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PL9fwy3NUQKwZe1P-Tr_n9TWAgawgGkpm5/Kx_7yT5w6co.srt

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+1
+00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,510
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الصلاة والسلام عليكم ورحمة 
+
+2
+00:00:23,510 --> 00:00:24,090
+الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله
+
+3
+00:00:24,090 --> 00:00:25,350
+ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة
+
+4
+00:00:25,350 --> 00:00:26,690
+الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله
+
+5
+00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:27,670
+ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة
+
+6
+00:00:27,670 --> 00:00:30,210
+الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله
+
+7
+00:00:30,210 --> 00:00:34,030
+ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة
+
+8
+00:00:34,030 --> 00:00:36,470
+الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله
+
+9
+00:00:36,470 --> 00:00:38,310
+ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله ورحمة
+
+10
+00:00:38,310 --> 00:00:45,810
+الله ورحمة الله ورحمة
+
+11
+00:00:45,810 --> 00:00:52,070
+الله ورحمة الله ورحمة الله وربما عملية الـ
+
+12
+00:00:52,070 --> 00:00:55,610
+Generating Intermediate Code بالتحديد الـ
+
+13
+00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:58,770
+Intermediate Code اللي شفناه هو الـ Three Address 
+
+14
+00:00:58,770 --> 00:01:02,370
+Code Instructions طبعاً أول شيء شوفنا كيف الـ
+
+15
+00:01:02,370 --> 00:01:05,230
+Three Address Code Instructions هذي Can be
+
+16
+00:01:05,230 --> 00:01:08,930
+generated ممكن تشكيلها ليه؟ الـ Types and
+
+17
+00:01:08,930 --> 00:01:13,930
+Declarations Declaring ال variables شفناها للـ VM
+
+18
+00:01:13,930 --> 00:01:19,210
+ال variables بسيطة وشفناها للرئيس كذلك الحال وشوفنا
+
+19
+00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:22,390
+كيف ال expressions mathematical expressions are
+
+20
+00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:26,410
+translated يعني ايش translated يعني three address
+
+21
+00:01:26,410 --> 00:01:29,210
+code generation three address code instructions
+
+22
+00:01:29,210 --> 00:01:34,170
+are generated وبعد كده والآن إن شاء الله بنشوف كيف
+
+23
+00:01:34,170 --> 00:01:37,430
+اللي هو مسألة type checking وإيش بيلطوي عليها من
+
+24
+00:01:37,430 --> 00:01:42,730
+من توليد أو تشكيل أو generating three address
+
+25
+00:01:42,730 --> 00:01:46,030
+instructions وهي ليها أيضا ال control flow
+
+26
+00:01:46,030 --> 00:01:48,950
+statements control flow statements يعني ببساطة ال
+
+27
+00:01:48,950 --> 00:01:53,250
+if statement مثلا و ال looping statements while و
+
+28
+00:01:53,250 --> 00:01:56,550
+repeat وما إلى ذلك فخلينا نروح على بداية ال
+
+29
+00:01:56,550 --> 00:02:05,130
+section 5 عشان نشوف ايش اللي ايش
+
+30
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:09,230
+اللي أمامنا طبعا
+
+31
+00:02:09,230 --> 00:02:11,290
+6 أربعة كان اللي هو ايش قلناه
+
+32
+00:02:14,310 --> 00:02:18,450
+translation expressions حكينا فيه كله طلعنا على
+
+33
+00:02:18,450 --> 00:02:24,490
+كيف ال syntax directed definition وشوفنا ال
+
+34
+00:02:24,490 --> 00:02:29,090
+example بسيط هذا وشوفنا example أكبر منه وشوفنا
+
+35
+00:02:29,090 --> 00:02:34,410
+اللي هو ال addressing array elements كيف ال array
+
+36
+00:02:34,410 --> 00:02:39,170
+elements لما تبقى ال array multidimensional كيف
+
+37
+00:02:39,170 --> 00:02:48,260
+نحسب ال address تبع العناصر ال arrayو آخر شيء كان
+
+38
+00:02:48,260 --> 00:02:52,960
+اللي هو ال example هذا بالظبط هذا ال example اللي
+
+39
+00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:56,960
+هو بتتشكل
+
+40
+00:02:56,960 --> 00:03:00,120
+من خلاله مجموعة three address instructions اللي هي
+
+41
+00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:04,020
+عبارة عن اللي هي بتحسب يعني ال address تبع ال
+
+42
+00:03:04,020 --> 00:03:08,150
+element الآن ستة كام سألة ال type checking في ال
+
+43
+00:03:08,150 --> 00:03:10,990
+type checking ال compiler أمامه وظيفتين أساسيتين
+
+44
+00:03:10,990 --> 00:03:16,170
+اللي هو أنه يفحص ال type تبع اللي هو ال different
+
+45
+00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:19,070
+components اللي في ال source code different
+
+46
+00:03:19,070 --> 00:03:22,390
+components هذه سواء كان variable صغير ولا كان
+
+47
+00:03:22,390 --> 00:03:25,430
+expression ولا كان function call ولا أي جزئية من
+
+48
+00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:28,710
+جزئية البرنامج في الآخر احنا بنعرف ال type تبعها
+
+49
+00:03:28,710 --> 00:03:35,000
+لأنها قد تدخل في some larger component يعني هي كcomponent
+
+50
+00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:40,000
+integer وال expression وال function ممكن يدخل في
+
+51
+00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:44,980
+بناء component أكبر منها فلازم يبقى يعرف ال type ال
+
+52
+00:03:44,980 --> 00:03:49,280
+compiler يبقى يعرف ال type تبعها من أجل انه يتأكد
+
+53
+00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:55,820
+أنه هي جاية بال type المناسب في المكان المناسب ف
+
+54
+00:03:55,820 --> 00:03:58,820
+to do type checking ال compiler needs to assign a
+
+55
+00:03:58,820 --> 00:04:03,460
+type expression لو عندي أنا expression على سبيل
+
+56
+00:04:03,460 --> 00:04:07,540
+المثال فيه الـ type attribute الـ type attribute
+
+57
+00:04:07,540 --> 00:04:11,100
+هذه الـ value تبعها ايش هو ال value تبعها عبارة عن
+
+58
+00:04:11,100 --> 00:04:15,680
+type expression type expression فهذا دور ال
+
+59
+00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:19,160
+compiler أنه يعطي لكل component سواء كانت
+
+60
+00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:22,200
+expression سواء كانت variable سواء كانت ايش ما
+
+61
+00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:26,360
+كانت جزئية من جزئية البرنامج يعطيها ال type
+
+62
+00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:32,540
+attribute تبعتها تمام ال compiler must then بعد ما
+
+63
+00:04:32,540 --> 00:04:36,460
+يعرف أو يحدد الـ type تبع ال expression تبع ال
+
+64
+00:04:36,460 --> 00:04:39,700
+component لازم ي determine that these type
+
+65
+00:04:39,700 --> 00:04:45,040
+expressions conform مطابق على ال logical rules
+
+66
+00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:49,840
+اللي على أساسها بيه نتأكد ماذا كان ال component
+
+67
+00:04:49,840 --> 00:04:59,640
+هذه جاي في مكانها الصحيح ولا لأ فاحنا عندنا الصفة
+
+68
+00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:08,550
+العامة لو عندي أنا لو عندي مجرد identifier أو لو عندي
+
+69
+00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:17,370
+expression أو لو عندي function call كل
+
+70
+00:05:17,370 --> 00:05:22,070
+هذه ال components لازم يبقى معروف في ال type طبعا
+
+71
+00:05:22,070 --> 00:05:25,290
+احنا نشوف كيف ال type ال identifiers وال
+
+72
+00:05:25,290 --> 00:05:28,550
+expressions كيف بينحسب لو ال function calls ال
+
+73
+00:05:28,550 --> 00:05:33,050
+function calls احنا فيها أنواع هنا في بعض اللغات
+
+74
+00:05:33,050 --> 00:05:37,570
+تعمل declaration أو تشترط وجود declaration يعني
+
+75
+00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:41,090
+أنا لا أستطيع استخدام أي variable أو أي function
+
+76
+00:05:41,090 --> 00:05:46,670
+إلا إذا عملت declaration لها ففي هذه الحالات إذا
+
+77
+00:05:46,670 --> 00:05:52,830
+كان لدي declaration وعندي function ال type هو ال
+
+78
+00:05:52,830 --> 00:05:56,350
+type اللي declared يعني أنا بيعرف function في ال C
+
+79
+00:06:00,540 --> 00:06:05,720
+integer X خلاص هنا نعرف ال return type تبع ال
+
+80
+00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:09,620
+function هو ال type تبعها ال return type هي بتلجأ 
+
+81
+00:06:09,620 --> 00:06:13,280
+integer فال integer هذا هو ال type تبعها لأن بعد
+
+82
+00:06:13,280 --> 00:06:17,600
+كده لما أنا أستدعيها أقول مثلا Y بيساوي Y زائد F
+
+83
+00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:24,000
+of X هذا ال operator على الطرف اليمين وعلى الطرف
+
+84
+00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:30,730
+الشمال بده two operands من نفس النوع فإيش نوع هذا
+
+85
+00:06:30,730 --> 00:06:36,890
+الـ Ship؟ هذا الـ Y-Identifier وهذه F، إيش نوعها؟
+
+86
+00:06:36,890 --> 00:06:40,130
+نوعها اللي هو الـ Return Type تبعها، مظبوط؟
+
+87
+00:06:40,130 --> 00:06:43,850
+فالمسألة واضحة، على هذا الأساس، هم بيقولوا إذا كان
+
+88
+00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:48,870
+.. إذا كان F is a function ف .. أو .. أو .. فالـ F
+
+89
+00:06:48,870 --> 00:06:54,110
+of X الـ Type تبع T هو الـ Return Type تبع F إذا F
+
+90
+00:06:54,110 --> 00:07:02,500
+معرفة إنها بتاخد متغير X من نوع S وبتعطي output من
+
+91
+00:07:02,500 --> 00:07:07,900
+نوع T إذ جاء هذا ال expression استدعاء ال function
+
+92
+00:07:07,900 --> 00:07:12,600
+على هذا المتغير ال type تبع هذا الكلام هو T خلاص
+
+93
+00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:20,460
+قضية بديهية فما فيش فيها أي تعقيد لما نكون في عندي
+
+94
+00:07:20,460 --> 00:07:24,740
+لما نكون في عندي أنا function أو لغة ما بتسمح ب ..
+
+95
+00:07:24,740 --> 00:07:29,500
+بتسمح بعدم التعريف يعني أن أستخدم verbs بدون
+
+96
+00:07:29,500 --> 00:07:33,280
+declaration ففي هذا الحالة ال return type تبع ال
+
+97
+00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:35,700
+function ال return type تبع ال function آخر
+
+98
+00:07:35,700 --> 00:07:40,940
+statement في ال function يعني F وأخذت متغير وبعد
+
+99
+00:07:40,940 --> 00:07:47,360
+كده return some variable S ال variable S يعني ال
+
+100
+00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:50,800
+return type تبعه هو ال type تبع ال function فاحنا
+
+101
+00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:58,100
+we can imply التي نستطيع أن نستخدمها كـ return type
+
+102
+00:07:58,100 --> 00:08:00,920
+تبع الـ function حتى وإن كانت مش مفهمولها
+
+103
+00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:05,320
+declaration من خلال الـ return type تبع آخر
+
+104
+00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:11,880
+statement فيها هذا بالنسبة للـ type في حالة ال
+
+105
+00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:14,920
+functions يبقى صار واضح لنا كيف التعامل مع ال
+
+106
+00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:17,300
+identify وال expressions وال functions من أحد ال
+
+107
+00:08:17,300 --> 00:08:25,860
+return type طيب okay بما أنه قضية تحديد ال type تبع
+
+108
+00:08:25,860 --> 00:08:31,340
+ال component صارت معروف كيف نعالجها الآن حددنا ال
+
+109
+00:08:31,340 --> 00:08:39,360
+type تبع two components ولكن واجهنا أنهم جايين في
+
+110
+00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:45,480
+عملية ضرب مثلا ولكن ال type تبعهم مختلف في هذا
+
+111
+00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:50,900
+الحالة لازم نعمل type conversion ال type
+
+112
+00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:55,440
+conversion هذا غالبا ال programmer ممكن يكون ماكد
+
+113
+00:08:55,440 --> 00:09:01,560
+باله من اختلاف ال types فهو يحط cast instructions
+
+114
+00:09:01,560 --> 00:09:06,800
+يحط cast instructions عشان يعمل explicit
+
+115
+00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:11,440
+conversion ال programmer لكن في حاجات زي ذلك ال
+
+116
+00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:16,280
+programmer مش هيحط explicit conversion لأنه عارف
+
+117
+00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:20,580
+أن ال compiler ايش هيسوي هيعمل implicit conversion
+
+118
+00:09:20,580 --> 00:09:27,660
+مظبوط ولا لأ؟ هنا هذا integer وهذا float عملية
+
+119
+00:09:27,660 --> 00:09:32,080
+الضرب لازم تأخذ equivalent types فهذا ليس
+
+120
+00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:35,200
+equivalent فلازم يصير conversion ال programmer مش
+
+121
+00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:38,660
+هيعمل هذا الكلام لأنه عارف أن ال compiler هيسويه
+
+122
+00:09:38,660 --> 00:09:42,160
+ال compiler كيف بيسويه هذا هو السؤال فاحنا قادم
+
+123
+00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:46,200
+نطلع في ال section هذا على كيف يتم ال conversion
+
+124
+00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:52,290
+طبعا بتتم بمعنى أنه بينعمل generation لالـ three
+
+125
+00:09:52,290 --> 00:09:57,430
+address code instruction تتولى عملية ال conversion
+
+126
+00:09:57,430 --> 00:10:03,730
+اللي هي ببساطة typecast بهذا الشكل بهذا الشكل
+
+127
+00:10:03,730 --> 00:10:11,710
+الاتنين هي اللي بدأت تتحول صح؟ صح؟ ليش؟
+
+128
+00:10:11,710 --> 00:10:13,050
+ال float بصيرش انتقال
+
+129
+00:10:16,680 --> 00:10:21,180
+integer بيضيع ال fraction cost بالظبط احنا بصفة
+
+130
+00:10:21,180 --> 00:10:26,640
+عامة ك rule ك type conversion rule ك type
+
+131
+00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:30,420
+conversion rule عامة احنا بنحول من الأضيق إلى
+
+132
+00:10:30,420 --> 00:10:35,520
+الأوسع ال integer integer قلت integer ال integer
+
+133
+00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:40,860
+هو الأضيق و ال float هو الأوسع فاحنا بنحط .. بنعمل
+
+134
+00:10:40,860 --> 00:10:44,620
+conversion conversion هو إضافة اللي هو ال type
+
+135
+00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:53,810
+casting هذه هذه الاصطناعات لازم تسبق هذا
+
+136
+00:10:53,810 --> 00:10:59,670
+الأمر
+
+137
+00:11:12,150 --> 00:11:15,010
+طيب اللي احنا بدنا نشوف هذا الكلام بدنا نشوف هذا
+
+138
+00:11:15,010 --> 00:11:20,290
+الكلام كما شوية بنشوف كيف بتتعمل اللي هو ال type
+
+139
+00:11:20,290 --> 00:11:25,630
+conversion instruction بس قبل بدنا نحكي على اللي
+
+140
+00:11:25,630 --> 00:11:30,510
+هو ال symmetrical اللي associated with ال 
+
+141
+00:11:30,510 --> 00:11:35,670
+expressions بمعنى أن أنا الآن عندي expression و
+
+142
+00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:40,790
+أحدي صيغته أن هو يتكون من two expressions ما بينهم 
+
+143
+00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:46,340
+عملية متزايدة، بدنا الـ type تبع ال expression
+
+144
+00:11:46,340 --> 00:11:53,220
+الإجمالي، وقلنا هذه هي وظيفة ال compiler في هذا ال
+
+145
+00:11:53,220 --> 00:11:57,420
+section في هذا الإطار اللي احنا بنحكي فيه، إطار ال
+
+146
+00:11:57,420 --> 00:12:01,380
+type checking أن هو بده يفحص ال type و بده يعمل
+
+147
+00:12:01,380 --> 00:12:05,620
+type conversion إذا لازم الأمر فعلاً، ففي الشكل
+
+148
+00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:10,020
+الأولاني اللي هو يفحص ال type، يفحص ال type بمعنى
+
+149
+00:12:10,020 --> 00:12:15,510
+أنه يعطي لك الـ dot type attribute يعطيها ال value 
+
+150
+00:12:15,510 --> 00:12:20,010
+تبعه، فإيش ال value الإجمالي تبع ال value تبع ال
+
+151
+00:12:20,010 --> 00:12:22,610
+expression الإجمالي، ال value تبع ال dot attribute
+
+152
+00:12:22,610 --> 00:12:28,410
+تبع ال expression الإجمالي، نقدر نقول لك إن والله
+
+153
+00:12:28,410 --> 00:12:37,370
+إذا E1 عبارة عن integer و E2 عبارة عن integer، يبقى ال
+
+154
+00:12:37,370 --> 00:12:40,990
+expression الإجمالي ال type تبعه integer
+
+155
+00:12:44,170 --> 00:12:49,290
+هناك ما يتعلق به، وهو إعطاء الـ dot type ال value
+
+156
+00:12:49,290 --> 00:12:52,430
+تبعها، ال dot type مين تبع ال expression الإجمالي؟
+
+157
+00:12:52,430 --> 00:12:56,570
+إذا كان هناك اختلاف فهي لازم تحويله، لكن دعنا نحن
+
+158
+00:12:56,570 --> 00:13:00,310
+نؤجلها على شوية قليل الآن، أجلناها، بس مجرد أننا
+
+159
+00:13:00,310 --> 00:13:07,590
+نرى كيف، إذا لو أن الأولاني
+
+160
+00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:10,730
+integer والثاني integer، بالإجمال ال integer، إذا
+
+161
+00:13:10,730 --> 00:13:15,760
+كان الأولاني float والثاني integer، ماذا نعطي للـ E
+
+162
+00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:21,740
+-type؟ نعطيه float بس
+
+163
+00:13:21,740 --> 00:13:25,560
+هذا الكلام برضه يتضمن أننا هنعمل conversion، هنعمل
+
+164
+00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:31,040
+conversion ونعطيها float، صح؟ بتانة اه، في حالة
+
+165
+00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:37,020
+الثانية طبعاً، الآن هذا مثال بسيط بس عشان أوضح فكرة
+
+166
+00:13:37,020 --> 00:13:41,680
+أن أنا بحط ال type، ال type attribute، بعطيها قيمتها 
+
+167
+00:13:41,680 --> 00:13:48,050
+بهذا الأسلوب، و وين بحطها؟ لكان كإيش؟ ك semantic rule
+
+168
+00:13:48,050 --> 00:13:53,070
+تدخل مع مين؟ مع ال grammar في syntax directed
+
+169
+00:13:53,070 --> 00:14:00,470
+definition صح ولا لأ؟ okay، يعني بحدد ال type بهذا
+
+170
+00:14:00,470 --> 00:14:04,930
+الأسلوب، العملية، ال conversion، في الأول احنا بدأنا
+
+171
+00:14:04,930 --> 00:14:08,070
+نفهم أن ال conversion دائماً بيبدأ من الأضيق بيكون
+
+172
+00:14:08,070 --> 00:14:10,310
+في اتجاه من الأضيق إلى الأوسع
+
+173
+00:14:12,730 --> 00:14:16,530
+فالفكرة هذا بيوريلي يعني إيش أنا أضيق وإيش أوسع
+
+174
+00:14:16,530 --> 00:14:19,690
+هذا narrowing، يعني لو أنا حولت من double ل float
+
+175
+00:14:19,690 --> 00:14:23,030
+أو من float ل long أو من long ل integer أنا بضيق
+
+176
+00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:27,990
+صح، narrowing، والعكس اللي هو إيش؟ ال widening
+
+177
+00:14:27,990 --> 00:14:31,050
+widening يعني لما أنا بحول من byte إلى short، من
+
+178
+00:14:31,050 --> 00:14:34,330
+short إلى integer، من integer إلى long، وممكن من
+
+179
+00:14:34,330 --> 00:14:38,990
+integer إلى float، يعني مش ضرورة إيش؟ بشكل مباشر، لأ
+
+180
+00:14:38,990 --> 00:14:45,110
+بالتدريج، ممكن اختصر بشكل على طول مباشر، فهذا اسمه
+
+181
+00:14:45,110 --> 00:14:50,810
+widening، صح؟ الآن احنا ال widening بتحويل من الأضيق إلى
+
+182
+00:14:50,810 --> 00:14:55,470
+الأوسع، الآن دور ال compiler أنه يحدد من الأضيق، من
+
+183
+00:14:55,470 --> 00:15:00,450
+الأوسع، ويوسع إذا في اختلاف، إذا في اختلاف، إذا أنا
+
+184
+00:15:00,450 --> 00:15:03,510
+بحكي عن expression، وال expression هذا يتكون من
+
+185
+00:15:03,510 --> 00:15:03,670
+two
+
+186
+00:15:06,610 --> 00:15:12,910
+أضيق، من الثاني يتوسع إلى ال type الثاني يتوسع، يعني
+
+187
+00:15:12,910 --> 00:15:19,390
+بيحصل فيه explicit type conversion، explicit هو على
+
+188
+00:15:19,390 --> 00:15:21,450
+مستوى ال three address code، بس بالنسبة لل
+
+189
+00:15:21,450 --> 00:15:27,670
+programmer هو implicit، صح تمام؟ فاحنا الآن بيحنا
+
+190
+00:15:27,670 --> 00:15:31,330
+نتخيل two functions، ال function الأولى اسمها max
+
+191
+00:15:31,330 --> 00:15:36,440
+ال max هذه بنعطيها two types، TWO TYPES وبنعملها
+
+192
+00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:40,860
+بحيث أن هي تتطلع على ال two types دوله، وتعطي لي
+
+193
+00:15:40,860 --> 00:15:46,620
+مين مين مين الأكبر؟ صح؟ مين الأكبر حجمها من ناحية ال
+
+194
+00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:50,720
+size في ال memory، خلي بالك أن ال types هذه، تي واحد
+
+195
+00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:55,840
+تي اتنين ممكن تبقى simple types، integer، float، أو
+
+196
+00:15:55,840 --> 00:16:00,830
+تبقى complex type، زي array of، أو array of two of، 
+
+197
+00:16:00,830 --> 00:16:04,330
+array of three of integer، صح؟ زي المثال اللي هنا
+
+198
+00:16:04,330 --> 00:16:09,130
+فهي وظيفة TMAX هذه فقط أنها بتعطيني تقول لي مين من
+
+199
+00:16:09,130 --> 00:16:11,770
+الاتنين اللي دخلوا عليها، مين من ال two types اللي
+
+200
+00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:17,590
+عطينا هياهم، ال size تبقى أكبر بناءً على الإشارة
+
+201
+00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:21,170
+اللي بدي تجيني منها بقى كرمر اعمل widening
+
+202
+00:16:21,170 --> 00:16:28,170
+widening لمين؟ للي إيش؟ للكبير طبعاً، للصغير، إذا max
+
+203
+00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:33,910
+تاخذ two types، تاخذ two types T1 و T2، يعني أنا
+
+204
+00:16:33,910 --> 00:16:43,290
+تخيل معايا E1 و E2، هدول عندي ال attributes سبقتهم 
+
+205
+00:16:43,290 --> 00:16:48,610
+ولا
+
+206
+00:16:48,610 --> 00:16:53,590
+لا، هم ممكن أعطيهم لمين؟ لماكس وهي اللي بتقول لي هم
+
+207
+00:16:53,590 --> 00:16:58,830
+الكبير هي، and returns the maximum or least upper 
+
+208
+00:16:58,830 --> 00:17:01,950
+bound of the two types in the widening hierarchy
+
+209
+00:17:01,950 --> 00:17:07,230
+it declares an error إذا T1 و T2 is not in the 
+
+210
+00:17:07,230 --> 00:17:12,050
+hierarchy إذا ما بتعرفش أي واحد منهم أو إذا .. إذا
+
+211
+00:17:12,050 --> 00:17:14,150
+.. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا
+
+212
+00:17:14,150 --> 00:17:15,250
+.. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا
+
+213
+00:17:15,250 --> 00:17:15,290
+.. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا
+
+214
+00:17:15,290 --> 00:17:15,450
+.. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا
+
+215
+00:17:15,450 --> 00:17:21,310
+.. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا .. إذا 
+
+216
+00:17:22,820 --> 00:17:26,040
+يطلع لي مين؟ إذا هم equal يطلع لي أي واحد منهم
+
+217
+00:17:26,040 --> 00:17:31,900
+وإذا واحد منهم أكبر من الثاني يطلع لي الأكبر، الآن
+
+218
+00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:37,380
+بعد ذلك بقدر أجي أقول widen لمن؟ للصغير، ال widen
+
+219
+00:17:37,380 --> 00:17:45,760
+function بعطيها address بعطيها للصغير، وبعطيها ال
+
+220
+00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:47,700
+type الكبير اللي أنا بدي اتحول
+
+221
+00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:55,850
+ليش بأعطيها address؟
+
+222
+00:17:55,850 --> 00:18:03,990
+ليش بأعطيها address؟ إيش يعني address؟ اتذكر
+
+223
+00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:09,950
+معايا إنه احنا لما كنا في ال examples اللي قبل 
+
+224
+00:18:09,950 --> 00:18:14,550
+بالدرجة
+
+225
+00:18:14,550 --> 00:18:19,150
+على ال example في 
+
+226
+00:18:19,150 --> 00:18:24,200
+البداية، في البداية كان معانا example ترجمة لـ two 
+
+227
+00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:33,640
+expressions، إذا
+
+228
+00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:42,420
+تذكروا كان هذا اللي هو ال code وهذا
+
+229
+00:18:42,420 --> 00:18:47,080
+E2 not code، بعدين
+
+230
+00:18:47,080 --> 00:19:00,300
+أخدنا ال T2 اللي هي ناتجة، احنا اعتبرنا هذا
+
+231
+00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:06,380
+E1 وهذا E2 بينهم الجمع، تمام؟ اعتبرنا أن السطرين
+
+232
+00:19:06,380 --> 00:19:10,820
+الأوليين هم ترجمة ال E code تبع ال dot code تبع E1
+
+233
+00:19:10,820 --> 00:19:15,220
+والسطرين التانيين هم ال dot code تبع E2، وبعدها
+
+234
+00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:18,280
+بيجي السطر اللي بده
+
+235
+00:19:20,790 --> 00:19:29,370
+يحط نتيجة عملية الجمع، هذا كله هيك لأن هنا متين
+
+236
+00:19:29,370 --> 00:19:33,810
+بعدها كان هذا السطر الأخير هو اللي هو ال
+
+237
+00:19:33,810 --> 00:19:40,590
+assignment، أخذنا ال T5 ��شان نعطيها لإيه؟ T5 هي إيش؟
+
+238
+00:19:40,590 --> 00:19:45,990
+ال address تبع ال expression كله، T2 هي ال address
+
+239
+00:19:45,990 --> 00:19:51,320
+تبع expression واحد، تذكروا مرة معانا كان فيها حاجة
+
+240
+00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:56,020
+اسمها E.code، E واحد ال code، وE واحد dot address، و
+
+241
+00:19:56,020 --> 00:20:00,420
+E اتنين برضه dot address، هذه address هي عبارة عن
+
+242
+00:20:00,420 --> 00:20:07,000
+ال temporary أو ال name أو ال variable اللي بيتجمع
+
+243
+00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:10,660
+فيه ال value تبع هذا ال expression أو ال sub
+
+244
+00:20:10,660 --> 00:20:15,040
+expression، إذا هو sub expression مظبوط؟ فانا الآن
+
+245
+00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:22,460
+عندي E اتنين هو اللي بتجمع فيه ال value تبع هذا 
+
+246
+00:20:22,460 --> 00:20:33,580
+expression، وهنا هذا T2 وهذا T4، طيب لو أنا لو
+
+247
+00:20:33,580 --> 00:20:38,560
+كان في عندي T4 ال type تبقى غير عن T2، يعني هذا 
+
+248
+00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:43,740
+مثلاً integer وهذا float، فانا بدي اعمل التحويل على 
+
+249
+00:20:47,670 --> 00:20:53,190
+هذا float وهذا integer، بدي احول T2، بدي احول هذا
+
+250
+00:20:53,190 --> 00:20:58,590
+بدي اعمل تحويل على بنيان T2، فT2 هو ال address اللي
+
+251
+00:20:58,590 --> 00:21:05,550
+بدي أسلمه ل widen، هقول ل widen T2 وأعطيها ال tribe
+
+252
+00:21:05,550 --> 00:21:09,770
+تبعه اللي هو بدنا نكون integer، وأقولها حوليه 
+
+253
+00:21:09,770 --> 00:21:14,950
+إلى float، واضح ليش احنا بنعطيها address؟
+
+254
+00:21:18,250 --> 00:21:22,350
+اللي ال type تبعه integer، في الآخر بيصوب في مين؟ في
+
+255
+00:21:22,350 --> 00:21:25,290
+ال address فلاني، فانا هو هذا اللي هحاوله، مش هعمل
+
+256
+00:21:25,290 --> 00:21:32,210
+تحويل لكل الأسطر، انا هخلي الأسطر كلها تتصفى في
+
+257
+00:21:32,210 --> 00:21:37,050
+الآخر في هذا ال T، وهذا ال T ال value، ال value
+
+258
+00:21:37,050 --> 00:21:40,230
+تبعه اللي عمل ال conversion، وانا هفدرش على إيش؟
+
+259
+00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:41,150
+على ال slide هذه
+
+260
+00:21:58,070 --> 00:22:02,170
+Widen generates type conversion if needed to 
+
+261
+00:22:02,170 --> 00:22:08,390
+widen an address A of type T into a value of type
+
+262
+00:22:08,390 --> 00:22:14,570
+W، إذا والله أنا ما أعطيها T و W نفس النوع، وقعد
+
+263
+00:22:14,570 --> 00:22:19,480
+بقولها widen A من integer ل integer هترجع ل A هو 
+
+264
+00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:24,740
+هو واش وما تغيرش أي حاجة، لكن لما بقولها A من
+
+265
+00:22:24,740 --> 00:22:28,860
+integer ل float، معناته widen مسئولة أنها تعمل
+
+266
+00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:35,340
+generate ل instruction زي هذه هي
+
+267
+00:22:35,340 --> 00:22:41,020
+اللي بتعمل هذا ال instruction widen، وتعطيلي T1
+
+268
+00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:45,560
+اللي أخده وحطه لاحقاً في ال instruction اللي بعد
+
+269
+00:22:49,570 --> 00:22:57,490
+و أي أي widen، اترتيز ايه اتسلف إذا T وW اتسلف في
+
+270
+00:22:57,490 --> 00:23:02,910
+نفس الوقت أخرى تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل
+
+271
+00:23:02,910 --> 00:23:03,370
+تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل
+
+272
+00:23:03,370 --> 00:23:03,730
+تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل
+
+273
+00:23:03,730 --> 00:23:03,870
+تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل
+
+274
+00:23:03,870 --> 00:23:03,890
+تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل
+
+275
+00:23:03,890 --> 00:23:07,190
+تعمل تعمل تعمل تعمل
+
+276
+00:23:18,140 --> 00:23:25,780
+عطيني temporary، صح؟ ف returns an address بتاخد
+
+277
+00:23:25,780 --> 00:23:29,940
+ال address اللي أنا بدي أحوله، وال type تبعه، وال
+
+278
+00:23:29,940 --> 00:23:36,020
+type اللي إيش أنا بدي أحوله عليه إليه، فهي بتفحص
+
+279
+00:23:36,020 --> 00:23:40,300
+إذا T بيساوي W، نفس ال type هنا، هذا type checking
+
+280
+00:23:43,250 --> 00:23:46,570
+الـ T هذا والـ W هذا قد يكون Simple، يعني إيه الـ 
+
+281
+00:23:46,570 --> 00:23:50,390
+Integer في لوتك أو قد يكون Complex أو Compound أو
+
+282
+00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:54,450
+Array الـ Compiler لازم يكون قادر أو الـ Wider
+
+283
+00:23:54,450 --> 00:23:58,830
+لازم يكون قادر على إجراء المقابلة أو المقارنة بين
+
+284
+00:23:58,830 --> 00:24:03,450
+الـ Types سواء كانت Simple Types ولا Complex Types
+
+285
+00:24:03,450 --> 00:24:07,330
+فإذا هم الاثنين مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين ..
+
+286
+00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:08,150
+مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين ..
+
+287
+00:24:08,150 --> 00:24:09,590
+مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين ..
+
+288
+00:24:09,590 --> 00:24:10,750
+مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين .. مميزين ..
+
+289
+00:24:10,750 --> 00:24:15,140
+مميزين .. مميزين سنعود إلى أنه لا يوجد أي تغيير لأن
+
+290
+00:24:15,140 --> 00:24:20,260
+إذا كان هناك اختلاف فبنشوف الاختلاف كيف هل تي
+
+291
+00:24:20,260 --> 00:24:25,300
+انتجر و ثاني float إذا كان ذلك فنعمل new temp
+
+292
+00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:33,700
+ونستحدث هذه ال instruction نعمل new temp فليكن تي
+
+293
+00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:41,030
+ثلاثة ونضع هذا ال temp تي ثلاثة يساوي ونكتب كلمة
+
+294
+00:24:41,030 --> 00:24:48,870
+float بين قوسين مسكر و نضع آآ اللي احنا طالبين
+
+295
+00:24:48,870 --> 00:24:56,890
+تحويله الادرس اللي احنا طالبين تحويله و نضع آآآ
+
+296
+00:24:56,890 --> 00:24:58,250
+آآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآ
+
+297
+00:24:58,250 --> 00:24:59,430
+آآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآآ
+
+298
+00:24:59,430 --> 00:24:59,530
+آآآآآآآآآآآآ
+
+299
+00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:06,760
+ممكن أعمل الـ function اللي هي minimum زي function
+
+300
+00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,320
+ال max و أصبح دائما أعطي ال minimum لل T و أعطي ال
+
+301
+00:25:10,320 --> 00:25:16,380
+max لل W max type لل W و ال minimum type لل T و
+
+302
+00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:19,560
+أسفز بالD و أيضا دائما بتعمل و أيضا دائما بتوسع
+
+303
+00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:22,780
+ماهي الفكرة أنا بدي أن ال T هي ال minimum و بدي أن
+
+304
+00:25:22,780 --> 00:25:26,720
+أعطي ال W ال max ال T تقضيها ال minimum و ها ال max
+
+305
+00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:31,080
+و بتصبح بتوسع اه دائما هو احنا ايش اللي بيصيح غيطه
+
+306
+00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:38,780
+احنا اللي عندنا هنا انه ماهي بصفة عالمية ال
+
+307
+00:25:38,780 --> 00:25:42,620
+production هذه ال grammar ال rule هذه حطينا معاها
+
+308
+00:25:42,620 --> 00:25:47,440
+meaning semantic action اسم مش rule ال semantic
+
+309
+00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:53,920
+action هذا يشتمل على عدة خطوات أول خطوة تحديد ال
+
+310
+00:25:53,920 --> 00:26:01,620
+type تحديد ال type بدل ما كنا بنقول أي واحد إذا أي
+
+311
+00:26:01,620 --> 00:26:09,120
+واحد و E2 فساوي كده لأ احنا ولناها ل Max Max هي
+
+312
+00:26:09,120 --> 00:26:14,880
+اللي بتفحص ايش ال type تبقى E1 و ايش ال type تبقى
+
+313
+00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:20,040
+E2 و بتعطيني ايه الكبير من بين الاثنين و هذا
+
+314
+00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:24,340
+الكبير هو تصير هو ال type تبع E تبع ال expression
+
+315
+00:26:24,340 --> 00:26:30,580
+الإجمالي صح بظبط هيك منطقي semantically correct
+
+316
+00:26:30,580 --> 00:26:35,440
+semantically correct الآن خلصنا من هذا type
+
+317
+00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:39,460
+checking و type expression assignment يعني احنا
+
+318
+00:26:39,460 --> 00:26:43,820
+assigned ال data type attribute تبعت ال expression
+
+319
+00:26:43,820 --> 00:26:51,460
+لأن لو هم مختلفين أو كده بالك max لو هدول اثنين
+
+320
+00:26:51,460 --> 00:26:56,400
+نفس ال type هتعطيني ال type هو اللي نفسه لو في
+
+321
+00:26:56,400 --> 00:26:59,660
+اختلاف هتعطيني الكبير سواء هذا اللي كان كبير أو
+
+322
+00:26:59,660 --> 00:27:03,160
+هذا اللي كان كبير بعدين بنخش على قضية ال
+
+323
+00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,740
+conversion قضية ال conversion بنقول له انت مغمض
+
+324
+00:27:06,740 --> 00:27:11,320
+why then؟ why then مين؟ why then الاش ال address
+
+325
+00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:17,240
+تبع ال expression الأولى يعني أوسع ليش؟ لل E ده ال
+
+326
+00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:21,340
+type لل expression الإجمالي تذكر ال expression
+
+327
+00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:24,320
+الإجمالي هو اللي أخد ال expression الإجمالي أخذ
+
+328
+00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:30,440
+الأوسع أنا جاهز من جلده واسع هذا للأوسع طب إذ�� كان
+
+329
+00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:34,840
+هو نفسه هو أي واحد هو اللي كان أوسع عادي بسيطة
+
+330
+00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:38,700
+وايدن مش هتعمل ولا حاجة مش وايدن أول حاجة بتفحص
+
+331
+00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:44,560
+فأنا بدل ما أفحص برا وايدن خلت عملت فحص جوا وايدن
+
+332
+00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:50,880
+بدل ما أفحص أنه والله اتطلع لهل يا ثرة أي واحد هو
+
+333
+00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:56,440
+اللي كان كبير إذا هو كبير استدعى ويدن .. إذا هو
+
+334
+00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,700
+الصغير استدعى ويدن عشان توسع وإذا هو الكبير
+
+335
+00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:04,320
+ما تستدعيهاش لأ بدل ما أعمل هذا الكلام قلت تعالي
+
+336
+00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:09,760
+ويدن تعالي واسعي هي لحالها هتفحص إذا والله ما تحتاج
+
+337
+00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:13,100
+توسيع ما توسع مش محتاج ما تسويش محتاج تشغيله هيك
+
+338
+00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:17,900
+ايه؟ هيك واحد منهم هيكون الكبير يعني ما أي واحد ..
+
+339
+00:28:17,900 --> 00:28:21,380
+ما .. ما أعرفش يمكن ما يكونوش يمكن .. يمكن الاثنين
+
+340
+00:28:21,380 --> 00:28:28,430
+ينتجوا طبعا لو هدولة الثانية انتجر هده
+
+341
+00:28:28,430 --> 00:28:32,950
+هيبقى integer تمام؟ هده الآن أنا قاعد بقولها وسعى
+
+342
+00:28:32,950 --> 00:28:36,990
+من integer ل .. integer انتجر مش هتسوي ولا شيء ال
+
+343
+00:28:36,990 --> 00:28:41,330
+address هده هو نفسه أي واحد يعني هده ال pointer
+
+344
+00:28:41,330 --> 00:28:46,470
+يشير إلى ايش هده هيشير إلى نفسه وهده برضه مش هتوسع
+
+345
+00:28:46,470 --> 00:28:50,310
+ولا حاجة يعني هم الثانية انتجر قاعد بقولها من
+
+346
+00:28:50,310 --> 00:28:51,070
+integer ل integer
+
+347
+00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:02,740
+الـ max دورتها بس أن يفحص من ال max و ال widen بس
+
+348
+00:29:02,740 --> 00:29:07,380
+تعمل ايش تعمل توسيع و خلاص فصلنا الشغل نعم أنت
+
+349
+00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:13,380
+ممكن تحطه كله في هذا لكن لو الآن هذا مفترض integer
+
+350
+00:29:13,380 --> 00:29:20,000
+و هذا float أو هذا long هذا اللي أنا هيصير float
+
+351
+00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:27,510
+لأن هنا حابب أقولها وسعى من integer لأن ال E1 هو
+
+352
+00:29:27,510 --> 00:29:33,170
+ال integer من integer إلى float أنا ما بعطيها هنا
+
+353
+00:29:33,170 --> 00:29:35,850
+ال time من integer الى float فهذا هتروح توسع و
+
+354
+00:29:35,850 --> 00:29:40,650
+تعمل تنساش هتعمل generation ليش ال three address
+
+355
+00:29:40,650 --> 00:29:46,250
+instruction تستحدث فيها temporary و ال temporary
+
+356
+00:29:46,250 --> 00:29:51,390
+هذا هو اللي أتخيل أنت الآن هتكون عملته E1 بساوي
+
+357
+00:29:51,390 --> 00:29:52,250
+float
+
+358
+00:29:56,910 --> 00:30:06,310
+E1 E1.type لا أعرف ما هو ال temporary تبعه هذا هذا
+
+359
+00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:13,130
+في الآخر هو ال temporary صح؟ لأنك ستعطيني E1 هذا
+
+360
+00:30:13,130 --> 00:30:19,410
+ال E1 ستشتغل هذا لن يعمل أي شيء لأنني أستخدم E2
+
+361
+00:30:19,410 --> 00:30:22,450
+.type E2 هو ال float أقول أنه سأوسف من float إلى
+
+362
+00:30:22,450 --> 00:30:29,580
+float الآن بعد هكذا هذا المهم اللي هو انه بما ان
+
+363
+00:30:29,580 --> 00:30:33,100
+مستحيلاتنا هذا أنا الآن قبل ما أعمل عملية الجامعة
+
+364
+00:30:33,100 --> 00:30:36,200
+أنا بدي أعمل عملية الجامعة بدي أقول انه ال E dot
+
+365
+00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:40,680
+address اللي هو هيبقى temporary برضه ده ساوي ايش
+
+366
+00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:47,700
+lot E1 ده هو ال A1 اه هذا هيجي T1 هنا و الت ا و
+
+367
+00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:51,340
+بعدين زائد و E2 هذه هتبقى E2 dot address
+
+368
+00:30:54,160 --> 00:31:00,460
+بمعنى آخر هنكون عملنا التحويل خدنا نتج التحويل في
+
+369
+00:31:00,460 --> 00:31:03,960
+temporary ال temporary هذا هو اللي هدخل في عملية
+
+370
+00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:11,740
+الجامعة code بسيط elegant يعني معمول بشكل مرتب و
+
+371
+00:31:11,740 --> 00:31:18,720
+بيقدر الغرض و بقدر ايش اعمله عدة استخدام
+
+372
+00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:32,060
+Okay فاحنا ده عمليا عمليا في section 6 5 بنكون
+
+373
+00:31:32,060 --> 00:31:37,360
+شوفنا كيف ال compiler بيعمل ال checking و ال
+
+374
+00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:41,480
+conversion بيعمل checking بمعنى انه يفحص ال type
+
+375
+00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:48,240
+يتأكد ان ال types على ما يجب ان تكون عليه و اذا لم
+
+376
+00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,400
+تكن على ما يجب ان تكون عليه بيعمل conversion okay
+
+377
+00:31:51,400 --> 00:32:02,050
+عشان ايه تكون عشان يمشي ال compilation فهذا الان
+
+378
+00:32:02,050 --> 00:32:05,550
+النقطة الثانية أو ال section الثانية اللي هو ال
+
+379
+00:32:05,550 --> 00:32:10,570
+translation اللي علاقة بال control flow statements
+
+380
+00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:17,170
+control flow statements بتبقى اشي زي
+
+381
+00:32:39,690 --> 00:32:44,830
+بتكون with else أو بدون else و loop ال loop while
+
+382
+00:32:44,830 --> 00:32:49,170
+و ال repeat و ال .. ايش ما كان في الاخر في كل الحلقة
+
+383
+00:32:49,170 --> 00:32:55,490
+سواء ال F و ال loop في يدي condition Boolean
+
+384
+00:32:55,490 --> 00:33:03,120
+expression إذا تحقق بمعنى إذا قيمته كانت true سيحصل
+
+385
+00:33:03,120 --> 00:33:06,600
+فيه action معين وإذا لم يتحقق سيحصل فيه action
+
+386
+00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:11,300
+مختلف من هنا ال control flow يعني التحكم في تدفق
+
+387
+00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:17,260
+ال code فأحنا الآن أصبح ترجمة ال flow of control
+
+388
+00:33:17,260 --> 00:33:21,840
+statements جزئية ثانية جزئية متعلقة بترجمة ال
+
+389
+00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:25,940
+statements اللي بدو ينتقل اليها ال execution
+
+390
+00:33:25,940 --> 00:33:31,820
+و جزئية قبلها اللي هي ترجمة ال Boolean Expression
+
+391
+00:33:31,820 --> 00:33:35,180
+ال Boolean Expression هي أداة فيها ذات و هو
+
+392
+00:33:35,180 --> 00:33:38,920
+expression بدو يعملوا translation احنا شوفنا
+
+393
+00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:40,860
+expressions قبل الحكاية بس كانت mathematical
+
+394
+00:33:40,860 --> 00:33:44,820
+expressions ولا لأ اللي فيها علامة فيها جمع وضع و
+
+395
+00:33:44,820 --> 00:33:48,320
+طرح و .. انما Boolean expressions ال Boolean
+
+396
+00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:50,840
+expressions ما شوفناش اصلا ال grammar تبعها كيف ال
+
+397
+00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:52,520
+grammar تبع ال Boolean expression؟
+
+398
+00:34:01,490 --> 00:34:06,530
+ممكن يبقى or وهو عبارة عن expression يتكون من this
+
+399
+00:34:06,530 --> 00:34:11,710
+junction ل two other expressions أو conjunction ل
+
+400
+00:34:11,710 --> 00:34:15,830
+two other expressions أو negation ل one expression
+
+401
+00:34:15,830 --> 00:34:20,070
+أو يبقى فيه عبارة عن relational operator ما بين
+
+402
+00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:25,090
+two expressions ال two expressions هدولة
+
+403
+00:34:25,090 --> 00:34:28,810
+mathematical expressions يعني هذا expression
+
+404
+00:34:29,380 --> 00:34:34,700
+mathematical قيمته وهذا قيمته من اللي هو أكبر أو
+
+405
+00:34:34,700 --> 00:34:41,060
+يساوي أو أقل على أساس ال boolean value أو تبقى
+
+406
+00:34:41,060 --> 00:34:48,040
+كلمة true ك token أو كلمة false طيب في هذه الحلقات
+
+407
+00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:55,340
+المختلفة كيف يمكن ال translating ال boolean
+
+408
+00:34:55,340 --> 00:34:59,490
+expression لاحظ مرة ثانية لأن أنا قلت انه أنا عشان
+
+409
+00:34:59,490 --> 00:35:02,830
+أعمل ال translation لل control flow statement اللي
+
+410
+00:35:02,830 --> 00:35:09,230
+هي ال F كلها و لل Y كلها لازم ايش ينعمل translation
+
+411
+00:35:09,230 --> 00:35:13,590
+لل boolean expression و ال statement و يتركب هذا
+
+412
+00:35:13,590 --> 00:35:19,570
+كله في ايه؟ في هيكلية مع بعض اللي تعبر عن ال
+
+413
+00:35:19,570 --> 00:35:27,860
+statement برجع رجوع أنا إذا في حالة F Statement
+
+414
+00:35:27,860 --> 00:35:33,860
+بدون else يأتي كود ال Boolean expression في الأول
+
+415
+00:35:33,860 --> 00:35:37,520
+و
+
+416
+00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:45,280
+بعدها كود ال statement لأن هذا ال statement مثل ال
+
+417
+00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:50,440
+statement الأخرى التي رأينا أنثى مختلفة فيها بس ال
+
+418
+00:35:50,440 --> 00:35:54,400
+Boolean expression هذا بدي برضه كمان بدي two
+
+419
+00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:57,900
+attributes معاه واحدة dot true واحدة dot false
+
+420
+00:35:57,900 --> 00:36:06,280
+عشان أحط فيهم pointers على وين بدو ينتقل التنفيذ 
+
+421
+00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:10,360
+إذا كان الـ Boolean expression true و وين بده ينتقل
+
+422
+00:36:10,360 --> 00:36:13,600
+إذا كان الـ Boolean expression false صح ولا لأ؟
+
+423
+00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:18,140
+تمام؟ يعني تنساش هذا الـ Boolean expression عبارة عن
+
+424
+00:36:18,140 --> 00:36:23,240
+expression وإيه الترجمة تبعته وإيه الـ code الـ code 
+
+425
+00:36:23,240 --> 00:36:28,220
+اللي هو مجموعة الـ three address instructions ففيها
+
+426
+00:36:28,220 --> 00:36:35,900
+هنا الـ code اللي هو الترجمة تبع الـ condition الـ
+
+427
+00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:41,340
+boolean condition هذا الـ code مخزن في الـ dot code
+
+428
+00:36:41,340 --> 00:36:47,300
+attribute تبع الـ B الـ B أيضا كمان مش مبقول الـ B
+
+429
+00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:52,900
+.true attribute والـ B.false attribute هذولا الـ
+
+430
+00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:57,480
+two attributes هذولا pointers هذه attribute تحتوي
+
+431
+00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:00,600
+على text الـ text هو الـ translation تبع الـ bullying
+
+432
+00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:04,380
+expression هذولا attributes تبع عن pointers واحد
+
+433
+00:37:04,380 --> 00:37:08,900
+منهم يشير إلى وين بده يبدأ الـ execution إذا كان الـ
+
+434
+00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:13,480
+condition true وين هيبدأ هنا يعني هذه الـ dot true
+
+435
+00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,870
+بتشير إلى هنا إيش هي هنا اللي هو بداية الـ code تبع
+
+436
+00:37:17,870 --> 00:37:22,430
+الـ statement فإن احنا قاعدين نقول if if if بي then
+
+437
+00:37:22,430 --> 00:37:29,370
+الـ statement صح؟ و الـ false بديشير على أول
+
+438
+00:37:29,370 --> 00:37:35,810
+statement بعد أول line أو أول instruction بعد الـ
+
+439
+00:37:35,810 --> 00:37:41,210
+yes بعد الـ statement بالظبط okay فانا هاي اللي
+
+440
+00:37:41,210 --> 00:37:47,050
+بذبني يوم انا بعمل Translation لـ Statement بهذه
+
+441
+00:37:47,050 --> 00:37:52,530
+الصيغة FBS معناته أنني أكوّن الـ Translation
+
+442
+00:37:52,530 --> 00:37:59,250
+الإجمالي لـ S بهذه الهيكلية أولاً الـ Translation
+
+443
+00:37:59,250 --> 00:38:05,150
+لـ Condition ألحقها بالـ Translation لـ Statement
+
+444
+00:38:05,150 --> 00:38:08,830
+ولكن برضه أريد أن أكون عامل .. أعطي Value للـ
+
+445
+00:38:08,830 --> 00:38:10,850
+Pointers الـ Dot صحيح والـ Dot خاطئ
+
+446
+00:38:13,750 --> 00:38:19,450
+بنحكي عن هذه الصيرة في عندي else معناه ذلك بعمل
+
+447
+00:38:19,450 --> 00:38:23,630
+نفس الشيء بس انا هنا في عندي two statements S1 و
+
+448
+00:38:23,630 --> 00:38:28,690
+S2 S1 هي اللي بتتنفس إذا الـ condition هدا true
+
+449
+00:38:28,690 --> 00:38:35,090
+ولكن إذا false بتتنفس S2 ابجي أنا الآن اتضبط الـ
+
+450
+00:38:35,090 --> 00:38:43,540
+true تبع الـ B بتشير إلى إيش؟ صح؟ الى الاول line في
+
+451
+00:38:43,540 --> 00:38:50,940
+الـ S1 code S1.code و لما ينتهي هذا الـ code على طول
+
+452
+00:38:50,940 --> 00:38:53,940
+ستعمل jump وانا مغمط على مين؟
+
+453
+00:39:21,170 --> 00:39:24,470
+هذه هي الهيكلية اللى بدي يعملها الـ compiler اللى
+
+454
+00:39:24,470 --> 00:39:28,370
+بدي يعملها الـ compiler إيه ده في الحالة التالية في
+
+455
+00:39:28,370 --> 00:39:34,130
+حالة وجود الـ else في حالة loop مش if في حالة loop
+
+456
+00:39:34,130 --> 00:39:38,170
+زي الـ while loop فيها اندي انا الـ condition وفيها
+
+457
+00:39:38,170 --> 00:39:43,410
+اندي statement بده تنفذ بشكل متكرر فهي بدي يجي الـ
+
+458
+00:39:43,410 --> 00:39:50,250
+code الـ code تبع الـ boolean expression بعدين الـ
+
+459
+00:39:50,250 --> 00:39:56,600
+statement بعدين هنا go to begin which هي أول
+
+460
+00:39:56,600 --> 00:40:02,240
+instruction في الـ boolean فحص الشرط بالظبط عشان
+
+461
+00:40:02,240 --> 00:40:05,800
+نرجع نفحص الشرط إلا لو الشرط هذا مش متحقق الـ dot
+
+462
+00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:11,480
+false بتشارع عليه على أول statement بره أول
+
+463
+00:40:11,480 --> 00:40:13,700
+instruction بره الـ statement بره الـ while
+
+464
+00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:18,140
+statement كلها هذه الهايكامية الآن عشان احنا الـ
+
+465
+00:40:18,140 --> 00:40:23,120
+compiler يعملها لازم في الأوليكون عامل الـ dot code
+
+466
+00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:27,380
+تبع الـ B و بيجي هذا الـ dot code كله في موقعون
+
+467
+00:40:27,380 --> 00:40:32,000
+العراب فيش في الصيغة الكبيرة اللي هي الـ statement
+
+468
+00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:37,640
+الكلية فاحنا الآن بدنا نطلع على الـ B كيف الـ
+
+469
+00:40:37,640 --> 00:40:43,520
+translation تبعها بيتم ماشي عشان بعدين خلاص هذا
+
+470
+00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:47,700
+كله نرحله معانا على الـ translation تبع الـ
+
+471
+00:40:47,700 --> 00:40:49,640
+statement الكلية
+
+472
+00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,340
+هذا الفيجور 6.37 وهو generating free address code
+
+473
+00:40:59,340 --> 00:41:06,340
+for Boolean expressions اللي جابله اللي انا فلدته
+
+474
+00:41:06,340 --> 00:41:10,720
+بس هرجعله syntax derivative definition برضه for
+
+475
+00:41:10,720 --> 00:41:16,000
+generating code لكن for flow of control statements
+
+476
+00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,660
+flow of control statements بتحتوي على Boolean
+
+477
+00:41:19,660 --> 00:41:28,050
+expressions يعني بروح على سبعة و تلاتين طبعا
+
+478
+00:41:28,050 --> 00:41:33,370
+لأنه عبارة عن syntax directed definition فهو فيه
+
+479
+00:41:33,370 --> 00:41:37,830
+أنه هنا الـ productions و لكل production شو هي الـ
+
+480
+00:41:37,830 --> 00:41:41,990
+rules؟ إيه اللي بيتنفس؟
+
+481
+00:41:41,990 --> 00:41:46,170
+إيه لها؟ okay لو أنتي الـ boolean expression احنا
+
+482
+00:41:46,170 --> 00:41:49,430
+قلنا هذه حالات اللي ممكن نتوقع الـ boolean
+
+483
+00:41:49,430 --> 00:41:55,130
+expression يبقى بنيتهممكن يكون bonus عبارة عن or
+
+484
+00:41:55,130 --> 00:41:58,930
+لتو expressions وممكن يبقى and وممكن يبقى not لـ
+
+485
+00:41:58,930 --> 00:42:02,190
+one expression وممكن يبقى relational operator ما
+
+486
+00:42:02,190 --> 00:42:05,310
+بين two mathematical expressions صح وممكن يبقى
+
+487
+00:42:05,310 --> 00:42:12,490
+true او false طبعا ممكن يبقى ghost بس
+
+488
+00:42:12,490 --> 00:42:16,720
+هنا ما انتوا احنا مش هنعمل أي حاجة هيبقى الـ
+
+489
+00:42:16,720 --> 00:42:20,460
+attributes تبقى بيه هي الـ dot force تبقى هو هو الـ
+
+490
+00:42:20,460 --> 00:42:23,580
+dot true تبقى هو هو و الـ dot code تبقى هو هو مافيش
+
+491
+00:42:23,580 --> 00:42:28,940
+أشياء حقيقة يزيد أو ينقص عليه عشان ذلك مش .. مش
+
+492
+00:42:28,940 --> 00:42:35,040
+ورد هنا okay فلو كان عندي هو الـ expression مركب من
+
+493
+00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:41,280
+two expressions وبينهم or okay
+
+494
+00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:44,240
+احنا في القلاصة
+
+495
+00:42:46,150 --> 00:42:57,470
+إنه أنا بدي آجي أقول ال .. الـ B1 بنحط الـ code تبعه
+
+496
+00:42:57,470 --> 00:43:03,630
+يليه
+
+497
+00:43:03,630 --> 00:43:09,430
+إيش الـ code تبع B2 بس
+
+498
+00:43:09,430 --> 00:43:13,890
+بينهم إيش في هذا 
+499
+00:43:13,890 --> 00:43:14,270
+label
+
+500
+00:43:24,860 --> 00:43:30,020
+هذا الـ label شو وظيفته وظيفته انه انا لانها or
+
+501
+00:43:30,020 --> 00:43:38,560
+لانها or فيفترض ان انا بفحص بالظبط بفحص b1 بس كان
+
+502
+00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:44,780
+true خلاص بقدر اقفز وما اكملش مانفلش مانفلش الـ
+
+503
+00:43:44,780 --> 00:43:48,420
+code هذا بس بشوفش b2 الا لو كم بي واحد false ايوة
+
+504
+00:43:48,420 --> 00:43:55,120
+بس اذا بي واحد false بكملفهذا ال label b1.false
+
+505
+00:43:55,120 --> 00:44:03,280
+إذا هو .. نعم إذا هو b1.false إذا b1 كان false
+
+506
+00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:09,920
+ماعرف أقولك b1.false يساوي new label okay new
+
+507
+00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:12,820
+label .. new label هذا وين بده يروح؟
+
+508
+00:44:25,230 --> 00:44:29,650
+فانا الآن اللي هيحصل انك انك انت هيبقى الـ code
+
+509
+00:44:29,650 --> 00:44:35,790
+تبقى D1 D1 في
+
+510
+00:44:35,790 --> 00:44:46,050
+اخر في اخر statement لها if نفترض انه الـ value
+
+511
+00:44:46,050 --> 00:44:54,410
+النهائي تبقى D1 صدفة temporary كنقمة 7 if T7
+
+512
+00:44:58,290 --> 00:45:09,290
+is true هيقفز على بره على طول مظبوط اذا T7 false F
+
+513
+00:45:09,290 --> 00:45:19,790
+false ها اكتب F false T7 go to P1
+
+514
+00:45:32,530 --> 00:45:39,470
+هذه القفزة موجودة في كود B1 موجودة
+
+515
+00:45:39,470 --> 00:45:43,370
+في كود بي واحد يعني بي واحد ترجمة تبعته انه إذا هو
+
+516
+00:45:43,370 --> 00:45:46,930
+فوق ضمن الترجمة تبعته ضمن الـ instructions تبعتهم
+
+517
+00:45:46,930 --> 00:45:51,670
+في statement في الآخر بده تقول ان هو إذا انه صب الـ
+
+518
+00:45:51,670 --> 00:45:56,370
+value كله في الاخر في T7 بده نفحص T7 إذا T7 true
+
+519
+00:45:58,180 --> 00:46:03,220
+بدنا نقفز إليش إلي برا إذا false بدنا نروح على وين
+
+520
+00:46:03,220 --> 00:46:09,840
+ال shop التاني و أحس أن هذا الـ statement بيوحدة
+
+521
+00:46:09,840 --> 00:46:17,220
+true بيوحدة وين بتوديني يعني لو هذا لو T7 الـ true
+
+522
+00:46:17,220 --> 00:46:23,440
+يعني بيه كلها true بعد ذلك خلصنا بدنا نقفز برا وين
+
+523
+00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:28,320
+برا؟ برا اللي هي أول statement أنا كله بيهأول
+
+524
+00:46:28,320 --> 00:46:35,840
+statement بدأ تتنفذ بعد إذا كان هذا true ف الـ dot
+
+525
+00:46:35,840 --> 00:46:41,780
+true تبع بيه كله هي اللي بتتخزن كـ dot true لـ بيه
+
+526
+00:46:41,780 --> 00:46:50,820
+واحد انت ذاكر ان هذا هييجي الـ بيه ضمن if statement
+
+527
+00:46:50,820 --> 00:46:57,500
+او while statement فالـ B هذا الـ dot true تبع إذا
+
+528
+00:46:57,500 --> 00:47:02,140
+هو true سينتقل الـ execution هنا وهذا اللي بدي أن
+
+529
+00:47:02,140 --> 00:47:05,820
+ينتقل الـ execution أيضا هنا إذا كان إذا الـ B هذا
+
+530
+00:47:05,820 --> 00:47:13,000
+متكون من two child born expressions إذا هذا لحاله
+
+531
+00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:20,260
+true فبدي أيضا أبقى على M عشان هي كذا أحنا أعطينا
+
+532
+00:47:20,260 --> 00:47:25,630
+الـ dot true تبع الـ childتاخد نفس الـ dot true تبع
+
+533
+00:47:25,630 --> 00:47:35,370
+actual parent واضحة؟ فاحنا أهم حاجة أن نربط الـ
+
+534
+00:47:35,370 --> 00:47:39,210
+pointers تبع الـ false و الـ true تبع الـ B1 و B2
+
+535
+00:47:39,210 --> 00:47:43,070
+اللي هو الـ child expressions أو sub boolean
+
+536
+00:47:43,070 --> 00:47:48,650
+expressions و بعد هيك نكون الـ translation
+
+537
+00:47:48,650 --> 00:47:54,690
+الإجمالية تبع الـ expression الإجمالية هذا في حالة الـ
+
+538
+00:47:54,690 --> 00:47:58,670
+or في حالة الـ and طبعا هذا الكلام اللي هو إنه إذا
+
+539
+00:47:58,670 --> 00:48:02,270
+هذا true أقفز على طول و أخرج على طول هذا بيسميه
+
+540
+00:48:02,270 --> 00:48:05,590
+short circuit صح ولا لا بيسميه short circuit إنه
+
+541
+00:48:05,590 --> 00:48:11,990
+أنا ما أعملش فحص لكل الـ disjunctions طب ما هو هي
+
+542
+00:48:11,990 --> 00:48:17,010
+or disjunction فأي واحد منهم true خلاص بوفر علي
+
+543
+00:48:17,010 --> 00:48:25,970
+أفحص الآخر الآن نفس الاشي في short cut للـ end بس
+
+544
+00:48:25,970 --> 00:48:31,470
+العكس يعني لو واحد منهم طلع false بخرج وما بحتاجش
+
+545
+00:48:31,470 --> 00:48:36,830
+افحص بجيت الـ sub expressions الـ sub boolean
+
+546
+00:48:36,830 --> 00:48:43,870
+expressions صح؟ راهز ان التركيبة تبعت الـ code
+
+547
+00:48:49,180 --> 00:48:53,040
+هنا بيوة حدق الـ true أخدت الـ new label الـ new
+
+548
+00:48:53,040 --> 00:48:56,840
+label اللي هو DG في النص هذا اللي في النص جاي
+
+549
+00:48:56,840 --> 00:49:04,800
+علشان إيش جاي علشان إذا والله هذا الـ true أفحص أما
+
+550
+00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:10,280
+إذا false أطلع بديش أكمل بدي أطلع برا عشان هيك إذا
+
+551
+00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:17,210
+هو true بكمل الفحص عشان هيك إذا هو true عشان هي أجت
+
+552
+00:49:17,210 --> 00:49:23,050
+على إضافة true attribute تبع بي واحد إذا true بدي
+
+553
+00:49:23,050 --> 00:49:28,550
+أتقل إلى الـ new label هذا بدي يجي هنا فإذا بي واحد
+
+554
+00:49:28,550 --> 00:49:34,470
+الـ true بدي أقفز بدي أروح عليه عشان أكمل فحص اللي
+
+555
+00:49:34,470 --> 00:49:38,250
+هو بي اتنين وإذا في كمان برضه بي تلاته طبعا هذا
+
+556
+00:49:38,250 --> 00:49:43,990
+الأمر انت عارف هو nested يعني هذا يعني لو أنا عندي
+
+557
+00:49:43,990 --> 00:49:51,430
+تلات شروطهيجم هادا
+
+558
+00:49:51,430 --> 00:50:05,270
+هيجم متكون من ايش P1A and P1B وبعدين هادا فالان
+
+559
+00:50:05,270 --> 00:50:09,810
+البنيه هادى بتسمح بال nesting بتسمح ان انا تتكرر
+
+560
+00:50:09,810 --> 00:50:13,890
+ال graphية تتفرع لصديق اللي هو الـ conditions من
+
+561
+00:50:13,890 --> 00:50:18,280
+بعضها واضح ليش هذا الـ  dot true أخد الـ new label
+
+562
+00:50:18,280 --> 00:50:22,840
+علشان إذا هذا true فعلا يكمل على البعد إذا false
+
+563
+00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:27,440
+إذا false بيطلع تماما يطلع تماما يعني يروح على ال
+
+564
+00:50:27,440 --> 00:50:33,900
+statement اللي بعد الـ B مش مش بيروح على S1 بيروح على
+
+565
+00:50:33,900 --> 00:50:37,860
+الـ statement اللي بعد الـ S اللي بعد الـ S تماما
+
+566
+00:50:37,860 --> 00:50:43,960
+اللي هو على طول اللي بعد الـ B تماما okay بيطلع برا
+
+567
+00:50:43,960 --> 00:50:50,600
+على البصير بي دوت فوكس بي واحد دوت فوكس بي دوت
+
+568
+00:50:50,600 --> 00:51:02,420
+فوكس بي اثنين not true بيساوي بي دوت فوكس بي اثنين
+
+569
+00:51:02,420 --> 00:51:03,920
+not true بيساوي بي دوت فوكس بي اثنين not true
+
+570
+00:51:03,920 --> 00:51:08,520
+بيساوي بي اثنين not true بيساوي بي اثنين not true
+
+571
+00:51:08,520 --> 00:51:09,880
+بيساوي بي اثنين not true بيساوي بي اثنين not true
+
+572
+00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:11,860
+بيساوي بي اثنين not true بيساوي بي اثنين not true
+
+573
+00:51:11,860 --> 00:51:13,760
+بيساوي بي اثنين not true بي
+
+574
+00:51:20,020 --> 00:51:24,240
+إذا هذا كان بيشار على false و true هذا بيشار على
+
+575
+00:51:24,240 --> 00:51:31,500
+عكسه و لأ okay الآن لو عندي relational expression
+
+576
+00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:38,160
+أنا relational expression في هندي إله ترجمة 
+
+577
+00:51:38,160 --> 00:51:44,080
+والتاني إله ترجمة الآن الـ value النهائي تبعها و ال
+
+578
+00:51:44,080 --> 00:51:47,200
+value النهائي تبعها في مين في الـ dot address
+
+579
+00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:49,820
+تبعتهم صح؟
+
+580
+00:51:50,960 --> 00:51:56,120
+هذا إله dot address وهذا
+
+581
+00:51:56,120 --> 00:52:02,860
+إله dot address إذا أنا عمليا ماذا أفعل؟ بدي أعمل
+
+582
+00:52:02,860 --> 00:52:09,040
+instruction اللي تأخذ مقارنة بين هذين الاثنين صح؟
+
+583
+00:52:09,040 --> 00:52:14,160
+مقارنة على أساس relations of if
+
+584
+00:52:19,810 --> 00:52:30,730
+إذا هذا .. إذا المقارنة هذه true إذا E1.address
+
+585
+00:52:30,730 --> 00:52:37,010
+relation up E2.address go to الـ true تبع الـ B ما
+
+586
+00:52:37,010 --> 00:52:41,470
+هو أصلا الـ B هذا جاء زي ما قلنا في expression الـ B
+
+587
+00:52:41,470 --> 00:52:45,330
+أو في الـ statement كبير فبدنا إذا هذا كله true
+
+588
+00:52:45,330 --> 00:52:47,170
+بدنا نروح على
+
+589
+00:52:51,170 --> 00:52:56,110
+أو الـ هي برمو فإذا
+
+590
+00:52:56,110 --> 00:53:01,130
+هذا الـ expression الـ address تبعه فعلا بال
+
+591
+00:53:01,130 --> 00:53:05,410
+relation operator هذا يعني افترض ان هذا اكبر منه
+
+592
+00:53:05,410 --> 00:53:15,750
+فإذا هذا الـ temporary تبعه T5 مثلا اكبر من T7 يبقى
+
+593
+00:53:15,750 --> 00:53:18,510
+فعلا متحقق هذا الشرط يبقى بدنا
+
+594
+00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:27,120
+الـ jump تودينا على الـ
+
+595
+00:53:27,120 --> 00:53:30,900
+be true أو الـ not true تبعة الـ expression كله وإلا
+
+596
+00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:37,840
+بنياها تودينا
+
+597
+00:53:37,840 --> 00:53:41,840
+على الـ false يعني بعمل الـ two statements ولا بعمل
+
+598
+00:53:41,840 --> 00:53:46,380
+واحدة منهم كعمل generator لتنتين ولا واحدة
+
+599
+00:53:52,370 --> 00:53:55,690
+تنساش ان انا لازم في الأول برضه اركب الـ dot code
+
+600
+00:53:55,690 --> 00:53:57,750
+تبع الـ expression و الـ dot code تبع الـ expression
+
+601
+00:53:57,750 --> 00:54:04,150
+التاني صح؟ اه بتيجي .. اه عشان في الأول يتكزن
+
+602
+00:54:04,150 --> 00:54:08,690
+القيم تبعتهم في temporaries يعني هذا الـ expression
+
+603
+00:54:08,690 --> 00:54:14,830
+E1 dot code عبارة عن مجموعة instructions في الآخر
+
+604
+00:54:14,830 --> 00:54:20,850
+في temporary و T5 هو اللي بيحتوي على الـ value تبع
+
+605
+00:54:20,850 --> 00:54:26,320
+هذا الـ expression و لحمت على طول خلفه الـ code تبع
+
+606
+00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:34,800
+مين في واحد dot code و ايه اثنين dot code فهكذا
+
+607
+00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:39,700
+اتجارت للاتنين عشان تجيب نتائجها الآن هذا إجمالي
+
+608
+00:54:39,700 --> 00:54:45,760
+تبعه صفر في T5 وهذا الـ T11 الآن أنا بدأ اقول if T5
+
+609
+00:54:45,760 --> 00:54:51,780
+أهو الـ relational operator اللي داخل معاه هو نفسه
+
+610
+00:54:51,780 --> 00:54:56,340
+بدي أن أنزله هنا T11
+
+611
+00:54:56,340 --> 00:55:02,640
+ايش أسوي go to الـ
+
+612
+00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:12,660
+B dot الـ true هل أيضا اعمل واحد ثاني اقول اللي هي
+
+613
+00:55:12,660 --> 00:55:16,860
+هذه go to B false
+
+614
+00:55:24,070 --> 00:55:29,330
+الـ تانير لازم يكون موجودة لأنه زي ما بنقول هنا هذا
+
+615
+00:55:29,330 --> 00:55:33,170
+هيتنفذ هسط بالـ value تبقى في T5 هذا هيتنفذ هسط بالـ
+
+616
+00:55:33,170 --> 00:55:39,050
+value في T11 هنا هتحصل مقارنة إذا فعل T5 حقق مع
+
+617
+00:55:39,050 --> 00:55:46,230
+T11 حقق الـ condition فهيروح على الـ true طبعا وإلا
+
+618
+00:55:46,230 --> 00:55:49,850
+هيروح على الـ false فهدول الـ two اللي لازم يكون
+
+619
+00:55:49,850 --> 00:55:54,610
+موجودة عشان وجه الـ flow of control على الناس واحدة
+
+620
+00:55:54,610 --> 00:56:00,230
+منهم موجودة واحدة منهم موجودة بس معناته أنا مش
+
+621
+00:56:00,230 --> 00:56:04,370
+عارف يمكن الـ instruction اللي هنا تبقى هي اللي أنا
+
+622
+00:56:04,370 --> 00:56:10,690
+بديها الـ false وممكن لأ لازم أنا يبقى محدد بالظبط
+
+623
+00:56:10,690 --> 00:56:14,610
+الوجهة تبعته من خلال بوته طب هو ليش عمل flow
+
+624
+00:56:14,610 --> 00:56:16,230
+control بناء على كل
+
+625
+00:56:21,870 --> 00:56:24,950
+ممكن يبقى عبارة عن two mathematical expressions
+
+626
+00:56:24,950 --> 00:56:29,470
+بين القارن اللي .. لأ أنا .. أنا هش قصدي يعني مثلا
+
+627
+00:56:29,470 --> 00:56:32,390
+في الـ .. في الـ binary operators اللي هو الـ and و
+
+628
+00:56:32,390 --> 00:56:36,470
+الـ or أولا من ي .. تمام و الـ unary operator
+
+629
+00:56:36,470 --> 00:56:38,530
+استخدمهم على أنه قولي الـ expression قولي الـ
+
+630
+00:56:38,530 --> 00:56:40,990
+expression بدي أخزن قيمة في مكان فلان و خلاص،
+
+631
+00:56:40,990 --> 00:56:45,190
+ماشي؟ أما هنا في آخر واحدة image array
+
+632
+00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:53,780
+هذه three address code instructions احنا لما حكينا
+
+633
+00:56:53,780 --> 00:56:55,500
+في الـ three address code instructions قلنا انه
+
+634
+00:56:55,500 --> 00:57:00,420
+فيها أنواع في الـ jumps و الـ jumps في conditional و
+
+635
+00:57:00,420 --> 00:57:07,100
+unconditional فهذه طبعا conditional jump نوع من الـ
+
+636
+00:57:07,100 --> 00:57:09,380
+three address instruction فيها دي F يعني هو
+
+637
+00:57:09,380 --> 00:57:12,880
+ما بتعاملش مع الـ true و الـ false فهي ما بتعاملش مع
+
+638
+00:57:12,880 --> 00:57:15,580
+الـ true و الـ false و الـ false على انهم بس value
+
+639
+00:57:15,580 --> 00:57:21,190
+بناء على الـ relation هو بتعامل معاهم هنا في هذه
+
+640
+00:57:21,190 --> 00:57:25,770
+الحالة الـ Boolean expression هو عبارة عن two
+
+641
+00:57:25,770 --> 00:57:29,390
+mathematical expressions كل واحد له قيمته بنقارن
+
+642
+00:57:29,390 --> 00:57:32,530
+ما بين قيم تبعتهم ب some kind of relational
+
+643
+00:57:32,530 --> 00:57:35,810
+operator زي الـ greater than equal or less than
+
+644
+00:57:35,810 --> 00:57:40,610
+وإذا بناء على الـ relational operator بتحدد if true
+
+645
+00:57:40,610 --> 00:57:45,190
+or false يعني مثلا هذا مفترض هذا كان قيمته في
+
+646
+00:57:45,190 --> 00:57:49,400
+الآخر تلاتة وهذا قيمته أربعة وهذا أكبر منه، تلاتة
+
+647
+00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:57,880
+أكبر من أربعة؟ لأ، false فإحنا
+
+648
+00:57:57,880 --> 00:58:01,200
+اللي بنقوله إنه الـ Boolean expression الـ Boolean
+
+649
+00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,460
+expression قد يتكون من two Boolean expressions
+
+650
+00:58:04,460 --> 00:58:08,780
+بينهم and أو or أو قد يتكون من mathematical
+
+651
+00:58:08,780 --> 00:58:14,740
+expressions بينهم relational operators في مثل هذا
+
+652
+00:58:14,740 --> 00:58:22,910
+الحالة هذا الـ Relational Operator لازم ينزل زي ما
+
+653
+00:58:22,910 --> 00:58:27,910
+هو في الـ three address code لازم ينزل زي ما هو
+
+654
+00:58:27,910 --> 00:58:31,130
+أنا ما أعرفش شو هيكون أنا مش عارف شو هيكون هيكون
+
+655
+00:58:31,130 --> 00:58:35,810
+أكبر من أصغر من يساوي not equal less than or equal
+
+656
+00:58:35,810 --> 00:58:39,010
+greater than or equal مش عارفه بنزل زي ما هو في
+
+657
+00:58:39,010 --> 00:58:39,170
+الـ
+
+658
+00:58:46,760 --> 00:58:51,120
+بأخد الـ address تبع الـ expression الأولاني والـ
+
+659
+00:58:51,120 --> 00:58:55,040
+address تبع الـ expression الثاني وبحط بينهم الـ
+
+660
+00:58:55,040 --> 00:59:00,140
+relational operator يعني بناء على هذا الـ boolean
+
+661
+00:59:00,140 --> 00:59:05,880
+value اللي هيطلع ب .. إذا هو true بقوله go to true
+
+662
+00:59:05,880 --> 00:59:12,640
+الـ S إذا وصل هنا يعني هذا مش .. مش true إذا على
+
+663
+00:59:12,640 --> 00:59:13,920
+طول بقوله روح على false
+
+664
+00:59:17,320 --> 00:59:22,400
+فهذه التلات حالات لـ Boolean expression خلاص هي
+
+665
+00:59:22,400 --> 00:59:27,460
+بتكون اكتملت الـ dot code أو الترجمة يعني تبع الـ
+
+666
+00:59:27,460 --> 00:59:32,840
+Boolean expression وين ما بتحل وين ما حلت هذه الـ
+
+667
+00:59:32,840 --> 00:59:38,440
+Boolean expression في some larger construct بتتاخد
+
+668
+00:59:38,440 --> 00:59:43,380
+زي ما هي وبينبنى عليها الترجمة تبع الـ larger
+
+669
+00:59:43,380 --> 00:59:46,810
+construct فهو إذا كان هذا الكلام نتركه للمحاضرة
+
+670
+00:59:46,810 --> 00:59:53,310
+التالية بس في الصفة أهمة إذا أنا عندي statement
+
+671
+00:59:53,310 --> 01:00:00,010
+عبارة عن F مافيش فيها S ممكن يكون عندي F معانا S
+
+672
+01:00:00,010 --> 01:00:03,530
+ممكن يكون في عندي while ممكن يكون عندي حالات أخرى
+
+673
+01:00:03,530 --> 01:00:10,210
+من الـ control flow statements بيجي الـ dot code
+
+674
+01:00:10,210 --> 01:00:19,640
+تبقى الـ B شكل واحدة بنزليالي label يالي كده صح
+
+675
+01:00:19,640 --> 01:00:25,620
+فهذا الجزئية بتكون التعامل معاها وبتيجي الـ output
+
+676
+01:00:25,620 --> 01:00:28,420
+تبعها اللي هي الـ dot quota بتلبيه الـ expression زي
+
+677
+01:00:28,420 --> 01:00:31,720
+ما هو في الـ statement يعطيكم العافية

PL9fwy3NUQKwZe1P-Tr_n9TWAgawgGkpm5/N4eeI8lF9ZY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1903 @@
+1
+00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,100
+موسيقى
+
+2
+00:00:20,790 --> 00:00:24,430
+ماشي السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته، اليوم إن 
+
+3
+00:00:24,430 --> 00:00:29,070
+شاء الله احنا بنكمل ما وقفنا عليه في المحاضرة الماضية كنا في
+
+4
+00:00:29,070 --> 00:00:32,190
+section 5 أربعة اللي هو syntax directed
+
+5
+00:00:32,190 --> 00:00:35,810
+translation schemes  هي عبارة 
+
+6
+00:00:35,810 --> 00:00:41,650
+عن grammar مع semantic actions 
+
+7
+00:00:41,650 --> 00:00:45,230
+شوفناها احنا قبل هيك، هي باختصار شديد مثال على ذلك
+
+8
+00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:50,330
+هي grammar ومعها semantic actions اللي هيبين الـ
+
+9
+00:00:50,330 --> 00:00:54,670
+curly braces ونحط semantic actions بوسط ال body
+
+10
+00:00:54,670 --> 00:01:00,450
+تبع ال production فعمليا من ناحية ال definition  a
+
+11
+00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:06,670
+syntax directed translation scheme is  مبدأيا is a
+
+12
+00:01:06,670 --> 00:01:09,950
+context free grammar هو grammar بالأصل زي تماما ما
+
+13
+00:01:09,950 --> 00:01:13,390
+كان ال syntax directed definition 
+
+14
+00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:17,730
+هو عبارة عن grammar بس grammar مصاحبة 
+
+15
+00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:24,330
+إلها rules هنا grammar with program fragments  مش 
+
+16
+00:01:24,330 --> 00:01:28,110
+مصاحبة إلها rules بس مبعمة ب program fragments
+
+17
+00:01:28,110 --> 00:01:35,470
+أجزاء بسيطة من ال code بداخل ال production bodies
+
+18
+00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:44,440
+program fragments هذي print program fragments ممكن
+
+19
+00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:48,460
+تبقى بس لحالها ممكن تبقى كمان statement أو أكثر أو 
+
+20
+00:01:48,460 --> 00:01:53,940
+أكثر فصح هذا ال definition أنه عبارة عن context
+
+21
+00:01:53,940 --> 00:01:57,220
+free grammar with program fragments embedded
+
+22
+00:01:57,220 --> 00:02:01,740
+within the production bodies program fragments are
+
+23
+00:02:01,740 --> 00:02:04,500
+called semantic actions بنسميها semantic actions
+
+24
+00:02:06,830 --> 00:02:11,110
+تظهر ما بينها بين curly braces الـ curly
+
+25
+00:02:11,110 --> 00:02:15,510
+braces اللي هي أقواس المعروجة
+
+26
+00:02:15,510 --> 00:02:21,510
+okay فقالنا هنا كمثال على ذلك لجرامر هادي الجرامر
+
+27
+00:02:21,510 --> 00:02:26,330
+هادي is a SDT  SDT يعني syntax directed translation
+
+28
+00:02:26,330 --> 00:02:33,730
+for الترجمة prefix to prefixinfix to prefix during
+
+29
+00:02:33,730 --> 00:02:38,750
+parsing يعني أثناء ال parsing بينعمل ال
+
+30
+00:02:38,750 --> 00:02:43,430
+translation ال translation ال parsing بيتم بواسطة
+
+31
+00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:47,190
+ال rules ال productions  وعسيف وال translation بيتم 
+
+32
+00:02:47,190 --> 00:02:51,670
+بواسطة ال semantic actions اللي جوا جوا هذه ال
+
+33
+00:02:51,670 --> 00:02:58,090
+productions هذا يعني عمليا أثناء ال parsing بتنبني 
+
+34
+00:02:58,090 --> 00:03:00,750
+ل treeلأن احنا عندنا هذا ال grammar خلّيني اكتبه
+
+35
+00:03:00,750 --> 00:03:07,610
+هنا على الجانب ال grammar هذي
+
+36
+00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:14,970
+الناس
+
+37
+00:03:14,970 --> 00:03:18,770
+بده اختصر عن ال action بشكل هذا
+
+38
+00:03:58,930 --> 00:04:02,850
+احنا لو عندنا input string تلاتة ضغط خمسة زي
+
+39
+00:04:02,850 --> 00:04:11,550
+الأربعة احنا
+
+40
+00:04:11,550 --> 00:04:15,310
+.. ايش بيقولنا هذا؟ translation from infix to إيش؟
+
+41
+00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:20,610
+to prefix، مش postfix prefix يعني بيطلع إيش؟
+
+42
+00:04:20,610 --> 00:04:27,490
+التلاتة ضغط خمسة زي الأربعة تيجي العملية جبل في
+
+43
+00:04:27,490 --> 00:04:35,340
+الترجمة3.5 ثم الزائد قبل لكي تنجح مع النتج هذا مع
+
+44
+00:04:35,340 --> 00:04:43,140
+الأربعة صح؟ فأنت كنت بناء على هذا ال drama ال
+
+45
+00:04:43,140 --> 00:04:46,980
+partially اللي هتتشكل لهذا ال .. طبعا هاي ال
+
+46
+00:04:46,980 --> 00:04:51,600
+output طبعا هاي ال output ال result ال input هذا
+
+47
+00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:56,700
+ال partially اللي هتتشكل له مقدر أنا أتخيل أنه هذه
+
+48
+00:04:56,700 --> 00:05:02,230
+ال actionsبقدر أتخيلها ك symbols  و أحطها ك nodes
+
+49
+00:05:02,230 --> 00:05:07,450
+في ال tree يعني زي ما في هذه node لل E و لل Z و لل
+
+50
+00:05:07,450 --> 00:05:15,110
+T بعمل node لل action هذا الكلام علشان إيش أنه بعد
+
+51
+00:05:15,110 --> 00:05:18,850
+ما ال parts tree تكون شكلت نمر على ال parts tree
+
+52
+00:05:18,850 --> 00:05:25,810
+هذه لإجراء ال actions لتنفيذ ال actions نلف على ال
+
+53
+00:05:25,810 --> 00:05:31,700
+tree depth firstleft to right صح وهنا في action
+
+54
+00:05:31,700 --> 00:05:37,580
+بنفسها فعمليا أصبحت احنا عملنا translation عملنا
+
+55
+00:05:37,580 --> 00:05:43,740
+parsing وعملنا translation وسط ال parse tree  و ال
+
+56
+00:05:43,740 --> 00:05:48,860
+actions فلو أنا بدي أرفع على ال tree هذه left to
+
+57
+00:05:48,860 --> 00:05:53,420
+right dip first فأول leaf node هشوفه ليه هذه ثم
+
+58
+00:05:53,420 --> 00:06:04,940
+هشوف هذه صح ثم هذهثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+59
+00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:06,860
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+60
+00:06:06,860 --> 00:06:08,480
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+61
+00:06:08,480 --> 00:06:11,320
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+62
+00:06:11,320 --> 00:06:13,540
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+63
+00:06:13,540 --> 00:06:13,560
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+64
+00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:16,420
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم
+
+65
+00:06:16,420 --> 00:06:26,730
+هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذه ثم هذهعملنا SDT اللي هو
+
+66
+00:06:26,730 --> 00:06:30,570
+ايش يعني SDT؟ يعني Grammar طعمناها بال Semantic
+
+67
+00:06:30,570 --> 00:06:38,370
+Actions أصبح عندي اللي هو Translation Scheme صح؟
+
+68
+00:06:38,370 --> 00:06:42,510
+هذا ال Translation Scheme هو وسيلتنا لل Passing ول
+
+69
+00:06:42,510 --> 00:06:46,040
+لل Translation في أنواعParsing لأنه هو نفسه اللي
+
+70
+00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:51,040
+بستخدمه في ال parsing و Translation لأنه بعد ما
+
+71
+00:06:51,040 --> 00:06:54,040
+أستخدمه بروح بعد ما أعمل ال parsing بروح بلف على
+
+72
+00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:59,660
+ال actions بأنفذهم عشان يطلع معايا ال output
+
+73
+00:06:59,660 --> 00:07:02,680
+المطلوب اللي هو ال translation ال output اللي هنا
+
+74
+00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:08,600
+هو عبارة عن ترجمة من infix ل prefix الآن
+
+75
+00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:22,440
+السيقشن التاني هذا ال .. هذا
+
+76
+00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:26,580
+ال .. هذا ال grammar هو ال postfix translation
+
+77
+00:07:26,580 --> 00:07:33,020
+semantic actions SDT يعني implementing ال disk
+
+78
+00:07:33,020 --> 00:07:40,660
+calculator اللي بتعمل بتعمل ايه  translation
+
+79
+00:07:40,660 --> 00:07:44,600
+scheme ايش اللي .. لأنها calculator فهي بتحسب
+
+80
+00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:49,160
+بتعمل evaluationهنا ال grammar هذه اللي في الأول
+
+81
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:53,860
+وضفتها بس translation يعني أنا بعد ما أطلع هذا ال
+
+82
+00:07:53,860 --> 00:08:00,040
+string كذا خلاص انتهى دوري ك translation حساب هذه
+
+83
+00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:07,500
+العمليات جديش بالظبط هذا evaluation هذا مش دوري في
+
+84
+00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:10,520
+ال translation لو أنا الآن بدي أعمل evaluation
+
+85
+00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:16,740
+هعملها بزي ال example هذا انه هي نفس ال grammar
+
+86
+00:08:16,740 --> 00:08:23,020
+نفس ال grammar صح؟ ده كان ايش حاطيته؟ محاطيتش
+
+87
+00:08:23,020 --> 00:08:27,680
+actions اللي تسوي translation محاطيت actions اللي
+
+88
+00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:32,400
+تعمل evaluation لأن هنا الغرض اختلف في الأول كان
+
+89
+00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:36,680
+الغرض ايش؟ أنه أطلع مقابل ال string ال input اقرا
+
+90
+00:08:36,680 --> 00:08:40,920
+له outward string لأن هنا الغرض بده أطلع قيمة هذا
+
+91
+00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:45,540
+ال expressionبدي احسبه بدي actions اللي بتحسب هذه
+
+92
+00:08:45,540 --> 00:08:50,360
+ال actions اللي بتحسب و جايب أوضعها زي ما بتشوف
+
+93
+00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:54,220
+بعد في نهاية ال body في نهاية ال body يعني ال body
+
+94
+00:08:54,220 --> 00:08:58,820
+في الآخر okay فهذا عبارة عن postfix SDT
+
+95
+00:08:58,820 --> 00:09:03,900
+implementing this calculator وموضفته أن يحسب ال
+
+96
+00:09:03,900 --> 00:09:10,020
+value فطبعا نلاحظ شغر مهم أن ال attribute اللي هنا
+
+97
+00:09:12,220 --> 00:09:16,520
+هذه ال semantic actions مظيفتها أنه�� بتعطي value
+
+98
+00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:19,480
+لل attribute اللي اسمها ال dot value فيها دي dot
+
+99
+00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:23,400
+value لل expressions و dot value لل terms و dot
+
+100
+00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:28,300
+value لل factors صح؟ كلهم عبارة عن كل ال symbols
+
+101
+00:09:28,300 --> 00:09:32,000
+اللي لها dot value attribute لو لاحظت على ال dot
+
+102
+00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:38,160
+value attribute هذه كيف تأخد قيمها بتلاقيها ايش؟من
+
+103
+00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:44,520
+تحت يعني .. يعني Synthesized Attribute  ولا لأ لو 
+
+104
+00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:46,940
+لاحظت أنت الآن هي مثلا ال dot value تبعت ال
+
+105
+00:09:46,940 --> 00:09:50,700
+expression تأخد من ال dot value تبعت ال child
+
+106
+00:09:50,700 --> 00:09:54,600
+expression وال dot value تبعت ال term مرو عليهم
+
+107
+00:09:54,600 --> 00:10:00,660
+كلهم هتلاقيها نفس الشيء كلهم Synthesized تمام في
+
+108
+00:10:00,660 --> 00:10:04,120
+مثل هذا الحالة أنا بقدر أ ..
+
+109
+00:10:08,070 --> 00:10:12,030
+بقدر يعني أعتمد على هذه ال actions في أنها تعطي
+
+110
+00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:17,410
+تحسب ال dot value تبع ال expression في الآخر في
+
+111
+00:10:17,410 --> 00:10:22,170
+الآخر لما بكون أنا اكتمل ال parsing اه اكتمل ال
+
+112
+00:10:22,170 --> 00:10:25,910
+parsing بقدر خلاص أطبع ال dot value تبع ال E لأنه
+
+113
+00:10:25,910 --> 00:10:29,490
+بتكون تراكمت فيها ال value الجمالي تبع هذا ال
+
+114
+00:10:29,490 --> 00:10:36,430
+expression أجزاء المختلفة نعم بسؤال
+
+115
+00:10:39,150 --> 00:10:43,290
+احنا لأن في أنا اللي هو ال post-fix translation
+
+116
+00:10:43,290 --> 00:10:47,670
+scheme شوفناه 
+
+117
+00:10:47,670 --> 00:10:50,930
+ل evaluation هيته وقبل هيك شوفناه لل
+
+118
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:57,050
+translation مجرد أنه نطلع string مقابل stringالذي
+
+119
+00:10:57,050 --> 00:11:03,690
+سأخبركم عنه هو section 542 سأخبركم عن البطم وال
+
+120
+00:11:03,690 --> 00:11:07,290
+parsing سأخبركم عن البطم وال parsing سأخبركم عن
+
+121
+00:11:07,290 --> 00:11:07,570
+ال parsing سأخبركم عن البطم وال parsing سأخبركم
+
+122
+00:11:07,570 --> 00:11:09,350
+عن البطم وال parsing سأخبركم عن البطم وال
+
+123
+00:11:09,350 --> 00:11:10,690
+parsing سأخبركم عن البطم وال parsing سأخبركم عن
+
+124
+00:11:10,690 --> 00:11:11,450
+البطم وال parsing سأخبركم عن البطم وال parsing
+
+125
+00:11:11,450 --> 00:11:17,290
+سأخبركم عن البطم وال parsing سأخبركم عن البطم و
+
+126
+00:11:17,290 --> 00:11:21,410
+ال parsing سأخبركم عن البطم وال parsing
+
+127
+00:11:21,410 --> 00:11:26,330
+سأخبركم عن البطم والبدل أن نعمل هذه العملية
+
+128
+00:11:26,330 --> 00:11:30,090
+نستعين بالـ Base Stack هذه الـ Stack نضع عليها الـ
+
+129
+00:11:30,090 --> 00:11:34,830
+Symbols ونعمل Replacement كل ما نعمل Derivation
+
+130
+00:11:34,830 --> 00:11:37,570
+نعمل Replacement الـ Symbol اللي على رأس ال
+
+131
+00:11:37,570 --> 00:11:40,770
+production نضعه بدل ما هو الـ Symbol اللي في ال
+
+132
+00:11:40,770 --> 00:11:48,130
+body وأثناء الشغل بنقيم
+
+133
+00:11:48,130 --> 00:11:52,650
+بنعمل evaluation بنعطي values بالضبط فيه ال
+
+134
+00:11:52,650 --> 00:11:58,400
+attributesهي ستأخذ من اللي تحتها أو من ال symbols
+
+135
+00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:03,960
+اللي تاب على ال head تبع ال production هذا كله هنا
+
+136
+00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:07,200
+ماتعتمد على bottom of parsing فبنخليه لقدام لما
+
+137
+00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:09,700
+نحكي في bottom of parsing احنا شوفنا stack
+
+138
+00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:14,420
+implementation قبل هيك بس ليش ال bottom ال top
+
+139
+00:12:14,420 --> 00:12:18,190
+down parsingماشوفناش stack implementation لل
+
+140
+00:12:18,190 --> 00:12:21,610
+bottom-up أنه احنا نشيل مجموعة من ال symbols ونحط 
+
+141
+00:12:21,610 --> 00:12:25,190
+بدلهم الـ head تبعهم احنا شفنا العكس شوفنا كيف
+
+142
+00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:35,230
+اشيل الـ head و اعملاش replacement بالـ body الآن ال
+
+143
+00:12:35,230 --> 00:12:40,550
+section 4.3 اللي هو إن
+
+144
+00:12:40,550 --> 00:12:43,350
+يكون في عندي actions inside الـ productions
+
+145
+00:12:48,060 --> 00:12:51,820
+الأمثلة اللي شفناها حتى الآن في خمسة أربعة حتى
+
+146
+00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:57,680
+الآن كانوا في عندي مثال كانت الـ actions at the end
+
+147
+00:12:57,680 --> 00:13:02,340
+of مصموم كله مجهين في الآخر وقبل هيك كان في
+
+148
+00:13:02,340 --> 00:13:09,100
+actions في بداية الـ productions ما شوفناش inside
+
+149
+00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:13,640
+inside هذا إمتى ممكن يظهر معاه في بعض الحلات منها
+
+150
+00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:17,690
+أنه أنا يبقى في عندي grammar أرجع تاني للـ section
+
+151
+00:13:17,690 --> 00:13:24,990
+تبعها 
+
+152
+00:13:24,990 --> 00:13:30,190
+فيها عندي أنا grammar زي هذه الـ grammar هذه left
+
+153
+00:13:30,190 --> 00:13:36,290
+recursion فيها left recursion صح إن إيه لو أنا
+
+154
+00:13:36,290 --> 00:13:42,690
+اتغضيت عن الـ أو تجاهلت الـ action هذه الـ production
+
+155
+00:13:42,690 --> 00:13:48,840
+هذه الـ production نعم فيها left recursion فأنا
+
+156
+00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:54,880
+المفروض أشيل الـ left recursion في البداية فأنا
+
+157
+00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:59,660
+عندي هنا هاي الـ grammar وهي الـ action دي اللي
+
+158
+00:13:59,660 --> 00:14:06,180
+بيعمل الـ evaluation لو الـ
+
+159
+00:14:06,180 --> 00:14:10,140
+SDT دي أنا بدي أستخدمه يجب أن أشيل الـ left
+
+160
+00:14:10,140 --> 00:14:13,400
+recursion في الأول فعشان أشيل الـ left recursion
+
+161
+00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:14,760
+بدي أتعامل مع هذه
+
+162
+00:14:18,740 --> 00:14:22,300
+الاكشن يبدأ يتطلع عليها كإنه واحد من الـ symbols
+
+163
+00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:31,520
+فبنجي هنا للـ section 4-3 على 
+
+164
+00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:35,100
+سبيل المثال هذه الـ production اللي كنا نتشار عليها
+
+165
+00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:42,520
+هذه الآن هي واحدة من الـ الـ E الـ E symbol له two
+
+166
+00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:47,210
+productions اللي هي هذه والتالي اللي فيها E can
+
+167
+00:14:47,210 --> 00:14:51,470
+have the form T فالآن
+
+168
+00:14:51,470 --> 00:14:54,450
+و أنا زي ما قلنا بالبداية هنطلع على هذا على إنه
+
+169
+00:14:54,450 --> 00:15:00,250
+symbol واحد من زي و زي الـ other symbols و هنعمل
+
+170
+00:15:00,250 --> 00:15:05,270
+إزالة للـ left recursion هالـ E can have the form E
+
+171
+00:15:05,270 --> 00:15:09,710
+plus T و ها بدي اختصر أنا الـ semantic action
+
+172
+00:15:09,710 --> 00:15:14,890
+بالجثين اعتبر هدول الجثين على إنهم ماشي one symbol
+
+173
+00:15:16,430 --> 00:15:19,450
+وهي الـ production التانية اللي هي T كيف أنا بشيل
+
+174
+00:15:19,450 --> 00:15:25,350
+الـ left recursion هنا بدي أنظر إلى هذا الكلب كله
+
+175
+00:15:25,350 --> 00:15:29,650
+على إنه ايش Alpha
+
+176
+00:15:29,650 --> 00:15:39,050
+و هذا على إنه ايش Beta و إذا أقول T prime can have
+
+177
+00:15:39,050 --> 00:15:41,250
+the form ايش Alpha
+
+178
+00:15:46,250 --> 00:15:58,170
+مش هحط E' صح؟ صح؟ فإني E' خلاش؟
+
+179
+00:15:58,170 --> 00:16:04,630
+الـ beta E' صح؟
+
+180
+00:16:04,630 --> 00:16:13,890
+امسح هذه دلوقتي وبعدين الـ E' مظبوطين؟
+
+181
+00:16:14,770 --> 00:16:20,350
+أنت نفسك عملنا أورا بصر مصدر إيه؟
+
+182
+00:16:20,350 --> 00:16:26,570
+احنا عملنا two .. two ايش؟ احنا .. احنا بصفة عامة
+
+183
+00:16:26,570 --> 00:16:30,470
+بنتعامل مع الـ lift recursion مش بانظر الـ
+
+184
+00:16:30,470 --> 00:16:35,530
+productions اللي فيها lift recursion على إنه الـ
+
+185
+00:16:35,530 --> 00:16:38,050
+body .. باقي الـ bodies تبعتها الـ alpha و اللي
+
+186
+00:16:38,050 --> 00:16:41,170
+مافيش فيها lift recursion علينا beta بس هو الكلام
+
+187
+00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:44,480
+هذا نفس الكلام اللي عمله هنا بس بدل إن يسميه E'
+
+188
+00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:56,600
+يسميها R صح؟
+
+189
+00:16:56,600 --> 00:17:08,500
+اه هذه ايش؟ هذه E أصبح
+
+190
+00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:14,070
+الآن عنديالـ semantic action جاي في وسط الـ inside
+
+191
+00:17:14,070 --> 00:17:26,390
+اللي هو inside الـ body تبع الـ production موضوع
+
+192
+00:17:26,390 --> 00:17:31,390
+سكشن 5 أربعة كله هو أبدا عن SDTs اللي هي syntax
+
+193
+00:17:31,390 --> 00:17:34,750
+directed translation schemes الفكرة الأساسية هي
+
+194
+00:17:34,750 --> 00:17:39,620
+وجود actions semantic actionsالـ productions على
+
+195
+00:17:39,620 --> 00:17:43,360
+طول مباشرة فأنت بتاخد موضع في إيه إيش ��و في الأول
+
+196
+00:17:43,360 --> 00:17:46,820
+أو في الآخر أو أحيانا بضطر أحطه في النص إذا لازم
+
+197
+00:17:46,820 --> 00:17:51,360
+الأمر هذه الـ actions بتساعد في .. معناه ذلك إنه
+
+198
+00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:54,960
+اندمجت عملية الـ translation أو الـ evaluation أو
+
+199
+00:17:54,960 --> 00:17:58,660
+whatever الـ actions بتسويها اندمجت هذه الـ actions
+
+200
+00:17:58,660 --> 00:18:04,740
+في الـ parsing وبصير إنه إما أنا ب .. أنفذ الـ tree
+
+201
+00:18:04,740 --> 00:18:09,080
+ب .. أبني لـ tree وبعدين بلف على الـ actions أنفذها
+
+202
+00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:13,940
+بقى أبني لـ tree وبعدين بلف على الـ actions top down
+
+203
+00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:18,380
+left to right بلف عليها أنفذها حسب هي وين ما هو
+
+204
+00:18:18,380 --> 00:18:22,260
+موجودة إذا كانت في البداية وفي النص ولا مش مش مش
+
+205
+00:18:22,260 --> 00:18:23,560
+مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش
+
+206
+00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:23,920
+مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش
+
+207
+00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:24,500
+مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش
+
+208
+00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:24,760
+مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش
+
+209
+00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:29,920
+مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش مش
+
+210
+00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:36,280
+مش مش مش مش مش مش
+
+211
+00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:40,090
+مش مش مش فلتناها الآن اللي هي إن نبني stack نعمل
+
+212
+00:18:40,090 --> 00:18:44,670
+عملية parsing على شكل stack ويجي تنفيذ الـ actions
+
+213
+00:18:44,670 --> 00:18:49,070
+أثناء أثناء management للـ stack أثناء الحذف
+
+214
+00:18:49,070 --> 00:18:54,330
+والإضافة من الـ stack وهذا اللي أجلناه لاحقا وهذا
+
+215
+00:18:54,330 --> 00:19:00,270
+هو خلاصة الـ section 5.4 الخامسة الخامسة الخامسة
+
+216
+00:19:00,270 --> 00:19:01,710
+الخامسة الخامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة
+
+217
+00:19:01,710 --> 00:19:01,770
+خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة
+
+218
+00:19:01,770 --> 00:19:02,330
+خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة
+
+219
+00:19:02,330 --> 00:19:03,710
+خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامسة خامس
+
+220
+00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:08,930
+implementing الـ L-attributed SDDs كل ما حكيناه
+
+221
+00:19:08,930 --> 00:19:13,130
+كان على S-attribute على S-attributes صح؟
+
+222
+00:19:13,130 --> 00:19:16,270
+Synthesized Attributes لما يكون في عندي L
+
+223
+00:19:16,270 --> 00:19:25,110
+-attributed SDDs أحتاج أن أعمل recursive
+
+224
+00:19:25,110 --> 00:19:29,350
+descent إذا بتذكروا الـ recursive descent اللي هو
+
+225
+00:19:29,350 --> 00:19:31,850
+أول حاجة بدك تذكرها باسمها recursive descent
+
+226
+00:19:31,850 --> 00:19:35,510
+recursion recursion يعني فيه functions بتستدعي
+
+227
+00:19:35,510 --> 00:19:40,830
+نفسها خلاص؟ إيه بجيهش بنذكر مع ذلك؟ بنذكر إنه لكل
+
+228
+00:19:40,830 --> 00:19:46,370
+non terminal فيه الـ function تبعه صح؟ okay فأول بسمع
+
+229
+00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:48,950
+recursive descent بدك تذكره recursion و الـ
+
+230
+00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:51,690
+recursion بدك تذكرك بالـ function اللي معمولة الـ
+
+231
+00:19:51,690 --> 00:19:55,030
+function لكل واحد من الـ non terminals non
+
+232
+00:19:55,030 --> 00:19:59,610
+terminals صح؟ هذا الكلام سنعود له الآن ونشوف كيف إنه
+
+233
+00:19:59,610 --> 00:20:07,090
+انطبقه على الـ الـ attributed SDDs لو أنا في عندي
+
+234
+00:20:07,090 --> 00:20:11,930
+شيء بسيط جدا لنبسط ونعطي مثال الـ while statement
+
+235
+00:20:11,930 --> 00:20:17,490
+هذه الـ while statement هذه على إنها بسيطة وجاي
+
+236
+00:20:17,490 --> 00:20:24,460
+كلها في سطر ولا حد أو الـ production تبعها صفر واحد
+
+237
+00:20:24,460 --> 00:20:27,940
+وهي عملية في الـ code ممكن تبقى جاي صفر واحد لما
+
+238
+00:20:27,940 --> 00:20:32,940
+أنا أقول Y X
+
+239
+00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:44,500
+greater than خمسة Y يساوي Y plus واحد هاي الـ
+
+240
+00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:50,540
+statement صح هذا عبارة عن condition وهذه أبقى عن
+
+241
+00:20:50,540 --> 00:20:56,200
+statement مظبوط؟ وكله هيك is a statement اعتبرها
+
+242
+00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:59,940
+statement وهذه statement child مظبوط؟ فالـ
+
+243
+00:20:59,940 --> 00:21:07,480
+definition تبع statement إنه بيبدأ بكلمة y هذا
+
+244
+00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:10,220
+واحدة من الـ definitions تبع الـ statement في عندك f
+
+245
+00:21:10,220 --> 00:21:14,280
+statement في عندك observation فبعدها ghost بعدها
+
+246
+00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:17,760
+condition بعدها second ghost بعدها child statement
+
+247
+00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:28,680
+هذا الكلام على بساطته إلى ترجمته إذا أردنا ترجمته
+
+248
+00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:32,760
+لـ Target
+
+249
+00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:38,180
+Code أو Intermediate
+
+250
+00:21:38,180 --> 00:21:45,820
+Code ممكن الـ statement هذا الواحد يترجم
+
+251
+00:21:45,820 --> 00:21:51,440
+إلى أكثر من Instruction صح ولا غلط؟ يعني هذا الـ X
+
+252
+00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:56,620
+أكبر من الخمسة في
+
+253
+00:21:56,620 --> 00:22:00,480
+الـ assembly ممكن ترجمته بـ jump one jump instruction
+
+254
+00:22:01,060 --> 00:22:05,020
+بنحط لأ ليش لازم أحط في الأول أستخدم X من الـ
+
+255
+00:22:05,020 --> 00:22:07,460
+memory وأحطه في الـ register وبعدين أشوف الـ
+
+256
+00:22:07,460 --> 00:22:11,760
+register هذا أكبر من 5 ولا لأ وإذا true بتبقى على
+
+257
+00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:16,580
+الـ level الفلاني فهي على الأقل اتنين عمل load في
+
+258
+00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:21,500
+الـ register بعدين أقارن الـ register بخمسة وبالـ
+
+259
+00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:26,300
+jump أقفز إذا أقفز إلى المكان فعلى الأقل two
+
+260
+00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:34,830
+instructions فهذا الـ code الآن الـ jump الأولى اللي
+
+261
+00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:38,790
+هي الـ load صح والتاني اللي هي الـ jump أنا بس
+
+262
+00:22:38,790 --> 00:22:42,770
+بنبسط الأمر الـ jump هذه بده تخليني إذا كان true
+
+263
+00:22:42,770 --> 00:22:48,510
+إذا كان false بدي أخرج إلى برة الـ wire إذا true
+
+264
+00:22:48,510 --> 00:22:53,060
+بده يكمل يكمل في ايش؟ في الـ statement اللي هي الـ y
+
+265
+00:22:53,060 --> 00:22:55,440
+بالسامة والـ y plus one وهذه برضه كمان الـ
+
+266
+00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:58,880
+statement قد تكون لسه بدي أعمل load للـ y في الـ
+
+267
+00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:02,280
+register وبعدين أضيف عليه وبعدين إن أضيفه تاني
+
+268
+00:23:02,280 --> 00:23:09,640
+على الـ y صح؟ وبعدين أخده من الـ y ارجع على الـ
+
+269
+00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:15,180
+memory يمكن إيه أربع instructions معكم؟ اه هذول
+
+270
+00:23:15,180 --> 00:23:18,420
+يمكن ياخدوا معاه أربع instructions بحسن اللي قلت
+
+271
+00:23:18,420 --> 00:23:23,010
+اتنين أقول اتنين المهم هي تنقلو ميجو هنا هدول هيك
+
+272
+00:23:23,010 --> 00:23:31,050
+عبارة عن الـ code تبع مين S1 وهدول عبارة عن الـ code
+
+273
+00:23:31,050 --> 00:23:39,110
+تبع الـ condition الـ condition نفسه هذا يترجم والـ
+
+274
+00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:44,930
+S تترجم هذا على وساطة لكن رغم هي تبقى شيء أكثر من
+
+275
+00:23:44,930 --> 00:23:47,590
+هيكة وبالتالي ياخد أكثر من instructions دلوقتي
+
+276
+00:23:50,780 --> 00:23:56,400
+الآخر جملة فيه إنه يعمل jump تاني على مين على الـ
+
+277
+00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:58,800
+condition تبع الواقع عشان يرجع يتحقق منه هل هو
+
+278
+00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:04,680
+true لسه true ولا بطلت true على فكرة هذه infinite
+
+279
+00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:09,960
+loop ولا لأ؟ لا مفيش ايش بيغيروا قيمة الـ X المهم
+
+280
+00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:14,140
+بس مش هذا القضية المهم إنه أنا ترجمة هذا الـ line 
+
+281
+00:24:14,140 --> 00:24:18,720
+of code line of code يعني أنا بدي أترجم عدد lines
+
+282
+00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:22,890
+of code وبالزمن كمان ال jumps هذا بدها labels يعني
+
+283
+00:24:22,890 --> 00:24:26,030
+أنت قول jump أنت قول وين يروح يعمل jump وهاد كذا
+
+284
+00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:36,750
+كحال okay فأنا هأحتاج
+
+285
+00:24:36,750 --> 00:24:45,670
+أشكل أشكال ال أيش ال code الإجمالي ال code الإجمالي
+
+286
+00:24:45,670 --> 00:24:47,630
+تبع هاد ال while statement
+
+287
+00:24:50,180 --> 00:24:55,680
+من عدة مقاطع أضعهم 
+
+288
+00:24:55,680 --> 00:25:09,100
+مع بعض هنا
+
+289
+00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:19,240
+بدي أضع label أقول مثلاً one عشان لما أخلص ال
+
+290
+00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,940
+statement هذي أقول له jump على label واحد وهذا ال
+
+291
+00:25:22,940 --> 00:25:29,720
+code هذا ال code تبع ال
+
+292
+00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:37,940
+condition بعدين بيجي ال label الثاني
+
+293
+00:25:37,940 --> 00:25:41,480
+هذا
+
+294
+00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:44,520
+ال label الثاني عشان لو هو true لو ال condition
+
+295
+00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:45,860
+هذا true أقول له روح هنا
+
+296
+00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,840
+ولو هو ليس true أقول له روح هنا لأ لو هو true يجب
+
+297
+00:25:53,840 --> 00:25:58,280
+أن يكمل لوحده لو ليس true يجب أن يقول له هذا قول
+
+298
+00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:02,420
+label 2 صح؟
+
+299
+00:26:02,420 --> 00:26:08,660
+صح وهذا الجزء هو label فعصراً عندي هذه الجزئية هذه
+
+300
+00:26:08,660 --> 00:26:14,140
+label والرقم الأولاني بعدين ال c.code بعدين
+
+301
+00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:27,460
+ايش اللي هو عامله هنا؟ label طيب
+
+302
+00:26:27,460 --> 00:26:35,940
+مش أشكال وهاي okay label واحد label two هنا بداية
+
+303
+00:26:35,940 --> 00:26:38,660
+ال body تبع ال statement واحد ناخدها واحدة واحدة
+
+304
+00:26:38,660 --> 00:26:41,800
+أول أيش هو ال new هذا يبقى إدارة عن function
+
+305
+00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:46,280
+بتعطيك رقم okay الواحد عبارة عن رقم والاثنين عبارة
+
+306
+00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:50,960
+عن رقم آخر دول الأرقام هتاخدهم وتدحمهم بكلمة
+
+307
+00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:56,980
+label ويأتي بعدها الرقم اللي أنت ماخده label one و
+
+308
+00:26:56,980 --> 00:27:05,360
+label .. label two فأخدنا الرقمين عشوائيات من
+
+309
+00:27:05,360 --> 00:27:12,140
+أنهم الآن أسواح ال top next هذه ال attribute بتشير
+
+310
+00:27:12,140 --> 00:27:18,040
+إلى S1 هي الـ statement اللي جوا ال loop ال
+
+311
+00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:21,580
+statement اللي جوا ال loop ده تشير إلى بداية نفسها
+
+312
+00:27:21,580 --> 00:27:29,900
+عشان هي بس تخلص بدها أيش بدها تكمل وترجع ثاني
+
+313
+00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:38,040
+مصمم فـ S1 dot next ده مشيل إلى L1 L1 هو أيش فيها
+
+314
+00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:41,980
+القيمة فهي بتشاور على بداية
+
+315
+00:27:44,360 --> 00:27:48,540
+لما هو بيقول لي هيك أنا بيترجم هذا على شكل عمودي
+
+316
+00:27:48,540 --> 00:27:54,260
+هي label لما تيجي الكلمة label بعدها L1 بعدين بيجي
+
+317
+00:27:54,260 --> 00:27:59,940
+ال C.code اللي هو ال code تبع ال condition بعدين
+
+318
+00:27:59,940 --> 00:28:07,660
+كلمة label وبعدين L2 بعدين ال S1.code اللي هو ال
+
+319
+00:28:07,660 --> 00:28:15,030
+code تبع ال statement اللي جوا له لإن في عندي S1
+
+320
+00:28:15,030 --> 00:28:22,270
+.next بيشارل إلى أيش الـ
+
+321
+00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:30,450
+L1 اللي هي بداية ال condition عشان يفحص إذا ال
+
+322
+00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:34,490
+condition لسه طول بعدين S
+
+323
+00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:51,200
+الـ Condition فيه Attribute المفروض تشاور الـ S
+
+324
+00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:54,980
+.next الـ S هي الجملة كلها هي ال statement كلها
+
+325
+00:28:54,980 --> 00:28:59,560
+ماهو ال S.next؟ الـ S.next ستكون أول statement
+
+326
+00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:04,960
+وراها أول statement يعني هذا هو الـ S.next فمن وين
+
+327
+00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:10,740
+هذا جاي؟ ما فيش أي شيء هنا يعبي قيمة الـ S.next هذا
+
+328
+00:29:10,740 --> 00:29:17,810
+الـ S نفسه ستكون جاية في إطار برنامج والبرنامج هذا
+
+329
+00:29:17,810 --> 00:29:22,210
+عبارة عن declaration وبعدين statements فال S هذه
+
+330
+00:29:22,210 --> 00:29:27,610
+هتأخد ال dot next تبعها من مين؟ من ال parent تبعها
+
+331
+00:29:27,610 --> 00:29:34,070
+بالضبط فأنا الآن فإيه شمل ال S dot next بيشارل فال
+
+332
+00:29:34,070 --> 00:29:36,330
+C dot false بده تشاور عليه لو هذا ال condition
+
+333
+00:29:36,330 --> 00:29:41,030
+false معناته بدنا نروح هنا، مظبوط؟ فهذا ال value
+
+334
+00:29:41,030 --> 00:29:43,670
+بده تيجي من ال parent تبعه
+
+335
+00:29:47,210 --> 00:29:56,950
+إذا كان ال code بدي يواصل ينفذ ال code تبع S1 هذه
+
+336
+00:29:56,950 --> 00:30:02,170
+البنية بسيطة وهذه البنية كلها بتيجي جزء من البنية
+
+337
+00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:09,510
+الأكبر لل code الكامل تبع ال input اللي بدنا نعمله
+
+338
+00:30:09,510 --> 00:30:13,850
+translation فالآن احنا لما عملناها زي هيك
+
+339
+00:30:16,740 --> 00:30:22,840
+في طريقة ثانية هذا المثال
+
+340
+00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:31,740
+هذا عمل أيش عبارة عن code يتنفس هذه قيم تتعامل ال
+
+341
+00:30:31,740 --> 00:30:35,780
+dot next attribute وال false attribute وال dot
+
+342
+00:30:35,780 --> 00:30:41,520
+true attribute ال C dot true بتشغل ال L2
+
+343
+00:30:45,180 --> 00:30:53,260
+مقبل ال code تبع الداخلي بالظبط الآن هذا هيك هذه
+
+344
+00:30:53,260 --> 00:31:00,060
+ايش هذه production وهذا
+
+345
+00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:09,440
+are rules هذا عبارة عن SDD productions معها rules
+
+346
+00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:16,430
+هذول rules بيتنفذوا عند اكتمال هذه ال production
+
+347
+00:31:16,430 --> 00:31:20,070
+بالظبط يعني يوم ينقم ال parsing ويكتمل ال parsing
+
+348
+00:31:20,070 --> 00:31:23,150
+تبقى ال while statement بتكون كل ال attributes
+
+349
+00:31:23,150 --> 00:31:26,070
+أخدت ال variable تبقى الحافظة ونروح ونشكل وننفذ
+
+350
+00:31:26,070 --> 00:31:30,950
+هالكلام وآخر تنشغل فيه اللي هي تنفيذ ال line هذا
+
+351
+00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:35,410
+ال line هذا بيعملي تراكم لكل ال code تبقى كل
+
+352
+00:31:35,410 --> 00:31:40,490
+الأجزاء بيراكمها في ليش في ال dot code attribute
+
+353
+00:31:40,490 --> 00:31:48,170
+تبقى مين تبقى ال parent symbol صح ولا صح؟ نفس
+
+354
+00:31:48,170 --> 00:31:52,010
+الكلام هذا يمكن يعمله ب SDT شو فرق ال SDT عن ال
+
+355
+00:31:52,010 --> 00:31:56,250
+SDD SDT definition syntax directed definition
+
+356
+00:31:56,250 --> 00:32:00,530
+rules مع ال productions SDT عبارة عن translation
+
+357
+00:32:00,530 --> 00:32:06,570
+scheme عبارة عن actions مع ال body تبع ال
+
+358
+00:32:06,570 --> 00:32:11,730
+production مش منفصل عنها في rules فللحظة أنت هذه ال
+
+359
+00:32:11,730 --> 00:32:18,530
+production بعد ال goals البرنامج مكتمل تماماً لأ و
+
+360
+00:32:18,530 --> 00:32:26,630
+أجى بعد ال goals قال له انزل شوية وحط ال line بعدين
+
+361
+00:32:26,630 --> 00:32:33,510
+حط ال C والجوز وبعدين حط ال fragment هذا ال
+
+362
+00:32:33,510 --> 00:32:38,170
+semantic action هذا بعدين ال S كمل وبعد ال S أجى
+
+363
+00:32:38,170 --> 00:32:46,140
+أصبح هذا في يدي ال Y والجوز وأجى الـ action هذا
+
+364
+00:32:46,140 --> 00:32:51,920
+ثم أجهزة الـ C والـ Ghost ثم أجهزة الـ Action
+
+365
+00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:56,800
+الثانية ثم
+
+366
+00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:01,520
+أجهزة الـ S1 ثم أجهزة الـ Action الثالثة هذه الـ
+
+367
+00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:03,200
+Action الأول وهذه الـ Action الثانية وهذه الـ
+
+368
+00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:11,100
+Action الثالثة تمام؟ الجزئية
+
+369
+00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:17,200
+هذه تتولى جزء هذا من الشغل اللي هي إطلاق ال values
+
+370
+00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:29,800
+تبعتها بعدها بعد ما يتم parsing لل C بنعمل
+
+371
+00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:35,980
+الجزئية هذه بعد ما يتم parsing لل S بنشكل ال code
+
+372
+00:33:35,980 --> 00:33:41,940
+الإجمالي اللي هو ال code تبع ال statement الإجمالي
+
+373
+00:33:41,940 --> 00:33:47,560
+فهذول مثال آخر إضافة إلى الأمثلة اللي شهدناها قبل
+
+374
+00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:53,600
+هيكة لتنفيذ الـ Translation Translation هذه
+
+375
+00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,540
+Translation عن طريق إعطاء ال attributes values
+
+376
+00:33:56,540 --> 00:34:00,420
+تبعتها هنا ال attribute هي ال dot code attribute
+
+377
+00:34:00,420 --> 00:34:04,720
+اللي احنا معنين بيها ال dot code attribute صح ولا
+
+378
+00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:09,260
+لأ؟ تبعت من؟ تبعت ال S ال value تبع ال dot code
+
+379
+00:34:09,260 --> 00:34:13,380
+attribute هو في واقع الأمر أبداً Translation صح
+
+380
+00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:18,520
+لكلامه ولا غلط لأن ال dot code attribute بتحتوي
+
+381
+00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:29,360
+على ال target instructions اللي تشكل ترجمة لل
+
+382
+00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:38,080
+input statement صح ولا لأ؟ هنا evaluation ال dot
+
+383
+00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:41,980
+code attribute وهذه ال evaluation حققت اللي هو ال
+
+384
+00:34:41,980 --> 00:34:48,180
+translation لهذا الكلام بنعمله
+
+385
+00:34:48,180 --> 00:35:00,640
+ب predictive parsing recursive
+
+386
+00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:06,620
+descent parsing recursive descent هيكون في عندي
+
+387
+00:35:06,620 --> 00:35:10,860
+هيكون
+
+388
+00:35:10,860 --> 00:35:21,050
+في عندي function للللـ S function هذا يجب أن يكون لديه
+
+389
+00:35:21,050 --> 00:35:26,490
+local variables فسيكون
+
+390
+00:35:26,490 --> 00:35:32,270
+هناك checking
+
+391
+00:35:32,270 --> 00:35:36,450
+لل symbols تبع ال S يعني ال symbol ال Y وهي الجوز
+
+392
+00:35:36,450 --> 00:35:43,160
+وهي ال C تبع ال condition وهي الجوز check إذا هذا
+
+393
+00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:49,020
+الجوز بعد ال Y طبعاً أولاً نفحص ال Y بعد ال Y نعمل
+
+394
+00:35:49,020 --> 00:35:53,020
+advance لل input نصير واجهين على ال character هذا
+
+395
+00:35:53,020 --> 00:35:58,980
+صح؟ لأن ال Y كلها هتجيهني ك token لأ والجوز هذا
+
+396
+00:35:58,980 --> 00:36:04,060
+هيجيلي token بظبط بعد ال token هذا أنا بدأ أطلع
+
+397
+00:36:04,060 --> 00:36:09,960
+على اللي .. اللي جوا اللي لأ بعد ال token هذا بدأ
+
+398
+00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:15,820
+أبدأ تشكيل تشكيل ال code تبع هذا تبع ال condition
+
+399
+00:36:15,820 --> 00:36:24,560
+new function تعطيني L1 تعطيني L2 تمام؟ بروح بقول C
+
+400
+00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:32,740
+code أيش بيساوي؟ أيش إن أنا عملت؟ عملت استدعاء زي
+
+401
+00:36:32,740 --> 00:36:37,800
+ما أنا في ال S تبعت ال non-terminal S هروح أ study
+
+402
+00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,060
+ال function تبع ال non-terminal C مش هذا non
+
+403
+00:36:41,060 --> 00:36:45,780
+-terminal آه بدي أعمله parsing وبدي أعمله
+
+404
+00:36:45,780 --> 00:36:50,700
+translation ال C function اللي هي على اسمها على اسمه
+
+405
+00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:55,220
+بدي أعمله parsing له وبتعطيني وبتعطيني ال return
+
+406
+00:36:55,220 --> 00:36:59,000
+ايش ال code ال translation تبعه ال translation
+
+407
+00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:06,600
+تبعه بأخدها وبخزنها في ال C code attribute صح
+
+408
+00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:11,880
+هيك؟ خلي بالك هذه بابا كمان هتطلع لترانسليشن
+
+409
+00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:17,280
+تبعها ب return statement هذه ال S هتعمل return
+
+410
+00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:23,540
+لايش لترانسليشن تبعها كله وال C هتعمل translation
+
+411
+00:37:23,540 --> 00:37:28,880
+ل .. فأنا هأخد الترانسليشن اللي أعطاني إياها ال C طبعاً
+
+412
+00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:35,380
+ال C إذا فشلت إذا كان ال input اللي داخل في أي خلق
+
+413
+00:37:35,380 --> 00:37:42,730
+ال C هتفشل وبالتالي أنا هأفشل ومش هتعطي
+
+414
+00:37:42,730 --> 00:37:47,810
+translation بس على فرض أن ال input مكتوب صح هنعمله
+
+415
+00:37:47,810 --> 00:37:53,570
+parsing وهنعمله translation وأخد ال translation
+
+416
+00:37:53,570 --> 00:37:58,310
+تبعه وأخدناه في ال C code هذا ال C code الآن بعد
+
+417
+00:37:58,310 --> 00:38:02,810
+ذلك طبعاً بدواصل وأعمل check ل Legos خلصت من ال
+
+418
+00:38:02,810 --> 00:38:07,010
+check وصلت لنقطة هذه وكل شيء سليم أبجي الآن أنا
+
+419
+00:38:07,010 --> 00:38:12,440
+بدي أيش بدي أعمل translation لأ لسه لل S ال child
+
+420
+00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:17,780
+أنا ناسيها فبروح أ study نفسها أ study نفسها على 
+
+421
+00:38:17,780 --> 00:38:21,560
+الواحد اللي هو وين بداية اللي هو الـ code
+
+422
+00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:28,060
+تبع S فبعطيها الواحد على أساس بداية وين الـ code
+
+423
+00:38:28,060 --> 00:38:34,180
+تبعها بأخذ الترجمة منها خلاص الآن S code و C code
+
+424
+00:38:34,180 --> 00:38:38,200
+باستخدمهم في إيش؟ في تشكيل
+
+425
+00:38:40,780 --> 00:38:48,280
+الـ translation الإجمالية تبع الـ wild statement ومهمة
+
+426
+00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:54,380
+الـ return أرجحها للاستدعاء الـ S أصلاً بهذا عبارة عن
+
+427
+00:38:54,380 --> 00:38:59,740
+pseudocode للـ S function اللي هي عبارة عن
+
+428
+00:38:59,740 --> 00:39:07,340
+recursive descent implementation recursive descent
+
+429
+00:39:07,340 --> 00:39:09,520
+implementation للـ SDT
+
+430
+00:39:16,850 --> 00:39:23,190
+الترجمة دي احنا عملناها على أساس أنه الـ functions
+
+431
+00:39:23,190 --> 00:39:28,170
+دي بتستدعى وبترجع translation يعني الـ S بترجع لي
+
+432
+00:39:28,170 --> 00:39:32,630
+translation و��لـ C بترجع لي translation وبعدين أنا
+
+433
+00:39:32,630 --> 00:39:36,310
+بتتراكم هذه الـ translations للـ root اللي هو الـ
+
+434
+00:39:36,310 --> 00:39:43,340
+start سمجل الأساسيبعد ذلك اطبع البرنامج باستخدام
+
+435
+00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:48,780
+البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج
+
+436
+00:39:48,780 --> 00:39:51,100
+البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج
+
+437
+00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:55,000
+البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج
+
+438
+00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:55,220
+البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج
+
+439
+00:39:55,220 --> 00:39:55,280
+البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج
+
+440
+00:39:55,280 --> 00:40:01,380
+البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج البرنامج 
+
+441
+00:40:01,380 --> 00:40:05,960
+البرنامج البرنامج
+
+442
+00:40:09,050 --> 00:40:14,790
+بس الله هنا إنه
+
+443
+00:40:14,790 --> 00:40:23,610
+بعمل الـ print على طول ما هي الاختلاف الآن بعد ما
+
+444
+00:40:23,610 --> 00:40:29,010
+شيق وبعد ما آخذ الـ labors هذه الجزئية عندي هنا
+
+445
+00:40:29,010 --> 00:40:33,390
+على هذا المستوى فبطبعها على طول بعدين بروح بستخدمي
+
+446
+00:40:33,390 --> 00:40:39,630
+الـ C عشان تعمل parsing لهذه الجزئيةالـ C هتعمل
+
+447
+00:40:39,630 --> 00:40:44,730
+parsing وهتطبع الـ translation تبع الجزئية الخاصة
+
+448
+00:40:44,730 --> 00:40:54,510
+بها فعند هنا بعد ما كنت طبعت label 1 هتيجي
+
+449
+00:40:54,510 --> 00:41:02,070
+الـ C و تطبع الـ translation تبع جزئية الـ condition
+
+450
+00:41:02,070 --> 00:41:07,610
+بعد ذلك هروح أنا وأنا طابع label 2
+
+451
+00:41:11,490 --> 00:41:18,890
+ثم تستدعي نفسها S عشان تعمل parsing لـ child
+
+452
+00:41:18,890 --> 00:41:26,190
+statement ومع الـ parsing تطبع الـ translation تبع
+
+453
+00:41:26,190 --> 00:41:32,530
+الـ child 
+
+454
+00:41:32,530 --> 00:41:36,890
+statement فهي كتابة يعني two implementations
+
+455
+00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:42,770
+الاتنين recursive descent بس واحدة الأولى هذي
+
+456
+00:41:42,770 --> 00:41:46,750
+بتراكم الـ translation بتراكم الـ .. نعم الـ
+
+457
+00:41:46,750 --> 00:41:50,270
+translation في الـ dot code attributes وبترحل لبعض
+
+458
+00:41:50,270 --> 00:41:54,310
+إلى أن تتجمع الـ translation في الـ dot code تبع الـ
+
+459
+00:41:54,310 --> 00:41:59,150
+root symbol تبع الـ star symbol بينما التانية برضه
+
+460
+00:41:59,150 --> 00:42:03,690
+recursive descent ولكنها ما بتراكمش on the fly on
+
+461
+00:42:03,690 --> 00:42:08,770
+the fly يعني على الطير يعني أول بأول بتطلع الـ
+
+462
+00:42:08,770 --> 00:42:13,230
+output بتطلع الـ output أو كل ما يكتمل جزئية بتطلع
+
+463
+00:42:13,230 --> 00:42:18,270
+وكل function بتطلع ما يختصها كل recursive
+
+464
+00:42:18,270 --> 00:42:23,230
+function بتطلع ما يختصها واضح هكذا احنا بنكون
+
+465
+00:42:23,230 --> 00:42:27,130
+أخذنا اللي بدنا إياه من section 552 اللي هو
+
+466
+00:42:34,110 --> 00:42:38,130
+خمسة خمسة واحد كان لـ translation during recursive
+
+467
+00:42:38,130 --> 00:42:41,310
+descent parsing وخمسة خمسة اتنين اللي هو لـ
+
+468
+00:42:41,310 --> 00:42:44,690
+translation on the fly الاتنين كانوا عبارة عن
+
+469
+00:42:44,690 --> 00:42:49,570
+translation باستخدام الـ recursive descent خمسة
+
+470
+00:42:49,570 --> 00:42:55,730
+خمسة كان عبارة عن implementing الـ attributed SDDs
+
+471
+00:42:55,730 --> 00:43:00,010
+using recursive descent parsing الخمسة خمسة واحد
+
+472
+00:43:00,010 --> 00:43:03,730
+كان using recursive descent parsing during
+
+473
+00:43:03,730 --> 00:43:09,110
+الترانسليشن والتاني كان on the fly هيكلا بنكتفي من
+
+474
+00:43:09,110 --> 00:43:12,450
+الشارع الخامس كله فالمحاضرة اللي جاية إن شاء الله
+
+475
+00:43:12,450 --> 00:43:16,390
+بنبدأ في الستة اللي هو الـ intermediate code
+
+476
+00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,530
+generation تمام؟ هنعطيكم العافية

PL9fwy3NUQKwZe1P-Tr_n9TWAgawgGkpm5/P53WHBm-9go_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2296 @@
+1
+00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:23,540
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم والصلاة والسلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+2
+00:00:23,540 --> 00:00:28,120
+الله وبركاته اليوم ان شاء الله بنكمل .. بنكمل في
+
+3
+00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:34,640
+chapter تلاتة اللي هو ال lexical analysis في
+
+4
+00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:39,320
+آخر محاضرة دخلنا في ال finite automata وشوفنا ال
+
+5
+00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:46,320
+transition diagrams كيف احنا ممكن نمثلها او كيف
+
+6
+00:00:46,320 --> 00:00:49,490
+نمثلها على شكل finite automataالـ Finite Automata
+
+7
+00:00:49,490 --> 00:00:54,810
+أحنا عرفنا أنه فيها نوعين فيه Non-Deterministic
+
+8
+00:00:54,810 --> 00:00:58,250
+Finite Automata وفيه Deterministic Finite Automata
+
+9
+00:00:58,250 --> 00:01:02,210
+وقلنا إنه هذه الـ Finite Automata اللي هي State
+
+10
+00:01:02,210 --> 00:01:05,970
+Transition Diagrams في واقع الأمر هي خطوطنا
+
+11
+00:01:05,970 --> 00:01:12,950
+التمهيدية لبعد هيكم نعمل اللي هو ال analyzer ال
+
+12
+00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:14,110
+code تبع ال analyzer
+
+13
+00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:23,140
+أوضعنا اللي هو تلاتة ستة finite automata وكذلك
+
+14
+00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:28,260
+الحال برضه كمان عاوزين نشوف التحويل كيف يتم من ال
+
+15
+00:01:28,260 --> 00:01:31,980
+regular expression لل automata لأن خطوة ال finite
+
+16
+00:01:31,980 --> 00:01:35,320
+automata اللي هي تمهيد لل lexical .. لgenerating
+
+17
+00:01:35,320 --> 00:01:39,120
+ال lexical analyzer هي نفسها مبنية على .. هي نفسها
+
+18
+00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:43,640
+مبنية على regular expression طيب فخلينا أولا نتأكد
+
+19
+00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:46,300
+وين احنا بالظبط وضفنا في المحاضرة الماضية
+
+20
+00:01:54,460 --> 00:01:58,460
+طبعا شوفنا الامثلة هذه كلها انا ماعتقد اللي هي
+
+21
+00:01:58,460 --> 00:02:07,460
+فانات اوتوماتية طبيعة ال ..
