
+200
+00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:05,900
+العدسة التانية هو صورة العدسة الأولى الجسم ال
+
+201
+00:14:05,900 --> 00:14:09,300
+object بتاع العدسة التانية هو صورة العدسة الأولى
+
+202
+00:14:09,300 --> 00:14:14,780
+طيب العدسة الأولى ما كونت صورة اذا هل من الممكن
+
+203
+00:14:14,780 --> 00:14:18,120
+انه اقول هذه القضية معناته ان هذا ال optical
+
+204
+00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:23,070
+system لا يستطيع انه يكونلي صورةIf we suppose this
+
+205
+00:14:23,070 --> 00:14:26,870
+argument and we go and get the acceptance papers
+
+206
+00:14:26,870 --> 00:14:29,470
+and we put the experiment with the conditions that
+
+207
+00:14:29,470 --> 00:14:34,170
+we see This is a body 10 cm wide and 10 cm away
+
+208
+00:14:34,170 --> 00:14:37,090
+and this is a first lens with a power of plus 5
+
+209
+00:14:37,090 --> 00:14:43,570
+diopters as we draw
+
+210
+00:14:43,570 --> 00:14:48,900
+this body 10 cm wideAnd her lens is plus 5
+
+211
+00:14:48,900 --> 00:14:56,320
+diopters. And we added another lens that is plus 6
+
+212
+00:14:56,320 --> 00:15:00,920
+diopters 5 cm away from the first lens. And we
+
+213
+00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:03,860
+brought the receipt papers. We will find that
+
+214
+00:15:03,860 --> 00:15:06,200
+there is a picture that was formed.As long as
+
+215
+00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:08,780
+there is an infinite image that is formed, then
+
+216
+00:15:08,780 --> 00:15:13,220
+this optical system is able to form an image for
+
+217
+00:15:13,220 --> 00:15:17,600
+me The two lenses together are able to form a real
+
+218
+00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:22,660
+image Okay, this lens alone cannot do it while the
+
+219
+00:15:22,660 --> 00:15:26,620
+two lenses together can do it, can do it Okay, now
+
+220
+00:15:26,620 --> 00:15:31,200
+the question, the question is I want to know the
+
+221
+00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:36,290
+lightوأتعامل مع الضوء لما وصل لسطح العدسة التانية
+
+222
+00:15:36,290 --> 00:15:40,630
+لسطح العدسة التانية بيقول عشان نعمل هيك لابد من
+
+223
+00:15:40,630 --> 00:15:45,110
+التزام بقاعدة انه الجسم بتاع العدسة الأولى بتاع
+
+224
+00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:48,530
+العدسة التانية الجسم بتاع العدسة التانية هو صورة
+
+225
+00:15:48,530 --> 00:15:52,530
+العدسة الأولىطب يا عم أنا الصورة العدسة الأولى ما
+
+226
+00:15:52,530 --> 00:15:59,110
+تكونت، آه، الآن بدنا نفرض فرضية أنه العدسة الأولى
+
+227
+00:15:59,110 --> 00:16:04,010
+كونتلي صورة تخيلية، هى ما كونت، عشان نكسب منها
+
+228
+00:16:04,010 --> 00:16:09,530
+تخيلية، بدنا نتخيل مع بعض أنه العدسة الأولى كونت
+
+229
+00:16:09,530 --> 00:16:14,600
+صورة في مكان ما من الفراغفى مكان ما من الفراغ
+
+230
+00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:18,940
+وهادي الصورة فى مكان ما من الفراغ بده اعتبرها جسم
+
+231
+00:16:18,940 --> 00:16:22,940
+للعدسة التانية بده اعتبرها جسم للعدسة التانية و
+
+232
+00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:28,220
+ساعتها بيتكتمل عندى حل المثل اذا العلماء قالوا انه
+
+233
+00:16:28,220 --> 00:16:32,240
+احنا لابدTo imagine is to imagine, this is not
+
+234
+00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:35,020
+real, this is not real, it is just an imagination
+
+235
+00:16:35,020 --> 00:16:40,160
+That the first lens that could not form a real
+
+236
+00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:43,760
+image, we want to assume or imagine that it formed
+
+237
+00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:48,720
+a picture that is out of spaceوهذه الصورة ما في
+
+238
+00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:52,660
+مكان ما من الفراغ، بدّه اعتبرها جسم للعدسة التانية
+
+239
+00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:56,660
+اللي هي الـPlus 6 ديوتر. هيك اتفقوا العلماء، الآن
+
+240
+00:16:56,660 --> 00:17:01,680
+طرحوا سؤال على بعضهم البعض، يا ترى وين هذا المكان؟
+
+241
+00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:06,200
+عشان أعرفه، أجيس بعضه عن العدسة التانية، أجيس بعضه
+
+242
+00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:09,620
+عن العدسة التانية، إجوا العلماء قالوا، احنا بنقول
+
+243
+00:17:09,620 --> 00:17:14,320
+كالقادةthis is the first lens that failed to form
+
+244
+00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:18,320
+a picture and this is the first body that reached
+
+245
+00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:23,740
+divergence minus ten and stayed away from the back
+
+246
+00:17:23,740 --> 00:17:28,180
+surface of the first lens the refractive state of
+
+247
+00:17:28,180 --> 00:17:31,980
+light is minus five now the scientists said as
+
+248
+00:17:31,980 --> 00:17:36,580
+usual the light at this exact point at this exact
+
+249
+00:17:36,580 --> 00:17:40,480
+point its refractive state is minus five diopters
+
+250
+00:17:41,150 --> 00:17:45,150
+Okay, this case is similar to if the light is
+
+251
+00:17:45,150 --> 00:17:50,190
+emitted alone in space without a lens without a
+
+252
+00:17:50,190 --> 00:17:54,970
+lens after 20 cm if I calculate the vergence the
+
+253
+00:17:54,970 --> 00:17:57,530
+vergence is the inverse of the distance the
+
+254
+00:17:57,530 --> 00:17:59,810
+vergence is the inverse of the distance we say as
+
+255
+00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:02,510
+follows we want to calculate the vergence of the
+
+256
+00:18:02,510 --> 00:18:05,070
+light emitted alone in space without a lens
+
+257
+00:18:05,070 --> 00:18:07,910
+without a lens we want to calculate the vergence
+
+258
+00:18:07,910 --> 00:18:11,650
+at a distance of 10 cm we saythe divergence of
+
+259
+00:18:11,650 --> 00:18:15,210
+light is
+
+260
+00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:21,810
+equal to one over distance as we learned before
+
+261
+00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:31,670
+so divergence is equal to one over
+
+262
+00:18:38,490 --> 00:18:40,570
+minus, why minus? because the distance is coming
+
+263
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:45,650
+from the left coming from the left to minus or
+
+264
+00:18:45,650 --> 00:18:47,910
+because the light is scattered, as if because the
+
+265
+00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:50,890
+light is scattered the scattered light, we give it
+
+266
+00:18:50,890 --> 00:18:55,570
+a minus sign one over minus twenty centimeters is
+
+267
+00:18:55,570 --> 00:19:04,630
+two out of ten meters and equals equals
+
+268
+00:19:04,630 --> 00:19:09,840
+minus five1 minus 1 means it's a diopter. It means
+
+269
+00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:13,800
+the light. When it comes from a point in the gap
+
+270
+00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:18,160
+20 cm away and you measure it with this point, it
+
+271
+00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:21,120
+was 20 cm away. This point which is exactly equal
+
+272
+00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:24,280
+to or exactly on top of the back surface of the
+
+273
+00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:29,460
+lens is equal to 20 cm. The divergence is minus 5
+
+274
+00:19:29,460 --> 00:19:34,260
+diopters.and here in this case object at a
+
+275
+00:19:34,260 --> 00:19:37,860
+distance of 10 cm and 5 out of 10 and plus 5
+
+276
+00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:41,180
+diopters gave me at the back surface of the lens
+
+277
+00:19:41,180 --> 00:19:44,940
+minus 5 diopters so the fluctuation state of light
+
+278
+00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:48,240
+here is the same fluctuation state of light here
+
+279
+00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:52,460
+but here without a lens here with a body with a
+
+280
+00:19:52,460 --> 00:19:54,040
+lens of course here is a narrow point which means
+
+281
+00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:56,500
+body here is a body by itself at a distance of 20
+
+282
+00:19:56,500 --> 00:20:00,010
+cmfrom the area that I mentioned with the virgins,
+
+283
+00:20:00,050 --> 00:20:03,310
+and here an object 10 cm wide with a plus 5 lens
+
+284
+00:20:03,310 --> 00:20:07,890
+The refractive state of light at this point is the
+
+285
+00:20:07,890 --> 00:20:12,070
+same refractive state of light at the back surface
+
+286
+00:20:12,070 --> 00:20:15,590
+of the lens .. at the back surface of the lens The
+
+287
+00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:18,590
+scientists said, then it is excellent, then any
+
+288
+00:20:18,590 --> 00:20:23,280
+object with a plus lensit gives me a negative
+
+289
+00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,940
+divergence at the back of the lens I want to
+
+290
+00:20:26,940 --> 00:20:29,660
+remove these two and get used to them by a point
+
+291
+00:20:29,660 --> 00:20:32,100
+.. get used to them by a point .. as if they don't
+
+292
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:35,060
+exist .. get used to them by a point on the left
+
+293
+00:20:35,060 --> 00:20:37,660
+with a distance that gives me the same divergence
+
+294
+00:20:37,660 --> 00:20:42,060
+that is here in other words, if I put an object at
+
+295
+00:20:42,060 --> 00:20:43,980
+a distance of 10 cm and it is plus or minus 5 cm,
+
+296
+00:20:44,380 --> 00:20:47,680
+the light at the back of the lens, at this area of
+
+297
+00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:50,280
+​​the gap, will fluctuate to minus 5 cm or more
+
+298
+00:20:50,810 --> 00:20:53,510
+Okay, I don't want this object and I don't want
+
+299
+00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:55,490
+this lens, I want to assume that there is a point
+
+300
+00:20:55,490 --> 00:20:58,370
+in the gap at a distance of 20 cm, at a distance
+
+301
+00:20:58,370 --> 00:21:01,030
+of 20 cm and I remove the object and I remove the
+
+302
+00:21:01,030 --> 00:21:03,050
+lens and I calculate that at this point in the gap
+
+303
+00:21:03,050 --> 00:21:06,430
+there will also be minus 5 degrees Most scientists
+
+304
+00:21:06,430 --> 00:21:08,950
+say that this point which is on the left with 20
+
+305
+00:21:08,950 --> 00:21:13,410
+cm, this point, this point
+
+306
+00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:22,560
+Which is 20 centimeters away from the rear surface
+
+307
+00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:24,820
+of the lens, which is considered the location of
+
+308
+00:21:24,820 --> 00:21:25,700
+the imaginary image
+
+309
+00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:32,320
+We want to emphasize a very important point, let's
+
+310
+00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:36,180
+say as follows This point does not mean to go back
+
+311
+00:21:36,180 --> 00:21:41,640
+and forth, no As if this object and the lens As if
+
+312
+00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:45,780
+.. As if .. As if this object and the lens form a
+
+313
+00:21:45,780 --> 00:21:48,560
+picture here And this picture will be considered
+
+314
+00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,360
+the object of the next lens Object of the next
+
+315
+00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:57,490
+lens So the imaginary pictureالصورة التخيلية تكونت
+
+316
+00:21:57,490 --> 00:22:03,450
+على الإشمال أو بدنا نفرض إنها تكونت على الإشمالand
+
+317
+00:22:03,450 --> 00:22:06,810
+it is 20 cm away from the first lens from the
+
+318
+00:22:06,810 --> 00:22:11,330
+first lens now as follows this is the first real
+
+319
+00:22:11,330 --> 00:22:15,430
+body this is the first real body this is the
+
+320
+00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:19,830
+object, this is the first lens drawn in red the
+
+321
+00:22:19,830 --> 00:22:23,770
+first real body is 10 cm away from the lens it
+
+322
+00:22:23,770 --> 00:22:27,350
+formed a picture 20 cm away from the left it did
+
+323
+00:22:27,350 --> 00:22:29,830
+not form a bright light to form the light turned
+
+324
+00:22:29,830 --> 00:22:34,490
+out to be divergentWe talked about this amount a
+
+325
+00:22:34,490 --> 00:22:37,990
+while ago
+
+326
+00:22:37,990 --> 00:22:41,730
+The
+
+327
+00:22:41,730 --> 00:22:43,490
+light came out as a divergent of the amount of
+
+328
+00:22:43,490 --> 00:22:47,890
+minus 5 diopters And this minus 5 diopters means
+
+329
+00:22:47,890 --> 00:22:50,890
+that it will not form a real image We will imagine
+
+330
+00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:55,410
+that it formed an imaginary image on the left at a
+
+331
+00:22:55,410 --> 00:22:58,190
+distance of 20 cm Why left at a distance of 20 cm?
+
+332
+00:22:58,230 --> 00:23:01,610
+Why is it at a distance of 30 or 40 cm?Because at
+
+333
+00:23:01,610 --> 00:23:05,090
+a distance of 20 cm, if the light starts from this
+
+334
+00:23:05,090 --> 00:23:08,670
+point, it will give me at this area of ​​the gap,
+
+335
+00:23:08,710 --> 00:23:13,110
+at this area of ​​the gap, minus 5 diopters So
+
+336
+00:23:13,110 --> 00:23:15,950
+this is the place of the image that is agreed on
+
+337
+00:23:15,950 --> 00:23:18,030
+the assumption of its formation, on the assumption
+
+338
+00:23:18,030 --> 00:23:20,570
+of its formation This image will be considered an
+
+339
+00:23:20,570 --> 00:23:25,300
+object for the next lensThis image which is 20 cm
+
+340
+00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:27,960
+away will be considered as object of the first
+
+341
+00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,000
+lens This image of the first lens will be
+
+342
+00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,700
+considered as object of the second lens Ok, the
+
+343
+00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:37,900
+image of the first lens will be considered as
+
+344
+00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:40,560
+object of the second lens How far is it from the
+
+345
+00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:45,500
+second lens? We said that this image is 20 cm away
+
+346
+00:23:45,500 --> 00:23:49,800
+from the first lensوفي مسافة بين العدسة الأولى
+
+347
+00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:53,600
+والتانية خمسة صنطي اذا هذه الصورة تحت العدسة
+
+348
+00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:56,660
+الأولى اللى هى object للعدسة التانية بتبعد عن
+
+349
+00:23:56,660 --> 00:24:01,040
+العدسة التانية مقدار خمسة وعشرين صنطي خمسة زائد
+
+350
+00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:05,680
+عشرين صنطي الان بدنا نتعامل مع كل عدسة على حده
+
+351
+00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:12,150
+بدنا نتعامل مع كل عدسة على حده فبأنصح انا حقيقةI
+
+352
+00:24:12,150 --> 00:24:15,870
+hide the first lens and the first object I hide
+
+353
+00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:20,610
+the first lens and the first object And I come and
+
+354
+00:24:20,610 --> 00:24:25,330
+work as follows Now I have a new problem, a new
+
+355
+00:24:25,330 --> 00:24:28,550
+problem But before I get into this topic, we
+
+356
+00:24:28,550 --> 00:24:32,010
+haven't finished our work with the first lens yet
+
+357
+00:24:32,010 --> 00:24:37,700
+So, the first lens created a picture for meon a
+
+358
+00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:40,840
+distance of 20 centimeters one can say that I'm
+
+359
+00:24:40,840 --> 00:24:44,140
+exaggerating, how can I get the distance? we get
+
+360
+00:24:44,140 --> 00:24:47,880
+the distance in a very simple way very simple, we
+
+361
+00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:52,040
+say as follows the divergence here is 5
+
+362
+00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:54,940
+centimeters I want to work with this problem I
+
+363
+00:24:54,940 --> 00:24:58,180
+want to work with this problem, I work very simply
+
+364
+00:24:58,180 --> 00:25:02,020
+we say U equals
+
+365
+00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:06,640
+minus n over o, I still want to start working with
+
+366
+00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:09,860
+the first lens and it is equal to minus one
+
+367
+00:25:09,860 --> 00:25:12,380
+because the light is divergent over ten
+
+368
+00:25:12,380 --> 00:25:16,380
+centimeters which is one out of ten meters and it
+
+369
+00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:22,100
+is equal to minus ten diopters minus ten diopters
+
+370
+00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:27,860
+I go to the front surface of the lens I say minus
+
+371
+00:25:27,860 --> 00:25:29,300
+ten diopters
+
+372
+00:25:38,850 --> 00:25:43,190
+minus 10 diopter, we took out the u, we take out
+
+373
+00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:53,830
+the v, we say v or u plus p, u plus p equals v,
+
+374
+00:25:55,330 --> 00:26:01,830
+the u minus 10 diopter plus the power 5 diopter
+
+375
+00:26:01,830 --> 00:26:03,070
+equals
+
+376
+00:26:06,610 --> 00:26:15,490
+the power plus 5 is greater than or equal to V, so
+
+377
+00:26:15,490 --> 00:26:25,460
+V is equal to minus 5Vthis is more ok we will take
+
+378
+00:26:25,460 --> 00:26:27,460
+out the place of the picture the picture will not
+
+379
+00:26:27,460 --> 00:26:30,880
+form a picture but we have to imagine that a
+
+380
+00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:32,880
+picture was formed in a place of space so that we
+
+381
+00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,660
+can continue with the light that will reach the
+
+382
+00:26:35,660 --> 00:26:40,440
+surface of the other lens we say V is equal to
+
+383
+00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:49,440
+unconditional over I then
+
+384
+00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:49,920
+I
+
+385
+00:26:52,640 --> 00:27:00,900
+I is equal to unconditional over V is equal to
+
+386
+00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:09,800
+unconditional 1 over V minus 5 this is possible 1
+
+387
+00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:14,340
+over minus 5 is minus 2 out of 10 meters
+
+388
+00:27:20,590 --> 00:27:23,850
+means minus 20 centimeters that's how I know minus
+
+389
+00:27:23,850 --> 00:27:28,670
+here is the distance minus 20 minus 20 centimeters
+
+390
+00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,250
+or minus 2 out of 10 meters so the distance to the
+
+391
+00:27:31,250 --> 00:27:35,310
+left the distance to the left okay now I want the
+
+392
+00:27:35,310 --> 00:27:37,830
+transfers magnification the transfers
+
+393
+00:27:37,830 --> 00:27:47,370
+magnification U over V which is TM1 equals U over
+
+394
+00:27:47,370 --> 00:27:58,750
+Vand it is equal to minus ten diopters over minus
+
+395
+00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:08,240
+five diopters and it is equal to xminus to minus
+
+396
+00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:12,900
+plus is a regular picture and ten to five is two,
+
+397
+00:28:13,060 --> 00:28:17,640
+which is a diopter with a diopter. So x plus two,
+
+398
+00:28:18,360 --> 00:28:21,060
+which means that the picture is big and regular.
+
+399
+00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:28,740
+The picture is big and regular. We will cancel it
+
+400
+00:28:28,740 --> 00:28:30,360
+here. And at a distance of twenty centimeters to
+
+401
+00:28:30,360 --> 00:28:39,340
+the left, to the left ofومرتين أعلى من ال object
+
+402
+00:28:39,340 --> 00:28:43,380
+مرتين أعلى من ال object حقيقة الصورة
+
+403
+00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:53,860
+The imaginary picture is preferred to .. or I like
+
+404
+00:28:53,860 --> 00:28:57,620
+to write it in a shortened form to indicate that
+
+405
+00:28:57,620 --> 00:28:59,340
+it is an imaginary picture, not a composite
+
+406
+00:28:59,340 --> 00:29:01,400
+picture, not a composite picture That's how we
+
+407
+00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,120
+finish our work with the first part of the problem
+
+408
+00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:06,800
+We say as follows now to work with the second
+
+409
+00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:10,710
+part, the second part of the problemHere I have
+
+410
+00:29:10,710 --> 00:29:13,590
+the first picture, which is 20 cm away from the
+
+411
+00:29:13,590 --> 00:29:16,190
+left of the first lens The first picture is the
+
+412
+00:29:16,190 --> 00:29:19,390
+body of the second lens, I must deal with each
+
+413
+00:29:19,390 --> 00:29:26,990
+lens one by one I must cancel the first lens or
+
+414
+00:29:26,990 --> 00:29:29,570
+its coverage, it and the first body in its final
+
+415
+00:29:29,570 --> 00:29:38,300
+form In its final form and thereforeI complete my
+
+416
+00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:41,040
+solution in a very comfortable way .. in a very
+
+417
+00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:43,840
+comfortable way This is the body of the second
+
+418
+00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:49,500
+lens which is 25 cm away from it I use the pieces
+
+419
+00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:54,680
+of A4 paper to see the answer U because it deals
+
+420
+00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:58,940
+with the second lens, its body is 25 cm away from
+
+421
+00:29:58,940 --> 00:30:08,150
+it minus N over O equals minus 1 over25 cm which
+
+422
+00:30:08,150 --> 00:30:10,130
+is a quarter of a meter always the measurements
+
+423
+00:30:10,130 --> 00:30:16,890
+are in meters and it is equal to minus 4 diopters
+
+424
+00:30:16,890 --> 00:30:21,850
+minus 4 diopters then I put minus 4 which means
+
+425
+00:30:21,850 --> 00:30:24,450
+the light will reach by oscillation minus 4
+
+426
+00:30:24,450 --> 00:30:28,970
+diopters minus 4 diopters on the front surface of
+
+427
+00:30:28,970 --> 00:30:33,550
+the lens which is its force plus 6 diopters plus 6
+
+428
+00:30:33,550 --> 00:30:37,560
+diopters we write the force of the lensAs my
+
+429
+00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:40,940
+example shows plus 6 diopters
+
+430
+00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:22,840
+Okay, the light reached the magnitude of minus
+
+431
+00:31:22,840 --> 00:31:25,880
+four diopters and the strength of the lens
+
+432
+00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:31,740
+strength of the lens plus six diopters Either
+
+433
+00:31:31,740 --> 00:31:34,740
+you will succeed in collecting this light, we say
+
+434
+00:31:34,740 --> 00:31:36,620
+that it will start from its strength plus four
+
+435
+00:31:36,620 --> 00:31:43,180
+diopters U plus the power equals V U which is
+
+436
+00:31:43,180 --> 00:31:47,040
+minus four diopters and the power plus six
+
+437
+00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:55,850
+dioptersis equal to V, so V is equal to plus two
+
+438
+00:31:55,850 --> 00:31:59,510
+diopter plus two diopter means that the rays are
+
+439
+00:31:59,510 --> 00:32:01,410
+collected, the rays are collected because it will
+
+440
+00:32:01,410 --> 00:32:05,250
+form a real picture on the right of the lens, so
+
+441
+00:32:05,250 --> 00:32:10,830
+plus two diopter the light reached four times and
+
+442
+00:32:10,830 --> 00:32:15,460
+went out collecting its amount of two, soنشوف
+
+443
+00:32:15,460 --> 00:32:20,060
+الصورة أولا هتتكوّم، نقول V تساوي Uncharted على I
+
+444
+00:32:20,060 --> 00:32:25,820
+إذا
+
+445
+00:32:25,820 --> 00:32:33,500
+I تساوي Uncharted على V ويساوي
+
+446
+00:32:33,500 --> 00:32:41,260
+1 Uncharted في الهواء على V plus 2 ديوبتر ويساوي 1
+
+447
+00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:46,280
+على 2 إذا plus نصand the diopter which is 1 minus
+
+448
+00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:49,920
+1 when it comes out becomes 1 meter so the picture
+
+449
+00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:53,320
+will be half a meter away on the right of the lens
+
+450
+00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:57,900
+on the right of the lens we want to see the total
+
+451
+00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:01,140
+transphase magnification so half a meter away on
+
+452
+00:33:01,140 --> 00:33:06,280
+the right of the lens half
+
+453
+00:33:06,280 --> 00:33:13,390
+a meter away which is 50 centimeterson a distance
+
+454
+00:33:13,390 --> 00:33:15,030
+of fifty centimeters, but let's see the
+
+455
+00:33:15,030 --> 00:33:17,030
+magnification of the lens, let's see the
+
+456
+00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:24,530
+magnification of the lens, we say of
+
+457
+00:33:24,530 --> 00:33:27,570
+course a real picture, why? Because the rays are
+
+458
+00:33:27,570 --> 00:33:29,750
+collected, the rays are collected
+
+459
+00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:44,430
+we say transference magnification number 2 is
+
+460
+00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:48,310
+equal to
+
+461
+00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:55,810
+T M 2 T
+
+462
+00:33:55,810 --> 00:34:02,030
+M 2 is equal to U over V U minus 4 diopter over V
+
+463
+00:34:02,030 --> 00:34:07,570
+plus 2 diopter so minus 4 diopter
+
+464
+00:34:10,110 --> 00:34:17,330
+minus 4 diopter by plus 2 diopter which is equal
+
+465
+00:34:17,330 --> 00:34:24,050
+to x minus by plus minus and 4 by 2 is equal to 2
+
+466
+00:34:24,050 --> 00:34:29,590
+and the diopter with the doipter goes away so the
+
+467
+00:34:29,590 --> 00:34:37,910
+final picture is bigger than its body by twice
+
+468
+00:34:39,250 --> 00:34:45,370
+Bimقدار مرتين طب بنا نحسب ال TM total ال TM total
+
+469
+00:34:45,370 --> 00:34:52,630
+اللي هو TM one في TM two ال total TM
+
+470
+00:34:52,630 --> 00:35:07,270
+يساوي TM one ضرب TM two ويساق TM two اذا يساوي
+
+471
+00:35:13,090 --> 00:35:17,490
+tm1 we go back to the previous slide, tm1 plus 2
+
+472
+00:35:17,490 --> 00:35:27,310
+and tm2 minus 2 plus 2
+
+473
+00:35:27,310 --> 00:35:39,880
+times minus 2 which is equal to x minus 4x-4 which
+
+474
+00:35:39,880 --> 00:35:42,880
+is the total transference magnification what does
+
+475
+00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:44,840
+total transference magnification mean?
+
+476
+00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:55,540
+it means that the
+
+477
+00:35:55,540 --> 00:35:58,120
+final magnification of the final image for the
+
+478
+00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:03,260
+first body for the first body is considered now
+
+479
+00:36:03,260 --> 00:36:10,230
+I'm going to remove this put it asideThis is my
+
+480
+00:36:10,230 --> 00:36:14,750
+final view, this is the first body, this is the
+
+481
+00:36:14,750 --> 00:36:17,970
+picture of it, of the first lens, this is the
+
+482
+00:36:17,970 --> 00:36:20,330
+second body, and this is the final picture The
+
+483
+00:36:20,330 --> 00:36:24,110
+final picture is twice as big as its body, and it
+
+484
+00:36:24,110 --> 00:36:28,140
+is upside down for itهاي أكبر مرتين من الجسم
+
+485
+00:36:28,140 --> 00:36:31,540
+بتاعها و الجسم بتاعها اللي هو الصورة الأولى أكبر
+
+486
+00:36:31,540 --> 00:36:35,640
+مرتين من الجسم بتاعه فبالتالي تنين فتنين بقى أربع
+
+487
+00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:39,200
+و الصورة النهائية مجلوة الصورة النهائية مجلوة هاي
+
+488
+00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:43,540
+قضية .. هاي قضية اللي هو ال virtual image ال
+
+489
+00:36:43,540 --> 00:36:46,420
+virtual image و هنا زي ما قلنا احنا ال virtual
+
+490
+00:36:46,420 --> 00:36:52,010
+image بنحب أنه يكون لها ..It should be in a
+
+491
+00:36:52,010 --> 00:36:54,570
+simplified form, so that it does not confuse
+
+492
+00:36:54,570 --> 00:36:58,710
+people that this is a picture. This will not
+
+493
+00:36:58,710 --> 00:37:09,070
+happen. Light will follow exactly the way that we
+
+494
+00:37:09,070 --> 00:37:13,650
+will see in the simulation to end this case. We
+
+495
+00:37:13,650 --> 00:37:18,610
+say that light will come with divergenceIt will
+
+496
+00:37:18,610 --> 00:37:20,750
+reduce divergence with it, but it will be
+
+497
+00:37:20,750 --> 00:37:24,350
+divergent, another lens will come and collect it
+
+498
+00:37:24,350 --> 00:37:26,810
+and form a real image. This is the path of light.
+
+499
+00:37:26,910 --> 00:37:29,270
+Light does not come back and forth to form a
+
+500
+00:37:29,270 --> 00:37:33,590
+virtual image. Virtual image is an idea to
+
+501
+00:37:33,590 --> 00:37:35,830
+facilitate imagination, to facilitate. We talked
+
+502
+00:37:35,830 --> 00:37:38,690
+about virtual image. This light, which is drawn in
+
+503
+00:37:38,690 --> 00:37:41,650
+white color, will continue its way in white color.
+
+504
+00:37:42,070 --> 00:37:47,570
+These green lines, but we will say as if a picture
+
+505
+00:37:47,570 --> 00:37:50,290
+was formed here.So why are we forced to do this?
+
+506
+00:37:50,730 --> 00:37:53,710
+Because we have a rule that we can't ignore which
+
+507
+00:37:53,710 --> 00:37:57,610
+is dealing with each lens one by one What does it
+
+508
+00:37:57,610 --> 00:37:59,270
+mean dealing with each lens one by one? It means
+
+509
+00:37:59,270 --> 00:38:02,890
+that in order to deal with lens number two you
+
+510
+00:38:02,890 --> 00:38:06,570
+have to bring the object of lens number two Okay,
+
+511
+00:38:06,650 --> 00:38:10,670
+the object of lens number two is the image of lens
+
+512
+00:38:10,670 --> 00:38:13,270
+number one Okay, lens number one did not form an
+
+513
+00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,630
+image We say okay, suppose it formed an image in
+
+514
+00:38:16,630 --> 00:38:20,310
+spaceOkay, let's assume. Okay, where is this
+
+515
+00:38:20,310 --> 00:38:21,870
+assumption? I mean, where is the place of this
+
+516
+00:38:21,870 --> 00:38:25,210
+picture that we imagined? Imagine. We say that the
+
+517
+00:38:25,210 --> 00:38:30,070
+picture is exactly in the place that gives me the
+
+518
+00:38:30,070 --> 00:38:32,490
+emergence of the light. It gives me the emergence
+
+519
+00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:35,130
+of the light and a fluctuating state of light. It
+
+520
+00:38:35,130 --> 00:38:37,450
+is exactly similar to the fluctuating state of
+
+521
+00:38:37,450 --> 00:38:39,890
+light at the source of the first lens that could
+
+522
+00:38:39,890 --> 00:38:42,170
+not form a picture. Okay, how do I calculate it?
+
+523
+00:38:42,850 --> 00:38:45,090
+We say that V is equal to unconditional over I.
+
+524
+00:38:45,470 --> 00:38:49,230
+then I is unconditional over V and I will
+
+525
+00:38:49,230 --> 00:38:52,590
+sometimes appear as minus on the left of the lens,
+
+526
+00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:57,870
+so the problem will be very easy, very easy, not
+
+527
+00:38:57,870 --> 00:39:01,970
+just a warning, not just a warning or to warn
+
+528
+00:39:01,970 --> 00:39:05,430
+where the picture is formed, where the picture is
+
+529
+00:39:05,430 --> 00:39:08,270
+formed, we say as follows How did we know that the
+
+530
+00:39:08,270 --> 00:39:12,490
+imaginary picture is here? V is unconditional over
+
+531
+00:39:12,490 --> 00:39:16,890
+I, then I is unconditional over V1 over minus 5
+
+532
+00:39:16,890 --> 00:39:19,690
+diopter which is V which is minus 2 out of 10
+
+533
+00:39:19,690 --> 00:39:24,070
+meters. Okay, if here I have V minus 4 diopter, I
+
+534
+00:39:24,070 --> 00:39:26,190
+will divide by minus 4 diopter and I will get
+
+535
+00:39:26,190 --> 00:39:30,090
+minus quarter meter which is minus 25 centimeters.
+
+536
+00:39:30,410 --> 00:39:32,710
+So I apply the rule V is equal to I
+
+537
+00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:35,230
+unconditionally over I, so I is equal to V
+
+538
+00:39:35,230 --> 00:39:36,410
+unconditionally over I, whether the picture is
+
+539
+00:39:36,410 --> 00:39:40,390
+real or imaginary So we will stop at this point
+
+540
+00:39:40,390 --> 00:39:41,990
+and we will take examples, God willing, in the
+
+541
+00:39:41,990 --> 00:39:44,650
+exercises to clarify the issue of the imaginary
+
+542
+00:39:44,650 --> 00:39:49,510
+picture and we will stop at .. at .. that objects
+
+543
+00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:53,170
+can .. the object itself can be virtual as the
+
+544
+00:39:53,170 --> 00:39:56,570
+picture we took today can be virtual and give you
+
+545
+00:39:56,570 --> 00:39:59,490
+wellness and peace, mercy and blessings of God
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/RX_7k_oEJf0_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1160 @@
+1
+00:00:02,190 --> 00:00:06,670
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,670 --> 00:00:11,410
+Geometric Optics واتحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال
+
+3
+00:00:11,410 --> 00:00:15,470
+Transphase Magnification واتوصلنا أن ال Transphase
+
+4
+00:00:15,470 --> 00:00:19,490
+Magnification إما بيساوي ال image H على ال object
+
+5
+00:00:19,490 --> 00:00:24,500
+H أوby another equation that is equal to image
+
+6
+00:00:24,500 --> 00:00:28,180
+distance over object distance and we said that we
+
+7
+00:00:28,180 --> 00:00:30,400
+have to take care of the signs that are necessary
+
+8
+00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,760
+if we use the heights, let's say image hat over
+
+9
+00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:38,220
+object hat, every height under the optical axis
+
+10
+00:00:38,220 --> 00:00:41,620
+takes minus sign and every height above the
+
+11
+00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:45,960
+optical axis takes plus sign regardless of the
+
+12
+00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:49,140
+height of the image or objectwhen we move to the
+
+13
+00:00:49,140 --> 00:00:52,380
+second equation which transfers magnification
+
+14
+00:00:52,380 --> 00:00:55,580
+which is image distance over object distance we
+
+15
+00:00:55,580 --> 00:00:57,520
+say that the distance to the right of the optical
+
+16
+00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:00,080
+system or the right of the lens is considered plus
+
+17
+00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,940
+and the distance to the left of the optical system
+
+18
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:06,620
+is considered minus today we will take angular
+
+19
+00:01:06,620 --> 00:01:13,540
+magnification which is the ratio of angular height
+
+20
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,990
+subtended by an object seen by the eye through a
+
+21
+00:01:17,990 --> 00:01:22,050
+magnifying lens to the angular head subtended by
+
+22
+00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,470
+the same object viewed without the magnifying lens
+
+23
+00:01:26,470 --> 00:01:33,520
+لو احنا قلنا احنا حابين نطلع على object معينon a
+
+24
+00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:37,460
+certain object using a lens, using a lens If we go
+
+25
+00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:40,400
+to the magnifying glass, it will be clearer Using
+
+26
+00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:43,020
+a lens, we will see this lens which is the
+
+27
+00:01:43,020 --> 00:01:45,860
+magnifier or the magnifying glass or the blast
+
+28
+00:01:45,860 --> 00:01:50,340
+lens We see this magnified body If we remove the
+
+29
+00:01:50,340 --> 00:01:54,300
+lens and try to look at it, we see its true size
+
+30
+00:01:54,300 --> 00:02:00,520
+Actually, the angular magnificationOr the angle of
+
+31
+00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:03,620
+magnification, the angle of magnification is the
+
+32
+00:02:03,620 --> 00:02:07,100
+ratio of the angle of magnification, the angular
+
+33
+00:02:07,100 --> 00:02:08,280
+height, which means how much is the angle of
+
+34
+00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:14,220
+magnification that this body does with meby means
+
+35
+00:02:14,220 --> 00:02:17,160
+of a magnifying glass, not its height or the angle
+
+36
+00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,840
+it makes with my eye without the magnifying glass
+
+37
+00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:25,880
+Now, this is the person who looks at this body or
+
+38
+00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:28,060
+the image of this body Why do we say image?