+
+22
+00:02:07,460 --> 00:02:14,820
+تلاتة سبعة بدأنا في تلاتة ستة .. تلاتة ستة كله
+
+23
+00:02:14,820 --> 00:02:23,130
+except طبعا شوفنا ال example هذا هذا ال exampleأول
+
+24
+00:02:23,130 --> 00:02:29,070
+الشيء كان الهدف منه توضيح كيف أنه ممكن ال non
+
+25
+00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:34,510
+deterministic finite automaton ممكن
+
+26
+00:02:34,510 --> 00:02:42,930
+ال string الواحد زي هذا ممكن يتم تعرف عليه نعمل
+
+27
+00:02:42,930 --> 00:02:47,410
+accepting له ال non deterministic finite automaton
+
+28
+00:02:47,410 --> 00:02:52,270
+تعمل accepting له بأكتر من مسار واحدو هذا غير
+
+29
+00:02:52,270 --> 00:02:55,450
+مرغوب عشان هيك احنا الهدف طبعا ال deterministic
+
+30
+00:02:55,450 --> 00:03:02,390
+finite automata تمام؟
+
+31
+00:03:02,390 --> 00:03:06,850
+وقفنا هنا المحاضرة الماضية؟ او بدأنا فيها؟ أو
+
+32
+00:03:06,850 --> 00:03:10,910
+قشينا فيها؟ طيب نبدأ من هنا ال deterministic
+
+33
+00:03:10,910 --> 00:03:14,690
+finite automata الهدف هنا في المحاضرة هي ان نشوف
+
+34
+00:03:14,690 --> 00:03:16,930
+ال deterministic finite automata بس
+
+35
+00:03:21,210 --> 00:03:24,110
+سأغير المسار لأنه بعد ما اتعرف على ال
+
+36
+00:03:24,110 --> 00:03:28,790
+deterministic finite automata و الفرق ما بينها و
+
+37
+00:03:28,790 --> 00:03:32,850
+ما بين ال non deterministic اللي هي مثلة بسيطة جدا
+
+38
+00:03:32,850 --> 00:03:39,730
+بعد ذلك في تلاتة سبعة بتحول للحكي عن التحويل
+
+39
+00:03:39,730 --> 00:03:43,470
+من regular expressions ل automatic هذا ال section
+
+40
+00:03:43,470 --> 00:03:47,930
+تلاتة
+
+41
+00:03:47,930 --> 00:03:52,980
+سبعة واحدجاي عنوان ال conversion from NFA to DFA
+
+42
+00:03:52,980 --> 00:03:56,440
+الكلام
+
+43
+00:03:56,440 --> 00:04:07,320
+هذا كله جيد ولكن انا تمام بدي اخد الخطوة اللي جابل
+
+44
+00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:19,040
+اللي هي جابل انا ما اعمل convert من NFA to DFA
+
+45
+00:04:20,260 --> 00:04:26,680
+بنزلني بالاصل كمان اني construct بنزلني لسه قبل
+
+46
+00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:35,200
+هذه الخطبة construct ال NFA from من ايش من ال
+
+47
+00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:41,020
+regular expression بنزلني اشوف كيف how we
+
+48
+00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:44,820
+construct ال NFA من ال regular expression عشان
+
+49
+00:04:44,820 --> 00:04:51,020
+بعدين اشوف كيف احول ال NFA الى DFAفي التلاتة
+
+50
+00:04:51,020 --> 00:04:54,040
+السابعة هروح أقفز على طول على تلاتة سبعة أربع و
+
+51
+00:04:54,040 --> 00:05:00,000
+بعدين أرجع على تلاتة سبعة واحد انا
+
+52
+00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:05,380
+هاخد هذه في الأول اللي هي تلاتة سبعة أربع و بعدين
+
+53
+00:05:05,380 --> 00:05:08,920
+أرجع على هذه اللي هي تلاتة سبعة واحد تلاتة سبعة
+
+54
+00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:16,020
+واحد اتنين تلاتة تمام بس احنا لسه بدنا نرجع الآن
+
+55
+00:05:16,020 --> 00:05:19,780
+قبل سبعة كله قبل section تلاتة سبعة كله بدنا نرجع
+
+56
+00:05:19,780 --> 00:05:24,930
+علىال .. اللي
+
+57
+00:05:24,930 --> 00:05:28,150
+هو ال deterministic finite automata و نجمل الحكي
+
+58
+00:05:28,150 --> 00:05:33,170
+الفرق ما بينهم و بين ال NFA ف deterministic finite
+
+59
+00:05:33,170 --> 00:05:36,670
+automaton اه automaton طبعا المفرد و automata اللي
+
+60
+00:05:36,670 --> 00:05:40,510
+هي الجملة is a special case صح هذا الكلام special
+
+61
+00:05:40,510 --> 00:05:45,910
+case of NFA there are no moves on input epsilon
+
+62
+00:05:45,910 --> 00:05:50,990
+epsilon اللي هو يعني مافيش .. مافيش inputو برضه
+
+63
+00:05:50,990 --> 00:05:54,550
+for each state S and input symbol A there is
+
+64
+00:05:54,550 --> 00:05:59,390
+exactly one edge احنا قلنا بالاصل اول ما حكينا عن
+
+65
+00:05:59,390 --> 00:06:02,790
+الفرق بين NFA و DFA قلنا انه لما نكون في هذا ال
+
+66
+00:06:02,790 --> 00:06:06,310
+state ال edges اللي طالع منها على other states
+
+67
+00:06:06,310 --> 00:06:14,270
+تمام ال NFA بيسمح انه نفس ال input symbol ممكن
+
+68
+00:06:14,270 --> 00:06:18,050
+يكون موجود على اكتر من edge مرةفي هذا الـ edge
+
+69
+00:06:18,050 --> 00:06:20,270
+ممكن أنجلني على هذا الـ state في هذا الـ edge
+
+70
+00:06:20,270 --> 00:06:24,710
+أنجلني على state أخرى انا في one ممكن a تانجلني
+
+71
+00:06:24,710 --> 00:06:29,630
+على اتنين او تانجلني على تلاتة هذا NFA ماشي انما
+
+72
+00:06:29,630 --> 00:06:35,810
+DFA لأ for each state S and input symbol A there
+
+73
+00:06:35,810 --> 00:06:40,550
+is exactly one edge بس واحدة اللي تطلع من هذه ال S
+
+74
+00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:46,320
+على other states وهذا كلام قلنا عمليا انهإذا كان
+
+75
+00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:51,160
+ال NFA أنا بقدر أعبر عنها على شكل جدول و الجدول
+
+76
+00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,960
+transition table و الجدول بيسمح بيبقى فيه ending
+
+77
+00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:02,040
+من أحد ال states على input اتقال إلى two or more
+
+78
+00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:06,740
+states هذا في ال NFA ممكن لكن في ال DFA لأ ففي ال
+
+79
+00:07:06,740 --> 00:07:10,560
+DFA لا يمكن أشوف هذا الكلام أصلا الجواس هذه
+
+80
+00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:14,710
+مابشوفهاش لأن الجواس هذه بتعبر عن مجموعةوانا عندي
+
+81
+00:07:14,710 --> 00:07:18,310
+في ال DFA مافيش مجموعة مافيش الا single state
+
+82
+00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:22,750
+single edge طلعناها single state تمام فهذا الكلام
+
+83
+00:07:22,750 --> 00:07:29,370
+الآن صار واضح لنا انه اولا مافيش فرق أساسي مافيش
+
+84
+00:07:29,370 --> 00:07:33,370
+moves on input epsilon تانيا انه for each state S
+
+85
+00:07:33,370 --> 00:07:37,050
+عند input symbol A there is exactly one edge out
+
+86
+00:07:37,050 --> 00:07:37,470
+of S
+
+87
+00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:48,980
+هذه الكلام بيكرر اللي انتوا قولته حكاية ال sets و
+
+88
+00:07:48,980 --> 00:07:53,220
+curly braces انها بتظهرش في ال table okay؟ الآن
+
+89
+00:07:53,220 --> 00:08:02,900
+احنا في ال .. في ال .. في ال .. ال NFA و ال DFA
+
+90
+00:08:02,900 --> 00:08:09,440
+قولنا هم عبارة عنخطوات أو بيعبر عن الخطوات اللي
+
+91
+00:08:09,440 --> 00:08:14,240
+بتتم في التعرف على string ان هو مطابق ولا غير
+
+92
+00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:19,520
+مطابق لل pattern يعني انا بتخيل DFA او NFA لل
+
+93
+00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,300
+relational operator ال pattern تبع ال relational
+
+94
+00:08:22,300 --> 00:08:27,240
+operators كده ال identifiers ال اي واحد من ال
+
+95
+00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:30,140
+constructs تبع ال language كل واحد منهم لها
+
+96
+00:08:30,140 --> 00:08:34,000
+initial لها ال DFA او ال NFA هذا ال DFA بيعبر عن
+
+97
+00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:40,550
+خطواتالتعرف على ال input string هل هو مطابق لل
+
+98
+00:08:40,550 --> 00:08:46,110
+pattern تبعته ولا غير مطابق صح؟ يبقى هو عبارة عن
+
+99
+00:08:46,110 --> 00:08:50,210
+.. عشان يمكن نقول .. هو عبارة عن إما بيعطيني yes
+
+100
+00:08:50,210 --> 00:08:55,930
+أو no أن هذا ال string مطابق أو غير مطابق لل .. لل
+
+101
+00:08:55,930 --> 00:08:58,510
+pattern تبعت ال .. اللي أنا فيها لو أديها فيها
+
+102
+00:08:58,510 --> 00:09:04,290
+فإحنا ممكن نتخيل ال patternبس في algorithm ال
+
+103
+00:09:04,290 --> 00:09:10,230
+algorithm هذه بتنفذ
+
+104
+00:09:10,230 --> 00:09:15,590
+NFA معين او DFA معين بتنفذه بمعنى ايش بناء على ال
+
+105
+00:09:15,590 --> 00:09:18,190
+states اللي فيه وبناء على ال edges اللي طالع من ال
+
+106
+00:09:18,190 --> 00:09:24,470
+states الى ال other states بتقدر ال algorithm هذه
+
+107
+00:09:24,470 --> 00:09:28,950
+بتقوللي اذا كان ال input الفلاني ا مطابق لل
+
+108
+00:09:28,950 --> 00:09:33,410
+pattern تبعتها ولا لأإن لو احنا اعطينا للألغراطمة
+
+109
+00:09:33,410 --> 00:09:38,930
+دي an input string x terminated by end of line
+
+110
+00:09:38,930 --> 00:09:44,490
+character وعطيناها DFA دي طبعا احنا هنا بنقول NFA
+
+111
+00:09:44,490 --> 00:09:48,370
+او DFA بس هو لازم يكون DFA وإلا بيمكن أن نرجع في
+
+112
+00:09:48,370 --> 00:09:54,230
+ambiguity ف .. وعطيناها main start state ال zero
+
+113
+00:09:55,210 --> 00:09:58,810
+ومن الـ accepting states من ال states اللي إذا
+
+114
+00:09:58,810 --> 00:10:02,050
+وصلنا إليها إذا وصلت إليها ال algorithm معناته ال
+
+115
+00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:07,650
+input اللي دخل is compatible with ال pattern تبعت
+
+116
+00:10:07,650 --> 00:10:15,070
+هذا ال DFA طبعا ال transition function هي اللي
+
+117
+00:10:15,070 --> 00:10:22,130
+بترجم ال DFA هذا هي اللي بتقول إن والله إذا كانإذا
+
+118
+00:10:22,130 --> 00:10:25,190
+كان ال input على ال character فلاني إذا كان ال
+
+119
+00:10:25,190 --> 00:10:32,810
+input على ال character فلاني إذا
+
+120
+00:10:32,810 --> 00:10:45,650
+كان ال input على
+
+121
+00:10:45,650 --> 00:10:48,530
+ال character فلاني إذا كان ال input على ال
+
+122
+00:10:48,530 --> 00:10:50,930
+character فلاني إذا كان ال input على ال character
+
+123
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:51,110
+فلاني إذا كان ال input على ال character فلاني إذا
+
+124
+00:10:51,110 --> 00:10:51,150
+character فلاني إذا كان ال input على ال character
+
+125
+00:10:51,150 --> 00:10:51,250
+input على ال character فلاني إذا كان ال input على
+
+126
+00:11:03,680 --> 00:11:06,600
+PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA
+
+127
+00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:07,240
+PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA
+
+128
+00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:07,360
+PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA
+
+129
+00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:08,080
+PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA
+
+130
+00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:08,340
+PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA
+
+131
+00:11:08,340 --> 00:11:09,160
+PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA PFA
+
+132
+00:11:23,710 --> 00:11:28,310
+الـ Algorithm تتكون من Loop أساسيا أول شيء جابني
+
+133
+00:11:28,310 --> 00:11:33,770
+ال Loop ال S اللي current state بتؤشر على S0 بالـ
+
+134
+00:11:33,770 --> 00:11:37,170
+C اللي هو next character نجرى ال character و من
+
+135
+00:11:37,170 --> 00:11:41,210
+هنا ندخل في Loop A بحيث أنه كل مرة نجرى character
+
+136
+00:11:41,210 --> 00:11:44,550
+جديد لحد يتم انصار ال end of file لأن ال end of
+
+137
+00:11:44,550 --> 00:11:50,260
+file هو نهاية ال string x ففي كل مرةبنستدعي في كل
+
+138
+00:11:50,260 --> 00:11:52,400
+مرة دورة أو دورات اللي قعدت نستدعي ال move
+
+139
+00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,080
+function نقول اهنا دلوقت في ال state كده و امامنا
+
+140
+00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:58,880
+ال character و كده و اين نروح فهي بتعطيني ال new
+
+141
+00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:03,120
+state بتظهر اللوك تمشي تمشي لحد دي ما في الآخر
+
+142
+00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:09,020
+بيخلص ال input لما بيخلص ال input ها نطلع من اللوك
+
+143
+00:12:09,020 --> 00:12:12,660
+و الآن اذا طلعنا و ال current state كانت واحدة من
+
+144
+00:12:12,660 --> 00:12:19,070
+ال final states يبقى ال input هذامطابق لل pattern
+
+145
+00:12:19,070 --> 00:12:25,990
+تبع ال DFA وإلا بيكون national فإذا كان S is in F
+
+146
+00:12:25,990 --> 00:12:30,110
+فهنا capital بمعنى مجموعة states فreturn yes وإلا
+
+147
+00:12:30,110 --> 00:12:36,330
+return هذي الفكرة الأساسية لل algorithm وبالتالي
+
+148
+00:12:36,330 --> 00:12:40,350
+بقدر أتخيل أن ال algorithm هذي عبارة عن algorithm
+
+149
+00:12:40,350 --> 00:12:47,090
+general algorithm بنعطيها أي definition أي DFA
+
+150
+00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:51,680
+انعمل على أساس ال expression ال regular expression
+
+151
+00:12:51,680 --> 00:12:55,120
+و هي بتقول .. و بنعطيها and string و هي بتقول اللي
+
+152
+00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:58,920
+كان ال string هذا مضبوط او هذا مضبوط احنا الآن بعد
+
+153
+00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:02,960
+.. هاي .. هاي ال example هادا ال example هادا أولا
+
+154
+00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:08,360
+اللي قدامنا هاد أكبر عن NFA و لا DFA DFA لو لاحظتي
+
+155
+00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:12,780
+مافيش ولا واحدة من ال states عليها H عليها epsilon
+
+156
+00:13:12,780 --> 00:13:17,200
+هذا أولا تانيا مافيش شيو احنا باستخدام ال edges
+
+157
+00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:27,180
+اللي طالعين منها نكرر نفس ال label صح؟ okay فهذا
+
+158
+00:13:27,180 --> 00:13:33,700
+الان هذا ال DFA يعبر عن هذا ال expression لو انا
+
+159
+00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:38,140
+الآن عطيته هذا ال input هذا ال input و باستخدمت لو
+
+160
+00:13:38,140 --> 00:13:41,380
+عطيت لل algorithm هذا ال input و هذا ال DFA
+
+161
+00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:51,400
+الألغوريثم سيعطي yes لهذا ال input لأنه مطابق لل
+
+162
+00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:59,460
+.. مطابق لل .. مطابق
+
+163
+00:13:59,460 --> 00:13:59,980
+مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل ..
+
+164
+00:13:59,980 --> 00:14:02,860
+مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل ..
+
+165
+00:14:02,860 --> 00:14:03,320
+مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل ..
+
+166
+00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,680
+مطابق لل .. مطابق لل .. مطابق لل ..طيب، الآن في
+
+167
+00:14:07,680 --> 00:14:12,840
+تلاتة سبعة الكلام يتحول .. ينتقل إلى عملية التحول
+
+168
+00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:17,060
+من regular expression أو توليد ال automata اللي هو
+
+169
+00:14:17,060 --> 00:14:23,640
+ال DFA من بناء على ال regular expressionفي الأول
+
+170
+00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:27,460
+لازم نشوف كيف بنولد NFA من ال regular expression
+
+171
+00:14:27,460 --> 00:14:30,900
+بعد هيك بنشوف كيف بنحول هذا ال NFA إلى DFA عشان
+
+172
+00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:37,800
+هيك أنا بدأ أنتقل زي ما قلت في الأول إلى 374 في
+
+173
+00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:42,700
+واقع الأول 374 بيتطلب كمان راجعة لمراجعة الكلام
+
+174
+00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:45,620
+اللي حكينا عن ال regular expressions في الأول تمام
+
+175
+00:14:45,620 --> 00:14:50,100
+فهي 374 بيحكي عن constructing an NFA from a
+
+176
+00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:54,110
+regular expressionبدي ارجع .. معلش استحملوني لأ في
+
+177
+00:14:54,110 --> 00:14:57,610
+البداية اللي حاكي عن ال regular expressions من
+
+178
+00:14:57,610 --> 00:15:03,330
+قصده بس مراجعة سريعة وبعدين هنا في section regular
+
+179
+00:15:03,330 --> 00:15:08,850
+expressions احنا حكينا عن ال regular expression
+
+180
+00:15:08,850 --> 00:15:17,490
+وعارفينه بس في شوية ايش rules بنا مجحها انه احنا
+
+181
+00:15:17,490 --> 00:15:23,850
+بنقول ان ال regular expressionهو في وقع الأمر
+
+182
+00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:31,230
+بتكون من sub regular expressions يعني ال regular
+
+183
+00:15:31,230 --> 00:15:35,370
+expressions are built recursively out of smaller
+
+184
+00:15:35,370 --> 00:15:41,570
+regular expressions طبعا فالان
+
+185
+00:15:41,570 --> 00:15:46,490
+لو احنا رمزنا ل regular expression برمز R و بيجينا
+
+186
+00:15:46,490 --> 00:15:49,190
+بقولنا ك L of R ايش نقصد
+
+187
+00:15:52,610 --> 00:15:59,370
+بنقصد ال language اللي مشكلة أو generated from هذا
+
+188
+00:15:59,370 --> 00:16:02,670
+ال expression و ال language هي عبارة عن إيش ال set
+
+189
+00:16:02,670 --> 00:16:06,410
+of strings
+
+190
+00:16:06,410 --> 00:16:11,190
+مظبوط okay هو فعلا ال regular expression بيعبر عن
+
+191
+00:16:11,190 --> 00:16:16,990
+نمط لكل هذا ال strings مجموعة ال strings المتولدة
+
+192
+00:16:16,990 --> 00:16:19,910
+من هذا ال regular expression بتشكل ال language
+
+193
+00:16:19,910 --> 00:16:24,040
+بتشكل language صح؟ف L of R each regular expression
+
+194
+00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:29,900
+of R denotes يمثل أو يشير إلى a language L of R
+
+195
+00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:32,740
+which is also defined recursively هذي ال language
+
+196
+00:16:32,740 --> 00:16:35,780
+is defined recursively from the languages denoted
+
+197
+00:16:35,780 --> 00:16:40,340
+by a substring of R يعني إذا كان R هو مشكلة من sub
+
+198
+00:16:40,340 --> 00:16:46,060
+regular expressions كل واحد من sub expressions
+
+199
+00:16:46,060 --> 00:16:52,000
+هدولة هو يشكل language تمام لأن R كلهالـ language
+
+200
+00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:56,400
+تبعته هي اجمالي ال languages تبعت ال sub
+
+201
+00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:03,420
+expressions بشكل أساسي انا لو عندي طبعا ال regular
+
+202
+00:17:03,420 --> 00:17:06,320
+expression جاء على أساس alphabet اللي بيبقى فيه
+
+203
+00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:10,660
+عندي alphabet هي اللي بتشكل منها فانا عندي لو عندي
+
+204
+00:17:10,660 --> 00:17:15,200
+character انا بحاجة لدفن اتنين و أرجع لواحدSymbol
+
+205
+00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:19,220
+A هذه ألفابت والألفابت هذه هي عبارة عن مجموعة من
+
+206
+00:17:19,220 --> 00:17:25,800
+ال symbols A,B وربما Z كمان الان كل واحد من ال ..
+
+207
+00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:29,420
+من ال characters او ال symbols يسمونه الالفابت هذه
+
+208
+00:17:29,420 --> 00:17:34,780
+اعتبرها string صح؟ الان هو في حد ذاته هذه ال
+
+209
+00:17:34,780 --> 00:17:41,620
+string انا ممكن اتخيل expression خاص بو هو لحاله
+
+210
+00:17:41,620 --> 00:17:47,760
+يعني زي هذا ال character Ais a string فهو في حالته
+
+211
+00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:51,820
+مجموعة مجموعة تتكون من عنصر واحد مجموعة من ال
+
+212
+00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:56,320
+strings تتكون من ال strings واحد تمام فهذه
+
+213
+00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:59,460
+المجموعة من ال strings اتخيل regular expression
+
+214
+00:17:59,460 --> 00:18:04,580
+لها واسميه a بس بتستخدم a كمتازة مثل ما هو عامل
+
+215
+00:18:04,580 --> 00:18:10,240
+هنا اسف a bold a bold هذا هو اسم ل regular
+
+216
+00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:18,630
+expression يمثلcharacter واحد تمام فالان بما ان a
+
+217
+00:18:18,630 --> 00:18:21,970
+bold هذا a bold هو عبارة عن regular expression
+
+218
+00:18:21,970 --> 00:18:26,830
+regular expression يرمز إلى string واحد ال string
+
+219
+00:18:26,830 --> 00:18:35,690
+واحد هو عبارة عن character فقط طيب ف ال l of a هي
+
+220
+00:18:35,690 --> 00:18:40,930
+عبارة عن هذا ال character الواحد وهذا أبسط regular
+
+221
+00:18:40,930 --> 00:18:44,650
+expression على وجه الأرضatomic regular expressions
+
+222
+00:18:44,650 --> 00:18:49,450
+كل ال regular expressions تتركب من بعضها فمنها من
+
+223
+00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:53,370
+مثل هذه ال regular expressions تتكون من regular
+
+224
+00:18:53,370 --> 00:19:02,030
+expressions الكبيرة الأبسط من هذا كمان اللي هو ال
+
+225
+00:19:02,030 --> 00:19:08,510
+epsilon ال set اللي يحتوي على الأشياء صح؟ وهذا ال
+
+226
+00:19:08,510 --> 00:19:12,850
+set بيقبل عندنا بال language of epsilonLanguage of
+
+227
+00:19:12,850 --> 00:19:17,350
+epsilon هي ال set الفاضي ال language of a هي ال
+
+228
+00:19:17,350 --> 00:19:20,890
+set اللي احتوي على الأنصار و احده مبارا كاركتر من
+
+229
+00:19:20,890 --> 00:19:25,430
+كاركتر سباط الألفابت ممكن انا افكر برضه ب L of B و
+
+230
+00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:31,970
+L of C و كده تمام؟ هذا اسمه basis لبناء ال regular
+
+231
+00:19:31,970 --> 00:19:36,540
+expressions بصفة عامةالان من هذا الأساس بقدر افكر
+
+232
+00:19:36,540 --> 00:19:40,800
+بإيش بإي ال operations اللي ممكن تعمل علي ال
+
+233
+00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:45,700
+regular expressions اللي بتمكنني ان ابني regular
+
+234
+00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:51,340
+expressions أكبر صح فبغض نظر الان عن خد عندي R و S
+
+235
+00:19:51,340 --> 00:19:57,240
+و بغض نظر هم atomic ال R و S اتوميك صغير صغير ولا
+
+236
+00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,040
+هم composite يعني مركبين من ..
+
+237
+00:20:02,810 --> 00:20:08,470
+الـ bar هذا ال or هو .. يعني لو قدى انا .. لو قدى
+
+238
+00:20:08,470 --> 00:20:11,930
+انا suppose r and s are regular expressions
+
+239
+00:20:11,930 --> 00:20:16,010
+denoting كل واحد له ال language تبعته بجموعة ال
+
+240
+00:20:16,010 --> 00:20:20,910
+strings المتوالدة منه respectively فهذا
+
+241
+00:20:20,910 --> 00:20:28,770
+هو regular expression مشكل من ال or تبع الاتنين is
+
+242
+00:20:28,770 --> 00:20:33,370
+a regular expression denoting ال languageتبع ال R
+
+243
+00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:39,330
+union ال language تبع S صح فهذا عبارة عن regular
+
+244
+00:20:39,330 --> 00:20:43,430
+expression بتكون من R لحاله و S لحاله R لحاله له
+
+245
+00:20:43,430 --> 00:20:46,870
+language و S لحاله language وبالتالي ال regular
+
+246
+00:20:46,870 --> 00:20:51,130
+expression اللي الكبير it denotes a language هو
+
+247
+00:20:51,130 --> 00:20:53,410
+لحاله وهذه ال language هي ال union تبع ال language
+
+248
+00:20:53,410 --> 00:20:56,970
+تبع R و ال language تبع S الآن هذا is a regular
+
+249
+00:20:56,970 --> 00:21:00,930
+expression denoting ال concatenation صح كل string
+
+250
+00:21:01,420 --> 00:21:07,100
+في ال language تبع ال R ملحوم ب string أخر من ال
+
+251
+00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:12,100
+language تبع S ال closure اللي هي اتقرار ان انا
+
+252
+00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:16,120
+بأمسك string من R نفسه مع أي string أخر من R نفسه
+
+253
+00:21:16,120 --> 00:21:26,520
+بقلة معينة فهذه عبارة عن ايش عبارة
+
+254
+00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:29,460
+عن operations احنا بنعملها على regular expressions
+
+255
+00:21:30,260 --> 00:21:34,140
+طيب عشان نبني regular expressions دي طيب يبجي انا
+
+256
+00:21:34,140 --> 00:21:37,000
+برضه بقدر اعمل عكس يوم انا بشوف regular
+
+257
+00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:39,860
+expressions كبير و بقدر احلله الى ال sub regular
+
+258
+00:21:39,860 --> 00:21:43,940
+expressions تحليل هذا بفيدني في عملية تحميل ال
+
+259
+00:21:43,940 --> 00:21:47,720
+regular expressions ل NFA لأنه انا بقدر ابني ال
+
+260
+00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:53,620
+NFA الكبير تبع ال regular expressions الكبير من ال
+
+261
+00:21:53,620 --> 00:21:56,380
+NFAs الصغيرة تبعت ال regular expressions الصغيرة
+
+262
+00:21:56,380 --> 00:21:58,600
+okay تمام
+
+263
+00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:04,440
+بالـ example بيوضح كيف أنه لو أندي أنا ال alphabet
+
+264
+00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:12,540
+تحتوى بس على ال a و ال b okay كيف هيده a or b
+
+265
+00:22:12,540 --> 00:22:18,300
+عبارة عن ال إيش هذا لحاله عبارة عن regular
+
+266
+00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:22,840
+expression يمثل ال a أو ال language تبعتهم هي
+
+267
+00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:28,220
+عبارة عن ال 6 في a و ال L of B بي طبعا capital بي
+
+268
+00:22:28,220 --> 00:22:33,640
+bold في ال Nهذه اللغة و هذه اللغة عندما جلبت
+
+269
+00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:37,320
+الاسمبول regular expression a و regular expression
+
+270
+00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:39,100
+b و حطيت regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+271
+00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:39,140
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+272
+00:22:39,140 --> 00:22:40,480
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+273
+00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:42,160
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+274
+00:22:42,160 --> 00:22:43,960
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+275
+00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:44,280
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+276
+00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:44,380
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+277
+00:22:44,380 --> 00:22:45,340
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+278
+00:22:45,340 --> 00:22:45,360
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+279
+00:22:45,360 --> 00:22:48,200
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+280
+00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:56,500
+regular و regular و regular و regular و regular و
+
+281
+00:23:00,950 --> 00:23:06,290
+اللغة الناتجة مش هتتغير لو انا عندي r or r bar s
+
+282
+00:23:06,290 --> 00:23:10,650
+ولا s bar r نفس اللغة وبالتالي هذي الاتنين
+
+283
+00:23:10,650 --> 00:23:16,210
+equivalent two expressions are equivalent only إذا
+
+284
+00:23:16,210 --> 00:23:21,930
+اللغة المتولدة منهم متطابقة فهذه
+
+285
+00:23:21,930 --> 00:23:25,350
+ال expression بيعطيني لغة نفسها
+
+286
+00:23:27,970 --> 00:23:32,050
+equivalent يبقى commutative بقدر اعمل كمان
+
+287
+00:23:32,050 --> 00:23:37,050
+associative بمعنى ان بقدر احط دولة في جوس او احط
+
+288
+00:23:37,050 --> 00:23:39,910
+دولة في جوس و يطلع برضه عندي نفس ال language فهذا
+
+289
+00:23:39,910 --> 00:23:44,330
+اللي يساوي هذا اللي يساوي اللي هنا معناته ايش اللي
+
+290
+00:23:44,330 --> 00:23:47,030
+على اليمين ال expression اللي على اليمين بقطيه نفس
+
+291
+00:23:47,030 --> 00:23:49,210
+ال language اللي بقطينيها ال expression على الشمال
+
+292
+00:23:49,210 --> 00:23:52,850
+ماشي هذه المراجعة ربما كانت ضرورية او جزء منها
+
+293
+00:23:52,850 --> 00:23:56,330
+ضرورية على سبب ان احنا نقدر نبدأ نحكي الآن و نرجع
+
+294
+00:23:56,330 --> 00:24:00,130
+تاني علىعملية التحويل عملية التحويل الآن تحويل أيش
+
+295
+00:24:00,130 --> 00:24:06,890
+regular expression إلى ال NFA أيوة اللي هو أربعة
+
+296
+00:24:06,890 --> 00:24:18,730
+سبعة تلاتة سبعة أربعة okay هيتوا تمام from
+
+297
+00:24:18,730 --> 00:24:22,130
+constructed NFA from regular expression أنا الآن
+
+298
+00:24:22,130 --> 00:24:25,210
+بقدر أجي و أقول أنه في عندي
+
+299
+00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:31,440
+الحالات الأساسية البسيطة جدا مبسطة لما نبدأ فيها
+
+300
+00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:34,840
+عندي انا ابسلون ابسلون هو regular expression ال
+
+301
+00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:38,860
+language ايه ال language اللي هي عبارة عن انا لان
+
+302
+00:24:38,860 --> 00:24:42,100
+مش معنى بال language انا معنى بشكل regular
+
+303
+00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:49,580
+expression هذا كيف اعبر عنه ب NFA في حياته بعمل
+
+304
+00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:56,960
+two states I و F F يعني final و I initialباعتبر
+
+305
+00:24:56,960 --> 00:25:03,420
+الـ final الـ final و بضع page عليها بسهولة هذا و
+
+306
+00:25:03,420 --> 00:25:07,360
+طبعا هذا بتبدأ ب start يعني لازم اي NFA او DFA
+
+307
+00:25:07,360 --> 00:25:14,160
+لازم يبقى له start هذا ايش دلالته لا يعني شيء الان
+
+308
+00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:18,000
+هو لحاجة صغيرة لكن لما ييجي من ضمن regular
+
+309
+00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:20,140
+expression كبيرة او NFA تبقى regular expression
+
+310
+00:25:20,140 --> 00:25:27,060
+كبيرة يبقى له دلالة تمام فهذا ال basis الأولىزي ما
+
+311
+00:25:27,060 --> 00:25:30,840
+رأينا باسيس لللغة للتطبيق الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+312
+00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:35,780
+الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+313
+00:25:35,780 --> 00:25:37,700
+الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+314
+00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:40,100
+الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+315
+00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:40,140
+الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+316
+00:25:40,140 --> 00:25:40,580
+الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+317
+00:25:40,580 --> 00:25:41,780
+الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي الاجتماعي
+
+318
+00:25:41,780 --> 00:25:54,360
+الاجتماعي الاجتماع
+
+319
+00:25:56,400 --> 00:26:04,400
+حلو؟ تمام الان ال induction او البناء على ذلك ان
+
+320
+00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:09,240
+لو كان في عندي انا two expressions two regular
+
+321
+00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:17,500
+expressions S وT وانا عندي الشكل تبعه عندي ال NFA
+
+322
+00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:23,260
+هذا ال NFA تبع S و هذا ال NFA تبع T بغض النظرش
+
+323
+00:26:23,260 --> 00:26:34,500
+لجوه بقدرأرسم ال NFA تبع S T
+
+324
+00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:38,520
+S
+
+325
+00:26:38,520 --> 00:26:44,100
+bar T على شكل انه ب .. طبعا كل واحد من دول ال two
+
+326
+00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:48,840
+NFAs ال NFA تبع S و ال NFA تبع T إله initial و إله
+
+327
+00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,900
+final هذا ال initial و هذا ال final و هذا ال
+
+328
+00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:52,680
+initial و هذا ال final
+
+329
+00:26:56,390 --> 00:27:07,950
+باستخدام state جديدة لل figure كله نفسي S نفسي T
+
+330
+00:27:07,950 --> 00:27:11,650
+نفسي S نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T
+
+331
+00:27:11,650 --> 00:27:21,830
+نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي
+
+332
+00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:22,450
+T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T
+
+333
+00:27:22,450 --> 00:27:23,770
+نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T
+
+334
+00:27:23,770 --> 00:27:24,070
+نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T
+
+335
+00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:24,910
+نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T نفسي T ن��س
+
+336
+00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:31,950
+الاتنين بيشاروا عليها هذه الأن أصبحت مش final و
+
+337
+00:27:31,950 --> 00:27:38,030
+هذه مش final و هذه مش start مش start تصبح هذا ال
+
+338
+00:27:38,030 --> 00:27:43,630
+start و هذا ال final واضح؟ حلو .. حلو ولكن NFA مش
+
+339
+00:27:43,630 --> 00:27:49,770
+DFA مش هو المطلوب ان هي بس خطوة لقدام اه بعد هيك
+
+340
+00:27:49,770 --> 00:27:54,230
+اللي هو ايش ال .. ال concatenation لما يبقى في
+
+341
+00:27:54,230 --> 00:27:58,610
+عندي expression هذا ايش بتاع هذا ال union اهلو كان
+
+342
+00:27:58,610 --> 00:28:03,670
+عندي ST sub expression .. regular expression و
+
+343
+00:28:03,670 --> 00:28:06,310
+regular expression يعني انا لو عندي regular
+
+344
+00:28:06,310 --> 00:28:12,630
+expression بقول زي هيك مش مرة قليل ما حد شايفه هيك
+
+345
+00:28:12,630 --> 00:28:16,930
+الآن هذا regular expression يتكوّن من two regular
+
+346
+00:28:16,930 --> 00:28:21,430
+expressions هذوله بقدر انا اسويه بالكافي اللي هيك
+
+347
+00:28:21,430 --> 00:28:24,050
+هذا ال regular expression يتكوّن من ال
+
+348
+00:28:24,050 --> 00:28:27,550
+concatenation تبع حالي مع حالياللي هو بعد هيك بدي
+
+349
+00:28:27,550 --> 00:28:31,170
+أعمل ال concatenation لو عندي concatenation كيف
+
+350
+00:28:31,170 --> 00:28:35,970
+أسوي ببساطة شديدة باخد ال NFA تبع هذا و ال NFA تبع
+
+351
+00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:39,910
+هذا و بلحبهم عند ال final تبع هذه مع ال initial
+
+352
+00:28:39,910 --> 00:28:43,810
+تبع التاني و بتصبح ال initial تبع الأولى هي ال
+
+353
+00:28:43,810 --> 00:28:46,430
+initial تبع كله و ال final تبع التاني هي ال final
+
+354
+00:28:46,430 --> 00:28:50,930
+تبع كله واضح؟ هنا لو أنا في عندي closure ال
+
+355
+00:28:50,930 --> 00:28:53,010
+closure اللي هي ال star
+
+356
+00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:06,920
+S*) هل هنا فيه طبع S S لحالة إذا كان هنا Star على
+
+357
+00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:10,460
+S معناته بدي أجيب قرار initial جديدة و final جديدة
+
+358
+00:29:10,460 --> 00:29:14,180
+أشاره من ال initial على ال final direct بالإبسلون
+
+359
+00:29:14,180 --> 00:29:20,760
+و من ال initial جديدة على ال initial بالإبسلون
+
+360
+00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:25,060
+و من ال final على ال final بالإبسلون و أرجي من ال
+
+361
+00:29:25,060 --> 00:29:28,340
+final على ال initial بالإبسلون تمام
+
+362
+00:29:33,530 --> 00:29:41,210
+Okay خلّيني أخد مثال شوية يتطبق هذا الكلام على
+
+363
+00:29:41,210 --> 00:29:44,810
+regular expression طويل اللي هو .. انا regular
+
+364
+00:29:44,810 --> 00:29:48,230
+expression .. اللي هو هذا اللي اتواصلته okay ..
+
+365
+00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:52,810
+اللي كتبته هذا regular expression لو بدى احلله إلى
+
+366
+00:29:52,810 --> 00:29:56,390
+sub regular expressions بطلع معايا على شكل ال tree
+
+367
+00:29:56,390 --> 00:30:02,170
+هذه صح؟ معنى ان ..كله على بعضه هو الأشي مبني من
+
+368
+00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:07,190
+الـ a لحالها ال a لحالها هي عبارة عن regular
+
+369
+00:30:07,190 --> 00:30:10,050
+expression تحت ذاتها مش هحط سهم بس بدي أقول
+
+370
+00:30:10,050 --> 00:30:13,590
+ارواحات هو regular expression يمثل ال a لحالها
+
+371
+00:30:13,590 --> 00:30:19,230
+بعدين ال b لحالها دول جوسم لسه اه هذه regular
+
+372
+00:30:19,230 --> 00:30:21,830
+expression تانية ال M في اني regular expression
+
+373
+00:30:21,830 --> 00:30:27,410
+تلاتة هو عبارة عن الاش الاش ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+374
+00:30:27,410 --> 00:30:27,590
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+375
+00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:36,240
+الunion تبقى الاتنين هذه الأوراة صح؟ اه بعدين
+
+376
+00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:43,420
+هال R تلاتة مع ال closure تبعه R أربعة صح؟ مع ال
+
+377
+00:30:43,420 --> 00:30:48,760
+closure تبعه لأ مع ال ghost طبعا وجود ال ghost
+
+378
+00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:55,040
+equivalent يعني R أربعة وR تلاتة equivalent مافرجش
+
+379
+00:30:55,040 --> 00:31:03,730
+ال ..الان مع ال closure ب R خمسة ال closure مع ال
+
+380
+00:31:03,730 --> 00:31:10,090
+A R ستة ال closure بال A مع ال B R سبعة هو ال A
+
+381
+00:31:10,090 --> 00:31:16,450
+لحاله R ستة مع ال A R سبعة صح؟ الان لو انا جيك بدي
+
+382
+00:31:16,450 --> 00:31:20,430
+بس هذا ال regular expression R واحد ارسم ال N فيه
+
+383
+00:31:20,430 --> 00:31:31,190
+تبعته هو M هو مين؟ هذاو B هي ال NFA تبعها لأن هذول
+
+384
+00:31:31,190 --> 00:31:39,190
+الاتنين مع بعض بدي أبني منهم NFA يعبر عن ارتراتها
+
+385
+00:31:39,190 --> 00:31:42,990
+هذا الان هي ك NFA لحاله وهذا NFA لحاله وبجيبهم
+
+386
+00:31:42,990 --> 00:31:51,630
+الاتنين بعمل initial جديدة و final جديدة صح بخلي
+
+387
+00:31:51,630 --> 00:31:57,470
+هذا شير هنا بياش بإبسلونوشير إلى هذي بـ epsilon و
+
+388
+00:31:57,470 --> 00:32:02,770
+هذوله برضه بـ epsilon اللي هو بيطلع معايا هم صح
+
+389
+00:32:02,770 --> 00:32:12,990
+ولا؟ طبعا هنا هو عمل ترقيم سريع لأن هذا يُقبل عن R
+
+390
+00:32:12,990 --> 00:32:18,850
+تلاتة مظبوط؟ طيب على R أربعة نفس الأشياء لأن R
+
+391
+00:32:18,850 --> 00:32:23,570
+أربعة ما أنجم بال closure تقدر تعملوا هيك و تجيب I
+
+392
+00:32:23,570 --> 00:32:24,050
+جديدة
+
+393
+00:32:27,850 --> 00:32:33,290
+بإيبسلون وهنا بإيبسلون ومن هنا لهنا بإيبسلون ومن
+
+394
+00:32:33,290 --> 00:32:37,230
+هنا لهنا بإيبسلون صح؟ أه كيف بيطلع معانا مين؟
+
+395
+00:32:37,230 --> 00:32:46,090
+بيطلع معانا R5 اللي هو هذا مش
+
+396
+00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:51,210
+حاجة هذه كلام كله يمكن أتمتته يعني ممكن can be
+
+397
+00:32:51,210 --> 00:32:55,730
+performed automatically by an algorithm اللي يتحول
+
+398
+00:32:55,730 --> 00:33:00,470
+من regular expression إلىفعلا نفعى احنا خدنا صح من
+
+399
+00:33:00,470 --> 00:33:05,670
+ستة لواحد عشان يعمل مرة تانية؟ اه من ستة الى واحد
+
+400
+00:33:05,670 --> 00:33:11,750
+عشان ايه نعم ارجعني اذا بدي اكرر ال regular
+
+401
+00:33:11,750 --> 00:33:17,830
+expression مرة فترة تلاتة اتكرر عدة مرات وهذا عشان
+
+402
+00:33:17,830 --> 00:33:21,790
+لو هي مش موجودة اطلاقا يعني هو ال zero المرة صح؟
+
+403
+00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:34,520
+الان هذا ال R6 صح و بنقدر نكمل هذي R7 R7 هو نفس R6
+
+404
+00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:42,580
+بقع ال A فهو confrontation هذا ال R6 مع ال A بنتحه
+
+405
+00:33:42,580 --> 00:33:50,740
+عند نهاية ال R6 مع بداية التبع ال A و بنكمل بعدين
+
+406
+00:33:50,740 --> 00:33:55,100
+تمام فهذا الآن عملية الالـ conversion أو الـ
+
+407
+00:33:55,100 --> 00:34:00,280
+constructing الـ NFA من ال .. من الـ regular
+
+408
+00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:03,760
+expression الان نقدر نقول طيب okay هذا الـ NFA
+
+409
+00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:07,960
+بظبط لا يمكنني أن أبني منه لازم أشيل الـ
+
+410
+00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:14,480
+excellence هذه و لازم أتأكد ان مافي عندي استرقالة
+
+411
+00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:21,330
+منها ال two edges في نفس ال label فنرجع الآن لالان
+
+412
+00:34:21,330 --> 00:34:23,950
+عشان نعمل ال conversion بدنا نتفج على بعض
+
+413
+00:34:23,950 --> 00:34:29,270
+المصطلحات انا في عندى هنا S مش في الاول لأول كانت
+
+414
+00:34:29,270 --> 00:34:31,650
+ال S و ال T و ال R يرمز إلى regular expressions
+
+415
+00:34:31,650 --> 00:34:37,290
+هنا ال S يرمز إلى state، صح؟ ال .. ال .. ال state
+
+416
+00:34:37,290 --> 00:34:40,950
+لو يمكنك أن تكون عندى state، ال state ها دى انا ..
+
+417
+00:34:40,950 --> 00:34:44,690
+انا الان بتحاول ان انا فعلها دى فيه وارد جدا ان ال
+
+418
+00:34:44,690 --> 00:34:48,830
+state ها دى بيبقى فيه أسهم او edges منها طالعة
+
+419
+00:34:53,800 --> 00:35:00,560
+الـ E الـ Epsilon closure of S هي كافة ال states
+
+420
+00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:10,860
+اللي من S عبر Epsilon اللي بصللها من S عبر Epsilon
+
+421
+00:35:10,860 --> 00:35:16,980
+set of NFA states reachable from S on E
+
+422
+00:35:16,980 --> 00:35:26,590
+transitions aloneيعني لأ لو عندى انا هنا هو
+
+423
+00:35:26,590 --> 00:35:30,850
+نفسه هذا هذا هو تبع الاش نفس ال expression اش هذا
+
+424
+00:35:30,850 --> 00:35:34,510
+النهائي شوفوا اش الاختلاف انه هيكون وصلنا هنا زاد
+
+425
+00:35:34,510 --> 00:35:40,290
+عليه ال word لان انا لو انا على state رقم واحد ف
+
+426
+00:35:40,290 --> 00:35:49,600
+ال E closure of oneيساوي مجموعة من ال states اللي
+
+427
+00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:57,640
+هي أربعة و اتنين لأن لو من أربعة فيه كمان epsilon
+
+428
+00:35:57,640 --> 00:36:02,660
+هيك لأ ثاني شوية أربعة
+
+429
+00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:08,940
+و اتنين ال E closure ال epsilon closure of ستة
+
+430
+00:36:08,940 --> 00:36:18,480
+مثلا هي سبعة و واحد و برضه كمان أربعة و اتنينصح؟
+
+431
+00:36:18,480 --> 00:36:30,240
+لأنه من واحد بروح هيك و بروح هيك ده كله ال E
+
+432
+00:36:30,240 --> 00:36:39,020
+closure ال E closure في الخمسة و الخمسة هيك تشمل
+
+433
+00:36:39,020 --> 00:36:45,180
+.. تشمل إيش؟ ستة و تشمل سبعة و من ستة بروح واحد و
+
+434
+00:36:45,180 --> 00:36:50,320
+بروح أربعة و بروح اتنينلحظة هنا ايش بيقول هنا ال E
+
+435
+00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:54,360
+closure احنا بنعطيها state لكن ممكن نعطيها مجموعة
+
+436
+00:36:54,360 --> 00:36:58,220
+states هذا ال braces تمثل مجموعة فهو هنا المجموعة
+
+437
+00:36:58,220 --> 00:37:02,040
+تحتوي على بس الخمسة بينما هنا المجموعة تحتوي على
+
+438
+00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,820
+التلاتة وتمانية فإيش يعني لما نعطيها مجموعة states
+
+439
+00:37:05,820 --> 00:37:10,720
+يعني بدي ال union تبعها ال E closure تبع التلاتة
+
+440
+00:37:10,720 --> 00:37:15,300
+مع ال E closure تبع التمانية واضح؟ ان هل الآنهذا
+
+441
+00:37:15,300 --> 00:37:18,820
+الآن هو عبارة عن بأخدوا التلاتة لحالها ال E
+
+442
+00:37:18,820 --> 00:37:25,040
+closure تبع التلاتة ايش بيعطيني هون التلاتة هاي
+
+443
+00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:33,620
+التلاتة بس ستة صح لأ ستة و سبعة صح التلاتة لحالها
+
+444
+00:37:33,620 --> 00:37:40,100
+لأ السادسة و الستة بتردينا على واحد اتنين و اربع
+
+445
+00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:42,140
+صحيح اتنين و اربع اتنين و اربع اتنين و اربع اتنين
+
+446
+00:37:42,140 --> 00:37:49,490
+و اربع E closure تبعمن قد التمنية التمنية التمنية
+
+447
+00:37:49,490 --> 00:37:57,430
+التمنية التمنية التمنية التمنية
+
+448
+00:37:57,430 --> 00:38:07,190
+التمنية التمنية
+
+449
+00:38:07,190 --> 00:38:10,770
+التمنية التمنية التمنية التمنية التمنية التمنية
+
+450
+00:38:14,140 --> 00:38:18,080
+ال E closure تبعت التلاتة والتمانية شمل التمانية
+
+451
+00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:25,040
+في تركز صغير بس واحد شوية تبتد ال E closure تبعت
+
+452
+00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:30,560
+التلاتة و تبعت التمانية احنا
+
+453
+00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:35,480
+هيك انا واحد اتنين واحد اتنين تلاتة تلاتة اه و
+
+454
+00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:38,900
+اخلي بالك احنا نبدأيا يمكن برضه بضمن التلاتة
+
+455
+00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:45,180
+بضمنهم اه بضمنهم هذا اذا كان ايش بضمنهمبضمنهم إذا
+
+456
+00:38:45,180 --> 00:38:51,460
+كان .. أيه نعم هي دايما موجودة ال .. ال .. ال
+
+457
+00:38:51,460 --> 00:38:57,120
+state لحالها ال safe لحال ذاتها موجودة ضمن اللي هو
+
+458
+00:38:57,120 --> 00:39:04,200
+إيش ضمن المجموعة .. مجموعة ال closure تبعها خمسة
+
+459
+00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:08,940
+مش موجودة خمسة مش موجودة صح؟ مش موجودة هنا خليني
+
+460
+00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:11,700
+أطلع بس هي ال .. ال .. إمتى بتبقى موجودة و إمتى
+
+461
+00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:16,390
+بتبقى مش موجودةبس خلّينا أولا نرجع للجدل عشان نكمل
+
+462
+00:39:16,390 --> 00:39:20,570
+اللي بعد اللي بعد مش أكتر من أن هو لو عندي أنا T
+
+463
+00:39:20,570 --> 00:39:24,870
+هنا
+
+464
+00:39:24,870 --> 00:39:28,630
+احنا كلنا بيقول S عبارة عن single state T is a set
+
+465
+00:39:28,630 --> 00:39:37,070
+of states أصبحت ال E closure تبع T is a set of
+
+466
+00:39:37,070 --> 00:39:42,500
+energy states reachable from S in Eكل واحد من ال
+
+467
+00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:46,040
+states from كل واحد من ال states from كل واحد من
+
+468
+00:39:46,040 --> 00:39:48,840
+من ال states from كل واحد من ال states from كل
+
+469
+00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:53,780
+واحد من ال states from كل واحد من ال states from
+
+470
+00:39:53,780 --> 00:39:54,480
+كل واحد من ال states from كل واحد من ال states
+
+471
+00:39:54,480 --> 00:39:54,580
+from كل واحد من ال states from كل واحد من ال
+
+472
+00:39:54,580 --> 00:39:54,640
+states from كل واحد من ال states from كل واحد من
+
+473
+00:39:54,640 --> 00:39:57,480
+واحد من ال states from كل واحد من ال states from
+
+474
+00:39:57,480 --> 00:40:00,900
+كل واحد من ال states from كل واحد من ال states
+
+475
+00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:03,840
+from
+
+476
+00:40:10,590 --> 00:40:13,690
+على أساس انت بتعطيها single state و single input
+
+477
+00:40:13,690 --> 00:40:16,710
+بتعطيني من اللي ليش ال state اللي بقى لكن لو
+
+478
+00:40:16,710 --> 00:40:20,570
+اعطيتها T يعني مجموعة من states ب .. ب .. انا بحكي
+
+479
+00:40:20,570 --> 00:40:26,070
+عن كافة ال states اللي في هذا ال set وين ب .. وين
+
+480
+00:40:26,070 --> 00:40:31,330
+بروح منهم اذا معايا ال A يعني تخيلي هذه الجدول تبع
+
+481
+00:40:31,330 --> 00:40:38,530
+ال transition table هاي ال A ليش احطته تعمل هاي ال
+
+482
+00:40:38,530 --> 00:40:42,310
+Aوهي states مثلا state 1, state 2, state 3, state
+
+483
+00:40:42,310 --> 00:40:46,410
+4, state 5 اللي مفترض جزء T تحتوي على ال state
+
+484
+00:40:46,410 --> 00:40:53,490
+واحد و تلات و واحد و تلاتة و خمسة تمام فبنجد جدول
+
+485
+00:40:53,490 --> 00:40:58,470
+لو انا في واحد و واحد هو على ايه و اين بيروح انا
+
+486
+00:40:58,470 --> 00:41:04,310
+في تلاتة و اين بيروح على خمسة و اين بيروح تمام فال
+
+487
+00:41:04,310 --> 00:41:08,870
+set هذا هو عبارة عن مجموعة الخلاياطبعا بعمل محيط
+
+488
+00:41:08,870 --> 00:41:16,270
+لفاضي و انا هتجدو الهدف انا احنا هدفنا انه نبدأ ال
+
+489
+00:41:16,270 --> 00:41:21,750
+algorithm كتاب ال algorithm تبدأ كتاب انه بدنا
+
+490
+00:41:21,750 --> 00:41:25,570
+نبدأ من ال start state احنا عندنا N فيه و نحو D
+
+491
+00:41:25,570 --> 00:41:30,670
+فيه هدفيني
+
+492
+00:41:30,670 --> 00:41:36,800
+ان انا اطلع الجدول هدف جدول هدففي الأول بدأ بالـ
+
+493
+00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:46,940
+start state S0 و أخرجه E closure تبعها يظهر معاه
+
+494
+00:41:46,940 --> 00:41:54,720
+set ال set هذا بدي أشوف لو دخل عليه ال input
+
+495
+00:41:54,720 --> 00:42:02,320
+الفلاني وين هيوديني و لو دخل عليه فال
+
+496
+00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:13,590
+algorithm TG برجع نرجعالـ A هي أول شيء و هو E
+
+497
+00:42:13,590 --> 00:42:22,330
+closure of ZERO ZERO هي ال start state بالنسبة لل
+
+498
+00:42:22,330 --> 00:42:27,250
+figure اللي لدينا هذا يجتمع على ال states دولة
+
+499
+00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:54,970
+هذا ال set هو ال set البداية و بنرمز له بالرمز a
+
+500
+00:42:54,970 --> 00:43:09,060
+الان بدنا ال move من a عبرمن a capital عبر a و
+
+501
+00:43:09,060 --> 00:43:16,340
+بدنا ال move من a capital عبر b هدول الآن عندي
+
+502
+00:43:16,340 --> 00:43:19,140
+عمودين بس لإن ال alphabet اللي عندي في هذا ال
+
+503
+00:43:19,140 --> 00:43:23,100
+example بس فيها ال a و ال b لو في كمان other input
+
+504
+00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:28,480
+symbols بنحط لكل واحد منهم عمود لإن أنا بعد ما جبت
+
+505
+00:43:28,480 --> 00:43:39,930
+ال start set وسميته a هذا a هي اسم لهذابدي أحسب من
+
+506
+00:43:39,930 --> 00:43:45,470
+من هذول ال states لو
+
+507
+00:43:45,470 --> 00:43:52,930
+أجهها input لو أجهها a وين بتوديني فانا
+
+508
+00:43:52,930 --> 00:43:58,490
+بدي أصبح ال move من هذا ال set تذكروا احنا ال move
+
+509
+00:43:58,490 --> 00:44:05,410
+قلنا بنعرفها حالتين اما سيها هاي ال a هو عبارة عن
+
+510
+00:44:05,410 --> 00:44:09,320
+هذول صح؟هذه أول واحدة فيهم Zero لو أجها A و
+
+511
+00:44:09,320 --> 00:44:16,200
+بتوديني مافيش مفيش edge من Zero صح؟ هاي ال Zero
+
+512
+00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:23,140
+مافيش تمام؟ الان one لو أجها A و بتوديني برضه
+
+513
+00:44:23,140 --> 00:44:29,840
+مابتودنيش على أي مكان الاتنين الاتنين لو أجها A
+
+514
+00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:40,000
+بتوديني على تلاتة أربعة لو أجها A مافيشو سبعة سبعة
+
+515
+00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:50,580
+لو أجهها ا تمانية هذا الان هو ناتج ثلاثة
+
+516
+00:44:50,580 --> 00:44:55,260
+و تمانية دي
+
+517
+00:44:55,260 --> 00:45:01,380
+تران هذا ال دي تران اتخيليها عبارة عن خلية في ال
+
+518
+00:45:01,380 --> 00:45:04,940
+.. في ال table فانا مشوفها هي عبارة عن ال closure
+
+519
+00:45:04,940 --> 00:45:12,730
+ال E closureتبع ال move اول شي ال move تبع هذا هي
+
+520
+00:45:12,730 --> 00:45:17,690
+عبارة عن ايش التلاتة و التمانية لان لو بتحسب ال e
+
+521
+00:45:17,690 --> 00:45:22,190
+closure هذا التلاتة و التمانية عبارة عن set عبارة
+
+522
+00:45:22,190 --> 00:45:26,210
+عن ايش مجموعة احنا كنا نحكي في هذا الكلام لو انا
+
+523
+00:45:26,210 --> 00:45:30,110
+عندي المجموعة هذه بتحسب ال e closure تبعها ايش
+
+524
+00:45:30,110 --> 00:45:35,400
+يعنييعني انا بتحسب من تلاتة و تمانية ايش فيه moves
+
+525
+00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:40,360
+عبر الepsilon وين بيودينا على أي stays بيطلع معايا
+
+526
+00:45:40,360 --> 00:45:46,780
+على الكلام انا اولا بدأت في الاش ال E closure تبع
+
+527
+00:45:46,780 --> 00:45:50,500
+ال zero stay ال start zero ال start zero طالع ليه
+
+528
+00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:56,320
+هدولة اللي انا بتحسب ال move تبعهم على a و بعدها
+
+529
+00:45:56,320 --> 00:46:03,030
+هحسب على b برضه ال move تبع هدولة على aالموضوع هذه
+
+530
+00:46:03,030 --> 00:46:06,230
+على a طلع تلاتة و تمانية تحسب ال E closure تلاتة و
+
+531
+00:46:06,230 --> 00:46:07,570
+تمانية تطلع تلاتة و تمانية تطلع تلاتة و تمانية
+
+532
+00:46:07,570 --> 00:46:11,110
+تطلع تلاتة و تمانية تطلع
+
+533
+00:46:11,110 --> 00:46:12,750
+تلاتة و تمانية تطلع تلاتة و تمانية تطلع تلاتة و
+
+534
+00:46:12,750 --> 00:46:12,990
+تطلع تلاتة و تمانية تطلع تلاتة و تمانية تطلع تلاتة
+
+535
+00:46:12,990 --> 00:46:16,810
+تطلع تلاتة و تمانية تطلع
+
+536
+00:46:16,810 --> 00:46:25,810
+تلاتة و تمانية تطلع
+
+537
+00:46:25,810 --> 00:46:31,710
+تلاتة و تمانية
+
+538
+00:46:33,010 --> 00:46:39,550
+هذا الـ step الأولاني سميته A لو أي واحد من هذه ال
+
+539
+00:46:39,550 --> 00:46:42,890
+states دخل عليها A هتودينها على أي واحد من هذه ال
+
+540
+00:46:42,890 --> 00:46:47,450
+states لو دخل عليها B هتودينها على أي واحد من هذه
+
+541
+00:46:47,450 --> 00:46:51,830
+ال states تبعهم هدولة بكرر الكلام هذا كله الآن ال
+
+542
+00:46:51,830 --> 00:46:55,650
+B و ال C هدولة ال B و ال C هدولة ال B و ال C هدولة
+
+543
+00:46:55,650 --> 00:46:56,830
+ال B و ال C هدولة ال B و ال C هدولة ال B و ال C
+
+544
+00:46:56,830 --> 00:47:02,820
+هدولة ال B و ال C هدولة ال B و ال Cو ال move تبقى
+
+545
+00:47:02,820 --> 00:47:09,760
+ال B مع ال A لأن صدفت ان ال move تبقى B مع ال A
+
+546
+00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:17,940
+تعطي نفس المجموعة هذه وبالتالي هتطلع
+
+547
+00:47:17,940 --> 00:47:24,460
+معاه ال move of B مع A هتطلع معاه المجموعة
+
+548
+00:47:24,460 --> 00:47:29,380
+المجموعة هذه هي نفسها هذه فلو بعملش مجموعة باسم
+
+549
+00:47:29,380 --> 00:47:34,930
+جديد خلاص بكتب بيهبينما B المفتاح بيه مع B بيطلع
+
+550
+00:47:34,930 --> 00:47:40,130
+لمجموع أخر و بفرح سماها D تمام؟ بعدين راح باشر أخد
+
+551
+00:47:40,130 --> 00:47:44,330
+ال C و حسب المفتاح بيها مع A و المفتاح بيها مع B
+
+552
+00:47:44,330 --> 00:47:49,410
+بيضلوا لحدين ما يخلص المجموعات .. بيضلش فيه
+
+553
+00:47:49,410 --> 00:47:54,570
+مجموعات جديدة بتتولد بيجفت يعني كل واحد من هدولة
+
+554
+00:47:54,570 --> 00:48:01,270
+بيصبح هم في عزتهم states في ال DFAو بشكل ال DFA
+
+555
+00:48:01,270 --> 00:48:05,930
+هذا الآن بيصير Transition Table هذا بيصير
+
+556
+00:48:05,930 --> 00:48:09,750
+Transition Table بيجي بقول هي ال A ال A هي ال
+
+557
+00:48:09,750 --> 00:48:16,790
+start لو دخل عليها A small بتودين على B لو دخل
+
+558
+00:48:16,790 --> 00:48:22,570
+عليها B small بتودين على C صح؟ بيشكل ال DFA من هذا
+
+559
+00:48:22,570 --> 00:48:26,870
+ال Table المحاضرة جالسة الله بنرجع بنعيد على هذا
+
+560
+00:48:26,870 --> 00:48:32,550
+الكلامو بنبدأ في .. يعني هو عملينا أخر إشي بدنايا
+
+561
+00:48:32,550 --> 00:48:38,050
+في ال lexical analysis فاحنا عموما الآن يا بنات
+
+562
+00:48:38,050 --> 00:48:47,770
+بنكون مرنا على التالي بنكون
+
+563
+00:48:47,770 --> 00:48:51,830
+في موضوع ال lexical analysis غطينا التالي
+
+564
+00:48:57,450 --> 00:49:00,130
+عطينا الـ role of the lexical analyzer عطينا ال
+
+565
+00:49:00,130 --> 00:49:02,370
+input buffering ال specification of tokens ال
+
+566
+00:49:02,370 --> 00:49:05,810
+recognition of tokens الليكسيكال ال analyzer هذه
+
+567
+00:49:05,810 --> 00:49:10,950
+لم نضعه موش اه نرجعله او نشوف tool تاني حكينا في
+
+568
+00:49:10,950 --> 00:49:15,690
+ال final to automata والآن في المحاضرة هذه تقريبا
+
+569
+00:49:15,690 --> 00:49:18,490
+هذا ال section كله وضعناه اللي هو from regular
+
+570
+00:49:18,490 --> 00:49:21,090
+expressions to automata بدينا من regular
+
+571
+00:49:21,090 --> 00:49:25,160
+expressions to NFA بعدين من NFA إلى DFAالكلمة
+
+572
+00:49:25,160 --> 00:49:28,500
+المحاضرة اللي جاية بنجمل ال chapter هذا أيش اللي
+
+573
+00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:33,060
+ضال علينا منه وبنبدأ في chapter أربعة اللي هو ال
+
+574
+00:49:33,060 --> 00:49:36,140
+syntax analysis او ال parsing يعطيكم العرفة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwZe1P-Tr_n9TWAgawgGkpm5/dYHQ9O6JnGk.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1751 @@
+1
+00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:24,070
+ماشاء الله بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الصلاة والسلام
+
+2
+00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,650
+على أشهر المسلمين احنا شباب المحاضرة الماضية كنا 
+
+3
+00:00:28,650 --> 00:00:33,230
+آخر شيء وصلنا له اللي هو evaluation orders for
+
+4
+00:00:33,230 --> 00:00:38,310
+SDDs syntax directed definitions وشوفنا ال
+
+5
+00:00:38,310 --> 00:00:42,930
+dependency graphs كوسيلة للتعبير عن اللي هو
+
+6
+00:00:42,930 --> 00:00:49,310
+evaluation orders بمعنى أنه عملية اللي هو تطبيق أو
+
+7
+00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:56,310
+تنفيذ ال semantic rules المصاحبة لل productions كيف
+
+8
+00:00:56,310 --> 00:01:03,630
+يتم تنفيذها من قبل من الـ dependency graph يعطيني
+
+9
+00:01:03,630 --> 00:01:11,190
+هذه المعلومة لأنه ببساطة شديدة الأسهم اللي في ال
+
+10
+00:01:11,190 --> 00:01:16,890
+dependency graph بتقول لي كل attribute ال value
+
+11
+00:01:16,890 --> 00:01:21,810
+تبعها صب في إيش ال attribute الأخرى فبتتبع الأسهم
+
+12
+00:01:21,810 --> 00:01:26,910
+بنعرف اللي هو evaluation order  وأحد اثنين ثلاثة
+
+13
+00:01:26,910 --> 00:01:32,450
+أربعة خمسة هذا بدل لي على ال evaluation order وبدل
+
+14
+00:01:32,450 --> 00:01:35,670
+لي على أيضًا ال dependency اللي هي المثال الرئيسي
+
+15
+00:01:35,670 --> 00:01:39,970
+اللي هو مين من ال attributes بتعتمد على مين هنا
+
+16
+00:01:39,970 --> 00:01:43,730
+هذه ال attribute ال inherited attribute بتعتمد على
+
+17
+00:01:43,730 --> 00:01:47,450
+ال val attribute تبع ال F وال inherited attribute
+
+18
+00:01:47,450 --> 00:01:54,040
+تبع ال T prime okay فهذا كان آخر موضوع طبعًا ال
+
+19
+00:01:54,040 --> 00:02:03,620
+evaluation order للattributes ال evaluation
+
+20
+00:02:03,620 --> 00:02:06,960
+order هذا بيختلف لو كانت ال definition S
+
+21
+00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:10,400
+-attributed ولا كان L-attributed إذا بتذكروا ال S
+
+22
+00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:13,540
+-attributed definition هو ال definition لل
+
+23
+00:02:13,540 --> 00:02:16,540
+attributes اللي فيه كلها synthesized صح ولا غلط 
+
+24
+00:02:19,690 --> 00:02:23,570
+الـ S-Attribute Definition هو الـ Definition اللي
+
+25
+00:02:23,570 --> 00:02:29,150
+الـ Attributes اللي فيه كلها S Synthesized صح؟ نعم
+
+26
+00:02:29,150 --> 00:02:32,970
+Synthesized بمعنى إيش؟ ال value تبعت ال attribute
+
+27
+00:02:32,970 --> 00:02:36,050
+الواحدة بيجي من ال values تبعت ال attribute تبعت
+
+28
+00:02:36,050 --> 00:02:40,810
+ال children بالظبط okay الآن هذا معناته إن ال
+
+29
+00:02:40,810 --> 00:02:45,030
+evaluation order لما يكون في عندي أنا parent node
+
+30
+00:02:45,030 --> 00:02:47,870
+ويلها children وال children اللي هم يلهم
+
+31
+00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:53,770
+attributes Okay ال attribute تبع ال parent ال value
+
+32
+00:02:53,770 --> 00:02:57,970
+تبعه ال value تبع هذا ال attribute بتاخده فقط بعد
+
+33
+00:02:57,970 --> 00:03:07,830
+ما يكتمل تحديد ال values تبع ال children مظبوط من
+
+34
+00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:12,810
+هنا جاي اللي هو المصطلح هذا post order evaluation
+
+35
+00:03:12,810 --> 00:03:18,010
+يعني ال n هذه ما بياخد ال value تبعها إلا بعد ما
+
+36
+00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:21,760
+الـ value سبعة ال attributes سبعة ال children
+
+37
+00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:27,160
+يكتمل وبعدين بيجي دورها ماشي أنا في عندنا post
+
+38
+00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:30,000
+order إيش فيه غير هيكة فيه ال pre order وفيه ال
+
+39
+00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:35,040
+in order ال in order أنه بي .. بي .. بي .. بناخد
+
+40
+00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:37,980
+.. بنعطي ال value تبع حالي ما بين ال values تبعها
+
+41
+00:03:37,980 --> 00:03:41,300
+وال pre أنه هي في الأول بتاخد ال value وبعدين
+
+42
+00:03:41,300 --> 00:03:44,480
+هدول ال children بياخدوا ال value أنا هنا في list
+
+43
+00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:47,840
+of attributed definitions ال evaluation order post
+
+44
+00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:54,420
+order فقط بعد ما يكتمل ال value سبعة ال attributes
+
+45
+00:03:54,420 --> 00:03:58,400
+سبعة ال children هنيتا ممكن نعرف ال value تبع ال
+
+46
+00:03:58,400 --> 00:04:01,640
+attributes تبع ال parents صح؟ هل هذا الكلام ينطبق
+
+47
+00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:05,680
+أيضًا على ال L-attributed definitions؟ إيش ال L
+
+48
+00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:08,960
+-attributed definitions؟ ال definitions بتاعته على
+
+49
+00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:16,160
+attributes القيم تبعتها جاية من أما من ال parents
+
+50
+00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:21,200
+أو من siblings بس siblings على الشمال في هذه الحالة
+
+51
+00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:31,220
+ال evaluation order ما هو post order ممكن تيجي ال
+
+52
+00:04:31,220 --> 00:04:36,640
+value تبقى هذا ال node بعد ما تكتمل هذه أو ال
+
+53
+00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:39,540
+parent مالوش علاقة بيه ال children ومالوش علاقة
+
+54
+00:04:39,540 --> 00:04:44,420
+بيه post order و end order احنا الآن صار واضح
+
+55
+00:04:44,420 --> 00:04:47,390
+الصورة عندنا بالنسبة لهما هو الفرق بين الـ S
+
+56
+00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,070
+-Attributed و L-Attributed Definitions؟ صار واضح
+
+57
+00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:56,450
+أن صورة الـ Evaluation Order للـ Attributes في
+
+58
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:00,850
+مختلف أنواع الـ Definitions، سواء L أو S بعد ذلك،
+
+59
+00:05:00,850 --> 00:05:06,230
+رأينا مثلًا في المحاضرة الماضية، كان السؤال مين من
+
+60
+00:05:06,230 --> 00:05:09,810
+هؤلاء الـ Two Definitions S-Attributed ومين منهم L
+
+61
+00:05:09,810 --> 00:05:14,820
+-Attributed؟ تمام؟ كان هذا ال attributed فقط وهذا
+
+62
+00:05:14,820 --> 00:05:20,960
+كان مش ال attributed ولا S attributed المشكلة
+
+63
+00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:26,620
+كانت اليوم ال B ال attribute هذي جاي من ال C ال C
+
+64
+00:05:26,620 --> 00:05:30,280
+وال A وال C هي بقى جاي على يمين ال B فهذا خرج لل
+
+65
+00:05:30,280 --> 00:05:35,380
+الشرط تمام الآن ال section 5.2.5 أنا هقفلته و
+
+66
+00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:40,060
+انتقل على طول ال 5.3 لأن الموضوع هنا هي مر معانا
+
+67
+00:05:40,060 --> 00:05:47,810
+في قدام في 5.4 خمسة ثلاثة هي applications of syntax
+
+68
+00:05:47,810 --> 00:05:51,930
+-directed translation applications يعني استخدامات
+
+69
+00:05:51,930 --> 00:05:55,690
+لـ syntax-directed translation احنا شفنا ما هو
+
+70
+00:05:55,690 --> 00:06:01,250
+evaluation اللي هبقى نطلع على استخدام آخر وهو أنه
+
+71
+00:06:01,250 --> 00:06:04,550
+في أي حاجة اسمها syntax tree ال syntax tree هذه
+
+72
+00:06:04,550 --> 00:06:11,460
+ضرورة أن تعمل كمرحلة مقدمة لل code generation الـ
+
+73
+00:06:11,460 --> 00:06:15,640
+syntax tree بيتم عملها من خلال syntax directed
+
+74
+00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:18,700
+definitions مرة ثانية ال syntax directed
+
+75
+00:06:18,700 --> 00:06:23,180
+definitions شوفناها قبل هيكة لغرض ال translation
+
+76
+00:06:23,180 --> 00:06:28,000
+ولغرض ال evaluation الآن نشوفها لغرض ثالث وهو بناء
+
+77
+00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:32,280
+ال syntax tree ال syntax tree اللي هي مقدمة ل code
+
+78
+00:06:32,280 --> 00:06:37,700
+generation وحنشوف مثال آخر اللي هو ال type
+
+79
+00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:44,770
+checking فهيقنعنا two applications لـ syntax
+
+80
+00:06:44,770 --> 00:06:48,470
+-directed translations في هذا ال section اللي هو
+
+81
+00:06:48,470 --> 00:06:57,790
+building construction of syntax trees و
+
+82
+00:06:57,790 --> 00:06:58,870
+اللي هو type checking
+
+83
+00:07:03,130 --> 00:07:06,290
+التحديد اللي محطتها خط لأن قدامها يبين أنها مش 
+
+84
+00:07:06,290 --> 00:07:12,650
+checking بالظبط كم هي تحديد ال size تبع ال type
+
+85
+00:07:12,650 --> 00:07:19,570
+أو خليني نطلع الأول على ال syntax trees syntax
+
+86
+00:07:19,570 --> 00:07:22,610
+trees احنا حكينا أي شيء جامل هيك عن syntax trees
+
+87
+00:07:22,610 --> 00:07:27,990
+حكينا parse trees صح بس إيش هل بتختلف ال syntax
+
+88
+00:07:27,990 --> 00:07:32,230
+tree عن ال parse tree بتختلف اختلاف بسيطة أن احنا
+
+89
+00:07:33,500 --> 00:07:42,240
+هي عبارة عن ال node الواحد عبارة عن operator وعلى
+
+90
+00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:49,080
+شمالها ويمينها اللي هو operands تبعونها ال nodes
+
+91
+00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:53,960
+اللي فيها non terminals أو terminals هنا ال nodes
+
+92
+00:07:53,960 --> 00:08:03,140
+عبارة عن operations يعني احنا كنا في parse trees و
+
+93
+00:08:03,140 --> 00:08:07,320
+يتفرع منه الـ children طبعًا منهم مباراة من ال
+
+94
+00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:11,960
+symbols اللي بيجي على يمين ال production هاي A و
+
+95
+00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:17,180
+هاي X1 X2 X3 إلى آخرها دول اللي جايين في ال
+
+96
+00:08:17,180 --> 00:08:21,920
+production هم بيجيوا ك children هذه syntax هذه
+
+97
+00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:26,720
+path tree أمام؟ بينما ال syntax tree هي عبارة عن
+
+98
+00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:29,980
+operation وعلى يمينها أو بتفرع منها ال children
+
+99
+00:08:29,980 --> 00:08:36,060
+تبعونها وهم ال operands تبعونها لأن
+
+100
+00:08:36,060 --> 00:08:39,040
+ال operands حسب ال operation هل أيه unary و binary
+
+101
+00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:43,820
+ولا أكثر قد تكون في operations بتاخد أكثر من إيش
+
+102
+00:08:43,820 --> 00:08:46,080
+two operands
+
+103
+00:08:48,740 --> 00:08:52,740
+عشان ندل عدد قداش فيه إلها operands بنعملها
+
+104
+00:08:52,740 --> 00:08:56,800
+children الزائد والناقص دايمًا إلهم بيناري
+
+105
+00:08:56,800 --> 00:09:02,240
+operations بيناري operators أو operations لما ناخد
+
+106
+00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:06,520
+two operands فهي هذا ال expression دلوقت لو بدنا
+
+107
+00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:13,420
+نعمله syntax tree بتكون بالشكل هذا وممكن تيجي برضه
+
+108
+00:09:13,420 --> 00:09:17,880
+بالشكل الآخر اللي هو الناقص فوق والتسعة وبعدين
+
+109
+00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:25,110
+الزائد خمسة واثنين طيب الآن احنا هذا الكلام قلنا
+
+110
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:31,710
+جزء بدنا هو الهدف تبعنا الآن اللي بده يمكننا لاحقًا
+
+111
+00:09:31,710 --> 00:09:37,030
+من أنه ينحول ال input هذا اللي دخل إلى output
+
+112
+00:09:37,030 --> 00:09:41,620
+باللغة ال target language فاحنا بدنا ناخد ال code و
+
+113
+00:09:41,620 --> 00:09:45,280
+نعمل مش بس parts tree بدنا نعمل أيضًا syntax tree
+
+114
+00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:49,600
+syntax tree بناء ال syntax tree إيش معناته؟ ينتبع
+
+115
+00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:55,720
+لإيش؟ بناء ال nodes وتربيتهم لنعمل nodes node
+
+116
+00:09:55,720 --> 00:10:03,200
+واحدة لكل إيش؟ لكل عنصر وبعدين بدنا نربطهم في بعض
+
+117
+00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:07,620
+pointers العناصر اللي عندنا في ال tree هذه
+
+118
+00:10:20,680 --> 00:10:28,460
+فبنسميهم leaf nodes مظبوط التانين هذولة أقع عن ..
+
+119
+00:10:28,460 --> 00:10:32,860
+بنسميهم interior nodes .. nodes داخلية يبقى أصبح
+
+120
+00:10:32,860 --> 00:10:37,140
+أنه الهدف هذا اللي هو بناء ال syntax في يطوي على
+
+121
+00:10:37,140 --> 00:10:43,100
+بناء ال nodes تشكيل ال nodes وتربيط ال pointers
+
+122
+00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:43,500
+تبعهم
+
+123
+00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:56,540
+هذا الكلام بناء الـ nodes وتربيط الـ pointers
+
+124
+00:10:56,540 --> 00:10:59,160
+بدنا نعمله في ال rules في ال semantic rules
+
+125
+00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:04,680
+semantic rules بدل ما هي بس مجرد أنها تعمل
+
+126
+00:11:04,680 --> 00:11:09,080
+evaluation أو تعمل translation لأ الآن بدها تعمل
+
+127
+00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:14,560
+بناء ال nodes وتربيط ال pointers تبعهم بس بالأصل
+
+128
+00:11:14,560 --> 00:11:17,140
+كل node
+
+129
+00:11:19,940 --> 00:11:26,600
+الشباب من النوت يمثل المجزء
+
+130
+00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:32,300
+من الانبوت الـ Syntax tree node يمثل هذا الوصف على
+
+131
+00:11:32,300 --> 00:11:39,820
+سبيل المثال سيكون لها نوت واحدة هذا الوصف عبر عنه
+
+132
+00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:49,560
+بـ node النوت هذه سيكون لها label Label تبعها هو
+
+133
+00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:53,620
+إشارة الزائد اللي هو ال operation إشارة ال
+
+134
+00:11:53,620 --> 00:12:00,280
+operation وبعدين ال two children ال
+
+135
+00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:10,120
+two children دوله pointer على كل واحد منهم ال
+
+136
+00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,320
+child هذا represent ال expression الأولاني وال
+
+137
+00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:16,710
+child هذا represent ال expression الثاني لأن هذا ال
+
+138
+00:12:16,710 --> 00:12:20,070
+expression وهذا ال expression إيش هم بالظبط هل هم 
+
+139
+00:12:20,070 --> 00:12:24,590
+مجرد numbers هل هم identifier هم sub expressions
+
+140
+00:12:24,590 --> 00:12:31,030
+لسه بتتفرع هذا الله يعلم بس في الآخر حاجة ال node
+
+141
+00:12:31,030 --> 00:12:34,610
+الـ node هذه يا إما إذا هو identifier تمثل الـ
+
+142
+00:12:34,610 --> 00:12:39,850
+identifier أو كذلك الحل إذا هو نظر أو لسه بتشاور 
+
+143
+00:12:39,850 --> 00:12:44,830
+على sub tree كاملة إذا هو expression صح؟
+
+144
+00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:51,580
+the nodes of a syntax tree are implemented by
+
+145
+00:12:51,580 --> 00:12:58,480
+objects هذه الـ node أو هذه الـ node ممكن أعتبرها
+
+146
+00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:04,480
+object مش بس مجرد structure أو record ممكن أعتبرها
+
+147
+00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:08,960
+object object يحتوي على الـ methods و على هذا الـ
+
+148
+00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:11,340
+nodes of a syntax tree are implemented by objects
+
+149
+00:13:11,340 --> 00:13:14,340
+with a suitable number of fields كم field عندي
+
+150
+00:13:14,340 --> 00:13:20,570
+هنا حسب الحاجة إذا هي operation بالزمني field للـ
+
+151
+00:13:20,570 --> 00:13:25,790
+label و fields للـ children كداش الـ children برضه
+
+152
+00:13:25,790 --> 00:13:30,810
+حسب الحاجة هل هي binary ولا unary ولا أكثر هذا إذا 
+
+153
+00:13:30,810 --> 00:13:35,310
+هي operation node أما إذا leaf node فمش هي زمني 
+
+154
+00:13:35,310 --> 00:13:41,210
+أكثر من two fields field إن هو identifier و number
+
+155
+00:13:41,690 --> 00:13:46,910
+و الـ lexical value تبعها إذا هو identifier اسمه X
+
+156
+00:13:46,910 --> 00:13:51,350
+ولا اسمه A ولا اسمه B نحط هنا فهنا بتبقى 
+
+157
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:56,470
+identifier A identifier X identifier كده أو number
+
+158
+00:13:56,470 --> 00:14:00,130
+أربعة number عشرة number مش عارف شو هذا إذا هو leaf
+
+159
+00:14:00,130 --> 00:14:05,030
+صح؟ each object will have an up field that is the
+
+160
+00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,710
+label of the node the objects will have additional
+
+161
+00:14:08,710 --> 00:14:11,430
+fields as follows if the node is a leaf node
+
+162
+00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:18,060
+النوع هو الـ value تبعه وبالتالي بقدر أتخيل إن أنا 
+
+163
+00:14:18,060 --> 00:14:26,340
+function صغيرة بعطيها نوع 
+
+164
+00:14:26,340 --> 00:14:29,160
+الـ node و بعطيها الـ value يعني إذا أنا هنا بدي
+
+165
+00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:34,580
+أعمل في حالة leaf إيش احنا قلنا مثلًا number أو 
+
+166
+00:14:34,580 --> 00:14:39,170
+identifier في حالة number بعطيها number القيمة تبع 
+
+167
+00:14:39,170 --> 00:14:42,270
+الـ identifier بعطيها الـ code الـ identifier و
+
+168
+00:14:42,270 --> 00:14:47,150
+الرمز A ولا X ولا B صح فأنت تخيل إنك الآن لديك
+
+169
+00:14:47,150 --> 00:14:52,690
+function اسمه leaf تستخدمها لعمل الـ leaf nodes الـ
+
+170
+00:14:52,690 --> 00:14:57,150
+leaf nodes تعطيها الـ two parameters دولة بينما لو 
+
+171
+00:14:57,150 --> 00:15:01,770
+كان بدك تعمل interior node بدك تستخدم function
+
+172
+00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:07,210
+ثانية function الثانية تخيل إنها function اسمها
+
+173
+00:15:07,210 --> 00:15:14,310
+node تعطيها برضه operator اللي هو label وبعدين 
+
+174
+00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:23,110
+تعطيها other parameters بعدد يعشر بعدد يعشر بهم 
+
+175
+00:15:23,110 --> 00:15:28,670
+parameters بعدد يعشر بعدد الـ children زي interior
+
+176
+00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:36,330
+note صح child one child two بعدد الـ children تمام
+
+177
+00:15:36,330 --> 00:15:43,430
+فأصبح الآن الكلام اللي قلته إن هذا الأمر بدنا نحطه
+
+178
+00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:48,130
+في الـ rules في الـ semantic rules أثناء الـ parsing
+
+179
+00:15:48,130 --> 00:15:55,690
+الـ parser بده يشوف الـ input يحلله و يبني الـ syntax
+
+180
+00:15:55,690 --> 00:16:01,070
+tree يعني أصبح بدك تتخيل two types of tree الـ
+
+181
+00:16:01,070 --> 00:16:05,340
+parse tree اللي بده يعملها كجزء من عملية الـ parsing
+
+182
+00:16:05,340 --> 00:16:09,960
+و الـ syntax tree بدي أعملها كمقدمة لعملية الـ 
+
+183
+00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:19,200
+translation الـ syntax tree اللي هي بتتكون من الـ
+
+184
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:26,200
+nodes ماشي فهي الـ productions مع كل production فيه
+
+185
+00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:32,320
+إيش الـ rule المصاحبة لها فلو عندي أنا
+
+186
+00:16:40,230 --> 00:16:58,810
+الـ definition هذا و لو عندي الـ input هذا الشكل
+
+187
+00:16:58,810 --> 00:17:02,710
+هذا معطيني 
+
+188
+00:17:02,710 --> 00:17:10,270
+شغلتان أساسيات معطيني two trees الشكل هذا معطيني
+
+189
+00:17:10,270 --> 00:17:17,770
+parse tree ومعطيني فوقها syntax tree الـ parse tree
+
+190
+00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:23,870
+هي الـ tree اللي الـ edges تبعونها النقاط صح ولا
+
+191
+00:17:23,870 --> 00:17:28,750
+غلط و الـ syntax tree هي الـ syntax tree اللي بتكون
+
+192
+00:17:28,750 --> 00:17:34,530
+من الـ nodes الـ edges هم الأسهم المتصلة صح ولا غلط
+
+193
+00:17:34,530 --> 00:17:42,490
+العكس الـ parse tree هي هذه و الـ syntax tree هي هذه
+
+194
+00:17:42,490 --> 00:17:47,310
+لأ لأ لأ صح بالأول قلت صح الصح بالأول قلت صح الـ
+
+195
+00:17:47,310 --> 00:17:57,430
+syntax tree هي E كنب ده فوق E زائد T وهي الـ
+
+196
+00:17:57,430 --> 00:18:02,690
+grammar تبعتنا احنا هي الـ grammar أخد الـ
+
+197
+00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:05,370
+expression هذا على أساس إن إيش
+
+198
+00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:15,240
+هي الـ E واحد وهي T صح بالام زائد بعدين إيش ماأخد
+
+199
+00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:22,160
+الـ E هادي عبارة عن إيش 
+
+200
+00:18:22,160 --> 00:18:32,940
+expression ماقص إيش term الـ E هادي identifier ماهو 
+
+201
+00:18:32,940 --> 00:18:40,430
+الـ A الـ T هادي identifier اللي هو إيش لأ مش
+
+202
+00:18:40,430 --> 00:18:50,230
+identifier number اللي هو الأربعة تها الـ number تها 
+
+203
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:56,650
+الـ identifier اللي هو الـ C لاحظ إن هو ما عطي لك برضه
+
+204
+00:18:56,650 --> 00:19:04,210
+إيش الـ attributes ماشي أنا هنا كتبت الـ tree الـ
+
+205
+00:19:04,210 --> 00:19:08,830
+parse الـ tree بدون الـ attributes ماشي هذه الـ Tree
+
+206
+00:19:08,830 --> 00:19:13,330
+الأولى الـ Tree الثانية هي الـ syntax tree اللي هي
+
+207
+00:19:13,330 --> 00:19:21,890
+الـ nodes و الـ links اللي ما بينهم الـ 
+
+208
+00:19:21,890 --> 00:19:29,510
+path tree بنى تخيلها تخيلا لإن الآن احنا تركزنا 
+
+209
+00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:32,610
+على الـ syntax tree هي اللي بدنا نبنيها هي اللي
+
+210
+00:19:32,610 --> 00:19:35,270
+بدأت to be constructed في هذا الـ example
+
+211
+00:19:42,510 --> 00:19:47,750
+فمبدئيًا لما الـ parser بيجي ينظر الـ expression هذا
+
+212
+00:19:47,750 --> 00:19:52,790
+ينظر على إن أي expression زي الـ term بناء على هذا
+
+213
+00:19:52,790 --> 00:19:58,650
+الـ production لسه
+
+214
+00:19:58,650 --> 00:20:06,530
+لازم يخرج على E1 ويعملها parsing وبعدين يخرج على
+
+215
+00:20:06,530 --> 00:20:11,890
+T لما تمل الـ parsing تبع E1 يخش على الـ T ويعمل الـ
+
+216
+00:20:11,890 --> 00:20:15,750
+parsing ولما يكتمل الـ parsing تبع الـ T يكون اكتمل
+
+217
+00:20:15,750 --> 00:20:19,090
+الـ parsing تبع الـ production كلها و اعتمادًا تنفذ 
+
+218
+00:20:19,090 --> 00:20:24,050
+الـ rule semantic rule صح يبقى هذا الـ rule مش 
+
+219
+00:20:24,050 --> 00:20:27,970
+هتتنفذ على طول من أول لأ لإن أنا أخش على E1 وأشوف
+
+220
+00:20:27,970 --> 00:20:32,850
+E1 هل يطور شكلها هيك ولا شكلها هيك صح لإن في عندي
+
+221
+00:20:32,850 --> 00:20:38,910
+two productions للـ E لما أنا بكون عندي هذا هي E1 هل
+
+222
+00:20:38,910 --> 00:20:44,450
+أنظر إلى إن identifier ناقص number نعم identifier
+
+223
+00:20:44,450 --> 00:20:48,270
+ناقص number طيب الآن هذا الجزء الأولاني برضه بدي
+
+224
+00:20:48,270 --> 00:20:53,150
+أخش أطلع عليه إيش هو الـ E هذا بدي أطلع عليه في يدي
+
+225
+00:20:53,150 --> 00:21:00,490
+الـ E لهذه الأشكال T هذا الشكل وهذا الشكل هخش عليها
+
+226
+00:21:00,490 --> 00:21:05,010
+علينا T وبعدين الـ T هخش عليها علينا identifier 
+
+227
+00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:12,310
+صح؟ وحينها بيكون اكتمل الـ parsing تبع الـ a في هذه 
+
+228
+00:21:12,310 --> 00:21:17,810
+اللحظة اكتمل الـ parsing تبع الـ a على إنها term
+
+229
+00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:23,290
+حينها بتنفذ الـ
+
+230
+00:21:23,290 --> 00:21:27,890
+rule هذه الـ rule هذه هي أول rule بتنفذ و الـ node
+
+231
+00:21:27,890 --> 00:21:32,990
+تبعتها هي أول node هتنبنى أي node الـ leaf node هذه 
+
+232
+00:21:32,990 --> 00:21:39,760
+هتنبنى أول شيء leaf node منه عايش identifier تحمل
+
+233
+00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:44,740
+الـ lexical value A عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول
+
+234
+00:21:44,740 --> 00:21:46,120
+واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى
+
+235
+00:21:46,120 --> 00:21:47,340
+عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول
+
+236
+00:21:47,340 --> 00:21:47,640
+واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى
+
+237
+00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:48,000
+عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول
+
+238
+00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,780
+واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى
+
+239
+00:21:51,780 --> 00:21:57,160
+واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى عشان أول واحد انبنى
+
+240
+00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:08,700
+اكتملت إيش يعني اكتملت يعني .. يعني .. يعني ..
+
+241
+00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:13,340
+يعني .. يعني خلاص تم مطابقتها هذه احنا بدينا فيها 
+
+242
+00:22:13,340 --> 00:22:18,840
+صح لكن لسه احنا على الجزء هذا منها ما شفناش الباني 
+
+243
+00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:24,940
+و هذا لما خشينا عليه خشينا
+
+244
+00:22:24,940 --> 00:22:28,080
+على الجزء الأول منها وهذا لما خشينا عليه خشينا
+
+245
+00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:30,920
+على الـ T والـ T لما خشينا عليه جينا إنها
+
+246
+00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:37,060
+identifier صح؟ ف .. اكتمل الـ parsing تبع هذا الـ
+
+247
+00:22:37,060 --> 00:22:41,400
+rule وبعد الـ
+
+248
+00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:47,160
+production بتنفذ الـ rule تبعها الآن
+
+249
+00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:57,320
+الـ pointer هذا اللي تبع الـ node هذه اللي ماشي عليها 
+
+250
+00:22:57,320 --> 00:22:59,980
+بدي تخزن في dot node
+
+251
+00:23:03,530 --> 00:23:07,750
+تبعت الـ T الـ T non terminal أنت تخيل الآن زي ما 
+
+252
+00:23:07,750 --> 00:23:11,430
+إن في عندي nodes هذه الـ nodes اللي احنا قلنا
+
+253
+00:23:11,430 --> 00:23:14,250
+objects في فعل ذاتها أو ممكن تبقى records أو 
+
+254
+00:23:14,250 --> 00:23:18,190
+structure صح تخيل إنها objects زي ما في عندي
+
+255
+00:23:18,190 --> 00:23:22,590
+objects للـ nodes تخيل برضه في عندي objects اللي 
+
+256
+00:23:22,590 --> 00:23:26,510
+لهاش للـ non terminals الـ T والـ E هدول ممكن
+
+257
+00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:29,170
+عمليًا تكون objects والـ objects اللي لها 
+
+258
+00:23:29,170 --> 00:23:34,590
+attributes الـ dot النود هي attribute تابع الـ T
+
+259
+00:23:34,590 --> 00:23:40,370
+object فالآن هذا الـ attribute تابع هذا الـ object T
+
+260
+00:23:40,370 --> 00:23:46,070
+بنسجل فيها الـ attribute هذا بنسجل فيها الـ pointer
+
+261
+00:23:46,070 --> 00:23:52,210
+تابع هذا الـ node أو تابع هذا الـ object عشان نحتاجه
+
+262
+00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:58,870
+لاحقًا، صح؟
+
+263
+00:23:58,870 --> 00:24:06,500
+احنا الآن عمليًا لما يرجع الـ nesting لفوق بيكون
+
+264
+00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:11,700
+وصلنا أو اكتمل إن هو الـ parsing تبع إيش؟ تبع لسه 
+
+265
+00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:20,520
+هذه الـ N الناقص والـ T الـ N هي الأربعة فهيجي على 
+
+266
+00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:25,500
+هنا الـ T can have the form none وهيتنفذ هذه هذه
+
+267
+00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:30,620
+برضه هتعمل another leaf node بس
+
+268
+00:24:30,620 --> 00:24:34,930
+منها none والسنة الفية الأربعة الـ pointer تبعها
+
+269
+00:24:34,930 --> 00:24:40,630
+هيبقى حلوة تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي
+
+270
+00:24:40,630 --> 00:24:42,050
+تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي
+
+271
+00:24:42,050 --> 00:24:43,490
+تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي
+
+272
+00:24:43,490 --> 00:24:45,270
+تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي
+
+273
+00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:49,050
+تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي تي
+
+274
+00:24:49,050 --> 00:24:51,750
+تي تي
+
+275
+00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:04,480
+نود لكن ليس من نوع leaf interior node أو الـ label
+
+276
+00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:11,660
+تبعها ناطس إيش وإ هتاخد الـ node تبع أي واحد و الـ
+
+277
+00:25:11,660 --> 00:25:17,840
+node تبع الـ T أي واحد والـ T من هم هاي أي واحد و
+
+278
+00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:24,720
+هاي T هاد الـ T هي هنا هاد الـ E واحد هي أصلًا الـ T
+
+279
+00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:33,510
+هاد E واحد احنا دخلنا هيكو من هنا دخلنا على E صح؟
+
+280
+00:25:33,510 --> 00:25:38,170
+تنساش
+
+281
+00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:46,490
+برضه أنه احنا لما اجتمل هذا اجتمل هذا صح؟ اجتمل
+
+282
+00:25:46,490 --> 00:25:50,430
+هذا معناته الـ E .. الـ dot note تبعت الـ E هتاخد الـ
+
+283
+00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:56,450
+dot note تبعت الـ E فالجهد اترحى لمن؟ للـ E الآن الـ E
+
+284
+00:25:56,450 --> 00:26:00,810
+بتعطي لمن؟ الـ E بتعطي لمن؟ لـ node الجديدة اللي
+
+285
+00:26:00,810 --> 00:26:07,990
+انعملت صحيح يا عزيزي؟ وهذه بتاخد من هنا مصبوط
+
+286
+00:26:07,990 --> 00:26:12,590
+هذا الكلام؟ الـ E هذه ايش اللي جابنا احنا عندما
+
+287
+00:26:12,590 --> 00:26:17,330
+كنا بنعمل analysis للـ E؟ ايش اللي جابنا على هنا
+
+288
+00:26:17,330 --> 00:26:23,250
+هجينا من تلاتة بالظبط صح؟ نفس الـ role تبع التلاتة
+
+289
+00:26:23,250 --> 00:26:28,140
+نفس الـ role تبع التلاتة الـ dot node تبع الـ T تنتسخ
+
+290
+00:26:28,140 --> 00:26:37,520
+على الـ dot node تبع الـ E هذه لتنتسخ هنا الآن
+
+291
+00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:44,140
+الآن احنا واحد هنا في الناقص عملنا الـ node هذه
+
+292
+00:26:44,140 --> 00:26:49,780
+نعطيها two pointers الأولاني هو الـ E1 dot node مين
+
+293
+00:26:49,780 --> 00:26:52,980
+الـ E1 dot node هذا الـ dot node تبعه هذا لما احنا
+
+294
+00:26:52,980 --> 00:26:57,230
+خشينا عليه خشينا هنافهو الـ dot node تبع الـ D
+
+295
+00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:00,930
+التاري
+
+296
+00:27:00,930 --> 00:27:08,110
+الـ T dot node دي تبتاني هتجيش تتطلع في الشكل هذا
+
+297
+00:27:08,110 --> 00:27:15,350
+هتلاقي أنه هذي فيها دي E dot node المتفارقة منها
+
+298
+00:27:15,350 --> 00:27:22,190
+تمام E والـ E هذي ماخدة T dot node هذياته تمام
+
+299
+00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:30,370
+identifier اللي هو الـ A هذا الآن هذا
+
+300
+00:27:30,370 --> 00:27:34,430
+الآن الـ node تبدو نقصها هي الآن إشارة إليها بهذا
+
+301
+00:27:34,430 --> 00:27:47,850
+هذا مين هذا اللي هو الـ E هذا الـ E dot node تشير
+
+302
+00:27:47,850 --> 00:27:52,230
+إلى الـ node الجديدة اللي عملته نقص صح؟
+
+303
+00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:58,340
+الآن بالظبط هذا كله .. كله حتى الآن هو عبارة عن
+
+304
+00:27:58,340 --> 00:28:03,220
+power-sum لمن؟ لأي واحد تبع تقول number one خلص
+
+305
+00:28:03,220 --> 00:28:07,940
+اكتمل نمشي على الـ symbol اللي بعد الـ symbol اللي
+
+306
+00:28:07,940 --> 00:28:11,020
+بعد الـ terminal فنكمل على الـ non-terminal اللي بعد
+
+307
+00:28:11,020 --> 00:28:18,020
+الـ non-terminal اللي بعد اللي هو ايه؟ الـ C هتمها
+
+308
+00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:22,520
+الكلام من خلال الخمسة الخمسة هتعمل node للـ C
+
+309
+00:28:26,390 --> 00:28:33,490
+الـ pointer تبعها يذهب الى الـ T.Node الى ان نخلص
+
+310
+00:28:33,490 --> 00:28:37,870
+هذا يبقى
+
+311
+00:28:37,870 --> 00:28:44,570
+خلصة هذا الواحد بالظبط واحد الآن برضه ينفذ قدرته
+
+312
+00:28:44,570 --> 00:28:44,810
+الرؤوى
+
+313
+00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:59,680
+يشيروا إلى E واحد E واحد تبعد واحد هي هذا صح
+
+314
+00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:03,700
+صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح
+
+315
+00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:07,580
+صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح
+
+316
+00:29:07,580 --> 00:29:09,440
+صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح
+
+317
+00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:10,800
+صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح
+
+318
+00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:10,880
+صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح صح
+
+319
+00:29:16,850 --> 00:29:22,030
+و اقول ايه ضبط كده وهذه الـ .. يعني اعمل objects للـ
+
+320
+00:29:22,030 --> 00:29:26,810
+.. للـ non terminals E وT وكده بدون ما يكون فيه
+
+321
+00:29:26,810 --> 00:29:32,810
+فعلا الـ tree بتش .. بشار ورا على بعض انا اللي
+
+322
+00:29:32,810 --> 00:29:36,850
+بهمني اكتر اشي اللي هو الـ syntax tree ان الـ syntax
+
+323
+00:29:36,850 --> 00:29:41,070
+tree مؤسسة على اساس الـ operations و الـ operations
+
+324
+00:29:41,070 --> 00:29:45,560
+هم اللي بتتحول الى instructions في الآخريعني الـ a
+
+325
+00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:46,940
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+326
+00:29:46,940 --> 00:29:47,540
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+327
+00:29:47,540 --> 00:29:47,720
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+328
+00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:47,860
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+329
+00:29:47,860 --> 00:29:51,120
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+330
+00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:52,880
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+331
+00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:53,420
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+332
+00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:55,560
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+333
+00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:55,880
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+334
+00:29:55,880 --> 00:29:57,360
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+335
+00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:00,140
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+336
+00:30:00,140 --> 00:30:00,340
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+337
+00:30:00,340 --> 00:30:06,220
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+338
+00:30:06,220 --> 00:30:08,480
+ال
+
+339
+00:30:11,290 --> 00:30:15,050
+ممكن عمليا ما تنعملش و هي عمليا مابتنعملش لأن احنا
+
+340
+00:30:15,050 --> 00:30:21,190
+بنعملها اما ب stack machine بتذكر الـ stack بالـ
+
+341
+00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:25,350
+predictive parsing ع أساس الـ predictive parsing
+
+342
+00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:28,730
+table او في الـ recursive احنا بنعمل functions
+
+343
+00:30:28,730 --> 00:30:32,090
+function بتستد اي function لكل non terminal بنعمله
+
+344
+00:30:32,090 --> 00:30:36,230
+function فعملية احنا مابنبني parse a treeParsley
+
+345
+00:30:36,230 --> 00:30:40,770
+بس غالبا ما نتخيلها تخيلة انما اللي بيتبنى حقيقة
+
+346
+00:30:40,770 --> 00:30:47,790
+هو syntax tree لأنه منها بده هي بده تتحول الى
+
+347
+00:30:47,790 --> 00:30:52,830
+Instructions هذا كلان حلو كتير و بسيط لما يكون
+
+348
+00:30:52,830 --> 00:31:01,730
+عندي syntax as attributed definition لما يكون الـ
+
+349
+00:31:01,730 --> 00:31:02,170
+definition
+
+350
+00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:23,780
+الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد
+
+351
+00:31:23,780 --> 00:31:24,000
+الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد
+
+352
+00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:24,020
+الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد
+
+353
+00:31:24,020 --> 00:31:24,040
+الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد
+
+354
+00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:24,120
+الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد الاتربيوتد
+
+355
+00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:28,500
+الاتربيوتد الاتأولا هي عاملة الـ leaf تبع الـ A ثم
+
+356
+00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:32,140
+الـ leaf تبع الاربع ثم الـ node تبع النقص ثم الـ
+
+357
+00:31:32,140 --> 00:31:39,360
+leaf تبع الـ C ثم الـ node تبع الـ Z لما
+
+358
+00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:42,200
+نقول أندي أن الـ attributed definition
+
+359
+00:31:54,940 --> 00:32:00,280
+برضه لازم اعمل syntax tree الـ syntax tree هي هي
+
+360
+00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:06,380
+لازم تبقى syntax tree هي هي يعني زائد فوق
+
+361
+00:32:39,220 --> 00:32:47,180
+لازم تظهر في الـ parse tree لازم
+
+362
+00:32:47,180 --> 00:32:51,340
+تظهر
+
+363
+00:32:51,340 --> 00:32:54,300
+في نفس الـ syntax tree نفس الـ expression لازم تظهر
+
+364
+00:32:54,300 --> 00:33:02,440
+في نفس الـ syntax tree الـ parse tree هذا الـ
+
+365
+00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:05,200
+attributed definition يؤدي نفس غرض الـ S
+
+366
+00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:09,660
+attributedيعني في الآخر هو expressions زائد ونقص
+
+367
+00:33:09,660 --> 00:33:14,840
+وidentifier وزونا بقى صح؟ بس لأنه هنا احنا قلنا
+
+368
+00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:17,420
+هذا الكلام قبل هيكلة لأن هذا الـ definition فيه
+
+369
+00:33:17,420 --> 00:33:21,880
+left recursion فمقدرش
+
+370
+00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:27,360
+استخدمه فلازم ياشي نعمل إزالة الـ left recursion
+
+371
+00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:30,820
+إزالة الـ left recursion تعطيني هذا الـ grammar
+
+372
+00:33:30,820 --> 00:33:34,380
+المضمون بهذا الـ grammar مابقدر اعمل الـ attributes
+
+373
+00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:41,360
+بتاعتها synthesizedنفس السبب هنا الـ E' هذا انا هنا
+
+374
+00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,640
+مابعرف اذا كان هو يحتاج على plus ولا minus هنا
+
+375
+00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:49,580
+ببين فلما انا اشوف plus مابقدر ايش انما هنا مابقدر
+
+376
+00:33:49,580 --> 00:33:55,360
+اعرف اذا كان احط هنا زائد ولا ناقص واضح الـ ..
+
+377
+00:33:55,360 --> 00:34:01,580
+فالآن هذا الـ .. هذا الـ definition لو انا بدي اعمل
+
+378
+00:34:01,580 --> 00:34:08,300
+الـ parse tree لمين؟ لنفس الـ .. ايش؟هو نفس الـ input
+
+379
+00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:13,900
+اللي هو a-4 زائد c شو شكل .. هاي شكل الـ syntax
+
+380
+00:34:13,900 --> 00:34:17,260
+tree لازم يكون نفس الـ syntax tree اللي طلعت معنا
+
+381
+00:34:17,260 --> 00:34:23,300
+في هذا كلمة لكن شو شكل الـ parse tree هنا الـ
+
+382
+00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:26,660
+expression ككل بأخده على أساس أنه term و
+
+383
+00:34:26,660 --> 00:34:34,440
+expression وين الـ term الـ term هو الـ a والـ
+
+384
+00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:35,060
+expression
+
+385
+00:34:37,570 --> 00:34:44,170
+هو الـ minus و بعدين في عندي term و بعدين
+
+386
+00:34:44,170 --> 00:34:47,730
+expression يعني
+
+387
+00:34:47,730 --> 00:34:52,010
+الـ parse tree غير عندك الـ parse tree الآن الـ term
+
+388
+00:34:52,010 --> 00:35:00,830
+هذا هو الـ number أربعة و الـ expression هو عبارة عن
+
+389
+00:35:00,830 --> 00:35:03,470
+زائد
+
+390
+00:35:04,130 --> 00:35:09,070
+و term و في expression آخر الـ تاء الزائد التام هو
+
+391
+00:35:09,070 --> 00:35:16,030
+الـ identifier C والـ expression هو أبسط هذي past
+
+392
+00:35:16,030 --> 00:35:19,690
+three غير عن الـ past three التابعة اللي نتجت من الـ
+
+393
+00:35:19,690 --> 00:35:25,450
+grammar الأولى لكن ومع ذلك بدي هذه الـ grammar تنتج
+
+394
+00:35:25,450 --> 00:35:28,270
+لنفس الـ syntax tree
+
+395
+00:35:33,590 --> 00:35:39,410
+عشان اختصر طلع على وين الـ leaf وين الـ node الـ
+
+396
+00:35:39,410 --> 00:35:45,890
+interior nodes جاية واضح انه جاية في الـ leaf nodes
+
+397
+00:35:45,890 --> 00:35:49,210
+جاية في الـ productions المباشرة productions اللي
+
+398
+00:35:49,210 --> 00:35:56,550
+خلاص نهائية يعني زي هذه الـ T identify الـ T node بس
+
+399
+00:35:56,550 --> 00:36:01,510
+متى هذه الـ productions بتكتمل
+
+400
+00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:11,580
+أول production هي الـ A هي هذه تكتمل صح؟ لإن احنا
+
+401
+00:36:11,580 --> 00:36:14,860
+بنخش ونطلع على هذا كلام كله زي ما قولنا على الـ
+
+402
+00:36:14,860 --> 00:36:17,900
+term و expression الـ term هو الـ E و الـ expression
+
+403
+00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,880
+و الـ body الـ term على الطول لما نطلع عليه فنلاقي
+
+404
+00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:26,040
+إنه ما هوش number one انت five فبتطبق نفسها
+
+405
+00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:28,660
+فبتنعمل ايه؟ اللي هو
+
+406
+00:36:32,350 --> 00:36:37,390
+الـ leaf node تبع الـ identifier الـ end الـ
+
+407
+00:36:37,390 --> 00:36:45,450
+pointer تبعها تذهب الى الـ tt.node نقول
+
+408
+00:36:45,450 --> 00:36:48,450
+هذا رقم واحد على أساس أنه هو أول attribute بتاخد
+
+409
+00:36:48,450 --> 00:36:53,910
+الـ value تبعها بتأكد بس أن هو ماتعطي هذه واحد ولا
+
+410
+00:36:53,910 --> 00:37:00,830
+بدي من ايه الـ identifier هذا
+
+411
+00:37:03,930 --> 00:37:14,070
+الـ identifier هذا الـ
+
+412
+00:37:14,070 --> 00:37:18,050
+token هذا إيه الـ attribute اللي هي الـ X value تبعه
+
+413
+00:37:18,050 --> 00:37:26,990
+فإيه ID not X ده ساوي إيه هذا أول attribute بتاخد
+
+414
+00:37:26,990 --> 00:37:27,190
+value
+
+415
+00:37:33,650 --> 00:37:42,450
+بعد ذلك احنا بنتجلنا على هذا هذا هتشوفه على أساس
+
+416
+00:37:42,450 --> 00:37:50,810
+خلطة تلاتة هذه في النغم صحيح في الـ T الـ T اللي هي
+
+417
+00:37:50,810 --> 00:37:57,010
+هذه بتتاخد على أساس نغم تتنفذ الـ leaf هذه
+
+418
+00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:14,300
+non H4 صح الـ pointer تبع هذه انا فزيكيا كيف حاسس
+
+419
+00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:32,780
+شكلها اين بدى اروح هذه T.H T.O هذه مظبوط ممكن
+
+420
+00:38:33,860 --> 00:38:38,560
+هنا هنا فهذا رقم تلاتة الاربعة مابتصير لان هو
+
+421
+00:38:38,560 --> 00:38:45,080
+هيعمل زي ما عمل في الأول تلاتة اللي هي non الـ non
+
+422
+00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:56,840
+dot value صح الـ dot value ساوي أربعة هذه اللي هي الـ
+
+423
+00:38:56,840 --> 00:39:03,080
+attribute بتاخد الـ value تبعها التالتة الآن هنا
+
+424
+00:39:16,630 --> 00:39:26,790
+الخلاصات الآن بيجي تدور على هذه احنا لما 
+
+425
+00:39:26,790 --> 00:39:34,830
+كنا هنا نفذنا هذه احنا خلصنا أكمل على هذه E' احنا
+
+426
+00:39:34,830 --> 00:39:41,830
+لسه في تلاتة ماكملش الـ E' هذه ايش شكلها شكلها الـ
+
+427
+00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:42,790
+E' شكلها
+
+428
+00:39:45,750 --> 00:39:50,310
+أي أشكال الـ E' و الـ Epsilon معاها فإذا عندنا هذا
+
+429
+00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:57,170
+الجزء فإننا خلصين الأربعة هذه فهيجي
+
+430
+00:39:57,170 --> 00:40:01,530
+على الـ plus اللي هنا الـ C راح نهينا الآن هي الـ
+
+431
+00:40:01,530 --> 00:40:09,670
+plus و الـ T الـ T هذه هي الـ C مظهر؟ هي الـ C
+
+432
+00:40:13,930 --> 00:40:18,850
+الـ C الـ
+
+433
+00:40:18,850 --> 00:40:22,290
+C هنا هو الـ identifier الـ identifier هو الـ
+
+434
+00:40:22,290 --> 00:40:27,590
+value تبعه الـ C هذي الـ attribute التي هي رقم خمسة
+
+435
+00:40:27,590 --> 00:40:32,670
+و بعدين الـ dot node نعمل
+
+436
+00:40:32,670 --> 00:40:39,530
+له node نعمل له الـ C التي نعملها node و لا لأ و
+
+437
+00:40:39,530 --> 00:40:42,230
+هذي الـ node بتاخد ايش
+
+438
+00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:08,080
+خمسة هنا جاي ايش احنا عند الأربعة صح ماشيين صح 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/0XznCDgyMy8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1974 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:25,240
+Good morning. How are you today? Very good. Very 
+
+2
+00:00:25,240 --> 00:00:29,540
+good. I hope that you have had a chance to go over 
+
+3
+00:00:29,540 --> 00:00:33,000
+this very important topic in your textbook. Today 
+
+4
+00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:36,120
+we're looking at the first component, the first 
+
+5
+00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:39,580
+element in a good paragraph, which is the topic 
+
+6
+00:00:39,580 --> 00:00:42,660
+sentence. Remember last time we talked about the 
+
+7
+00:00:42,660 --> 00:00:45,480
+structure of a paragraph and we said that for a 
+
+8
+00:00:45,480 --> 00:00:48,000
+very good paragraph structure, it has to have 
+
+9
+00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:51,220
+three elements. What are they? Topic sentence, 
+
+10
+00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:53,240
+supporting sentences and concluding sentences. 
+
+11
+00:00:53,260 --> 00:00:55,960
+Very nice. Topic sentence, supporting sentences 
+
+12
+00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:59,160
+and concluding sentences. And there is the element 
+
+13
+00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:02,880
+of unity. That is to say every paragraph should 
+
+14
+00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:07,780
+discuss one main idea, one central idea. Today 
+
+15
+00:01:07,780 --> 00:01:12,650
+we're looking at in details on the topic sentence, 
+
+16
+00:01:12,810 --> 00:01:14,670
+okay? And we're going to hopefully to practice 
+
+17
+00:01:14,670 --> 00:01:19,010
+writing good topic sentences. So what is a topic 
+
+18
+00:01:19,010 --> 00:01:20,890
+sentence? We talked about this last time. What is 
+
+19
+00:01:20,890 --> 00:01:25,110
+a topic sentence? Yes, please. It's the first 
+
+20
+00:01:25,110 --> 00:01:27,590
+sentence in the paragraph and it tells the reader 
+
+21
+00:01:27,590 --> 00:01:31,030
+that what is the paragraph. Very nice, very nice. 
+
+22
+00:01:31,090 --> 00:01:33,950
+So it is generally the first sentence in a 
+
+23
+00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:36,850
+paragraph. It is the most important and the most 
+
+24
+00:01:36,850 --> 00:01:39,790
+general sentence in a paragraph. And most 
+
+25
+00:01:39,790 --> 00:01:43,510
+importantly it has or it contains the central idea 
+
+26
+00:01:43,510 --> 00:01:47,830
+to be discussed in a paragraph. Alright? These are 
+
+27
+00:01:47,830 --> 00:01:49,990
+the important things about a good paragraph. Let's 
+
+28
+00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,250
+consider this example of a paragraph where there 
+
+29
+00:01:53,250 --> 00:01:55,910
+is, where it has a very good topic sentence. Let's 
+
+30
+00:01:55,910 --> 00:01:58,970
+just very quickly read. The most important problem 
+
+31
+00:01:58,970 --> 00:02:02,690
+in our city is it's Poor public transportation 
+
+32
+00:02:02,690 --> 00:02:05,670
+system. So this is the topic sentence in a 
+
+33
+00:02:05,670 --> 00:02:09,330
+paragraph on this idea. What is the main idea here 
+
+34
+00:02:09,330 --> 00:02:13,110
+in the first sentence, in this topic sentence? Let 
+
+35
+00:02:13,110 --> 00:02:16,310
+me just read it again. The most important problem 
+
+36
+00:02:16,310 --> 00:02:19,690
+in our city is its poor public transportation 
+
+37
+00:02:19,690 --> 00:02:23,450
+system. What is the topic? What is the important 
+
+38
+00:02:23,450 --> 00:02:27,090
+idea? What is the main idea in this sentence? Yes, 
+
+39
+00:02:27,170 --> 00:02:27,350
+please. 
+
+40
+00:02:31,920 --> 00:02:36,120
+Another thing, it's about the poverty of poor 
+
+41
+00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:39,900
+public transportation system in our city. So this 
+
+42
+00:02:39,900 --> 00:02:43,120
+is what the paragraph actually discusses, the 
+
+43
+00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:46,840
+poverty of poor public transportation system in 
+
+44
+00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:49,580
+our city. And as you can see, the structure is a 
+
+45
+00:02:49,580 --> 00:02:52,190
+topic sentence, a number of sentences. to support, 
+
+46
+00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,030
+to learn support, to develop, to discuss this main 
+
+47
+00:02:55,030 --> 00:02:59,230
+idea and then we end with a concluding sentence. 
+
+48
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:02,870
+This is also another example of a good paragraph 
+
+49
+00:03:02,870 --> 00:03:05,950
+which has a good topic sentence. Let's just read. 
+
+50
+00:03:06,290 --> 00:03:09,530
+There are several possible reasons why my father 
+
+51
+00:03:09,530 --> 00:03:12,510
+is in excellent health. What is the main idea 
+
+52
+00:03:12,510 --> 00:03:17,100
+here? What is the main idea here? Just please. Why 
+
+53
+00:03:17,100 --> 00:03:21,180
+my father is in excellent health. Yes, very nice. 
+
+54
+00:03:21,420 --> 00:03:24,060
+So, the reasons why my father is in excellent 
+
+55
+00:03:24,060 --> 00:03:28,000
+health. Alright, so and all these supporting 
+
+56
+00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:33,340
+sentences actually elaborate, give reasons why my 
+
+57
+00:03:33,340 --> 00:03:35,800
+father is in excellent health and finally we end 
+
+58
+00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:39,580
+up with a concluding sentence in short, my father 
+
+59
+00:03:39,580 --> 00:03:43,370
+is in better health. than some of his children 
+
+60
+00:03:43,370 --> 00:03:46,350
+are. So this is again the structure of a good 
+
+61
+00:03:46,350 --> 00:03:48,850
+paragraph containing a topic sentence, supporting 
+
+62
+00:03:48,850 --> 00:03:52,030
+sentences, and a concluding sentence. All right? 
+
+63
+00:03:52,530 --> 00:03:55,290
+All right. Now, like what just I said, a topic 
+
+64
+00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:58,110
+sentence is one that has the main idea to be 
+
+65
+00:03:58,110 --> 00:04:00,770
+discussed in the rest of the paragraph or in the 
+
+66
+00:04:00,770 --> 00:04:03,250
+body of the paragraph. Let's just very quickly 
+
+67
+00:04:03,250 --> 00:04:08,130
+read this paragraph, short paragraph, and decide 
+
+68
+00:04:08,130 --> 00:04:10,450
+which is the best topic sentence for this 
+
+69
+00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:11,150
+paragraph. 
+
+70
+00:04:32,230 --> 00:04:35,850
+So is the topic sentence number one, two or three? 
+
+71
+00:04:36,030 --> 00:04:38,770
+Which one is the best topic sentence for this 
+
+72
+00:04:38,770 --> 00:04:43,850
+short paragraph? Clearly it has to be number two. 
+
+73
+00:04:45,010 --> 00:04:48,330
+Very nice. Books are my favorite or my father's. 
+
+74
+00:04:50,590 --> 00:04:53,550
+topic. Why? Because all these supporting sentences 
+
+75
+00:04:53,550 --> 00:04:57,750
+relate to this topic sentence number two. So this 
+
+76
+00:04:57,750 --> 00:05:00,310
+is what we need to keep in mind. A topic sentence 
+
+77
+00:05:00,310 --> 00:05:03,550
+must be the general idea to be discussed in detail 
+
+78
+00:05:03,550 --> 00:05:05,570
+in the rest of the paragraph. Let's consider 
+
+79
+00:05:05,570 --> 00:05:08,370
+another paragraph and see what is the best topic 
+
+80
+00:05:08,370 --> 00:05:09,390
+sentence in this paragraph. 
+
+81
+00:05:34,730 --> 00:05:37,750
+All right. Okay. So clearly the topic sentence is 
+
+82
+00:05:37,750 --> 00:05:41,350
+which one? Number three. Yes. This is the best 
+
+83
+00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:44,070
+topic sentence for this paragraph. There are so 
+
+84
+00:05:44,070 --> 00:05:47,570
+many lovely flowers to consider for your course. 
+
+85
+00:05:47,970 --> 00:05:50,150
+The paragraph or the rest of the paragraph talks 
+
+86
+00:05:50,150 --> 00:05:52,610
+about different kinds of flowers, the rose, the 
+
+87
+00:05:52,610 --> 00:05:55,690
+jasmine, the daffodils and so on. So again, the 
+
+88
+00:05:55,690 --> 00:05:58,090
+idea here, whenever you write a topic sentence, 
+
+89
+00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:01,630
+make sure that it has a general idea and the rest 
+
+90
+00:06:01,630 --> 00:06:04,410
+of the paragraph actually relates to this general 
+
+91
+00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:10,980
+Now, let's consider what is or what are the parts 
+
+92
+00:06:10,980 --> 00:06:13,740
+of a topic sentence. Generally, we have to think 
+
+93
+00:06:13,740 --> 00:06:17,060
+of there are two parts for a very good topic 
+
+94
+00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:20,040
+sentence. A topic sentence must have two things. 
+
+95
+00:06:20,280 --> 00:06:23,300
+The topic and the topic. That's a brilliant idea. 
+
+96
+00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,580
+Very nice. So, what is the topic? Basically, the 
+
+97
+00:06:26,580 --> 00:06:29,800
+subject of your paragraph. Alright? It is what 
+
+98
+00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,360
+your paragraph, what you are writing about. Okay? 
+
+99
+00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:36,640
+So, for example, bread is an important part of our 
+
+100
+00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:40,240
+everyday life. What is the topic? Bread. So, this 
+
+101
+00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:42,080
+is what I'm going to write about. It's about 
+
+102
+00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,020
+bread, not about vegetables or about pollution or 
+
+103
+00:06:45,020 --> 00:06:47,340
+anything like that. And the same thing, potatoes 
+
+104
+00:06:47,340 --> 00:06:51,760
+are good for you. The topic is potatoes, not 
+
+105
+00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:55,280
+anything else. The hamburger is a popular food in 
+
+106
+00:06:55,280 --> 00:07:00,310
+the United States. The topic And finally, rice is 
+
+107
+00:07:00,310 --> 00:07:03,470
+a nutritious part of our diet. Again, the topic is 
+
+108
+00:07:03,470 --> 00:07:06,490
+rice. I'm not going to talk about another subject. 
+
+109
+00:07:06,690 --> 00:07:10,310
+It's about rice and rice only. So, the first part 
+
+110
+00:07:10,310 --> 00:07:13,550
+of a good topic sentence is that it must have a 
+
+111
+00:07:13,550 --> 00:07:17,050
+topic. Alright? Alright. What is the controlling 
+
+112
+00:07:17,050 --> 00:07:19,890
+idea? The controlling idea is the second part of a 
+
+113
+00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:23,570
+good topic sentence. What is it? It's basically 
+
+114
+00:07:23,570 --> 00:07:28,590
+what limits or controls your topic. So what 
+
+115
+00:07:28,590 --> 00:07:32,770
+specifies your topic? For example, a topic on 
+
+116
+00:07:32,770 --> 00:07:36,050
+rice, for example, I cannot talk about all the 
+
+117
+00:07:36,050 --> 00:07:41,530
+things, all the issues in rice. So basically, it 
+
+118
+00:07:41,530 --> 00:07:44,790
+is what you want to specifically write about. This 
+
+119
+00:07:44,790 --> 00:07:47,310
+is your controlling idea. What you in particular 
+
+120
+00:07:47,310 --> 00:07:50,670
+want to write about in relation to Europe. And 
+
+121
+00:07:50,670 --> 00:07:53,710
+this is what we call a controlling idea. So 
+
+122
+00:07:53,710 --> 00:07:57,710
+basically it limits or controls your topic, okay? 
+
+123
+00:07:57,790 --> 00:08:00,150
+Because you cannot talk about everything, so you 
+
+124
+00:08:00,150 --> 00:08:02,970
+have to have some direction, you have to have some 
+
+125
+00:08:02,970 --> 00:08:06,410
+idea or aspect or thing that you want to 
+
+126
+00:08:06,410 --> 00:08:10,490
+specifically write about. For example, let's see a 
+
+127
+00:08:10,490 --> 00:08:14,210
+topic like rice, alright? what you want to write 
+
+128
+00:08:14,210 --> 00:08:16,670
+about in a topic like rice in your controlling 
+
+129
+00:08:16,670 --> 00:08:21,370
+idea for example let's see rice plays an important 
+
+130
+00:08:21,370 --> 00:08:24,770
+part in some cultural occasion what we notice here 
+
+131
+00:08:24,770 --> 00:08:28,630
+is that the topic is rice what is exactly that I'm 
+
+132
+00:08:28,630 --> 00:08:32,570
+going to talk about how it is or how it plays an 
+
+133
+00:08:32,570 --> 00:08:35,990
+important part in cultural occasions you see the 
+
+134
+00:08:35,990 --> 00:08:39,410
+second topic sentence again rice is a nutritious 
+
+135
+00:08:39,410 --> 00:08:43,100
+part of our Diet. What is the controlling idea? 
+
+136
+00:08:44,060 --> 00:08:47,400
+Diet. A nutritious diet. Her rice is very 
+
+137
+00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:50,720
+beneficial to you and for that person. Her food is 
+
+138
+00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:54,640
+good for you. Diet. And again white rice is not 
+
+139
+00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:57,680
+healthy for you. What is the controlling idea? Not 
+
+140
+00:08:57,680 --> 00:09:00,320
+healthy for you. Her food is not healthy for you. 
+
+141
+00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:03,280
+So in this kind of topic centers, the paragraph 
+
+142
+00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:07,040
+will discuss this controlling idea, not about this 
+
+143
+00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:10,680
+or that. So the controlling idea basically 
+
+144
+00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:16,200
+addresses that particular aspect that you want to 
+
+145
+00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,380
+discuss in your topic. So we have the same topic 
+
+146
+00:09:19,380 --> 00:09:23,320
+but in each time we have a different subject, a 
+
+147
+00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:23,740
+different 
+
+148
+00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:31,360
+All right, so what is the controlling idea in the 
+
+149
+00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:32,920
+following topic sentences? 
+
+150
+00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:53,440
+So identify the topic and the controlling idea 
+
+151
+00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:57,540
+Let's look at the controlling body in this short 
+
+152
+00:09:57,540 --> 00:10:00,040
+exercise. What is the controlling body? Yes, 
+
+153
+00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:02,880
+please. Bread is an important part of our diet. 
+
+154
+00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:05,540
+It's an important part of our diet. Very nice. So 
+
+155
+00:10:05,540 --> 00:10:08,240
+this is the controlling body of bread. It's an 
+
+156
+00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:11,900
+important or how bread is important in our, as an 
+
+157
+00:10:11,900 --> 00:10:15,660
+important part of our diet. Okay. The second one. 
+
+158
+00:10:16,940 --> 00:10:18,020
+Yes, please. Over there. 
+
+159
+00:10:20,950 --> 00:10:24,350
+Alright, so what is the controlling idea? How it 
+
+160
+00:10:24,350 --> 00:10:27,590
+plays an important part in our life. Of course, 
+
+161
+00:10:27,710 --> 00:10:32,050
+all our dinner tables or our meals contain some 
+
+162
+00:10:32,050 --> 00:10:37,570
+form of bread. And three. Yes, please. Potatoes 
+
+163
+00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:41,870
+are easy to grow. How potatoes are easy to grow. 
+
+164
+00:10:41,950 --> 00:10:44,930
+So this is what the paragraph actually discusses. 
+
+165
+00:10:45,210 --> 00:10:50,400
+How easy to grow potatoes. And number four. Yes 
+
+166
+00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:53,820
+please. Potatoes are a main food in Ireland, are a 
+
+167
+00:10:53,820 --> 00:10:55,860
+main food in Ireland. Okay, how they are a main 
+
+168
+00:10:55,860 --> 00:10:58,720
+food in Ireland for example or in Palestine as 
+
+169
+00:10:58,720 --> 00:11:01,900
+well. So here again, the controlling idea is the 
+
+170
+00:11:01,900 --> 00:11:07,100
+main food in Ireland. And finally, French fries 
+
+171
+00:11:07,100 --> 00:11:09,920
+are popular all over the world. The controlling 
+
+172
+00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:14,450
+idea is when? Yes please. the popularity of French 
+
+173
+00:11:14,450 --> 00:11:17,290
+fries all over the world. So this is what we mean 
+
+174
+00:11:17,290 --> 00:11:20,110
+by looking at or whenever we write a topic 
+
+175
+00:11:20,110 --> 00:11:22,410
+sentence, we have these, we have to have these two 
+
+176
+00:11:22,410 --> 00:11:26,970
+components, a topic and that specific aspect that 
+
+177
+00:11:26,970 --> 00:11:29,490
+I want to write about in this topic, that is to 
+
+178
+00:11:29,490 --> 00:11:33,210
+say the controlling, the controlling idea. Let's 
+
+179
+00:11:33,210 --> 00:11:35,830
+just consider more examples just to make sure that 
+
+180
+00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:39,650
+the idea isn't there. Decide what is the control, 
+
+181
+00:11:39,790 --> 00:11:42,210
+what is the topic? And what is the controlling 
+
+182
+00:11:42,210 --> 00:11:45,130
+idea in each one of these topic sentences? Let me 
+
+183
+00:11:45,130 --> 00:11:48,430
+just read. One of the most serious problems in 
+
+184
+00:11:48,430 --> 00:11:52,510
+today's public school 
+
+185
+00:11:52,510 --> 00:11:58,860
+is overcrowded classrooms. What is the topic? This 
+
+186
+00:11:58,860 --> 00:12:03,100
+is not a topic. This is the controlling idea. What 
+
+187
+00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:07,000
+is the topic? Problems or serious problems in 
+
+188
+00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:11,700
+today's public transport. 
+
+189
+00:12:11,980 --> 00:12:14,620
+The controlling idea or what I am going to write 
+
+190
+00:12:14,620 --> 00:12:18,480
+about exactly is overcrowded classrooms. 
+
+191
+00:12:26,380 --> 00:12:29,140
+It's not about students but about this controlling 
+
+192
+00:12:29,140 --> 00:12:32,060
+idea, it's about overcrowded classrooms. This is 
+
+193
+00
+
+223
+00:16:11,540 --> 00:16:14,840
+Alright, I'm finished? Yes. Alright, and I suppose
+
+224
+00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:16,780
+that you prepared the class as well. Yes. Alright,
+
+225
+00:16:17,220 --> 00:16:21,740
+yes please, the first one. First one? Yeah, sure,
+
+226
+00:16:21,940 --> 00:16:25,120
+it's already done. Good roommates have four
+
+227
+00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:28,460
+characteristics. The topic is good roommates. What
+
+228
+00:16:28,460 --> 00:16:31,460
+exactly I'm going to write about is the four
+
+229
+00:16:31,460 --> 00:16:34,140
+characteristics of good roommates. The second one,
+
+230
+00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:37,070
+yes please. College students take many kinds of
+
+231
+00:16:37,070 --> 00:16:44,550
+tests. Very nice.
+
+232
+00:16:44,690 --> 00:16:48,330
+It's the controlling idea. Very very good. Yes
+
+233
+00:16:48,330 --> 00:16:54,330
+please. Small cars have several
+
+234
+00:16:54,330 --> 00:16:59,070
+advantages. Very nice. The advantages of small
+
+235
+00:16:59,070 --> 00:17:04,030
+cars is the controlling idea. Yes please. Big cars
+
+236
+00:17:04,030 --> 00:17:08,090
+are safer than small cars for two reasons. Big
+
+237
+00:17:08,090 --> 00:17:13,110
+cars are two different things. Very nice. They are
+
+238
+00:17:13,110 --> 00:17:15,250
+safer than small cars for two reasons. And how
+
+239
+00:17:15,250 --> 00:17:19,010
+they are safer. Very nice. Very nice. This is the
+
+240
+00:17:19,010 --> 00:17:23,030
+controlling idea. Yes, please. A baseball player
+
+241
+00:17:23,030 --> 00:17:24,810
+must master several skills.
+
+242
+00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:33,300
+Okay, about mastering several skills is the
+
+243
+00:17:33,300 --> 00:17:37,000
+controlling idea. Yes, please. Living with your
+
+244
+00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,440
+parents has certain advantages. Living with your
+
+245
+00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:46,780
+parents is too big sometimes. And the advantages
+
+246
+00:17:46,780 --> 00:17:51,660
+of living is actually the controlling idea. Yes,
+
+247
+00:17:51,740 --> 00:17:55,400
+please. Living with your parents topic or idea has
+
+248
+00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:58,600
+certain disadvantages for you? Fairness, this is
+
+249
+00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,760
+the controlling, this is topic and this is the
+
+250
+00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:05,980
+controlling idea. Yes please. Acceptance and
+
+251
+00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:09,460
+dedication are two characteristics of Olympic
+
+252
+00:18:09,460 --> 00:18:10,100
+athletes.
+
+253
+00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:17,600
+Very nice. So the topic is Olympic athletes. What
+
+254
+00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:22,220
+we're going to talk about is talent and education is the
+
+255
+00:18:22,220 --> 00:18:24,920
+controlling idea. Don't always think of the topic
+
+256
+00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:26,940
+as coming at the first part of a sentence.
+
+257
+00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:30,120
+Sometimes it depends on what is the topic and the
+
+258
+00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:32,320
+controlling idea. So very nice. So Olympic
+
+259
+00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:36,480
+athletes is the topic and the controlling idea are
+
+260
+00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:39,260
+the two characteristics of talent and education
+
+261
+00:18:39,260 --> 00:18:41,520
+for Olympic athletes. Yes please.
+
+262
+00:18:51,750 --> 00:18:55,470
+is how, this is what we talk about. Just imagine a
+
+263
+00:18:55,470 --> 00:18:57,790
+controlling idea is what the paragraph talks
+
+264
+00:18:57,790 --> 00:19:00,290
+about, alright? So this is what your controlling
+
+265
+00:19:00,290 --> 00:19:05,150
+idea is, alright? Yes please. Tokyo has excellent
+
+266
+00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,470
+public transport system. Tokyo is a good city. Is
+
+267
+00:19:09,470 --> 00:19:14,300
+the topic. The topic and the. The excellent. The
+
+268
+00:19:14,300 --> 00:19:17,980
+excellent public transportation system is the
+
+269
+00:19:17,980 --> 00:19:23,560
+controlling idea. Tokyo is one of the world's most
+
+270
+00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:27,520
+expensive cities, topic Tokyo and controlling
+
+271
+00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:30,480
+sentence is one of the world's most expensive
+
+272
+00:19:30,480 --> 00:19:33,760
+cities. Very very good. So this is what we mean by
+
+273
+00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:38,540
+a controlling idea and a topic for as the two
+
+274
+00:19:38,540 --> 00:19:42,440
+parts of a good topic sentence. Let's look again
+
+275
+00:19:42,440 --> 00:19:48,220
+at your book, textbook and exercise B, alright?
+
+276
+00:19:49,340 --> 00:19:52,820
+Let's decide, just very quickly read these
+
+277
+00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:56,140
+paragraphs and decide what is the best topic
+
+278
+00:19:56,140 --> 00:19:59,700
+sentence for each one of these sentences, these
+
+279
+00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:00,140
+paragraphs.
+
+280
+00:21:47,710 --> 00:21:50,530
+All right, okay, all right. Let's see the first
+
+281
+00:21:50,530 --> 00:21:52,970
+paragraph. What is the best topic sentence for
+
+282
+00:21:52,970 --> 00:21:55,770
+this paragraph? Yes, over there, please.
+
+283
+00:21:59,570 --> 00:22:05,310
+Yes, living in a foreign country has four
+
+284
+00:22:05,310 --> 00:22:08,790
+benefits because we can see first, living in a
+
+285
+00:22:08,790 --> 00:22:10,450
+foreign country has blah, blah, blah, blah,
+
+286
+00:22:10,450 --> 00:22:13,730
+second, third, and fourth. Let's see the second
+
+287
+00:22:13,730 --> 00:22:16,110
+paragraph. What is the best topic sentence for it?
+
+288
+00:22:19,540 --> 00:22:24,160
+Very nice. It's clearly A. Yes, there are two main
+
+289
+00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:28,900
+types of colleges and universities in the United
+
+290
+00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:32,950
+States. The third one, yes please. There are
+
+291
+00:22:32,950 --> 00:22:35,530
+several reasons for attending a small college
+
+292
+00:22:35,530 --> 00:22:38,110
+instead of a large university. Is that correct?
+
+293
+00:22:38,510 --> 00:22:44,130
+Yes. Very nice. There are several reasons for
+
+294
+00:22:44,130 --> 00:22:47,570
+attending a small college instead of a large
+
+295
+00:22:47,570 --> 00:22:51,250
+university. And the last paragraph has the best
+
+296
+00:22:51,250 --> 00:22:52,570
+topic sentence. Yes, please.
+
+297
+00:22:56,540 --> 00:22:59,700
+Employers look for many qualities or three main
+
+298
+00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:03,520
+qualities in their employees. Alright? Alright.
+
+299
+00:23:03,780 --> 00:23:06,360
+Now let's just get back to our PowerPoint
+
+300
+00:23:06,360 --> 00:23:11,720
+presentation and look at writing good topic
+
+301
+00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:14,860
+sentences. Generally, a good topic sentence is one
+
+302
+00:23:14,860 --> 00:23:20,670
+that expresses an opinion, not a fact. Okay? So
+
+303
+00:23:20,670 --> 00:23:23,370
+let's look at the first one. My Arabic teacher is
+
+304
+00:23:23,370 --> 00:23:27,510
+the best teacher in the world. Why is it a good
+
+305
+00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:30,010
+topic sentence? Because it has an opinion. It has
+
+306
+00:23:30,010 --> 00:23:34,010
+something to say about my Arabic teacher. So this
+
+307
+00:23:34,010 --> 00:23:36,970
+is a kind of a good topic sentence that we expect,
+
+308
+00:23:37,070 --> 00:23:41,370
+I expect you to write. So it's always expresses an
+
+309
+00:23:41,370 --> 00:23:44,850
+opinion. an opinion, okay? You have something to
+
+310
+00:23:44,850 --> 00:23:47,950
+say about the topic you are writing about. Let's
+
+311
+00:23:47,950 --> 00:23:51,330
+see the second one. When I was a child, I lived in
+
+312
+00:23:51,330 --> 00:23:55,090
+a house that had a strange atmosphere. What is the
+
+313
+00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:57,010
+controlling idea in this sentence?
+
+314
+00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:05,720
+The house that had a strange atmosphere. This is
+
+315
+00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,180
+what I will talk about. This is my opinion about
+
+316
+00:24:08,180 --> 00:24:12,940
+that time when I lived in that house, okay? This
+
+317
+00:24:12,940 --> 00:24:15,920
+is the third one. There is a restaurant in our
+
+318
+00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:21,320
+neighborhood that has the best pizza in town. What
+
+319
+00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:25,180
+is the controlling idea here? The restaurant that
+
+320
+00:24:25,180 --> 00:24:28,740
+has the best pizza. The best pizza is the
+
+321
+00:24:28,740 --> 00:24:31,320
+controlling idea. How this restaurant has the best
+
+322
+00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:35,320
+pizza in our town. And potatoes are good for you.
+
+323
+00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:39,980
+What is the controlling idea? They are good for
+
+324
+00:24:39,980 --> 00:24:43,440
+you. So generally it is always good to write good
+
+325
+00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:47,680
+topic sentences which have opinion which have
+
+326
+00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:51,820
+something to say about the topic whereas these
+
+327
+00:24:51,820 --> 00:24:54,340
+ones are not really good topic sentences they are
+
+328
+00:24:54,340 --> 00:24:58,080
+actually bad topic sentences because they either
+
+329
+00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:02,400
+express too specific a fact or too general facts
+
+330
+00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:06,340
+okay for example when I say I went to Australia in
+
+331
+00:25:06,340 --> 00:25:11,720
+the spring of 2005. It's not a good topic sentence.
+
+332
+00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:14,820
+Why? It's too specific, alright? There isn't much
+
+333
+00:25:14,820 --> 00:25:18,900
+that I can say about this. And the same thing, my
+
+334
+00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,820
+friend is nice. Again, it's too general, alright?
+
+335
+00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,000
+I can talk about so many things in it. So the word
+
+336
+00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,920
+nice is too general a word to be discussed in one
+
+337
+00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:32,740
+paragraph,
+
+338
+00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:35,380
+for instance. And the same thing, I have a
+
+339
+00:25:35,380 --> 00:25:38,680
+bedroom. There isn't much that I can say about it.
+
+340
+00:25:38,940 --> 00:25:41,860
+There's too many things. It's too general. And
+
+341
+00:25:41,860 --> 00:25:44,700
+again, it's a fact, right? So there isn't much
+
+342
+00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:47,560
+that I can say about this. And the same thing, The
+
+343
+00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:52,320
+potato is a vegetable, so again this is a fact, a
+
+344
+00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,420
+specific fact that isn't much that I can talk
+
+345
+00:25:55,420 --> 00:25:58,620
+about, alright? So whenever you write a topic
+
+346
+00:25:58,620 --> 00:26:01,680
+sentence, think about an opinion, something to say
+
+347
+00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:05,920
+or something to tell the reader about, alright?
+
+348
+00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:10,260
+Alright, now let's get into practicing topic
+
+349
+00:26:10,260 --> 00:26:14,480
+sentences, writing topic sentences and it's new
+
+350
+00:26:14,480 --> 00:26:19,060
+textbook page 42 exercise C. Let's look at the
+
+351
+00:26:19,060 --> 00:26:22,960
+first paragraph and try to read it quickly and
+
+352
+00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,700
+write a good topic sentence for this paragraph.
+
+353
+00:26:35,970 --> 00:26:38,510
+I'm going to ask some of you to write the topic
+
+354
+00:26:38,510 --> 00:26:40,050
+sentences on the board here.
+
+355
+00:27:45,390 --> 00:27:46,270
+Thank you.
+
+356
+00:28:14,860 --> 00:28:20,460
+Who finished writing the topic sentences? Yes,
+
+357
+00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:23,760
+please. Can you come forward, please? Yes. Who
+
+358
+00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:27,780
+else? Yes, please. Come here.
+
+359
+00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:33,140
+Yes, please. Who else? All right. We just see some
+
+360
+00:28:33,140 --> 00:28:36,160
+examples of your writing. Please, come forward.
+
+361
+00:28:55,090 --> 00:28:57,810
+Just double check in the meantime, double check on
+
+362
+00:28:57,810 --> 00:29:01,150
+your first topic sentence, check if it has a topic
+
+363
+00:29:01,150 --> 00:29:05,590
+and a controlling idea. Is this a clear topic? Is
+
+364
+00:29:05,590 --> 00:29:08,910
+there a clear topic and clear controlling
+
+365
+00:29:08,910 --> 00:29:10,250
+idea?
+
+366
+00:29:13,350 --> 00:29:17,950
+Thank you. All right. Thank you. Thank you. Okay,
+
+367
+00:29:18,050 --> 00:29:21,860
+let's see. All right. Curry has three colors that
+
+368
+00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:25,280
+appear to people's different tastes. Alright? What
+
+369
+00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,560
+do you think? What is the topic? Curry, alright?
+
+370
+00:29:28,780 --> 00:29:31,560
+You know curry, right? It's a very delicious sort
+
+371
+00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:35,220
+of spice that comes with different meals. Has
+
+372
+00:29:35,220 --> 00:29:38,480
+three colors that appear to people's different
+
+373
+00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:43,860
+tastes. Is that a good topic sometimes? because it
+
+374
+00:29:43,860 --> 00:29:47,360
+talks about the three colors green, yellow, and
+
+375
+00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:52,060
+three red, green, red, and yellow curry with
+
+376
+00:29:52,060 --> 00:29:55,200
+different taste. Alright? Very nice. Very nice.
+
+377
+00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:58,260
+Let's see the second one. Curry has three colors
+
+378
+00:29:58,260 --> 00:30:02,900
+that appeal to people's taste. Very nice. But we
+
+379
+00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:08,080
+need just to check that there is subject there but
+
+380
+00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:11,080
+agreement. For instance, curry has three colors
+
+381
+00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:12,780
+that appeal, not appeals.
+
+382
+00:30:25,230 --> 00:30:28,990
+Alright, there are any comment here? Again, there
+
+383
+00:30:28,990 --> 00:30:33,850
+are three types of the carry. Alright, what was
+
+384
+00:30:33,850 --> 00:30:38,370
+your topic sentence? Yes, can you just quickly
+
+385
+00:30:38,370 --> 00:30:40,750
+read it for us please? There are three known types
+
+386
+00:30:40,750 --> 00:30:43,470
+of carry. Very nice, there are three known types
+
+387
+00:30:43,470 --> 00:30:48,750
+of carry. What was your topic sentence? Carry has
+
+388
+00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:56,070
+three types of carry. We can just write it here.