+
+39
+00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:31,430
+Because through the lens we see the imageما بنشوف
+
+40
+00:02:31,430 --> 00:02:34,930
+الجسم الحقيقي يعني كل إنسان بتطلع من خلال عدسة
+
+41
+00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:40,950
+بشوف صورة الجسم اللي هو بتطلع عليه فبالتالي الآن
+
+42
+00:02:40,950 --> 00:02:44,050
+أنا بتطلع من خلال هذه العدسة المكبرة أو ال
+
+43
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:48,790
+magnifier بطلع
+
+44
+00:02:48,790 --> 00:02:53,870
+و بشوف جداش بعمل مع عيني مع عيني
+
+45
+00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:03,100
+فبالتالي بعمل زاوية معينة مع عيني، هذه الزاوية
+
+46
+00:03:03,100 --> 00:03:07,520
+بدنا نفرض إنه و أنا بتطلع عليه من ال magnifier عمل
+
+47
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,220
+زاوية أربعين degree، أربعين degree مع عيني، من قمة
+
+48
+00:03:12,220 --> 00:03:17,060
+هذا الصورة، لا أسفلهاIt makes an angle with my eye
+
+49
+00:03:17,060 --> 00:03:21,960
+that is 40 degrees. Okay, I removed the magnifying
+
+50
+00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:24,720
+glass and started looking at the body directly, so
+
+51
+00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:29,260
+we assume that it makes an angle with my eye that
+
+52
+00:03:29,260 --> 00:03:32,540
+is 20 degrees. So with the magnifying glass, it
+
+53
+00:03:32,540 --> 00:03:36,410
+made 40 degreeswith an angle of 40 degrees without
+
+54
+00:03:36,410 --> 00:03:39,450
+the magnified lens being 20 degrees so the
+
+55
+00:03:39,450 --> 00:03:42,290
+magnification ratio of the angle is approximately
+
+56
+00:03:42,290 --> 00:03:45,510
+2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+57
+00:03:45,510 --> 00:03:45,630
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+58
+00:03:45,630 --> 00:03:45,630
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+59
+00:03:45,630 --> 00:03:45,630
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+60
+00:03:45,630 --> 00:03:45,970
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+61
+00:03:45,970 --> 00:03:47,210
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+62
+00:03:47,210 --> 00:03:47,710
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+63
+00:03:47,710 --> 00:03:49,070
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+64
+00:03:49,070 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+65
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+66
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+67
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+68
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+69
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+70
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+71
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:51,450
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+72
+00:03:51,450 --> 00:04:01,670
+times 2 times 2 times 2 timesor the angle without
+
+73
+00:04:01,670 --> 00:04:04,750
+the magnifying lens, without the magnifying lens,
+
+74
+00:04:05,050 --> 00:04:08,570
+so this is what is meant by angular magnification
+
+75
+00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:14,010
+So,
+
+76
+00:04:14,170 --> 00:04:18,110
+the ratio of angular height subtended, which is
+
+77
+00:04:18,110 --> 00:04:22,360
+done by an objectبواسطة الجسم seen by the eye
+
+78
+00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:26,720
+through a magnifying lens على ال angular head
+
+79
+00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:30,620
+subtended المعمول by the same object viewed
+
+80
+00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:34,880
+without magnifying lens يعني أنا اتطلعت على جسم
+
+81
+00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,720
+بدون أي واسطة بدون عدسات و هذا الجسم اللي أنا
+
+82
+00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:43,060
+بتطلع عليه عمل
+
+83
+00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:47,260
+زاوية معيني زاوية معينة بعدين قررت أشوف هذا الجسم
+
+84
+00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:53,540
+by using a magnifier or a magnifying glass So I
+
+85
+00:04:53,540 --> 00:04:56,640
+saw this body magnified Why did I see it
+
+86
+00:04:56,640 --> 00:04:59,740
+magnified? Because the magnifying glass made a
+
+87
+00:04:59,740 --> 00:05:02,300
+picture of it This picture makes an angle with my
+
+88
+00:05:02,300 --> 00:05:08,960
+eye bigger than what the real body made without
+
+89
+00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:12,880
+the magnifying glass So the real body made 10
+
+90
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:15,620
+degrees with my eye at a distance of one meterI
+
+91
+00:05:15,620 --> 00:05:17,520
+will leave the object at a distance of one meter,
+
+92
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,700
+but I will use in my vision a magnifying glass Now
+
+93
+00:05:20,700 --> 00:05:26,800
+I saw it magnified a lot because the magnifying
+
+94
+00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:28,960
+glass made a picture of it This picture makes a
+
+95
+00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,660
+corner with an eye of 25 degrees So without the
+
+96
+00:05:32,660 --> 00:05:35,960
+magnifying glass, the object itself works with an
+
+97
+00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:40,200
+eye of 10 degrees Through the magnifying glass, a
+
+98
+00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:41,860
+picture was created of it This picture works with
+
+99
+00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,010
+an eye of 25 degreesإذا نسبة التكبير الزاوي أو ال
+
+100
+00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:51,030
+angular magnification مرتين و نص بدل عشرة صار خمسة
+
+101
+00:05:51,030 --> 00:05:54,950
+و عشرين يعني كبر مرتين و نص أو صار الزاوية اللي
+
+102
+00:05:54,950 --> 00:06:00,810
+بيعملها مع عيني مرتين و نص ضعف ما كانت أول على
+
+103
+00:06:00,810 --> 00:06:08,130
+فكرة أي شيء بدأ أشوفه بعيني لازم يعمل ارتفاع زاوية
+
+104
+00:06:08,130 --> 00:06:12,590
+زاوية مع العين لو أنا انسان واقف واقف بالقرب منيI
+
+105
+00:06:12,590 --> 00:06:17,610
+will see that he is 1.70 meters tall. This person
+
+106
+00:06:17,610 --> 00:06:20,770
+started walking away from me while I was watching
+
+107
+00:06:20,770 --> 00:06:24,250
+him. He became 100 meters or 200 meters away. I
+
+108
+00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,430
+started to see that his size is very small. What
+
+109
+00:06:27,430 --> 00:06:29,990
+is the reason? Did his size really change or did
+
+110
+00:06:29,990 --> 00:06:33,070
+his height really increase? The truth is no, his
+
+111
+00:06:33,070 --> 00:06:36,110
+height is the same, it does not change, okay? But
+
+112
+00:06:36,110 --> 00:06:38,830
+what changes is that when he became far away, the
+
+113
+00:06:38,830 --> 00:06:43,010
+angle that he makes with my eyeصغيرة كتير فبالتالي
+
+114
+00:06:43,010 --> 00:06:51,850
+يعني أصبح يعني يبدو ليه صغيرة أصبح يبدو ليه صغيرة
+
+115
+00:06:52,090 --> 00:06:54,730
+Another example on this topic clarifies the idea,
+
+116
+00:06:55,010 --> 00:06:59,290
+if I hold a metal metal piece and I look at the
+
+117
+00:06:59,290 --> 00:07:03,190
+sun and I start to put the metal piece and bring
+
+118
+00:07:03,190 --> 00:07:05,590
+it closer to my eye, there will be a certain
+
+119
+00:07:05,590 --> 00:07:08,610
+moment that through the metal piece I completely
+
+120
+00:07:08,610 --> 00:07:11,750
+hide the sun's rays, I keep trying and trying
+
+121
+00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:16,790
+until I only see the metal piece and not the sun's
+
+122
+00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:19,890
+rays at allDoes it mean that the metal piece is
+
+123
+00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:23,030
+bigger than the sun? Of course not, because the
+
+124
+00:07:23,030 --> 00:07:25,630
+sun is bigger than the ball of earth, than the
+
+125
+00:07:25,630 --> 00:07:28,430
+earth ball, all of them are about a million times
+
+126
+00:07:28,430 --> 00:07:30,690
+bigger than it, that is nine times inside it,
+
+127
+00:07:30,990 --> 00:07:34,190
+about a million earth balls, but what does it mean
+
+128
+00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,760
+that this small metal pieceSo it covered the huge
+
+129
+00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:45,440
+sun because of the huge distance from the earth
+
+130
+00:07:45,440 --> 00:07:49,480
+which is 150 million kilometers, it makes a
+
+131
+00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,160
+certain angle with my eye Now when I tried the
+
+132
+00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:55,780
+metal piece in front of my eye and I reached a
+
+133
+00:07:55,780 --> 00:08:00,140
+certain distance, the metal piece made a certain
+
+134
+00:08:00,140 --> 00:08:03,050
+angle with my eyebigger than what the sun made, so
+
+135
+00:08:03,050 --> 00:08:07,310
+it became bigger and covered the sun's axis in a
+
+136
+00:08:07,310 --> 00:08:11,830
+big way in a big way now this is the idea of
+
+137
+00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:14,030
+​​angular magnification and the idea of ​​angular
+
+138
+00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:19,510
+magnification that it is the ratio of the angle
+
+139
+00:08:19,510 --> 00:08:23,830
+that the body makes or the shape of the body by
+
+140
+00:08:23,830 --> 00:08:33,090
+using magnifier withالى الزاوية اللى بيعملها الجسم
+
+141
+00:08:33,090 --> 00:08:36,690
+نفسه بدون ال magnifier بدون ال magnifier By
+
+142
+00:08:36,690 --> 00:08:40,330
+convention, the standard viewing distance for this
+
+143
+00:08:40,330 --> 00:08:44,710
+comparison is خمسة و عشرين سانتيScientists came to
+
+144
+00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:47,250
+know that we need to fix the distance, to
+
+145
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:50,350
+calculate the angular magnification I can
+
+146
+00:08:50,350 --> 00:08:52,310
+calculate it on any distance, but they came to
+
+147
+00:08:52,310 --> 00:08:55,810
+know that the standard distance is 25 centimeters
+
+148
+00:08:55,810 --> 00:08:57,850
+or a quarter of a meter, a quarter of a meter So
+
+149
+00:08:57,850 --> 00:09:00,110
+if you want to know the angular magnification,
+
+150
+00:09:00,230 --> 00:09:04,790
+which you do with any lens, any lens I go and get
+
+151
+00:09:04,790 --> 00:09:07,970
+a body a quarter of a meter away, I look at this
+
+152
+00:09:07,970 --> 00:09:10,770
+body a quarter of a meter away with the naked eye
+
+153
+00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:13,740
+and I see how much it makes an angle with my eye
+
+154
+00:09:13,740 --> 00:09:17,020
+and then I put a magnifier in front of my eye and
+
+155
+00:09:17,020 --> 00:09:19,900
+I see this object which is the same object at a
+
+156
+00:09:19,900 --> 00:09:22,460
+distance of 25 centimeters I see its image now
+
+157
+00:09:22,460 --> 00:09:25,240
+through the magnifier how much it made an angle
+
+158
+00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:28,660
+with my eye the magnification ratio in this angle
+
+159
+00:09:28,660 --> 00:09:31,480
+is considered the angular magnification that is if
+
+160
+00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:33,580
+this object which is at a distance of 25
+
+161
+00:09:33,580 --> 00:09:36,220
+centimeters made an angle with my eye of 10
+
+162
+00:09:36,220 --> 00:09:42,750
+degrees and through the magnifierعمل خمسين دجري او
+
+163
+00:09:42,750 --> 00:09:46,770
+صورته عملت خمسين دجري معناته الزاوية كبرت خمس مرات
+
+164
+00:09:46,770 --> 00:09:50,450
+فبتالي ال angular magnification دارب خمسة اذا for
+
+165
+00:09:50,450 --> 00:09:54,330
+a small angle the angular magnification provided
+
+166
+00:09:54,330 --> 00:09:58,770
+by a simple magnifier is independent of the actual
+
+167
+00:09:58,770 --> 00:10:03,200
+object sitemeans in the small angles that are
+
+168
+00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,960
+processed with the eye through the bodies it has
+
+169
+00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:08,240
+nothing to do with the size of the real body
+
+170
+00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:12,700
+rather we bring the angular magnification through
+
+171
+00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:16,580
+a very simple equation you say that the angular
+
+172
+00:10:16,580 --> 00:10:19,060
+magnification is equal to a quarter from where did
+
+173
+00:10:19,060 --> 00:10:20,820
+the word quarter come from? from a quarter of a
+
+174
+00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:23,840
+meter the measurements in the geometric optics are
+
+175
+00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,560
+all in meters not in centimeters what happened in
+
+176
+00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:28,940
+the manuscripts and this is what happened in the
+
+177
+00:10:28,940 --> 00:10:33,550
+prismaticsهنيجيها في وقتها، اذا ربع متر ضرب ال P
+
+178
+00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:37,170
+اللي هو ال power بتاعة ال magnifier، يعني لو انا
+
+179
+00:10:37,170 --> 00:10:41,570
+عندى .. لو انا عندى magnifier .. magnifier قوته
+
+180
+00:10:41,570 --> 00:10:45,490
+plus عشرين، طبعا هنا المعادلة ربع في P يعني يسوى P
+
+181
+00:10:45,490 --> 00:10:49,490
+على اربع، هنافسة M تسوى P على اربع، يعني عشان نعرف
+
+182
+00:10:49,490 --> 00:10:53,350
+ال magnification تاع اي magnifier تاع اي magnifier
+
+183
+00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:59,040
+عشان نعرف ال magnification تاع أي magnifier، بنجسم
+
+184
+00:10:59,040 --> 00:11:02,740
+ال power تاعت ال magnifier على أربعة، على أربعة لو
+
+185
+00:11:02,740 --> 00:11:06,420
+ال magnifier putو عشرين، بنجسمه عشرين على أربعة
+
+186
+00:11:06,420 --> 00:11:10,780
+يعني ضرب خمسة، ضرب خمسة، إيش يعني ضرب خمسة؟ يعني
+
+187
+00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:15,870
+لو بدأ أستخدم هذا ال magnifier لرؤية object ماIt
+
+188
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:18,850
+will make a magnification in the angle that this
+
+189
+00:11:18,850 --> 00:11:23,370
+object makes with my eye by 5 times, 20 by 4 Of
+
+190
+00:11:23,370 --> 00:11:26,730
+course, it is known in advance that as long as it
+
+191
+00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:29,810
+is divided by 4, it means that the distance is a
+
+192
+00:11:29,810 --> 00:11:31,750
+quarter of a meter, which is the approximate
+
+193
+00:11:31,750 --> 00:11:34,030
+distance on it And it is the approximate distance
+
+194
+00:11:34,030 --> 00:11:38,130
+on it Of course, it is clear from the picture that
+
+195
+00:11:38,130 --> 00:11:41,260
+through the magnifier, the angle is greaterهذه
+
+196
+00:11:41,260 --> 00:11:44,460
+الزاوية اللى بعملها معينى بدون ال magnifier وهذه
+
+197
+00:11:44,460 --> 00:11:48,060
+الزاوية اللى بتعملها صورة الجسم الان بنتبطل نحكى
+
+198
+00:11:48,060 --> 00:11:51,140
+عن الجسم لإنه أنا بتطلع من خلال ال magnifier أنا
+
+199
+00:11:51,140 --> 00:11:56,580
+بشوف صورة الجسم أنا بشوف صورة الجسم الان بننتقل
+
+200
+00:11:56,580 --> 00:12:00,060
+لنوع أخر من ال magnification اللى هو ال axial
+
+201
+00:12:00,060 --> 00:12:05,400
+magnification ال axial magnificationalso known as
+
+202
+00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:08,160
+longitudinal magnification longitudinal
+
+203
+00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:12,500
+magnification is measured along the optical axis
+
+204
+00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:17,140
+is measured along the optical axis وحنيجي ناخد
+
+205
+00:12:17,140 --> 00:12:21,780
+فكرة إيش هو أو إيش المقصود بال .. ال .. ال axial
+
+206
+00:12:21,780 --> 00:12:26,020
+magnification بدنا نوضحها بصورة سبقة معناها في
+
+207
+00:12:26,020 --> 00:12:31,780
+المحاضرة الآن أنا عندي .. هاي ال object .. هاي ال
+
+208
+00:12:31,780 --> 00:12:34,930
+objectWe will draw it on the left as it is clear
+
+209
+00:12:34,930 --> 00:12:38,910
+and this
+
+210
+00:12:38,910 --> 00:12:41,730
+image will be on the right of the optical system
+
+211
+00:12:41,730 --> 00:12:44,210
+in this example. The image may be on the left, but
+
+212
+00:12:44,210 --> 00:12:47,730
+this is not its time. Now axial magnification is
+
+213
+00:12:47,730 --> 00:12:52,370
+measured along the optical axis. What is meant is
+
+214
+00:12:52,370 --> 00:12:55,780
+thatThe closest point in the object, this is
+
+215
+00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:58,760
+called anterior and this is posterior. This, we
+
+216
+00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,560
+take a point here, the closest point in the object
+
+217
+00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:03,920
+from the beginning, that is, from the beginning of
+
+218
+00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:06,940
+the light journey, here is the most point in
+
+219
+00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:10,180
+front, and here is the farthest point in the back,
+
+220
+00:13:10,460 --> 00:13:13,420
+that is, here, here in front of the object and
+
+221
+00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:15,760
+here behind it, and this is the width of the
+
+222
+00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:20,510
+object, okay? And this is the imageThe most
+
+223
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:22,990
+frontal point in it and the most retrograde point
+
+224
+00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:26,530
+in it The ratio of expansion in the image The
+
+225
+00:13:26,530 --> 00:13:30,010
+expansion in the image, not the height The height
+
+226
+00:13:30,010 --> 00:13:33,590
+increased in length or decreased in height They
+
+227
+00:13:33,590 --> 00:13:38,730
+call it Transverse Magnification which is the
+
+228
+00:13:38,730 --> 00:13:40,830
+first type of magnification that we talked about
+
+229
+00:13:40,830 --> 00:13:44,450
+But the ratio of expansion in the image along the
+
+230
+00:13:44,450 --> 00:13:48,800
+optical axisتسمى ال axial magnification تسمى ال
+
+231
+00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:53,000
+axial magnification هل الصورة اطمططت ولا انكمشت
+
+232
+00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,080
+بالعرض؟ هذا بيسموه ال axial ايش؟ magnification ال
+
+233
+00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:04,100
+axial magnification طيب ال axial magnification is
+
+234
+00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:09,320
+measured along the optical axis او is known ..
+
+235
+00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:13,890
+also is known as longitudinal magnificationis
+
+236
+00:14:13,890 --> 00:14:16,990
+measured along the optical axis for small
+
+237
+00:14:16,990 --> 00:14:20,010
+distances around the image planeAxial
+
+238
+00:14:20,010 --> 00:14:23,350
+magnification is the square of the transverse
+
+239
+00:14:23,350 --> 00:14:27,350
+magnification The equation of axial magnification
+
+240
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:31,390
+is equal to transverse magnification squared
+
+241
+00:14:31,390 --> 00:14:35,730
+Transverse magnification squared To summarize all
+
+242
+00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,870
+the things that we talked about, we say as follows
+
+243
+00:14:38,870 --> 00:14:41,810
+We have three types of magnification, and
+
+244
+00:14:41,810 --> 00:14:44,850
+magnification is the first attribute of the image
+
+245
+00:14:45,410 --> 00:14:48,330
+The magnification is the first attribute of the
+
+246
+00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:50,010
+image attributes We have the transfers
+
+247
+00:14:50,010 --> 00:14:54,730
+magnification whose equation is equal to image
+
+248
+00:14:54,730 --> 00:14:58,290
+height over object height or equal to image
+
+249
+00:14:58,290 --> 00:15:01,540
+distance over object distanceWe have another kind
+
+250
+00:15:01,540 --> 00:15:05,560
+of magnification which is angular magnification
+
+251
+00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,520
+Which is the ratio of the angle of any object
+
+252
+00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:14,960
+through a magnifying glass to the angle of the
+
+253
+00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:17,800
+same object without the magnifying glass And if
+
+254
+00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:20,900
+the term and the consensus is that the distance
+
+255
+00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,160
+should be constant 25 cm which is a quarter of a
+
+256
+00:15:24,160 --> 00:15:28,430
+meterSometimes the angular magnification is equal
+
+257
+00:15:28,430 --> 00:15:31,050
+to a quarter of P, where P is the power of the
+
+258
+00:15:31,050 --> 00:15:34,670
+magnifier Or it can be modified mathematically,
+
+259
+00:15:34,970 --> 00:15:38,330
+where M is equal to 1 over 4 into P, where P is
+
+260
+00:15:38,330 --> 00:15:42,930
+equal to 4, which is the power of the magnifierWe
+
+261
+00:15:42,930 --> 00:15:45,690
+say that the angular magnification of a magnifier
+
+262
+00:15:45,690 --> 00:15:48,430
+with a force of 20 is equal to 5, because it is 20
+
+263
+00:15:48,430 --> 00:15:51,350
+over 4. Okay, for a magnifier with a force of 10,
+
+264
+00:15:51,510 --> 00:15:55,530
+10 over 4 is 2 and a half times, what does 2 and a
+
+265
+00:15:55,530 --> 00:15:57,550
+half times mean? It means that through this
+
+266
+00:15:57,550 --> 00:16:00,990
+magnifier, a body standing a quarter of a meter
+
+267
+00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:04,730
+away, through the magnifier, makes an angle twice
+
+268
+00:16:04,730 --> 00:16:07,390
+and a half times larger than the angle it makes
+
+269
+00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:10,310
+without the magnifier.The third type of
+
+270
+00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:15,130
+magnification is axial magnification, which is the
+
+271
+00:16:15,130 --> 00:16:20,390
+latitude or the longitudinal along the optical
+
+272
+00:16:20,390 --> 00:16:25,410
+axis in the image compared to the object And we
+
+273
+00:16:25,410 --> 00:16:27,710
+said, how do we know that the image is vertically
+
+274
+00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:31,670
+flattened or vertically flattened? We say as
+
+275
+00:16:31,670 --> 00:16:36,160
+follows that by .. by .. by ..The closest point or
+
+276
+00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:38,560
+the most .. which means that the left is anterior
+
+277
+00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:40,740
+because we start from the left and go to the right
+
+278
+00:16:40,740 --> 00:16:44,000
+Here we say anterior, which means that the more to
+
+279
+00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,660
+the left, the more anterior it is, and the more to
+
+280
+00:16:47,660 --> 00:16:50,480
+the right, the more posterior it is The most
+
+281
+00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:53,420
+advanced point in the object and the most distant
+
+282
+00:16:53,420 --> 00:16:57,640
+point in the object We compare them with the most
+
+283
+00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:01,460
+advanced point in the image and the most distant
+
+284
+00:17:01,460 --> 00:17:04,810
+point in the imageWe see if the image is stretched
+
+285
+00:17:04,810 --> 00:17:09,190
+or flattened or remained as it is Unless the
+
+286
+00:17:09,190 --> 00:17:13,690
+magnification equation is equal to the transverse
+
+287
+00:17:13,690 --> 00:17:16,930
+magnification square Transverse magnification
+
+288
+00:17:16,930 --> 00:17:20,930
+square We will stop in the next lecture, we will
+
+289
+00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:24,310
+start with the image location and give you the
+
+290
+00:17:24,310 --> 00:17:24,510
+example
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/TU2A-S6Meww_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2040 @@
+1
+00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:05,180
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,180 --> 00:00:09,300
+Geometric Optics، وشرحنا المرة الماضية ظاهرة الـ
+
+3
+00:00:09,300 --> 00:00:13,080
+Total Internal Reflection، وقولنا هاي بتحدث لما
+
+4
+00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:17,960
+بيسقط الضوء من مادة أعلى في ال refractive index
+
+5
+00:00:17,960 --> 00:00:22,830
+لمادة أقل في ال refractive indexand its fall angle
+
+6
+00:00:22,830 --> 00:00:27,150
+is greater than the critical angle. So, each ray
+
+7
+00:00:27,150 --> 00:00:32,310
+falls from a higher substance in the density or
+
+8
+00:00:32,310 --> 00:00:35,070
+refractive index to a lower substance in the
+
+9
+00:00:35,070 --> 00:00:40,110
+density or refractive index and its fall angle is
+
+10
+00:00:40,110 --> 00:00:43,050
+greater than the critical angle and it is
+
+11
+00:00:43,050 --> 00:00:45,230
+reflected inside the substance that came from it
+
+12
+00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:48,770
+and this phenomenon is called the total internal
+
+13
+00:00:48,770 --> 00:00:53,410
+reflection.The total internal reflection is rather
+
+14
+00:00:53,410 --> 00:00:59,470
+curious phenomenon,ظاهرة غريبة لو احنا حكينا انه
+
+15
+00:00:59,470 --> 00:01:04,950
+في عندنا ضوء بيسقط from spectacular crown glass to
+
+16
+00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:08,970
+air if the angle of incidence is 10 degree the
+
+17
+00:01:08,970 --> 00:01:12,350
+light transmits easily as it crosses the interface
+
+18
+00:01:12,350 --> 00:01:16,910
+however if the angle of incidence is 45 degree the
+
+19
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:21,190
+interface becomesan impenetrable barrier to the
+
+20
+00:01:21,190 --> 00:01:25,330
+interface, or impenetrable barrier, the interface
+
+21
+00:01:25,330 --> 00:01:28,290
+is transparent to some rays and opaque to other
+
+22
+00:01:28,290 --> 00:01:34,130
+rays. Because of this, we see that we need to go
+
+23
+00:01:34,130 --> 00:01:39,850
+back to our simulation and say that if the light
+
+24
+00:01:39,850 --> 00:01:43,610
+falls from the glass, which is a higher substance
+
+25
+00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:48,660
+in density, to the air,which is less dense matter,
+
+26
+00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:52,540
+if the angle of fall, let's see the angle of fall,
+
+27
+00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:58,320
+if the angle of fall is 10 degrees
+
+28
+00:02:06,510 --> 00:02:08,770
+this is the angle of fall of 10 degrees which is
+
+29
+00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:10,730
+between the service normal and the falling rays
+
+30
+00:02:10,730 --> 00:02:14,890
+the rays pass through easily and of course they
+
+31
+00:02:14,890 --> 00:02:17,370
+move away from the service normal this is the
+
+32
+00:02:17,370 --> 00:02:20,670
+angle of transmission or short circuit of 15.1
+
+33
+00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:24,990
+degrees if we increase the angle of fall to 45
+
+34
+00:02:24,990 --> 00:02:25,770
+degrees
+
+35
+00:02:33,110 --> 00:02:35,090
+Forty-five degrees, not even a ray passed through,
+
+36
+00:02:35,290 --> 00:02:37,910
+not even a group of rays passed through because
+
+37
+00:02:37,910 --> 00:02:41,530
+the forty-five degrees is more than the critical
+
+38
+00:02:41,530 --> 00:02:43,930
+angle, which we calculated in the previous lecture
+
+39
+00:02:43,930 --> 00:02:46,290
+between air and gas, which is approximately forty
+
+40
+00:02:46,290 --> 00:02:50,290
+-one degrees. Approximately forty-one degrees. So
+
+41
+00:02:50,290 --> 00:02:54,250
+this is the casemeans an example that explains to
+
+42
+00:02:54,250 --> 00:02:58,870
+me the topic of total internal reflection Of
+
+43
+00:02:58,870 --> 00:03:01,270
+course, a person can ask himself, if some things
+
+44
+00:03:01,270 --> 00:03:08,030
+fall at an angle of fall more than the critical
+
+45
+00:03:08,030 --> 00:03:10,730
+angle and some at an angle of fall less than the
+
+46
+00:03:10,730 --> 00:03:13,970
+critical angle we say, who falls at an angle of
+
+47
+00:03:13,970 --> 00:03:17,110
+fall less than the critical angle, he passes who
+
+48
+00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:20,960
+falls at an angle of fallmore than the critical
+
+49
+00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:23,860
+angle, it will decrease In other words, the mass
+
+50
+00:03:23,860 --> 00:03:26,540
+of the rays and millions of rays coming from the
+
+51
+00:03:26,540 --> 00:03:28,900
+light source, some of them will have a small angle
+
+52
+00:03:28,900 --> 00:03:31,980
+of fall less than the critical angle, so it will
+
+53
+00:03:31,980 --> 00:03:34,440
+pass, it will pass to the other substance, and
+
+54
+00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,620
+some of the rays will have a small angle of fall
+
+55
+00:04:01,130 --> 00:04:05,560
+Physicists have devoted a great dealAttention to
+
+56
+00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:09,020
+this phenomenon طبعا استفادوا العلماء من ظاهرة ال
+
+57
+00:04:09,020 --> 00:04:12,700
+total internal reflection من قديم الزمان وحتى
+
+58
+00:04:12,700 --> 00:04:16,600
+عصرنا الحالي استفادات كثيرة واهتموا فيها اهتمام
+
+59
+00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:21,960
+كثير Total internal reflection has a great
+
+60
+00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,060
+practical value
+
+61
+00:04:25,610 --> 00:04:29,150
+in early 1600 it was difficult to make a good
+
+62
+00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:32,270
+mirror المرأة اللي احنا كل يوم بنوجف أمامها قبل
+
+63
+00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:37,090
+خروجنا من بيوتنا و بنشوف صورتنا بشكل واضح جدا فيها
+
+64
+00:04:37,090 --> 00:04:44,830
+زمان في سنوات القرن السابع عشر و 1600 و لجاى كان
+
+65
+00:04:44,830 --> 00:04:48,470
+صعب جدا تصنيع مرأة ب good quality زي اللي موجودة
+
+66
+00:04:48,470 --> 00:04:53,440
+في عصرنا الحاليThe best services could specularly
+
+67
+00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:58,200
+reflect only about 80% of incident light.
+
+68
+00:05:02,620 --> 00:05:06,140
+It was reflecting or giving a regular reflection
+
+69
+00:05:06,140 --> 00:05:09,820
+of 80% of the rays hitting it. Well, the remaining
+
+70
+00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:14,800
+20% is reflected diffusely, so it ruins the
+
+71
+00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:19,740
+picture and ruins the 80% that was reflected from
+
+72
+00:05:19,740 --> 00:05:23,040
+the rays in a regular way. In other words, if I'm
+
+73
+00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:26,120
+standing in front of a mirror and my picture, the
+
+74
+00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:28,080
+light falls on it, then it is reflected towards
+
+75
+00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:31,730
+the mirror to see my pictureThe old modern mirrors
+
+76
+00:05:31,730 --> 00:05:37,810
+1600 and above reflect from the image or from the
+
+77
+00:05:37,810 --> 00:05:43,990
+incident light 80% in a spherical way and 20% in a
+
+78
+00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:48,430
+diffuse way, meaning randomly, these 20%it will
+
+79
+00:05:48,430 --> 00:05:51,110
+distort a lot and create a bad quality of the
+
+80
+00:05:51,110 --> 00:05:56,290
+image which is distorted and the rest was
+
+81
+00:05:56,290 --> 00:05:59,510
+diffusely reflected which made these services
+
+82
+00:05:59,510 --> 00:06:04,190
+nearly useless as imaging devices that's why using
+
+83
+00:06:04,190 --> 00:06:07,890
+it as a mirror to get a picture that was useless
+
+84
+00:06:07,890 --> 00:06:13,110
+what did they use instead of that? they took
+
+85
+00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:17,940
+advantage of the total internal reflectionThe
+
+86
+00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:20,920
+total internal reflection is just that total
+
+87
+00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:25,320
+ببساطة ال total internal reflection من اسمه total
+
+88
+00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:30,360
+بمعنى انعكاس كله انعكاس كله وبالتالي when total
+
+89
+00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,820
+internal reflection occurs لما يحدث ال total
+
+90
+00:06:33,820 --> 00:06:37,700
+internal reflection مية في المية of light is
+
+91
+00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:43,060
+reflected نشوف هذا المنظر internally reflecting
+
+92
+00:06:43,060 --> 00:06:45,830
+prisonmeaning it's printed in glass, which is
+
+93
+00:06:45,830 --> 00:06:50,130
+painted in blue, the object stands in front of it,
+
+94
+00:06:50,190 --> 00:06:51,890
+here they drew a tree, it could be a human or
+
+95
+00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:53,930
+something like that, it could stand in the middle,
+
+96
+00:06:54,050 --> 00:06:57,830
+there's no problem, but here they put it aside to
+
+97
+00:06:57,830 --> 00:07:02,640
+make the object clearوصورة ال object ال object
+
+98
+00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:07,260
+وصورة ال object يعني لو إنسان وقف الأشعة منه هتسقط
+
+99
+00:07:07,260 --> 00:07:11,060
+على السطح الأول سقوط عمودي هذا السطح الأول اللي
+
+100
+00:07:11,060 --> 00:07:15,240
+أنا بأشر عليه سقوط عمودي هذه الأشعة من قمة ال
+
+101
+00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:19,400
+object لأسفل ال object هتسقط سقوط عمودي طالما سقوط
+
+102
+00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:23,080
+عمودي هتمر الأشعة في داخل ال prism اللي هو مصنوع
+
+103
+00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:28,230
+من الزجاج هتلتقي بالسطح التانيIt will meet on the
+
+104
+00:07:28,230 --> 00:07:31,770
+other side, but it will fall at an angle greater
+
+105
+00:07:31,770 --> 00:07:35,110
+than the critical angle So it will have a total
+
+106
+00:07:35,110 --> 00:07:39,730
+internal reflection, as the books show When it has
+
+107
+00:07:39,730 --> 00:07:42,290
+a total internal reflection, it will stay inside
+
+108
+00:07:42,290 --> 00:07:45,810
+the glass Internal reflection means the internal
+
+109
+00:07:45,810 --> 00:07:48,370
+reflection, okay? And total means that nothing
+
+110
+00:07:48,370 --> 00:07:52,400
+will be lostOkay, you will walk inside the glass,
+
+111
+00:07:52,780 --> 00:07:55,000
+you will meet the third surface, that is, this is
+
+112
+00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,900
+the first surface of the prism, this is the second
+
+113
+00:07:57,900 --> 00:08:00,260
+surface, this is the third surface, you will meet
+
+114
+00:08:00,260 --> 00:08:03,280
+the third surface of the glass, also at an angle
+
+115
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,240
+greater than the critical angle, it will happen
+
+116
+00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,260
+again total internal reflection, that is, total
+
+117
+00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:12,640
+internal reflection will happen for the first time
+
+118
+00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:16,650
+on the second surfaceوهي حيحدث ثاني مرة على السطح
+
+119
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:21,070
+رقم تلاتة السطح رقم واحد استقبل الأشعة بشكل عمودي
+
+120
+00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:26,670
+وقولنا الأشعة لما بتسقط من مادة لمادة من الهواء
+
+121
+00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:30,790
+للجزاز أو من الهواء للميه بشكل عمودي بتغيرش طريقها
+
+122
+00:08:30,790 --> 00:08:36,350
+وإنما بتتغير سرعةسقوط عمودي، مافيش تغير للمسار،
+
+123
+00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:40,830
+بعدين سقوط مرة تانية على السطح التاني، اللي هو فيه
+
+124
+00:08:40,830 --> 00:08:43,950
+هنا هوا وفيه إني هنا جزاز، إذا سطح فاصل بين
+
+125
+00:08:43,950 --> 00:08:48,810
+مادتين، سقوط بزاوية .. سقوط أكبر من ال critical
+
+126
+00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:52,770
+angle، هيصير total internal reflection، مرة تانية
+
+127
+00:08:52,770 --> 00:08:56,350
+سقوط بزاوية سقوط أكبر من ال .. ال .. ال critical
+
+128
+00:08:56,350 --> 00:09:01,530
+angle، مرة تانية total internal reflectionThe
+
+129
+00:09:01,530 --> 00:09:04,530
+things happened here, but you will fall, you will
+
+130
+00:09:04,530 --> 00:09:07,890
+fall back to the first floor, with an angle of 90
+
+131
+00:09:07,890 --> 00:09:12,600
+degreesExcuse me, it adds zero to zero because
+
+132
+00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,000
+it's vertical on the surface, which means it's
+
+133
+00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:18,440
+appropriate to the normal surface So it will keep
+
+134
+00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:20,900
+going in a different direction and it will return
+
+135
+00:09:20,900 --> 00:09:27,200
+to form a picture again Okay, if I'm standing in
+
+136
+00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:29,680
+this area, the same thing happened with the tree,
+
+137
+00:09:29,860 --> 00:09:32,610
+with the objectIt will happen with me, the light
+
+138
+00:09:32,610 --> 00:09:34,570
+of the day or the light of the room will fall on
+
+139
+00:09:34,570 --> 00:09:37,910
+my body, it will reflect towards the prism, a
+
+140
+00:09:37,910 --> 00:09:41,590
+vertical fall, total internal reflection, again
+
+141
+00:09:41,590 --> 00:09:45,550
+total internal reflection, again a vertical fall,
+
+142
+00:09:46,070 --> 00:09:49,010
+and thus the rays will return, but this time it
+
+143
+00:09:49,010 --> 00:09:54,270
+will be received by the papyrus of its eyeI will
+
+144
+00:09:54,270 --> 00:09:57,090
+look at my current picture and the picture will be
+
+145
+00:09:57,090 --> 00:10:03,770
+as clear as the mirrors that we use in our current
+
+146
+00:10:03,770 --> 00:10:06,070
+era and we see our picture clear in it and we do
+
+147
+00:10:06,070 --> 00:10:07,890
+not suffer from any problems in the subject of
+
+148
+00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:11,270
+clarity when we come in front of a level mirror or
+
+149
+00:10:11,270 --> 00:10:14,330
+a plain mirror. There in their time they used the
+
+150
+00:10:14,330 --> 00:10:17,090
+internally reflecting prism for this purpose as
+
+151
+00:10:17,090 --> 00:10:21,390
+the picture we explained above.in the past often
+
+152
+00:10:21,390 --> 00:10:29,930
+the only way to make a practical mirror was
+
+153
+00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:35,390
+to use internally reflecting
+
+154
+00:10:35,390 --> 00:10:40,220
+iparism.طيب بس هيك استفادوا من ال total internal
+
+155
+00:10:40,220 --> 00:10:44,240
+reflection لأ في استفادات أخرى كثيرة today في
+
+156
+00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:48,240
+عصرنا الحالي total internal reflection is still
+
+157
+00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:53,320
+used in prisms found in binoculars slit lamps and
+
+158
+00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:57,320
+operating microscope to give just a few examples
+
+159
+00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:02,650
+أيضا تستعمل ظاهرة ال total internal reflectionOf
+
+160
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:05,470
+course, we use the total internal friction, or we
+
+161
+00:11:05,470 --> 00:11:09,490
+get this phenomenon through the glass manifolds
+
+162
+00:11:09,490 --> 00:11:13,070
+that we insert into the nozzle assembly, the
+
+163
+00:11:13,070 --> 00:11:18,720
+nozzle, or the nozzle, the slit lamp,operating
+
+164
+00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:20,880
+microscopes, microscopes that are used in
+
+165
+00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:23,920
+operating rooms to perform surgical operations and
+
+166
+00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:29,100
+these are some examples of many examples and
+
+167
+00:11:29,100 --> 00:11:35,320
+therefore these examples use or these devices use
+
+168
+00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:38,020
+the phenomenon of total internal reflection
+
+169
+00:11:38,020 --> 00:11:43,440
+through the prism through the prism, we see a view
+
+170
+00:11:43,440 --> 00:11:46,460
+that explains this issue, this is from a vase this
+
+171
+00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:50,220
+is from a vaseThe person puts his eyes here, two
+
+172
+00:11:50,220 --> 00:11:54,500
+eyes, these lenses are called eye lenses, the
+
+173
+00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:58,100
+eyepiece, and these are the rays coming, these are
+
+174
+00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:00,900
+the rays coming, let's go to a bigger picture,
+
+175
+00:12:01,660 --> 00:12:04,880
+this is the first prism, this is the first prism
+
+176
+00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:09,000
+that I'm pointing to, first of all, the rays come,
+
+177
+00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:14,140
+total internal reflection on this surfacethen
+
+178
+00:12:14,140 --> 00:12:16,720
+again on the next surface, total internal
+
+179
+00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:20,080
+reflection, then vertical fall on the surface to
+
+180
+00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:23,540
+get out of the first prism, also vertical fall on
+
+181
+00:12:23,540 --> 00:12:26,060
+the surface of the second prism, this second prism
+
+182
+00:12:26,060 --> 00:12:30,260
+is inverted, vertical fall, total internal
+
+183
+00:12:30,260 --> 00:12:34,880
+reflection, again total internal reflectionLast
+
+184
+00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:38,260
+time, a vertical fall towards the eye, towards the
+
+185
+00:12:38,260 --> 00:12:42,060
+eye So, the total internal reflection in the view,
+
+186
+00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:45,020
+or the view that we call it, happens how many
+
+187
+00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:46,640
+times according to the picture I have, the first
+
+188
+00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:49,960
+time total internal reflection, total, complete,
+
+189
+00:12:50,220 --> 00:12:52,960
+internal means inside the material itself Now we
+
+190
+00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:57,440
+are glass, this is the prism made of glasstotal
+
+191
+00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,200
+internal reflection of all rays reflected inside
+
+192
+00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:03,580
+the glass also again still inside the glass
+
+193
+00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:07,260
+reflected inside the glass reflected then went out
+
+194
+00:13:07,260 --> 00:13:09,660
+then entered the glass again which is the glass of
+
+195
+00:13:09,660 --> 00:13:13,360
+the second prism and total internal reflection and
+
+196
+00:13:13,360 --> 00:13:16,920
+total internal reflection then four times I had
+
+197
+00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:19,880
+the phenomenon of total internal reflection this
+
+198
+00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:25,530
+happens insidewhich is the binoculars, the
+
+199
+00:13:25,530 --> 00:13:28,750
+binoculars or the binoculars inside the slit lamp
+
+200
+00:13:28,750 --> 00:13:32,850
+in order to make the image even and the operating
+
+201
+00:13:32,850 --> 00:13:35,850
+microscopes and these are examples from many
+
+202
+00:13:35,850 --> 00:13:40,290
+examples in many similar devices. The second thing
+
+203
+00:13:42,860 --> 00:13:46,020
+What was benefited from it in the total internal
+
+204
+00:13:46,020 --> 00:13:49,140
+reflection phenomenon, we will say that it is in
+
+205
+00:13:49,140 --> 00:13:51,640
+the veins. The vein, that is, this is the vein of
+
+206
+00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:54,420
+the stomach or what is called the endoscope, the
+
+207
+00:13:54,420 --> 00:13:57,020
+internal vein of the stomach, the 12 vessels, etc.
+
+208
+00:13:57,260 --> 00:14:02,220
+They make a vein to see what problems there are,
+
+209
+00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:04,260
+there are infections, there are tumors, God
+
+210
+00:14:04,260 --> 00:14:08,040
+forbid, or the like.كيف فكرة عمل المنظر؟ أول حاجة
+
+211
+00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:12,560
+بنقول أن المنظر بده يمشي مع خط سير الجهاز الهضمي
+
+212
+00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:15,980
+ومعروف أنه خط سير الجهاز الهضمي متعريج جدا،
+
+213
+00:14:15,980 --> 00:14:20,060
+فبالتالي المنظر لابد من تعريجه، طب كيف منظر متعريج
+
+214
+00:14:20,060 --> 00:14:24,060
+بعطيني رؤية واضحة؟ طبعا باستخدام ظاهرة ال total
+
+215
+00:14:24,060 --> 00:14:27,780
+internal reflection، باستخدام ظاهرة ال total
+
+216
+00:14:27,780 --> 00:14:31,220
+internalReflection is the total internal
+
+217
+00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:39,580
+reflection. If we look at this chart, we will see
+
+218
+00:14:39,580 --> 00:14:43,180
+that the chart is made up of glass frames, the
+
+219
+00:14:43,180 --> 00:14:49,400
+core is made up of high refractive index medium,
+
+220
+00:14:50,180 --> 00:14:53,580
+and the coverthe cover or the cladding or its
+
+221
+00:14:53,580 --> 00:14:57,140
+covering from a glass of another type less than
+
+222
+00:14:57,140 --> 00:15:00,080
+the refractive index because the light must move
+
+223
+00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:03,700
+to produce the total internal reflection this
+
+224
+00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:08,840
+light comes out from a high index medium to a low
+
+225
+00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:12,760
+index medium when it falls at an angle of less
+
+226
+00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:17,170
+than or more thanThe critical angle is going to
+
+227
+00:15:17,170 --> 00:15:20,230
+have total internal reflection But the light has
+
+228
+00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:23,530
+to be at the beginning in high refractive index
+
+229
+00:15:23,530 --> 00:15:27,350
+medium and around it in low refractive index
+
+230
+00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:29,870
+medium These are two different kinds of glasses Of
+
+231
+00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:35,990
+course we know that glasses are made of glass When
+
+232
+00:15:35,990 --> 00:15:40,590
+the light .. I .. this is the lightفى طرف المنظر
+
+233
+00:15:40,590 --> 00:15:45,910
+أنا وصلت للمعدة دخلت بهدا المنظر ووصلت للمعدة ضويت
+
+234
+00:15:45,910 --> 00:15:50,930
+على جدار المعدة من الداخل أصبح جدار المعدة مضاء
+
+235
+00:15:50,930 --> 00:15:55,270
+هيعكس الضوء مرة تانية فى جميع الاتجاهات ومنها حزمة
+
+236
+00:15:55,270 --> 00:16:00,770
+ضوئية هتدخل فى الزجاج فى الوسط هنا زى ما أنا بأشر
+
+237
+00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:04,750
+ال light زى ما السهم بيوضّح طيب الآن دخلت فى
+
+238
+00:16:04,750 --> 00:16:09,120
+الإجاز دخلت فى الإجازNow, this light beam that
+
+239
+00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260
+entered the glass will fall at a angle greater
+
+240
+00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,020
+than the critical angle and it will have a total
+
+241
+00:16:16,020 --> 00:16:19,720
+internal reflection. Why? Because the light will
+
+242
+00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:22,280
+come out of the glass higher than the refractive
+
+243
+00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:25,800
+index, which is drawn in blue. Let's look at a
+
+244
+00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:26,260
+large picture.
+
+245
+00:16:29,770 --> 00:16:34,590
+A glass of another kind, surrounded by it, less
+
+246
+00:16:34,590 --> 00:16:38,870
+than the refractive index. If it falls from the
+
+247
+00:16:38,870 --> 00:16:41,570
+highest point to the lowest point, and falls more
+
+248
+00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:44,670
+than the critical angle, I will have total
+
+249
+00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:49,510
+internal reflection. Also, if it collides with the
+
+250
+00:16:49,510 --> 00:16:53,390
+wall, and falls more than the critical angle, I
+
+251
+00:16:53,390 --> 00:16:58,470
+will have total internal reflection. Total, total,
+
+252
+00:16:58,650 --> 00:17:02,940
+total, total.until my eyes reach what I'm looking
+
+253
+00:17:02,940 --> 00:17:05,600
+at until my eyes reach what I'm looking at these
+
+254
+00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:08,180
+eyepieces, I'm looking at the axis through the
+
+255
+00:17:08,180 --> 00:17:11,100
+flow, the flexible tip, of course, of course, here
+
+256
+00:17:11,100 --> 00:17:13,680
+there is a light source, okay, and therefore I
+
+257
+00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:17,320
+have total internal reflection directly, as we
+
+258
+00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,760
+see, total, total internal reflection when my eyes
+
+259
+00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,580
+reach the observer, or the observer, or the person
+
+260
+00:17:23,580 --> 00:17:26,920
+who looks at this issue, of course, here too, a
+
+261
+00:17:26,920 --> 00:17:30,880
+drawing explains this issueضويرا جدار المعدة،
+
+262
+00:17:30,880 --> 00:17:35,040
+الجدار المعدة أو الأمعاء أو ما شابه، بي .. بي ..
+
+263
+00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,900
+بيعتسل الضوء باتجاه المنظر، بيدخل الضوء في ال ..
+
+264
+00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:41,060
+في ال .. في الإجزاز الكثيف اللي هو عالي ال
+
+265
+00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:45,440
+refractive index، بييجي و بيطلع للي أقل كثافة،
+
+266
+00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:48,520
+بسقط بزاوية السقوط أكتر من ال critical angle،
+
+267
+00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:51,420
+بيصيرله total internal reflection, total, total,
+
+268
+00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:57,970
+total طيب السؤال، مهما انثنى، لو انثنى ألف مرةAs
+
+269
+00:17:57,970 --> 00:18:02,270
+long as the total internal reflection occurs, the
+
+270
+00:18:02,270 --> 00:18:05,390
+light beam that enters does not lose anything from
+
+271
+00:18:05,390 --> 00:18:07,430
+it. Why? Because it is total. Let's not forget
+
+272
+00:18:07,430 --> 00:18:10,330
+that it is total internal reflection and sometimes
+
+273
+00:18:10,330 --> 00:18:13,830
+it gives me clarity in the picture in a big way.
+
+274
+00:18:14,130 --> 00:18:17,690
+So we benefited in the past from the total
+
+275
+00:18:17,690 --> 00:18:20,230
+internal reflection phenomenon in the matter of
+
+276
+00:18:20,230 --> 00:18:23,350
+using prismas as mirrors, as practical mirrors
+
+277
+00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:29,290
+Also, we benefited in the speech from the lenses,
+
+278
+00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:32,490
+the lens, the slit lamp, which is an eye detector,
+
+279
+00:18:33,330 --> 00:18:36,290
+the surgical microscopes, and we also benefited
+
+280
+00:18:36,290 --> 00:18:38,970
+from the subject of glass lenses and internal
+
+281
+00:18:38,970 --> 00:18:41,570
+lenses, whether from the back of the stomach, or
+
+282
+00:18:41,570 --> 00:18:43,130
+from the back of the colon, or from the back of
+
+283
+00:18:43,130 --> 00:18:45,330
+the 12th, or from the back of the stomach, I mean,
+
+284
+00:18:45,470 --> 00:18:50,830
+medicine advanced or .. or .. or .. I mean ..So
+
+285
+00:18:50,830 --> 00:18:54,590
+let's say it advanced with the help of total
+
+286
+00:18:54,590 --> 00:18:58,150
+internal reflection in addition to many similar
+
+287
+00:18:58,150 --> 00:19:01,850
+things in addition to many similar things Now
+
+288
+00:19:01,850 --> 00:19:04,890
+there are many benefits of total internal
+
+289
+00:19:04,890 --> 00:19:09,510
+reflection, but there is also something annoying
+
+290
+00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:14,130
+in total internal reflection, which isلما بنيجي
+
+291
+00:19:14,130 --> 00:19:17,990
+نفحص ال anterior chamber angle ال anterior chamber
+
+292
+00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:22,730
+angle clinically طبيا total internal reflection is
+
+293
+00:19:22,730 --> 00:19:28,090
+a nuisance when clinicians are trying to examine
+
+294
+00:19:28,090 --> 00:19:32,010
+the anterior chamber angle الان عشان اشوف الاشي
+
+295
+00:19:32,010 --> 00:19:35,590
+عشان اي object في الدنيا اشوفه لازم
+
+296
+00:19:38,330 --> 00:19:40,910
+The light must fall on it, and the light after
+
+297
+00:19:40,910 --> 00:19:43,630
+falling on it should reflect in the direction of
+
+298
+00:19:43,630 --> 00:19:45,970
+my eye as a observer .. in the direction of my eye
+
+299
+00:19:45,970 --> 00:19:49,810
+as an observer As we learned in anatomy, the
+
+300
+00:19:49,810 --> 00:19:52,850
+anterior chamber angle, which is the angle of the
+
+301
+00:19:52,850 --> 00:19:55,310
+anterior cavity, is the source of fluid in the eye
+
+302
+00:19:55,310 --> 00:19:57,150
+Fluid in the eye is produced in the ciliary body,
+
+303
+00:19:57,750 --> 00:19:59,670
+it goes through the posterior chamber, as I
+
+304
+00:19:59,670 --> 00:20:03,230
+pointed out, and through the pupilAnd it comes to
+
+305
+00:20:03,230 --> 00:20:05,850
+the anterior chamber angle, to the trabecular
+
+306
+00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:11,290
+meshwork to move it out of the eye, out of the
+
+307
+00:20:11,290 --> 00:20:14,290
+eye. Now, sometimes the eye doctor wants to look
+
+308
+00:20:14,290 --> 00:20:17,770
+at the anterior chamber angle, to check it, to
+
+309
+00:20:17,770 --> 00:20:21,170
+check the anterior chamber angle, to see if there
+
+310
+00:20:21,170 --> 00:20:23,170
+is a problem or if there is no problem, because
+
+311
+00:20:23,170 --> 00:20:26,790
+the patient may suffer from glaucoma disease, and
+
+312
+00:20:26,790 --> 00:20:28,990
+sometimes there is glaucoma disease, which is eye
+
+313
+00:20:28,990 --> 00:20:32,840
+pressure increase, I have a problem,انه مثلا في
+
+314
+00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:36,900
+تسديد او في تليفات او في مشاكل او اتهابات في ال
+
+315
+00:20:36,900 --> 00:20:41,760
+anterior chamber يعني طيب الان احنا ضوينا ال slit
+
+316
+00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:45,770
+lamp جهاز فحص العينWe turned on the light on the
+
+317
+00:20:45,770 --> 00:20:47,970
+anterior chamber angle. The light should
+
+318
+00:20:47,970 --> 00:20:52,050
+automatically reflect from the anterior chamber
+
+319
+00:20:52,050 --> 00:20:55,550
+angle and come out of the eye towards the device.
+
+320
+00:20:55,770 --> 00:20:57,790
+And I put my eye on the eyepiece, which means that
+
+321
+00:20:57,790 --> 00:21:00,150
+I look at the device to wait for the light to
+
+322
+00:21:00,150 --> 00:21:03,450
+reflect towards me. But when the light comes and
+
+323
+00:21:03,450 --> 00:21:06,690
+leaves the cornea, which is drawn in blue, it
+
+324
+00:21:06,690 --> 00:21:09,010
+falls in an angle. So where does it leave the
+
+325
+00:21:09,010 --> 00:21:13,020
+cornea? To the air. To the air.means not directly
+
+326
+00:21:13,020 --> 00:21:15,720
+to the eye, first to the air, then to the lenses
+
+327
+00:21:15,720 --> 00:21:19,920
+of the slit lamp, then to the eye When the cornea
+
+328
+00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:23,680
+leaves the air, of course from the highest point
+
+329
+00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:26,500
+in the refractive index, which is the cornea, and
+
+330
+00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:28,140
+from the lowest point in the refractive index,
+
+331
+00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:31,160
+which is the air, it falls at an angle greater
+
+332
+00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:33,320
+than the critical angle, so everything is
+
+333
+00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:38,220
+reflected inside the eyeThe phenomenon of total
+
+334
+00:21:38,220 --> 00:21:41,820
+internal reflection started to form a problem for
+
+335
+00:21:41,820 --> 00:21:46,940
+me .. a problem for me and therefore I have to
+
+336
+00:21:46,940 --> 00:21:50,020
+find a solution to this problem because with the
+
+337
+00:21:50,020 --> 00:21:52,780
+naked eye with the use of a slit lamp, it is
+
+338
+00:21:52,780 --> 00:21:56,240
+impossible to see the corner of the eye and the
+
+339
+00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:59,860
+point is not that it is a skill, meaning that
+
+340
+00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:01,300
+there is a doctor who can do it and a doctor who
+
+341
+00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,300
+cannot do it as long as the light does not reach
+
+342
+00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,410
+us, it means that nobody saw itAs long as we
+
+343
+00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:08,410
+didn't reach the light, it means no one saw it.
+
+344
+00:22:08,450 --> 00:22:11,890
+But why no one saw it? Because when the light that
+
+345
+00:22:11,890 --> 00:22:16,850
+is reflected from the anterior chamber angle, when
+
+346
+00:22:16,850 --> 00:22:20,490
+it passes from the anterior chamber to the cornea,
+
+347
+00:22:20,570 --> 00:22:23,650
+there is no problem, okay? From the lowest to the
+
+348
+00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:25,850
+highest, from the lowest in the refractive index
+
+349
+00:22:25,850 --> 00:22:29,650
+to the highest The anterior chamber, the aqueous,
+
+350
+00:22:30,170 --> 00:22:34,090
+the aqueous is one point three three threewhile
+
+351
+00:22:34,090 --> 00:22:40,210
+the cornea is 1.376 so from the lowest point to
+
+352
+00:22:40,210 --> 00:22:41,870
+the highest point, there will not be a total
+
+353
+00:22:41,870 --> 00:22:43,950
+internal reflection okay, he passed through the
+
+354
+00:22:43,950 --> 00:22:45,730
+cornea and reached the surface of the cornea in
+
+355
+00:22:45,730 --> 00:22:47,630
+front of him, he wants to go out into the air he
+
+356
+00:22:47,630 --> 00:22:50,750
+will fall at an angle greater than the critical
+
+357
+00:22:50,750 --> 00:22:53,010
+angle and do not forget that he wants to move from
+
+358
+00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:55,110
+the highest point, which is the cornea, to the
+
+359
+00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:56,510
+lowest point in the air if possible, there will be
+
+360
+00:22:56,510 --> 00:23:00,190
+a total internal reflection for the rays that fall
+
+361
+00:23:00,190 --> 00:23:03,510
+at angles greater than the critical angleAnd this
+
+362
+00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:07,050
+is really what happens. The treatment for this
+
+363
+00:23:07,050 --> 00:23:14,350
+problem, or so that we can see the .. which is the
+
+364
+00:23:14,350 --> 00:23:19,590
+problem of anterior chamber angle, I put the
+
+365
+00:23:19,590 --> 00:23:23,230
+gonioscopy lens, a specific lens, okay? I stick
+
+366
+00:23:23,230 --> 00:23:25,690
+it, I stick it to the surface of the chamber, I
+
+367
+00:23:25,690 --> 00:23:28,430
+put it on the surface of the chamber, okay? With
+
+368
+00:23:28,430 --> 00:23:30,930
+the help of a smooth material. Now I have
+
+369
+00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,840
+Quarantine is a liquid substance and then the
+
+370
+00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,220
+lens. The lens is of course made of glass.
+
+371
+00:23:38,060 --> 00:23:41,440
+Quarantine is a liquid substance and the lens has
+
+372
+00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:46,780
+no air, so the rays can go out. You might ask, how
+
+373
+00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:50,320
+did the total internal reflection appear? Of
+
+374
+00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,880
+course, when I use a liquid substance close to the
+
+375
+00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:57,820
+refractive index, close to the refractive index of
+
+376
+00:23:57,820 --> 00:24:02,030
+the quarantine, then sometimesبيكون الفرق في
+
+377
+00:24:02,030 --> 00:24:06,350
+refractive index بسيط فصعب جدا جدا أصل لل critical
+
+378
+00:24:06,350 --> 00:24:11,730
+angle و ساعتها الأشعة هتخرج هنا في مرايا داخل
+
+379
+00:24:11,730 --> 00:24:15,810
+العدسة داخل العدسة هاي العدسة هنا في مرايا داخلها
+
+380
+00:24:15,810 --> 00:24:19,180
+و هتشوفوها ان شاء الله تعالىin practical lessons,
+
+381
+00:24:19,660 --> 00:24:22,920
+and these mirrors reflect towards the eye of the
+
+382
+00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,040
+observer or the eye of the doctor who checks the
+
+383
+00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:29,640
+anterior chamber angle, who checks the anterior
+
+384
+00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:34,700
+chamber angle. One can say, okay, if the two
+
+385
+00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:36,200
+media, the two media
+
+386
+00:24:39,450 --> 00:24:43,830
+لو كانت two media قريبين من بعض .. قريبين من بعض
+
+387
+00:24:43,830 --> 00:24:48,550
+.. هل .. يعني هذا بيفيد في .. في تقليل ال total
+
+388
+00:24:48,550 --> 00:24:51,830
+internal reflection؟ بنقول خلينا احنا على المثال
+
+389
+00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:57,050
+هذا، لما كان عندي glass و هوا، زجاج و هوا، اللي ..
+
+390
+00:24:57,050 --> 00:25:01,610
+اللي .. عندي هنا في انكسار، فيش total internal
+
+391
+00:25:01,610 --> 00:25:05,270
+reflectionWhen I increase the angle, it increases
+
+392
+00:25:05,270 --> 00:25:07,750
+and increases, now I'm praying for a critical
+
+393
+00:25:07,750 --> 00:25:09,690
+angle, like this, almost like this, this is the
+
+394
+00:25:09,690 --> 00:25:14,510
+critical angle, almost, almost 42 degrees, now we
+
+395
+00:25:14,510 --> 00:25:18,050
+increased it to 42 and 1, nothing, everything is
+
+396
+00:25:18,050 --> 00:25:23,110
+reversed, so when I have glass and air, glass and
+
+397
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:26,970
+air, the critical angle is almost 42, more than
+
+398
+00:25:26,970 --> 00:25:33,060
+42, I have what? Total internal reflectionالان انا
+
+399
+00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:36,000
+بدي الفرق في ال refractive index بين ال glass و
+
+400
+00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:41,620
+بين ال هو تقريبا نص لإن واحد و نص ناقص واحد نص اذا
+
+401
+00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:44,980
+لما بيكون الفرق كبير هي كان عندي زاوية ال critical
+
+402
+00:25:44,980 --> 00:25:50,920
+angle طيب انا بدي أخلي water شايفين في انكسار مش
+
+403
+00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:54,160
+total internal reflection طيب عشان أشوف ال
+
+404
+00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:59,000
+critical angle بين ال glass و ال هو و بين ال glass
+
+405
+00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:04,390
+و الميه و ال water شايفينThis is when I reached 53
+
+406
+00:26:04,390 --> 00:26:07,910
+or 54 degrees of fall, and still the rays are
+
+407
+00:26:07,910 --> 00:26:09,890
+passing through, so there is no total internal
+
+408
+00:26:09,890 --> 00:26:11,710
+reflection. Can you see?
+
+409
+00:26:16,150 --> 00:26:23,730
+Here I reached almost, almost, the critical angle
+
+410
+00:26:23,730 --> 00:26:28,670
+is around 63 degrees. What does this mean? When I
+
+411
+00:26:28,670 --> 00:26:34,520
+reached 63 degrees,63 total internal reflection
+
+412
+00:26:34,520 --> 00:26:39,100
+there are no rays passing through so when the
+
+413
+00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:41,600
+difference in refractive index between the two
+
+414
+00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:42,940
+materials here the difference is one and a half
+
+415
+00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,420
+minus one and three three three when the
+
+416
+00:26:46,420 --> 00:26:49,520
+difference between the two materials is small in
+
+417
+00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:51,480
+refractive index the difference in refractive
+
+418
+00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:54,460
+index is small it is very difficult to reach the
+
+419
+00:26:54,460 --> 00:26:57,500
+critical angle that is, all the rays that fall
+
+420
+00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:02,130
+from an angle of less than 63 degreesThe signal
+
+421
+00:27:02,130 --> 00:27:05,230
+will pass through
+
+422
+00:27:05,230 --> 00:27:11,100
+the beam, while when there is a big gapIt becomes
+
+423
+00:27:11,100 --> 00:27:14,860
+a critical angle, which means its quantity is
+
+424
+00:27:14,860 --> 00:27:16,940
+small, its quantity is small And this is what we
+
+425
+00:27:16,940 --> 00:27:19,880
+do, that is, why do we put a solid substance on
+
+426
+00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,340
+the surface of the glass And we put a lens, of
+
+427
+00:27:22,340 --> 00:27:25,420
+course, a lens made of glass To reduce the
+
+428
+00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:27,640
+difference in the refractive index between cornea
+
+429
+00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:30,340
+and the substance after the cornea, which will
+
+430
+00:27:30,340 --> 00:27:32,660
+become the solid substance With little difference,
+
+431
+00:27:32,820 --> 00:27:36,640
+it becomes a large critical angleAnd it's hard
+
+432
+00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:39,360
+that all the rays will fall in these angles of
+
+433
+00:27:39,360 --> 00:27:41,560
+fall, so it will fall less than them, so it will
+
+434
+00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:45,660
+bounce to the fluid substance and then to the lens
+
+435
+00:27:45,660 --> 00:27:49,420
+and then to the lens And this shows that whenever
+
+436
+00:27:49,420 --> 00:27:52,440
+the difference in the refractive index between the
+
+437
+00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,280
+two substances is small, the less the critical
+
+438
+00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:59,520
+angle is, the greater the critical angle is When
+
+439
+00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:01,400
+the difference between the two substances is
+
+440
+00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:04,660
+small, let's go back, the difference between glass
+
+441
+00:28:04,660 --> 00:28:08,170
+and waterless than the difference between glass
+
+442
+00:28:08,170 --> 00:28:15,050
+and air when I put air, I have total internal
+
+443
+00:28:15,050 --> 00:28:19,650
+reflection I put water back, glass with water,
+
+444
+00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:22,970
+there is no total internal reflection glass with
+
+445
+00:28:22,970 --> 00:28:26,690
+air, total internal reflection why? because glass
+
+446
+00:28:26,690 --> 00:28:31,530
+with air, the critical angle is less now we are
+
+447
+00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,710
+less than the critical angle, the rays started to
+
+448
+00:28:33,710 --> 00:28:38,050
+go awaythat's how we got critical angle and total
+
+449
+00:28:38,050 --> 00:28:41,530
+internal reflection so, the bigger the difference
+
+450
+00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:45,210
+in refractive index between two objects, the
+
+451
+00:28:45,210 --> 00:28:47,950
+smaller the difference in refractive index and the
+
+452
+00:28:47,950 --> 00:28:52,630
+smaller the difference in critical angle and the
+
+453
+00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:55,030
+smaller the difference in refractive index and the
+
+454
+00:28:55,030 --> 00:28:55,630
+smaller the difference in refractive index and the
+
+455
+00:28:55,630 --> 00:28:58,610
+smaller the difference in critical angle and the
+
+456
+00:28:58,610 --> 00:29:01,410
+difference in refractive index opposite
+
+457
+00:29:01,410 --> 00:29:07,140
+relationship between critical angle andwhich is
+
+458
+00:29:07,140 --> 00:29:11,380
+the difference in the refractive index between the
+
+459
+00:29:11,380 --> 00:29:15,100
+two substances and thus we overcome the phenomenon
+
+460
+00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:19,220
+of total internal reflection because when we
+
+461
+00:29:19,220 --> 00:29:21,380
+benefit from it, there is no problem, but when it
+
+462
+00:29:21,380 --> 00:29:23,560
+bothers us in the matter of seeing the anterior
+
+463
+00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:30,280
+chamber angle, then we must overcome
+
+464
+00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,780
+it by reducing the difference in the refractive
+
+465
+00:29:33,780 --> 00:29:36,330
+index between the particle and the substanceاللي
+
+466
+00:29:36,330 --> 00:29:42,770
+بعت القرانية الان بده نستعرض بعض الأشياء اللي يعني
+
+467
+00:29:42,770 --> 00:29:46,390
+بتذكرنا او بتثبت لدينا فكرة ال total internal
+
+468
+00:29:46,390 --> 00:29:50,090
+reflection وننهي المحاضرة بذلك هاي عندي مصدر للضوء
+
+469
+00:29:50,090 --> 00:29:53,890
+داخل الزجاج السقوط عمودي باتجاه الهواء هذا اللي
+
+470
+00:29:53,890 --> 00:29:56,270
+فوق اللي هو الهواء وهنا الجزاز اللي هو باللون
+
+471
+00:29:56,270 --> 00:30:00,170
+الأزرق هاي المصدر الدوء سقوط عمودي الدوء ما تغير
+
+472
+00:30:00,170 --> 00:30:02,890
+اتجاههit didn't change its direction, it changed
+
+473
+00:30:02,890 --> 00:30:04,750
+its speed, when it comes out of the exhaust to the
+
+474
+00:30:04,750 --> 00:30:07,650
+air, it speeds up more, it speeds up more, now
+
+475
+00:30:07,650 --> 00:30:11,110
+there is a certain angle of fallThe angle of
+
+476
+00:30:11,110 --> 00:30:13,850
+deflection is greater than that, which means that
+
+477
+00:30:13,850 --> 00:30:16,250
+when the sun sets and moves away from the wind, it
+
+478
+00:30:16,250 --> 00:30:18,390
+moves away from the normal surface. Of course, the
+
+479
+00:30:18,390 --> 00:30:21,490
+normal surface I have here is not drawn. Well, the
+
+480
+00:30:21,490 --> 00:30:24,970
+angle of deflection increased, the angle of
+
+481
+00:30:24,970 --> 00:30:27,170
+deflection increased, the angle of deflection
+
+482
+00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:29,210
+increased, until it reached a greater angle of
+
+483
+00:30:29,210 --> 00:30:33,520
+deflection, greater than the critical anglefrom
+
+484
+00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:37,220
+the critical angle, then I have total internal
+
+485
+00:30:37,220 --> 00:30:39,600
+reflection, and as you can see here, there is no
+
+486
+00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,080
+radiation going out, all the rays fell at an angle
+
+487
+00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:46,680
+greater than the critical angle Of course, here I
+
+488
+00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:50,200
+have, maybe some of you noticed, that I have some
+
+489
+00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:53,960
+rays floating on the surface, these rays floating
+
+490
+00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:55,640
+on the surface, meaning there are thousands of
+
+491
+00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:59,270
+raysالعلاق في الأشعة، بعض الأشعة اللي تسبح على
+
+492
+00:30:59,270 --> 00:31:03,830
+السطح تمام، تمام، هذه سقطت بزاوية سقوط تساوي ل
+
+493
+00:31:03,830 --> 00:31:07,870
+critical angle، تساوي ل critical angleanother view
+
+494
+00:31:07,870 --> 00:31:11,430
+shows me the total internal reflection inside the
+
+495
+00:31:11,430 --> 00:31:15,710
+glass by using a red laser pen of course a fall
+
+496
+00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:18,950
+greater than the critical angle will leave the
+
+497
+00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:22,690
+laser inside the glass a fall again on the second
+
+498
+00:31:22,690 --> 00:31:24,970
+floor which is this floor will increase the fall
+
+499
+00:31:24,970 --> 00:31:30,090
+greater than the critical angle again total
+
+500
+00:31:30,090 --> 00:31:34,790
+internal reflection also here the same case total
+
+501
+00:31:34,790 --> 00:31:37,560
+internal reflection repeatedmeans that the light
+
+502
+00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:42,420
+is still trapped inside the glass Also here, the
+
+503
+00:31:42,420 --> 00:31:46,040
+light was in the air, the light was in the air, it
+
+504
+00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:48,480
+entered the water, it entered the water, it
+
+505
+00:31:48,480 --> 00:31:49,900
+reached the surface of the water, it wanted to go
+
+506
+00:31:49,900 --> 00:31:55,210
+up to the air but it fellبزاوية سقوط اكبر من ال
+
+507
+00:31:55,210 --> 00:31:58,550
+critical angle فيعني اعكس داخل الماء ايضا ظاهرة ال
+
+508
+00:31:58,550 --> 00:32:01,790
+total internal reflection ال total internal
+
+509
+00:32:01,790 --> 00:32:05,950
+reflection بنتوقف عند موضوع ال dispersion ويعطيكم
+
+510
+00:32:05,950 --> 00:32:08,690
+العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/W_Gh7bLQzT4_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1604 @@
+1
+00:00:01,840 --> 00:00:03,040
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,660 --> 00:00:07,300
+We will continue the lectures on Geometric Optics.