+
+389
+00:30:56,950 --> 00:31:00,530
+Carry tons
+
+390
+00:31:00,530 --> 00:31:08,670
+in three different colors
+
+391
+00:31:08,670 --> 00:31:16,310
+or types depending on what you say that appeal to
+
+392
+00:31:16,310 --> 00:31:21,890
+different tastes.
+
+393
+00:31:23,510 --> 00:31:28,830
+Okay? This book is the second paragraph in your
+
+394
+00:31:28,830 --> 00:31:33,670
+textbook and try to write a topic sentence for it.
+
+395
+00:32:03,290 --> 00:32:05,690
+I don't know.
+
+396
+00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,660
+Alright, who would like to write the topic
+
+397
+00:33:07,660 --> 00:33:11,020
+sentence on the board? Yes, please. Yes, please.
+
+398
+00:33:12,620 --> 00:33:16,680
+Swap, you too. Please, very quickly. And yes,
+
+399
+00:33:16,740 --> 00:33:16,880
+Imam.
+
+400
+00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,460
+Very nice, very nice. Let's just look at these
+
+401
+00:34:07,460 --> 00:34:10,720
+three topic sentences. There are many qualities
+
+402
+00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:14,080
+that should be in a good teacher. Do you have any
+
+403
+00:34:14,080 --> 00:34:17,220
+comment? Very nice. Do you have any comment? All
+
+404
+00:34:17,220 --> 00:34:19,900
+right. There are many qualities that we just need
+
+405
+00:34:19,900 --> 00:34:24,900
+to add that. We need that close here. That should
+
+406
+00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:32,070
+be That should be in a good T-shirt poster. Okay?
+
+407
+00:34:32,330 --> 00:34:34,150
+Let's see the second one. But this is a good one
+
+408
+00:34:34,150 --> 00:34:36,730
+because the topic is a good T-shirt and the
+
+409
+00:34:36,730 --> 00:34:40,750
+controlling idea is money qualities and it talks
+
+410
+00:34:40,750 --> 00:34:43,960
+about three or four Three. Three. Three. Yes.
+
+411
+00:34:44,180 --> 00:34:47,920
+Three points. It should be specific. Alright? Yes.
+
+412
+00:34:47,940 --> 00:34:51,260
+Three qualities that should be in a good teacher.
+
+413
+00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:53,300
+The second one. There are three important
+
+414
+00:34:53,300 --> 00:34:56,440
+qualities that a good teacher should have. Is that
+
+415
+00:34:56,440 --> 00:35:00,040
+right? Yes. Very nice. Very nicely written. There
+
+416
+00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:03,220
+are three qualities a good teacher must have is a
+
+417
+00:35:03,22
+
+445
+00:38:37,970 --> 00:38:41,070
+important types. Very nice. Yes, please. Shoppers
+
+446
+00:38:41,070 --> 00:38:43,970
+can be divided into three types. Very nice.
+
+447
+00:38:44,050 --> 00:38:48,050
+Shoppers can be divided into three types. Here you
+
+448
+00:38:48,050 --> 00:38:52,110
+can say shoppers. Very nice. Very nice. Very good
+
+449
+00:38:52,110 --> 00:38:59,430
+ideas topic sentences. Fall into three boats,
+
+450
+00:39:00,590 --> 00:39:06,550
+original or main categories or types. Okay? So 
+
+451
+00:39:06,550 --> 00:39:10,450
+shoppers fall into three broad or three major or 
+
+452
+00:39:10,450 --> 00:39:14,830
+three important categories or types. So again, we
+
+453
+00:39:14,830 --> 00:39:17,870
+have the topic shoppers and the controlling idea 
+
+454
+00:39:17,870 --> 00:39:21,910
+is the three types of the shoppers. Is this clear?
+
+455
+00:39:22,190 --> 00:39:24,890
+Yes. Very nice. All right. Now let's just do the
+
+456
+00:39:24,890 --> 00:39:30,870
+last exercise. I'd like you to choose two of these
+
+457
+00:39:30,870 --> 00:39:35,410
+topics and write a topic sentence for each of
+
+458
+00:39:35,410 --> 00:39:39,790
+these two. Choose two out of these five and write
+
+459
+00:39:39,790 --> 00:39:44,270
+a topic sentence for each, okay? Reading in a 
+
+460
+00:39:44,270 --> 00:39:49,730
+foreign language, Facebook, university tests, a
+
+461
+00:39:49,730 --> 00:39:54,370
+job interview, and the last one is divorce. So
+
+462
+00:39:54,370 --> 00:39:57,410
+choose any two of these five and write a topic
+
+463
+00:39:57,410 --> 00:39:58,570
+sentence for each.
+
+464
+00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:24,800
+Okay.
+
+465
+00:40:55,870 --> 00:40:59,800
+Choose any two of these five topics and write a
+
+466
+00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:04,540
+topic sentence for each. Check on your subject-verb 
+
+467
+00:41:04,540 --> 00:41:08,700
+agreement, check on your punctuation, full stop,
+
+468
+00:41:08,700 --> 00:41:13,300
+capital letters, and also that your topic sentence 
+
+469
+00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:18,040
+must have a topic and a clear controlling idea, all
+
+470
+00:41:18,040 --> 00:41:20,100
+right, and this controlling idea should be
+
+471
+00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:23,720
+generally an opinion, not a specific or a very 
+
+472
+00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:25,060
+general fact. 
+
+473
+00:41:30,570 --> 00:41:31,870
+Thank you. Thank you. 
+
+474
+00:41:50,930 --> 00:41:53,210
+All right, who finished? Just keep on writing. Who 
+
+475
+00:41:53,210 --> 00:41:56,410
+finished the first? Choose anyone. Who finished
+
+476
+00:41:56,410 --> 00:41:59,090
+writing the first topic sentence? Yes, please. Can
+
+477
+00:41:59,090 --> 00:42:02,170
+you come forward? Please. Yes, please. All right.
+
+478
+00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:06,190
+Who finished a second or another topic sentence? 
+
+479
+00:42:06,750 --> 00:42:07,850
+Please, come forward. 
+
+480
+00:42:12,030 --> 00:42:15,050
+All right. Who would like to volunteer to come
+
+481
+00:42:15,050 --> 00:42:18,910
+here and write their topic sentence? Yes, please.
+
+482
+00:42:19,930 --> 00:42:21,190
+Yes please, come forward.
+
+483
+00:42:24,890 --> 00:42:28,330
+Alright. Now, have you finished writing your topic 
+
+484
+00:42:28,330 --> 00:42:31,110
+sentences? Yes. Alright. What I'd like you to do is to
+
+485
+00:42:31,110 --> 00:42:35,910
+exchange your writing, your topic sentences with 
+
+486
+00:42:35,910 --> 00:42:38,170
+the person, with your classmate sitting next to 
+
+487
+00:42:38,170 --> 00:42:42,270
+you, next to you. Alright? Alright? Exchange your
+
+488
+00:42:42,270 --> 00:42:45,770
+writings with the person sitting next to you.
+
+489
+00:42:46,110 --> 00:42:49,490
+Alright? And, yes please, come up. Come up. Yes? 
+
+490
+00:42:49,890 --> 00:42:53,190
+Alright. Exchange your writings with the person
+
+491
+00:42:53,190 --> 00:42:58,490
+sitting next to you and try to read her topic 
+
+492
+00:42:58,490 --> 00:43:03,370
+sentences and check for topic and controlling idea
+
+493
+00:43:03,370 --> 00:43:06,090
+and check for other things like punctuation, 
+
+494
+00:43:06,310 --> 00:43:09,390
+capitalization, subject-verb agreement, and other 
+
+495
+00:43:09,390 --> 00:43:11,030
+things. Yes, please. Very good. 
+
+496
+00:43:54,420 --> 00:43:58,450
+Alright. Alright. And let's just look at your
+
+497
+00:43:58,450 --> 00:44:03,510
+sentence classmates writings and check for the
+
+498
+00:44:03,510 --> 00:44:08,090
+topic and the controlling idea, as well as if the 
+
+499
+00:44:08,090 --> 00:44:11,670
+ideas are clear and are very clear. All right, let's 
+
+500
+00:44:11,670 --> 00:44:13,790
+just read the first one, and if you have any
+
+501
+00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,990
+comments, just let me know about this about them.
+
+502
+00:44:16,990 --> 00:44:20,870
+There are many difficulties that the student have
+
+503
+00:44:20,870 --> 00:44:24,630
+to teach in a foreign language. It's just general
+
+504
+00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:31,200
+or learning or reading, how to read, to read, not
+
+505
+00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:34,480
+teach, all right? To teach, to read in a foreign 
+
+506
+00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:36,220
+language, this is the topic. What is the
+
+507
+00:44:36,220 --> 00:44:38,880
+controlling idea? Is there a clear controlling 
+
+508
+00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:42,700
+idea here? Yes, the difficulties, there are many 
+
+509
+00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:46,060
+difficulties in reading or to read in a foreign 
+
+510
+00:44:46,060 --> 00:44:48,620
+language, very nice. But we can just double check 
+
+511
+00:44:48,620 --> 00:44:55,600
+difficulties, okay, that the student. I told you 
+
+512
+00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:59,900
+about subject-verb agreement. The student has to,
+
+513
+00:45:00,380 --> 00:45:07,080
+in reading, in reading in a foreign language. Now 
+
+514
+00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:10,060
+this is a clear topic sentence. Very good on you.
+
+515
+00:45:10,580 --> 00:45:14,400
+Divorce. That turns up an effect that follows a 
+
+516
+00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:18,420
+divorce. What do you think here? Is this a good 
+
+517
+00:45:18,420 --> 00:45:23,540
+topic sentence? Well, generally it is okay, but is
+
+518
+00:45:23,540 --> 00:45:26,460
+this a sentence in the first place? Is this a
+
+519
+00:45:26,460 --> 00:45:29,560
+sentence? I don't think so. I don't think this is
+
+520
+00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:33,210
+a sentence. This is more of a title, not a clear
+
+521
+00:45:33,210 --> 00:45:36,310
+topic sentence. Remember, a topic sentence is a 
+
+522
+00:45:36,310 --> 00:45:38,510
+sentence in the first place. That is to say it
+
+523
+00:45:38,510 --> 00:45:41,690
+must have a subject and a verb. A clear subject 
+
+524
+00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:45,890
+-verb relationship. So we have to rewrite it in 
+
+525
+00:45:45,890 --> 00:45:53,570
+different ways. We can say, divorce has or leads to
+
+526
+00:45:53,570 --> 00:46:02,700
+serious social problems. Okay? Now I have a clear
+
+527
+00:46:02,700 --> 00:46:06,460
+topic sentences. It is a sentence because subject
+
+528
+00:46:06,460 --> 00:46:10,460
+there and the topic is clear and the controlling
+
+529
+00:46:10,460 --> 00:46:14,500
+idea is also clear. I am talking about the serious 
+
+530
+00:46:14,500 --> 00:46:20,380
+social problems that divorce results in. Now
+
+531
+00:46:20,380 --> 00:46:25,280
+change this into a sentence and then into a topic 
+
+532
+00:46:25,280 --> 00:46:31,390
+sentence. Let's see the third one. Facebook is
+
+533
+00:46:31,390 --> 00:46:35,190
+very important to clarify the stereotypes about 
+
+534
+00:46:35,190 --> 00:46:39,070
+our issues all over, our issue all over the world.
+
+535
+00:46:39,370 --> 00:46:42,690
+Okay? Is this a good topic sentence? Yes, more or
+
+536
+00:46:42,690 --> 00:46:45,610
+less, but we just need to double check on 
+
+537
+00:46:45,610 --> 00:46:50,050
+punctuation, capital letter, Facebook. Okay? One
+
+538
+00:46:50,050 --> 00:46:55,450
+word is important to clarify the stereotype, not 
+
+539
+00:46:55,450 --> 00:46:58,010
+the stereotype, stereotype. Okay?
+
+540
+00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:06,240
+Stereotypes of our cause or of our issues in all 
+
+541
+00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:10,540
+over the world. Okay? Right? And we can actually
+
+542
+00:47:10,540 --> 00:47:14,400
+write many similar topic sentences like this. In 
+
+543
+00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:17,220
+your textbook, we'll conclude with this. In your 
+
+544
+00:47:17,220 --> 00:47:23,320
+textbook on page 43, we have six topics. What I'd
+
+545
+00:47:23,320 --> 00:47:26,060
+like you to do is at home, at home, as a homeowner, 
+
+546
+00:47:26,260 --> 00:47:29,810
+is to write a topic sentence for each one of these 
+
+547
+00:47:29,810 --> 00:47:34,290
+six topics, alright? Alright, and next time, 
+
+548
+00:47:34,430 --> 00:47:36,590
+inshallah, we'll practice writing more and more 
+
+549
+00:47:36,590 --> 00:47:39,930
+topic sentences, topic sentences. Thank you very 
+
+550
+00:47:39,930 --> 00:47:42,090
+much, and see you next time, inshallah. Thank you.

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/8FBGTsPQOlg_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1808 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,480
+Good morning, how are you today? Very good, very
+
+2
+00:00:24,480 --> 00:00:26,920
+good. Alright, today we're looking at the second
+
+3
+00:00:26,920 --> 00:00:31,020
+type of sentence structure. Remember last week we
+
+4
+00:00:31,020 --> 00:00:35,540
+talked about simple sentence structure and as you
+
+5
+00:00:35,540 --> 00:00:38,000
+know it's not only, it's not good just to write
+
+6
+00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:41,340
+simple sentences but we have to use a variety of
+
+7
+00:00:41,340 --> 00:00:44,740
+sentence structures. So today maybe some topic
+
+8
+00:00:44,740 --> 00:00:48,220
+that is maybe familiar to you which is the
+
+9
+00:00:48,220 --> 00:00:52,700
+compound sentence or compound sentences. Alright,
+
+10
+00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:55,520
+remember last times we talked about simple
+
+11
+00:00:55,520 --> 00:01:00,380
+structure as A sentence that has a subject and a
+
+12
+00:01:00,380 --> 00:01:04,400
+verb relationship, a subject and a verb pair. For
+
+13
+00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:08,260
+example, I live in Gaza city, so at least every
+
+14
+00:01:08,260 --> 00:01:10,460
+sentence must have a subject and a verb
+
+15
+00:01:10,460 --> 00:01:14,860
+combination and expresses a complete idea. But as
+
+16
+00:01:14,860 --> 00:01:18,420
+you know, language is not only composed of Simple
+
+17
+00:01:18,420 --> 00:01:22,600
+sentences, we use different structures. So one
+
+18
+00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:27,360
+second structure, very common that we use is the
+
+19
+00:01:27,360 --> 00:01:29,920
+compound sentence. What is a compound sentence?
+
+20
+00:01:30,460 --> 00:01:35,320
+It's basically two simple sentences that are
+
+21
+00:01:35,320 --> 00:01:38,960
+joined together by a comma and a coordinating
+
+22
+00:01:38,960 --> 00:01:41,640
+conjunction. Let's consider this example for
+
+23
+00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:42,040
+instance.
+
+24
+00:01:46,610 --> 00:01:52,370
+Notice that we joined them by the connector or the
+
+25
+00:01:52,370 --> 00:01:56,290
+coordinating conjunction but, so she works in the
+
+26
+00:01:56,290 --> 00:02:00,110
+city but she lives in the suburb. So we have a
+
+27
+00:02:00,110 --> 00:02:02,570
+simple sentence, another simple sentence that is
+
+28
+00:02:02,570 --> 00:02:06,410
+also both are joined by the connector or by
+
+29
+00:02:06,410 --> 00:02:10,000
+something we call coordinating conjunction. and
+
+30
+00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,100
+notice the punctuation here there is a comma
+
+31
+00:02:12,100 --> 00:02:16,840
+before the coordinator or the coordinating
+
+32
+00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:20,020
+conjunction before so this is what we call a
+
+33
+00:02:20,020 --> 00:02:22,900
+compound sentence a combination of two simple
+
+34
+00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:26,320
+sentences joined together by a linking word or a
+
+35
+00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,600
+coordinator okay this is also another example we
+
+36
+00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:32,820
+have a simple sentence here and also a simple
+
+37
+00:02:32,820 --> 00:02:35,680
+sentence here and then we have a coordinating
+
+38
+00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:39,530
+conjunction for instance He couldn't watch the
+
+39
+00:02:39,530 --> 00:02:45,490
+show, so he decided to tape it. Also another
+
+40
+00:02:45,490 --> 00:02:50,390
+example, he was poor, but he learned happily. Or
+
+41
+00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:55,370
+it was cold outside, so Huda put on a heavy coat.
+
+42
+00:02:55,510 --> 00:02:59,490
+Or you can attend a lesson, or I will ask someone
+
+43
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:02,610
+to attend on your behalf. So what we see here are
+
+44
+00:03:02,610 --> 00:03:06,510
+examples of comparative sentences. two simple
+
+45
+00:03:06,510 --> 00:03:09,930
+sentences again joined by one of these linking
+
+46
+00:03:09,930 --> 00:03:13,670
+words or what we call coordinating conjunctions.
+
+47
+00:03:13,790 --> 00:03:16,930
+So what are these coordinating conjunctions? At
+
+48
+00:03:16,930 --> 00:03:19,990
+least we have seven of them, alright? And we
+
+49
+00:03:19,990 --> 00:03:22,470
+should learn them, we should know how to use them
+
+50
+00:03:22,470 --> 00:03:28,110
+all the time. For instance, we have and which is
+
+51
+00:03:28,110 --> 00:03:31,250
+indicating an addition relationship. So the second
+
+52
+00:03:31,250 --> 00:03:34,750
+sentence is an addition to the first sentence.
+
+53
+00:03:37,350 --> 00:03:41,970
+ideas for example but and yet and but have the
+
+54
+00:03:41,970 --> 00:03:45,850
+same meaning except yet sometimes or comes as for
+
+55
+00:03:45,850 --> 00:03:48,810
+something we call unexpected result all right
+
+56
+00:03:48,810 --> 00:03:53,650
+unexpected result result all right we have a
+
+57
+00:03:53,650 --> 00:03:59,120
+choice for example or nor we have causa and False,
+
+58
+00:03:59,180 --> 00:04:01,380
+very much like because but it is a kind of
+
+59
+00:04:01,380 --> 00:04:06,260
+coordinating conjunctions. And finally we have, so
+
+60
+00:04:06,260 --> 00:04:10,400
+all of these seven connectors are combined in the
+
+61
+00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:15,320
+word fanboys, okay? So it is the abbreviation of
+
+62
+00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:20,660
+these, the initials of these seven connectors. Is
+
+63
+00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:25,240
+this clear? So again, the idea is that A compound
+
+64
+00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:28,420
+sentence is basically a combination of two simple
+
+65
+00:04:28,420 --> 00:04:31,460
+sentences joined by one of these seven
+
+66
+00:04:31,460 --> 00:04:36,120
+coordinators or seven fanboys.
+
+67
+00:04:36,540 --> 00:04:41,040
+Okay? All right. Remember, also the punctuation is
+
+68
+00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:46,220
+that when we not put this punctuation, did not put
+
+69
+00:04:46,220 --> 00:04:50,180
+the comma here. The necklace was beautiful but
+
+70
+00:04:50,180 --> 00:04:53,260
+expensive. Why did we not put a comma here?
+
+71
+00:04:55,990 --> 00:04:59,970
+Why there is no comma here? The necklace was
+
+72
+00:04:59,970 --> 00:05:05,130
+beautiful but expensive. Yes please. It is not a
+
+73
+00:05:05,130 --> 00:05:07,230
+compound sentence. Very nice. It is not a compound
+
+74
+00:05:07,230 --> 00:05:11,370
+sentence. It is a simple sentence and but here is
+
+75
+00:05:11,370 --> 00:05:15,850
+not joining two sentences. It is just two words or
+
+76
+00:05:15,850 --> 00:05:18,890
+two phrases but not two simple sentences and
+
+77
+00:05:18,890 --> 00:05:22,210
+therefore there is no need for a comma here. So it
+
+78
+00:05:22,210 --> 00:05:25,630
+is not that every time we see and or but we have
+
+79
+00:05:25,630 --> 00:05:27,470
+to put comma. We have to look at the sentence
+
+80
+00:05:27,470 --> 00:05:31,230
+structure. If it is a compound, then we put a
+
+81
+00:05:31,230 --> 00:05:33,670
+comma and if it's not, then there's no need for a
+
+82
+00:05:33,670 --> 00:05:39,330
+word. Is this clear? Alright. Let's just review
+
+83
+00:05:39,330 --> 00:05:43,090
+very quickly the simplest sentence structure. Just
+
+84
+00:05:43,090 --> 00:05:45,310
+we would like you to know the difference between
+
+85
+00:05:45,310 --> 00:05:48,230
+or to recognize the difference between a simple
+
+86
+00:05:48,230 --> 00:05:51,000
+sentence and a compound sentence. Remember we
+
+87
+00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:55,160
+talked about simple sentences as sometimes having
+
+88
+00:05:55,160 --> 00:06:00,300
+a compound subject or and a compound verb. For
+
+89
+00:06:00,300 --> 00:06:03,940
+example, Marian and Tom travelled to Amsterdam and
+
+90
+00:06:03,940 --> 00:06:07,240
+visited. Is this a simple or a compound sentence?
+
+91
+00:06:07,420 --> 00:06:11,660
+Simple. Yet we have a compound subject and a
+
+92
+00:06:11,660 --> 00:06:15,460
+compound verb. But still the structure is a simple
+
+93
+00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:17,900
+sentence structure, not a compound one because we
+
+94
+00:06:17,900 --> 00:06:22,610
+only see one sentence not two sentences okay all
+
+95
+00:06:22,610 --> 00:06:28,310
+right let's look at page 54 in your textbook page
+
+96
+00:06:28,310 --> 00:06:32,870
+54 in your textbook all right and let's study
+
+97
+00:06:32,870 --> 00:06:36,310
+these examples just to get you the idea in
+
+98
+00:06:36,310 --> 00:06:40,030
+recognizing the differences between the two of
+
+99
+00:06:40,030 --> 00:06:42,350
+them let's see at the table here just a second
+
+100
+00:06:42,350 --> 00:06:43,310
+please just two
+
+101
+00:06:47,660 --> 00:06:50,420
+So like I just said, sometimes I have a simple
+
+102
+00:06:50,420 --> 00:06:52,600
+sentence with a compound verb or a compound
+
+103
+00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:55,780
+subject and sometimes I have a compound sentence.
+
+104
+00:06:55,940 --> 00:06:58,600
+Let's see the examples here. Simple sentence with
+
+105
+00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:01,540
+a compound verb, for example, my family goes
+
+106
+00:07:01,540 --> 00:07:05,780
+camping summer every summer and usually has fun.
+
+107
+00:07:05,860 --> 00:07:10,020
+So it is a simple sentence with an SVV structure.
+
+108
+00:07:10,300 --> 00:07:13,160
+With the second one, my family goes camping every
+
+109
+00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:18,630
+summer And we usually have fun so it is a compound
+
+110
+00:07:18,630 --> 00:07:25,030
+sentence with an sv and sv structure. Alright? The
+
+111
+00:07:25,030 --> 00:07:27,730
+second one, simple sentence with a compound verb.
+
+112
+00:07:28,010 --> 00:07:32,640
+Last year, we went camping out. But had a terrible
+
+113
+00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:36,260
+time. Alright? So it's an SPV. Whereas the
+
+114
+00:07:36,260 --> 00:07:38,900
+compound sentence, last year we went camping, but
+
+115
+00:07:38,900 --> 00:07:45,220
+everyone had a
+
+116
+00:07:45,220 --> 00:07:47,280
+trouble time. And the third example.
+
+117
+00:07:50,290 --> 00:07:54,250
+Next year we will go to the beach or perhaps stay
+
+118
+00:07:54,250 --> 00:07:56,910
+at home. This is still a simple sentence with an
+
+119
+00:07:56,910 --> 00:08:00,690
+SVV structure whereas the compound sentence would
+
+120
+00:08:00,690 --> 00:08:03,050
+be something like next year we will go to the
+
+121
+00:08:03,050 --> 00:08:07,010
+beach or perhaps we will. And you will notice that
+
+122
+00:08:07,010 --> 00:08:09,750
+every time we use a compound sentence before the
+
+123
+00:08:09,750 --> 00:08:11,690
+connector there is always a
+
+124
+00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:20,140
+And and so and so on. So this is important to keep
+
+125
+00:08:20,140 --> 00:08:23,380
+in mind, alright? Let's do the exercise on the
+
+126
+00:08:23,380 --> 00:08:27,080
+same page and read the sentences exercise eight,
+
+127
+00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:30,540
+practice eight in your textbook and I'd like you
+
+128
+00:08:30,540 --> 00:08:34,580
+to read the sentences very quickly and decide Is
+
+129
+00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:37,260
+it a simple sentence or a compound sentence
+
+130
+00:08:37,260 --> 00:08:41,560
+structure? And what is the formula? Is it an SV,
+
+131
+00:08:42,140 --> 00:08:46,980
+SPV, and so on? Yes, please, very quickly. We have
+
+132
+00:08:46,980 --> 00:08:49,440
+two examples done for us. For example, a simple
+
+133
+00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:55,260
+sentence is the summers were hot and humid in my
+
+134
+00:08:55,260 --> 00:08:57,600
+childhood. So this is a simple sentence structure
+
+135
+00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:02,030
+with an SV, subject verb.Whereas the second one,
+
+136
+00:09:02,530 --> 00:09:05,710
+it's a compound sentence joined, sorry, two simple
+
+137
+00:09:05,710 --> 00:09:09,290
+sentences joined by so. Every evening it was
+
+138
+00:09:09,290 --> 00:09:14,230
+subject there, so my sisters and I played subject
+
+139
+00:09:14,230 --> 00:09:16,750
+subject. Alright, third book please.
+
+140
+00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:30,480
+Okay. Okay. Yeah.
+
+141
+00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:38,120
+Yeah.
+
+142
+00:10:00,730 --> 00:10:05,090
+In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy
+
+143
+00:10:05,090 --> 00:10:05,090
+Spirit. Amen.
+
+144
+00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:10,520
+Alright, let's see number three. Who would like to
+
+145
+00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:16,640
+do exam number three? Yes, please. Our parents sat
+
+146
+00:11:16,640 --> 00:11:19,280
+in chairs on the grass and watched us play our
+
+147
+00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:21,780
+children's game. It's a simple sentence. Simple
+
+148
+00:11:21,780 --> 00:11:24,500
+sentence? Is that right? Yes, it's a simple
+
+149
+00:11:24,500 --> 00:11:28,500
+sentence. Okay. And what is the structure? What's
+
+150
+00:11:28,500 --> 00:11:33,760
+the formula? It's an S. These parents sat and
+
+151
+00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:37,560
+Right, so it's NSVB. Very nice, very nice. Let's
+
+152
+00:11:37,560 --> 00:11:39,980
+see the fourth one. Yes, please.
+
+153
+00:11:48,850 --> 00:11:51,570
+It's a compound? Yes. Very nice. It's a compound
+
+154
+00:11:51,570 --> 00:12:01,030
+sentence. It is SV. And it is an SVR or? SVV. SVV.
+
+155
+00:12:01,350 --> 00:12:03,810
+Is that right? Yes. Yes, okay. And notice the
+
+156
+00:12:03,810 --> 00:12:09,150
+punctuation, or, or, okay? Yes. Yes, please. Over
+
+157
+00:12:09,150 --> 00:12:13,650
+there, please. Yes, at the end. Also, what's my
+
+158
+00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:18,890
+advice? Simple sentence and the structure is? S.V.
+
+159
+00:12:19,010 --> 00:12:23,350
+We caught. We caught fireflies. Alright? Yes
+
+160
+00:12:23,350 --> 00:12:28,690
+please. Number six. We put fireflies in a glass
+
+161
+00:12:28,690 --> 00:12:32,210
+jar and our father punched air holes in the metal
+
+162
+00:12:32,210 --> 00:12:36,430
+lid. It's a compound. Alright? And the structure
+
+163
+00:12:36,430 --> 00:12:48,620
+is S.V. and a C. S.V. We put and our father's
+
+164
+00:12:48,620 --> 00:12:54,680
+punch etc number seven number seven yes please my
+
+165
+00:12:54,680 --> 00:12:57,420
+sister were afraid of most bugs but they loved
+
+166
+00:12:57,420 --> 00:13:01,680
+fireflies compound sentence structure sv my sister
+
+167
+00:13:01,680 --> 00:13:08,320
+were but they loved so it's a compound sv but sv
+
+168
+00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:14,920
+all right but they loved it's a subject verb yes
+
+169
+00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:19,080
+please We usually went to sleep. Yes. Went
+
+170
+00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:24,300
+together at night but we stayed up at night or on
+
+171
+00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:27,140
+really warm evenings. It's compound? It's a
+
+172
+00:13:27,140 --> 00:13:32,560
+compound sentence structure. S-V but S-V. S-V but
+
+173
+00:13:32,560 --> 00:13:37,480
+S-V. Very good. And the second last. Yes, please.
+
+174
+00:13:37,540 --> 00:13:42,150
+Over there. Our father told us to come inside a
+
+175
+00:13:42,150 --> 00:13:43,930
+simple sentence. It's a simple sentence. Very
+
+176
+00:13:43,930 --> 00:13:50,730
+nice. It is a SV structure. SV. I call our mother
+
+177
+00:13:50,730 --> 00:13:56,010
+and father SSV. Very nice. Told us. Told is the
+
+178
+00:13:56,010 --> 00:13:59,390
+verb. And finally. Yes, please. Come inside now,
+
+179
+00:13:59,550 --> 00:14:03,090
+but leave the fireflies outside. Please, our
+
+180
+00:14:03,090 --> 00:14:07,010
+mother always It's a compound, is that correct?
+
+181
+00:14:07,350 --> 00:14:10,750
+Yes. Yes. With an order imperative structure. So
+
+182
+00:14:10,750 --> 00:14:20,050
+it's N compound S B dot, dot S B, okay? Because
+
+183
+00:14:20,050 --> 00:14:24,350
+it's the, as we said before, the subject is not
+
+184
+00:14:24,350 --> 00:14:29,750
+stated clearly. The subject is originally you come
+
+185
+00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:35,680
+inside now and you leave the fireflies. Now let's
+
+186
+00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:40,640
+look at exercise in the next page, on this
+
+187
+00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:45,240
+paragraph, on page 55, teenagers. What I'd like
+
+188
+00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:48,620
+you to do is to read the sentences in this
+
+189
+00:14:48,620 --> 00:14:52,140
+paragraph and decide again what is the structure
+
+190
+00:14:52,140 --> 00:14:54,700
+here, is it a simple sentence or a confound
+
+191
+00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:58,040
+sentence structure, and tell me what the formula
+
+192
+00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:01,540
+is, is it SV or SVV and so on and so forth,
+
+193
+00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:02,040
+alright?
+
+194
+00:15:20,030 --> 00:15:21,950
+Thank you so much.
+
+195
+00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:54,320
+Okay. Okay.
+
+196
+00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:00,480
+Okay.
+
+197
+00:16:02,740 --> 00:16:04,140
+Okay.
+
+198
+00:16:07,370 --> 00:16:14,350
+Why? Why? Why?
+
+199
+00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:06,840
+So decide very quickly if the sentence is simple
+
+200
+00:17:06,840 --> 00:17:09,580
+or compound structure and decide what is the
+
+201
+00:17:09,580 --> 00:17:13,120
+formula here? What is the formula we're talking
+
+202
+00:17:13,120 --> 00:17:13,800
+about here?
+
+203
+00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:17,100
+Alright, let's see the first one. Yes, please.
+
+204
+00:18:17,420 --> 00:18:27,120
+Over there. Yes, Emma. Teenagers find...
+
+205
+00:18:27,120 --> 00:18:31,460
+Oh, so the first sentence, is it simple or
+
+206
+00:18:31,460 --> 00:18:35,280
+compound? It's a simple sentence, okay? It's a
+
+207
+00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:41,240
+simple sentence. So, with M, teenagers find.
+
+208
+00:18:41,380 --> 00:18:44,650
+Alright, the second one. The second one. Yes
+
+209
+00:18:44,650 --> 00:18:48,810
+please. They do their hair proper. Proper or?
+
+210
+00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:52,750
+Proper or they shave their heads. Or? It's a
+
+211
+00:18:52,750 --> 00:18:54,910
+compound. It's a compound. Very nice. It's a
+
+212
+00:18:54,910 --> 00:18:55,250
+compound.
+
+213
+00:19:01,090 --> 00:19:04,390
+Very nice. Number three. They also tattoo their
+
+214
+00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:09,190
+skin and wear rings in their noses. It's a simple
+
+215
+00:19:09,190 --> 00:19:11,270
+sentence. It's a simple sentence. Very nice. It's
+
+216
+00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:16,910
+a simple sentence. The structure. SVV. Very nice.
+
+217
+00:19:19,610 --> 00:19:22,090
+Number four. Yes, please. In addition, they spend
+
+218
+00:19:22,090 --> 00:19:25,830
+hours at the shopping mall and on the mall. It's a
+
+219
+00:19:25,830 --> 00:19:28,230
+simple sentence. Again, it's a simple sentence.
+
+220
+00:19:28,230 --> 00:19:32,130
+The structure is very nice with an SV. They spend.
+
+221
+00:19:32,890 --> 00:19:37,870
+Subject, verb. Yes please. They have time to watch
+
+222
+00:19:37,870 --> 00:19:44,190
+TV but they don't have time to wash. It's a
+
+223
+00:19:44,190 --> 00:19:48,610
+compound. Venice. So it's a compound. Venice. It's
+
+224
+00:19:48,610 --> 00:19:52,950
+a compound. But I noticed a comma here. But they
+
+225
+00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,970
+don't have time. Subject, verb. Very good. Very
+
+226
+00:19:56,970 --> 00:20:02,330
+good. Yes please. Also they are always too busy to
+
+227
+00:20:02,330 --> 00:20:04,750
+clean up their rooms but they are never too busy
+
+228
+00:20:04,750 --> 00:20:09,490
+to clean up the refrigerator by eating something.
+
+229
+00:20:11,130 --> 00:20:19,030
+It's a compound, yes? It's a compound but
+
+230
+00:20:19,030 --> 00:20:23,430
+they are never too busy to clean up the
+
+231
+00:20:23,430 --> 00:20:26,650
+refrigerator by eating everything. Yes please, ma
+
+232
+00:20:26,650 --> 00:20:30,810
+'am.Finally, they are old enough to drive, but too
+
+233
+00:20:30,810 --> 00:20:33,250
+young to pay for gas. Simple sentence. Simple
+
+234
+00:20:33,250 --> 00:20:36,850
+sentence. Is that correct? Yes. Yes. Why? Because
+
+235
+00:20:36,850 --> 00:20:41,050
+part here, it is not a sentence or a simple
+
+236
+00:20:41,050 --> 00:20:44,970
+sentence. It's not connecting two sentences. This
+
+237
+00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:49,070
+is too young, it's a phrase. It's a phrase. So
+
+238
+00:20:49,070 --> 00:20:53,340
+it's still a simple sentence. Not two simple
+
+239
+00:20:53,340 --> 00:20:56,200
+sentences joined together by but. Yes, very nice.
+
+240
+00:20:56,980 --> 00:21:00,180
+They are usually broke so they always return the
+
+241
+00:21:00,180 --> 00:21:03,700
+family car with an empty gas tank. It's a compound
+
+242
+00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:06,540
+sentence. It's a compound sentence joined very
+
+243
+00:21:06,540 --> 00:21:13,950
+nice. So, they always return it's a subject, a
+
+244
+00:21:13,950 --> 00:21:17,730
+formula, still a compound sentence. And finally,
+
+245
+00:21:17,870 --> 00:21:21,450
+yes please. It's hard to be a teenager but it's
+
+246
+00:21:21,450 --> 00:21:25,910
+even harder to be a parent. it's a compound
+
+247
+00:21:25,910 --> 00:21:31,130
+sentence joined by but but it is even harder very
+
+248
+00:21:31,130 --> 00:21:35,250
+good all right so it's a compound sentence so i
+
+249
+00:21:35,250 --> 00:21:37,710
+want you to keep this understanding as you write
+
+250
+00:21:37,710 --> 00:21:40,870
+your sentences not only write simple sentences but
+
+251
+00:21:40,870 --> 00:21:44,110
+try to join some of these sentences into compound
+
+252
+00:21:44,110 --> 00:21:47,430
+ones all right now let's do some more practice on
+
+253
+00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:53,920
+this and Try to form compound sentences by joining
+
+254
+00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:59,540
+each pair of sample sentences together using any
+
+255
+00:21:59,540 --> 00:22:02,860
+of these fanboys, any of these connectors that we
+
+256
+00:22:02,860 --> 00:22:07,520
+talked about, and, for, and, but, not yet, or,
+
+257
+00:22:07,660 --> 00:22:09,640
+and, so. Okay?
+
+258
+00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:17,280
+Join each pair of sentences, simple sentences to
+
+259
+00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:18,300
+form a compound.
+
+260
+00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:47,730
+And remember to put the comma where necessary.
+
+261
+00:22:47,890 --> 00:22:50,310
+Don't forget the punctuation for compound
+
+262
+00:22:50,310 --> 00:22:54,470
+sentences. So it is the fanboy is a connector is
+
+263
+00:22:54,470 --> 00:22:56,270
+preceded by a comma.
+
+264
+00:23:17,690 --> 00:23:20,490
+Okay. Okay.
+
+265
+00:23:32,230 --> 00:23:32,230
+Okay.
+
+266
+00:23:43,730 --> 00:23:45,170
+Okay. Okay.
+
+267
+00:23:49,850 --> 00:23:51,250
+Okay.
+
+268
+00:24:00,150 --> 00:24:01,550
+Okay.
+
+269
+00:24:08,430 --> 00:24:12,170
+Alright, are we done? Yes, the first one. Yes,
+
+270
+00:24:12,270 --> 00:24:18,250
+please. Ali works poorly but he plays well. Very
+
+271
+00:24:18,250 --> 00:24:21,890
+nice.
+
+272
+00:24:21,990 --> 00:24:25,210
+Yes, number two. He must obey me so I will punish
+
+273
+00:24:25,210 --> 00:24:28,630
+him. Oh, so I'll punish him because he obeyed me
+
+274
+00:24:28,630 --> 00:24:34,530
+now. Actually, he or I will punish or. Is that
+
+275
+00:24:34,530 --> 00:24:36,950
+right? Yes, or I'll punish him. It makes sense
+
+276
+00:24:36,950 --> 00:24:37,970
+now. Yes, please.
+
+277
+00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:45,280
+Very nice. A nice connector would be something
+
+278
+00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:51,600
+like and we have a small validation idea. Yes
+
+279
+00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:55,040
+please. He is clever and he is intelligent. And he
+
+280
+00:24:55,040 --> 00:25:01,100
+and he is intelligent too. Yes. Very nice. Yes
+
+281
+00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:03,380
+please. He didn't pay the money so he will go to
+
+282
+00:25:03,380 --> 00:25:07,220
+present. So he will go to present. So he will go
+
+283
+00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,180
+to present. Very nice. Yes please. She sings
+
+284
+00:25:10,180 --> 00:25:11,120
+beautifully.
+
+285
+00:25:13,420 --> 00:25:19,020
+very nice and she paints well and she paints well
+
+286
+00:25:19,020 --> 00:25:22,980
+and number seven yes please he has done his best,
+
+287
+00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,260
+and his brother has done his best too and his
+
+288
+00:25:26,260 --> 00:25:31,760
+brother has done his best too all right let's just
+
+289
+00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:35,920
+complete the remaining sentences the same idea
+
+290
+00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:39,950
+just to join The two sentences to form a
+
+291
+00:25:39,950 --> 00:25:42,370
+compounder, a compound word.
+
+292
+00:26:21,140 --> 00:26:27,980
+I don't know. I don't know.
+
+293
+00:26:32,490 --> 00:26:47,850
+I'm going to
+
+294
+00:26:47,850 --> 00:26:51,750
+show you. Alright, let's see. Yes please, over
+
+295
+00:26:51,750 --> 00:26:56,170
+there. The boy eats too much and so he sleeps too
+
+296
+00:26:56,170 --> 00:26:58,690
+much. Okay, you can say, so he sleeps too much and
+
+297
+00:26:58,690 --> 00:27:00,990
+he sleeps too much. Both are correct depending on
+
+298
+00:27:00,990 --> 00:27:05,550
+what is your needs. And he works so he sleeps too
+
+299
+00:27:05,550 --> 00:27:09,530
+much. Yes please. The student worked hard so she
+
+300
+00:27:09,530 --> 00:27:11,930
+made some progress. Yes, so it's more of a result.
+
+301
+00:27:12,130 --> 00:27:16,970
+So she made some progress. Yes please. My father
+
+302
+00:27:16,970 --> 00:27:18,670
+has not seen the film but he has
+
+303
+00:27:22,020 --> 00:27:27,220
+But he has read the book. Yes. She walked for a
+
+304
+00:27:27,220 --> 00:27:29,160
+long time but she couldn't find the road. But she
+
+305
+00:27:29,160 --> 00:27:35,360
+couldn't find the book. But she couldn't find the
+
+306
+00:27:35,360 --> 00:27:41,920
+road and she shouted for help but no one heard
+
+307
+00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:47,280
+her. But no one heard her. And finally, yes
+
+308
+00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:47,600
+please.
+
+309
+00:27:53,270 --> 00:27:58,550
+So I decided to take a break. So I decided to take
+
+310
+00:27:58,550 --> 00:28:01,590
+a break. This is clear? Yes. Alright, now let's go
+
+311
+00:28:01,590 --> 00:28:05,370
+back to our textbook on page 57. Yes, please.
+
+312
+00:28:08,330 --> 00:28:11,850
+And exercise with practice 10, all right? It's the
+
+313
+00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:14,470
+same idea like here. We're going to do, we're
+
+314
+00:28:14,470 --> 00:28:17,030
+going to do more practice, and this time joining
+
+315
+00:28:17,030 --> 00:28:23,950
+each pair of sentences on page 58 and 59 using any
+
+316
+00:28:23,950 --> 00:28:27,790
+of these connectors, and, for, but, so, yet, and
+
+317
+00:28:27,790 --> 00:28:31,150
+so, and so on, all right? You see exam number one
+
+318
+00:28:31,150 --> 00:28:34,040
+at the bottom of the page? Canada has two official
+
+319
+00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:37,960
+languages, everyone is printed in both English and
+
+320
+00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:40,340
+French. Joining them together would be something
+
+321
+00:28:40,340 --> 00:28:43,660
+like Canada has two official languages, so
+
+322
+00:28:43,660 --> 00:28:47,980
+everything is printed in both English and French,
+
+323
+00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:53,440
+alright? Now page 58, just do the same, alright?
+
+324
+00:28:53,620 --> 00:28:57,800
+Join each two simple sentences into a compound
+
+325
+00:28:57,800 --> 00:28:58,180
+word.
+
+326
+00:29:27,830 --> 00:29:31,840
+Thank you very much. Thank you.
+
+327
+00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:47,980
+Thank you
+
+328
+00:29:47,980 --> 00:29:50,440
+so much.
+
+329
+00:30:09,390 --> 00:30:09,510
+Thank you.
+
+330
+00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:55,040
+Thank you very
+
+331
+00:30:55,040 --> 00:31:01,340
+much. In the name of God,
+
+332
+00:31:05,960 --> 00:31:07,480
+most Gracious, most Merciful.
+
+333
+00:31:52,210 --> 00:31:53,610
+I...
+
+334
+00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:02,100
+It's really good.
+
+335
+00:32:37,860 --> 00:32:41,860
+All right. All right. Yes, please. Uh-huh. Yes.
+
+336
+00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:45,860
+Sure. There are several hundred languages in the
+
+337
+00:32:45,860 --> 00:32:49,440
+world, but not all of them have written for. There
+
+338
+00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:51,920
+are several hundred languages in the world, but
+
+339
+00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:53,360
+not all of them have written for. Is that Korean?
+
+340
+00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,820
+Yes, but not
+
+341
+00:32:57,820 --> 00:33:02,240
+all of them are or have written for. Yes, please,
+
+342
+00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:04,500
+the second one. Chinese is spoken by more people,
+
+343
+00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:06,560
+but English is spoken in more countries. But
+
+344
+00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:09,180
+English is spoken in more countries.
+
+345
+00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:24,760
+Very nice and it's more of an addition here and We
+
+346
+00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:27,060
+can use but by thinking of it as more of an
+
+347
+00:33:27,060 --> 00:33:29,280
+addition the second sentence is an addition to the
+
+348
+00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:36,060
+first Yes please Only
+
+349
+00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:40,980
+use only about 10,000 of them very nice but most
+
+350
+00:33:40,980 --> 00:33:46,830
+people use only 10,000 of them number seven Six.
+
+351
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:48,970
+Six, yes please. Chinese has many different
+
+352
+00:33:48,970 --> 00:33:52,390
+dialects. Dialects. Dialects. So Chinese people
+
+353
+00:33:52,390 --> 00:33:55,710
+cannot always understand each other. So Chinese
+
+354
+00:33:55,710 --> 00:33:58,630
+people cannot always. Yes. It's more the result.
+
+355
+00:33:58,850 --> 00:34:01,530
+Yes. So Chinese people cannot always use them.
+
+356
+00:34:02,330 --> 00:34:04,450
+Yes. Yes please. French used to be the language of
+
+357
+00:34:04,450 --> 00:34:07,970
+international diplomacy. Diplomacy. But now it is
+
+358
+00:34:07,970 --> 00:34:11,330
+English. But now and now. But it's very nice. But
+
+359
+00:34:11,330 --> 00:34:11,970
+now.
+
+360
+00:34:18,670 --> 00:34:23,310
+So they will soon, very good. So they will soon
+
+361
+00:34:23,310 --> 00:34:27,100
+need more. And finally, guess what? Young people
+
+362
+00:34:27,100 --> 00:34:30,200
+should know a second language or they will be at a
+
+363
+00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,460
+disadvantage in the international job market. So
+
+364
+00:34:32,460 --> 00:34:36,220
+it's more of or. Yes, very good. Or they will be
+
+365
+00:34:36,220 --> 00:34:41,260
+at a disadvantage in the international job market.
+
+366
+00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:44,140
+Very nice. Okay. Now let's conclude with this
+
+367
+00:34:44,140 --> 00:34:48,040
+activity. What I'd like you to do is to complete
+
+368
+00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:52,560
+the following compound sentences. Alright? Yes.
+
+369
+00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:59,160
+So some sentences you have to add the connector
+
+370
+00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:02,460
+and complete the sentence or sometimes or not in
+
+371
+00:35:02,460 --> 00:35:06,220
+the first two you just add the connector.
+
+372
+00:35:29,430 --> 00:35:33,430
+It's very much like but, but it's sort of used as
+
+373
+00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:36,330
+an expected thing, unexpected.
+
+374
+00:35:38,580 --> 00:35:42,580
+I don't know if it's wrong for me to say this, but
+
+375
+00:35:42,580 --> 00:35:49,860
+I think it's
+
+376
+00:35:49,860 --> 00:35:50,060
+a good thing.
+
+377
+00:36:05,210 --> 00:36:05,750
+Okay, I'm free.
+
+378
+00:36:19,860 --> 00:36:20,420
+I don't know.
+
+379
+00:36:26,060 --> 00:36:27,080
+I don't know.
+
+380
+00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:49,600
+It's very much like me being able to sit in front
+
+381
+00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:54,160
+of a camera and talk to people. It's very much
+
+382
+00:36:54,160 --> 00:36:58,060
+like me being able to sit in front of a camera and
+
+383
+00:36:58,060 --> 00:36:58,060
+talk to people. It's very much like me being able
+
+384
+00:36:58,060 --> 00:36:58,060
+to sit in front of a camera and talk to people.
+
+385
+00:36:58,060 --> 00:36:59,340
+It's very much like me being able to sit in front
+
+386
+00:36:59,340 --> 00:37:05,560
+of a camera and talk to people. It's very much
+
+387
+00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:11,640
+like me being able to sit in front of a camera and
+
+388
+00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:11,640
+talk to people.
+
+389
+00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:20,480
+I don't know. I don't know.
+
+390
+00:38:11,860 --> 00:38:16,300
+Are we finished?
+
+391
+00:38:16,460 --> 00:38:19,120
+Yes. Very. Very good. All right. Let's see the
+
+392
+00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:21,860
+first one. It's warm out today, so let's go to the
+
+393
+00:38:21,860 --> 00:38:28,320
+park. So let's go to the park this afternoon. Yes,
+
+394
+00:38:28,380 --> 00:38:31,560
+please. Second question. Is a movement a form of
+
+395
+00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:32,140
+exercise?
+
+396
+00:38:41,170 --> 00:38:45,170
+often recommend it. Yes teacher. Number three,
+
+397
+00:38:45,670 --> 00:38:48,750
+number three. Yes please. The waves were high and
+
+398
+00:38:48,750 --> 00:38:52,610
+rough, yet I was able to swim. Yet I was able to
+
+399
+00:38:52,610 --> 00:38:56,350
+swim or is there another answer? Yet I went
+
+400
+00:38:56,350 --> 00:38:59,470
+swimming. Very nice. The waves were high and
+
+401
+00:38:59,470 --> 00:39:04,890
+rough, yet I went swimming. The fish are fishing
+
+402
+00:39:04,890 --> 00:39:09,030
+on the rocks. Yet I went swimming. Okay.
+
+403
+00:39:16,880 --> 00:39:22,000
+We will go on a picnic. We will go to have fun in
+
+404
+00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:29,520
+the city. So, we will go out. We will go out,
+
+405
+00:39:29,940 --> 00:39:32,180
+alright? Or we will have to the beach or
+
+406
+00:39:32,180 --> 00:39:35,920
+something. Very nice. Yes, please. I really enjoy
+
+407
+00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:39,680
+reading the novel and writing the story. Alright,
+
+408
+00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:43,260
+let's see number five. I really enjoyed reading
+
+409
+00:39:43,260 --> 00:39:46,480
+the novel and writing the stories. Is it a simple
+
+410
+00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:48,680
+or a compound? Simple. It's more of a simple
+
+411
+00:39:48,680 --> 00:39:51,720
+sentence because we're talking about the same
+
+412
+00:39:51,720 --> 00:39:56,320
+subject. I really enjoy and it's the same subject.
+
+413
+00:39:56,540 --> 00:39:58,580
+Yes. I really enjoy. So subject, verb. Yes.
+
+414
+00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:01,720
+Alright? But it has to be a compound here. It will
+
+415
+00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,880
+be something like. I really, I enjoy reading a
+
+416
+00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:09,280
+story.and I enjoy reading stories very
+
+417
+00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:14,320
+necessarily, enjoy reading the novel and I enjoyed
+
+418
+00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:18,380
+for example watching the film, okay?
+
+419
+00:40:35,550 --> 00:40:40,890
+And she baked a cake for everyone. And she, just
+
+420
+00:40:40,890 --> 00:40:44,050
+don't forget the second sentence. And she baked
+
+421
+00:40:44,050 --> 00:40:46,370
+the cake or something like that.
+
+422
+00:40:49,330 --> 00:40:55,390
+So she invited everyone. Is that right? Yes. So,
+
+423
+00:40:55,510 --> 00:40:59,450
+don't forget the comma. So she invited
+
+424
+00:41:06,060 --> 00:41:09,780
+Alright, so she invited everyone. And finally,
+
+425
+00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:13,100
+second last, we fought. Yes please. We fought a
+
+426
+00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:14,960
+lot as children, but now we are really good
+
+427
+00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,760
+friends. But now we are really good. Very nice
+
+428
+00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:27,740
+sentence. But now, we are good friends. Yes. We
+
+429
+00:41:27,740 --> 00:41:36,040
+are good friends. Or good sisters. Okay. Okay. And
+
+430
+00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:39,780
+finally, excuse me, yes please. Some people like
+
+431
+00:41:39,780 --> 00:41:42,460
+watching TV, but others like reading books. But
+
+432
+00:41:42,460 --> 00:41:45,900
+others like, prefer, very nice. Others like, what
+
+433
+00:41:45,900 --> 00:41:49,840
+was your sentence? Some people like watching TV,
+
+434
+00:41:49,980 --> 00:41:52,820
+but I prefer to read books. But I prefer to read
+
+435
+00:41:52,820 --> 00:41:57,100
+books. But others
+
+436
+00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:02,480
+prefer or like reading.
+
+437
+00:42:04,110 --> 00:42:10,490
+reading, for example, books. Okay? So now what we
+
+438
+00:42:10,490 --> 00:42:14,810
+did today is actually looking at the second type
+
+439
+00:42:14,810 --> 00:42:17,150
+of sentence structure which is the compound
+
+440
+00:42:17,150 --> 00:42:20,860
+sentence structure. Remember this? A compound
+
+441
+00:42:20,860 --> 00:42:24,280
+sentence is basically two simple sentences joined
+
+442
+00:42:24,280 --> 00:42:28,280
+together to form a new one with a new structure.
+
+443
+00:42:28,520 --> 00:42:32,820
+Usually we use or we form or join these two
+
+444
+00:42:32,820 --> 00:42:37,120
+sentences by using one of these fanboys. For and
+
+445
+00:42:37,120 --> 00:42:46,630
+these seven connectors for and nor yet so or or So
+
+446
+00:42:46,630 --> 00:42:50,230
+from now on, whenever you write, try to use a mix
+
+447
+00:42:50,230 --> 00:42:54,730
+of simple sentences and a compound sentence
+
+448
+00:42:54,730 --> 00:42:57,870
+structure, alright? Next week, inshallah, we'll
+
+449
+00:42:57,870 --> 00:43:01,190
+look at the complex sentence, complex sentence
+
+450
+00:43:01,190 --> 00:43:03,670
+structure, which is the third common type of
+
+451
+00:43:03,670 --> 00:43:06,730
+sentence structure. For now, thank you very much
+
+452
+00:43:06,730 --> 00:43:08,850
+and I'll see you next time, inshallah. Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/BZuUJi8I4QI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1484 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:23,010
+Alright, Assalamualaikum. Good morning, how are
+
+2
+00:00:23,010 --> 00:00:25,890
+you today? Very good, very good. Alright, today
+
+3
+00:00:25,890 --> 00:00:29,330
+we're looking at an important topic in writing, in
+
+4
+00:00:29,330 --> 00:00:31,610
+academic writing, and this has to do with
+
+5
+00:00:31,610 --> 00:00:37,310
+punctuation or correctly punctuate your sentences.
+
+6
+00:00:37,550 --> 00:00:40,160
+So, as you know, punctuation is very important. It
+
+7
+00:00:40,160 --> 00:00:45,000
+is like signposts, okay? It's like traffic lights,
+
+8
+00:00:45,540 --> 00:00:47,920
+alright? Every punctuation, for example, a comma
+
+9
+00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:51,420
+or a colon or a semicolon has or sends the reader
+
+10
+00:00:51,420 --> 00:00:54,660
+a message that this is something that we need to
+
+11
+00:00:54,660 --> 00:00:57,740
+stop. It is something to introduce something, or
+
+12
+00:00:57,740 --> 00:01:01,540
+to pause momentarily for something else and so on.
+
+13
+00:01:01,540 --> 00:01:05,280
+So punctuation in general is very important, and
+
+14
+00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:08,900
+today we're looking at rules for using commas,
+
+15
+00:01:08,900 --> 00:01:12,540
+rules for using colons, and rules for using
+
+16
+00:01:12,540 --> 00:01:16,980
+semicolons. First, when do I use a comma?
+
+17
+00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:23,780
+What are the different uses of a comma? All right. Yes.
+
+18
+00:01:23,780 --> 00:01:28,680
+Okay, after introductory words, for example, another
+
+19
+00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:32,140
+thing is, before we talked about this is, before
+
+20
+00:01:32,140 --> 00:01:37,360
+compound sentences joining two sentences, two
+
+21
+00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:39,360
+independent clauses. Very nice. So let's very
+
+22
+00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:43,100
+quickly go over them and do some exercises on this
+
+23
+00:01:43,100 --> 00:01:47,510
+topic. So the first thing is using the comma after
+
+24
+00:01:47,510 --> 00:01:51,050
+introductory words or after introductory phrases.
+
+25
+00:01:51,050 --> 00:01:57,290
+For instance, during the summer of 1999, we visited
+
+26
+00:01:57,290 --> 00:02:03,350
+Spain, or we can say, unfortunately, we did not speak
+
+27
+00:02:03,350 --> 00:02:09,150
+Spanish, or, finally, we arrived at our hotel. So
+
+28
+00:02:09,150 --> 00:02:12,530
+after introductory words, introductory phrases,
+
+29
+00:02:13,450 --> 00:02:17,530
+where signals such as time signals, for example,
+
+30
+00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:21,130
+or listing signals, first, second, third, in
+
+31
+00:02:21,130 --> 00:02:24,130
+addition, moreover, these ones, we use a comma
+
+32
+00:02:24,130 --> 00:02:27,950
+immediately after this word or this phrase. The
+
+33
+00:02:27,950 --> 00:02:30,790
+second rule is something we talked about before,
+
+34
+00:02:31,190 --> 00:02:35,030
+which is before coordinating conjunctions, these
+
+35
+00:02:35,030 --> 00:02:38,330
+fanboys, we talked about this. We are bringing
+
+36
+00:02:38,330 --> 00:02:43,510
+sandwiches, and Tom is bringing soft drinks
+
+37
+00:02:43,510 --> 00:02:47,070
+to the picnic. All right, or another example, we
+
+38
+00:02:47,070 --> 00:02:51,930
+don't need to bring raincoats, for the sun is
+
+39
+00:02:51,930 --> 00:02:56,870
+shining brightly. So after or before, sorry, fanboys,
+
+40
+00:02:56,870 --> 00:03:01,030
+coordinating conjunctions, we use a comma. A third
+
+41
+00:03:01,030 --> 00:03:05,100
+tool for using a comma is that we use it after a
+
+42
+00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:09,320
+dependent clause. For instance, when they begin a
+
+43
+00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:14,860
+sentence, for example, although I was sick, I went to
+
+44
+00:03:14,860 --> 00:03:19,460
+my classes, or because it was raining, the game was
+
+45
+00:03:19,460 --> 00:03:23,580
+cancelled. So after dependent clause, we use when they
+
+46
+00:03:23,580 --> 00:03:28,720
+begin a sentence, and number four, and this is
+
+47
+00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:32,220
+something new, to separate certain phrases from
+
+48
+00:03:32,220 --> 00:03:35,600
+the rest of the sentence. That is to say, if there
+
+49
+00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:39,520
+is some extra information, we sort of separate it
+
+50
+00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:43,380
+from the rest of the sentence by using a comma at
+
+51
+00:03:43,380 --> 00:03:46,480
+the beginning and comma at the end of this extra
+
+52
+00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:49,360
+information. For example, let's look at this
+
+53
+00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:54,670
+example, malaria. Once a widespread disease, this is
+
+54
+00:03:54,670 --> 00:03:58,070
+we consider it as extra information, so we sort of
+
+55
+00:03:58,070 --> 00:04:01,890
+separate it from the rest of the sentence by commas, or
+
+56
+00:04:01,890 --> 00:04:05,450
+Mr. Obama, present. This is something called a
+
+57
+00:04:05,450 --> 00:04:08,890
+positive or sort of extra information, we put it
+
+58
+00:04:08,890 --> 00:04:13,830
+between commas, or the Amazon, the second largest
+
+59
+00:04:13,830 --> 00:04:17,970
+river, is four thousand miles long. So
+
+60
+00:04:17,970 --> 00:04:20,630
+this is considered extra information, so we sort of
+
+61
+00:04:20,630 --> 00:04:23,510
+separate it from the rest of the sentence by using
+
+62
+00:04:23,510 --> 00:04:27,030
+a comma. Number five is something similar, similar
+
+63
+00:04:27,030 --> 00:04:30,750
+which is to separate extra information, adjective
+
+64
+00:04:30,750 --> 00:04:35,470
+clauses. For example, the Nile, which is the
+
+65
+00:04:35,470 --> 00:04:39,550
+longest river in the world, is four
+
+66
+00:04:39,550 --> 00:04:42,690
+thousand one hundred and sixty miles long. Notice
+
+67
+00:04:42,690 --> 00:04:45,190
+that this is, we consider it an adjective clause,
+
+68
+00:04:45,270 --> 00:04:48,530
+but it's sort of not necessary, okay? We'll talk
+
+69
+00:04:48,530 --> 00:04:51,010
+about it later. That is sort of called non
+
+70
+00:04:51,010 --> 00:04:54,090
+-restrictive, non-defining clause. We use a comma
+
+71
+00:04:54,090 --> 00:04:58,930
+to separate it from the main sentence, alright? Or
+
+72
+00:04:58,930 --> 00:05:03,970
+we can say, my new computer, which I bought
+
+73
+00:05:03,970 --> 00:05:08,650
+yesterday, stopped working today. So adjective
+
+74
+00:05:08,650 --> 00:05:11,430
+clauses are considered extra information, that is to
+
+75
+00:05:11,430 --> 00:05:15,060
+say non-essential information to the sentence. We
+
+76
+00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:20,140
+sort of separate it by using commas. Alright? And
+
+77
+00:05:20,140 --> 00:05:22,900
+finally, this is something that I'm sure that you
+
+78
+00:05:22,900 --> 00:05:26,420
+will know, to separate elements in a series of
+
+79
+00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,880
+things. Okay? In a list of things. When we are
+
+80
+00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:32,240
+listing a number of things, we separate each one
+
+81
+00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:36,380
+of these items by using a comma. For example, the
+
+82
+00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:40,200
+English professor adjusted her glasses,
+
+83
+00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:43,720
+arranged her notes, graded the students,
+
+84
+00:05:43,720 --> 00:05:48,400
+and began her lecture, or the other way. Her
+
+85
+00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:53,500
+room was spooky cold, cold, dark,
+
+86
+00:05:53,500 --> 00:05:57,810
+and dirty. So these are, we separate the elements
+
+87
+00:05:57,810 --> 00:06:02,250
+in a series with using a comma before each one of
+
+88
+00:06:02,250 --> 00:06:05,950
+these items. This is clear? So we have six rules,
+
+89
+00:06:05,950 --> 00:06:08,850
+generally very important six rules that we can
+
+90
+00:06:08,850 --> 00:06:12,350
+use to for using commas, in other words, for
+
+91
+00:06:12,350 --> 00:06:15,770
+example, after introductory words, before fanboys
+
+92
+00:06:15,770 --> 00:06:19,330
+coordinating conjunctions, after dependent clauses,
+
+93
+00:06:19,530 --> 00:06:22,710
+to separate extra information, to separate
+
+94
+00:06:22,710 --> 00:06:25,270
+adjectives that close extra information, and
+
+95
+00:06:25,270 --> 00:06:29,150
+finally number six, to separate elements in a
+
+96
+00:06:29,150 --> 00:06:32,210
+series. Okay, is this clear? All right, let's apply
+
+97
+00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:36,130
+these six rules to these sentences. Just consider
+
+98
+00:06:36,130 --> 00:06:40,430
+these ones and try to know where, or to use commas,
+
+99
+00:06:40,430 --> 00:06:44,110
+where necessary. All right. Just very quickly, read
+
+100
+00:06:44,110 --> 00:06:47,270
+one of these ones and use commas where necessary.
+
+101
+00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:50,440
+All right. Let's see the first one. Yes, please.
+
+102
+00:07:50,540 --> 00:07:53,920
+Here, oil, which is lighter than water, rises to
+
+103
+00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:57,100
+the surface, which is lighter than water. Oil,
+
+104
+00:07:58,020 --> 00:08:02,340
+which is lighter than water, rises to the surface.
+
+105
+00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:04,900
+All right. So this is sort of extra information,
+
+106
+00:08:05,020 --> 00:08:08,040
+adjective clauses, non-essential information. And
+
+107
+00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:10,400
+therefore, we separated it from the rest of the
+
+108
+00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:12,720
+sentence by using commas. Yes, please. Number two.
+
+109
+00:08:15,090 --> 00:08:18,510
+And some of them are, the very nice, and some of
+
+110
+00:08:18,510 --> 00:08:20,630
+them, why did you use a comma here before and
+
+111
+00:08:20,630 --> 00:08:23,790
+conjunction, it's a coordinating conjunction, one
+
+112
+00:08:23,790 --> 00:08:26,890
+of the fanboys, we have an independent clause and
+
+113
+00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:29,250
+another independent clause, and we use a comma
+
+114
+00:08:29,250 --> 00:08:32,670
+before them. Number three, after surviving this
+
+115
+00:08:32,670 --> 00:08:37,110
+hardship, my friend felt very nice. So after
+
+116
+00:08:37,110 --> 00:08:42,270
+surviving this hardship, my friend felt relieved,
+
+117
+00:08:42,430 --> 00:08:44,650
+preferred to relieved. Alright? So again, we have a
+
+118
+00:08:44,650 --> 00:08:47,370
+dependent clause, and a privated dependent clause,
+
+119
+00:08:47,370 --> 00:08:49,870
+and then we have a comma at the end of this
+
+120
+00:08:49,870 --> 00:08:53,290
+dependent clause. Number four. Yes. Glamour. Yes,
+
+121
+00:08:53,350 --> 00:08:55,510
+please. Glamour, the women's fashion magazine, has
+
+122
+00:08:55,510 --> 00:08:57,610
+recently sold millions of copies. Millions of
+
+123
+00:08:57,610 --> 00:09:01,930
+copies of the women's fashion magazine. Very
+
+124
+00:09:01,930 --> 00:09:04,570
+nice. So we have, next information. Very nice.
+
+125
+00:09:04,670 --> 00:09:08,190
+Why is it? this because it's considered sort of
+
+126
+00:09:08,190 --> 00:09:11,350
+annex, it's extra information, and therefore we
+
+127
+00:09:11,350 --> 00:09:13,690
+separated it from the main clause, the main
+
+128
+00:09:13,690 --> 00:09:18,390
+sentence is Glamour sold, or has sold millions of
+
+129
+00:09:18,390 --> 00:09:22,050
+copies. All right, number five, number five. Yes,
+
+130
+00:09:22,050 --> 00:09:22,410
+please.
+
+131
+00:09:32,350 --> 00:09:37,130
+Very nice. So Mr. and Mrs. Ali, my parents, best
+
+132
+00:09:37,130 --> 00:09:40,190
+friends. Again, this is extra information, and
+
+133
+00:09:40,190 --> 00:09:42,570
+therefore we separated it from the rest of the
+
+134
+00:09:42,570 --> 00:09:44,930
+sentences. Let's continue the rest of these
+
+135
+00:09:44,930 --> 00:09:51,650
+sentences, and try to put commas where necessary.
+
+136
+00:09:52,330 --> 00:09:52,890
+Yes, please.
+
+137
+00:10:17,340 --> 00:10:19,680
+Okay, yeah, yeah.
+
+138
+00:11:19,470 --> 00:11:26,710
+All right. Okay. Yes, please. Number six, comma,
+
+139
+00:11:26,710 --> 00:11:32,190
+very nice, to get tickets for this movie, you have
+
+140
+00:11:32,190 --> 00:11:35,090
+to order three months in advance. This is sort of
+
+141
+00:11:35,090 --> 00:11:38,350
+an introductory phrase, an introductory infinitive
+
+142
+00:11:38,350 --> 00:11:40,690
+phrase, and therefore we use the comma. Yes, please.
+
+143
+00:11:41,220 --> 00:11:44,780
+Chris didn't see how he could organize, write, Kona,
+
+144
+00:11:44,780 --> 00:11:50,140
+and he did his paper in only two hours, so very
+
+145
+00:11:50,140 --> 00:11:54,000
+nice. Chris didn't see how he could organize, Kona,
+
+146
+00:11:54,000 --> 00:12:00,480
+write, Kona, and add this paper. So we have a list
+
+147
+00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:04,800
+of items, and therefore we separated them by using
+
+148
+00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:07,040
+commas. Yes, tell me. Dauphin Island, located off
+
+149
+00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:10,500
+the coast of Alabama, is a favorite spot for
+
+150
+00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:15,320
+fishing. Very nice. Located off the coast of
+
+151
+00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:21,460
+Alabama. Dauphin Island, located off the coast of
+
+152
+00:12:21,460 --> 00:12:25,110
+Alabama, so this is sort of extra information. It's
+
+153
+00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:29,210
+a good spot. It's a favorite spot for fishing.
+
+154
+00:12:29,450 --> 00:12:32,270
+Okay? So extra information. Yes, please. Mark
+
+155
+00:12:32,270 --> 00:12:35,010
+Adam, my cousin, hopes to graduate from law school
+
+156
+00:12:35,010 --> 00:12:38,730
+in two years. My cousin. My cousin. So Mark Adam,
+
+157
+00:12:39,310 --> 00:12:42,950
+my cousin. All right, again, extra information.
+
+158
+00:12:43,030 --> 00:12:45,290
+And finally, please. There are six: headed jam,
+
+159
+00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:50,210
+cauliflower, and camisole. Sugar. Very nice, so
+
+160
+00:12:50,210 --> 00:12:51,790
+the recipe needed jam,
+
+161
+00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:02,280
+and baking powder. So we have a list of things, a
+
+162
+00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:05,300
+list of items, and therefore we use commas for
+
+163
+00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:09,040
+them. Alright? Very nice. So now let's look at
+
+164
+00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:14,380
+using colons. When do I use a colon? Alright?
+
+165
+00:13:15,340 --> 00:13:18,820
+It's very common to use colons, but sometimes
+
+166
+00:13:18,820 --> 00:13:22,930
+people don't know how to when or how to use or
+
+167
+00:13:22,930 --> 00:13:26,330
+when to use colons, there are two simple rules that
+
+168
+00:13:26,330 --> 00:13:29,670
+we need to remember, whenever we use a colon. All
+
+169
+00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:32,910
+right. A colon is often used to introduce, to
+
+170
+00:13:32,910 --> 00:13:37,230
+introduce a list of items. So this is the first
+
+171
+00:13:37,230 --> 00:13:41,430
+common use of the colon: to introduce a list
+
+172
+00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:45,290
+of items. For example, you will need to bring three
+
+173
+00:13:45,290 --> 00:13:50,990
+things to the party: what do I need to bring?
+
+174
+00:13:51,330 --> 00:13:54,370
+Some food, something to drink, and a small gift
+
+175
+00:13:54,370 --> 00:13:58,430
+for the hostess. Here, I use the colon to introduce
+
+176
+00:13:58,430 --> 00:14:02,070
+a list of items. Okay? For example, a second
+
+177
+00:14:02,070 --> 00:14:07,690
+sentence. In the bag, with the following: so
+
+178
+00:14:07,690 --> 00:14:10,370
+here, I'm again introducing a list of things.
+
+179
+00:14:10,770 --> 00:14:15,390
+Alright? Scissors, a hairbrush, and her address
+
+180
+00:14:15,390 --> 00:14:19,270
+book. Alright? And a third example. These are my
+
+181
+00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:23,990
+favorite breakfast meals: okay?
+
+182
+00:14:25,070 --> 00:14:28,050
+Cornflakes, scrambled eggs, and peanut butter
+
+183
+00:14:28,050 --> 00:14:30,970
+toast, for example. So what we have here is that
+
+184
+00:14:30,970 --> 00:14:35,010
+I use a colon to introduce a list of items,
+
+185
+00:14:35,350 --> 00:14:41,370
+alright? A second use is also for introducing, but
+
+186
+00:14:41,370 --> 00:14:46,690
+this time I am introducing an idea, an explanation,
+
+187
+00:14:46,690 --> 00:14:51,230
+or a definition. Okay, for example, I'll tell you
+
+188
+00:14:51,230 --> 00:14:56,230
+what I am going to do: I am going to quick
+
+189
+00:14:56,230 --> 00:15:00,130
+here, I am introducing an idea, or introducing an
+
+190
+00:15:00,130 --> 00:15:04,130
+explanation. Okay. A second example: these are the
+
+191
+00:15:04,130 --> 00:15:08,250
+things I look for in a new house. I'm introducing
+
+192
+00:15:08,250 --> 00:15:11,730
+an idea here. What are they: modern, spacious, and
+
+193
+00:15:11,730 --> 00:15:15,490
+luxurious. Sort of kind of new house for example, or
+
+194
+00:15:16,110 --> 00:15:20,250
+
+
+223
+00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:19,060
+furthermore, moreover, nevertheless, as a result,
+
+224
+00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:22,460
+on the other hand, for example, for instance, and
+
+225
+00:17:22,460 --> 00:17:24,680
+so on. These are called conjunctive adverbs.
+
+226
+00:17:24,860 --> 00:17:28,300
+Whenever I use them, especially to join two
+
+227
+00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:32,180
+sentences, I use a semicolon at the beginning and
+
+228
+00:17:32,180 --> 00:17:35,960
+a comma afterwards. For example, he was very ill;
+
+229
+00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:40,500
+therefore, he decided to take the
+
+230
+00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:45,540
+day off. He was poor; however, he
+
+231
+00:17:45,540 --> 00:17:48,920
+left an apprentice. So these conjunctive adverbs are
+
+232
+00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:51,720
+generally used; we use a semicolon with them before
+
+233
+00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:55,060
+them, okay. semicolon; therefore, comma;
+
+234
+00:17:55,060 --> 00:17:59,120
+however, comma, and so on. Is this clear? So two
+
+235
+00:17:59,120 --> 00:18:04,640
+simple uses for semicolons, okay? All right, now
+
+236
+00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:08,360
+let's this do this exercise, trying to apply all
+
+237
+00:18:08,360 --> 00:18:12,540
+this information on these five sentences, please.
+
+238
+00:18:12,540 --> 00:18:15,520
+Punctuate where necessary. You can put a semicolon
+
+239
+00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:19,340
+or a colon or a comma where necessary, and also
+
+240
+00:18:19,340 --> 00:18:23,000
+full stops and capital letters, please. Go ahead.
+
+241
+00:19:57,630 --> 00:19:58,910
+Yes, yes, yes, yes.
+
+242
+00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:28,020
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+243
+00:20:52,110 --> 00:20:55,910
+Okay. Okay. Okay.
+
+244
+00:21:01,420 --> 00:21:30,260
+I have a question for
+
+245
+00:21:30,260 --> 00:21:35,700
+you. All right, are we done? Yes, please. Okay,
+
+246
+00:21:35,860 --> 00:21:41,760
+Professor Smith is at conference; very
+
+247
+00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,940
+nice, however, Doctor, is that right? Yes.
+
+248
+00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:53,680
+Johns, who, yes, comma, who is the president, will
+
+249
+00:21:53,680 --> 00:21:57,600
+be here. Very nice, very, very nice, very good,
+
+250
+00:21:57,820 --> 00:22:00,690
+all right. Yes please. All right. So what we see
+
+251
+00:22:00,690 --> 00:22:07,010
+here is capital letter, and who is the president
+
+252
+00:22:07,010 --> 00:22:09,750
+sort of, we consider it is as essential information
+
+253
+00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:13,070
+and therefore separating them with using commas.
+
+254
+00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:17,630
+Yes, please. My favorite, very nice. Mine is
+
+255
+00:22:17,630 --> 00:22:23,170
+capitalized. Yes, go ahead. Include going to movies,
+
+256
+00:22:28,610 --> 00:22:34,530
+reading novels, and participating in some works.
+
+257
+00:22:35,390 --> 00:22:38,250
+Do you think we need a colon after include?
+
+258
+00:22:38,490 --> 00:22:41,470
+Actually, there is no need for it. There is no
+
+259
+00:22:41,470 --> 00:22:45,490
+need for it. Okay. But if I said my favorite
+
+260
+00:22:45,490 --> 00:22:49,130
+hobbies without the word include, we can use a
+
+261
+00:22:49,130 --> 00:22:52,130
+comma. But since we have the main verb here, there
+
+262
+00:22:52,130 --> 00:22:55,110
+is no need for a comma. All right. So my favorite
+
+263
+00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:57,590
+hobbies include going to the movies, comma,
+
+264
+00:22:58,470 --> 00:23:02,670
+reading novels, and participating in sports. There
+
+265
+00:23:02,670 --> 00:23:05,110
+is no need for a colon after include, okay?
+
+266
+00:23:05,250 --> 00:23:07,670
+Because we have the essential, we have the main
+
+267
+00:23:07,670 --> 00:23:11,650
+verb here. Yes, please. The future of our wild
+
+268
+00:23:11,650 --> 00:23:16,350
+animals is uncertain. Uncertain. So, the Future, T
+
+269
+00:23:16,350 --> 00:23:19,290
+is capitalized. Yes, for example, we put a
+
+270
+00:23:19,290 --> 00:23:22,890
+semicolon. Very good. So, semicolon; for example,
+
+271
+00:23:23,810 --> 00:23:27,850
+illegal shooting, and chemical poisoning threaten
+
+272
+00:23:27,850 --> 00:23:31,250
+the bald eagle. For example, if you have a fork
+
+273
+00:23:31,250 --> 00:23:33,330
+stop, don’t forget the fork stop. Yes, please.
+
+274
+00:23:33,610 --> 00:23:36,170
+Some people feel that grades are unnecessary;
+
+275
+00:23:36,450 --> 00:23:39,130
+others feel grades motivate them to use some
+
+276
+00:23:39,130 --> 00:23:42,270
+chemical energy. Okay. Some is capitalized. And
+
+277
+00:23:42,270 --> 00:23:46,170
+then we have a comma after where? Before others. No,
+
+278
+00:23:46,290 --> 00:23:49,070
+we don’t use a comma here. That would be a comma
+
+279
+00:23:49,070 --> 00:23:53,600
+splice. We have a semicolon. A semicolon. Okay,
+
+280
+00:23:53,740 --> 00:23:56,480
+two sentences are closely related in meaning. We
+
+281
+00:23:56,480 --> 00:24:00,220
+use a semicolon between them. So some people feel
+
+282
+00:24:00,220 --> 00:24:02,820
+their grades are necessary; others feel
+
+283
+00:24:02,820 --> 00:24:08,080
+that grades motivate students, and number five,
+
+284
+00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:13,340
+Advertising is essential. Yes, please. Advertising
+
+285
+00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:18,180
+is capitalized, is essential to free your students
+
+286
+00:24:18,470 --> 00:24:23,430
+Enterprise system. Yet, very nice. We have, because
+
+287
+00:24:23,430 --> 00:24:28,030
+it's one of those fanboys. Yet it can sometimes be
+
+288
+00:24:28,030 --> 00:24:32,150
+very annoying, and we have a approach, okay. Let’s
+
+289
+00:24:32,150 --> 00:24:35,610
+continue the remaining sentences, all right, and the
+
+290
+00:24:35,610 --> 00:24:44,170
+same thing, punctuate where necessary. Yes,
+
+291
+00:24:44,170 --> 00:24:45,470
+please. Very quickly, please.
+
+292
+00:25:01,370 --> 00:25:04,270
+I’m going to start with a quote from a book. The
+
+293
+00:25:04,270 --> 00:25:07,970
+quote is about a woman who was forced to leave her
+
+294
+00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:11,850
+husband’s house in order to find a job. The story
+
+295
+00:25:11,850 --> 00:25:16,950
+is about a woman who was forced to leave her
+
+296
+00:25:16,950 --> 00:25:21,590
+is about a woman who was forced to leave her
+
+297
+00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:22,650
+husband’s house in order to find a job.
+
+298
+00:25:49,290 --> 00:25:51,210
+It’s beautiful.
+
+299
+00:25:57,110 --> 00:26:01,430
+Okay. Okay. Okay.
+
+300
+00:26:10,670 --> 00:26:13,330
+Okay. Okay.
+
+301
+00:26:45,630 --> 00:26:49,610
+What’s that? Circulation. Circulation, yes.
+
+302
+00:26:52,990 --> 00:26:55,770
+The library, which library?
+
+303
+00:27:02,090 --> 00:27:16,050
+I have a question for
+
+304
+00:27:16,050 --> 00:27:16,330
+you.
+
+305
+00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:46,880
+Alright, let’s see. Number six. Yes, please. The
+
+306
+00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:50,100
+library offers many special services, that come to
+
+307
+00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:52,340
+life. Very nice. So, T is the library. It’s the
+
+308
+00:27:52,340 --> 00:27:53,900
+beginning of the sentence. The library has skoma.
+
+309
+00:27:54,140 --> 00:27:57,160
+So, this is skoma or? Economy. Actually, economy.
+
+310
+00:27:58,120 --> 00:28:01,240
+Why is it a colon here? Because I’m introducing
+
+311
+00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,420
+the list of things. For example, what are these
+
+312
+00:28:04,420 --> 00:28:07,920
+special services? The student learning center,
+
+313
+00:28:08,460 --> 00:28:14,340
+comma, the photo record library, comma, and the
+
+314
+00:28:14,340 --> 00:28:18,160
+group study rooms. And we have a full stop. So I
+
+315
+00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:21,280
+used a colon here, because I am introducing the
+
+316
+00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:25,380
+list of items, the list of things. So I used a
+
+317
+00:28:25,380 --> 00:28:27,080
+colon. Yes. Hima, please.
+
+318
+00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:37,060
+So, T, yes, of course, very
+
+319
+00:28:37,060 --> 00:28:46,620
+nice, comma, you should follow these, okay,
+
+320
+00:28:47,140 --> 00:28:52,760
+you should follow these procedures, very nice,
+
+321
+00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:58,180
+okay, write down the whole number of the book,
+
+322
+00:28:58,580 --> 00:29:02,780
+comma, fine? Very nice. Bring it to the
+
+323
+00:29:02,780 --> 00:29:11,720
+circulation. Fill out the core, and show your ID.
+
+324
+00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:16,960
+Alright? So here, to check a book out of the
+
+325
+00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:20,780
+library, you should follow these procedures. What
+
+326
+00:29:20,780 --> 00:29:24,320
+are they? These are the procedures that you have
+
+327
+00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:28,460
+to follow. Number eight. I have only one thing to
+
+328
+00:29:28,460 --> 00:29:31,700
+say. Yes, please. I have only one thing to say to
+
+329
+00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:36,940
+you: colon very nice. Get off my land. So
+
+330
+00:29:36,940 --> 00:29:42,820
+balance I have only one thing to say to you:
+
+331
+00:29:42,820 --> 00:29:46,220
+why, get off? Why is it? What did you use colon here?
+
+332
+00:29:46,220 --> 00:29:50,640
+Because I’m introducing an idea or an explanation.
+
+333
+00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:54,000
+I have one thing to say to you. What is that:
+
+334
+00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,460
+Get off my land. Leave my land. All right, full stop.
+
+335
+00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:00,780
+Alright, so I use a colon here because I’m
+
+336
+00:30:00,780 --> 00:30:05,580
+producing an idea in kind in in in the form of an
+
+337
+00:30:05,580 --> 00:30:20,180
+explanation. Nine, Even even capitalized
+
+338
+00:30:20,180 --> 00:30:25,060
+even if you fail dependent
+
+339
+00:30:25,060 --> 00:30:35,730
+clause. At least you tried, and you are a better
+
+340
+00:30:35,730 --> 00:30:40,590
+person for it. So even if you fail, because it’s a
+
+341
+00:30:40,590 --> 00:30:43,790
+dependent clause, at least you tried, and you are
+
+342
+00:30:43,790 --> 00:30:48,250
+a better person for it. at a full stop. Okay. Is
+
+343
+00:30:48,250 --> 00:30:51,150
+this clear? Alright. So what we’ve done so far is
+
+344
+00:30:51,150 --> 00:30:55,710
+looking at different rules for using commas,
+
+345
+00:30:55,870 --> 00:30:59,090
+colons and semicolons. Now we come to the rather
+
+346
+00:30:59,090 --> 00:31:01,930
+difficult exercise, and this is the last exercise.
+
+347
+00:31:01,930 --> 00:31:04,370
+This is, please. Very quickly, read this paragraph
+
+348
+00:31:04,370 --> 00:31:10,830
+and what I’d like you is to use commas, colons,
+
+349
+00:31:11,010 --> 00:31:16,280
+semicolons and full stops where necessary. In other
+
+350
+00:31:16,280 --> 00:31:18,080
+words, punctuate this paragraph.
+
+351
+00:32:29,670 --> 00:32:31,070
+Okay.
+
+352
+00:32:33,190 --> 00:32:33,190
+Okay.
+
+353
+00:32:52,490 --> 00:32:54,210
+Okay. Okay.
+
+354
+00:33:00,430 --> 00:33:01,830
+Okay.
+
+355
+00:33:03,890 --> 00:33:05,290
+Okay.
+
+356
+00:33:18,230 --> 00:33:22,850
+I’m not sure. I don’t know. I don’t know.
+
+357
+00:34:04,380 --> 00:34:05,780
+Mushroom?
+
+358
+00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:33,140
+All right, let’s start with the, yes, please.
+
+359
+00:34:33,780 --> 00:34:36,980
+Australia, which is the home of many unusual
+
+360
+00:34:36,980 --> 00:34:42,660
+animals, is the home of the kangaroos. Australia,
+
+361
+00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:46,920
+which is the home of many unusual animals,
+
+362
+00:34:51,820 --> 00:34:55,280
+Very nice. Now, we would like to continue, all right.
+
+363
+00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:59,460
+Yes, please. Pockets
+
+364
+00:34:59,460 --> 00:35:05,780
+or pouches. All right. Kangaroos are animals that
+
+365
+00:35:05,780 --> 00:35:12,280
+have pockets or pouches. All right. Just we finish
+
+366
+00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:16,980
+the idea and we have a full stop. And after that, A
+
+367
+00:35:16,980 --> 00:35:21,120
+kangaroo baby, which is only about the size of a
+
+368
+00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:29,120
+little bird. When it is born. Okay, see how it can
+
+369
+00:35:29,120 --> 00:35:32,100
+be confusing. All right. Let’s see. I would like
+
+370
+00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:35,260
+to try again. All right, what you’ve done is good,
+
+371
+00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:39,300
+but we need just to complete the sentence. Yes,
+
+372
+00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:40,300
+which is?
+
+373
+00:35:47,450 --> 00:35:51,510
+A kangaroo baby, which is only about the size of a
+
+374
+00:35:51,510 --> 00:35:55,430
+little bird when it is born, lives in its mother’s
+
+375
+00:35:55,430 --> 00:36:00,950
+pouch until its back and legs have grown strong.
+
+376
+00:36:01,550 --> 00:36:04,590
+See, now it is a complete idea. Now, does it make
+
+377
+00:36:04,590 --> 00:36:09,730
+sense? It does actually now make sense. Alright?
+
+378
+00:36:10,190 --> 00:36:13,930
+So, a kangaroo baby, which is about the size of a
+
+379
+00:36:13,930 --> 00:36:17,230
+little bird when it is born, this is the witchy
+
+380
+00:36:17,230 --> 00:36:20,950
+close, the adjective close, lives in its mother’s
+
+381
+00:36:20,950 --> 00:36:26,110
+pouch until its legs and back have grown strong.
+
+382
+00:36:26,210 --> 00:36:30,510
+Would you like to continue? Yes, please. Iman,
+
+383
+00:36:30,610 --> 00:36:34,010
+please. Kangaroos, come up, which have very long
+
+384
+00:36:34,010 --> 00:36:39,650
+legs, come up. Very nice. Can, fierce kicks to
+
+385
+00:36:39,650 --> 00:36:45,790
+other animals. Full stop. Okay. Kangaroos, which
+
+386
+00:36:45,790 --> 00:36:50,690
+have very long legs, can make fierce kicks to
+
+387
+00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:56,990
+other animals. And finally, other animals. Yes.
+
+388
+00:36:57,630 --> 00:37:04,910
+Other animals, which are in pouches, are
+
+389
+00:37:17,540 --> 00:37:21,580
+kuma which rear their babies in pouches are
+
+390
+00:37:21,580 --> 00:37:28,120
+possums, wombats, and koas. So what we see here are
+
+391
+00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:31,180
+lots of kumas, and as you can see we have to be
+
+392
+00:37:31,180 --> 00:37:34,140
+very careful about using punctuation marks, because
+
+393
+00:37:34,140 --> 00:37:37,720
+it can sometimes be confusing to the reader, if we
+
+394
+00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:41,480
+misplace one comma with a full stop, or one comma
+
+395
+00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:46,020
+with a semicolon or a colon, and so on. Okay. That,
+
+396
+00:37:46,020 --> 00:37:48,920
+does anyone have any question? All right. Very nice.
+
+397
+00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:52,240
+So, just go over what we’ve done today. Just do some
+
+398
+00:37:52,240 --> 00:37:55,000
+revisions and I’ll see you next time, insha’Allah.
+
+399
+00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:56,140
+Thank you very much. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/Bcsayo3OXr8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1712 @@
+1
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:22,370
+Hi, Assalamualaikum, good morning. How are you
+
+2
+00:00:22,370 --> 00:00:25,350
+today? Very good. Alright, today we're looking at
+
+3
+00:00:25,350 --> 00:00:29,090
+a very important topic which is both related to
+
+4
+00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:32,650
+writing and also grammar and this is about
+
+5
+00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:35,850
+pluralism. I hope that you're prepared for this
+
+6
+00:00:35,850 --> 00:00:39,610
+lecture. But before we start, we would like to
+
+7
+00:00:39,610 --> 00:00:41,850
+introduce Layla, and she's going to give us a
+
+8
+00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:44,270
+quick presentation on the topic, and then we'll
+
+9
+00:00:44,270 --> 00:00:46,610
+take it from there. So the floor is yours, Layla,
+
+10
+00:00:46,690 --> 00:00:49,070
+please. Thank you. Assalamualaikum, everyone. I'm
+
+11
+00:00:49,070 --> 00:00:51,150
+Layla Abu Hashim. Today, we're talking about
+
+12
+00:00:51,150 --> 00:00:55,670
+parallelism. It's a very easy topic. Parallelism,
+
+13
+00:00:56,110 --> 00:00:59,370
+the main idea is to be the same grammatical
+
+14
+00:00:59,370 --> 00:01:03,770
+structure, that the sentence has to be balanced in
+
+15
+00:01:03,770 --> 00:01:07,610
+grammar. So let's look at the first example.When
+
+16
+00:01:07,610 --> 00:01:10,930
+talking to the group, he spoke sincerely and with
+
+17
+00:01:10,930 --> 00:01:14,950
+passion. Here we have sincerely, it's an adverb
+
+18
+00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:22,490
+and with passion, it's a phrase, right? So here
+
+19
+00:01:22,490 --> 00:01:25,990
+there's no balance in grammar, so the right way to
+
+20
+00:01:25,990 --> 00:01:30,090
+say it is sincerely and passionately. It's
+
+21
+00:01:30,090 --> 00:01:30,870
+passionately.
+
+22
+00:01:35,390 --> 00:01:39,290
+Okay, passionately. Passionately, okay. Let's move
+
+23
+00:01:39,290 --> 00:01:42,890
+to the other example. The cafeteria was messy,
+
+24
+00:01:43,390 --> 00:01:46,790
+noisy, and it was crowded. What's the problem in
+
+25
+00:01:46,790 --> 00:01:51,470
+that example? It wasn't crowded. Yes, Rowan. It
+
+26
+00:01:51,470 --> 00:01:57,110
+wasn't crowded. Yeah, here we have two adjectives.
+
+27
+00:01:57,550 --> 00:02:03,160
+Here's adjective and adjective.and quasi-crowded,
+
+28
+00:02:03,420 --> 00:02:08,100
+it's closed, closed, yeah, so anyone could tell me
+
+29
+00:02:08,100 --> 00:02:14,260
+the right, how to correct it, yeah quasi-crowded,
+
+30
+00:02:14,620 --> 00:02:20,400
+without quasi-crowded okay,
+
+31
+00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,600
+so here's the idea, we have to make the sentence
+
+32
+00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:29,010
+balanced Let's move to the third one. Trying
+
+33
+00:02:29,010 --> 00:02:32,430
+desperately to find his keys, he looked in his
+
+34
+00:02:32,430 --> 00:02:37,030
+bedroom, the sofa and the kitchen corner. Here we
+
+35
+00:02:37,030 --> 00:02:43,610
+have two phrases that he looked in his bedroom and
+
+36
+00:02:43,610 --> 00:02:49,790
+kitchen corner and we have one noun, it's sofa. So
+
+37
+00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:54,820
+we can say that two phrases in one noun It has to
+
+38
+00:02:54,820 --> 00:02:59,280
+be a paras. So the right way to say it is under
+
+39
+00:02:59,280 --> 00:02:59,840
+the sofa.
+
+40
+00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:10,240
+Under the sofa. Because the sentence has to be the
+
+41
+00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:13,120
+same grammar structure. Let's move to the last
+
+42
+00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:17,920
+example. Anyone can read it? You want to share?
+
+43
+00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:21,870
+That's okay. University students use the internet
+
+44
+00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,230
+to research essay topics, business people use it
+
+45
+00:03:26,230 --> 00:03:29,570
+to hold video conferences, and it is used by
+
+46
+00:03:29,570 --> 00:03:32,270
+teachers to deliver homework assignments.
+
+47
+00:03:34,970 --> 00:03:38,510
+two phrases yes or no? active active with a vessel
+
+48
+00:03:38,510 --> 00:03:42,530
+yeah excellent we have two active vowels two
+
+49
+00:03:42,530 --> 00:03:46,670
+phrases active vowels and we have one phrase
+
+50
+00:03:46,670 --> 00:03:52,750
+passive vowel yeah because we want it to be the
+
+51
+00:03:52,750 --> 00:03:56,310
+same grammar structure as we said we will correct
+
+52
+00:03:56,310 --> 00:04:02,490
+teacher here used by teacher we have to say
+
+53
+00:04:02,490 --> 00:04:07,550
+teacher used it to so and so and so So teacher
+
+54
+00:04:07,550 --> 00:04:14,590
+uses to deliver homework assignment. It's not
+
+55
+00:04:14,590 --> 00:04:18,890
+capital U. So this is, it's very easy topic, and
+
+56
+00:04:18,890 --> 00:04:22,730
+this is the main idea of parallelism. You have to
+
+57
+00:04:22,730 --> 00:04:27,230
+make the sentence the same grammar structure and
+
+58
+00:04:27,230 --> 00:04:30,110
+balanced grammatically. And thank you, I hope you
+
+59
+00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:34,550
+understand everything. Thank you very much Leila
+
+60
+00:04:34,550 --> 00:04:38,090
+for this very good presentation about parallelism.
+
+61
+00:04:39,090 --> 00:04:42,230
+It is very well prepared and nicely presented. So
+
+62
+00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:44,830
+like Leila said parallelism is about making
+
+63
+00:04:44,830 --> 00:04:49,000
+balance between different parts of the sentence,
+
+64
+00:04:49,220 --> 00:04:51,800
+especially if we are listing, especially if we are
+
+65
+00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:55,200
+listing things. So we'll introduce a quick, we'll
+
+66
+00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:57,860
+give a quick presentation of what parallelism is,
+
+67
+00:04:58,580 --> 00:05:01,620
+and then we'll have some exercises. It's not a
+
+68
+00:05:01,620 --> 00:05:05,900
+difficult topic as much as it is about just, all
+
+69
+00:05:05,900 --> 00:05:08,780
+right, so parallelism is basically about balance,
+
+70
+00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:11,740
+like what Layla just said. It's about linking
+
+71
+00:05:11,740 --> 00:05:14,140
+together grammatical parts or grammatical
+
+72
+00:05:14,140 --> 00:05:18,610
+structures in sentence so if we have a series of
+
+73
+00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:22,790
+items all the items in a series must have the same
+
+74
+00:05:22,790 --> 00:05:25,330
+grammatical structure whether they are infinitives
+
+75
+00:05:25,330 --> 00:05:29,830
+or gerunds or phrases or clauses or adjectives and
+
+76
+00:05:29,830 --> 00:05:34,290
+so on and so forth let's look at this sentence and
+
+77
+00:05:34,290 --> 00:05:37,780
+see what is the problem here Tom ate his dinner,
+
+78
+00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:42,400
+watched his favorite TV program and going to bed
+
+79
+00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:45,220
+later at night. What is the problem here in this
+
+80
+00:05:45,220 --> 00:05:48,980
+sentence? Clearly it is about good because what we
+
+81
+00:05:48,980 --> 00:05:52,910
+have here is a weakness, past weakness. Passwords
+
+82
+00:05:52,910 --> 00:05:56,090
+are what we have here is a German ING present
+
+83
+00:05:56,090 --> 00:05:59,470
+participle and this is not parallel, this is not a
+
+84
+00:05:59,470 --> 00:06:02,610
+balanced sort of presentation of the different
+
+85
+00:06:02,610 --> 00:06:06,370
+items in a series. So it shouldn't look like this,
+
+86
+00:06:06,650 --> 00:06:10,250
+okay? They all have to have the same type or the
+
+87
+00:06:10,250 --> 00:06:14,610
+same form of or the same structure. Now if we fix
+
+88
+00:06:14,610 --> 00:06:17,790
+this same sentence, it would be something like Tom
+
+89
+00:06:17,790 --> 00:06:18,670
+ate his dinner,
+
+90
+00:06:21,340 --> 00:06:24,660
+and when, not going, when. So we all have the
+
+91
+00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:28,340
+three verb tenses in the past and they should look
+
+92
+00:06:28,340 --> 00:06:32,120
+like this all belonging to the same time, to the
+
+93
+00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:34,860
+same category and so on. So this is what we mean
+
+94
+00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:38,060
+by parallelism if we are listing a number of
+
+95
+00:06:38,060 --> 00:06:40,540
+things. So parallel structure, like I just said,
+
+96
+00:06:40,900 --> 00:06:44,160
+can be a word, can be a phrase, can be a sentence,
+
+97
+00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:46,900
+can be a clause and so on and so forth. Let's
+
+98
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:50,280
+consider some examples. For example, first one,
+
+99
+00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:55,970
+I'm reading about dogs, cats, and birds. So what
+
+100
+00:06:55,970 --> 00:06:59,430
+we have here are words and they are all nouns.
+
+101
+00:06:59,830 --> 00:07:02,910
+They are all nouns. And the second one, I plan to
+
+102
+00:07:02,910 --> 00:07:07,090
+walk the dog, write a letter, and go to Petrus.
+
+103
+00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,270
+What we have here is again a verb phrase. A phrase
+
+104
+00:07:10,270 --> 00:07:14,590
+starting with a verb. And number three is he was
+
+105
+00:07:16,130 --> 00:07:19,630
+talking on the phone and doing his homework. It
+
+106
+00:07:19,630 --> 00:07:21,910
+shouldn't be he was talking on the phone and to do
+
+107
+00:07:21,910 --> 00:07:25,170
+his homework, it has to be doing his home
+
+108
+00:07:25,170 --> 00:07:27,370
+homework. Some more examples will be something
+
+109
+00:07:27,370 --> 00:07:29,410
+like this. It's not just a word or a phrase, it
+
+110
+00:07:29,410 --> 00:07:34,290
+can be a clause. For example, we expect that the
+
+111
+00:07:34,290 --> 00:07:39,130
+dinner will be over by 9pm and that. So what we
+
+112
+00:07:39,130 --> 00:07:42,010
+have here is a balanced structure of that clause.
+
+113
+00:07:42,550 --> 00:07:47,230
+Okay? And number four, the road crosses the river
+
+114
+00:07:47,230 --> 00:07:52,270
+and climbs up the mountain. So in both cases, if
+
+115
+00:07:52,270 --> 00:07:56,090
+we are introducing more than one structure and the
+
+116
+00:07:56,090 --> 00:08:01,170
+car is parked in front of the truck and behind the
+
+117
+00:08:01,170 --> 00:08:04,730
+motorcycle, so what we have here is again a
+
+118
+00:08:04,730 --> 00:08:08,210
+prepositional phrase. Both are prepositional
+
+119
+00:08:08,210 --> 00:08:11,190
+phrases. So this is actually what we mean by
+
+120
+00:08:11,190 --> 00:08:14,070
+parallelism. What is the problem here? Again, some
+
+121
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:18,130
+more exercises. Mary likes hiking, swimming and to
+
+122
+00:08:18,130 --> 00:08:22,010
+ride a bicycle. It should be the correct one. Very
+
+123
+00:08:22,010 --> 00:08:24,670
+nice. It should be Mary likes hiking, swimming and
+
+124
+00:08:24,670 --> 00:08:29,810
+riding a motorcycle or a bicycle. Okay? What is
+
+125
+00:08:29,810 --> 00:08:34,130
+wrong here? I'm trying to fix it. The production
+
+126
+00:08:34,130 --> 00:08:37,450
+manager was asked to write his report quickly,
+
+127
+00:08:38,210 --> 00:08:43,450
+accurately and in a thorough manner. So, what we
+
+128
+00:08:43,450 --> 00:08:47,830
+have here is an adverb, another adverb but here is
+
+129
+00:08:47,830 --> 00:08:50,630
+a preposition and a phrase. So, how can we fix it?
+
+130
+00:08:51,850 --> 00:08:56,410
+So, quickly, accurately and thoroughly. So, we
+
+131
+00:08:56,410 --> 00:08:58,270
+change it into thoroughly. Thoroughly means
+
+132
+00:08:58,270 --> 00:09:01,350
+accurately, meticulously. Thoroughly means
+
+133
+00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:04,630
+accurately already in a detailed way. Okay?
+
+134
+00:09:05,130 --> 00:09:09,970
+Alright? So, what is wrong here again? How can we
+
+135
+00:09:09,970 --> 00:09:14,630
+fix it? The culture? to the players that they
+
+136
+00:09:14,630 --> 00:09:17,790
+should get a lot of sleep, that they should not
+
+137
+00:09:17,790 --> 00:09:20,650
+eat too much and to do some warm-up exercises
+
+138
+00:09:20,650 --> 00:09:21,630
+before the game.
+
+139
+00:09:24,710 --> 00:09:25,290
+Excellent.
+
+140
+00:09:28,890 --> 00:09:33,550
+And that they should do some warm-up activities or
+
+141
+00:09:33,550 --> 00:09:37,650
+exercises before a game. So we all have three that
+
+142
+00:09:37,650 --> 00:09:41,110
+closes, okay? Or we can do it the other way. The
+
+143
+00:09:41,110 --> 00:09:46,230
+coach told the players to get enough sleep, to not
+
+144
+00:09:46,230 --> 00:09:50,970
+eat much, and to do some warm-up exercise. So the
+
+145
+00:09:50,970 --> 00:09:53,810
+idea of parallelism is we have to keep balance, we
+
+146
+00:09:53,810 --> 00:09:57,470
+have to keep all the items belonging to the same
+
+147
+00:09:57,470 --> 00:10:04,430
+structure or form, okay? What is wrong here? The
+
+148
+00:10:04,430 --> 00:10:08,950
+dictionary can be used for these purposes to find
+
+149
+00:10:08,950 --> 00:10:13,560
+word meanings clear to find word meanings, clear
+
+150
+00:10:13,560 --> 00:10:16,700
+pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up
+
+151
+00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:20,900
+irregular verbs. Okay, so the problem is here,
+
+152
+00:10:21,100 --> 00:10:24,920
+which is not the same as these ones. These ones
+
+153
+00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:27,840
+are noun phrases, word meanings, correct
+
+154
+00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,400
+spellings, clear pronunciations, whereas this one
+
+155
+00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:32,700
+is a participial phrase beginning with a gerund,
+
+156
+00:10:33,040 --> 00:10:38,440
+with a verb plus ing. it could be something like
+
+157
+00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:44,660
+correct spellings and irregular verbs now it is a
+
+158
+00:10:44,660 --> 00:10:49,000
+verb but now it is it is a noun phrase okay so we
+
+159
+00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:52,580
+don't need looking up all of them now are noun
+
+160
+00:10:52,580 --> 00:11:00,200
+phrases okay this is clear yes all right uh let's
+
+161
+00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:06,220
+just do a and see if these sentences are parallel
+
+162
+00:11:06,220 --> 00:11:10,240
+or not parallel, okay? Let's look at the first one
+
+163
+00:11:10,240 --> 00:11:12,280
+and check if this is a correct sentence or a
+
+164
+00:11:12,280 --> 00:11:15,720
+parallel sentence or it has a problem in the
+
+165
+00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:22,330
+balance of their grammatical structure, okay? The
+
+166
+00:11:22,330 --> 00:11:28,950
+manager wanted a staff who arrived on time, smiled
+
+167
+00:11:28,950 --> 00:11:32,270
+at customers and worked hard on tasks. Correct or
+
+168
+00:11:32,270 --> 00:11:36,570
+not? Yes, it is a balanced structure. Ok, let's
+
+169
+00:11:36,570 --> 00:11:39,670
+see the second one. The second one. Yes, please.
+
+170
+00:11:39,830 --> 00:11:42,150
+Lexation can include reading for pleasure, playing
+
+171
+00:11:42,150 --> 00:11:44,750
+with your friends or to participate in sports
+
+172
+00:11:44,750 --> 00:11:47,150
+activities. Okay, so is it parallel? Of course
+
+173
+00:11:47,150 --> 00:11:50,590
+not. We have here is German and German but this
+
+174
+00:11:50,590 --> 00:11:53,650
+one is infinitive so it has to be and or
+
+175
+00:11:53,650 --> 00:11:58,430
+participating. Participating in sports activities.
+
+176
+00:11:58,590 --> 00:12:04,810
+Number three. One way to fight stress is to
+
+177
+00:12:04,810 --> 00:12:07,230
+discuss your problem with either a friend or
+
+178
+00:12:07,230 --> 00:12:11,050
+relative. Yes, it is a balance, a correct
+
+179
+00:12:11,050 --> 00:12:13,910
+structure. Alright? So this is what we mean by the
+
+180
+00:12:13,910 --> 00:12:17,670
+idea of balance. Let's do some more activities now
+
+181
+00:12:17,670 --> 00:12:21,430
+and choose the correct one from A, B, C or D. Yes,
+
+182
+00:12:21,530 --> 00:12:21,770
+please.
+
+183
+00:12:33,650 --> 00:12:37,290
+Alright, it has to be C. Is that correct? Yes.
+
+184
+00:12:37,530 --> 00:12:40,890
+During our vacation in Egypt, we hope to eat
+
+185
+00:12:40,890 --> 00:12:43,910
+delicious food, to enjoy beautiful sunsets and to
+
+186
+00:12:43,910 --> 00:12:46,630
+visit amazing. So infinitive, infinitive and
+
+187
+00:12:46,630 --> 00:12:51,770
+infinitive. The second one. Correct? Yes, please.
+
+188
+00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:52,710
+Please read it. Please.
+
+189
+00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:10,280
+It has to be parallel structure. So which are the
+
+190
+00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:15,360
+three? Yes, please. Karen thought that Ray was
+
+191
+00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:18,120
+everything she wanted in a husband, for they were
+
+192
+00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:22,700
+tall, intelligent. And it has to be T because they
+
+193
+00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:26,440
+are all adjectives. Okay, so adjective, adjective
+
+194
+00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:29,760
+and the last one is actually an adjective.
+
+195
+00:13:29,940 --> 00:13:35,000
+Alright, number three. pasta boiling in water.
+
+196
+00:13:35,220 --> 00:13:37,740
+Continue, please. Yes, please.
+
+197
+00:13:56,410 --> 00:13:58,910
+Difficult? No. Yes please.
+
+198
+00:14:01,670 --> 00:14:06,130
+So it
+
+199
+00:14:06,130 --> 00:14:09,970
+has to be B. Yes, because we have pasta boiling,
+
+200
+00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:15,190
+tomato sauce simmering and garlic bread baking. So
+
+201
+00:14:15,190 --> 00:14:18,170
+it has to be B because we have the same
+
+202
+00:14:18,170 --> 00:14:21,390
+grammatical structure. Okay? Number four.
+
+203
+00:14:31,690 --> 00:14:34,210
+Alright, that should be an easy one. Yes please,
+
+204
+00:14:34,330 --> 00:14:40,070
+at the back. It has to be B. Yes, it has to be B.
+
+205
+00:14:40,310 --> 00:14:42,610
+Yes, I don't ever want to be friends with Adam
+
+206
+00:14:42,610 --> 00:14:47,130
+because he is too decorative, too noisy and too
+
+207
+00:14:47,130 --> 00:14:51,170
+polite. So again, we have adjective phrases in the
+
+208
+00:14:51,170 --> 00:14:54,690
+three cases, in the three structures. Okay, the
+
+209
+00:14:54,690 --> 00:14:55,450
+last one I think.
+
+210
+00:15:16,410 --> 00:15:19,210
+To buy a birthday gift for his friend, the average
+
+211
+00:15:19,210 --> 00:15:23,330
+business is the florist for roses, the shop for a
+
+212
+00:15:23,330 --> 00:15:26,330
+box of chocolates, and the jeweler for inexpensive
+
+213
+00:15:26,330 --> 00:15:29,190
+gold rings. Okay, so it has to be again, be the
+
+214
+00:15:29,190 --> 00:15:33,130
+jeweler for inexpensive, so we have the florist
+
+215
+00:15:33,130 --> 00:15:36,190
+for roses, the shop for a box of chocolates, and
+
+216
+00:15:36,190 --> 00:15:40,430
+the jeweler for inexpensive gold rings. So is this
+
+217
+00:15:40,430 --> 00:15:43,260
+fair? Yes. Yes, it's not that difficult, but we
+
+218
+00:15:43,260 --> 00:15:46,100
+need to pay attention in writing that we have to
+
+219
+00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:50,480
+maintain parallel structures all the time when we
+
+220
+00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:54,200
+list a number of things in a series, okay? Now,
+
+221
+00:15:54,460 --> 00:16:00,100
+this activity, I'd like you to fix the parallel
+
+222
+00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:02,520
+structure, the problems in parallel structure in
+
+223
+00:16:02,520 --> 00:16:05,080
+each one of these sentences. So take your time
+
+224
+00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:08,440
+please and read these five sentences and try to
+
+225
+00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,020
+fix each one of these sentences.
+
+226
+00:16:26,770 --> 00:16:35,250
+It's good. It's good. It's good. It's good.
+
+227
+00:16:53,350 --> 00:16:54,750
+Okay.
+
+228
+00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:25,000
+Take some notes and try to see the prior structure
+
+229
+00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:28,140
+in each one of these sentences.
+
+230
+00:17:43,620 --> 00:17:45,020
+Okay.
+
+231
+00:17:46,940 --> 00:17:48,340
+Okay.
+
+232
+00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:53,560
+Okay.
+
+233
+00:18:00,060 --> 00:18:01,460
+Okay.
+
+234
+00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:11,480
+Thank you so much.
+
+235
+00:18:21,010 --> 00:18:24,490
+Alright, let's see. It's the first one. It is
+
+236
+00:18:24,490 --> 00:18:28,050
+easier to tell the truth than lying to people you
+
+237
+00:18:28,050 --> 00:18:34,110
+love. Yes please. Than to lie. Exactly. It is to
+
+238
+00:18:34,110 --> 00:18:38,690
+tell than to lie. So what we have here,
+
+239
+00:18:38,830 --> 00:18:42,760
+infinitive, infinitive. We can, otherwise it is
+
+240
+00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:47,320
+easier telling the truth than lying to people you
+
+241
+00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:50,800
+love. The second one, managing your time at this
+
+242
+00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:59,040
+place, your mind, is excellent, is preparing for
+
+243
+00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:02,360
+the future. So managing your time is preparing,
+
+244
+00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:10,710
+preparing, or is being prepared. Both are correct.
+
+245
+00:19:11,690 --> 00:19:15,230
+Is being prepared or is preparing for the future.
+
+246
+00:19:15,390 --> 00:19:19,190
+Or we can do it the other way. To manage your time
+
+247
+00:19:19,190 --> 00:19:24,230
+well is to be prepared for the future. Okay?
+
+248
+00:19:24,530 --> 00:19:32,670
+Number three. Yes, please. Jan wanted a ghost
+
+249
+00:19:32,670 --> 00:19:38,910
+story and and he showed us our movie it shouldn't
+
+250
+00:19:38,910 --> 00:19:42,610
+be he showed us what is the correct one by showing
+
+251
+00:19:42,610 --> 00:19:50,270
+exactly so john by telling us and showing and
+
+252
+00:19:50,270 --> 00:19:53,430
+showing us our movie okay number four
+
+253
+00:19:56,540 --> 00:19:59,680
+He wanted three things out of college, to master a
+
+254
+00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:04,160
+skill, to make good friends, and to learn, and to
+
+255
+00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:09,480
+learn about life. Infinitive, infinitive and
+
+256
+00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:14,530
+infinitive. The last sentence in this slide. The
+
+257
+00:20:14,530 --> 00:20:19,750
+project plan is a creative but a risk. So we have
+
+258
+00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:22,290
+here, we have an adjective and we have a noun. Or
+
+259
+00:20:22,290 --> 00:20:24,750
+a noun if it is to be accurate. So what we have to
+
+260
+00:20:24,750 --> 00:20:29,630
+do is make them both as adjectives or as nouns. So
+
+261
+00:20:29,630 --> 00:20:35,310
+what is the correct one? Yes Imam. But risky. Very
+
+262
+00:20:35,310 --> 00:20:40,390
+nice. But risky. Creative but risky.
+
+263
+00:20:41,750 --> 00:20:45,750
+Now it is adjective. It is an adjective. So the
+
+264
+00:20:45,750 --> 00:20:49,270
+project plan is creative but risky. All right?
+
+265
+00:20:49,570 --> 00:20:52,330
+Okay. Let's see the second slide. And please do
+
+266
+00:20:52,330 --> 00:20:57,650
+the same. Try to fix the problems in each one of
+
+267
+00:20:57,650 --> 00:20:59,350
+these sentences.
+
+268
+00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:22,700
+Thank you. Thank you.
+
+269
+00:21:57,040 --> 00:21:57,380
+Okay.
+
+270
+00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:24,740
+Thank you.
+
+271
+00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:35,940
+Thank you.
+
+272
+00:22:46,550 --> 00:22:52,770
+How are you? I'm great. It's great to see you. How
+
+273
+00:22:52,770 --> 00:22:55,970
+are you?
+
+274
+00:22:59,250 --> 00:23:09,190
+I'm great.
+
+275
+00:23:12,030 --> 00:23:14,510
+It's great to see you. I'm great.
+
+276
+00:23:19,390 --> 00:23:22,170
+Bless you. Bless you.
+
+277
+00:23:31,630 --> 00:23:35,830
+Energy, energetic energy, energy, energy, energy.
+
+278
+00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:14,070
+Alright, let's see number six. Yes, at the back
+
+279
+00:24:14,070 --> 00:24:14,410
+please.
+
+280
+00:24:17,310 --> 00:24:21,970
+Yes, Dina doesn't like to sing, dance or act. Or
+
+281
+00:24:21,970 --> 00:24:26,570
+actor, or we can say doesn't like cinemas or
+
+282
+00:24:26,570 --> 00:24:31,330
+acting. Alright, number seven. Yes, please. The
+
+283
+00:24:31,330 --> 00:24:33,690
+witness described the suspect as tall, light
+
+284
+00:24:33,690 --> 00:24:37,630
+-skinned and bearded. And bearded, okay, but
+
+285
+00:24:37,630 --> 00:24:40,630
+because we have adjective, light-skinned
+
+286
+00:24:40,630 --> 00:24:43,570
+adjective, and this one, there's a preposition in
+
+287
+00:24:43,570 --> 00:24:46,490
+the phrase, so it's not balanced, so it has to be
+
+288
+00:24:46,490 --> 00:24:52,120
+bearded. So bearded is the adjective of a person
+
+289
+00:24:52,120 --> 00:24:56,680
+with a beard, so he is bearded. Okay, see number
+
+290
+00:24:56,680 --> 00:25:03,140
+eight. Okay. In English class, Tim learned to read
+
+291
+00:25:03,140 --> 00:25:08,480
+poems critically and he appreciated good poems. So
+
+292
+00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,580
+it has to be and to appreciate. So it is again
+
+293
+00:25:12,580 --> 00:25:19,560
+learning to read and to appreciate poems, good
+
+294
+00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:24,560
+poems. Okay? Alright. Number nine. We found Thelma
+
+295
+00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:29,240
+Eastleigh's. Guess who that is.We concept
+
+296
+00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:33,840
+offensive and we thought it was embarrassing. Okay
+
+297
+00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:38,120
+now we thought this is like a full sentence, this
+
+298
+00:25:38,120 --> 00:25:41,380
+is a clause but we don't need a sentence here. We
+
+299
+00:25:41,380 --> 00:25:44,120
+found an adjective. Offensive is another adjective
+
+300
+00:25:44,120 --> 00:25:46,960
+and embarrassing.
+
+301
+00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:54,250
+Embarrassing. Adjective, adjective and adjective.
+
+302
+00:25:54,550 --> 00:25:58,950
+Okay? Alright. Number ten. Number ten. Yes please.
+
+303
+00:26:03,170 --> 00:26:06,890
+Unarranged or you can even say unconveniently
+
+304
+00:26:06,890 --> 00:26:10,270
+arranged because here it is part of an adjective
+
+305
+00:26:10,270 --> 00:26:14,630
+phrase and all of them are adjective phrases in
+
+306
+00:26:14,630 --> 00:26:15,790
+grammatical terms.
+
+307
+00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:32,560
+Okay.
+
+308
+00:26:36,540 --> 00:26:39,260
+It's really important for us as a community to
+
+309
+00:26:39,260 --> 00:26:43,060
+support each other. It's really important for us
+
+310
+00:26:43,060 --> 00:26:45,780
+as a community to support each other.
+
+311
+00:27:00,740 --> 00:27:02,680
+Okay. Okay.
+
+312
+00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:09,200
+Okay.
+
+313
+00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:13,240
+Okay.
+
+314
+00:27:21,820 --> 00:27:24,620
+Thank you very much.
+
+315
+00:27:50,050 --> 00:27:53,850
+Thank you so much. Thank you.
+
+316
+00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:31,880
+Thank you very
+
+317
+00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:32,480
+much.
+
+318
+00:28:47,590 --> 00:28:53,930
+Thank you. Thank you.
+
+319
+00:29:26,020 --> 00:29:31,150
+All right, let's see number 11. It's a bit
+
+320
+00:29:31,150 --> 00:29:34,770
+challenging one. Yes, please. Sabrina was with a
+
+321
+00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:40,810
+human and a pleasant personality. And? And? Very
+
+322
+00:29:40,810 --> 00:29:43,830
+nice. And an extremely pleasant personality.
+
+323
+00:29:43,950 --> 00:29:49,830
+Sabrina has wit, charm, okay, and? Alright, let's
+
+324
+00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:53,310
+analyze the sentence. What do we have here? Naam.
+
+325
+00:29:53,490 --> 00:29:57,850
+Wit means smallness, cleverness. Naam. What do we
+
+326
+00:29:57,850 --> 00:30:02,570
+have here? Naam also. Okay, and what do we have
+
+327
+00:30:02,570 --> 00:30:06,250
+here? A sentence. Is that correct? Yes. So we
+
+328
+00:30:06,250 --> 00:30:09,490
+cannot have a noun, a noun and a sentence. So they
+
+329
+00:30:09,490 --> 00:30:14,330
+all have to be nouns or they have to be sentences.
+
+330
+00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:19,530
+We take the easy one. So Sabrina has wed a child
+
+331
+00:30:19,530 --> 00:30:23,650
+and there is no need for a sentence. And Anne is
+
+332
+00:30:23,650 --> 00:30:27,970
+extremely pleasant. Personality. A noun phrase or
+
+333
+00:30:27,970 --> 00:30:30,290
+noun phrase and this one is a noun phrase. We just
+
+334
+00:30:30,290 --> 00:30:33,070
+removed she has because this would make it a
+
+335
+00:30:33,070 --> 00:30:39,290
+sentence. Okay? Number twelve. During class, Sami
+
+336
+00:30:39,290 --> 00:30:41,830
+spent his time talking to Ahmed. He ate a candy
+
+337
+00:30:41,830 --> 00:30:45,050
+and squibbled. And his assignment, she eats up.
+
+338
+00:30:45,330 --> 00:30:48,530
+Yes, please. During class, Sami spent his time
+
+339
+00:30:48,530 --> 00:30:51,690
+talking to Ahmed, eating and squibbling. Very
+
+340
+00:30:51,690 --> 00:30:56,770
+nice, and scribbling. Alright, so he spent his
+
+341
+00:30:56,770 --> 00:31:02,510
+time doing what? Cooking, okay, eating, and
+
+342
+00:31:02,510 --> 00:31:07,810
+scribbling has to be scribbling, jarring, jarring,
+
+343
+00:31:08,230 --> 00:31:10,290
+jarring, okay, or participative phrasing.
+
+344
+00:31:14,510 --> 00:31:18,390
+13. Is it a difficult one? I don't think so. Yes,
+
+345
+00:31:18,450 --> 00:31:21,570
+please. Alex looked everywhere for his math book
+
+346
+00:31:21,570 --> 00:31:25,510
+under the bed on his desk and inside the
+
+347
+00:31:25,510 --> 00:31:27,530
+refrigerator. Yes, there is no need for he
+
+348
+00:31:27,530 --> 00:31:30,470
+searched inside because this is a sentence so it
+
+349
+00:31:30,470 --> 00:31:37,990
+has to be and inside the refrigerator and inside.
+
+350
+00:31:38,270 --> 00:31:41,250
+So prepositional phrase, prepositional phrase and
+
+351
+00:31:41,250 --> 00:31:46,360
+a third prepositional. Let's see the last one. Yes
+
+352
+00:31:46,360 --> 00:31:49,200
+please. Ali was a poor student because he waited
+
+353
+00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:53,980
+until the last minute to study and completed his
+
+354
+00:31:53,980 --> 00:31:55,760
+lab problems.
+
+355
+00:31:57,720 --> 00:32:01,320
+and had a low motivation excellent had a low
+
+356
+00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:04,480
+motivation is that correct yes of course because i
+
+357
+00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:07,660
+just said excellent all right very good all right
+
+358
+00:32:07,660 --> 00:32:09,760
+all right how do we how did you fix it what is
+
+359
+00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:11,720
+your rationale for this what is your justification
+
+360
+00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:15,580
+for using this past symbol past symbol the second
+
+361
+00:32:15,580 --> 00:32:18,320
+one has to be the past symbol and the last one do
+
+362
+00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:22,310
+you notice it's it's a sentence His motivation was
+
+363
+00:32:22,310 --> 00:32:25,430
+low. We have to change it into a past limit. And
+
+364
+00:32:25,430 --> 00:32:31,210
+he had a low motivation.
+
+365
+00:32:32,930 --> 00:32:37,090
+So what we have here are verb tenses in the past.
+
+366
+00:32:37,210 --> 00:32:41,150
+He waited until the last minute, was always
+
+367
+00:32:41,150 --> 00:32:44,330
+completing or completed his lab problems
+
+368
+00:32:44,330 --> 00:32:49,510
+courageously and had low motivation. Is this
+
+369
+00:32:49,510 --> 00:32:52,430
+clear? So in each case of these questions, of
+
+370
+00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:55,790
+these statements, we make sure that there is a
+
+371
+00:32:55,790 --> 00:32:58,490
+parallel structure. Do we have time? Yes, we have
+
+372
+00:32:58,490 --> 00:33:02,230
+time for one, I'd like you to just write two
+
+373
+00:33:02,230 --> 00:33:05,370
+sentences, okay? Write two sentences, making sure
+
+374
+00:33:05,370 --> 00:33:09,390
+that you list a number of things and you maintain
+
+375
+00:33:09,390 --> 00:33:12,110
+parallelism. Let's talk about the first one, Gaza.
+
+376
+00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:19,240
+Okay? And write a sentence on Gaza where you have
+
+377
+00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:22,760
+a list of items maintaining parallelism and the
+
+378
+00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:25,200
+second one is about what do you suggest?
+
+379
+00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:29,980
+University? Okay. Our university.
+
+380
+00:33:32,540 --> 00:33:35,160
+So now just write one sentence like this
+
+381
+00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:38,960
+maintaining parallelism. Okay? Very good. Be
+
+382
+00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:40,440
+within a couple of minutes. Please.
+
+383
+00:33:44,340 --> 00:33:47,400
+Write a sentence on Gaza and a sentence on our
+
+384
+00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:49,920
+university making sure that you have a list of
+
+385
+00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:53,560
+items and these items are in a parallel structure.
+
+386
+00:34:40,950 --> 00:34:43,300
+Thank you very much. Thank you.
+
+387
+00:35:12,990 --> 00:35:15,110
+Okay. Okay.
+
+388
+00:35:18,670 --> 00:35:20,070
+Okay.
+
+389
+00:35:22,350 --> 00:35:23,750
+Okay.
+
+390
+00:35:56,640 --> 00:35:57,720
+I'm lost.
+
+391
+00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:23,470
+All right, all right, okay. Who wants a sentence
+
+392
+00:36:23,470 --> 00:36:26,210
+on Gaza with a parallel structure? Yes, please.
+
+393
+00:36:27,250 --> 00:36:33,930
+Yes, please. Gaza has streets, cars and malls.
+
+394
+00:36:33,930 --> 00:36:37,090
+Okay, and malls. So streets, cars and malls. Very
+
+395
+00:36:37,090 --> 00:36:40,030
+nice. Another thing. Another thing. Another
+
+396
+00:36:40,030 --> 00:36:43,670
+sentence on Gaza. Yes, please. Gaza citizens are
+
+397
+00:36:43,670 --> 00:36:47,530
+patient, strong and brave. Yes, Gaza people or the
+
+398
+00:36:47,530 --> 00:36:50,530
+people of Gaza or the people of Palestine are
+
+399
+00:36:50,530 --> 00:36:51,370
+patient
+
+400
+00:36:54,090 --> 00:36:56,590
+creative or whatever we can say a sentence like
+
+401
+00:36:56,590 --> 00:37:06,730
+this Gaza will always be
+
+402
+00:37:06,730 --> 00:37:10,230
+direct triumphant
+
+403
+00:37:22,100 --> 00:37:27,800
+Okay, resilient and
+
+404
+00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:31,720
+hopeful.
+
+405
+00:37:36,350 --> 00:37:40,130
+Always be triumphant, victorious, resilient, and
+
+406
+00:37:40,130 --> 00:37:44,470
+hopeful for a better future of independence, okay?
+
+407
+00:37:45,250 --> 00:37:47,650
+For independence and liberation and self
+
+408
+00:37:47,650 --> 00:37:51,770
+-determination. Our university. Our university. A
+
+409
+00:37:51,770 --> 00:37:54,590
+sentence on our university. Yes, please. Our
+
+410
+00:37:54,590 --> 00:37:57,490
+university has excellent staff of teachers, good
+
+411
+00:37:57,490 --> 00:38:01,850
+workers, and very good internet system. Very nice.
+
+412
+00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,030
+Very nice. Okay, write your sentence. Another
+
+413
+00:38:04,030 --> 00:38:07,700
+sentence on our university?Okay, it was what you
+
+414
+00:38:07,700 --> 00:38:14,660
+said then, so what? Okay. Our university has
+
+415
+00:38:14,660 --> 00:38:20,640
+excellent faculty
+
+416
+00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:21,620
+members.
+
+417
+00:38:29,980 --> 00:38:36,160
+Good facilities and
+
+418
+00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:40,660
+high
+
+419
+00:38:40,660 --> 00:38:43,300
+efficiency.
+
+420
+00:38:47,450 --> 00:38:51,290
+Okay, in management and in management and
+
+421
+00:38:51,290 --> 00:38:54,810
+technology. Okay, and that's all we have here Noun
+
+422
+00:38:54,810 --> 00:38:59,210
+phrase, noun phrase and another noun phrase in
+
+423
+00:38:59,210 --> 00:39:03,290
+another noun phrase, okay? All right. Now, so this
+
+424
+00:39:03,290 --> 00:39:05,190
+is what we've been talking about in this class.
+
+425
+00:39:05,290 --> 00:39:08,610
+Make sure that in every time you write sentences,
+
+426
+00:39:08,830 --> 00:39:11,710
+make sure that you have a parallel structure.
+
+427
+00:39:11,870 --> 00:39:14,270
+Thank you very much and I'll see you next time.
+
+428
+00:39:14,650 --> 00:39:15,870
+Inshallah. Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/Jo0n08nKIHM_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1592 @@
+1
+00:00:21,090 --> 00:00:23,210
+Assalamualaikum, good morning, how are you today?
+
+2
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:26,510
+Very good, very good. Alright, today we're looking
+
+3
+00:00:26,510 --> 00:00:30,530
+at an important grammatical point and this is also
+
+4
+00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:35,870
+relevant to our talk on opinion paragraph writing.
+
+5
+00:00:36,190 --> 00:00:38,750
+And this point has to do with writing good
+
+6
+00:00:38,750 --> 00:00:43,130
+adjective clauses. So, what is an adjective clause
+
+7
+00:00:43,130 --> 00:00:45,840
+if you know? Does anyone know what is an adjective
+
+8
+00:00:45,840 --> 00:00:49,880
+close? Describe a noun or pronoun.
+
+9
+00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,300
+Okay, very nice. So it is from the title. It's an
+
+10
+00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:58,760
+adjective close. So it's a close first of all.
+
+11
+00:00:59,020 --> 00:01:02,500
+Close means that it has a subject and a verb and
+
+12
+00:01:02,500 --> 00:01:04,900
+there is some group of words which has a subject
+
+13
+00:01:04,900 --> 00:01:09,300
+and a verb and generally begins with relative
+
+14
+00:01:09,300 --> 00:01:16,060
+pronouns such as which or who or who And it
+
+15
+00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:19,460
+generally does what an adjective does, which is
+
+16
+00:01:19,460 --> 00:01:22,860
+describing a noun or pronoun. So this is what we
+
+17
+00:01:22,860 --> 00:01:26,120
+mean by an adjective proofs. It is used to modify,
+
+18
+00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:29,720
+that is to say it is used to describe a noun or
+
+19
+00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:31,890
+pronoun. They have a pronoun and they do what
+
+20
+00:01:31,890 --> 00:01:35,390
+regular adjectives do, generally describing or
+
+21
+00:01:35,390 --> 00:01:38,510
+modifying nouns, so an adjective that grows again
+
+22
+00:01:38,510 --> 00:01:44,870
+is a dependent clause that modifies or describes a
+
+23
+00:01:44,870 --> 00:01:49,620
+noun and begins with who, which, whom that and so
+
+24
+00:01:49,620 --> 00:01:53,880
+on or whose, okay? Just look at these exams. Let's
+
+25
+00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:58,980
+just discuss these exams. The book which I like is
+
+26
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:01,840
+on the table. Where is the adjective in the
+
+27
+00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:05,340
+clause? Which I
+
+28
+00:02:05,340 --> 00:02:08,780
+like, okay? So it begins, it has a subject and a
+
+29
+00:02:08,780 --> 00:02:12,440
+verb and it is a clause that begins with the which
+
+30
+00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:16,310
+in this case. What book am I talking about? Which
+
+31
+00:02:16,310 --> 00:02:19,170
+I like. So again it is not the red book, it is not
+
+32
+00:02:19,170 --> 00:02:21,530
+the blue book, it is not the new book or the old
+
+33
+00:02:21,530 --> 00:02:25,370
+book, it is a book which I like. So this clause is
+
+34
+00:02:25,370 --> 00:02:29,450
+actually functions as a description, as describing
+
+35
+00:02:30,130 --> 00:02:32,350
+The book, okay, and that's why we call it an
+
+36
+00:02:32,350 --> 00:02:35,090
+adjective close, not an adverb close, for example,
+
+37
+00:02:35,170 --> 00:02:39,130
+or something else. The man who wants the book is
+
+38
+00:02:39,130 --> 00:02:41,910
+here. Where is the adjective close? Who wants the
+
+39
+00:02:41,910 --> 00:02:45,310
+book. And what man am I talking about? Boy. So
+
+40
+00:02:45,310 --> 00:02:48,410
+this becomes like an adjective to the man. Not
+
+41
+00:02:48,410 --> 00:02:50,930
+that old man, not that old man or the young man.
+
+42
+00:02:51,050 --> 00:02:54,550
+It is the man who wants the book. And so this is
+
+43
+00:02:54,550 --> 00:02:56,750
+the idea of an adjective close. It is a group of
+
+44
+00:02:56,750 --> 00:03:00,650
+words beginning with which or who, or who, or that
+
+45
+00:03:00,650 --> 00:03:06,550
+and does the work of a la shifte, okay? Seven, the
+
+46
+00:03:06,550 --> 00:03:11,960
+students whose hands was up was or gave the wrong
+
+47
+00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:16,520
+answer. So the adjective clause here is what was
+
+48
+00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:19,300
+up and it describes the students. And the last
+
+49
+00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,120
+example, the car that Ahmed is driving is not
+
+50
+00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:26,160
+here. That Ahmed is driving is an adjective clause
+
+51
+00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,760
+describing the car. Is this clear? All right. Very
+
+52
+00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:32,140
+good. All right. Now let's look at these examples
+
+53
+00:03:32,140 --> 00:03:37,660
+and identify the adjective clause in each one of
+
+54
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:40,340
+these. sentences. Who would like to do the first
+
+55
+00:03:40,340 --> 00:03:44,180
+one? Yes, please. I play a kind of music that
+
+56
+00:03:44,180 --> 00:03:47,220
+nobody likes adjective that nobody likes. That
+
+57
+00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:50,660
+nobody likes. Yes. So this is the adjective that
+
+58
+00:03:50,660 --> 00:03:55,300
+nobody likes. The second one. Second one. Yes,
+
+59
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,340
+please. Yes, you please. Yes. The man who you saw
+
+60
+00:03:59,340 --> 00:04:02,020
+was not the famous actor. Was not the famous
+
+61
+00:04:02,020 --> 00:04:06,120
+actor. Whom you saw. Very nice. So this is the
+
+62
+00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:06,880
+adjective.
+
+63
+00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:12,380
+Yes please. I remember the day when I took my
+
+64
+00:04:12,380 --> 00:04:15,140
+first English class. When I took my first English
+
+65
+00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:19,400
+class. Yes, when you took it, all of it is the
+
+66
+00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:22,400
+adjective close, all right? Number four, number
+
+67
+00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,060
+four. Yes please. I have a neighbor whose parents
+
+68
+00:04:25,060 --> 00:04:27,140
+live in Australia and whose parents live in
+
+69
+00:04:27,140 --> 00:04:30,160
+Australia. Whose neighbor lives in Australia is
+
+70
+00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:33,840
+the adjective close describing I or neighbor.
+
+71
+00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:39,100
+Describing the neighbor, okay? And finally, yes
+
+72
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:47,160
+please. Which I like is the adjectives describing
+
+73
+00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:51,460
+the book. So this is the idea of adjectives. Let's
+
+74
+00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:58,660
+look at our textbook, page 158, please. Page 158.
+
+75
+00:05:05,010 --> 00:05:08,510
+All right, and let's just look at the box at the
+
+76
+00:05:08,510 --> 00:05:12,710
+top of the page. And what we have here, the first
+
+77
+00:05:12,710 --> 00:05:16,610
+one, just a quick reminder of the adjective
+
+78
+00:05:16,610 --> 00:05:19,730
+clauses. Number one, 158 I'm talking about.
+
+79
+00:05:20,650 --> 00:05:23,630
+Adjective clauses begin with the words who, which,
+
+80
+00:05:23,810 --> 00:05:27,450
+and that. and who is generally used for people,
+
+81
+00:05:27,830 --> 00:05:31,150
+which is used for things, and that is used for
+
+82
+00:05:31,150 --> 00:05:34,810
+people, for things, and in formal English, it's
+
+83
+00:05:34,810 --> 00:05:40,130
+used for people. Now, in the exercise below, in
+
+84
+00:05:40,130 --> 00:05:42,090
+exercise A, what I'd like you to do is just to
+
+85
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:46,490
+quickly read these examples and identify the
+
+86
+00:05:46,490 --> 00:05:48,810
+adjectives and clauses in each one, the adjectives
+
+87
+00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:51,330
+and clauses in each one of these sub-sentences.
+
+88
+00:07:23,340 --> 00:07:26,360
+All right, let's see number, as you can see in
+
+89
+00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,280
+number one, George Kingsley, who is 12 years old,
+
+90
+00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:34,420
+wants to divorce his mother. Okay, so what we see
+
+91
+00:07:34,420 --> 00:07:37,580
+is who is 12 years old is the adjective, close.
+
+92
+00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:41,180
+And notice that begins with who, and notice also
+
+93
+00:07:41,180 --> 00:07:45,000
+the verb with an S. Why do we put a verb that
+
+94
+00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:50,870
+wants, not want? Because it applies to him. to
+
+95
+00:07:50,870 --> 00:07:54,070
+George Kingsley okay so just remember that the
+
+96
+00:07:54,070 --> 00:07:57,890
+verb also agrees with the noun it is being
+
+97
+00:07:57,890 --> 00:08:01,790
+modified by the adjective closely see number two
+
+98
+00:08:01,790 --> 00:08:05,010
+yes please his mother who neglected him and his
+
+99
+00:08:05,010 --> 00:08:08,710
+brother wants to give him okay nice very nice so
+
+100
+00:08:08,710 --> 00:08:11,590
+who neglected him and his brother number three
+
+101
+00:08:11,590 --> 00:08:14,670
+number three yes please okay He wants to be
+
+102
+00:08:14,670 --> 00:08:19,010
+adopted by the professors who are his foster
+
+103
+00:08:19,010 --> 00:08:22,270
+parents.
+
+104
+00:08:23,630 --> 00:08:24,890
+So it refers to?
+
+105
+00:08:30,870 --> 00:08:33,490
+Most of parents are people who take care of abused
+
+106
+00:08:33,490 --> 00:08:39,010
+or neglected children. Who take care of abused or
+
+107
+00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,890
+neglected children is the adjective means
+
+108
+00:08:41,890 --> 00:08:44,730
+referring to the people and notice also
+
+109
+00:08:51,330 --> 00:08:55,730
+A box that contained marijuana was in the living
+
+110
+00:08:55,730 --> 00:09:03,850
+room that contained marijuana. Number six. Number
+
+111
+00:09:03,850 --> 00:09:06,930
+six, Derek, please. Mr. King's smoking marijuana
+
+112
+00:09:06,930 --> 00:09:10,250
+which is an illegal drug. Okay, which is an
+
+113
+00:09:10,250 --> 00:09:13,150
+illegal drug is as you can close beginning with
+
+114
+00:09:13,150 --> 00:09:17,110
+which? Number seven, please. The boy's father who
+
+115
+00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:20,010
+didn't live with their mother, didn't want the
+
+116
+00:09:20,010 --> 00:09:22,470
+children to live with them, who didn't live with
+
+117
+00:09:22,470 --> 00:09:24,570
+their mother. Very nice, who didn't live with
+
+118
+00:09:24,570 --> 00:09:28,990
+their mother. Okay, number the next one. Yes,
+
+119
+00:09:29,070 --> 00:09:32,420
+Sima, please. A lion who resents his misuse can
+
+120
+00:09:32,420 --> 00:09:36,630
+transform a woman who resents him. All right, who
+
+121
+00:09:36,630 --> 00:09:40,790
+represents Mrs. Kingsley is the adjective clause.
+
+122
+00:09:40,930 --> 00:09:45,270
+And finally, the judge made a decision that those
+
+123
+00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:48,550
+people who will win is the adjective clause. That
+
+124
+00:09:48,550 --> 00:09:53,470
+refers to the decision, okay? So just to rule, the
+
+125
+00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:56,770
+adjective clause must immediately come after the
+
+126
+00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:02,130
+noun or pronoun it modifies. So here, that or that
+
+127
+00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:06,260
+clause comes after the decision. And again, who
+
+128
+00:10:06,260 --> 00:10:09,600
+represented comes after the lawyer and so on.