+
+3
+00:00:07,880 --> 00:00:11,660
+And we said that photography through pinhole,
+
+4
+00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:14,780
+there is an interference between the images of the
+
+5
+00:00:14,780 --> 00:00:17,140
+points because their size is larger than the
+
+6
+00:00:17,140 --> 00:00:21,600
+point. And that the only way to get a stigmatic or
+
+7
+00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:28,300
+perfect image is to use an optical system.it gives
+
+8
+00:00:28,300 --> 00:00:31,460
+me the picture of any point in the object to be a
+
+9
+00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:34,520
+point, so that there is no interference between
+
+10
+00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:36,840
+the pictures of the adjacent points and thus the
+
+11
+00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:42,660
+picture looks like the object by 100% Also, the
+
+12
+00:00:42,660 --> 00:00:47,060
+loss of qualityوالتفاصيل بيحدث في العدسات وفي
+
+13
+00:00:47,060 --> 00:00:51,380
+المرايا Loss of detail occurs in lens and mirror
+
+14
+00:00:51,380 --> 00:00:55,280
+imaging as well because light from an object point
+
+15
+00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:58,480
+is distributed over a region of the image rather
+
+16
+00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:04,860
+than being confined to a perfect image point أيضا
+
+17
+00:01:04,860 --> 00:01:10,870
+الصورة اللي بتتكون بواسطة العدسات والمراياIt also
+
+18
+00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:14,250
+means that it lacks some details, that is, it is
+
+19
+00:01:14,250 --> 00:01:18,090
+not clear or similar to the object by 100% or its
+
+20
+00:01:18,090 --> 00:01:21,590
+quality by 100% The reason is that from any object
+
+21
+00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:24,110
+point, from any point in the object, if we say
+
+22
+00:01:24,110 --> 00:01:28,470
+from point A for example, what is the condition of
+
+23
+00:01:28,470 --> 00:01:31,470
+the picture? It is a space from the light, of
+
+24
+00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:34,250
+course, a space not a circle, I can't call it a
+
+25
+00:01:34,250 --> 00:01:37,850
+Blair circle, nor an ellipse, by the wayI call it
+
+26
+00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:39,930
+Blair ellipse, because it is an irregular and
+
+27
+00:01:39,930 --> 00:01:43,230
+random space, of course much smaller than the size
+
+28
+00:01:43,230 --> 00:01:48,150
+of the Blair circle made by the pinhole, in other
+
+29
+00:01:48,150 --> 00:01:50,150
+words, the interference is less and the picture is
+
+30
+00:01:50,150 --> 00:01:52,590
+much better than the picture of the pinhole, and
+
+31
+00:01:52,590 --> 00:01:58,010
+yet there is some interference and therefore the
+
+32
+00:01:58,010 --> 00:02:01,940
+quality of the picture is not 100%Of course, what
+
+33
+00:02:01,940 --> 00:02:04,920
+is the reason that the quality is not 100% because
+
+34
+00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,400
+the rays coming from any point in the object, if
+
+35
+00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:10,800
+we say from point A, and this applies to all
+
+36
+00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:13,360
+points of the object, but we will take point A in
+
+37
+00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:17,140
+the object as an example, we say the rays coming
+
+38
+00:02:17,140 --> 00:02:20,000
+from it, which entered the lens, which broke and
+
+39
+00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,860
+gathered to form a condition which is the shape of
+
+40
+00:02:22,860 --> 00:02:26,410
+AWhat are the conditions that made it to a certain
+
+41
+00:02:26,410 --> 00:02:29,150
+area in the picture? What are the conditions that
+
+42
+00:02:29,150 --> 00:02:32,770
+made this area work? Of course, it insisted a lot
+
+43
+00:02:32,770 --> 00:02:34,910
+on the player circle topic, which we said that the
+
+44
+00:02:34,910 --> 00:02:36,710
+diameter of the player circle is about 2
+
+45
+00:02:36,710 --> 00:02:42,170
+millimeters in our experienceوطبعا أصغر بكثير يعني
+
+46
+00:02:42,170 --> 00:02:46,030
+التداخل أقل بين A شرطة وB شرطة وC شرطة وما إلى ذلك
+
+47
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:50,150
+ومع ذلك يوجد نوع من التداخل الان A شرطة اللي هي
+
+48
+00:02:50,150 --> 00:02:54,030
+صورة A متعرجة جدا ماقدرش أسميها Blair Circle لإن
+
+49
+00:02:54,030 --> 00:02:57,430
+لا ينطبق عليها كلمة Blair Circle شوفوا احنا
+
+50
+00:02:57,430 --> 00:03:05,030
+هنسميها أيش بعد قليل بعد قليل طيب احنا بنقولIn the
+
+51
+00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:07,590
+normal situation or in the ideal situation, let's
+
+52
+00:03:07,590 --> 00:03:10,910
+say in the ideal situation, we imagine that the
+
+53
+00:03:10,910 --> 00:03:14,010
+object is one point, which is of course an
+
+54
+00:03:14,010 --> 00:03:16,970
+infinite number of points, but we imagine that one
+
+55
+00:03:16,970 --> 00:03:20,830
+point is A, and that the rays started from A in
+
+56
+00:03:20,830 --> 00:03:23,530
+all directions, turned in it, turned in the part
+
+57
+00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:26,210
+that came from point A, which is a point in the
+
+58
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:32,910
+objectودخل العدسة مفروض في الوضع المثالي انه يتجمع
+
+59
+00:03:32,910 --> 00:03:37,450
+على ورقة التلقي بشكل نقطة يعني اي شرطة نقطة زي ما
+
+60
+00:03:37,450 --> 00:03:41,690
+هي اي نقطة ساعتها بيستمش اي تداخل بين صور النقاط
+
+61
+00:03:41,690 --> 00:03:44,970
+ونقول هذه a stigmatic image يعني ع ورقة التلقي
+
+62
+00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:48,170
+Paper of acceptance, what is the condition of a
+
+63
+00:03:48,170 --> 00:03:49,970
+point? Of course you notice that here is a circle,
+
+64
+00:03:50,150 --> 00:03:54,410
+of course I couldn't draw it as a circle, as a
+
+65
+00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:57,810
+point, excuse me, and what I drew was a circle,
+
+66
+00:03:57,870 --> 00:03:59,910
+but it is a point, here we have to imagine that it
+
+67
+00:03:59,910 --> 00:04:02,710
+is a point, if this exemplary situation exists, if
+
+68
+00:04:02,710 --> 00:04:06,510
+this optical system existsIt gives me quality of
+
+69
+00:04:06,510 --> 00:04:08,790
+the image one hundred percent, which means perfect
+
+70
+00:04:08,790 --> 00:04:12,290
+image, the image is considered to be original to
+
+71
+00:04:12,290 --> 00:04:15,670
+the object without losing any details But what
+
+72
+00:04:15,670 --> 00:04:20,570
+really happens is that the rays that ..It came
+
+73
+00:04:20,570 --> 00:04:22,810
+from what? It was a fortune to enter this optical
+
+74
+00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:25,730
+system, it doesn't gather in one point of focus,
+
+75
+00:04:26,030 --> 00:04:28,150
+it doesn't happen by reading it or by gathering it
+
+76
+00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:32,770
+in one place, but it gathers and intersects in a
+
+77
+00:04:32,770 --> 00:04:35,070
+closer place or a weaker place or the highest
+
+78
+00:04:35,070 --> 00:04:37,290
+place it gathers in, we don't say here, we say
+
+79
+00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:40,810
+herein this area here if we click on the picture
+
+80
+00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:43,710
+we will find an A picture which is a random,
+
+81
+00:04:45,350 --> 00:04:49,130
+simple, simple shape much smaller than the layer
+
+82
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:50,850
+circle that we talked about in the topic of the
+
+83
+00:04:50,850 --> 00:04:53,510
+pinhole if of course the conditions of the lens
+
+84
+00:04:53,510 --> 00:04:55,010
+experience and the conditions of the pinhole
+
+85
+00:04:55,010 --> 00:04:56,670
+experience are unified what does unified mean? it
+
+86
+00:04:56,670 --> 00:04:58,990
+means that we used the same object and the same
+
+87
+00:04:58,990 --> 00:05:01,610
+distance that the pinhole put on it the same
+
+88
+00:05:01,610 --> 00:05:02,850
+distance that the lens put on it and the same
+
+89
+00:05:02,850 --> 00:05:06,110
+distance of the reception paper so here one foot
+
+90
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:13,300
+And here one foot So, the size or the area of the
+
+91
+00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:18,520
+A-sharp is approximately from 50 micron to 100
+
+92
+00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:21,200
+micron in diameter, but here it's from one
+
+93
+00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:23,360
+millimeter to two millimetersTo know the
+
+94
+00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:25,200
+difference, the milli is 1000 microns, which means
+
+95
+00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:28,200
+in the case of pinhole from 1000 to 2000 microns,
+
+96
+00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,280
+while here from 50 to 100 microns, which means
+
+97
+00:05:31,280 --> 00:05:35,280
+much smaller than a condition through the lens
+
+98
+00:05:35,280 --> 00:05:39,420
+than through the pinhole, of course the pinhole is
+
+99
+00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:42,760
+not drawn from it, so when the size of the point
+
+100
+00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,330
+is smallerIts interference with other points is
+
+101
+00:05:46,330 --> 00:05:50,170
+less, so the picture is better But to get a 100%
+
+102
+00:05:50,170 --> 00:05:52,210
+picture, there should not be any interference at
+
+103
+00:05:52,210 --> 00:05:55,590
+all between picture A which is A condition and
+
+104
+00:05:55,590 --> 00:05:57,990
+picture B which is B condition and C condition and
+
+105
+00:05:57,990 --> 00:06:00,590
+D condition and E condition and so on When there
+
+106
+00:06:00,590 --> 00:06:06,050
+is no interference, the picture is 100% similar to
+
+107
+00:06:06,050 --> 00:06:08,850
+the object Of course, this happens because picture
+
+108
+00:06:08,850 --> 00:06:11,670
+A condition .. picture A which is A condition is a
+
+109
+00:06:11,670 --> 00:06:16,540
+pointpoint image with point B and point C when
+
+110
+00:06:16,540 --> 00:06:19,980
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+111
+00:06:19,980 --> 00:06:23,340
+point B and
+
+112
+00:06:23,340 --> 00:06:25,180
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+113
+00:06:25,180 --> 00:06:27,320
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+114
+00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:28,300
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+115
+00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:28,300
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+116
+00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:28,300
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+117
+00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:28,900
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+118
+00:06:28,900 --> 00:06:29,060
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+119
+00:06:29,060 --> 00:06:30,240
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+120
+00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:32,340
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+121
+00:06:32,340 --> 00:06:34,720
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+122
+00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,780
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+123
+00:06:37,780 --> 00:06:40,340
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+124
+00:06:40,340 --> 00:06:41,260
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+125
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:41,260
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+126
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:41,260
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+127
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:41,260
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+128
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:41,260
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+129
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:41,260
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+130
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:42,640
+point C when they reach point B and point Cو ممكن
+
+131
+00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,920
+تكون أكبر من ذلك وصولة لمائة ميقرومتر هذا التصوير
+
+132
+00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:50,780
+بواسطة العدسات طبعا حتى لو تصورنا أنها عشرة
+
+133
+00:06:50,780 --> 00:06:53,740
+ميقرومتر، هذي مش نقطة، دي أكبر بكثير من النقطة
+
+134
+00:06:53,740 --> 00:06:57,760
+This is better than a typical pinholebut the shape
+
+135
+00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:01,720
+of the spot is very irregular ال spot اللي هي صورة
+
+136
+00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:05,040
+النقطة صورة A اللي هي A شرطة او صورة B اللي هي B
+
+137
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:09,640
+شرطة شكلها very irregular .. very irregular اذا
+
+138
+00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:13,000
+مصطلح player circle مينفعش لكن احنا في .. في .. في
+
+139
+00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:17,120
+تجربة البنهول قلنا player circle لأنه فعلا بيعطيني
+
+140
+00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:24,000
+عبارة عن spot بشكل دائري او بشكل بيضاوي فبسميها
+
+141
+00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,400
+player circle او player ellipse
+
+142
+00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:36,300
+طب إيش أطلق عليها؟ إذا the term player circle is
+
+143
+00:07:36,300 --> 00:07:39,140
+especially misleading when applied to lenses and
+
+144
+00:07:39,140 --> 00:07:43,000
+mirrors بقدرش أستعمله لما أنا أستعمل العدسات أو
+
+145
+00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:46,660
+المرايا وإنما بدأ أستعمل مصطلح تاني غير ال player
+
+146
+00:07:46,660 --> 00:07:50,720
+circle عشان أسمي فيه صور نقاط ال object عشان أسمي
+
+147
+00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:55,080
+فيه صور نقاط ال object a better term is point
+
+148
+00:07:55,080 --> 00:07:59,670
+spread function احنا هنختار اسم ..to this shape,
+
+149
+00:07:59,770 --> 00:08:03,270
+we have to say the sign of the point's spread When
+
+150
+00:08:03,270 --> 00:08:06,330
+we say the sign of the point's spread, the sign of
+
+151
+00:08:06,330 --> 00:08:09,450
+the point's spread, it doesn't go to our mind or
+
+152
+00:08:09,450 --> 00:08:13,430
+our mind to the mathematical circles Scene, sign,
+
+153
+00:08:13,610 --> 00:08:15,770
+economy, etc. No, that's not what we mean The sign
+
+154
+00:08:15,770 --> 00:08:18,070
+of the point's spread means the shape that
+
+155
+00:08:18,070 --> 00:08:22,410
+indicates to me the way of the radiation that is
+
+156
+00:08:22,410 --> 00:08:28,330
+coming from point Aوانتشرت في سطح ال image واحتلت
+
+157
+00:08:28,330 --> 00:08:35,450
+جزء من سطح ال image وانتشرت
+
+158
+00:08:35,450 --> 00:08:47,730
+في سطح ال image واحتلت جزء من سطح ال image وانتشرت
+
+159
+00:08:47,730 --> 00:08:51,150
+في سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+160
+00:08:51,150 --> 00:08:51,870
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+161
+00:08:51,870 --> 00:08:52,530
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+162
+00:08:52,530 --> 00:08:53,050
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+163
+00:08:53,050 --> 00:08:54,770
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+164
+00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:54,770
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+165
+00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:54,770
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+166
+00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:56,690
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطحwhich described هذه
+
+167
+00:08:56,690 --> 00:09:00,230
+point spread function ده اللي تنتشر النقطة بتوصفلي
+
+168
+00:09:00,230 --> 00:09:04,090
+the way الطريقة اللي light from a single object
+
+169
+00:09:04,090 --> 00:09:07,990
+point is spread out in the image يعني كيف انتشر
+
+170
+00:09:07,990 --> 00:09:10,970
+على سطح ال image و إيش الموقع اللي احتله و الشكل
+
+171
+00:09:10,970 --> 00:09:14,490
+اللي احتله و المساحة اللي احتلها بتعريجها بكل
+
+172
+00:09:14,490 --> 00:09:19,430
+أمورها طبعا هذا نحكي على point واحدة و هذا بينطبق
+
+173
+00:09:19,430 --> 00:09:25,190
+على جميع ال points يعني كل صورةكل صورة لنقطة تعتبر
+
+174
+00:09:25,190 --> 00:09:29,130
+دالة انتشار الضوء القادم من هذه النقطة كل صورة
+
+175
+00:09:29,130 --> 00:09:34,590
+لنقطة هي صورة لنقطةها احنا قلنا هذه النقطة هنسميها
+
+176
+00:09:34,590 --> 00:09:38,620
+ايه وصورتها هنسميها اي شرطةOkay, what is the
+
+177
+00:09:38,620 --> 00:09:40,420
+condition if I want to describe it scientifically,
+
+178
+00:09:40,540 --> 00:09:42,320
+I say what is the condition? It is the point
+
+179
+00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:46,400
+spread function of A What does point spread
+
+180
+00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,840
+function of A mean? It means the way in which the
+
+181
+00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:53,960
+light came from A and spread over the surface of
+
+182
+00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:56,040
+the target Is it spread in a system? No, it did
+
+183
+00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:58,800
+not spread in a system, it spread in an irregular
+
+184
+00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:02,620
+way with high limits in the high region from the
+
+185
+00:10:02,620 --> 00:10:05,260
+surface of the target paper .. from the surface of
+
+186
+00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:13,030
+the target paperThis is a simulation more clearly
+
+187
+00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:15,710
+of the idea that we are talking about, meaning
+
+188
+00:10:15,710 --> 00:10:17,690
+that from one of the points, light spread in this
+
+189
+00:10:17,690 --> 00:10:21,270
+way I can't say it's white, because there is a
+
+190
+00:10:21,270 --> 00:10:23,270
+percentage of oxidation, here the oxidation is
+
+191
+00:10:23,270 --> 00:10:28,950
+morepoint spread function for light came from
+
+192
+00:10:28,950 --> 00:10:31,930
+another point here point spread function for light
+
+193
+00:10:31,930 --> 00:10:34,990
+came from a third point from a third point of
+
+194
+00:10:34,990 --> 00:10:37,550
+course the measurements are in micrometer
+
+195
+00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:40,670
+measurements are in micrometer you might wonder
+
+196
+00:10:40,670 --> 00:10:44,930
+now I see colors there are red colors, yellow
+
+197
+00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:48,110
+colors, green colors, blue colors, purple colors
+
+198
+00:10:48,110 --> 00:10:53,030
+this shows this shows the colorsthe amount of
+
+199
+00:10:53,030 --> 00:10:57,430
+radiation or the amount of energy that reached the
+
+200
+00:10:57,430 --> 00:11:00,390
+surface in this point, in this area, it differs
+
+201
+00:11:00,390 --> 00:11:02,650
+from it in this area, that is, here centrally the
+
+202
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:04,890
+red color indicates that the energy is large and
+
+203
+00:11:04,890 --> 00:11:06,650
+on the edges of the energy less, that is, these
+
+204
+00:11:06,650 --> 00:11:09,730
+colors have to do with matter and particles,
+
+205
+00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:12,590
+physical optics, but we have a relationship in
+
+206
+00:11:12,590 --> 00:11:15,750
+that what are the spatial dimensions and what is
+
+207
+00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:18,670
+the area and what are the limits of images of each
+
+208
+00:11:18,670 --> 00:11:20,730
+point, if we imagine for example what is this
+
+209
+00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:24,020
+conditionand this is b condition and this is c
+
+210
+00:11:24,020 --> 00:11:28,120
+condition and we apply this to all objects no
+
+211
+00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:31,260
+matter how small they are in size and this area
+
+212
+00:11:31,260 --> 00:11:33,440
+which is the point spread function this is what
+
+213
+00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:36,520
+spreads the point or the image of the point if we
+
+214
+00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:39,420
+simply say it, we say image of the point if we say
+
+215
+00:11:39,420 --> 00:11:42,540
+it in a scientific way, we say the way that spread
+
+216
+00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:48,040
+بها الضوء القادم من نقطة على سطح ال image و الموقع
+
+217
+00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,900
+اللي احتلوه بمعنى آخر دالة انتشار الضوء القادم من
+
+218
+00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:55,600
+نقطة ما من ال object هي صورة هذه النقطة دالة
+
+219
+00:11:55,600 --> 00:12:01,750
+انتشار دالة انتشار الضوء القادم من نقطة ماOn the
+
+220
+00:12:01,750 --> 00:12:05,350
+surface of the image is the picture of this point,
+
+221
+00:12:05,530 --> 00:12:08,930
+is the picture of this point Of course, although
+
+222
+00:12:08,930 --> 00:12:11,270
+the sizes are small or the spaces are small,
+
+223
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,810
+because there is some interference and this makes
+
+224
+00:12:14,810 --> 00:12:17,450
+the picture lose some details, it's true it's
+
+225
+00:12:17,450 --> 00:12:22,050
+worse than the picture of pinhole, but .. but I
+
+226
+00:12:22,050 --> 00:12:26,290
+have a kind of interferenceand this speech leads
+
+227
+00:12:26,290 --> 00:12:33,850
+to lack of details and quality to summarize
+
+228
+00:12:33,850 --> 00:12:40,290
+everythingA stigmatic image is a perfect point
+
+229
+00:12:40,290 --> 00:12:43,990
+image of an object point يعني الصورة اللي هي طبق
+
+230
+00:12:43,990 --> 00:12:48,170
+الأصل لازم تعطيني لكل object point image point
+
+231
+00:12:48,170 --> 00:12:52,590
+عبارة عن point however in most cases في غالب
+
+232
+00:12:52,590 --> 00:12:57,520
+الأحيان images are not stigmatic insteadlight from
+
+233
+00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:01,420
+a single object point is distributed over a small
+
+234
+00:13:01,420 --> 00:13:04,900
+region of the image this small region I can call
+
+235
+00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:09,120
+it layer circle in the case of pinhole or better
+
+236
+00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:12,840
+to call it point spread function point spread
+
+237
+00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:20,080
+function if we want to giveThe image formed by an
+
+238
+00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:24,140
+optical system is the spatial summation of the
+
+239
+00:13:24,140 --> 00:13:29,270
+point spread functions for every object pointabout
+
+240
+00:13:29,270 --> 00:13:32,010
+a condition plus b condition plus c condition plus
+
+241
+00:13:32,010 --> 00:13:33,830
+d condition which is the picture of the point of
+
+242
+00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:36,390
+the object in a set of pictures of the point of
+
+243
+00:13:36,390 --> 00:13:38,750
+the object, we said that each point picture is
+
+244
+00:13:38,750 --> 00:13:41,090
+considered the point spread function of the light
+
+245
+00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:44,090
+that came from this point so the image in a set is
+
+246
+00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:48,110
+the set of point spread functions the empty set
+
+247
+00:13:48,110 --> 00:13:53,390
+the empty set of point spread function for every
+
+248
+00:13:53,390 --> 00:13:57,720
+object pointLight spreads in a way that comes from
+
+249
+00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:01,100
+A and spreads in a way that differs from it coming
+
+250
+00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:04,800
+from B and spreads in a way that differs from them
+
+251
+00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,480
+both coming from C so A condition which is point
+
+252
+00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:10,840
+spread function to A and B condition which is
+
+253
+00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,600
+point spread function to B and C condition which
+
+254
+00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,100
+is point spread function to C in their set they
+
+255
+00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:21,280
+form the image so the image must be identified as
+
+256
+00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:24,060
+the spatial summation
+
+257
+00:14:26,180 --> 00:14:30,160
+Special summation of the point spread functions
+
+258
+00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:34,580
+for every object
+
+259
+00:14:34,580 --> 00:14:41,040
+point The amount of
+
+260
+00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:46,240
+detail in an imageis related to the size of the
+
+261
+00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,620
+player circle or point spread function for each
+
+262
+00:14:49,620 --> 00:14:50,480
+object point
+
+263
+00:15:00,450 --> 00:15:03,310
+The smaller the point spread function, the better
+
+264
+00:15:03,310 --> 00:15:06,390
+the resemblance between object and image The
+
+265
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:14,870
+smaller the point spread function, the better the
+
+266
+00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:29,430
+resemblance between object and
+
+267
+00:15:29,430 --> 00:15:33,700
+imageWe come now to give an introduction to the
+
+268
+00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:38,300
+following topic, which is light propagation And we
+
+269
+00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:40,840
+will talk about the propagation of light, and we
+
+270
+00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:45,380
+will talk about optical media and about refractive
+
+271
+00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:49,490
+index which is the factor of refractionبنقول مقدمة
+
+272
+00:15:49,490 --> 00:15:52,850
+انو light travels through a variety of materials
+
+273
+00:15:52,850 --> 00:15:56,970
+such as air, glass, plastics, liquids, crystals,
+
+274
+00:15:57,630 --> 00:16:01,610
+some biological tissues, the vacuum of space and
+
+275
+00:16:01,610 --> 00:16:08,790
+even some metals يعني الضوء بيسري عبر مواد كتيرة
+
+276
+00:16:08,790 --> 00:16:14,600
+مثل الهواءالزجاج، بعض أنواع ال plastic، بعض
+
+277
+00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:21,040
+السوائل، بعض البلورات، بعض الأنسجة الحيوية، وحنحكي
+
+278
+00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:25,350
+أمثلة على ذلك، أيضا يسر الضوء في الفراغI mean
+
+279
+00:16:25,350 --> 00:16:28,390
+without the presence of air in the vacuum And also
+
+280
+00:16:28,390 --> 00:16:31,410
+sometimes there are some types of metals that
+
+281
+00:16:31,410 --> 00:16:34,650
+absorb light In order to see this process or not
+
+282
+00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:37,610
+to be surprised by it, we show some pictures Here
+
+283
+00:16:37,610 --> 00:16:42,050
+we have the candlelight Here we can imagine that
+
+284
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:46,090
+there is a room with four walls The wall that we
+
+285
+00:16:46,090 --> 00:16:48,990
+like is raised so that we can see what is
+
+286
+00:16:48,990 --> 00:16:52,890
+happening Every substance in life is called
+
+287
+00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,840
+materialEach substance in life is called material
+
+288
+00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:03,960
+But when this substance, for example glass and for
+
+289
+00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:07,520
+example wood for example and this is half
+
+290
+00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:10,860
+transparent glass Glass goes through light, which
+
+291
+00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:13,600
+means that if someone stands here, he will see the
+
+292
+00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:15,600
+candle and it will light up and reach the light,
+
+293
+00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:18,960
+why? Because glass flows through air, which is the
+
+294
+00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:25,320
+air of the room, then flows through glassThen it
+
+295
+00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,820
+flows again through the air and reaches the person
+
+296
+00:17:30,820 --> 00:17:33,860
+who notices this picture So it flows through the
+
+297
+00:17:33,860 --> 00:17:38,700
+air and through the glass Okay, so glass is a
+
+298
+00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:41,680
+material, but I also call it optical medium, or in
+
+299
+00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:45,860
+short I call it mediumNow the wood for example,
+
+300
+00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:49,480
+the wood is painted white, if a person stands
+
+301
+00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:51,340
+behind the wood, he will not notice the light
+
+302
+00:17:51,340 --> 00:17:54,720
+because the light shines on the wood or the wooden
+
+303
+00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:58,300
+wall and reflects or the cement wall, whether it
+
+304
+00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:03,540
+is a real wall or a wooden wall or a gypsum board
+
+305
+00:18:03,540 --> 00:18:05,720
+or something similar, he will not see standing
+
+306
+00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,040
+behind him the light of the candle, thereforeهدا
+
+307
+00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:12,180
+بتسمى material بس مابسميهوش medium يعني medium
+
+308
+00:18:12,180 --> 00:18:16,440
+لإنه وسط بصري معناته لازم ينفذ الضوء طالما هدا
+
+309
+00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:19,920
+مانفدش الضوء بيسموه opaque معتم بيتسمى material
+
+310
+00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:23,680
+هدا material و هدا material بينما هدا أيضا إله اسم
+
+311
+00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:26,920
+تاني medium وسط بصري لإنه بنفذ الضوء و هدا
+
+312
+00:18:26,920 --> 00:18:33,840
+مابتسماش وسط بصريNow, the frosted glass, the glass
+
+313
+00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:37,120
+that is frozen or that is completely frozen, they
+
+314
+00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:40,060
+call it translucent, half transparent, it emits
+
+315
+00:18:40,060 --> 00:18:43,060
+some light, which means that if a person stands
+
+316
+00:18:43,060 --> 00:18:44,940
+behind it, he sees the glow of the candle,
+
+317
+00:18:45,060 --> 00:18:46,980
+although he doesn't see itOr they see the light of
+
+318
+00:18:46,980 --> 00:18:49,000
+the candle, but they don't see it clearly, but
+
+319
+00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,540
+some light reaches it, which means that the light
+
+320
+00:18:51,540 --> 00:18:54,000
+carried it, which I also call optical medium It's
+
+321
+00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:55,880
+not a condition that the optical medium is higher
+
+322
+00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:59,100
+than the purity The important thing is that this
+
+323
+00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:02,160
+wall, which is translucent, half transparent,
+
+324
+00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:06,350
+carried the light, which is also a mediumوهدا
+
+325
+00:19:06,350 --> 00:19:10,430
+medium، كلهم material، بس هذا بسميهوش medium، هذا
+
+326
+00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:14,910
+بسميهوش medium، اذا كل medium هي material، بينما
+
+327
+00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:18,950
+ليس كل material هي medium، بعض ال materials بتكونش
+
+328
+00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:20,190
+أوساط بصرية
+
+329
+00:19:23,450 --> 00:19:25,910
+This is a picture of a diver in the lake, it's
+
+330
+00:19:25,910 --> 00:19:28,910
+clear that here, you see, there are two boats of
+
+331
+00:19:28,910 --> 00:19:31,610
+light in the water, two boats of light in the
+
+332
+00:19:31,610 --> 00:19:33,370
+water, of course, the goal is not to look at this
+
+333
+00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:37,450
+marine plant, but that the light is in .. I mean,
+
+334
+00:19:37,550 --> 00:19:40,050
+it's clear that the light rays are two boats in
+
+335
+00:19:40,050 --> 00:19:43,250
+the water of the sea, so the light flows through
+
+336
+00:19:43,250 --> 00:19:46,110
+some liquids, whether it's fresh water or salt
+
+337
+00:19:46,110 --> 00:19:49,910
+water or alcohol or many liquids, the light flows
+
+338
+00:19:49,910 --> 00:19:54,220
+through themWater, water is considered an optical
+
+339
+00:19:54,220 --> 00:19:58,180
+medium, meaning optical media Also the eye, we
+
+340
+00:19:58,180 --> 00:20:00,500
+said that it shoots light through biological
+
+341
+00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,720
+tissues, this is a biological tissue, why? Because
+
+342
+00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:07,780
+of relativity The crystalline lens is a biological
+
+343
+00:20:07,780 --> 00:20:13,240
+tissue The vitreous gel is also a specific type of
+
+344
+00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:15,360
+tissue and sometimes it turns into liquid
+
+345
+00:20:18,660 --> 00:20:21,380
+The light travels through all these fibers and
+
+346
+00:20:21,380 --> 00:20:24,380
+liquids, of course, also the liquid in the front
+
+347
+00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:26,760
+chamber, which is the aqueous humor, travels
+
+348
+00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:28,860
+through the light, and if it wasn't that the light
+
+349
+00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:31,920
+travels through these fibers and vital liquids, we
+
+350
+00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:33,420
+wouldn't have reached the network and we wouldn't
+
+351
+00:20:33,420 --> 00:20:37,700
+have been able to see the pictures or enjoy the
+
+352
+00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:41,320
+world, the pictures of the world around us or the
+
+353
+00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:46,170
+visual field that surrounds usThe issue of light
+
+354
+00:20:46,170 --> 00:20:48,190
+absorption in plastic, some types of transparent
+
+355
+00:20:48,190 --> 00:20:50,510
+plastic, like transparent nylon bags, also light
+
+356
+00:20:50,510 --> 00:20:52,810
+passes through them, indicating that if a person
+
+357
+00:20:52,810 --> 00:20:55,970
+puts a piece of this transparent nylon in front of
+
+358
+00:20:55,970 --> 00:21:02,110
+him and looks through it, he sees many things,
+
+359
+00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:04,030
+that is, things that are obstructed and even
+
+360
+00:21:04,030 --> 00:21:06,430
+objects that are obstructed and reflected, that
+
+361
+00:21:06,430 --> 00:21:08,550
+is, he can see things, and we also said that it is
+
+362
+00:21:08,550 --> 00:21:11,170
+not necessary to be 100% clear, the important
+
+363
+00:21:11,170 --> 00:21:13,680
+thing is that lightit exhales through this ..
+
+364
+00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:17,160
+these types of plastic Also there are other
+
+365
+00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:20,680
+elements like silicon Silicon is considered one of
+
+366
+00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:22,940
+the most similar elements in oil and also light
+
+367
+00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:25,920
+emanates through it whether it is silicon which is
+
+368
+00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:31,100
+the dough or liquid or solid silicon regardless of
+
+369
+00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,560
+its appearance Even in some networks operations
+
+370
+00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:38,320
+and network disconnections, silicon oil is usedin
+
+371
+00:21:38,320 --> 00:21:41,600
+order to replace the glass liquid or vitreous and
+
+372
+00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:46,940
+this is the silicon oil for the silicon oil if it
+
+373
+00:21:46,940 --> 00:21:49,280
+absorbs light, the patients will not be able to
+
+374
+00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800
+use it because in the end it will lead to the
+
+375
+00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,060
+light not reaching the retina and consequently the
+
+376
+00:21:54,060 --> 00:21:57,600
+person will not be able to see if this is not a
+
+377
+00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,060
+middle of the eyeSo, all these examples are
+
+378
+00:22:00,060 --> 00:22:05,740
+considered visual means that carry out light So, a
+
+379
+00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:09,780
+medium is any material that transmits light So,
+
+380
+00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,200
+what is the optical medium? Or in short, the
+
+381
+00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:16,180
+medium is any material that carries out light This
+
+382
+00:22:16,180 --> 00:22:20,350
+does not apply to woodand it doesn't apply to dark
+
+383
+00:22:20,350 --> 00:22:24,530
+plastic and it doesn't apply to iron because they
+
+384
+00:22:24,530 --> 00:22:26,790
+don't produce light, I call them material right,
+
+385
+00:22:26,910 --> 00:22:30,870
+but I can't call them medium As for the material
+
+386
+00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:33,670
+that produces light, like glass, like water, like
+
+387
+00:22:33,670 --> 00:22:37,390
+air, they are all called optical medium Light
+
+388
+00:22:37,390 --> 00:22:40,570
+travels at different speeds at different medium,
+
+389
+00:22:40,910 --> 00:22:45,540
+the speed of lightبتختلف من medium ل medium آخر،
+
+390
+00:22:45,540 --> 00:22:48,760
+يعني صرعته في الإجزاز بتختلف عن صرعته في الهواء،
+
+391
+00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:53,400
+بتختلف عن صرعته في الفراغ، بتختلف عن صرعته في مثلا
+
+392
+00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:57,140
+مادة ال silicon إلى آخرى، إذا light travels at
+
+393
+00:22:57,140 --> 00:23:01,200
+different speed at different mediumLight moves
+
+394
+00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:05,220
+fastest in a vacuum and slower through any
+
+395
+00:23:05,220 --> 00:23:06,000
+material
+
+396
+00:23:21,330 --> 00:23:24,570
+في الفراغ يعني سرعته الضوء في الماء أبطأ من سرعته
+
+397
+00:23:24,570 --> 00:23:28,410
+الضوء في الفراغ سرعته الضوء في ال .. في الزجاج
+
+398
+00:23:28,410 --> 00:23:31,630
+أبطأ من سرعته في الفراغ يعني في الفراغ بيكون أسرع
+
+399
+00:23:31,630 --> 00:23:36,150
+شيء هنتوقف ان شاء الله تعالى عند معامل الانكسار و
+
+400
+00:23:36,150 --> 00:23:39,030
+هنشرحه المرة القادمة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام
+
+401
+00:23:39,030 --> 00:23:41,230
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Xkbo6AAQi3o.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1396 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,570 --> 00:00:05,910
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:05,910 --> 00:00:09,530
+optics ووصلنا عند modeling an unknown optical
+
+3
+00:00:09,530 --> 00:00:16,720
+system يعني كيف احنا نحلل عناصر optical system مش
+
+4
+00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:22,080
+معروف لنا أو كيف نعرف هذا ال optical system ككل،
+
+5
+00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:25,740
+يعني بنقول عنه، بنعمله modeling، إيش يعني
+
+6
+00:00:25,740 --> 00:00:31,120
+modeling، هنفهم فيه ال .. الكلمات التالية In the
+
+7
+00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:33,800
+previous examples, we showed how vergence
+
+8
+00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:37,370
+calculations could be used to determine image
+
+9
+00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:41,510
+location and magnification for a single lens or
+
+10
+00:00:41,510 --> 00:00:44,450
+combination of two lenses or more
+
+11
+00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:09,780
+However most optical systems consist of many
+
+12
+00:01:09,780 --> 00:01:10,200
+lenses
+
+13
+00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:18,860
+35mm camera lens contains between 6 and 12
+
+14
+00:01:18,860 --> 00:01:22,800
+individual lenses. Virgin's calculations become
+
+15
+00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:25,600
+tedious for such systems.