+
+129
+00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:13,440
+Don't make a space or a gap between the adjective
+
+130
+00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:16,460
+clause and the noun it describes. Otherwise, it
+
+131
+00:10:16,460 --> 00:10:20,580
+would be confusing to the reader. Okay? So, back
+
+132
+00:10:20,580 --> 00:10:24,400
+to the point about uses of the adjective and the
+
+133
+00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:27,820
+clause. Like we said, just said, who and who are
+
+134
+00:10:27,820 --> 00:10:32,100
+used only for people, whereas which is used for,
+
+135
+00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:35,060
+sorry, who is the subject of the clause, of
+
+136
+00:10:35,060 --> 00:10:37,920
+course, and whom is the object of the clause,
+
+137
+00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:42,200
+whom, which is used for things and that is used
+
+138
+00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:45,960
+for, things but even in formal English it is used
+
+139
+00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:50,680
+for people as well okay what I'd like you to do is
+
+140
+00:10:50,680 --> 00:10:56,240
+let's look at exercise B in the next page on 159
+
+141
+00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,800
+and what I'd like you to do is to use either who
+
+142
+00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:04,920
+or which in the appropriate blank in this exercise
+
+143
+00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:11,800
+so put who or which in the appropriate place guess
+
+144
+00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:12,060
+please
+
+145
+00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,840
+All right, let's see number two. Yes, please.
+
+146
+00:12:58,380 --> 00:13:03,000
+Okay, so we need to use a who here. Who knows
+
+147
+00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:06,780
+their child better than anyone else blah blah
+
+148
+00:13:06,780 --> 00:13:08,820
+blah. Okay, this is the second one, number three.
+
+149
+00:13:09,340 --> 00:13:20,560
+Yes, please. A matchmaker
+
+150
+00:13:20,560 --> 00:13:23,480
+is a person, it's a woman who actually gets people
+
+151
+00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:26,540
+together or links people Okay,
+
+152
+00:13:30,980 --> 00:13:35,540
+which all right number four. Yes, please Oh
+
+153
+00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:42,450
+All right, cool. Thank you, thank you. Okay, it's
+
+154
+00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:44,990
+a first. All right, number four. Yes, please. The
+
+155
+00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:47,410
+children present are probably very nervous at
+
+156
+00:13:47,410 --> 00:13:50,370
+their first meet, which usually... Which, yes,
+
+157
+00:13:50,430 --> 00:13:53,930
+because it's at the first meeting, which usually
+
+158
+00:13:53,930 --> 00:13:56,770
+blah, blah, blah, blah. Number five. Yes, please.
+
+159
+00:13:57,930 --> 00:14:02,270
+In some cultures, any man or woman who doesn't...
+
+160
+00:14:02,270 --> 00:14:05,510
+Who doesn't like, so it is...
+
+161
+00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:12,570
+Marrying for love which is a custom in most Muslim
+
+162
+00:14:12,570 --> 00:14:16,970
+cultures. Why is it not good? Because this is not
+
+163
+00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:19,950
+a reference. This is not a person. It's a thing.
+
+164
+00:14:20,250 --> 00:14:22,910
+Marrying for love. And number seven. Yes please.
+
+165
+00:14:23,250 --> 00:14:26,130
+The divorce rate among couples who marry for love
+
+166
+00:14:26,130 --> 00:14:28,850
+is very high. Very high. So the divorce rate is
+
+167
+00:14:28,850 --> 00:14:32,190
+among couples that you have to use.
+
+168
+00:14:37,890 --> 00:14:40,750
+Okay, and finally? People who listen only to their
+
+169
+00:14:40,750 --> 00:14:44,410
+heart. Very nice. So people, very nice. People who
+
+170
+00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:49,390
+listen only to their heart. Sometimes they had
+
+171
+00:14:49,390 --> 00:14:52,850
+listened to their kids. Is this clear? Fine. Let's
+
+172
+00:14:52,850 --> 00:14:55,850
+do some one more activity on this. And what I'd
+
+173
+00:14:55,850 --> 00:14:59,810
+like you to do is to join
+
+174
+00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:06,120
+Each pair of sentences using who or whose or who
+
+175
+00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:07,840
+or which or
+
+176
+00:17:56,360 --> 00:17:57,760
+Okay.
+
+177
+00:18:13,470 --> 00:18:17,510
+Alright, let's see number one, number one, yes
+
+178
+00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:17,910
+please.
+
+179
+00:18:21,910 --> 00:18:27,370
+Very nice, so it has to be who, who, why is it who
+
+180
+00:18:27,370 --> 00:18:31,390
+not whom or whose? Because here who is the subject
+
+181
+00:18:31,390 --> 00:18:34,850
+of the clause because it replaces here and here.
+
+182
+00:18:35,130 --> 00:18:37,590
+The man is the subject of the second clause, not
+
+183
+00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:40,310
+the object of the second clause. That's why we use
+
+184
+00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:43,930
+who generally. Okay? All right. Yes please. I
+
+185
+00:18:43,930 --> 00:18:46,070
+bought them a book which is about
+
+186
+00:18:49,290 --> 00:18:53,070
+it's a thing not a person which is about magic
+
+187
+00:18:53,070 --> 00:18:56,010
+okay let's see number three number three yes
+
+188
+00:18:56,010 --> 00:18:59,710
+please okay
+
+189
+00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:00,530
+let's see
+
+190
+00:19:06,830 --> 00:19:10,250
+No, it's not correct. Why is it not correct? We
+
+191
+00:19:10,250 --> 00:19:13,810
+said whom is usually as the object of the closed,
+
+192
+00:19:13,870 --> 00:19:16,750
+not the subject of the closed. Is the patient here
+
+193
+00:19:16,750 --> 00:19:20,190
+subject or object? Subject. Okay, who has fallen
+
+194
+00:19:20,190 --> 00:19:23,710
+from the cliff? The patient. Is this clear? Yes.
+
+195
+00:19:23,810 --> 00:19:25,990
+Okay, so it is the subject of the closed, so it
+
+196
+00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:32,320
+has to be whom? had just fallen from the cliff.
+
+197
+00:19:32,460 --> 00:19:35,280
+So, who is the subject of the clause whereas whom
+
+198
+00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:40,640
+is generally replaces or becomes the object of the
+
+199
+00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:44,300
+clause or whatever sentence there is, okay? All
+
+200
+00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:51,900
+right? Yes, please, number five. Four. My sister's
+
+201
+00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:56,140
+car which had... Okay, which, is that correct? Car
+
+202
+00:19:56,140 --> 00:20:01,320
+which had... Okay, which has a broken, excuse me,
+
+203
+00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,360
+which has a broken window, okay? All right, let's
+
+204
+00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:07,500
+see number five. Daga, please. Who?
+
+205
+00:20:11,220 --> 00:20:16,220
+Okay, let's see. Is that correct here? Who? Okay,
+
+206
+00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:19,620
+there's no object here. All right, but there is
+
+207
+00:20:19,620 --> 00:20:23,660
+something else, okay? All right, yes, please. And
+
+208
+00:20:23,660 --> 00:20:26,180
+now it's up. This is something which has to do
+
+209
+00:20:26,180 --> 00:20:31,820
+with who's, okay? Why who? Because who's that you
+
+210
+00:20:31,820 --> 00:20:34,620
+just said. It is about or generally for
+
+211
+00:20:34,620 --> 00:20:38,600
+possessive, okay? For example, this is the boy
+
+212
+00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:43,360
+whose leg was her. Whose leg was her, okay? So it
+
+213
+00:20:43,360 --> 00:20:49,740
+is for possessive. So, the restaurant whose
+
+214
+00:20:49,740 --> 00:20:50,720
+customers
+
+215
+00:20:56,250 --> 00:21:02,470
+were shot head
+
+216
+00:21:02,470 --> 00:21:08,050
+closed permanently. This is the restaurant whose
+
+217
+00:21:08,050 --> 00:21:12,190
+customers were shot there head closed permanently
+
+218
+00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:15,330
+because whose is generally with possessive cases
+
+219
+00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:19,570
+not with object or subject of the program. Very
+
+220
+00:21:19,570 --> 00:21:22,830
+much like I said that the sentence suggests this
+
+221
+00:21:22,830 --> 00:21:36,570
+is The boy whose leg was hurt or broken in the
+
+222
+00:21:36,570 --> 00:21:42,070
+accident. Okay? What is that? Whose leg was hurt
+
+223
+00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:45,870
+in the accident is the adjective close describing
+
+224
+00:21:45,870 --> 00:21:50,290
+the boy. Okay? And it is in a possessive case, not
+
+225
+00:21:50,290 --> 00:21:54,190
+in object, as an object or a subject of close.
+
+226
+00:21:54,430 --> 00:21:57,210
+Alright? Okay, all right. Let's look at the second
+
+227
+00:21:57,210 --> 00:22:00,570
+number six the sixth one. All right, the parents
+
+228
+00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:06,810
+had this is an easy one. Yes, please Very
+
+229
+00:22:06,810 --> 00:22:09,670
+nice because the teacher here is acting as a
+
+230
+00:22:09,670 --> 00:22:12,510
+subject of the clause and therefore we have to use
+
+231
+00:22:12,510 --> 00:22:17,630
+the who Okay, who had taught their children. Is
+
+232
+00:22:17,630 --> 00:22:22,430
+this clear? We come to something new which is
+
+233
+00:22:22,430 --> 00:22:25,830
+related to, I'm going to check if it closes and
+
+234
+00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:29,410
+this has to do with punctuating.
+
+235
+00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:34,040
+This has to do with punctuating adjective clauses.
+
+236
+00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:36,780
+Generally, whenever we want to punctuate adjective
+
+237
+00:22:36,780 --> 00:22:39,420
+clauses, there are two cases or there are two
+
+238
+00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:43,220
+terms that you are familiar with, defining or non
+
+239
+00:22:43,220 --> 00:22:47,440
+-defining adjective clauses or restrictive and non
+
+240
+00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:49,920
+-restrictive adjective clauses. Does anyone know
+
+241
+00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:51,920
+what do you mean by defining, non-defining or
+
+242
+00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:57,070
+restrictive, non-restrictive adjective clauses? It
+
+243
+00:22:57,070 --> 00:23:03,230
+has to do with if the information that is in the
+
+244
+00:23:03,230 --> 00:23:06,550
+clause necessary, then we call it restrictive or
+
+245
+00:23:06,550 --> 00:23:10,250
+defining. If the information is extra, then we
+
+246
+00:23:10,250 --> 00:23:12,310
+call it non-restrictive or non-defining, and
+
+247
+00:23:12,310 --> 00:23:15,750
+therefore we have to put two commands to separate
+
+248
+00:23:15,750 --> 00:23:18,710
+this extra information, adjective clause, from the
+
+249
+00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:21,850
+rest. of the sentence. Is this clear? Just
+
+250
+00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:24,650
+generally this is the rule. So descriptive or
+
+251
+00:23:24,650 --> 00:23:29,210
+defining adjective clauses they identify. They are
+
+252
+00:23:29,210 --> 00:23:31,890
+very much necessary information. They identify the
+
+253
+00:23:31,890 --> 00:23:35,650
+noun or pronoun they describe or they modify. They
+
+254
+00:23:35,650 --> 00:23:40,710
+give necessary information and need it in order to
+
+255
+00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:44,370
+know the noun or the pronoun being referred to.
+
+256
+00:23:44,650 --> 00:23:46,690
+Okay? For instance, let's look at the sentence.
+
+257
+00:23:47,050 --> 00:23:52,610
+The doctor Who lives in California is my sister.
+
+258
+00:23:52,790 --> 00:23:57,310
+Now this is necessary information. This is
+
+259
+00:23:57,310 --> 00:23:59,730
+defining or restricting information. This is
+
+260
+00:23:59,730 --> 00:24:03,770
+necessary information to define The doctor, all
+
+261
+00:24:03,770 --> 00:24:07,070
+right? So when I say necessary information, this
+
+262
+00:24:07,070 --> 00:24:10,310
+is information without which I cannot understand
+
+263
+00:24:10,310 --> 00:24:14,150
+the meaning or I don't know who the doctor is.
+
+264
+00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:18,010
+Just imagine removing this is not really very
+
+265
+00:24:18,010 --> 00:24:20,870
+clear. So the doctor who lives in California is
+
+266
+00:24:20,870 --> 00:24:25,230
+necessary information. Students who do not attend
+
+267
+00:24:25,230 --> 00:24:29,300
+the classes, will fail the course or who do not
+
+268
+00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:32,280
+attend the class is necessary information and
+
+269
+00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:36,100
+therefore no commessa are used with adjective
+
+270
+00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,360
+clauses which have necessary information. Under
+
+271
+00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:43,660
+the Aswan, the car that has broken headlights
+
+272
+00:24:43,660 --> 00:24:47,440
+belongs to my brother and again this is necessary
+
+273
+00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:51,130
+information and remember that never You never put
+
+274
+00:24:51,130 --> 00:24:53,930
+a comma with that. This is the general rule. You
+
+275
+00:24:53,930 --> 00:24:57,030
+never put a comma with that. On the other hand,
+
+276
+00:24:58,490 --> 00:25:02,970
+non-restrictive adjective clauses give extra
+
+277
+00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:05,390
+information. So they are not necessary to the
+
+278
+00:25:05,390 --> 00:25:08,470
+meaning or to the definition of the noun they
+
+279
+00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:13,790
+refer to. And therefore, we put commas in order to
+
+280
+00:25:13,790 --> 00:25:15,590
+separate the adjective clause from
+
+281
+00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:29,250
+One, all individuals who bought tickets will be
+
+282
+00:25:29,250 --> 00:25:31,810
+admitted and finally the evil tower, I know
+
+283
+00:25:31,810 --> 00:25:34,510
+already what is the evil tower is and therefore
+
+284
+00:25:34,510 --> 00:25:38,670
+which I wrote at the top has an elevator. So these
+
+285
+00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:42,670
+three cases indicate that these are all non
+
+286
+00:25:42,670 --> 00:25:46,010
+-defining, non-restrictive or extra information
+
+287
+00:25:46,010 --> 00:25:49,730
+and therefore we use commas between or to separate
+
+288
+00:25:49,730 --> 00:25:52,910
+them from the rest of the sentence. Is this clear?
+
+289
+00:25:53,150 --> 00:25:59,030
+All right. So now let's look at page 161. Alright?
+
+290
+00:26:00,670 --> 00:26:07,210
+And do the question on number 8, in number 8.
+
+291
+00:26:07,650 --> 00:26:11,150
+Okay? What I'd like you to do in number 8, these 8
+
+292
+00:26:11,150 --> 00:26:13,850
+sentences, is to punctuate the adjective clauses.
+
+293
+00:26:14,130 --> 00:26:17,170
+So put commas where necessary. And remember the
+
+294
+00:26:17,170 --> 00:26:20,510
+rule, if the information is necessary, no commas.
+
+295
+00:26:21,150 --> 00:26:25,770
+If it is extra, put commas in this sentence.
+
+296
+00:27:37,910 --> 00:27:40,450
+It's only a quick check to see if there's a
+
+297
+00:27:40,450 --> 00:27:40,670
+solution.
+
+298
+00:28:08,310 --> 00:28:10,930
+All right, let's see. As you can see, a country
+
+299
+00:28:10,930 --> 00:28:14,890
+that has a queen or a king is called a monarchy.
+
+300
+00:28:15,050 --> 00:28:18,090
+Now, with that clause, we never put sentences. We
+
+301
+00:28:18,090 --> 00:28:21,970
+never put comments, sorry. And a country, of
+
+302
+00:28:21,970 --> 00:28:24,810
+course, this is essential information. See number
+
+303
+00:28:24,810 --> 00:28:27,970
+two, England. which has a queen again, we know
+
+304
+00:28:27,970 --> 00:28:30,670
+what England is, so it is already defined, so
+
+305
+00:28:30,670 --> 00:28:33,590
+which has a queen is considered extra information
+
+306
+00:28:33,590 --> 00:28:36,490
+and therefore we put Kumas between them to
+
+307
+00:28:36,490 --> 00:28:37,990
+separate them from the rest of the sentence.
+
+308
+00:28:38,150 --> 00:28:42,970
+Number three, number three, yes please. A
+
+309
+00:28:42,970 --> 00:28:46,230
+pediatrician. A pediatrician is a doctor who takes
+
+310
+00:28:46,230 --> 00:28:48,870
+care of children. Do we need comments? No. No,
+
+311
+00:28:48,970 --> 00:28:51,870
+because we need this as essential information to
+
+312
+00:28:51,870 --> 00:28:55,450
+define what a pediatrician is. Okay, so there is
+
+313
+00:28:55,450 --> 00:28:58,570
+no need for comments here. Number four. Yes,
+
+314
+00:28:58,690 --> 00:29:01,630
+please. Doctor. Dr. Jones, who is our neighbor, is
+
+315
+00:29:01,630 --> 00:29:04,070
+a pediatrician. A pediatrician.
+
+316
+00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:18,920
+Students who studied got A's on the final exam, no
+
+317
+00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:21,640
+commas. No commas, why is that? Very nice. Because
+
+318
+00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:24,940
+this is essential information to define the
+
+319
+00:29:24,940 --> 00:29:27,740
+students, to define the students. Which students?
+
+320
+00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:30,480
+This is necessary information and therefore it
+
+321
+00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:32,960
+requires no commas.
+
+322
+00:29:37,210 --> 00:29:42,030
+Gabriella who studied in commerce got A's. Okay,
+
+323
+00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:46,430
+so who studied? Alexa. Okay, why is that? Because
+
+324
+00:29:46,430 --> 00:29:49,490
+it's considered, we know who these people are, so
+
+325
+00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:53,830
+it's just already sort of extra information. Got
+
+326
+00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:57,810
+A's on the final exam. Please. My birthday is next
+
+327
+00:29:57,810 --> 00:30:04,200
+month, which is holiday. We actually use it
+
+328
+00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,860
+because we already what a Monday, it's already
+
+329
+00:30:07,860 --> 00:30:12,300
+defined, okay? And finally, a holiday that is
+
+330
+00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:15,800
+especially fun for children is we don't need to
+
+331
+00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,460
+commence with that clause, okay? And it is already
+
+332
+00:30:19,460 --> 00:30:23,820
+essential information or necessary information. Is
+
+333
+00:30:23,820 --> 00:30:29,880
+this clear? Very nice, very nice. Now, we need a
+
+334
+00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:32,380
+comma here. We need a comma because we know that
+
+335
+00:30:32,380 --> 00:30:37,060
+Monday is already defined. Okay? Now, let's just
+
+336
+00:30:37,060 --> 00:30:41,000
+conclude with this activity on page 163. 63,
+
+337
+00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:44,640
+please. All right? And this is an easy exercise.
+
+338
+00:30:44,780 --> 00:30:48,320
+All we have to do is basically join the two pairs
+
+339
+00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:51,400
+of sentences, each pair of sentences with using
+
+340
+00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:58,360
+which or who in the appropriate way. Okay? 163.
+
+341
+00:30:59,100 --> 00:30:59,620
+Please.
+
+342
+00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:28,760
+Okay. Okay.
+
+343
+00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,680
+Thank you.
+
+344
+00:33:47,610 --> 00:33:50,690
+Thank you very much.
+
+345
+00:34:11,980 --> 00:34:20,700
+Thank you so
+
+346
+00:34:20,700 --> 00:34:21,040
+much.
+
+347
+00:35:08,190 --> 00:35:11,290
+Alright, are we done? Are we finished? Yes please,
+
+348
+00:35:11,470 --> 00:35:15,410
+alright. Number three, mister? Mister and Mrs
+
+349
+00:35:15,410 --> 00:35:18,350
+Haddad who are from Lebanon and study Spanish. Is
+
+350
+00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:23,850
+that correct? Yes. Mister and Mrs Haddad are who
+
+351
+00:35:23,850 --> 00:35:24,510
+are
+
+352
+00:35:32,850 --> 00:35:36,570
+are very traditional, okay? Poets from Lebanon are
+
+353
+00:35:36,570 --> 00:35:39,130
+very traditional. Okay, number four, yes please.
+
+354
+00:35:45,050 --> 00:35:48,110
+Great, which but this is not really the correct
+
+355
+00:35:48,110 --> 00:35:52,210
+use of the, which here? The family, persons or
+
+356
+00:35:52,210 --> 00:35:56,810
+people or things? People, so it has to be who, is
+
+357
+00:35:56,810 --> 00:36:00,910
+that correct? Yes, who immigrated to this country
+
+358
+00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:04,700
+It's a person, it's a group of people, so we need
+
+359
+00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:08,760
+who, not which, okay? Next, please. The parents
+
+360
+00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:12,780
+want her to marry a man who is 32 years old. Yes,
+
+361
+00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:19,260
+so again, to marry a man who is 30 years old. Yes,
+
+362
+00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:23,340
+please. The husband-to-be lives in Lebanon, which
+
+363
+00:36:23,340 --> 00:36:25,660
+is a country in the Middle East. The husband-to-be
+
+364
+00:36:25,660 --> 00:36:33,400
+lives in Lebanon, which is Which is a country that
+
+365
+00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:40,240
+is in the Middle East, okay? Number seven. He owns
+
+366
+00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:44,580
+a business. Yes Iman, please. Okay.
+
+367
+00:36:47,540 --> 00:36:55,140
+Say again. He owns a business which is? which is
+
+368
+00:36:55,140 --> 00:36:58,880
+very successful. Alright? Number eight. Yes,
+
+369
+00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:02,920
+please. People who know him say that... Very nice.
+
+370
+00:37:03,020 --> 00:37:07,020
+So people who... We don't actually know him yet.
+
+371
+00:37:07,180 --> 00:37:12,940
+People who know him say that... This is essential
+
+372
+00:37:12,940 --> 00:37:15,880
+information to define the people. People who know
+
+373
+00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:22,360
+him say that he is very nice. Okay? Alright. Yes.
+
+374
+00:37:23,330 --> 00:37:27,330
+Number nine, number nine. Yes, please. Jamila who
+
+375
+00:37:27,330 --> 00:37:30,970
+went to go to college in her new country ran away
+
+376
+00:37:30,970 --> 00:37:34,290
+from the home rather to marry the man. Excellent.
+
+377
+00:37:34,530 --> 00:37:37,410
+So Jamila, we need to define who Jamila is. So
+
+378
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:46,370
+Jamila who was to blah blah blah blah country.
+
+379
+00:37:48,170 --> 00:37:48,710
+Okay.
+
+380
+00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:54,440
+Mr.
+
+381
+00:37:58,540 --> 00:37:58,900
+and Mrs.
+
+382
+00:38:02,720 --> 00:38:06,400
+Haddad who thought they had arranged a good future
+
+383
+00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:08,800
+for their daughter Mr.
+
+384
+00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:17,470
+and Mrs. Haddad who We just bring in a second
+
+385
+00:38:17,470 --> 00:38:20,050
+clause because it defines who Mr. and Mrs. Haddad
+
+386
+00:38:20,050 --> 00:38:25,550
+is. Who thought that
+
+387
+00:38:25,550 --> 00:38:33,310
+they have the do not understand why she ran. Okay,
+
+388
+00:38:34,010 --> 00:38:36,650
+so again, the idea here is that we basically put
+
+389
+00:38:36,650 --> 00:38:39,770
+or embed the adjective clause as a defining clause
+
+390
+00:38:39,770 --> 00:38:44,290
+in the main clause or in the main sentence. So
+
+391
+00:38:44,290 --> 00:38:46,450
+what we've done today is basically looking at
+
+392
+00:38:46,450 --> 00:38:49,350
+adjective clauses, and just to recap, adjective
+
+393
+00:38:49,350 --> 00:38:52,690
+clauses are groups of words, clauses, which has a
+
+394
+00:38:52,690 --> 00:38:57,410
+subject and a verb, and generally does the work of
+
+395
+00:38:57,410 --> 00:38:58,630
+an adjective, which is
+
+396
+00:39:01,710 --> 00:39:04,530
+Okay, we'll continue talking about this next time,
+
+397
+00:39:04,630 --> 00:39:08,030
+inshallah. In the meantime, take care and I'll see
+
+398
+00:39:08,030 --> 00:39:10,030
+you next time, inshallah. Thank you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/Jo0n08nKIHM_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1592 @@
+1
+00:00:21,090 --> 00:00:23,210
+Assalamualaikum, good morning, how are you today?
+
+2
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:26,510
+Very good, very good. Alright, today we're looking
+
+3
+00:00:26,510 --> 00:00:30,530
+at an important grammatical point and this is also
+
+4
+00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:35,870
+relevant to our talk on opinion paragraph writing.
+
+5
+00:00:36,190 --> 00:00:38,750
+And this point has to do with writing good
+
+6
+00:00:38,750 --> 00:00:43,130
+adjective clauses. So, what is an adjective clause
+
+7
+00:00:43,130 --> 00:00:45,840
+if you know? Does anyone know what is an adjective
+
+8
+00:00:45,840 --> 00:00:49,880
+close? Describe a noun or pronoun.
+
+9
+00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,300
+Okay, very nice. So it is from the title. It's an
+
+10
+00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:58,760
+adjective close. So it's a close first of all.
+
+11
+00:00:59,020 --> 00:01:02,500
+Close means that it has a subject and a verb and
+
+12
+00:01:02,500 --> 00:01:04,900
+there is some group of words which has a subject
+
+13
+00:01:04,900 --> 00:01:09,300
+and a verb and generally begins with relative
+
+14
+00:01:09,300 --> 00:01:16,060
+pronouns such as which or who or who And it
+
+15
+00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:19,460
+generally does what an adjective does, which is
+
+16
+00:01:19,460 --> 00:01:22,860
+describing a noun or pronoun. So this is what we
+
+17
+00:01:22,860 --> 00:01:26,120
+mean by an adjective proofs. It is used to modify,
+
+18
+00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:29,720
+that is to say it is used to describe a noun or
+
+19
+00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:31,890
+pronoun. They have a pronoun and they do what
+
+20
+00:01:31,890 --> 00:01:35,390
+regular adjectives do, generally describing or
+
+21
+00:01:35,390 --> 00:01:38,510
+modifying nouns, so an adjective that grows again
+
+22
+00:01:38,510 --> 00:01:44,870
+is a dependent clause that modifies or describes a
+
+23
+00:01:44,870 --> 00:01:49,620
+noun and begins with who, which, whom that and so
+
+24
+00:01:49,620 --> 00:01:53,880
+on or whose, okay? Just look at these exams. Let's
+
+25
+00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:58,980
+just discuss these exams. The book which I like is
+
+26
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:01,840
+on the table. Where is the adjective in the
+
+27
+00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:05,340
+clause? Which I
+
+28
+00:02:05,340 --> 00:02:08,780
+like, okay? So it begins, it has a subject and a
+
+29
+00:02:08,780 --> 00:02:12,440
+verb and it is a clause that begins with the which
+
+30
+00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:16,310
+in this case. What book am I talking about? Which
+
+31
+00:02:16,310 --> 00:02:19,170
+I like. So again it is not the red book, it is not
+
+32
+00:02:19,170 --> 00:02:21,530
+the blue book, it is not the new book or the old
+
+33
+00:02:21,530 --> 00:02:25,370
+book, it is a book which I like. So this clause is
+
+34
+00:02:25,370 --> 00:02:29,450
+actually functions as a description, as describing
+
+35
+00:02:30,130 --> 00:02:32,350
+The book, okay, and that's why we call it an
+
+36
+00:02:32,350 --> 00:02:35,090
+adjective close, not an adverb close, for example,
+
+37
+00:02:35,170 --> 00:02:39,130
+or something else. The man who wants the book is
+
+38
+00:02:39,130 --> 00:02:41,910
+here. Where is the adjective close? Who wants the
+
+39
+00:02:41,910 --> 00:02:45,310
+book. And what man am I talking about? Boy. So
+
+40
+00:02:45,310 --> 00:02:48,410
+this becomes like an adjective to the man. Not
+
+41
+00:02:48,410 --> 00:02:50,930
+that old man, not that old man or the young man.
+
+42
+00:02:51,050 --> 00:02:54,550
+It is the man who wants the book. And so this is
+
+43
+00:02:54,550 --> 00:02:56,750
+the idea of an adjective close. It is a group of
+
+44
+00:02:56,750 --> 00:03:00,650
+words beginning with which or who, or who, or that
+
+45
+00:03:00,650 --> 00:03:06,550
+and does the work of a la shifte, okay? Seven, the
+
+46
+00:03:06,550 --> 00:03:11,960
+students whose hands was up was or gave the wrong
+
+47
+00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:16,520
+answer. So the adjective clause here is what was
+
+48
+00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:19,300
+up and it describes the students. And the last
+
+49
+00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,120
+example, the car that Ahmed is driving is not
+
+50
+00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:26,160
+here. That Ahmed is driving is an adjective clause
+
+51
+00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,760
+describing the car. Is this clear? All right. Very
+
+52
+00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:32,140
+good. All right. Now let's look at these examples
+
+53
+00:03:32,140 --> 00:03:37,660
+and identify the adjective clause in each one of
+
+54
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:40,340
+these. sentences. Who would like to do the first
+
+55
+00:03:40,340 --> 00:03:44,180
+one? Yes, please. I play a kind of music that
+
+56
+00:03:44,180 --> 00:03:47,220
+nobody likes adjective that nobody likes. That
+
+57
+00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:50,660
+nobody likes. Yes. So this is the adjective that
+
+58
+00:03:50,660 --> 00:03:55,300
+nobody likes. The second one. Second one. Yes,
+
+59
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,340
+please. Yes, you please. Yes. The man who you saw
+
+60
+00:03:59,340 --> 00:04:02,020
+was not the famous actor. Was not the famous
+
+61
+00:04:02,020 --> 00:04:06,120
+actor. Whom you saw. Very nice. So this is the
+
+62
+00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:06,880
+adjective.
+
+63
+00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:12,380
+Yes please. I remember the day when I took my
+
+64
+00:04:12,380 --> 00:04:15,140
+first English class. When I took my first English
+
+65
+00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:19,400
+class. Yes, when you took it, all of it is the
+
+66
+00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:22,400
+adjective close, all right? Number four, number
+
+67
+00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,060
+four. Yes please. I have a neighbor whose parents
+
+68
+00:04:25,060 --> 00:04:27,140
+live in Australia and whose parents live in
+
+69
+00:04:27,140 --> 00:04:30,160
+Australia. Whose neighbor lives in Australia is
+
+70
+00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:33,840
+the adjective close describing I or neighbor.
+
+71
+00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:39,100
+Describing the neighbor, okay? And finally, yes
+
+72
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:47,160
+please. Which I like is the adjectives describing
+
+73
+00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:51,460
+the book. So this is the idea of adjectives. Let's
+
+74
+00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:58,660
+look at our textbook, page 158, please. Page 158.
+
+75
+00:05:05,010 --> 00:05:08,510
+All right, and let's just look at the box at the
+
+76
+00:05:08,510 --> 00:05:12,710
+top of the page. And what we have here, the first
+
+77
+00:05:12,710 --> 00:05:16,610
+one, just a quick reminder of the adjective
+
+78
+00:05:16,610 --> 00:05:19,730
+clauses. Number one, 158 I'm talking about.
+
+79
+00:05:20,650 --> 00:05:23,630
+Adjective clauses begin with the words who, which,
+
+80
+00:05:23,810 --> 00:05:27,450
+and that. and who is generally used for people,
+
+81
+00:05:27,830 --> 00:05:31,150
+which is used for things, and that is used for
+
+82
+00:05:31,150 --> 00:05:34,810
+people, for things, and in formal English, it's
+
+83
+00:05:34,810 --> 00:05:40,130
+used for people. Now, in the exercise below, in
+
+84
+00:05:40,130 --> 00:05:42,090
+exercise A, what I'd like you to do is just to
+
+85
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:46,490
+quickly read these examples and identify the
+
+86
+00:05:46,490 --> 00:05:48,810
+adjectives and clauses in each one, the adjectives
+
+87
+00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:51,330
+and clauses in each one of these sub-sentences.
+
+88
+00:07:23,340 --> 00:07:26,360
+All right, let's see number, as you can see in
+
+89
+00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,280
+number one, George Kingsley, who is 12 years old,
+
+90
+00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:34,420
+wants to divorce his mother. Okay, so what we see
+
+91
+00:07:34,420 --> 00:07:37,580
+is who is 12 years old is the adjective, close.
+
+92
+00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:41,180
+And notice that begins with who, and notice also
+
+93
+00:07:41,180 --> 00:07:45,000
+the verb with an S. Why do we put a verb that
+
+94
+00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:50,870
+wants, not want? Because it applies to him. to
+
+95
+00:07:50,870 --> 00:07:54,070
+George Kingsley okay so just remember that the
+
+96
+00:07:54,070 --> 00:07:57,890
+verb also agrees with the noun it is being
+
+97
+00:07:57,890 --> 00:08:01,790
+modified by the adjective closely see number two
+
+98
+00:08:01,790 --> 00:08:05,010
+yes please his mother who neglected him and his
+
+99
+00:08:05,010 --> 00:08:08,710
+brother wants to give him okay nice very nice so
+
+100
+00:08:08,710 --> 00:08:11,590
+who neglected him and his brother number three
+
+101
+00:08:11,590 --> 00:08:14,670
+number three yes please okay He wants to be
+
+102
+00:08:14,670 --> 00:08:19,010
+adopted by the professors who are his foster
+
+103
+00:08:19,010 --> 00:08:22,270
+parents.
+
+104
+00:08:23,630 --> 00:08:24,890
+So it refers to?
+
+105
+00:08:30,870 --> 00:08:33,490
+Most of parents are people who take care of abused
+
+106
+00:08:33,490 --> 00:08:39,010
+or neglected children. Who take care of abused or
+
+107
+00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,890
+neglected children is the adjective means
+
+108
+00:08:41,890 --> 00:08:44,730
+referring to the people and notice also
+
+109
+00:08:51,330 --> 00:08:55,730
+A box that contained marijuana was in the living
+
+110
+00:08:55,730 --> 00:09:03,850
+room that contained marijuana. Number six. Number
+
+111
+00:09:03,850 --> 00:09:06,930
+six, Derek, please. Mr. King's smoking marijuana
+
+112
+00:09:06,930 --> 00:09:10,250
+which is an illegal drug. Okay, which is an
+
+113
+00:09:10,250 --> 00:09:13,150
+illegal drug is as you can close beginning with
+
+114
+00:09:13,150 --> 00:09:17,110
+which? Number seven, please. The boy's father who
+
+115
+00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:20,010
+didn't live with their mother, didn't want the
+
+116
+00:09:20,010 --> 00:09:22,470
+children to live with them, who didn't live with
+
+117
+00:09:22,470 --> 00:09:24,570
+their mother. Very nice, who didn't live with
+
+118
+00:09:24,570 --> 00:09:28,990
+their mother. Okay, number the next one. Yes,
+
+119
+00:09:29,070 --> 00:09:32,420
+Sima, please. A lion who resents his misuse can
+
+120
+00:09:32,420 --> 00:09:36,630
+transform a woman who resents him. All right, who
+
+121
+00:09:36,630 --> 00:09:40,790
+represents Mrs. Kingsley is the adjective clause.
+
+122
+00:09:40,930 --> 00:09:45,270
+And finally, the judge made a decision that those
+
+123
+00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:48,550
+people who will win is the adjective clause. That
+
+124
+00:09:48,550 --> 00:09:53,470
+refers to the decision, okay? So just to rule, the
+
+125
+00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:56,770
+adjective clause must immediately come after the
+
+126
+00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:02,130
+noun or pronoun it modifies. So here, that or that
+
+127
+00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:06,260
+clause comes after the decision. And again, who
+
+128
+00:10:06,260 --> 00:10:09,600
+represented comes after the lawyer and so on.
+
+129
+00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:13,440
+Don't make a space or a gap between the adjective
+
+130
+00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:16,460
+clause and the noun it describes. Otherwise, it
+
+131
+00:10:16,460 --> 00:10:20,580
+would be confusing to the reader. Okay? So, back
+
+132
+00:10:20,580 --> 00:10:24,400
+to the point about uses of the adjective and the
+
+133
+00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:27,820
+clause. Like we said, just said, who and who are
+
+134
+00:10:27,820 --> 00:10:32,100
+used only for people, whereas which is used for,
+
+135
+00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:35,060
+sorry, who is the subject of the clause, of
+
+136
+00:10:35,060 --> 00:10:37,920
+course, and whom is the object of the clause,
+
+137
+00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:42,200
+whom, which is used for things and that is used
+
+138
+00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:45,960
+for, things but even in formal English it is used
+
+139
+00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:50,680
+for people as well okay what I'd like you to do is
+
+140
+00:10:50,680 --> 00:10:56,240
+let's look at exercise B in the next page on 159
+
+141
+00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,800
+and what I'd like you to do is to use either who
+
+142
+00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:04,920
+or which in the appropriate blank in this exercise
+
+143
+00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:11,800
+so put who or which in the appropriate place guess
+
+144
+00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:12,060
+please
+
+145
+00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,840
+All right, let's see number two. Yes, please.
+
+146
+00:12:58,380 --> 00:13:03,000
+Okay, so we need to use a who here. Who knows
+
+147
+00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:06,780
+their child better than anyone else blah blah
+
+148
+00:13:06,780 --> 00:13:08,820
+blah. Okay, this is the second one, number three.
+
+149
+00:13:09,340 --> 00:13:20,560
+Yes, please. A matchmaker
+
+150
+00:13:20,560 --> 00:13:23,480
+is a person, it's a woman who actually gets people
+
+151
+00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:26,540
+together or links people Okay,
+
+152
+00:13:30,980 --> 00:13:35,540
+which all right number four. Yes, please Oh
+
+153
+00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:42,450
+All right, cool. Thank you, thank you. Okay, it's
+
+154
+00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:44,990
+a first. All right, number four. Yes, please. The
+
+155
+00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:47,410
+children present are probably very nervous at
+
+156
+00:13:47,410 --> 00:13:50,370
+their first meet, which usually... Which, yes,
+
+157
+00:13:50,430 --> 00:13:53,930
+because it's at the first meeting, which usually
+
+158
+00:13:53,930 --> 00:13:56,770
+blah, blah, blah, blah. Number five. Yes, please.
+
+159
+00:13:57,930 --> 00:14:02,270
+In some cultures, any man or woman who doesn't...
+
+160
+00:14:02,270 --> 00:14:05,510
+Who doesn't like, so it is...
+
+161
+00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:12,570
+Marrying for love which is a custom in most Muslim
+
+162
+00:14:12,570 --> 00:14:16,970
+cultures. Why is it not good? Because this is not
+
+163
+00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:19,950
+a reference. This is not a person. It's a thing.
+
+164
+00:14:20,250 --> 00:14:22,910
+Marrying for love. And number seven. Yes please.
+
+165
+00:14:23,250 --> 00:14:26,130
+The divorce rate among couples who marry for love
+
+166
+00:14:26,130 --> 00:14:28,850
+is very high. Very high. So the divorce rate is
+
+167
+00:14:28,850 --> 00:14:32,190
+among couples that you have to use.
+
+168
+00:14:37,890 --> 00:14:40,750
+Okay, and finally? People who listen only to their
+
+169
+00:14:40,750 --> 00:14:44,410
+heart. Very nice. So people, very nice. People who
+
+170
+00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:49,390
+listen only to their heart. Sometimes they had
+
+171
+00:14:49,390 --> 00:14:52,850
+listened to their kids. Is this clear? Fine. Let's
+
+172
+00:14:52,850 --> 00:14:55,850
+do some one more activity on this. And what I'd
+
+173
+00:14:55,850 --> 00:14:59,810
+like you to do is to join
+
+174
+00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:06,120
+Each pair of sentences using who or whose or who
+
+175
+00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:07,840
+or which or
+
+176
+00:17:56,360 --> 00:17:57,760
+Okay.
+
+177
+00:18:13,470 --> 00:18:17,510
+Alright, let's see number one, number one, yes
+
+178
+00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:17,910
+please.
+
+179
+00:18:21,910 --> 00:18:27,370
+Very nice, so it has to be who, who, why is it who
+
+180
+00:18:27,370 --> 00:18:31,390
+not whom or whose? Because here who is the subject
+
+181
+00:18:31,390 --> 00:18:34,850
+of the clause because it replaces here and here.
+
+182
+00:18:35,130 --> 00:18:37,590
+The man is the subject of the second clause, not
+
+183
+00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:40,310
+the object of the second clause. That's why we use
+
+184
+00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:43,930
+who generally. Okay? All right. Yes please. I
+
+185
+00:18:43,930 --> 00:18:46,070
+bought them a book which is about
+
+186
+00:18:49,290 --> 00:18:53,070
+it's a thing not a person which is about magic
+
+187
+00:18:53,070 --> 00:18:56,010
+okay let's see number three number three yes
+
+188
+00:18:56,010 --> 00:18:59,710
+please okay
+
+189
+00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:00,530
+let's see
+
+190
+00:19:06,830 --> 00:19:10,250
+No, it's not correct. Why is it not correct? We
+
+191
+00:19:10,250 --> 00:19:13,810
+said whom is usually as the object of the closed,
+
+192
+00:19:13,870 --> 00:19:16,750
+not the subject of the closed. Is the patient here
+
+193
+00:19:16,750 --> 00:19:20,190
+subject or object? Subject. Okay, who has fallen
+
+194
+00:19:20,190 --> 00:19:23,710
+from the cliff? The patient. Is this clear? Yes.
+
+195
+00:19:23,810 --> 00:19:25,990
+Okay, so it is the subject of the closed, so it
+
+196
+00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:32,320
+has to be whom? had just fallen from the cliff.
+
+197
+00:19:32,460 --> 00:19:35,280
+So, who is the subject of the clause whereas whom
+
+198
+00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:40,640
+is generally replaces or becomes the object of the
+
+199
+00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:44,300
+clause or whatever sentence there is, okay? All
+
+200
+00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:51,900
+right? Yes, please, number five. Four. My sister's
+
+201
+00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:56,140
+car which had... Okay, which, is that correct? Car
+
+202
+00:19:56,140 --> 00:20:01,320
+which had... Okay, which has a broken, excuse me,
+
+203
+00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,360
+which has a broken window, okay? All right, let's
+
+204
+00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:07,500
+see number five. Daga, please. Who?
+
+205
+00:20:11,220 --> 00:20:16,220
+Okay, let's see. Is that correct here? Who? Okay,
+
+206
+00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:19,620
+there's no object here. All right, but there is
+
+207
+00:20:19,620 --> 00:20:23,660
+something else, okay? All right, yes, please. And
+
+208
+00:20:23,660 --> 00:20:26,180
+now it's up. This is something which has to do
+
+209
+00:20:26,180 --> 00:20:31,820
+with who's, okay? Why who? Because who's that you
+
+210
+00:20:31,820 --> 00:20:34,620
+just said. It is about or generally for
+
+211
+00:20:34,620 --> 00:20:38,600
+possessive, okay? For example, this is the boy
+
+212
+00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:43,360
+whose leg was her. Whose leg was her, okay? So it
+
+213
+00:20:43,360 --> 00:20:49,740
+is for possessive. So, the restaurant whose
+
+214
+00:20:49,740 --> 00:20:50,720
+customers
+
+215
+00:20:56,250 --> 00:21:02,470
+were shot head
+
+216
+00:21:02,470 --> 00:21:08,050
+closed permanently. This is the restaurant whose
+
+217
+00:21:08,050 --> 00:21:12,190
+customers were shot there head closed permanently
+
+218
+00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:15,330
+because whose is generally with possessive cases
+
+219
+00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:19,570
+not with object or subject of the program. Very
+
+220
+00:21:19,570 --> 00:21:22,830
+much like I said that the sentence suggests this
+
+221
+00:21:22,830 --> 00:21:36,570
+is The boy whose leg was hurt or broken in the
+
+222
+00:21:36,570 --> 00:21:42,070
+accident. Okay? What is that? Whose leg was hurt
+
+223
+00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:45,870
+in the accident is the adjective close describing
+
+224
+00:21:45,870 --> 00:21:50,290
+the boy. Okay? And it is in a possessive case, not
+
+225
+00:21:50,290 --> 00:21:54,190
+in object, as an object or a subject of close.
+
+226
+00:21:54,430 --> 00:21:57,210
+Alright? Okay, all right. Let's look at the second
+
+227
+00:21:57,210 --> 00:22:00,570
+number six the sixth one. All right, the parents
+
+228
+00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:06,810
+had this is an easy one. Yes, please Very
+
+229
+00:22:06,810 --> 00:22:09,670
+nice because the teacher here is acting as a
+
+230
+00:22:09,670 --> 00:22:12,510
+subject of the clause and therefore we have to use
+
+231
+00:22:12,510 --> 00:22:17,630
+the who Okay, who had taught their children. Is
+
+232
+00:22:17,630 --> 00:22:22,430
+this clear? We come to something new which is
+
+233
+00:22:22,430 --> 00:22:25,830
+related to, I'm going to check if it closes and
+
+234
+00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:29,410
+this has to do with punctuating.
+
+235
+00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:34,040
+This has to do with punctuating adjective clauses.
+
+236
+00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:36,780
+Generally, whenever we want to punctuate adjective
+
+237
+00:22:36,780 --> 00:22:39,420
+clauses, there are two cases or there are two
+
+238
+00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:43,220
+terms that you are familiar with, defining or non
+
+239
+00:22:43,220 --> 00:22:47,440
+-defining adjective clauses or restrictive and non
+
+240
+00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:49,920
+-restrictive adjective clauses. Does anyone know
+
+241
+00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:51,920
+what do you mean by defining, non-defining or
+
+242
+00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:57,070
+restrictive, non-restrictive adjective clauses? It
+
+243
+00:22:57,070 --> 00:23:03,230
+has to do with if the information that is in the
+
+244
+00:23:03,230 --> 00:23:06,550
+clause necessary, then we call it restrictive or
+
+245
+00:23:06,550 --> 00:23:10,250
+defining. If the information is extra, then we
+
+246
+00:23:10,250 --> 00:23:12,310
+call it non-restrictive or non-defining, and
+
+247
+00:23:12,310 --> 00:23:15,750
+therefore we have to put two commands to separate
+
+248
+00:23:15,750 --> 00:23:18,710
+this extra information, adjective clause, from the
+
+249
+00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:21,850
+rest. of the sentence. Is this clear? Just
+
+250
+00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:24,650
+generally this is the rule. So descriptive or
+
+251
+00:23:24,650 --> 00:23:29,210
+defining adjective clauses they identify. They are
+
+252
+00:23:29,210 --> 00:23:31,890
+very much necessary information. They identify the
+
+253
+00:23:31,890 --> 00:23:35,650
+noun or pronoun they describe or they modify. They
+
+254
+00:23:35,650 --> 00:23:40,710
+give necessary information and need it in order to
+
+255
+00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:44,370
+know the noun or the pronoun being referred to.
+
+256
+00:23:44,650 --> 00:23:46,690
+Okay? For instance, let's look at the sentence.
+
+257
+00:23:47,050 --> 00:23:52,610
+The doctor Who lives in California is my sister.
+
+258
+00:23:52,790 --> 00:23:57,310
+Now this is necessary information. This is
+
+259
+00:23:57,310 --> 00:23:59,730
+defining or restricting information. This is
+
+260
+00:23:59,730 --> 00:24:03,770
+necessary information to define The doctor, all
+
+261
+00:24:03,770 --> 00:24:07,070
+right? So when I say necessary information, this
+
+262
+00:24:07,070 --> 00:24:10,310
+is information without which I cannot understand
+
+263
+00:24:10,310 --> 00:24:14,150
+the meaning or I don't know who the doctor is.
+
+264
+00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:18,010
+Just imagine removing this is not really very
+
+265
+00:24:18,010 --> 00:24:20,870
+clear. So the doctor who lives in California is
+
+266
+00:24:20,870 --> 00:24:25,230
+necessary information. Students who do not attend
+
+267
+00:24:25,230 --> 00:24:29,300
+the classes, will fail the course or who do not
+
+268
+00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:32,280
+attend the class is necessary information and
+
+269
+00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:36,100
+therefore no commessa are used with adjective
+
+270
+00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,360
+clauses which have necessary information. Under
+
+271
+00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:43,660
+the Aswan, the car that has broken headlights
+
+272
+00:24:43,660 --> 00:24:47,440
+belongs to my brother and again this is necessary
+
+273
+00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:51,130
+information and remember that never You never put
+
+274
+00:24:51,130 --> 00:24:53,930
+a comma with that. This is the general rule. You
+
+275
+00:24:53,930 --> 00:24:57,030
+never put a comma with that. On the other hand,
+
+276
+00:24:58,490 --> 00:25:02,970
+non-restrictive adjective clauses give extra
+
+277
+00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:05,390
+information. So they are not necessary to the
+
+278
+00:25:05,390 --> 00:25:08,470
+meaning or to the definition of the noun they
+
+279
+00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:13,790
+refer to. And therefore, we put commas in order to
+
+280
+00:25:13,790 --> 00:25:15,590
+separate the adjective clause from
+
+281
+00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:29,250
+One, all individuals who bought tickets will be
+
+282
+00:25:29,250 --> 00:25:31,810
+admitted and finally the evil tower, I know
+
+283
+00:25:31,810 --> 00:25:34,510
+already what is the evil tower is and therefore
+
+284
+00:25:34,510 --> 00:25:38,670
+which I wrote at the top has an elevator. So these
+
+285
+00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:42,670
+three cases indicate that these are all non
+
+286
+00:25:42,670 --> 00:25:46,010
+-defining, non-restrictive or extra information
+
+287
+00:25:46,010 --> 00:25:49,730
+and therefore we use commas between or to separate
+
+288
+00:25:49,730 --> 00:25:52,910
+them from the rest of the sentence. Is this clear?
+
+289
+00:25:53,150 --> 00:25:59,030
+All right. So now let's look at page 161. Alright?
+
+290
+00:26:00,670 --> 00:26:07,210
+And do the question on number 8, in number 8.
+
+291
+00:26:07,650 --> 00:26:11,150
+Okay? What I'd like you to do in number 8, these 8
+
+292
+00:26:11,150 --> 00:26:13,850
+sentences, is to punctuate the adjective clauses.
+
+293
+00:26:14,130 --> 00:26:17,170
+So put commas where necessary. And remember the
+
+294
+00:26:17,170 --> 00:26:20,510
+rule, if the information is necessary, no commas.
+
+295
+00:26:21,150 --> 00:26:25,770
+If it is extra, put commas in this sentence.
+
+296
+00:27:37,910 --> 00:27:40,450
+It's only a quick check to see if there's a
+
+297
+00:27:40,450 --> 00:27:40,670
+solution.
+
+298
+00:28:08,310 --> 00:28:10,930
+All right, let's see. As you can see, a country
+
+299
+00:28:10,930 --> 00:28:14,890
+that has a queen or a king is called a monarchy.
+
+300
+00:28:15,050 --> 00:28:18,090
+Now, with that clause, we never put sentences. We
+
+301
+00:28:18,090 --> 00:28:21,970
+never put comments, sorry. And a country, of
+
+302
+00:28:21,970 --> 00:28:24,810
+course, this is essential information. See number
+
+303
+00:28:24,810 --> 00:28:27,970
+two, England. which has a queen again, we know
+
+304
+00:28:27,970 --> 00:28:30,670
+what England is, so it is already defined, so
+
+305
+00:28:30,670 --> 00:28:33,590
+which has a queen is considered extra information
+
+306
+00:28:33,590 --> 00:28:36,490
+and therefore we put Kumas between them to
+
+307
+00:28:36,490 --> 00:28:37,990
+separate them from the rest of the sentence.
+
+308
+00:28:38,150 --> 00:28:42,970
+Number three, number three, yes please. A
+
+309
+00:28:42,970 --> 00:28:46,230
+pediatrician. A pediatrician is a doctor who takes
+
+310
+00:28:46,230 --> 00:28:48,870
+care of children. Do we need comments? No. No,
+
+311
+00:28:48,970 --> 00:28:51,870
+because we need this as essential information to
+
+312
+00:28:51,870 --> 00:28:55,450
+define what a pediatrician is. Okay, so there is
+
+313
+00:28:55,450 --> 00:28:58,570
+no need for comments here. Number four. Yes,
+
+314
+00:28:58,690 --> 00:29:01,630
+please. Doctor. Dr. Jones, who is our neighbor, is
+
+315
+00:29:01,630 --> 00:29:04,070
+a pediatrician. A pediatrician.
+
+316
+00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:18,920
+Students who studied got A's on the final exam, no
+
+317
+00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:21,640
+commas. No commas, why is that? Very nice. Because
+
+318
+00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:24,940
+this is essential information to define the
+
+319
+00:29:24,940 --> 00:29:27,740
+students, to define the students. Which students?
+
+320
+00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:30,480
+This is necessary information and therefore it
+
+321
+00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:32,960
+requires no commas.
+
+322
+00:29:37,210 --> 00:29:42,030
+Gabriella who studied in commerce got A's. Okay,
+
+323
+00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:46,430
+so who studied? Alexa. Okay, why is that? Because
+
+324
+00:29:46,430 --> 00:29:49,490
+it's considered, we know who these people are, so
+
+325
+00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:53,830
+it's just already sort of extra information. Got
+
+326
+00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:57,810
+A's on the final exam. Please. My birthday is next
+
+327
+00:29:57,810 --> 00:30:04,200
+month, which is holiday. We actually use it
+
+328
+00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,860
+because we already what a Monday, it's already
+
+329
+00:30:07,860 --> 00:30:12,300
+defined, okay? And finally, a holiday that is
+
+330
+00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:15,800
+especially fun for children is we don't need to
+
+331
+00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,460
+commence with that clause, okay? And it is already
+
+332
+00:30:19,460 --> 00:30:23,820
+essential information or necessary information. Is
+
+333
+00:30:23,820 --> 00:30:29,880
+this clear? Very nice, very nice. Now, we need a
+
+334
+00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:32,380
+comma here. We need a comma because we know that
+
+335
+00:30:32,380 --> 00:30:37,060
+Monday is already defined. Okay? Now, let's just
+
+336
+00:30:37,060 --> 00:30:41,000
+conclude with this activity on page 163. 63,
+
+337
+00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:44,640
+please. All right? And this is an easy exercise.
+
+338
+00:30:44,780 --> 00:30:48,320
+All we have to do is basically join the two pairs
+
+339
+00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:51,400
+of sentences, each pair of sentences with using
+
+340
+00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:58,360
+which or who in the appropriate way. Okay? 163.
+
+341
+00:30:59,100 --> 00:30:59,620
+Please.
+
+342
+00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:28,760
+Okay. Okay.
+
+343
+00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,680
+Thank you.
+
+344
+00:33:47,610 --> 00:33:50,690
+Thank you very much.
+
+345
+00:34:11,980 --> 00:34:20,700
+Thank you so
+
+346
+00:34:20,700 --> 00:34:21,040
+much.
+
+347
+00:35:08,190 --> 00:35:11,290
+Alright, are we done? Are we finished? Yes please,
+
+348
+00:35:11,470 --> 00:35:15,410
+alright. Number three, mister? Mister and Mrs
+
+349
+00:35:15,410 --> 00:35:18,350
+Haddad who are from Lebanon and study Spanish. Is
+
+350
+00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:23,850
+that correct? Yes. Mister and Mrs Haddad are who
+
+351
+00:35:23,850 --> 00:35:24,510
+are
+
+352
+00:35:32,850 --> 00:35:36,570
+are very traditional, okay? Poets from Lebanon are
+
+353
+00:35:36,570 --> 00:35:39,130
+very traditional. Okay, number four, yes please.
+
+354
+00:35:45,050 --> 00:35:48,110
+Great, which but this is not really the correct
+
+355
+00:35:48,110 --> 00:35:52,210
+use of the, which here? The family, persons or
+
+356
+00:35:52,210 --> 00:35:56,810
+people or things? People, so it has to be who, is
+
+357
+00:35:56,810 --> 00:36:00,910
+that correct? Yes, who immigrated to this country
+
+358
+00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:04,700
+It's a person, it's a group of people, so we need
+
+359
+00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:08,760
+who, not which, okay? Next, please. The parents
+
+360
+00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:12,780
+want her to marry a man who is 32 years old. Yes,
+
+361
+00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:19,260
+so again, to marry a man who is 30 years old. Yes,
+
+362
+00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:23,340
+please. The husband-to-be lives in Lebanon, which
+
+363
+00:36:23,340 --> 00:36:25,660
+is a country in the Middle East. The husband-to-be
+
+364
+00:36:25,660 --> 00:36:33,400
+lives in Lebanon, which is Which is a country that
+
+365
+00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:40,240
+is in the Middle East, okay? Number seven. He owns
+
+366
+00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:44,580
+a business. Yes Iman, please. Okay.
+
+367
+00:36:47,540 --> 00:36:55,140
+Say again. He owns a business which is? which is
+
+368
+00:36:55,140 --> 00:36:58,880
+very successful. Alright? Number eight. Yes,
+
+369
+00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:02,920
+please. People who know him say that... Very nice.
+
+370
+00:37:03,020 --> 00:37:07,020
+So people who... We don't actually know him yet.
+
+371
+00:37:07,180 --> 00:37:12,940
+People who know him say that... This is essential
+
+372
+00:37:12,940 --> 00:37:15,880
+information to define the people. People who know
+
+373
+00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:22,360
+him say that he is very nice. Okay? Alright. Yes.
+
+374
+00:37:23,330 --> 00:37:27,330
+Number nine, number nine. Yes, please. Jamila who
+
+375
+00:37:27,330 --> 00:37:30,970
+went to go to college in her new country ran away
+
+376
+00:37:30,970 --> 00:37:34,290
+from the home rather to marry the man. Excellent.
+
+377
+00:37:34,530 --> 00:37:37,410
+So Jamila, we need to define who Jamila is. So
+
+378
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:46,370
+Jamila who was to blah blah blah blah country.
+
+379
+00:37:48,170 --> 00:37:48,710
+Okay.
+
+380
+00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:54,440
+Mr.
+
+381
+00:37:58,540 --> 00:37:58,900
+and Mrs.
+
+382
+00:38:02,720 --> 00:38:06,400
+Haddad who thought they had arranged a good future
+
+383
+00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:08,800
+for their daughter Mr.
+
+384
+00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:17,470
+and Mrs. Haddad who We just bring in a second
+
+385
+00:38:17,470 --> 00:38:20,050
+clause because it defines who Mr. and Mrs. Haddad
+
+386
+00:38:20,050 --> 00:38:25,550
+is. Who thought that
+
+387
+00:38:25,550 --> 00:38:33,310
+they have the do not understand why she ran. Okay,
+
+388
+00:38:34,010 --> 00:38:36,650
+so again, the idea here is that we basically put
+
+389
+00:38:36,650 --> 00:38:39,770
+or embed the adjective clause as a defining clause
+
+390
+00:38:39,770 --> 00:38:44,290
+in the main clause or in the main sentence. So
+
+391
+00:38:44,290 --> 00:38:46,450
+what we've done today is basically looking at
+
+392
+00:38:46,450 --> 00:38:49,350
+adjective clauses, and just to recap, adjective
+
+393
+00:38:49,350 --> 00:38:52,690
+clauses are groups of words, clauses, which has a
+
+394
+00:38:52,690 --> 00:38:57,410
+subject and a verb, and generally does the work of
+
+395
+00:38:57,410 --> 00:38:58,630
+an adjective, which is
+
+396
+00:39:01,710 --> 00:39:04,530
+Okay, we'll continue talking about this next time,
+
+397
+00:39:04,630 --> 00:39:08,030
+inshallah. In the meantime, take care and I'll see
+
+398
+00:39:08,030 --> 00:39:10,030
+you next time, inshallah. Thank you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/KHbJ-ApKcfo.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:22,950
+As-salamu alaykum. Good morning, how are you
+
+2
+00:00:22,950 --> 00:00:27,090
+today? Very good, very good. Alright, we are going
+
+3
+00:00:27,090 --> 00:00:29,850
+today to look at a very important type of
+
+4
+00:00:29,850 --> 00:00:33,210
+paragraph and this is called cause and effect
+
+5
+00:00:33,210 --> 00:00:36,290
+paragraph. Previously we talked about different
+
+6
+00:00:36,290 --> 00:00:38,650
+types of paragraph, the comparison contrast
+
+7
+00:00:38,650 --> 00:00:41,210
+paragraph and descriptive paragraph and today
+
+8
+00:00:41,210 --> 00:00:45,270
+we're looking at a third common type of academic
+
+9
+00:00:45,270 --> 00:00:48,150
+writing which involves looking at causes and
+
+10
+00:00:48,150 --> 00:00:52,700
+effect or in other words and effect paragraph
+
+11
+00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,220
+writing. So what is a cause and effect paragraph?
+
+12
+00:00:56,500 --> 00:01:01,220
+Generally, whenever we look at causes and effects,
+
+13
+00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:05,400
+we actually look at how they affect each other. In
+
+14
+00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,320
+other words, cause and effect depend on each
+
+15
+00:01:09,320 --> 00:01:13,340
+other. For example, you can't have one without the
+
+16
+00:01:13,340 --> 00:01:16,320
+other. For example, if we looked at like a plane
+
+17
+00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:19,960
+crash, okay? we immediately think of what caused
+
+18
+00:01:19,960 --> 00:01:23,280
+that plane crash. Was it a technical error? Was it
+
+19
+00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:29,080
+a human error? And sometimes we also look at the
+
+20
+00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:32,840
+results or the effects of a plane crash. For
+
+21
+00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:36,800
+example, how many people were killed, for example,
+
+22
+00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:40,280
+and so on. So generally, in this kind of writing,
+
+23
+00:01:40,440 --> 00:01:43,920
+we look at how the causes and effects of
+
+24
+00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:45,460
+something.
+
+25
+00:01:47,560 --> 00:01:51,000
+Cause and effect writing analyzes why something
+
+26
+00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:55,740
+happens. Sometimes some effects are caused by
+
+27
+00:01:55,740 --> 00:02:01,420
+multiple causes and sometimes one cause results in
+
+28
+00:02:01,420 --> 00:02:05,240
+multiple effects. So today we're going in the next
+
+29
+00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:07,940
+class, inshallah, we're going to look at doing
+
+30
+00:02:07,940 --> 00:02:11,420
+some more practice in the cause and effect, in
+
+31
+00:02:11,420 --> 00:02:15,740
+writing cause and effect paragraphs, okay? So
+
+32
+00:02:15,740 --> 00:02:19,180
+generally, in other words, writers, when we use
+
+33
+00:02:19,180 --> 00:02:23,260
+raw cause and effect writing, we actually try to
+
+34
+00:02:23,260 --> 00:02:25,940
+write about why something happens or the results
+
+35
+00:02:25,940 --> 00:02:29,580
+of something. In other words, generally we ask
+
+36
+00:02:29,580 --> 00:02:33,100
+ourselves, what are the causes of X, for instance?
+
+37
+00:02:33,740 --> 00:02:38,380
+What led to X? Why did X happen, in other words?
+
+38
+00:02:41,530 --> 00:02:44,330
+of pollution for example? What are the effects of
+
+39
+00:02:44,330 --> 00:02:47,910
+water pollution? What are the causes of the last
+
+40
+00:02:47,910 --> 00:02:50,770
+war on Gaza for instance? What are the
+
+41
+00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:53,670
+consequences of the last aggression on Gaza for
+
+42
+00:02:53,670 --> 00:02:57,530
+example? What would be the effects of X and so on?
+
+43
+00:02:57,550 --> 00:03:01,870
+So generally we look at the causes and effects.
+
+44
+00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:06,240
+Okay, let us just look quickly at these examples
+
+45
+00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:10,340
+and try to identify the cause and the effect in
+
+46
+00:03:10,340 --> 00:03:13,320
+each one of these paragraphs. Let's start with the
+
+47
+00:03:13,320 --> 00:03:17,580
+first one. A very cold weather make people stay
+
+48
+00:03:17,580 --> 00:03:22,100
+indoor. What is the cause here? What is the cause
+
+49
+00:03:22,100 --> 00:03:24,060
+here? A very cold weather will make people stay
+
+50
+00:03:24,060 --> 00:03:30,050
+indoor? Yes, please. Daniel, please. A very cold
+
+51
+00:03:30,050 --> 00:03:36,450
+weather and the result will be people staying
+
+52
+00:03:36,450 --> 00:03:40,110
+indoors. Very nice. The next one. As a result of
+
+53
+00:03:40,110 --> 00:03:45,290
+his injury he could no longer play tennis. As a
+
+54
+00:03:45,290 --> 00:03:48,450
+result of his injury he could no longer
+
+55
+00:04:05,590 --> 00:04:09,650
+Economic growth creates many jobs, which in turn
+
+56
+00:04:09,650 --> 00:04:13,990
+make many families live in poor conditions.
+
+57
+00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:18,740
+Economic growth creates many jobs which in turn
+
+58
+00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:23,880
+make many families live in better conditions. So,
+
+59
+00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:28,960
+Dalia please. Economic growth is the cause which
+
+60
+00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:35,360
+leads to creating jobs. And these many jobs, it
+
+61
+00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:40,560
+becomes the first core Alright, families living in
+
+62
+00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:43,460
+poor conditions. Okay, so it is one cause leading
+
+63
+00:04:43,460 --> 00:04:46,820
+to an effect and this effect becomes a cause for
+
+64
+00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:51,600
+another effect, okay? Number four, according to
+
+65
+00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:57,660
+experts, new agricultural methods will help solve
+
+66
+00:04:57,660 --> 00:05:03,490
+many problems. New agricultural methods will help
+
+67
+00:05:03,490 --> 00:05:05,930
+solve many problems. Yes, please. Agricultural
+
+68
+00:05:05,930 --> 00:05:08,610
+methods is the cause. It helps solve many
+
+69
+00:05:08,610 --> 00:05:11,450
+problems. Very nice. So helping solve many
+
+70
+00:05:11,450 --> 00:05:15,850
+problems is the effect or the result of something.
+
+71
+00:05:16,390 --> 00:05:20,370
+Necessity is the mother of invention. What is the
+
+72
+00:05:20,370 --> 00:05:26,000
+cause here? Necessity is the cause and the result
+
+73
+00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,060
+is the mother of the invention. This is the
+
+74
+00:05:29,060 --> 00:05:30,900
+result, this is the consequence, this is the
+
+75
+00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:36,120
+effect of necessities that it leads to other, to
+
+76
+00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:38,920
+the invention. Look at the remaining sentences,
+
+77
+00:05:39,140 --> 00:05:43,360
+try to identify the causes and effects in each one
+
+78
+00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:44,820
+of these sentences.
+
+79
+00:06:51,930 --> 00:06:54,770
+All right, let's see. Number six. Yes, please.
+
+80
+00:06:55,110 --> 00:06:58,070
+Having a cold is a cause. Yes. Not going to class
+
+81
+00:06:58,070 --> 00:07:00,990
+is a result. Yes, I had a cold. This is the cause.
+
+82
+00:07:01,130 --> 00:07:03,670
+I'm not going to class. This is the effect. Yes,
+
+83
+00:07:03,730 --> 00:07:06,830
+please. Very good. Yes, please. Over there. I
+
+84
+00:07:06,830 --> 00:07:09,750
+didn't go to class because I had a cold. Because I
+
+85
+00:07:09,750 --> 00:07:13,430
+had a cold. Yes, this is the effect. Very nice.
+
+86
+00:07:13,690 --> 00:07:18,450
+And the cause is having
+
+87
+00:07:18,450 --> 00:07:23,520
+a cold. Let's see number eight. Yes, please. This
+
+88
+00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:31,360
+is the cause for providing food for the needy as a
+
+89
+00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:35,560
+result. Okay. Or we can say the other way. This
+
+90
+00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:39,220
+becomes the cause for why the government spends a
+
+91
+00:07:39,220 --> 00:07:42,000
+lot of money. So it's the other way around as
+
+92
+00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:44,420
+well. Yes, please start. Higher prices are often
+
+93
+00:07:44,420 --> 00:07:48,240
+the result of the increase inConsumption. A higher
+
+94
+00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:52,740
+price is a result and increase in consumption is a
+
+95
+00:07:52,740 --> 00:07:55,540
+reason. Is the result of the effect and increase
+
+96
+00:07:55,540 --> 00:07:59,860
+in consumption is the cause. And finally, bad road
+
+97
+00:07:59,860 --> 00:08:03,780
+conditions cause the car accident of their place.
+
+98
+00:08:06,580 --> 00:08:11,960
+It's the cause and the core accident is. So
+
+99
+00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:14,620
+clearly this is just to give you a perspective, to
+
+100
+00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:17,960
+put you on perspective on the need in this kind of
+
+101
+00:08:17,960 --> 00:08:22,000
+writing to actually identify causes and identify
+
+102
+00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:25,990
+being able to identify causes. The effects,
+
+103
+00:08:26,090 --> 00:08:29,290
+alright? So, what sort of transitions do I use in
+
+104
+00:08:29,290 --> 00:08:34,510
+this kind of writing? Many of them are familiar to
+
+105
+00:08:34,510 --> 00:08:38,390
+you. For example, we can use a as a result because
+
+106
+00:08:38,390 --> 00:08:45,420
+consequently due to if then leads to, for example,
+
+107
+00:08:45,700 --> 00:08:48,800
+pollution or air pollution leads to health
+
+108
+00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:51,400
+problems, for example, or too many diseases and so
+
+109
+00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:55,400
+on. Therefore, thus, as a consequent,
+
+110
+00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:59,200
+consequently, and so on. We can also add something
+
+111
+00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:04,480
+called degrees of certainty. That is to say, how
+
+112
+00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:09,240
+much inputs, how much certainty do you add to the
+
+113
+00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:11,400
+proposition, to the statement you are saying. For
+
+114
+00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:17,840
+example, air pollution certainly leads to health
+
+115
+00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,540
+problems, for example. Soil pollution may cause
+
+116
+00:09:21,540 --> 00:09:24,820
+some problems, okay? So degrees of certainty is
+
+117
+00:09:24,820 --> 00:09:28,740
+about the degree of certainty you attach to
+
+118
+00:09:28,740 --> 00:09:31,300
+something, to your proposition. For example,
+
+119
+00:09:31,500 --> 00:09:35,470
+certainly, may. necessarily, perhaps, likely,
+
+120
+00:09:36,190 --> 00:09:40,670
+probably, undoubtedly, unquestionably,
+
+121
+00:09:40,810 --> 00:09:44,090
+indisputably and so on. So these are also helpful
+
+122
+00:09:44,090 --> 00:09:48,310
+adverbs that you can actually use to attach
+
+123
+00:09:48,310 --> 00:09:51,210
+certain degree of certainty to your proposition.
+
+124
+00:09:51,670 --> 00:09:56,370
+And also we can organize our causes or effects in
+
+125
+00:09:56,370 --> 00:09:59,490
+terms of their level of importance. For example,
+
+126
+00:10:00,110 --> 00:10:03,830
+above all, air pollution is the most serious
+
+127
+00:10:03,830 --> 00:10:08,070
+health problem to people in Gaza, for example. Or
+
+128
+00:10:08,070 --> 00:10:11,770
+equally important, water pollution cause very
+
+129
+00:10:11,770 --> 00:10:17,010
+harmful effects to people's health. Or most
+
+130
+00:10:17,010 --> 00:10:21,560
+importantly, or first, second, initially,
+
+131
+00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:26,800
+essentially, primarily and finally and so on. So
+
+132
+00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:29,260
+we should actually use some of these and some of
+
+133
+00:10:29,260 --> 00:10:32,340
+these and of course transitions indicating cause
+
+134
+00:10:32,340 --> 00:10:35,800
+and effect in order to make our writing look more
+
+135
+00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:40,360
+sophisticated and more interesting. Alright? Okay.
+
+136
+00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:44,820
+What sort of transitions? Do some practice in
+
+137
+00:10:44,820 --> 00:10:47,980
+terms of the transitions that we can actually use.
+
+138
+00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:50,220
+For example, I'm going to use a punctuation here.
+
+139
+00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:54,690
+For example, the weather was cold. Therefore,
+
+140
+00:10:55,090 --> 00:10:59,270
+Sally closed the window. Sally put on her coat
+
+141
+00:10:59,270 --> 00:11:02,970
+because the weather was cold. Notice the
+
+142
+00:11:02,970 --> 00:11:05,470
+punctuation here. And the same thing with number
+
+143
+00:11:05,470 --> 00:11:08,750
+three. The weather was cold. The semicolon
+
+144
+00:11:08,750 --> 00:11:12,970
+consequently comma Sally put on her coat or her
+
+145
+00:11:12,970 --> 00:11:17,640
+scarf. A storm hit the town. As a result, okay,
+
+146
+00:11:18,180 --> 00:11:21,680
+the schools were closed or the schools were closed
+
+147
+00:11:21,680 --> 00:11:26,020
+because the school had the downside. So, it's
+
+148
+00:11:26,020 --> 00:11:28,480
+rather clear. Let's just very quickly complete
+
+149
+00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:34,840
+these two sentences. He saw starving children. He
+
+150
+00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:38,640
+had their food. Okay, so we can use their food
+
+151
+00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:41,880
+subsequently or as a result.
+
+152
+00:11:47,380 --> 00:11:54,700
+The second one, he helped Hans because he's
+
+153
+00:11:54,700 --> 00:12:00,200
+so starving. Now, let's just choose the correct
+
+154
+00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:06,660
+answer from this one. Janet got home late, is it
+
+155
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,220
+therefore since because of or due to she missed
+
+156
+00:12:10,220 --> 00:12:15,250
+her evening TV program. What is the correct
+
+157
+00:12:15,250 --> 00:12:16,830
+transition in this case?
+
+158
+00:12:19,450 --> 00:12:23,250
+Ah right, yes please. Therefore, therefore yes, so
+
+159
+00:12:23,250 --> 00:12:27,730
+Hani got, Janet got home on ice, therefore she
+
+160
+00:12:27,730 --> 00:12:33,670
+missed her evening TV program. Ali missed the bus,
+
+161
+00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:39,260
+he woke up late. Yes, because he woke up very
+
+162
+00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:44,400
+good. Not due to or because of. Sins. It's not
+
+163
+00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:49,460
+because, sorry. It has to be sins. Okay. Why is it
+
+164
+00:12:49,460 --> 00:12:53,780
+not because of or due to? Because, balance.
+
+165
+00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:57,660
+Whenever we have because of or due to, we have to
+
+166
+00:12:57,660 --> 00:13:01,880
+have a phrase or a noun but a sentence not a
+
+167
+00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:04,240
+clause not a sentence okay so it has to be sincere
+
+168
+00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:07,880
+it has the meaning of because all right very good
+
+169
+00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:13,220
+number three since tomorrow is a holiday have to
+
+170
+00:13:13,220 --> 00:13:16,580
+go to work so we don't have to go to work we don't
+
+171
+00:13:16,580 --> 00:13:20,300
+have to go to work as a result we don't I have to
+
+172
+00:13:20,300 --> 00:13:26,920
+go to work thus we don't have to go to work just
+
+173
+00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:29,900
+look at the sentence and see what sort of
+
+174
+00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:36,940
+transition can we actually use here and
+
+175
+00:13:36,940 --> 00:13:38,400
+also notice the punctuation
+
+176
+00:13:42,250 --> 00:13:47,150
+So we don't have to go to work? I actually do not
+
+177
+00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:49,850
+agree. Why is that? Because we cannot use two
+
+178
+00:13:49,850 --> 00:13:52,130
+transitions in one sentence. We have sense
+
+179
+00:13:52,130 --> 00:13:56,050
+already. So the correct one is we don't have to go
+
+180
+00:13:56,050 --> 00:14:01,320
+to work tomorrow. So it has to be B. Alright? Why
+
+181
+00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:05,820
+is C is not correct? Because our punctuation is
+
+182
+00:14:05,820 --> 00:14:08,460
+not correct. We cannot use a comma. We have to use
+
+183
+00:14:08,460 --> 00:14:11,280
+a semicolon as a result comma. Not a comma as a
+
+184
+00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:14,920
+result comma. Okay? So, the second one is the
+
+185
+00:14:14,920 --> 00:14:19,740
+correct one. Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia and
+
+186
+00:14:19,740 --> 00:14:22,140
+he needed to take care of some business because he
+
+187
+00:14:22,140 --> 00:14:25,240
+needed to take some care of his business and which
+
+188
+00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:27,020
+he needed or because he need.
+
+189
+00:14:37,190 --> 00:14:41,690
+it has to be B very nice very nice has to be B
+
+190
+00:14:41,690 --> 00:14:45,230
+because he needed to take care of some of his own
+
+191
+00:14:45,230 --> 00:14:48,650
+business in his company okay so Yusuf went back to
+
+192
+00:14:48,650 --> 00:14:51,170
+Saudi Arabia because he needed to take care of
+
+193
+00:14:51,170 --> 00:14:55,990
+some business in his company all right number five
+
+194
+00:14:55,990 --> 00:15:00,510
+an officiator he is going to change the bait he is
+
+195
+00:15:00,510 --> 00:15:01,610
+using
+
+196
+00:15:05,140 --> 00:15:08,600
+And check the grammar here. I'm just giving you a
+
+223
+00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:24,780
+begin going down or going up. This is the result.
+
+224
+00:17:25,060 --> 00:17:27,700
+So always pay attention to grammar because it is
+
+225
+00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:30,340
+very helpful and it is very important. Let's do
+
+226
+00:17:30,340 --> 00:17:33,710
+the next activity. And this time I'd like you to
+
+227
+00:17:33,710 --> 00:17:38,570
+complete each one of these sentences on yes using
+
+228
+00:17:38,570 --> 00:17:42,270
+a cause or an effect and you should use a
+
+229
+00:17:42,270 --> 00:17:46,770
+transition here because due to because of that
+
+230
+00:17:46,770 --> 00:17:50,250
+therefore and so and so on. Yeah let's do this.
+
+231
+00:20:02,460 --> 00:20:03,860
+Okay.
+
+232
+00:21:18,770 --> 00:21:21,870
+Alright, let's do the first five. Okay. We turned
+
+233
+00:21:21,870 --> 00:21:24,050
+on the heat. Let's do it again. Because we felt
+
+234
+00:21:24,050 --> 00:21:26,250
+cold. Because we felt cold. Is there another
+
+235
+00:21:26,250 --> 00:21:30,410
+answer? Yes. Because the weather was cold. Because
+
+236
+00:21:30,410 --> 00:21:32,870
+the weather was cold. Because it was cold. Okay.
+
+237
+00:21:33,150 --> 00:21:40,430
+Because we felt cold. Very nice. Alright. Let's
+
+238
+00:21:40,430 --> 00:21:45,290
+see number two. When I fell off my bike. Jessima,
+
+239
+00:21:45,430 --> 00:21:53,180
+please. The second one. Yes please. My leg
+
+240
+00:21:53,180 --> 00:21:59,620
+was broken when I
+
+241
+00:21:59,620 --> 00:22:10,100
+fell off my bike because I had a few bruises when
+
+242
+00:22:10,100 --> 00:22:13,660
+I fell off my bike. Alright, let's see number
+
+243
+00:22:13,660 --> 00:22:16,360
+three. Iman, please. Because I took too much
+
+244
+00:22:16,360 --> 00:22:23,320
+exercise in our timeline. I succeeded in your
+
+245
+00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:27,020
+life. Alright? Is there another answer? Yes
+
+246
+00:22:27,020 --> 00:22:32,740
+please. Very good. I got very good grades. I did
+
+247
+00:22:32,740 --> 00:22:35,520
+well. Very nice. Because I helped my mother, I
+
+248
+00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:36,420
+felt happy.
+
+249
+00:22:44,340 --> 00:22:48,380
+I was very pleased with this, okay? Number four,
+
+250
+00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:51,280
+it was a very cold day yesterday. All right, yes,
+
+251
+00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:54,320
+please. Yes, yes, go ahead, please.
+
+252
+00:22:57,380 --> 00:23:01,280
+I put on my coat because it was very cold
+
+253
+00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:09,740
+yesterday. Yes? We had, okay, we took the day
+
+254
+00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:17,200
+Okay because yes don't forget the transition
+
+255
+00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:22,560
+because it was a very cold day yesterday okay
+
+256
+00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:27,420
+number five Huda spilled some milk on the floor
+
+257
+00:23:27,420 --> 00:23:33,260
+yes please consequently or as a result and
+
+258
+00:23:33,260 --> 00:23:42,670
+therefore she had therefore she had She had to
+
+259
+00:23:42,670 --> 00:23:48,730
+clean it. She had to clean up. Clean it up. Okay?
+
+260
+00:23:49,730 --> 00:23:52,370
+Alright, just two more minutes just to continue
+
+261
+00:23:52,370 --> 00:23:54,430
+the remaining sentences.
+
+262
+00:24:05,170 --> 00:24:06,110
+Yes, please.
+
+263
+00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:30,440
+Thank you.
+
+264
+00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,800
+All right, let's see number six. All right. Yes,
+
+265
+00:25:59,820 --> 00:26:03,820
+please. She was very tired last night because she
+
+266
+00:26:03,820 --> 00:26:06,580
+had a lot of work. Because she had to do a lot of
+
+267
+00:26:06,580 --> 00:26:10,260
+work. Very nice. Yes. So she went to sleep. So she
+
+268
+00:26:10,260 --> 00:26:14,340
+went to sleep. So she was very tired last night
+
+269
+00:26:14,340 --> 00:26:26,240
+because since she had to do a lot of things, a lot
+
+270
+00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:30,870
+of work. Okay? Number seven. Alan forgot to come
+
+271
+00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:33,290
+to class today or early today. Yes, please.
+
+272
+00:26:33,530 --> 00:26:39,370
+Therefore, he messed up the most important lecture
+
+273
+00:26:39,370 --> 00:26:45,230
+in today's class. Therefore, due to his hard work,
+
+274
+00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:54,210
+he forgot to
+
+275
+00:26:54,210 --> 00:26:56,170
+come to class. Because he was coming late and
+
+276
+00:26:56,170 --> 00:26:58,730
+started forgetting. I don't forgot to come to
+
+277
+00:26:58,730 --> 00:27:05,970
+class today because he just didn't
+
+278
+00:27:05,970 --> 00:27:12,050
+notice the time.
+
+279
+00:27:13,730 --> 00:27:19,280
+Okay, alright. Let's see number eight. Our teacher
+
+280
+00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:24,500
+was surprised. Yes please. Because of our marks in
+
+281
+00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:29,410
+the exam. Okay very good. Or? Going up, not going
+
+282
+00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:33,570
+down. Preferably give us our bonus marks. Okay,
+
+283
+00:27:33,710 --> 00:27:36,090
+okay. That means that your grades were not really
+
+284
+00:27:36,090 --> 00:27:39,870
+good. Our teacher was surprised because our
+
+285
+00:27:39,870 --> 00:27:41,470
+teacher was surprised since their school was won a
+
+286
+00:27:41,470 --> 00:27:44,950
+challenge. Say again please. Our teacher was
+
+287
+00:27:44,950 --> 00:27:47,610
+surprised since their school was won a challenge.
+
+288
+00:27:47,890 --> 00:27:50,570
+Okay, very nice, very nice. Okay, we can say our
+
+289
+00:27:50,570 --> 00:28:01,230
+teacher was surprised because We all got A's in our
+
+290
+00:28:01,230 --> 00:28:04,930
+midterm exam. A's means like excellent degrees,
+
+291
+00:28:05,150 --> 00:28:09,470
+okay? Because we all got A's in our midterm exam.
+
+292
+00:28:11,870 --> 00:28:13,810
+Yes, please. Because they lost the game, the
+
+293
+00:28:13,810 --> 00:28:16,190
+football team was angry. Okay, because they lost
+
+294
+00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:19,650
+the game, the football team was angry. Why?
+
+295
+00:28:19,970 --> 00:28:21,830
+Because the match was delayed, the football team
+
+296
+00:28:21,830 --> 00:28:23,850
+was angry. Because the match was delayed or
+
+297
+00:28:23,850 --> 00:28:29,110
+postponed by the football team. So, because they
+
+298
+00:28:29,110 --> 00:28:37,590
+lost the game, they were .. the football team was
+
+299
+00:28:37,590 --> 00:28:42,870
+very angry and finally when the cat is away this
+
+300
+00:28:42,870 --> 00:28:47,370
+is not a proverb a proverb does the mice will play
+
+301
+00:28:47,370 --> 00:28:55,970
+the mice will play the mice will play okay when
+
+302
+00:28:55,970 --> 00:28:59,430
+the cat is away mice will play okay so this is
+
+303
+00:28:59,430 --> 00:29:06,480
+like a proverb okay okay Alright, so if we're
+
+304
+00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:10,900
+looking at a good example of a cause and effect
+
+305
+00:29:10,900 --> 00:29:14,980
+paragraph, let's just consider this paragraph and
+
+306
+00:29:14,980 --> 00:29:19,820
+see how we can actually use causes and effects in
+
+307
+00:29:19,820 --> 00:29:21,760
+writing a good
+
+308
+00:29:24,750 --> 00:29:27,710
+good paragraph already. Just very quickly look at
+
+309
+00:29:27,710 --> 00:29:31,210
+this paragraph. There are several first several
+
+310
+00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:33,650
+possible reasons why my father is in excellent
+
+311
+00:29:33,650 --> 00:29:39,770
+health even though he is over 70 years of age. So
+
+312
+00:29:39,770 --> 00:29:43,430
+we're looking at the causes. So we have the effect
+
+313
+00:29:43,430 --> 00:29:46,750
+is my father's good health. So we're looking at
+
+314
+00:29:46,750 --> 00:29:50,030
+the causes. First, he is in excellent condition
+
+315
+00:29:50,030 --> 00:29:53,100
+because he has stopped smoking cigarettes and
+
+316
+00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:56,200
+then we have he quit smoking cigarettes since
+
+317
+00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,840
+whenever he go downstairs he quickly stop several
+
+318
+00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:03,260
+times. The second reason or the second cause is he
+
+319
+00:30:03,260 --> 00:30:06,060
+also is a result of stopping eating the wrong kind
+
+320
+00:30:06,060 --> 00:30:11,580
+of food and the third reason is he is also in good
+
+321
+00:30:11,580 --> 00:30:15,960
+physical shape before he exercises a lot and we
+
+322
+00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:19,760
+have an example here, a specific example. He swims
+
+323
+00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:23,880
+three times a week at the local gym and on Sundays
+
+324
+00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:28,560
+he prefers to walk home rather than take a So we
+
+325
+00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:32,040
+see here and conclusion, my father is in better
+
+326
+00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:34,880
+shape than some of his students, some of his
+
+327
+00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:37,600
+children. So we see this is a good model.
+
+328
+00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:41,460
+Paragraphs or how to write a cause and effect
+
+329
+00:30:41,460 --> 00:30:44,520
+paragraph. You can discuss the causes or you can
+
+330
+00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:47,880
+discuss the results and make sure that you provide
+
+331
+00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:52,940
+exams. You can read it later on. But let's go back
+
+332
+00:30:52,940 --> 00:30:57,430
+and focus on how we can actually use as a result
+
+333
+00:30:57,430 --> 00:31:00,810
+there and therefore and consequently. There are
+
+334
+00:31:00,810 --> 00:31:03,890
+two ways, two easy ways that we can actually use
+
+335
+00:31:03,890 --> 00:31:06,070
+them. Just notice the punctuation and how we use
+
+336
+00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:10,430
+them. I finally decided to tell my parents, full
+
+337
+00:31:10,430 --> 00:31:16,970
+stop, as a result comma. They made sure she ate All
+
+338
+00:31:16,970 --> 00:31:21,790
+her meals. And I finally decided to tell her
+
+339
+00:31:21,790 --> 00:31:25,990
+parents what is here comma and as a result. Okay?
+
+340
+00:31:26,670 --> 00:31:32,230
+So comma and as a result they made sure she ate
+
+341
+00:31:32,230 --> 00:31:36,010
+all her meals. So the same thing applies to
+
+342
+00:31:36,010 --> 00:31:39,190
+consequently and how we use consequently here. My
+
+343
+00:31:39,190 --> 00:31:41,190
+friend thought she was fat for a start,
+
+344
+00:31:41,570 --> 00:31:46,710
+consequently commashe wouldn't eat any food or you
+
+345
+00:31:46,710 --> 00:31:49,610
+can say my friend thought she was fat and
+
+346
+00:31:49,610 --> 00:31:53,690
+consequently she wouldn't eat any food and the
+
+347
+00:31:53,690 --> 00:31:58,810
+third thing therefore or we can say and therefore
+
+348
+00:31:58,810 --> 00:32:03,350
+okay all right okay let's do this activity using
+
+349
+00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:08,170
+as a result or consequently or therefore with
+
+350
+00:32:08,170 --> 00:32:10,490
+these sentences let's do one the first one
+
+351
+00:32:10,490 --> 00:32:14,140
+together My parents needed help in their
+
+352
+00:32:14,140 --> 00:32:18,540
+restaurant. I moved back home and worked for them.
+
+353
+00:32:18,740 --> 00:32:25,360
+Therefore. Okay, say therefore. Kona. Kona. First
+
+354
+00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:29,320
+stop, therefore. Kona. Kona. Or you can say
+
+355
+00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:35,420
+therefore. And therefore, they were not going. But
+
+356
+00:32:35,420 --> 00:32:37,380
+there is no Kona after therefore here in the
+
+357
+00:32:37,380 --> 00:32:40,680
+second case. Okay? A second one. Cars are very
+
+358
+00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:45,590
+convenient.For a start, consequently, is that
+
+359
+00:32:45,590 --> 00:32:50,570
+right? Yes, for a start, consequently. Or, or, or,
+
+360
+00:32:50,690 --> 00:32:53,330
+or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or,
+
+361
+00:32:53,330 --> 00:32:53,890
+or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or,
+
+362
+00:32:53,890 --> 00:32:54,350
+or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or,
+
+363
+00:32:54,370 --> 00:32:55,190
+or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or,
+
+364
+00:32:55,190 --> 00:33:00,610
+or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or,
+
+365
+00:33:00,610 --> 00:33:06,810
+or, or, or, or, to go over the rest of the
+
+366
+00:33:06,810 --> 00:33:11,210
+sentences and use as a result therefore or
+
+367
+00:33:11,210 --> 00:33:14,230
+consequently or the other case of and therefore
+
+368
+00:33:14,230 --> 00:33:15,090
+and consequently.
+
+369
+00:33:53,620 --> 00:33:55,240
+My parents wanted me to help her because my
+
+370
+00:33:55,240 --> 00:34:00,860
+parents wanted me
+
+371
+00:34:00,860 --> 00:34:04,300
+to help her because my parents wanted me to help
+
+372
+00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:05,160
+her because my parents wanted me to help her
+
+373
+00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:05,420
+because my parents wanted me to help her because
+
+374
+00:34:05,420 --> 00:34:08,680
+my parents wanted me to help her because my
+
+375
+00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:12,540
+parents wanted me to help her because my parents
+
+376
+00:34:12,540 --> 00:34:13,280
+wanted me to help her because my parents wanted me
+
+377
+00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:13,320
+to help her because my parents wanted me to help
+
+378
+00:34:13,320 --> 00:34:14,520
+because my parents wanted me to help her because
+
+379
+00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:15,980
+my parents wanted me to help her because my
+
+380
+00:34:15,980 --> 00:34:20,150
+parents wanted me to help her because What one are
+
+381
+00:34:20,150 --> 00:34:27,590
+you reading? Number three, is that right? Okay, I
+
+382
+00:34:27,590 --> 00:34:33,130
+told her that
+
+383
+00:34:33,130 --> 00:34:40,850
+I couldn't meet her as a result because
+
+384
+00:34:40,850 --> 00:34:44,930
+my parents wanted me to help my sister with her
+
+385
+00:34:44,930 --> 00:34:48,700
+homework, okay? Alright, number four. I didn't go
+
+386
+00:34:48,700 --> 00:34:54,420
+to college right away. Yes, please. Yes, please.
+
+387
+00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:57,980
+Right, please. And therefore, I wanted to travel
+
+388
+00:34:57,980 --> 00:35:05,240
+for life sometimes. Very nice. And therefore, I
+
+389
+00:35:05,240 --> 00:35:07,380
+wanted to blah, blah, blah, blah. Yes, please.
+
+390
+00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:09,700
+Number five. Our school didn't have a lot of
+
+391
+00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:12,420
+money. As a result, the administration decided to
+
+392
+00:35:12,420 --> 00:35:14,300
+cancel some of our activities. Very nice. As a
+
+393
+00:35:14,300 --> 00:35:21,200
+result. As a result. And number six, my friends
+
+394
+00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:24,080
+complained that it was difficult to communicate
+
+395
+00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:29,300
+with me consequently, consequently, consequently
+
+396
+00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:32,420
+and consequently.
+
+397
+00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:41,220
+I've bought a cell phone, okay? All right, so I'm
+
+398
+00:35:41,220 --> 00:35:43,600
+just getting you into the habit of using these
+
+399
+00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:45,940
+transitions because these are very important in
+
+400
+00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,240
+this kind of writing because you are building a
+
+401
+00:35:49,240 --> 00:35:51,860
+causal relationship between two propositions,
+
+402
+00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:54,640
+between two statements. So it's very important to
+
+403
+00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:57,820
+keep this in mind, using because as a result,
+
+404
+00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:00,800
+consequently, therefore, and you have to use them
+
+405
+00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:02,680
+variously, okay?
+
+406
+00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:08,400
+What I'd like you to do now is that, and this is
+
+407
+00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:13,360
+going to be as a homework for you, inshallah. All
+
+408
+00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:16,200
+right, let's see. Many situations can cause a
+
+409
+00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:19,820
+friendship to end. All right, this is the topic
+
+410
+00:36:19,820 --> 00:36:23,040
+sentence. One of those situations happens when a
+
+411
+00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:25,720
+friend moves away and makes new friends. As a
+
+412
+00:36:25,720 --> 00:36:28,720
+result, his or her older friends are often
+
+413
+00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:34,680
+forgotten. Furthermore, Busy schedules can cause
+
+414
+00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:38,760
+friendships to end. For example, it is hard to
+
+415
+00:36:38

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/NJlG1-XQOFw_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1904 @@
+1
+00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:22,740
+All right, Assalamualaikum, good morning, how are
+
+2
+00:00:22,740 --> 00:00:25,240
+you today? Fine. Very good, very good. All right,
+
+3
+00:00:25,300 --> 00:00:28,940
+we'll start today with some revision of what the
+
+4
+00:00:28,940 --> 00:00:31,200
+things that we've studied so far throughout this
+
+5
+00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:35,720
+course and today we'll focus on some sentence
+
+6
+00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:38,340
+problems that I would like you to pay attention
+
+7
+00:00:38,340 --> 00:00:41,240
+to. This is a kind of feedback that I'd like to
+
+8
+00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:44,500
+give you on some of your writing problems that
+
+9
+00:00:44,500 --> 00:00:47,970
+I've seen in your writings, and also to highlight
+
+10
+00:00:47,970 --> 00:00:50,190
+some issues that you need to pay attention to
+
+11
+00:00:50,190 --> 00:00:54,430
+whenever you are writing your paragraphs. These
+
+12
+00:00:54,430 --> 00:00:57,970
+issues related to sentence problems, for example,
+
+13
+00:00:58,010 --> 00:01:00,550
+subject-verb agreement, noun-pronoun agreement,
+
+14
+00:01:01,050 --> 00:01:04,290
+issues that have to do with punctuation, such as
+
+15
+00:01:04,290 --> 00:01:07,350
+using commas, such as using colons, and so on. So
+
+16
+00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:10,190
+it's going to be a lot of practice today trying to
+
+17
+00:01:10,190 --> 00:01:14,150
+cast light on some of the issues that you need to
+
+18
+00:01:14,150 --> 00:01:18,140
+pay attention to. So, let's look at the first
+
+19
+00:01:18,140 --> 00:01:20,660
+example, at the first sentence here in this slide
+
+20
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:24,380
+and let's identify the problem or problems that
+
+21
+00:01:24,380 --> 00:01:27,140
+you can see in this example. Let's see. All over
+
+22
+00:01:27,140 --> 00:01:29,300
+the country, people sell products over the
+
+23
+00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:32,760
+internet, these people are making impressive
+
+24
+00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:37,680
+profits. Do you see any problems here? Do you see
+
+25
+00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:41,830
+any problems here? Just read it, just read it.
+
+26
+00:01:41,950 --> 00:01:44,990
+This is a kind of sort of reflecting on some of
+
+27
+00:01:44,990 --> 00:01:48,470
+your writings and trying to identify and locate
+
+28
+00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:50,670
+some of the issues that you need to pay attention
+
+29
+00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:53,870
+to. All right? All over the country, people sell
+
+30
+00:01:53,870 --> 00:01:56,870
+products over the internet, these people are
+
+31
+00:01:56,870 --> 00:02:00,150
+making impressive gains or impressive profits.
+
+32
+00:02:00,770 --> 00:02:06,040
+Yes, please. Okay, so we have to use a capital
+
+33
+00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:08,480
+letter. Just remember this. And this is one of the
+
+34
+00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:11,580
+capitalization rules of the society. We need to
+
+35
+00:02:11,580 --> 00:02:14,780
+start a sentence with a capital letter.
+
+36
+00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:25,450
+here and we talked about this that what we see
+
+37
+00:02:25,450 --> 00:02:28,690
+here is a comma splice. This is a sentence problem
+
+38
+00:02:28,690 --> 00:02:31,130
+and this is a punctuation problem. We have two
+
+39
+00:02:31,130 --> 00:02:33,910
+sentences here and there is only a comma between
+
+40
+00:02:33,910 --> 00:02:37,090
+them and this is a sentence problem that we talked
+
+41
+00:02:37,090 --> 00:02:41,290
+about it before that this is a comma splice. How
+
+42
+00:02:41,290 --> 00:02:42,170
+do we fix it?
+
+43
+00:02:48,970 --> 00:02:53,410
+a comma with a full stop and start a new sentence.
+
+44
+00:02:53,770 --> 00:02:58,910
+There is another way which is a comma and or so or
+
+45
+00:02:58,910 --> 00:03:02,610
+yet or but whatever or just adding a coordinator
+
+46
+00:03:02,610 --> 00:03:06,510
+or a fanboy connected. So all over the country
+
+47
+00:03:06,510 --> 00:03:09,130
+people say put that over the internet, full stop.
+
+48
+00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:12,540
+We finish the idea, finish the sentence. These
+
+49
+00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:15,540
+people are making impressive profits. I could also
+
+50
+00:03:15,540 --> 00:03:19,000
+use akuma here. Yes, I do. Akuma. Yes. Because
+
+51
+00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:21,580
+it's an introductory phrase that we said. All over
+
+52
+00:03:21,580 --> 00:03:25,580
+the country, people are or people sell products
+
+53
+00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:29,120
+over the internet, okay? Let's see the second
+
+54
+00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,900
+example and identify any problems here in this
+
+55
+00:03:32,900 --> 00:03:34,820
+second example and then I'll give you a chance to
+
+56
+00:03:34,820 --> 00:03:39,040
+go over the remaining sentences. Finally, Facebook
+
+57
+00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:43,280
+help you to find people who lost communicator with
+
+58
+00:03:43,280 --> 00:03:45,120
+them. Yes please.
+
+59
+00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:54,140
+Okay, so finally, capital letter. Facebook, it's a
+
+60
+00:03:54,140 --> 00:03:57,320
+spelling problem, okay? And Facebook has to be
+
+61
+00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:02,630
+capital letter as well. So, Facebook. Capitalize.
+
+62
+00:04:02,750 --> 00:04:07,150
+Help helps. So what we see here is a subject-verb
+
+63
+00:04:07,150 --> 00:04:09,590
+agreement problem. And this is very common. Almost
+
+64
+00:04:09,590 --> 00:04:12,710
+60% of your mistakes relate to subject-verb
+
+65
+00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:16,050
+agreement problem. Okay? So finally, Facebook
+
+66
+00:04:16,050 --> 00:04:19,050
+helps you to find people who lost communicate with
+
+67
+00:04:19,050 --> 00:04:22,540
+you. Is there a problem here? What is the problem
+
+68
+00:04:22,540 --> 00:04:26,080
+here? It doesn't make any sense. No, that is
+
+69
+00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:29,800
+grammatically correct. Okay, so there is a problem
+
+70
+00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:34,220
+with the sentence structure and again the verb and
+
+71
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,480
+the subject, the subject-verb agreement. How can
+
+72
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:39,160
+we fix it? Who lost communicating, communicate
+
+73
+00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:45,960
+with you? You can change it. Who you lose or who
+
+74
+00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,380
+you lost communication. I could just say who
+
+75
+00:04:48,380 --> 00:04:52,750
+Facebook helps you, helps you.to find people who
+
+76
+00:04:52,750 --> 00:04:57,230
+you lost communication with.
+
+77
+00:05:01,350 --> 00:05:04,350
+As simple as that. Whom you lost communication or
+
+78
+00:05:04,350 --> 00:05:07,690
+whom you lost communication with. Now it is
+
+79
+00:05:07,690 --> 00:05:10,030
+grammatically correct. We have a relative clause
+
+80
+00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:12,790
+and we have a clear structure. Whom you lost
+
+81
+00:05:12,790 --> 00:05:16,230
+communication or whom you lost communication with.
+
+82
+00:05:16,430 --> 00:05:19,050
+All right? Fine. Now, I'll just give you a couple
+
+83
+00:05:19,050 --> 00:05:20,710
+of minutes to look at the remaining three
+
+84
+00:05:20,710 --> 00:05:24,270
+sentences here in this slide and try to locate any
+
+85
+00:05:24,270 --> 00:05:27,610
+problems that you see in these three sentences.
+
+86
+00:05:28,130 --> 00:05:30,790
+Yes, please. And of course, you can take some
+
+87
+00:05:30,790 --> 00:05:31,030
+notes.
+
+88
+00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:13,900
+Thank you.
+
+89
+00:06:58,640 --> 00:06:59,720
+Mm-hmm.
+
+90
+00:07:03,660 --> 00:07:07,240
+Alright, let's see. Number three. My friend Larry
+
+91
+00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:10,460
+has a bad habit. He never on time for or to
+
+92
+00:07:10,460 --> 00:07:13,540
+anything. Arrives 10 minutes late everywhere.
+
+93
+00:07:13,940 --> 00:07:16,680
+Clearly, there are some problems here. The first
+
+94
+00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:20,860
+problem is. Yes, please. Okay, so there is a
+
+95
+00:07:20,860 --> 00:07:25,480
+missing verb. Okay, he is never. So, we need a
+
+96
+00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,930
+verb here.So he is never on time to anything,
+
+97
+00:07:30,410 --> 00:07:34,270
+arrives 10 minutes later, he arrives again and
+
+98
+00:07:34,270 --> 00:07:40,530
+here what we see is a missing subject. He arrives
+
+99
+00:07:40,530 --> 00:07:47,250
+10 minutes later and everywhere and what we see
+
+100
+00:07:47,250 --> 00:07:50,030
+here is about three simple very short sentences we
+
+101
+00:07:50,030 --> 00:07:52,590
+can actually combine them but this is a different
+
+102
+00:07:52,590 --> 00:07:55,430
+story we'll talk about it later so the problem
+
+103
+00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:59,270
+here is there is a missing verb and there is a
+
+104
+00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:01,810
+missing subject and this is something that we need
+
+105
+00:08:01,810 --> 00:08:05,290
+to avoid all right number four Gaza streets have a
+
+106
+00:08:05,290 --> 00:08:09,410
+big traffic problems that make the street more
+
+107
+00:08:09,410 --> 00:08:13,710
+dangerous clearly there is a problem clear problem
+
+108
+00:08:13,710 --> 00:08:18,390
+here which is Gaza has to be capital letter
+
+109
+00:08:18,390 --> 00:08:22,810
+capital S beginning with a sentence yes Okay, this
+
+110
+00:08:22,810 --> 00:08:25,790
+is also another common problem I see which is
+
+111
+00:08:25,790 --> 00:08:29,030
+confusing
+
+112
+00:08:29,030 --> 00:08:33,230
+plural with singular nouns and verbs and pronouns
+
+113
+00:08:33,230 --> 00:08:35,730
+and so on. So this is something we talked about,
+
+114
+00:08:36,130 --> 00:08:40,270
+it's number agreements. A big traffic problem, big
+
+115
+00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:44,790
+traffic problems. One problem, some problems and
+
+116
+00:08:44,790 --> 00:08:45,830
+so on.
+
+117
+00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:54,550
+traffic problem that comma that street more that
+
+118
+00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:57,350
+make the streets more dangerous just one little
+
+119
+00:08:57,350 --> 00:09:01,590
+note is that we don't need a comma before that
+
+120
+00:09:01,590 --> 00:09:05,290
+just remember this we don't need or we don't put a
+
+121
+00:09:05,290 --> 00:09:08,590
+comma before that that doesn't take commas in
+
+122
+00:09:08,590 --> 00:09:11,290
+terms of punctuation it does not take any comma
+
+123
+00:09:11,290 --> 00:09:15,370
+before or after it immediately that make the
+
+124
+00:09:15,370 --> 00:09:18,630
+street or make the streets Because we're talking
+
+125
+00:09:18,630 --> 00:09:21,390
+about the streets. Yes. Okay, that makes the
+
+126
+00:09:21,390 --> 00:09:25,350
+streets more dangerous, okay? Yes. So if we can
+
+127
+00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:28,010
+say number four, problem number four is something
+
+128
+00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:31,530
+we just said, number agreement.
+
+129
+00:09:33,050 --> 00:09:36,690
+Number agreement is very common, so we need to
+
+130
+00:09:36,690 --> 00:09:40,710
+avoid it. Number agreement, this is a very common
+
+131
+00:09:40,710 --> 00:09:45,250
+problem. Miss C number? Yes. Five, number five. In
+
+132
+00:09:45,250 --> 00:09:48,850
+concluding, the government must work hard to solve
+
+133
+00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:54,210
+these problems. Yes. Yes, please. In concluding,
+
+134
+00:09:54,730 --> 00:09:56,810
+the government must work hard to solve these
+
+135
+00:09:56,810 --> 00:09:59,990
+problems. In concluding, the government must work
+
+136
+00:09:59,990 --> 00:10:03,570
+hard to solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+137
+00:10:03,570 --> 00:10:07,370
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+138
+00:10:07,370 --> 00:10:07,990
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+139
+00:10:07,990 --> 00:10:08,170
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+140
+00:10:08,170 --> 00:10:08,930
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+141
+00:10:08,930 --> 00:10:09,130
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+142
+00:10:09,130 --> 00:10:09,390
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+143
+00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:09,970
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+144
+00:10:09,970 --> 00:10:11,570
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+145
+00:10:11,570 --> 00:10:11,610
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+146
+00:10:11,930 --> 00:10:12,670
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+147
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:13,490
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+148
+00:10:13,490 --> 00:10:17,740
+government must workin conclusion, comment, or to
+
+149
+00:10:17,740 --> 00:10:21,820
+conclude to conclude or in conclusion remember
+
+150
+00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:26,540
+this I've seen quite a few mistakes in this the
+
+151
+00:10:26,540 --> 00:10:30,140
+government must
+
+152
+00:10:30,140 --> 00:10:35,380
+work hard to solve this problem, this problem,
+
+153
+00:10:35,740 --> 00:10:39,980
+this problem or this problem Again, the number
+
+154
+00:10:39,980 --> 00:10:44,740
+agreement is very important to pay attention to
+
+155
+00:10:44,740 --> 00:10:47,520
+whenever you are writing. So, we can add the
+
+156
+00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:56,340
+number four. Number five, avoid missing verbs and
+
+157
+00:10:56,340 --> 00:10:58,400
+or subjects.
+
+158
+00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:07,180
+Make sure that every sentence has a subject, has a
+
+159
+00:11:07,180 --> 00:11:11,480
+clear subject and clear verbs. Let's continue with
+
+160
+00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:14,700
+the remaining sentences and again the idea here is
+
+161
+00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:19,380
+to identify the problems that you actually see
+
+162
+00:11:19,380 --> 00:11:22,760
+here in these examples of your writings.
+
+163
+00:11:49,710 --> 00:11:52,330
+Okay. Okay.
+
+164
+00:12:55,950 --> 00:12:59,090
+All right, let's say number six. Yes, please, over
+
+165
+00:12:59,090 --> 00:13:02,930
+there. There are some negative effects. Okay, so
+
+166
+00:13:02,930 --> 00:13:07,870
+we see here is a missing. There. There are some
+
+167
+00:13:07,870 --> 00:13:11,050
+negative effects of unemployment on society. Full
+
+168
+00:13:11,050 --> 00:13:14,310
+stop. Full stop, yes. Notice that I just stopped
+
+169
+00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:16,910
+here because the idea is complete. Yes. So I have
+
+170
+00:13:16,910 --> 00:13:20,330
+to clearly demarcate the sentence. Yes. So end of
+
+171
+00:13:20,330 --> 00:13:22,790
+the sentence, full stop, alright? And then?
+
+172
+00:13:22,830 --> 00:13:26,170
+Capitalize. Capitalize first or? Or? Or?
+
+173
+00:13:26,810 --> 00:13:28,410
+Unemployment causes unemployment.
+
+174
+00:13:33,460 --> 00:13:36,240
+Unemployment causes subject-verb agreement.
+
+175
+00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:41,140
+Unemployment causes country economic destruction.
+
+176
+00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:45,040
+So there is a problem with ordering the different
+
+177
+00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:49,420
+parts of speech. Destroying the economy of a
+
+178
+00:13:49,420 --> 00:13:55,060
+country or a country's economy. Or causes
+
+179
+00:13:55,060 --> 00:13:58,120
+destruction of a country's economy. Very nice. So
+
+180
+00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:02,360
+cause destruction or destroying a country's
+
+181
+00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:06,670
+economy. Economy. Economy. Now it is correct. Or
+
+182
+00:14:06,670 --> 00:14:10,610
+the economy of a country or causes the destruction
+
+183
+00:14:10,610 --> 00:14:13,170
+of a country's economy. Right? Let's see number
+
+184
+00:14:13,170 --> 00:14:16,010
+seven. Visitors can't see many interesting places
+
+185
+00:14:16,010 --> 00:14:19,750
+in Egypt full stop. For example, the pyramids. We
+
+186
+00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:22,270
+talked about this in one of the subjects in one of
+
+187
+00:14:22,270 --> 00:14:26,990
+the courses previously. So where is the problem
+
+188
+00:14:26,990 --> 00:14:31,090
+here? Yes, please. The second part. Can we
+
+189
+00:14:31,090 --> 00:14:34,390
+actually consider it a sentence first? No, it is
+
+190
+00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:38,790
+what we said, a fragment. It's a fragment. That is
+
+191
+00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:41,610
+to say it is not a complete sentence. The first
+
+192
+00:14:41,610 --> 00:14:43,690
+sentence is perfect, there is nothing wrong with
+
+193
+00:14:43,690 --> 00:14:46,970
+it. The problem is with the second part. The
+
+194
+00:14:46,970 --> 00:14:50,490
+pyramids, is this a sentence? No. Okay, so the
+
+195
+00:14:50,490 --> 00:14:52,750
+solution is to change it into a sentence. We can
+
+196
+00:14:52,750 --> 00:14:58,070
+say, for example, they can see the pyramids. Okay,
+
+197
+00:14:58,190 --> 00:15:03,750
+they can see the pyramids. Or the pyramids are one
+
+198
+00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:07,290
+of these places that can be. Or we can see
+
+199
+00:15:07,290 --> 00:15:12,280
+alternatively.we can just change the first word
+
+200
+00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:16,440
+into a comma and now we say for example noun
+
+201
+00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:18,120
+phrase comma comma
+
+202
+00:15:23,310 --> 00:15:25,610
+pyramids, for example, the pyramids. Or
+
+203
+00:15:25,610 --> 00:15:28,370
+alternatively, we can put, follow stop, for
+
+204
+00:15:28,370 --> 00:15:31,990
+example, that they can see the pyramids. Okay,
+
+205
+00:15:32,030 --> 00:15:35,430
+just remember, I focus too much on punctuation
+
+206
+00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:38,110
+because I think punctuation is very much like
+
+207
+00:15:38,110 --> 00:15:41,890
+traffic lights. They tell us when to stop, when to
+
+208
+00:15:41,890 --> 00:15:45,010
+pause, momentarily, when to go on. They help
+
+209
+00:15:45,010 --> 00:15:48,910
+clarify the ideas, okay? And the different ideas
+
+210
+00:15:48,910 --> 00:15:54,990
+in the text. And for example, yes, for example,
+
+211
+00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:59,510
+all right. Let's see number eight. Yes. Second,
+
+212
+00:16:00,090 --> 00:16:03,190
+the negative effects of the pollution on the
+
+213
+00:16:03,190 --> 00:16:06,650
+environment. Yes. All right. What do you, what do
+
+214
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:08,830
+you see? What problem do you see here? Fragment.
+
+215
+00:16:09,370 --> 00:16:12,090
+Again, it is very nice. It is a fragment. Why is
+
+216
+00:16:12,090 --> 00:16:14,610
+it a fragment? It's not cohesive. It is not a
+
+217
+00:16:14,610 --> 00:16:16,690
+cohesive thing. Where is the verb? Look for the
+
+218
+00:16:16,690 --> 00:16:19,710
+verb. There is no verb. So change it into a
+
+219
+00:16:19,710 --> 00:16:25,860
+sentence. We can say There are some negative or
+
+220
+00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:29,420
+there are the negative effects of pollution on the
+
+221
+00:16:29,420 --> 00:16:32,540
+environment or the negative effects of pollution
+
+222
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:36,340
+on the environment are harmful. Very nice.
+
+223
+00:16:37,420 --> 00:16:42,200
+Harmful. Are harmful to human health, okay? To
+
+224
+00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:47,010
+people's health. So we change it into a complete
+
+225
+00:16:47,010 --> 00:16:50,670
+sentence, all right? So avoid a fragment. This is
+
+226
+00:16:50,670 --> 00:16:54,990
+something that also I see in some of your writing,
+
+227
+00:16:55,210 --> 00:16:59,570
+okay? So go over the class on fragments and how
+
+228
+00:16:59,570 --> 00:17:01,950
+you avoid fragments and what kinds of fragments
+
+229
+00:17:01,950 --> 00:17:06,630
+that we discuss and try to avoid this. The last
+
+230
+00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:11,670
+sentence here is university is more difficult than
+
+231
+00:17:11,670 --> 00:17:15,010
+high school It depends on students to study hard
+
+232
+00:17:15,010 --> 00:17:16,230
+to get marks.
+
+233
+00:17:18,690 --> 00:17:21,750
+Again, there's a problem with punctuation here.
+
+234
+00:17:22,550 --> 00:17:24,790
+There's a problem with punctuation with another
+
+235
+00:17:24,790 --> 00:17:29,210
+topic that we talked about previously. University
+
+236
+00:17:29,210 --> 00:17:31,570
+is more difficult than high school. It depends on
+
+237
+00:17:31,570 --> 00:17:34,430
+students to study hard to get marks. Yes, please.
+
+238
+00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:38,510
+University clearly has to be capitalized. Yes?
+
+239
+00:17:40,740 --> 00:17:44,880
+After high school, we had a full stop. This is
+
+240
+00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:47,460
+something that we said before. It is a run-on
+
+241
+00:17:47,460 --> 00:17:50,620
+sentence. Run-on sentence probably. When you have
+
+242
+00:17:50,620 --> 00:17:53,640
+two sentences with no punctuation between them,
+
+243
+00:17:53,980 --> 00:18:00,380
+then we have a run-on sentence. So if we list it,
+
+244
+00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:06,300
+so number six is avoid run-on sentence error.
+
+245
+00:18:07,460 --> 00:18:08,480
+Sentence error.
+
+246
+00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:15,680
+No punctuation between the sentences. And number
+
+247
+00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:21,240
+seven is avoid, of course, sentence fragments.
+
+248
+00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:27,380
+Sentence fragments. This is also something that we
+
+249
+00:18:27,380 --> 00:18:30,660
+need to pay very much attention to because these
+
+250
+00:18:30,660 --> 00:18:35,380
+are serious problems at the sentence level that
+
+251
+00:18:35,380 --> 00:18:38,440
+you need to avoid. This is clear? So what we've
+
+252
+00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:43,150
+done so far is identifying seven. common problems
+
+253
+00:18:43,150 --> 00:18:47,850
+at the sentence level avoid subject-verb agreement
+
+254
+00:18:47,850 --> 00:18:50,510
+problems in subject-verb agreement make sure that
+
+255
+00:18:50,510 --> 00:18:53,390
+you always capitalize where necessary especially
+
+256
+00:18:53,390 --> 00:18:56,190
+at the beginning of sentences okay the third one
+
+257
+00:18:56,190 --> 00:18:59,890
+is avoid making comma splice two sentences with a
+
+258
+00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:02,730
+comma between them only this is wrong number
+
+259
+00:19:02,730 --> 00:19:07,470
+agreements okay avoid missing Verbs, every
+
+260
+00:19:07,470 --> 00:19:11,230
+sentence has to have a subject and a verb, then
+
+261
+00:19:11,230 --> 00:19:15,810
+avoid run-on sentences and sentence fragments. Is
+
+262
+00:19:15,810 --> 00:19:19,050
+this clear? Alright, because I expect you to
+
+263
+00:19:19,050 --> 00:19:22,270
+really avoid these kinds of problems almost all
+
+264
+00:19:22,270 --> 00:19:24,650
+the time. Of course. Yes, please. Second, negative
+
+265
+00:19:24,650 --> 00:19:25,990
+adjectives don't have an evolution.
+
+266
+00:19:31,650 --> 00:19:35,870
+article here, it just needs a zero article. Very
+
+267
+00:19:35,870 --> 00:19:39,570
+nice, very nice. Alright. Now, let's do another
+
+268
+00:19:39,570 --> 00:19:42,650
+thing. We remember we talked about comparison
+
+269
+00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:48,210
+contrast and we used, if you remember, some
+
+270
+00:19:48,210 --> 00:19:51,530
+transitions with comparison contrast for example
+
+271
+00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:56,430
+despite different from differ from similarly also
+
+272
+00:19:56,430 --> 00:19:59,450
+like to and so on this is another exercise what
+
+273
+00:19:59,450 --> 00:20:02,970
+I'd like you to do is to read the paragraph and
+
+274
+00:20:02,970 --> 00:20:05,730
+complete this paragraph with a suitable
+
+275
+00:20:05,730 --> 00:20:10,630
+transitions which are difference despite however
+
+276
+00:20:10,630 --> 00:20:17,240
+different in contrast whereas also and because
+
+277
+00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:20,620
+okay so please quickly read it and fill in the
+
+278
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:24,580
+blanks with the suitable transition word or phrase
+
+279
+00:20:57,830 --> 00:21:01,550
+Just remember always to, the grammar always helps
+
+280
+00:21:01,550 --> 00:21:04,410
+you, alright? So check if you need an adjective
+
+281
+00:21:04,410 --> 00:21:10,130
+here, a verb, a noun, an adverb, and so on. The
+
+282
+00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:12,370
+grammar always helps you in choosing the correct
+
+283
+00:21:12,370 --> 00:21:14,250
+signal, the correct transition.
+
+284
+00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:37,310
+Okay. Okay.
+
+285
+00:22:34,990 --> 00:22:38,010
+Reading a book is always much better than watching
+
+286
+00:22:38,010 --> 00:22:42,780
+a movie based on a book. Despite, do you agree
+
+287
+00:22:42,780 --> 00:22:45,700
+with Amanda that there is a despite here? Yes. Why
+
+288
+00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:50,680
+is that? Why not however or sorry whereas or also
+
+289
+00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:55,780
+or because? Remember despite is always followed by
+
+290
+00:22:55,780 --> 00:22:59,720
+a phrase, never a complete sentence, okay? Okay,
+
+291
+00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:00,960
+so despite
+
+292
+00:23:04,460 --> 00:23:09,380
+This is fine. Saying a picture is worth a thousand
+
+293
+00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:12,880
+words in a phrase. Okay, this is fine. Alright. A
+
+294
+00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:18,380
+book is able to give much information that a movie
+
+295
+00:23:18,380 --> 00:23:21,740
+can give. Who would like to continue? Yes, please.
+
+296
+00:23:23,220 --> 00:23:27,560
+The author can also give. Very good.
+
+297
+00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:34,740
+Okay, however, why however? The punctuation, I
+
+298
+00:23:34,740 --> 00:23:38,360
+cannot use whereas here because clearly however is
+
+299
+00:23:38,360 --> 00:23:41,440
+the right place because of the punctuation. So I
+
+300
+00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:42,540
+need either however.
+
+301
+00:23:48,990 --> 00:23:52,570
+Yes, because they are or they take the same kind
+
+302
+00:23:52,570 --> 00:23:54,550
+of punctuation. They are actually adverbial,
+
+303
+00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:58,250
+adverbials. Okay, we call them adverbials. Okay,
+
+304
+00:23:58,650 --> 00:24:02,150
+so because the punctuation is semicolon and comma.
+
+305
+00:24:02,330 --> 00:24:05,430
+I cannot use whereas here. I have to use however
+
+306
+00:24:05,430 --> 00:24:09,450
+or in contrast. A movie usually conveys only the
+
+307
+00:24:09,450 --> 00:24:13,730
+actions and words of the characters. I would like
+
+308
+00:24:13,730 --> 00:24:19,300
+to continue.A book can follow the characters and
+
+309
+00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:23,380
+plot line's corner. A movie usually, so it has to
+
+310
+00:24:23,380 --> 00:24:23,700
+be...
+
+311
+00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,960
+can has less than two hours to sell the story and
+
+312
+00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:41,240
+must follow one plot line. Okay, the final
+
+313
+00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,320
+difference. Yes, why? Because I need a noun here.
+
+314
+00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,640
+The final article or the terminal adjective and
+
+315
+00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:50,820
+then noun is. So, the final difference.
+
+316
+00:24:54,990 --> 00:25:01,590
+The final difference is one of imagination. Each
+
+317
+00:25:01,590 --> 00:25:06,370
+book's character can create a mental picture. If I
+
+318
+00:25:06,370 --> 00:25:11,250
+write a different adjective, a can create a
+
+319
+00:25:11,250 --> 00:25:16,470
+different picture. A different mental picture of
+
+320
+00:25:16,470 --> 00:25:20,870
+the characters. A movie can offer only the vision
+
+321
+00:25:20,870 --> 00:25:24,830
+of the characters, of the director. Either however
+
+322
+00:25:24,830 --> 00:25:28,650
+or in contrast, both. A movie however,
+
+323
+00:25:31,250 --> 00:25:34,070
+why is however here? Because it is within the same
+
+324
+00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:37,340
+sentence. We talked about this. It is within the
+
+325
+00:25:37,340 --> 00:25:40,060
+same sentence, we can just use comma, comma
+
+326
+00:25:40,060 --> 00:25:43,400
+instead of semicolon and comma, right? So again,
+
+327
+00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:47,040
+again, the idea here is always look for the
+
+328
+00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:49,720
+grammar and look for the punctuation whenever you
+
+329
+00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:53,740
+read these kinds of questions, okay? Because every
+
+330
+00:25:53,740 --> 00:25:57,880
+transition has a particular way of punctuation and
+
+331
+00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,320
+usage in the paragraph. Is this clear? Yes.
+
+332
+00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:04,380
+Alright, let's see a third activity here and
+
+333
+00:26:04,380 --> 00:26:09,380
+instead we're talking about transitions and it's
+
+334
+00:26:09,380 --> 00:26:12,400
+an easy one. We just need to read a sentence and
+
+335
+00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:16,100
+choose the correct transition in this, for this
+
+336
+00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:16,420
+sentence.
+
+337
+00:27:32,230 --> 00:27:33,630
+Okay.
+
+338
+00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:44,320
+Alright? Are we done? Teacher. Yes. Teacher. We'd
+
+339
+00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,500
+like to do this one. Distance education is a kind
+
+340
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:49,960
+of learning that takes place when the student is
+
+341
+00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:53,400
+on vacation away from the classroom building or
+
+342
+00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:56,300
+outside. Online courses are distance learning
+
+343
+00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:59,200
+courses. So it has to be? For instance. For
+
+344
+00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,020
+instance. Is that correct? Yes. Yes. For instance
+
+345
+00:28:02,020 --> 00:28:05,160
+is the correct one. Alright? Because this one is
+
+346
+00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:10,280
+an example of the other one. Okay? This one is
+
+347
+00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,320
+actually an example of the other one. And again,
+
+348
+00:28:13,980 --> 00:28:18,020
+the punctuation semicolon and comma. So we only
+
+349
+00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:21,760
+have to use for instance, not similarity to, this
+
+350
+00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:25,560
+is not correct. Okay? So it is for instance is the
+
+351
+00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:29,780
+correct choice. You see the second one. Now again,
+
+352
+00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:32,460
+we're talking about punctuation. Choose the
+
+353
+00:28:32,460 --> 00:28:38,520
+sentence that is punctuated correctly. Read them
+
+354
+00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:41,360
+carefully and notice the punctuation marks. Which
+
+355
+00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:44,540
+sentence is the one that is correctly punctuated?
+
+356
+00:29:20,610 --> 00:29:21,410
+Thank you.
+
+357
+00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:56,560
+Which sentence do you think is the correct answer?
+
+358
+00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:02,540
+The first one? Yes, it's the first one. Why is
+
+359
+00:30:02,540 --> 00:30:07,640
+that? Yes, we say that with relative clauses if
+
+360
+00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:10,420
+they are extra information, we just separate them.
+
+361
+00:30:10,790 --> 00:30:13,050
+from the rest of the sentence using extra
+
+362
+00:30:13,050 --> 00:30:17,170
+information okay so whereas the second one it is
+
+363
+00:30:17,170 --> 00:30:20,090
+not punctuated correctly neither the third nor the
+
+364
+00:30:20,090 --> 00:30:22,810
+fourth sentence are correctly is correctly
+
+365
+00:30:22,810 --> 00:30:25,510
+punctuated so the first one is actually the one
+
+366
+00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:28,950
+that has the correct punctuation marks okay all
+
+367
+00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:32,130
+right do we have another question yes select the
+
+368
+00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:34,470
+one that is not a fragment
+
+369
+00:30:38,110 --> 00:30:42,150
+All of them are fragments except one of them is
+
+370
+00:30:42,150 --> 00:30:45,630
+not. So select the sentence that is not a
+
+371
+00:30:45,630 --> 00:30:46,050
+fragment.
+
+372
+00:31:08,580 --> 00:31:17,140
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
+
+373
+00:31:18,860 --> 00:31:18,860
+nine, ten.
+
+374
+00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:50,100
+Okay, that's good. The second one? Do you agree?
+
+375
+00:31:50,860 --> 00:31:52,800
+Who thinks that the first one is the correct one?
+
+376
+00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:58,760
+Number two, that is the correct term, that is not
+
+377
+00:31:58,760 --> 00:32:02,150
+a fragment. Why is that? We have a preposition in
+
+378
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:05,550
+the phrase and we have a complete sentence and so
+
+379
+00:32:05,550 --> 00:32:08,710
+we have a complete idea with us. Number one it's
+
+380
+00:32:08,710 --> 00:32:11,350
+only a dependent clause it's not a complete
+
+381
+00:32:11,350 --> 00:32:14,790
+sentence and number three again number four are
+
+382
+00:32:14,790 --> 00:32:17,870
+dependent clauses they are not complete sentences
+
+383
+00:32:17,870 --> 00:32:21,970
+they don't express a complete idea okay all right
+
+384
+00:32:21,970 --> 00:32:25,730
+let's finish with this last question and this one
+
+385
+00:32:25,730 --> 00:32:30,110
+is just to ask you to punctuate the sentences
+
+386
+00:32:30,110 --> 00:32:33,910
+correctly, all right? So apply all the, or some of
+
+387
+00:32:33,910 --> 00:32:38,950
+the punctuation rules that you learned in the
+
+388
+00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:42,250
+previous lectures on, in punctuating these ones.
+
+389
+00:32:47,050 --> 00:32:49,450
+You can take notes on, of course, you can take
+
+390
+00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:50,270
+some notes of this.
+
+391
+00:33:10,330 --> 00:33:11,730
+Okay.
+
+392
+00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,240
+Okay. Okay.
+
+393
+00:34:24,540 --> 00:34:25,080
+Thank you. Thank you.
+
+394
+00:34:41,390 --> 00:34:48,370
+Thank you so
+
+395
+00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:49,590
+much.
+
+396
+00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:17,500
+All right, who would like to come here and
+
+397
+00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:22,140
+punctuate these ones? Yes, please. Let's see. And
+
+398
+00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:26,300
+let's see if we agree with our classmates here.
+
+399
+00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:43,400
+Okay, pita. And ice cream. But? But her first
+
+400
+00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,880
+friend loves only pasta. Pasta and chocolate.
+
+401
+00:35:46,240 --> 00:35:50,200
+Okay. Alright? Yes. Is that all? No, no, no.
+
+402
+00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:54,040
+There's more things. Okay, it has to be
+
+403
+00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:55,560
+capitalized.
+
+404
+00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:00,560
+Okay, is that all? No. Now, Maya will say
+
+405
+00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:04,750
+something else, which is? Quran. Quran. Quran.and
+
+406
+00:36:04,750 --> 00:36:07,550
+okay this is optional we say that and here thank
+
+407
+00:36:07,550 --> 00:36:11,430
+you and here is optional okay so we can put it or
+
+408
+00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:13,170
+we can leave it but still there is one more
+
+409
+00:36:13,170 --> 00:36:16,090
+punctuation mark which is so you can stay here
+
+410
+00:36:16,090 --> 00:36:23,610
+okay with her French Yes, yes we.. it is
+
+411
+00:36:23,610 --> 00:36:27,530
+capitalized, okay? So Karen's three favorite foods
+
+412
+00:36:27,530 --> 00:36:31,430
+are pasta comma pizza comma an ice cream but her
+
+413
+00:36:31,430 --> 00:36:36,330
+French friend loves only pasta and chocolate cake.
+
+414
+00:36:36,610 --> 00:36:42,460
+Can I put here a corner? Now, now, because there
+
+415
+00:36:42,460 --> 00:36:46,340
+is already a verb, so there is no need for a colon
+
+416
+00:36:46,340 --> 00:36:48,420
+here, because we already have the verb and the
+
+417
+00:36:48,420 --> 00:36:51,980
+verb will do what a colon does, actually, right?
+
+418
+00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:54,300
+Let's see the second one. The National Shakespeare
+
+419
+00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,080
+Company will perform the following plays, Atelier
+
+420
+00:36:57,080 --> 00:37:04,200
+Macbeth and Hamlet, okay? Yes, please, yes. Okay,
+
+421
+00:37:04,360 --> 00:37:05,760
+sorry, sorry, okay.
+
+422
+00:37:08,430 --> 00:37:15,430
+okay so the T is capitalized Shakespeare but don't
+
+423
+00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:18,610
+forget to forget to capitalize Shakespeare as
+
+424
+00:37:18,610 --> 00:37:26,370
+synagogue all right we'll
+
+425
+00:37:26,370 --> 00:37:27,750
+perform the following plays
+
+426
+00:37:36,470 --> 00:37:38,910
+Alright, okay. You took care of all of the
+
+427
+00:37:38,910 --> 00:37:41,110
+corners, but still we need to take care of some
+
+428
+00:37:41,110 --> 00:37:43,970
+other things. Alright? Yes, please.
+
+429
+00:37:47,150 --> 00:37:51,030
+We need to take care of the capital letters as
+
+430
+00:37:51,030 --> 00:37:57,410
+well. So, Athelia, okay, Connor, Macbeth, alright,
+
+431
+00:37:57,850 --> 00:38:02,430
+Connor, and Hamlet. Hamlet is H, of course.
+
+432
+00:38:03,230 --> 00:38:08,530
+Alright. Hamlet. Is that correct? And again, the
+
+433
+00:38:08,530 --> 00:38:12,790
+national and company. It's the name of an
+
+434
+00:38:12,790 --> 00:38:16,510
+institution. Okay? So the national Shakespeare
+
+435
+00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:19,690
+company will perform the following plays. Cologne.
+
+436
+00:38:21,030 --> 00:38:23,890
+Now, you forgot the Cologne. And this is sort of
+
+437
+00:38:23,890 --> 00:38:28,370
+like, this is what I'm actually looking for. Okay,
+
+438
+00:38:28,430 --> 00:38:32,290
+you should review the rules on using columns
+
+439
+00:38:32,290 --> 00:38:35,950
+because I'm introducing a list of things. So you
+
+440
+00:38:35,950 --> 00:38:39,590
+have to put the columns here. Okay, the National
+
+441
+00:38:39,590 --> 00:38:41,450
+Shakespeare Company would perform the following
+
+442
+00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:48,670
+plays column Athelia Macbeth and Hamlet capital
+
+443
+00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:50,530
+letter capital letter capital letter. Don't forget
+
+444
+00:38:50,530 --> 00:38:54,540
+that. Let's see number three. While working out,
+
+445
+00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:57,300
+she discovered an amazing fact. She was now able
+
+446
+00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:00,640
+to bench press 10 pounds more than the week
+
+447
+00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:01,160
+before.
+
+448
+00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:07,100
+Yes, Amir. Okay, you can just tell me what I have
+
+449
+00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:08,780
+to do here. Why is capital lies?
+
+450
+00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:16,020
+No, no, no. I think there is some more than that.
+
+451
+00:39:16,140 --> 00:39:20,220
+It's okay. It's a verb, sort of a adjective. It's
+
+452
+00:39:20,220 --> 00:39:23,180
+a verb. It's sort of a compound. Okay, but there
+
+453
+00:39:23,180 --> 00:39:24,940
+is something else I have to do. While we were
+
+454
+00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:32,640
+working out, she discovered an amazing fact about
+
+455
+00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:34,100
+capital lies.
+
+456
+00:39:36,940 --> 00:39:40,420
+Ah, colon. Because here I'm introducing this fact,
+
+457
+00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,360
+okay? She discovered an amazing fact. What is this
+
+458
+00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:49,220
+amazing fact? She was now able to bench press 10
+
+459
+00:39:49,220 --> 00:39:52,940
+pounds more than the week before. Notice that I
+
+460
+00:39:52,940 --> 00:39:56,940
+use the colon here because clearly I'm explaining
+
+461
+00:39:56,940 --> 00:40:03,160
+that fact, which is being able to bench press 10
+
+462
+00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:04,040
+times, okay?
+
+463
+00:40:07,340 --> 00:40:12,040
+No, you don't need that to capitalize this. So as
+
+464
+00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:14,740
+you can see, you actually have to go and review
+
+465
+00:40:14,740 --> 00:40:21,440
+and revise rules on using commas and using
+
+466
+00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:27,580
+semicolons All right? So far what we've done today
+
+467
+00:40:27,580 --> 00:40:30,360
+is just going very quickly over some of the common
+
+468
+00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:33,160
+issues, common problems that you need to pay
+
+469
+00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:36,020
+attention to, such as subject-verb agreement,
+
+470
+00:40:36,260 --> 00:40:39,940
+comma use, comma splice run on using columns,
+
+471
+00:40:40,160 --> 00:40:45,900
+okay? And so on and so forth. For next time, take
+
+472
+00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:50,360
+this as homework, okay? What you need to do is to
+
+473
+00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:54,890
+read the paragraph andComplete the sentence, sorry
+
+474
+00:40:54,890 --> 00:40:58,110
+the paragraph with suitable supporting sentence.
+
+475
+00:40:58,370 --> 00:41:02,270
+Thank you very much and I will see you next time
+
+476
+00:41:02,270 --> 00:41:02,710
+inshallah.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/NJlG1-XQOFw_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1932 @@
+1
+00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:22,740
+All right, Assalamualaikum, good morning, how are
+
+2
+00:00:22,740 --> 00:00:25,240
+you today? Fine. Very good, very good. All right,
+
+3
+00:00:25,300 --> 00:00:28,940
+we'll start today with some revision of what the
+
+4
+00:00:28,940 --> 00:00:31,200
+things that we've studied so far throughout this
+
+5
+00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:35,720
+course and today we'll focus on some sentence
+
+6
+00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:38,340
+problems that I would like you to pay attention
+
+7
+00:00:38,340 --> 00:00:41,240
+to. This is a kind of feedback that I'd like to
+
+8
+00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:44,500
+give you on some of your writing problems that
+
+9
+00:00:44,500 --> 00:00:47,970
+I've seen in your writings, and also to highlight
+
+10
+00:00:47,970 --> 00:00:50,190
+some issues that you need to pay attention to
+
+11
+00:00:50,190 --> 00:00:54,430
+whenever you are writing your paragraphs. These
+
+12
+00:00:54,430 --> 00:00:57,970
+issues related to sentence problems, for example,
+
+13
+00:00:58,010 --> 00:01:00,550
+subject-verb agreement, noun-pronoun agreement,
+
+14
+00:01:01,050 --> 00:01:04,290
+issues that have to do with punctuation, such as
+
+15
+00:01:04,290 --> 00:01:07,350
+using commas, such as using colons, and so on. So
+
+16
+00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:10,190
+it's going to be a lot of practice today trying to
+
+17
+00:01:10,190 --> 00:01:14,150
+cast light on some of the issues that you need to
+
+18
+00:01:14,150 --> 00:01:18,140
+pay attention to. So, let's look at the first
+
+19
+00:01:18,140 --> 00:01:20,660
+example, at the first sentence here in this slide
+
+20
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:24,380
+and let's identify the problem or problems that
+
+21
+00:01:24,380 --> 00:01:27,140
+you can see in this example. Let's see. All over
+
+22
+00:01:27,140 --> 00:01:29,300
+the country, people sell products over the
+
+23
+00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:32,760
+internet, these people are making impressive
+
+24
+00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:37,680
+profits. Do you see any problems here? Do you see
+
+25
+00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:41,830
+any problems here? Just read it, just read it.
+
+26
+00:01:41,950 --> 00:01:44,990
+This is a kind of sort of reflecting on some of
+
+27
+00:01:44,990 --> 00:01:48,470
+your writings and trying to identify and locate
+
+28
+00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:50,670
+some of the issues that you need to pay attention
+
+29
+00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:53,870
+to. All right? All over the country, people sell
+
+30
+00:01:53,870 --> 00:01:56,870
+products over the internet, these people are
+
+31
+00:01:56,870 --> 00:02:00,150
+making impressive gains or impressive profits.
+
+32
+00:02:00,770 --> 00:02:06,040
+Yes, please. Okay, so we have to use a capital
+
+33
+00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:08,480
+letter. Just remember this. And this is one of the
+
+34
+00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:11,580
+capitalization rules of the society. We need to
+
+35
+00:02:11,580 --> 00:02:14,780
+start a sentence with a capital letter.
+
+36
+00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:25,450
+here and we talked about this that what we see
+
+37
+00:02:25,450 --> 00:02:28,690
+here is a comma splice. This is a sentence problem
+
+38
+00:02:28,690 --> 00:02:31,130
+and this is a punctuation problem. We have two
+
+39
+00:02:31,130 --> 00:02:33,910
+sentences here and there is only a comma between
+
+40
+00:02:33,910 --> 00:02:37,090
+them and this is a sentence problem that we talked
+
+41
+00:02:37,090 --> 00:02:41,290
+about it before that this is a comma splice. How
+
+42
+00:02:41,290 --> 00:02:42,170
+do we fix it?
+
+43
+00:02:48,970 --> 00:02:53,410
+a comma with a full stop and start a new sentence.
+
+44
+00:02:53,770 --> 00:02:58,910
+There is another way which is a comma and or so or
+
+45
+00:02:58,910 --> 00:03:02,610
+yet or but whatever or just adding a coordinator
+
+46
+00:03:02,610 --> 00:03:06,510
+or a fanboy connected. So all over the country
+
+47
+00:03:06,510 --> 00:03:09,130
+people say put that over the internet, full stop.
+
+48
+00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:12,540
+We finish the idea, finish the sentence. These
+
+49
+00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:15,540
+people are making impressive profits. I could also
+
+50
+00:03:15,540 --> 00:03:19,000
+use akuma here. Yes, I do. Akuma. Yes. Because
+
+51
+00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:21,580
+it's an introductory phrase that we said. All over
+
+52
+00:03:21,580 --> 00:03:25,580
+the country, people are or people sell products
+
+53
+00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:29,120
+over the internet, okay? Let's see the second
+
+54
+00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,900
+example and identify any problems here in this
+
+55
+00:03:32,900 --> 00:03:34,820
+second example and then I'll give you a chance to
+
+56
+00:03:34,820 --> 00:03:39,040
+go over the remaining sentences. Finally, Facebook
+
+57
+00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:43,280
+help you to find people who lost communicator with
+
+58
+00:03:43,280 --> 00:03:45,120
+them. Yes please.
+
+59
+00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:54,140
+Okay, so finally, capital letter. Facebook, it's a
+
+60
+00:03:54,140 --> 00:03:57,320
+spelling problem, okay? And Facebook has to be
+
+61
+00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:02,630
+capital letter as well. So, Facebook. Capitalize.
+
+62
+00:04:02,750 --> 00:04:07,150
+Help helps. So what we see here is a subject-verb
+
+63
+00:04:07,150 --> 00:04:09,590
+agreement problem. And this is very common. Almost
+
+64
+00:04:09,590 --> 00:04:12,710
+60% of your mistakes relate to subject-verb
+
+65
+00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:16,050
+agreement problem. Okay? So finally, Facebook
+
+66
+00:04:16,050 --> 00:04:19,050
+helps you to find people who lost communicate with
+
+67
+00:04:19,050 --> 00:04:22,540
+you. Is there a problem here? What is the problem
+
+68
+00:04:22,540 --> 00:04:26,080
+here? It doesn't make any sense. No, that is
+
+69
+00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:29,800
+grammatically correct. Okay, so there is a problem
+
+70
+00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:34,220
+with the sentence structure and again the verb and
+
+71
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,480
+the subject, the subject-verb agreement. How can
+
+72
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:39,160
+we fix it? Who lost communicating, communicate
+
+73
+00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:45,960
+with you? You can change it. Who you lose or who
+
+74
+00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,380
+you lost communication. I could just say who
+
+75
+00:04:48,380 --> 00:04:52,750
+Facebook helps you, helps you.to find people who
+
+76
+00:04:52,750 --> 00:04:57,230
+you lost communication with.
+
+77
+00:05:01,350 --> 00:05:04,350
+As simple as that. Whom you lost communication or
+
+78
+00:05:04,350 --> 00:05:07,690
+whom you lost communication with. Now it is
+
+79
+00:05:07,690 --> 00:05:10,030
+grammatically correct. We have a relative clause
+
+80
+00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:12,790
+and we have a clear structure. Whom you lost
+
+81
+00:05:12,790 --> 00:05:16,230
+communication or whom you lost communication with.
+
+82
+00:05:16,430 --> 00:05:19,050
+All right? Fine. Now, I'll just give you a couple
+
+83
+00:05:19,050 --> 00:05:20,710
+of minutes to look at the remaining three
+
+84
+00:05:20,710 --> 00:05:24,270
+sentences here in this slide and try to locate any
+
+85
+00:05:24,270 --> 00:05:27,610
+problems that you see in these three sentences.
+
+86
+00:05:28,130 --> 00:05:30,790
+Yes, please. And of course, you can take some
+
+87
+00:05:30,790 --> 00:05:31,030
+notes.
+
+88
+00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:13,900
+Thank you.
+
+89
+00:06:58,640 --> 00:06:59,720
+Mm-hmm.
+
+90
+00:07:03,660 --> 00:07:07,240
+Alright, let's see. Number three. My friend Larry
+
+91
+00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:10,460
+has a bad habit. He never on time for or to
+
+92
+00:07:10,460 --> 00:07:13,540
+anything. Arrives 10 minutes late everywhere.
+
+93
+00:07:13,940 --> 00:07:16,680
+Clearly, there are some problems here. The first
+
+94
+00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:20,860
+problem is. Yes, please. Okay, so there is a
+
+95
+00:07:20,860 --> 00:07:25,480
+missing verb. Okay, he is never. So, we need a
+
+96
+00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,930
+verb here.So he is never on time to anything,
+
+97
+00:07:30,410 --> 00:07:34,270
+arrives 10 minutes later, he arrives again and
+
+98
+00:07:34,270 --> 00:07:40,530
+here what we see is a missing subject. He arrives
+
+99
+00:07:40,530 --> 00:07:47,250
+10 minutes later and everywhere and what we see
+
+100
+00:07:47,250 --> 00:07:50,030
+here is about three simple very short sentences we
+
+101
+00:07:50,030 --> 00:07:52,590
+can actually combine them but this is a different
+
+102
+00:07:52,590 --> 00:07:55,430
+story we'll talk about it later so the problem
+
+103
+00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:59,270
+here is there is a missing verb and there is a
+
+104
+00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:01,810
+missing subject and this is something that we need
+
+105
+00:08:01,810 --> 00:08:05,290
+to avoid all right number four Gaza streets have a
+
+106
+00:08:05,290 --> 00:08:09,410
+big traffic problems that make the street more
+
+107
+00:08:09,410 --> 00:08:13,710
+dangerous clearly there is a problem clear problem
+
+108
+00:08:13,710 --> 00:08:18,390
+here which is Gaza has to be capital letter
+
+109
+00:08:18,390 --> 00:08:22,810
+capital S beginning with a sentence yes Okay, this
+
+110
+00:08:22,810 --> 00:08:25,790
+is also another common problem I see which is
+
+111
+00:08:25,790 --> 00:08:29,030
+confusing
+
+112
+00:08:29,030 --> 00:08:33,230
+plural with singular nouns and verbs and pronouns
+
+113
+00:08:33,230 --> 00:08:35,730
+and so on. So this is something we talked about,
+
+114
+00:08:36,130 --> 00:08:40,270
+it's number agreements. A big traffic problem, big
+
+115
+00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:44,790
+traffic problems. One problem, some problems and
+
+116
+00:08:44,790 --> 00:08:45,830
+so on.
+
+117
+00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:54,550
+traffic problem that comma that street more that
+
+118
+00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:57,350
+make the streets more dangerous just one little
+
+119
+00:08:57,350 --> 00:09:01,590
+note is that we don't need a comma before that
+
+120
+00:09:01,590 --> 00:09:05,290
+just remember this we don't need or we don't put a
+
+121
+00:09:05,290 --> 00:09:08,590
+comma before that that doesn't take commas in
+
+122
+00:09:08,590 --> 00:09:11,290
+terms of punctuation it does not take any comma
+
+123
+00:09:11,290 --> 00:09:15,370
+before or after it immediately that make the
+
+124
+00:09:15,370 --> 00:09:18,630
+street or make the streets Because we're talking
+
+125
+00:09:18,630 --> 00:09:21,390
+about the streets. Yes. Okay, that makes the
+
+126
+00:09:21,390 --> 00:09:25,350
+streets more dangerous, okay? Yes. So if we can
+
+127
+00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:28,010
+say number four, problem number four is something
+
+128
+00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:31,530
+we just said, number agreement.
+
+129
+00:09:33,050 --> 00:09:36,690
+Number agreement is very common, so we need to
+
+130
+00:09:36,690 --> 00:09:40,710
+avoid it. Number agreement, this is a very common
+
+131
+00:09:40,710 --> 00:09:45,250
+problem. Miss C number? Yes. Five, number five. In
+
+132
+00:09:45,250 --> 00:09:48,850
+concluding, the government must work hard to solve
+
+133
+00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:54,210
+these problems. Yes. Yes, please. In concluding,
+
+134
+00:09:54,730 --> 00:09:56,810
+the government must work hard to solve these
+
+135
+00:09:56,810 --> 00:09:59,990
+problems. In concluding, the government must work
+
+136
+00:09:59,990 --> 00:10:03,570
+hard to solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+137
+00:10:03,570 --> 00:10:03,570
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+138
+00:10:03,570 --> 00:10:07,370
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+139
+00:10:07,370 --> 00:10:07,990
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+140
+00:10:07,990 --> 00:10:08,170
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+141
+00:10:08,170 --> 00:10:08,930
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+142
+00:10:08,930 --> 00:10:09,130
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+143
+00:10:09,130 --> 00:10:09,390
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+144
+00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:09,970
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+145
+00:10:09,970 --> 00:10:11,570
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+146
+00:10:11,570 --> 00:10:11,610
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+147
+00:10:11,930 --> 00:10:12,670
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+148
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:12,670
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+149
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:12,670
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+150
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:12,670
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+151
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:12,670
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+152
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:12,670
+government must work hard to solve these problems.
+
+153
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:12,670
+In concluding, the government must work hard to
+
+154
+00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:13,490
+solve these problems. In concluding, the
+
+155
+00:10:13,490 --> 00:10:17,740
+government must workin conclusion, comment, or to
+
+156
+00:10:17,740 --> 00:10:21,820
+conclude to conclude or in conclusion remember
+
+157
+00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:26,540
+this I've seen quite a few mistakes in this the
+
+158
+00:10:26,540 --> 00:10:30,140
+government must
+
+159
+00:10:30,140 --> 00:10:35,380
+work hard to solve this problem, this problem,
+
+160
+00:10:35,740 --> 00:10:39,980
+this problem or this problem Again, the number
+
+161
+00:10:39,980 --> 00:10:44,740
+agreement is very important to pay attention to
+
+162
+00:10:44,740 --> 00:10:47,520
+whenever you are writing. So, we can add the
+
+163
+00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:56,340
+number four. Number five, avoid missing verbs and
+
+164
+00:10:56,340 --> 00:10:58,400
+or subjects.
+
+165
+00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:07,180
+Make sure that every sentence has a subject, has a
+
+166
+00:11:07,180 --> 00:11:11,480
+clear subject and clear verbs. Let's continue with
+
+167
+00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:14,700
+the remaining sentences and again the idea here is
+
+168
+00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:19,380
+to identify the problems that you actually see
+
+169
+00:11:19,380 --> 00:11:22,760
+here in these examples of your writings.
+
+170
+00:11:49,710 --> 00:11:52,330
+Okay. Okay.
+
+171
+00:12:55,950 --> 00:12:59,090
+All right, let's say number six. Yes, please, over
+
+172
+00:12:59,090 --> 00:13:02,930
+there. There are some negative effects. Okay, so
+
+173
+00:13:02,930 --> 00:13:07,870
+we see here is a missing. There. There are some
+
+174
+00:13:07,870 --> 00:13:11,050
+negative effects of unemployment on society. Full
+
+175
+00:13:11,050 --> 00:13:14,310
+stop. Full stop, yes. Notice that I just stopped
+
+176
+00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:16,910
+here because the idea is complete. Yes. So I have
+
+177
+00:13:16,910 --> 00:13:20,330
+to clearly demarcate the sentence. Yes. So end of
+
+178
+00:13:20,330 --> 00:13:22,790
+the sentence, full stop, alright? And then?
+
+179
+00:13:22,830 --> 00:13:26,170
+Capitalize. Capitalize first or? Or? Or?
+
+180
+00:13:26,810 --> 00:13:28,410
+Unemployment causes unemployment.
+
+181
+00:13:33,460 --> 00:13:36,240
+Unemployment causes subject-verb agreement.
+
+182
+00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:41,140
+Unemployment causes country economic destruction.
+
+183
+00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:45,040
+So there is a problem with ordering the different
+
+184
+00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:49,420
+parts of speech. Destroying the economy of a
+
+185
+00:13:49,420 --> 00:13:55,060
+country or a country's economy. Or causes
+
+186
+00:13:55,060 --> 00:13:58,120
+destruction of a country's economy. Very nice. So
+
+187
+00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:02,360
+cause destruction or destroying a country's
+
+188
+00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:06,670
+economy. Economy. Economy. Now it is correct. Or
+
+189
+00:14:06,670 --> 00:14:10,610
+the economy of a country or causes the destruction
+
+190
+00:14:10,610 --> 00:14:13,170
+of a country's economy. Right? Let's see number
+
+191
+00:14:13,170 --> 00:14:16,010
+seven. Visitors can't see many interesting places
+
+192
+00:14:16,010 --> 00:14:19,750
+in Egypt full stop. For example, the pyramids. We
+
+193
+00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:22,270
+talked about this in one of the subjects in one of
+
+194
+00:14:22,270 --> 00:14:26,990
+the courses previously. So where is the problem
+
+195
+00:14:26,990 --> 00:14:31,090
+here? Yes, please. The second part. Can we
+
+196
+00:14:31,090 --> 00:14:34,390
+actually consider it a sentence first? No, it is
+
+197
+00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:38,790
+what we said, a fragment. It's a fragment. That is
+
+198
+00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:41,610
+to say it is not a complete sentence. The first
+
+199
+00:14:41,610 --> 00:14:43,690
+sentence is perfect, there is nothing wrong with
+
+200
+00:14:43,690 --> 00:14:46,970
+it. The problem is with the second part. The
+
+201
+00:14:46,970 --> 00:14:50,490
+pyramids, is this a sentence? No. Okay, so the
+
+202
+00:14:50,490 --> 00:14:52,750
+solution is to change it into a sentence. We can
+
+203
+00:14:52,750 --> 00:14:58,070
+say, for example, they can see the pyramids. Okay,
+
+204
+00:14:58,190 --> 00:15:03,750
+they can see the pyramids. Or the pyramids are one
+
+205
+00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:07,290
+of these places that can be. Or we can see
+
+206
+00:15:07,290 --> 00:15:12,280
+alternatively.we can just change the first word
+
+207
+00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:16,440
+into a comma and now we say for example noun
+
+208
+00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:18,120
+phrase comma comma
+
+209
+00:15:23,310 --> 00:15:25,610
+pyramids, for example, the pyramids. Or
+
+210
+00:15:25,610 --> 00:15:28,370
+alternatively, we can put, follow stop, for
+
+211
+00:15:28,370 --> 00:15:31,990
+example, that they can see the pyramids. Okay,
+
+212
+00:15:32,030 --> 00:15:35,430
+just remember, I focus too much on punctuation
+
+213
+00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:38,110
+because I think punctuation is very much like
+
+214
+00:15:38,110 --> 00:15:41,890
+traffic lights. They tell us when to stop, when to
+
+215
+00:15:41,890 --> 00:15:45,010
+pause, momentarily, when to go on. They help
+
+216
+00:15:45,010 --> 00:15:48,910
+clarify the ideas, okay? And the different ideas
+
+217
+00:15:48,910 --> 00:15:54,990
+in the text. And for example, yes, for example,
+
+218
+00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:59,510
+all right. Let's see number eight. Yes. Second,
+
+219
+00:16:00,090 --> 00:16:03,190
+the negative effects of the pollution on the
+
+220
+00:16:03,190 --> 00:16:06,650
+environment. Yes. All right. What do you, what do
+
+221
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:08,830
+you see? What problem do you see here? Fragment.
+
+222
+00:16:09,370 --> 00:16:12,090
+Again, it is very nice. It is a fragment. Why is
+
+223
+00:16:12,090 --> 00:16:14,610
+it a fragment? It's not cohesive. It is not a
+
+224
+00:16:14,610 --> 00:16:16,690
+cohesive thing. Where is the verb? Look for the
+
+225
+00:16:16,690 --> 00:16:19,710
+verb. There is no verb. So change it into a
+
+226
+00:16:19,710 --> 00:16:25,860
+sentence. We can say There are some negative or
+
+227
+00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:29,420
+there are the negative effects of pollution on the
+
+228
+00:16:29,420 --> 00:16:32,540
+environment or the negative effects of pollution
+
+229
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:36,340
+on the environment are harmful. Very nice.
+
+230
+00:16:37,420 --> 00:16:42,200
+Harmful. Are harmful to human health, okay? To
+
+231
+00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:47,010
+people's health. So we change it into a complete
+
+232
+00:16:47,010 --> 00:16:50,670
+sentence, all right? So avoid a fragment. This is
+
+233
+00:16:50,670 --> 00:16:54,990
+something that also I see in some of your writing,
+
+234
+00:16:55,210 --> 00:16:59,570
+okay? So go over the class on fragments and how
+
+235
+00:16:59,570 --> 00:17:01,950
+you avoid fragments and what kinds of fragments
+
+236
+00:17:01,950 --> 00:17:06,630
+that we discuss and try to avoid this. The last
+
+237
+00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:11,670
+sentence here is university is more difficult than
+
+238
+00:17:11,670 --> 00:17:15,010
+high school It depends on students to study hard
+
+239
+00:17:15,010 --> 00:17:16,230
+to get marks.
+
+240
+00:17:18,690 --> 00:17:21,750
+Again, there's a problem with punctuation here.
+
+241
+00:17:22,550 --> 00:17:24,790
+There's a problem with punctuation with another
+
+242
+00:17:24,790 --> 00:17:29,210
+topic that we talked about previously. University
+
+243
+00:17:29,210 --> 00:17:31,570
+is more difficult than high school. It depends on
+
+244
+00:17:31,570 --> 00:17:34,430
+students to study hard to get marks. Yes, please.
+
+245
+00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:38,510
+University clearly has to be capitalized. Yes?
+
+246
+00:17:40,740 --> 00:17:44,880
+After high school, we had a full stop. This is
+
+247
+00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:47,460
+something that we said before. It is a run-on
+
+248
+00:17:47,460 --> 00:17:50,620
+sentence. Run-on sentence probably. When you have
+
+249
+00:17:50,620 --> 00:17:53,640
+two sentences with no punctuation between them,
+
+250
+00:17:53,980 --> 00:18:00,380
+then we have a run-on sentence. So if we list it,
+
+251
+00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:06,300
+so number six is avoid run-on sentence error.
+
+252
+00:18:07,460 --> 00:18:08,480
+Sentence error.
+
+253
+00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:15,680
+No punctuation between the sentences. And number
+
+254
+00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:21,240
+seven is avoid, of course, sentence fragments.
+
+255
+00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:27,380
+Sentence fragments. This is also something that we
+
+256
+00:18:27,380 --> 00:18:30,660
+need to pay very much attention to because these
+
+257
+00:18:30,660 --> 00:18:35,380
+are serious problems at the sentence level that
+
+258
+00:18:35,380 --> 00:18:38,440
+you need to avoid. This is clear? So what we've
+
+259
+00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:43,150
+done so far is identifying seven. common problems
+
+260
+00:18:43,150 --> 00:18:47,850
+at the sentence level avoid subject-verb agreement
+
+261
+00:18:47,850 --> 00:18:50,510
+problems in subject-verb agreement make sure that
+
+262
+00:18:50,510 --> 00:18:53,390
+you always capitalize where necessary especially
+
+263
+00:18:53,390 --> 00:18:56,190
+at the beginning of sentences okay the third one
+
+264
+00:18:56,190 --> 00:18:59,890
+is avoid making comma splice two sentences with a
+
+265
+00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:02,730
+comma between them only this is wrong number
+
+266
+00:19:02,730 --> 00:19:07,470
+agreements okay avoid missing Verbs, every
+
+267
+00:19:07,470 --> 00:19:11,230
+sentence has to have a subject and a verb, then
+
+268
+00:19:11,230 --> 00:19:15,810
+avoid run-on sentences and sentence fragments. Is
+
+269
+00:19:15,810 --> 00:19:19,050
+this clear? Alright, because I expect you to
+
+270
+00:19:19,050 --> 00:19:22,270
+really avoid these kinds of problems almost all
+
+271
+00:19:22,270 --> 00:19:24,650
+the time. Of course. Yes, please. Second, negative
+
+272
+00:19:24,650 --> 00:19:25,990
+adjectives don't have an evolution.
+
+273
+00:19:31,650 --> 00:19:35,870
+article here, it just needs a zero article. Very
+
+274
+00:19:35,870 --> 00:19:39,570
+nice, very nice. Alright. Now, let's do another
+
+275
+00:19:39,570 --> 00:19:42,650
+thing. We remember we talked about comparison
+
+276
+00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:48,210
+contrast and we used, if you remember, some
+
+277
+00:19:48,210 --> 00:19:51,530
+transitions with comparison contrast for example
+
+278
+00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:56,430
+despite different from differ from similarly also
+
+279
+00:19:56,430 --> 00:19:59,450
+like to and so on this is another exercise what
+
+280
+00:19:59,450 --> 00:20:02,970
+I'd like you to do is to read the paragraph and
+
+281
+00:20:02,970 --> 00:20:05,730
+complete this paragraph with a suitable
+
+282
+00:20:05,730 --> 00:20:10,630
+transitions which are difference despite however
+
+283
+00:20:10,630 --> 00:20:17,240
+different in contrast whereas also and because
+
+284
+00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:20,620
+okay so please quickly read it and fill in the
+
+285
+00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:24,580
+blanks with the suitable transition word or phrase
+
+286
+00:20:57,830 --> 00:21:01,550
+Just remember always to, the grammar always helps
+
+287
+00:21:01,550 --> 00:21:04,410
+you, alright? So check if you need an adjective
+
+288
+00:21:04,410 --> 00:21:10,130
+here, a verb, a noun, an adverb, and so on. The
+
+289
+00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:12,370
+grammar always helps you in choosing the correct
+
+290
+00:21:12,370 --> 00:21:14,250
+signal, the correct transition.
+
+291
+00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:37,310
+Okay. Okay.
+
+292
+00:22:34,990 --> 00:22:38,010
+Reading a book is always much better than watching
+
+293
+00:22:38,010 --> 00:22:42,780
+a movie based on a book. Despite, do you agree
+
+294
+00:22:42,780 --> 00:22:45,700
+with Amanda that there is a despite here? Yes. Why
+
+295
+00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:50,680
+is that? Why not however or sorry whereas or also
+
+296
+00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:55,780
+or because? Remember despite is always followed by
+
+297
+00:22:55,780 --> 00:22:59,720
+a phrase, never a complete sentence, okay? Okay,
+
+298
+00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:00,960
+so despite
+
+299
+00:23:04,460 --> 00:23:09,380
+This is fine. Saying a picture is worth a thousand
+
+300
+00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:12,880
+words in a phrase. Okay, this is fine. Alright. A
+
+301
+00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:18,380
+book is able to give much information that a movie
+
+302
+00:23:18,380 --> 00:23:21,740
+can give. Who would like to continue? Yes, please.
+
+303
+00:23:23,220 --> 00:23:27,560
+The author can also give. Very good.
+
+304
+00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:34,740
+Okay, however, why however? The punctuation, I
+
+305
+00:23:34,740 --> 00:23:38,360
+cannot use whereas here because clearly however is
+
+306
+00:23:38,360 --> 00:23:41,440
+the right place because of the punctuation. So I
+
+307
+00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:42,540
+need either however.
+
+308
+00:23:48,990 --> 00:23:52,570
+Yes, because they are or they take the same kind
+
+309
+00:23:52,570 --> 00:23:54,550
+of punctuation. They are actually adverbial,
+
+310
+00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:58,250
+adverbials. Okay, we call them adverbials. Okay,
+
+311
+00:23:58,650 --> 00:24:02,150
+so because the punctuation is semicolon and comma.
+
+312
+00:24:02,330 --> 00:24:05,430
+I cannot use whereas here. I have to use however
+
+313
+00:24:05,430 --> 00:24:09,450
+or in contrast. A movie usually conveys only the
+
+314
+00:24:09,450 --> 00:24:13,730
+actions and words of the characters. I would like
+
+315
+00:24:13,730 --> 00:24:19,300
+to continue.A book can follow the characters and
+
+316
+00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:23,380
+plot line's corner. A movie usually, so it has to
+
+317
+00:24:23,380 --> 00:24:23,700
+be...
+
+318
+00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,960
+can has less than two hours to sell the story and
+
+319
+00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:41,240
+must follow one plot line. Okay, the final
+
+320
+00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,320
+difference. Yes, why? Because I need a noun here.
+
+321
+00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,640
+The final article or the terminal adjective and
+
+322
+00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:50,820
+then noun is. So, the final difference.
+
+323
+00:24:54,990 --> 00:25:01,590
+The final difference is one of imagination. Each
+
+324
+00:25:01,590 --> 00:25:06,370
+book's character can create a mental picture. If I
+
+325
+00:25:06,370 --> 00:25:11,250
+write a different adjective, a can create a
+
+326
+00:25:11,250 --> 00:25:16,470
+different picture. A different mental picture of
+
+327
+00:25:16,470 --> 00:25:20,870
+the characters. A movie can offer only the vision
+
+328
+00:25:20,870 --> 00:25:24,830
+of the characters, of the director. Either however
+
+329
+00:25:24,830 --> 00:25:28,650
+or in contrast, both. A movie however,
+
+330
+00:25:31,250 --> 00:25:34,070
+why is however here? Because it is within the same
+
+331
+00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:37,340
+sentence. We talked about this. It is within the
+
+332
+00:25:37,340 --> 00:25:40,060
+same sentence, we can just use comma, comma
+
+333
+00:25:40,060 --> 00:25:43,400
+instead of semicolon and comma, right? So again,
+
+334
+00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:47,040
+again, the idea here is always look for the
+
+335
+00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:49,720
+grammar and look for the punctuation whenever you
+
+336
+00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:53,740
+read these kinds of questions, okay? Because every
+
+337
+00:25:53,740 --> 00:25:57,880
+transition has a particular way of punctuation and
+
+338
+00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,320
+usage in the paragraph. Is this clear? Yes.
+
+339
+00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:04,380
+Alright, let's see a third activity here and
+
+340
+00:26:04,380 --> 00:26:09,380
+instead we're talking about transitions and it's
+
+341
+00:26:09,380 --> 00:26:12,400
+an easy one. We just need to read a sentence and
+
+342
+00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:16,100
+choose the correct transition in this, for this
+
+343
+00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:16,420
+sentence.
+
+344
+00:27:32,230 --> 00:27:33,630
+Okay.
+
+345
+00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:44,320
+Alright? Are we done? Teacher. Yes. Teacher. We'd
+
+346
+00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,500
+like to do this one. Distance education is a kind
+
+347
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:49,960
+of learning that takes place when the student is
+
+348
+00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:53,400
+on vacation away from the classroom building or
+
+349
+00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:56,300
+outside. Online courses are distance learning
+
+350
+00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:59,200
+courses. So it has to be? For instance. For
+
+351
+00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,020
+instance. Is that correct? Yes. Yes. For instance
+
+352
+00:28:02,020 --> 00:28:05,160
+is the correct one. Alright? Because this one is
+
+353
+00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:10,280
+an example of the other one. Okay? This one is
+
+354
+00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,320
+actually an example of the other one. And again,
+
+355
+00:28:13,980 --> 00:28:18,020
+the punctuation semicolon and comma. So we only
+
+356
+00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:21,760
+have to use for instance, not similarity to, this
+
+357
+00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:25,560
+is not correct. Okay? So it is for instance is the
+
+358
+00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:29,780
+correct choice. You see the second one. Now again,
+
+359
+00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:32,460
+we're talking about punctuation. Choose the
+
+360
+00:28:32,460 --> 00:28:38,520
+sentence that is punctuated correctly. Read them
+
+361
+00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:41,360
+carefully and notice the punctuation marks. Which
+
+362
+00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:44,540
+sentence is the one that is correctly punctuated?
+
+363
+00:29:20,610 --> 00:29:21,410
+Thank you.
+
+364
+00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:56,560
+Which sentence do you think is the correct answer?
+
+365
+00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:02,540
+The first one? Yes, it's the first one. Why is
+
+366
+00:30:02,540 --> 00:30:07,640
+that? Yes, we say that with relative clauses if
+
+367
+00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:10,420
+they are extra information, we just separate them.
+
+368
+00:30:10,790 --> 00:30:13,050
+from the rest of the sentence using extra
+
+369
+00:30:13,050 --> 00:30:17,170
+information okay so whereas the second one it is
+
+370
+00:30:17,170 --> 00:30:20,090
+not punctuated correctly neither the third nor the
+
+371
+00:30:20,090 --> 00:30:22,810
+fourth sentence are correctly is correctly
+
+372
+00:30:22,810 --> 00:30:25,510
+punctuated so the first one is actually the one
+
+373
+00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:28,950
+that has the correct punctuation marks okay all
+
+374
+00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:32,130
+right do we have another question yes select the
+
+375
+00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:34,470
+one that is not a fragment
+
+376
+00:30:38,110 --> 00:30:42,150
+All of them are fragments except one of them is
+
+377
+00:30:42,150 --> 00:30:45,630
+not. So select the sentence that is not a
+
+378
+00:30:45,630 --> 00:30:46,050
+fragment.
+
+379
+00:31:08,580 --> 00:31:17,140
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
+
+380
+00:31:18,860 --> 00:31:18,860
+nine, ten.
+
+381
+00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:50,100
+Okay, that's good. The second one? Do you agree?
+
+382
+00:31:50,860 --> 00:31:52,800
+Who thinks that the first one is the correct one?
+
+383
+00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:58,760
+Number two, that is the correct term, that is not
+
+384
+00:31:58,760 --> 00:32:02,150
+a fragment. Why is that? We have a preposition in
+
+385
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:05,550
+the phrase and we have a complete sentence and so
+
+386
+00:32:05,550 --> 00:32:08,710
+we have a complete idea with us. Number one it's
+
+387
+00:32:08,710 --> 00:32:11,350
+only a dependent clause it's not a complete
+
+388
+00:32:11,350 --> 00:32:14,790
+sentence and number three again number four are
+
+389
+00:32:14,790 --> 00:32:17,870
+dependent clauses they are not complete sentences
+
+390
+00:32:17,870 --> 00:32:21,970
+they don't express a complete idea okay all right
+
+391
+00:32:21,970 --> 00:32:25,730
+let's finish with this last question and this one
+
+392
+00:32:25,730 --> 00:32:30,110
+is just to ask you to punctuate the sentences
+
+393
+00:32:30,110 --> 00:32:33,910
+correctly, all right? So apply all the, or some of
+
+394
+00:32:33,910 --> 00:32:38,950
+the punctuation rules that you learned in the
+
+395
+00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:42,250
+previous lectures on, in punctuating these ones.
+
+396
+00:32:47,050 --> 00:32:49,450
+You can take notes on, of course, you can take
+
+397
+00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:50,270
+some notes of this.
+
+398
+00:33:10,330 --> 00:33:11,730
+Okay.
+
+399
+00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,240
+Okay. Okay.
+
+400
+00:34:24,540 --> 00:34:25,080
+Thank you. Thank you.
+
+401
+00:34:41,390 --> 00:34:48,370
+Thank you so
+
+402
+00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:49,590
+much.
+
+403
+00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:17,500
+All right, who would like to come here and
+
+404
+00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:22,140
+punctuate these ones? Yes, please. Let's see. And
+
+405
+00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:26,300
+let's see if we agree with our classmates here.
+
+406
+00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:43,400
+Okay, pita. And ice cream. But? But her first
+
+407
+00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,880
+friend loves only pasta. Pasta and chocolate.
+
+408
+00:35:46,240 --> 00:35:50,200
+Okay. Alright? Yes. Is that all? No, no, no.
+
+409
+00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:54,040
+There's more things. Okay, it has to be
+
+410
+00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:55,560
+capitalized.
+
+411
+00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:00,560
+Okay, is that all? No. Now, Maya will say
+
+412
+00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:04,750
+something else, which is? Quran. Quran. Quran.and
+
+413
+00:36:04,750 --> 00:36:07,550
+okay this is optional we say that and here thank
+
+414
+00:36:07,550 --> 00:36:11,430
+you and here is optional okay so we can put it or
+
+415
+00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:13,170
+we can leave it but still there is one more
+
+416
+00:36:13,170 --> 00:36:16,090
+punctuation mark which is so you can stay here
+
+417
+00:36:16,090 --> 00:36:23,610
+okay with her French Yes, yes we.. it is
+
+418
+00:36:23,610 --> 00:36:27,530
+capitalized, okay? So Karen's three favorite foods
+
+419
+00:36:27,530 --> 00:36:31,430
+are pasta comma pizza comma an ice cream but her
+
+420
+00:36:31,430 --> 00:36:36,330
+French friend loves only pasta and chocolate cake.
+
+421
+00:36:36,610 --> 00:36:42,460
+Can I put here a corner? Now, now, because there
+
+422
+00:36:42,460 --> 00:36:46,340
+is already a verb, so there is no need for a colon
+
+423
+00:36:46,340 --> 00:36:48,420
+here, because we already have the verb and the
+
+424
+00:36:48,420 --> 00:36:51,980
+verb will do what a colon does, actually, right?
+
+425
+00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:54,300
+Let's see the second one. The National Shakespeare
+
+426
+00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,080
+Company will perform the following plays, Atelier
+
+427
+00:36:57,080 --> 00:37:04,200
+Macbeth and Hamlet, okay? Yes, please, yes. Okay,
+
+428
+00:37:04,360 --> 00:37:05,760
+sorry, sorry, okay.
+
+429
+00:37:08,430 --> 00:37:15,430
+okay so the T is capitalized Shakespeare but don't
+
+430
+00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:18,610
+forget to forget to capitalize Shakespeare as
+
+431
+00:37:18,610 --> 00:37:26,370
+synagogue all right we'll
+
+432
+00:37:26,370 --> 00:37:27,750
+perform the following plays
+
+433
+00:37:36,470 --> 00:37:38,910
+Alright, okay. You took care of all of the
+
+434
+00:37:38,910 --> 00:37:41,110
+corners, but still we need to take care of some
+
+435
+00:37:41,110 --> 00:37:43,970
+other things. Alright? Yes, please.
+
+436
+00:37:47,150 --> 00:37:51,030
+We need to take care of the capital letters as
+
+437
+00:37:51,030 --> 00:37:57,410
+well. So, Athelia, okay, Connor, Macbeth, alright,
+
+438
+00:37:57,850 --> 00:38:02,430
+Connor, and Hamlet. Hamlet is H, of course.
+
+439
+00:38:03,230 --> 00:38:08,530
+Alright. Hamlet. Is that correct? And again, the
+
+440
+00:38:08,530 --> 00:38:12,790
+national and company. It's the name of an
+
+441
+00:38:12,790 --> 00:38:16,510
+institution. Okay? So the national Shakespeare
+
+442
+00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:19,690
+company will perform the following plays. Cologne.
+
+443
+00:38:21,030 --> 00:38:23,890
+Now, you forgot the Cologne. And this is sort of
+
+444
+00:38:23,890 --> 00:38:28,370
+like, this is what I'm actually looking for. Okay,
+
+445
+00:38:28,430 --> 00:38:32,290
+you should review the rules on using columns
+
+446
+00:38:32,290 --> 00:38:35,950
+because I'm introducing a list of things. So you
+
+447
+00:38:35,950 --> 00:38:39,590
+have to put the columns here. Okay, the National
+
+448
+00:38:39,590 --> 00:38:41,450
+Shakespeare Company would perform the following
+
+449
+00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:48,670
+plays column Athelia Macbeth and Hamlet capital
+
+450
+00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:50,530
+letter capital letter capital letter. Don't forget
+
+451
+00:38:50,530 --> 00:38:54,540
+that. Let's see number three. While working out,
+
+452
+00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:57,300
+she discovered an amazing fact. She was now able
+
+453
+00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:00,640
+to bench press 10 pounds more than the week
+
+454
+00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:01,160
+before.
+
+455
+00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:07,100
+Yes, Amir. Okay, you can just tell me what I have
+
+456
+00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:08,780
+to do here. Why is capital lies?
+
+457
+00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:16,020
+No, no, no. I think there is some more than that.
+
+458
+00:39:16,140 --> 00:39:20,220
+It's okay. It's a verb, sort of a adjective. It's
+
+459
+00:39:20,220 --> 00:39:23,180
+a verb. It's sort of a compound. Okay, but there
+
+460
+00:39:23,180 --> 00:39:24,940
+is something else I have to do. While we were
+
+461
+00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:32,640
+working out, she discovered an amazing fact about
+
+462
+00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:34,100
+capital lies.
+
+463
+00:39:36,940 --> 00:39:40,420
+Ah, colon. Because here I'm introducing this fact,
+
+464
+00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,360
+okay? She discovered an amazing fact. What is this
+
+465
+00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:49,220
+amazing fact? She was now able to bench press 10
+
+466
+00:39:49,220 --> 00:39:52,940
+pounds more than the week before. Notice that I
+
+467
+00:39:52,940 --> 00:39:56,940
+use the colon here because clearly I'm explaining
+
+468
+00:39:56,940 --> 00:40:03,160
+that fact, which is being able to bench press 10
+
+469
+00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:04,040
+times, okay?
+
+470
+00:40:07,340 --> 00:40:12,040
+No, you don't need that to capitalize this. So as
+
+471
+00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:14,740
+you can see, you actually have to go and review
+
+472
+00:40:14,740 --> 00:40:21,440
+and revise rules on using commas and using
+
+473
+00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:27,580
+semicolons All right? So far what we've done today
+
+474
+00:40:27,580 --> 00:40:30,360
+is just going very quickly over some of the common
+
+475
+00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:33,160
+issues, common problems that you need to pay
+
+476
+00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:36,020
+attention to, such as subject-verb agreement,
+
+477
+00:40:36,260 --> 00:40:39,940
+comma use, comma splice run on using columns,
+
+478
+00:40:40,160 --> 00:40:45,900
+okay? And so on and so forth. For next time, take
+
+479
+00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:50,360
+this as homework, okay? What you need to do is to
+
+480
+00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:54,890
+read the paragraph andComplete the sentence, sorry
+
+481
+00:40:54,890 --> 00:40:58,110
+the paragraph with suitable supporting sentence.
+
+482
+00:40:58,370 --> 00:41:02,270
+Thank you very much and I will see you next time
+
+483
+00:41:02,270 --> 00:41:02,710
+inshallah.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/QS6hr3EofNo.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1894 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,850
+Good morning everyone. How are you today? All 
+
+2
+00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,130
+right. Allow me first to welcome you all to 
+
+3
+00:00:27,130 --> 00:00:31,790
+this first class in this course, academic writing 
+
+4
+00:00:31,790 --> 00:00:34,610
+course. It gives me great pleasure to be here with 
+
+5
+00:00:34,610 --> 00:00:37,710
+you and I am looking forward to working with you 
+
+6
+00:00:37,710 --> 00:00:42,290
+on this very important academic course. This 
+
+7
+00:00:42,290 --> 00:00:46,270
+course actually aims to improve your writing 
+
+8
+00:00:46,270 --> 00:00:50,470
+abilities, academic writing, skills at a paragraph 
+
+9
+00:00:50,470 --> 00:00:54,010
+level. So we'll be going and having a lot of 
+
+10
+00:00:54,010 --> 00:00:58,570
+practice working on writing paragraphs, different 
+
+11
+00:00:58,570 --> 00:01:01,130
+kinds of paragraphs, in other words the 
+
+12
+00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:03,970
+organizational patterns of paragraphs and also 
+
+13
+00:01:03,970 --> 00:01:07,290
+we're going to focus on the structure of a 
+
+14
+00:01:07,290 --> 00:01:09,030
+paragraph. As you know paragraph is a very 
+
+15
+00:01:09,030 --> 00:01:12,870
+important component of academic writing and we 
+
+16
+00:01:12,870 --> 00:01:15,890
+cannot have good writing without writing very good 
+
+17
+00:01:16,050 --> 00:01:19,450
+paragraphs in this course also we're going we're 
+
+18
+00:01:19,450 --> 00:01:24,010
+aiming to focus on writing grammatically correct 
+
+19
+00:01:24,010 --> 00:01:27,050
+sentences as you soon as you know the sentence is 
+
+20
+00:01:27,050 --> 00:01:30,380
+the building block of any kind of writing. So 
+
+21
+00:01:30,380 --> 00:01:32,300
+without writing grammatically correct and 
+
+22
+00:01:32,300 --> 00:01:35,800
+meaningful sentences, our writing is not up to 
+
+23
+00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:39,560
+that level accepted at university level. So, 
+
+24
+00:01:39,620 --> 00:01:42,140
+inshallah, we're going to work on writing, 
+
+25
+00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:46,000
+improving and refining your writing skills in 
+
+26
+00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:50,800
+order to enable you to be perfect, in order to 
+
+27
+00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:54,740
+enable you to be excellent in writing, especially 
+
+28
+00:01:54,740 --> 00:01:59,940
+at the academic level. For this course, the course 
+
+29
+00:01:59,940 --> 00:02:02,100
+assessment, just very quickly to introduce you to 
+
+30
+00:02:02,100 --> 00:02:04,840
+the course assessment, we're going to have a final 
+
+31
+00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:10,360
+exam of 50% totaling a total of 50% of the total 
+
+32
+00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:15,590
+mark. I'm going to have 25% go for the midterm 
+
+33
+00:02:15,590 --> 00:02:20,610
+exam and 10% of the total mark will go for 
+
+34
+00:02:20,610 --> 00:02:23,310
+assignments. I'm going to assign you different 
+
+35
+00:02:23,310 --> 00:02:27,970
+homework, different assignments and then we're 
+
+36
+00:02:27,970 --> 00:02:30,830
+going to have a portfolio and this portfolio 
+
+37
+00:02:30,830 --> 00:02:33,790
+includes your writing throughout this course. So 
+
+38
+00:02:33,790 --> 00:02:36,520
+I'm going to ask you throughout this course to 
+
+39
+00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:40,400
+write paragraphs and anything any kind of writing 
+
+40
+00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:42,860
+that you do in this course you're going to include 
+
+41
+00:02:42,860 --> 00:02:45,900
+it in this portfolio and I'm going to collect this 
+
+42
+00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:50,940
+portfolio by the end of this course and We're 
+
+43
+00:02:50,940 --> 00:02:57,720
+going to have a quiz, and this has 5% of the total 
+
+44
+00:02:57,720 --> 00:03:02,020
+mark. In addition to that, all materials that we 
+
+45
+00:03:02,020 --> 00:03:04,700
+use in this class, all the PowerPoint 
+
+46
+00:03:04,700 --> 00:03:07,420
+presentations, any kind of materials that we use, 
+
+47
+00:03:07,920 --> 00:03:10,460
+we're gonna have it on, I'm gonna put it on my 
+
+48
+00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:13,960
+webpage, the university webpage, as you can see. 
+
+49
+00:03:14,130 --> 00:03:20,830
+Here is site.iogaza.edu.ps forward slash M Amir. 
+
+50
+00:03:21,130 --> 00:03:26,250
+All right, any questions? In I I do really I'm 
+
+51
+00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:28,370
+sure actually that we're going to have a very 
+
+52
+00:03:28,370 --> 00:03:31,190
+productive Very useful and also an enjoyable 
+
+53
+00:03:31,190 --> 00:03:36,130
+course to take in This semester inshallah. All 
+
+54
+00:03:36,130 --> 00:03:39,770
+right. Okay, so let's start with just refreshing 
+
+55
+00:03:39,770 --> 00:03:42,710
+our ideas about writing and we start with the idea 
+
+56
+00:03:42,710 --> 00:03:47,990
+of What is a sentence? Like I just previously, I 
+
+57
+00:03:47,990 --> 00:03:50,370
+just said that sentence is the building block of 
+
+58
+00:03:50,370 --> 00:03:54,330
+any good writing, any good text. What do we mean 
+
+59
+00:03:54,330 --> 00:03:57,370
+by a sentence? What is meant by sentence? We all 
+
+60
+00:03:57,370 --> 00:04:00,430
+the time use sentences and so on. What is a 
+
+61
+00:04:00,430 --> 00:04:06,490
+sentence? Yes, please. A group of words. Okay. All 
+
+62
+00:04:06,490 --> 00:04:09,150
+right. Yes, please. Very nice. 
+
+63
+00:04:12,380 --> 00:04:15,360
+Okay, so it's a group of words that has a subject 
+
+64
+00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,100
+and a verb. Let's just have a quote. What do you 
+
+65
+00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:23,860
+think of this? In the garden. Is this a sentence? 
+
+66
+00:04:24,180 --> 00:04:33,820
+No. Back in 2010. Is this a sentence? No. What 
+
+67
+00:04:33,820 --> 00:04:41,350
+about this one? in Gaza. Why is it a sentence? Why 
+
+68
+00:04:41,350 --> 00:04:44,710
+the first two are not considered sentences whereas 
+
+69
+00:04:44,710 --> 00:04:48,550
+the third one is considered a sentence? Yes 
+
+70
+00:04:48,550 --> 00:04:52,930
+please. Because it contains a subject and a verb 
+
+71
+00:04:52,930 --> 00:04:59,070
+and an object. Gaza is not an object. So it has a 
+
+72
+00:04:59,070 --> 00:05:02,760
+subject and a verb and Is the meaning complete? 
+
+73
+00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:05,720
+Yes. So remember these are the three 
+
+74
+00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:09,280
+prerequisites, the three conditions for a sentence 
+
+75
+00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:12,000
+to be considered a sentence. It has to have a 
+
+76
+00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:16,700
+subject and a verb and an incomplete meaning. 
+
+77
+00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:19,280
+Without these three conditions, we cannot consider 
+
+78
+00:05:19,280 --> 00:05:22,320
+it a sentence. It could be a phrase, it could be a 
+
+79
+00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:25,800
+dependent clause, it could be anything, but not a 
+
+80
+00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:28,920
+sentence as we know it. Okay? So a sentence, just 
+
+81
+00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:31,470
+remember this whenever you're writing. A sentence 
+
+82
+00:05:31,470 --> 00:05:34,610
+is a sentence because it has a subject and a verb 
+
+83
+00:05:34,610 --> 00:05:38,770
+and expresses a complete idea. Just look, let's 
+
+84
+00:05:38,770 --> 00:05:41,130
+see the definition of a sentence and we'll start 
+
+85
+00:05:41,130 --> 00:05:44,910
+from there. A sentence is a group of words that 
+
+86
+00:05:44,910 --> 00:05:47,630
+contains a subject and a verb and expresses a 
+
+87
+00:05:47,630 --> 00:05:49,530
+complete thought or a complete meaning or a 
+
+88
+00:05:49,530 --> 00:05:53,210
+complete idea. From an orthographic point of view, 
+
+89
+00:05:53,270 --> 00:05:56,320
+from a writing point of view, it begins with a 
+
+90
+00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:59,940
+capital letter and ends with a full stop this is 
+
+91
+00:05:59,940 --> 00:06:04,200
+for punctuation sake okay so a sentence like this 
+
+92
+00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:08,600
+I live in Gaza is is a sentence because it has a 
+
+93
+00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:15,160
+subject and a verb and a complete meaning all 
+
+94
+00:06:15,160 --> 00:06:18,540
+right let's just have a quick exercise and decide 
+
+95
+00:06:18,540 --> 00:06:22,460
+which one of these is a sentence okay I'll just 
+
+96
+00:06:22,460 --> 00:06:25,880
+give you one minute to go over them and then we'll 
+
+97
+00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:31,700
+discuss afterwards which one is a sentence and 
+
+98
+00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:35,320
+which one is not considered a sentence and why and 
+
+99
+00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:36,640
+why okay 
+
+100
+00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,260
+Alright, let's see. The first one. Yes, please. 
+
+101
+00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,900
+Yes, first one is a sentence. Ali is a student. Is 
+
+102
+00:07:02,900 --> 00:07:06,500
+it a sentence? Yes. Yes. Why is that? It has a 
+
+103
+00:07:06,500 --> 00:07:12,780
+subject. The meaning is complete. Alright, the 
+
+104
+00:07:12,780 --> 00:07:14,620
+second one. Yes, please. Over there. 
+
+105
+00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,720
+Sentence? Not a sentence. Why is it not a 
+
+106
+00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:25,100
+sentence? The subject is missing. There is no 
+
+107
+00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:31,780
+subject. Alright, so the subject here is missing. 
+
+108
+00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:37,680
+He graduated in May 2005. She graduated. My 
+
+109
+00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,960
+brother graduated. Ahmed graduated. Huda 
+
+110
+00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:43,800
+graduated. So it is not a sentence because the 
+
+111
+00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:47,140
+subject is not there. So we have to put the 
+
+112
+00:07:47,140 --> 00:07:51,240
+subject. The third way. His friends are not in his 
+
+113
+00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:55,470
+class. It's a sentence because it has a and 
+
+114
+00:07:55,470 --> 00:07:58,710
+expresses a complete meaning very nice very nice 
+
+115
+00:07:58,710 --> 00:08:03,570
+number four is going shopping this weekend is this 
+
+116
+00:08:03,570 --> 00:08:08,090
+a sentence yes please it is not a sentence why 
+
+117
+00:08:08,090 --> 00:08:13,250
+again the subject very nice again the subject here 
+
+118
+00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:18,270
+is missing he is going shopping Salma is going 
+
+119
+00:08:18,270 --> 00:08:20,830
+shopping my mother is going shopping this weekend 
+
+120
+00:08:20,830 --> 00:08:25,340
+and so on let's see number five after school at 
+
+121
+00:08:25,340 --> 00:08:32,740
+around 2 p.m. yes please yes please why is it not 
+
+122
+00:08:32,740 --> 00:08:36,460
+a sentence yes 
+
+123
+00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:39,480
+the three conditions the three requirements for a 
+
+124
+00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:42,660
+sentence are not there there is no subject there 
+
+125
+00:08:42,660 --> 00:08:45,800
+is no verb and the meaning is not really complete 
+
+126
+00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:49,100
+here what do we mean by after school at around 2 p 
+
+127
+00:08:49,100 --> 00:08:52,560
+.m. so it is not a grammatical sentence okay 
+
+128
+00:08:52,560 --> 00:08:57,420
+number Sixth, don't be late. 
+
+129
+00:08:59,260 --> 00:09:03,540
+Yes please. It is a sentence? Yes, it is a 
+
+130
+00:09:03,540 --> 00:09:06,860
+sentence in the form of an imperative, of an 
+
+131
+00:09:06,860 --> 00:09:10,500
+order. What about the verb? Oh sorry, what about 
+
+132
+00:09:10,500 --> 00:09:14,860
+the subject? You, but it is implicit. Okay, it's 
+
+133
+00:09:14,860 --> 00:09:19,380
+sort of understood that the subject is you. Yes, 
+
+134
+00:09:19,500 --> 00:09:22,720
+it's implicit subject, so it is you don't be late. 
+
+135
+00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:26,380
+Okay, so it is a sentence that, you know, has a 
+
+136
+00:09:26,380 --> 00:09:30,120
+subject, an implicit one, a verb, and expresses a 
+
+137
+00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:34,500
+complete idea. Let's see number seven. Who's 
+
+138
+00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:40,010
+there? Who's there? Sentence? It is a sentence, 
+
+139
+00:09:40,170 --> 00:09:44,350
+subject, verb and a complete idea. It is a 
+
+140
+00:09:44,350 --> 00:09:46,870
+sentence in the form of an interrogative, of a 
+
+141
+00:09:46,870 --> 00:09:51,590
+question. Okay? So it is a sentence. The man vote. 
+
+142
+00:09:53,210 --> 00:09:59,590
+The man vote. Yes please. Yes, yes please. It is 
+
+143
+00:09:59,590 --> 00:10:05,170
+not a sentence. Why is that? It doesn't express a 
+
+144
+00:10:05,170 --> 00:10:08,650
+complete idea. Yes, I have a subject, the man. 
+
+145
+00:10:09,290 --> 00:10:13,530
+Yes, I have a verb, both, but, but what? Exactly. 
+
+146
+00:10:13,950 --> 00:10:17,690
+So the meaning is not complete because both is a 
+
+147
+00:10:17,690 --> 00:10:21,170
+kind of verb that must take an object. We call it 
+
+148
+00:10:21,170 --> 00:10:25,450
+a transitive verb. So the man bought it. the man 
+
+149
+00:10:25,450 --> 00:10:28,730
+bought a car, the man bought the house and so on 
+
+150
+00:10:28,730 --> 00:10:32,190
+so the meaning is not complete here so we have so 
+
+151
+00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:35,170
+we cannot consider it a sentence let's see number 
+
+152
+00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:40,610
+nine when I finish my education When I finish my 
+
+153
+00:10:40,610 --> 00:10:43,790
+education, it's not a sentence because it doesn't 
+
+154
+00:10:43,790 --> 00:10:46,910
+express a complete thing. Very nice. When I finish 
+
+155
+00:10:46,910 --> 00:10:50,510
+my education and I stop talking, the meaning, the 
+
+156
+00:10:50,510 --> 00:10:53,050
+reader would expect something like what happened, 
+
+157
+00:10:53,190 --> 00:10:55,470
+what will happen. Okay? So the meaning is not 
+
+158
+00:10:55,470 --> 00:11:00,830
+complete. Yes, I have a subject, I.I have finished 
+
+159
+00:11:00,830 --> 00:11:06,130
+but the meaning is not complete yet. So I have to 
+
+160
+00:11:06,130 --> 00:11:09,430
+attach something to this part of the sentence in 
+
+161
+00:11:09,430 --> 00:11:12,270
+order to complete the meaning. For example, how 
+
+162
+00:11:12,270 --> 00:11:14,470
+can I finish it? How can I make it complete 
+
+163
+00:11:14,470 --> 00:11:19,870
+meaning? Yes please. Very nice. When I finish my 
+
+164
+00:11:19,870 --> 00:11:23,610
+education, I will travel. 
+
+165
+00:11:28,380 --> 00:11:31,140
+So now it is considered a sentence because it has 
+
+166
+00:11:31,140 --> 00:11:34,760
+a subject and a verb and the meaning is complete. 
+
+167
+00:11:34,880 --> 00:11:36,700
+By the way, this is a kind of sentence we will 
+
+168
+00:11:36,700 --> 00:11:39,200
+talk about. It's called complex sentence because 
+
+169
+00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:42,120
+it has a dependent to close when I finish my 
+
+170
+00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:47,460
+education plus an independent to close which is I 
+
+171
+00:11:47,460 --> 00:11:51,000
+will travel overseas or travel abroad, okay? And 
+
+172
+00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:56,080
+finally, wait for me. Sentence? definitely it is a 
+
+173
+00:11:56,080 --> 00:11:59,760
+sentence it's very much like number six it is a 
+
+174
+00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:04,200
+command it is an order the subject is not stated 
+
+175
+00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:09,080
+explicitly it is sort of understood you don't you 
+
+176
+00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:12,560
+wait for for me all right so again just to remind 
+
+177
+00:12:12,560 --> 00:12:15,060
+you a sentence is a sentence because it has a 
+
+178
+00:12:15,060 --> 00:12:18,080
+subject and a verb and expresses a complete 
+
+179
+00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:22,440
+meaning let's have another exercise all right 
+
+180
+00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:28,000
+decide which one of these is a sentence and which 
+
+181
+00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:29,780
+one is not a sentence? 
+
+182
+00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:35,420
+Just a second, just a second, just a couple of, 
+
+183
+00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:37,140
+just a half a minute or so 
+
+184
+00:13:01,610 --> 00:13:06,170
+Alright. His place. It's very cold today. His 
+
+185
+00:13:06,170 --> 00:13:09,890
+place over there. It's not a sentence again 
+
+186
+00:13:09,890 --> 00:13:14,350
+because the subject is not there. It's missing. 
+
+187
+00:13:14,550 --> 00:13:19,490
+So, how can we fix it? It is very cold today. So, 
+
+188
+00:13:19,570 --> 00:13:22,250
+we have to add a subject. So, it is very cold 
+
+189
+00:13:22,250 --> 00:13:24,830
+today. So, it is not a sentence because the 
+
+190
+00:1
+
+223
+00:15:08,490 --> 00:15:13,590
+missing or were hungry or will be hungry. The
+
+224
+00:15:13,590 --> 00:15:16,430
+important thing is to have or to include a verb
+
+225
+00:15:16,430 --> 00:15:20,270
+for this sentence. All right. Number six, they
+
+226
+00:15:20,270 --> 00:15:24,710
+don't want. Please. Not a sentence. Not a sentence
+
+227
+00:15:24,710 --> 00:15:28,450
+because? Because the meaning is not complete.
+
+228
+00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:30,810
+Because the reader would say they don't want what.
+
+229
+00:15:31,230 --> 00:15:35,130
+Okay? So again because want is a kind of verb that
+
+230
+00:15:35,130 --> 00:15:38,810
+requires an object. They don't want it. They don't
+
+231
+00:15:38,810 --> 00:15:41,870
+want to travel. They don't want to eat and so on.
+
+232
+00:15:41,930 --> 00:15:46,510
+So it is not a sentence because the meaning is not
+
+233
+00:15:46,510 --> 00:15:51,280
+complete yet. Alright? Let's see. Go to bed? Yes,
+
+234
+00:15:51,540 --> 00:15:55,760
+please. It is a sentence in the form of an order.
+
+235
+00:15:56,700 --> 00:16:01,100
+Enjoys many sports, especially basketball. Is this
+
+236
+00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:04,360
+a sentence? Yes, please. This is not a sentence
+
+237
+00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:07,220
+because the name is missing the subject. The
+
+238
+00:16:07,220 --> 00:16:10,700
+subject is missing. Very nice. So, she enjoys.
+
+239
+00:16:12,740 --> 00:16:16,340
+Jane enjoys when it was especially basketball and
+
+240
+00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:20,080
+so and so on. Very nice. The man in the red shirt.
+
+241
+00:16:20,260 --> 00:16:25,360
+The man in the red shirt. Yes, please. It is not a
+
+242
+00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:29,360
+sentence because again the subject-verb pairing,
+
+243
+00:16:29,580 --> 00:16:32,020
+the subject-verb combination, the subject-verb
+
+244
+00:16:32,020 --> 00:16:35,360
+relationship is not there. There is no subject and
+
+245
+00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:40,800
+there is no verb. How can you accept? We have to
+
+246
+00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,680
+put a verb or we can't complete the sentence. For
+
+247
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:47,820
+example, the man is in the red shirt, right? The
+
+248
+00:16:47,820 --> 00:16:50,660
+man is in the red shirt, okay? Or the man in the
+
+249
+00:16:50,660 --> 00:16:56,960
+red shirt is my uncle, works here, works in this
+
+250
+00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,540
+company, works in this university. Or the man in
+
+251
+00:17:00,540 --> 00:17:03,560
+the red shirt is my uncle. So all of this becomes
+
+252
+00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,140
+a subject to the verb
+
+253
+00:17:13,440 --> 00:17:17,900
+It's not a 
+
+254
+00:17:17,900 --> 00:17:21,940
+sentence. It has no meaning. Yes, the meaning is
+
+255
+00:17:21,940 --> 00:17:25,280
+not very nice. The meaning is not complete. Why
+
+256
+00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:29,150
+are we going to the market? we saw an accident I
+
+257
+00:17:29,150 --> 00:17:33,410
+bumped into my an old friend for example I met a
+
+258
+00:17:33,410 --> 00:17:36,910
+couple of old friends and so on so I have to
+
+259
+00:17:36,910 --> 00:17:39,430
+complete this in order to express the complete
+
+260
+00:17:39,430 --> 00:17:43,750
+meaning all right let's see number 11 the last one
+
+261
+00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:47,490
+they didn't like yes please they didn't like this
+
+262
+00:17:47,490 --> 00:17:53,890
+sentence because they very nice it doesn't have a
+
+263
+00:17:53,890 --> 00:17:57,830
+complete meaning so they don't like chocolate they
+
+264
+00:17:57,830 --> 00:18:01,230
+don't like food they don't like and so on so there
+
+265
+00:18:01,230 --> 00:18:05,210
+has to be an object after the verb like in order
+
+266
+00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,790
+to express the complete meaning is this clear
+
+267
+00:18:07,790 --> 00:18:12,450
+let's have a third exercise let's look let's
+
+268
+00:18:12,450 --> 00:18:16,590
+correct these sentence problems in the following
+
+269
+00:18:16,590 --> 00:18:20,630
+some of these all of these are actually Not correct
+
+270
+00:18:20,630 --> 00:18:23,810
+sentences, so try to fix them, alright? Change
+
+271
+00:18:23,810 --> 00:18:28,490
+them into correct sentences. Remember, again, a
+
+272
+00:18:28,490 --> 00:18:31,770
+sentence must have a subject and a verb and
+
+273
+00:18:31,770 --> 00:18:34,250
+expresses a complete meaning.
+
+274
+00:19:23,710 --> 00:19:27,730
+All right, let's see. First one, some foods spicy.
+
+275
+00:19:28,550 --> 00:19:33,390
+Yes, please. Okay, how can you fix it?
+
+276
+00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:43,180
+Some food is spicy. Yes. As simple as that. Just
+
+277
+00:19:43,180 --> 00:19:47,420
+include a suitable verb for it. So some food is
+
+278
+00:19:47,420 --> 00:19:51,720
+spicy. Alright? So now it is considered a
+
+279
+00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:56,040
+sentence. Yes please. Corn my favorite vegetable.
+
+280
+00:19:56,660 --> 00:20:00,220
+Corn is my favorite vegetable. Was my favorite. So
+
+281
+00:20:00,220 --> 00:20:04,280
+the verb here is needed. Corn is my favorite
+
+282
+00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:07,930
+vegetable. Yes please. It's very bright in the
+
+283
+00:20:07,930 --> 00:20:12,530
+afternoon. That's not a sentence of course. And
+
+284
+00:20:12,530 --> 00:20:17,410
+how to fix it? It's the sun very bright. Very
+
+285
+00:20:17,410 --> 00:20:19,490
+nice. It's the sun very nice in the form of a
+
+286
+00:20:19,490 --> 00:20:24,930
+question or you can say it is very bright in the
+
+287
+00:20:24,930 --> 00:20:28,630
+afternoon. Okay. All right. Number four. Takes a
+
+288
+00:20:28,630 --> 00:20:34,210
+nap for two or three hours. Takes a nap for two or
+
+289
+00:20:34,210 --> 00:20:37,670
+three hours. Yes please. She takes a nap for two
+
+290
+00:20:37,670 --> 00:20:40,390
+hours. Yes, she takes a nap for, so the subject
+
+291
+00:20:40,390 --> 00:20:47,170
+has to be included here. So she, Margaret takes a
+
+292
+00:20:47,170 --> 00:20:49,830
+nap, Ahmed takes a nap for two or three hours,
+
+293
+00:20:50,010 --> 00:20:52,950
+John takes a nap for, my father takes a nap for
+
+294
+00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:56,750
+two or three hours a day and so on. Alright? Let's
+
+295
+00:20:56,750 --> 00:20:57,690
+see number five.
+
+296
+00:21:03,780 --> 00:21:07,480
+comes with this. She, Oda, Salma, Ahmed, my sister
+
+297
+00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:11,960
+eats. So the subject here, she eats rice. All
+
+298
+00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:15,920
+right. Let's see number six. There are flowers in
+
+299
+00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,680
+the market. There are flowers in the market. Yes,
+
+300
+00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:25,240
+please. Very nice. There are flowers in the
+
+301
+00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:28,080
+market. There were flowers in the market. There
+
+302
+00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,260
+will be flowers in the market. So we have to
+
+303
+00:21:31,260 --> 00:21:35,940
+include the verb here there are for example
+
+304
+00:21:35,940 --> 00:21:40,460
+flowers in the market all right let's see number
+
+305
+00:21:40,460 --> 00:21:44,540
+seven for example the increase in the cost of
+
+306
+00:21:44,540 --> 00:21:49,020
+living clearly it is not a sentence because none
+
+307
+00:21:49,020 --> 00:21:51,920
+of the three conditions are met here there is no
+
+308
+00:21:51,920 --> 00:21:55,470
+subject there is no verb And the meaning is not
+
+309
+00:21:55,470 --> 00:21:58,170
+really, doesn't get through. It's not clear.
+
+310
+00:21:58,610 --> 00:22:02,170
+Alright? How can we rewrite the sentence in order
+
+311
+00:22:02,170 --> 00:22:06,330
+to make it a meaningful sentence? Rewrite it to
+
+312
+00:22:06,330 --> 00:22:09,950
+make it a meaningful sentence. For example, the
+
+313
+00:22:09,950 --> 00:22:13,390
+coast and the, sorry, the increase in the cost of
+
+314
+00:22:13,390 --> 00:22:17,280
+living. How can you fix it? Please. We can say the
+
+315
+00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:20,160
+increase in the cost of living is becoming higher.
+
+316
+00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:25,640
+Very nice. Is becoming higher. So all of this is
+
+317
+00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:32,100
+becomes a subject to the verb is becoming higher.
+
+318
+00:22:33,980 --> 00:22:38,470
+Okay. Now, we added a verb to this phrase to make
+
+319
+00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:41,350
+it, to change it into a sentence. For example, the
+
+320
+00:22:41,350 --> 00:22:46,130
+increase in the cost of living is making life or
+
+321
+00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:49,590
+is becoming higher or makes life difficult,
+
+322
+00:22:49,870 --> 00:22:53,150
+alright? Or anything like that. Or we can say the
+
+323
+00:22:53,150 --> 00:22:57,030
+increase is in the cost of living.
+
+324
+00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:04,820
+Let's see number eight. Having no money and being
+
+325
+00:23:04,820 --> 00:23:11,300
+lonely in the city. Is having a verb? Not a verb.
+
+326
+00:23:11,930 --> 00:23:15,030
+Something that we call it not a finite verb. Okay.
+
+327
+00:23:15,050 --> 00:23:17,450
+But we'll talk about this later. All right. So it
+
+328
+00:23:17,450 --> 00:23:20,430
+is not a verb in the sense that we know there is
+
+329
+00:23:20,430 --> 00:23:24,570
+no subject verb relationship. Okay. So how can we
+
+330
+00:23:24,570 --> 00:23:28,630
+change it into a grammatically and a grammatically
+
+331
+00:23:28,630 --> 00:23:32,810
+meaningful sentence? Yes, please. She is having no
+
+332
+00:23:32,810 --> 00:23:36,350
+money. Very nice. That is right. She's having no
+
+333
+00:23:36,350 --> 00:23:40,840
+money and is lonely in the city. Alright? Or you
+
+334
+00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:45,980
+can say, she's having, she's having no money and
+
+335
+00:23:45,980 --> 00:23:50,220
+is lonely in the city. Another way is we can say,
+
+336
+00:23:50,860 --> 00:23:54,120
+yes please. It's very difficult. Make having as a
+
+337
+00:23:54,120 --> 00:23:57,920
+subject. Very nice. Having no money in the city,
+
+338
+00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:04,900
+having no money and being lonely in the city made
+
+339
+00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:11,220
+him made his life terrible okay made his life very
+
+340
+00:24:11,220 --> 00:24:15,800
+bad for example alright so let's see number eight
+
+341
+00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:18,980
+having no money and being lonely in the city
+
+342
+00:24:18,980 --> 00:24:24,180
+clearly it is not a sentence how can we fix it?
+
+343
+00:24:25,120 --> 00:24:28,920
+again she is having no money and is lonely in the
+
+344
+00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:32,280
+city or we can say having no money and being
+
+345
+00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:34,180
+lonely in the city made
+
+346
+00:24:41,270 --> 00:24:46,930
+made him depressed very nice made him depressed
+
+347
+00:24:46,930 --> 00:24:53,330
+okay made him so now we have a subject verb
+
+348
+00:24:53,330 --> 00:24:56,710
+relationship having no money and being lonely in
+
+349
+00:24:56,710 --> 00:24:59,190
+the city is the subject all of this is a subject
+
+350
+00:24:59,190 --> 00:25:03,530
+to the verb made so subject verb relationship and
+
+351
+00:25:03,530 --> 00:25:10,240
+there is a complete idea number nine because some
+
+352
+00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:14,900
+students have part-time jobs. Again, this is not a
+
+353
+00:25:14,900 --> 00:25:17,220
+sentence. Yes, we have a subject some students and
+
+354
+00:25:17,220 --> 00:25:20,420
+a verb have, but because there is because in the
+
+355
+00:25:20,420 --> 00:25:24,920
+sentence, it makes it dependent on something. It
+
+356
+00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:27,640
+makes it incomplete. That is to say, we have to
+
+357
+00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:30,860
+add something to this to make it a complete
+
+358
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:34,660
+sentence. So, yes, Iman. They can't concentrate on
+
+359
+00:25:34,660 --> 00:25:37,380
+their studies. Very nice. Because some students
+
+360
+00:25:37,380 --> 00:25:42,050
+have part-time jobs, they cannot concentrate on
+
+361
+00:25:42,050 --> 00:25:50,750
+their studies. They can't 
+
+362
+00:25:50,750 --> 00:25:56,690
+concentrate on 
+
+363
+00:25:56,690 --> 00:25:59,350
+their studies.
+
+364
+00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:05,640
+now it becomes a complete sentence or we can say
+
+365
+00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,160
+because some students have part-time jobs they
+
+366
+00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:12,040
+don't often get high grades or high marks okay
+
+367
+00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:16,980
+let's see number 10 some people are polite full
+
+368
+00:26:16,980 --> 00:26:21,880
+stop my neighbor for example what is the problem
+
+369
+00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:26,210
+here Where is the problem here? Is it the first
+
+370
+00:26:26,210 --> 00:26:29,190
+part or the second part? Really it is the second
+
+371
+00:26:29,190 --> 00:26:32,570
+part because this is no problem here. My some
+
+372
+00:26:32,570 --> 00:26:35,590
+people are polite. The second part is it treated
+
+373
+00:26:35,590 --> 00:26:39,190
+as a sentence, but it is not. How can we fix it?
+
+374
+00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:44,350
+Yes, please. My neighbor, for example, one of
+
+375
+00:26:44,350 --> 00:26:48,700
+them. Very nice. My neighbor is one of them, for
+
+376
+00:26:48,700 --> 00:26:52,260
+example. For example, my neighbor is one of them.
+
+377
+00:26:52,500 --> 00:26:58,340
+Okay. So the second part is my neighbor is one of
+
+378
+00:26:58,340 --> 00:27:04,960
+them, for example, or we can say, for example, my
+
+379
+00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:08,520
+neighbor is one of them. So just my neighbor by
+
+380
+00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:12,800
+itself is not a sentence. So we have to add a verb
+
+381
+00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:18,230
+and a complete idea to it let's see number 11 we
+
+382
+00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:23,190
+all ran inside for a stop because it was very cold
+
+383
+00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:28,750
+where's the problem here first or second part the
+
+384
+00:27:28,750 --> 00:27:34,030
+second part because we all it was very cold it is
+
+385
+00:27:34,030 --> 00:27:38,330
+not a complete idea how can we fix it very easy we
+
+386
+00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:42,600
+just say we all ran inside Just remove the full
+
+387
+00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:47,240
+stop and add it to the rest of the sentence. So,
+
+388
+00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:50,840
+we all ran inside because it was very cold. Is
+
+389
+00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:54,060
+that right? Yes, as simple as that. Because just
+
+390
+00:27:54,060 --> 00:27:58,540
+remove the full stop and add or join the two parts
+
+391
+00:27:58,540 --> 00:28:02,680
+together to form a sentence. Okay? So, we all ran
+
+392
+00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:07,180
+inside because it was very cold. Alright? Let's
+
+393
+00:28:07,180 --> 00:28:11,160
+see the last one. As I was listening to the radio.
+
+394
+00:28:12,490 --> 00:28:16,410
+As I was listening to the radio, again, not a
+
+395
+00:28:16,410 --> 00:28:19,850
+complete idea. How can we fix it? How can we fix
+
+396
+00:28:19,850 --> 00:28:24,950
+it? Yes, please. My father came. My father came.
+
+397
+00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:27,870
+Alright, another answer. Very nice. Yes, please.
+
+398
+00:28:27,890 --> 00:28:31,110
+The telephone rang. The telephone rang. What else?
+
+399
+00:28:31,690 --> 00:28:35,830
+Yes, please. My mother was cooking. So the idea
+
+400
+00:28:35,830 --> 00:28:40,250
+here is to add something to complete the meaning.
+
+401
+00:28:40,590 --> 00:28:44,890
+Another way is just to remove the as, this
+
+402
+00:28:44,890 --> 00:28:49,670
+subordinator. Alright? Because if we add as or why
+
+403
+00:28:49,670 --> 00:28:52,930
+or because it makes the sentence say something we
+
+404
+00:28:52,930 --> 00:28:56,490
+call dependent clause, subordinate clause. That is
+
+405
+00:28:56,490 --> 00:29:00,090
+to say not a complete idea. So we can say I was
+
+406
+00:29:00,090 --> 00:29:04,800
+listening to the radio. Okay? As simple as that.
+
+407
+00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:08,000
+Okay? Alright. Alright. Now, what I'd like you to
+
+408
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,280
+do is trust to write two sentences. Any two
+
+409
+00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:14,780
+sentences that you can think of. Alright? Alright?
+
+410
+00:29:14,940 --> 00:29:18,300
+Right now. Yes, please. Just write two sentences
+
+411
+00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:20,660
+that come to your mind. Just remember these three
+
+412
+00:29:20,660 --> 00:29:
+
+445
+00:32:47,510 --> 00:32:53,770
+read it and fix the problems in this sentence.
+
+446
+00:32:55,110 --> 00:32:55,710
+Okay?
+
+447
+00:34:04,170 --> 00:34:12,290
+Alright, let's see. Yes, please. Problem? No
+
+448
+00:34:12,290 --> 00:34:16,250
+problem. Very nice. He is never on time to
+
+449
+00:34:16,250 --> 00:34:20,070
+anything. He is never on time to anything. So the
+
+450
+00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:24,430
+verb is missing. He is never on time to anything.
+
+451
+00:34:24,830 --> 00:34:26,990
+Yes, please. He arrives ten minutes late. And
+
+452
+00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,190
+again, arrives ten minutes late. He arrives ten
+
+453
+00:34:30,190 --> 00:34:33,410
+minutes late. He arrives
+
+454
+00:34:39,840 --> 00:34:52,620
+Larry always has an excuse
+
+455
+00:34:52,620 --> 00:34:56,740
+What
+
+456
+00:34:56,740 --> 00:35:02,250
+he says? I missed the bus. My alarm clock didn't
+
+457
+00:35:02,250 --> 00:35:02,550
+ring.
+
+458
+00:35:05,310 --> 00:35:08,790
+My watch stopped. My mother telephoned me just as
+
+459
+00:35:08,790 --> 00:35:16,690
+I was leaving. Okay. Next. Next. Uses each excuse
+
+460
+00:35:16,690 --> 00:35:22,450
+at least twice a week. He uses. Right? Yes. So the
+
+461
+00:35:22,450 --> 00:35:29,780
+subject here is missing. He uses He uses each
+
+462
+00:35:29,780 --> 00:35:34,740
+excuse at least twice a week. I know them all. Who
+
+463
+00:35:34,740 --> 00:35:35,500
+would like to continue?
+
+464
+00:35:39,380 --> 00:35:42,520
+Yes, please. Whenever Larry rushes in 10 minutes
+
+465
+00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:46,220
+late, of course, and starts to say, sorry I'm
+
+466
+00:35:46,220 --> 00:35:51,240
+late, but I, or sorry I'm late, but my, or sorry
+
+467
+00:35:51,240 --> 00:35:54,540
+I'm late, but my mother, I can't finish the
+
+468
+00:35:54,540 --> 00:35:57,880
+sentence for him. Problem? No problem in the
+
+469
+00:35:57,880 --> 00:36:00,920
+sentence structure. What about the next one? There
+
+470
+00:36:00,920 --> 00:36:06,340
+is bad habit not a problem for me any longer. Very
+
+471
+00:36:06,340 --> 00:36:10,540
+nice. There is bad habit is not a problem for me
+
+472
+00:36:10,540 --> 00:36:17,200
+any longer. Is not a problem for me any longer. If
+
+473
+00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,790
+the movie at seven. Yes please. If the movie is at
+
+474
+00:36:21,790 --> 00:36:24,750
+seven, I tell Larry it starts at six forty-five.
+
+475
+00:36:24,810 --> 00:36:27,710
+Fairness. Fairness. If the movie is at seven or if
+
+476
+00:36:27,710 --> 00:36:30,870
+the movie starts at seven, I tell Larry it starts
+
+477
+00:36:30,870 --> 00:36:35,890
+at six forty-five. So here the verb is missing. If
+
+478
+00:36:35,890 --> 00:36:41,290
+the movie starts at seven, I tell Larry it starts
+
+479
+00:36:41,290 --> 00:36:47,080
+at six forty-five. Then he early. Then he comes
+
+480
+00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:51,040
+early, then he arrives early. Okay? So again, then
+
+481
+00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:55,940
+he arrives and he comes early. Alright? So in this
+
+482
+00:36:55,940 --> 00:36:58,160
+paragraph, there were a few sentences that were
+
+483
+00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:02,640
+lacking subjects or verbs. And you have to always
+
+484
+00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:05,980
+be attentive to this in our writing. Just to make
+
+485
+00:37:05,980 --> 00:37:08,820
+sure that every sentence we write must have a
+
+486
+00:37:08,820 --> 00:37:13,090
+subject and a verb and a complete idea. Alright? A
+
+487
+00:37:13,090 --> 00:37:15,730
+second and last exercise for today's class,
+
+488
+00:37:15,890 --> 00:37:19,610
+alright? The second paragraph in your book on page
+
+489
+00:37:19,610 --> 00:37:24,350
+15, My Neighbors, okay? What we have to do here is
+
+490
+00:37:24,350 --> 00:37:28,890
+just to punctuate this paragraph, to add capital
+
+491
+00:37:28,890 --> 00:37:32,910
+letters and false tops where necessary. Yes
+
+492
+00:37:32,910 --> 00:37:33,170
+please.
+
+493
+00:38:20,970 --> 00:38:21,870
+It's cold outside.
+
+494
+00:39:09,590 --> 00:39:13,310
+Are we finished? Yes? Yes, it shouldn't be a
+
+495
+00:39:13,310 --> 00:39:16,150
+difficult one to do. Alright, who would like to
+
+496
+00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:19,610
+start? Yes, please. A young couple from India
+
+497
+00:39:19,610 --> 00:39:24,710
+lives next door to me, comma. Full stop, not a
+
+498
+00:39:24,710 --> 00:39:27,590
+comma. Alright, so a young, it has to be a capital
+
+499
+00:39:27,590 --> 00:39:30,970
+letter. A young couple from India lives next door
+
+500
+00:39:30,970 --> 00:39:34,610
+to me. Full stop. The sentence finished here
+
+501
+00:39:34,610 --> 00:39:36,510
+because the idea finished here.
+
+502
+00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:45,500
+The husband's name is Aja. Full stop. The wife's
+
+503
+00:39:45,500 --> 00:39:52,340
+name is Anjou. Full stop. Everyone calls her
+
+504
+00:39:52,340 --> 00:39:58,780
+Anjou. Full stop. Yes. Capital letter for they.
+
+505
+00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:03,720
+They have a young son and are expecting their
+
+506
+00:40:03,720 --> 00:40:06,780
+second child in a few weeks. Full stop.
+
+507
+00:40:09,980 --> 00:40:13,380
+They hope to have a girl this time. Full stop.
+
+508
+00:40:13,940 --> 00:40:16,440
+They hope to have a girl this time. Full stop.
+
+509
+00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:24,700
+Both Ajay and Anjou have good jobs. Yes, full stop.
+
+510
+00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:31,740
+He is an executive in in a computer company, full
+
+511
+00:40:31,740 --> 00:40:37,720
+stop. She is a computer programmer and works in
+
+512
+00:40:37,720 --> 00:40:42,400
+our local hospital, full stop. And Anjou is a
+
+513
+00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:47,280
+wonderful cook. Alright, very nice. She cooks
+
+514
+00:40:47,280 --> 00:40:53,300
+mostly Indian food, full stop. They sometimes
+
+515
+00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:57,950
+invite neighbors on weekend for a potluck For a
+
+516
+00:40:57,950 --> 00:41:01,370
+potluck. For a stop. For a stop. Capital letter.
+
+517
+00:41:01,650 --> 00:41:05,810
+Yes, capital letter W is capitalized. All bring
+
+518
+00:41:05,810 --> 00:41:08,770
+something to share. All bring something to share.
+
+519
+00:41:08,950 --> 00:41:09,450
+All bring something to share. For a stop. For a
+
+520
+00:41:09,450 --> 00:41:13,470
+stop. It is fun to live next door to Ajay and
+
+521
+00:41:13,770 --> 00:41:17,830
+Anjou. Full stop. Great. Okay, so here we have
+
+522
+00:41:17,830 --> 00:41:22,830
+a perfectly punctuated sentence okay so this is
+
+523
+00:41:22,830 --> 00:41:25,190
+again just to recap what we talked about today
+
+524
+00:41:25,190 --> 00:41:27,790
+every sentence whenever you write think about
+
+525
+00:41:27,790 --> 00:41:32,310
+these three requirements a subject, a verb and
+
+526
+00:41:32,310 --> 00:41:36,950
+must it must express express a complete idea okay
+
+527
+00:41:36,950 --> 00:41:39,430
+for next time what I'd like you to do is to start
+
+528
+00:41:39,430 --> 00:41:42,850
+writing and I'd like you to write something about
+
+529
+00:41:42,850 --> 00:41:48,690
+the benefits of the
+
+530
+00:41:51,890 --> 00:41:56,150
+internet okay just an easy topic that everyone can
+
+531
+00:41:56,150 --> 00:41:59,310
+write about just write a paragraph a kind of
+
+532
+00:41:59,310 --> 00:42:04,270
+writing a paragraph about this topic the benefits
+
+533
+00:42:04,270 --> 00:42:08,530
+of the internet all right all right in the form
+
+534
+00:42:08,530 --> 00:42:12,310
+about 15 lines or something like this and we'll
+
+535
+00:42:12,310 --> 00:42:15,030
+see you next time inshallah thank you very much
+
+536
+00:42:15,420 --> 00:42:19,180
+for being very attentive and active and inshallah
+
+537
+00:42:19,180 --> 00:42:21,100
+we'll see you next time inshallah. Thank you very
+
+538
+00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:21,320
+much.

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/VenE2yPUqWI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1992 @@
+1
+00:00:20,860 --> 00:00:23,220
+As-salamu alaykum. Good morning, how are you
+
+2
+00:00:23,220 --> 00:00:26,080
+today? Very good, very good. I hope you had the
+
+3
+00:00:26,080 --> 00:00:30,580
+chance to go over chapter 4 which discusses
+
+4
+00:00:30,580 --> 00:00:35,440
+descriptive writing and today we're going to talk
+
+5
+00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:37,840
+about descriptive writing. What is descriptive
+
+6
+00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:38,380
+writing?
+
+7
+00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:46,400
+type of paragraph writing that we are dealing,
+
+8
+00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:49,440
+we're going to deal with in this semester. We have
+
+9
+00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,560
+other types such as comparison, contrast, cause
+
+10
+00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:55,760
+and effect and other types. Descriptive writing is
+
+11
+00:00:55,760 --> 00:00:59,780
+a kind of writing in which we try to describe
+
+12
+00:00:59,780 --> 00:01:03,280
+something or someone or some place or some idea
+
+13
+00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:07,480
+and so on. So the most important thing about
+
+14
+00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:10,840
+descriptive writing is that it includes And you
+
+15
+00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:14,080
+should, whenever you write descriptively, write
+
+16
+00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:18,400
+how the writer feels. How the writer feels, the
+
+17
+00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,320
+writer's own impressions, the writer's own
+
+18
+00:01:21,320 --> 00:01:25,300
+attitudes and position on feelings on something.
+
+19
+00:01:25,700 --> 00:01:27,760
+And the most important thing also about
+
+20
+00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,140
+descriptive writing is that you try to create
+
+21
+00:01:31,140 --> 00:01:34,240
+something called a sensory image. A sensory image.
+
+22
+00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:38,680
+And this means that You try to create a picture in
+
+23
+00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:42,280
+words. So you try to draw that picture through
+
+24
+00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:45,940
+using your descriptions or through using your
+
+25
+00:01:45,940 --> 00:01:49,780
+words. So this is the idea of descriptive writing.
+
+26
+00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:51,340
+And this is the most important thing about
+
+27
+00:01:51,340 --> 00:01:53,760
+descriptive writing, trying to create that sensory
+
+28
+00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:58,390
+image in the reader's mind, what that place looks
+
+29
+00:01:58,390 --> 00:02:02,190
+like, what that place would smell like, what that
+
+30
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:05,690
+place would feel like to be there and so on and so
+
+31
+00:02:05,690 --> 00:02:07,870
+forth. So this is what we want to emphasize today
+
+32
+00:02:07,870 --> 00:02:11,030
+is about that sensory image or that picture in
+
+33
+00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:16,150
+words, okay? So descriptive writing actually lets
+
+34
+00:02:16,150 --> 00:02:22,170
+the reader taste, feel, see, smell, hear,
+
+35
+00:02:25,170 --> 00:02:29,070
+are describing the place and so and so on. So, the
+
+36
+00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:30,870
+idea about descriptive writing is that a
+
+37
+00:02:30,870 --> 00:02:35,690
+successful description usually uses vivid, very
+
+38
+00:02:35,690 --> 00:02:38,770
+lively, in other words, very lively, very vivid
+
+39
+00:02:38,770 --> 00:02:43,030
+descriptions, very vivid vocabulary, and we'll see
+
+40
+00:02:43,030 --> 00:02:46,370
+in a minute, including some colorful adjectives.
+
+41
+00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:51,320
+as well as a lot of descriptive details. So now,
+
+42
+00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:55,560
+in descriptive writing, we are generally or can be
+
+43
+00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:59,100
+divided into three types. Description of a place,
+
+44
+00:02:59,220 --> 00:03:01,220
+and we will look at this later, next time,
+
+45
+00:03:01,340 --> 00:03:04,340
+inshallah. Then description of a person,
+
+46
+00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:08,520
+description of a place, and description of
+
+47
+00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:11,820
+anything or any experience that someone had.
+
+48
+00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:16,210
+Alright? So now, What is, what we mean by
+
+49
+00:03:16,210 --> 00:03:18,910
+descriptive writing or something called imagery?
+
+50
+00:03:19,450 --> 00:03:22,510
+Imagery is that, what I just said, is that trying
+
+51
+00:03:22,510 --> 00:03:26,650
+in your writing to create a picture in words. For
+
+52
+00:03:26,650 --> 00:03:29,270
+example, it's the use, in other words, it's the
+
+53
+00:03:29,270 --> 00:03:34,040
+use of words.to create images or mental picture
+
+54
+00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:37,940
+for the reader. So imagery helps you picture,
+
+55
+00:03:38,340 --> 00:03:42,600
+imagine, how you, how something, someplace works
+
+56
+00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:46,600
+or sounds or smells or tastes or feels and so on
+
+57
+00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:51,410
+and so forth. So if we want to classify the
+
+58
+00:03:51,410 --> 00:03:56,130
+senses, we can describe how something looks like
+
+59
+00:03:56,130 --> 00:03:59,990
+and how something sounds like, how a place would
+
+60
+00:03:59,990 --> 00:04:05,690
+smell like and how a place or a thing feels like
+
+61
+00:04:05,690 --> 00:04:08,950
+and so on. So we try to appeal in other words to
+
+62
+00:04:08,950 --> 00:04:12,110
+the readers different senses, senses of sight,
+
+63
+00:04:12,450 --> 00:04:14,670
+senses of hearing, of smelling, of touching and
+
+64
+00:04:14,670 --> 00:04:18,190
+feeling and so on. Let's just do this very quick.
+
+65
+00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:23,540
+activity and classify these adjectives according
+
+66
+00:04:23,540 --> 00:04:27,440
+to the senses they appeal to, to the senses they
+
+67
+00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:31,340
+can be classified under. Let's look at them. Blue.
+
+68
+00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:34,900
+What do you think? Blue. It's generally blue.
+
+69
+00:04:35,980 --> 00:04:42,790
+Alright?Dry, generally feel, okay? And sometimes,
+
+70
+00:04:43,590 --> 00:04:47,750
+look, the desert really looks dry, okay? Is that
+
+71
+00:04:47,750 --> 00:04:53,370
+right? Yes. Excited, feel. Feel, generally, some
+
+72
+00:04:53,370 --> 00:04:57,580
+feel. And sometimes, Sounds. Is that right? Yes.
+
+73
+00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,580
+She sounded exciting. This place sounds very
+
+74
+00:05:00,580 --> 00:05:03,580
+exciting. The event and so on. So sometimes it can
+
+75
+00:05:03,580 --> 00:05:07,280
+describe an exciting feeling and exciting sound.
+
+76
+00:05:08,140 --> 00:05:12,840
+Fragrant. Smell. Okay. Very nice smell. Fragrant.
+
+77
+00:05:13,220 --> 00:05:18,820
+So it is with smell. Very nice smell. Dark. Look.
+
+78
+00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:23,500
+Generally look. But sometimes feel. It's about the
+
+79
+00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:24,260
+feeling. Okay.
+
+80
+00:05:27,230 --> 00:05:31,690
+Friendly. Feel. Friendly. He's Germanic. Feel. Or
+
+81
+00:05:31,690 --> 00:05:35,050
+sound. Sound friendly. Is it right? Yes. She
+
+82
+00:05:35,050 --> 00:05:37,690
+sounded very friendly. He sounded very friendly.
+
+83
+00:05:38,410 --> 00:05:44,370
+Green. Look. Humid. Feel. Feel. Yes. Generally
+
+84
+00:05:44,370 --> 00:05:50,330
+feels. The weather feels humid. Okay. Loud. Sound.
+
+85
+00:05:50,910 --> 00:05:53,990
+Fresh. Feel. Feel. Yes.
+
+86
+00:05:57,630 --> 00:06:02,170
+And so on. She looked very fresh or he looked very
+
+87
+00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:09,930
+fresh. Music. Relaxed. Generally a feeling. Sharp
+
+88
+00:06:09,930 --> 00:06:14,690
+looks. If we're describing how a person looks, she
+
+89
+00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:17,990
+looks very sharp, he looks very sharp and so on.
+
+90
+00:06:18,210 --> 00:06:18,650
+Quiet.
+
+91
+00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:25,920
+Sound, generally local, but I would classify it
+
+92
+00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:29,680
+and generally sound, okay? Sound is very quiet
+
+93
+00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,140
+here, not very relaxed, very quiet here, okay?
+
+94
+00:06:33,980 --> 00:06:38,980
+Boring, just feeling of boredom, of feeling boring
+
+95
+00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:43,540
+or bored. Soft, touching and feeling, okay? Feel
+
+96
+00:06:43,540 --> 00:06:46,460
+can sometimes feel touching and sometimes it's
+
+97
+00:06:46,460 --> 00:06:49,460
+just a human feeling, an emotional thing, okay? So
+
+98
+00:06:49,460 --> 00:06:53,950
+it can go both. What is action? Spicy? Spicy.
+
+99
+00:06:54,390 --> 00:07:02,070
+Smells. Smells spicy. Sweet. Smells. And looks
+
+100
+00:07:02,070 --> 00:07:07,270
+sweet. Okay? Or feels sweet. Warm. It's also a
+
+101
+00:07:07,270 --> 00:07:11,590
+feeling and also looking. Alright? And thundering.
+
+102
+00:07:12,030 --> 00:07:15,310
+Sound of thunder and rain and lightning and so on.
+
+103
+00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:18,810
+So it's thundering. A thundering speech for
+
+104
+00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:23,980
+example. Okay? Very loud. Very So generally when
+
+105
+00:07:23,980 --> 00:07:27,520
+I'm using adjectives, I should make use or allow
+
+106
+00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:31,820
+use of these colorful adjectives, okay? Because
+
+107
+00:07:31,820 --> 00:07:34,380
+they add color to your writing. They make your
+
+108
+00:07:34,380 --> 00:07:37,760
+writing interesting. They make your descriptive.
+
+109
+00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:40,880
+You are creating with these adjectives and these
+
+110
+00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:45,200
+descriptive words a picture in words, so we should
+
+111
+00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,320
+be very much attentive to this, alright? Let's
+
+112
+00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:50,480
+look at this example very quickly, read it very
+
+113
+00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:54,020
+quickly and see how these words in red, I
+
+114
+00:07:54,020 --> 00:07:57,100
+highlighted them in red so that you notice how a
+
+115
+00:07:57,100 --> 00:08:00,100
+descriptive paragraph should look like and how we
+
+116
+00:08:00,100 --> 00:08:03,640
+use language, how we use vocabulary, how we use
+
+117
+00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:08,000
+adjectives and nouns and verbs to Add color to
+
+118
+00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,420
+create that picture in verse to this paragraph. A
+
+119
+00:08:12,420 --> 00:08:16,460
+beach in Hawaii is like a paradise. Notice the
+
+120
+00:08:16,460 --> 00:08:19,380
+simile here. A beach in Hawaii is like a paradise.
+
+121
+00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:24,200
+To start with, the beach smells fresh like a new
+
+122
+00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:27,620
+ocean air freshener. Notice the simile here.
+
+123
+00:08:27,930 --> 00:08:32,930
+Alright? The sand is so hot. Adjective. Okay? That
+
+124
+00:08:32,930 --> 00:08:35,750
+when you walk on it after the sea, you feel like
+
+125
+00:08:35,750 --> 00:08:39,430
+you walk on a burning grill. Okay? Not far from
+
+126
+00:08:39,430 --> 00:08:43,250
+the shore, you can see the palm trees. Okay? They
+
+127
+00:08:43,250 --> 00:08:48,810
+sway in the earth. Sway, move in the earth from
+
+128
+00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:53,010
+the strong wind. Okay? You can see the navy blue
+
+129
+00:08:53,010 --> 00:08:57,260
+ocean. Everyday, people are laughing and playing
+
+130
+00:08:57,260 --> 00:09:01,800
+on the burning sound, very hot sand. And others
+
+131
+00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:06,440
+are relaxing on the beach, sunbathing. At night,
+
+132
+00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:10,020
+you can only hear the waves of the ocean and the
+
+133
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,020
+light wind, not the strong wind, the light wind
+
+134
+00:09:13,020 --> 00:09:17,560
+which comes from the huge palm trees. To sum up,
+
+135
+00:09:17,660 --> 00:09:21,490
+this beach is an amazing place. for a perfect
+
+136
+00:09:21,490 --> 00:09:24,670
+summer holiday. So this is a very nice, very
+
+137
+00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,830
+beautiful picture of what it is like to spend a
+
+138
+00:09:27,830 --> 00:09:32,150
+vacation on the beach in Hawaii. Notice all the
+
+139
+00:09:32,150 --> 00:09:35,130
+adjectives and the words here. Fresh like a new
+
+140
+00:09:35,130 --> 00:09:39,470
+ocean air, fresh enough. You look like you work on
+
+141
+00:09:39,470 --> 00:09:42,970
+a burning grill for example. laughing and playing,
+
+142
+00:09:43,570 --> 00:09:47,290
+sway in the earth, the strong wind, the burning
+
+143
+00:09:47,290 --> 00:09:50,190
+sand and so on. So this is very colorful language.
+
+144
+00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:54,950
+Very vivid and very lively kind of descriptions to
+
+145
+00:09:54,950 --> 00:09:57,910
+a place you feel like you want to go there. Yes.
+
+146
+00:09:57,990 --> 00:09:59,870
+Is that right? Yes, yes. It's very nice, very
+
+147
+00:09:59,870 --> 00:10:03,450
+beautifully sounded, very beautifully written kind
+
+148
+00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:05,730
+of writing. And this is what I'd like you to do.
+
+149
+00:10:05,930 --> 00:10:08,770
+Try to be imaginative, all right? To bring in all
+
+150
+00:10:08,770 --> 00:10:12,170
+these details and all this these colorful language
+
+151
+00:10:12,170 --> 00:10:17,530
+colorful adjectives into your writing okay now
+
+152
+00:10:17,530 --> 00:10:21,610
+let's read this paragraph and this is an activity
+
+153
+00:10:21,610 --> 00:10:26,090
+and try to see what sort of adjectives that are
+
+154
+00:10:26,090 --> 00:10:30,010
+used and what senses they appeal to all right like
+
+155
+00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,670
+what we did in the classification of the
+
+156
+00:10:32,670 --> 00:10:38,200
+adjectives into different senses okay adjectives
+
+157
+00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:41,760
+for this type. The peach is the perfect word,
+
+158
+00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:47,300
+perfect. It just evokes this idea of this is the
+
+159
+00:10:47,300 --> 00:10:50,860
+best place I could ever think of going to, for
+
+160
+00:10:50,860 --> 00:10:54,380
+instance. Yes, very good. For instance, I'll just
+
+161
+00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:56,880
+give you one minute just to quickly read it and
+
+162
+00:10:56,880 --> 00:11:01,200
+take notes of these colorful adjectives that are
+
+163
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:02,880
+used in this paragraph.
+
+164
+00:11:18,730 --> 00:11:20,770
+It's okay. It's okay.
+
+165
+00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:26,250
+All right, let's see. Yes, please. The air is hot.
+
+166
+00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:32,750
+Very nice. But the water is cool and fresh. Very
+
+167
+00:12:32,750 --> 00:12:38,470
+nice. Okay, anything else? I enjoy swimming and
+
+168
+00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:41,110
+surfing. Okay, so we have swimming and surfing.
+
+169
+00:12:41,530 --> 00:12:44,430
+Just imagine what people are doing and what I
+
+170
+00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:47,710
+would like to do. Enjoy swimming and surfing. When
+
+171
+00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:53,070
+I am tired.I come and lie on the beach. Yes, the
+
+172
+00:12:53,070 --> 00:12:55,430
+idea of coming and lying on the beach is also
+
+173
+00:12:55,430 --> 00:12:59,490
+another image that we can think of. Yes please.
+
+174
+00:13:00,210 --> 00:13:06,270
+The sand is soft and white. Yes, the sand is soft
+
+175
+00:13:06,270 --> 00:13:12,020
+and white. And the peach is noisy now. This is
+
+176
+00:13:12,020 --> 00:13:16,600
+feeling and looking, is that right? And this is
+
+177
+00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:22,720
+noisy with seagulls and children laughing. This is
+
+178
+00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:26,460
+appealing to your hearing, okay? To your hearing
+
+179
+00:13:26,460 --> 00:13:31,050
+sense, okay? But it is a pleasant sound. No, it's
+
+180
+00:13:31,050 --> 00:13:33,850
+not a bad noise, not a very... So it is a
+
+181
+00:13:33,850 --> 00:13:37,870
+pleasant, it's a nice noise, okay? I even like
+
+182
+00:13:37,870 --> 00:13:41,910
+the... Now it appeals to your sense of smelling.
+
+183
+00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:47,140
+Now the peach looks or is... I like the... Beach
+
+184
+00:13:47,140 --> 00:13:53,180
+smells. The earth smells salty. The earth smells
+
+185
+00:13:53,180 --> 00:14:00,120
+salty from the sea. I feel relaxed and peaceful.
+
+186
+00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:02,580
+When I want to relax in summer, this is the
+
+187
+00:14:02,580 --> 00:14:07,180
+conclusion. I generally go to the beach. So what
+
+188
+00:14:07,180 --> 00:14:10,240
+we did here is that we appealed to different
+
+189
+00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:15,340
+senses. Smelling, touching, looking, feeling and
+
+190
+00:14:15,340 --> 00:14:18,620
+so and so on. So this is what good descriptive
+
+191
+00:14:18,620 --> 00:14:21,700
+writing, descriptive paragraph writing should be
+
+192
+00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:27,600
+looking like or should read. Okay, now we just
+
+193
+00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:35,940
+talked about, hold on a sec. We talked about
+
+194
+00:14:35,940 --> 00:14:39,360
+colorful or using colorful adjectives and trying
+
+195
+00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:44,100
+to create that picture in words. There is a second
+
+196
+00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:49,100
+thing that we have to use in order to write a very
+
+197
+00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:51,620
+good description, very good descriptive writing
+
+198
+00:14:51,620 --> 00:14:55,960
+which is adding specific details because like I
+
+199
+00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:59,360
+just said you want to create a picture in words so
+
+200
+00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:04,030
+what you need to do is to and as many details as
+
+201
+00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:07,730
+possible in order to give the reader an idea, a
+
+202
+00:15:07,730 --> 00:15:10,930
+very clear idea, a very detailed idea about what
+
+203
+00:15:10,930 --> 00:15:15,610
+it is like to be or to see this place or and so
+
+204
+00:15:15,610 --> 00:15:20,750
+on. Let's look at these examples. I bought a car.
+
+205
+00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:30,010
+We heard a noise. Suddenly I smelled food. And I
+
+206
+00:15:30,010 --> 00:15:33,430
+bought some furniture. What do you notice about
+
+207
+00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:38,090
+these four sentences? It's teacher. Yes please.
+
+208
+00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:40,110
+It's a general language. It's general language.
+
+209
+00:15:40,210 --> 00:15:42,490
+Very nice. It's general language. Does it give
+
+210
+00:15:42,490 --> 00:15:45,410
+them, do they give any description? No. Do they
+
+211
+00:15:45,410 --> 00:15:48,850
+give you any idea about what is this car like? No.
+
+212
+00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,670
+Does it give you what is this noise? Is it good
+
+213
+00:15:51,670 --> 00:15:54,770
+noise? Bad noise? And so on. Where about the food?
+
+214
+00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:57,110
+What kind of food? What kind of smell? So they are
+
+215
+00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:59,070
+not really detailed. They are not really
+
+216
+00:15:59,070 --> 00:16:02,390
+descriptive. They are more general language that
+
+217
+00:16:02,390 --> 00:16:06,230
+they don't give much an idea about what it is that
+
+218
+00:16:06,230 --> 00:16:09,830
+you are talking about. Yes. On the other hand, if
+
+219
+00:16:09,830 --> 00:16:14,070
+we compare this sentence, I bought a car with, I
+
+220
+00:16:14,070 --> 00:16:18,430
+bought a 2005 Japanese Toyota. Is it clean now?
+
+221
+00:16:18,590 --> 00:16:21,430
+Yes. Definitely. We know what the car is like. We
+
+222
+00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:25,610
+know the age of the car. The make of the car and
+
+223
+00:16:25,610 --> 00:16:29,150
+so on. So it is a 2000, so it's kind of new. It's
+
+224
+00:16:29,150 --> 00:16:31,530
+a Japanese car, not an American car or European
+
+225
+00:16:31,530 --> 00:16:34,290
+car. And it's a Toyota, so we can imagine what
+
+226
+00:16:34,290 --> 00:16:39,110
+should the car look like. So this is a more
+
+227
+00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:44,980
+specific detail. We heard a noise. What about this
+
+228
+00:16:44,980 --> 00:16:50,220
+one? We heard the sound of breaking glass. Now it
+
+229
+00:16:50,220 --> 00:16:53,020
+is more specific, more detailed. Now we can
+
+230
+00:16:53,020 --> 00:16:57,060
+imagine what that noise is like. It's more
+
+231
+00:16:57,060 --> 00:17:00,200
+breaking glass. So something serious happened or
+
+232
+00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,180
+someone dropped something and so on and so forth.
+
+233
+00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:07,750
+Suddenly, I smelled food. Whereas suddenly I
+
+234
+00:17:07,750 --> 00:17:12,250
+smelled steak and fried onions. Is it clear now?
+
+235
+00:17:12,370 --> 00:17:15,970
+Yes. Clearly because we added some specific detail
+
+236
+00:17:15,970 --> 00:17:18,970
+to give an idea about that smell. It's a nice
+
+237
+00:17:18,970 --> 00:17:23,090
+smell of course. Okay? I bought some furniture.
+
+238
+00:17:23,470 --> 00:17:26,390
+Let's look at this one. I bought a wooden chair
+
+239
+00:17:26,390 --> 00:17:31,630
+and some utensils. Okay? So this is again a more
+
+240
+00:17:31,630 --> 00:17:35,950
+descriptive detail than rather than using the
+
+241
+00:17:35,950 --> 00:17:38,970
+general language. So the second important idea
+
+242
+00:17:38,970 --> 00:17:43,530
+about descriptive writing is always add specific
+
+243
+00:17:43,530 --> 00:17:46,030
+details, as many specific details as possible.
+
+244
+00:17:46,360 --> 00:17:49,080
+Because again you want to create that picture in
+
+245
+00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:53,900
+words. Let's do this activity, okay? We want to
+
+246
+00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:58,140
+change the underlined segments here and there in
+
+247
+00:17:58,140 --> 00:18:01,500
+each sentence with something more specific. Is
+
+248
+00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:04,720
+that clear? Yes. Alright, so let's say Maria found
+
+249
+00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:07,760
+some jewelry in the backyard. Mary, my friend,
+
+250
+00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:12,040
+bought me, bought me a book for my birthday and so
+
+251
+00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:15,440
+on. Change them into something more specific. Give
+
+252
+00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:18,540
+more specific details in other words to these
+
+253
+00:18:18,540 --> 00:18:21,240
+underlined sigmas in each sentence.
+
+254
+00:18:36,870 --> 00:18:38,810
+I'm going to start with this one. I'm going to
+
+255
+00:18:38,810 --> 00:18:39,650
+start with this one.
+
+256
+00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:09,360
+She's here. She's here. She's here.
+
+257
+00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:14,540
+She's here. She's here.
+
+258
+00:19:44,620 --> 00:19:45,300
+Oh, thank you.
+
+259
+00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:20,240
+Okay. Okay.
+
+260
+00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:25,940
+Okay.
+
+261
+00:20:29,980 --> 00:20:31,380
+Okay.
+
+262
+00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:08,710
+All right, let's see. Maria found some jewelry in
+
+263
+00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:10,970
+the backyard. Now, some jewelry is not really
+
+264
+00:21:10,970 --> 00:21:13,830
+specific. It's more of a general term, a general
+
+265
+00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:16,670
+word. Yes, how did you answer it please? Maria
+
+266
+00:21:16,670 --> 00:21:20,250
+found a beautiful ring in the backyard. Very nice.
+
+267
+00:21:20,350 --> 00:21:24,170
+Maria found a beautiful ring in the backyard. Is
+
+268
+00:21:24,170 --> 00:21:25,690
+there another answer? Yes, please.
+
+269
+00:21:29,810 --> 00:21:34,990
+okay for example a diamond necklace and yes we
+
+270
+00:21:34,990 --> 00:21:44,910
+could say a gold ring and a diamond necklace
+
+271
+00:21:44,910 --> 00:21:52,210
+in the backyard all right May found a gold ring
+
+272
+00:21:52,210 --> 00:21:55,650
+and a diamond necklace and she's lucky actually my
+
+273
+00:21:55,650 --> 00:21:57,030
+friend bought me a
+
+274
+00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,840
+A scientific book. A scientific book. Very nice.
+
+275
+00:22:03,980 --> 00:22:06,320
+It's very nice. Another answer? A Jane Austen
+
+276
+00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,260
+novel. A Jane Austen. Very nice. A Jane Austen
+
+277
+00:22:09,260 --> 00:22:12,920
+novel for my birthday. Yes, please. A book about
+
+278
+00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,380
+vesicles in grammar. Very nice. A book on grammar
+
+279
+00:22:16,380 --> 00:22:22,960
+in vesicles in grammar. Very nice. Or?Okay, a
+
+280
+00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:25,700
+collection of Shakespeare's writings or
+
+281
+00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:29,700
+Shakespeare's plays for example. Bought me a
+
+282
+00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:34,740
+Shakespeare or a collection. Alright. Or you can
+
+283
+00:22:34,740 --> 00:22:41,960
+say a book on linguistics for example. My
+
+284
+00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,280
+favorite. Okay. A book on linguistics for mine.
+
+285
+00:22:45,740 --> 00:22:48,080
+Birthday, alright? Let's see the third one. My
+
+286
+00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:52,240
+father enjoyed making things. What things? What
+
+287
+00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:53,340
+things? Yes please.
+
+288
+00:22:56,450 --> 00:23:00,170
+Vaness likes cleaning his car in the morning. This
+
+289
+00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:03,090
+is something that is enjoyable I bet. Yes, please.
+
+290
+00:23:03,490 --> 00:23:06,370
+My father enjoys making hot chocolate and cake.
+
+291
+00:23:06,550 --> 00:23:09,250
+Vaness, hot chocolate, he's a nice, he's a good
+
+292
+00:23:09,250 --> 00:23:13,230
+father, okay? Hot chocolate and cake, hopefully
+
+293
+00:23:13,230 --> 00:23:15,330
+not in the morning. Okay, yes please. My father
+
+294
+00:23:15,330 --> 00:23:18,100
+enjoys teaching English to children. My father
+
+295
+00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:21,020
+enjoyed teaching his children. Very nice. Yes,
+
+296
+00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:23,060
+yes. And my father enjoyed watching the news.
+
+297
+00:23:23,360 --> 00:23:25,760
+Watching the news. I don't know if he's enjoying
+
+298
+00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:28,380
+that or not, but this is nothing happy even about
+
+299
+00:23:28,380 --> 00:23:32,160
+the news. Okay. So my father enjoyed making, let's
+
+300
+00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:39,080
+say, wooden, wooden, for example, chairs, okay?
+
+301
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:44,260
+And tables, okay? Or we can say artifacts. Or
+
+302
+00:23:44,260 --> 00:23:50,630
+wooden chairs. Okay, alright. Alright, we always
+
+303
+00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:54,710
+have vegetables with dinner. Vegetables is a very
+
+304
+00:23:54,710 --> 00:23:57,690
+general word. How can you change it into a
+
+305
+00:23:57,690 --> 00:24:00,990
+specific word? Yes, please. We always have
+
+306
+00:24:00,990 --> 00:24:03,490
+cucumber and tomato with dinner. Very nice. We
+
+307
+00:24:03,490 --> 00:24:06,930
+always have cucumber and tomatoes with dinner.
+
+308
+00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:10,950
+Yes. We always have a dish of salad. Okay, we
+
+309
+00:24:10,950 --> 00:24:14,550
+always have Caesar, you know, a dish of salad. We
+
+310
+00:24:14,550 --> 00:24:18,410
+always have salad with With dinner. Very nice. Or
+
+311
+00:24:18,410 --> 00:24:26,890
+we can say we always have lettuce and cucumber and
+
+312
+00:24:26,890 --> 00:24:30,890
+carrots with dinner. Very nice. In the picture,
+
+313
+00:24:31,050 --> 00:24:33,830
+the person is holding something. What is that
+
+314
+00:24:33,830 --> 00:24:37,350
+thing? What is that thing? Yes, please. In the
+
+315
+00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:39,830
+picture, the person is holding his mobile. Is
+
+316
+00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:45,310
+holding his mobile. Very nice. Or? Copy. Is a copy
+
+317
+00:24:45,310 --> 00:24:51,360
+or? Okay, I cannot actually hear you. Yes, please.
+
+318
+00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:57,460
+He is holding roses. Very nice. A small piece of
+
+319
+00:24:57,460 --> 00:25:00,060
+paper. A small piece of paper. We can say in the
+
+320
+00:25:00,060 --> 00:25:04,960
+picture the person is holding a knife or a gun.
+
+321
+00:25:05,540 --> 00:25:15,820
+Okay? He and Anne hold fire of his family. Okay?
+
+322
+00:25:16,610 --> 00:25:21,770
+Now, it is clear, okay? My room looked out over
+
+323
+00:25:21,770 --> 00:25:25,470
+some nice views. What do we mean by nice views?
+
+324
+00:25:25,590 --> 00:25:30,170
+It's rather general. Yes, please. The valleys over
+
+325
+00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:33,830
+my garden. We need to describe it. What is that?
+
+326
+00:25:33,910 --> 00:25:37,890
+Which is full of trees, plants, roses, flowers,
+
+327
+00:25:38,090 --> 00:25:40,090
+and so on. Yes, please. The sea and mountains.
+
+328
+00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:44,620
+over the sea, over the beach and some hilly areas
+
+329
+00:25:44,620 --> 00:25:47,880
+for example. We can say our room looked over some
+
+330
+00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:55,300
+nice trees. Okay. We can say palm trees since we
+
+331
+00:25:55,300 --> 00:26:00,580
+are in the Middle East. Palm trees and grass.
+
+332
+00:26:04,180 --> 00:26:07,840
+All right, some palm trees, some trees, and olive
+
+333
+00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:11,900
+trees, and so on, or over the beach, okay? All
+
+334
+00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:14,540
+right, so this is what we mean by using
+
+335
+00:26:14,540 --> 00:26:18,300
+descriptive detail. Now it is much better now for
+
+336
+00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:24,160
+the reader to imagine what it's like to see this
+
+337
+00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:29,480
+place, to be in this place, and so on, okay? Also,
+
+338
+00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:31,860
+another activity. Now, the same thing. We're going
+
+339
+00:26:31,860 --> 00:26:36,030
+to read this paragraph. There are five words here
+
+340
+00:26:36,030 --> 00:26:39,810
+in this paragraph that are rather general and we
+
+341
+00:26:39,810 --> 00:26:46,310
+want to write them in specific details. For
+
+342
+00:26:46,310 --> 00:26:48,030
+example, you see just the first sentence, I'll
+
+343
+00:26:48,030 --> 00:26:51,950
+give you a chance to do the rest of the paragraph.
+
+344
+00:26:52,330 --> 00:26:56,650
+When I left my hometown, my relative gave me a
+
+345
+00:26:56,650 --> 00:26:59,630
+special box. There are at least two things that
+
+346
+00:26:59,630 --> 00:27:04,240
+are rather general. When I left my hometown, We
+
+347
+00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:06,420
+can say instead of my hometown, it could be when I
+
+348
+00:27:06,420 --> 00:27:10,840
+left Gaza, okay? When I left Gaza, for example. My
+
+349
+00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:16,700
+relative, my cousin, my aunt, my uncle, alright?
+
+350
+00:27:16,860 --> 00:27:21,240
+My relative. Give me a special box, okay? Alright,
+
+351
+00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,560
+we can add some details, but okay? Alright, a
+
+352
+00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:26,320
+special box, this is fine because we don't
+
+353
+00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:29,540
+describe that box here. Now, continue reading, try
+
+354
+00:27:29,540 --> 00:27:32,620
+to find a rather general language. or general
+
+355
+00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:35,840
+words and change them into something more
+
+356
+00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:37,460
+specific. Yes please.
+
+357
+00:27:42,820 --> 00:27:46,340
+Treasures, valuable things, valuable things.
+
+358
+00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:24,040
+Thank you so much.
+
+359
+00:30:09,030 --> 00:30:13,450
+Alright, let's see. She said, I could use the box
+
+360
+00:30:13,450 --> 00:30:16,930
+to keep my special treasures. Now special
+
+361
+00:30:16,930 --> 00:30:19,930
+treasures is rather general. What do you mean by,
+
+362
+00:30:20,130 --> 00:30:22,310
+how did you write it please? My toy collections.
+
+363
+00:30:22,630 --> 00:30:25,630
+My toy collections, very nice. Or it could be my
+
+364
+00:30:25,630 --> 00:30:28,970
+jewelry. Jewelry. Okay, my old followers for
+
+365
+00:30:28,970 --> 00:30:31,370
+example. Alright, so special treasures could be
+
+366
+00:30:31,370 --> 00:30:38,170
+something like my third followers and jewelry.
+
+367
+00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:43,510
+Alright, now it is clear. What do we mean by my
+
+368
+00:30:43,510 --> 00:30:46,810
+special treasures? The box was made of a special
+
+369
+00:30:46,810 --> 00:30:55,110
+material. The box was made of wood or metal or
+
+370
+00:30:55,110 --> 00:31:01,390
+plastic or whatever. So it was made of wood and it
+
+371
+00:31:01,390 --> 00:31:07,550
+was painted a bright color. It was painted white,
+
+372
+00:31:08,330 --> 00:31:14,590
+yellow, red, brown, bright. So we could say blue
+
+373
+00:31:14,590 --> 00:31:19,970
+or pink. So it was painted pink. Because it's
+
+374
+00:31:19,970 --> 00:31:23,030
+rather a bright color, not a dark color. Okay?
+
+375
+00:31:24,050 --> 00:31:27,610
+When I opened it, the box, it played a pretty
+
+376
+00:31:27,610 --> 00:31:33,540
+song.It played what? Yes please. A classic song or
+
+377
+00:31:33,540 --> 00:31:39,660
+a romantic song or fairness. It was, it played a
+
+378
+00:31:39,660 --> 00:31:47,110
+classic music for example or song. Okay, or some
+
+379
+00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:51,250
+music song, okay? I kept this box on my dresser
+
+380
+00:31:51,250 --> 00:31:57,150
+and used it to store my things. My jewelry,
+
+381
+00:31:57,670 --> 00:32:04,790
+my offers, my diary, my and so on. So my offers
+
+382
+00:32:04,790 --> 00:32:09,230
+and jewelry.
+
+383
+00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:16,000
+Unfortunately, I lost my beautiful box when I
+
+384
+00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,640
+moved to a different city. When I moved to
+
+385
+00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:23,560
+Guatemala, to Cairo, to London, to New York and so
+
+386
+00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:27,120
+on. So a different city, okay? But I will always
+
+387
+00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:31,740
+remember it and my relative, my cousin, my uncle,
+
+388
+00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:36,260
+my aunt who gave it to me. So now this reads much
+
+389
+00:32:36,260 --> 00:32:39,160
+better because we added more and more specific
+
+390
+00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:47,430
+detail to this paragraph. Alright? Okay. Now,
+
+391
+00:32:47,550 --> 00:32:50,190
+let's do this writing activity and we'll finish
+
+392
+00:32:50,190 --> 00:32:53,910
+the class well. We're going to write a topic
+
+393
+00:32:53,910 --> 00:33:00,630
+sentence and some details to this paragraph on a
+
+394
+00:33:00,630 --> 00:33:04,170
+horrible hotel that I've been to. Let's notice.
+
+395
+00:33:04,610 --> 00:33:07,690
+I'm going to write a topic sentence. And then just
+
+396
+00:33:07,690 --> 00:33:11,470
+read the paragraph here, some details. First, the
+
+397
+00:33:11,470 --> 00:33:17,550
+rooms are small, dark and dirty. There is no air
+
+398
+00:33:17,550 --> 00:33:21,410
+conditioning in summer, so the rooms are very hot.
+
+399
+00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,910
+Because there is no heating, the rooms are cold,
+
+400
+00:33:25,010 --> 00:33:29,080
+especially air. Second, now I'd like you to give
+
+401
+00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:33,040
+some more details on why this hotel you stay at
+
+402
+00:33:33,040 --> 00:33:38,040
+supposedly is very bad or was very bad. And
+
+403
+00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:41,580
+finally the conclusion, that is why I want to warn
+
+404
+00:33:41,580 --> 00:33:46,560
+you not to stay in that hotel. Alright? So try to
+
+405
+00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,140
+write a topic sentence here and give me some
+
+406
+00:33:49,140 --> 00:33:51,840
+detail, maybe two sentences to detail some other
+
+407
+00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:56,050
+things that you especially didn't like. about
+
+408
+00:33:56,050 --> 00:34:00,170
+staying in that hotel. You could talk about room
+
+409
+00:34:00,170 --> 00:34:03,110
+service, you could talk about location and so on.
+
+410
+00:34:19,250 --> 00:34:19,870
+Thank you.
+
+411
+00:34:25,050 --> 00:34:31,670
+Thank you.
+
+412
+00:34:42,590 --> 00:34:43,250
+Thank you.
+
+413
+00:35:26,790 --> 00:35:28,190
+Okay.
+
+414
+00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,920
+Just try to focus on this, okay? And let me just
+
+415
+00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:17,920
+try to introduce myself.
+
+416
+00:37:50,380 --> 00:37:52,040
+I don't know if it's because I'm nervous or
+
+417
+00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:53,600
+because I'm not ready to do it
+
+418
+00:39:25,180 --> 00:39:29,840
+Alright, let's see. Alright, let's see what you
+
+419
+00:39:29,840 --> 00:39:32,020
+actually wrote for this to complete this
+
+420
+00:39:32,020 --> 00:39:33,940
+paragraph. Let's just get some examples of what
+
+421
+00:39:33,940 --> 00:39:36,200
+you're writing. Yes, please. A topic sentence
+
+422
+00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:36,820
+would be?
+
+423
+00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:44,180
+When I visited Cairo last summer, I visited or I
+
+424
+00:39:44,180 --> 00:39:47,620
+stayed in a very bad or very horrible hotel. Nice
+
+425
+00:39:47,620 --> 00:39:50,060
+topic sentence, alright? Very nice. In a previous
+
+426
+00:39:50,060 --> 00:39:53,120
+summer, I stayed in a horrible hotel and I regret
+
+427
+00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:55,740
+very much because of many reasons. And I regretted
+
+428
+00:39:55,740 --> 00:40:00,740
+it very much for a number of reasons. Very nice.
+
+429
+00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:04,200
+Yes, please. When I go to visit my sister in
+
+430
+00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:06,580
+general with my favorite friends, we go to a
+
+431
+00:40:06,580 --> 00:40:11,070
+famous restaurant. We went to a very bad hotel, a
+
+432
+00:40:11,070 --> 00:40:16,990
+very terrible hotel and finally there
+
+433
+00:40:16,990 --> 00:40:21,790
+were very bad things that I had in staying in that
+
+434
+00:40:21,790 --> 00:40:23,990
+hotel. But what I'd like you to do is just to give
+
+435
+00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:27,050
+a name for that hotel, okay? That would be better,
+
+436
+00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:29,580
+okay? All right, for example, let's see some
+
+437
+00:40:29,580 --> 00:40:32,180
+examples of your classmates writing that they just
+
+438
+00:40:32,180 --> 00:40:36,940
+did now. Staying in this hotel was the worst thing
+
+439
+00:40:36,940 --> 00:40:40,800
+that I ever did. Very nice, very nice topic
+
+440
+00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:44,480
+sentence. Let's see a second example. I went to a
+
+441
+00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:48,680
+very bad hotel last summer, which is a fine topic
+
+442
+00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:51,420
+sentence, although I prefer to give a name like I
+
+443
+00:40:51,420 --> 00:40:57,620
+just said to that hotel. We could say staying in
+
+444
+00:40:58,650 --> 00:41:05,210
+Let's give it just a name. In Amman's hotel.
+
+445
+00:41:07,170 --> 00:41:12,470
+The Egyptians will be very angry with us. Staying
+
+446
+00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:20,650
+in Amman's hotel was the worst experience I ever
+
+447
+00:41:20,650 --> 00:41:25,610
+had. Worst experience or was the worst thing I
+
+448
+00:41:25,610 --> 00:41:26,970
+ever experienced.
+
+449
+00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:37,580
+Second,
+
+450
+00:41:47,680 --> 00:41:50,760
+the food is so bad and unhealthy, it has no taste
+
+451
+00:41:50,760 --> 00:41:54,120
+and no smell, so I had to buy my food from inside.
+
+452
+00:41:57,770 --> 00:42:00,910
+It has a bad location which is near a factory, so
+
+453
+00:42:00,910 --> 00:42:03,550
+I'm always suffering from horribleness. Okay,
+
+454
+00:42:03,650 --> 00:42:06,010
+horribleness, okay, and there was always loud
+
+455
+00:42:06,010 --> 00:42:10,190
+noise, loud, unbearable noise. Remember the
+
+456
+00:42:10,190 --> 00:42:15,810
+adjectives? Loud, unbearable noise that was very
+
+457
+00:42:15,810 --> 00:42:18,650
+annoying. Very nice, yes please, Iman. The
+
+458
+00:42:18,650 --> 00:42:21,770
+location is very bad that near the hotel is a big
+
+459
+00:42:21,770 --> 00:42:24,870
+issue and the people cannot come to the hotel and
+
+460
+00:42:24,870 --> 00:42:30,270
+with it it's very terrible to .. it's .. of the
+
+461
+00:42:30,270 --> 00:42:35,250
+hotel you can see the hospital beside the .. the
+
+462
+00:42:35,250 --> 00:42:35,610
+hotel.
+
+463
+00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:43,830
+Boring. It was very boring. Yes, please. The
+
+464
+00:42:43,830 --> 00:42:46,530
+location of the hotel is so bad with dusty air and
+
+465
+00:42:46,530 --> 00:42:49,270
+water pollution and there is no electricity. And
+
+466
+00:42:49,270 --> 00:42:51,750
+there was no electricity. That must be in Gaza.
+
+467
+00:42:52,450 --> 00:42:55,690
+Alright. Let's see just an example here. The room
+
+468
+00:42:55,690 --> 00:43:03,030
+services were very bad. Alright. Full stop. They
+
+469
+00:43:03,030 --> 00:43:07,230
+didn't clean the room and take the plates to the
+
+470
+00:43:07,230 --> 00:43:09,350
+washing machine, to the laundry. We call it the
+
+471
+00:43:09,350 --> 00:43:15,170
+laundry. Okay. Also, they did not provide food.
+
+472
+00:43:15,590 --> 00:43:20,230
+Okay. They were careless and lazy. Very nice
+
+473
+00:43:20,230 --> 00:43:22,590
+sentence. I could just finish by writing this,
+
+474
+00:43:22,890 --> 00:43:29,590
+these two sentences. For example, room service was
+
+475
+00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:37,040
+was unprofessional, was
+
+476
+00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:43,080
+unprofessional, okay, and improvise
+
+477
+00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:46,420
+and rule, let's say, and ruled.
+
+478
+00:43:49,580 --> 00:43:51,100
+In addition,
+
+479
+00:43:55,860 --> 00:44:07,730
+the food, okay, tastedtasted really bad to the
+
+480
+00:44:07,730 --> 00:44:17,810
+extent of so just to make sure so I had to buy my
+
+481
+00:44:17,810 --> 00:44:28,290
+meals from a nearby supermarket
+
+482
+00:44:28,290 --> 00:44:30,910
+for example a nearby super
+
+483
+00:44:34,790 --> 00:44:37,070
+We could add some details, but because of short of
+
+484
+00:44:37,070 --> 00:44:40,870
+time, this should be enough. For example, room
+
+485
+00:44:40,870 --> 00:44:47,790
+service was unprofessional and really rude. In
+
+486
+00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:53,110
+addition, the food served tasted really bad, so I
+
+487
+00:44:53,110 --> 00:44:56,350
+had to buy my meals or my food from a nearby
+
+488
+00:44:56,350 --> 00:45:01,130
+location or nearby supermarket. That's why I want
+
+489
+00:45:01,130 --> 00:45:05,300
+you not to stay in that hotel alright so just to
+
+490
+00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:07,940
+sum up what we've been talking about in this class
+
+491
+00:45:07,940 --> 00:45:11,680
+descriptive writing is a very kind or common type
+
+492
+00:45:11,680 --> 00:45:14,560
+of academic writing what you need to do in your
+
+493
+00:45:14,560 --> 00:45:18,360
+descriptions always make you sure that you use
+
+494
+00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:23,100
+colorful details colorful adjectives in addition
+
+495
+00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:27,770
+to using as many specific details as possible.
+
+496
+00:45:28,070 --> 00:45:30,450
+We'll continue talking about this topic inshallah
+
+497
+00:45:30,450 --> 00:45:34,010
+next time till then see you and take care thank
+
+498
+00:45:34,010 --> 00:45:34,190
+you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/VenE2yPUqWI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1992 @@
+1
+00:00:20,860 --> 00:00:23,220
+As-salamu alaykum. Good morning, how are you
+
+2
+00:00:23,220 --> 00:00:26,080
+today? Very good, very good. I hope you had the
+
+3
+00:00:26,080 --> 00:00:30,580
+chance to go over chapter 4 which discusses
+
+4
+00:00:30,580 --> 00:00:35,440
+descriptive writing and today we're going to talk
+
+5
+00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:37,840
+about descriptive writing. What is descriptive
+
+6
+00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:38,380
+writing?
+
+7
+00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:46,400
+type of paragraph writing that we are dealing,
+
+8
+00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:49,440
+we're going to deal with in this semester. We have
+
+9
+00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,560
+other types such as comparison, contrast, cause
+
+10
+00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:55,760
+and effect and other types. Descriptive writing is
+
+11
+00:00:55,760 --> 00:00:59,780
+a kind of writing in which we try to describe
+
+12
+00:00:59,780 --> 00:01:03,280
+something or someone or some place or some idea
+
+13
+00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:07,480
+and so on. So the most important thing about
+
+14
+00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:10,840
+descriptive writing is that it includes And you
+
+15
+00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:14,080
+should, whenever you write descriptively, write
+
+16
+00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:18,400
+how the writer feels. How the writer feels, the
+
+17
+00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,320
+writer's own impressions, the writer's own
+
+18
+00:01:21,320 --> 00:01:25,300
+attitudes and position on feelings on something.
+
+19
+00:01:25,700 --> 00:01:27,760
+And the most important thing also about
+
+20
+00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,140
+descriptive writing is that you try to create
+
+21
+00:01:31,140 --> 00:01:34,240
+something called a sensory image. A sensory image.
+
+22
+00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:38,680
+And this means that You try to create a picture in
+
+23
+00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:42,280
+words. So you try to draw that picture through
+
+24
+00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:45,940
+using your descriptions or through using your
+
+25
+00:01:45,940 --> 00:01:49,780
+words. So this is the idea of descriptive writing.
+
+26
+00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:51,340
+And this is the most important thing about
+
+27
+00:01:51,340 --> 00:01:53,760
+descriptive writing, trying to create that sensory
+
+28
+00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:58,390
+image in the reader's mind, what that place looks
+
+29
+00:01:58,390 --> 00:02:02,190
+like, what that place would smell like, what that
+
+30
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:05,690
+place would feel like to be there and so on and so
+
+31
+00:02:05,690 --> 00:02:07,870
+forth. So this is what we want to emphasize today
+
+32
+00:02:07,870 --> 00:02:11,030
+is about that sensory image or that picture in
+
+33
+00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:16,150
+words, okay? So descriptive writing actually lets
+
+34
+00:02:16,150 --> 00:02:22,170
+the reader taste, feel, see, smell, hear,
+
+35
+00:02:25,170 --> 00:02:29,070
+are describing the place and so and so on. So, the
+
+36
+00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:30,870
+idea about descriptive writing is that a
+
+37
+00:02:30,870 --> 00:02:35,690
+successful description usually uses vivid, very
+
+38
+00:02:35,690 --> 00:02:38,770
+lively, in other words, very lively, very vivid
+
+39
+00:02:38,770 --> 00:02:43,030
+descriptions, very vivid vocabulary, and we'll see
+
+40
+00:02:43,030 --> 00:02:46,370
+in a minute, including some colorful adjectives.
+
+41
+00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:51,320
+as well as a lot of descriptive details. So now,
+
+42
+00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:55,560
+in descriptive writing, we are generally or can be
+
+43
+00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:59,100
+divided into three types. Description of a place,
+
+44
+00:02:59,220 --> 00:03:01,220
+and we will look at this later, next time,
+
+45
+00:03:01,340 --> 00:03:04,340
+inshallah. Then description of a person,
+
+46
+00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:08,520
+description of a place, and description of
+
+47
+00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:11,820
+anything or any experience that someone had.
+
+48
+00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:16,210
+Alright? So now, What is, what we mean by
+
+49
+00:03:16,210 --> 00:03:18,910
+descriptive writing or something called imagery?
+
+50
+00:03:19,450 --> 00:03:22,510
+Imagery is that, what I just said, is that trying
+
+51
+00:03:22,510 --> 00:03:26,650
+in your writing to create a picture in words. For
+
+52
+00:03:26,650 --> 00:03:29,270
+example, it's the use, in other words, it's the
+
+53
+00:03:29,270 --> 00:03:34,040
+use of words.to create images or mental picture
+
+54
+00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:37,940
+for the reader. So imagery helps you picture,
+
+55
+00:03:38,340 --> 00:03:42,600
+imagine, how you, how something, someplace works
+
+56
+00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:46,600
+or sounds or smells or tastes or feels and so on
+
+57
+00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:51,410
+and so forth. So if we want to classify the
+
+58
+00:03:51,410 --> 00:03:56,130
+senses, we can describe how something looks like
+
+59
+00:03:56,130 --> 00:03:59,990
+and how something sounds like, how a place would
+
+60
+00:03:59,990 --> 00:04:05,690
+smell like and how a place or a thing feels like
+
+61
+00:04:05,690 --> 00:04:08,950
+and so on. So we try to appeal in other words to
+
+62
+00:04:08,950 --> 00:04:12,110
+the readers different senses, senses of sight,
+
+63
+00:04:12,450 --> 00:04:14,670
+senses of hearing, of smelling, of touching and
+
+64
+00:04:14,670 --> 00:04:18,190
+feeling and so on. Let's just do this very quick.
+
+65
+00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:23,540
+activity and classify these adjectives according
+
+66
+00:04:23,540 --> 00:04:27,440
+to the senses they appeal to, to the senses they
+
+67
+00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:31,340
+can be classified under. Let's look at them. Blue.
+
+68
+00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:34,900
+What do you think? Blue. It's generally blue.
+
+69
+00:04:35,980 --> 00:04:42,790
+Alright?Dry, generally feel, okay? And sometimes,
+
+70
+00:04:43,590 --> 00:04:47,750
+look, the desert really looks dry, okay? Is that
+
+71
+00:04:47,750 --> 00:04:53,370
+right? Yes. Excited, feel. Feel, generally, some
+
+72
+00:04:53,370 --> 00:04:57,580
+feel. And sometimes, Sounds. Is that right? Yes.
+
+73
+00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,580
+She sounded exciting. This place sounds very
+
+74
+00:05:00,580 --> 00:05:03,580
+exciting. The event and so on. So sometimes it can
+
+75
+00:05:03,580 --> 00:05:07,280
+describe an exciting feeling and exciting sound.
+
+76
+00:05:08,140 --> 00:05:12,840
+Fragrant. Smell. Okay. Very nice smell. Fragrant.
+
+77
+00:05:13,220 --> 00:05:18,820
+So it is with smell. Very nice smell. Dark. Look.
+
+78
+00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:23,500
+Generally look. But sometimes feel. It's about the
+
+79
+00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:24,260
+feeling. Okay.
+
+80
+00:05:27,230 --> 00:05:31,690
+Friendly. Feel. Friendly. He's Germanic. Feel. Or
+
+81
+00:05:31,690 --> 00:05:35,050
+sound. Sound friendly. Is it right? Yes. She
+
+82
+00:05:35,050 --> 00:05:37,690
+sounded very friendly. He sounded very friendly.
+
+83
+00:05:38,410 --> 00:05:44,370
+Green. Look. Humid. Feel. Feel. Yes. Generally
+
+84
+00:05:44,370 --> 00:05:50,330
+feels. The weather feels humid. Okay. Loud. Sound.
+
+85
+00:05:50,910 --> 00:05:53,990
+Fresh. Feel. Feel. Yes.
+
+86
+00:05:57,630 --> 00:06:02,170
+And so on. She looked very fresh or he looked very
+
+87
+00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:09,930
+fresh. Music. Relaxed. Generally a feeling. Sharp
+
+88
+00:06:09,930 --> 00:06:14,690
+looks. If we're describing how a person looks, she
+
+89
+00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:17,990
+looks very sharp, he looks very sharp and so on.
+
+90
+00:06:18,210 --> 00:06:18,650
+Quiet.
+
+91
+00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:25,920
+Sound, generally local, but I would classify it
+
+92
+00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:29,680
+and generally sound, okay? Sound is very quiet
+
+93
+00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,140
+here, not very relaxed, very quiet here, okay?
+
+94
+00:06:33,980 --> 00:06:38,980
+Boring, just feeling of boredom, of feeling boring
+
+95
+00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:43,540
+or bored. Soft, touching and feeling, okay? Feel
+
+96
+00:06:43,540 --> 00:06:46,460
+can sometimes feel touching and sometimes it's
+
+97
+00:06:46,460 --> 00:06:49,460
+just a human feeling, an emotional thing, okay? So
+
+98
+00:06:49,460 --> 00:06:53,950
+it can go both. What is action? Spicy? Spicy.
+
+99
+00:06:54,390 --> 00:07:02,070
+Smells. Smells spicy. Sweet. Smells. And looks
+
+100
+00:07:02,070 --> 00:07:07,270
+sweet. Okay? Or feels sweet. Warm. It's also a
+
+101
+00:07:07,270 --> 00:07:11,590
+feeling and also looking. Alright? And thundering.
+
+102
+00:07:12,030 --> 00:07:15,310
+Sound of thunder and rain and lightning and so on.
+
+103
+00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:18,810
+So it's thundering. A thundering speech for
+
+104
+00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:23,980
+example. Okay? Very loud. Very So generally when
+
+105
+00:07:23,980 --> 00:07:27,520
+I'm using adjectives, I should make use or allow
+
+106
+00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:31,820
+use of these colorful adjectives, okay? Because
+
+107
+00:07:31,820 --> 00:07:34,380
+they add color to your writing. They make your
+
+108
+00:07:34,380 --> 00:07:37,760
+writing interesting. They make your descriptive.
+
+109
+00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:40,880
+You are creating with these adjectives and these
+
+110
+00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:45,200
+descriptive words a picture in words, so we should
+
+111
+00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,320
+be very much attentive to this, alright? Let's
+
+112
+00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:50,480
+look at this example very quickly, read it very
+
+113
+00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:54,020
+quickly and see how these words in red, I
+
+114
+00:07:54,020 --> 00:07:57,100
+highlighted them in red so that you notice how a
+
+115
+00:07:57,100 --> 00:08:00,100
+descriptive paragraph should look like and how we
+
+116
+00:08:00,100 --> 00:08:03,640
+use language, how we use vocabulary, how we use
+
+117
+00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:08,000
+adjectives and nouns and verbs to Add color to
+
+118
+00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,420
+create that picture in verse to this paragraph. A
+
+119
+00:08:12,420 --> 00:08:16,460
+beach in Hawaii is like a paradise. Notice the
+
+120
+00:08:16,460 --> 00:08:19,380
+simile here. A beach in Hawaii is like a paradise.
+
+121
+00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:24,200
+To start with, the beach smells fresh like a new
+
+122
+00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:27,620
+ocean air freshener. Notice the simile here.
+
+123
+00:08:27,930 --> 00:08:32,930
+Alright? The sand is so hot. Adjective. Okay? That
+
+124
+00:08:32,930 --> 00:08:35,750
+when you walk on it after the sea, you feel like
+
+125
+00:08:35,750 --> 00:08:39,430
+you walk on a burning grill. Okay? Not far from
+
+126
+00:08:39,430 --> 00:08:43,250
+the shore, you can see the palm trees. Okay? They
+
+127
+00:08:43,250 --> 00:08:48,810
+sway in the earth. Sway, move in the earth from
+
+128
+00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:53,010
+the strong wind. Okay? You can see the navy blue
+
+129
+00:08:53,010 --> 00:08:57,260
+ocean. Everyday, people are laughing and playing
+
+130
+00:08:57,260 --> 00:09:01,800
+on the burning sound, very hot sand. And others
+
+131
+00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:06,440
+are relaxing on the beach, sunbathing. At night,
+
+132
+00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:10,020
+you can only hear the waves of the ocean and the
+
+133
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,020
+light wind, not the strong wind, the light wind
+
+134
+00:09:13,020 --> 00:09:17,560
+which comes from the huge palm trees. To sum up,
+
+135
+00:09:17,660 --> 00:09:21,490
+this beach is an amazing place. for a perfect
+
+136
+00:09:21,490 --> 00:09:24,670
+summer holiday. So this is a very nice, very
+
+137
+00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,830
+beautiful picture of what it is like to spend a
+
+138
+00:09:27,830 --> 00:09:32,150
+vacation on the beach in Hawaii. Notice all the
+
+139
+00:09:32,150 --> 00:09:35,130
+adjectives and the words here. Fresh like a new
+
+140
+00:09:35,130 --> 00:09:39,470
+ocean air, fresh enough. You look like you work on
+
+141
+00:09:39,470 --> 00:09:42,970
+a burning grill for example. laughing and playing,
+
+142
+00:09:43,570 --> 00:09:47,290
+sway in the earth, the strong wind, the burning
+
+143
+00:09:47,290 --> 00:09:50,190
+sand and so on. So this is very colorful language.
+
+144
+00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:54,950
+Very vivid and very lively kind of descriptions to
+
+145
+00:09:54,950 --> 00:09:57,910
+a place you feel like you want to go there. Yes.
+
+146
+00:09:57,990 --> 00:09:59,870
+Is that right? Yes, yes. It's very nice, very
+
+147
+00:09:59,870 --> 00:10:03,450
+beautifully sounded, very beautifully written kind
+
+148
+00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:05,730
+of writing. And this is what I'd like you to do.