+
+16
+00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:47,840
+عامة المرهق عامة
+
+17
+00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:52,180
+المرهق عامة
+
+18
+00:01:52,180 --> 00:01:53,860
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+19
+00:01:53,860 --> 00:01:54,080
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+20
+00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:54,360
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+21
+00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:54,380
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+22
+00:01:54,380 --> 00:01:54,400
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+23
+00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,780
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+24
+00:01:57,780 --> 00:02:00,180
+المرهق عامة المرهق
+
+25
+00:02:05,660 --> 00:02:10,440
+Thick lenses and complex optical systems are
+
+26
+00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,140
+modeled using principal planes, nodal points and
+
+27
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,520
+focal points. If the optical surfaces are
+
+28
+00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:21,120
+spherical and we restrict the analysis to para
+
+29
+00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,720
+-axial rays, the location of each point or plane
+
+30
+00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,560
+is determined experimentally. First of all, we need
+
+31
+00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:31,200
+to understand that in order to do modeling for
+
+32
+00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:34,400
+an unknown optical system, modeling means to
+
+33
+00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:36,900
+determine what the optical system is, meaning what
+
+34
+00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,820
+it is? Not .. we don't mean what is the number of
+
+35
+00:02:40,820 --> 00:02:45,060
+lenses or whether the lenses are fixed or flat or
+
+36
+00:02:45,060 --> 00:02:48,840
+plus lenses or minus lenses, no, but when I want
+
+37
+00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:53,680
+to determine or اعمل analysis ل optical system يعني
+
+38
+00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:57,360
+بدي احدد ال cardinal points بتاعته هذا ال optical
+
+39
+00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:00,940
+system ككل وين ال anterior focal point وين ال
+
+40
+00:03:00,940 --> 00:03:04,480
+posterior focal point وين ال anterior nodal point
+
+41
+00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:07,520
+وين ال posterior nodal point وين ال anterior
+
+42
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,220
+principal point وين ال posterior principal point و
+
+43
+00:03:11,220 --> 00:03:15,850
+هذا ال system ككل بيشتغل like .. or it blocks from
+
+44
+00:03:15,850 --> 00:03:19,330
+.. does it have a plus lens position or does it
+
+45
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:23,730
+have a minus lens position in its group? When I do
+
+46
+00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:26,770
+these things and I define the cardinal points, it
+
+47
+00:03:26,770 --> 00:03:30,110
+means that I did modeling for the optical system,
+
+48
+00:03:30,110 --> 00:03:33,880
+which means that I defined this optical system هذه
+
+49
+00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:39,820
+القضية بنوصلها بالرسم عن طريق إجراء تجربة طبعا
+
+50
+00:03:39,820 --> 00:03:44,620
+التجربة هاي بتقول إنه consider an unknown optical
+
+51
+00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:48,660
+system that contains any number of optical elements
+
+52
+00:03:48,660 --> 00:03:52,200
+هاي عندي أنا optical system unknown يعني مش معروف
+
+53
+00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:56,600
+يعني مافي عندي أي معلومات عنه جدش قوة العدسات جدش
+
+54
+00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:00,380
+عدد العدسات بغض النظر عددها ستة سبعة عشرة عشرين
+
+55
+00:04:00,380 --> 00:04:04,250
+إلى آخرينقوة كل عدسة مش معروفة يعني هذا optical
+
+56
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:10,170
+system مجهول optical system مجهولSo therefore I
+
+57
+00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:14,050
+want to analyze this optical system by way of
+
+58
+00:04:14,050 --> 00:04:17,730
+experience and by way of graphic drawing, graphic
+
+59
+00:04:17,730 --> 00:04:21,650
+drawing. For example, a friend of mine brought me
+
+60
+00:04:21,650 --> 00:04:24,310
+a camera, he works in journalism and media, and he
+
+61
+00:04:24,310 --> 00:04:26,730
+told me that this camera was given to him or I
+
+62
+00:04:26,730 --> 00:04:30,530
+bought it, but I don't know its catalog, and I
+
+63
+00:04:30,530 --> 00:04:35,520
+don't know how .. I mean .. I mean, I understand
+
+64
+00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:37,980
+this camera and I understand how it works and what
+
+65
+00:04:37,980 --> 00:04:43,200
+is the nature of the optical system in it. We can
+
+66
+00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:48,060
+make this
+
+67
+00:04:48,060 --> 00:04:51,760
+camera as an optical system as if it is one lens
+
+68
+00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:56,330
+as if it is one lens وبدنا ننظر إيه لها كإنها black
+
+69
+00:04:56,330 --> 00:05:02,270
+box. إيش يعني black box؟ طبعا مصطلح black box أو
+
+70
+00:05:02,270 --> 00:05:06,690
+الصندوق الأسود غالبا بيستخدم في موضوع حوادث
+
+71
+00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:13,250
+الطائرات هو عبارة عن يعني جهاز يحتوي على يعني
+
+72
+00:05:13,250 --> 00:05:16,630
+أدوات لتسجيل الصوت من بداية رحلة الطائرة إلى
+
+73
+00:05:16,630 --> 00:05:22,570
+نهايتها بحيث I mean, if there was a problem with
+
+74
+00:05:22,570 --> 00:05:26,310
+the plane, or the plane crashed, or it fell, or it
+
+75
+00:05:26,310 --> 00:05:30,030
+was dropped, etc. This black box is taken out of
+
+76
+00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:32,750
+the plane wreckage, and they listen to the records
+
+77
+00:05:32,750 --> 00:05:37,930
+to try to reach the truth in this matter. Here we
+
+78
+00:05:37,930 --> 00:05:41,170
+want to deal with the optical system, which is not
+
+79
+00:05:41,170 --> 00:05:44,630
+known to us, that it is a black box. And we want to
+
+80
+00:05:44,630 --> 00:05:47,850
+run an experiment on it. This experiment shows us
+
+81
+00:05:47,850 --> 00:05:52,190
+the nature of this optical system. Does it have a
+
+82
+00:05:52,190 --> 00:05:54,590
+plus lens position as a whole? The lenses work
+
+83
+00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:57,870
+together. Does it have a plus lens position or a
+
+84
+00:05:57,870 --> 00:06:00,610
+minus lens position? First of all, we will say
+
+85
+00:06:00,610 --> 00:06:05,330
+that there is an object on the left of the optical
+
+86
+00:06:05,330 --> 00:06:09,230
+system, that is, in front of it. You say a rule from
+
+87
+00:06:09,230 --> 00:06:11,810
+the rules. We learned this rule, but we haven't
+
+88
+00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:13,950
+talked about it yet. We say if the picture is
+
+89
+00:06:13,950 --> 00:06:17,410
+formed on the left also, it means the picture is
+
+90
+00:06:17,410 --> 00:06:22,050
+virtual. On the same side of the object. And if it
+
+91
+00:06:22,050 --> 00:06:26,150
+is formed on its right, behind the optical system,
+
+92
+00:06:26,270 --> 00:06:29,590
+of course, the picture will be real. So, we say
+
+93
+00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:33,450
+sometimes that this optical system, if it forms a
+
+94
+00:06:33,450 --> 00:06:36,070
+picture on the left, it means it forms a virtual
+
+95
+00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:40,040
+image. لو كوّنلي صورة عاليمين، معناه تكوّن real
+
+96
+00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:45,740
+image. بمعنى إنه مصير الأشعة اللي دخلت في كل هذه
+
+97
+00:06:45,740 --> 00:06:50,400
+العدسات اتجمعت و اتكوّنت و كوّنت real image أو
+
+98
+00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:54,480
+مصير الأشعة اللي دخلت في كل هذه العدسات اتشتتت في
+
+99
+00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:58,220
+النهاية، يعني هتكوّنلي virtual image، virtual
+
+100
+00:06:58,220 --> 00:07:01,760
+image، إذن هذه أول شيء بدنا نعمله، we will treat
+
+101
+00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:06,960
+it هذا ال optical system هنتعامل معاه we will treat
+
+102
+00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:12,800
+it as a black box. A real object placed in front of
+
+103
+00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,640
+the black box will image somewhere in space يعني
+
+104
+00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:21,370
+لما أحط real object in front of the optical system
+
+105
+00:07:21,370 --> 00:07:24,830
+it must have a picture of what is in the space
+
+106
+00:07:24,830 --> 00:07:27,390
+where is the space? here? behind the optical
+
+107
+00:07:27,390 --> 00:07:30,990
+system? or here? in front of the optical system?
+
+108
+00:07:31,450 --> 00:07:34,730
+depending on where it is formed. If the image forms
+
+109
+00:07:34,730 --> 00:07:37,770
+in front of the box it is virtual. If the picture
+
+110
+00:07:37,770 --> 00:07:40,630
+is formed in front of the box, in front of the
+
+111
+00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:44,150
+black box, sometimes this picture will be virtual.
+
+112
+00:07:44,150 --> 00:07:50,470
+This is on the left side, but if it is formed behind
+
+113
+00:07:50,470 --> 00:08:00,570
+the box, it is real. Now consider
+
+114
+00:08:00,570 --> 00:08:08,110
+a single ray of light
+
+115
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:12,570
+that leaves a point on the object such as the tip
+
+116
+00:08:12,570 --> 00:08:14,030
+of the arrow in the drawing.
+
+117
+00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:22,620
+It leaves a point from the object, and we have to
+
+118
+00:08:22,620 --> 00:08:25,440
+follow this ray. Of course, we will use the laser
+
+119
+00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:29,680
+beam to point to this case. The laser beam to point
+
+120
+00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,880
+to this case, I have to keep leaning on this beam
+
+121
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:38,240
+until it leaves the optical system parallel to the
+
+122
+00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:41,380
+optical axis. In other words, if we imagine that I
+
+123
+00:08:41,380 --> 00:08:45,900
+have a beam. It will start from point A, let's
+
+124
+00:08:45,900 --> 00:08:51,400
+assume. But it's necessary to color the rays. This
+
+125
+00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:56,080
+ray has
+
+126
+00:08:56,080 --> 00:09:05,920
+a certain curvature, this is a curvature. This
+
+127
+00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:08,320
+is a curvature, and this is a curvature, and this
+
+128
+00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,120
+is a curvature, and this is a curvature. I move the
+
+129
+00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:16,040
+rays, of course, from the tip, from the start, to
+
+130
+00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,830
+a certain point from both sides. We will find that
+
+131
+00:09:20,830 --> 00:09:24,150
+the radiation entered the optical system, but it
+
+132
+00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:30,570
+came out parallel to the optical axis
+
+133
+00:09:30,570 --> 00:09:39,650
+if
+
+134
+00:09:39,650 --> 00:09:45,710
+this happens with me, it means that the rays of its
+
+135
+00:09:45,710 --> 00:09:50,250
+wave enters the F-A of the whole system. In the F-A
+
+136
+00:09:50,250 --> 00:09:52,310
+of the whole system. I'm not saying that it enters
+
+137
+00:09:52,310 --> 00:09:56,150
+the F-A of the first lens because if it enters the
+
+138
+00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,610
+F-A of the first lens, it will come out parallel
+
+139
+00:09:58,610 --> 00:10:01,530
+in this region. After that, the second lens will
+
+140
+00:10:01,530 --> 00:10:04,390
+change direction and will become non-parallel, and
+
+141
+00:10:04,390 --> 00:10:06,650
+the third lens will change direction as well.
+
+142
+00:10:06,650 --> 00:10:11,840
+Therefore, when I control the laser beam on this
+
+143
+00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:15,960
+black box or on this optical system, and I keep
+
+144
+00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,700
+changing the laser axis, once, I don't leave it
+
+145
+00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:28,200
+this way, and
+
+146
+00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:32,360
+once this way, and once this way, and once this way,
+
+147
+00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:34,780
+so its axis changes with respect to the optical
+
+148
+00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,150
+axis. Its angle with respect to the optical axis, it
+
+149
+00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:41,730
+changes. Now I noticed in a certain email that the
+
+150
+00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:44,670
+light comes out of this optical system parallel to
+
+151
+00:10:44,670 --> 00:10:47,870
+the optical axis, so that's it. This is the first
+
+152
+00:10:47,870 --> 00:10:50,210
+point from the cardinal points that we will define,
+
+153
+00:10:50,210 --> 00:10:54,770
+which is FA, so this is FA.
+
+154
+00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,380
+So this is FA of the system, of the system as a
+
+155
+00:11:17,380 --> 00:11:25,240
+whole. The first point we determined. Okay, now we
+
+156
+00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:29,060
+want to continue with this topic, we say if we
+
+157
+00:11:29,060 --> 00:11:33,480
+draw a line, if we draw a line, a dotted line
+
+158
+00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:39,500
+inside the black box. The
+
+159
+00:11:39,500 --> 00:11:41,700
+rays that came out parallel, we drew
+
+160
+00:11:50,490 --> 00:12:01,250
+we give it another color and we give it a cut and
+
+161
+00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:03,090
+we extend the rays that came in
+
+162
+00:12:20,510 --> 00:12:28,330
+also cut out their meeting, their meeting, so the
+
+163
+00:12:28,330 --> 00:12:32,430
+ray that entered from the FA and came out parallel
+
+164
+00:12:32,430 --> 00:12:34,650
+FA under the system as a whole and came out
+
+165
+00:12:34,650 --> 00:12:38,950
+parallel, we extend them to meet their meeting
+
+166
+00:12:38,950 --> 00:12:43,530
+point. It is in the anterior principal plane. Anterior
+
+167
+00:12:43,530 --> 00:12:47,590
+principal plane. We want to draw the anterior
+
+168
+00:12:47,590 --> 00:12:48,710
+principal plane.
+
+169
+00:12:53,920 --> 00:13:01,940
+and give it a color and
+
+170
+00:13:01,940 --> 00:13:05,680
+move it to its right place at the intersection
+
+171
+00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:10,920
+point of the rectangle, almost at the intersection
+
+172
+00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:14,520
+point of the
+
+173
+00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:18,700
+rectangle. So this is the anterior principal plane
+
+174
+00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:22,120
+and we write anterior principal plane on it.
+
+175
+00:13:34,570 --> 00:13:43,010
+Okay, now we want another ray to
+
+176
+00:13:43,010 --> 00:13:46,970
+be parallel to the optical axis, to start from the
+
+177
+00:13:46,970 --> 00:13:52,650
+same point from the same point. This ray will have
+
+178
+00:13:52,650 --> 00:13:56,370
+a lot of refractions inside the black box, but in
+
+179
+00:13:56,370 --> 00:13:59,870
+the end it will come out and cut the optical axis.
+
+180
+00:13:59,870 --> 00:14:02,590
+It will come out and cut the optical axis.
+
+181
+00:14:15,680 --> 00:14:21,600
+So this came out parallel to the optical axis and
+
+182
+00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:26,300
+the cut of the optical axis will cut it in FP. The
+
+183
+00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,380
+posterior focus is not of the last lens, but of
+
+184
+00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:36,040
+the system as a whole. So this is the F in the
+
+185
+00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:37,220
+posterior focus.
+
+186
+00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:55,270
+So this is the FB. Okay,
+
+187
+00:14:55,530 --> 00:14:58,890
+now we want to extend the outer beam to the back
+
+188
+00:14:58,890 --> 00:15:02,210
+and the inner beam to the front. The outer beam to
+
+189
+00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:08,670
+the back and the inner beam to the front. Until
+
+190
+00:15:08,670 --> 00:15:09,470
+they meet
+
+191
+00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:45,480
+until they meet. Of course
+
+192
+00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:50,560
+we extend them in a straight line. Now they meet so
+
+193
+00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:54,720
+they will meet in the posterior principal plane, in
+
+194
+00:15:54,720 --> 00:16:04,340
+
+223
+00:19:27,650 --> 00:19:31,210
+What I'm pointing at is the posterior nodal point.
+
+224
+00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:49,590
+Now I want to point the laser from this point
+
+225
+00:19:49,590 --> 00:19:52,970
+towards the anterior nodal point.
+
+226
+00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,400
+Laser light comes out from the posterior nodal
+
+227
+00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:28,800
+point and goes to the image and goes to the image
+
+228
+00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:38,800
+That's how I determined all
+
+229
+00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:46,200
+reference points all cardinal points of
+
+230
+00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,480
+the system If we take a magnified view of this
+
+231
+00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:54,460
+picture We will notice that when it lands on a
+
+232
+00:20:54,460 --> 00:20:56,560
+certain point, when it lands on a certain point of
+
+233
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,680
+the laser beam that starts from point A, the beam
+
+234
+00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,520
+comes out parallel to the optical axis. Sometimes
+
+235
+00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:08,760
+I say that the beam or the laser beam must pass
+
+236
+00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:14,840
+through the point that is the anterior focus of
+
+237
+00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:19,970
+the system as a whole. طيب، لما بوجه ضوء ال laser
+
+238
+00:21:19,970 --> 00:21:25,570
+من نفس النقطة parallel to the optical axis، هيخرج
+
+239
+00:21:25,570 --> 00:21:29,950
+بميلان معين، ساعة ما خرج بميلان معين، بما انه
+
+240
+00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:32,790
+parallel، حسب القاعدة المعروفة، ان اللي parallel
+
+241
+00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,760
+بخش في ال FB Whether it's one lens or the whole
+
+242
+00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,560
+system. Here I have the FB that includes the whole
+
+243
+00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,260
+system. The whole system as a whole and we agreed
+
+244
+00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:48,380
+to treat the system or deal with it as one lens.
+
+245
+00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:54,900
+Okay, so We defined FA and FB. Now we define the
+
+246
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,980
+anterior and posterior principal planes along the
+
+247
+00:21:58,980 --> 00:22:02,080
+rays that came out with the parallel rays that
+
+248
+00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:04,060
+came in, which is parallel to the optical axis,
+
+249
+00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:07,400
+their meeting point is the posterior principal
+
+250
+00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:12,670
+plane. The first case that entered in the FA by
+
+251
+00:22:12,670 --> 00:22:15,030
+stretching and came out parallel by stretching
+
+252
+00:22:15,030 --> 00:22:18,510
+backwards will meet in the anterior principal
+
+253
+00:22:18,510 --> 00:22:21,630
+plane
+
+254
+00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:24,330
+The intersection of the anterior principal plane
+
+255
+00:22:24,330 --> 00:22:27,930
+with the optical axis defines the anterior
+
+256
+00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,150
+principal point Crossing between the posterior
+
+257
+00:22:31,150 --> 00:22:35,770
+principal plane and the optical axis defines the
+
+258
+00:22:35,770 --> 00:22:39,170
+posterior principal point Now if the middle is
+
+259
+00:22:39,170 --> 00:22:41,670
+homogeneous, that is, what is in front of the
+
+260
+00:22:41,670 --> 00:22:43,950
+optical system is the same as what is behind it
+
+261
+00:22:43,950 --> 00:22:48,310
+For example, air and here air I have the anterior
+
+262
+00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:51,050
+nodal point and the anterior principal point
+
+263
+00:22:51,050 --> 00:22:54,430
+adjacent to each other At the same time, the
+
+264
+00:22:54,430 --> 00:22:57,470
+posterior principal point and the posterior nodal
+
+265
+00:22:57,470 --> 00:23:01,800
+point applying to each other I direct the laser
+
+266
+00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:06,080
+towards the anterior principal point of the system
+
+267
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:10,040
+then it will leave the posterior principal point
+
+268
+00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:13,500
+of this beam and go to the point where the first
+
+269
+00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,280
+and second beams meet and form the image this way
+
+270
+00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:21,920
+I have modeling and analysis of the optical system
+
+271
+00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:27,240
+to its cardinal points
+
+272
+00:23:29,990 --> 00:23:33,690
+It means that it is drawn and explained in the
+
+273
+00:23:33,690 --> 00:23:38,030
+same way that I have explained now The rays that
+
+274
+00:23:38,030 --> 00:23:41,870
+entered in the system's face came out parallel to
+
+275
+00:23:41,870 --> 00:23:45,570
+the optical axis When I extend the exit and the
+
+276
+00:23:45,570 --> 00:23:48,110
+rays that came out extend to the back and the rays
+
+277
+00:23:48,110 --> 00:23:50,790
+that entered extend to the front and meet in the
+
+278
+00:23:50,790 --> 00:23:56,580
+anterior principal plane Okay, now the laser beam
+
+279
+00:23:56,580 --> 00:23:59,400
+parallel to the optical axis will come out in a
+
+280
+00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,280
+certain way and cut the optical axis while it is
+
+281
+00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:06,280
+out of the system, it will cut in the FB of the
+
+282
+00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,720
+system as a whole, its length backwards and the
+
+283
+00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,720
+length of the beam parallel to the front defines
+
+284
+00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,300
+the posterior principal plane.
+
+285
+00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:21,300
+The anterior principal plane with the optical axis
+
+286
+00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,020
+is the anterior nodal, the anterior principal
+
+287
+00:24:24,020 --> 00:24:27,620
+point And the intersection of the posterior
+
+288
+00:24:27,620 --> 00:24:30,800
+principal plane with the optical axis is the
+
+289
+00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:33,520
+posterior principal point If the middle is
+
+290
+00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,620
+homogeneous, the anterior principal is the same as
+
+291
+00:24:36,620 --> 00:24:39,140
+the anterior nodal in the same place And the
+
+292
+00:24:39,140 --> 00:24:41,440
+posterior principal point is the same as the
+
+293
+00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:44,850
+posterior nodal point فى نفس المكان بشرط أنه يكون
+
+294
+00:24:44,850 --> 00:24:49,910
+الوسط متجانس يعني ما أمام ال optical system من وسط
+
+295
+00:24:49,910 --> 00:24:54,170
+هو نفس ما خلف ال optical system من وسط
+
+296
+00:24:57,710 --> 00:25:01,650
+النتيجة The result is an optical model that
+
+297
+00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:05,010
+simplifies complicated optical system اذا ملاحظين
+
+298
+00:25:05,010 --> 00:25:11,130
+احنا مستخدماش ولا شيء في .. ولا شيء في ال .. من
+
+299
+00:25:11,130 --> 00:25:16,070
+الحسابات بس مجرد رسم اي رسمة نهائية دخل في ال FA
+
+300
+00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:20,010
+بتاعة ال system بيخرج موازي بيخرج موازي امتداده
+
+301
+00:25:20,010 --> 00:25:23,460
+للخلف And its extension to the front will define
+
+302
+00:25:23,460 --> 00:25:26,100
+the anterior principal plane So I can remove the
+
+303
+00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:29,800
+whole system with its lenses and put only anterior
+
+304
+00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,420
+principal plane and posterior principal plane And
+
+305
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:36,100
+this explains what we talked about in previous
+
+306
+00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:40,440
+lectures That the principal plane is the place
+
+307
+00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,860
+where the refraction blocks all the refraction of
+
+308
+00:25:43,860 --> 00:25:46,530
+the lenses You notice that in the anterior
+
+309
+00:25:46,530 --> 00:25:49,850
+principal plane, this ray changed its path,
+
+310
+00:25:50,330 --> 00:25:51,950
+instead of being perpendicular to the bottom, it
+
+311
+00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:55,010
+became parallel to the optical axis. Here, in the
+
+312
+00:25:55,010 --> 00:25:58,710
+posterior principal plane, this ray changed its
+
+313
+00:25:58,710 --> 00:26:02,710
+path, and instead of being parallel to the optical
+
+314
+00:26:02,710 --> 00:26:04,770
+axis, it became perpendicular to the optical axis.
+
+315
+00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:08,250
+It is as if the refraction happened in these two
+
+316
+00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:13,010
+planes only. اند ادولا ال two planes فهم بيقوموا
+
+317
+00:26:13,010 --> 00:26:18,530
+مقام بيسدوا مكان كل العدسات مهما كان عدادها
+
+318
+00:26:18,530 --> 00:26:23,690
+فبالتالي هذه فكرة ال principle airplanes if the
+
+319
+00:26:23,690 --> 00:26:27,820
+media pounding the system are different Like the
+
+320
+00:26:27,820 --> 00:26:30,720
+human eye. The human eye has cornea and
+
+321
+00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:33,620
+crystalline lens. It's an optical system together.
+
+322
+00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:40,160
+But the media is different. In front of the cornea
+
+323
+00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,200
+there's air and behind the cornea there's water.
+
+324
+00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,620
+So there's water on one side and water on the
+
+325
+00:26:45,620 --> 00:26:54,540
+other. So, the nodal points are not aligned with
+
+326
+00:26:54,540 --> 00:26:57,340
+the principal points, but rather the nodal points
+
+327
+00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,920
+pull in the direction of the medium with the
+
+328
+00:26:59,920 --> 00:27:03,540
+higher refractive index. In other words, if we
+
+329
+00:27:03,540 --> 00:27:04,540
+look at this picture
+
+330
+00:27:20,010 --> 00:27:21,910
+schematic I
+
+331
+00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,100
+هي عندى انا optical system اللى مرسوم باللون
+
+332
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:43,780
+الأزرق اللى كورنيا و ال crystalline lens طبعا لو
+
+333
+00:27:43,780 --> 00:27:47,280
+حددنا لهدا ال optical system لبرنسيبالي planes
+
+334
+00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:51,840
+لبرنسيبالي planes ال nodal points ال nodal points
+
+335
+00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:55,320
+هيكونوا مسحوبين باتجاه ال media of higher
+
+336
+00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:58,230
+refractive indexthey don't match the principal
+
+337
+00:27:58,230 --> 00:28:01,110
+points in this case why? because here the media in
+
+338
+00:28:01,110 --> 00:28:03,410
+front of the optical system is air and behind the
+
+339
+00:28:03,410 --> 00:28:06,890
+optical system is vitreous which is water which is
+
+340
+00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:10,030
+water therefore this optical system its nodal
+
+341
+00:28:10,030 --> 00:28:13,730
+points don't match the principal points but the
+
+342
+00:28:13,730 --> 00:28:17,250
+nodal points are shifted towards the upper middle
+
+343
+00:28:17,250 --> 00:28:20,630
+point in the refractive index if we imagine these
+
+344
+00:28:20,630 --> 00:28:23,930
+are the principal points these are the principal
+
+345
+00:28:23,930 --> 00:28:27,320
+points The nodal points will be offset in this
+
+346
+00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,740
+direction, offset in this direction. So, if the
+
+347
+00:28:30,740 --> 00:28:34,140
+media pounding around the system are different,
+
+348
+00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:38,020
+the human eye has air on one side and vitreous gel
+
+349
+00:28:38,020 --> 00:28:41,380
+on the other side, the nodal points pull in the
+
+350
+00:28:41,380 --> 00:28:44,540
+direction of the medium with the higher refractive
+
+351
+00:28:44,540 --> 00:28:47,700
+index, and we will have a lecture to calculate the
+
+352
+00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:50,580
+location of the nodal points relative to the
+
+353
+00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:54,230
+principal points, God willing. The anterior focal
+
+354
+00:28:54,230 --> 00:28:57,190
+length of the system is the distance from F-A to
+
+355
+00:28:57,190 --> 00:29:00,610
+anterior principal point, not the distance to the
+
+356
+00:29:00,610 --> 00:29:04,390
+first lens and in the black box." يعني الآن لما
+
+357
+00:29:04,390 --> 00:29:10,010
+بدنا نقول ال object distance من وين؟ من ال object
+
+358
+00:29:10,010 --> 00:29:15,430
+لل anterior principal point. هذه المسافة هي ال
+
+359
+00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:19,790
+anterior focal length، هي ال anterior أو عفوا أسف
+
+360
+00:29:20,740 --> 00:29:25,920
+المسافة بين الـ anterior focus و الـ anterior
+
+361
+00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:29,400
+principal point هي الـ anterior focal length مش
+
+362
+00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,360
+المسافة للعدسة الأولى، مش المسافة للعدسة الأولى
+
+363
+00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:36,160
+The anterior focal length of the system is the
+
+364
+00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:39,960
+distance from FA to the anterior principal point
+
+365
+00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:44,180
+و ليس to the distance to the face lens in the black
+
+366
+00:29:44,180 --> 00:29:48,150
+box The posterior focal length is the distance from
+
+367
+00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:51,590
+FB to the posterior principal point زي ما الرسم
+
+368
+00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:55,990
+هنا بتوضح يعني هنا الرسم اللي ملونة بتكون أكتر
+
+369
+00:29:55,990 --> 00:30:02,850
+وضوحا نطلع الرسم المكبّر ال anterior focal length
+
+370
+00:30:02,850 --> 00:30:06,710
+مش من العدسة الأولى لفA لأن فA مش تعتي العدسة
+
+371
+00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:12,140
+الأولى انما من ال anterior principal point to fa,
+
+372
+00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:18,040
+this is called anterior focal length and from fb
+
+373
+00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:27,140
+to posterior principal point to
+
+374
+00:30:27,140 --> 00:30:32,100
+fb, this is called posterior focal length الخلفى
+
+375
+00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:37,360
+البعد البقري الخلفى هذا بالنسبة لموضوع البعد
+
+376
+00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:42,640
+البقري بنتوقف عند thick lenses ويعطيكم العافية
+
+377
+00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,900
+والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/YZ8rCqxkda8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1560 @@
+1
+00:00:02,020 --> 00:00:04,160
+In the name of God, we are going to continue with
+
+2
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,440
+the lectures on Geometric Optics, and today we are
+
+3
+00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:12,120
+going to talk about the vector addition of prisms
+
+4
+00:00:20,250 --> 00:00:30,090
+معروف انه جمع القوة المتجهة لإيجاد قوة مكافئة يعني
+
+5
+00:00:30,090 --> 00:00:34,290
+لو في عندي قوتين كل واحدة بتعمل على محور معين ممكن
+
+6
+00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:39,450
+انا اجد القوة المكافئة لهدول القوتين وبيسموها
+
+7
+00:00:39,450 --> 00:00:43,980
+الجمع المتجه للقوةAlso for prisms, they can be
+
+8
+00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,620
+collected one by one, but we say why this case is
+
+9
+00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:50,060
+necessary, why this case is necessary, we go back
+
+10
+00:00:50,060 --> 00:00:54,640
+here and say as follows, a person must have a
+
+11
+00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:58,890
+prismhorizontal prism, as we can see, base out
+
+12
+00:00:58,890 --> 00:01:02,130
+prism and we also imagine in the same way it is
+
+13
+00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:04,510
+not only around the nose, but also around the
+
+14
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:07,670
+head, that is, the left eye comes inside and comes
+
+15
+00:01:07,670 --> 00:01:11,450
+up, that is, it needs a base out because it comes
+
+16
+00:01:11,450 --> 00:01:14,370
+inside and comes up, it needs a base down, of
+
+17
+00:01:14,370 --> 00:01:16,910
+course, the apex always points to the prism it is
+
+18
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:21,950
+not possible for me to use two prisms together, so
+
+19
+00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:26,870
+I want to .. I meanI bring a complementary prism,
+
+20
+00:01:27,090 --> 00:01:30,170
+instead of taking prism out, base and out, and
+
+21
+00:01:30,170 --> 00:01:33,550
+another prism, base and down, I want to use one to
+
+22
+00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:37,370
+be base out and down Out and down, instead of
+
+23
+00:01:37,370 --> 00:01:41,570
+using a prism, instead of using a prism So, if we
+
+24
+00:01:41,570 --> 00:01:53,590
+want to draw this case, we say as follows This
+
+25
+00:01:53,590 --> 00:01:54,090
+is my hand
+
+26
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:05,890
+And this is the second eye.
+
+27
+00:02:43,670 --> 00:02:47,330
+So if we say this is the right eye, fixating eye,
+
+28
+00:02:48,070 --> 00:02:49,550
+which means it looks straight forward, it's a
+
+29
+00:02:49,550 --> 00:02:51,570
+fixation, this means it has a neutral circle
+
+30
+00:02:51,570 --> 00:02:55,370
+inside and outside at the same time And we decided
+
+31
+00:02:55,370 --> 00:02:58,330
+that with prisms, the situation can work, meaning
+
+32
+00:02:58,330 --> 00:03:01,470
+that the circumference is not very large, so I
+
+33
+00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,890
+need to use two prisms for occupational therapy,
+
+34
+00:03:05,150 --> 00:03:07,390
+in order to cancel the circumference problem The
+
+35
+00:03:07,390 --> 00:03:11,550
+first prism needs to have its base out, for
+
+36
+00:03:11,550 --> 00:03:11,690
+example
+
+37
+00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:27,890
+the base is out and
+
+38
+00:03:27,890 --> 00:03:35,890
+the second prism the
+
+39
+00:03:35,890 --> 00:03:38,350
+base should be down out because the apex is
+
+40
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:45,330
+pointing to the inside and the second prism the
+
+41
+00:03:45,330 --> 00:03:46,630
+base should be down
+
+42
+00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:57,400
+Also, it's like trying to go up So, instead of
+
+43
+00:03:57,400 --> 00:04:00,100
+putting two prisms in front of the verbs I want to
+
+44
+00:04:00,100 --> 00:04:02,480
+put an equivalent prism to them I want to put an
+
+45
+00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:05,040
+equivalent prism to them as long as here the base
+
+46
+00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:06,940
+is out and the base is down So, the equivalent
+
+47
+00:04:06,940 --> 00:04:12,170
+prism should be base out and downBut we want to
+
+48
+00:04:12,170 --> 00:04:16,170
+see exactly on which axis or direction, which is
+
+49
+00:04:16,170 --> 00:04:18,330
+perpendicular to the horizontal axis or the
+
+50
+00:04:18,330 --> 00:04:21,510
+vertical axis, how much is it? And how much is its
+
+51
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:23,870
+quantity? And how much is its quantity? Therefore,
+
+52
+00:04:23,990 --> 00:04:35,130
+this case should be clear to us This
+
+53
+00:04:35,130 --> 00:04:39,110
+is the equivalent prism to the two prisms
+
+54
+00:04:50,770 --> 00:04:53,050
+this is the equivalent prism that I will put
+
+55
+00:04:53,050 --> 00:04:56,050
+instead of two it will be its base out and down
+
+56
+00:04:56,050 --> 00:04:58,350
+but it is very important to know how much it is
+
+57
+00:04:58,350 --> 00:05:01,790
+worth for example, the prism base down is 6 prisms
+
+58
+00:05:01,790 --> 00:05:04,850
+and the base out is 7 prisms how much it should be
+
+59
+00:05:04,850 --> 00:05:08,210
+its value how much it should be its value now we
+
+60
+00:05:08,210 --> 00:05:11,010
+are not going to draw these prisms but we are
+
+61
+00:05:11,010 --> 00:05:15,990
+going to redraw them with arrows arrows point
+
+62
+00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:23,730
+towards the baseIt points towards the base Here we
+
+63
+00:05:23,730 --> 00:05:27,110
+just drew the prisms to clarify the idea We want
+
+64
+00:05:27,110 --> 00:05:32,590
+the base out The
+
+65
+00:05:32,590 --> 00:05:33,370
+base out
+
+66
+00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:50,530
+and also the base down this is the base out in
+
+67
+00:05:50,530 --> 00:05:55,910
+this direction this arrow points to the base of
+
+68
+00:05:55,910 --> 00:05:59,010
+the prism we will compensate for the prism with
+
+69
+00:05:59,010 --> 00:06:09,190
+the arrow and this is its base down so
+
+70
+00:06:09,190 --> 00:06:15,070
+thereforeI need a prism pointing towards its base,
+
+71
+00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:19,910
+out, to treat esotropia functionally, and the base
+
+72
+00:06:19,910 --> 00:06:23,790
+here should be down, so I make use of them, I make
+
+73
+00:06:23,790 --> 00:06:27,970
+use of them, a prism whose base is out and down,
+
+74
+00:06:28,130 --> 00:06:33,090
+out and down, in the way we see it, in the way we
+
+75
+00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:34,050
+see it
+
+76
+00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:42,470
+and this is called the direction of the prism now
+
+77
+00:06:42,470 --> 00:06:46,330
+I want to say that I have two cases it is not
+
+78
+00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,430
+enough to say prism based out and down if we want
+
+79
+00:06:49,430 --> 00:06:51,890
+to draw the prism based out and down, we will draw
+
+80
+00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:59,030
+it like this that is, the top of the arrow points
+
+81
+00:06:59,030 --> 00:07:03,270
+towards the base it will be like what we see
+
+82
+00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:17,420
+بالشكل اللي احنا شايفينه هو انه اتجاه ال base out
+
+83
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:21,740
+and down ضروري اعرف الزاوية بين اتجاه ال prism و
+
+84
+00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:26,860
+المحور الأفقي او اتجاه الزاوية بين ال prism و
+
+85
+00:07:26,860 --> 00:07:29,880
+المحور العمودي عشان اعرف بالظبط ما يلانه هيكون
+
+86
+00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:35,410
+بالشكل هذاOr it will be like this Or it will be
+
+87
+00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:37,650
+like this Which means it will be closer to the
+
+88
+00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:40,790
+horizontal axis than to the vertical axis And it
+
+89
+00:07:40,790 --> 00:07:42,790
+will not increase in value Before we talk about
+
+90
+00:07:42,790 --> 00:07:45,590
+this issue We say that the length of the arrow
+
+91
+00:07:45,590 --> 00:07:48,430
+represents the value of the prism When I say for
+
+92
+00:07:48,430 --> 00:07:52,110
+example eight diopter prism based out And we drew
+
+93
+00:07:52,110 --> 00:07:54,470
+it with this length And we say here six prism
+
+94
+00:07:54,470 --> 00:07:56,510
+which means eight arrows The arrow will be drawn
+
+95
+00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:59,430
+by eight arrows The result will be closer to eight
+
+96
+00:08:00,830 --> 00:08:04,370
+it will be of course bigger than both of them
+
+97
+00:08:04,370 --> 00:08:08,530
+bigger than both of them 8 prism and 6 prism it
+
+98
+00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:11,610
+will be here for example 9 prism or 10 prism and
+
+99
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:14,070
+the angle between it and the horizontal axis
+
+100
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,530
+closer because the force of the horizontal axis is
+
+101
+00:08:17,530 --> 00:08:19,810
+bigger the force of the horizontal axis is bigger
+
+102
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:25,510
+you see how I want to do this case here I have for
+
+103
+00:08:25,510 --> 00:08:30,820
+example 6 prism based up and 8 prism based outبقدر
+
+104
+00:08:30,820 --> 00:08:35,800
+.. بقدر .. قدام إحدى لانتين .. based up بprism ..