+
+149
+00:10:05,930 --> 00:10:08,770
+Try to be imaginative, all right? To bring in all
+
+150
+00:10:08,770 --> 00:10:12,170
+these details and all this these colorful language
+
+151
+00:10:12,170 --> 00:10:17,530
+colorful adjectives into your writing okay now
+
+152
+00:10:17,530 --> 00:10:21,610
+let's read this paragraph and this is an activity
+
+153
+00:10:21,610 --> 00:10:26,090
+and try to see what sort of adjectives that are
+
+154
+00:10:26,090 --> 00:10:30,010
+used and what senses they appeal to all right like
+
+155
+00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,670
+what we did in the classification of the
+
+156
+00:10:32,670 --> 00:10:38,200
+adjectives into different senses okay adjectives
+
+157
+00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:41,760
+for this type. The peach is the perfect word,
+
+158
+00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:47,300
+perfect. It just evokes this idea of this is the
+
+159
+00:10:47,300 --> 00:10:50,860
+best place I could ever think of going to, for
+
+160
+00:10:50,860 --> 00:10:54,380
+instance. Yes, very good. For instance, I'll just
+
+161
+00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:56,880
+give you one minute just to quickly read it and
+
+162
+00:10:56,880 --> 00:11:01,200
+take notes of these colorful adjectives that are
+
+163
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:02,880
+used in this paragraph.
+
+164
+00:11:18,730 --> 00:11:20,770
+It's okay. It's okay.
+
+165
+00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:26,250
+All right, let's see. Yes, please. The air is hot.
+
+166
+00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:32,750
+Very nice. But the water is cool and fresh. Very
+
+167
+00:12:32,750 --> 00:12:38,470
+nice. Okay, anything else? I enjoy swimming and
+
+168
+00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:41,110
+surfing. Okay, so we have swimming and surfing.
+
+169
+00:12:41,530 --> 00:12:44,430
+Just imagine what people are doing and what I
+
+170
+00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:47,710
+would like to do. Enjoy swimming and surfing. When
+
+171
+00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:53,070
+I am tired.I come and lie on the beach. Yes, the
+
+172
+00:12:53,070 --> 00:12:55,430
+idea of coming and lying on the beach is also
+
+173
+00:12:55,430 --> 00:12:59,490
+another image that we can think of. Yes please.
+
+174
+00:13:00,210 --> 00:13:06,270
+The sand is soft and white. Yes, the sand is soft
+
+175
+00:13:06,270 --> 00:13:12,020
+and white. And the peach is noisy now. This is
+
+176
+00:13:12,020 --> 00:13:16,600
+feeling and looking, is that right? And this is
+
+177
+00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:22,720
+noisy with seagulls and children laughing. This is
+
+178
+00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:26,460
+appealing to your hearing, okay? To your hearing
+
+179
+00:13:26,460 --> 00:13:31,050
+sense, okay? But it is a pleasant sound. No, it's
+
+180
+00:13:31,050 --> 00:13:33,850
+not a bad noise, not a very... So it is a
+
+181
+00:13:33,850 --> 00:13:37,870
+pleasant, it's a nice noise, okay? I even like
+
+182
+00:13:37,870 --> 00:13:41,910
+the... Now it appeals to your sense of smelling.
+
+183
+00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:47,140
+Now the peach looks or is... I like the... Beach
+
+184
+00:13:47,140 --> 00:13:53,180
+smells. The earth smells salty. The earth smells
+
+185
+00:13:53,180 --> 00:14:00,120
+salty from the sea. I feel relaxed and peaceful.
+
+186
+00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:02,580
+When I want to relax in summer, this is the
+
+187
+00:14:02,580 --> 00:14:07,180
+conclusion. I generally go to the beach. So what
+
+188
+00:14:07,180 --> 00:14:10,240
+we did here is that we appealed to different
+
+189
+00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:15,340
+senses. Smelling, touching, looking, feeling and
+
+190
+00:14:15,340 --> 00:14:18,620
+so and so on. So this is what good descriptive
+
+191
+00:14:18,620 --> 00:14:21,700
+writing, descriptive paragraph writing should be
+
+192
+00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:27,600
+looking like or should read. Okay, now we just
+
+193
+00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:35,940
+talked about, hold on a sec. We talked about
+
+194
+00:14:35,940 --> 00:14:39,360
+colorful or using colorful adjectives and trying
+
+195
+00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:44,100
+to create that picture in words. There is a second
+
+196
+00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:49,100
+thing that we have to use in order to write a very
+
+197
+00:14:49,100 --> 00:14:51,620
+good description, very good descriptive writing
+
+198
+00:14:51,620 --> 00:14:55,960
+which is adding specific details because like I
+
+199
+00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:59,360
+just said you want to create a picture in words so
+
+200
+00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:04,030
+what you need to do is to and as many details as
+
+201
+00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:07,730
+possible in order to give the reader an idea, a
+
+202
+00:15:07,730 --> 00:15:10,930
+very clear idea, a very detailed idea about what
+
+203
+00:15:10,930 --> 00:15:15,610
+it is like to be or to see this place or and so
+
+204
+00:15:15,610 --> 00:15:20,750
+on. Let's look at these examples. I bought a car.
+
+205
+00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:30,010
+We heard a noise. Suddenly I smelled food. And I
+
+206
+00:15:30,010 --> 00:15:33,430
+bought some furniture. What do you notice about
+
+207
+00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:38,090
+these four sentences? It's teacher. Yes please.
+
+208
+00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:40,110
+It's a general language. It's general language.
+
+209
+00:15:40,210 --> 00:15:42,490
+Very nice. It's general language. Does it give
+
+210
+00:15:42,490 --> 00:15:45,410
+them, do they give any description? No. Do they
+
+211
+00:15:45,410 --> 00:15:48,850
+give you any idea about what is this car like? No.
+
+212
+00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,670
+Does it give you what is this noise? Is it good
+
+213
+00:15:51,670 --> 00:15:54,770
+noise? Bad noise? And so on. Where about the food?
+
+214
+00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:57,110
+What kind of food? What kind of smell? So they are
+
+215
+00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:59,070
+not really detailed. They are not really
+
+216
+00:15:59,070 --> 00:16:02,390
+descriptive. They are more general language that
+
+217
+00:16:02,390 --> 00:16:06,230
+they don't give much an idea about what it is that
+
+218
+00:16:06,230 --> 00:16:09,830
+you are talking about. Yes. On the other hand, if
+
+219
+00:16:09,830 --> 00:16:14,070
+we compare this sentence, I bought a car with, I
+
+220
+00:16:14,070 --> 00:16:18,430
+bought a 2005 Japanese Toyota. Is it clean now?
+
+221
+00:16:18,590 --> 00:16:21,430
+Yes. Definitely. We know what the car is like. We
+
+222
+00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:25,610
+know the age of the car. The make of the car and
+
+223
+00:16:25,610 --> 00:16:29,150
+so on. So it is a 2000, so it's kind of new. It's
+
+224
+00:16:29,150 --> 00:16:31,530
+a Japanese car, not an American car or European
+
+225
+00:16:31,530 --> 00:16:34,290
+car. And it's a Toyota, so we can imagine what
+
+226
+00:16:34,290 --> 00:16:39,110
+should the car look like. So this is a more
+
+227
+00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:44,980
+specific detail. We heard a noise. What about this
+
+228
+00:16:44,980 --> 00:16:50,220
+one? We heard the sound of breaking glass. Now it
+
+229
+00:16:50,220 --> 00:16:53,020
+is more specific, more detailed. Now we can
+
+230
+00:16:53,020 --> 00:16:57,060
+imagine what that noise is like. It's more
+
+231
+00:16:57,060 --> 00:17:00,200
+breaking glass. So something serious happened or
+
+232
+00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,180
+someone dropped something and so on and so forth.
+
+233
+00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:07,750
+Suddenly, I smelled food. Whereas suddenly I
+
+234
+00:17:07,750 --> 00:17:12,250
+smelled steak and fried onions. Is it clear now?
+
+235
+00:17:12,370 --> 00:17:15,970
+Yes. Clearly because we added some specific detail
+
+236
+00:17:15,970 --> 00:17:18,970
+to give an idea about that smell. It's a nice
+
+237
+00:17:18,970 --> 00:17:23,090
+smell of course. Okay? I bought some furniture.
+
+238
+00:17:23,470 --> 00:17:26,390
+Let's look at this one. I bought a wooden chair
+
+239
+00:17:26,390 --> 00:17:31,630
+and some utensils. Okay? So this is again a more
+
+240
+00:17:31,630 --> 00:17:35,950
+descriptive detail than rather than using the
+
+241
+00:17:35,950 --> 00:17:38,970
+general language. So the second important idea
+
+242
+00:17:38,970 --> 00:17:43,530
+about descriptive writing is always add specific
+
+243
+00:17:43,530 --> 00:17:46,030
+details, as many specific details as possible.
+
+244
+00:17:46,360 --> 00:17:49,080
+Because again you want to create that picture in
+
+245
+00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:53,900
+words. Let's do this activity, okay? We want to
+
+246
+00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:58,140
+change the underlined segments here and there in
+
+247
+00:17:58,140 --> 00:18:01,500
+each sentence with something more specific. Is
+
+248
+00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:04,720
+that clear? Yes. Alright, so let's say Maria found
+
+249
+00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:07,760
+some jewelry in the backyard. Mary, my friend,
+
+250
+00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:12,040
+bought me, bought me a book for my birthday and so
+
+251
+00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:15,440
+on. Change them into something more specific. Give
+
+252
+00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:18,540
+more specific details in other words to these
+
+253
+00:18:18,540 --> 00:18:21,240
+underlined sigmas in each sentence.
+
+254
+00:18:36,870 --> 00:18:38,810
+I'm going to start with this one. I'm going to
+
+255
+00:18:38,810 --> 00:18:39,650
+start with this one.
+
+256
+00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:09,360
+She's here. She's here. She's here.
+
+257
+00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:14,540
+She's here. She's here.
+
+258
+00:19:44,620 --> 00:19:45,300
+Oh, thank you.
+
+259
+00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:20,240
+Okay. Okay.
+
+260
+00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:25,940
+Okay.
+
+261
+00:20:29,980 --> 00:20:31,380
+Okay.
+
+262
+00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:08,710
+All right, let's see. Maria found some jewelry in
+
+263
+00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:10,970
+the backyard. Now, some jewelry is not really
+
+264
+00:21:10,970 --> 00:21:13,830
+specific. It's more of a general term, a general
+
+265
+00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:16,670
+word. Yes, how did you answer it please? Maria
+
+266
+00:21:16,670 --> 00:21:20,250
+found a beautiful ring in the backyard. Very nice.
+
+267
+00:21:20,350 --> 00:21:24,170
+Maria found a beautiful ring in the backyard. Is
+
+268
+00:21:24,170 --> 00:21:25,690
+there another answer? Yes, please.
+
+269
+00:21:29,810 --> 00:21:34,990
+okay for example a diamond necklace and yes we
+
+270
+00:21:34,990 --> 00:21:44,910
+could say a gold ring and a diamond necklace
+
+271
+00:21:44,910 --> 00:21:52,210
+in the backyard all right May found a gold ring
+
+272
+00:21:52,210 --> 00:21:55,650
+and a diamond necklace and she's lucky actually my
+
+273
+00:21:55,650 --> 00:21:57,030
+friend bought me a
+
+274
+00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,840
+A scientific book. A scientific book. Very nice.
+
+275
+00:22:03,980 --> 00:22:06,320
+It's very nice. Another answer? A Jane Austen
+
+276
+00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,260
+novel. A Jane Austen. Very nice. A Jane Austen
+
+277
+00:22:09,260 --> 00:22:12,920
+novel for my birthday. Yes, please. A book about
+
+278
+00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,380
+vesicles in grammar. Very nice. A book on grammar
+
+279
+00:22:16,380 --> 00:22:22,960
+in vesicles in grammar. Very nice. Or?Okay, a
+
+280
+00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:25,700
+collection of Shakespeare's writings or
+
+281
+00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:29,700
+Shakespeare's plays for example. Bought me a
+
+282
+00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:34,740
+Shakespeare or a collection. Alright. Or you can
+
+283
+00:22:34,740 --> 00:22:41,960
+say a book on linguistics for example. My
+
+284
+00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:45,280
+favorite. Okay. A book on linguistics for mine.
+
+285
+00:22:45,740 --> 00:22:48,080
+Birthday, alright? Let's see the third one. My
+
+286
+00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:52,240
+father enjoyed making things. What things? What
+
+287
+00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:53,340
+things? Yes please.
+
+288
+00:22:56,450 --> 00:23:00,170
+Vaness likes cleaning his car in the morning. This
+
+289
+00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:03,090
+is something that is enjoyable I bet. Yes, please.
+
+290
+00:23:03,490 --> 00:23:06,370
+My father enjoys making hot chocolate and cake.
+
+291
+00:23:06,550 --> 00:23:09,250
+Vaness, hot chocolate, he's a nice, he's a good
+
+292
+00:23:09,250 --> 00:23:13,230
+father, okay? Hot chocolate and cake, hopefully
+
+293
+00:23:13,230 --> 00:23:15,330
+not in the morning. Okay, yes please. My father
+
+294
+00:23:15,330 --> 00:23:18,100
+enjoys teaching English to children. My father
+
+295
+00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:21,020
+enjoyed teaching his children. Very nice. Yes,
+
+296
+00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:23,060
+yes. And my father enjoyed watching the news.
+
+297
+00:23:23,360 --> 00:23:25,760
+Watching the news. I don't know if he's enjoying
+
+298
+00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:28,380
+that or not, but this is nothing happy even about
+
+299
+00:23:28,380 --> 00:23:32,160
+the news. Okay. So my father enjoyed making, let's
+
+300
+00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:39,080
+say, wooden, wooden, for example, chairs, okay?
+
+301
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:44,260
+And tables, okay? Or we can say artifacts. Or
+
+302
+00:23:44,260 --> 00:23:50,630
+wooden chairs. Okay, alright. Alright, we always
+
+303
+00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:54,710
+have vegetables with dinner. Vegetables is a very
+
+304
+00:23:54,710 --> 00:23:57,690
+general word. How can you change it into a
+
+305
+00:23:57,690 --> 00:24:00,990
+specific word? Yes, please. We always have
+
+306
+00:24:00,990 --> 00:24:03,490
+cucumber and tomato with dinner. Very nice. We
+
+307
+00:24:03,490 --> 00:24:06,930
+always have cucumber and tomatoes with dinner.
+
+308
+00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:10,950
+Yes. We always have a dish of salad. Okay, we
+
+309
+00:24:10,950 --> 00:24:14,550
+always have Caesar, you know, a dish of salad. We
+
+310
+00:24:14,550 --> 00:24:18,410
+always have salad with With dinner. Very nice. Or
+
+311
+00:24:18,410 --> 00:24:26,890
+we can say we always have lettuce and cucumber and
+
+312
+00:24:26,890 --> 00:24:30,890
+carrots with dinner. Very nice. In the picture,
+
+313
+00:24:31,050 --> 00:24:33,830
+the person is holding something. What is that
+
+314
+00:24:33,830 --> 00:24:37,350
+thing? What is that thing? Yes, please. In the
+
+315
+00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:39,830
+picture, the person is holding his mobile. Is
+
+316
+00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:45,310
+holding his mobile. Very nice. Or? Copy. Is a copy
+
+317
+00:24:45,310 --> 00:24:51,360
+or? Okay, I cannot actually hear you. Yes, please.
+
+318
+00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:57,460
+He is holding roses. Very nice. A small piece of
+
+319
+00:24:57,460 --> 00:25:00,060
+paper. A small piece of paper. We can say in the
+
+320
+00:25:00,060 --> 00:25:04,960
+picture the person is holding a knife or a gun.
+
+321
+00:25:05,540 --> 00:25:15,820
+Okay? He and Anne hold fire of his family. Okay?
+
+322
+00:25:16,610 --> 00:25:21,770
+Now, it is clear, okay? My room looked out over
+
+323
+00:25:21,770 --> 00:25:25,470
+some nice views. What do we mean by nice views?
+
+324
+00:25:25,590 --> 00:25:30,170
+It's rather general. Yes, please. The valleys over
+
+325
+00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:33,830
+my garden. We need to describe it. What is that?
+
+326
+00:25:33,910 --> 00:25:37,890
+Which is full of trees, plants, roses, flowers,
+
+327
+00:25:38,090 --> 00:25:40,090
+and so on. Yes, please. The sea and mountains.
+
+328
+00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:44,620
+over the sea, over the beach and some hilly areas
+
+329
+00:25:44,620 --> 00:25:47,880
+for example. We can say our room looked over some
+
+330
+00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:55,300
+nice trees. Okay. We can say palm trees since we
+
+331
+00:25:55,300 --> 00:26:00,580
+are in the Middle East. Palm trees and grass.
+
+332
+00:26:04,180 --> 00:26:07,840
+All right, some palm trees, some trees, and olive
+
+333
+00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:11,900
+trees, and so on, or over the beach, okay? All
+
+334
+00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:14,540
+right, so this is what we mean by using
+
+335
+00:26:14,540 --> 00:26:18,300
+descriptive detail. Now it is much better now for
+
+336
+00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:24,160
+the reader to imagine what it's like to see this
+
+337
+00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:29,480
+place, to be in this place, and so on, okay? Also,
+
+338
+00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:31,860
+another activity. Now, the same thing. We're going
+
+339
+00:26:31,860 --> 00:26:36,030
+to read this paragraph. There are five words here
+
+340
+00:26:36,030 --> 00:26:39,810
+in this paragraph that are rather general and we
+
+341
+00:26:39,810 --> 00:26:46,310
+want to write them in specific details. For
+
+342
+00:26:46,310 --> 00:26:48,030
+example, you see just the first sentence, I'll
+
+343
+00:26:48,030 --> 00:26:51,950
+give you a chance to do the rest of the paragraph.
+
+344
+00:26:52,330 --> 00:26:56,650
+When I left my hometown, my relative gave me a
+
+345
+00:26:56,650 --> 00:26:59,630
+special box. There are at least two things that
+
+346
+00:26:59,630 --> 00:27:04,240
+are rather general. When I left my hometown, We
+
+347
+00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:06,420
+can say instead of my hometown, it could be when I
+
+348
+00:27:06,420 --> 00:27:10,840
+left Gaza, okay? When I left Gaza, for example. My
+
+349
+00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:16,700
+relative, my cousin, my aunt, my uncle, alright?
+
+350
+00:27:16,860 --> 00:27:21,240
+My relative. Give me a special box, okay? Alright,
+
+351
+00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,560
+we can add some details, but okay? Alright, a
+
+352
+00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:26,320
+special box, this is fine because we don't
+
+353
+00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:29,540
+describe that box here. Now, continue reading, try
+
+354
+00:27:29,540 --> 00:27:32,620
+to find a rather general language. or general
+
+355
+00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:35,840
+words and change them into something more
+
+356
+00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:37,460
+specific. Yes please.
+
+357
+00:27:42,820 --> 00:27:46,340
+Treasures, valuable things, valuable things.
+
+358
+00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:24,040
+Thank you so much.
+
+359
+00:30:09,030 --> 00:30:13,450
+Alright, let's see. She said, I could use the box
+
+360
+00:30:13,450 --> 00:30:16,930
+to keep my special treasures. Now special
+
+361
+00:30:16,930 --> 00:30:19,930
+treasures is rather general. What do you mean by,
+
+362
+00:30:20,130 --> 00:30:22,310
+how did you write it please? My toy collections.
+
+363
+00:30:22,630 --> 00:30:25,630
+My toy collections, very nice. Or it could be my
+
+364
+00:30:25,630 --> 00:30:28,970
+jewelry. Jewelry. Okay, my old followers for
+
+365
+00:30:28,970 --> 00:30:31,370
+example. Alright, so special treasures could be
+
+366
+00:30:31,370 --> 00:30:38,170
+something like my third followers and jewelry.
+
+367
+00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:43,510
+Alright, now it is clear. What do we mean by my
+
+368
+00:30:43,510 --> 00:30:46,810
+special treasures? The box was made of a special
+
+369
+00:30:46,810 --> 00:30:55,110
+material. The box was made of wood or metal or
+
+370
+00:30:55,110 --> 00:31:01,390
+plastic or whatever. So it was made of wood and it
+
+371
+00:31:01,390 --> 00:31:07,550
+was painted a bright color. It was painted white,
+
+372
+00:31:08,330 --> 00:31:14,590
+yellow, red, brown, bright. So we could say blue
+
+373
+00:31:14,590 --> 00:31:19,970
+or pink. So it was painted pink. Because it's
+
+374
+00:31:19,970 --> 00:31:23,030
+rather a bright color, not a dark color. Okay?
+
+375
+00:31:24,050 --> 00:31:27,610
+When I opened it, the box, it played a pretty
+
+376
+00:31:27,610 --> 00:31:33,540
+song.It played what? Yes please. A classic song or
+
+377
+00:31:33,540 --> 00:31:39,660
+a romantic song or fairness. It was, it played a
+
+378
+00:31:39,660 --> 00:31:47,110
+classic music for example or song. Okay, or some
+
+379
+00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:51,250
+music song, okay? I kept this box on my dresser
+
+380
+00:31:51,250 --> 00:31:57,150
+and used it to store my things. My jewelry,
+
+381
+00:31:57,670 --> 00:32:04,790
+my offers, my diary, my and so on. So my offers
+
+382
+00:32:04,790 --> 00:32:09,230
+and jewelry.
+
+383
+00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:16,000
+Unfortunately, I lost my beautiful box when I
+
+384
+00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,640
+moved to a different city. When I moved to
+
+385
+00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:23,560
+Guatemala, to Cairo, to London, to New York and so
+
+386
+00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:27,120
+on. So a different city, okay? But I will always
+
+387
+00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:31,740
+remember it and my relative, my cousin, my uncle,
+
+388
+00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:36,260
+my aunt who gave it to me. So now this reads much
+
+389
+00:32:36,260 --> 00:32:39,160
+better because we added more and more specific
+
+390
+00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:47,430
+detail to this paragraph. Alright? Okay. Now,
+
+391
+00:32:47,550 --> 00:32:50,190
+let's do this writing activity and we'll finish
+
+392
+00:32:50,190 --> 00:32:53,910
+the class well. We're going to write a topic
+
+393
+00:32:53,910 --> 00:33:00,630
+sentence and some details to this paragraph on a
+
+394
+00:33:00,630 --> 00:33:04,170
+horrible hotel that I've been to. Let's notice.
+
+395
+00:33:04,610 --> 00:33:07,690
+I'm going to write a topic sentence. And then just
+
+396
+00:33:07,690 --> 00:33:11,470
+read the paragraph here, some details. First, the
+
+397
+00:33:11,470 --> 00:33:17,550
+rooms are small, dark and dirty. There is no air
+
+398
+00:33:17,550 --> 00:33:21,410
+conditioning in summer, so the rooms are very hot.
+
+399
+00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,910
+Because there is no heating, the rooms are cold,
+
+400
+00:33:25,010 --> 00:33:29,080
+especially air. Second, now I'd like you to give
+
+401
+00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:33,040
+some more details on why this hotel you stay at
+
+402
+00:33:33,040 --> 00:33:38,040
+supposedly is very bad or was very bad. And
+
+403
+00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:41,580
+finally the conclusion, that is why I want to warn
+
+404
+00:33:41,580 --> 00:33:46,560
+you not to stay in that hotel. Alright? So try to
+
+405
+00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,140
+write a topic sentence here and give me some
+
+406
+00:33:49,140 --> 00:33:51,840
+detail, maybe two sentences to detail some other
+
+407
+00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:56,050
+things that you especially didn't like. about
+
+408
+00:33:56,050 --> 00:34:00,170
+staying in that hotel. You could talk about room
+
+409
+00:34:00,170 --> 00:34:03,110
+service, you could talk about location and so on.
+
+410
+00:34:19,250 --> 00:34:19,870
+Thank you.
+
+411
+00:34:25,050 --> 00:34:31,670
+Thank you.
+
+412
+00:34:42,590 --> 00:34:43,250
+Thank you.
+
+413
+00:35:26,790 --> 00:35:28,190
+Okay.
+
+414
+00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,920
+Just try to focus on this, okay? And let me just
+
+415
+00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:17,920
+try to introduce myself.
+
+416
+00:37:50,380 --> 00:37:52,040
+I don't know if it's because I'm nervous or
+
+417
+00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:53,600
+because I'm not ready to do it
+
+418
+00:39:25,180 --> 00:39:29,840
+Alright, let's see. Alright, let's see what you
+
+419
+00:39:29,840 --> 00:39:32,020
+actually wrote for this to complete this
+
+420
+00:39:32,020 --> 00:39:33,940
+paragraph. Let's just get some examples of what
+
+421
+00:39:33,940 --> 00:39:36,200
+you're writing. Yes, please. A topic sentence
+
+422
+00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:36,820
+would be?
+
+423
+00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:44,180
+When I visited Cairo last summer, I visited or I
+
+424
+00:39:44,180 --> 00:39:47,620
+stayed in a very bad or very horrible hotel. Nice
+
+425
+00:39:47,620 --> 00:39:50,060
+topic sentence, alright? Very nice. In a previous
+
+426
+00:39:50,060 --> 00:39:53,120
+summer, I stayed in a horrible hotel and I regret
+
+427
+00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:55,740
+very much because of many reasons. And I regretted
+
+428
+00:39:55,740 --> 00:40:00,740
+it very much for a number of reasons. Very nice.
+
+429
+00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:04,200
+Yes, please. When I go to visit my sister in
+
+430
+00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:06,580
+general with my favorite friends, we go to a
+
+431
+00:40:06,580 --> 00:40:11,070
+famous restaurant. We went to a very bad hotel, a
+
+432
+00:40:11,070 --> 00:40:16,990
+very terrible hotel and finally there
+
+433
+00:40:16,990 --> 00:40:21,790
+were very bad things that I had in staying in that
+
+434
+00:40:21,790 --> 00:40:23,990
+hotel. But what I'd like you to do is just to give
+
+435
+00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:27,050
+a name for that hotel, okay? That would be better,
+
+436
+00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:29,580
+okay? All right, for example, let's see some
+
+437
+00:40:29,580 --> 00:40:32,180
+examples of your classmates writing that they just
+
+438
+00:40:32,180 --> 00:40:36,940
+did now. Staying in this hotel was the worst thing
+
+439
+00:40:36,940 --> 00:40:40,800
+that I ever did. Very nice, very nice topic
+
+440
+00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:44,480
+sentence. Let's see a second example. I went to a
+
+441
+00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:48,680
+very bad hotel last summer, which is a fine topic
+
+442
+00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:51,420
+sentence, although I prefer to give a name like I
+
+443
+00:40:51,420 --> 00:40:57,620
+just said to that hotel. We could say staying in
+
+444
+00:40:58,650 --> 00:41:05,210
+Let's give it just a name. In Amman's hotel.
+
+445
+00:41:07,170 --> 00:41:12,470
+The Egyptians will be very angry with us. Staying
+
+446
+00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:20,650
+in Amman's hotel was the worst experience I ever
+
+447
+00:41:20,650 --> 00:41:25,610
+had. Worst experience or was the worst thing I
+
+448
+00:41:25,610 --> 00:41:26,970
+ever experienced.
+
+449
+00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:37,580
+Second,
+
+450
+00:41:47,680 --> 00:41:50,760
+the food is so bad and unhealthy, it has no taste
+
+451
+00:41:50,760 --> 00:41:54,120
+and no smell, so I had to buy my food from inside.
+
+452
+00:41:57,770 --> 00:42:00,910
+It has a bad location which is near a factory, so
+
+453
+00:42:00,910 --> 00:42:03,550
+I'm always suffering from horribleness. Okay,
+
+454
+00:42:03,650 --> 00:42:06,010
+horribleness, okay, and there was always loud
+
+455
+00:42:06,010 --> 00:42:10,190
+noise, loud, unbearable noise. Remember the
+
+456
+00:42:10,190 --> 00:42:15,810
+adjectives? Loud, unbearable noise that was very
+
+457
+00:42:15,810 --> 00:42:18,650
+annoying. Very nice, yes please, Iman. The
+
+458
+00:42:18,650 --> 00:42:21,770
+location is very bad that near the hotel is a big
+
+459
+00:42:21,770 --> 00:42:24,870
+issue and the people cannot come to the hotel and
+
+460
+00:42:24,870 --> 00:42:30,270
+with it it's very terrible to .. it's .. of the
+
+461
+00:42:30,270 --> 00:42:35,250
+hotel you can see the hospital beside the .. the
+
+462
+00:42:35,250 --> 00:42:35,610
+hotel.
+
+463
+00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:43,830
+Boring. It was very boring. Yes, please. The
+
+464
+00:42:43,830 --> 00:42:46,530
+location of the hotel is so bad with dusty air and
+
+465
+00:42:46,530 --> 00:42:49,270
+water pollution and there is no electricity. And
+
+466
+00:42:49,270 --> 00:42:51,750
+there was no electricity. That must be in Gaza.
+
+467
+00:42:52,450 --> 00:42:55,690
+Alright. Let's see just an example here. The room
+
+468
+00:42:55,690 --> 00:43:03,030
+services were very bad. Alright. Full stop. They
+
+469
+00:43:03,030 --> 00:43:07,230
+didn't clean the room and take the plates to the
+
+470
+00:43:07,230 --> 00:43:09,350
+washing machine, to the laundry. We call it the
+
+471
+00:43:09,350 --> 00:43:15,170
+laundry. Okay. Also, they did not provide food.
+
+472
+00:43:15,590 --> 00:43:20,230
+Okay. They were careless and lazy. Very nice
+
+473
+00:43:20,230 --> 00:43:22,590
+sentence. I could just finish by writing this,
+
+474
+00:43:22,890 --> 00:43:29,590
+these two sentences. For example, room service was
+
+475
+00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:37,040
+was unprofessional, was
+
+476
+00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:43,080
+unprofessional, okay, and improvise
+
+477
+00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:46,420
+and rule, let's say, and ruled.
+
+478
+00:43:49,580 --> 00:43:51,100
+In addition,
+
+479
+00:43:55,860 --> 00:44:07,730
+the food, okay, tastedtasted really bad to the
+
+480
+00:44:07,730 --> 00:44:17,810
+extent of so just to make sure so I had to buy my
+
+481
+00:44:17,810 --> 00:44:28,290
+meals from a nearby supermarket
+
+482
+00:44:28,290 --> 00:44:30,910
+for example a nearby super
+
+483
+00:44:34,790 --> 00:44:37,070
+We could add some details, but because of short of
+
+484
+00:44:37,070 --> 00:44:40,870
+time, this should be enough. For example, room
+
+485
+00:44:40,870 --> 00:44:47,790
+service was unprofessional and really rude. In
+
+486
+00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:53,110
+addition, the food served tasted really bad, so I
+
+487
+00:44:53,110 --> 00:44:56,350
+had to buy my meals or my food from a nearby
+
+488
+00:44:56,350 --> 00:45:01,130
+location or nearby supermarket. That's why I want
+
+489
+00:45:01,130 --> 00:45:05,300
+you not to stay in that hotel alright so just to
+
+490
+00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:07,940
+sum up what we've been talking about in this class
+
+491
+00:45:07,940 --> 00:45:11,680
+descriptive writing is a very kind or common type
+
+492
+00:45:11,680 --> 00:45:14,560
+of academic writing what you need to do in your
+
+493
+00:45:14,560 --> 00:45:18,360
+descriptions always make you sure that you use
+
+494
+00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:23,100
+colorful details colorful adjectives in addition
+
+495
+00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:27,770
+to using as many specific details as possible.
+
+496
+00:45:28,070 --> 00:45:30,450
+We'll continue talking about this topic inshallah
+
+497
+00:45:30,450 --> 00:45:34,010
+next time till then see you and take care thank
+
+498
+00:45:34,010 --> 00:45:34,190
+you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/XD6Syr04TbI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1564 @@
+1
+00:00:20,740 --> 00:00:22,980
+Alright, Assalamualaikum. Good morning, how are
+
+2
+00:00:22,980 --> 00:00:25,720
+you today? Very good, very good. Alright, last
+
+3
+00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:29,640
+time we talked about examples and reasons and we
+
+4
+00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:33,360
+said that a very good writing requires stating
+
+5
+00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:36,820
+reasons, very good reasons and also giving a
+
+6
+00:00:36,820 --> 00:00:40,970
+specific and relevant So they will continue on
+
+7
+00:00:40,970 --> 00:00:44,470
+this topic and today we're looking in specific on
+
+8
+00:00:44,470 --> 00:00:48,990
+transitions that are used in giving reasons and
+
+9
+00:00:48,990 --> 00:00:54,030
+providing examples and looking at the punctuation
+
+10
+00:00:54,030 --> 00:01:00,620
+in this respect. So let's look at transitions that
+
+11
+00:01:00,620 --> 00:01:03,600
+come with reasons or with stating reasons. What
+
+12
+00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:07,960
+sort of transitions that we can use? Generally, if
+
+13
+00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:10,460
+we are listing reasons, we have to use a number of
+
+14
+00:01:10,460 --> 00:01:12,540
+transitions that, of course, you are familiar
+
+15
+00:01:12,540 --> 00:01:17,760
+with. For example, first, second, third, finally,
+
+16
+00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:20,760
+and so and so on. Generally, remember this.
+
+17
+00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:24,680
+Whenever you are starting with these transitions,
+
+18
+00:01:25,540 --> 00:01:28,400
+Always make sure, just notice the transition here
+
+19
+00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:32,220
+and the punctuation, first of all, comma, second
+
+20
+00:01:32,220 --> 00:01:37,300
+of all, third of all, first, second, third and
+
+21
+00:01:37,300 --> 00:01:40,500
+finally there is always a comma and whatever comes
+
+22
+00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:44,440
+after the comma it has to be or it must be a
+
+23
+00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:48,500
+complete sentence okay because I see this in some
+
+24
+00:01:48,500 --> 00:01:51,580
+of your writings some problems that first common
+
+25
+00:01:51,580 --> 00:01:54,400
+pollution this is not a sentence this is a
+
+26
+00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:56,760
+fragment we talked about this before so this is
+
+27
+00:01:56,760 --> 00:02:00,660
+not a good thing always make sure that after these
+
+28
+00:02:00,660 --> 00:02:04,180
+transitions there is a complete sentence for
+
+29
+00:02:04,180 --> 00:02:09,720
+example first of all university study is very
+
+30
+00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:14,770
+costly all right or third traffic laws are not
+
+31
+00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:19,170
+enforced on offenders unfortunately. So notice the
+
+32
+00:02:19,170 --> 00:02:23,090
+punctuation first of all comma and then we have a
+
+33
+00:02:23,090 --> 00:02:26,150
+complete sentence or third and then we have comma
+
+34
+00:02:26,150 --> 00:02:30,210
+and then we have a complete sentence okay? But
+
+35
+00:02:30,210 --> 00:02:36,600
+sometimes instead of saying the first comma third
+
+36
+00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:40,900
+comma final comma we have the first reason is the
+
+37
+00:02:40,900 --> 00:02:44,280
+second reason is the last reason is and so on so
+
+38
+00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:47,200
+what comes after this since we have a subject and
+
+39
+00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:52,060
+a verb is can be either a noun phrase not a clause
+
+40
+00:02:52,060 --> 00:02:57,120
+not a sentence a noun phrase or a that clause for
+
+41
+00:02:57,120 --> 00:03:02,250
+example the first reason is it's excellent
+
+42
+00:03:02,250 --> 00:03:05,210
+transportation system notice that this is not a
+
+43
+00:03:05,210 --> 00:03:08,750
+this is not a sentence this is a phrase excellent
+
+44
+00:03:08,750 --> 00:03:11,630
+transportation system but in general we have a
+
+45
+00:03:11,630 --> 00:03:15,670
+sentence subject verb and then we have a
+
+46
+00:03:15,670 --> 00:03:18,670
+complement and the same thing the second reason is
+
+47
+00:03:18,670 --> 00:03:24,250
+London's natural parks and again we have what we
+
+48
+00:03:24,250 --> 00:03:29,970
+have here is a noun phrase okay and or we can have
+
+49
+00:03:29,970 --> 00:03:33,730
+a that close all right for instance the third
+
+50
+00:03:33,730 --> 00:03:38,830
+reason is that london has many beautiful so what
+
+51
+00:03:38,830 --> 00:03:42,090
+we see here is that after the verb we have a that
+
+52
+00:03:42,090 --> 00:03:46,290
+close a that close a close that begins with that
+
+53
+00:03:46,290 --> 00:03:52,070
+or the final reason is that tourists often find
+
+54
+00:03:52,070 --> 00:03:56,600
+people And do you see any punctuation marks here
+
+55
+00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:59,140
+in terms of commas? No, there is no need for any
+
+56
+00:03:59,140 --> 00:04:02,040
+punctuation marks especially commas. So what we
+
+57
+00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:06,030
+see here again is that if I'm starting with first,
+
+58
+00:04:06,170 --> 00:04:09,290
+or second, or first of all, third of all, finally
+
+59
+00:04:09,290 --> 00:04:12,830
+it is always a complete sentence and if I'm
+
+60
+00:04:12,830 --> 00:04:16,490
+starting with the first reason is it has to be
+
+61
+00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:20,270
+followed by either a noun phrase or a that,
+
+62
+00:04:20,530 --> 00:04:23,070
+because it is clear? Alright, very quickly the
+
+63
+00:04:23,070 --> 00:04:26,650
+second type of reasons or of signals or transition
+
+64
+00:04:26,650 --> 00:04:28,970
+signals is that if I'm using words like for
+
+65
+00:04:28,970 --> 00:04:33,110
+example for instance and so on very much like the
+
+66
+00:04:33,110 --> 00:04:35,950
+first case we just talked about if I'm starting
+
+67
+00:04:35,950 --> 00:04:39,170
+with fair for example or for instance there is
+
+68
+00:04:39,170 --> 00:04:42,610
+always a complete sentence that must follow for
+
+69
+00:04:42,610 --> 00:04:47,910
+example a tourist can spend less than one hundred
+
+70
+00:04:47,910 --> 00:04:51,330
+dollars per day on food and accommodation or for
+
+71
+00:04:51,330 --> 00:04:54,650
+instance getting a tourist visa is so what we have
+
+72
+00:04:54,650 --> 00:04:58,620
+here is actually acomplete sentence rather than
+
+73
+00:04:58,620 --> 00:05:01,500
+another phrase and so on and again notice the
+
+74
+00:05:01,500 --> 00:05:06,470
+punctuation for instance comma for example I
+
+75
+00:05:06,470 --> 00:05:10,770
+cannot say, for example, come a tourist visa. Why
+
+76
+00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:13,010
+is it not the case? Because this is not a
+
+77
+00:05:13,010 --> 00:05:16,490
+sentence. This is a noun phrase. And this is, we
+
+78
+00:05:16,490 --> 00:05:18,790
+talked about this before, this is a fragment. This
+
+79
+00:05:18,790 --> 00:05:22,530
+is not a complete sentence. Or for instance,
+
+80
+00:05:22,750 --> 00:05:26,270
+friendly people, for example. This is not correct
+
+81
+00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:29,470
+punctuation, correct sentence. Because it is not a
+
+82
+00:05:29,470 --> 00:05:32,960
+sentence, it is a noun. phrase okay this is the
+
+83
+00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:35,520
+first case if I'm using for example in this way
+
+84
+00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:40,740
+beginning the sentence for example and so on but I
+
+85
+00:05:40,740 --> 00:05:44,660
+can sometimes use for example not at the beginning
+
+86
+00:05:44,660 --> 00:05:47,600
+of a sentence but in the middle of a sentence for
+
+87
+00:05:47,600 --> 00:05:51,380
+instance in this case what we see is this kind of
+
+88
+00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:55,360
+punctuation alright we have something for example
+
+89
+00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:59,820
+and then something else for instance and then we
+
+90
+00:05:59,820 --> 00:06:04,310
+continue over the case of such as, such as the
+
+91
+00:06:04,310 --> 00:06:09,090
+comma always comes before, not after such as. For
+
+92
+00:06:09,090 --> 00:06:14,590
+example, visitors can see ancient places, notice
+
+93
+00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:18,470
+here, for example, comma, comma, the pyramids and
+
+94
+00:06:18,470 --> 00:06:22,150
+Saladin's citadel. What we have here is a noun
+
+95
+00:06:22,150 --> 00:06:26,050
+phrase, a noun or a noun phrase but not a complete
+
+96
+00:06:26,050 --> 00:06:29,840
+sentence, okay? And the same thing, visitors can
+
+97
+00:06:29,840 --> 00:06:33,820
+often visit it's a beautiful island, for instance,
+
+98
+00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:38,460
+Philip Island. So what we see here is again a noun
+
+99
+00:06:38,460 --> 00:06:40,740
+phrase. So if we use it in the middle of a
+
+100
+00:06:40,740 --> 00:06:43,620
+sentence, it is always followed or it must be
+
+101
+00:06:43,620 --> 00:06:47,320
+followed by a noun phrase, never a sentence. In
+
+102
+00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:51,420
+the case of such as, we often stayed at nice but
+
+103
+00:06:51,420 --> 00:06:56,730
+inexpensive hotels. comma such as the old Jasmine
+
+104
+00:06:56,730 --> 00:07:01,050
+Jameson hotel okay so with such as the comma comes
+
+105
+00:07:01,050 --> 00:07:04,850
+before and what comes after such as is a noun
+
+106
+00:07:04,850 --> 00:07:08,010
+phrase a word or a noun phrase but never a
+
+107
+00:07:08,010 --> 00:07:12,730
+sentence is this clear okay all right all right
+
+108
+00:07:12,730 --> 00:07:21,170
+let's look at our textbook page 132 132 okay
+
+109
+00:07:24,110 --> 00:07:27,570
+All right, what we see here, let's do the first
+
+110
+00:07:27,570 --> 00:07:32,090
+exercise, the first exercise A, add comments to
+
+111
+00:07:32,090 --> 00:07:34,950
+the following sentences, add comments to the
+
+112
+00:07:34,950 --> 00:07:37,790
+following sentences, all right? One, two, three,
+
+113
+00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:42,430
+four, and five. Just look at these rules that we
+
+114
+00:07:42,430 --> 00:07:46,730
+just discussed and add comments to the following
+
+115
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:47,570
+reasons.
+
+116
+00:08:21,830 --> 00:08:22,390
+Let's see.
+
+117
+00:08:58,940 --> 00:09:01,740
+Thank you.
+
+118
+00:09:40,970 --> 00:09:44,570
+All right, all right. Yes, yes please. Denmark has
+
+119
+00:09:44,570 --> 00:09:48,810
+many attractions for children, such as Taiwoli
+
+120
+00:09:48,810 --> 00:09:52,370
+Gardens and Le Goland. Yes, so Denmark has many
+
+121
+00:09:52,370 --> 00:09:58,310
+attractions for children, such as Taiwoli Gardens
+
+122
+00:09:58,310 --> 00:10:01,730
+and Le Goland. Yes, please. Japan is famous for
+
+123
+00:10:01,730 --> 00:10:06,430
+its beautiful gardens, for example, Kuma. Very
+
+124
+00:10:06,430 --> 00:10:09,790
+nice. For example, the Kuma, the garden of the
+
+125
+00:10:19,350 --> 00:10:24,070
+In Sao Paulo, there is a mix of architecture. You
+
+126
+00:10:24,070 --> 00:10:26,890
+can see traditional architecture in some
+
+127
+00:10:26,890 --> 00:10:30,430
+buildings, a Kuma for example. Very good. For
+
+128
+00:10:30,430 --> 00:10:33,990
+example, Kuma you will see here is a noun phrase.
+
+129
+00:10:34,190 --> 00:10:37,890
+So noun phrase is not a sentence. All right. Let's
+
+130
+00:10:37,890 --> 00:10:41,890
+see number four. Yes, please.There are also modern
+
+131
+00:10:41,890 --> 00:10:45,370
+buildings in South Oliva, for instance, Koma, blah
+
+132
+00:10:45,370 --> 00:10:49,650
+blah
+
+133
+00:10:49,650 --> 00:10:50,610
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+134
+00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:50,610
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+135
+00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:50,610
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+136
+00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:50,610
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+137
+00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:50,870
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+138
+00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,870
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+139
+00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,870
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+140
+00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,870
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+141
+00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,870
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+142
+00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,870
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+143
+00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,930
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+144
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:50,930
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+145
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:50,930
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+146
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:50,930
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+147
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:50,930
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+148
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:50,930
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+149
+00:10:50,930 --> 00:10:51,750
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+150
+00:10:51,750 --> 00:10:51,770
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+151
+00:10:51,770 --> 00:10:51,770
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+152
+00:10:51,770 --> 00:10:53,030
+blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah
+
+153
+00:10:53,030 --> 00:10:53,030
+blah blah blah
+
+154
+00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:06,900
+Very good, comma for instance, comma the capital
+
+155
+00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:10,860
+city of La Paz and so on and so forth, okay? All
+
+156
+00:11:10,860 --> 00:11:13,320
+right, so again, this is what we need to do
+
+157
+00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:17,040
+whenever we actually use, for example, such as,
+
+158
+00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:19,560
+for instance, either in the beginning of the
+
+159
+00:11:19,560 --> 00:11:22,160
+sentence or at the end. Now, let's see the second
+
+160
+00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:25,300
+exercise in your textbook, and this one has to do
+
+161
+00:11:25,300 --> 00:11:29,510
+with Using for example and for instance and such
+
+162
+00:11:29,510 --> 00:11:33,970
+as where appropriate and just notice as you fill
+
+163
+00:11:33,970 --> 00:11:37,550
+in the blanks how your punctuation should be.
+
+164
+00:11:37,890 --> 00:11:38,750
+Okay? Yes please.
+
+165
+00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:50,180
+Thank you.
+
+166
+00:12:04,700 --> 00:12:05,580
+Thank you.
+
+167
+00:12:28,730 --> 00:12:33,610
+In the name of God, the most gracious, the most
+
+168
+00:12:33,610 --> 00:12:33,970
+merciful.
+
+169
+00:12:47,630 --> 00:12:48,870
+It's.
+
+170
+00:13:13,430 --> 00:13:16,850
+Alright, let's see. Okay, yes please. San
+
+171
+00:13:16,850 --> 00:13:19,670
+Francisco has several ethnic neighborhoods, such
+
+172
+00:13:19,670 --> 00:13:27,110
+as, not after such as, okay? So, comma, such as,
+
+173
+00:13:28,270 --> 00:13:31,330
+there's no need for another one after such as. But
+
+174
+00:13:31,330 --> 00:13:37,830
+if we said, for instance, So, for example, we can
+
+175
+00:13:37,830 --> 00:13:40,250
+use a comma here because what comes after it is
+
+176
+00:13:40,250 --> 00:13:44,350
+actually noun phrases or noun phrases, not a
+
+177
+00:13:44,350 --> 00:13:47,450
+clause or not a complete sentence, alright? Yes,
+
+178
+00:13:47,530 --> 00:13:50,710
+please. When you visit the ethnic neighborhood of
+
+179
+00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:54,930
+Miami, you feel that you are in a foreign country
+
+180
+00:13:54,930 --> 00:14:01,050
+for instance. Very nice. For instance, very good.
+
+181
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:05,850
+Or for example, in Little Hawaii, Havana, you can,
+
+182
+00:14:06,150 --> 00:14:09,230
+you can. So we have a sentence. See number three,
+
+183
+00:14:09,870 --> 00:14:14,290
+number three. Yes, please, over there. Summers are
+
+184
+00:14:14,290 --> 00:14:17,670
+much cooler in San Francisco than in Los Angeles,
+
+185
+00:14:17,910 --> 00:14:23,870
+for example. Yes, summers are much cooler in, for
+
+186
+00:14:23,870 --> 00:14:27,540
+example, the average The average dry temperature
+
+187
+00:14:27,540 --> 00:14:30,240
+in San Francisco is primarily. Very nice. So we
+
+188
+00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:34,120
+have for example. Or for instance. Yes, the same
+
+189
+00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:36,720
+idea. We have a comma here, alright? This place.
+
+190
+00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:40,960
+In Mexico, you can have many lots of beach, a
+
+191
+00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:48,290
+comma such as. Very nice. Such as. Such as.Or for
+
+192
+00:14:48,290 --> 00:14:52,350
+example, kuma kuma. Yes, alright. And finally, we
+
+193
+00:14:52,350 --> 00:14:55,130
+have the Yucatan is full of archaeological
+
+194
+00:14:55,130 --> 00:15:03,750
+resources. Very nice. Or for example. Or such as.
+
+195
+00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:07,960
+Or such as. Very good. Okay? Is this clear? This
+
+196
+00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:12,560
+is just an important punctuation note that we have
+
+197
+00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:15,920
+to be careful of. When? Because I've seen this
+
+198
+00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:18,360
+some problems in your writing whenever you write
+
+199
+00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:23,260
+for example or for instance and such as. Just
+
+200
+00:15:23,260 --> 00:15:25,960
+remember this punctuation as you do your writings.
+
+201
+00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:31,140
+providing examples and sentences and reasons,
+
+202
+00:15:31,340 --> 00:15:34,080
+okay? So again, last time we talked about
+
+203
+00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:38,540
+providing reasons and giving specific examples.
+
+204
+00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:40,960
+Let's just go over again, doing some more
+
+205
+00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:44,900
+exercises on this and try to get the idea very
+
+206
+00:15:44,900 --> 00:15:48,240
+clear to you and do some practice on this. So
+
+207
+00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:50,640
+let's just read very quickly these two topic
+
+208
+00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:54,210
+sentences. And match these topic sentences with
+
+209
+00:15:54,210 --> 00:15:57,150
+the examples that relate to them and then match
+
+210
+00:15:57,150 --> 00:16:01,050
+them with the appropriate or the relevant
+
+211
+00:16:01,050 --> 00:16:04,410
+concluding sentence in this respect. So please
+
+212
+00:16:04,410 --> 00:16:09,250
+quickly read this and match each topic sentence
+
+213
+00:16:09,250 --> 00:16:13,550
+with its relevant supporting sentences or examples
+
+214
+00:16:13,550 --> 00:16:14,690
+in this case, please.
+
+215
+00:16:37,950 --> 00:16:39,550
+Okay. Okay.
+
+216
+00:16:44,810 --> 00:16:46,210
+Okay.
+
+217
+00:17:23,220 --> 00:17:26,400
+Okay. Okay.
+
+218
+00:17:37,260 --> 00:17:40,680
+Okay. Okay.
+
+219
+00:17:51,450 --> 00:17:52,850
+Okay.
+
+220
+00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:32,600
+How are you?
+
+221
+00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:41,300
+Alright, are we finished? Yes, clearly. Yes
+
+222
+00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:44,320
+please, up there, at the end. Yes please. Each day
+
+223
+00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:48,240
+the doctors and nurses in the emergency room see
+
+224
+00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:51,300
+patients with many different problems. Okay, this
+
+225
+00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:53,600
+is the topic sentence. What sort of supporting
+
+226
+00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:59,050
+sentences or examples? So, they see Broken? Yes.
+
+227
+00:18:59,350 --> 00:19:03,230
+They see broken arms, sprained ankles and twisted
+
+228
+00:19:03,230 --> 00:19:06,090
+thumbs. Is there another example for it? Yes,
+
+229
+00:19:06,150 --> 00:19:09,150
+there are. Number two, people come into the
+
+230
+00:19:09,150 --> 00:19:13,570
+emergency room with slight headaches or with
+
+231
+00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:17,390
+serious illnesses. Is there a third example? Yes,
+
+232
+00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:18,150
+over there please.
+
+233
+00:19:20,970 --> 00:19:25,250
+Yes, number five. Okay, once in a while, Very
+
+234
+00:19:25,250 --> 00:19:29,450
+good. Parents bring their children in because they
+
+235
+00:19:29,450 --> 00:19:33,090
+have eaten crayons, pennies or buttons. Okay.
+
+236
+00:19:33,610 --> 00:19:37,970
+Alright. And the conclusion is number two. Very
+
+237
+00:19:37,970 --> 00:19:41,430
+good. And the conclusion is number two. Number
+
+238
+00:19:41,430 --> 00:19:45,150
+two. A doctor never knows when or what will happen
+
+239
+00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:47,970
+in the emergency room. Very good. Alright. Let's
+
+240
+00:19:47,970 --> 00:19:51,330
+see. Yes, please. Each organ in the body is
+
+241
+00:19:51,330 --> 00:19:51,790
+necessary.
+
+242
+00:19:55,550 --> 00:20:00,950
+The lungs have a person to breathe. Very nice. And
+
+243
+00:20:00,950 --> 00:20:03,490
+we have number three, the muscles.
+
+244
+00:20:06,710 --> 00:20:10,690
+Very good. Very, very good. Okay, so obviously
+
+245
+00:20:10,690 --> 00:20:14,870
+here is always make sure like we said before all
+
+246
+00:20:14,870 --> 00:20:18,830
+your exams should be specific and relevant to the
+
+247
+00:20:18,830 --> 00:20:22,330
+Topic sentence or the controlling idea that you
+
+248
+00:20:22,330 --> 00:20:25,950
+are actually writing about now Let's get back to
+
+249
+00:20:25,950 --> 00:20:32,150
+our textbook and on page. Let's look at page 127
+
+250
+00:20:32,150 --> 00:20:41,220
+127 Okay, and let's look at outline B And here we
+
+251
+00:20:41,220 --> 00:20:45,120
+are going to look at provide some reasons and
+
+252
+00:20:45,120 --> 00:20:48,760
+examples to this topic sentence that is in the
+
+253
+00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:53,670
+exercise, the second exercise. Pete's Pizzeria is
+
+254
+00:20:53,670 --> 00:20:57,970
+the worst fast food restaurant in town. It's the
+
+255
+00:20:57,970 --> 00:21:01,730
+worst fast food restaurant in town. So we're going
+
+256
+00:21:01,730 --> 00:21:07,290
+to provide three reasons and relevant specific
+
+257
+00:21:07,290 --> 00:21:11,370
+examples to this topic sentence, okay? You know
+
+258
+00:21:11,370 --> 00:21:17,140
+what's a pizzeria? A place for it's like a diner
+
+259
+00:21:17,140 --> 00:21:20,080
+for people to eat pizza in okay this is whatsapp
+
+260
+00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:22,820
+it's here yeah it's a restaurant for people to go
+
+261
+00:21:22,820 --> 00:21:24,680
+and eat pizza in okay
+
+262
+00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:55,660
+Okay. Okay.
+
+263
+00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:00,480
+Okay.
+
+264
+00:22:05,540 --> 00:22:06,940
+Okay.
+
+265
+00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:34,660
+Chess? Cheese. Cheese. C-H-W-E-S. Yes.
+
+266
+00:22:47,130 --> 00:22:55,790
+I don't know. I don't know. I don't know.
+
+267
+00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:29,940
+I'm not cooked yet.
+
+268
+00:23:43,580 --> 00:23:46,800
+This is not a good example. Why is that? Because
+
+269
+00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:49,020
+this pizza is the worst in the world. This is very
+
+270
+00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:50,380
+much like a petroleum issue.
+
+271
+00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:59,850
+You can say it's as if a spoon is cooled and
+
+272
+00:23:59,850 --> 00:24:00,710
+tastes bad.
+
+273
+00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:29,380
+It's really important.
+
+274
+00:24:30,820 --> 00:24:33,380
+It's really important.
+
+275
+00:25:04,530 --> 00:25:10,430
+Not height. Time. Time.
+
+276
+00:25:13,770 --> 00:25:15,170
+Time.
+
+277
+00:25:25,410 --> 00:25:29,110
+Alright, are we done? Yes, please. Pete's Pizzeria
+
+278
+00:25:29,110 --> 00:25:33,550
+is the worst fast food restaurant in town. Okay?
+
+279
+00:25:33,910 --> 00:25:38,100
+Yes, please. Give me the first reason. Waitresses
+
+280
+00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:42,840
+are impolite and their treatment is so bad Okay we
+
+281
+00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:47,740
+can say this is more of a specific reason but what
+
+282
+00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:50,440
+about the reason a specific example sorry this
+
+283
+00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:53,540
+could be as a specific example as I see the reason
+
+284
+00:25:53,540 --> 00:25:57,980
+is we can say service is not Okay, we can say
+
+285
+00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:02,480
+service is bad or service is unprofessional, for
+
+286
+00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,260
+example. Service is unprofessional. Very good,
+
+287
+00:26:05,340 --> 00:26:08,220
+very good. Another reason, another reason. Yes,
+
+288
+00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:10,580
+please. Let's talk about the food, yes. Okay, the
+
+289
+00:26:10,580 --> 00:26:13,520
+quality of the food is bad. Okay, so we can say
+
+290
+00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:18,500
+the quality of
+
+291
+00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:25,120
+the means is rather or we can say rather very bad.
+
+292
+00:26:26,150 --> 00:26:28,790
+It means, specifically examples of how the food
+
+293
+00:26:28,790 --> 00:26:32,350
+offered or the meals offered are really bad, for
+
+294
+00:26:32,350 --> 00:26:35,570
+example. The cheese tastes bad. Okay, we can say
+
+295
+00:26:35,570 --> 00:26:41,430
+the cheese or the pizza, okay? Pizza tastes
+
+296
+00:26:41,430 --> 00:26:55,390
+very bad, okay? And is always cold okay and it's
+
+297
+00:26:55,390 --> 00:26:59,370
+always cold another example of have the food or
+
+298
+00:26:59,370 --> 00:27:02,870
+have the meals offered are not really good are not
+
+299
+00:27:02,870 --> 00:27:07,770
+tasty okay the food is not delicious other meals
+
+300
+00:27:07,770 --> 00:27:19,070
+are not cooked well okay okay very nice let's see
+
+301
+00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:22,270
+the second reasonWhat would be a second reason
+
+302
+00:27:22,270 --> 00:27:25,530
+that this is the nearest fast-food restaurant in
+
+303
+00:27:25,530 --> 00:27:28,810
+town? Yes, please. The prices are high. Prices.
+
+304
+00:27:28,930 --> 00:27:31,590
+Let's talk about the prices. Very good. So, prices
+
+305
+00:27:31,590 --> 00:27:36,570
+are high. I can say meal prices, okay? Prices,
+
+306
+00:27:37,470 --> 00:27:46,170
+meal or food prices. Meal prices are high. Okay. A
+
+307
+00:27:46,170 --> 00:27:49,540
+specific example would be something like There is
+
+308
+00:27:49,540 --> 00:27:52,640
+no discount for regular customers. Okay, we can
+
+309
+00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:58,680
+think about there is a Okay, there is no discount.
+
+310
+00:27:58,860 --> 00:28:10,400
+There are no discounts offered by the restaurant.
+
+311
+00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:13,420
+There are no discounts offered by the restaurants.
+
+312
+00:28:13,740 --> 00:28:18,010
+Okay, anything else? We can say, specific example
+
+313
+00:28:18,010 --> 00:28:20,430
+would be this please. You have to pay a penny to
+
+314
+00:28:20,430 --> 00:28:24,570
+work out. Not just you, alright a penny or a
+
+315
+00:28:24,570 --> 00:28:27,830
+dollar or five dollars or something like this. Or
+
+316
+00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:38,130
+we can say, any meal would cost you
+
+317
+00:28:38,130 --> 00:28:46,830
+forty, forty dollars at least. Okay? will cost you
+
+318
+00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:51,230
+at least $40. So, what we see here is actually a
+
+319
+00:28:51,230 --> 00:28:54,430
+very specific example. Alright? Now, let's look at
+
+320
+00:28:54,430 --> 00:28:58,130
+the third reason and it's relevant examples. Yes,
+
+321
+00:28:58,190 --> 00:29:03,610
+please. A lot of
+
+322
+00:29:03,610 --> 00:29:06,790
+health problems and that would be very serious.
+
+323
+00:29:06,970 --> 00:29:09,150
+That restaurant would be closed right away. But
+
+324
+00:29:09,150 --> 00:29:12,790
+let's talk about service. Yes, service. Yes,
+
+325
+00:29:12,810 --> 00:29:15,510
+please. Staff is very angry and not cooperating.
+
+326
+00:29:15,590 --> 00:29:24,870
+So we can say service is always unprofessional
+
+327
+00:29:24,870 --> 00:29:28,490
+for those behave unprofessional is always
+
+328
+00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:35,710
+unprofessional professional okay professional okay
+
+329
+00:29:35,710 --> 00:29:40,330
+for instance For instance, okay, yes please.
+
+330
+00:29:40,430 --> 00:29:44,450
+Waitresses are very rude and unprofessional when
+
+331
+00:29:44,450 --> 00:29:46,670
+dealing with customers. Very nice, so we can say
+
+332
+00:29:46,670 --> 00:29:58,530
+waitresses for example are rude when
+
+333
+00:29:58,530 --> 00:30:03,690
+dealing with And the second example would be? You
+
+334
+00:30:03,690 --> 00:30:06,310
+will spend all day waiting for your order. Yes,
+
+335
+00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:09,970
+you have to spend at least 30 minutes before your
+
+336
+00:30:09,970 --> 00:30:14,370
+meal is presented, is delivered to you, or before
+
+337
+00:30:14,370 --> 00:30:17,570
+your meal arrives, okay? Or we can say, you have
+
+338
+00:30:17,570 --> 00:30:21,210
+to
+
+339
+00:30:21,210 --> 00:30:27,010
+wait at least 30 minutes.
+
+340
+00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:33,330
+Okay? Before you get your order. Before you get
+
+341
+00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:36,210
+your order. So what we see here again, this is
+
+342
+00:30:36,210 --> 00:30:39,590
+another exercise for how to always make sure
+
+343
+00:30:39,590 --> 00:30:41,450
+whenever you are writing, you write very good
+
+344
+00:30:41,450 --> 00:30:46,110
+reasons. and always provide specific examples that
+
+345
+00:30:46,110 --> 00:30:49,630
+you can support your sentences and support your
+
+346
+00:30:49,630 --> 00:30:53,090
+topic sentence. Let's conclude with this final
+
+347
+00:30:53,090 --> 00:30:57,010
+activity on this topic and I'd like you to provide
+
+348
+00:30:57,010 --> 00:31:00,390
+one reason and one specific example to the
+
+349
+00:31:00,390 --> 00:31:07,910
+following topic sentences. University life is
+
+350
+00:31:07,910 --> 00:31:09,510
+challenging
+
+351
+00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:18,410
+to a lot of students,
+
+352
+00:31:19,950 --> 00:31:23,130
+okay? Or it can be difficult to a lot of students.
+
+353
+00:31:23,510 --> 00:31:29,610
+Try to provide one reason and one example for this
+
+354
+00:31:29,610 --> 00:31:33,170
+topic sentence, okay? University life can be very
+
+355
+00:31:33,170 --> 00:31:33,710
+challenging.
+
+356
+00:32:12,450 --> 00:32:13,170
+Thank you.
+
+357
+00:32:17,690 --> 00:32:18,990
+I don't know if I'm going to be able to do it.
+
+358
+00:32:55,490 --> 00:32:56,830
+The same issue.
+
+359
+00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:05,280
+Okay.
+
+360
+00:33:49,510 --> 00:33:50,910
+Okay.
+
+361
+00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:05,920
+All right, let's see. What would be a good reason
+
+362
+00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:09,100
+for this topic sentence? Yes, please. University
+
+363
+00:34:09,100 --> 00:34:12,220
+life is changing to a lot of students. Exams are
+
+364
+00:34:12,220 --> 00:34:15,660
+very difficult. For example, you have to study so
+
+365
+00:34:15,660 --> 00:34:18,360
+hard to get good marks. Yes, we can say it's the
+
+366
+00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:21,800
+other way around. You have to study very hard for
+
+367
+00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:26,320
+your to get good grades. Another reason. Another
+
+368
+00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:29,080
+reason. Yes, please. Students have a lot of work
+
+369
+00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:32,020
+to do. Okay, let's do this. Students
+
+370
+00:34:36,700 --> 00:34:43,220
+a lot of assignments and work a lot of work to do
+
+371
+00:34:43,220 --> 00:34:47,420
+for example they always have assignment quizzes
+
+372
+00:34:47,420 --> 00:34:50,240
+and they also should prepare their lessons very
+
+373
+00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:57,280
+good very good they always always have assignments
+
+374
+00:34:57,280 --> 00:35:01,320
+quizzes
+
+375
+00:35:01,320 --> 00:35:05,040
+and
+
+376
+00:35:06,130 --> 00:35:11,530
+exams presentations and exams to do and exams to
+
+377
+00:35:11,530 --> 00:35:16,530
+worry about and to do okay another reason who
+
+378
+00:35:16,530 --> 00:35:19,210
+would like to do another reason yes please It's
+
+379
+00:35:19,210 --> 00:35:22,170
+like the main gate for the student's future life.
+
+380
+00:35:22,190 --> 00:35:25,950
+Okay. For example, students need to work hard.
+
+381
+00:35:26,690 --> 00:35:30,010
+Very good. Students need to work hard. So they can
+
+382
+00:35:30,010 --> 00:35:32,950
+get a high mark and get a better job. Excellent.
+
+383
+00:35:33,190 --> 00:35:35,230
+So they need to work hard in order to get high
+
+384
+00:35:35,230 --> 00:35:39,870
+marks and good grades in different subjects. Okay.
+
+385
+00:35:40,230 --> 00:35:43,850
+So just to sum up, what we've done today is to
+
+386
+00:35:43,850 --> 00:35:46,190
+emphasize the idea that whenever you are writing,
+
+387
+00:35:46,370 --> 00:35:50,150
+make sure that you always give good reasons and
+
+388
+00:35:50,150 --> 00:35:53,810
+specific relevant and relevant examples for your
+
+389
+00:35:53,810 --> 00:35:57,470
+writing. Is this clear? All right, so thank you
+
+390
+00:35:57,470 --> 00:35:59,490
+very much and I'll see you next time, inshallah.
+
+391
+00:35:59,710 --> 00:35:59,990
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/alcMp0kOPck_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1916 @@
+1
+00:00:22,010 --> 00:00:25,190
+Good morning, how are you today? Very good, very
+
+2
+00:00:25,190 --> 00:00:26,930
+good. Alright, last time we talked about
+
+3
+00:00:26,930 --> 00:00:30,910
+descriptive paragraphs and we said that a good
+
+4
+00:00:30,910 --> 00:00:34,830
+descriptive writing requires using adjectives or
+
+5
+00:00:34,830 --> 00:00:38,930
+require using colorful and vivid adjectives. So
+
+6
+00:00:38,930 --> 00:00:42,630
+today we're going to zoom in on using adjectives.
+
+7
+00:00:42,830 --> 00:00:44,910
+Some part of this lecture is going to be some
+
+8
+00:00:44,910 --> 00:00:48,020
+revision for you and we're going to look at in
+
+9
+00:00:48,020 --> 00:00:51,220
+addition to that to act ordering or arranging
+
+10
+00:00:51,220 --> 00:00:55,280
+adjectives what is an adjective what is an
+
+11
+00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:59,150
+adjective Adjectives are generally used to
+
+12
+00:00:59,150 --> 00:01:04,150
+describe nouns. Of course, this is a surprising
+
+13
+00:01:04,150 --> 00:01:09,190
+question. This is A, we use it to describe, to
+
+14
+00:01:09,190 --> 00:01:13,390
+give information on nouns. For example, so we
+
+15
+00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:17,490
+writers use adjectives to give readers an idea.
+
+16
+00:01:17,960 --> 00:01:22,880
+about what something or what a person looks like,
+
+17
+00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:26,640
+what a place feels like, what a place smells like
+
+18
+00:01:26,640 --> 00:01:29,480
+and so on. So it is used to describe nouns or give
+
+19
+00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:33,580
+informations or some information on nouns. There
+
+20
+00:01:33,580 --> 00:01:35,640
+are some things in your textbook, I'm sure that
+
+21
+00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:38,980
+you've read this, about adjectives. The first
+
+22
+00:01:38,980 --> 00:01:42,680
+thing is that adjectives always come in front of
+
+23
+00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:47,000
+nouns. For example, Twelve talented young
+
+24
+00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,300
+musicians. So twelve talented. So they always come
+
+25
+00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,960
+before nouns or come in front of nouns. Okay? The
+
+26
+00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:58,480
+second thing adjectives can sometimes come after
+
+27
+00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,760
+linking verbs. Linking verbs such as M is R, verb
+
+28
+00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:06,180
+to be, seen, look, taste, sound and so on. For
+
+29
+00:02:06,180 --> 00:02:06,620
+example
+
+30
+00:02:09,450 --> 00:02:12,370
+Happy now, happy is an adjective which comes after
+
+31
+00:02:12,370 --> 00:02:18,990
+the linking verb be or are or Ali seems sad or the
+
+32
+00:02:18,990 --> 00:02:22,710
+cookies smell delicious so delicious, sad, happy
+
+33
+00:02:22,710 --> 00:02:26,190
+are called adjectives because clearly they
+
+34
+00:02:26,190 --> 00:02:29,250
+describe the nouns and they come after linking
+
+35
+00:02:29,250 --> 00:02:34,190
+verbs. A third point about adjectives is that we
+
+36
+00:02:34,190 --> 00:02:36,430
+have sometimes something called a compound
+
+37
+00:02:36,430 --> 00:02:39,310
+adjective which is two or more words coming
+
+38
+00:02:39,310 --> 00:02:43,150
+together and functioning as one word and this word
+
+39
+00:02:43,150 --> 00:02:46,440
+is An adjective that is used to describe noun. For
+
+40
+00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:51,840
+example, ten week semester. Ten week is a compound
+
+41
+00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,320
+adjective that is used to describe the noun
+
+42
+00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:58,780
+semester. Or part-time. So part-time is an
+
+43
+00:02:58,780 --> 00:03:02,600
+adjective. It's a compound adjective. A fourth
+
+44
+00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:06,340
+point about adjectives to your information is that
+
+45
+00:03:06,340 --> 00:03:09,220
+they are always singular. This is something
+
+46
+00:03:09,220 --> 00:03:13,520
+already known to you. We never add S to
+
+47
+00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:17,200
+adjectives. Unlike Arabic. Arabic adjectives, we
+
+48
+00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:20,180
+can make them plural. Alright? Whereas in English,
+
+49
+00:03:20,340 --> 00:03:23,400
+it is different case. It is, they are never, they
+
+50
+00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,440
+are always singular. For example, big feets not
+
+51
+00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:30,680
+big feets. Feet. Or terrible days not terrible
+
+52
+00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:35,400
+days. So it's always singular. Fifth point is
+
+53
+00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:40,810
+nouns can sometimes be adjectives or they can
+
+54
+00:03:40,810 --> 00:03:44,890
+function as adjectives for example a shoe store,
+
+55
+00:03:45,410 --> 00:03:48,790
+shoe is a noun but here it is functioning as an
+
+56
+00:03:48,790 --> 00:03:51,690
+adjective but the form and function we have a form
+
+57
+00:03:51,690 --> 00:03:55,760
+noun but the function is as an adjective or tennis
+
+58
+00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:59,500
+ball okay tennis balls tennis is a noun but it is
+
+59
+00:03:59,500 --> 00:04:03,120
+functioning as an adjective or a stone house stone
+
+60
+00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:06,200
+is a noun but it is functioning as an adjective
+
+61
+00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:10,780
+and finally number six sometimes the verbs added
+
+62
+00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:16,320
+to it ing or ad can also function as adjective for
+
+63
+00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:23,590
+example cooking classSleeping baby. There is a
+
+64
+00:04:23,590 --> 00:04:26,910
+sleeping baby. Or interesting class for instance.
+
+65
+00:04:32,810 --> 00:04:37,390
+So these are ed forms or ing forms which function
+
+66
+00:04:37,390 --> 00:04:40,730
+as adjectives. This is clear? Yes. Alright, let's
+
+67
+00:04:40,730 --> 00:04:44,490
+do the first activity and try to read very quickly
+
+68
+00:04:44,490 --> 00:04:47,230
+these sentences and decide where are the
+
+69
+00:04:47,230 --> 00:04:51,270
+adjectives in each sentence in these. For
+
+70
+00:04:51,270 --> 00:04:56,140
+instance,I take care of my expensive wood bicycle,
+
+71
+00:04:56,460 --> 00:05:01,340
+so we have expensive and wood as adjectives,
+
+72
+00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:07,140
+right? I am fond of my house plants, house is a
+
+73
+00:05:07,140 --> 00:05:10,100
+and I am functioning as an adjective, so it is an
+
+74
+00:05:10,100 --> 00:05:14,760
+adjective, okay? It has broad green leaves and
+
+75
+00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:20,360
+delicate white flowers. Broad green leaves and
+
+76
+00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:29,540
+delicate white flowers. I bought a straw hat at a
+
+77
+00:05:29,540 --> 00:05:34,280
+music festival. Straw hat. Now it functions as a
+
+78
+00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:36,960
+music festival.
+
+79
+00:05:40,460 --> 00:05:42,960
+Expensive but I liked it because it was practical
+
+80
+00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:43,640
+and attractive.
+
+81
+00:05:46,980 --> 00:05:50,400
+Practical and attractive. Notice the adjective
+
+82
+00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:55,040
+comes after the linking verb. Very nice. I got my
+
+83
+00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:58,360
+mug at a small tourist shop at the airport. Small
+
+84
+00:05:58,360 --> 00:05:58,720
+tourist shop.
+
+85
+00:06:03,310 --> 00:06:06,890
+Okay? I took a three day, sorry, a three week
+
+86
+00:06:06,890 --> 00:06:14,210
+holiday last year. The holiday and also is an
+
+87
+00:06:14,210 --> 00:06:17,830
+adjective to the week. Okay? And my, my friend
+
+88
+00:06:17,830 --> 00:06:21,530
+bought a used car. Used is an in default
+
+89
+00:06:21,530 --> 00:06:25,070
+functioning as an adjective. Okay? All right. So
+
+90
+00:06:25,070 --> 00:06:27,790
+the next activity is in your book, actually in
+
+91
+00:06:27,790 --> 00:06:32,970
+your textbook on page 106. Please very quickly
+
+92
+00:06:32,970 --> 00:06:37,630
+read the paragraph, my first card, and try to
+
+93
+00:06:37,630 --> 00:06:41,490
+identify or underline the adjectives in this
+
+94
+00:06:41,490 --> 00:06:42,830
+paragraph. Very quickly please.
+
+95
+00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:11,540
+Thank you very much.
+
+96
+00:08:23,490 --> 00:08:25,890
+Thank you very much.
+
+97
+00:08:39,820 --> 00:08:40,460
+I want a video.
+
+98
+00:08:49,740 --> 00:08:53,260
+All right, let's see. Let's start here, please. My
+
+99
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,240
+first car was old and ugly, but I loved it anyway.
+
+100
+00:08:56,460 --> 00:09:01,020
+My first. First is an adjective and also old and
+
+101
+00:09:01,020 --> 00:09:04,480
+ugly. Old and ugly, but I loved it anyway. All
+
+102
+00:09:04,480 --> 00:09:06,600
+right, let's take the next one. Yes, please. Its
+
+103
+00:09:06,600 --> 00:09:10,160
+main point color was black. Main point. Main
+
+104
+00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:13,660
+point. Paint is a noun functioning as an
+
+105
+00:09:13,660 --> 00:09:14,100
+adjective.
+
+106
+00:09:16,890 --> 00:09:24,150
+I also had green and yellow paint in different
+
+107
+00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:30,930
+places. Very nice. Yes, please. Yes, the adjective
+
+108
+00:09:30,930 --> 00:09:40,070
+is turtle. Yes. It had seven big tents. Yes,
+
+109
+00:09:40,150 --> 00:09:45,840
+please. Was broken, very nicely broken. So I had
+
+110
+00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:51,120
+to tie it with a strong rope. Very good. Alright.
+
+111
+00:09:51,300 --> 00:09:58,300
+Also the back bumper was rusty. Back itself is an
+
+112
+00:09:58,300 --> 00:10:02,800
+adjective and with rusty is an adjective. And the
+
+113
+00:10:02,800 --> 00:10:09,670
+front is an adjective and was cracked. is an ED4
+
+114
+00:10:09,670 --> 00:10:13,090
+functioning as an adjective. The inside of the
+
+115
+00:10:13,090 --> 00:10:17,030
+car, no, the inside is not, it's a noun. Notice
+
+116
+00:10:17,030 --> 00:10:20,270
+that there is an article plus noun, the inside, so
+
+117
+00:10:20,270 --> 00:10:22,550
+it's a noun. It's a noun phrase, we call it. Of
+
+118
+00:10:22,550 --> 00:10:26,970
+the car was also in terrible conditions, okay?
+
+119
+00:10:27,290 --> 00:10:31,850
+Let's continue. Oh, in a sec, please. The
+
+120
+00:10:31,850 --> 00:10:32,590
+passenger
+
+121
+00:10:34,860 --> 00:10:41,620
+Door handle, passenger and also door handle was
+
+122
+00:10:41,620 --> 00:10:44,680
+missing. Missing is an adjective. It was missing.
+
+123
+00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:49,460
+Okay? So you could not open the passenger. The
+
+124
+00:10:49,460 --> 00:10:52,880
+passenger is an adjective. The door from the
+
+125
+00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:56,900
+inside. Who would like to continue? Yes, please.
+
+126
+00:10:57,280 --> 00:11:01,460
+The seats had at least 10 layers.
+
+127
+00:11:04,710 --> 00:11:09,750
+And large are also adjectives. Also the gas huge
+
+128
+00:11:09,750 --> 00:11:15,110
+was broken broken. The gas cage is also a noun. It
+
+129
+00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:17,630
+was an adjective. So noun functioning as an
+
+130
+00:11:17,630 --> 00:11:19,970
+adjective to the cage was broken.
+
+131
+00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:28,920
+it showed foil is an adjective, no it's an adverb,
+
+132
+00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:33,940
+notice adverbs give information on verbs nouns
+
+133
+00:11:33,940 --> 00:11:37,640
+give sorry adjectives give information on nouns so
+
+134
+00:11:37,640 --> 00:11:42,480
+foil is not adjective it's an adverb showing
+
+135
+00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:45,330
+giving information onNot the verb. Verb on the
+
+136
+00:11:45,330 --> 00:11:51,030
+verb show. Notice it is a main verb show so it is
+
+137
+00:11:51,030 --> 00:11:55,530
+not a linking verb.Okay? Alright. So, I ran out of
+
+138
+00:11:55,530 --> 00:12:02,290
+gas. The speedometer was broken too. So, I never
+
+139
+00:12:02,290 --> 00:12:09,110
+knew how fast I was driving. It's an advert. Fast
+
+140
+00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:14,090
+is also an advert. I wasn't driving because fast
+
+141
+00:12:14,090 --> 00:12:17,150
+is giving information on the driving, not on I am.
+
+142
+00:12:17,290 --> 00:12:22,040
+So, very nice.Like a first, a first is an
+
+143
+00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:30,980
+adjective. My old, old BW had a few, yes, but my
+
+144
+00:12:30,980 --> 00:12:34,800
+mother was perfect. Very nice and you are perfect
+
+145
+00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:39,650
+today, okay? Alright, let's see. Now these are
+
+146
+00:12:39,650 --> 00:12:43,090
+already some things just to refresh your mind or
+
+147
+00:12:43,090 --> 00:12:47,330
+knowledge about adjectives. Now we come to a very
+
+148
+00:12:47,330 --> 00:12:52,470
+important topic which is what if I have to use two
+
+149
+00:12:52,470 --> 00:12:55,910
+or more adjectives in a row for example to
+
+150
+00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:59,450
+describe something. What is the order? Generally
+
+151
+00:12:59,450 --> 00:13:02,190
+there is an order, there is an arrangement for
+
+152
+00:13:02,190 --> 00:13:07,000
+putting Adjective one after another. Okay?
+
+153
+00:13:07,460 --> 00:13:10,520
+Sometimes we use, in other words, we use two or
+
+154
+00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:15,060
+more adjectives together in describing another.
+
+155
+00:13:15,340 --> 00:13:18,480
+Let's look at these two examples. My parents live
+
+156
+00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:22,540
+in a nice new house. Or is it my parents live in a
+
+157
+00:13:22,540 --> 00:13:27,120
+new nice house? It's actually my parents live in a
+
+158
+00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,690
+nice new house, not in a new nice house. According
+
+159
+00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:33,290
+to something we call it cumulative adjectives,
+
+160
+00:13:33,370 --> 00:13:37,950
+okay? A dirty old black cat is wandering the
+
+161
+00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:41,410
+street but it is never an old black dirty cat. It
+
+162
+00:13:41,410 --> 00:13:45,780
+has to always be a dirty old black. cat wandering
+
+163
+00:13:45,780 --> 00:13:48,100
+the street. So there is some arrangement for
+
+164
+00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:50,840
+putting adjectives together. What is the
+
+165
+00:13:50,840 --> 00:13:53,320
+arrangement? Generally, we have to make a
+
+166
+00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:56,080
+distinction between two types of adjectives,
+
+167
+00:13:56,200 --> 00:14:00,320
+opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinion
+
+168
+00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:04,130
+adjective means it gives information it's your
+
+169
+00:14:04,130 --> 00:14:07,230
+point of view it's not something factual it is
+
+170
+00:14:07,230 --> 00:14:10,130
+your point of view when something is nice this is
+
+171
+00:14:10,130 --> 00:14:13,490
+an opinion this is not a fact because it's just
+
+172
+00:14:13,490 --> 00:14:15,670
+your point of view because someone will say no it
+
+173
+00:14:15,670 --> 00:14:19,330
+is not nice okay when something is dirty it is
+
+174
+00:14:19,330 --> 00:14:22,170
+also another point of view because someone say no
+
+175
+00:14:22,170 --> 00:14:25,110
+it is not very dirty so the idea is that there are
+
+176
+00:14:25,110 --> 00:14:28,370
+opinion adjectives and there are fact adjectives
+
+177
+00:14:28,370 --> 00:14:32,250
+generally opinion adjectives come before Fact
+
+178
+00:14:32,250 --> 00:14:36,450
+adjectives, okay? So adjectives like nice and
+
+179
+00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:39,890
+dirty are opinion adjectives. They tell us what
+
+180
+00:14:39,890 --> 00:14:43,570
+you think about, what's your point of view about
+
+181
+00:14:43,570 --> 00:14:47,690
+something or someone. Now we have something called
+
+182
+00:14:47,690 --> 00:14:51,530
+fact adjectives. And fact adjectives very much
+
+183
+00:14:51,530 --> 00:14:56,980
+like you. old green are facts because nobody can
+
+184
+00:14:56,980 --> 00:15:00,120
+say no they are yellow it's green is a green for
+
+185
+00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:02,840
+instance okay it's a fact it's a matter of fact
+
+186
+00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:07,020
+they give us factual informations in other words
+
+187
+00:15:07,020 --> 00:15:11,200
+about the age the shape the color the make of
+
+188
+00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:16,260
+something all right let's see now in your textbook
+
+189
+00:15:16,260 --> 00:15:21,860
+on page 107 There is something, there is a kind of
+
+190
+00:15:21,860 --> 00:15:24,900
+arrangement, there is an order for using
+
+191
+00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:29,060
+adjectives or putting one adjective after another.
+
+192
+00:15:29,420 --> 00:15:32,620
+Let's see how this is done. For example, if I want
+
+193
+00:15:32,620 --> 00:15:35,000
+to describe something, I have to start first of
+
+194
+00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:39,730
+all with articles. demonstratives, pronouns and
+
+195
+00:15:39,730 --> 00:15:43,530
+possessives. For example, A or N. For example, A
+
+196
+00:15:43,530 --> 00:15:47,190
+nice house. So there is A, the article begins. Or
+
+197
+00:15:47,190 --> 00:15:50,550
+three interesting stories. Three is a number,
+
+198
+00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:56,900
+okay? Quantity sorry his interesting house pronoun
+
+199
+00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:00,460
+his possessive okay so generally if I want to
+
+200
+00:16:00,460 --> 00:16:03,300
+order things I have to start with numbers so with
+
+201
+00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:08,020
+articles demonstratives pronouns or possessives my
+
+202
+00:16:08,020 --> 00:16:12,680
+his her and so on the second thing comes quantity
+
+203
+00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:18,820
+two fifty some many a few for example a few
+
+204
+00:16:18,820 --> 00:16:24,430
+interesting stories okay Three big houses. Okay,
+
+205
+00:16:24,790 --> 00:16:28,230
+so quantities. The second, the third thing comes
+
+206
+00:16:28,230 --> 00:16:32,210
+in a row is the opinion. For example, three nice,
+
+207
+00:16:32,250 --> 00:16:37,030
+three nice stories. So quantity, opinion, and we
+
+208
+00:16:37,030 --> 00:16:39,750
+have them now. So we have opinion basically. For
+
+209
+00:16:39,750 --> 00:16:44,700
+example,happy, beautiful, exciting, silly,
+
+210
+00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:48,600
+cheerful and so after opening adjectives we use
+
+211
+00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:53,300
+appearance and appearance is classified so we talk
+
+212
+00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:55,340
+about the size before
+
+213
+00:16:57,610 --> 00:17:01,350
+before the condition for example the size large
+
+214
+00:17:01,350 --> 00:17:05,650
+small tiny huge little for example the size of
+
+215
+00:17:05,650 --> 00:17:10,210
+something for example three large houses okay
+
+216
+00:17:10,210 --> 00:17:16,170
+three large nice houses okay three nice large
+
+217
+00:17:16,170 --> 00:17:19,890
+houses for example okay tiny huge and it is then
+
+218
+00:17:19,890 --> 00:17:24,590
+we also have the shape so we have a square round
+
+219
+00:17:24,590 --> 00:17:27,880
+rectangular and flat and then we have the
+
+220
+00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:32,250
+condition what it is a Like in its state, for
+
+221
+00:17:32,250 --> 00:17:37,330
+example, rusty, broken, hangry, wasted, cold, and
+
+222
+00:17:37,330 --> 00:17:42,470
+so on. After condition, we have the age, new, old,
+
+223
+00:17:42,770 --> 00:17:46,830
+young, ancient, and so on. After the age comes the
+
+224
+00:17:46,830 --> 00:17:51,630
+color, blue, pink, yellow, crimson, green, and so
+
+225
+00:17:51,630 --> 00:17:55,690
+on. And after the color, the origin, where it
+
+226
+00:17:55,690 --> 00:17:59,790
+comes from. For instance,blue sorry English,
+
+227
+00:18:00,170 --> 00:18:05,610
+American, Chinese, Indian and so on and then we
+
+228
+00:18:05,610 --> 00:18:09,510
+have the material what is it made of for example
+
+229
+00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:16,280
+plastic, wooden a glass woolen and so on and then
+
+230
+00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:20,560
+also we have the purpose all right racing car
+
+231
+00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:24,340
+flying pan what is it used for that's the purpose
+
+232
+00:18:24,340 --> 00:18:28,940
+for it rocking chair and finally we have in the
+
+233
+00:18:28,940 --> 00:18:32,300
+order of adjectives we have nouns functioning as
+
+234
+00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:36,630
+adjectives for example shoe Wedding dress, a
+
+235
+00:18:36,630 --> 00:18:39,550
+wedding dress, wedding is an adjective, alright?
+
+236
+00:18:39,870 --> 00:18:42,810
+So this is generally the order for putting
+
+237
+00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:46,270
+adjectives one after another if we are using two
+
+238
+00:18:46,270 --> 00:18:51,090
+or more adjectives, okay? So for example, an
+
+239
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:55,050
+interesting order book, what is the order here?
+
+240
+00:18:55,330 --> 00:18:58,770
+For example, this is an article, is that right?
+
+241
+00:18:58,990 --> 00:19:01,050
+Interesting? Okay, yeah?
+
+242
+00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:13,210
+So it's number one. Okay, three and seven. Okay,
+
+243
+00:19:13,450 --> 00:19:16,850
+is that right? Okay, let's see. An ugly pink
+
+244
+00:19:16,850 --> 00:19:20,250
+plastic necklace would be something like number
+
+245
+00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:28,970
+three, number eight and number ten is the
+
+246
+00:19:28,970 --> 00:19:32,910
+material. Okay, so we have an article, opinion,
+
+247
+00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:36,370
+color and material. Generally, this is not order.
+
+248
+00:19:38,670 --> 00:19:42,930
+A nice, small African drum. So we have article
+
+249
+00:19:42,930 --> 00:19:49,110
+number one, nice, small, of course African is
+
+250
+00:19:49,110 --> 00:19:54,210
+number four, the origin is, and it's number nine.
+
+251
+00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:58,590
+Okay? Yes. Alright? Let's see the second class. A
+
+252
+00:19:58,590 --> 00:20:03,050
+delicious round chocolate cake. A delicious is
+
+253
+00:20:03,050 --> 00:20:08,370
+number one, delicious, opening. Number three,
+
+254
+00:20:08,570 --> 00:20:13,670
+round shape. Number five, and chocolate is number?
+
+255
+00:20:13,790 --> 00:20:17,830
+Material. Material. Noun. Noun functioning as an
+
+256
+00:20:17,830 --> 00:20:21,210
+adjective. So it is number twelve. Twelve. Okay?
+
+257
+00:20:21,530 --> 00:20:25,690
+So we have article, opinion, shape, and noun
+
+258
+00:20:25,690 --> 00:20:28,750
+functioning as an adjective. Let's see the last
+
+259
+00:20:28,750 --> 00:20:34,810
+one. A pair of smart broken leather. So we have
+
+260
+00:20:34,810 --> 00:20:43,500
+smart, is opinion and number eight labor is a
+
+261
+00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:48,110
+material and it is number ten. So as you can see
+
+262
+00:20:48,110 --> 00:20:51,190
+here, we have an order. So generally, size
+
+263
+00:20:51,190 --> 00:20:55,750
+adjectives come before condition or shape
+
+264
+00:20:55,750 --> 00:21:00,070
+adjectives. Age adjectives or adjectives relating
+
+265
+00:21:00,070 --> 00:21:03,530
+to age come before color and so on. So we have to
+
+266
+00:21:03,530 --> 00:21:06,970
+remember or to know or to learn this kind of order
+
+267
+00:21:06,970 --> 00:21:10,230
+whenever we use adjectives. Is this clear?
+
+268
+00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:16,000
+Let's draw a textbook this table which clarifies
+
+269
+00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,520
+how we use or how we order adjectives. Alright?
+
+270
+00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:23,700
+Let's do this activity before we move to the
+
+271
+00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:30,460
+textbook and try to order these adjectives in put
+
+272
+00:21:30,460 --> 00:21:34,000
+these adjectives in the correct order you can use
+
+273
+00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:36,300
+the help of your textbook the table in your
+
+274
+00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:40,560
+textbook to rearrange or put the adjectives in the
+
+275
+00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,840
+correct order okay let's do the first one together
+
+276
+00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:47,900
+before I give you some time to work on this at
+
+277
+00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:53,510
+home there is a wooden beautiful square table in
+
+278
+00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:56,230
+the dining room would be something like at home
+
+279
+00:21:56,230 --> 00:22:03,430
+there is a beautiful square, wooden square, wooden
+
+280
+00:22:03,430 --> 00:22:11,530
+square, with square within. So we have a beautiful
+
+281
+00:22:18,470 --> 00:22:22,630
+So we have the article, the opinion, the shape,
+
+282
+00:22:23,010 --> 00:22:26,390
+and then we have the material. Alright? Now I'll
+
+283
+00:22:26,390 --> 00:22:29,130
+give you some time to work on each one of these
+
+284
+00:22:29,130 --> 00:22:31,610
+questions. Okay? Your lessons.
+
+285
+00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:09,990
+Say it with me.
+
+286
+00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:21,660
+Thank you.
+
+287
+00:23:50,188 --> 00:23:50,810
+Welcome.
+
+288
+00:23:53,650 --> 00:23:54,870
+Welcome.
+
+289
+00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,900
+Alright, number two. Number two. Yes, please.
+
+290
+00:24:45,630 --> 00:24:53,790
+Very nice! Nice. Italian. You. Age. Age. Age. And
+
+291
+00:24:53,790 --> 00:24:57,030
+woman is the? Material. Material. Okay. Yes,
+
+292
+00:24:57,130 --> 00:25:00,630
+please. I saw an interesting old American movie,
+
+293
+00:25:00,790 --> 00:25:04,430
+old movie with friends at home. Very nice. So, an
+
+294
+00:25:04,430 --> 00:25:10,350
+interesting old age and then we have the origin.
+
+295
+00:25:10,710 --> 00:25:13,810
+Yes. The nationality or the origin is an
+
+296
+00:25:13,810 --> 00:25:16,890
+interesting old American movie. Yes, please.
+
+297
+00:25:20,620 --> 00:25:26,200
+Big black or black big? Big black. So big black
+
+298
+00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:29,520
+clouds because sun comes before the color.
+
+299
+00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,880
+Alright? Let's continue the remaining questions
+
+300
+00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:32,280
+please.
+
+301
+00:26:02,690 --> 00:26:11,050
+I don't have anything. I'm confused. So who's the
+
+302
+00:26:11,050 --> 00:26:34,730
+father? Ask him. Ask him. Ask him. Ask him.
+
+303
+00:26:34,750 --> 00:26:47,950
+I'm here
+
+304
+00:26:52,520 --> 00:26:56,700
+It's shiny. Shiny. Shiny color.
+
+305
+00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:04,600
+Shiny. Shiny. Shiny. Shiny spots.
+
+306
+00:27:19,290 --> 00:27:29,290
+Germany Germany Germany
+
+307
+00:27:29,290 --> 00:27:33,870
+Germany Germany
+
+308
+00:27:33,870 --> 00:27:39,550
+Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany
+
+309
+00:27:47,220 --> 00:27:52,760
+Last week I visited a lovely small old village.
+
+310
+00:28:15,650 --> 00:28:23,510
+Red, yellow, umbrella, okay? Yes, please. John was
+
+311
+00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:30,350
+given an adorable little flag, each by his sister.
+
+312
+00:28:30,730 --> 00:28:37,150
+So, an adorable opinion, okay? Little flag, size
+
+313
+00:28:37,150 --> 00:28:37,690
+and then?
+
+314
+00:28:44,250 --> 00:28:47,230
+What? Oh, this is my hand. Okay, a new shiny or a
+
+315
+00:28:47,230 --> 00:28:50,170
+shiny new? A shiny. A shiny, was it? It's the
+
+316
+00:28:50,170 --> 00:28:52,830
+condition. Yes, yes. This is shiny is a condition,
+
+317
+00:28:53,190 --> 00:28:58,130
+alright? Like rusty or .. So, a shiny new Italian
+
+318
+00:28:58,130 --> 00:29:03,390
+sport, a shiny, a shiny new Italian sport, sports
+
+319
+00:29:03,390 --> 00:29:08,590
+car. It was such a lovely sunny day. Fairness, it
+
+320
+00:29:08,590 --> 00:29:13,270
+was such a lovely opinion plus a condition, sunny,
+
+321
+00:29:13,410 --> 00:29:18,890
+it is the condition. So such a lovely sunny day.
+
+322
+00:29:19,210 --> 00:29:21,950
+Alright, is this clear? Yes. Alright, now we are
+
+323
+00:29:21,950 --> 00:29:25,190
+doing something similar on page 180 in your
+
+324
+00:29:25,190 --> 00:29:29,120
+textbook. Alright? And the same exercise put the
+
+325
+00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:34,720
+adjectives in between brackets in the corrector on
+
+326
+00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:40,580
+exercise one hundred and eight to sentences
+
+327
+00:29:40,580 --> 00:29:42,620
+from one to ten please.
+
+328
+00:30:05,870 --> 00:30:08,670
+Okay. Okay.
+
+329
+00:30:17,010 --> 00:30:18,550
+Okay. Okay.
+
+330
+00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:34,840
+Okay. Okay.
+
+331
+00:30:41,300 --> 00:30:42,700
+Okay.
+
+332
+00:31:28,730 --> 00:31:35,030
+Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
+
+333
+00:31:37,930 --> 00:31:40,230
+Thank you. Thank you.
+
+334
+00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:29,660
+I'm going to
+
+335
+00:32:29,660 --> 00:32:34,220
+ask a question that's going to make you feel
+
+336
+00:32:34,220 --> 00:32:34,360
+better.
+
+337
+00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:39,480
+Are you a teacher?
+
+338
+00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:46,580
+Yes,
+
+339
+00:32:56,500 --> 00:33:01,220
+I'm a teacher. What do you do?
+
+340
+00:33:06,830 --> 00:33:09,450
+The last thing I want to ask you about is that in
+
+341
+00:33:09,450 --> 00:33:11,870
+the last few months, you haven't had a chance to
+
+342
+00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:13,450
+talk to people. You haven't had a chance to sit
+
+343
+00:33:13,450 --> 00:33:16,130
+down and talk to people. Yes, yes. But you haven't
+
+344
+00:33:16,130 --> 00:33:17,770
+had a chance to talk to people. You haven't had a
+
+345
+00:33:17,770 --> 00:33:20,930
+chance to sit down and talk to people. You haven't
+
+346
+00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:21,850
+had a chance to sit down and talk to people. You
+
+347
+00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:22,270
+haven't had a chance to sit down and talk to
+
+348
+00:33:22,270 --> 00:33:22,490
+people. You haven't had a chance to sit down and
+
+349
+00:33:22,490 --> 00:33:23,870
+talk to people. You haven't had a chance to sit
+
+350
+00:33:23,870 --> 00:33:25,750
+down and talk to people. You haven't had a chance
+
+351
+00:33:25,750 --> 00:33:26,890
+to sit down and talk to people. You haven't had a
+
+352
+00:33:26,890 --> 00:33:27,410
+chance to sit down and talk to people. You haven't
+
+353
+00:33:27,410 --> 00:33:27,770
+had a chance to sit down and talk to people. You
+
+354
+00:33:27,770 --> 00:33:27,770
+haven't had a chance to sit down and talk to
+
+355
+00:33:27,770 --> 00:33:29,370
+people. You haven't had a chance to sit down and
+
+356
+00:33:29,370 --> 00:33:30,130
+talk to people. You haven't had a chance to sit
+
+357
+00:33:30,130 --> 00:33:31,670
+down and talk to people. You haven't had a chance
+
+358
+00:33:31,670 --> 00:33:36,060
+to sit down and talk to All right, let's see. All
+
+359
+00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:38,980
+right, let's see number two. Number two. Yes,
+
+360
+00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:45,000
+please. All right, so big black or black big? Big.
+
+361
+00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:50,460
+So big black. Size before color. All right. Number
+
+362
+00:33:50,460 --> 00:33:55,760
+two. Yes, please. Rectangular colorful or colorful
+
+363
+00:33:55,760 --> 00:34:00,160
+rectangular? Rectangular colorful. So we have
+
+364
+00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:03,720
+shape before the condition. Straight before the
+
+365
+00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,080
+condition, it's chemical. Alright, number three.
+
+366
+00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:16,140
+Thick green grass. Thick green grass. Alright,
+
+367
+00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:19,920
+this number, C number, five and six. Five, yes
+
+368
+00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:23,680
+please. I dream about the lights and a beautiful
+
+369
+00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:30,540
+white sun. So we have a beautiful white sun. Color
+
+370
+00:34:30,540 --> 00:34:36,520
+and then we have the neon. Neon functioning as an
+
+371
+00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:44,040
+adjective. Yes, please. In a small Italian store.
+
+372
+00:34:44,240 --> 00:34:45,900
+Very nice. In a small.
+
+373
+00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:57,980
+Number? Number seven, alright? Number seven. Yes
+
+374
+00:34:57,980 --> 00:35:01,140
+please, here. Yes please. The parents left the
+
+375
+00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:04,360
+children with the grandparents while they were
+
+376
+00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:08,800
+their two young children. Their, okay, possessive,
+
+377
+00:35:08,820 --> 00:35:13,940
+okay? Two, quantity, and then we have the ages. So
+
+378
+00:35:13,940 --> 00:35:17,760
+they're two younger blah blah blah blah. Yes? Plus
+
+379
+00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:21,010
+they have thirsty students. Mr. Thompson's
+
+380
+00:35:21,010 --> 00:35:24,030
+advanced English class. Alright, is that? Why is
+
+381
+00:35:24,030 --> 00:35:27,510
+it Mr. Thompson's? Because this is so possessive,
+
+382
+00:35:27,610 --> 00:35:31,150
+okay? It's possessive. Mr. Thompson's advanced
+
+383
+00:35:31,150 --> 00:35:36,950
+English. Because advanced is an opinion, okay? And
+
+384
+00:35:36,950 --> 00:35:40,130
+number nine, number ten, nine, please. Yes. The
+
+385
+00:35:40,130 --> 00:35:42,910
+real estate agent pointed out problems with the
+
+386
+00:35:42,910 --> 00:35:49,810
+house, several minor problems. Several minor
+
+387
+00:35:49,810 --> 00:35:54,810
+problems with
+
+388
+00:35:54,810 --> 00:35:59,470
+blah blah blah. And finally, four large bedroom
+
+389
+00:35:59,470 --> 00:36:04,680
+windows were broken. So we have number size and
+
+390
+00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:08,420
+then we have noun functioning as four large
+
+391
+00:36:08,420 --> 00:36:13,100
+bedroom windows and so on all right very good very
+
+392
+00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,520
+good all right now let's look at the final
+
+393
+00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:20,180
+exercise in this topic and what I'd like you to do
+
+394
+00:36:20,180 --> 00:36:25,400
+is actually to add two or more adjectives two or
+
+395
+00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:30,980
+three maximum to the following sentences. Let's
+
+396
+00:36:30,980 --> 00:36:35,320
+look at and add pictures to the word umbrella. No
+
+397
+00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:38,040
+one understands why I still wear my jeans.
+
+398
+00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:44,520
+Alright. It would be my chair. And my mother gave
+
+399
+00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:50,200
+me a ring. and my brother owned a car. So add
+
+400
+00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:54,960
+adjectives to these underlined words. Two or more
+
+401
+00:36:54,960 --> 00:36:58,080
+adjectives to each one of these underlined words
+
+402
+00:36:58,080 --> 00:36:59,520
+in these sentences, okay?
+
+403
+00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:46,760
+I love them. I love them. I love them. I love
+
+404
+00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:47,260
+them.
+
+405
+00:37:52,940 --> 00:37:54,380
+Okay. Okay.
+
+406
+00:37:57,260 --> 00:37:57,980
+Okay.
+
+407
+00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:33,760
+I'm constantly thinking about it. Thinking about
+
+408
+00:38:33,760 --> 00:38:36,080
+what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+409
+00:38:36,260 --> 00:38:37,900
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+410
+00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:38,400
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+411
+00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:39,880
+about what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+412
+00:38:39,880 --> 00:38:40,700
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+413
+00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:41,020
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+414
+00:38:41,020 --> 00:38:41,080
+about what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+415
+00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:41,400
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+416
+00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:43,220
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+417
+00:38:43,220 --> 00:38:44,760
+about what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+418
+00:38:44,760 --> 00:38:45,220
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+419
+00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:45,640
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+420
+00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:45,820
+about what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+421
+00:38:45,820 --> 00:38:46,020
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+422
+00:38:46,020 --> 00:38:46,020
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+423
+00:38:46,020 --> 00:38:46,080
+about what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+424
+00:38:46,080 --> 00:38:46,080
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+425
+00:38:46,080 --> 00:38:46,080
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+426
+00:38:46,080 --> 00:38:46,120
+about what you want. Thinking about what you want.
+
+427
+00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:46,120
+Thinking about what you want. Thinking about what
+
+428
+00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:47,540
+you want. Thinking about what you want. Thinking
+
+429
+00:38:47,540 --> 00:38:50,880
+about what you want. Thinking
+
+430
+00:39:08,740 --> 00:39:10,440
+My usual.
+
+431
+00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:34,240
+Minus pinch. Minus pinch.
+
+432
+00:39:40,500 --> 00:39:43,060
+I prefer it.
+
+433
+00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:27,140
+Alright, let's see. My umbrella is like a friend.
+
+434
+00:40:28,120 --> 00:40:31,320
+Yes, please. My beautiful small umbrella is like a
+
+435
+00:40:31,320 --> 00:40:34,380
+friend. Nice. My beautiful small umbrella is like
+
+436
+00:40:34,380 --> 00:40:38,880
+a friend. Alright. Yes. The first one. The first
+
+437
+00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:42,120
+one. How did you do it?How did you answer it? My
+
+438
+00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:49,080
+big pink umbrella is like an old friend. How did
+
+439
+00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:56,820
+you do it? My nice yellow umbrella. My nice big
+
+440
+00:40:56,820 --> 00:41:02,470
+yellow umbrella.it's like a friend it's like an
+
+441
+00:41:02,470 --> 00:41:05,750
+old friend for example okay number two no one
+
+442
+00:41:05,750 --> 00:41:08,970
+understands why I still wear my jeans yes please
+
+443
+00:41:08,970 --> 00:41:15,170
+why comfortable faded blue jeans very good very
+
+444
+00:41:15,170 --> 00:41:18,590
+good how did you answer it please my blue jeans
+
+445
+00:41:18,590 --> 00:41:21,610
+another one another adjective to it all right yes
+
+446
+00:41:21,610 --> 00:41:22,050
+please
+
+447
+00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:33,840
+My comfortable. Because it's an opinion. My
+
+448
+00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:39,640
+comfortable, large, old jeans. Old blue jeans.
+
+449
+00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:41,580
+Generally you use two or three. Don't use more
+
+450
+00:41:41,580 --> 00:41:46,040
+than three generally. It could be something not
+
+451
+00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:53,350
+good actually. One thing from the fire to be my
+
+452
+00:41:53,350 --> 00:41:58,150
+chair. To be my? My old antique chair. Okay, my
+
+453
+00:41:58,150 --> 00:42:03,970
+old antique chair. Okay. Probably something else.
+
+454
+00:42:04,010 --> 00:42:06,030
+Venice. I didn't think about this. Yes, please.
+
+455
+00:42:06,110 --> 00:42:10,090
+Over there. Beautiful little wooden chair. Little
+
+456
+00:42:10,090 --> 00:42:13,210
+wooden. My beautiful little wooden chair. All
+
+457
+00:42:13,210 --> 00:42:18,570
+right, let's try this now. My beautiful beautiful
+
+458
+00:42:19,260 --> 00:42:26,760
+Small, not little. Small. Wooden. Okay, so we have
+
+459
+00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:31,440
+opinion, size, material. Wooden, chair. Okay,
+
+460
+00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:35,520
+number four. My mother gave me a ring. Yes,
+
+461
+00:42:35,580 --> 00:42:39,460
+please. My mother gave me a nice round gold ring.
+
+462
+00:42:39,560 --> 00:42:42,800
+Okay, it should be round anyway. So, a nice round
+
+463
+00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:48,580
+gold ring. Very good. Alright, over. Yes. An
+
+464
+00:42:48,580 --> 00:42:56,340
+expensive gold ring. An elegant silver ring. An
+
+465
+00:42:56,340 --> 00:43:01,560
+expensive gold
+
+466
+00:43:01,560 --> 00:43:09,700
+ring. And my brother owns a car. Yes please. My
+
+467
+00:43:09,700 --> 00:43:15,870
+brother owns an expensive car.An expensive new red
+
+468
+00:43:15,870 --> 00:43:19,790
+car. Italian car would be an expensive old new
+
+469
+00:43:19,790 --> 00:43:25,950
+car. A new silver car. Or finally? A small old
+
+470
+00:43:25,950 --> 00:43:32,590
+car. Very nice. A small old European or Italian.
+
+471
+00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:39,620
+Italian car. So what we see here are some
+
+472
+00:43:39,620 --> 00:43:43,800
+arrangements we learned today how to put a number
+
+473
+00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:46,780
+more than one adjective in a loan and this is
+
+474
+00:43:46,780 --> 00:43:48,960
+something that I would advise you to remember
+
+475
+00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:51,780
+whenever you are using adjectives always have this
+
+476
+00:43:51,780 --> 00:43:56,060
+kind of arrangement in mind as you use your
+
+477
+00:43:56,060 --> 00:44:00,040
+descriptions in your writing. Alright? Thank you
+
+478
+00:44:00,040 --> 00:44:02,560
+very much and I'll see you next time inshallah.
+
+479
+00:44:02,720 --> 00:44:03,100
+Thank you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/nn26Sn702ks.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1882 @@
+1
+00:00:20,470 --> 00:00:22,470
+All right. Assalamualaikum. Good morning
+
+2
+00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:25,250
+everybody. How are you today? Very good. Very
+
+3
+00:00:25,250 --> 00:00:27,270
+good. All right. Today's class, we're going to
+
+4
+00:00:27,270 --> 00:00:30,410
+look at the form and the structure of a paragraph.
+
+5
+00:00:30,670 --> 00:00:33,010
+Of course, we have, whenever we write a paragraph,
+
+6
+00:00:33,230 --> 00:00:36,370
+we have to have some idea about how to write a
+
+7
+00:00:36,370 --> 00:00:39,530
+paragraph, how our paragraph should look like. In
+
+8
+00:00:39,530 --> 00:00:43,570
+other words, the form of this paragraph. And from
+
+9
+00:00:43,570 --> 00:00:45,710
+your writings, and when I looked at your writings,
+
+10
+00:00:45,830 --> 00:00:48,440
+I noticed that there were some There were some
+
+11
+00:00:48,440 --> 00:00:51,120
+discrepancies in or some sort of a
+
+12
+00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:54,460
+misunderstanding of the way we present a
+
+13
+00:00:54,460 --> 00:00:57,480
+paragraph. So whenever we write a paragraph, we
+
+14
+00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:01,220
+should focus on the following things. The
+
+15
+00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:05,700
+paragraph form. As we know, a paragraph is a
+
+16
+00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:10,920
+collection of sentences, related sentences dealing
+
+17
+00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:13,920
+with one major topic. And we will talk about this
+
+18
+00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:16,860
+in a few minutes later, okay? So it is a
+
+19
+00:01:16,860 --> 00:01:19,810
+collection of related sentences. dealing with one
+
+20
+00:01:19,810 --> 00:01:24,370
+topic, one central topic. And most paragraphs
+
+21
+00:01:24,370 --> 00:01:29,010
+contain between five to six to ten or twelve
+
+22
+00:01:29,010 --> 00:01:33,590
+sentences dealing or addressing one central topic.
+
+23
+00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:35,950
+The first thing we notice, another thing we should
+
+24
+00:01:35,950 --> 00:01:38,250
+notice is that whenever we write a paragraph, we
+
+25
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:42,490
+have to indent. That is to say, leave a space like
+
+26
+00:01:42,490 --> 00:01:47,490
+five spaces at the beginning of of the paragraph.
+
+27
+00:01:47,950 --> 00:01:50,250
+Another thing is that this is what a paragraph
+
+28
+00:01:50,250 --> 00:01:54,290
+should look like. So we write on all the lines,
+
+29
+00:01:55,010 --> 00:01:59,090
+alright, until we finish our paragraph. Notice the
+
+30
+00:01:59,090 --> 00:02:02,130
+margin here? There are no margins. There is a
+
+31
+00:02:02,130 --> 00:02:04,970
+margin, enough margin here on the left and margins
+
+32
+00:02:04,970 --> 00:02:09,670
+on the right. This is the way it should look like.
+
+33
+00:02:09,850 --> 00:02:13,990
+So, this is a model paragraph, an example of what
+
+34
+00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:16,870
+a paragraph should look like. For example, there
+
+35
+00:02:16,870 --> 00:02:20,530
+is a title, alright, school uniform and we
+
+36
+00:02:20,530 --> 00:02:26,230
+indented the first sentence of this paragraph and
+
+37
+00:02:26,230 --> 00:02:28,550
+you will notice that it is
+
+38
+00:02:34,090 --> 00:02:37,290
+Alright? Alright. Now, what is wrong with this
+
+39
+00:02:37,290 --> 00:02:42,590
+paragraph? First, you will notice, first means
+
+40
+00:02:42,590 --> 00:02:45,930
+that the title is not indented. So the title of
+
+41
+00:02:45,930 --> 00:02:48,710
+the paragraph should be written in the middle of
+
+42
+00:02:48,710 --> 00:02:51,510
+the page, on the middle of the page. Another thing
+
+43
+00:02:51,510 --> 00:02:57,470
+is that it is not indented. Okay? So the paragraph
+
+44
+00:02:57,470 --> 00:03:00,390
+should be indented at the beginning. Alright? This
+
+45
+00:03:00,390 --> 00:03:03,450
+is very important because it tells the reader that
+
+46
+00:03:03,450 --> 00:03:06,830
+we are starting a paragraph or we are starting a
+
+47
+00:03:06,830 --> 00:03:09,110
+new paragraph. Okay? So always remember this
+
+48
+00:03:09,110 --> 00:03:12,890
+whenever you write a paragraph indent the first
+
+49
+00:03:12,890 --> 00:03:16,630
+sentence. Okay? That is to say leave a blank space
+
+50
+00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:20,430
+about five spaces or the size of a word at the
+
+51
+00:03:20,430 --> 00:03:22,650
+beginning of the paragraph. What else? What's
+
+52
+00:03:22,650 --> 00:03:29,770
+wrong here? Yes, please. Okay, notice that we
+
+53
+00:03:29,770 --> 00:03:33,590
+finished the first two sentences here and we leave
+
+54
+00:03:33,590 --> 00:03:38,470
+this space. So, you should write here, alright?
+
+55
+00:03:38,850 --> 00:03:42,550
+Only half of the sentence empty. half of the line
+
+56
+00:03:42,550 --> 00:03:46,070
+empty you have to continue writing full stop and
+
+57
+00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:49,490
+continue writing don't leave half of the sentence
+
+58
+00:03:49,490 --> 00:03:52,390
+empty without writing anything on it and the same
+
+59
+00:03:52,390 --> 00:03:55,990
+thing here write all in itself make sure that you
+
+60
+00:03:55,990 --> 00:03:59,800
+write Continue on the same line. Don't start a new
+
+61
+00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:02,740
+line. Continue on the same line. And also don't
+
+62
+00:04:02,740 --> 00:04:07,700
+use pin by dash or other kinds of bullet points,
+
+63
+00:04:07,780 --> 00:04:11,580
+okay? Don't do this. This is not a proper format
+
+64
+00:04:11,580 --> 00:04:16,620
+of finish the first or second sentence, continue
+
+65
+00:04:16,620 --> 00:04:21,180
+on the same line until you get to the end of the
+
+66
+00:04:21,180 --> 00:04:24,040
+paragraph. So here what is wrong is that the
+
+67
+00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:28,640
+writer just left the rest of the line and started
+
+68
+00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:30,880
+a new line. This means that we have one paragraph,
+
+69
+00:04:31,020 --> 00:04:32,780
+two paragraphs, three paragraphs and four
+
+70
+00:04:32,780 --> 00:04:35,360
+paragraphs and this is not correct. We should
+
+71
+00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,070
+write in like a block form. All of them, you have
+
+72
+00:04:39,070 --> 00:04:41,910
+to write on all the lines, alright? So this is
+
+73
+00:04:41,910 --> 00:04:46,410
+what we mean by a proper format or a proper form
+
+74
+00:04:46,410 --> 00:04:51,830
+of the paragraph. That is to say there is a
+
+75
+00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:55,370
+title in the middle of the page, the middle of the
+
+76
+00:04:55,370 --> 00:05:01,590
+line, then we indent and we write on every line.
+
+77
+00:05:01,830 --> 00:05:05,470
+We don't leave some lines without writing anything
+
+78
+00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:08,970
+on thing. Alright? Is this clear? So hopefully
+
+79
+00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:13,630
+from now on I'll see that you the structure of the
+
+80
+00:05:13,630 --> 00:05:16,150
+paragraph is like this whenever you write
+
+81
+00:05:16,150 --> 00:05:19,490
+paragraph because this is what academic writing
+
+82
+00:05:19,490 --> 00:05:24,750
+paragraph writing is all about. Alright? Okay. Now
+
+83
+00:05:24,750 --> 00:05:29,730
+what like we said a paragraph is a group or a
+
+84
+00:05:29,730 --> 00:05:32,910
+collection of related sentences dealing with one
+
+85
+00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:36,590
+major with one central topic. There are certain or
+
+86
+00:05:36,590 --> 00:05:39,570
+key features about every paragraph that should be
+
+87
+00:05:39,570 --> 00:05:41,990
+present in every paragraph. Let's look at them.
+
+88
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:44,010
+We'll study them today, inshallah. The first thing
+
+89
+00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:47,750
+is it has to have a topic sentence, okay? We'll
+
+90
+00:05:47,750 --> 00:05:50,180
+come to this in a minute. It has to have
+
+91
+00:05:50,180 --> 00:05:54,920
+supporting sentences and concluding sentences and
+
+92
+00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:57,420
+there is the element of unity. That is to say
+
+93
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:06:02,860
+every paragraph addresses one main topic, one main
+
+94
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:06,760
+idea. Alright? Let's just consider all of these
+
+95
+00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:10,320
+elements of a good paragraph. What is a topic
+
+96
+00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:13,920
+sentence? So, in other words, it should be like a
+
+97
+00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:19,280
+hamburger The top bar is for the topic sentence,
+
+98
+00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,240
+the bottom bar is for the conclusion and the
+
+99
+00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:25,960
+filling is the concluding sentences. So it's very
+
+100
+00:06:25,960 --> 00:06:28,820
+much like a sandwich, a hamburger sandwich. So it
+
+101
+00:06:28,820 --> 00:06:31,940
+should be complete in itself. It should stand
+
+102
+00:06:31,940 --> 00:06:34,600
+alone as an understandable and as a clearly
+
+103
+00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:41,040
+written paragraph with a central idea. Now, what
+
+104
+00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:42,040
+is a topic sentence?
+
+105
+00:06:44,810 --> 00:06:47,890
+What is a topic sentence? Yes, please. It's the
+
+106
+00:06:47,890 --> 00:06:50,710
+first sentence in the paragraph. It talks about
+
+107
+00:06:50,710 --> 00:06:53,650
+the main idea of the paragraph. And what will the
+
+108
+00:06:53,650 --> 00:06:56,610
+paragraph talk about? Fairness, fairness. Alright,
+
+109
+00:06:56,750 --> 00:07:00,750
+anything else? Yes, basically it is the first
+
+110
+00:07:00,750 --> 00:07:03,070
+sentence of the paragraph. It is the sentence
+
+111
+00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:05,470
+which carries the central idea, the main idea of
+
+112
+00:07:05,470 --> 00:07:08,890
+the paragraph. A topic sentence expresses the main
+
+113
+00:07:08,890 --> 00:07:12,070
+idea of the paragraph and it's usually the first
+
+114
+00:07:12,070 --> 00:07:15,470
+sentence of the paragraph and as I just said it
+
+115
+00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:19,930
+has or contains or expresses the central idea of
+
+116
+00:07:19,930 --> 00:07:22,990
+this paragraph. And it is the most general
+
+117
+00:07:22,990 --> 00:07:26,210
+sentence in Arabic. We will practice this in the
+
+118
+00:07:26,210 --> 00:07:30,610
+next lecture, writing good topic sentences, strong
+
+119
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:35,130
+topic sentences. But this is just for quickly an
+
+120
+00:07:35,130 --> 00:07:39,170
+example of what a topic sentence should be written
+
+121
+00:07:39,170 --> 00:07:43,650
+like. One of the most serious problems in today's
+
+122
+00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:48,310
+public schools is overcrowded classrooms. What is
+
+123
+00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:53,330
+the idea here? What is the main idea? Yeah, this
+
+124
+00:07:53,330 --> 00:07:56,110
+is an example of a good topic sentence. What idea?
+
+125
+00:07:56,290 --> 00:07:58,550
+What is the main idea here? Yes, please.
+
+126
+00:07:58,970 --> 00:08:01,790
+Overcrowded classrooms. Yes, it is the overcrowded
+
+127
+00:08:01,790 --> 00:08:05,910
+classrooms as one of the major problems in today's
+
+128
+00:08:05,910 --> 00:08:10,310
+public schools. Alright? Alright. Now, what are
+
+129
+00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:13,850
+the supporting sentences? Okay, what are the
+
+130
+00:08:13,850 --> 00:08:16,730
+supporting sentences? Yes, please. It gives
+
+131
+00:08:16,730 --> 00:08:19,750
+examples and details about the topic. Very nice,
+
+132
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:21,970
+very nice. It's the purpose of these supporting
+
+133
+00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:25,610
+sentences is to develop, to discuss, to elaborate
+
+134
+00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:30,350
+on the main idea stated in the topic sentences. So
+
+135
+00:08:30,350 --> 00:08:33,550
+they develop, explain, and support. That's why we
+
+136
+00:08:33,550 --> 00:08:36,890
+call them supporting sentences, okay? Support the
+
+137
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:41,740
+main idea or the topic sentence that They contain
+
+138
+00:08:41,740 --> 00:08:47,640
+for example facts, statistics, opinions and a
+
+139
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,820
+whole lot. A lot of things that we can include to
+
+140
+00:08:50,820 --> 00:08:53,420
+support, to discuss, to develop the main idea in
+
+141
+00:08:53,420 --> 00:08:58,660
+the topic. And they explain why the main idea is
+
+142
+00:08:58,660 --> 00:09:02,370
+true, is wrong, is clear. And so and so on,
+
+143
+00:09:02,450 --> 00:09:06,490
+alright? And finally, we have to include in the
+
+144
+00:09:06,490 --> 00:09:10,010
+paragraph a concluding sentence, a conclusion. And
+
+145
+00:09:10,010 --> 00:09:15,610
+the conclusion is? Yes please. Repeat the utopic
+
+146
+00:09:15,610 --> 00:09:19,130
+sentence in different ways and summarize it. And
+
+147
+00:09:19,130 --> 00:09:22,780
+summarize the main idea or the main ideas in? Very
+
+148
+00:09:22,780 --> 00:09:25,520
+nice. So it is usually the last sentence of the
+
+149
+00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:27,700
+paragraph. That's why we call it a concluding
+
+150
+00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:31,200
+paragraph. We conclude a paragraph with it
+
+151
+00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:34,980
+restates, in other words, it says the same idea of
+
+152
+00:09:34,980 --> 00:09:37,480
+the topic sentence sometimes in different words
+
+153
+00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:40,640
+and it is used to finish the paragraph or to
+
+154
+00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:43,940
+prepare the reader for a following paragraph if we
+
+155
+00:09:43,940 --> 00:09:47,040
+are writing a series of paragraphs. Let's see this
+
+156
+00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:52,240
+one. of a concluding sentence. Notice, in
+
+157
+00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:56,440
+conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in a brief, in
+
+158
+00:09:56,440 --> 00:10:00,040
+brief, in short, finally, and so on. We have to
+
+159
+00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,600
+include this transition to indicate to the reader
+
+160
+00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:06,580
+that we are coming to the end of the paragraph, we
+
+161
+00:10:06,580 --> 00:10:09,380
+are finishing with a concluding sentence. The
+
+162
+00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:12,880
+problem of overcrowded classrooms has serious
+
+163
+00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:18,100
+negative effects on the learning of students. So
+
+164
+00:10:18,100 --> 00:10:22,440
+this is what we mean by the paragraph structure.
+
+165
+00:10:24,270 --> 00:10:28,010
+three elements and four elements. It has to have a
+
+166
+00:10:28,010 --> 00:10:31,110
+topic sentence where we state the main idea, and
+
+167
+00:10:31,110 --> 00:10:33,150
+it is the most general sentence in the paragraph.
+
+168
+00:10:33,930 --> 00:10:36,850
+It has supporting sentences or supporting details
+
+169
+00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:40,290
+to develop, explain, discuss, elaborate on the
+
+170
+00:10:40,290 --> 00:10:43,090
+topic sentence. And finally, we have a concluding
+
+171
+00:10:43,090 --> 00:10:47,310
+sentence which we with which we finish the
+
+172
+00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:49,850
+paragraph, summarize the main ideas or give a
+
+173
+00:10:49,850 --> 00:10:52,310
+recommendation and so on. We will practice these
+
+174
+00:10:52,310 --> 00:10:56,690
+things hopefully in the next classes. Ok? Let's
+
+175
+00:10:56,690 --> 00:11:00,330
+first analyze the structure of this paragraph.
+
+176
+00:11:00,530 --> 00:11:04,030
+Decide where is the topic sentence, where are the
+
+177
+00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:06,190
+supporting sentences and where is the conclusion.
+
+178
+00:11:06,190 --> 00:11:06,730
+Very quickly.
+
+179
+00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,530
+Quickly identify the topic sentence, the
+
+180
+00:11:34,530 --> 00:11:37,170
+supporting sentences and the conclusion in this
+
+181
+00:11:37,170 --> 00:11:40,330
+example paragraph. It shouldn't be very difficult,
+
+182
+00:11:40,530 --> 00:11:43,590
+it's very clear I guess. Yes please, over there.
+
+183
+00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:51,620
+There are three reasons why Canada is one of the
+
+184
+00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:54,140
+most popular countries in the world. Very nice. So
+
+185
+00:11:54,140 --> 00:11:57,640
+this is the topic sentence. Why? Like I just said,
+
+186
+00:11:57,740 --> 00:12:00,180
+the first sentence, it's clearly the most general
+
+187
+00:12:00,180 --> 00:12:03,920
+sentence in the paragraph and it holds, it carries
+
+188
+00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:07,060
+the main idea. What is the main idea here? The
+
+189
+00:12:07,060 --> 00:12:10,560
+three reasons for the popularity of Canada all
+
+190
+00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:13,240
+over the world. What are the supporting sentences?
+
+191
+00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,680
+I'm not going to ask you to read them, but all of
+
+192
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:20,500
+these sentences are used to develop, to discuss
+
+193
+00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,300
+further this main idea. First, Canada has an
+
+194
+00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:28,040
+excellent healthcare system. Second, Canada has a
+
+195
+00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:31,820
+high standard of education. Students are taught by
+
+196
+00:12:31,820 --> 00:12:35,660
+world-renowned teachers. Finally, Canada's
+
+197
+00:12:35,660 --> 00:12:
+
+223
+00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,260
+and if it is a strong paragraph just say it is a
+
+224
+00:14:17,260 --> 00:14:20,780
+strong paragraph, okay. Let's look at these four
+
+225
+00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:26,040
+paragraphs now. The first one is this one, yes, just 
+
+226
+00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:28,860
+quickly read it please and decide if it is a
+
+227
+00:14:28,860 --> 00:14:32,050
+strong or weak and if it is weak which one of the
+
+228
+00:14:32,050 --> 00:14:38,330
+reasons stated here is the one that says that?
+
+229
+00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:30,670
+Alright. Is it a strong paragraph or a weak
+
+230
+00:15:30,670 --> 00:15:33,570
+paragraph? Strong paragraph. Clearly, it is a weak 
+
+231
+00:15:33,570 --> 00:15:37,030
+paragraph. Why is it a weak paragraph? Which of
+
+232
+00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:41,010
+these reasons is the correct one that applies to
+
+233
+00:15:41,010 --> 00:15:44,990
+this paragraph? Which one is the reason for the
+
+234
+00:15:44,990 --> 00:15:48,590
+weak paragraph? Some sentences say the same thing.
+
+235
+00:15:48,670 --> 00:15:51,290
+Is that correct? Yeah. Yes, it's number four. Some 
+
+236
+00:15:51,290 --> 00:15:54,960
+sentences say the same thing. If we read very
+
+237
+00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:57,040
+quickly this paragraph, we will notice that some 
+
+238
+00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:59,480
+of these supporting sentences are repetitive. 
+
+239
+00:15:59,920 --> 00:16:03,560
+There is repetition in this paragraph. For
+
+240
+00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:05,340
+example, I need to buy a motorcycle. With a
+
+241
+00:16:05,340 --> 00:16:08,080
+motorcycle, I could get to my job very quickly. It 
+
+242
+00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:11,800
+takes two hours to get to work by train. That's
+
+243
+00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:13,820
+very slow. A motorcycle is much faster. So
+
+244
+00:16:13,820 --> 00:16:17,860
+repetition. If I had a motorcycle, I could save a
+
+245
+00:16:17,860 --> 00:16:20,260
+lot of time. Taking the train is not fast enough. 
+
+246
+00:16:20,360 --> 00:16:24,300
+So clearly, there is so much repetition in this 
+
+247
+00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:28,760
+paragraph that makes it a weak one. Alright? So 
+
+248
+00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,220
+whenever you write, make sure that every sentence 
+
+249
+00:16:31,220 --> 00:16:34,800
+counts. Alright? That you don't unnecessarily 
+
+250
+00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,920
+repeat yourself in your paragraph writing. Let's 
+
+251
+00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:42,320
+see the second example. Please quickly read it.
+
+252
+00:16:42,490 --> 00:16:44,830
+and decide if it is a strong or a weak paragraph
+
+253
+00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:45,990
+and why.
+
+254
+00:17:06,350 --> 00:17:11,880
+All right, okay, clearly it is a yes please. It is a
+
+255
+00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:16,740
+weak paragraph. Why? Because there is no topic
+
+256
+00:17:16,740 --> 00:17:19,160
+center. Very nice. Very nice. There is no topic 
+
+257
+00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,900
+center. I cannot start a paragraph with "first." I 
+
+258
+00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:25,340
+have "first," "second," "third" are considered 
+
+259
+00:17:25,340 --> 00:17:28,520
+supporting sentences. So, clearly there is a topic
+
+260
+00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,340
+sentence that is missing here and there has to be 
+
+261
+00:17:31,340 --> 00:17:34,220
+something inserted here as a topic sentence as the 
+
+262
+00:17:34,220 --> 00:17:36,960
+most general sentence in the paragraph. So number 
+
+263
+00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:39,840
+three of the reason, the third reason is or
+
+264
+00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:42,640
+applies or the cause of the weakness of this 
+
+265
+00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:45,820
+paragraph. There is no topic sentence. Let's see 
+
+266
+00:17:45,820 --> 00:17:47,140
+the third paragraph.
+
+267
+00:18:42,980 --> 00:18:45,500
+Alright? Is it a strong or a weak paragraph?
+
+268
+00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:50,840
+Strong. Yes, I can say it is a strong paragraph.
+
+269
+00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:56,720
+Why? Because the three elements, the three 
+
+270
+00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:59,940
+elements of a good paragraph. It has a clearly
+
+271
+00:18:59,940 --> 00:19:02,860
+written topic sentence. When I need a good place 
+
+272
+00:19:02,860 --> 00:19:06,140
+to study, I go to the library, so I expect that 
+
+273
+00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:09,820
+the paragraph will discuss the reasons for the
+
+274
+00:19:09,820 --> 00:19:12,760
+library to be a good place or a favorite place for
+
+275
+00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:18,020
+me to read. All of these details are very clear 
+
+276
+00:19:18,020 --> 00:19:21,500
+supporting details. There is no repetition of the
+
+277
+00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:25,120
+and there is enough discussion of the topic. For
+
+278
+00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:28,910
+example, It's always quiet there so I can
+
+279
+00:19:28,910 --> 00:19:32,970
+concentrate. It is easy to find the books I need. 
+
+280
+00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:35,710
+The other people in the library are also reading
+
+281
+00:19:35,710 --> 00:19:38,290
+or working so the mood is good for studying and
+
+282
+00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:42,290
+there is a conclusion and it is a good concluding
+
+283
+00:19:42,290 --> 00:19:45,310
+sentence. So, somehow, I study better and faster in 
+
+284
+00:19:45,310 --> 00:19:48,250
+the library than in any other place. So clearly it 
+
+285
+00:19:48,250 --> 00:19:51,870
+is a very well-written paragraph. Alright? Let's
+
+286
+00:19:51,870 --> 00:19:56,600
+see the second last example. Quickly, what do you
+
+287
+00:19:56,600 --> 00:20:01,600
+notice? This is a good or bad note. It's a weak 
+
+288
+00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:06,480
+paragraph. Why? Yes, it's too short. It finishes
+
+289
+00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:09,680
+very quickly. It's too short a paragraph. It's
+
+290
+00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:11,900
+not, there is not enough detail. There isn't
+
+291
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,460
+enough discussion in the paragraph. It's only just 
+
+292
+00:20:15,460 --> 00:20:18,300
+three sentences and this is not enough to discuss
+
+293
+00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:21,920
+any topic. Alright? So, clearly there are not
+
+294
+00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:24,860
+enough sentences and this makes it a weak
+
+295
+00:20:24,860 --> 00:20:27,380
+paragraph. And finally, the last one. 
+
+296
+00:21:08,820 --> 00:21:12,760
+Alright. Strong or weak paragraph? Alright, did 
+
+297
+00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:17,280
+you read it carefully? It's a weak paragraph. Can 
+
+298
+00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:19,680
+anybody explain why is it a weak paragraph?
+
+299
+00:21:23,300 --> 00:21:25,780
+Very nice. I hear the answer here is that the
+
+300
+00:21:25,780 --> 00:21:29,220
+sentences are not cool. Clearly, it is a weak
+
+301
+00:21:29,220 --> 00:21:31,860
+paragraph because the sentences are not cool about 
+
+302
+00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:34,780
+the same topic. Let's just very quickly consider
+
+303
+00:21:34,780 --> 00:21:37,700
+what is written here. Sports instructor is a good
+
+304
+00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:41,530
+part-time job. You can enjoy your favorite 
+
+305
+00:21:41,530 --> 00:21:43,830
+activity and earn money at the same time. So here
+
+306
+00:21:43,830 --> 00:21:47,010
+the topic sentence talks about a sports instructor
+
+307
+00:21:47,010 --> 00:21:50,130
+as a good time, part-time, a good part-time job.
+
+308
+00:21:50,290 --> 00:21:53,010
+The second, some other jobs. So we're talking
+
+309
+00:21:53,010 --> 00:21:55,810
+about different, another thing, not related to the
+
+310
+00:21:55,810 --> 00:21:59,450
+sports instructor. The third sentence, you can 
+
+311
+00:21:59,450 --> 00:22:02,650
+always volunteer. So this is a third topic about
+
+312
+00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:07,210
+volunteering as an instructor. My tennis, now I
+
+313
+00:22:07,210 --> 00:22:10,830
+move to something else. And finally, if you get a
+
+314
+00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:14,020
+lot of experience as a sports instructor. Normally,
+
+315
+00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:19,880
+the sentences are not about the same topic and
+
+316
+00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:24,980
+this makes it a weak paragraph because it violates 
+
+317
+00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,160
+the principle of unity that every paragraph should
+
+318
+00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:32,570
+discuss, should address, should deal with one main 
+
+319
+00:22:32,570 --> 00:22:35,970
+topic, one central topic. So these are the ideas
+
+320
+00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:38,670
+that I actually would like you to keep in mind
+
+321
+00:22:38,670 --> 00:22:41,970
+whenever you write a paragraph. The form of the
+
+322
+00:22:41,970 --> 00:22:45,970
+paragraph should be a clearly written form. Don't
+
+323
+00:22:45,970 --> 00:22:49,270
+leave some lines blank and always make sure that
+
+324
+00:22:49,270 --> 00:22:52,390
+you indent your paragraph and maintain the 
+
+325
+00:22:52,390 --> 00:22:55,370
+principles or the three elements of a paragraph. A 
+
+326
+00:22:55,370 --> 00:22:59,330
+topic sentence, clear supporting sentences and a
+
+327
+00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:01,710
+concluding sentence, all of them discuss one 
+
+328
+00:23:01,710 --> 00:23:05,410
+central topic. Let's just very quickly complete 
+
+329
+00:23:05,410 --> 00:23:08,050
+this outline just to get us into the habit of 
+
+330
+00:23:08,050 --> 00:23:12,310
+writing paragraphs and writing ideas for 
+
+331
+00:23:12,310 --> 00:23:16,250
+paragraphs, okay? This is not the form of 
+
+332
+00:23:16,250 --> 00:23:19,130
+paragraph, but this is an outline. This is an 
+
+333
+00:23:19,130 --> 00:23:22,010
+outline for a paragraph. For instance, topic 
+
+334
+00:23:22,010 --> 00:23:25,210
+sentence, the problem of traffic congestion in our
+
+335
+00:23:25,210 --> 00:23:28,300
+city can be reduced by providing the following 
+
+336
+00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:31,920
+solutions. Now, I'd like you just to add three
+
+337
+00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:37,420
+supporting details, all right, to this outline, to 
+
+338
+00:23:37,420 --> 00:23:39,840
+this outline. Add a concluding and write your
+
+339
+00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:42,840
+concluding sentence. We need four sentences at 
+
+340
+00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:47,060
+least here to complete this outline, all right? 
+
+341
+00:23:47,420 --> 00:23:48,340
+Yes, please, very quickly. 
+
+342
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:02,550
+Like traffic jam, when we have too much traffic
+
+343
+00:24:02,550 --> 00:24:06,190
+and we cannot move easily while driving or on a
+
+344
+00:24:06,190 --> 00:24:09,790
+bus or something like this. The problem of a 
+
+345
+00:24:09,790 --> 00:24:12,570
+traffic congestion in our city can be reduced, can
+
+346
+00:24:12,570 --> 00:24:16,650
+be decreased by alleviated by providing the 
+
+347
+00:24:16,650 --> 00:24:20,730
+following solution. So, think about solutions to
+
+348
+00:24:20,730 --> 00:24:22,850
+the traffic congestion problem. 
+
+349
+00:25:51,030 --> 00:25:54,390
+Traffic lights. Traffic lights. 
+
+350
+00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,980
+Traffic lights. You could only see them in movies.
+
+351
+00:27:08,650 --> 00:27:12,410
+All right, we finished him. I would like to have 
+
+352
+00:27:12,410 --> 00:27:14,830
+some volunteers to write their sentences on the 
+
+353
+00:27:14,830 --> 00:27:17,400
+board. Who would like to come here and write the 
+
+354
+00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,800
+first solution to the problem of traffic
+
+355
+00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:23,340
+congestion. Yes, please, come forward, please. 
+
+356
+00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,280
+Come forward, please write it on the board here,
+
+357
+00:27:27,460 --> 00:27:29,980
+just for us as an example. Who finished the first,
+
+358
+00:27:30,020 --> 00:27:32,580
+the second? Who talked about the second solution?
+
+359
+00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:36,340
+Yes, please, come forward, please, yes.
+
+360
+00:28:02,810 --> 00:28:06,330
+Who wrote the third solution? Yes, please, come 
+
+361
+00:28:06,330 --> 00:28:06,710
+forward. 
+
+362
+00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:40,410
+Very nice. Thanks. Let's see what your classmates
+
+363
+00:28:40,410 --> 00:28:45,030
+wrote as solutions to the problem of traffic 
+
+364
+00:28:45,030 --> 00:28:48,350
+congestion. First we have to put a traffic light. 
+
+365
+00:28:48,450 --> 00:28:51,670
+Is that correct? Any comments? Yes. It's good?
+
+366
+00:28:51,990 --> 00:28:54,730
+Yes. Yes, it is good. No problem here. Second,
+
+367
+00:28:55,190 --> 00:28:59,390
+travel by trains instead of cars or people should 
+
+368
+00:28:59,390 --> 00:29:02,350
+travel, alright? This comes as an order but we can 
+
+369
+00:29:02,350 --> 00:29:05,330
+just say it differently. People should travel by 
+
+370
+00:29:05,330 --> 00:29:09,230
+trains and public transport instead of using their
+
+371
+00:29:09,230 --> 00:29:12,150
+own private cars. And the third example here,
+
+372
+00:29:12,590 --> 00:29:15,350
+separate the roads so that every line has a 
+
+373
+00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:20,820
+certain type of vehicles, alright? Good idea. Who
+
+374
+00:29:20,820 --> 00:29:24,000
+can also give me, provide me some ideas? All
+
+375
+00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:27,680
+right? Some supporting ideas for this topic 
+
+376
+00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,920
+sentence. Yes, please. The government should put 
+
+377
+00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:33,500
+traffic police to help people to avoid this
+
+378
+00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:37,960
+problem. Yes, the government should assign traffic
+
+379
+00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:41,580
+police to help people to organize the traffic and
+
+380
+00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:43,820
+help people move around easily without any 
+
+381
+00:29:43,820 --> 00:29:45,040
+problem. Yes, please.
+
+382
+00:29:50,250 --> 00:29:54,370
+Okay, people should or advised to walk in the
+
+383
+00:29:54,370 --> 00:29:57,350
+center of using their private cars especially in
+
+384
+00:29:57,350 --> 00:30:00,250
+the city center areas, okay? Yes, please.
+
+385
+00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:06,100
+All right, we can think of the government should 
+
+386
+00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:10,000
+build new bridges and new roads. Let's just write 
+
+387
+00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,600
+them very quickly here. First, we're writing the
+
+388
+00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:15,440
+ideas as sentences here, okay? Because this is an
+
+389
+00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:17,980
+outline. This is not the actual paragraph. But
+
+390
+00:30:17,980 --> 00:30:21,380
+this is to help us write the paragraph later on. 
+
+391
+00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:27,680
+Okay, first, the government should 
+
+392
+00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:32,180
+build new 
+
+393
+00:30:35,110 --> 00:30:44,930
+roads and improve or expand existing
+
+394
+00:30:44,930 --> 00:30:47,730
+ones.
+
+395
+00:30:49,150 --> 00:30:53,290
+So, this is the first idea, okay? Is to, or the
+
+396
+00:30:53,290 --> 00:30:59,030
+government should build new roads and improve or 
+
+397
+00:30:59,030 --> 00:31:06,910
+fix or repair and expand the second idea is to- I 
+
+398
+00:31:06,910 --> 00:31:13,690
+think we must respect the rules. People should
+
+399
+00:31:13,690 --> 00:31:19,270
+obey traffic 
+
+400
+00:31:19,270 --> 00:31:22,930
+laws
+
+401
+00:31:22,930 --> 00:31:27,150
+and regulations.
+
+402
+00:31:31,220 --> 00:31:34,340
+regulations. Alright? A third example would be 
+
+403
+00:31:34,340 --> 00:31:38,960
+something like a third example or a third idea
+
+404
+00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:48,580
+sorry. Alright? The government should 
+
+405
+00:31:48,580 --> 00:31:57,440
+enforce punitive laws 
+
+406
+00:32:00,260 --> 00:32:07,620
+or fines on traffic offenders. 
+
+407
+00:32:10,680 --> 00:32:14,900
+Okay? So these are three ideas, three main ideas
+
+408
+00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:18,900
+that we can actually discuss in the body of the 
+
+409
+00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:23,320
+paragraph, all right? And the conclusion, let's 
+
+410
+00:32:23,320 --> 00:32:26,040
+just spend a minute writing a conclusion or a
+
+411
+00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:27,740
+concluding sentence for this paragraph.
+
+412
+00:32:30,930 --> 00:32:33,610
+It will be a concluding sentence. To conclude. Yes 
+
+413
+00:32:33,610 --> 00:32:33,870
+please.
+
+414
+00:33:05,640 --> 00:33:08,360
+It's really good.
+
+415
+00:33:34,830 --> 00:33:39,370
+Alright? Who wrote the concluding sentence? Yes
+
+416
+00:33:39,370 --> 00:33:43,370
+please. Yes. No, no, you just
+
+445
+00:35:37,130 --> 00:35:41,180
+university and a secondary school, and to conclude 
+
+446
+00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:45,200
+why university is quite different from a school.
+
+447
+00:35:45,720 --> 00:35:48,120
+Both of them are important places for learning,
+
+448
+00:35:49,260 --> 00:35:54,560
+social interaction, and personal growth. All
+
+449
+00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:58,160
+right? All right. Just apply, write the second
+
+450
+00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:01,460
+idea or the second sentence, supporting sentence,
+
+451
+00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,680
+and the third supporting sentence. Very quickly,
+
+452
+00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:05,080
+please.
+
+453
+00:36:37,190 --> 00:36:38,590
+Okay.
+
+454
+00:37:51,530 --> 00:37:54,070
+All right, who finished writing the second 
+
+455
+00:37:54,070 --> 00:37:56,410
+supporting sentence? Yes, please, come forward.
+
+456
+00:37:57,450 --> 00:37:57,910
+Yes, please.
+
+457
+00:38:04,930 --> 00:38:10,410
+Come write it here. Who finished, wrote the third?
+
+458
+00:39:09,980 --> 00:39:12,180
+All right, thank you very much. All right, let's
+
+459
+00:39:12,180 --> 00:39:14,680
+see the examples or the sentences that your
+
+460
+00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:19,000
+classmates wrote for this, to complete this
+
+461
+00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,220
+paragraph. Let's see one. Second, students in
+
+462
+00:39:22,220 --> 00:39:26,120
+university should rely more on themselves, okay?
+
+463
+00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:28,760
+What's wrong here? Can, is there any comment here?
+
+464
+00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:32,160
+On themselves or their selves? Themselves.
+
+465
+00:39:32,260 --> 00:39:36,600
+Themselves, okay. On themselves. Very nice. Is
+
+466
+00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,840
+this a good idea? Yes, it is a very good idea.
+
+467
+00:39:40,020 --> 00:39:43,180
+Students should be independent or are expected at 
+
+468
+00:39:43,180 --> 00:39:45,100
+university students, university students are
+
+469
+00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:49,440
+expected to be dependent on themselves, to depend
+
+470
+00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:52,860
+or rely on themselves most of the time for their
+
+471
+00:39:52,860 --> 00:39:56,820
+learning. I'm gonna write it in a minute now. At
+
+472
+00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,920
+university there are a lot of students in that 
+
+473
+00:39:59,920 --> 00:40:03,540
+lecture over 100 but in schools there are small
+
+474
+00:40:03,540 --> 00:40:06,780
+groups of sentences. Do you have any comments here 
+
+475
+00:40:06,780 --> 00:40:09,240
+about this sentence? It's a good sentence but we
+
+476
+00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:13,080
+have to attend to a few little things. For 
+
+477
+00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:15,440
+example, at university there are a lot of 
+
+478
+00:40:23,440 --> 00:40:30,920
+In schools there are a small group or groups or a
+
+479
+00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:36,960
+small number of students. Just make sure that we
+
+480
+00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:41,640
+have the agreement of plural or singular. Noun,
+
+481
+00:40:41,760 --> 00:40:46,740
+pronoun, verb, noun, agreement and so on. So if I
+
+482
+00:40:46,740 --> 00:40:50,700
+want to, did anybody write a sentence here? Yes
+
+483
+00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:54,030
+please. In university, you don't have to study
+
+484
+00:40:54,030 --> 00:40:57,750
+much different subjects as at school, you simply
+
+485
+00:40:57,750 --> 00:41:00,450
+can choose what to study. Okay, you don't have to
+
+486
+00:41:00,450 --> 00:41:03,590
+study many subjects at university, you can choose
+
+487
+00:41:03,590 --> 00:41:07,970
+from a pool of subjects that to study or to study,
+
+488
+00:41:08,650 --> 00:41:09,510
+to study, yes please.
+
+489
+00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:16,600
+We have many buildings more than a school that 
+
+490
+00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,980
+does or at this place. University students should 
+
+491
+00:41:19,980 --> 00:41:23,420
+learn to take their notes by themselves and learn
+
+492
+00:41:23,420 --> 00:41:28,920
+to recognize their notes and not to rely on the 
+
+493
+00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:32,620
+teacher's lecture or materials or study materials
+
+494
+00:41:32,620 --> 00:41:35,740
+all the time. Yes, please. At university, you have
+
+495
+00:41:35,740 --> 00:41:40,040
+to specialize in one subject. Very good idea.
+
+496
+00:41:41,700 --> 00:41:44,740
+Venice, at university you focus or you specialize
+
+497
+00:41:44,740 --> 00:41:48,380
+on one major whereas at school you specialize on 
+
+498
+00:41:48,380 --> 00:41:51,140
+different subjects. This is just very quickly said 
+
+499
+00:41:51,140 --> 00:41:59,320
+university students always
+
+500
+00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:07,980
+or should always should always be relying 
+
+501
+00:42:07,980 --> 00:42:11,240
+on 
+
+502
+00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:12,800
+Themselves.
+
+503
+00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:18,840
+Okay. Alright. In other words. They are 
+
+504
+00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:25,020
+independent. Exactly. In other words they 
+
+505
+00:42:25,020 --> 00:42:32,580
+should be independent
+
+506
+00:42:32,580 --> 00:42:37,380
+learners.
+
+507
+00:42:39,330 --> 00:42:42,930
+for most of the time okay for most of the time for 
+
+508
+00:42:42,930 --> 00:42:51,890
+most of the time okay and the third example our
+
+509
+00:42:51,890 --> 00:42:57,830
+university students study 
+
+510
+00:42:57,830 --> 00:43:02,530
+or students generally
+
+511
+00:43:02,530 --> 00:43:05,730
+focus
+
+512
+00:43:07,050 --> 00:43:13,570
+on studying when major.
+
+513
+00:43:15,930 --> 00:43:20,250
+Alright? Unlike school students who study many
+
+514
+00:43:20,250 --> 00:43:22,210
+subjects during the school
+
+515
+00:43:26,040 --> 00:43:29,180
+So this is what we talked about today. Generally,
+
+516
+00:43:29,480 --> 00:43:31,880
+focus whenever you write, make sure that you have 
+
+517
+00:43:31,880 --> 00:43:36,160
+a proper form of the paragraph and always maintain
+
+518
+00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:40,260
+these three elements, the topic sentence, the
+
+519
+00:43:40,260 --> 00:43:43,260
+supporting sentences, and the conclusion. And all
+
+520
+00:43:43,260 --> 00:43:46,840
+of the paragraphs should discuss one central idea
+
+521
+00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:49,620
+or one central topic. Next time, inshallah, we're
+
+522
+00:43:49,620 --> 00:43:52,840
+gonna look at practicing. Look at the topic 
+
+523
+00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:55,840
+sentence and practice writing good topic 
+
+524
+00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:57,700
+sentences. So thank you very much. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/nn26Sn702ks_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2096 @@
+1
+00:00:20,470 --> 00:00:22,470
+All right. Assalamualaikum. Good morning
+
+2
+00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:25,250
+everybody. How are you today? Very good. Very
+
+3
+00:00:25,250 --> 00:00:27,270
+good. All right. Today's class, we're going to
+
+4
+00:00:27,270 --> 00:00:30,410
+look at the form and the structure of a paragraph.
+
+5
+00:00:30,670 --> 00:00:33,010
+Of course, we have, whenever we write a paragraph,
+
+6
+00:00:33,230 --> 00:00:36,370
+we have to have some idea about how to write a
+
+7
+00:00:36,370 --> 00:00:39,530
+paragraph, how our paragraph should look like. In
+
+8
+00:00:39,530 --> 00:00:43,570
+other words, the form of this paragraph. And from
+
+9
+00:00:43,570 --> 00:00:45,710
+your writings, and when I looked at your writings,
+
+10
+00:00:45,830 --> 00:00:48,440
+I noticed that there were some There were some
+
+11
+00:00:48,440 --> 00:00:51,120
+discrepancies in or some sort of a
+
+12
+00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:54,460
+misunderstanding of the way we present a
+
+13
+00:00:54,460 --> 00:00:57,480
+paragraph. So whenever we write a paragraph, we
+
+14
+00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:01,220
+should focus on the following things. The
+
+15
+00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:05,700
+paragraph form. As we know, a paragraph is a
+
+16
+00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:10,920
+collection of sentences, related sentences dealing
+
+17
+00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:13,920
+with one major topic. And we will talk about this
+
+18
+00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:16,860
+in a few minutes later, okay? So it is a
+
+19
+00:01:16,860 --> 00:01:19,810
+collection of related sentences. dealing with one
+
+20
+00:01:19,810 --> 00:01:24,370
+topic, one central topic. And most paragraphs
+
+21
+00:01:24,370 --> 00:01:29,010
+contain between five to six to ten or twelve
+
+22
+00:01:29,010 --> 00:01:33,590
+sentences dealing or addressing one central topic.
+
+23
+00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:35,950
+The first thing we notice, another thing we should
+
+24
+00:01:35,950 --> 00:01:38,250
+notice is that whenever we write a paragraph, we
+
+25
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:42,490
+have to indent. That is to say, leave a space like
+
+26
+00:01:42,490 --> 00:01:47,490
+five spaces at the beginning of of the paragraph.
+
+27
+00:01:47,950 --> 00:01:50,250
+Another thing is that this is what a paragraph
+
+28
+00:01:50,250 --> 00:01:54,290
+should look like. So we write on all the lines,
+
+29
+00:01:55,010 --> 00:01:59,090
+alright, until we finish our paragraph. Notice the
+
+30
+00:01:59,090 --> 00:02:02,130
+margin here? There are no margins. There is a
+
+31
+00:02:02,130 --> 00:02:04,970
+margin, enough margin here on the left and margins
+
+32
+00:02:04,970 --> 00:02:09,670
+on the right. This is the way it should look like.
+
+33
+00:02:09,850 --> 00:02:13,990
+So, this is a model paragraph, an example of what
+
+34
+00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:16,870
+a paragraph should look like. For example, there
+
+35
+00:02:16,870 --> 00:02:20,530
+is a title, alright, school uniform and we
+
+36
+00:02:20,530 --> 00:02:26,230
+indented the first sentence of this paragraph and
+
+37
+00:02:26,230 --> 00:02:28,550
+you will notice that it is
+
+38
+00:02:34,090 --> 00:02:37,290
+Alright? Alright. Now, what is wrong with this
+
+39
+00:02:37,290 --> 00:02:42,590
+paragraph? First, you will notice, first means
+
+40
+00:02:42,590 --> 00:02:45,930
+that the title is not indented. So the title of
+
+41
+00:02:45,930 --> 00:02:48,710
+the paragraph should be written in the middle of
+
+42
+00:02:48,710 --> 00:02:51,510
+the page, on the middle of the page. Another thing
+
+43
+00:02:51,510 --> 00:02:57,470
+is that it is not indented. Okay? So the paragraph
+
+44
+00:02:57,470 --> 00:03:00,390
+should be indented at the beginning. Alright? This
+
+45
+00:03:00,390 --> 00:03:03,450
+is very important because it tells the reader that
+
+46
+00:03:03,450 --> 00:03:06,830
+we are starting a paragraph or we are starting a
+
+47
+00:03:06,830 --> 00:03:09,110
+new paragraph. Okay? So always remember this
+
+48
+00:03:09,110 --> 00:03:12,890
+whenever you write a paragraph indent the first
+
+49
+00:03:12,890 --> 00:03:16,630
+sentence. Okay? That is to say leave a blank space
+
+50
+00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:20,430
+about five spaces or the size of a word at the
+
+51
+00:03:20,430 --> 00:03:22,650
+beginning of the paragraph. What else? What's
+
+52
+00:03:22,650 --> 00:03:29,770
+wrong here? Yes, please. Okay, notice that we
+
+53
+00:03:29,770 --> 00:03:33,590
+finished the first two sentences here and we leave
+
+54
+00:03:33,590 --> 00:03:38,470
+this space. So, you should write here, alright?
+
+55
+00:03:38,850 --> 00:03:42,550
+Only half of the sentence empty. half of the line
+
+56
+00:03:42,550 --> 00:03:46,070
+empty you have to continue writing full stop and
+
+57
+00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:49,490
+continue writing don't leave half of the sentence
+
+58
+00:03:49,490 --> 00:03:52,390
+empty without writing anything on it and the same
+
+59
+00:03:52,390 --> 00:03:55,990
+thing here write all in itself make sure that you
+
+60
+00:03:55,990 --> 00:03:59,800
+write Continue on the same line. Don't start a new
+
+61
+00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:02,740
+line. Continue on the same line. And also don't
+
+62
+00:04:02,740 --> 00:04:07,700
+use pin by dash or other kinds of bullet points,
+
+63
+00:04:07,780 --> 00:04:11,580
+okay? Don't do this. This is not a proper format
+
+64
+00:04:11,580 --> 00:04:16,620
+of finish the first or second sentence, continue
+
+65
+00:04:16,620 --> 00:04:21,180
+on the same line until you get to the end of the
+
+66
+00:04:21,180 --> 00:04:24,040
+paragraph. So here what is wrong is that the
+
+67
+00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:28,640
+writer just left the rest of the line and started
+
+68
+00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:30,880
+a new line. This means that we have one paragraph,
+
+69
+00:04:31,020 --> 00:04:32,780
+two paragraphs, three paragraphs and four
+
+70
+00:04:32,780 --> 00:04:35,360
+paragraphs and this is not correct. We should
+
+71
+00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,070
+write in like a block form. All of them, you have
+
+72
+00:04:39,070 --> 00:04:41,910
+to write on all the lines, alright? So this is
+
+73
+00:04:41,910 --> 00:04:46,410
+what we mean by a proper format or a proper form
+
+74
+00:04:46,410 --> 00:04:51,830
+of the paragraph. That is to say there is a
+
+75
+00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:55,370
+title in the middle of the page, the middle of the
+
+76
+00:04:55,370 --> 00:05:01,590
+line, then we indent and we write on every line.
+
+77
+00:05:01,830 --> 00:05:05,470
+We don't leave some lines without writing anything
+
+78
+00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:08,970
+on thing. Alright? Is this clear? So hopefully
+
+79
+00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:13,630
+from now on I'll see that you the structure of the
+
+80
+00:05:13,630 --> 00:05:16,150
+paragraph is like this whenever you write
+
+81
+00:05:16,150 --> 00:05:19,490
+paragraph because this is what academic writing
+
+82
+00:05:19,490 --> 00:05:24,750
+paragraph writing is all about. Alright? Okay. Now
+
+83
+00:05:24,750 --> 00:05:29,730
+what like we said a paragraph is a group or a
+
+84
+00:05:29,730 --> 00:05:32,910
+collection of related sentences dealing with one
+
+85
+00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:36,590
+major with one central topic. There are certain or
+
+86
+00:05:36,590 --> 00:05:39,570
+key features about every paragraph that should be
+
+87
+00:05:39,570 --> 00:05:41,990
+present in every paragraph. Let's look at them.
+
+88
+00:05:42,090 --> 00:05:44,010
+We'll study them today, inshallah. The first thing
+
+89
+00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:47,750
+is it has to have a topic sentence, okay? We'll
+
+90
+00:05:47,750 --> 00:05:50,180
+come to this in a minute. It has to have
+
+91
+00:05:50,180 --> 00:05:54,920
+supporting sentences and concluding sentences and
+
+92
+00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:57,420
+there is the element of unity. That is to say
+
+93
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:06:02,860
+every paragraph addresses one main topic, one main
+
+94
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:06,760
+idea. Alright? Let's just consider all of these
+
+95
+00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:10,320
+elements of a good paragraph. What is a topic
+
+96
+00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:13,920
+sentence? So, in other words, it should be like a
+
+97
+00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:19,280
+hamburger The top bar is for the topic sentence,
+
+98
+00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,240
+the bottom bar is for the conclusion and the
+
+99
+00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:25,960
+filling is the concluding sentences. So it's very
+
+100
+00:06:25,960 --> 00:06:28,820
+much like a sandwich, a hamburger sandwich. So it
+
+101
+00:06:28,820 --> 00:06:31,940
+should be complete in itself. It should stand
+
+102
+00:06:31,940 --> 00:06:34,600
+alone as an understandable and as a clearly
+
+103
+00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:41,040
+written paragraph with a central idea. Now, what
+
+104
+00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:42,040
+is a topic sentence?
+
+105
+00:06:44,810 --> 00:06:47,890
+What is a topic sentence? Yes, please. It's the
+
+106
+00:06:47,890 --> 00:06:50,710
+first sentence in the paragraph. It talks about
+
+107
+00:06:50,710 --> 00:06:53,650
+the main idea of the paragraph. And what will the
+
+108
+00:06:53,650 --> 00:06:56,610
+paragraph talk about? Fairness, fairness. Alright,
+
+109
+00:06:56,750 --> 00:07:00,750
+anything else? Yes, basically it is the first
+
+110
+00:07:00,750 --> 00:07:03,070
+sentence of the paragraph. It is the sentence
+
+111
+00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:05,470
+which carries the central idea, the main idea of
+
+112
+00:07:05,470 --> 00:07:08,890
+the paragraph. A topic sentence expresses the main
+
+113
+00:07:08,890 --> 00:07:12,070
+idea of the paragraph and it's usually the first
+
+114
+00:07:12,070 --> 00:07:15,470
+sentence of the paragraph and as I just said it
+
+115
+00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:19,930
+has or contains or expresses the central idea of
+
+116
+00:07:19,930 --> 00:07:22,990
+this paragraph. And it is the most general
+
+117
+00:07:22,990 --> 00:07:26,210
+sentence in Arabic. We will practice this in the
+
+118
+00:07:26,210 --> 00:07:30,610
+next lecture, writing good topic sentences, strong
+
+119
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:35,130
+topic sentences. But this is just for quickly an
+
+120
+00:07:35,130 --> 00:07:39,170
+example of what a topic sentence should be written
+
+121
+00:07:39,170 --> 00:07:43,650
+like. One of the most serious problems in today's
+
+122
+00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:48,310
+public schools is overcrowded classrooms. What is
+
+123
+00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:53,330
+the idea here? What is the main idea? Yeah, this
+
+124
+00:07:53,330 --> 00:07:56,110
+is an example of a good topic sentence. What idea?
+
+125
+00:07:56,290 --> 00:07:58,550
+What is the main idea here? Yes, please.
+
+126
+00:07:58,970 --> 00:08:01,790
+Overcrowded classrooms. Yes, it is the overcrowded
+
+127
+00:08:01,790 --> 00:08:05,910
+classrooms as one of the major problems in today's
+
+128
+00:08:05,910 --> 00:08:10,310
+public schools. Alright? Alright. Now, what are
+
+129
+00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:13,850
+the supporting sentences? Okay, what are the
+
+130
+00:08:13,850 --> 00:08:16,730
+supporting sentences? Yes, please. It gives
+
+131
+00:08:16,730 --> 00:08:19,750
+examples and details about the topic. Very nice,
+
+132
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:21,970
+very nice. It's the purpose of these supporting
+
+133
+00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:25,610
+sentences is to develop, to discuss, to elaborate
+
+134
+00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:30,350
+on the main idea stated in the topic sentences. So
+
+135
+00:08:30,350 --> 00:08:33,550
+they develop, explain, and support. That's why we
+
+136
+00:08:33,550 --> 00:08:36,890
+call them supporting sentences, okay? Support the
+
+137
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:41,740
+main idea or the topic sentence that They contain
+
+138
+00:08:41,740 --> 00:08:47,640
+for example facts, statistics, opinions and a
+
+139
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,820
+whole lot. A lot of things that we can include to
+
+140
+00:08:50,820 --> 00:08:53,420
+support, to discuss, to develop the main idea in
+
+141
+00:08:53,420 --> 00:08:58,660
+the topic. And they explain why the main idea is
+
+142
+00:08:58,660 --> 00:09:02,370
+true, is wrong, is clear. And so and so on,
+
+143
+00:09:02,450 --> 00:09:06,490
+alright? And finally, we have to include in the
+
+144
+00:09:06,490 --> 00:09:10,010
+paragraph a concluding sentence, a conclusion. And
+
+145
+00:09:10,010 --> 00:09:15,610
+the conclusion is? Yes please. Repeat the utopic
+
+146
+00:09:15,610 --> 00:09:19,130
+sentence in different ways and summarize it. And
+
+147
+00:09:19,130 --> 00:09:22,780
+summarize the main idea or the main ideas in? Very
+
+148
+00:09:22,780 --> 00:09:25,520
+nice. So it is usually the last sentence of the
+
+149
+00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:27,700
+paragraph. That's why we call it a concluding
+
+150
+00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:31,200
+paragraph. We conclude a paragraph with it
+
+151
+00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:34,980
+restates, in other words, it says the same idea of
+
+152
+00:09:34,980 --> 00:09:37,480
+the topic sentence sometimes in different words
+
+153
+00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:40,640
+and it is used to finish the paragraph or to
+
+154
+00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:43,940
+prepare the reader for a following paragraph if we
+
+155
+00:09:43,940 --> 00:09:47,040
+are writing a series of paragraphs. Let's see this
+
+156
+00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:52,240
+one. of a concluding sentence. Notice, in
+
+157
+00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:56,440
+conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in a brief, in
+
+158
+00:09:56,440 --> 00:10:00,040
+brief, in short, finally, and so on. We have to
+
+159
+00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,600
+include this transition to indicate to the reader
+
+160
+00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:06,580
+that we are coming to the end of the paragraph, we
+
+161
+00:10:06,580 --> 00:10:09,380
+are finishing with a concluding sentence. The
+
+162
+00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:12,880
+problem of overcrowded classrooms has serious
+
+163
+00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:18,100
+negative effects on the learning of students. So
+
+164
+00:10:18,100 --> 00:10:22,440
+this is what we mean by the paragraph structure.
+
+165
+00:10:24,270 --> 00:10:28,010
+three elements and four elements. It has to have a
+
+166
+00:10:28,010 --> 00:10:31,110
+topic sentence where we state the main idea, and
+
+167
+00:10:31,110 --> 00:10:33,150
+it is the most general sentence in the paragraph.
+
+168
+00:10:33,930 --> 00:10:36,850
+It has supporting sentences or supporting details
+
+169
+00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:40,290
+to develop, explain, discuss, elaborate on the
+
+170
+00:10:40,290 --> 00:10:43,090
+topic sentence. And finally, we have a concluding
+
+171
+00:10:43,090 --> 00:10:47,310
+sentence which we with which we finish the
+
+172
+00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:49,850
+paragraph, summarize the main ideas or give a
+
+173
+00:10:49,850 --> 00:10:52,310
+recommendation and so on. We will practice these
+
+174
+00:10:52,310 --> 00:10:56,690
+things hopefully in the next classes. Ok? Let's
+
+175
+00:10:56,690 --> 00:11:00,330
+first analyze the structure of this paragraph.
+
+176
+00:11:00,530 --> 00:11:04,030
+Decide where is the topic sentence, where are the
+
+177
+00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:06,190
+supporting sentences and where is the conclusion.
+
+178
+00:11:06,190 --> 00:11:06,730
+Very quickly.
+
+179
+00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,530
+Quickly identify the topic sentence, the
+
+180
+00:11:34,530 --> 00:11:37,170
+supporting sentences and the conclusion in this
+
+181
+00:11:37,170 --> 00:11:40,330
+example paragraph. It shouldn't be very difficult,
+
+182
+00:11:40,530 --> 00:11:43,590
+it's very clear I guess. Yes please, over there.
+
+183
+00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:51,620
+There are three reasons why Canada is one of the
+
+184
+00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:54,140
+most popular countries in the world. Very nice. So
+
+185
+00:11:54,140 --> 00:11:57,640
+this is the topic sentence. Why? Like I just said,
+
+186
+00:11:57,740 --> 00:12:00,180
+the first sentence, it's clearly the most general
+
+187
+00:12:00,180 --> 00:12:03,920
+sentence in the paragraph and it holds, it carries
+
+188
+00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:07,060
+the main idea. What is the main idea here? The
+
+189
+00:12:07,060 --> 00:12:10,560
+three reasons for the popularity of Canada all
+
+190
+00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:13,240
+over the world. What are the supporting sentences?
+
+191
+00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,680
+I'm not going to ask you to read them, but all of
+
+192
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:20,500
+these sentences are used to develop, to discuss
+
+193
+00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,300
+further this main idea. First, Canada has an
+
+194
+00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:28,040
+excellent healthcare system. Second, Canada has a
+
+195
+00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:31,820
+high standard of education. Students are taught by
+
+196
+00:12:31,820 --> 00:12:35,660
+world-renowned teachers. Finally, Canada's
+
+197
+00:12:35,660 --> 00:12:39,520
+Canadian cities are clean and efficiently managed.
+
+198
+00:12:40,450 --> 00:12:44,410
+and so on. Where is the conclusion? Clearly it is
+
+199
+00:12:44,410 --> 00:12:46,770
+to sum up.
+
+200
+00:12:47,990 --> 00:12:52,590
+Canada is a desirable place to live. Notice that
+
+201
+00:12:52,590 --> 00:12:57,000
+this concluding sentence actually recites in
+
+202
+00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:01,620
+different words the topic. So this is what we mean
+
+203
+00:13:01,620 --> 00:13:04,280
+by the structure of a paragraph. These three
+
+204
+00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:07,480
+elements should be present whenever you write a
+
+205
+00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:10,000
+good paragraph. And you will notice that the
+
+206
+00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,940
+principle of unity is here. All of this paragraph
+
+207
+00:13:13,940 --> 00:13:17,810
+discusses The popularity or the reasons for the
+
+208
+00:13:17,810 --> 00:13:22,890
+popularity of Canada as a place to live and tour
+
+209
+00:13:22,890 --> 00:13:27,350
+and visit as a tourist. Alright? Okay. Alright.
+
+210
+00:13:27,850 --> 00:13:32,430
+Now, let's come back to the idea of the format and
+
+211
+00:13:32,430 --> 00:13:35,750
+the structure of a paragraph. We're going to read
+
+212
+00:13:35,750 --> 00:13:38,990
+each one of these paragraphs, these four parallel
+
+213
+00:13:38,990 --> 00:13:41,770
+paragraphs and decide if this is a strong
+
+214
+00:13:41,770 --> 00:13:45,610
+paragraph And if it is not a strong paragraph, why
+
+215
+00:13:45,610 --> 00:13:49,690
+is it not a strong paragraph? In other words, is
+
+216
+00:13:49,690 --> 00:13:53,330
+it a weak paragraph because the sentences are not
+
+217
+00:13:53,330 --> 00:13:56,650
+all about the same topic? Or is it a weak
+
+218
+00:13:56,650 --> 00:13:59,650
+paragraph because there are not enough sentences
+
+219
+00:13:59,650 --> 00:14:03,630
+to discuss the topic? Or because there is no topic
+
+220
+00:14:03,630 --> 00:14:07,640
+sentence? or finally because some sentences say
+
+221
+00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,820
+the same thing so these are four reasons for the
+
+222
+00:14:10,820 --> 00:14:14,200
+weakness of a paragraph if it is a weak paragraph
+
+223
+00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,260
+and if it is a strong paragraph just say it is a
+
+224
+00:14:17,260 --> 00:14:20,780
+strong paragraph okay let's look at these four
+
+225
+00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:26,040
+paragraphs now the first one is this one yes just
+
+226
+00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:28,860
+quickly read it please and decide if it is a
+
+227
+00:14:28,860 --> 00:14:32,050
+strong or weak and if it is weak Which one of the
+
+228
+00:14:32,050 --> 00:14:38,330
+reasons stated here is the one that says that?
+
+229
+00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:30,670
+Alright. Is it a strong paragraph or a weak
+
+230
+00:15:30,670 --> 00:15:33,570
+paragraph? Strong paragraph. Clearly it is a weak
+
+231
+00:15:33,570 --> 00:15:37,030
+paragraph. Why is it a weak paragraph? Which of
+
+232
+00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:41,010
+these reasons is the correct one that applies to
+
+233
+00:15:41,010 --> 00:15:44,990
+this paragraph? Which one is the reason for the
+
+234
+00:15:44,990 --> 00:15:48,590
+weak paragraph? Some sentences say the same thing.
+
+235
+00:15:48,670 --> 00:15:51,290
+Is that correct? Yeah. Yes, it's number four. Some
+
+236
+00:15:51,290 --> 00:15:54,960
+sentences Say the same thing. If we read very
+
+237
+00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:57,040
+quickly this paragraph, we will notice that some
+
+238
+00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:59,480
+of these supporting sentences are repetitive.
+
+239
+00:15:59,920 --> 00:16:03,560
+There is repetition in this paragraph. For
+
+240
+00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:05,340
+example, I need to buy a motorcycle. With a
+
+241
+00:16:05,340 --> 00:16:08,080
+motorcycle, I could get to my job very quickly. It
+
+242
+00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:11,800
+takes two hours to get to work by train. That's
+
+243
+00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:13,820
+very slow. A motorcycle is much faster. So
+
+244
+00:16:13,820 --> 00:16:17,860
+repetition. If I had a motorcycle, I could save a
+
+245
+00:16:17,860 --> 00:16:20,260
+lot of time. Taking the train is not fast enough.
+
+246
+00:16:20,360 --> 00:16:24,300
+So clearly there is so much repetition in this
+
+247
+00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:28,760
+paragraph that makes it a weak one. Alright? So
+
+248
+00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,220
+whenever you write, make sure that every sentence
+
+249
+00:16:31,220 --> 00:16:34,800
+counts. Alright? That you don't unnecessarily
+
+250
+00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,920
+repeat yourself in your paragraph writing. Let's
+
+251
+00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:42,320
+see the second example. Please quickly read it.
+
+252
+00:16:42,490 --> 00:16:44,830
+and decide if it is a strong or a weak paragraph
+
+253
+00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:45,990
+and why.
+
+254
+00:17:06,350 --> 00:17:11,880
+All right okay clearly it is a yes please. It is a
+
+255
+00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:16,740
+weak paragraph. Why? Because there is no topic
+
+256
+00:17:16,740 --> 00:17:19,160
+center. Very nice. Very nice. There is no topic
+
+257
+00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,900
+center. I cannot start a paragraph with first. I
+
+258
+00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:25,340
+have first, second, third are considered
+
+259
+00:17:25,340 --> 00:17:28,520
+supporting sentences. So clearly there is a topic
+
+260
+00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,340
+sentence that is missing here and there has to be
+
+261
+00:17:31,340 --> 00:17:34,220
+something inserted here as a topic sentence as the
+
+262
+00:17:34,220 --> 00:17:36,960
+most general sentence in the paragraph. So number
+
+263
+00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:39,840
+three of the reason, the third reason is or
+
+264
+00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:42,640
+applies or the cause of the weakness of this
+
+265
+00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:45,820
+paragraph. There is no topic sentence. Let's see
+
+266
+00:17:45,820 --> 00:17:47,140
+the third paragraph.
+
+267
+00:18:42,980 --> 00:18:45,500
+Alright? Is it a strong or a weak paragraph?
+
+268
+00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:50,840
+Strong. Yes, I can say it is a strong paragraph.
+
+269
+00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:56,720
+Why? Because the three elements, the three
+
+270
+00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:59,940
+elements of a good paragraph. It has a clearly
+
+271
+00:18:59,940 --> 00:19:02,860
+written topic sentence. When I need a good place
+
+272
+00:19:02,860 --> 00:19:06,140
+to study, I go to the library, so I expect that
+
+273
+00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:09,820
+the paragraph will discuss the reasons for the
+
+274
+00:19:09,820 --> 00:19:12,760
+library to be a good place or a favorite place for
+
+275
+00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:18,020
+me to read. All of these details are very clear
+
+276
+00:19:18,020 --> 00:19:21,500
+supporting details. There is no repetition of the
+
+277
+00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:25,120
+and there is enough discussion of the topic. For
+
+278
+00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:28,910
+example, It's always quiet there so I can
+
+279
+00:19:28,910 --> 00:19:32,970
+concentrate. It is easy to find the books I need.
+
+280
+00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:35,710
+The other people in the library are also reading
+
+281
+00:19:35,710 --> 00:19:38,290
+or working so the mood is good for studying and
+
+282
+00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:42,290
+there is conclusion and it is a good concluding
+
+283
+00:19:42,290 --> 00:19:45,310
+sentence. So somehow I study better and faster in
+
+284
+00:19:45,310 --> 00:19:48,250
+the library than in any other place. So clearly it
+
+285
+00:19:48,250 --> 00:19:51,870
+is a very well written paragraph. Alright? Let's
+
+286
+00:19:51,870 --> 00:19:56,600
+see the second last example. Quickly, what do you
+
+287
+00:19:56,600 --> 00:20:01,600
+notice? This is a good or bad note. It's a weak
+
+288
+00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:06,480
+paragraph. Why? Yes, it's too short. It finishes
+
+289
+00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:09,680
+very quickly. It's too short a paragraph. It's
+
+290
+00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:11,900
+not, there is not enough detail. There isn't
+
+291
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,460
+enough discussion in the paragraph. It's only just
+
+292
+00:20:15,460 --> 00:20:18,300
+three sentences and this is not enough to discuss
+
+293
+00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:21,920
+any topic. Alright? So clearly, there are not
+
+294
+00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:24,860
+enough sentences and this makes it a weak
+
+295
+00:20:24,860 --> 00:20:27,380
+paragraph. And finally, the last one.
+
+296
+00:21:08,820 --> 00:21:12,760
+Alright. Strong or weak paragraph? Alright, did
+
+297
+00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:17,280
+you read it carefully? It's a weak paragraph. Can
+
+298
+00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:19,680
+anybody explain why is it a weak paragraph?
+
+299
+00:21:23,300 --> 00:21:25,780
+Very nice. I hear the answer here is that the
+
+300
+00:21:25,780 --> 00:21:29,220
+sentences are not cool. Clearly it is a weak
+
+301
+00:21:29,220 --> 00:21:31,860
+paragraph because the sentences are not cool about
+
+302
+00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:34,780
+the same topic. Let's just very quickly consider
+
+303
+00:21:34,780 --> 00:21:37,700
+what is written here. Sports instructor is a good
+
+304
+00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:41,530
+part-time job. You can enjoy your favorite
+
+305
+00:21:41,530 --> 00:21:43,830
+activity and earn money at the same time. So here
+
+306
+00:21:43,830 --> 00:21:47,010
+the topic sentence talks about a sports instructor
+
+307
+00:21:47,010 --> 00:21:50,130
+as a good time, part-time, a good part-time job.
+
+308
+00:21:50,290 --> 00:21:53,010
+The second, some other jobs. So we're talking
+
+309
+00:21:53,010 --> 00:21:55,810
+about different, another thing, not related to the
+
+310
+00:21:55,810 --> 00:21:59,450
+sports instructor. The third sentence, you can
+
+311
+00:21:59,450 --> 00:22:02,650
+always volunteer. So this is a third topic about
+
+312
+00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:07,210
+volunteering as an instructor. My tennis, now I
+
+313
+00:22:07,210 --> 00:22:10,830
+move to something else. And finally, if you get a
+
+314
+00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:14,020
+lot of experience as a sports instructor.Normally,
+
+315
+00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:19,880
+the sentences are not about the same topic and
+
+316
+00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:24,980
+this makes it a weak paragraph because it violates
+
+317
+00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,160
+the principle of unity that every paragraph should
+
+318
+00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:32,570
+discuss, should address, should deal with one main
+
+319
+00:22:32,570 --> 00:22:35,970
+topic, one central topic. So these are the ideas
+
+320
+00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:38,670
+that I actually would like you to keep in mind
+
+321
+00:22:38,670 --> 00:22:41,970
+whenever you write a paragraph. The form of the
+
+322
+00:22:41,970 --> 00:22:45,970
+paragraph should be a clearly written form. Don't
+
+323
+00:22:45,970 --> 00:22:49,270
+leave some lines blank and always make sure that
+
+324
+00:22:49,270 --> 00:22:52,390
+you indent your paragraph and maintain the
+
+325
+00:22:52,390 --> 00:22:55,370
+principles or the three elements of a paragraph. A
+
+326
+00:22:55,370 --> 00:22:59,330
+topic sentence, clear supporting sentences and a
+
+327
+00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:01,710
+concluding sentence, all of them discuss one
+
+328
+00:23:01,710 --> 00:23:05,410
+central topic. Let's just very quickly complete
+
+329
+00:23:05,410 --> 00:23:08,050
+this outline just to get us into the habit of
+
+330
+00:23:08,050 --> 00:23:12,310
+writing paragraphs and writing ideas for
+
+331
+00:23:12,310 --> 00:23:16,250
+paragraphs, okay? This is not the form of
+
+332
+00:23:16,250 --> 00:23:19,130
+paragraph, but this is an outline. This is an
+
+333
+00:23:19,130 --> 00:23:22,010
+outline for a paragraph. For instance, topic
+
+334
+00:23:22,010 --> 00:23:25,210
+sentence, the problem of traffic congestion in our
+
+335
+00:23:25,210 --> 00:23:28,300
+city can be reduced by providing the following
+
+336
+00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:31,920
+solutions. Now, I'd like you just to add three
+
+337
+00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:37,420
+supporting details, all right, to this outline, to
+
+338
+00:23:37,420 --> 00:23:39,840
+this outline. Add a concluding and write your
+
+339
+00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:42,840
+concluding sentence. We need four sentences at
+
+340
+00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:47,060
+least here to complete this outline, all right?
+
+341
+00:23:47,420 --> 00:23:48,340
+Yes, please, very quickly.
+
+342
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:02,550
+Like traffic jam, when we have too much traffic
+
+343
+00:24:02,550 --> 00:24:06,190
+and we cannot move easily while driving or on a
+
+344
+00:24:06,190 --> 00:24:09,790
+bus or something like this. The problem of a
+
+345
+00:24:09,790 --> 00:24:12,570
+traffic congestion in our city can be reduced, can
+
+346
+00:24:12,570 --> 00:24:16,650
+be decreased by alleviated by providing the
+
+347
+00:24:16,650 --> 00:24:20,730
+following solution. So think about solutions to
+
+348
+00:24:20,730 --> 00:24:22,850
+the traffic congestion problem.
+
+349
+00:25:51,030 --> 00:25:54,390
+Traffic lights. Traffic lights.
+
+350
+00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,980
+Traffic lights. You could only see them in movies.
+
+351
+00:27:08,650 --> 00:27:12,410
+All right, we finished him. I would like to have
+
+352
+00:27:12,410 --> 00:27:14,830
+some volunteers to write their sentences on the
+
+353
+00:27:14,830 --> 00:27:17,400
+board. Who would like to come here and write the
+
+354
+00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,800
+first solution to the problem of traffic
+
+355
+00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:23,340
+congestion. Yes, please, come forward, please.
+
+356
+00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,280
+Come forward, please write it on the board here,
+
+357
+00:27:27,460 --> 00:27:29,980
+just for us as an example. Who finished the first,
+
+358
+00:27:30,020 --> 00:27:32,580
+the second? Who talked about the second solution?
+
+359
+00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:36,340
+Yes, please, come forward, please, yes.
+
+360
+00:28:02,810 --> 00:28:06,330
+Who wrote the third solution? Yes, please, come
+
+361
+00:28:06,330 --> 00:28:06,710
+forward.
+
+362
+00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:40,410
+Very nice. Thanks. Let's see what your classmates
+
+363
+00:28:40,410 --> 00:28:45,030
+wrote as solutions to the problem of traffic
+
+364
+00:28:45,030 --> 00:28:48,350
+congestion. First we have to put a traffic light.
+
+365
+00:28:48,450 --> 00:28:51,670
+Is that correct? Any comments? Yes. It's good?
+
+366
+00:28:51,990 --> 00:28:54,730
+Yes. Yes, it is good. No problem here. Second,
+
+367
+00:28:55,190 --> 00:28:59,390
+travel by trains instead of cars or people should
+
+368
+00:28:59,390 --> 00:29:02,350
+travel, alright? This comes as an order but we can
+
+369
+00:29:02,350 --> 00:29:05,330
+just say it differently. People should travel by
+
+370
+00:29:05,330 --> 00:29:09,230
+trains and public transport instead of using their
+
+371
+00:29:09,230 --> 00:29:12,150
+own private cars. And the third example here,
+
+372
+00:29:12,590 --> 00:29:15,350
+separate the roads so that every line has a
+
+373
+00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:20,820
+certain type of vehicles, alright? good idea. Who
+
+374
+00:29:20,820 --> 00:29:24,000
+can also give me, provide me some ideas? All
+
+375
+00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:27,680
+right? Some supporting ideas for this topic
+
+376
+00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,920
+sentence. Yes, please. The government should put
+
+377
+00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:33,500
+traffic police to help people to avoid this
+
+378
+00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:37,960
+problem. Yes, the government should assign traffic
+
+379
+00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:41,580
+police to help people to organize the traffic and
+
+380
+00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:43,820
+help people move around easily without any
+
+381
+00:29:43,820 --> 00:29:45,040
+problem. Yes, please.
+
+382
+00:29:50,250 --> 00:29:54,370
+Okay, people should or advised to walk in the
+
+383
+00:29:54,370 --> 00:29:57,350
+center of using their private cars especially in
+
+384
+00:29:57,350 --> 00:30:00,250
+the city center areas, okay? Yes, please.
+
+385
+00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:06,100
+All right, we can think of the government should
+
+386
+00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:10,000
+build new bridges and new roads. Let's just write
+
+387
+00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,600
+them very quickly here. First, we're writing the
+
+388
+00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:15,440
+ideas as sentences here, okay? Because this is an
+
+389
+00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:17,980
+outline. This is not the actual paragraph. But
+
+390
+00:30:17,980 --> 00:30:21,380
+this is to help us write the paragraph later on.
+
+391
+00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:27,680
+Okay, first, the government should
+
+392
+00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:32,180
+build new
+
+393
+00:30:35,110 --> 00:30:44,930
+roads and improve or expand existing
+
+394
+00:30:44,930 --> 00:30:47,730
+ones.
+
+395
+00:30:49,150 --> 00:30:53,290
+So this is the first idea, okay? Is to, or the
+
+396
+00:30:53,290 --> 00:30:59,030
+government should build new roads and improve or
+
+397
+00:30:59,030 --> 00:31:06,910
+fix or repair and expand The second idea is to- I
+
+398
+00:31:06,910 --> 00:31:13,690
+think we must respect the rules. People should
+
+399
+00:31:13,690 --> 00:31:19,270
+obey traffic
+
+400
+00:31:19,270 --> 00:31:22,930
+laws
+
+401
+00:31:22,930 --> 00:31:27,150
+and regulations.
+
+402
+00:31:31,220 --> 00:31:34,340
+regulations. Alright? A third example would be
+
+403
+00:31:34,340 --> 00:31:38,960
+something like a third example or a third idea
+
+404
+00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:48,580
+sorry. Alright? The government should
+
+405
+00:31:48,580 --> 00:31:57,440
+enforce punitive laws
+
+406
+00:32:00,260 --> 00:32:07,620
+or vines on tropical offenders.
+
+407
+00:32:10,680 --> 00:32:14,900
+Okay? So these are three ideas, three main ideas
+
+408
+00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:18,900
+that we can actually discuss in the body of the
+
+409
+00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:23,320
+paragraph, all right? And the conclusion, let's
+
+410
+00:32:23,320 --> 00:32:26,040
+just spend a minute writing a conclusion or a
+
+411
+00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:27,740
+concluding sentence for this paragraph.
+
+412
+00:32:30,930 --> 00:32:33,610
+It will be a concluding sentence. To conclude. Yes
+
+413
+00:32:33,610 --> 00:32:33,870
+please.
+
+414
+00:33:05,640 --> 00:33:08,360
+It's really good.
+
+415
+00:33:34,830 --> 00:33:39,370
+Alright? Who wrote the concluding sentence? Yes
+
+416
+00:33:39,370 --> 00:33:43,370
+please. Yes. No, no, you just say it. Say it. We
+
+417
+00:33:43,370 --> 00:33:45,330
+don't have time. We should all work hard together
+
+418
+00:33:45,330 --> 00:33:47,510
+to solve this problem. Very nice. We should all
+
+419
+00:33:47,510 --> 00:33:51,750
+work hard together in order to solve this problem
+
+420
+00:33:51,750 --> 00:33:54,410
+or this or the problem of traffic congestion.
+
+421
+00:33:54,810 --> 00:33:57,950
+Anything else? Yes please. We can reduce this
+
+422
+00:33:57,950 --> 00:34:00,510
+problem by following the rules. Very nice. Very
+
+423
+00:34:00,510 --> 00:34:05,530
+nice. Alright. Or we can say we shouldAll
+
+424
+00:34:05,530 --> 00:34:10,890
+cooperate in
+
+425
+00:34:10,890 --> 00:34:18,170
+order to solve this problem, in order to solve
+
+426
+00:34:18,170 --> 00:34:24,330
+this serious problem.
+
+427
+00:34:26,610 --> 00:34:32,080
+Alright? Or any other kind of concluding sentence
+
+428
+00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:36,880
+that sums up the idea or gives a recommendation or
+
+429
+00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:42,760
+a final quote to the ideas that we stated here. a
+
+430
+00:34:42,760 --> 00:34:46,180
+paragraph generally look like from looking at this
+
+431
+00:34:46,180 --> 00:34:49,980
+outline for a paragraph, a topic sentence, some
+
+432
+00:34:49,980 --> 00:34:53,820
+ideas to support the main idea, and a concluding
+
+433
+00:34:53,820 --> 00:34:56,620
+sentence. Is this clear? Yes. All right. Let's
+
+434
+00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:59,720
+have another example in the few minutes that are
+
+435
+00:34:59,720 --> 00:35:00,760
+left for us today.
+
+436
+00:35:03,780 --> 00:35:07,940
+And I'd like you also to add supporting details to
+
+437
+00:35:07,940 --> 00:35:12,050
+this. a paragraph, alright? Let's just read it
+
+438
+00:35:12,050 --> 00:35:15,790
+very quickly. A university is different from a
+
+439
+00:35:15,790 --> 00:35:19,190
+secondary school. First, university professors
+
+440
+00:35:19,190 --> 00:35:23,010
+talk a great deal, like me, alright? And give long
+
+441
+00:35:23,010 --> 00:35:27,350
+homework assignments. Second, you have to supply
+
+442
+00:35:27,350 --> 00:35:29,730
+the second idea, the second difference between a
+
+443
+00:35:29,730 --> 00:35:33,330
+university and a school. Third, also supply the
+
+444
+00:35:33,330 --> 00:35:37,130
+third idea of the third difference between a
+
+445
+00:35:37,130 --> 00:35:41,180
+university and a secondary school, and to conclude
+
+446
+00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:45,200
+why university is quite different from a school.
+
+447
+00:35:45,720 --> 00:35:48,120
+Both of them are important places for learning,
+
+448
+00:35:49,260 --> 00:35:54,560
+social interaction, and personal growth. All
+
+449
+00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:58,160
+right? All right. Just apply, write the second
+
+450
+00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:01,460
+idea or the second sentence, supporting sentence,
+
+451
+00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,680
+and the third supporting sentence. Very quickly,
+
+452
+00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:05,080
+please.
+
+453
+00:36:37,190 --> 00:36:38,590
+Okay.
+
+454
+00:37:51,530 --> 00:37:54,070
+All right, who finished writing the second
+
+455
+00:37:54,070 --> 00:37:56,410
+supporting sentence? Yes, please, come forward.
+
+456
+00:37:57,450 --> 00:37:57,910
+Yes, please.
+
+457
+00:38:04,930 --> 00:38:10,410
+Come write it here. Who finished, wrote the third?
+
+458
+00:39:09,980 --> 00:39:12,180
+All right, thank you very much. All right, let's
+
+459
+00:39:12,180 --> 00:39:14,680
+see the examples or the sentences that your
+
+460
+00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:19,000
+classmates wrote for this, to complete this
+
+461
+00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,220
+paragraph. Let's see one. Second, students in
+
+462
+00:39:22,220 --> 00:39:26,120
+university should rely more on their selves, okay?
+
+463
+00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:28,760
+What's wrong here? Can, is there any comment here?
+
+464
+00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:32,160
+On themselves or their selves? Themselves.
+
+465
+00:39:32,260 --> 00:39:36,600
+Themselves, okay. On themselves. Very nice. Is
+
+466
+00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,840
+this a good idea? Yes, it is a very good idea.
+
+467
+00:39:40,020 --> 00:39:43,180
+Students should be independent or are expected at
+
+468
+00:39:43,180 --> 00:39:45,100
+university students, university students are
+
+469
+00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:49,440
+expected to be dependent on themselves, to depend
+
+470
+00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:52,860
+or rely on themselves most of the time for their
+
+471
+00:39:52,860 --> 00:39:56,820
+learning. I'm gonna write it in a minute now. At
+
+472
+00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,920
+university there are a lot of students in that
+
+473
+00:39:59,920 --> 00:40:03,540
+lecture over 100 but in schools there are small
+
+474
+00:40:03,540 --> 00:40:06,780
+groups of sentences. Do you have any comments here
+
+475
+00:40:06,780 --> 00:40:09,240
+about this sentence? It's a good sentence but we
+
+476
+00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:13,080
+have to attend to a few little things. For
+
+477
+00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:15,440
+example, at university there are a lot of
+
+478
+00:40:23,440 --> 00:40:30,920
+In schools there are a small group or groups or a
+
+479
+00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:36,960
+small number of students. Just make sure that we
+
+480
+00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:41,640
+have the agreement of plural or singular. Noun,
+
+481
+00:40:41,760 --> 00:40:46,740
+pronoun, verb, noun, agreement and so on. So if I
+
+482
+00:40:46,740 --> 00:40:50,700
+want to, did anybody write a sentence here? Yes
+
+483
+00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:54,030
+please. In university, you don't have to study
+
+484
+00:40:54,030 --> 00:40:57,750
+much different subjects as at school, you simply
+
+485
+00:40:57,750 --> 00:41:00,450
+can choose what to study. Okay, you don't have to
+
+486
+00:41:00,450 --> 00:41:03,590
+study many subjects at university, you can choose
+
+487
+00:41:03,590 --> 00:41:07,970
+from a pool of subjects that to study or to study,
+
+488
+00:41:08,650 --> 00:41:09,510
+to study, yes please.
+
+489
+00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:16,600
+We have many buildings more than a school that
+
+490
+00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,980
+does or at this place. University students should
+
+491
+00:41:19,980 --> 00:41:23,420
+learn to take their notes by themselves and learn
+
+492
+00:41:23,420 --> 00:41:28,920
+to recognize their notes and not to rely on the
+
+493
+00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:32,620
+teacher's lecture or materials or study materials
+
+494
+00:41:32,620 --> 00:41:35,740
+all the time. Yes, please. At university, you have
+
+495
+00:41:35,740 --> 00:41:40,040
+to specialize in one subject. Very good idea.
+
+496
+00:41:41,700 --> 00:41:44,740
+Venice, at university you focus or you specialize
+
+497
+00:41:44,740 --> 00:41:48,380
+on one major whereas at school you specialize on
+
+498
+00:41:48,380 --> 00:41:51,140
+different subjects. This is just very quickly said
+
+499
+00:41:51,140 --> 00:41:59,320
+university students always
+
+500
+00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:07,980
+or should always should always be relying
+
+501
+00:42:07,980 --> 00:42:11,240
+on
+
+502
+00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:12,800
+Themselves.
+
+503
+00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:18,840
+Okay. Alright. In other words. They are
+
+504
+00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:25,020
+independent. Exactly. In other words they
+
+505
+00:42:25,020 --> 00:42:32,580
+should be independent
+
+506
+00:42:32,580 --> 00:42:37,380
+learners.
+
+507
+00:42:39,330 --> 00:42:42,930
+for most of the time okay for most of the time for
+
+508
+00:42:42,930 --> 00:42:51,890
+most of the time okay and the third example our
+
+509
+00:42:51,890 --> 00:42:57,830
+university students study
+
+510
+00:42:57,830 --> 00:43:02,530
+or students generally
+
+511
+00:43:02,530 --> 00:43:05,730
+focus
+
+512
+00:43:07,050 --> 00:43:13,570
+on studying when major.
+
+513
+00:43:15,930 --> 00:43:20,250
+Alright? Unlike school students who study many
+
+514
+00:43:20,250 --> 00:43:22,210
+subjects during the school
+
+515
+00:43:26,040 --> 00:43:29,180
+So this is what we talked about today. Generally,
+
+516
+00:43:29,480 --> 00:43:31,880
+focus whenever you write, make sure that you have
+
+517
+00:43:31,880 --> 00:43:36,160
+a proper form of the paragraph and always maintain
+
+518
+00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:40,260
+these three elements, the topic sentence, the
+
+519
+00:43:40,260 --> 00:43:43,260
+supporting sentences, and the conclusion. And all
+
+520
+00:43:43,260 --> 00:43:46,840
+of the paragraphs should discuss one central idea
+
+521
+00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:49,620
+or one central topic. Next time, inshallah, we're
+
+522
+00:43:49,620 --> 00:43:52,840
+gonna look at practicing. Look at the topic
+
+523
+00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:55,840
+sentence and practice writing good topic
+
+524
+00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:57,700
+sentences. So thank you very much.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/rLkJOA7I5SY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1940 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:23,610
+Assalamualaikum, good morning, how are you today?
+
+2
+00:00:24,130 --> 00:00:27,130
+Very good, very good. Alright, in the last lecture
+
+3
+00:00:27,130 --> 00:00:30,890
+we talked about simple sentences and structure of
+
+4
+00:00:30,890 --> 00:00:34,110
+simple sentences. Today we're starting the first
+
+5
+00:00:34,110 --> 00:00:38,270
+stage in writing a paragraph which is about
+
+6
+00:00:38,270 --> 00:00:42,210
+brainstorming. As you know, one of the good skills
+
+7
+00:00:42,210 --> 00:00:45,550
+of good writing is that people, writers don't
+
+8
+00:00:45,550 --> 00:00:48,450
+start writing right away. But a good thing to
+
+9
+00:00:48,450 --> 00:00:51,370
+start with is to brainstorm. You know what is mean
+
+10
+00:00:51,370 --> 00:00:55,570
+by brainstorming? What is brainstorm? To
+
+11
+00:00:55,570 --> 00:00:58,830
+brainstorm about a topic. What does it mean? What
+
+12
+00:00:58,830 --> 00:01:02,150
+does the verb mean? Brainstorm. Yes, please. To
+
+13
+00:01:02,150 --> 00:01:05,650
+get ideas prior to that. Okay. To get ideas. Very
+
+14
+00:01:05,650 --> 00:01:08,110
+nice. Yes, please. To think about it deeply. Very
+
+15
+00:01:08,110 --> 00:01:10,310
+nice. To think about the topic that you are
+
+16
+00:01:10,310 --> 00:01:13,670
+assigned to deeply. Alright? Or critically. Very
+
+17
+00:01:13,670 --> 00:01:17,150
+nice. Collect your ideas and to know exactly what
+
+18
+00:01:17,150 --> 00:01:19,430
+you are going to talk about. Very nice. To collect
+
+19
+00:01:19,430 --> 00:01:21,910
+your ideas and to know exactly what you want to
+
+20
+00:01:21,910 --> 00:01:23,930
+write about. Very very good. Yes please. To
+
+21
+00:01:23,930 --> 00:01:27,110
+activate your thinking. To activate your thinking,
+
+22
+00:01:27,330 --> 00:01:30,150
+to activate your background knowledge about the
+
+23
+00:01:30,150 --> 00:01:32,650
+topic. And these are all very important answers
+
+24
+00:01:32,650 --> 00:01:35,010
+that you gave. So brainstorming it's about
+
+25
+00:01:35,780 --> 00:01:38,620
+generating ideas, knowing exactly what you want to
+
+26
+00:01:38,620 --> 00:01:40,940
+know about, or knowing exactly what knowledge you
+
+27
+00:01:40,940 --> 00:01:44,660
+have, what information you have about your topic.
+
+28
+00:01:44,860 --> 00:01:48,220
+So brainstorming is a very important stage in
+
+29
+00:01:48,220 --> 00:01:52,720
+writing. And today we're going to look and do some
+
+30
+00:01:52,720 --> 00:01:56,840
+practice brainstorming about different topics. As
+
+31
+00:01:56,840 --> 00:01:59,960
+you know, there is something called writer's
+
+32
+00:01:59,960 --> 00:02:03,490
+block. Have you heard the term writer's block? It
+
+33
+00:02:03,490 --> 00:02:07,900
+means yes, yes, yes, what does that mean? It means
+
+34
+00:02:07,900 --> 00:02:10,840
+actually it's a common problem to my students or
+
+35
+00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:13,780
+to writers actually, is that they start writing
+
+36
+00:02:13,780 --> 00:02:17,080
+the first line, the second line, and suddenly the
+
+37
+00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:20,280
+ideas are gone, all right? There's no more ideas
+
+38
+00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:22,720
+to think about. And this is something that is
+
+39
+00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:26,260
+common to a lot of people and people get
+
+40
+00:02:26,260 --> 00:02:31,600
+frustrated because of not being able to finish
+
+41
+00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:34,920
+their ideas, not being able to complete or to
+
+42
+00:02:34,920 --> 00:02:40,010
+continue their So brainstorming addresses this
+
+43
+00:02:40,010 --> 00:02:44,150
+kind of problem. It actually allows the writer,
+
+44
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:48,350
+such as you are, to actually think about the
+
+45
+00:02:48,350 --> 00:02:51,930
+topic, generate ideas about the topic, collect
+
+46
+00:02:51,930 --> 00:02:54,630
+ideas, collect information before they actually
+
+47
+00:02:54,630 --> 00:02:59,400
+start writing. All right, so there are three
+
+48
+00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:03,060
+different kinds of brainstorming activities. And
+
+49
+00:03:03,060 --> 00:03:05,800
+today we're gonna look at three simple activities
+
+50
+00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:09,420
+for brainstorming about any topic that you want to
+
+51
+00:03:09,420 --> 00:03:11,980
+write about. The first one is called clustering.
+
+52
+00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:15,820
+The second one is a listing technique. And the
+
+53
+00:03:15,820 --> 00:03:19,340
+third one is free writing. Okay, what do we mean
+
+54
+00:03:19,340 --> 00:03:22,720
+by clustering? Clustering as a brainstorming idea
+
+55
+00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:26,970
+is very simple. The idea is that we put The topic,
+
+56
+00:03:27,430 --> 00:03:28,670
+let's say Gaza City.
+
+57
+00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:36,120
+of your paper, and we start drawing circles. We
+
+58
+00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:43,040
+try to write a mental picture of what information
+
+59
+00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:46,320
+do we have about this topic. For instance, I did
+
+60
+00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:48,680
+this example for you. For example, Gaza City.
+
+61
+00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:51,800
+Write about Gaza City, for example. What sort of
+
+62
+00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:56,060
+information can we write about this topic? For
+
+63
+00:03:56,060 --> 00:04:00,220
+example, we can talk about transportation in Gaza
+
+64
+00:04:00,220 --> 00:04:03,980
+City. We can talk about The local market. We can
+
+65
+00:04:03,980 --> 00:04:07,200
+also talk about the beach in Gaza City. We can
+
+66
+00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:09,980
+talk about the fish market or we can talk about
+
+67
+00:04:09,980 --> 00:04:14,520
+poverty in Gaza or some interesting places. What
+
+68
+00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:18,080
+else can we add to this sort of clustering ideas
+
+69
+00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:20,840
+or clustering technique or this mental sort of
+
+70
+00:04:20,840 --> 00:04:23,340
+picture of information?
+
+71
+00:04:32,280 --> 00:04:36,740
+Very nice. We can talk also about location.
+
+72
+00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:43,620
+We can also talk about war.
+
+73
+00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:50,440
+The war or the different wars Gaza has experienced
+
+74
+00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:55,240
+over the past years. Very nice. Problems such as
+
+75
+00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:59,300
+what for example? Electricity. So we can talk
+
+76
+00:04:59,300 --> 00:04:59,860
+about
+
+77
+00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:08,340
+Problems. And we can put problems in God. Okay?
+
+78
+00:05:08,700 --> 00:05:12,620
+And problems such as, we can say, the siege.
+
+79
+00:05:13,420 --> 00:05:17,860
+Alright? The electricity blackout. Electricity
+
+80
+00:05:17,860 --> 00:05:20,620
+blackouts.
+
+81
+00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:29,040
+Unemployment for instance, poverty and so on.
+
+82
+00:05:29,280 --> 00:05:36,640
+Okay, health problems and so on. So here what we
+
+83
+00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:40,230
+did is actually trying to Or we actually generate
+
+84
+00:05:40,230 --> 00:05:44,690
+as many ideas about this topic as possible. The
+
+85
+00:05:44,690 --> 00:05:49,510
+next step or stage would be to say, well, I have
+
+86
+00:05:49,510 --> 00:05:52,270
+too many things that I can write about, but I'm
+
+87
+00:05:52,270 --> 00:05:53,970
+not going to write about everything. It's
+
+88
+00:05:53,970 --> 00:05:57,650
+impossible. So we start sort of crossing out the
+
+89
+00:05:57,650 --> 00:06:00,570
+things that we don't know that we don't want to
+
+90
+00:06:00,570 --> 00:06:03,510
+write about and include the things that we write
+
+91
+00:06:03,510 --> 00:06:05,750
+about. For instance, I don't want to talk about
+
+92
+00:06:05,750 --> 00:06:07,030
+the local market.
+
+93
+00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:15,260
+I may decide that, well, a good thing that I want
+
+94
+00:06:15,260 --> 00:06:17,960
+to write about is probably problems in Gaza,
+
+95
+00:06:18,140 --> 00:06:21,800
+problems that our people in Gaza face on a daily
+
+96
+00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:25,300
+basis. For instance, problems. For instance, I can
+
+97
+00:06:25,300 --> 00:06:29,100
+talk about a siege, electricity blackout, and
+
+98
+00:06:29,100 --> 00:06:31,280
+perhaps maybe poverty.
+
+99
+00:06:34,130 --> 00:06:38,770
+as a rampant problem in the Gaza Strip for
+
+100
+00:06:38,770 --> 00:06:42,090
+instance. So what we have here is trying to, this
+
+101
+00:06:42,090 --> 00:06:44,590
+is a good way to start writing. Instead of just
+
+102
+00:06:44,590 --> 00:06:46,670
+writing the first sentence or the second sentence
+
+103
+00:06:46,670 --> 00:06:49,810
+and suddenly you don't, you run out of ideas, you
+
+104
+00:06:49,810 --> 00:06:52,790
+begin like this. And this will help you organize
+
+105
+00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:56,850
+What information that I need to include and talk
+
+106
+00:06:56,850 --> 00:07:00,710
+about or write about in my paragraph, for
+
+107
+00:07:00,710 --> 00:07:04,230
+instance. Is this clear? Let me just give you
+
+108
+00:07:04,230 --> 00:07:08,590
+another example of the clustering technique.
+
+109
+00:07:09,190 --> 00:07:13,250
+Alright, let's see. A simple thing like my
+
+110
+00:07:13,250 --> 00:07:16,050
+favorite poem, for instance, okay?
+
+111
+00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:22,570
+Wednesday, windows, alright? And your views of the
+
+112
+00:07:22,570 --> 00:07:26,930
+trees, for instance, or it's sunny, or view of the
+
+113
+00:07:26,930 --> 00:07:30,130
+sky, for instance, or my comfortable furniture in
+
+114
+00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:32,890
+my favorite room, for instance, soft bed, rocking
+
+115
+00:07:32,890 --> 00:07:37,330
+chair, my favorite room as being quiet, a quiet
+
+116
+00:07:37,330 --> 00:07:40,860
+room. or a lesson, big closet, bedroom, yellow,
+
+117
+00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:43,820
+good size, and so on. So we can, in this way,
+
+118
+00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:48,720
+think or try to generate what information I have.
+
+119
+00:07:48,820 --> 00:07:51,840
+And then I start writing away, talking about,
+
+120
+00:07:52,140 --> 00:07:56,340
+well, I'm going to talk about how it is quiet and
+
+121
+00:07:56,340 --> 00:07:59,660
+my bedroom, for instance, yellow and good-sized
+
+122
+00:07:59,660 --> 00:08:02,140
+bedroom, for instance. And the other ideas I don't
+
+123
+00:08:02,140 --> 00:08:04,860
+need to include there because maybe they are for
+
+124
+00:08:04,860 --> 00:08:08,720
+something else, not for this particular Alright?
+
+125
+00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:13,980
+Alright. Let's now do the first technique which is
+
+126
+00:08:13,980 --> 00:08:19,140
+Persian. I'd like you just to brainstorm about the
+
+127
+00:08:19,140 --> 00:08:21,900
+topic. Let's do this activity right now. No, no,
+
+128
+00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:25,460
+just do the activity. Think about it. Try to draw
+
+129
+00:08:25,460 --> 00:08:30,620
+some map of your ideas on paper on this particular
+
+130
+00:08:30,620 --> 00:08:33,520
+topic, pollution. What sort of ideas can you
+
+131
+00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:37,700
+generate? And then classify your ideas. So include
+
+132
+00:08:37,700 --> 00:08:39,780
+and exclude the things that you don't want to
+
+133
+00:08:39,780 --> 00:08:41,340
+write about.
+
+134
+00:09:14,330 --> 00:09:15,230
+What is the name of this book?
+
+135
+00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:33,430
+All right, let's see. What sort of ideas did you
+
+136
+00:10:33,430 --> 00:10:37,630
+get, did you generate from this topic? Yes,
+
+137
+00:10:37,670 --> 00:10:42,350
+please. Okay, we can talk about reasons or causes
+
+138
+00:10:42,350 --> 00:10:46,590
+of the pollution. Very nice. Yes, please. Types of
+
+139
+00:10:46,590 --> 00:10:49,550
+pollution. Types. Very nice. We can talk about
+
+140
+00:10:49,550 --> 00:10:53,870
+types. Types of pollution. Very nice. Yes, please.
+
+141
+00:10:53,970 --> 00:10:57,570
+Effects. Effects. Very nice. We can talk about
+
+142
+00:10:57,570 --> 00:11:01,270
+effects or results of the pollution. Very good.
+
+143
+00:11:01,670 --> 00:11:04,690
+Yes, sir. Yes, please. Solutions. Solutions. Okay,
+
+144
+00:11:04,710 --> 00:11:08,030
+very nice. Solutions. Very good idea. Solutions.
+
+145
+00:11:10,460 --> 00:11:15,720
+Yes please. Yes? C and air pollution. Say again? C
+
+146
+00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,620
+and air pollution. C and air pollution. Yes, we
+
+147
+00:11:18,620 --> 00:11:21,580
+can actually think about C and air pollution. We
+
+148
+00:11:21,580 --> 00:11:25,560
+can include them under types. Under types. We can
+
+149
+00:11:25,560 --> 00:11:32,000
+say C pollution, air pollution or we can say water
+
+150
+00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:38,240
+pollution or soil pollution or soil and land
+
+151
+00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:43,180
+pollution. What about causes? This is a major
+
+152
+00:11:43,180 --> 00:11:46,780
+category or this is a major topic in talking about
+
+153
+00:11:46,780 --> 00:11:50,980
+or whenever we write about pollution. Causes. We
+
+154
+00:11:50,980 --> 00:11:53,660
+can add some ideas to the causes. That is to say
+
+155
+00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:55,760
+different causes for pollution. Yes, please.
+
+156
+00:11:56,180 --> 00:11:59,280
+Several factories. Such as what? Factories.
+
+157
+00:11:59,700 --> 00:12:04,020
+Factories. Yes, factories. Factories. Smoke.
+
+158
+00:12:05,200 --> 00:12:09,730
+Factories. Smoke. Alright. Very nice. Anything
+
+159
+00:12:09,730 --> 00:12:14,090
+else? Yes. Oil spills. Say it. Oil spills. Very
+
+160
+00:12:14,090 --> 00:12:20,230
+nice. Oil spills. Chemical. Chemical sort of
+
+161
+00:12:20,230 --> 00:12:28,610
+chemical. Chemical waste. Chemical waste. Anything
+
+162
+00:12:28,610 --> 00:12:31,410
+else? Yes please. Transportation. Transportation.
+
+163
+00:12:32,130 --> 00:12:39,210
+Okay and all the smoke that comes out of the Okay,
+
+164
+00:12:39,370 --> 00:12:43,210
+so transportation. Diseases, effects.
+
+165
+00:12:43,790 --> 00:12:47,970
+Transportation, okay. And noise. Because this is
+
+166
+00:12:47,970 --> 00:12:50,570
+also another kind of pollution. It's noise. It's
+
+167
+00:12:50,570 --> 00:12:53,650
+also another kind of pollution. And? Burning
+
+168
+00:12:53,650 --> 00:12:56,970
+trees. Burning trees, okay. Burning trees. Very
+
+169
+00:12:56,970 --> 00:13:02,090
+nice. So these are all burning trees, factories
+
+170
+00:13:02,090 --> 00:13:05,930
+and forests for instance. Alright? What about
+
+171
+00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:11,290
+solutions to pollution problem? Alright? Can we
+
+172
+00:13:11,290 --> 00:13:14,390
+think of solutions? Alright? Alright. Yes, please.
+
+173
+00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:18,290
+Separate the industrial areas and the areas that
+
+174
+00:13:18,290 --> 00:13:25,870
+people live in. Separating industrial
+
+175
+00:13:25,870 --> 00:13:29,730
+areas
+
+176
+00:13:30,740 --> 00:13:33,880
+from sort of the civilian areas or residential
+
+177
+00:13:33,880 --> 00:13:37,500
+areas. That is moving them away from residential
+
+178
+00:13:37,500 --> 00:13:41,580
+areas, from population centers, so that to avoid
+
+179
+00:13:41,580 --> 00:13:45,560
+contamination or some kinds of diseases resulting
+
+180
+00:13:45,560 --> 00:13:47,880
+from pollution, air pollution and otherwise. Yes,
+
+181
+00:13:47,940 --> 00:13:54,520
+please. So the solution to pollution resulting
+
+182
+00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:59,320
+from transportation is to use more public
+
+183
+00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,940
+transport and less private transport. So less
+
+184
+00:14:02,940 --> 00:14:06,300
+private transport.
+
+185
+00:14:15,130 --> 00:14:17,370
+Signing agreements, for example there is one
+
+186
+00:14:17,370 --> 00:14:19,370
+famous one, the Kyoto agreement, signing
+
+187
+00:14:19,370 --> 00:14:24,210
+agreements to eliminate or reduce pollution,
+
+188
+00:14:24,490 --> 00:14:26,970
+alright, so signing agreements
+
+189
+00:14:31,490 --> 00:14:35,150
+Here, I'm talking about international agreements
+
+190
+00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:38,630
+or agreements between different countries, okay?
+
+191
+00:14:38,790 --> 00:14:41,230
+Bilateral agreements. Yes, please. Recycling.
+
+192
+00:14:41,530 --> 00:14:46,270
+Recycling as another important solution.
+
+193
+00:14:46,830 --> 00:14:50,890
+Recycling. All right. Anything else? Yes, please.
+
+194
+00:14:51,070 --> 00:14:54,370
+Raising awareness about its effects. Yes, raising
+
+195
+00:14:54,370 --> 00:14:57,130
+awareness about effects. Raising awareness.
+
+196
+00:15:06,940 --> 00:15:18,560
+So what we
+
+197
+00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:21,300
+did here, we can also talk about effects in the
+
+198
+00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:25,200
+same way What we did here actually is we
+
+199
+
+223
+00:16:55,750 --> 00:16:59,190
+ideas but instead of drawing some sort of a visual
+
+224
+00:16:59,190 --> 00:17:05,410
+map, a visual map of the topic and all the ideas
+
+225
+00:17:05,410 --> 00:17:09,710
+that you generated, we start by listing. For
+
+226
+00:17:09,710 --> 00:17:12,830
+example, you write a topic in the middle of your
+
+227
+00:17:12,830 --> 00:17:17,110
+blank paper, for example, and you start writing
+
+228
+00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:20,790
+down, jotting down, listing all the ideas that you
+
+229
+00:17:20,790 --> 00:17:24,310
+have about this topic. For instance, this is
+
+230
+00:17:24,310 --> 00:17:27,470
+something, a topic that we can think about and
+
+231
+00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:28,450
+we've already
+
+232
+00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:39,500
+science for instance because I like problem
+
+233
+00:17:39,500 --> 00:17:43,840
+solving because many jobs are available in NASA or
+
+234
+00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:46,940
+because it has a good salary or because I like
+
+235
+00:17:46,940 --> 00:17:50,100
+working in a hospital or I want to help other
+
+236
+00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:52,940
+people or challenging job or opportunities for
+
+237
+00:17:52,940 --> 00:17:57,060
+promotion or because I'm interested in the study
+
+238
+00:17:57,060 --> 00:18:00,460
+of diseases for instance or I'm interested in the
+
+239
+00:18:00,460 --> 00:18:03,200
+study of the human body or because it has flexible
+
+240
+00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:09,040
+hours or I will always learn something. So these
+
+241
+00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:13,020
+are some ideas that actually were generated for
+
+242
+00:18:13,020 --> 00:18:16,840
+the topic why I become a nurse. So this is also
+
+243
+00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:19,540
+another helpful way, another brainstorming
+
+244
+00:18:19,540 --> 00:18:22,760
+technique. The next stage will say, well, I want
+
+245
+00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:25,900
+to become or I want to write about the reasons for
+
+246
+00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:29,160
+becoming or for wanting to become a nurse is
+
+247
+00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:29,640
+because
+
+248
+00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:41,030
+job and because it has flexible working hours and
+
+249
+00:18:41,030 --> 00:18:42,990
+the other ones are discarded, are not needed
+
+250
+00:18:42,990 --> 00:18:45,430
+actually and these are the three important ideas
+
+251
+00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:48,290
+that I would like to write about in my paragraph,
+
+252
+00:18:48,470 --> 00:18:52,450
+alright? Let's see another example. How I become a
+
+253
+00:18:52,450 --> 00:18:58,830
+successful language learner. Why is that? Why are
+
+254
+00:18:58,830 --> 00:19:01,590
+the ways to become a successful language learner?
+
+255
+00:19:01,650 --> 00:19:07,520
+Because I speaking with others. I should take
+
+256
+00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:08,160
+classes.
+
+257
+00:19:10,940 --> 00:19:14,240
+difficult or unknown words, listen to radio,
+
+258
+00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:17,180
+observe others, ask for help when you don't
+
+259
+00:19:17,180 --> 00:19:21,820
+understand, review materials regularly, use a
+
+260
+00:19:21,820 --> 00:19:24,900
+dictionary and many, many other strategies or
+
+261
+00:19:24,900 --> 00:19:28,880
+techniques or skills to become an effective or a
+
+262
+00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:32,460
+successful language learner. So this is also a
+
+263
+00:19:32,460 --> 00:19:35,300
+technique or this is a listing technique that we
+
+264
+00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:40,190
+can actually use in brainstorming about the topic.
+
+265
+00:19:40,290 --> 00:19:42,650
+Is this clear? Yes. Alright, let's do this
+
+266
+00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:49,550
+activity. Let's brainstorm by way of listing the
+
+267
+00:19:49,550 --> 00:19:52,670
+ideas that you have, all the ideas that you have
+
+268
+00:19:52,670 --> 00:19:57,490
+about this topic staying healthy. Alright? Yes
+
+269
+00:19:57,490 --> 00:19:57,750
+please.
+
+270
+00:20:13,530 --> 00:20:14,930
+Okay.
+
+271
+00:21:07,130 --> 00:21:08,690
+It's good.
+
+272
+00:22:05,770 --> 00:22:08,650
+All right. All right. Let's see. What sort of
+
+273
+00:22:08,650 --> 00:22:12,130
+ideas did you get by thinking about this topic,
+
+274
+00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:15,190
+brainstorming about this topic? Okay, so we can
+
+275
+00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:22,070
+think about exercising, exercising or working out.
+
+276
+00:22:22,270 --> 00:22:26,600
+Very nice. What else? Yes please. Okay. Okay. We
+
+277
+00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:28,720
+can say eating healthy food like a good diet. Yes?
+
+278
+00:22:30,260 --> 00:22:33,880
+Good diet. Eating healthy food, for instance. Yes,
+
+279
+00:22:33,940 --> 00:22:36,420
+please. Don't eat fast food like hot dogs and
+
+280
+00:22:36,420 --> 00:22:42,120
+burgers. Okay. Avoiding junk
+
+281
+00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:42,740
+food.
+
+282
+00:22:45,460 --> 00:22:50,540
+Very nice. Very nice. Alright. Yes, please. Okay.
+
+283
+00:22:51,060 --> 00:22:51,580
+Visiting
+
+284
+00:22:54,210 --> 00:22:57,570
+Oh, we can say regular check-up. Visiting doctors
+
+285
+00:22:57,570 --> 00:23:00,210
+regularly.
+
+286
+00:23:02,590 --> 00:23:05,830
+Anything else? Yes, please. Sleeping early.
+
+287
+00:23:05,850 --> 00:23:09,710
+Sleeping early or getting enough sleep. I would
+
+288
+00:23:09,710 --> 00:23:12,350
+recommend sleeping early. Unlike me, I stay up
+
+289
+00:23:12,350 --> 00:23:19,010
+late. Sleeping early. Sleeping early or getting
+
+290
+00:23:19,010 --> 00:23:22,270
+enough sleep. Good, good. Sleep. Yes, please.
+
+291
+00:23:22,810 --> 00:23:27,090
+Organize your time. Very nice, okay. This is a
+
+292
+00:23:27,090 --> 00:23:32,750
+good idea actually. Organizing, organizing eating
+
+293
+00:23:32,750 --> 00:23:39,090
+time. Time. Like for example, three regular meals
+
+294
+00:23:39,090 --> 00:23:42,350
+during the day. For instance, yes please. Get rid
+
+295
+00:23:42,350 --> 00:23:44,970
+of concern and others disturbance. Say again
+
+296
+00:23:44,970 --> 00:23:48,690
+please. Get rid of concern and others disturbance.
+
+297
+00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:52,120
+Other emotions are stress. Very nice, we can say
+
+298
+00:23:52,120 --> 00:23:57,000
+avoid feeling stress, avoid stress, okay? Avoid
+
+299
+00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:06,380
+feeling stress, feeling stressed. Yes teacher. And
+
+300
+00:24:06,380 --> 00:24:08,900
+a lot of sort of psychological pressures, very
+
+301
+00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:11,500
+nice. Yes teacher. To avoid being stressed. Yes
+
+302
+00:24:11,500 --> 00:24:14,300
+please. Don't taking the medicine without asking
+
+303
+00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:18,760
+the doctor. Very nice. So it's sort of use, okay,
+
+304
+00:24:19,260 --> 00:24:25,780
+listen to or stick to doctor's advice. Stick to
+
+305
+00:24:25,780 --> 00:24:30,260
+listen to doctor's advice.
+
+306
+00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:36,420
+Yes, please. All right. Yes, please. Avoid
+
+307
+00:24:36,420 --> 00:24:40,220
+smoking. Avoiding smoking. Very nice. Avoiding
+
+308
+00:24:40,220 --> 00:24:43,600
+smoking.
+
+309
+00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:49,560
+and we can say avoiding all other unhealthy habits
+
+310
+00:24:49,560 --> 00:24:52,960
+and finally I think drinking water is very
+
+311
+00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:55,640
+important say again drinking water it's a very
+
+312
+00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:58,320
+good idea always getting hydrated always drink
+
+313
+00:24:58,320 --> 00:25:04,960
+water drink water so these are some ideas that we
+
+314
+00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:09,270
+actually listed about the topic staying healthy.
+
+315
+00:25:09,410 --> 00:25:12,530
+We generated these, we brainstormed about these
+
+316
+00:25:12,530 --> 00:25:15,870
+topics and this is very helpful because again the
+
+317
+00:25:15,870 --> 00:25:18,610
+idea here is to know how much information that you
+
+318
+00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:22,210
+can, that you actually have about this topic and
+
+319
+00:25:22,210 --> 00:25:24,650
+then you can take it from there and decide which
+
+320
+00:25:25,410 --> 00:25:30,830
+topics which information is the one that you want
+
+321
+00:25:30,830 --> 00:25:35,450
+actually to write about. For example, steps for
+
+322
+00:25:35,450 --> 00:25:38,690
+staying healthy would be something like, I would
+
+323
+00:25:38,690 --> 00:25:42,510
+like to talk about how exercising is a useful way
+
+324
+00:25:42,510 --> 00:25:47,710
+for staying healthy. I would also like about, I
+
+325
+00:25:47,710 --> 00:25:51,330
+think usually talk about good diet. All right. And
+
+326
+00:25:51,330 --> 00:25:52,650
+we can talk about
+
+327
+00:25:56,740 --> 00:26:00,560
+Maintain your mental and psychological composure,
+
+328
+00:26:00,700 --> 00:26:04,960
+mental and psychological stress-free life. Try to
+
+329
+00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:08,560
+live a stress-free life for example. Avoid feeling
+
+330
+00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:10,980
+stressed or concerned about so many things
+
+331
+00:26:10,980 --> 00:26:13,380
+although we have so many things to worry about
+
+332
+00:26:13,380 --> 00:26:17,120
+here living in Gaza. And here in Qatar, for
+
+333
+00:26:17,120 --> 00:26:21,650
+instance, we can actually further talk about for
+
+334
+00:26:21,650 --> 00:26:29,970
+example vegetables, is that right? Fruits, ok or
+
+335
+00:26:29,970 --> 00:26:36,890
+nutritious, nutritious foods for example juice and
+
+336
+00:26:36,890 --> 00:26:41,850
+so on and exercising we can talk about for example
+
+337
+00:26:41,850 --> 00:26:43,770
+jogging
+
+338
+00:26:45,870 --> 00:26:49,330
+We can talk about jogging, running, and other
+
+339
+00:26:49,330 --> 00:26:53,570
+forms of workout, other forms of exercise. And the
+
+340
+00:26:53,570 --> 00:26:56,030
+same thing, avoiding stress feeling, trying to be
+
+341
+00:26:56,030 --> 00:26:58,630
+relaxed, trying to be happy, trying to find some
+
+342
+00:26:58,630 --> 00:27:03,970
+things that makes you comfortable or stress-free
+
+343
+00:27:03,970 --> 00:27:07,010
+and so on, and relax. So these are some ideas that
+
+344
+00:27:07,010 --> 00:27:12,130
+we actually generated about the topic of staying
+
+345
+00:27:12,130 --> 00:27:17,430
+healthy by way of listing technique as a main
+
+346
+00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:20,730
+brainstorming
+
+347
+00:27:20,730 --> 00:27:25,470
+technique. The third and last technique here is
+
+348
+00:27:25,470 --> 00:27:29,410
+something that we call free writing. What do we
+
+349
+00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:34,690
+mean by free writing? Free writing is basically
+
+350
+00:27:34,690 --> 00:27:37,230
+when you are given a topic, you start thinking,
+
+351
+00:27:37,370 --> 00:27:41,740
+you start writing. about it without stopping. It's
+
+352
+00:27:41,740 --> 00:27:44,420
+free writing. You don't worry about grammar. You
+
+353
+00:27:44,420 --> 00:27:46,640
+don't worry about spelling. You don't worry about
+
+354
+00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:50,340
+the organization of your ideas. You simply put all
+
+355
+00:27:50,340 --> 00:27:52,600
+your ideas and your thoughts and your mind on
+
+356
+00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:56,790
+there. So you start writing freely. for two or
+
+357
+00:27:56,790 --> 00:28:00,030
+three or four minutes, and then you stop. And then
+
+358
+00:28:00,030 --> 00:28:05,990
+you read what you wrote and try to decide which
+
+359
+00:28:05,990 --> 00:28:09,790
+ideas are there to choose from and which ideas can
+
+360
+00:28:09,790 --> 00:28:13,470
+be eliminated, all right? Let's see an example of
+
+361
+00:28:13,470 --> 00:28:17,630
+free writing. This is an example. I won't read it
+
+362
+00:28:17,630 --> 00:28:20,430
+all of it, but let's just look at the first three
+
+363
+00:28:20,430 --> 00:28:23,650
+lines. My favorite book. I don't know where to
+
+364
+00:28:23,650 --> 00:28:26,540
+start. I read so many books. that are interesting
+
+365
+00:28:26,540 --> 00:28:29,020
+that it's hard to choose just one. I guess I could
+
+366
+00:28:29,020 --> 00:28:31,320
+start by talking about the kinds of books I really
+
+367
+00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,500
+like, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. So this is an
+
+368
+00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:37,880
+example of free writing. As you can see, it is not
+
+369
+00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:41,800
+well organized. It's something like stream of
+
+370
+00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:46,400
+consciousness. You simply or simply started
+
+371
+00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:49,100
+writing freely without stopping for two or three,
+
+372
+00:28:49,180 --> 00:28:53,700
+I imagine, or four minutes, okay? All right, let's
+
+373
+00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,950
+see. And after that, this is another example, a
+
+374
+00:28:57,950 --> 00:29:00,810
+problem I have. I have, of course, many problems
+
+375
+00:29:00,810 --> 00:29:03,590
+in my life like everybody has, but right now I'm
+
+376
+00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:06,550
+feeling new problems, like the cultural shock I
+
+377
+00:29:06,550 --> 00:29:08,730
+get out of my country, blah, blah, blah. This is
+
+378
+00:29:08,730 --> 00:29:13,090
+also another example of free writing. Now, after
+
+379
+00:29:13,090 --> 00:29:16,250
+you do the first attempt at free writing, you can
+
+380
+00:29:16,250 --> 00:29:19,350
+say, well, I don't like this sentence, for
+
+381
+00:29:19,350 --> 00:29:25,070
+instance. It is not related. Okay? And maybe this
+
+382
+00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:28,070
+sentence or this question is not needed. I don't
+
+383
+00:29:28,070 --> 00:29:30,890
+need to talk about it. Alright? So here we start a
+
+384
+00:29:30,890 --> 00:29:34,500
+process of sifting through what we wrote and
+
+385
+00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:37,460
+deciding what is relevant and what is not related,
+
+386
+00:29:37,620 --> 00:29:40,960
+what is irrelevant and after that I start
+
+387
+00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:46,040
+rewriting what I have already written, alright? So
+
+388
+00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:50,120
+this is also another nice brainstorming activity
+
+389
+00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:54,720
+that can help us try to generate as much
+
+390
+00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:58,320
+information about the topic as possible. Let's
+
+391
+00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:04,690
+again do a third activity here and write or free
+
+392
+00:30:04,690 --> 00:30:10,070
+write about this topic, alright? The benefits of
+
+393
+00:30:10,070 --> 00:30:13,590
+the internet in university studies. Alright, this
+
+394
+00:30:13,590 --> 00:30:17,670
+time ourselves, we have two minutes to freely
+
+395
+00:30:17,670 --> 00:30:20,250
+write about this topic.
+
+396
+00:30:22,820 --> 00:30:24,860
+Don't worry about grammar, don't worry about
+
+397
+00:30:24,860 --> 00:30:28,480
+spelling or punctuation or your ideas, the clarity
+
+398
+00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:31,080
+of your ideas. Just simply put everything that you
+
+399
+00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:34,280
+have in mind about this topic on a paper.
+
+400
+00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:45,780
+Alright, are we done? We should stop right here,
+
+401
+00:32:45,860 --> 00:32:48,860
+that's fine. Alright, who actually, who would like
+
+402
+00:32:48,860 --> 00:32:51,360
+to hear someone, what did you write actually?
+
+403
+00:32:52,260 --> 00:32:57,540
+Alright, yes please. Just read us what you wrote.
+
+404
+00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:04,040
+Read us what you actually wrote. Okay, alright,
+
+405
+00:33:04,220 --> 00:33:08,950
+any more ideas? Okay. Thank you. Yes please.
+
+406
+00:33:09,570 --> 00:33:11,990
+Internet is an important part of our everyday
+
+407
+00:33:11,990 --> 00:33:15,510
+lives. Students, most students nowadays rely on
+
+408
+00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:18,290
+the internet in many situations. For example,
+
+409
+00:33:18,830 --> 00:33:21,190
+students may use the internet to get information
+
+410
+00:33:21,190 --> 00:33:24,290
+related to their studies or to get help in their
+
+411
+00:33:24,290 --> 00:33:27,210
+study. Also they are using the internet channels
+
+412
+00:33:27,210 --> 00:33:31,080
+such as YouTube to watch videos and to watch
+
+413
+00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:35,400
+listening that teacher are explaining some concept
+
+414
+00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:38,600
+or ideas. Very very nice, very good ideas, very
+
+415
+00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:41,540
+good ideas you have Iman here. Yes please. The
+
+416
+00:33:41,540 --> 00:33:44,300
+internet is the language of this age and it is one
+
+417
+00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:46,540
+of the most important things in our life. Other
+
+418
+00:33:46,540 --> 00:33:49,440
+internet have many benefits. Firstly it connected
+
+419
+
+445
+00:35:49,910 --> 00:35:53,850
+in free writing. The next step for you is now to
+
+446
+00:35:53,850 --> 00:35:57,810
+actually start organizing your ideas and then
+
+447
+00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:01,190
+writing your first draft about the topic that you
+
+448
+00:36:01,190 --> 00:36:04,570
+are assigned to or that you would like to talk
+
+449
+00:36:04,570 --> 00:36:07,630
+about. So what we did today is actually looking at
+
+450
+00:36:07,630 --> 00:36:12,780
+brainstorming as the pre-writing. It helps you 
+
+451
+00:36:12,780 --> 00:36:16,380
+generate ideas, it helps you think about the 
+
+452
+00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:18,640
+information, all the information, all the
+
+453
+00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:21,460
+background knowledge about this topic. And we
+
+454
+00:36:21,460 --> 00:36:23,500
+talked about three important techniques, 
+
+455
+00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:27,680
+clustering as an important technique, listing and 
+
+456
+00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:30,840
+free writing. Before we finish our class today, I
+
+457
+00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:34,540
+would like you to brainstorm about the topic I'm 
+
+458
+00:36:34,540 --> 00:36:37,580
+going to write on the board using any of these,
+
+459
+00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:40,630
+any one of these three techniques. Let's write 
+
+460
+00:36:40,630 --> 00:36:48,530
+about this topic. Then, last one, Alganza. Okay?
+
+461
+00:36:48,690 --> 00:36:51,770
+This is a topic that you can actually brainstorm
+
+462
+00:36:51,770 --> 00:36:56,730
+about using clustering or listing or free writing
+
+463
+00:36:56,730 --> 00:37:01,050
+brainstorming technique. Yes, please. Very
+
+464
+00:37:01,050 --> 00:37:04,130
+quickly. I'll just give you one minute or two to
+
+465
+00:37:04,130 --> 00:37:08,030
+actually brainstorm using any of these three
+
+466
+00:37:08,030 --> 00:37:11,830
+techniques. The last war
+
+467
+00:38:53,680 --> 00:38:56,980
+Alright? Alright. Let's see how many of you did
+
+468
+00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,340
+actually use the plastering technique? Just hands
+
+469
+00:39:00,340 --> 00:39:03,760
+up, very quickly. Alright, this is not a popular
+
+470
+00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:06,340
+technique. I like it although. Alright? How many
+
+471
+00:39:06,340 --> 00:39:08,980
+of you did actually use this thing as a technique? 
+
+472
+00:39:09,820 --> 00:39:12,620
+Alright? How many of you did use the free writing
+
+473
+00:39:12,620 --> 00:39:16,570
+technique? Very nice. How many of you did not use 
+
+474
+00:39:16,570 --> 00:39:19,970
+anything? Okay, all right. All right, let's see.
+
+475
+00:39:20,330 --> 00:39:24,430
+The last war in Gaza, how, let's just generate
+
+476
+00:39:24,430 --> 00:39:28,410
+ideas, either clustering or free writing or
+
+477
+00:39:28,410 --> 00:39:32,890
+listing technique. Yes, please. The ethics, the
+
+478
+00:39:32,890 --> 00:39:37,410
+number of the citizens, how long the war was. Ah, 
+
+479
+00:39:37,550 --> 00:39:40,590
+very nice. I'm listening to your ideas, yes? Maybe
+
+480
+00:39:40,590 --> 00:39:45,810
+the causes. Okay, causes of the war. Victims. 
+
+481
+00:39:46,070 --> 00:39:51,230
+Numbers of victims. Numbers of victims. Suffering.
+
+482
+00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:55,950
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+483
+00:39:56,010 --> 00:39:56,450
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+484
+00:39:56,450 --> 00:39:57,130
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+485
+00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:58,790
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+486
+00:39:59,070 --> 00:39:59,770
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+487
+00:40:00,010 --> 00:40:01,510
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+488
+00:40:01,530 --> 00:40:01,970
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+489
+00:40:02,150 --> 00:40:02,670
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+490
+00:40:02,670 --> 00:40:05,670
+Suffering. Suffering. Suffering. Suffering.
+
+491
+00:40:06,450 --> 00:40:08,230
+Suffering. Suff
+
+492
+00:40:14,020 --> 00:40:17,460
+Yes, damage, destruction. Alright? Huge
+
+493
+00:40:17,460 --> 00:40:22,740
+destruction. Destruction of homes and schools. 
+
+494
+00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:25,880
+Alright? Yes, please. Amount of weapons. Amount
+
+495
+00:40:25,880 --> 00:40:31,260
+of? Weapons. Of weapons. Bombs, okay. Bombs and
+
+496
+00:40:31,260 --> 00:40:33,260
+weapons. 
+
+497
+00:40:35,140 --> 00:40:38,180
+Okay. Yes, please. Killing children and ..
+
+498
+00:40:43,310 --> 00:40:47,130
+Children and women of course. Yes, yes please.
+
+499
+00:40:48,150 --> 00:40:51,930
+Refugees. Displaced people. Thousands of displaced 
+
+500
+00:40:51,930 --> 00:41:00,330
+people. Alright, thousands of displaced people. 
+
+501
+00:41:04,570 --> 00:41:08,280
+Trauma. Trauma for instance. Yes please. Arab 
+
+502
+00:41:08,280 --> 00:41:11,260
+world reactions. Arab world reactions. Or we can
+
+503
+00:41:11,260 --> 00:41:14,100
+talk about international reactions as well. Media 
+
+504
+00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:19,360
+role. The role of media. Media role. Role of the 
+
+505
+00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:24,200
+media. Especially international media. Very nice. 
+
+506
+00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:27,660
+Yes please. How do we make the resistance? The 
+
+507
+00:41:27,660 --> 00:41:30,460
+resistance to the occupation. Resistance.
+
+508
+00:41:34,870 --> 00:41:38,230
+Very nice. Yes please. How long did it stay? Okay,
+
+509
+00:41:38,490 --> 00:41:43,410
+the duration of the war. During the duration of
+
+510
+00:41:43,410 --> 00:41:43,750
+war. 
+
+511
+00:41:46,710 --> 00:41:51,470
+Duration. How it lasted, how long it lasted. And 
+
+512
+00:41:51,470 --> 00:41:55,210
+finally, sorry? The prisoners. The prisoners, 
+
+513
+00:41:55,530 --> 00:41:56,870
+alright. Prisoners.
+
+514
+00:41:59,890 --> 00:42:04,050
+Prisoners of war. Alright, very nice. So what we
+
+515
+00:42:04,050 --> 00:42:07,010
+did here is actually again is just a third or a 
+
+516
+00:42:07,010 --> 00:42:11,970
+last example of brainstorming activity using
+
+517
+00:42:11,970 --> 00:42:15,230
+listing. I see that this is an easy, also
+
+518
+00:42:15,230 --> 00:42:19,090
+another easy technique. So next time, Just to sum
+
+519
+00:42:19,090 --> 00:42:22,650
+up what we just talked about in this class, next 
+
+520
+00:42:22,650 --> 00:42:24,650
+time whenever you write about something, whenever
+
+521
+00:42:24,650 --> 00:42:27,710
+you've given a topic, don't start right away.
+
+522
+00:42:28,450 --> 00:42:31,230
+Allow yourself enough time, maybe two minutes,
+
+523
+00:42:31,410 --> 00:42:33,730
+five minutes, ten minutes to think about the
+
+524
+00:42:33,730 --> 00:42:37,510
+topic, to generate ideas, to think what 
+
+525
+00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:41,250
+information you have about the topic and try to 
+
+526
+00:42:41,250 --> 00:42:44,310
+classify, to organize all this information. What 
+
+527
+00:42:44,310 --> 00:42:49,250
+ideas? What ideas do I need to include in writing
+
+528
+00:42:49,250 --> 00:42:52,250
+about the topic and what ideas do I, I don't need 
+
+529
+00:42:52,250 --> 00:42:55,790
+to include, need to explore, exclude in this, in
+
+530
+00:42:55,790 --> 00:42:58,630
+writing about this topic. This is an effective 
+
+531
+00:42:58,630 --> 00:43:03,030
+strategy that all good writers actually employ
+
+532
+00:43:03,030 --> 00:43:06,410
+whenever they actually write. Is this clear? Yes.
+
+533
+00:43:06,810 --> 00:43:09,050
+Alright. Thank you very much and inshallah I'll
+
+534
+00:43:09,050 --> 00:43:11,290
+see you next class. All the best. 

PL9fwy3NUQKwbknFHzECJkgNOSFOth6GiS/thmqQi-RD34_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1924 @@
+1
+00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:22,960
+Assalamualaikum. Good morning. How are you today?
+
+2
+00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:25,340
+Very good. Very good. All right. Today we're
+
+3
+00:00:25,340 --> 00:00:29,240
+looking at a second or another type of opinion
+
+4
+00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:33,820
+paragraph, which is which is also very common in
+
+5
+00:00:33,820 --> 00:00:37,260
+academic writing. But today, as it's changed, we
+
+6
+00:00:37,260 --> 00:00:40,820
+are going to have Iman and Ons and they are going
+
+7
+00:00:40,820 --> 00:00:44,060
+to give us a quick presentation on what is an
+
+8
+00:00:44,060 --> 00:00:46,420
+opinion paragraph. All right. So the floor is
+
+9
+00:00:46,420 --> 00:00:47,640
+yours. Yes, please.
+
+10
+00:00:52,510 --> 00:00:54,730
+Okay, so today we're going to be talking about
+
+11
+00:00:54,730 --> 00:00:58,490
+opinion paragraphs. And speaking of, what is an
+
+12
+00:00:58,490 --> 00:01:01,710
+opinion? An opinion is a statement of someone's
+
+13
+00:01:01,710 --> 00:01:04,550
+belief. People can either disagree or agree with
+
+14
+00:01:04,550 --> 00:01:08,930
+your opinion. Example, what a beautiful day. I
+
+15
+00:01:08,930 --> 00:01:13,190
+just love Fridays. My hair is just fabulous. I
+
+16
+00:01:13,190 --> 00:01:17,140
+hate spiders. What is the difference between a
+
+17
+00:01:17,140 --> 00:01:19,680
+fact and an opinion? A fact is a piece of
+
+18
+00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,280
+information that can be strictly defined and
+
+19
+00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:25,340
+proved true. An opinion is a statement that
+
+20
+00:01:25,340 --> 00:01:28,680
+expresses a belief, value, or feeling. An opinion
+
+21
+00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:31,560
+cannot be proved true or false. For example, a
+
+22
+00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:35,040
+person's age is a fact, but if someone asks how
+
+23
+00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:36,960
+old they feel, it's important to prove that
+
+24
+00:01:36,960 --> 00:01:40,800
+person's answer to be true or false. Examples of
+
+25
+00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:43,840
+facts and opinions. Facts. It's sunny outside.
+
+26
+00:01:44,420 --> 00:01:48,000
+Opinions? I hate some. Tomorrow is Friday. I just
+
+27
+00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:51,700
+love Fridays. It's 11pm. It is early to go to
+
+28
+00:01:51,700 --> 00:01:54,880
+sleep. I have dogs. Dogs are the best. What is an
+
+29
+00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:59,620
+opinion paragraph? It's a paragraph written from
+
+30
+00:01:59,620 --> 00:02:02,460
+your own point of view. The paragraph can contain
+
+31
+00:02:02,460 --> 00:02:05,240
+things you think is real and does not have to be a
+
+32
+00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:07,640
+fact but have to be clear to state at the
+
+33
+00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:11,740
+beginning of the paragraph in my opinion. There
+
+34
+00:02:11,740 --> 00:02:15,460
+are four keys to writing a successful opinion
+
+35
+00:02:15,460 --> 00:02:18,880
+paragraph. One, state your opinion clearly in the
+
+36
+00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:23,260
+topic sentence. Two, explain each reason in
+
+37
+00:02:23,260 --> 00:02:26,720
+logical order. Three, use facts to support each
+
+38
+00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:31,760
+reason. Four, end with a powerful concluding
+
+39
+00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:34,600
+sentence that your reader will remember. Example.
+
+40
+00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:37,100
+See here the topic sentence, a policy that
+
+41
+00:02:37,100 --> 00:02:39,860
+requires public school students to wear uniforms
+
+42
+00:02:39,860 --> 00:02:42,880
+would be a bad idea for several reasons. The topic
+
+43
+00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:45,820
+sentence here presents an opinion. The following
+
+44
+00:02:45,820 --> 00:02:49,000
+sentences would have to support the opinion with
+
+45
+00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,060
+facts. See first of all, no style of clothing
+
+46
+00:02:52,060 --> 00:02:54,880
+looks good on everyone. In their preteen and teen
+
+47
+00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:57,100
+years, students are especially sensitive about
+
+48
+00:02:57,100 --> 00:02:59,760
+their appearance and having to wear clothing that
+
+49
+00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:02,380
+doesn't fit them well will do little to help their
+
+50
+00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:05,360
+fragile self-esteem. That's a fact supporting the
+
+51
+00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:08,660
+opinion presented in the topic sentence. And the
+
+52
+00:03:08,660 --> 00:03:12,360
+following also is a fact supporting the topic
+
+53
+00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:17,960
+sentence. Transition signals for opinion paragraph
+
+54
+00:03:18,700 --> 00:03:20,940
+When you want to state an opinion, you should
+
+55
+00:03:20,940 --> 00:03:24,240
+indicate that it's an opinion by using an opinion
+
+56
+00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:27,220
+signal. Some opinion signals are followed by
+
+57
+00:03:27,220 --> 00:03:30,200
+commas. Some do not have commas, but they have the
+
+58
+00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:34,820
+connecting word that. Examples. These are
+
+59
+00:03:34,820 --> 00:03:38,140
+transitions you use in opinion paragraphs. In my
+
+60
+00:03:38,140 --> 00:03:41,220
+opinion, in my view, I believe that and I think
+
+61
+00:03:41,220 --> 00:03:44,280
+that. In my opinion, everyone should be allowed to
+
+62
+00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:47,080
+have a gun. In my view, no one should be allowed
+
+63
+00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,080
+to have a gun. I believe that smoking should not
+
+64
+00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:53,300
+be allowed in public places. I think that smokers
+
+65
+00:03:53,300 --> 00:03:57,740
+have rights too. To give information from an
+
+66
+00:03:57,740 --> 00:04:00,980
+outside source, a book, a newspaper, another
+
+67
+00:04:00,980 --> 00:04:04,120
+person, use according to with a command. According
+
+68
+00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:06,780
+to Gregory, his mother never robbed him or sent
+
+69
+00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:08,880
+him birthday cards. According to government
+
+70
+00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:12,300
+reports, few Russians have more than one child. In
+
+71
+00:04:12,300 --> 00:04:14,660
+your concluding sentence, you can remind your
+
+72
+00:04:14,660 --> 00:04:17,400
+reader of the number of reasons. For these two
+
+73
+00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:20,900
+reasons, I believe that pesticides are harmful.
+
+74
+00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:23,980
+Thank you. Thank you, Felicity. Well, this good
+
+75
+00:04:23,980 --> 00:04:27,660
+presentation, well-prepared and nicely presented.
+
+76
+00:04:28,700 --> 00:04:32,980
+So thanks a lot, Anse and Iman, for working on on
+
+77
+00:04:32,980 --> 00:04:35,400
+this and you highlighted a number of important
+
+78
+00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:40,040
+points with regards to opinion paragraph. So
+
+79
+00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:43,760
+opinion paragraph like I just said a very common
+
+80
+00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:47,320
+type of writing of academic writing and this is
+
+81
+00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,690
+the kind of writing where we clearly state our
+
+82
+00:04:50,690 --> 00:04:55,050
+opinion, our point of view. So it is about writing
+
+83
+00:04:55,050 --> 00:04:58,490
+or how will you organize your thoughts and your
+
+84
+00:04:58,490 --> 00:05:01,650
+information and your ideas in order to convince.
+
+85
+00:05:01,930 --> 00:05:06,170
+And here the word convince is very key. It's a key
+
+86
+00:05:06,170 --> 00:05:09,210
+word here. It's you are trying in this kind of
+
+87
+00:05:09,210 --> 00:05:12,610
+writing to persuade or convince the reader of your
+
+88
+00:05:12,610 --> 00:05:15,450
+position, of your point of view. So an opinion
+
+89
+00:05:15,450 --> 00:05:19,070
+paragraph, the writer expresses an opinion,
+
+90
+00:05:19,250 --> 00:05:23,430
+expresses and supports an opinion regarding on a
+
+91
+00:05:23,430 --> 00:05:28,210
+particular topic, okay? A particular issue. So the
+
+92
+00:05:28,210 --> 00:05:32,510
+writer tries or must provide examples, must
+
+93
+00:05:32,510 --> 00:05:36,190
+provide details, must provide explanations and so
+
+94
+00:05:36,190 --> 00:05:40,850
+on in order to against persuade the reader to
+
+95
+00:05:40,850 --> 00:05:44,630
+agree with him or her on this particular issue on
+
+96
+00:05:44,630 --> 00:05:49,250
+this particular opinion so in other words in
+
+97
+00:05:49,250 --> 00:05:52,270
+opinion writing or sometimes we call it in
+
+98
+00:05:52,270 --> 00:05:56,350
+persuasive writing the writer has an opinion
+
+99
+00:05:56,350 --> 00:06:01,610
+against or for something and he or she is trying
+
+100
+00:06:01,610 --> 00:06:06,940
+to convince the reader of this opinion okay so I
+
+101
+00:06:06,940 --> 00:06:09,960
+think this is as a concept is is quite clear it's
+
+102
+00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:13,520
+not difficult to understand so but in order to
+
+103
+00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:16,060
+write good opinion paragraphs we have to make a
+
+104
+00:06:16,060 --> 00:06:20,580
+difference between facts and opinion so what is a
+
+105
+00:06:20,580 --> 00:06:26,380
+fact what is a fact yes please Something that is
+
+106
+00:06:26,380 --> 00:06:29,920
+true, that is universally true or something that
+
+107
+00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:33,580
+is always true. Okay? So it is something that is
+
+108
+00:06:33,580 --> 00:06:37,700
+true. It can be proven. Okay? So you've got
+
+109
+00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:41,860
+evidence for it. So it can be proven and you can
+
+110
+00:06:41,860 --> 00:06:46,220
+always find proof or evidence for it. So if
+
+111
+00:06:46,220 --> 00:06:50,360
+anything can be proven, then this is a fact. Okay?
+
+112
+00:06:50,720 --> 00:06:54,420
+So facts in other words are true statements that
+
+113
+00:06:54,420 --> 00:06:58,280
+can know that no one can disagree with if we said
+
+114
+00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:03,620
+the earth orbits the sun is this a fact yes
+
+115
+00:07:03,620 --> 00:07:06,740
+definitely a fact because we can it's a scientific
+
+116
+00:07:06,740 --> 00:07:09,800
+fact because we can actually prove it we cannot
+
+117
+00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:13,420
+say the earth orbits Jupiter for example or Uranus
+
+118
+00:07:13,420 --> 00:07:15,740
+or anything like that all right when we say
+
+119
+00:07:15,740 --> 00:07:19,240
+rabbits are mammals are mammals is it a fact yes
+
+120
+00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:20,700
+it is a fact because
+
+121
+00:07:24,500 --> 00:07:26,860
+George Washington was the first president of the
+
+122
+00:07:26,860 --> 00:07:30,760
+US. Is it a fact? It's clearly a fact. It's a
+
+123
+00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:34,040
+historical fact because we can just trace the
+
+124
+00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:36,920
+historical records and we can prove it. It's not
+
+125
+00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:39,540
+just a matter of personal opinion or a personal
+
+126
+00:07:39,540 --> 00:07:43,600
+point of view. And women could not vote in the US,
+
+127
+00:07:43,640 --> 00:07:46,840
+in the United States until 1920. Again, this is a
+
+128
+00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:49,360
+fact. Another fact is there are books in the
+
+129
+00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:53,080
+library. Yes, it is a fact because we can go to
+
+130
+00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,540
+the library and see that there are books there. So
+
+131
+00:07:55,540 --> 00:07:59,780
+it is something that can be proven and so on. When
+
+132
+00:07:59,780 --> 00:08:03,060
+Maha said, Maha said, I like chocolate. Is this a
+
+133
+00:08:03,060 --> 00:08:06,380
+fact? Yes, because this is a fact of saying that
+
+134
+00:08:06,380 --> 00:08:09,960
+this is what Maha said. So this is again a fact.
+
+135
+00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,980
+Alright? Alright. So, on the other hand, we have
+
+136
+00:08:13,980 --> 00:08:18,520
+opinions. What is an opinion? What is an opinion?
+
+137
+00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,550
+Yes, Iman.it's what someone thinks or believes
+
+138
+00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:24,610
+very nice it's not a something that can improve
+
+139
+00:08:24,610 --> 00:08:28,190
+it's just what someone thinks or believes so it's
+
+140
+00:08:28,190 --> 00:08:32,250
+a matter of Point of view, it's a personal point
+
+141
+00:08:32,250 --> 00:08:36,250
+of view, it's a personal view, not a fact that
+
+142
+00:08:36,250 --> 00:08:40,070
+everyone necessarily agrees with. So this is the
+
+143
+00:08:40,070 --> 00:08:42,690
+difference between facts and opinion. When I say
+
+144
+00:08:42,690 --> 00:08:47,730
+French should never, should always be honest, it's
+
+145
+00:08:47,730 --> 00:08:50,730
+an opinion because some people would disagree with
+
+146
+00:08:50,730 --> 00:08:54,010
+this, would have different opinion. When I say,
+
+147
+00:08:54,110 --> 00:08:57,630
+when someone says white lies are dangerous, Again,
+
+148
+00:08:57,730 --> 00:09:01,450
+this is a personal point of view. It's an opinion,
+
+149
+00:09:01,790 --> 00:09:06,650
+not a fact. Okay? It is better to make your
+
+150
+00:09:06,650 --> 00:09:09,410
+friends angry than to lie to them. Again, this is
+
+151
+00:09:09,410 --> 00:09:13,530
+an opinion. It is always safer to lie than to tell
+
+152
+00:09:13,530 --> 00:09:17,750
+the truth. Again, this is an opinion, not a fact.
+
+153
+00:09:17,790 --> 00:09:20,230
+And we can look at the rest and we say that these
+
+154
+00:09:20,230 --> 00:09:25,370
+are all opinions, not factual information, that is
+
+155
+00:09:25,370 --> 00:09:28,230
+to say they're not facts because somebody might
+
+156
+00:09:28,230 --> 00:09:33,110
+agree, somebody else would disagree with this,
+
+157
+00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:36,150
+alright? So, in good paragraph writing, good
+
+158
+00:09:36,150 --> 00:09:38,870
+opinion writing, we have to make sure that we
+
+159
+00:09:38,870 --> 00:09:43,410
+include a mix of facts and opinions, alright? Now,
+
+160
+00:09:43,530 --> 00:09:47,470
+we have these 11 sentences and we're going to
+
+161
+00:09:47,470 --> 00:09:51,780
+decide which one is a fact and which one is an
+
+162
+00:09:51,780 --> 00:09:53,880
+opinion let's look at the first one together and
+
+163
+00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:55,680
+then I'll give you some time to look at them very
+
+164
+00:09:55,680 --> 00:09:59,660
+quickly and decide if it is a fact or an opinion
+
+165
+00:09:59,660 --> 00:10:04,080
+learning English is easier for girls than for boys
+
+166
+00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:08,560
+opinion of a fact clearly it is an opinion clearly
+
+167
+00:10:08,560 --> 00:10:11,220
+it is an opinion let's see the second one good
+
+168
+00:10:11,220 --> 00:10:16,190
+teachers Don't give too much homework. Again, this
+
+169
+00:10:16,190 --> 00:10:18,610
+is clearly a point of view. Okay, it's a
+
+170
+00:10:18,610 --> 00:10:21,890
+viewpoint, not necessarily a fact. Our teacher
+
+171
+00:10:21,890 --> 00:10:25,870
+gave us homework last week. Fact. Because we can
+
+172
+00:10:25,870 --> 00:10:29,210
+prove it. All right. Number four. English is an
+
+173
+00:10:29,210 --> 00:10:32,870
+easier language to learn than French. It's an
+
+174
+00:10:32,870 --> 00:10:37,450
+opinion. Okay. Owls are birds that hunt at night.
+
+175
+00:10:37,930 --> 00:10:43,590
+Fact. Fact, exactly. Number six. I was born in
+
+176
+00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:47,690
+Gaza city. It is a fact, okay? Internet use has
+
+177
+00:10:47,690 --> 00:10:51,710
+increased every year since its beginning. It's a
+
+178
+00:10:51,710 --> 00:10:54,790
+fact because we can actually trace it historically
+
+179
+00:10:54,790 --> 00:10:58,870
+and see how it is. So it is a statistically, we
+
+180
+00:10:58,870 --> 00:11:01,970
+can prove it statistically, all right? Engineering
+
+181
+00:11:01,970 --> 00:11:05,810
+is the best career choice. It's another opinion.
+
+182
+00:11:06,350 --> 00:11:10,440
+Many people carry cell phones these days. Fact. A
+
+183
+00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:13,420
+fact? Yes. Because again we can statistically
+
+184
+00:11:13,420 --> 00:11:17,740
+prove it. Okay? We can just look at the rates and
+
+185
+00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:20,480
+the graphs and charts and we can prove it.
+
+186
+00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:24,340
+Alright? Alright. My favorite clothes are all
+
+187
+00:11:24,340 --> 00:11:28,800
+blue. Opinion. Fact. Is it fact or opinion?
+
+188
+00:11:28,980 --> 00:11:31,760
+Opinion. It's a fact about myself. I'm talking
+
+189
+00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:36,700
+about mine.Not all clothes should be blue, for
+
+190
+00:11:36,700 --> 00:11:39,880
+example. No. It's my, so it's a fact about myself,
+
+191
+00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:43,780
+not about people in general. So it is a fact about
+
+192
+00:11:43,780 --> 00:11:48,700
+myself, okay? Winter in Gaza is quite mild. It's
+
+193
+00:11:48,700 --> 00:11:53,630
+an opinion. No.It's a fact. It's a fact. Why is
+
+194
+00:11:53,630 --> 00:11:56,510
+that? Because we can prove it again. It's not just
+
+195
+00:11:56,510 --> 00:11:59,510
+what you think. It's what it is there, out there.
+
+196
+00:11:59,870 --> 00:12:02,730
+Of course winter in my, in Gaza is quite mild in
+
+197
+00:12:02,730 --> 00:12:06,590
+comparison with other places. Okay? Alright. Now,
+
+198
+00:12:07,730 --> 00:12:10,310
+So this is the idea. Whenever we want to write
+
+199
+00:12:10,310 --> 00:12:12,930
+about opinion and opinion writing, we have to make
+
+200
+00:12:12,930 --> 00:12:16,850
+a distinction between facts and opinion. So let's
+
+201
+00:12:16,850 --> 00:12:19,390
+do a second exercise. And this time, what I'd like
+
+202
+00:12:19,390 --> 00:12:24,550
+you to do is to write one fact and one opinion for
+
+203
+00:12:24,550 --> 00:12:28,210
+each one of these topics, okay? Green tea, write
+
+204
+00:12:28,210 --> 00:12:32,910
+one fact and one opinion about green tea. Violent
+
+205
+00:12:32,910 --> 00:12:37,050
+video games, money, sports, and university.
+
+206
+00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:42,750
+degree, okay? Write one
+
+207
+00:12:42,750 --> 00:12:45,470
+theory and one fact about each one of these
+
+208
+00:12:45,470 --> 00:12:51,090
+topics. Green tea, violent video games, and so on.
+
+209
+00:13:32,010 --> 00:13:33,970
+What's a fact about your community?
+
+210
+00:14:02,690 --> 00:14:05,510
+He said he's not going to talk to you. He's not
+
+211
+00:14:05,510 --> 00:14:18,010
+going to talk to you. He's not going to
+
+212
+00:14:18,010 --> 00:14:18,570
+talk to you.
+
+213
+00:14:30,950 --> 00:14:34,950
+Good. Good.
+
+214
+00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:09,160
+Animals do the games or children do the games?
+
+215
+00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:14,740
+Separately? Children do the games. Okay.
+
+216
+00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:25,360
+Animals do the games or children do the games?
+
+217
+00:15:26,060 --> 00:15:26,880
+Children do the games.
+
+218
+00:15:44,270 --> 00:15:47,190
+Well, a lot of them just came in and showed me
+
+219
+00:15:47,190 --> 00:15:51,430
+their notebooks. So, it's not by luck. Of course,
+
+220
+00:15:51,590 --> 00:15:53,170
+it's not by chance.
+
+221
+00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:23,780
+Okay, thank you.
+
+222
+00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:31,100
+You feel relaxed? Okay.
+
+223
+00:16:35,080 --> 00:16:39,100
+Say it to me, because I could say that it doesn't
+
+224
+00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:40,820
+relax me. It makes me nervous.
+
+225
+00:16:44,740 --> 00:16:49,120
+When I'm going high during the day, I say that a
+
+226
+00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:49,280
+lot.
+
+227
+00:16:55,960 --> 00:17:13,780
+That's what I'm trying
+
+228
+00:17:13,780 --> 00:17:14,420
+to say.
+
+229
+00:17:17,980 --> 00:17:24,820
+Why? I don't know. I don't understand anything. I
+
+230
+00:17:24,820 --> 00:17:27,440
+don't understand anything. I don't understand
+
+231
+00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:30,400
+anything. I don't understand anything. I don't
+
+232
+00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,100
+understand anything. I don't understand anything.
+
+233
+00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:35,160
+I don't understand anything. I don't understand
+
+234
+00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:35,780
+anything.
+
+235
+00:18:06,730 --> 00:18:10,770
+Green tea, let's look at one fact and one opinion
+
+236
+00:18:10,770 --> 00:18:14,050
+about green tea this place over there
+
+237
+00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:21,480
+than coffee, alright? So green tea is generally
+
+238
+00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:23,860
+healthy. It's a fact or an opinion? It's a fact.
+
+239
+00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:27,160
+It's a fact because most people would say yes, it
+
+240
+00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:30,200
+is good for your health, okay? Another fact about
+
+241
+00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,120
+green tea. Yes, please. Green tea helps you to
+
+242
+00:18:33,120 --> 00:18:36,040
+lose weight. Green tea helps you to lose weight?
+
+243
+00:18:36,120 --> 00:18:39,260
+It is a fact because most people, most studies I
+
+244
+00:18:39,260 --> 00:18:43,200
+think would say that it is good for weight loss,
+
+245
+00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:47,340
+okay? So, an opinion about green tea. Yes, Abi,
+
+246
+00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:51,720
+please. Green tea is turned into red tea after the
+
+247
+00:18:51,720 --> 00:18:54,980
+bird eats it. Say it again, please. Green tea is
+
+248
+00:18:54,980 --> 00:18:58,700
+turned into red tea after the bird eats it. Okay,
+
+249
+00:18:59,020 --> 00:19:01,880
+another opinion. Another opinion. Very good. Yes,
+
+250
+00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:04,560
+please. Green tea has a terrible taste. Has a
+
+251
+00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:08,420
+terrible taste. It's an opinion, yeah? Please. I
+
+252
+00:19:08,420 --> 00:19:12,070
+like to drink green tea rather than This is a
+
+253
+00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:14,650
+fact, not an opinion. It's a fact about yourself,
+
+254
+00:19:14,770 --> 00:19:19,110
+not an opinion generally. Alright? And finally?
+
+255
+00:19:21,390 --> 00:19:24,070
+Okay, if... Very nice, very nice. So green tea,
+
+256
+00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:27,930
+you could say a fact would be something like green
+
+257
+00:19:27,930 --> 00:19:39,450
+tea is much beneficial than
+
+258
+00:19:40,890 --> 00:19:46,830
+than black tea okay or what you said green tea is
+
+259
+00:19:46,830 --> 00:19:50,590
+used many people use green tea to lose weight okay
+
+260
+00:19:50,590 --> 00:19:55,570
+and an opinion about green tea okay green tea
+
+261
+00:19:55,570 --> 00:20:06,830
+tastes great in the morning okay
+
+262
+00:20:06,830 --> 00:20:11,830
+this is an opinion okay this is an opinion let's
+
+263
+00:20:11,830 --> 00:20:14,870
+see about violent video games one fact about
+
+264
+00:20:14,870 --> 00:20:19,890
+violent video games please affects
+
+265
+00:20:19,890 --> 00:20:23,050
+children badly affect children badly okay
+
+266
+00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,390
+generally this is a fact but it's not really a
+
+267
+00:20:25,390 --> 00:20:27,830
+very well established fact because some studies
+
+268
+00:20:27,830 --> 00:20:32,210
+will say no they're not actually causing that much
+
+269
+00:20:32,210 --> 00:20:35,170
+harm to children but I would I would subscribe to
+
+270
+00:20:35,170 --> 00:20:38,390
+this yes pleaseViolent video games can make some
+
+271
+00:20:38,390 --> 00:20:41,070
+kids hostile and aggressive. Very nice. This is a
+
+272
+00:20:41,070 --> 00:20:51,430
+fact. Very nice. So that violent video games may
+
+273
+00:20:51,430 --> 00:20:59,970
+make some children quite
+
+274
+00:20:59,970 --> 00:21:02,450
+aggressive.
+
+275
+00:21:06,060 --> 00:21:10,160
+quite aggressive and violent okay you know
+
+276
+00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:14,060
+aggressive all right okay what about an opinion
+
+277
+00:21:14,060 --> 00:21:21,460
+about violent video games an opinion okay okay it
+
+278
+00:21:21,460 --> 00:21:24,840
+is very interesting to watch violent video games
+
+279
+00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:29,580
+okay or violent video games are always fun okay
+
+280
+00:21:29,580 --> 00:21:34,100
+sorry are dangerous okay we could say we are are
+
+281
+00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:38,000
+always Money. Let's see the third one because of
+
+282
+00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:41,020
+time. Yes, Iman, please. When you get a lot of
+
+283
+00:21:41,020 --> 00:21:44,600
+money, you cannot give you all of it. Okay, this
+
+284
+00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:49,180
+is A. And a fact or opinion? Opinion. This is an
+
+285
+00:21:49,180 --> 00:21:51,460
+opinion. I hope you are okay with this opinion.
+
+286
+00:21:51,620 --> 00:21:54,160
+All right. Yes, please. Almost money take a circle
+
+287
+00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:58,820
+shape. Say again. Almost money take a circle
+
+288
+00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:02,060
+shape. A circle shape. Okay. You're talking about
+
+289
+00:22:02,060 --> 00:22:04,940
+coins. All right. Very nice. Another fact about
+
+290
+00:22:04,940 --> 00:22:09,790
+money. It's a fact. Money is very hard to get.
+
+291
+00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:12,450
+Yes, I would agree with that. It's very hard to
+
+292
+00:22:12,450 --> 00:22:15,950
+get. Yes, please. Money is very special. I mean
+
+293
+00:22:15,950 --> 00:22:18,710
+it's very important in life. Very nice. Yes, this
+
+294
+00:22:18,710 --> 00:22:21,430
+is also a fact. Look, if you say a fact about
+
+295
+00:22:21,430 --> 00:22:31,770
+money, people use the money to buy and sell
+
+296
+00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:38,320
+things. This is a fact. People use money to buy
+
+297
+00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:40,820
+and sell things. What about an opinion about
+
+298
+00:22:40,820 --> 00:22:43,720
+money? Yes, please. Money easy come, easy go.
+
+299
+00:22:44,620 --> 00:22:48,100
+Money easy come, easy go. Alright. Okay, this is
+
+300
+00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:50,400
+your point of view. Yes, please. This is fine.
+
+301
+00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,000
+Money is a way to see the world. It's a way to see
+
+302
+00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:57,400
+the world. Alright. Okay, it's an opinion. Or we
+
+303
+00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:05,460
+could say, you can buy happiness.
+
+304
+00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:15,340
+using or buy money. Okay? Or money can buy you
+
+305
+00:23:15,340 --> 00:23:19,820
+happiness. Alright? This is an opinion. Money say
+
+306
+00:23:19,820 --> 00:23:29,660
+different words. Money can buy you happiness.
+
+307
+00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:40,220
+Okay? This is an opinion. Okay? Do you agree? It's
+
+308
+00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:43,680
+up to you, so it's a matter of an opinion, all
+
+309
+00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:46,360
+right? So what we've done so far, because of short
+
+310
+00:23:46,360 --> 00:23:49,360
+of time, because of lack of time, we've looked at
+
+311
+00:23:49,360 --> 00:23:53,880
+opinions and facts, and it is important generally
+
+312
+00:23:53,880 --> 00:24:00,900
+in this kind of writing to always include
+
+313
+00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,020
+in your writing, in your opinion writing, some
+
+314
+00:24:04,020 --> 00:24:09,670
+facts and some opinions about about the topic that
+
+315
+00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,610
+you are not talking about or writing about. So in
+
+316
+00:24:13,610 --> 00:24:16,450
+your topic sentence and supporting sentences, you
+
+317
+00:24:16,450 --> 00:24:20,390
+can support your opinions by giving facts, but
+
+318
+00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:25,050
+also you can also include examples and details.
+
+319
+00:24:25,250 --> 00:24:27,330
+Remember the supporting sentences that we talked
+
+320
+00:24:27,330 --> 00:24:30,850
+about in this kind of academic writing. Always
+
+321
+00:24:30,850 --> 00:24:34,730
+make sure that you include examples and opinions
+
+322
+00:24:34,730 --> 00:24:38,380
+and so on. and so on. So one important aspect of
+
+323
+00:24:38,380 --> 00:24:42,540
+good opinion writing is always making sure to
+
+324
+00:24:42,540 --> 00:24:47,720
+include examples in your writing. Let's see this
+
+325
+00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:51,240
+example and decide which are of the following
+
+326
+00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:56,020
+opinions and which ones are examples. Okay, let's
+
+327
+00:24:56,020 --> 00:24:58,520
+just look at the first one together. Smoking
+
+328
+00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:02,540
+should be banned in all places. Is this an opinion
+
+329
+00:25:02,540 --> 00:25:07,350
+or an example?It is an opinion. Second one,
+
+330
+00:25:07,670 --> 00:25:11,070
+smoking is banned in restaurants in our cities.
+
+331
+00:25:11,630 --> 00:25:15,310
+This is more of an example. Let's see the third
+
+332
+00:25:15,310 --> 00:25:20,010
+one. The air is cleaner and healthier in non
+
+333
+00:25:20,010 --> 00:25:26,530
+-smoking restaurants. This is an example or an
+
+334
+00:25:26,530 --> 00:25:30,430
+opinion? It's an opinion, alright? It's an
+
+335
+00:25:30,430 --> 00:25:34,110
+opinion.I believe it's more of sorry it's it's an
+
+336
+00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:37,290
+example sorry it's an example it's an example of
+
+337
+00:25:37,290 --> 00:25:40,610
+course for example the air is cleaner and
+
+338
+00:25:40,610 --> 00:25:43,150
+healthier in non-smoking restaurants let's see
+
+339
+00:25:43,150 --> 00:25:47,010
+number four I believe that customers prefer non
+
+340
+00:25:47,010 --> 00:25:51,030
+-smoking restaurants opinions clearly an opinion
+
+341
+00:25:51,030 --> 00:25:54,770
+that starts with I believe so it's clearly more of
+
+342
+00:25:54,770 --> 00:25:57,890
+an opinion than the previous sentence All right?
+
+343
+00:25:58,290 --> 00:26:04,630
+See number five. Just read it. My clothes...
+
+344
+00:26:04,630 --> 00:26:09,450
+Is
+
+345
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:12,910
+it example or an opinion? Example. My clothes
+
+346
+00:26:12,910 --> 00:26:15,850
+smelled horrible when I had lunch with a friend
+
+347
+00:26:15,850 --> 00:26:18,930
+who was smoking. It's more of an example. All
+
+348
+00:26:18,930 --> 00:26:22,850
+right? And finally, in my country, smoking is
+
+349
+00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:25,510
+banned in cars, buses, and all public buildings.
+
+350
+00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,740
+It's an example, so generally you have to make
+
+351
+00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:33,040
+sure that you include examples and opinions in
+
+352
+00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:36,380
+your writing, okay? Let's just very quickly put
+
+353
+00:26:36,380 --> 00:26:39,140
+this all of these things together and we say that
+
+354
+00:26:39,140 --> 00:26:42,080
+for the organization of an opinion paragraph you
+
+355
+00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:45,340
+have to start with a topic sentence that states
+
+356
+00:26:45,340 --> 00:26:47,940
+your opinion. We'll see some example here and then
+
+357
+00:26:47,940 --> 00:26:51,300
+in the supporting sentences you include reasons,
+
+358
+00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,680
+examples, facts, definitions, explanations and so
+
+359
+00:26:54,680 --> 00:26:57,520
+and so on and finally you end with a concluding
+
+360
+00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:01,450
+sentence to sum up to conclude in conclusion and
+
+361
+00:27:01,450 --> 00:27:03,730
+then you summarize your main points as a
+
+362
+00:27:03,730 --> 00:27:08,470
+concluding sentence let's see this example of an
+
+363
+00:27:08,470 --> 00:27:12,030
+outline for an opinion paragraph okay and just
+
+364
+00:27:12,030 --> 00:27:16,870
+consider how we here presented an opinion and
+
+365
+00:27:16,870 --> 00:27:20,130
+supported this opinion for example the government
+
+366
+00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:25,030
+should provide more financial assistance to
+
+367
+00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:30,060
+parents who use a child care for parents who use a
+
+368
+00:27:30,060 --> 00:27:35,300
+childcare. First, childcare centers may assist
+
+369
+00:27:35,300 --> 00:27:39,220
+children in their early development. For example,
+
+370
+00:27:39,820 --> 00:27:42,640
+they give children an opportunity to mix with
+
+371
+00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:46,520
+other children and to develop social skills at an
+
+372
+00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:50,940
+early age. Second, parents and children need some
+
+373
+00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:57,820
+time apart to spend In other words, children
+
+374
+00:27:57,820 --> 00:28:01,120
+become, that is to say, children become less
+
+375
+00:28:01,120 --> 00:28:05,520
+dependent on their parents and parents are less
+
+376
+00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,600
+stressed and more effective caregivers when there
+
+377
+00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:13,820
+are periods of separation. Third, the third
+
+378
+00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:18,340
+reason. Parents who cannot go to work because they
+
+379
+00:28:18,340 --> 00:28:21,680
+don't have access to childcare facilities cannot
+
+380
+00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:26,890
+contribute to the national economy. For example,
+
+381
+00:28:27,110 --> 00:28:30,670
+they are not able to use their productive skills
+
+382
+00:28:30,670 --> 00:28:36,210
+and do not pay income tax. So what we see here in
+
+383
+00:28:36,210 --> 00:28:40,780
+this paragraph is topic sentence three reasons and
+
+384
+00:28:40,780 --> 00:28:44,620
+for each one we have added one example one more
+
+385
+00:28:44,620 --> 00:28:48,680
+detail to support the idea okay all right this is
+
+386
+00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:52,360
+clear of course I took the concluding sentence
+
+387
+00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:55,740
+because the space doesn't allow us to include one
+
+388
+00:28:55,740 --> 00:28:59,400
+so what I'd like you to do now all right is to
+
+389
+00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:03,340
+check this sort of sentence or topic why should a
+
+390
+00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:08,480
+new sports center be opened in our Imagine that
+
+391
+00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,980
+you are writing a letter to the mayor of your city
+
+392
+00:29:11,980 --> 00:29:17,060
+and you are asking him or her to open a new sports
+
+393
+00:29:17,060 --> 00:29:19,320
+center in your neighborhood. So you want to
+
+394
+00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:24,780
+convince him or her of this issue. So why would
+
+395
+00:29:24,780 --> 00:29:29,120
+you want him to open a new sports center in your
+
+396
+00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:32,520
+neighborhood? So think of the first example. and
+
+397
+00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:35,840
+give me some more detail for this reason sorry
+
+398
+00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:40,020
+first reason and some more detail and so and so on
+
+399
+00:29:40,020 --> 00:29:44,280
+okay is this clear is this clear yes yes go ahead
+
+400
+00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:44,600
+please
+
+401
+00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:06,180
+Okay. Okay.
+
+402
+00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:10,920
+Okay.
+
+403
+00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:29,440
+So ideas could be something like, it's good for,
+
+404
+00:30:29,620 --> 00:30:33,400
+it keeps children playing indoor rather than
+
+405
+00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:35,860
+playing in the street, for example. They have a
+
+406
+00:30:35,860 --> 00:30:40,240
+place to go to and have fun, for example. Other
+
+407
+00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,620
+things could be something like, it's a good place
+
+408
+00:30:43,620 --> 00:30:48,420
+for interaction, social interaction. And it can
+
+409
+00:30:48,420 --> 00:30:51,540
+increase the rate of crime and violence amongst
+
+410
+00:30:51,540 --> 00:30:54,080
+teenagers and children. So these are some ideas.
+
+411
+00:30:58,380 --> 00:31:01,580
+Good social interaction.
+
+412
+00:31:27,380 --> 00:31:28,420
+I don't know.
+
+413
+00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:00,000
+Okay.
+
+414
+00:32:05,380 --> 00:32:06,780
+Okay.
+
+415
+00:32:11,460 --> 00:32:11,460
+Okay.
+
+416
+00:32:15,420 --> 00:32:16,820
+Okay.
+
+417
+00:32:23,850 --> 00:32:26,290
+I want to say thank you so much to all the people
+
+418
+00:32:26,290 --> 00:32:29,370
+who helped me get to where I am today. I want to
+
+419
+00:32:29,370 --> 00:32:31,370
+say thank you to all the people who helped me get
+
+420
+00:32:31,370 --> 00:32:31,810
+here today.
+
+421
+00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:01,120
+Measures.
+
+422
+00:33:19,580 --> 00:33:19,720
+Thank you.
+
+423
+00:33:38,030 --> 00:33:38,830
+Hello, how are you?
+
+424
+00:34:02,030 --> 00:34:04,630
+Portugal after what's the name of the country?
+
+425
+00:34:05,030 --> 00:34:05,670
+China.
+
+426
+00:34:12,630 --> 00:34:14,250
+Okay, fine.
+
+427
+00:34:29,240 --> 00:34:32,440
+How are you feeling? Good.
+
+428
+00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:48,180
+Okay. Okay. Yeah.
+
+429
+00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:56,360
+Yeah.
+
+430
+00:35:03,390 --> 00:35:12,210
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+431
+00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:41,460
+Thank you so much.
+
+432
+00:35:51,850 --> 00:35:55,590
+All right, let's see. All right, the first one.
+
+433
+00:35:55,770 --> 00:35:59,310
+Why should a new sports center be opened in your
+
+434
+00:35:59,310 --> 00:36:02,310
+neighborhood or in our neighborhood? Just think of
+
+435
+00:36:02,310 --> 00:36:06,230
+one example, one reason for why this should
+
+436
+00:36:06,230 --> 00:36:11,130
+happen. Yes, please. to encourage guys to practice
+
+437
+00:36:11,130 --> 00:36:14,750
+many exercises that has a lot of benefits to their
+
+438
+00:36:14,750 --> 00:36:18,230
+body okay and one detail for this they can do
+
+439
+00:36:18,230 --> 00:36:22,290
+hiking exercises running for long distances and
+
+440
+00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,490
+jumping very nice very good very good idea sorry
+
+441
+00:36:25,490 --> 00:36:28,650
+Tina please it's useful to give a chance to our
+
+442
+00:36:28,650 --> 00:36:32,250
+children develop them to our skills a little to
+
+443
+00:36:32,250 --> 00:36:34,870
+interact with our children to be very happy okay
+
+444
+00:36:34,870 --> 00:36:36,830
+it helps children interact
+
+445
+00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:43,540
+and to be fitness very nice and to be fit okay and
+
+446
+00:36:43,540 --> 00:36:46,660
+healthy very nice and thirdly a good place to
+
+447
+00:36:46,660 --> 00:36:49,440
+spend your time and okay people usually waste
+
+448
+00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:52,060
+their time doing useless things instead they can
+
+449
+00:36:52,060 --> 00:36:54,420
+spend it exercising and doing something all right
+
+450
+00:36:54,420 --> 00:37:03,960
+we can say it is good for children to and
+
+451
+00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:08,480
+teenagers to
+
+452
+00:37:09,740 --> 00:37:18,460
+be there instead of spending their time in the
+
+453
+00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:27,720
+street instead of being in the street or
+
+454
+00:37:27,720 --> 00:37:31,780
+playing in the street one more detail we can just
+
+455
+00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:37,740
+add it keeps the children
+
+456
+00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:48,440
+away from the street and
+
+457
+00:37:48,440 --> 00:38:02,300
+allows them to engage to engage in healthy and
+
+458
+00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:09,440
+useful healthy and useful activities okay?
+
+459
+00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:38,700
+It's a good place to spend your time in and for
+
+460
+00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:43,030
+social interaction for example you canVery nice.