+
+105
+00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:39,180
+هنا في عندي hypotropia مش hypertropia عكس الرسم
+
+106
+00:08:39,180 --> 00:08:43,040
+اللي احنا رسمناه يعني اللي نازله لتحت فالabax تشير
+
+107
+00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:47,320
+لتحت ستة prism based up و تمانية prism based out
+
+108
+00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:53,200
+فهيعوض عنهم based up and out .. based up and out
+
+109
+00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,440
+زي ما احنا هنشوف الآن
+
+110
+00:09:01,750 --> 00:09:03,630
+It's going to get closer to the prism
+
+111
+00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:16,300
+to the horizontal axis and from it to the vertical
+
+112
+00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:21,500
+axis because the force of the horizontal prism is
+
+113
+00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:25,540
+more than the vertical prism because the angle
+
+114
+00:09:25,540 --> 00:09:33,240
+here is 37 degrees so here the angle will be 53
+
+115
+00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:39,180
+degrees 53 degrees and 37 degrees means 90 degrees
+
+116
+00:09:39,620 --> 00:09:42,460
+The .. the .. the obtained leprism .. the obtained
+
+117
+00:09:42,460 --> 00:09:46,300
+leprism is closer to the strongest leprism So how
+
+118
+00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:50,360
+do I get this angle? How do I get this angle? And
+
+119
+00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:55,000
+how do I get the value? The value is found or is
+
+120
+00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:59,960
+found through the theory of Featherworth Theory of
+
+121
+00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:04,300
+Featherworth which we took in schools This leprism
+
+122
+00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:09,880
+this is the prism, the vertical prism, I can move
+
+123
+00:10:09,880 --> 00:10:12,320
+its force, and here I have a triangle with an
+
+124
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,920
+angle, I can move it to express the force of the
+
+125
+00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:21,160
+prism, this is 8 prism, and this is 6 prism, the
+
+126
+00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:25,740
+root is the obtained force, the obtained force is
+
+127
+00:10:25,740 --> 00:10:28,480
+equal to the square root of the first square root
+
+128
+00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:33,240
+plus the second square root, the square root of
+
+129
+00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:37,550
+the eighth square,زاد الستة تربيع زي ما احنا
+
+130
+00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:42,090
+المعادلة بتقول عنها زي ما المعادلة بتقول عنها طيب،
+
+131
+00:10:42,090 --> 00:10:46,050
+اذا الجذر التربيع إلى تمانية تربيع، تمانية تربيع
+
+132
+00:10:46,050 --> 00:10:47,990
+يعني تمانية في تمانية باربعة وستين
+
+133
+00:11:08,630 --> 00:11:10,030
+6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x
+
+134
+00:11:10,090 --> 00:11:16,010
+3 on 4 ok we do shift T and we get the angle let's
+
+135
+00:11:16,010 --> 00:11:35,390
+see how it works with calculator we say we
+
+136
+00:11:35,390 --> 00:11:36,370
+need another calculator
+
+137
+00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:59,900
+I shift down six divided
+
+138
+00:11:59,900 --> 00:12:04,340
+by eight and
+
+139
+00:12:04,340 --> 00:12:13,520
+equals equals
+
+140
+00:12:14,970 --> 00:12:19,610
+36 and 8 from 10 degree or 36 and 86 from 100
+
+141
+00:12:19,610 --> 00:12:23,030
+degree is approximately 37 degree as I have the
+
+142
+00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:26,930
+drawing here of course I will not say 36 and 86
+
+143
+00:12:26,930 --> 00:12:32,110
+from 100 degree it is approximately 37 degree
+
+144
+00:12:32,110 --> 00:12:34,470
+and the value of the prism is 10 let's see in the
+
+145
+00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:37,270
+simulation how it is in the vector addition of the
+
+146
+00:12:37,270 --> 00:12:37,570
+prism
+
+147
+00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:50,640
+prism force must be 6 on the vertical axis and
+
+148
+00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:53,920
+here the second prism must be on the horizontal
+
+149
+00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:59,820
+axis and its value is 8 prism here is the value 8
+
+150
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:03,960
+prism and here is the value 6 prism now I want
+
+151
+00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:07,280
+their sum their sum will be
+
+152
+00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:18,040
+10 prism, the value is 10 prism, look at its
+
+153
+00:13:18,040 --> 00:13:22,880
+angle, it is approximately 36.9 degrees, which is
+
+154
+00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:30,620
+37 degrees if we change the values, this is 6
+
+155
+00:13:30,620 --> 00:13:31,980
+prism, we leave this 8
+
+156
+00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:37,540
+The angle between them became 45 degrees, that is,
+
+157
+00:13:37,680 --> 00:13:40,340
+away from this value which is 45 degrees, and away
+
+158
+00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:42,820
+from this value which is 45 degrees, which means
+
+159
+00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:44,360
+it is in the middle because their forces are
+
+160
+00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:48,740
+exactly equal and the obtained prism is 8 prisms,
+
+161
+00:13:48,820 --> 00:13:52,860
+8 prisms, why? Because the square root .. the
+
+162
+00:13:52,860 --> 00:13:59,660
+square root ..
+
+163
+00:13:59,660 --> 00:14:09,850
+the square root ..لا التمانية
+
+164
+00:14:09,850 --> 00:14:16,390
+تربيع زائد
+
+165
+00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,730
+أيضا
+
+166
+00:14:19,730 --> 00:14:27,150
+تمانية تربيع يساوي
+
+167
+00:14:30,660 --> 00:14:32,760
+eleven and three out of ten, let's see in the
+
+168
+00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:35,440
+vector addition how much is the total that I have
+
+169
+00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,700
+eleven and three out of ten, eleven and three out
+
+170
+00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:42,720
+of ten, that is eight on the vertical axis and
+
+171
+00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:45,680
+eight on the horizontal axis will give me base,
+
+172
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:51,920
+base for example up and out, base up and out, okay
+
+173
+00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:59,700
+if I want one towards base in and
+
+174
+00:15:02,660 --> 00:15:08,020
+If there is a field to move the ..
+
+175
+00:15:08,020 --> 00:15:08,980
+If there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+176
+00:15:08,980 --> 00:15:09,300
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+177
+00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:09,640
+is a field to move the .. If there is a field to
+
+178
+00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:10,440
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+179
+00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:11,140
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+180
+00:15:11,140 --> 00:15:11,300
+field to move the .. If there is a field to move
+
+181
+00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:11,400
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+182
+00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:11,420
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+183
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:11,560
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+184
+00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:20,120
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+185
+00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:24,740
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+186
+00:15:24,740 --> 00:15:31,260
+field to move the .. If
+
+187
+00:15:31,260 --> 00:15:34,290
+there is a field to move theup and in means
+
+188
+00:15:34,290 --> 00:15:38,670
+between two prisms, between two prisms it will be
+
+189
+00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:42,750
+present, so vector combines information about
+
+190
+00:15:42,750 --> 00:15:46,930
+magnitude and direction, I want to see how much is
+
+191
+00:15:46,930 --> 00:15:50,050
+the magnitude of the prismmeans in other words,
+
+192
+00:15:50,290 --> 00:15:52,390
+according to the theory of Featherworth, the prism
+
+193
+00:15:52,390 --> 00:15:54,990
+is determined by its value, and the direction is
+
+194
+00:15:54,990 --> 00:15:58,890
+not enough to say 10 prisms, or 8 prisms, or 20
+
+195
+00:15:58,890 --> 00:16:02,010
+prisms, which is the determined one, but I must
+
+196
+00:16:02,010 --> 00:16:05,070
+say how much it is, this is a matter, and the
+
+197
+00:16:05,070 --> 00:16:07,580
+second thing is how much is the directionواش
+
+198
+00:16:07,580 --> 00:16:11,260
+الزاوية؟ ايش الزاوية؟ ايش الزاوية؟ هنا في ال
+
+199
+00:16:11,260 --> 00:16:16,460
+simulation بيقدر يعطيني الزاوية بطريقة مباشرة
+
+200
+00:16:16,460 --> 00:16:19,960
+بطريقة مباشرة هنا لو ألغينا ال sum و ألغينا
+
+201
+00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:28,880
+الزاوية و يقولنا احنا بدنا هنا ال prism الأول بده
+
+202
+00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:32,800
+يعمل على المحور العمودي قيمته
+
+203
+00:16:35,250 --> 00:16:40,410
+20 prism for example and the second one is on the
+
+204
+00:16:40,410 --> 00:16:45,370
+horizontal axis and its value is for example 10
+
+205
+00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:54,830
+prism we need their sum their sum by
+
+206
+00:16:54,830 --> 00:16:57,390
+the way here the sum is impossible to change its
+
+207
+00:16:57,390 --> 00:17:02,660
+angleمستحيل، يعني هيتحرك مانع يضل عامل على المحور
+
+208
+00:17:02,660 --> 00:17:05,600
+الأفقي وعلى المحور العمودي زاوية ثابتة، زاوية
+
+209
+00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:12,410
+ثابتة، نشوف اللي هو ال angleso 63.4 out of 10 on
+
+210
+00:17:12,410 --> 00:17:17,650
+the horizontal axis and on the vertical axis
+
+211
+00:17:17,650 --> 00:17:20,370
+between them, between the vertical axis, its value
+
+212
+00:17:20,370 --> 00:17:28,230
+is approximately 27 or 26.6 out of 10, which is 90
+
+213
+00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:33,050
+in total, 90 in total, so its value is 22.4 out of
+
+214
+00:17:33,050 --> 00:17:35,630
+10 let's see if the value is correct or not, here
+
+215
+00:17:35,630 --> 00:17:41,460
+I have a prism of 20up and ten twenty of course
+
+216
+00:17:41,460 --> 00:17:43,500
+the base is up and here the base we say out the
+
+217
+00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:45,440
+area here is out, which means temporal and here
+
+218
+00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:49,400
+the area is nasal, okay? So, we see first of all
+
+219
+00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:51,800
+the value, will it be twenty-two and four out of
+
+220
+00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:54,880
+ten or not? Let's go to the calculator, we say we
+
+221
+00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:59,900
+have a new problem, we say the square root of
+
+222
+00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:02,280
+twenty squares
+
+223
+00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:13,930
+plus ten squares, all under the square root of
+
+224
+00:18:13,930 --> 00:18:20,830
+course, to get the value which is equal to you
+
+225
+00:18:22,330 --> 00:18:25,050
+twenty-two and three out of ten, as shown here,
+
+226
+00:18:25,350 --> 00:18:27,070
+approximately, approximately, you get twenty-two
+
+227
+00:18:27,070 --> 00:18:29,930
+and three out of ten, and here, of course, six is
+
+228
+00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:32,710
+close to one, you get twenty-two and four out of
+
+229
+00:18:32,710 --> 00:18:36,710
+ten. Okay, now the angle, the angle, we want to
+
+230
+00:18:36,710 --> 00:18:40,770
+say as follows, this is how it is, this is the
+
+231
+00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:42,450
+angle, how did it come out with me? Underneath
+
+232
+00:18:42,450 --> 00:18:46,430
+this angle, underneath this angle, twenty, twenty
+
+233
+00:18:46,430 --> 00:18:52,250
+over tenI want the angle, I have to do shift-t,
+
+234
+00:18:52,350 --> 00:18:58,390
+shift-t 20
+
+235
+00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:04,010
+over 10 20
+
+236
+00:19:04,010 --> 00:19:09,330
+divided by 10, which is 2, under 2, how much does
+
+237
+00:19:09,330 --> 00:19:09,810
+it come out?
+
+238
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:20,530
+it turns out to be 63.4 out of 10 degrees So in
+
+239
+00:19:20,530 --> 00:19:26,890
+this way I can find the vector addition of a prism
+
+240
+00:19:26,890 --> 00:19:30,310
+So instead of using a prism based out with a value
+
+241
+00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:34,810
+of 10 and in front of it a prism based up with a
+
+242
+00:19:34,810 --> 00:19:38,950
+value of 20 prisms I use a prism 1 that excludes 2
+
+243
+00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:44,910
+in its directionup and out, up and out, its value
+
+244
+00:19:44,910 --> 00:19:49,650
+is twenty two and four out of ten prism, and it
+
+245
+00:19:49,650 --> 00:19:51,630
+tilts to the horizontal axis, so I leave it tilted
+
+246
+00:19:51,630 --> 00:19:55,790
+in front of the eye, at an angle of sixty three
+
+247
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:57,310
+and four out of ten degrees in front of the
+
+248
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:19:59,870
+horizontal axis Now let's bring a new example
+
+249
+00:20:11,130 --> 00:20:16,970
+a new example we
+
+250
+00:20:16,970 --> 00:20:31,950
+say as follows, we have a prism here
+
+251
+00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:36,410
+we consider the nasal now, in, in and we consider
+
+252
+00:20:36,410 --> 00:20:45,480
+here five prismsand the second prism is on the
+
+253
+00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:49,380
+vertical axis here
+
+254
+00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:51,560
+we cancel the sum at the beginning and cancel the
+
+255
+00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:59,880
+angle and here I have eight prisms one peso or
+
+256
+00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:05,660
+let's say base down four
+
+257
+00:21:05,660 --> 00:21:13,580
+prisms so base in base in five prismsdiopter and
+
+258
+00:21:13,580 --> 00:21:19,900
+based on 4 prism diopter, we need their sum, their
+
+259
+00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:28,490
+sum is 4.6in the horizontal direction, it tilts 38
+
+260
+00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:34,910
+.7 degrees to the horizontal axis 38.7 degrees of
+
+261
+00:21:34,910 --> 00:21:36,350
+course here it is minus because it is below the
+
+262
+00:21:36,350 --> 00:21:39,770
+horizontal meridian below the horizontal meridian
+
+263
+00:21:39,770 --> 00:21:43,670
+let's see this issue in the calculator we say in
+
+264
+00:21:43,670 --> 00:21:51,570
+the square root of 5 squares plus
+
+265
+00:21:54,210 --> 00:21:58,790
+four squares according
+
+266
+00:21:58,790 --> 00:22:03,450
+to the theory of fithworth is equal to six and
+
+267
+00:22:03,450 --> 00:22:06,170
+four out of ten as the value here turned out to be
+
+268
+00:22:06,170 --> 00:22:09,870
+six and four out of ten now the angle to get it
+
+269
+00:22:09,870 --> 00:22:12,010
+this is the triangle of the column of the angle
+
+270
+00:22:12,010 --> 00:22:14,450
+this is the triangle of the column of the angle
+
+271
+00:22:14,450 --> 00:22:20,580
+this angle I get it in return which isاربعة على
+
+272
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:27,900
+خمسة أربعة مقابل على خمسة أربعة
+
+273
+00:22:27,900 --> 00:22:28,860
+على خمسة أربعة مقابل على خمسة أربعة على خمسة أربعة
+
+274
+00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:29,080
+على خمسة
+
+275
+00:22:42,580 --> 00:22:51,180
+38.6 out of 10 approximately 38.6 out of 10 then
+
+276
+00:22:51,180 --> 00:22:56,880
+59 is close to 1 here so 38.7 out of 10 so this is
+
+277
+00:22:56,880 --> 00:23:02,640
+the way I deal with vector addition of prisms we
+
+278
+00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:06,660
+stop at this point or before we stop at this point
+
+279
+00:23:06,660 --> 00:23:12,680
+there is a device called Reisli prismRicely prism
+
+280
+00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:16,860
+is a rotary prism, a prism that rotates, or two
+
+281
+00:23:16,860 --> 00:23:21,120
+prisms that rotate around each other Where do we
+
+282
+00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:23,740
+find this ricely prism? Ricely prism is this
+
+283
+00:23:23,740 --> 00:23:28,900
+picture It is two prisms that rotate opposite each
+
+284
+00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:32,990
+other, counter rotated, this is a scalethis is a
+
+285
+00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:36,770
+scale that gives me their results in any situation
+
+286
+00:23:36,770 --> 00:23:39,770
+they were in in any situation they were in in
+
+287
+00:23:39,770 --> 00:23:42,650
+other words, if we go to the magnifying glass
+
+288
+00:23:42,650 --> 00:23:47,730
+these two libraries in the rice library these two
+
+289
+00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:50,850
+libraries, the base and the base are next to each
+
+290
+00:23:50,850 --> 00:23:53,110
+other and the apex and the apex are next to each
+
+291
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:54,810
+other their total is equal to the total of their
+
+292
+00:23:54,810 --> 00:23:57,330
+forces how their total is equal to the total of
+
+293
+00:23:57,330 --> 00:23:59,330
+their forces we go back to the simulation to
+
+294
+00:23:59,330 --> 00:24:04,240
+explain this issue we say as followsI have a
+
+295
+00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:07,660
+prism, or I have a prism, for example, its
+
+296
+00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:14,600
+direction is horizontal
+
+297
+00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,500
+towards, for example, out, its size is eight
+
+298
+00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:25,600
+prisms and this is also a prism we
+
+299
+00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:30,730
+cancel the sum and cancel the angleanother prism
+
+300
+00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:34,650
+with the same force and same direction so now I
+
+301
+00:24:34,650 --> 00:24:37,970
+have two prisms, the sum is going to be double the
+
+302
+00:24:37,970 --> 00:24:41,410
+sum is going to be double which is 16 prisms, 16
+
+303
+00:24:41,410 --> 00:24:48,270
+prisms so 8 prisms and 8 prisms 16 prisms, 16
+
+304
+00:24:48,270 --> 00:24:51,550
+prisms working on the same direction adding their
+
+305
+00:24:51,550 --> 00:24:56,590
+forces to each other okay now as follows if I came
+
+306
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:24:59,520
+I turned them around so that in the end they are
+
+307
+00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:01,160
+opposite to each other, this is the base here of
+
+308
+00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,220
+the first prism and this is the base of the second
+
+309
+00:25:04,220 --> 00:25:06,880
+prism, the base with the apex and the apex with
+
+310
+00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:10,020
+the base, so their gain is zero, their gain is
+
+311
+00:25:10,020 --> 00:25:12,220
+zero in another sense, we go back to the
+
+312
+00:25:12,220 --> 00:25:15,080
+simulation, we say if we are one of the two
+
+313
+00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:15,360
+prisms,
+
+314
+00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:23,120
+we cancel it and take one of the two prisms
+
+315
+00:25:27,420 --> 00:25:38,360
+Let's make it the other way around
+
+316
+00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:44,580
+Let's make this case here So that we can .. this
+
+317
+00:25:44,580 --> 00:25:52,500
+is 8 prism Y must also be 8 prism This is 8 prism
+
+318
+00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:58,210
+We come and ask for sumمافيش صم لإن الصم يديهش صفر
+
+319
+00:25:58,210 --> 00:26:03,010
+الصم صفر لإن هذا تمانية برزم عكس تمانية برزم إذا
+
+320
+00:26:03,010 --> 00:26:08,450
+قوتهم المحصلة صفر قوتهم المحصلة صفر لو أنا زودت
+
+321
+00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:13,920
+واحدit became a sum for me, it became a sum for
+
+322
+00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:16,680
+me, of course I drew it here, but then there was
+
+323
+00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:20,400
+no completion for me to draw clearly here, so here
+
+324
+00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:22,740
+I added it to the right direction, so I got the
+
+325
+00:26:22,740 --> 00:26:27,180
+result here if I didn't find the sum, one prism,
+
+326
+00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:30,160
+because this is nine, this became nine, this
+
+327
+00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,720
+became nine, and this is eight, eight
+
+328
+00:26:38,060 --> 00:26:44,860
+in the rise liberalismmungkin انا يكونوا apex و
+
+329
+00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:49,200
+apex مع بعض و base و base مع بعض بيكون قوتهم مضافة
+
+330
+00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:52,740
+ل بعض ل بعض بيكون مجموعهم او ال prism المكافئ لهم
+
+331
+00:26:52,740 --> 00:26:57,840
+ضعفهم طيب ممكن يكونوا عكس بعض تماما قوتهم الحصيلة
+
+332
+00:26:57,840 --> 00:27:01,420
+بتاعتهم صفر طب ممكن واحد يكون مايل بالنسبة للتاني
+
+333
+00:27:01,420 --> 00:27:04,840
+بنرجع ل ال vector addition of ال prism طيب ايش
+
+334
+00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:08,660
+استفدنا؟ لأ في هنا فرق ان هذا ال prismين محتوطين
+
+335
+00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:14,160
+ضمن housing ضمن بيت معين اوa certain thing, there
+
+336
+00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:16,440
+is a scale, as soon as I rotate the prism with
+
+337
+00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:18,620
+respect to the other, it gives me the result, the
+
+338
+00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:21,800
+total value of the two prisms in the direction of
+
+339
+00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:23,500
+inclination with respect to each other, that is,
+
+340
+00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:25,720
+the position is high, inclined with respect to
+
+341
+00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:29,250
+each other, it gives me the total valueوأكم
+
+342
+00:27:29,250 --> 00:27:36,170
+الحصيلة الكلية واتجاه الprism بالنسبة للمحور
+
+343
+00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:39,090
+الأفقي والمحور العمودي بالنسبة للمحور الأفقي
+
+344
+00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:42,930
+والمحور العمودي هنا الحصيلة الضعف هنا الحصيلة
+
+345
+00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:46,600
+الصفر هنا الحصيلة في .. في .. في ..they give the
+
+346
+00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,200
+result how much the prism is equivalent to them in
+
+347
+00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,400
+numbers and how much they are equal to each other
+
+348
+00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,080
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+349
+00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:53,340
+much they are equal to each other and how much
+
+350
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,400
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+351
+00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:53,520
+they are equal to each other and how much they are
+
+352
+00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:53,540
+each other and how much they are equal to each
+
+353
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:54,600
+other and how much they are equal to each other
+
+354
+00:27:54,600 --> 00:28:12,000
+and how much they are equal to each other and
+
+355
+00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:17,270
+howA rotary prism mounted on the front of most
+
+356
+00:28:17,270 --> 00:28:20,890
+phoropters consists of two prisms of equal power
+
+357
+00:28:20,890 --> 00:28:26,450
+that are counter rotated with respect to one
+
+358
+00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:29,890
+another to produce prism power varying from zero
+
+359
+00:28:29,890 --> 00:28:36,530
+prism to neutralize each other
+
+360
+00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:44,380
+الوضعية هذه اللي هي عكس بعضهم البعض هيكون zero
+
+361
+00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:49,140
+prism قيمتهم هيكون zero prism قيمتهم to the sum of
+
+362
+00:28:49,140 --> 00:28:51,360
+the two powers prisms aligned in the same
+
+363
+00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:57,580
+direction يعني اللي هي لما بيكونوا لهم نفس الاتجاه
+
+364
+00:28:57,580 --> 00:29:03,000
+زي هذه الرسمة و هذه الرسمة لهم نفس الاتجاه هذه عكس
+
+365
+00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,600
+بعض إذا قيمتهم صفر هنا قيمتهم صفر هنا طيب
+
+366
+00:29:13,950 --> 00:29:16,730
+Intermediate values may be determined by the
+
+367
+00:29:16,730 --> 00:29:19,690
+vector addition and are marked on the dial of the
+
+368
+00:29:19,690 --> 00:29:20,510
+prism housing
+
+369
+00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,000
+librism. So this is for the Rice Librism, because
+
+370
+00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,700
+instead of going into the accounts of the theory
+
+371
+00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:48,340
+of FIFA Worlds and then I get a twist in the
+
+372
+00:29:48,340 --> 00:29:52,020
+corner, as we did in this lecture, the Rice
+
+373
+00:29:52,020 --> 00:29:57,110
+Librism gives me the ..يعني بيعطيني النتيجة
+
+374
+00:29:57,110 --> 00:30:01,350
+النهائية بشكل مباشر وسريع بشكل مباشر وسريع قيمة
+
+375
+00:30:01,350 --> 00:30:04,710
+واتجاها قيمة واتجاها اذا the Reissle Prism is
+
+376
+00:30:04,710 --> 00:30:07,910
+particularly useful in measuring Fourier's ال
+
+377
+00:30:07,910 --> 00:30:11,310
+Fourier اللي هي الحوال الخفي يعني بستعين فيه عساس
+
+378
+00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:15,790
+انا اعرف بالظبط قيمة الحوال الخفي و ايضا ممكن
+
+379
+00:30:15,790 --> 00:30:20,150
+استعملهم مع ال Maddox rod ال Maddox rod و هذا هنجي
+
+380
+00:30:20,150 --> 00:30:24,470
+بالتفصيل عنه في مساقة الحوال ايضا ممكن استعمل ال
+
+381
+00:30:24,470 --> 00:30:27,770
+Reissle PrismIn measuring the fusional vergence
+
+382
+00:30:27,770 --> 00:30:29,770
+amplitude, and this is also in circular circuits.
+
+383
+00:30:29,910 --> 00:30:33,310
+So, I can use the first thing in the Fourier. The
+
+384
+00:30:33,310 --> 00:30:36,710
+second thing, of course, when I use it to measure
+
+385
+00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:39,250
+the Fourier, which is the circular circuit, I use
+
+386
+00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:43,890
+the Maddox-Rod sometimes. And I can also use it in
+
+387
+00:30:43,890 --> 00:30:47,490
+the fusional vergence amplitude. And these two
+
+388
+00:30:47,490 --> 00:30:49,850
+things, we will talk about them in circular
+
+389
+00:30:49,850 --> 00:30:52,410
+circuits, God willing. And may God give you health
+
+390
+00:30:52,410 --> 00:30:54,810
+and peace, and mercy and blessings from God.
+

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U is equal to minus 1 over O is equal to minus 1 over 50 centimeters, which is half a meter, which is equal to minus 2 diopters. This is U, which is equal to minus 2 diopters. Now, what is the power?", "tokens": [4575, 1668, 281, 483, 264, 3256, 281, 8873, 264, 9212, 47387, 11, 321, 643, 281, 8873, 624, 412, 264, 1192, 295, 264, 6765, 13, 624, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 502, 670, 422, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 502, 670, 2625, 23300, 11, 597, 307, 1922, 257, 9255, 11, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 568, 1026, 404, 1559, 13, 639, 307, 624, 11, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 568, 1026, 404, 1559, 13, 823, 11, 437, 307, 264, 1347, 30], "avg_logprob": -0.5917721534077125, "compression_ratio": 1.8614457831325302, "no_speech_prob": 5.960464477539062e-07, "words": [{"start": 26.42, "end": 26.66, "word": "In", "probability": 0.09075927734375}, {"start": 26.66, "end": 27.14, "word": " order", "probability": 0.85498046875}, {"start": 27.14, "end": 27.38, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96240234375}, {"start": 27.38, "end": 27.54, "word": " get", "probability": 0.395263671875}, {"start": 27.54, "end": 27.66, "word": " the", "probability": 0.57421875}, {"start": 27.66, "end": 27.92, 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3 diopters. Okay, v equals unconditional over i", "tokens": [4360, 1890, 484, 264, 344, 293, 1890, 484, 264, 1347, 11, 321, 584, 344, 1804, 280, 6915, 371, 11, 264, 344, 3574, 484, 281, 312, 3175, 568, 1026, 404, 1559, 1804, 264, 1347, 1025, 1026, 404, 1559, 6915, 371, 11, 370, 371, 6915, 1804, 805, 1026, 404, 1559, 13, 1033, 11, 371, 6915, 47916, 670, 741], "avg_logprob": -0.4808113993259898, "compression_ratio": 1.6774193548387097, "no_speech_prob": 7.152557373046875e-07, "words": [{"start": 73.76, "end": 74.28, "word": "We", "probability": 0.30615234375}, {"start": 74.28, "end": 74.28, "word": " took", "probability": 0.149169921875}, {"start": 74.28, "end": 74.4, "word": " out", "probability": 0.830078125}, {"start": 74.4, "end": 74.52, "word": " the", "probability": 0.469970703125}, {"start": 74.52, "end": 74.74, "word": " u", "probability": 0.462158203125}, {"start": 74.74, "end": 74.9, "word": " and", "probability": 0.7197265625}, {"start": 74.9, "end": 75.02, "word": " took", "probability": 0.2132568359375}, {"start": 75.02, "end": 75.24, "word": " out", "probability": 0.88720703125}, {"start": 75.24, "end": 75.38, "word": " the", "probability": 0.873046875}, {"start": 75.38, "end": 75.8, "word": " power,", "probability": 0.92626953125}, {"start": 75.98, "end": 76.1, "word": " we", "probability": 0.7119140625}, {"start": 76.1, "end": 76.28, "word": " say", "probability": 0.755859375}, {"start": 76.28, "end": 76.58, "word": " u", "probability": 0.619140625}, {"start": 76.58, "end": 76.9, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.352294921875}, {"start": 76.9, "end": 77.32, "word": " p", "probability": 0.46240234375}, {"start": 77.32, "end": 77.82, "word": " equals", "probability": 0.6826171875}, {"start": 77.82, "end": 78.26, "word": " v,", "probability": 0.8681640625}, {"start": 78.68, "end": 78.78, "word": " the", "probability": 0.411376953125}, {"start": 78.78, "end": 79.0, "word": " u", "probability": 0.943359375}, {"start": 79.0, "end": 79.24, "word": " turned", "probability": 0.25146484375}, {"start": 79.24, "end": 79.36, "word": " out", "probability": 0.8349609375}, {"start": 79.36, "end": 79.4, "word": " to", "probability": 0.91748046875}, {"start": 79.4, "end": 79.4, "word": " be", "probability": 0.9453125}, {"start": 79.4, "end": 79.7, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.81005859375}, {"start": 79.7, "end": 80.08, "word": " 2", "probability": 0.56689453125}, {"start": 80.08, "end": 80.68, "word": " diopters", "probability": 0.6023763020833334}, {"start": 80.68, "end": 83.0, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.6650390625}, {"start": 83.0, "end": 85.52, "word": " the", "probability": 0.5830078125}, {"start": 85.52, "end": 85.84, "word": " power", "probability": 0.65869140625}, {"start": 85.84, "end": 86.24, "word": " 5", "probability": 0.51806640625}, {"start": 86.24, "end": 86.88, "word": " diopters", "probability": 0.9305013020833334}, {"start": 86.88, "end": 87.4, "word": " equals", "probability": 0.73583984375}, {"start": 87.4, "end": 87.88, "word": " v,", "probability": 0.8544921875}, {"start": 88.36, "end": 88.58, "word": " so", "probability": 0.5419921875}, {"start": 88.58, "end": 89.0, "word": " v", "probability": 0.95166015625}, {"start": 89.0, "end": 89.54, "word": " equals", "probability": 0.830078125}, {"start": 89.54, "end": 90.0, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.85888671875}, {"start": 90.0, "end": 90.5, "word": " 3", "probability": 0.8564453125}, {"start": 90.5, "end": 92.14, "word": " diopters.", "probability": 0.95703125}, {"start": 92.22, "end": 92.4, "word": " Okay,", "probability": 0.4326171875}, {"start": 93.08, "end": 93.7, "word": " v", "probability": 0.92431640625}, {"start": 93.7, "end": 94.38, "word": " equals", "probability": 0.72705078125}, {"start": 94.38, "end": 95.0, "word": " unconditional", "probability": 0.09857177734375}, {"start": 95.0, "end": 95.44, "word": " over", "probability": 0.5986328125}, {"start": 95.44, "end": 95.84, "word": " i", "probability": 0.634765625}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 5, "seek": 11776, "start": 96.22, "end": 117.76, "text": "So I which is required is equal to unshorted over V, I change the place of each other and it is equal to unshorted one and a half over V which is plus three, this is greater. So V plus three, this is greater. When I divide one and a half by three, I get half, plus half", "tokens": [6455, 286, 597, 307, 4739, 307, 2681, 281, 2693, 71, 477, 292, 670, 691, 11, 286, 1319, 264, 1081, 295, 1184, 661, 293, 309, 307, 2681, 281, 2693, 71, 14813, 472, 293, 257, 1922, 670, 691, 597, 307, 1804, 1045, 11, 341, 307, 5044, 13, 407, 691, 1804, 1045, 11, 341, 307, 5044, 13, 1133, 286, 9845, 472, 293, 257, 1922, 538, 1045, 11, 286, 483, 1922, 11, 1804, 1922], "avg_logprob": -0.501320437646248, "compression_ratio": 1.8424657534246576, "no_speech_prob": 2.980232238769531e-07, "words": [{"start": 96.22, "end": 96.68, "word": "So", "probability": 0.35400390625}, {"start": 96.68, "end": 97.36, "word": " I", "probability": 0.7041015625}, {"start": 97.36, "end": 97.54, "word": " which", "probability": 0.462158203125}, {"start": 97.54, "end": 97.64, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9140625}, {"start": 97.64, "end": 98.18, "word": " required", "probability": 0.433349609375}, {"start": 98.18, "end": 98.86, "word": " 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" half,", "probability": 0.50244140625}, {"start": 117.02, "end": 117.34, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.9560546875}, {"start": 117.34, "end": 117.76, "word": " half", "probability": 0.79296875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 6, "seek": 14730, "start": 119.0, "end": 147.3, "text": " which is 1 meter minus 1 when it comes out, it comes out and becomes a meter. So the image will form half a meter from the surface of the lens as long as the plus on the right is inside the glass. Now for the transference magnification, the transference magnification is equal to U over V. The transference magnification is equal to U over V which is equal to minus 2 diopters over plus 3 diopters", "tokens": [597, 307, 502, 9255, 3175, 502, 562, 309, 1487, 484, 11, 309, 1487, 484, 293, 3643, 257, 9255, 13, 407, 264, 3256, 486, 1254, 1922, 257, 9255, 490, 264, 3753, 295, 264, 6765, 382, 938, 382, 264, 1804, 322, 264, 558, 307, 1854, 264, 4276, 13, 823, 337, 264, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 11, 264, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 307, 2681, 281, 624, 670, 691, 13, 440, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 307, 2681, 281, 624, 670, 691, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 568, 1026, 404, 1559, 670, 1804, 805, 1026, 404, 1559], "avg_logprob": -0.41330644520380166, "compression_ratio": 2.020304568527919, "no_speech_prob": 4.351139068603516e-06, "words": [{"start": 119.0, "end": 119.38, "word": " which", "probability": 0.373779296875}, {"start": 119.38, "end": 119.52, "word": " is", "probability": 0.81103515625}, {"start": 119.52, "end": 119.68, "word": " 1", "probability": 0.3154296875}, {"start": 119.68, "end": 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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/a3mIBjwnjdU.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,600 --> 00:00:03,520
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have a Galilean 
+
+2
+00:00:03,520 --> 00:00:06,820
+telescope. We want to know its transverse
+
+3
+00:00:06,820 --> 00:00:11,440
+magnification and angular magnification. The 
+
+4
+00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,080
+transverse magnification can be obtained in 
+
+5
+00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:19,780
+several ways. Transverse magnification is equal to 
+
+6
+00:00:19,780 --> 00:00:25,800
+the power of the objective over the power 
+
+7
+00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:32,340
+objective lens which is the plus lens and the
+
+8
+00:00:32,340 --> 00:00:35,540
+minus lens which is the I-piece lens and it is 
+
+9
+00:00:35,540 --> 00:00:44,380
+equal to 4 diopters divided by 20 diopters. Here I'm 
+
+10
+00:00:44,380 --> 00:00:46,400
+not going to use the signs again, but I want to
+
+11
+00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:51,440
+know that the magnification in the Galilean 
+
+12
+00:00:51,440 --> 00:01:01,360
+telescope, that the image is regular, x plus 2 out of 4 
+
+13
+00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:09,740
+which is 5, which is 2 out of 10. So this is what 
+
+14
+00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:12,200
+transverse magnification, let's get it another way
+
+15
+00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:21,240
+transverse magnification to this telescope is 2 out
+
+16
+00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,760
+of 10, it is a regular image and it is sized to 5
+
+17
+00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:27,380
+times the height of the object standing in front
+
+18
+00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:31,920
+of it. Another way is the focal length of the
+
+19
+00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:36,980
+eyepiece to the focal length of the objective
+
+20
+00:01:40,320 --> 00:01:42,960
+Before we see the second method, how did we decide
+
+21
+00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:45,660
+that this is a Galilean telescope? We decided that
+
+22
+00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:47,740
+this is a Galilean telescope because I have an 
+
+23
+00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:51,960
+objective lens, plus 4, its diameter is 25
+
+24
+00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:54,600
+centimeters, one over four is a quarter of a meter.
+
+25
+00:01:55,590 --> 00:01:59,050
+وهنا بعدها البقري خمسة صنطة، إذا هذه خمسة وعشرين 
+
+26
+00:01:59,050 --> 00:02:03,270
+صنطة بعدها البقري، وهذه خمسة صنطة بعدها البقري، في 
+
+27
+00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,870
+ال Galilean telescope المسافة بين العدساتين يساوي 
+
+28
+00:02:06,870 --> 00:02:09,990
+الفرق بين البعد البقري للعدسة ال plus و البعد
+
+29
+00:02:09,990 --> 00:02:12,590
+البقري للعدسة ال minus، يعني خمسة وعشرين ناقص
+
+30
+00:02:12,590 --> 00:02:15,970
+خمسة، ويساوي عشرين صنطة، فإذا هذا Galilean
+
+31
+00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:18,970
+telescope. The second method we said was transverse 
+
+32
+00:02:18,970 --> 00:02:19,890
+magnification.
+
+33
+00:02:23,410 --> 00:02:27,270
+The focal length of the eyepiece, the focal length 
+
+34
+00:02:27,270 --> 00:02:33,990
+of the eyepiece is n, refractive index over the
+
+35
+00:02:33,990 --> 00:02:40,370
+power over the power, which is 1 over 20, which is 5
+
+36
+00:02:40,370 --> 00:02:45,110
+cm, 5 cm, 1 over 20 of the meter, which is 5 cm over 
+
+37
+00:02:45,110 --> 00:02:49,490
+the focal length of the objective which is 25 cm,
+
+38
+00:02:49,490 --> 00:02:57,280
+and it equals x 5. 5 means 2 out of 10. So whether we 
+
+39
+00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,800
+used the first method or we used the second method 
+
+40
+00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:05,460
+the
+
+41
+00:03:05,460 --> 00:03:08,740
+answer is also the same. So the force of the lens
+
+42
+00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:10,900
+of the objective on the force of the lens of the
+
+43
+00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:13,860
+eyepiece, or the angular distance of the eyepiece 
+
+44
+00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:16,000
+on the angular distance of the objective will
+
+45
+00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,360
+result in transverse magnification. There is a
+
+46
+00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,300
+third method, which is transverse magnification one
+
+47
+00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:33,300
+over the angular magnification. This 
+
+48
+00:03:33,300 --> 00:03:35,660
+way, we will delay it until we get the angular 
+
+49
+00:03:35,660 --> 00:03:37,660
+magnification. We say that the angular
+
+50
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:40,660
+magnification is equal to the opposite of these, 
+
+51
+00:03:40,660 --> 00:03:43,580
+exactly what happens in the bus and what happens 
+
+52
+00:03:43,580 --> 00:03:45,040
+in the bus, happens in the position and here the 
+
+53
+00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:48,260
+same thing. We say that the angular magnification 
+
+54
+00:03:48,260 --> 00:03:53,030
+is equal to the power of the eyepiece on the power
+
+55
+00:03:53,030 --> 00:04:00,290
+of the objective. Which is the power of the eyepiece, 20
+
+56
+00:04:00,290 --> 00:04:10,210
+diopter on the power of the objective which is 4
+
+57
+00:04:10,210 --> 00:04:18,970
+diopter, which is equal to x 5, 5 times, 5 times it 
+
+58
+00:04:18,970 --> 00:04:22,590
+becomes an angle with my eye, or with the human eye
+
+59
+00:04:22,590 --> 00:04:29,890
+that looks through this telescope. Now
+
+60
+00:04:29,890 --> 00:04:34,210
+we bring it in another way, the angular 
+
+61
+00:04:34,210 --> 00:04:39,070
+magnification is equal to the focal length of the
+
+62
+00:04:39,070 --> 00:04:42,530
+objective, it was here in the position, now it is 
+
+63
+00:04:42,530 --> 00:04:45,830
+in the axis on the focal length, in the eyepiece, 
+
+64
+00:04:45,830 --> 00:04:49,250
+and it is equal to the focal length of the 
+
+65
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:53,170
+objective is 25 cm over the focal length of the 
+
+66
+00:04:53,170 --> 00:04:59,930
+eyepiece which is 5 cm and it is also equal to x 5
+
+67
+00:04:59,930 --> 00:05:01,890
+which is 5 times.
+
+68
+00:05:22,970 --> 00:05:29,330
+Angular magnification is equal to
+
+69
+00:05:29,330 --> 00:05:35,430
+1 over transverse magnification. 1 over Tm
+
+70
+00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:40,880
+Now let's solve transverse magnification in the 
+
+71
+00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:44,520
+third way. We say y is equal to 1 over the
+
+72
+00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,180
+angular magnification. The angular magnification 
+
+73
+00:05:47,180 --> 00:05:52,720
+with me is 5, 1 over 5 is equal to x 2
+
+74
+00:05:52,720 --> 00:06:01,420
+out of 10, x 2 out of 10. Then regardless, I 
+
+75
+00:06:01,420 --> 00:06:02,980
+brought it in the first way to transfer 
+
+76
+00:06:02,980 --> 00:06:06,100
+magnification or in the second way or in the third
+
+77
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:08,340
+way. Of course here, x plus because the image is
+
+78
+00:06:08,340 --> 00:06:10,120
+regular. It is known in the Galilean telescope
+
+79
+00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:13,640
+that the image is regular, not inverted. So here,
+
+80
+00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:17,940
+plus 2 out of 10, plus 2 out of 10, plus 2 
+
+81
+00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:21,920
+out of 10. Okay, now I want to bring the angular 
+
+82
+00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,940
+magnification in the third way, which is one over
+
+83
+00:06:24,940 --> 00:06:28,740
+transverse magnification. That is, one over 2 out
+
+84
+00:06:28,740 --> 00:06:36,070
+of 10 and it's equal to 5 times. When I divide 1
+
+85
+00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:39,750
+by 5, the position of the position is simple, so
+
+86
+00:06:39,750 --> 00:06:43,870
+the 5 becomes simple. So this is the third method 
+
+87
+00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:46,070
+that I use for angular magnification.
+
+88
+00:06:48,850 --> 00:06:51,350
+The transverse magnification of this Galilean 
+
+89
+00:06:51,350 --> 00:06:53,970
+telescope is 2 out of 10, which is the usual
+
+90
+00:06:53,970 --> 00:06:59,010
+picture. And the angular magnification is 5 times 
+
+91
+00:06:59,010 --> 00:07:00,830
+the angle, which means that if you make an angle 
+
+92
+00:07:00,830 --> 00:07:03,610
+with your eye without a telescope, without this 
+
+93
+00:07:03,610 --> 00:07:06,850
+Galilean telescope, it makes an angle of 10
+
+94
+00:07:06,850 --> 00:07:11,430
+degrees. It becomes an angle of 50 degrees. العبرة 
+
+95
+00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:14,790
+في النظر لما أنا بكون بتطلع على ال object لما ال 
+
+96
+00:07:14,790 --> 00:07:18,010
+human eye بتطلع على ال object العبرة بال angular 
+
+97
+00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:22,090
+magnification. Transverse magnification, we use it in 
+
+98
+00:07:22,090 --> 00:07:24,450
+factories. When I have an object, a candle, and I
+
+99
+00:07:24,450 --> 00:07:27,450
+want to take a picture, I want to take a picture on
+
+100
+00:07:27,450 --> 00:07:32,150
+a receipt paper. So the expression is angular 
+
+101
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:35,570
+magnification and this is considered a telescope. 
+
+102
+00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:38,930
+It magnifies the picture when I look through the 
+
+103
+00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:42,110
+eyepiece. When I look through the eyepiece, so it
+
+104
+00:07:42,110 --> 00:07:45,290
+is necessary to note that angular magnification in 
+
+105
+00:07:45,290 --> 00:07:52,010
+practical life is what we use or what we feel we 
+
+106
+00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:56,010
+get. Another example. I have a Keplerian telescope, I 
+
+107
+00:07:56,010 --> 00:07:58,350
+also want to calculate the angular magnification
+
+108
+00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,810
+and the transverse magnification. The transverse
+
+109
+00:08:00,810 --> 00:08:04,430
+magnification is equal to the same way, which is
+
+110
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:07,630
+the power of the eyepiece,
+
+111
+00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:16,360
+the power of the objective over the power of the 
+
+112
+00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:20,780
+eyepiece, and it equals the power of the objective
+
+113
+00:08:20,780 --> 00:08:24,800
+plus 2. Let's say we don't need signals because the
+
+114
+00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,660
+picture is upside down in the Galilean telescope.
+
+115
+00:08:27,660 --> 00:08:33,140
+The picture is normal, and in the Keplerian
+
+116
+00:08:33,140 --> 00:08:36,120
+telescope, the picture is upside down. The picture
+
+117
+00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:38,540
+is upside down, 2 diopters over 10 diopters
+
+118
+00:08:41,660 --> 00:08:45,440
+y is equal to
+
+119
+00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:59,920
+x minus 2 out of 10, let's make it 20 
+
+120
+00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:04,460
+diopters, not 10 diopters, 20 diopters. 
+
+121
+00:09:08,100 --> 00:09:10,100
+But as long as we keep it at 20 diopters, the
+
+122
+00:09:10,100 --> 00:09:14,180
+distance starts to change. Because 20 diopters, 
+
+123
+00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,980
+the focal length is 5 cm and here it is 50 cm, so 
+
+124
+00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:24,040
+it becomes 55 cm to have a Keplerian telescope. The 
+
+125
+00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:28,120
+total focal length of the lens of the eyepiece and 
+
+126
+00:09:28,120 --> 00:09:31,080
+the total focal length of the lens of the lens of 
+
+127
+00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:35,740
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+128
+00:09:35,740 --> 00:09:36,140
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+129
+00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:39,500
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of 
+
+130
+00:09:39,500 --> 00:09:40,520
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+131
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:43,540
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+132
+00:09:43,540 --> 00:09:50,940
+the lens of the lens of 
+
+133
+00:09:50,940 --> 00:09:52,020
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of 
+
+134
+00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:52,040
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+135
+00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:58,150
+the lens on the focal length of the objective, which 
+
+136
+00:09:58,150 --> 00:10:01,390
+is equal to the focal length of the eyepiece, which 
+
+137
+00:10:01,390 --> 00:10:07,570
+is 5 cm on the focal length of the objective, which 
+
+138
+00:10:07,570 --> 00:10:08,810
+is the 2 diopters, which is equal to the focal
+
+139
+00:10:08,810 --> 00:10:15,550
+length of 50 cm, which is equal to x. Now we put 
+
+140
+00:10:15,550 --> 00:10:17,770
+minus because it is an inverted picture. The 
+
+141
+00:10:17,770 --> 00:10:20,070
+Keplerian is one word, and the picture is inverted
+
+142
+00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:25,300
+It is modified by internal prisms as we said in
+
+143
+00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:29,620
+the previous lecture, x minus 1 from 10. Also for transfer
+
+144
+00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:34,000
+magnification is equal to 1 over angular
+
+145
+00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:42,120
+magnification, and 
+
+146
+00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:45,680
+we leave it until we get angular magnification 
+
+147
+00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:47,480
+because angular magnification 
+
+148
+00:10:50,820 --> 00:10:53,280
+is equal to the opposite of the transverse
+
+149
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:58,480
+magnification. So the power of the eyepiece over the
+
+150
+00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:04,800
+power of the objective is equal to 20 diopters 
+
+151
+00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:13,880
+over 2 diopters, which is equal to x 10. 10
+
+152
+00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:17,400
+times the angle is done with it, the angle that was 
+
+153
+00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,340
+done by the object before using the telescope 
+
+154
+00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:25,800
+increased 10 times. The angular magnification in 
+
+155
+00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:30,240
+another way is 
+
+156
+00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:37,600
+equal to the focal length of the objective over 
+
+157
+00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:42,800
+the focal length of the eyepiece. It is equal to the
+
+158
+00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:47,160
+focal length of the objective, which is 50 cm, to
+
+159
+00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:50,500
+the focal length of the eyepiece, which is 5 cm, and
+
+160
+00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:56,660
+it is equal to 10 times, 10 times, 10. So 10 
+
+161
+00:11:56,660 --> 00:12:01,900
+times the image is enlarged compared to the eye of
+
+162
+00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:05,420
+the observer. Also the angular magnification
+
+163
+00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:13,420
+transverse magnification is 1 over transverse 
+
+164
+00:12:13,420 --> 00:12:18,540
+magnification, transverse 
+
+165
+00:12:18,540 --> 00:12:31,200
+magnification is 1 over transverse
+
+166
+00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:37,100
+magnification. x, of course, we put minus because it's
+
+167
+00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:41,420
+the inverse of the picture. 1 out of 10. Now, the 
+
+168
+00:12:41,420 --> 00:12:45,060
+angular magnification in the third way is equal to
+
+169
+00:12:45,060 --> 00:12:48,520
+1 over transference magnification, which is equal 
+
+170
+00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:54,860
+to 1 over 1 out of 10, which is equal to 10 times.
+
+171
+00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:59,930
+10 times, 10. One over ten means ten. So with these 
+
+172
+00:12:59,930 --> 00:13:03,770
+three ways we can get angular magnification, and we 
+
+173
+00:13:03,770 --> 00:13:16,470
+can get transverse magnification, and 
+
+174
+00:13:16,470 --> 00:13:18,530
+we said that the most important thing is angular
+
+175
+00:13:18,530 --> 00:13:21,050
+magnification because it is necessary for 
+
+176
+00:13:21,050 --> 00:13:24,510
+practical life. And that's why telescopes are used 
+
+177
+00:13:24,510 --> 00:13:27,990
+as low vision aids because it is too big. Because 
+
+178
+00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:31,290
+it is too big. If the most important thing is
+
+179
+00:13:31,290 --> 00:13:33,430
+transverse magnification, it is not suitable for
+
+180
+00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:35,510
+people who have low vision because it is too small
+
+181
+00:13:35,510 --> 00:13:38,210
+and therefore makes the vision difficult. But it 
+
+182
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,470
+is the expression of angular magnification in this 
+
+183
+00:13:41,470 --> 00:13:46,370
+topic. This is how the topics related to 
+
+184
+00:13:46,370 --> 00:13:51,910
+telescopes end. And may Allah's peace, mercy and
+
+185
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:52,350
+blessings be upon you. 
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/a3mIBjwnjdU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
+1
+00:00:01,600 --> 00:00:03,520
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have a Galilean
+
+2
+00:00:03,520 --> 00:00:06,820
+telescope. We want to know its transverse
+
+3
+00:00:06,820 --> 00:00:11,440
+magnification and angular magnification. The
+
+4
+00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,080
+transverse magnification can be obtained in
+
+5
+00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:19,780
+several ways. Transverse magnification is equal to
+
+6
+00:00:19,780 --> 00:00:25,800
+the power of the objective over the power
+
+7
+00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:32,340
+objective lens which is the plus lens and the
+
+8
+00:00:32,340 --> 00:00:35,540
+minus lens which is the I-piece lens and it is
+
+9
+00:00:35,540 --> 00:00:44,380
+equal to 4 diopters divided by 20 dioptersHere I'm
+
+10
+00:00:44,380 --> 00:00:46,400
+not going to use the signs again, but I want to
+
+11
+00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:51,440
+know that the magnification in the Galilean
+
+12
+00:00:51,440 --> 00:01:01,360
+telescope that the image is regular x plus 24
+
+13
+00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:09,740
+which is 5 which is 2 out of 10 So this is what
+
+14
+00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:12,200
+transfers magnification, let's get it another way
+
+15
+00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:21,240
+transfers magnification to this telescope is 2 out
+
+16
+00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,760
+of 10 it is a regular image and it is sized to 5
+
+17
+00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:27,380
+times the height of the object standing in front
+
+18
+00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:31,920
+of it another way is the focal length of the
+
+19
+00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:36,980
+eyepiece to the focal length of the objective
+
+20
+00:01:40,320 --> 00:01:42,960
+Before we see the second method, how did we decide
+
+21
+00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:45,660
+that this is a Galilean telescope? We decided that
+
+22
+00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:47,740
+this is a Galilean telescope because I have an
+
+23
+00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:51,960
+objective lens plus 4, its diameter is 25
+
+24
+00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:54,600
+centimeters, one over four is a quarter of a meter
+
+25
+00:01:55,590 --> 00:01:59,050
+وهنا بعدها البقري خمسة صنطة، إذا هذه خمسة وعشرين
+
+26
+00:01:59,050 --> 00:02:03,270
+صنطة بعدها البقري، وهذه خمسة صنطة بعدها البقري، في
+
+27
+00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,870
+ال Galilean telescope المسافة بين العدساتين يساوي
+
+28
+00:02:06,870 --> 00:02:09,990
+الفرق بين البعد البقري للعدسة ال plus و البعد
+
+29
+00:02:09,990 --> 00:02:12,590
+البقري للعدسة ال minus، يعني خمسة وعشرين ناقص
+
+30
+00:02:12,590 --> 00:02:15,970
+خمسة، ويساوي عشرين صنطة، فإذا هذا Galilean
+
+31
+00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:18,970
+telescope الطريقة التانية قلناها ال transfers
+
+32
+00:02:18,970 --> 00:02:19,890
+magnification
+
+33
+00:02:23,410 --> 00:02:27,270
+The focal length of the eyepiece The focal length
+
+34
+00:02:27,270 --> 00:02:33,990
+of the eyepiece is n Refractive index over the
+
+35
+00:02:33,990 --> 00:02:40,370
+power over the power which is 1 over 20 which is 5
+
+36
+00:02:40,370 --> 00:02:45,110
+cm 5 cm 1 over 20 of the meter which is 5 cm over
+
+37
+00:02:45,110 --> 00:02:49,490
+the focal length of the objective which is 25 cm
+
+38
+00:02:49,490 --> 00:02:57,280
+and it equalsX 5 means 2 out of 10 So whether we
+
+39
+00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,800
+used the first method Or we used the second method
+
+40
+00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:05,460
+The
+
+41
+00:03:05,460 --> 00:03:08,740
+answer is also the same So the force of the lens
+
+42
+00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:10,900
+of the objective on the force of the lens of the
+
+43
+00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:13,860
+eyepiece Or the angular distance of the eyepiece
+
+44
+00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:16,000
+on the angular distance of the objective Will
+
+45
+00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,360
+result in Transverse Magnification There is a
+
+46
+00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,300
+third method which is Transverse Magnification one
+
+47
+00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:33,300
+over the angular magnification this
+
+48
+00:03:33,300 --> 00:03:35,660
+way we will delay it until we get the angular
+
+49
+00:03:35,660 --> 00:03:37,660
+magnification we say that the angular
+
+50
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:40,660
+magnification is equal to the opposite of these
+
+51
+00:03:40,660 --> 00:03:43,580
+exactly what happens in the bus and what happens
+
+52
+00:03:43,580 --> 00:03:45,040
+in the bus happens in the position and here the
+
+53
+00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:48,260
+same thing we say that the angular magnification
+
+54
+00:03:48,260 --> 00:03:53,030
+is equal to the power of the eyepieceon the power
+
+55
+00:03:53,030 --> 00:04:00,290
+of the objective which is the power of the IBIS 20
+
+56
+00:04:00,290 --> 00:04:10,210
+diopter on the power of the objective which is 4
+
+57
+00:04:10,210 --> 00:04:18,970
+diopter which is equal to x 5, 5 times, 5 times it
+
+58
+00:04:18,970 --> 00:04:22,590
+becomes an angle with my eyeor with the human eye
+
+59
+00:04:22,590 --> 00:04:29,890
+that looks through this telescope now
+
+60
+00:04:29,890 --> 00:04:34,210
+we bring it in another way the angular
+
+61
+00:04:34,210 --> 00:04:39,070
+magnification is equal to the focal length of the
+
+62
+00:04:39,070 --> 00:04:42,530
+objective it was here in the position, now it is
+
+63
+00:04:42,530 --> 00:04:45,830
+in the axis on the focal length in the eyepiece
+
+64
+00:04:45,830 --> 00:04:49,250
+and it is equal toThe focal length of the
+
+65
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:53,170
+objective is 25 cm over the focal length of the
+
+66
+00:04:53,170 --> 00:04:59,930
+eyepiece which is 5 cm and it is also equal to x5
+
+67
+00:04:59,930 --> 00:05:01,890
+which is 5 times
+
+68
+00:05:22,970 --> 00:05:29,330
+Angular Magnification is equal to
+
+69
+00:05:29,330 --> 00:05:35,430
+1 over Transfer Magnification 1 over Tm
+
+70
+00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:40,880
+Now let's solve Transverse Magnification in the
+
+71
+00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:44,520
+third way, we say y is equal to one over the
+
+72
+00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,180
+angular magnification, the angular magnification
+
+73
+00:05:47,180 --> 00:05:52,720
+with me is five, one over five is equal to x two
+
+74
+00:05:52,720 --> 00:06:01,420
+out of ten, x two out of ten thenRegardless, I
+
+75
+00:06:01,420 --> 00:06:02,980
+brought it in the first way to transfer
+
+76
+00:06:02,980 --> 00:06:06,100
+magnification or in the second way or in the third
+
+77
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:08,340
+way, of course here X plus because the image is
+
+78
+00:06:08,340 --> 00:06:10,120
+regular, it is known in the Galilean telescope
+
+79
+00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:13,640
+that the image is regular, not one word, so here
+
+80
+00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:17,940
+plus two out of ten plus two out of ten plus two
+
+81
+00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:21,920
+out of ten, okay, now I want to bring the angular
+
+82
+00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,940
+magnification in the third way, which is one over
+
+83
+00:06:24,940 --> 00:06:28,740
+transfer magnification, that is, one over two out
+
+84
+00:06:28,740 --> 00:06:36,070
+of tenand it's equal to 5 times 5 When I divide 1
+
+85
+00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:39,750
+by 5, the position of the position is simple, so
+
+86
+00:06:39,750 --> 00:06:43,870
+the 5 becomes simple So this is the third method
+
+87
+00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:46,070
+that I use for angular magnification
+
+88
+00:06:48,850 --> 00:06:51,350
+The transphase magnification of this Galilean
+
+89
+00:06:51,350 --> 00:06:53,970
+telescope is 2 out of 10, which is the usual
+
+90
+00:06:53,970 --> 00:06:59,010
+picture And the angular magnification is 5 times
+
+91
+00:06:59,010 --> 00:07:00,830
+the angle, which means that if you make an angle
+
+92
+00:07:00,830 --> 00:07:03,610
+with your eye without a telescope, without this
+
+93
+00:07:03,610 --> 00:07:06,850
+Galilean telescope, it makes an angle of 10
+
+94
+00:07:06,850 --> 00:07:11,430
+degrees, it becomes an angle of 50 degreesالعبرة
+
+95
+00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:14,790
+في النظر لما أنا بكون بتطلع على ال object لما ال
+
+96
+00:07:14,790 --> 00:07:18,010
+human eye بتطلع على ال object العبرة بال angular
+
+97
+00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:22,090
+magnificationtransfers magnification we use it in
+
+98
+00:07:22,090 --> 00:07:24,450
+factories when I have an object, a candle, and I
+
+99
+00:07:24,450 --> 00:07:27,450
+want to take a picture I want to take a picture on
+
+100
+00:07:27,450 --> 00:07:32,150
+a receipt paper, so the expression is angular
+
+101
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:35,570
+magnification and this is considered a telescope,
+
+102
+00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:38,930
+it magnifies the picture when I look through the
+
+103
+00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:42,110
+eyepiece when I look through the eyepiece, so it
+
+104
+00:07:42,110 --> 00:07:45,290
+is necessary to note that angular magnificationin
+
+105
+00:07:45,290 --> 00:07:52,010
+practical life is what we use or what we feel we
+
+106
+00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:56,010
+get another example I have a Keplerian telescope I
+
+107
+00:07:56,010 --> 00:07:58,350
+also want to calculate the angular magnification
+
+108
+00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,810
+and the transverse magnification the transverse
+
+109
+00:08:00,810 --> 00:08:04,430
+magnification is equal to the same way which is
+
+110
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:07,630
+the power of the eyepiece
+
+111
+00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:16,360
+the power of the objective over the power of the
+
+112
+00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:20,780
+eyepiece and it equals the power of the objective
+
+113
+00:08:20,780 --> 00:08:24,800
+plus 2 let's say we don't need signals because the
+
+114
+00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,660
+picture is upside down in the Galilean telescope
+
+115
+00:08:27,660 --> 00:08:33,140
+the picture is normal and in the Keplerian
+
+116
+00:08:33,140 --> 00:08:36,120
+telescope the picture is upside down the picture
+
+117
+00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:38,540
+is upside down 2 diopters over 10 diopters
+
+118
+00:08:41,660 --> 00:08:45,440
+y is equal to
+
+119
+00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:59,920
+x minus 2 out of 10 let's make it 20
+
+120
+00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:04,460
+diopters not 10 diopters 20 diopters
+
+121
+00:09:08,100 --> 00:09:10,100
+But as long as we keep it at 20 diopters, the
+
+122
+00:09:10,100 --> 00:09:14,180
+distance starts to change. Because 20 diopters,
+
+123
+00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,980
+the focal length is 5 cm, and here it is 50 cm, so
+
+124
+00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:24,040
+it becomes 55 cm to have a Keplerian telescope.the
+
+125
+00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:28,120
+total focal length of the lens of the eyepiece and
+
+126
+00:09:28,120 --> 00:09:31,080
+the total focal length of the lens of the lens of
+
+127
+00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:35,740
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+128
+00:09:35,740 --> 00:09:36,140
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+129
+00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:39,500
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+130
+00:09:39,500 --> 00:09:40,520
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+131
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:43,540
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+132
+00:09:43,540 --> 00:09:50,940
+the lens of the lens of
+
+133
+00:09:50,940 --> 00:09:52,020
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+134
+00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:52,040
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+135
+00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:58,150
+the lenson the focal length of the objective which
+
+136
+00:09:58,150 --> 00:10:01,390
+is equal to the focal length of the eyepiece which
+
+137
+00:10:01,390 --> 00:10:07,570
+is 5 cm on the focal length of the objective which
+
+138
+00:10:07,570 --> 00:10:08,810
+is the two diopters which is equal to the focal
+
+139
+00:10:08,810 --> 00:10:15,550
+length of 50 cm which is equal to x now we put
+
+140
+00:10:15,550 --> 00:10:17,770
+minus because it is a inverted picture the
+
+141
+00:10:17,770 --> 00:10:20,070
+Keplerian is one word and the picture is inverted
+
+142
+00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:25,300
+It is modified by internal prisms as we said in
+
+143
+00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:29,620
+the previous lecture X-1 from 10 also for transfer
+
+144
+00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:34,000
+magnification is equal to 1 over angular
+
+145
+00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:42,120
+magnification and
+
+146
+00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:45,680
+we leave it until we get angular magnification
+
+147
+00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:47,480
+because angular magnification
+
+148
+00:10:50,820 --> 00:10:53,280
+is equal to the opposite of the transfer's
+
+149
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:58,480
+magnification so the power of the IPS over the
+
+150
+00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:04,800
+power of the objective is equal to 20 diopters
+
+151
+00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:13,880
+over 2 diopters which is equal tox 10 means 10
+
+152
+00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:17,400
+times the angle is done with it the angle that was
+
+153
+00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,340
+done by the object before using the telescope
+
+154
+00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:25,800
+increased 10 times the angular magnification in
+
+155
+00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:30,240
+another way is
+
+156
+00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:37,600
+equal to the focal length of the objective over
+
+157
+00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:42,800
+the focal length of the eyepieceIt is equal to the
+
+158
+00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:47,160
+focal length of the objective which is 50 cm to
+
+159
+00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:50,500
+the focal length of the eyepiece which is 5 cm and
+
+160
+00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:56,660
+it is equal to ten times ten times ten So ten
+
+161
+00:11:56,660 --> 00:12:01,900
+times the image is enlarged compared to the eye of
+
+162
+00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:05,420
+the observer Also the angular magnification
+
+163
+00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:13,420
+Transphase Magnification is 1 over Transphase
+
+164
+00:12:13,420 --> 00:12:18,540
+Magnification Transphase
+
+165
+00:12:18,540 --> 00:12:31,200
+Magnification is 1 over Transphase
+
+166
+00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:37,100
+Magnificationx of course we put minus because it's
+
+167
+00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:41,420
+the inverse of the picture 1 out of 10 now the
+
+168
+00:12:41,420 --> 00:12:45,060
+angular magnification in the third way is equal to
+
+169
+00:12:45,060 --> 00:12:48,520
+1 over transference magnification which is equal
+
+170
+00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:54,860
+to 1 over 1 out of 10 which is equal to 10 times
+
+171
+00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:59,930
+10 times 10one over ten means ten so with these
+
+172
+00:12:59,930 --> 00:13:03,770
+three ways we can get angular magnification and we
+
+173
+00:13:03,770 --> 00:13:16,470
+can get transverse magnification and
+
+174
+00:13:16,470 --> 00:13:18,530
+we said that the most important thing is angular
+
+175
+00:13:18,530 --> 00:13:21,050
+magnification because it is necessary for
+
+176
+00:13:21,050 --> 00:13:24,510
+practical life and that's why telescopesIt is used
+
+177
+00:13:24,510 --> 00:13:27,990
+as low vision aids because it is too big. Because
+
+178
+00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:31,290
+it is too big. If the most important thing is
+
+179
+00:13:31,290 --> 00:13:33,430
+transverse magnification, it is not suitable for
+
+180
+00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:35,510
+people who have low vision because it is too small
+
+181
+00:13:35,510 --> 00:13:38,210
+and therefore makes the vision difficult. But it
+
+182
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,470
+is the expression of angular magnification in this
+
+183
+00:13:41,470 --> 00:13:46,370
+topic. This is how the topics related to
+
+184
+00:13:46,370 --> 00:13:51,910
+telescopes end. And may Allah's peace, mercy and
+
+185
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:52,350
+blessings be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/aRHCsCYOhoo.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+1
+00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:02,520
+In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most
+
+2
+00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:04,160
+Merciful. We have an example that we want to solve
+
+3
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,020
+together. We want to find the total force of a
+
+4
+00:00:08,020 --> 00:00:11,380
+thick lens. The front surface is plus eight
+
+5
+00:00:11,380 --> 00:00:14,580
+diopters. The back surface is plus four diopters.
+
+6
+00:00:15,220 --> 00:00:18,220
+The thickness of the lens is two centimeters. The
+
+7
+00:00:18,220 --> 00:00:21,440
+refractive index of the lens is one and four out
+
+8
+00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:26,540
+of ten. We say that the power of the transfer is
+
+9
+00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:36,330
+equal to minus T over NL multiplied by the power of
+
+10
+00:00:36,330 --> 00:00:44,370
+the front multiplied by the power of the back and
+
+11
+00:00:44,370 --> 00:00:49,250
+equals minus
+
+12
+00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:53,190
+T which is thickness which is 2cm which is 2 out
+
+13
+00:00:53,190 --> 00:00:53,890
+of 100 meters
+
+14
+00:01:00,520 --> 00:01:04,040
+on refractive index of the lens which is NL which
+
+15
+00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:10,900
+is one and four out of ten multiply by the power
+
+16
+00:01:10,900 --> 00:01:15,520
+of the front eight 
+
+17
+00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:20,200
+multiply by eight which is more multiply by the
+
+18
+00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:25,400
+power of the back which is four which is more and
+
+19
+00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:25,620
+equal
+
+20
+00:01:29,940 --> 00:01:38,900
+the minus will go down first we say 4x8x32 4x8x32
+
+21
+00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:47,960
+32x2 which is in the decimal I have 64 and I have
+
+22
+00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:52,940
+the decimal after two numbers so 64 out of 100
+
+23
+00:01:57,990 --> 00:02:02,730
+الان متر فى متر أس ناقص واحد فى متر أس ناقص واحد
+
+24
+00:02:02,730 --> 00:02:06,790
+ال متر فى المتر أس ناقص واحد بيروحوا مع بعض بيضل
+
+25
+00:02:06,790 --> 00:02:09,970
+عندى ال diopter اللى هو متر أس ناقص واحد اذا ناقص
+
+26
+00:02:09,970 --> 00:02:15,350
+اربع وستين من مية diopter على واحد واربعة من عشرة
+
+27
+00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,370
+على واحد واربعة من عشرة هروح على ال calculator
+
+28
+00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:40,140
+we will have to use another calculator on
+
+29
+00:02:40,140 --> 00:02:50,180
+the mobile 64 out of 100 divided
+
+30
+00:02:50,180 --> 00:03:01,870
+by 1.4 out of 10 is equal to zero point four, five,
+
+31
+00:03:03,070 --> 00:03:06,870
+seven diopters
+
+32
+00:03:06,870 --> 00:03:11,230
+so
+
+33
+00:03:11,230 --> 00:03:17,010
+of course with minus this
+
+34
+00:03:17,010 --> 00:03:21,990
+quantity we will approximate to 45 out of 100
+
+35
+00:03:21,990 --> 00:03:25,910
+diopters approximately to change the situation
+
+36
+00:03:25,910 --> 00:03:29,670
+inside the lens Now the problem is not solved yet
+
+37
+00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:33,430
+We need the total power We need the total power We
+
+38
+00:03:33,430 --> 00:03:38,030
+say the power of this lens is equal to the power
+
+39
+00:03:38,030 --> 00:03:45,430
+of the front plus the power of the back service
+
+40
+00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:49,540
+plus the power of the transfer that was lost from
+
+41
+00:03:49,540 --> 00:03:53,820
+changing the wave state inside the lens which is
+
+42
+00:03:53,820 --> 00:03:56,780
+equal to the power of the front plus 8 diopter
+
+43
+00:03:56,780 --> 00:04:04,920
+plus the power of the back plus 4 diopter plus
+
+44
+00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:13,520
+the power of the transfer minus 45% diopter which
+
+45
+00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:17,970
+is equal to  بنقول تمانية واربعة اتناش بدنا نطرح
+
+46
+00:04:17,970 --> 00:04:26,510
+منهم خمسة واربعين من مية بضال plus 11Plus 11.55%
+
+47
+00:04:26,510 --> 00:04:30,430
+of 100 diopters This lens if it was a thin lens,
+
+48
+00:04:30,590 --> 00:04:33,850
+if it was a thin lens, its power was 12 diopters
+
+49
+00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,650
+But because it is a thick lens, it went almost
+
+50
+00:04:37,650 --> 00:04:41,910
+close to half a diopter inside the lens to change
+
+51
+00:04:41,910 --> 00:04:44,250
+the fluctuating state of light So this is the
+
+52
+00:04:44,250 --> 00:04:48,970
+final solution, plus 11.55% of 100 diopters God
+
+53
+00:04:48,970 --> 00:04:50,590
+bless you and peace be upon you

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/bvkvObAN1wQ.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:07,470
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، عنا مسألة object موجود على
+
+2
+00:00:07,470 --> 00:00:13,030
+مسافة من عدسة، هذه العدسة كونت صورة لهذا ال object
+
+3
+00:00:13,030 --> 00:00:18,570
+على يمين، على يمين العدسة بمسافة واحد متر، أن
+
+4
+00:00:18,570 --> 00:00:23,030
+للهوة واحد وأن شرطة أيضا للهوة واحد، بدنا نشوف
+
+5
+00:00:23,030 --> 00:00:26,790
+مسافة ال object، بدنا نشوف مسافة ال object، بنقول
+
+6
+00:00:26,790 --> 00:00:38,300
+أن على أPlus P Equals Unconditional
+
+7
+00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:49,420
+over I Unconditional
+
+8
+00:00:49,420 --> 00:00:53,660
+over O Unconditional over 1 over O Unknown That's
+
+9
+00:00:53,660 --> 00:00:57,200
+why we didn't give it a minus sign Plus the power
+
+10
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:57,540
+6
+
+11
+00:01:01,250 --> 00:01:11,270
+يساوي أنشرطة واحد على I اللي هي plus واحد متر plus
+
+12
+00:01:11,270 --> 00:01:17,130
+واحد متر طيب واحد
+
+13
+00:01:17,130 --> 00:01:25,270
+على O زي ما احنا واحد على O يساوي
+
+14
+00:01:28,050 --> 00:01:31,870
+For plus 6 diopter will move to minus 6 diopter
+
+15
+00:01:31,870 --> 00:01:37,170
+plus
+
+16
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:45,010
+1 over 1 meter will become 1 meter minus 1, 1
+
+17
+00:01:45,010 --> 00:01:49,650
+diopter one when we divide it by plus one it
+
+18
+00:01:49,650 --> 00:01:52,470
+remains plus one the meter in the unit when it
+
+19
+00:01:52,470 --> 00:01:54,830
+goes up it becomes meter plus minus one which is
+
+20
+00:01:54,830 --> 00:01:58,390
+the diopter so minus six diopters plus one
+
+21
+00:01:58,390 --> 00:02:07,190
+diopters equals one over O equals minus five
+
+22
+00:02:07,190 --> 00:02:14,470
+diopters I want O I change it I say one over
+
+23
+00:02:17,290 --> 00:02:22,590
+Minus 5 diopter equals
+
+24
+00:02:22,590 --> 00:02:26,910
+O So
+
+25
+00:02:26,910 --> 00:02:31,290
+O equals
+
+26
+00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,390
+1
+
+27
+00:02:35,390 --> 00:02:42,100
+over minus 5 minus 5 minus 2 out of 10 and the
+
+28
+00:02:42,100 --> 00:02:44,420
+diopter is one meter minus one when it goes up by
+
+29
+00:02:44,420 --> 00:02:47,180
+six meters this is the distance of the object the
+
+30
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:50,060
+distance of the object is minus two meters minus
+
+31
+00:02:50,060 --> 00:02:53,160
+two out of ten sorry minus two out of ten meters
+
+32
+00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:55,480
+which is twenty centimeters to the left twenty
+
+33
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,120
+centimeters to the left so the distance of the
+
+34
+00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:05,560
+object is twenty centimeters from
+
+35
+00:03:07,780 --> 00:03:10,360
+on the left of the optical system on the left of
+
+36
+00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:12,360
+the optical system which is the left of the lens
+
+37
+00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:15,680
+then
+
+38
+00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,220
+20 centimeters now if I wanted to bring the
+
+39
+00:03:18,220 --> 00:03:22,180
+transfer magnification to transfer magnification
+
+40
+00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:43,420
+transphase magnification is equal to image
+
+41
+00:03:43,420 --> 00:03:51,100
+distance divided by object distance which is equal
+
+42
+00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:56,840
+to image distance one meter divided by object
+
+43
+00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:02,440
+distance which is minus two out of ten meters
+
+44
+00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:15,320
+which is equal to xPlus over minus minus one meter
+
+45
+00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:20,100
+or one over two ten five و المتر على متر بيروح X
+
+46
+00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:25,400
+minus خمسة إذا الصورة مجلوبة وخمس مرات ارتفاع ال
+
+47
+00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,840
+object خمس مرات ارتفاع ال object فبالتالي هذه
+
+48
+00:04:28,840 --> 00:04:36,240
+القضية بتوضحلي قضية ل transfers magnification ل
+
+49
+00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:39,420
+transfers magnification هيك بتنتهي المسألة
+
+50
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:43,560
+ويعطيفكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/bvkvObAN1wQ_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:07,470
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، عنا مسألة object موجود على
+
+2
+00:00:07,470 --> 00:00:13,030
+مسافة من عدسة، هذه العدسة كونت صورة لهذا ال object
+
+3
+00:00:13,030 --> 00:00:18,570
+على يمين، على يمين العدسة بمسافة واحد متر، أن
+
+4
+00:00:18,570 --> 00:00:23,030
+للهوة واحد وأن شرطة أيضا للهوة واحد، بدنا نشوف
+
+5
+00:00:23,030 --> 00:00:26,790
+مسافة ال object، بدنا نشوف مسافة ال object، بنقول
+
+6
+00:00:26,790 --> 00:00:38,300
+أن على أPlus P Equals Unconditional
+
+7
+00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:49,420
+over I Unconditional
+
+8
+00:00:49,420 --> 00:00:53,660
+over O Unconditional over 1 over O Unknown That's
+
+9
+00:00:53,660 --> 00:00:57,200
+why we didn't give it a minus sign Plus the power
+
+10
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:57,540
+6
+
+11
+00:01:01,250 --> 00:01:11,270
+يساوي أنشرطة واحد على I اللي هي plus واحد متر plus
+
+12
+00:01:11,270 --> 00:01:17,130
+واحد متر طيب واحد
+
+13
+00:01:17,130 --> 00:01:25,270
+على O زي ما احنا واحد على O يساوي
+
+14
+00:01:28,050 --> 00:01:31,870
+For plus 6 diopter will move to minus 6 diopter
+
+15
+00:01:31,870 --> 00:01:37,170
+plus
+
+16
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:45,010
+1 over 1 meter will become 1 meter minus 1, 1
+
+17
+00:01:45,010 --> 00:01:49,650
+diopterone when we divide it by plus one it
+
+18
+00:01:49,650 --> 00:01:52,470
+remains plus one the meter in the unit when it
+
+19
+00:01:52,470 --> 00:01:54,830
+goes up it becomes meter plus minus one which is
+
+20
+00:01:54,830 --> 00:01:58,390
+the diopter so minus six diopters plus one
+
+21
+00:01:58,390 --> 00:02:07,190
+diopters equals one over O equals minus five
+
+22
+00:02:07,190 --> 00:02:14,470
+diopters I want O I change it I say one over
+
+23
+00:02:17,290 --> 00:02:22,590
+Minus 5 diopter equals
+
+24
+00:02:22,590 --> 00:02:26,910
+O So
+
+25
+00:02:26,910 --> 00:02:31,290
+O equals
+
+26
+00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,390
+1
+
+27
+00:02:35,390 --> 00:02:42,100
+over minus 5 minus 5 minus 2 out of 10and the
+
+28
+00:02:42,100 --> 00:02:44,420
+diopter is one meter minus one when it goes up by
+
+29
+00:02:44,420 --> 00:02:47,180
+six meters this is the distance of the object the
+
+30
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:50,060
+distance of the object is minus two meters minus
+
+31
+00:02:50,060 --> 00:02:53,160
+two out of ten sorry minus two out of ten meters
+
+32
+00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:55,480
+which is twenty centimeters to the left twenty
+
+33
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,120
+centimeters to the left so the distance of the
+
+34
+00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:05,560
+object is twenty centimeters from
+
+35
+00:03:07,780 --> 00:03:10,360
+on the left of the optical system on the left of
+
+36
+00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:12,360
+the optical system which is the left of the lens
+
+37
+00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:15,680
+then
+
+38
+00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,220
+20 centimeters now if I wanted to bring the
+
+39
+00:03:18,220 --> 00:03:22,180
+transfer magnification to transfer magnification
+
+40
+00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:43,420
+transphase magnification is equal to image
+
+41
+00:03:43,420 --> 00:03:51,100
+distance divided by object distance which is equal
+
+42
+00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:56,840
+to image distance one meter divided by object
+
+43
+00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:02,440
+distance which is minus two out of ten meters
+
+44
+00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:15,320
+which is equal to xPlus over minus minus one meter
+
+45
+00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:20,100
+or one over two ten fiveوالمتر على متر بيروح X
+
+46
+00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:25,400
+minus خمسة إذا الصورة مجلوبة وخمس مرات ارتفاع ال
+
+47
+00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,840
+object خمس مرات ارتفاع ال object فبالتالي هذه
+
+48
+00:04:28,840 --> 00:04:36,240
+القضية بتوضحلي قضية ل transfers magnification ل
+
+49
+00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:39,420
+transfers magnification هيك بتنتهي المسألة
+
+50
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:43,560
+ويعطيفكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cMgHJP8RmYo.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+
+1
+00:00:03,690 --> 00:00:06,750
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have an example
+
+2
+00:00:06,750 --> 00:00:12,230
+that says calculate the optical path length. The
+
+3
+00:00:12,230 --> 00:00:15,590
+light started from point A, walked in the air two
+
+4
+00:00:15,590 --> 00:00:17,850
+and a half meters, then in the water twenty
+
+5
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:20,570
+centimeters, then in the glass thirty centimeters,
+
+6
+00:00:21,030 --> 00:00:23,990
+then in the air again one and a half meters, until
+
+7
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:27,410
+it reached point B, which is the end of the
+
+8
+00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:30,230
+journey. We need to calculate the optical path
+
+9
+00:00:30,230 --> 00:00:34,430
+length. We say that the actual distance that the
+
+10
+00:00:34,430 --> 00:00:37,330
+light moves is 2.5 meters, plus 20 centimeters,
+
+11
+00:00:37,490 --> 00:00:39,670
+which is 2 out of 10 meters, plus 30 centimeters,
+
+12
+00:00:39,830 --> 00:00:43,470
+which is 3 out of 10 meters, plus 1.5 meters in
+
+13
+00:00:43,470 --> 00:00:46,710
+the air. In total, all together will be 4.5
+
+14
+00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:50,630
+meters. The optical path length is equal to
+
+15
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:56,800
+multiply each distance by the refractive index two
+
+16
+00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:00,540
+and a half meter multiplied by one two and a half
+
+17
+00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:04,380
+meter
+
+18
+00:01:04,380 --> 00:01:09,460
+multiplied by one plus two out of ten all in
+
+19
+00:01:09,460 --> 00:01:12,560
+meters multiplied by one and three out of ten this
+
+20
+00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:18,760
+is refractive index plus three out of ten meters
+
+21
+00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:22,580
+multiplied by one and a half plus
+
+22
+00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:28,240
+one and a half meter in the air times one which is
+
+23
+00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:31,260
+the refractive index for the air two and a half
+
+24
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:35,840
+meters in one equals two and a half meters plus
+
+25
+00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:40,280
+two out of ten meters in one and three out of ten
+
+26
+00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:47,340
+equals twenty six out of one hundred meters three
+
+27
+00:01:47,340 --> 00:01:53,730
+out of ten meters in one and forty-five hundred
+
+28
+00:01:53,730 --> 00:02:00,910
+meters forty-five hundred meters plus one and a
+
+29
+00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,510
+half meters per one remains one and a half meters
+
+30
+00:02:03,510 --> 00:02:08,190
+We add these distances, we say I have two and a
+
+31
+00:02:08,190 --> 00:02:15,590
+half meters plus twenty-six hundred meters plus
+
+32
+00:02:15,590 --> 00:02:18,430
+forty-five hundred meters
+
+33
+00:02:23,450 --> 00:02:28,230
+plus one and a half meters one and a half meters
+
+34
+00:02:28,230 --> 00:02:36,090
+their total is six and five is eleven six and two
+
+35
+00:02:36,090 --> 00:02:41,470
+is eight and nine is seventeen one and two is
+
+36
+00:02:41,470 --> 00:02:46,990
+three and one is four so the answer is four and
+
+37
+00:02:46,990 --> 00:02:51,990
+seventy one hundred meters what does optical path
+
+38
+00:02:51,990 --> 00:02:58,150
+length mean? 4.71 meters. The light actually moved
+
+39
+00:02:58,150 --> 00:03:06,150
+a distance of 4.5 meters. But if you leave the ball
+
+40
+00:03:06,150 --> 00:03:10,290
+would fly in the air at the same time that it
+
+41
+00:03:10,290 --> 00:03:13,810
+crossed the distance from A to B, okay? It crossed
+
+42
+00:03:13,810 --> 00:03:17,030
+4.5 meters, if it was all air, it would have been
+
+43
+00:03:17,030 --> 00:03:20,530
+able to cross 4.71 meters from 100 meters, which
+
+44
+00:03:20,530 --> 00:03:24,470
+is 4.71 meters, and thus the matter would have
+
+45
+00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:26,210
+been solved, may Allah give you health and peace
+
+46
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:28,250
+be upon you and His mercy and blessings

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cMgHJP8RmYo_raw.json

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We need to calculate the optical path length. We say that the actual distance that the light moves is 2.5 meters, plus 20 centimeters, which is 2 out of 10 meters, plus 30 centimeters, which is 3 out of 10 meters, plus 1.5 meters in the air. In total, all together will be 4.5 meters. 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The light actually moved a distance of 4.5 meters. But if you leave", "tokens": [1017, 13, 29985, 8146, 13, 440, 1442, 767, 4259, 257, 4560, 295, 1017, 13, 20, 8146, 13, 583, 498, 291, 1856], "avg_logprob": -0.6878551353107799, "compression_ratio": 1.0253164556962024, "no_speech_prob": 8.749961853027344e-05, "words": [{"start": 173.15, "end": 173.61, "word": " 4", "probability": 0.08099365234375}, {"start": 173.61, "end": 174.33, "word": ".71", "probability": 0.69970703125}, {"start": 174.33, "end": 175.19, "word": " meters.", "probability": 0.48974609375}, {"start": 175.69, "end": 176.03, "word": " The", "probability": 0.44677734375}, {"start": 176.03, "end": 176.35, "word": " light", "probability": 0.52392578125}, {"start": 176.35, "end": 177.93, "word": " actually", "probability": 0.147705078125}, {"start": 177.93, "end": 178.15, "word": " moved", "probability": 0.335205078125}, {"start": 178.15, "end": 178.95, "word": " a", "probability": 0.31005859375}, {"start": 178.95, "end": 179.61, "word": " distance", "probability": 0.626953125}, {"start": 179.61, "end": 180.35, "word": " of", "probability": 0.68896484375}, {"start": 180.35, "end": 181.81, "word": " 4", "probability": 0.7255859375}, {"start": 181.81, "end": 183.17, "word": ".5", "probability": 0.8857421875}, {"start": 183.17, "end": 183.49, "word": " meters.", "probability": 0.90625}, {"start": 183.61, "end": 184.23, "word": " But", "probability": 0.7958984375}, {"start": 184.23, "end": 184.47, "word": " if", "probability": 0.869140625}, {"start": 184.47, "end": 184.69, "word": " you", "probability": 0.6201171875}, {"start": 184.69, "end": 184.97, "word": " leave", "probability": 0.7451171875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 8, "seek": 20825, "start": 185.51, "end": 208.25, "text": "The ball would fly in the air at the same time that it crossed the distance from A to B, okay? 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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cf6NXp2Hrr8_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,876 @@
+1
+00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:03,900
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have a question
+
+2
+00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:07,560
+about the spherocylindrical lenses and the conoid
+
+3
+00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:13,110
+of stars.An object stands 25 cm in front of a
+
+4
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:18,710
+spherocylindrical lens, its force plus 8 diopter
+
+5
+00:00:18,710 --> 00:00:23,610
+spheres minus 2 cylinders on axis 90. The first
+
+6
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:25,490
+thing is where is the first focal line, the second
+
+7
+00:00:25,490 --> 00:00:27,710
+thing is the second focal line, the third thing is
+
+8
+00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,050
+the circle of least confusion, the fourth thing is
+
+9
+00:00:31,050 --> 00:00:34,990
+the extension of a conoid of a stern in space.
+
+10
+00:00:38,490 --> 00:00:41,410
+In order to get all these conditions, we need to
+
+11
+00:00:41,410 --> 00:00:43,510
+convert the spherical and cylindrical lens to
+
+12
+00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:49,970
+power across The spherical and cylindrical lens is
+
+13
+00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:53,530
+either a sphere or a cylinder The sphere affects
+
+14
+00:00:53,530 --> 00:01:00,190
+all the axes with the same force This
+
+15
+00:01:00,190 --> 00:01:06,050
+is the sphere here, the first cross, class 8 This
+
+16
+00:01:06,050 --> 00:01:06,770
+is the vertical axis
+
+17
+00:01:12,630 --> 00:01:15,750
+and also plus eight on the horizontal axis.
+
+18
+00:01:19,910 --> 00:01:21,070
+This is the sphere.
+
+19
+00:01:24,390 --> 00:01:27,270
+means the cross of the power cross of the sphere
+
+20
+00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:29,910
+and cylindrical lens you can imagine that it is
+
+21
+00:01:29,910 --> 00:01:33,270
+two cross cross for the sphere and cross for the
+
+22
+00:01:33,270 --> 00:01:37,530
+cylinder I have minus two on the axis of ninety as
+
+23
+00:01:37,530 --> 00:01:40,130
+long as the axis of the minus two cylinder is on
+
+24
+00:01:40,130 --> 00:01:42,990
+the axis of ninety then its effect comes on one
+
+25
+00:01:42,990 --> 00:01:44,970
+hundred and eighty so one hundred and eighty is
+
+26
+00:01:44,970 --> 00:01:51,330
+minus two minus
+
+27
+00:01:51,330 --> 00:01:58,230
+twoand 90 will be zero So when I put a cylinder on
+
+28
+00:01:58,230 --> 00:02:00,930
+a certain axis, the force of this cylinder on the
+
+29
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:04,190
+same axis that I put on it is zero So here it will
+
+30
+00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:05,090
+be zero
+
+31
+00:02:12,180 --> 00:02:14,720
+I have here cross for the sphere and cross for the
+
+32
+00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,480
+cylinder, I combine them and I get the cross that
+
+33
+00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:20,640
+represents the sphere and cylindrical lens I
+
+34
+00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:22,780
+combine the vertical with the vertical, it remains
+
+35
+00:02:22,780 --> 00:02:30,760
+plus 8 It
+
+36
+00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:35,220
+remains plus 8 And
+
+37
+00:02:35,220 --> 00:02:38,020
+the horizontal with the horizontal plus 8 or minus
+
+38
+00:02:38,020 --> 00:02:40,900
+2, it gives me plus 6
+
+39
+00:02:43,970 --> 00:02:52,410
+plus 6 this starts so now in the first step we
+
+40
+00:02:52,410 --> 00:02:58,130
+changed the spherical lens to power cross now the
+
+41
+00:02:58,130 --> 00:03:00,910
+second step deals with each meridian as if it is
+
+42
+00:03:00,910 --> 00:03:04,810
+one lens the strongest meridian which has the
+
+43
+00:03:04,810 --> 00:03:06,810
+strongest power is the one that will secure the
+
+44
+00:03:06,810 --> 00:03:09,690
+first focal line we draw the problem on its own
+
+45
+00:03:18,890 --> 00:03:22,830
+this is the lens which is plus 8 this is the
+
+46
+00:03:22,830 --> 00:03:27,270
+optical axis and
+
+47
+00:03:27,270 --> 00:03:31,970
+this is the body which is 25 cm away as the
+
+48
+00:03:31,970 --> 00:03:41,670
+question says 25 cm away which is
+
+49
+00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:46,010
+quarter of a meter this
+
+50
+00:03:46,010 --> 00:03:48,860
+is the distance which is quarter of a meterوبنبدأ
+
+51
+00:03:48,860 --> 00:03:58,740
+حل المسألة وكأنها مسألة لوحدها بدون
+
+52
+00:03:58,740 --> 00:04:05,160
+أي لخبطة بطريقة
+
+53
+00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:06,560
+الvergence calculations
+
+54
+00:04:16,970 --> 00:04:24,390
+طبعا تقسيم الصفحة إلى .. إلى
+
+55
+00:04:24,390 --> 00:04:32,530
+خانات بيساعد على الترتيب U تساوي ناقص N على O و
+
+56
+00:04:32,530 --> 00:04:38,850
+يساوي ناقص واحد على ربع متر دائما في الvergence
+
+57
+00:04:38,850 --> 00:04:45,590
+calculation بالمتر و يساوي ناقص أربع ديوبتر
+
+58
+00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:56,380
+So, the light will reach the surface of the lens,
+
+59
+00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:59,280
+the spherical lens, which we took from it meridian
+
+60
+00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:03,420
+1, with a frequency of minus 4 diopters.
+
+61
+00:05:07,170 --> 00:05:09,310
+and this speech will be in .. when we deal with
+
+62
+00:05:09,310 --> 00:05:11,290
+the second focal line, there is no need to repeat
+
+63
+00:05:11,290 --> 00:05:14,790
+and say u 9 .. the light will come from the object
+
+64
+00:05:14,790 --> 00:05:18,550
+.. the object for all meridians .. the object for
+
+65
+00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:20,630
+this meridian .. for this .. facing at a distance
+
+66
+00:05:20,630 --> 00:05:22,950
+of 25 centimeters .. it is true that we separated
+
+67
+00:05:22,950 --> 00:05:26,170
+them in the drawing as two lenses .. but always
+
+68
+00:05:26,170 --> 00:05:29,190
+the u here in the example will be minus four ..
+
+69
+00:05:29,190 --> 00:05:40,730
+okay .. u plus p ..تساوى V طيب U قداش minus 4 ده
+
+70
+00:05:40,730 --> 00:05:50,190
+يبطى و ال V و ال power plus 8 يساوى V إذا V تساوى
+
+71
+00:05:50,190 --> 00:05:55,430
+plus 4 ده يبطىas long as the light comes out with
+
+72
+00:05:55,430 --> 00:05:56,950
+a value of V plus four, then the light is
+
+73
+00:05:56,950 --> 00:06:00,310
+collected and forms a real image which is the
+
+74
+00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:06,750
+first focal line I equals unconditional over V
+
+75
+00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:09,990
+equals
+
+76
+00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:18,370
+one over plus four diopters equals plus a quarter
+
+77
+00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:18,830
+of a meter
+
+78
+00:06:25,630 --> 00:06:32,210
+يعني خمسة و عشرين صنطي، إذا المطلوب
+
+79
+00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:40,470
+الأول ال first focal line يساوي
+
+80
+00:06:40,470 --> 00:06:46,510
+خمسة و عشرين صنطي from lens، من ال lens، من ال
+
+81
+00:06:46,510 --> 00:06:48,310
+meridian يعني اللي هو جزء من ال lens
+
+82
+00:06:55,870 --> 00:06:58,310
+so this is the first requirement, the second
+
+83
+00:06:58,310 --> 00:07:02,330
+requirement we
+
+84
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:10,610
+go to the second channel and
+
+85
+00:07:10,610 --> 00:07:13,550
+create a new problem, now we take the weakest
+
+86
+00:07:13,550 --> 00:07:16,470
+meridian which is plus 6
+
+87
+00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:24,310
+For plus 6 Of course, I don't want to say U again
+
+88
+00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:26,710
+Because we subtracted minus 4 from U And it will
+
+89
+00:07:26,710 --> 00:07:39,510
+remain minus 4 on all parts of the example The
+
+90
+00:07:39,510 --> 00:07:41,490
+difference in meridian force means that I have to
+
+91
+00:07:41,490 --> 00:07:48,950
+deal with it as if it were a new lens Here
+
+92
+00:07:48,950 --> 00:07:54,950
+we have to change the forceinstead of 8, we put 6
+
+93
+00:07:54,950 --> 00:07:59,730
+here
+
+94
+00:07:59,730 --> 00:08:03,690
+u is equal to minus 4 diopters I don't need a
+
+95
+00:08:03,690 --> 00:08:05,870
+calculator because I calculated it in the first
+
+96
+00:08:05,870 --> 00:08:14,630
+part now we calculate v we calculate v we
+
+97
+00:08:14,630 --> 00:08:15,950
+need to put a square and a half
+
+98
+00:08:28,020 --> 00:08:34,780
+we say u plus p is equal to v, u minus 4 is
+
+99
+00:08:34,780 --> 00:08:37,300
+greater than 6, but the powers are different, so
+
+100
+00:08:37,300 --> 00:08:45,040
+it becomes 6, which is equal to v, so v is equal
+
+101
+00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:50,120
+to plus 2, which is greater than 6طالما V تساوي
+
+102
+00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,000
+plus 2 diopter، إذا الأشعة متجمعة، هتكونلي صورة
+
+103
+00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,320
+حقيقية، اللي هي second focal line I تساوي
+
+104
+00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:07,000
+Uncharted على V، ويساوي واحد على plus 2 diopter،
+
+105
+00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:14,350
+ويساوي plus نص متر، خمسين سنترSo, on the right of
+
+106
+00:09:14,350 --> 00:09:17,930
+the lens of the sphero cylindrical lens of 50 cm,
+
+107
+00:09:18,170 --> 00:09:25,830
+this is the second focal line So, second focal
+
+108
+00:09:25,830 --> 00:09:30,950
+line here
+
+109
+00:09:30,950 --> 00:09:33,070
+on the right and here on the right because the
+
+110
+00:09:33,070 --> 00:09:37,930
+distance is in the plus sign Second focal line is
+
+111
+00:09:37,930 --> 00:09:43,350
+equal to 50 cm to the rightof from lens of course
+
+112
+00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:48,010
+from lens it is very important that everything is
+
+113
+00:09:48,010 --> 00:09:50,470
+related to the lens this is the second requirement
+
+114
+00:09:50,470 --> 00:09:54,270
+the third requirement is the circle of least
+
+115
+00:09:54,270 --> 00:09:59,790
+confusion I want to repeat the same problem in the
+
+116
+00:09:59,790 --> 00:10:00,410
+third channel
+
+117
+00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:17,500
+and I want to put the equivalent of the ball and
+
+118
+00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:19,820
+the lens of the sphere which is equivalent to all
+
+119
+00:10:19,820 --> 00:10:22,540
+the meridians together which is the average of
+
+120
+00:10:22,540 --> 00:10:27,900
+their strength also
+
+121
+00:10:27,900 --> 00:10:33,060
+the u here will remain constant minus four and the
+
+122
+00:10:33,060 --> 00:10:35,320
+object is constant wherever it is that's why the u
+
+123
+00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,040
+is constant wherever it is in its value
+
+124
+00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:48,070
+What is the spherical component of this spherical
+
+125
+00:10:48,070 --> 00:10:51,050
+lens? I combine the strongest with the weakest
+
+126
+00:10:51,050 --> 00:10:56,350
+meridian, 8 and 6, 14, and I divide them by 2, 14
+
+127
+00:10:56,350 --> 00:11:03,150
+divided by 2, then 7, then 7, then 7 which is the
+
+128
+00:11:03,150 --> 00:11:05,930
+force of the meridian, so this lens is like plus
+
+129
+00:11:05,930 --> 00:11:08,930
+7, plus 7,
+
+130
+00:11:11,570 --> 00:11:15,870
+this is betterthis is the spherical equivalent
+
+131
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:21,830
+this is the spherical equivalent, if I combine the
+
+132
+00:11:21,830 --> 00:11:24,170
+strongest meridian with the weakest meridian with
+
+133
+00:11:24,170 --> 00:11:26,430
+each other 14 and I divide them with their number
+
+134
+00:11:26,430 --> 00:11:29,470
+2, I get 7 if I wanted to take the spherical
+
+135
+00:11:29,470 --> 00:11:32,310
+equivalent from here, half of the cylinder with
+
+136
+00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:36,350
+the sphere half of the cylinder minus 1 plus the
+
+137
+00:11:36,350 --> 00:11:41,010
+sphere 8 minus 1 plus 8 remains plus 7 both ways
+
+138
+00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:46,600
+are allowedif this object is 25 cm away from the
+
+139
+00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,120
+spherical equivalent from the spherical lens which
+
+140
+00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,820
+is equivalent to the spherical cylinder we say as
+
+141
+00:11:51,820 --> 00:11:54,420
+follows where is the circle of least confusion?
+
+142
+00:12:01,500 --> 00:12:07,560
+we say u plus b equals
+
+143
+00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:16,670
+v u minus four constantminus 4 diopter plus power
+
+144
+00:12:16,670 --> 00:12:27,350
+7 diopter equals V so V equals plus 3 diopter
+
+145
+00:12:27,350 --> 00:12:31,110
+since
+
+146
+00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:34,750
+V equals plus 3 diopter, the rays will come out
+
+147
+00:12:34,750 --> 00:12:39,050
+together we say I equals V
+
+148
+00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:50,100
+ويساوي واحد على plus تلاتة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+149
+00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:56,740
+أفوان plus تلت متر يعني تلتمية و تلاتة و تلتين من
+
+150
+00:12:56,740 --> 00:13:02,320
+الف متر هذا مكان ال circle of least confusion اذا
+
+151
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:10,420
+circle of least confusion
+
+152
+00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:21,090
+equal to 33.3 centimeters from lens. Everything is
+
+153
+00:13:21,090 --> 00:13:21,990
+related to the lens.
+
+154
+00:13:24,970 --> 00:13:26,770
+The fourth requirement remains.
+
+155
+00:13:30,570 --> 00:13:34,970
+What is the extension of
+
+156
+00:13:34,970 --> 00:13:39,540
+a conoid of a stern?in space The length of the
+
+157
+00:13:39,540 --> 00:13:41,700
+conoid of Stern between the first focal line and
+
+158
+00:13:41,700 --> 00:13:45,340
+the second focal line The first focal line is 25
+
+159
+00:13:45,340 --> 00:13:48,340
+cm away and the second is 50 cm away, so the
+
+160
+00:13:48,340 --> 00:13:56,080
+length is 25 cm as we will see now We draw the
+
+161
+00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:57,840
+final answer as follows
+
+162
+00:14:12,340 --> 00:14:21,720
+this is the sphero cylindrical lens the
+
+163
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,780
+most powerful meridian is the vertical meridian it
+
+164
+00:14:25,780 --> 00:14:33,340
+will make a horizontal focal line and
+
+165
+00:14:33,340 --> 00:14:36,040
+the most powerful meridian is 25 cm of course
+
+166
+00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,140
+first focal line is 25 cm from the sphere and
+
+167
+00:14:44,140 --> 00:14:49,540
+cylindrical lens and the second focal line which
+
+168
+00:14:49,540 --> 00:14:51,920
+is the horizontal meridian because it is the
+
+169
+00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:59,760
+weakest is 50 cm from the lens
+
+170
+00:15:19,530 --> 00:15:27,030
+The second focal line So
+
+171
+00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:39,690
+the
+
+172
+00:15:39,690 --> 00:15:45,290
+second focal line extends 50
+
+173
+00:15:45,290 --> 00:15:50,380
+cm from the lens as we can see hereThe face focal
+
+174
+00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:54,600
+line is 25
+
+175
+00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,520
+cm away from the lens The extension of the conoid
+
+176
+00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:01,850
+of a starthe extension of the conoid of a stern
+
+177
+00:16:01,850 --> 00:16:04,850
+from here from the first focal line to here means
+
+178
+00:16:04,850 --> 00:16:07,290
+fifty I want to subtract twenty-five from them so
+
+179
+00:16:07,290 --> 00:16:09,110
+this distance remains which is twenty-five
+
+180
+00:16:09,110 --> 00:16:11,930
+centimeters so the conoid of a stern extends
+
+181
+00:16:11,930 --> 00:16:15,490
+twenty-five centimeters in space because it is
+
+182
+00:16:15,490 --> 00:16:18,090
+confined between the first focal line and the
+
+183
+00:16:18,090 --> 00:16:20,810
+second focal line this is the conoid of a stern
+
+184
+00:16:20,810 --> 00:16:24,630
+the circle of least confusion is located at thirty
+
+185
+00:16:24,630 --> 00:16:29,250
+-three centimeters the circle of least confusionI
+
+186
+00:16:29,250 --> 00:16:40,030
+will draw it
+
+187
+00:16:40,030 --> 00:16:45,170
+I will
+
+188
+00:16:45,170 --> 00:16:49,630
+give it a color to show that it is the circle of
+
+189
+00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:52,590
+least confusion It is 33.3 cm away from the lens
+
+190
+00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:05,140
+a human can say, if there is a 4th request, but
+
+191
+00:17:05,140 --> 00:17:10,920
+let's say it's 33cm
+
+192
+00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:17,160
+and 3 out of 10 away
+
+193
+00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:22,300
+from
+
+194
+00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:37,760
+the lensIt measures 33.3 cm from the lens This
+
+195
+00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,260
+is the circle of least confusion dimension
+
+196
+00:17:51,630 --> 00:17:53,950
+Okay, you can ask a question or ask someone to
+
+197
+00:17:53,950 --> 00:17:56,590
+say, is the circle of least confusion closer to
+
+198
+00:17:56,590 --> 00:17:59,030
+the first focal line or to the second focal line?
+
+199
+00:17:59,590 --> 00:18:01,750
+This is very simple, we can say, how far is it
+
+200
+00:18:01,750 --> 00:18:04,970
+from the first focal line? Thirty-three minus
+
+201
+00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:10,250
+twenty-five Thirty-three centimetersminus 25
+
+202
+00:18:10,250 --> 00:18:14,690
+remains this distance 33 minus 25 is 8 and 3
+
+203
+00:18:14,690 --> 00:18:17,610
+tenths of an inch so this distance is 8 and 3
+
+204
+00:18:17,610 --> 00:18:19,910
+tenths of an inch between the circle of least
+
+205
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:24,530
+confusion and the first focal line okay how much
+
+206
+00:18:24,530 --> 00:18:34,210
+is the second focal line? 50 sorry 50
+
+207
+00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:39,620
+Centimeter minus thirty-three and three-tenths I
+
+208
+00:18:39,620 --> 00:18:43,200
+get sixteen centimeters and seven-tenths Here the
+
+209
+00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,200
+distance will be sixteen centimeters and seven
+
+210
+00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:48,940
+-tenths And here it will be eight centimeters and
+
+211
+00:18:48,940 --> 00:18:51,520
+three-tenths So the circle of least confusion is
+
+212
+00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:54,700
+closer to the first focal line in calculations In
+
+213
+00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:57,540
+calculations, of course, it's not always closer,
+
+214
+00:18:57,780 --> 00:18:59,900
+nor farther, nor in the middle, depending on what
+
+215
+00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:02,040
+I get in the calculations, depending on what I get
+
+216
+00:19:02,790 --> 00:19:06,990
+في الحسابات فبالتاني ال .. ال circle of least
+
+217
+00:19:06,990 --> 00:19:10,430
+confusion في هذه المسألة أقرب لل face focal line
+
+218
+00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:13,930
+هيك بتنتهي المسألة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+219
+00:19:13,930 --> 00:19:15,430
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+