+
+461
+00:38:43,110 --> 00:38:49,030
+So it is, it is an important,
+
+462
+00:38:51,630 --> 00:38:59,790
+it would be an important place for people to
+
+463
+00:38:59,790 --> 00:39:10,290
+socialize and interact with each other.
+
+464
+00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:16,740
+Okay, this is one good reason. One more detail on
+
+465
+00:39:16,740 --> 00:39:29,880
+this, we could say, since there is no
+
+466
+00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:36,300
+parks in the neighborhood,
+
+467
+00:39:41,700 --> 00:39:52,620
+this place this club or center is what we actually
+
+468
+00:39:52,620 --> 00:40:00,400
+need okay to engage in activities and social
+
+469
+00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:05,480
+interaction okay all right okay let's see a third
+
+470
+00:40:05,480 --> 00:40:11,260
+reason it can decrease the rate of crime and
+
+471
+00:40:11,260 --> 00:40:15,200
+violence on the street okay and as a detail for
+
+472
+00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:18,120
+instance children and teenagers especially
+
+473
+00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:22,800
+teenagers can engage in social activities and fun
+
+474
+00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:27,280
+activities and keeps them away from violence okay
+
+475
+00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:31,300
+all right so what we did here is basically
+
+476
+00:40:31,300 --> 00:40:35,360
+providing reasons and good examples for this kind
+
+477
+00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:39,560
+of uh of topic all right all right now we'll have
+
+478
+00:40:39,560 --> 00:40:41,920
+to stop right here and next time inshallah we'll
+
+479
+00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:45,730
+continue talking aboutah opinion paragraph and
+
+480
+00:40:45,730 --> 00:40:49,490
+opinion writing so thank you very much and see you
+
+481
+00:40:49,490 --> 00:40:50,570
+next time inshallah
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/2_q9lJ5qujA.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+1
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,690
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,690 --> 00:00:26,850
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:26,850 --> 00:00:32,710
+أهلا وسهلا بكم في محاضرتنا لِدراسةِ الشعر العربي الحديث واليوم 
+
+4
+00:00:32,710 --> 00:00:41,250
+معنا نصٌّ، هذا النصّ أو هذه القصيدة هي قصيدة اليوم و
+
+5
+00:00:41,250 --> 00:00:46,880
+قصيدة اللحظة الحاضرة، وقصيدة المرحلة، هذه القصيدة 
+
+6
+00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:52,780
+كتبت قبل ما يقارب من سبعين عامًا، لكنها كأنها كتبت
+
+7
+00:00:52,780 --> 00:00:58,460
+الليلة أو كتبت هذا الصباح، لنستمع إلى هذا النص بعد 
+
+8
+00:00:58,460 --> 00:01:07,680
+ذلك، نتحدث عن صاحب النص، فضلًا، أخي، جاوز الظالمون
+
+9
+00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:13,900
+المدى، فحق الجهاد وحق الفداء، هذه قصيدة فلسطين أو 
+
+10
+00:01:13,900 --> 00:01:20,820
+قصيدة "أخي" التي كتبها الشاعر علي محمود طه إبان
+
+11
+00:01:20,820 --> 00:01:28,360
+النكبة 1948، في ضلال النكبة، في ضلال ومقدّمات النكبة
+
+12
+00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:34,900
+أنا أتركهم يُخسّبون العروبة، مجد الأبوة والسؤددَة 
+
+13
+00:01:34,900 --> 00:01:41,040
+وليسوا بغير صليلِ السيوف يجيبون صوتًا لنا أو صدى
+
+14
+00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:49,300
+فجرد حسامك من غمدِه، فليس له بعد إنتهاءٍ يقمدُه، هل .. هل
+
+15
+00:01:49,300 --> 00:01:56,690
+استمع أو استجاب الإنسان العربي لهذا البيت؟ لكنّ
+
+16
+00:01:56,690 --> 00:02:04,430
+الإنسان الفلسطيني استجاب وجرد سكينته من مقبضه ومن 
+
+17
+00:02:04,430 --> 00:02:11,790
+غمدِه، وهجم به على رأس المستوطن الإرهابي الذي أمعن
+
+18
+00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:18,170
+قتلًا وتشريدًا وإرهابًا في هذا الشعب الفلسطيني، أخي 
+
+19
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:25,210
+أيها العربي الأبي، أرى اليوم موعدنا للغد، أخي، أقبل
+
+20
+00:02:25,210 --> 00:02:32,490
+الشرق في أمةٍ تردّ ضلالة وتحيي الهدى، أخي إنّ في القدس
+
+21
+00:02:32,490 --> 00:02:38,310
+أخترنا، أعدّ لها الذابحون المدى، والآن انقلبت الآية 
+
+22
+00:02:38,310 --> 00:02:41,530
+وانقلب الأمر، نحن الذين نعدّ المدى لهؤلاء
+
+23
+00:02:41,530 --> 00:02:49,240
+الإرهابيين، وكلّ يوم عملية طعن أو .. أو تفجير أو
+
+24
+00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:55,860
+إطلاق نار أو دهس أو غير ذلك من الميتات يعني
+
+25
+00:02:55,860 --> 00:03:04,180
+المؤذية لأولئك المجرمين، غاصبين الأرض، صبرنا على
+
+26
+00:03:04,180 --> 00:03:10,520
+قدرِهم، قادرين، وكنا لهم قدرًا مرصودًا، اه، صبرنا على
+
+27
+00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:12,000
+قدرهم، قادرين
+
+28
+00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:21,400
+لكن الآن لا صبرَ في حوزتنا ولا صبر عندنا، إنما هو
+
+29
+00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:29,540
+السيف والسلاح والحديد بيننا وبينهم، أخي قم إلى قبلة
+
+30
+00:03:29,540 --> 00:03:35,100
+المشرقين، لنحمل كنيسة والمسجد وهي فلسطين، فلسطين 
+
+31
+00:03:35,100 --> 00:03:42,620
+قبلة المشرقين، أخي قم إليها، نشق القمارة دماً قانيًا و
+
+32
+00:03:42,620 --> 00:03:49,780
+لغا مرعدة، أخي إن جرى في دراها دمي وشبه ضرام بها
+
+33
+00:03:49,780 --> 00:03:57,420
+موقدة، ففتش على مهجة حرةٍ أبت، أخي مر عليها العدى
+
+34
+00:03:57,420 --> 00:04:06,120
+لاحظوا، قال الشاعر مهجة حرة، مهجة حرة، نفس حرةٍ أبيّة 
+
+35
+00:04:07,550 --> 00:04:13,870
+ليست خانعةً، وليست مستكينَة، ولا بليدةً ولا مستبدةً ولا 
+
+36
+00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:19,090
+ضعيفةً، إنما نفس أبيّة حرة كريمة عزيزة، تقبل ضيق وتقبل 
+
+37
+00:04:19,090 --> 00:04:24,410
+ظلمًا، وهي هذه النفس المقدسية اليوم التي تقاتل بأبسط 
+
+38
+00:04:24,410 --> 00:04:30,210
+الإمكانات تقاتل هذا الجيش المجرم، نعم، واخذ راية
+
+39
+00:04:30,210 --> 00:04:37,520
+الحقّ من قبضته، جلاها الوغا ونماها، جيل يتبعه جيل
+
+40
+00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:45,820
+يتبعه جيل، لا يع��ي ذلك استشهد فدائي واستشهد شابٌّ
+
+41
+00:04:45,820 --> 00:04:50,820
+معنى ذلك انتهت المقاومة وانتهت النفوس الأبية، لأ
+
+42
+00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:58,020
+إنّما جيلٌ يُسلّم إلى جيل، وجيلٌ يعقبُ جيلًا، هكذا هي يعني
+
+43
+00:04:58,020 --> 00:05:06,280
+المقاومة وهذا هو جيلُ التحرير، وقبل شهيدًا على أرضِها ده
+
+44
+00:05:06,280 --> 00:05:14,160
+باسمها الله واستشهدت، واستشهدت فلسطين
+
+45
+00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:21,600
+يفدي حماك الشباب وجل الفدائي والمفتدى، فلسطين تحميك 
+
+46
+00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:28,020
+من الصدور، فإما الحياة وإما الردى، إما الردى، الشاعر
+
+47
+00:05:28,020 --> 00:05:35,470
+الذي كتب هذه القصيدة هو الشاعر الذي كتب جملة من
+
+48
+00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:43,870
+القصائد ومن الأناشيد والأشعار التي يتغنى بها في 
+
+49
+00:05:43,870 --> 00:05:49,510
+مباهج الحياة، هذا الشاعر في لحظةٍ من لحظات الحقّ
+
+50
+00:05:49,510 --> 00:05:55,890
+والصدق والحقيقة، انتبه إلى دوره وإلى غايته وإلى
+
+51
+00:05:55,890 --> 00:06:02,860
+رسالته، ورَأى مصيبة فلسطين بعينه وبعين قلبه وبعين
+
+52
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:10,320
+عقله، فكتب هذا النصّ محذّرًا العرب ومُحَمِّسًا ومُحَرِّضًا لهم
+
+53
+00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:16,000
+على الدفاع عن فلسطين وعن أهل فلسطين، هو الشاعر
+
+54
+00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:21,600
+الشامي المصريّ المهندس علي محمود طه صاحب قصيدة
+
+55
+00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:27,450
+القصيدة ذائعة الصيت، فلسطين أو قصيدة "أخي"، علي محمود
+
+56
+00:06:27,450 --> 00:06:33,210
+طه، وولد بالمنصورة وتخرّج في مدرسة الهندسة التطبيقية
+
+57
+00:06:33,210 --> 00:06:38,050
+وعمل في الأعمال الحكومية كسائر الشعراء والأدباء
+
+58
+00:06:38,050 --> 00:06:45,610
+وترقّى حتى وصل إلى وكيل دار الكتب المصرية، علي
+
+59
+00:06:45,610 --> 00:06:52,830
+محمود طه، كان كثير الإطلاع على الأداب العالمية، وحاول 
+
+60
+00:06:52,830 --> 00:06:58,230
+أن ينتفع وأن يأتي ببعض تقنيات وأدوات الشعر الحديث 
+
+61
+00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:03,250
+أن يأتي بها إلى شعرنا العربي، وكان كثير السفر 
+
+62
+00:07:03,250 --> 00:07:07,550
+والترحال إلى أوروبا، الشاعر عاش في بحبوحةٍ من العيش
+
+63
+00:07:08,300 --> 00:07:15,060
+كان من عائلة ميسورة، وشعله، يتزوّج، عاش أعزبًا، لذلك كان 
+
+64
+00:07:15,060 --> 00:07:20,200
+في يديه المال الوفير، فكان يقضي هذا المال في رحلات
+
+65
+00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:25,960
+سياحية في أوروبا، فكتب بعض القصائد وبعض الأشعار
+
+66
+00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:32,420
+متأثرًا بالحياة الأوروبية، وخاصّة حياة الليل في
+
+67
+00:07:32,420 --> 00:07:37,360
+أوروبا، لكنّ الشاعر علي محمود طه حافظ على الوزن وحافظ 
+
+68
+00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:44,140
+على القافية، وحافظ كذلك على ديباجة القصيدة العربية
+
+69
+00:07:44,140 --> 00:07:51,120
+ولم يُسف في تجديدِه، بل المضمون العربي بقى مُسيطرًا 
+
+70
+00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:57,620
+وبقى مُوَشَّحًا، شعر علي محمود طه، شوقي ضيف، الدكتور شوقي
+
+71
+00:07:57,620 --> 00:08:05,720
+ضيف، كان عنده رأي في شعر علي محمود طه، قال إنّ أنّ 
+
+72
+00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:12,580
+لألفاظه ضجيج وخَلابة، وأن شعره قد صوّر في أكثر جوانب
+
+73
+00:08:12,580 --> 00:08:17,140
+حياة الحيوانات، الحيوانات التي في أوروبا، حياة الليل
+
+74
+00:08:17,140 --> 00:08:23,390
+في أوروبا، من رقصٍ وخمرٍ وغناء، وهو يرى أنّ شعر علي
+
+75
+00:08:23,390 --> 00:08:28,790
+محمود طه ليس صاحب نزعة فلسفية أو شعرية، يعني لا تجد 
+
+76
+00:08:28,790 --> 00:08:33,870
+فيه شعره، شعره يعني يشنّف الآذان، يُمتع الآذان، لكن إذا 
+
+77
+00:08:33,870 --> 00:08:38,370
+فتّشت هذا الشعر لم تجد فيه معاني شعرية، ولم تجد فيه 
+
+78
+00:08:38,370 --> 00:08:43,050
+فلسفة شعرية، ولم تجد فيه رؤية شعرية، هو مجرد فات
+
+79
+00:08:43,050 --> 00:08:49,270
+خلابة وموسيقى حسنة، والفات ملصقة، لكنّ يخلو من العمق 
+
+80
+00:08:49,270 --> 00:08:54,060
+الشعريّ، ويخلو من المعنى الشعريّ والفلسفة الشعرية، هذا
+
+81
+00:08:54,060 --> 00:08:58,040
+كلام الدكتور شوقي ضيف، ربما يكون فيه بعض الحق أو
+
+82
+00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:06,300
+بعض الحقيقة، حنّال فخوري رَدّ على نقد شوقي ضيف للشاعر 
+
+83
+00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:12,870
+علي محمود طه، قال في كلام شوقي بعض الحقيقة وكثير من 
+
+84
+00:09:12,870 --> 00:09:18,890
+التجنّي، ويقول إنّ الشعر ليس فلسفة وليس تحليلات نفسية 
+
+85
+00:09:18,890 --> 00:09:24,770
+إنّما هو إحساسٌ يسيطر على الشعر، وهذا الذي امتلكه علي 
+
+86
+00:09:24,770 --> 00:09:29,610
+محمود طه، امتلك هذا الإحساس بالحياة، هذا الإحساس
+
+87
+00:09:29,610 --> 00:09:33,970
+بالناس، هذا الإحساس بالشعر، وترجم هذا الإحساس إلى 
+
+88
+00:09:33,970 --> 00:09:39,990
+هذه النصوص الشعرية الرائعة والرائعة والجميلة، وقال
+
+89
+00:09:39,990 --> 00:09:44,790
+لا يعيب علي محمود طه أن يكثر من التصوير وأن يهتمّ
+
+90
+00:09:44,790 --> 00:09:51,350
+بالنغم في شعره، فهذا هو مضمون الشعر وحقيقةُ له، الشعر
+
+91
+00:09:51,350 --> 00:09:57,230
+شعر محمود طه كان في أغلبه يدور حول ذاته ونفسه، في
+
+92
+00:09:57,230 --> 00:10:01,770
+أغلبه كان يدور حول ذاته وحول نفسه، وهو ينتمي إلى 
+
+93
+00:10:01,770 --> 00:10:05,790
+جماعة أبولو، هو يعدّ من أعلام شعراء مدرسة أبولو
+
+94
+00:10:05,790 --> 00:10:12,750
+مدرسةُ شعراء الشباب أو جماعة الشباب، طه حسين عجب
+
+95
+00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:17,830
+بشعر علي محمود طه، وقلق على ديوانه، ديوان الملاح
+
+96
+00:10:17,830 --> 00:10:23,290
+التائه، ووصف الأسلوب بأنه حلو، الأسلوب أنه رائق، أن 
+
+97
+00:10:23,290 --> 00:10:28,330
+شعره يمتاز بالصفاء، صفاء اللغة وصفاء الأسلوب
+
+98
+00:10:28,330 --> 00:10:33,450
+وجودة كذلك اللغة والأسلوب، لكن أخذ عليه .. أخذ على
+
+99
+00:10:33,450 --> 00:10:39,190
+الشاعر بعض السقطات اللغوية أو بعض السقطات
+
+100
+00:10:39,190 --> 00:10:45,310
+الأسلوبية، وهذا هو ضِدَّه يعني طه حسين في نقده اللي 
+
+101
+00:10:45,310 --> 00:10:50,070
+بعض له، الشعراء له الشباب، يعني قال لك في ضعف في 
+
+102
+00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:54,310
+الموسيقى، في ضعف القوافي، هناك ضعف في اللغة أو 
+
+103
+00:10:54,310 --> 00:10:59,030
+الصياغة اللغوية، لكنّ الحقيقة الشاعر علي محمود طه، 
+
+104
+00:10:59,030 --> 00:11:04,010
+كما يقول الشيخ مصطفى صادق الرافعيّ، يعدّوا تعدّ لغته من 
+
+105
+00:11:04,010 --> 00:11:09,220
+أصفى، يعني لغات الشعر عند شعراء الشباب أو أمثال 
+
+106
+00:11:09,220 --> 00:11:14,100
+الجيل، لغته من أصفى اللغات الشعرية، لغة شعرية صافية 
+
+107
+00:11:14,100 --> 00:11:21,320
+مؤثّرة، معبّرة عن مراده ومعبّرة عن مشاعره ومعبّرة عن
+
+108
+00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:27,660
+أحاسيسه، فعلاً الشاعر علي محمود طه امتلك الموهبة
+
+109
+00:11:27,660 --> 00:11:32,800
+الشعرية وامتلك الروح الشعرية، فأنتَ تُمتعك روعة 
+
+110
+00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:41,610
+وتُمتعك روعةٌ عندما تقرأ شعر هذا الشاعر، توفي رحمه الله 
+
+111
+00:11:41,610 --> 00:11:48,670
+في السابع عشر من نوفمبر سنة ألفٍ وتسعمائةٍ وتسعةٍ
+
+112
+00:11:48,670 --> 00:11:53,390
+وأربعين، كثر مرضه، لم يهلُ كثيراً هذا المرض، ودُفنَ
+
+113
+00:11:53,390 --> 00:11:58,590
+بمثوى رَأسه في مدينة المنصورة المصرية، في مدينة 
+
+114
+00:11:58,590 --> 00:12:03,150
+المنصورة المصرية، كما قُيل، الشاعر لم يتزوج ومات في
+
+115
+00:12:03,150 --> 00:12:08,450
+شرق شبابه، مات الشاعر علي محمد طه في شرق شبابه 
+
+116
+00:12:08,450 --> 00:12:17,000
+لكن تركَ إرثًا وتركَ خلفه يعني تراثًا ثريًّا من الشعر ومن 
+
+117
+00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:23,760
+القصائد ومن الأدب العربيّ، القصيدة التي بين أيدينا 
+
+118
+00:12:23,760 --> 00:12:29,500
+عُرفت بعنوان "أخي" أو عنوان فلسطين، كتبها الشاعر علي
+
+119
+00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:33,040
+محمود طه في ظلال النكبة الفلسطينية
+
+120
+00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:42,040
+وفي ضلال النكبة، العرب والمسلمين بفلسطين والأقصى 
+
+121
+00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:48,540
+والقدس وأهل فلسطين، وهذا نداءٌ صادقٌ من شاعر عربيّ 
+
+122
+00:12:48,540 --> 00:12:54,780
+مصريّ، نداء صادق كل الصدق فيه، فيه رؤية وفيه دعوة
+
+123
+00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:59,960
+وفيه تحريض وفيه خوف وفيه وجلّ من المستقبل الأسود
+
+124
+00:12:59,960 --> 00:13:08,540
+الذي ينتظر فلسطين وينتظر أهل فلسطين، غنّاها الملحّن أو
+
+125
+00:13:08,540 --> 00:13:14,360
+المغني المصريّ محمد عبد الوهاب، يعني إذا ذهبتم لـ 
+
+126
+00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:21,940
+YouTube ستستمعون إلى هذه القصيدة ملحّنة ومغنّاة بصوت 
+
+127
+00:13:21,940 --> 00:13:26,480
+المغني المصريّ أو الملحّن المصري محمد عبد الوهاب
+
+128
+00:13:26,860 --> 00:13:33,220
+وتجدوا في هذه اللحنِ أو هذا الغناء الحماس
+
+129
+00:13:33,220 --> 00:13:37,720
+والموسيقى التي أشبه بالموسيقى العسكرية، أشبه 
+
+130
+00:13:37,720 --> 00:13:42,720
+بالموسيقى العسكرية، في هذا الغناء، دعونا نستمع إلى 
+
+131
+00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:47,280
+هذه القصيدة مرّة ثانية ونقف على المضامين والدلائل 
+
+132
+00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:52,680
+لهذه القصيدة، من تقرأ
+
+133
+00:13:55,880 --> 00:14:01,420
+أخي .. أخي جاوز الظالمون المدى، حق الجهاد وحقّ
+
+134
+00:14:01,420 --> 00:14:06,640
+الفداء، ألا تَرَكَهُمْ يُخسّبونَ العروبة، مجدد أبوتي 
+
+135
+00:14:06,640 --> 00:14:12,940
+والسؤددة، وليسوا بغير صليل السيوف يجيبون صوتًا لنا 
+
+136
+00:14:12,940 --> 00:14:21,860
+أو صدى؟ فجرد حسامك من غمدِه فليس له بعض أيّ أمدًا أخي 
+
+137
+00:14:21,860 --> 00:14:27,280
+أخي أيها العربي الأبي، أرى اليوم موعدنا على الغد
+
+138
+00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:34,180
+أخي أقبل الشرق في أمة ترد الضلال وتحيي الهدى، أخي 
+
+139
+00:14:34,180 --> 00:14:40,220
+إذا في القدس اختار لنا أعدّ لهم الذين المدى، صبرنا 
+
+140
+00:14:40,220 --> 00:14:50,750
+على غدرهم المغادرين وكنا لهم قدرة قدرًا مرصودًا، إن 
+
+141
+00:14:50,750 --> 00:15:05,270
+جرى
+
+142
+00:15:05,270 --> 00:15:06,890
+في ثراها دمي
+
+143
+00:15:16,370 --> 00:15:23,950
+هنا قراءة وشُبّت ضرامه وشُبّت ضرامه ممكن تأتي 
+
+144
+00:15:23,950 --> 00:15:29,110
+بالمبني المجهول أو المبني للمعلوم نعم
+
+145
+00:15:50,770 --> 00:15:56,290
+وجلّى الفدائي والمفتدى وجلّى الفدائي والمفتدى
+
+146
+00:15:56,290 --> 00:16:00,430
+وجلّى الفدائي والمفتدى مجلة الفدائي والمفتدى فلسطين
+
+147
+00:16:00,430 --> 00:16:06,130
+تحميك من الصدور فإما الحياة وإما الردى فإما الحياة
+
+148
+00:16:06,130 --> 00:16:14,170
+أنا بذكركم البيت بأي بيت لشعر فلسطيني سأحمل
+
+149
+00:16:14,170 --> 00:16:24,960
+روحي وأهوي بها فإما وإما ماماتون من هو الشاعر؟ عبد
+
+150
+00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:31,120
+الرحيم محمود الشعر الفلسطيني عبد الرحيم محمود أخي
+
+151
+00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:38,380
+جاوز الظالمون المدى يبدأ القصيدة بالنداء المباشر
+
+152
+00:16:38,380 --> 00:16:45,560
+إلى أخيه العربي وأخيه المسلم وهنا حرف لعداد
+
+153
+00:16:45,560 --> 00:16:49,440
+النداء ما
+
+154
+00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:56,610
+يقول يا أخي لا ينتظر أداة النداء لا يريد أن يكون
+
+155
+00:16:56,610 --> 00:17:02,230
+بينه وبين أخيه أي فاصل أي حاجز حتى ولو كان حرفا من
+
+156
+00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:09,570
+حروف النداء وهذا يدل على القرب المكاني والنفسي
+
+157
+00:17:09,570 --> 00:17:14,550
+بينه وبين أخيه أخي
+
+158
+00:17:14,550 --> 00:17:22,850
+جاوز الظالمون المدى ما عاد ظلمهم يحتمل جاوز القدرة
+
+159
+00:17:22,850 --> 00:17:31,330
+في الظلمة ومن المقصود بالظالمين هنا؟ من المقصود
+
+160
+00:17:31,330 --> 00:17:37,390
+بالظالمين؟ بريطانيا
+
+161
+00:17:37,390 --> 00:17:43,470
+وإسرائيل وأمريكا وهذا الغرب المتآمر على شعوبنا
+
+162
+00:17:43,470 --> 00:17:48,630
+وعلى أمتنا وعلى قضيتنا فحق الجهاد
+
+163
+00:17:51,460 --> 00:17:56,340
+فالمقاومة حق وليست
+
+164
+00:17:56,340 --> 00:18:04,140
+إرهابا وأنا دفاع عن المقاومة وتأصيل المقاومة في
+
+165
+00:18:04,140 --> 00:18:09,120
+هذا البيت إذا
+
+166
+00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:18,290
+مقاومتنا ليست إرهابا وجهادنا ليس اعتداء إنه حق لأن
+
+167
+00:18:18,290 --> 00:18:24,770
+الظالمين تجاوزوا المدى في ظلمهم وفي بغيهم وفي
+
+168
+00:18:24,770 --> 00:18:33,050
+اعتدائهم على أمتنا وحق الفداء حق 
+
+169
+00:18:33,050 --> 00:18:38,950
+التضحية ووجبت أيها الإنسان العربي
+
+170
+00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:51,480
+ثم يثير فيك أيها العربي كل معاني النخوة ومعاني
+
+171
+00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:59,540
+المروءة أنا أتركهم يغصبون العروبة يغتصبون
+
+172
+00:18:59,540 --> 00:19:04,340
+العروبة والاغتصاب
+
+173
+00:19:04,340 --> 00:19:11,340
+يدل أو الغصب يدل فيه نوع من الدلالة على أن العروبة
+
+174
+00:19:11,340 --> 00:19:21,460
+حرمة حرمة من حرمات الإنسان العربي وكأن
+
+175
+00:19:21,460 --> 00:19:31,560
+إذا اغتصب وإذا غصب أعداؤنا بلدا عربيا وجزيرة
+
+176
+00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:40,270
+عربية ودولة عربية كانوا مقتصبوا العروبة كلها فعندما
+
+177
+00:19:40,270 --> 00:19:50,170
+اقتصبوا فلسطين كانوا مقتصبوا العروبة كلها مجد
+
+178
+00:19:50,170 --> 00:19:58,330
+الأبوة مجد ورثناه عن أبائنا وعن أجدادنا هذه
+
+179
+00:19:58,330 --> 00:20:07,170
+العروبة بكرامتها وبنخوتها ومرؤاتها ورثناها عن
+
+180
+00:20:07,170 --> 00:20:12,970
+الأباء والأجداد والسؤدد بالسيادة كنتم
+
+181
+00:20:12,970 --> 00:20:20,230
+خير أمة أخرجت للناس ولا تهنوا ولا تحزنوا وأنتم
+
+182
+00:20:20,690 --> 00:20:26,850
+الأعلون إن كنتم منين؟ فهذه الأمة أمة السيادة وأمة
+
+183
+00:20:26,850 --> 00:20:32,730
+السؤدد فكيف نتركهم يقتصبون ويقصبون ويسرقون
+
+184
+00:20:32,730 --> 00:20:42,510
+العروبة ميراث الأباء وميراث الأجداد ما غاية
+
+185
+00:20:42,510 --> 00:20:46,410
+الاستفهام هنا في هذا البيت ما غاية الاستفهام
+
+186
+00:20:49,810 --> 00:20:55,170
+فكروا في المعنى تذوقوا المعنى تذوقوا المعنى
+
+187
+00:20:55,170 --> 00:21:01,930
+استنهاض الإمام استنهاض الإمام ماذا أيضا التحريض
+
+188
+00:21:01,930 --> 00:21:10,650
+الرفض أن تقول بملء فيك لا لن نتركهم ينتظر منك
+
+189
+00:21:10,650 --> 00:21:18,410
+الشعر أن تقول لا ويسألك ويترك التساؤل بين يديك أن
+
+190
+00:21:18,410 --> 00:21:24,480
+تتركهم فيكون الجواب منك أيها الإنسان العربي لأ بملي
+
+191
+00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:30,060
+فيك تقول لأ والله لأ نتركهم يغصبون العروبة ميراث
+
+192
+00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:38,460
+الأبوة وميراث أجدادنا وميراث السيادة وليس بغير
+
+193
+00:21:38,460 --> 00:21:43,100
+صليل الصيوف الصليل الصيوف هو صوت الصيوف الصليل هو
+
+194
+00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:43,540
+الصوت
+
+195
+00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:56,100
+يجيبون صوتا لنا أو صدا؟ هل
+
+196
+00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:59,540
+المبادرات السلمية ومشاريع السلام وقرارات الأمم
+
+197
+00:21:59,540 --> 00:22:05,620
+المتحدة يمكن أن تعيد لنا حقا أو تعيد لنا أرضا
+
+198
+00:22:05,620 --> 00:22:11,000
+مقتصبة أو تعيد لاجئا إلى أرضه؟ هذا الشاعر كتب هذا
+
+199
+00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,300
+الكلام قبل ما يقارب سبعين عام قبل أن ندخل في
+
+200
+00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:20,040
+متاهات السياسة متاهات الأمم المتحدة والاتفاقيات
+
+201
+00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:26,260
+والسلام والمشاريع قال ببصيرته هذا الشاعر وليس بغير
+
+202
+00:22:26,260 --> 00:22:34,180
+صليل الصيوف ليس بغير القوة والذي لا يأتي بالقوة
+
+203
+00:22:34,180 --> 00:22:41,130
+يأتي بقوة أكبر الذي لا يأتي بالقوة الذي لا يسترد
+
+204
+00:22:41,130 --> 00:22:47,870
+بالقوة يسترد بقوة أكبر يسترد بقوة أكبر فالحوار
+
+205
+00:22:47,870 --> 00:22:54,970
+بيننا وبين هؤلاء اللي هو المقاومة وقد جربنا كل
+
+206
+00:22:54,970 --> 00:22:57,870
+المشاريع السلمية والاتفاقيات
+
+207
+00:23:00,570 --> 00:23:05,230
+والمبادرات وحسن النية ماذا خرجنا في النهاية؟ لا
+
+208
+00:23:05,230 --> 00:23:09,310
+شيء ابتلاع الأرض وضيع الحق العربي وضيع الحق
+
+209
+00:23:09,310 --> 00:23:15,790
+الفلسطيني وفشتت الشعب اللي هو الفلسطيني فماذا
+
+210
+00:23:15,790 --> 00:23:25,530
+يترتب على ذلك؟ فجرد حسامك من غمضه كناية عن ماذا؟
+
+211
+00:23:25,530 --> 00:23:26,850
+كناية عن ماذا؟
+
+212
+00:23:30,140 --> 00:23:38,280
+إعلان الحرب إعلان المقاومة أخرجوا
+
+213
+00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:41,140
+الأسلحة من مخازنها أيها العرب أيها الجيوش
+
+214
+00:23:41,140 --> 00:23:48,880
+العربية أخرجوها من مخازنها مليارات مليارات تنفق كل
+
+215
+00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:54,640
+سنة وكل عام على السلاح العربي ثم يصدق ويُلقى به
+
+216
+00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:59,580
+في البحر مليارات تنفق من ميزانية الإنسان العربي
+
+217
+00:23:59,580 --> 00:24:07,160
+ميزانية العرب ثم بعد ذلك يلقى به في البحر يُسلّط
+
+218
+00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:13,920
+تنتهي صلاحيته ولا يستعمل ضد أعدائنا وإذا استعمل
+
+219
+00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:19,420
+استعملناه ضد بعضنا بعضا كما يحدث اليوم في سوريا
+
+220
+00:24:19,420 --> 00:24:26,120
+وفي اليمن وفي ليبيا وغيرها من البلاد فليس له بعد
+
+221
+00:24:26,120 --> 00:24:34,540
+أي يغمد متى يغمد هذا السلاح إذا عادت فلسطين لأهلها
+
+222
+00:24:34,540 --> 00:24:43,060
+إذا أدى دوره وقام بواجبه أما قبل ذلك فلا والف لا
+
+223
+00:24:43,060 --> 00:24:48,040
+أخي
+
+224
+00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:55,920
+أيها العربي الأبي لماذا وصف العربي بالأبي لماذا
+
+225
+00:24:55,920 --> 00:25:01,780
+هنا خصّص هذا الوصف للعربي بالأبي لماذا قال لو هو
+
+226
+00:25:01,780 --> 00:25:07,020
+العربي المتدين أو العربي الحضاري الحضاري لماذا قال
+
+227
+00:25:07,020 --> 00:25:12,140
+العربي الأبي يستثير
+
+228
+00:25:12,140 --> 00:25:19,500
+النخوة عنده والحمية الحمية العربية والنخوة العربية
+
+229
+00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:26,720
+أرى اليوم موعدنا لا تأجيل للمعركة لا تأجيل
+
+230
+00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:28,200
+للمعركة
+
+231
+00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:37,690
+لا تأجيل للمعركة ماذا تفيد اليوم؟ ماذا تفيد كلمة
+
+232
+00:25:37,690 --> 00:25:43,690
+اليوم؟ ظرف الزمان الحالية الحالية الآن الفورية
+
+233
+00:25:43,690 --> 00:25:51,290
+الفورية لا تسويف ولا تأجيل لأن
+
+234
+00:25:51,290 --> 00:25:58,310
+كل تأجيل وكل تسويف لصالح من؟ لصالح عدونا لصالح
+
+235
+00:25:58,310 --> 00:25:59,510
+عدونا
+
+236
+00:26:01,850 --> 00:26:05,870
+أخي أقبل الشرق الشرق الشرق العربي والشرق المسلم
+
+237
+00:26:05,870 --> 00:26:14,930
+صاحب الرسالة الخالدة أمة أمة الشرق أمة المسلمين
+
+238
+00:26:14,930 --> 00:26:21,610
+أمة العرب ترد الضلالة وتحيي الهدى ما هو الضلال هنا
+
+239
+00:26:21,610 --> 00:26:27,630
+ما الضلال هنا ما الضلال هنا الاستسلام هو الضلال
+
+240
+00:26:27,630 --> 00:26:28,950
+والخنوع هو الضلال
+
+241
+00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:36,160
+والرضا بهذا الواقع هو الضلال، وما هو الهدى؟
+
+242
+00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:43,480
+المقاومة هي الهدى، والجهاد هو الهدى، وحمل السكين
+
+243
+00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:47,680
+هو الهدى، وحمل العصى هو الهدى، وحمل الحجر هو الهدى
+
+244
+00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:55,880
+اضرب فمن كفيك ينهمر المطر اضرب تحجرة القلوب وما
+
+245
+00:26:55,880 --> 00:27:02,500
+لها إلا الحجر اضرب فلغزة وحدها بزغ القمر في القدس
+
+246
+00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:08,860
+قد نطق الحجر لا مؤتمر لا مؤتمر أنا لا أريده سوى
+
+247
+00:27:08,860 --> 00:27:15,520
+عمر والكلاني نجيب الكياني كتب روايته المشهورة عمر
+
+248
+00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:21,300
+يظهروا في القدس واليوم
+
+249
+00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:26,940
+أحفاد عمر فضل الله تعالى عادو�� إلى القدس أحفاد
+
+250
+00:27:26,940 --> 00:27:32,320
+ال فاروق رضي الله عنه عادوا إلى القدس وعادوا إليها
+
+251
+00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:38,700
+هيبتها وعادوا إليها عمريتها وعادوا إليها بهاءها
+
+252
+00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:41,240
+وجوها الإسلامية
+
+253
+00:27:43,430 --> 00:27:51,310
+أخي إن في القدس أختل لنا أختل لنا اختار الأخت ولم
+
+254
+00:27:51,310 --> 00:27:58,390
+يقول أخل لنا قال أختل لنا ورأيتم أنتم بعينكم
+
+255
+00:27:58,390 --> 00:28:05,590
+الأخوات والأمهات والبنات والمرابطات والمحجبات
+
+256
+00:28:05,590 --> 00:28:11,670
+والمنقبات والنساء الفلسطينيات ماذا يفعلوا بهم من
+
+257
+00:28:11,670 --> 00:28:17,750
+المستوطنين ومن المستوطنات ومن الشرطة الإسرائيلية
+
+258
+00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:22,750
+والشرطة الصهيونية كيف ينزع الحجاب عن رأس المرأة
+
+259
+00:28:22,750 --> 00:28:27,590
+الفلسطينية وكيف تداسوا بالأقدام وكيف يطلق عليها
+
+260
+00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:37,470
+الرصاص بدم بارد في القدس أعد لها الذابحون ماذا في
+
+261
+00:28:37,470 --> 00:28:42,490
+دلالة الذابحون الذابحون الذابحون
+
+262
+00:28:45,290 --> 00:28:50,410
+أولا لماذا الجامعة؟ لماذا الجامعة؟ لماذا لم يقول
+
+263
+00:28:50,410 --> 00:28:55,110
+أعد لها الذابح؟ قال الذابحون لأن الفعل كان عصابات
+
+264
+00:28:55,110 --> 00:29:01,250
+أي عصابات لو كان الذابح والمقتصب فردا واحدا لهذا
+
+265
+00:29:01,250 --> 00:29:09,430
+الأمر لكنهم عصابة ودولة ومنظومة إجرامية وليس فردا
+
+266
+00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:15,720
+واحدة تلاحظ قال الذابحون يدل على مشاعة الجريمة
+
+267
+00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:25,720
+وقسوة الفعل المدى جامع وميديا وهي السكين الحاد
+
+268
+00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:36,020
+النصل.. نصل السكين الحاد صبرنا
+
+269
+00:29:36,020 --> 00:29:38,240
+على غدرهم قادرين
+
+270
+00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:46,120
+قدر until وقدر اليهود من.. من بداية القرن الماضي
+
+271
+00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:51,040
+قدر.. قدر until وقدر تغطيهم بريطانيا الإنتدابية
+
+272
+00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:57,600
+وتغطيهم أمريكا وتغطيهم الدول الغربية وكن لهم قدرا
+
+273
+00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:03,600
+مرصدا القدر المرصد المخبا القدر المرصد المخبا
+
+274
+00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:19,120
+المهيأ فنحن قدر الله نحن قدر الله المرصود فإذا جاء
+
+275
+00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:27,200
+وعد الآخرة ليسوء وجوهكم وليدخلوا المسجد كما دخلوه
+
+276
+00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:32,480
+أول مرة وليتبروا ما علوا تتبيره فتسقط دولة إسرائيل
+
+277
+00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:36,700
+مرة واحدة انهار مرة واحدة من هؤلاء الذين يقوموا
+
+278
+00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:44,330
+بهذا الفعل عبادة لنا عبدا لنا ليسوا وجوهكم اليوم
+
+279
+00:30:44,330 --> 00:30:47,630
+إساءة الوجب موجودة انظروا إلى وجوه اليهود الحمد
+
+280
+00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:55,770
+لله إساءة الوجب ومقدمات التتبير موجودة أيضا أخي قم 
+
+281
+00:30:55,770 --> 00:31:06,010
+قم فعل قم يفيد الصنهاض الهمة لا قعود بعد اليوم لا 
+
+282
+00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:07,310
+نوم بعد اليوم قم
+
+283
+00:31:12,530 --> 00:31:19,590
+إلى قبلة المشرقين أولى القبلتين لنحمل كنيسة لماذا
+
+284
+00:31:19,590 --> 00:31:25,150
+قال كنيسة والمسجد؟ لماذا قال الكنيسة والمسجد؟
+
+285
+00:31:25,150 --> 00:31:28,950
+بسيطة مع بين الديانة ديانة مسيحية اللي كانت وديانة
+
+286
+00:31:28,950 --> 00:31:32,970
+الإسلامية الجميل ليدلها على التلاحم لأن الديانات
+
+287
+00:31:32,970 --> 00:31:36,830
+المسيحية كانت عارفة كم هو الدين المين والحن الهدى
+
+288
+00:31:36,830 --> 00:31:42,300
+فاحتدام ليه صدقت على المسلمين؟ جميل جدا نعم ايه؟
+
+289
+00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:46,520
+ماذا تسمح اللي موجود في الإسلام؟ يقول إن المعركة
+
+290
+00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:54,540
+شرسة ومعركة عنصرية ضد ما هو إسلامي ومسيحي وأن
+
+291
+00:31:54,540 --> 00:32:00,580
+المسلم أولى أن يحمي كذلك أماكن عباده للمسيحيين كما
+
+292
+00:32:00,580 --> 00:32:05,700
+فعل عمرو بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه عندما أمن النصارى
+
+293
+00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:12,100
+في كناسهم وفي بيوتهم وفي بيعهم فنحن نفعل ما فعله
+
+294
+00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:18,560
+عمرو بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه وحاول اليهود .. وحاول 
+
+295
+00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:24,940
+اليهود أن يعبثوا وأن يلعبوا على وتر يعني الطائفية
+
+296
+00:32:25,260 --> 00:32:30,720
+أو وتر المسيحية واليهودية لكن لم ينجحوا .. لم 
+
+297
+00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:36,580
+ينجحوا أبدا الحمد لله أن الفلسطينيين المسيحيون
+
+298
+00:32:36,580 --> 00:32:42,280
+منهم والمسلمون كانوا وما زالوا يدا واحدة ضد هذا
+
+299
+00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:49,940
+العدو المجرم بالأمس تصريح الأب
+
+300
+00:32:49,940 --> 00:32:58,720
+حنّا عطا الله أو عطا الله حنّا اللي هو تقريبا كبير أساقفة ال
+
+301
+00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:03,660
+.. يعني بيت المقدس قال على الشعب الفلسطيني أن يرفع
+
+302
+00:33:03,660 --> 00:33:08,760
+رأسه ويفخر بهؤلاء الشباب على الشعب الفلسطيني أن 
+
+303
+00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:16,060
+يفخر بهؤلاء الشباب أخي قم إليها إليها إليها تعود
+
+304
+00:33:16,060 --> 00:33:21,230
+على أمان على قبلة المشرقين على بيت المقدس على القدس
+
+305
+00:33:21,230 --> 00:33:25,610
+على المسجد الأقصى نشكوا الغمار الغمار يعني الحرب 
+
+306
+00:33:25,610 --> 00:33:29,930
+دما
+
+307
+00:33:29,930 --> 00:33:44,250
+قانيا شديد الحمرة ولظا مرعدة ولضا مرعدة لأ 
+
+308
+00:33:44,250 --> 00:33:50,440
+تخف أيها العربي إذا أردت التحرير فبهذا يتم التحرير
+
+309
+00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:59,540
+يجب أن ندفع نقطة الدم طالما أن قطرة .. نقطة الدم
+
+310
+00:33:59,540 --> 00:34:07,420
+غالي على المسلمين وهم في ذلة متى تعود إليهم العزة
+
+311
+00:34:07,420 --> 00:34:12,260
+إذا رخصت دماؤهم في سبيل دينهم وفي سبيل أوطانهم
+
+312
+00:34:12,260 --> 00:34:18,760
+دما قانيا ولظا مرد حرب ضروس لا هوادة فيها بهذا
+
+313
+00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:25,980
+تعود الديار وتعـود القدس أخي إن جرى في ثراها الثرا
+
+314
+00:34:25,980 --> 00:34:33,100
+يعني التراب في ثراها دمى كما يجري اليوم دم
+
+315
+00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:40,180
+الفلسطيني على ثر القدس وشب
+
+316
+00:34:40,180 --> 00:34:47,320
+الضرام الضرام النار المتهبة وهذه الدماء الذكية
+
+317
+00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:52,420
+تشعل النار
+
+318
+00:34:52,420 --> 00:34:58,840
+المرؤة ونار الوطنية ونار الدين في نفس الشباب و
+
+319
+00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:02,560
+نار الغيرة والمرؤة في نفس الشباب الفلسطيني و
+
+320
+00:35:02,560 --> 00:35:07,620
+الشباب العربي أمس كان مظاهرات في الجامعات الأردنية
+
+321
+00:35:07,620 --> 00:35:12,600
+وفي الأردن وبعض الدول العربية تضامن مع انتفاضة
+
+322
+00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:20,560
+القدس ومع يقوم بيه شباب القدس وخذ راية الحق من
+
+323
+00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:29,910
+قبضة خذ إذا سقط شهيد فلا تسقط الراية تسلم منه
+
+324
+00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:33,750
+الراية من
+
+325
+00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:41,290
+قبض جلاها الوغا جلاها
+
+326
+00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:49,750
+يعني أظهرها وأوضحها ونماها الندى الندى الكرم
+
+327
+00:35:49,750 --> 00:35:57,070
+والأخلاق الكريمة فالذي يقاتل كريم والذي يحمل راية
+
+328
+00:35:57,070 --> 00:36:04,730
+نديفى خلقه وفي دينه وانظر إلى وصايا الشباب قبل أنه 
+
+329
+00:36:04,730 --> 00:36:09,770
+يستشهد عندما تنزل وصايا على الصفحات التواصل 
+
+330
+00:36:09,770 --> 00:36:14,870
+الاجتماعي فعلا دعوك من مناظر الشباب الذي ليس مظارا
+
+331
+00:36:14,870 --> 00:36:19,530
+يا جماعة وليس شكلا ووطنيته ليس شكلا دعوك من الشكل 
+
+332
+00:36:19,530 --> 00:36:25,780
+ما نحكم على الإنسان من شكله ولا من مظاهره مظاهر
+
+333
+00:36:25,780 --> 00:36:30,360
+الشباب مظاهر عصرية لكنهم يحملون قلوبا نادية و
+
+334
+00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:36,440
+أخلاقا ذكية ومروئة ��ا تحملها مروئات الكثير من 
+
+335
+00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:43,280
+أصحاب اللحية وأصحاب الجلباب القصيرة ليست قضية شكل
+
+336
+00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:49,880
+ومنظر قضية مخلوقة قضية فؤاد وقضية تربية وقضية معاني
+
+337
+00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:56,000
+داخلية ونماها الندى ذكتها الأخلاق الذكية فهي نفس
+
+338
+00:36:56,000 --> 00:37:02,620
+ذكية ودّوم ذكي وقبل
+
+339
+00:37:02,620 --> 00:37:10,220
+شهيدا على أرضها على أرض القدس دعا باسمها الله إذا 
+
+340
+00:37:10,220 --> 00:37:17,390
+غايته من؟ غايته الله واستشهد .. لا يرجو شيئا من
+
+341
+00:37:17,390 --> 00:37:21,550
+الدنيا لا يرجو شيئا من الدنيا
+
+342
+00:37:41,210 --> 00:37:48,110
+فلسطين يفدي حماك الشباب لماذا الشباب؟ أيتها
+
+343
+00:37:48,110 --> 00:37:52,390
+الشابات لماذا
+
+344
+00:37:52,390 --> 00:37:58,390
+الشباب؟ قوة الأمة وقوة المستقبل الرسول صلى الله 
+
+345
+00:37:58,390 --> 00:38:03,670
+عليه وسلم بحكي نصرت بالسلم نعم دائما الذي ينهض 
+
+346
+00:38:03,670 --> 00:38:07,510
+ بالأمم هم الشباب والشابات والفتية والفتيان و
+
+347
+00:38:07,510 --> 00:38:11,920
+الفتيات وليس كبار السن ولا الأطفال هؤلاء قوة الأمة
+
+348
+00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:16,980
+الحقيقية الشباب واليوم الذي يخوض المعركة في فلسطين
+
+349
+00:38:16,980 --> 00:38:24,380
+الشباب والشابات والفتيان والفتيات وجلة الفدائي
+
+350
+00:38:24,380 --> 00:38:30,680
+والمفتدى جلة عظمة بوركة بوركة فلسطين وبوركة 
+
+351
+00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:33,120
+الفدائي الذي يضحي من أجل فلسطين 
+
+352
+00:38:36,830 --> 00:38:43,870
+فلسطين يا فلسطين تحميك من الصدور لماذا الصدور؟ 
+
+353
+00:38:43,870 --> 00:38:51,070
+لماذا الصدور؟ المواجهة وليس الفرار المواجهة وجه
+
+354
+00:38:51,070 --> 00:38:55,350
+لوجه فإما 
+
+355
+00:38:55,350 --> 00:39:00,510
+الحياة الكريمة وإما
+
+356
+00:39:00,510 --> 00:39:01,670
+الموت الكريم
+
+357
+00:39:04,710 --> 00:39:13,730
+هل هناك من خيار ثالث لا خيار ثالث للعرب وللمسلمين
+
+358
+00:39:13,730 --> 00:39:17,730
+في
+
+359
+00:39:17,730 --> 00:39:23,090
+بيت جميل عندما يقول ففتش على مهجة حرة فتش
+
+360
+00:39:29,910 --> 00:39:34,270
+وهذه المهجة الحرة والنفس الحرة والأبية الكريمة
+
+361
+00:39:34,270 --> 00:39:43,410
+والعزيزة أبت من الإباء والرفض أن
+
+362
+00:39:43,410 --> 00:39:51,750
+يمر عليها العداء وهذه 
+
+363
+00:39:51,750 --> 00:39:57,010
+المهجة الحرة هي التي بها تنتصر الأمم
+
+364
+00:40:00,910 --> 00:40:07,730
+وتتحرر الأوطان أما النفس الخانعة النفس المستكينة
+
+365
+00:40:07,730 --> 00:40:14,490
+المستسلمة الذليلة فهي التي يمر عليها العدو وتمر 
+
+366
+00:40:14,490 --> 00:40:21,850
+مخططات العدو على هذه النفس المستكينة النفس الذليلة
+
+367
+00:40:21,850 --> 00:40:29,390
+انظروا 
+
+368
+00:40:32,610 --> 00:40:40,870
+القصيدة لم تكن طويلة كم بيتا القصيدة؟ 16 يعني في
+
+369
+00:40:40,870 --> 00:40:47,090
+هذا الحد طب لماذا الشاعر اختار أن تكون قصيدته
+
+370
+00:40:49,690 --> 00:40:54,090
+بهذه المساحة وبهذه المسافة هذه الأبيات القصيرة
+
+371
+00:40:54,090 --> 00:41:02,090
+لماذا اختار الشاعر أن تكون بهذا يعني المدى أو 
+
+372
+00:41:02,090 --> 00:41:16,930
+الحيز الكتابي القصير أراد
+
+373
+00:41:16,930 --> 00:41:23,100
+أن تكون قصيدة شعبية متداولة بين الناس وبين الأجيال
+
+374
+00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:30,180
+لأن طول القصيدة ينسي بعضها ببعض فأراد أن تكون قصيرة
+
+375
+00:41:30,180 --> 00:41:35,300
+مركزة مكثفة يوصل من خلالها رسالة قومية ورسالة
+
+376
+00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:43,260
+إسلامية ورسالة وطنية للإنسان العربي ولذلك 
+
+377
+00:41:43,260 --> 00:41:46,140
+هذه الرسالة ليست عامة رسالة خاصة
+
+378
+00:41:53,450 --> 00:41:59,870
+واضح رسالة لمن موجهها كم مرة كررت كلمة أخي في 
+
+379
+00:41:59,870 --> 00:42:03,810
+القصيدة أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي ..
+
+380
+00:42:03,810 --> 00:42:06,310
+أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي ..
+
+381
+00:42:06,310 --> 00:42:06,770
+أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي ..
+
+382
+00:42:06,770 --> 00:42:10,950
+أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي ..
+
+383
+00:42:10,950 --> 00:42:11,870
+أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي ..
+
+384
+00:42:11,870 --> 00:42:18,550
+أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أخي .. أ
+
+385
+00:42:19,570 --> 00:42:23,690
+في نفس العربي وعند العربي استثمار هذه المفردة
+
+386
+00:42:23,690 --> 00:42:39,250
+لاحظ 
+
+387
+00:42:39,250 --> 00:42:41,390
+بدأت بالنداء وانتهت بالنداء
+
+388
+00:42:46,350 --> 00:43:00,570
+ولاحظوا غلبت الأسلوب الإنشاء على القصيدة كم 
+
+389
+00:43:00,570 --> 00:43:09,470
+مرة ورد النداء في القصيدة؟ كم مرة ورد النداء؟
+
+390
+00:43:09,470 --> 00:43:18,560
+حوالي تسعة مرات حوالي تسعة مرات عدد كبير طب استفهام
+
+391
+00:43:18,560 --> 00:43:26,520
+.. الاستفهام حتى
+
+392
+00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:33,700
+أكثر من تسعة، يمكن عشرة لأنه أخي أيها العربي، هيضن
+
+393
+00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:42,640
+ده يا أيها العربي الاستفهام كم مرة؟ مرة واحدة؟
+
+394
+00:43:42,640 --> 00:43:44,760
+الأمر
+
+395
+00:43:46,040 --> 00:43:55,720
+الأمر فعل الأمر فجرد 
+
+396
+00:43:55,720 --> 00:43:59,920
+قم
+
+397
+00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:05,380
+قم فتش
+
+398
+00:44:05,380 --> 00:44:13,100
+خذ قبل خذ قبل سبعة 
+
+399
+00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:25,200
+ولا خمسة؟ خمس خمس مرات خمس خمس مرات خمس خمس مرات 
+
+400
+00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:27,640
+خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس
+
+401
+00:44:27,640 --> 00:44:27,700
+خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس
+
+402
+00:44:27,700 --> 00:44:28,060
+خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس
+
+403
+00:44:28,060 --> 00:44:44,740
+خمس خمس خمس خمس خمس خم
+
+404
+00:44:48,010 --> 00:44:54,590
+يتضح التفاعل الشديد والتواصل الشديد بين ال .. بين 
+
+405
+00:44:54,590 --> 00:45:00,990
+النص وبين المتلقي بين النص وبين المتلقي عبر تكثيف 
+
+406
+00:45:00,990 --> 00:45:05,970
+أساليب
+
+407
+00:45:05,970 --> 00:45:09,150
+الإنشاء .. قنوات الإنشاء قنوات الإنشاء هي قنوات 
+
+408
+00:45:09,150 --> 00:45:15,910
+اتصال قنوات الإنشاء هي قنوات اتصال النداء والأمر
+
+409
+00:45:15,910 --> 00:45:22,330
+والاستفهام وقلنا لكم قبل ذلك أن الأمر يحمل .. يحمل 
+
+410
+00:45:22,330 --> 00:45:29,140
+تواصل، يحمل رسالة صريحة للمتلقي هذه قضية الأمة يجب 
+
+411
+00:45:29,140 --> 00:45:35,240
+أن يكون هناك رسالة توجه للإنسان العربي قبل فوات 
+
+412
+00:45:35,240 --> 00:45:39,760
+الأوان قبل فوات الأوان هل قصيدة تمتلك رؤية ولا لا
+
+413
+00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:45,240
+تمتلك رؤية؟ هل قصيدة عبارة عن صوت حماسي ولا تمتلك 
+
+414
+00:45:45,240 --> 00:45:50,680
+رؤية؟ رؤية لحفاظ على فلسطين ورؤية لتحرير فلسطين 
+
+415
+00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:55,930
+تمتلك ولا لا تمتلك؟ تمتلك رؤية واضح جدا أنها تمتلك
+
+416
+00:45:55,930 --> 00:46:01,830
+رؤية هذا النص أو هذه القصيدة ليست صوتا حماسيا فقط
+
+417
+00:46:01,830 --> 00:46:07,430
+يمتلك الشاعر الشاب علي محمود طه رؤية وشاعر يترجم 
+
+418
+00:46:07,430 --> 00:46:11,810
+عن ضمير الجماهير رؤية الشاعر هي رؤية الجماهير
+
+419
+00:46:11,810 --> 00:46:16,450
+العربية التي لم تفسدها السياسة ولا تحليلات
+
+420
+00:46:16,450 --> 00:46:23,590
+السياسيين ولا الحزبيين إنما هي تحليلات بريئة صافية 
+
+421
+00:46:23,590 --> 00:46:29,750
+صادقة بعيدة عن التحذيب وبعيدة عن التجلية والتزييف
+
+422
+00:46:29,750 --> 00:46:34,770
+والتزوير فالشاعر ينطق عن ضمير الأمة وضمير
+
+423
+00:46:34,770 --> 00:46:39,450
+الجماهير العربية والجماهير الإسلامية لذلك هذا النص
+
+424
+00:46:39,450 --> 00:46:47,230
+إلى الآن ما زال يتداول وما زال سوقه قائم في أوساط
+
+425
+00:46:47,230 --> 00:46:54,430
+الجماهير والشباب العرب بإذن الله المرة القادمة نقف
+
+426
+00:46:54,430 --> 00:47:04,070
+على قراءة في بناء و لغة و موسيقى هذا النص والسلام 
+
+427
+00:47:04,070 --> 00:47:06,370
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/8xiXEVJlwrs_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1416 @@
+1
+00:00:21,350 --> 00:00:23,790
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,790 --> 00:00:26,970
+الرحيم الحمد لله الصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:26,970 --> 00:00:34,670
+اتحدثنا في المحاضرة السابقة اطارا عاما عن المصاق
+
+4
+00:00:34,670 --> 00:00:40,480
+اتحدثنا عن مضمون المصاق ثم اتحدثنا عن أهدافدراسة
+
+5
+00:00:40,480 --> 00:00:44,220
+المصاق أو تدريس المصاق، ثم تحدثنا عن محتويات
+
+6
+00:00:44,220 --> 00:00:48,580
+المصاق تفصيلا، أسبوعا و أسبوعا، ثم تحدثنا عن
+
+7
+00:00:48,580 --> 00:00:53,960
+متطلبات دراسة المصاق، ثم تحدثنا كذلك عن توزيع
+
+8
+00:00:53,960 --> 00:00:58,220
+الدرجات أو ما يسمى بالتقييم، ثم تحدثنا عن ما هو
+
+9
+00:00:58,220 --> 00:01:05,180
+المراجعةاليوم بإذن الله سنتحدث عن تقدمة تاريخية
+
+10
+00:01:05,180 --> 00:01:11,140
+تتناول أمرين الأمر الأول تحرير المصطلح مصطلح الأدب
+
+11
+00:01:11,140 --> 00:01:16,260
+الحديث ثانياً نتحدث عن الظروف الاجتماعية والثقافية
+
+12
+00:01:16,260 --> 00:01:20,720
+التي كونت هذه التيارات أو هذه المدارس الأدبية
+
+13
+00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:29,300
+الحديثة تقدمة تاريخية كما قلنا حولالأدب العربي
+
+14
+00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:37,680
+الحديث ومدارسه تحرير المصطلح كلمة تحرير تفيد ماذا؟
+
+15
+00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:43,800
+لما نقول تحرير تحرير يعني أن هناك خلاف في الأمر أو
+
+16
+00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:49,520
+خلاف حول مسألة ما نريد أن نحرر الخلاف حولها أين
+
+17
+00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:59,310
+يكمن هذا الخلاف؟ انظروا الأدب العربي الحديثالأدب
+
+18
+00:01:59,310 --> 00:02:05,390
+العربي في القرن العشرين الأدب العربي المعاصر أدب
+
+19
+00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:08,550
+النهضة عندما نقول الأدب العربي الحديث
+
+20
+00:02:11,220 --> 00:02:16,160
+كلمة حديثة ورجعنا إلى القاموس أو إلى المُعجَم سنجد
+
+21
+00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:20,500
+الحديث هو ضد القديم حديث يعني جديد الحديث يعني
+
+22
+00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:24,780
+اللي هو الجديد فعندما نقول الأدب العربي الحديث
+
+23
+00:02:24,780 --> 00:02:31,160
+نقصد به أولا الدلالة الزمنية الدلالة الزمنية أي
+
+24
+00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:37,180
+أنه الأقرب إلينا زمنا الأحدث إلينا زمنا وهو ضد
+
+25
+00:02:37,180 --> 00:02:43,390
+القديموكذلك عندما نقول حديثا أدب حديث نقصد به
+
+26
+00:02:43,390 --> 00:02:50,710
+الدلالة الفنية أي أن به قيمة فنية لم توجد في الأدب
+
+27
+00:02:50,710 --> 00:02:55,730
+المنصرم أو الذي سبقه إذا هناك دلالتان الدلالة
+
+28
+00:02:55,730 --> 00:03:00,170
+الزمنية الأدب الحديث الأقرب إلينا زمنا والدلالة
+
+29
+00:03:00,170 --> 00:03:07,800
+الفنية أي أن به قيم فنية به فنونبيه تقانات لم تكن
+
+30
+00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:16,100
+موجودة في الأدب الذي سبقه أدب عربي حديث إحنا إنتوا
+
+31
+00:03:16,100 --> 00:03:19,580
+عندما سجلتوا المادة في الجامعة الإسلامية سجلتوها
+
+32
+00:03:19,580 --> 00:03:25,060
+باسم ماذا؟ أدب عربي عنه زملاءنا في جامعة الأزهر
+
+33
+00:03:25,060 --> 00:03:30,580
+الكتاب الذي يدرسونه اسمه الأدب في القرن العشرينفي
+
+34
+00:03:30,580 --> 00:03:34,700
+القرن العشرين ما أطلقوا عليه الأدب الحديد أطلقوا
+
+35
+00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:36,420
+الأدب في القرن العشرين
+
+36
+00:03:38,830 --> 00:03:43,430
+لماذا أطلق قوانين أدب في القرن العشرين؟ لأن لفظ
+
+37
+00:03:43,430 --> 00:03:48,390
+الحديث أو مصطلح الحديث يمكن أن يرتبط بدلالي زمانية
+
+38
+00:03:48,390 --> 00:03:53,810
+وزمانيا يسير إلى الأمام ويتطور إلى الأمام فلا يعقل
+
+39
+00:03:53,810 --> 00:03:58,330
+أن نبقى نقول حديثا بعد 100 سنة بعد 150 سنة بعد 200
+
+40
+00:03:58,330 --> 00:04:02,830
+سنة نظل نقول اللي هو أدب حديث لذلك استعملوا الأدب
+
+41
+00:04:02,830 --> 00:04:07,370
+العربي في القرن العشرين لكن هذا عليه مأخذلما نقول
+
+42
+00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:10,230
+أدب في القرن العربي والأدب العربي في القرن العشرين
+
+43
+00:04:10,230 --> 00:04:16,030
+لنا عليه بعض المآخذ احنا قولنا الأدب العربي الحديث
+
+44
+00:04:16,030 --> 00:04:23,930
+الذي يؤرخ من 1850 إلى 1948 صحيح؟ بيرخلنا الزمن من
+
+45
+00:04:23,930 --> 00:04:29,650
+1850 إلى 1908 بحوالي 100 عام طب لما نقول أدب في
+
+46
+00:04:29,650 --> 00:04:35,330
+القرن العشرين أين ذهبت ال 50 سنة؟لا يغطي هذا
+
+47
+00:04:35,330 --> 00:04:40,390
+الأدب، الأدب بدأ في منتصف القرن التاسع عشرثم إذا
+
+48
+00:04:40,390 --> 00:04:43,410
+قولنا الأدب في القرن العشرين دخلنا المعاصر والحديث
+
+49
+00:04:43,410 --> 00:04:47,650
+مع بعضهم البعض أصبح عندنا الحديث والمعاصر عبارة عن
+
+50
+00:04:47,650 --> 00:04:51,370
+قرن واحد وعبارة عن عصر واحد ولذلك نحتاج أن نقول
+
+51
+00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:57,070
+الأدب في القرون التاسع عشر والعشرين والواحد عشرين
+
+52
+00:04:57,070 --> 00:05:01,210
+دخلنا في القرن الواحد والعشرين إذا هناك إشكال في
+
+53
+00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:04,410
+استخدام هذا المصطلح أو الأدب في القرن اللي هو
+
+54
+00:05:04,410 --> 00:05:09,920
+العشرين الأدب العربي المعاصر يعني شوق ضيف مثلالم
+
+55
+00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:14,620
+يستخدم الحديث عندما جاء يكتب عن الأدب الحديث قال
+
+56
+00:05:14,620 --> 00:05:19,640
+دراسات في الشعر العربي المعاصر دراسات في الشعر
+
+57
+00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:24,380
+العربي المعاصر وقصد ماذا؟ قصد مين؟ قصد الحديث أنه
+
+58
+00:05:24,380 --> 00:05:27,700
+اتحدث عن البارودي واتحدث عن الشوقي واتحدث عن
+
+59
+00:05:27,700 --> 00:05:31,060
+ميخهير نعيمة واتحدث عن نسيب عريضة واتحدث عن الياسب
+
+60
+00:05:31,060 --> 00:05:34,140
+وشبكة يبقى هو قال دراسات في الشعر العربي المعاصر
+
+61
+00:05:34,140 --> 00:05:40,030
+وقصد ماذا الحديث يبقى عن شوق ضيف المعاصريساوي
+
+62
+00:05:40,030 --> 00:05:46,330
+ماذا؟ يساوي الحديد كذلك سامل كيالي الأديب السوري
+
+63
+00:05:46,330 --> 00:05:50,270
+أو الكاتب السوري عندما كتب الشعر العربي المعاصر في
+
+64
+00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:58,230
+سوريا كتب من 1850 إلى 1950 يبقى سماه هذا ماذا؟
+
+65
+00:05:58,230 --> 00:06:05,330
+سماه إيه؟ سماه المعاصر سماه اللي هو المعاصراه إذا
+
+66
+00:06:05,330 --> 00:06:09,630
+شوق ضيف لم يميز بين المعاصر والحديث وسام الكيالي
+
+67
+00:06:09,630 --> 00:06:13,850
+لم يميز بين المعاصر والحديث لكن الدكتور خليل
+
+68
+00:06:13,850 --> 00:06:18,910
+الموسى من الأردن عندما جاء يكتب كتابا قال قراءات
+
+69
+00:06:18,910 --> 00:06:23,920
+في الشعر العربي الحديث والمعاصرخليل الموسى قال
+
+70
+00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:31,820
+قراءة الشعر الحديث والمعاصر يبقى فصلة بين الحديث
+
+71
+00:06:31,820 --> 00:06:38,180
+وبين المعاصر لكن
+
+72
+00:06:38,180 --> 00:06:43,280
+المعاصر من أقرب إلينا زمنا الحديث ولا المعاصر من
+
+73
+00:06:43,280 --> 00:06:48,360
+الأقرب زمن إلينا المعاصر هو الأقرب زمنا لما نقول
+
+74
+00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:55,310
+شاعر معاصر ماذا نقصد بشاعر معاصريعني يعيشوا في
+
+75
+00:06:55,310 --> 00:06:59,930
+زمننا وفي عصرنا لما أقول حدث المعاصر يعني حدث في
+
+76
+00:06:59,930 --> 00:07:05,090
+زمننا وفي عصرنا لما أقول شعر معاصر يعني عصرنا
+
+77
+00:07:05,090 --> 00:07:10,270
+رأينا سمعنا منهم لذلك المعاصر أقرب إلينا من اللي
+
+78
+00:07:10,270 --> 00:07:17,760
+هو الهدي الشعر العربي المعاصربعض الدارسين أراد بيه
+
+79
+00:07:17,760 --> 00:07:22,140
+شعرا من لول معين يعني إذا قرأتم كتاب الدكتور عزيزي
+
+80
+00:07:22,140 --> 00:07:26,940
+الدي نسمعين الشعر العربي المعاصر قصد بيه شعر
+
+81
+00:07:26,940 --> 00:07:37,940
+التفعيلة قصد بيه شعر إيه؟ شعر التفعيلة شعر
+
+82
+00:07:37,940 --> 00:07:42,480
+التفعيلةوالشعر العراقية نازك الملاكة عندما كتبت
+
+83
+00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:47,600
+كتابة عن الشعر التفعيلة أطلقت عليه الشعر المعاصر
+
+84
+00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:52,200
+قرأت قضايا في الشعر المعاصر قرأت قضايا في الشعر
+
+85
+00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:58,180
+المعاصر إذا الزدين اسمعين ونازك الملاكة قصدوا
+
+86
+00:07:58,180 --> 00:08:04,920
+بالشعر المعاصر ماذا؟ شعر التفعيلة شوق ضيف والكيالي
+
+87
+00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:10,590
+لم يميزوا بين الحديث والمعاصرخليل الموسى من الأردن
+
+88
+00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:15,110
+ميزة بين الحديث والمعاصر اعتبر أن الحديث الذي يقف
+
+89
+00:08:15,110 --> 00:08:22,210
+عند 1948 والمعاصر ما بعد 1948 الحديث اللي بيقف عند
+
+90
+00:08:22,210 --> 00:08:30,670
+1948 والمعاصر ما بعد 1950 و 1948 وهذا النظام تسير
+
+91
+00:08:30,670 --> 00:08:37,050
+عليه اللي هو الجامعة الإسلامية أدب
+
+92
+00:08:37,050 --> 00:08:43,910
+النهضةطب أنا دا أريد أن أسألكم سؤالة ماذا يعني أن
+
+93
+00:08:43,910 --> 00:08:49,190
+نجد بعض الدارسين يطلق على هذه الحقبة الأدبية أدب
+
+94
+00:08:49,190 --> 00:08:55,010
+عربي حديث و أدب عربي في القرن العشرين و أدب عربي
+
+95
+00:08:55,010 --> 00:09:01,750
+معاصر و أدب نهضة على ماذا يدل ذلك؟ على ماذا يدل
+
+96
+00:09:01,750 --> 00:09:09,660
+ذلك؟ لما يكون التعدد التسميات على ماذا يدل؟عدم
+
+97
+00:09:09,660 --> 00:09:13,940
+وجود ..شيء يميز هذا العصر؟ عدم وجود جماعة عند
+
+98
+00:09:13,940 --> 00:09:16,660
+الدارسين، عدم وجود جماعة عند دارسين تسمية هذه
+
+99
+00:09:16,660 --> 00:09:21,180
+الحقبة الأدبية، ما .. لا يوجد جماعة، لذلك تعدد
+
+100
+00:09:21,180 --> 00:09:27,660
+التسميات والمصطلحات أنا أمين إلى مصطلح أدب النهضة،
+
+101
+00:09:27,660 --> 00:09:32,940
+أنا أمين إلى مصطلح أدب النهضة، ولعله الكتاب اللي
+
+102
+00:09:32,940 --> 00:09:38,550
+كتبنا اسمه ماذا؟دراستي في أدب اللي هو .. إيه
+
+103
+00:09:38,550 --> 00:09:46,550
+النهضة؟ طب لما أدب النهضة؟ لما أدب النهضة؟ سؤال
+
+104
+00:09:46,550 --> 00:09:52,750
+لأنه نهضة بالشعر من حالة الرداء إلى حالة الجودة
+
+105
+00:09:52,750 --> 00:09:55,870
+والرسالة آه جميل
+
+106
+00:09:59,180 --> 00:10:03,320
+ليه مانا أقعد بالنظر؟ هذه تسمية ماذا تفعل تحررنا
+
+107
+00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:08,030
+من إيه؟ من عقدة الزمنلا يكون عندنا حديث ومعاصر
+
+108
+00:10:08,030 --> 00:10:11,250
+حديث ومعاصر ده لالة زمانية احنا لقال نقول حديث
+
+109
+00:10:11,250 --> 00:10:15,270
+ونقول معاصر طب بعد 200 سنة ماذا يمكن أن نقول؟ هل
+
+110
+00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:19,530
+يجوز أن نقول عن شوقي وعن حفظ إبراهيم وعن البارودي
+
+111
+00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:24,070
+حديث؟ يعني نمكن لقال نقول حديث لكن بعد 100 سنة،
+
+112
+00:10:24,070 --> 00:10:28,550
+بعد 50 سنة هل يجوز أن نبقى نقول شعر حديث وأدب
+
+113
+00:10:28,550 --> 00:10:33,860
+حديث؟إذا هناك إشكال في التسمية من ناحية الدلال
+
+114
+00:10:33,860 --> 00:10:36,800
+الزمني عليها لكن لما أقول أدب النهضة تحررنا من
+
+115
+00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:44,120
+عقدة اللي هو الزمن اتنين تضمن تسمية مستقرة لهذه
+
+116
+00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:49,060
+الحقبة الأدبية أدب نهضة يبقى أدب نهضة لا نحتاج أن
+
+117
+00:10:49,060 --> 00:10:54,380
+أغير هذا المصطلح أو هذه التسمية بعد مدة من الزمن
+
+118
+00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:59,620
+يبقى ليه أدب النهضة؟تحررنا من عقدة الزمن، اتنين
+
+119
+00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:05,020
+تضمن تسمية مستقرة هناك أمر ثالث لم أشعر أن أكتبه
+
+120
+00:11:05,020 --> 00:11:11,080
+عندما نقول أدب النهضة كأننا نومع أن الأدب الذي سبق
+
+121
+00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:19,400
+ماذا كان حاله كان أدب جمود أو أدب ركود فنعطيه كذلك
+
+122
+00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:24,900
+صفة فنية أو نعطيه صفة أدبية
+
+123
+00:11:27,100 --> 00:11:31,360
+الذي يريد أن ننبه إليه أن هذه التسميات هي اجتهادات
+
+124
+00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:35,600
+دارسين لا نستطيع أن نقطع و أن نجزم بأن هذا أد��
+
+125
+00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:40,020
+نهضة لما أقول أدب نهضة اجتهاد دارس و باحث ليس
+
+126
+00:11:40,020 --> 00:11:42,540
+العمر على القطع ولا على الجزم أطلاقا
+
+127
+00:11:45,390 --> 00:11:49,610
+ولو قلنا أدب حديث صحيح ولو قلنا أدب معاصر صحيح ولو
+
+128
+00:11:49,610 --> 00:11:53,190
+قلنا أدب في القرن العشرين صحيح ولو قلنا أدب النهضة
+
+129
+00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:57,290
+أيه صحيح لكن أنا أميل إلى استعمال اللي هو أدب اللي
+
+130
+00:11:57,290 --> 00:12:01,490
+هو النهضة لما ذكرت له من الأسباب
+
+131
+00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:10,780
+ما هو حال الأدب ما قبل أنهضة أو ما قبل عصر له
+
+132
+00:12:10,780 --> 00:12:18,300
+أنهضة دعونا نقرأ يعني ماذا كتب أولئك الدارسون
+
+133
+00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:25,380
+والكتاب في تعريفهم أو في وصفهم لأدب ذلك اللي هو
+
+134
+00:12:25,380 --> 00:12:31,900
+العهد عباس العقد كان قريبا من ذلك العصر كان قريبا
+
+135
+00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:39,320
+واطلع على شيء من إنتاجهم ومن شعرهم وما أنتجته
+
+136
+00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:46,720
+قريحتهم فماذا قال العقاد عن هذا الأدب؟ اتفضل وكان
+
+137
+00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:51,340
+آية الآيات على نبوغ الكاتب أو الشاعر أن يوفق إلى
+
+138
+00:12:51,340 --> 00:13:00,820
+جملة مستوية النسق مستوية شكل شكل شكل جميل مستوين
+
+139
+00:13:01,610 --> 00:13:08,770
+مرتب، منظم أو بيت .. أو بيت سائغ الجرس الجرس ما هو
+
+140
+00:13:08,770 --> 00:13:14,930
+الجرس؟ صوت الحرق يعني له دندنة يجب البيت يقول له
+
+141
+00:13:14,930 --> 00:13:21,430
+ايه؟ له دندنة وله نغمة فيسير سير الأمثال وتستعذبه
+
+142
+00:13:21,430 --> 00:13:26,290
+الأفواه الأفواه طب ليه هو قال الأفواه لم يقول
+
+143
+00:13:26,290 --> 00:13:32,250
+القلوب؟ ليه مقال القلوب؟ ليه قال الأفواه؟لأنه
+
+144
+00:13:32,250 --> 00:13:36,210
+بالأول يقرأ لأنه
+
+145
+00:13:36,210 --> 00:13:43,790
+أدب لساني لأنه أدب لسانيلا يؤثر في مشاعر الإنسان
+
+146
+00:13:43,790 --> 00:13:49,470
+لا يحتوى على قيم من قيم اللي هو الصدق الصدق
+
+147
+00:13:49,470 --> 00:13:53,110
+الإحساس أو الصدق اللي هو الشعور يعني هو يخرجوا من
+
+148
+00:13:53,110 --> 00:13:59,430
+اللسان ولا يجاوزوا الأذان لسهولة مجراه على اللسان
+
+149
+00:13:59,430 --> 00:14:04,010
+وكان سبك الحروف سبك الحروف أيه سبكها يعني نظمها مع
+
+150
+00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:09,460
+بعضها البعضوكان سبك الحروف وتراسف الكلمات ومرونة
+
+151
+00:14:09,460 --> 00:14:14,960
+اللغة أصعب ما يعانيه أدباء ذلك العقل حسنتى طب ماذا
+
+152
+00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:18,600
+نفه من كلام العقل أنه أدب ذلك العقل ماذا كان صفته
+
+153
+00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:24,040
+أدبه ماذا لفظى أدب لفظى أدب شكلى لا يهتم بالمعنى
+
+154
+00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:30,560
+لا يهتم بالمعنى لا يهتم بالحسيس أدب لفظى ما فيه
+
+155
+00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:36,200
+حياة ما فيه ماء يقال شعر لا ماء فيهإيه يعني لا ماء
+
+156
+00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:41,060
+فيه؟ يعني لا روح، لا حياة، لا عاطفة، مجرد كلمات،
+
+157
+00:14:41,060 --> 00:14:46,380
+عرائس من بلاستيك، ما فيه حياة، ما فيه له روح طب
+
+158
+00:14:46,380 --> 00:14:51,680
+ممكن يعني البعض كلك العقاد متحمل على ذلك الأهد نرى
+
+159
+00:14:51,680 --> 00:14:57,420
+يعني دارسا أخر من خييل وعيمة وأيضا من الذين عاشوا
+
+160
+00:14:57,420 --> 00:15:04,140
+تلك الحقوقالعقاد من مصر بخيله عيما من لبنان وعاش
+
+161
+00:15:04,140 --> 00:15:19,600
+في المعجر الشمالي اتفضل يا تمام فشاعرهم من اذا
+
+162
+00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:24,500
+نظم لم يخل بتفصيل ولم يتعدى الروي الواحد ولم يختر
+
+163
+00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:29,690
+من المفادات الا ما اشكلتهممفردات ماشكلة يعني يختار
+
+164
+00:15:29,690 --> 00:15:38,250
+المفردات الحوشية والغريبة كأن الشعر معرض للغة يعرض
+
+165
+00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:42,390
+فيه اللي هي الفاظ اللغة الغريبة وإذا أبدأ عناية
+
+166
+00:15:42,390 --> 00:15:48,280
+خاصة بسقل أبياده وتنصيق قوافلسقل قريب من كلام
+
+167
+00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:52,880
+العقاد سقل أبياته تنصيق القوافي نعم و أكثر من
+
+168
+00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:57,400
+الاستعارات البالية والمجازات المألوفة ماذا نقصد
+
+169
+00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,920
+بالاستعارات البالية والمجازات المألوفة ماذا يقصد
+
+170
+00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:06,600
+مخيل وعيمة استعارات البالية المتكررة مكرورة التي
+
+171
+00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,620
+ضجرنا من سماعها وملت الأذن العربية من سماعها لا
+
+172
+00:16:10,620 --> 00:16:16,470
+جديد فيهافلان كالأسد كالبحر كالسيف تشبيهات
+
+173
+00:16:16,470 --> 00:16:21,430
+واستعارات هي هي لم تتغير وليس فيها مضامين جديدة
+
+174
+00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:26,190
+ولا دلالات جديدة ولا قيم جديدة نعم والتشابيه
+
+175
+00:16:26,190 --> 00:16:30,730
+والتشابيه العوجاء والتوريات الخلقاء فهو أمير
+
+176
+00:16:30,730 --> 00:16:34,130
+الأمراء بالامراء أمير الشعراء أمير الشعراء
+
+177
+00:16:34,130 --> 00:16:38,890
+بالامراء لاحظوا كلام ميخايل وعيمة في نوع من الحدة
+
+178
+00:16:38,890 --> 00:16:46,680
+والقصوى أكثرالكلام العقاد لكن هل يبتعد كلام نعيم
+
+179
+00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:50,860
+عن كلام العقاد؟ لا يبتعد هو قريب يدور في نفس اللي
+
+180
+00:16:50,860 --> 00:16:55,160
+هو .. إيه ده يعني؟ نقرأ ماذا يقول اللي هو كاتب
+
+181
+00:16:55,160 --> 00:16:59,380
+جديد وهو سام الكيالي من سوريا سام الكيالي من
+
+182
+00:16:59,380 --> 00:17:03,720
+سوريا، أيوة، افضليه وحين نقرأ الأدب الذي تركه
+
+183
+00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,120
+أدباء العصر المنصرم ما المقصود بالمنصرم؟ الناضة
+
+184
+00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:11,500
+يعني ما قبل الناضة، ما قبل الناضة، أيوة؟نقرأ
+
+185
+00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:16,860
+ألوانا من أدب ضعيف مهلهل ضعيف مهلهل لاحظوا هذا
+
+186
+00:17:16,860 --> 00:17:21,500
+يعني سام الكيالي كان أكثر دقة و أكثر جرأة في وصف
+
+187
+00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:26,780
+هذا الأدب يبتسم بالمحاكا والتقليد محاكا و تقليد
+
+188
+00:17:26,780 --> 00:17:34,040
+محاكا و تقليد يعني لا تجديدة فيه لا يخرج في مضمونه
+
+189
+00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:38,580
+عن المدح والعفاء والتهاني ولا شيء غير هذه الألوان
+
+190
+00:17:39,660 --> 00:17:44,560
+الذي دفع الكيالي أن يقول هذا الكلام أن بعض الشعراء
+
+191
+00:17:44,560 --> 00:17:52,560
+في ذاك العهد كانت أمنيته أن يلتحق بثري أو تاجر أو
+
+192
+00:17:52,560 --> 00:18:01,740
+أمير أو غني فيصبح خادما لهذا الثري يدور شعره كله
+
+193
+00:18:01,740 --> 00:18:09,590
+حول حياة هذا الثري إذا بنى بيت يمدحه بقصيدةإذا
+
+194
+00:18:09,590 --> 00:18:20,450
+أنجب ولدا يهنئه ويمدح الوالد والمولود إذا دع الناس
+
+195
+00:18:20,450 --> 00:18:26,110
+إلى معدبة فإنه يصف هذه المعدبة ويمدح هذا الداعي
+
+196
+00:18:26,110 --> 00:18:35,390
+ويمدح المدعوينوإذا افتتح مشفى أو عيادة أو مدرسة أو
+
+197
+00:18:35,390 --> 00:18:42,030
+ذهب إلى المزج أو راح من المزج فيمدحه بقصيده هل
+
+198
+00:18:42,030 --> 00:18:50,400
+عقلا يكون هذا شعر يعني شعر فيه خلود فيه نبلونفيه
+
+199
+00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:56,920
+يدور حول المجتمع العربي حول الإنسان العربي مثل هذا
+
+200
+00:18:56,920 --> 00:19:01,760
+الشعر لا يمكن أن يخلد لأنه يدور في دائرة ضيقة من
+
+201
+00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:08,360
+الأغراض لذلك الكيالي عندما قرأ ذلك الشعر قال قولته
+
+202
+00:19:08,360 --> 00:19:16,960
+لا يخرج في مضمونه عن المدح والرفاق والتهاني شعر
+
+203
+00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:25,510
+مناسباتالشاعر عندهم موظف او كان موظف انما يقول من
+
+204
+00:19:25,510 --> 00:19:34,170
+أجل ماذا؟ يقول من أجل المال او من أجل الأعطية من
+
+205
+00:19:34,170 --> 00:19:36,890
+باب الإنصاف نقول
+
+206
+00:19:38,670 --> 00:19:43,930
+أن بعض الدالسين ومنهم أستاذنا و أستاذ الدكتور نبيل
+
+207
+00:19:43,930 --> 00:19:50,530
+أبو علي يرى بأن بعض شعراء هذه الحقبة، حقبة الأدب
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+208
+00:19:50,530 --> 00:19:55,850
+الحديث مثل الشاعر البارودي وشوقي أنهم شعراء
+
+209
+00:19:55,850 --> 00:20:02,790
+عثمانيون هؤلاء شعراء يعنتمون للحقبة العثمانية
+
+210
+00:20:02,790 --> 00:20:07,070
+يعنتمون للحقبة العثمانية ويأتي على ذلك بجملة من
+
+211
+00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:07,610
+الأدلة
+
+212
+00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:17,670
+لكن ما قرأنا أغلب آراء الدارسين والكتاب مثل
+
+213
+00:20:17,670 --> 00:20:24,870
+الرافعي وفروخو جملة
+
+214
+00:20:24,870 --> 00:20:31,230
+من الدارسين المحدثين والمعاصرين يعني يميلون إلى أن
+
+215
+00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:38,010
+البارودي كان بداية عهد كان بداية عهد جديد في الأدب
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+216
+00:20:38,010 --> 00:20:43,590
+العربي وفي الشعر العربي فمن الظلم البين أن نسلكه
+
+217
+00:20:43,590 --> 00:20:47,850
+في شعر اللي هو العهد العثماني أو العهد اللي هو
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+218
+00:20:47,850 --> 00:20:56,540
+المملوكي أو عهد ما قبلهالنهضة لأن شعره حد فاصل بين
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+219
+00:20:56,540 --> 00:21:04,340
+عصرين وبين زمانين وبين تاريخيين إذا هناك يعني في
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+220
+00:21:04,340 --> 00:21:10,980
+الأمر رأيان ومع له كما قلنا جملة الدارسين أنهم
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+221
+00:21:10,980 --> 00:21:16,280
+يرون البرود رأس مدرسة وبداية مدرسة وليس انتدادا
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+222
+00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:20,520
+لمدرسة قديمة
+
+223
+00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:30,440
+أحد الباحثين كان
+
+224
+00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:37,230
+يقترح بعض التسمياتكاتب مغربي يرى بأنه يمكن أن نطلق
+
+225
+00:21:37,230 --> 00:21:43,470
+على هذا الأدب أدب يعني إلى عصر نكبة فلسطين أو إلى
+
+226
+00:21:43,470 --> 00:21:47,610
+ما قبل النكبة أو كذلك أدب القرن العشرين أو القرن
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+227
+00:21:47,610 --> 00:21:51,970
+التاسع عشر لكن كما قلنا فإن هذه تسميات لا تصح
+
+228
+00:21:51,970 --> 00:21:56,610
+لأنها تسميات زمانية وترتبط بالزمن والزمن يعني
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+229
+00:21:56,610 --> 00:22:03,530
+متغير لذلك أن ال ..قيمة الفنية يعني ثابتة أكثر من
+
+230
+00:22:03,530 --> 00:22:23,330
+القيمة الزمنية محمد
+
+231
+00:22:23,330 --> 00:22:28,370
+علي عندما جاء محمد علي باشا الذي حكم مصر جاء 1805
+
+232
+00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:28,990
+تقريبا
+
+233
+00:22:35,030 --> 00:22:42,290
+افتتحها أولا خمس مدارس ابتدائية خمس مدارس بقى كل
+
+234
+00:22:42,290 --> 00:22:48,770
+مصر كان فيها كام مدرسة؟ خمس مدارس من يدرس في هذه
+
+235
+00:22:48,770 --> 00:22:56,590
+المدارس؟ فقط من هم من غير المصريين يعني شركس،
+
+236
+00:22:56,590 --> 00:23:03,700
+أتراك، يونانالمهم أن لا يكون مصرية لذلك بنجد أن
+
+237
+00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:07,620
+أغلب رواد النهضة في البداية كانوا غير مصرية مثلا
+
+238
+00:23:07,620 --> 00:23:13,220
+البارودي كان أصله شركسي أحمد شوخي أصوله كردية
+
+239
+00:23:13,220 --> 00:23:17,940
+تركية لأنه كان ممنوع على المصري أن يدخل هذه
+
+240
+00:23:17,940 --> 00:23:24,780
+المدارس لماذا يجب أن يبقى المصري خادما أو مزارعا
+
+241
+00:23:24,780 --> 00:23:30,100
+أو جنديا في جيش محمد عليالدكتور إبراهيم اسعافين
+
+242
+00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:37,620
+رصد لنا في كتابه مدرسة الإحياء رصد لنا حال الثقافة
+
+243
+00:23:37,620 --> 00:23:43,380
+في ذلك العهد وحال الأدب ما هي المؤلفات التي كانت
+
+244
+00:23:43,380 --> 00:23:51,420
+كان يتداولها الأدباء أو المثقفون أو هوات القراءة
+
+245
+00:23:51,420 --> 00:23:59,300
+فقال في الدرجة الأولى كانكتب ودواوين وغزل أبي نواس
+
+246
+00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:09,200
+غزل أبي نواس أو قصيدة البردة للبوصيري تشطيرا
+
+247
+00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:13,970
+وتخميسا وشرحا كانت هذه ذاعتالصير حتى البعض كان
+
+248
+00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:18,350
+يتداوأ بها يعني البيت الأول بيقولك اه البيت الأول
+
+249
+00:24:18,350 --> 00:24:23,630
+يشرب مرض الفلاني البيت الثاني من المرض الفلاني هذا
+
+250
+00:24:23,630 --> 00:24:31,710
+بدل على الجهل الذي كان متفشيا في ذلك العهد أيضا
+
+251
+00:24:31,710 --> 00:24:38,910
+السيرة الشعبية سيرة عنطر بن شداد سيرة أبيزيد
+
+252
+00:24:38,910 --> 00:24:46,550
+الهلاليكان هناك كتابة مشهورا اسمه هز القحوف في شرح
+
+253
+00:24:46,550 --> 00:24:57,730
+قصيدة أبي شادوف هز القحوف في
+
+254
+00:24:57,730 --> 00:25:09,710
+شرح قصيدة أبي شادوف ما رأيكم في الإسم؟ما رأيكم في
+
+255
+00:25:09,710 --> 00:25:16,450
+هذا الاسم؟ في تكلف ولا مافي تكلف؟ في تكلف وفي
+
+256
+00:25:16,450 --> 00:25:21,270
+غرابة في استخدام القحوف هي جرائد النخيل القحوف
+
+257
+00:25:21,270 --> 00:25:28,030
+جرائد النخيل قولنا هناك كتاب كان مشهورا جدا اسمه
+
+258
+00:25:28,030 --> 00:25:33,470
+هز القحوف في شرح قصيدة أبي شادوف قولنا القحوف هو
+
+259
+00:25:33,470 --> 00:25:42,350
+جرائد النخيل أبو شادوف شاعرشعبي مصري كتب قصيدة
+
+260
+00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:48,250
+يسخر من الفلاح المصري لاعظه هذا الغرض يسخر من
+
+261
+00:25:48,250 --> 00:25:54,990
+الفلاح المصري من أكله من لباسه من شربه هذه القصيدة
+
+262
+00:25:54,990 --> 00:26:01,850
+كانت ذاعة الصيد حتى وجدنا من يعني ينهض بشرحها
+
+263
+00:26:01,850 --> 00:26:07,090
+للناس هل هذا غرض النبيلالسخري من الفلاح المصري،
+
+264
+00:26:07,090 --> 00:26:10,770
+هذا الإنسان البسيط، هل هذا غرض النبي؟ انظروا إلى
+
+265
+00:26:10,770 --> 00:26:15,310
+أي مستوى من الإسفاف بلغ ذاك الشعر، النسخرة من
+
+266
+00:26:15,310 --> 00:26:21,400
+الفلاح المصري، وأن تكون هذه القصيدةيعني متداولة
+
+267
+00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:27,480
+وذاعة الصيط بين أطياف وبين طبقات الشعب النصري هذا
+
+268
+00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:31,740
+يدل على الطبقية كذلك التي كان يعيش في ذلك المجتمع
+
+269
+00:26:31,740 --> 00:26:37,920
+إذا حال الثقافة كان حالا مزريا وحالة متردية هذه
+
+270
+00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:45,300
+الثقافة وهذا انعكس على الشعر فانحرفت ووصلت الشعر
+
+271
+00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:53,150
+إلى هذه الأغراض الضيقة والتافهةواللا إنسانية و
+
+272
+00:26:53,150 --> 00:26:58,950
+أصبحت صناعة الشعر أشبه بالكراريس والتمارين البلغية
+
+273
+00:26:58,950 --> 00:27:00,750
+والتمارين العروضية
+
+274
+00:27:02,650 --> 00:27:08,970
+ليس فيها روح ولا حياة ولا ماء حتى قيّض الله لهذا
+
+275
+00:27:08,970 --> 00:27:14,330
+الأدم و لهذه اللغة و لهذا الشعر الشاعر النصري
+
+276
+00:27:14,330 --> 00:27:19,410
+محمود سامي البارودي الذي ولد في منتصف القرن التاسع
+
+277
+00:27:19,410 --> 00:27:25,130
+عشر و بدأ يقول الشعر الف تمامية و سبعين بدأ ينظم
+
+278
+00:27:25,130 --> 00:27:29,910
+الشعرالشعر الذي بدأ ينظمه الشعر محمود سامي
+
+279
+00:27:29,910 --> 00:27:36,450
+البارودي شعر من نمط جديد من عالم جديد لا ينتمي
+
+280
+00:27:36,450 --> 00:27:42,790
+للعالم السابق ولا ينتمي للشعر السابق ولا للحقبة
+
+281
+00:27:42,790 --> 00:27:51,710
+السابقة هذا هذا الشاعر لم يقرأ في دواوين الشعراء
+
+282
+00:27:51,710 --> 00:27:59,510
+في عهده ولا في أصرهقرأ شعر الأولين والصابقين الشعر
+
+283
+00:27:59,510 --> 00:28:04,390
+الجاهلي الشعر الإسلامي أو الأمة والعباسي الشعر
+
+284
+00:28:04,390 --> 00:28:09,810
+الفاخر الألماط البيانية العالية الشعر المشرق
+
+285
+00:28:09,810 --> 00:28:15,370
+المضيء وكان يمتلك موهبة فاذة فاستطاع من خلال هذا
+
+286
+00:28:15,370 --> 00:28:21,070
+الموهبة التي امتلكها والغريزة الشعريةأن يهذّبها
+
+287
+00:28:21,070 --> 00:28:26,230
+وأن يسقلها بقراءة الأنماط البيانية العالية فأخرج
+
+288
+00:28:26,230 --> 00:28:33,610
+لنا شعرا جديدا شعرا جديدا هذا الشعر الجديد لا صلة
+
+289
+00:28:33,610 --> 00:28:43,730
+بينه وبين الشعر القديم ماذا يقول العقاج؟عن القفزة
+
+290
+00:28:43,730 --> 00:28:51,870
+والوثبة التي قفزها محمود سامي البارودي في الشعر
+
+291
+00:28:51,870 --> 00:28:56,990
+قراينا هذا ا��كلام؟ حيث وثب بالعبارة .. طبعا انا
+
+292
+00:28:56,990 --> 00:29:01,390
+بيتحدث عن man عن البارودي نعم أيوة حيث وثب
+
+293
+00:29:01,390 --> 00:29:05,450
+بالعبارة وثبة واحدة .. وثبة واحدة يعني بدون تمهيل
+
+294
+00:29:05,450 --> 00:29:10,990
+قفزة شعره كان قفزةقفزة في التجديد، وقفزة في
+
+295
+00:29:10,990 --> 00:29:15,770
+الإحياء، وقفزة في النهضة، قفزة وثبة واحدة، نعم من
+
+296
+00:29:15,770 --> 00:29:19,990
+طريق الضعف والركاكة إلى طريق الصحة والمتانة من
+
+297
+00:29:19,990 --> 00:29:24,110
+طريق الضعف والركاكة إلى طريق وين؟ الصحة والمتانة،
+
+298
+00:29:24,110 --> 00:29:29,130
+نعم وأوش كأن يرتفع هذا الارتفاع بلا تدرج ولا تمهيد
+
+299
+00:29:29,130 --> 00:29:37,680
+كأنه القمة الشاهقة التي تنبت فيهالتي تنبت في متون
+
+300
+00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:42,680
+الطوض الطوض يعني الجبل الجبل العالي الشامل فينقطع
+
+301
+00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:46,820
+بينها وبين ما قبلها ما قبلها انقطع اللي بينه وبينه
+
+302
+00:29:46,820 --> 00:29:51,340
+قبله ايه انقطع كان هو قمة شايقة على الطوض وغيره
+
+303
+00:29:51,340 --> 00:29:58,140
+كان اين؟ كانوا في الوديان نعم في المقفضات نعمطريق
+
+304
+00:29:58,140 --> 00:30:04,840
+الوصول إلا أن تستدير له من القمم التي تليها وتقرب
+
+305
+00:30:04,840 --> 00:30:12,780
+منها المحموسة أنه كان قمة شاهقة وهذه القمة لا
+
+306
+00:30:12,780 --> 00:30:17,080
+تستطيع أن تصل إليها إلا أن تستدير إليها من القمم
+
+307
+00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:24,620
+القريب هذا شهادة العقاد ما هو جديد البارودي برزت
+
+308
+00:30:24,620 --> 00:30:31,060
+شخصيته في شعرهوهذا يدل على كرامة الشاعر بدأ الشاعر
+
+309
+00:30:31,060 --> 00:30:38,500
+يشعر بشخصيته بكرامته بأن شعره يجب أن لا يكون هذا
+
+310
+00:30:38,500 --> 00:30:47,780
+الشعر مسخرًا لغيره موظفًا عند غيره هذا الشعر يجب
+
+311
+00:30:47,780 --> 00:30:53,300
+أن يكون يجب أن يتحدث عن نفسه عن مشاعره عن أحاسيسه
+
+312
+00:30:53,300 --> 00:31:01,360
+عن أماله عن آلامهعن أوجاعه، عن أفراحه، لأن يتحدث
+
+313
+00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:07,800
+عن غيره، ليس هو موظفا عند غيره، إنما هو شاعر أصيل
+
+314
+00:31:09,210 --> 00:31:13,450
+له كرامة وله قيمة هذا الشعر والشعر عندما يتحدث عن
+
+315
+00:31:13,450 --> 00:31:17,970
+نفسه عندما يتحدث عن الناس جميعا عن الإنسان جميعا
+
+316
+00:31:17,970 --> 00:31:21,390
+لا يعني ذلك أنانية لا يعني الشعر عندما يتحدث عن
+
+317
+00:31:21,390 --> 00:31:25,270
+نفسه أنه أناني لأ عندما يتحدث عن نفسه عندما يتحدث
+
+318
+00:31:25,270 --> 00:31:31,650
+عن الناس جميعا وعن الإنسان جميعا لأن هو برزت
+
+319
+00:31:31,650 --> 00:31:39,670
+شخصيته في شعره اتصل شعره بمطامح الشعر العربيما
+
+320
+00:31:39,670 --> 00:31:43,590
+اتحدث عن أمير ولا عن تاجر ولا غني ولا تري اتحدث عن
+
+321
+00:31:43,590 --> 00:31:49,850
+من عن مجتمعه المصري مجتمعه العربي اتحدث عن أمته
+
+322
+00:31:49,850 --> 00:31:55,110
+اتحدث عن الأمال العريضة والآلام التي يعانيها ذاك
+
+323
+00:31:55,110 --> 00:32:02,190
+الشعب أو ذاك المجتمع رد إلى الشعر العربي الحياة
+
+324
+00:32:02,190 --> 00:32:08,030
+والروح والديباجة المشرقة أصبح هذا الشعر شعرا ناصعا
+
+325
+00:32:09,220 --> 00:32:17,620
+خلصه من ركاكة الأساليب الرقيقة والتقاليد البالية
+
+326
+00:32:17,620 --> 00:32:22,600
+والاستعارات المألوفة والتشابيه العوجاء حدث على
+
+327
+00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:28,420
+مخيل نعيمة فأصبح هذا الشعر شعرا ناصعا فيه نصاعة
+
+328
+00:32:28,420 --> 00:32:34,090
+فيه بيان فيه روح فيه حياة فيه ماءتتقرى الشعر
+
+329
+00:32:34,090 --> 00:32:40,210
+البارودي فيه يعني شعر فيه مال هذه طريقة البارودي
+
+330
+00:32:40,210 --> 00:32:49,150
+في الشعر تعجبت جملة من الشعراء الشباب في عصره مثل
+
+331
+00:32:49,150 --> 00:32:53,310
+أحمد شوقي، خليل مطران، حافظ إبراهيم، إسماعيل
+
+332
+00:32:53,310 --> 00:32:56,910
+الصبري، الرافعي، الجواهري، عمار بوريشا، إبراهيم
+
+333
+00:32:56,910 --> 00:33:00,930
+توقان أدرسوا محافظة مدرسة عريضة وامتدة وعميقة في
+
+334
+00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:07,100
+أدب العربي الحديثفأعجبوا بطريقة البارودي و بدأوا
+
+335
+00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:12,700
+ينظمون على طريقة البارودي فسميت
+
+336
+00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:20,040
+هذه المدرسة بالمدرسة المحافظة المدرسة المحافظة
+
+337
+00:33:23,740 --> 00:33:28,440
+والاحظوا قلنا عنها مدرسة قلنا عنها ايه؟ مدرسة يعني
+
+338
+00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:34,580
+هناك صفات مشتركة وقيم فنية بين هذ .. بين أولئك
+
+339
+00:33:34,580 --> 00:33:40,940
+الشعراء هذه
+
+340
+00:33:40,940 --> 00:33:46,680
+المدرسة امتازت جزالة اللفظ ورسالة الأسلوب وجودة
+
+341
+00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:47,900
+المعنى
+
+342
+00:33:52,440 --> 00:33:58,960
+هترك لكم المقارنة بين صفات شعر هذه المدرسة وصفات
+
+343
+00:33:58,960 --> 00:34:03,920
+شعر ما قبل النهضة اللي سمعناها من العقال من
+
+344
+00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:08,720
+الكيالي ومخايين العيما قارنوا في أذهانكم بين
+
+345
+00:34:08,720 --> 00:34:17,800
+المدرستين المرة
+
+346
+00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:19,940
+القادمة ان شاء الله سنتحدث
+
+347
+00:34:22,090 --> 00:34:28,150
+عن سبب تسمية المدرسة بـ مدرسة المحافظة وهل هذه
+
+348
+00:34:28,150 --> 00:34:35,770
+التسمية سُبّة وتشنيعا على هذه المدرسة أم هذه
+
+349
+00:34:35,770 --> 00:34:43,690
+التسمية وسام فخر على جبين هذه المدرسة؟ وما معنى
+
+350
+00:34:43,690 --> 00:34:48,680
+مدرسة المحافظة؟ ما معنى المدرسة المحافظة؟ولماذا
+
+351
+00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:52,220
+اتجه أولئك المحافظون إلى التراث العرب القديم
+
+352
+00:34:52,220 --> 00:34:59,000
+واعتمدوا عليه مادة أدبية أساسية في شعرهم وفي أدبهم
+
+353
+00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:03,660
+هذا ما سنقشه ان شاء الله في المرة القادمة ومحاضرة
+
+354
+00:35:03,660 --> 00:35:08,460
+القادمة والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/9-uY1wKN6EQ.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1247 @@
+1
+00:00:20,890 --> 00:00:23,610
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:27,950
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:27,950 --> 00:00:33,830
+وبعد السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته في محاضرة
+
+4
+00:00:33,830 --> 00:00:40,390
+ماضية تحدثنا عن جنس أدبي جديد ألا وهو جنس المسرح
+
+5
+00:00:40,390 --> 00:00:48,640
+أو المسرحية وقلنا إن هذا الجنس الأدبي كاد أن يخلوا
+
+6
+00:00:48,640 --> 00:00:56,380
+منه تراثنا العربي القديم وقدمنا جملة من الآراء
+
+7
+00:00:56,380 --> 00:01:02,420
+وجملة من الأسباب التي دوّنها الدارسون حول هذا
+
+8
+00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:11,540
+الأمر وناقشنا ذلك بشيء من التفصيل وشيء من الشرح 
+
+9
+00:01:11,540 --> 00:01:17,860
+كاد يجمعوا الدارسون على أن تراثنا يخلو من فن
+
+10
+00:01:17,860 --> 00:01:24,480
+المسرح أو المسرحية لكن في ذات الوقت يجمعون على أن
+
+11
+00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:32,990
+تراثنا لا يخلو من أشكال مسرحية وهناك فرق بين المسرح
+
+12
+00:01:32,990 --> 00:01:38,110
+وبين الأشكال المسرحية المسرح لما نقول مسرح يعني
+
+13
+00:01:38,110 --> 00:01:44,370
+بعناصره الكاملة التامة أما عندما نقول أشكال مسرحية
+
+14
+00:01:45,030 --> 00:01:51,210
+فإنما نقصده يتوافر فيها عنصر أو عنصران من عناصر
+
+15
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:57,550
+المسرح العربي مثل الفرجة أو التمثيل أو المحاكاة أو
+
+16
+00:01:57,550 --> 00:02:02,190
+الحوار أو غير ذلك من أشكال أو من عناصر الفن
+
+17
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:09,530
+المسرحية من هذه الأشكال في العصر الجاهلي ما كان
+
+18
+00:02:09,530 --> 00:02:16,750
+يطلق عليه أسواق الشعر، سوق عكاظ المشهور عندما كان
+
+19
+00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:22,690
+يُنصب للنابغة الذبيانية الناقد الكبير يُنصب له
+
+20
+00:02:22,690 --> 00:02:29,010
+خيمة من أدم من جلد أحمر ويجلس بين الشعراء يحكم
+
+21
+00:02:29,010 --> 00:02:34,910
+بينهم أو يحكموا في شعرهم، ويشاهد الناس هذه المحاكمات
+
+22
+00:02:34,910 --> 00:02:39,650
+النقدية أو المحاكمات الأدبية الدارسون أطلقوا على
+
+23
+00:02:39,650 --> 00:02:46,030
+ذلك ما يسمى شكل من أشكال المسرح لأنه يدخل فيه عنصر
+
+24
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:51,430
+الفرجة يدخل فيه عنصر الفرجة كذلك وجدت طبقة
+
+25
+00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:57,910
+القصاصين وجدت طبقة القصاصين وطائفة من هؤلاء
+
+26
+00:02:57,910 --> 00:03:04,710
+القصاصين كانوا يعمدون إلى تمثيل أقاصيصهم وحكاياتهم
+
+27
+00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:06,770
+مثل
+
+28
+00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:13,410
+القصاص ابن المغازل الذي كان يصعد إلى جبل ويمثل
+
+29
+00:03:13,410 --> 00:03:18,370
+مواعظه أمام الناس، يمثل مواعظ أمام الناس أو يمثل
+
+30
+00:03:18,370 --> 00:03:24,130
+الحاكم الظالم أو الحاكم المستبد ويمثل الرعية كنوع
+
+31
+00:03:24,130 --> 00:03:29,670
+من أنواع الوعظ للحاكم أو أنواع الوعظ للناس فهذا
+
+32
+00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:36,470
+التمثيل لمضمون الموعظة يمكن أن يطلق عليه يعني شكلا
+
+33
+00:03:36,470 --> 00:03:43,650
+من أشكال اللي هو المسرحية طبقة ذكرها الجاحظ وهم
+
+34
+00:03:43,650 --> 00:03:50,570
+الحاكية أو الحكاء، الحاكية نسبة إلى ماذا؟ ما
+
+35
+00:03:50,570 --> 00:03:55,430
+المقصود بالحاكية عندما يقول الجاحظ الحاكية؟
+
+36
+00:03:55,430 --> 00:04:02,190
+ليس من الحكاية الحاكية أي المقلدون، الحاكية المقلدون
+
+37
+00:04:02,190 --> 00:04:08,270
+الذين يقلدون غيرهم، والتمثيل تقليد التمثيل عبارة عن
+
+38
+00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:14,230
+ماذا؟ محاكاة وتقليد التمثيل محاكاة وتقليد فهؤلاء
+
+39
+00:04:14,230 --> 00:04:20,420
+الحاكية وأغلبهم كان من الموالي أو الحكاؤون الذين
+
+40
+00:04:20,420 --> 00:04:27,380
+يقلدون الناس وأشهر هؤلاء الحاكي أبو دبوج الزنجي
+
+41
+00:04:27,380 --> 00:04:34,780
+وكان حمالا في سوق الكرخ ويقلد مناطق بغداد هذا
+
+42
+00:04:34,780 --> 00:04:41,360
+الحمال أبو دبوج الزنجي كان يقلد أصوات غير العرب
+
+43
+00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:45,160
+عندما يتكلمون العربية، يقلد صوت الفارسي إذا تكلم
+
+44
+00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:50,500
+العربية، الفارسي، ولكن عندما يتكلم العربية صوت
+
+45
+00:04:50,500 --> 00:04:53,560
+الرومي إذا تكلم العربية، صوت الهندي إذا تكلم
+
+46
+00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:59,800
+العربية فيقلد أصواتهم وكان يقلد أصحاب العاهات من
+
+47
+00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:05,000
+الناس يعني مثلا الأعمى كيف يسير، الأعرج كيف يسير
+
+48
+00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:09,420
+الرجل الكبير كيف يسير، يسير المريض إلى غير ذلك من
+
+49
+00:05:09,420 --> 00:05:14,740
+أصحاب العاهات ولم يقف تقليد أبو دبوج الزنجي عند
+
+50
+00:05:14,740 --> 00:05:19,680
+تقليد الإنسان بل قلد كذلك الحيوانات وأصوات
+
+51
+00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:27,420
+الحيوانات، فكما يقول الجاحظ في كتابه أنه كان إذا قلد
+
+52
+00:05:27,420 --> 00:05:32,760
+نهيق الحمار، أبو دبوج الزنجي جاوبته كل حمير بقداد
+
+53
+00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:40,140
+كل حمير بقداد وربما نهق حمار فلم يجاوبه أحد، حمار
+
+54
+00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:44,660
+حقيقي ينهق ما يجاوبه أحد لكن إذا نقل أبو دبوج 
+
+55
+00:05:44,660 --> 00:05:50,700
+الزنجي تجاوبه حمير اللي هو الكرخ أو حمير الصوم
+
+56
+00:05:50,700 --> 00:05:57,500
+وكان هذا يمثل متعة وفرجة للناس، متعة وفرجة للناس
+
+57
+00:05:57,500 --> 00:06:02,800
+وهذا أقرب اليوم إلى ما يسمى بمسرح الشارع، مسرح
+
+58
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,740
+الشارع في الشارع في السوق لا يحتاج إلى خشبة مسرح
+
+59
+00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:13,180
+ولا إلى مقاعد ولا إلى ديكورات المسرح المعقدة إنما
+
+60
+00:06:13,180 --> 00:06:19,900
+في الفضاء المفتوح وفي الشارع أو في السوق أيضا وجد
+
+61
+00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:27,460
+طبقة في زمن المتوكل أطلق عليهم السماجة والمقصود
+
+62
+00:06:27,460 --> 00:06:33,910
+بالسماجة الممثلون أو المهرجون، هذه الطبق طبقة
+
+63
+00:06:33,910 --> 00:06:40,430
+السماجة كانوا يرتدون أقنعة ويمثلون
+
+64
+00:06:40,430 --> 00:06:45,990
+أمام الخليفة المتوكل ليضحكوا
+
+65
+00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,690
+الخليفة وكانوا من الموالي
+
+66
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:59,300
+ودخل وزير المتوكل يوما على فراء المتوكل قد اختلط
+
+67
+00:06:59,300 --> 00:07:05,880
+بهؤلاء السماجة فقال له يا أمير المؤمنين ألا تخشى
+
+68
+00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:12,620
+من أحدهم أن يطعنك أو أن يقتلك أو أن يقتلك وهو يلبس
+
+69
+00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:17,860
+قناعا من عدوك، عدو خبيث يأتي يلبس قناعا فيطعنك
+
+70
+00:07:17,860 --> 00:07:24,900
+بسكين أو يقتلك، فعزلهم بعد ذلك المتوكل عنهم السماج
+
+71
+00:07:24,900 --> 00:07:29,800
+هؤلاء كانوا يختصون في البداية بالخلفاء بعد ذلك
+
+72
+00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:35,050
+أصبح فن السماج فنا شعبيا، إلى الآن .. إلى الآن نحن
+
+73
+00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:39,790
+نطلق على أصحاب الحركات والتمثيل نقول فلان سمج ..
+
+74
+00:07:39,790 --> 00:07:45,090
+فلان سمج .. فلان سمج جاءت من أين؟ من السماجة .. من
+
+75
+00:07:45,090 --> 00:07:49,910
+الممثلين المهرجين الذين يضحكون الناس بحركات ما
+
+76
+00:07:49,910 --> 00:07:55,410
+يلبسونها يعني الأقنعة على وجوههم أو يضعون الطرابيش
+
+77
+00:07:55,410 --> 00:07:58,270
+أو الطراطير على رؤوسهم
+
+78
+00:08:00,830 --> 00:08:06,910
+استمر السماجة فترة من الزمن ثم جاء بعد ذلك فن
+
+79
+00:08:06,910 --> 00:08:13,270
+الحكوات، الحكوات اختص بالقصص الشعبية، اختص
+
+80
+00:08:13,270 --> 00:08:18,310
+بالقصص الشعبية، يسردها في مجمع الناس، في مقاهي
+
+81
+00:08:18,310 --> 00:08:21,550
+الناس، في السوق، في المجمع، في الدواوين، والقصص
+
+82
+00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:25,610
+الشعبية كانت شعرا، كانت عبارة عن شعر، كانت عبارة عن
+
+83
+00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:29,670
+شعر سيرة عنترة من شداد، سيف من ذي يزن
+
+84
+00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:37,160
+أبي زيد الهلالي كانت أحيانا تصل إلى عشرات الآلاف
+
+85
+00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:42,100
+من أبيات الشعر، وتعلق
+
+86
+00:08:42,100 --> 00:08:48,460
+الناس بهذه الطبقة وبهذه القصص الشعبية لأنها تحكي
+
+87
+00:08:48,460 --> 00:08:53,460
+صفحة مجيدة من صفحات العرب، تحكي صفحة مجيدة فيها
+
+88
+00:08:53,460 --> 00:08:58,460
+شجاعة عربية، مروءة عربية، فتوة عربية، قوة عربية، فعجب
+
+89
+00:08:58,460 --> 00:09:04,630
+الناس يعني بالبطل الشعبي والقصص الشعبية، طبعا حرصت
+
+90
+00:09:04,630 --> 00:09:09,930
+الدواوين والمقاهي ومجامع الناس على أن يستأثروا
+
+91
+00:09:09,930 --> 00:09:16,850
+بهذا الحكوات لأنه يمثلوا يعني عامل جذب للناس حتى
+
+92
+00:09:16,850 --> 00:09:22,250
+يحضروا إلى هذا المكان، حتى جاء بعد ذلك الوسائل
+
+93
+00:09:22,250 --> 00:09:26,630
+الحديثة مثل الراديو والتلفاز فقضى على مهنة الحكوات
+
+94
+00:09:26,630 --> 00:09:32,340
+إلى الآن يوجد في القدس مسرح اسمه مسرح الحكواتي، مسرح
+
+95
+00:09:32,340 --> 00:09:37,760
+اللي هو الحكواتي، من أشهر مسارح فلسطين
+
+96
+00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:47,620
+الحقيقة من أكمل وأقرب الأشكال
+
+97
+00:09:47,620 --> 00:09:53,900
+المسرحية إلى المسرح الحديث، ما نطلق عليه خيال الظل
+
+98
+00:09:53,900 --> 00:10:02,010
+ما نطلق عليه خيال الظل، الذي كان رائده المصري
+
+99
+00:10:02,010 --> 00:10:06,430
+العراقي محمد بن دانيال المتوفى في القرن الثامن
+
+100
+00:10:06,430 --> 00:10:13,570
+الهجري، محمد بن دانيال كان يؤلف البابا، بيسميها بابا
+
+101
+00:10:13,570 --> 00:10:20,130
+يعني المشهد ويلحنها ويمثلها ويدرب الممثلين عليها
+
+102
+00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:25,110
+فهو كان عبارة عن فرقة مسرحية، خيال الظل عند بعض
+
+103
+00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:29,930
+الدارسين هو مسرح في الشكل والمضمون، مضمونه مسرح
+
+104
+00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:42,010
+وشكله مسرح لأن له نص مسرحي، له ممثلون، له عرض، له 
+
+105
+00:10:42,010 --> 00:10:50,340
+متفرجون، له رسالة، فيه حوار، فيه صراع في عنصر المتعة
+
+106
+00:10:50,340 --> 00:10:55,020
+والإضحاك، فلذلك هو عنصر أو هو مسرح كامل العناصر عند
+
+107
+00:10:55,020 --> 00:11:01,160
+بعض الدارسين، شخصياته كانت من واقع السوق، من واقع
+
+108
+00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:06,940
+السوق، من واقع الناس مثل شخصية الواعظ، الحاوي، الساحر
+
+109
+00:11:06,940 --> 00:11:13,400
+بائع العشاب، القراد، القراد هو الحاوي الذي يقوم على
+
+110
+00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:18,260
+تدريب القرود على حركات معينة، القرود اللي أحيانا ذهب
+
+111
+00:11:18,260 --> 00:11:24,940
+إلى بعض ال .. يعني أماكن عرض الحيوانات لأنه شاهدوا
+
+112
+00:11:24,940 --> 00:11:30,720
+قرودة تعرضوا يعني حركات مسلية، هذا يسمى صاحب القرود
+
+113
+00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:36,240
+يسمى القراد، الراقص، العبد الأسود إلى غير ذلك لاحظوا
+
+114
+00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:42,140
+الطبقات الشخصيات أو الشخصيات تنتمي إلى طبقة العامة
+
+115
+00:11:42,140 --> 00:11:46,820
+تنتمي إلى طبقة العامة وكان عبر هذه الشخصيات
+
+116
+00:11:46,820 --> 00:11:51,480
+يتم، يسمى بالنقد الاجتماعي، نقد لبعض العادات وبعض
+
+117
+00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:56,720
+السلوك اللي هو المجتمع المصري، المجتمع المصري هدف
+
+118
+00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:03,520
+من أهداف هذه البابات هو الإضحاك والإمتاع، لماذا سمى
+
+119
+00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:09,000
+هذا الفن بخيال الظل؟ لماذا سمى بخيال الظل؟ الآن
+
+120
+00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:13,940
+هو عبارة عن ماذا؟ هو عبارة عن ستارة مجلوة بالشمع
+
+121
+00:12:13,940 --> 00:12:19,740
+ستارة ومعتمة مجلوة بالشمع هذه الستارة خلفها
+
+122
+00:12:19,740 --> 00:12:28,600
+أضواء، خلف الستارة في أضواء هناك يكون ضوء كان
+
+123
+00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:34,120
+يعرض، لا تورة الشخصيات تتحرك، ماذا الذي كان يعرض
+
+124
+00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:39,620
+الشخصيات كان عبارة ع�� قطع من كرتون أو من ورق أو من
+
+125
+00:12:39,620 --> 00:12:47,210
+جلد وممسوكة بحبال، ما الذي بيحرك الحبال؟ صاحب خيال
+
+126
+00:12:47,210 --> 00:12:52,290
+الظل أو المساعدون له يحركون اللي هو إيه؟ يحركون
+
+127
+00:12:52,290 --> 00:12:55,890
+اللي هو هذه الشخصيات من الورق المقوى أو من اللي هو
+
+128
+00:12:55,890 --> 00:13:02,830
+الجلد، وهناك ضوء، فعندما ينعكس الضوء على هذه القطع
+
+129
+00:13:02,830 --> 00:13:07,590
+الجلدية أو قطع الورق، ينعكس ظلها أين؟ على أين؟ على
+
+130
+00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:10,910
+الستارة، ينعكس ظلها على الستارة اللي يسميه خيال
+
+131
+00:13:10,910 --> 00:13:16,450
+الظل، الذي ينعكس على الستارة، ما هو ظل هذه الشخصيات
+
+132
+00:13:16,450 --> 00:13:21,190
+التي هي عبارة عن ورق مقوى أو من كرتون أو من جلد
+
+133
+00:13:21,190 --> 00:13:25,750
+يعني، أسوي، فينعكس ظلالها، وطبعا يدور حوار بين من؟
+
+134
+00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:29,750
+الذي يدير الحوار صاحب خيال الظل والمساعدون له، ممكن
+
+135
+00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:33,670
+يكونوا اثنين، ممكن يكونوا ثلاثة، يقومون بإدارة اللو
+
+136
+00:13:33,670 --> 00:13:38,030
+والحوار مثلا بين الواعظ والحاوي أو بين الحاوي وبائع
+
+137
+00:13:38,030 --> 00:13:41,370
+الأعشاب أو بين بيع الأعشاب مثلا ولعب بالأسول وهكذا
+
+138
+00:13:41,370 --> 00:13:45,710
+يكون هناك أكثر من شخصية يدور بين الحوار، وتكون حركة
+
+139
+00:13:45,710 --> 00:13:49,290
+اللي هو الممثلين
+
+140
+00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:54,960
+من الورق حركتهم تظهر على اللي هو على الشاشة على
+
+141
+00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:59,820
+اللي هو قطعة اللي هو القماش المعتمة فيكون هذا الظل
+
+142
+00:13:59,820 --> 00:14:02,640
+ينعكس على قطعة اللي هو الاستارة أو قطعة اللي هو
+
+143
+00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:07,420
+القماش اللي هيسميه خيال الظل فالذي يعرض هو اللي
+
+144
+00:14:07,420 --> 00:14:11,940
+إيه هو الظل وليس اللي هو الشخصيات بنفسها يعني
+
+145
+00:14:11,940 --> 00:14:15,160
+التمثيل لم يكن عبارة عن أو الممثلون لم يكونوا عبارة
+
+146
+00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:20,510
+عن شخصيات إنسانية لم يكونوا عبارة عن شخصيات إنسانية
+
+147
+00:14:20,510 --> 00:14:25,490
+كانوا عبارة عن ماذا يعني عبارة عن أوراق منحوطة أو 
+
+148
+00:14:25,490 --> 00:14:30,230
+عبارة عن اللي هو قطع اللي هو جلدية لكن الحوار
+
+149
+00:14:30,230 --> 00:14:35,350
+المُؤدّي كان يقوم بالحوار شخصيات إنسانية الذي يقوم
+
+150
+00:14:35,350 --> 00:14:40,370
+بالحوار شخصيات إنسانية صاحب خيال الظل أو المساعدون 
+
+151
+00:14:40,370 --> 00:14:47,210
+له إذا لاحظوا أن هذا المسرح
+
+152
+00:14:48,870 --> 00:14:52,530
+فعلا تتوافر فيه الكثير من عناصر المسرح يعني فيه
+
+153
+00:14:52,530 --> 00:14:57,730
+ممثلون وإن كانت شخصيات غير إنسانية فيه حوار فيه نص
+
+154
+00:14:57,730 --> 00:15:05,450
+مسرحي فيه عرض فيه فرجة يشاهدونه وهذا خيال الظل لكن
+
+155
+00:15:05,450 --> 00:15:11,690
+يوضع في صندوق ويوضع في عربة يدورون فيها بين
+
+156
+00:15:11,690 --> 00:15:15,750
+الحارات يدورون فيها بين الحارات لإشهار الناس اللي هو 
+
+157
+00:15:15,750 --> 00:15:21,700
+خيال الظل وبعضهم كان يتخذ مكانًا ثابتًا بعض أصحاب 
+
+158
+00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:26,320
+عروض خيال الظل كان يتخذ مكانًا ثابتًا لا يتنقل
+
+159
+00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:31,880
+وبعضهم كان يتنقل به في الحارات حارات مصر القديمة كما
+
+160
+00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:37,880
+قلنا خيال الظل الذي كان رائده ابن دانيال محمد ابن 
+
+161
+00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:42,860
+دانيال كان يسمي العرض الواحد بابا يسميها بابا
+
+162
+00:15:43,290 --> 00:15:46,790
+يسميها بابة، لأنها تتخيل بابات ابن دليال مثل أمير
+
+163
+00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:51,590
+وصال عجيب وغريب المتيم واضاع الغريب والبابة تقوم
+
+164
+00:15:51,590 --> 00:15:55,890
+على عرائس من الورق المقوى من الورق المقوى ��ما قلنا
+
+165
+00:15:55,890 --> 00:16:02,950
+لكم أو الجلود تتحرك بطريقة خاصة يوضع خلفها ليلة
+
+166
+00:16:02,950 --> 00:16:09,050
+مصباحًا يعكس له ظلالها على ستارة بيضاء ويدور حوار
+
+167
+00:16:09,050 --> 00:16:15,100
+ينطق به صاحبها يعني بابا مع مساعد آخر له بحيث يتغير
+
+168
+00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:20,980
+الصوت بتغير الشخصية لإظهار أن المساعد أو صاحب خيال
+
+169
+00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:26,320
+الظل يجب أن يغير صوته يجب أن يغير صوته يمكن أن
+
+170
+00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:30,440
+يتكلم بصوت رجل بعد ذلك يتكلم بصوت امرأة الآن يتكلم
+
+171
+00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:34,380
+بصوت عبد بعد ذلك يتكلم بصوت سيد فيحتاج لإيه إلا أن
+
+172
+00:16:34,380 --> 00:16:42,640
+يغير صوته صاحب خيال الظل وكانت مهنة رائجة في مصر
+
+173
+00:16:42,640 --> 00:16:46,260
+هذه المهنة كانت مهنة رائجة في مصر وانتشرت في مصر
+
+174
+00:16:46,260 --> 00:16:49,640
+وانتقلت إلى بلاد المغرب العربي وانتقلت إلى بلاد
+
+175
+00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:53,680
+الشام في معروف خيال الظل الشامي والمغربي وكذلك 
+
+176
+00:16:53,680 --> 00:17:00,200
+خيال الظل التركي خيال الظل عندما انتقل إلى تركيا
+
+177
+00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:05,280
+تطور إلى ما يسمى بالقرقوز
+
+178
+00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:14,260
+أصله في التركية قُرّا كوز قُرّا كوز قُرّا كوز
+
+179
+00:17:14,260 --> 00:17:19,480
+معناته صاحب العيون السوداء قُرّا كوز في التركية 
+
+180
+00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:27,160
+صاحب العيون السوداء هذا تطور لخيال الظل القرقوز 
+
+181
+00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:30,580
+أو كما نقول نحن بالعربية الأراجوز نقول اليوم إيه 
+
+182
+00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:34,680
+الأراجوز أو اللي هو الأراجوز إلى الآن مستخدمة في
+
+183
+00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:40,310
+واقعنا الحاضر عبارة عن ماذا الأراجوز أو القرقوز
+
+184
+00:17:40,310 --> 00:17:45,910
+عبارة عن دمية يبقى الآن تطور .. انتبهوا معناه يبقى
+
+185
+00:17:45,910 --> 00:17:50,850
+الآن تطور الأمر من ورق مقوى أو جلد ليه إلى دمية
+
+186
+00:17:50,850 --> 00:17:57,850
+حيث نجد رأسه مصنوعة من خامة خفيفة وصلبة كالخشب
+
+187
+00:17:57,850 --> 00:18:03,210
+يعني ممكن تكون رأسه يعني من الخشب ورسم عليها وجه 
+
+188
+00:18:03,210 --> 00:18:11,080
+مرسوم عليها وجه تنتهي من أعلى بطربوش أحمر طربوش ..
+
+189
+00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:17,800
+طربوش يعني الطربوش اللي هو أحمر أما وسط الدمية
+
+190
+00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:24,000
+الأراجوز وسطه فهو عبارة عن جلباب أحمر طويل يبقى
+
+191
+00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:28,740
+عنده طربوش وعنده جلباب أحمر طويل وجههم من ماذا؟
+
+192
+00:18:28,740 --> 00:18:37,470
+من الخشب أنتم إذا رأيتم بعض برامج الأطفال دائما مع
+
+193
+00:18:37,470 --> 00:18:42,670
+برامج الأطفال يأتون بدمية تتكلم هذه الدمية أراجوز
+
+194
+00:18:42,670 --> 00:18:46,610
+هذه الدمية عبارة عن ماذا؟ عبارة عن أراجوز لإمتاع
+
+195
+00:18:46,610 --> 00:18:53,730
+الأطفال وإضحاكهم الأطفال يداه قطعتان من الخشب يداه
+
+196
+00:18:53,730 --> 00:18:58,730
+اللي هو الأراجوز يتم التحكم في تحريك الدمية 
+
+197
+00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:04,270
+الأراجوز عن طريق اليد يضع اللي هو صاحب الأراجوز
+
+198
+00:19:04,270 --> 00:19:08,810
+يده في الثوب الأحمر في داخل الثوب الأحمر فيبدأ 
+
+199
+00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:15,010
+يحرك اللي هو يديه ورأس اللي هو الأراجوز حيث يستطيع
+
+200
+00:19:15,010 --> 00:19:19,770
+اللاعب أن يحرك رأسه بأصبع السبابة وتختفي يد اللاعب
+
+201
+00:19:19,770 --> 00:19:26,790
+كاملة داخل جلباب الأراجوز الأحمر وهذه آلية تحريك
+
+202
+00:19:26,790 --> 00:19:33,890
+دمية الأراجوز إذن الآن ال .. الأراجوز أو الجاراجوز
+
+203
+00:19:33,890 --> 00:19:42,310
+أصبح دمية وأصبح هذه الدمية تُشاهد عيانًا ومباشرة 
+
+204
+00:19:42,310 --> 00:19:46,450
+بدون ظلال تخيل أن الظل كان يُشاهد عبر .. عبر ظلال
+
+205
+00:19:46,450 --> 00:19:51,990
+الآن أصبح الجاراجوز يُشاهد مباشرة أمام الجمهور دون
+
+206
+00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:59,390
+.. دون واسطة أو دون اللي هو ستارة عاد بعد ذلك إلى
+
+207
+00:19:59,390 --> 00:20:04,510
+مصر فن الجاراجوز عاد إلى مصر وانتشر بعد ذلك كذلك
+
+208
+00:20:04,510 --> 00:20:09,670
+يعني في مصر وإلى عهد قريب يعني كان موجودًا هذا الفن
+
+209
+00:20:09,670 --> 00:20:13,330
+يعني في مصر وبعض الدول العربية إلى الآن حتى في 
+
+210
+00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:18,060
+بلاد المغرب وبلاد الشام وبلاد العراق هناك اهتمام 
+
+211
+00:20:18,060 --> 00:20:23,580
+بهذه الفنون القديمة يعني يعقدون مؤتمرات وأيام 
+
+212
+00:20:23,580 --> 00:20:29,540
+دراسية يتدارسون فنون خيال الظل وفنون كذلك الأراجوز
+
+213
+00:20:29,850 --> 00:20:36,550
+حتى في فرنسا أيضًا هناك اهتمام بهذا الفن العربي 
+
+214
+00:20:36,550 --> 00:20:42,290
+الأصيل البعض تحدث عن أصل ونشر هذا الفن بعضهم قال 
+
+215
+00:20:42,290 --> 00:20:46,810
+أصله هندي وبعضهم قال أصله صيني وبعضهم قال أصله 
+
+216
+00:20:46,810 --> 00:20:52,110
+فارسى وبعضهم نسب نشر هذا الفن إلى محمد بن
+
+217
+00:20:52,110 --> 00:21:00,300
+دانيال الموصلي العراقي الحقيقة أن هل يمكن أن نعدّ
+
+218
+00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:10,800
+القرقوز وخيال الظل مسرحًا أم يجب أن يبقى القرقوز
+
+219
+00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:16,140
+ويبقى خيال الظل في منطقة الأشكال المسرحية؟ هل يمكن
+
+220
+00:21:16,140 --> 00:21:22,470
+أن نعدّه؟ مسرحًا كاملًا ولا يجب أن نبقيه في منطقة
+
+221
+00:21:22,470 --> 00:21:28,890
+الأشكال المسرحية؟ آه ما رأيكمنا على ضوء يعني ما 
+
+222
+00:21:28,890 --> 00:21:35,910
+سمعنا من طبيعة وظيفة الأراجوز أو وظيفة خيال 
+
+223
+00:21:35,910 --> 00:21:42,970
+الظل أفضل؟ أيوه يا فرحة تفضلي آه ما رأيكِ؟ القراكوز 
+
+224
+00:21:42,970 --> 00:21:50,180
+التوافقية مثل .. آه مثل .. أن في فرجة في كمان مسرح 
+
+225
+00:21:50,180 --> 00:21:54,540
+صحيح هو صغير جدا وممكن يكون ثابت أو متحرك في كمان 
+
+226
+00:21:54,540 --> 00:21:58,800
+ممثلين صحيح بيكون شخصية مش إنسانية بس في يعني
+
+227
+00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:02,380
+إنسان .. الإنسان أو المساعد هو بيحرك هذه الدمية
+
+228
+00:22:02,380 --> 00:22:07,460
+وفيه كمان متفرجون وكمان قد القراقوز يوصي رسالة من 
+
+229
+00:22:07,460 --> 00:22:14,220
+خلاله جميل كلام زميلتكِ فرح ما لدي إضافة .. ما 
+
+230
+00:22:14,220 --> 00:22:19,760
+لدي إضافة من الطالبات على كلام زميلتكِ؟ هل هناك
+
+231
+00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:21,140
+إضافة؟ تفضلي
+
+232
+00:22:35,380 --> 00:22:42,400
+أغلب أشكال وعناصر الحقيقة أن الكثير من الدارسين
+
+233
+00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:48,880
+عدّ الأراجوز وخيال الظل شكلًا مسرحيًا 
+
+234
+00:22:51,730 --> 00:22:59,330
+لكن أستاذنا محمد الواثق أستاذ الأدب والنقد في
+
+235
+00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:09,030
+جامعة الخرطوم يرى رأيًا مخالفًا لولاك الدارسين يرى
+
+236
+00:23:09,030 --> 00:23:18,690
+بأن خيال الظل هو البداية الحقيقية للمسرح العربي
+
+237
+00:23:18,690 --> 00:23:21,450
+وليس مارون النقاش
+
+238
+00:23:25,310 --> 00:23:30,450
+ويرى أن خيال الظل مسرح
+
+239
+00:23:30,450 --> 00:23:41,650
+كامل العناصر يناسب عصره وزمانه وليس 
+
+240
+00:23:41,650 --> 00:23:51,050
+من الإنصاف أن ننظر إليه كأحد 
+
+241
+00:23:51,050 --> 00:23:52,450
+الأشكال المسرحية
+
+242
+00:23:55,420 --> 00:24:06,360
+كالـحاكية والحكوات ومواكب الخلفاء بل
+
+243
+00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:15,300
+هو مسرح كامل وكذلك الأراجوز لأنه 
+
+244
+00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:26,030
+يتوافر فيه النص المسرحي يتوافر فيه الصراع يتوافر
+
+245
+00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:30,150
+فيه الحوار تتوافر 
+
+246
+00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:37,290
+فيه الشخصيات يتوافر
+
+247
+00:24:37,290 --> 00:24:43,250
+فيه الممثلون يتوافر
+
+248
+00:24:43,250 --> 00:24:50,730
+فيه عنصر الفرجة عنصر المتعة إذا ماذا بقي من عصر
+
+249
+00:24:50,730 --> 00:24:56,450
+المسرح؟ لم يبقَ شيء .. لم يبقَ شيء من عناصر المسرح
+
+250
+00:24:56,450 --> 00:25:04,510
+ومن الظلم أن نقارن ذلك المسرح في القرن الثامن
+
+251
+00:25:04,510 --> 00:25:08,670
+الهجري بالمسرح العربي الحديث أو المسرح الأوروبي
+
+252
+00:25:08,670 --> 00:25:16,810
+لأن ذلك المسرح ناسب عصره وزمانه .. ناسب عصره و
+
+253
+00:25:16,810 --> 00:25:17,230
+زمانه
+
+254
+00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:31,580
+بعض الدارسين توسّع في موضوع الأشكال المسرحية مثل
+
+255
+00:25:31,580 --> 00:25:38,360
+الدكتور خليل الموسى أو محمد نجم أو صاحبة كتاب
+
+256
+00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:44,040
+الف عام وعام على المسرح العربي عدّ أي شكل من
+
+257
+00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,620
+أشكال الفرجة أو التمثيل يدخلونه في باب الشكل
+
+258
+00:25:47,620 --> 00:25:56,990
+المسرحي حتى عدّ السامر والأغاني الشعبية وتمثيل مقتل
+
+259
+00:25:56,990 --> 00:26:02,530
+الحسين رضي الله عنه اللذي وهو طقوس الشيعة 
+
+260
+00:26:02,530 --> 00:26:09,790
+عدّ ذلك أيضًا من الأشكال المسرحية حتى عدّوا لو موكب 
+
+261
+00:26:09,790 --> 00:26:15,250
+الـخليفة عندما يخرج لصلاة الجمعة أو في الأعياد بهذا
+
+262
+00:26:15,250 --> 00:26:23,070
+المنظر المهيب والجليل أو خروج الحجاج حتى في الحجب
+
+263
+00:26:23,070 --> 00:26:30,450
+عدّ ذلك شكلًا من أشكال يعني الفرجة وبالتالي هي شكل 
+
+264
+00:26:30,450 --> 00:26:40,150
+من أشكال المسرح في موروثنا العربي القديم ونحن 
+
+265
+00:26:40,150 --> 00:26:46,760
+إذا درسنا مسرح مارون النقاش أو مسرح أبي خليل
+
+266
+00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:52,340
+القباني سنجد
+
+267
+00:26:52,340 --> 00:27:00,380
+أن هذين المسرحين لم يبتعدا كثيرًا عن مسرح خيال الظل
+
+268
+00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:09,940
+لم يبتعدا كثيرًا عن مسرح خيال الظل ولو انتبه مارون
+
+269
+00:27:09,940 --> 00:27:15,930
+النقاش إلى مسرح خيال الظل لاستطاع أن يكمل مسيرة 
+
+270
+00:27:15,930 --> 00:27:33,170
+المسرح العربي بكفاءة واقتدار إذا 
+
+271
+00:27:33,170 --> 00:27:41,940
+قيمة خيال الظل وقيمة فن الأراجوز أنهما أوجدا جنسًا 
+
+272
+00:27:41,940 --> 00:27:46,600
+أدبيًا جديدًا لم
+
+273
+00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:55,780
+يكن معروفًا في الأدب العربي القديم وهو فن العرض أو
+
+274
+00:27:55,780 --> 00:28:02,760
+فن المسرح كلمة
+
+275
+00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:11,540
+المسرح أو المسرحية لم تكن معروفة بهذا المصطلح وبهذه 
+
+276
+00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,180
+الدلالة في بدايات أو في نشأة المسرح العربي كانوا 
+
+277
+00:28:17,180 --> 00:28:21,380
+يطلقون على المسرحية النص المسرحي الرواية التمثيلية
+
+278
+00:28:21,380 --> 00:28:28,240
+أو الرواية التشخيصية وكانوا
+
+279
+00:28:28,240 --> 00:28:34,060
+يطلقون على المسرح المرسح حتى مارون نقاش في خطبته
+
+280
+00:28:34,060 --> 00:28:40,580
+كان يقول المرسح وليس المسرح أو التياترو التياترو 
+
+281
+00:28:40,580 --> 00:28:46,040
+التياترو كلمة إيطالية وأسبانية تعني المسرح
+
+282
+00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:47,220
+التياترو
+
+283
+00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:56,220
+كلمة إيطالية بعضهم قال أو كلمة أسبانية تعني المسرح
+
+284
+00:28:56,220 --> 00:29:01,140
+لأن التياترو .. التياترو الإسكندرية عندما أنشئ ..
+
+285
+00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:05,240
+أنشئ في الحي الإيطالي في الإسكندرية مما يشير إلى أن
+
+286
+00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:10,420
+ربما كانت الكلمة لها أصول يعني إيطالية أو أصول 
+
+287
+00:29:10,420 --> 00:29:14,480
+أوروبية وإلى الآن بعض المصريين يطلقون على المسرح
+
+288
+00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:21,980
+التياترو إذا سمعتم بهذا اللي هو الاسم والمغاربة
+
+289
+00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:28,340
+يطلقون على المسرح الركح والمقصود بالركح يعني الساحة
+
+290
+00:29:28,340 --> 00:29:34,820
+التي يمثل بها بعد
+
+291
+00:29:34,820 --> 00:29:42,140
+ذلك استقر المصطلح إلى مسرح وإلى مسرحية إلى مسرح و
+
+292
+00:29:42,140 --> 00:29:43,780
+إلى مسرحية
+
+293
+00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:57,520
+سنتحدث إن شاء الله ��ي المرة القادمة عن ثلاثة من 
+
+294
+00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:02,380
+رواد المسرح العربي عن
+
+295
+00:30:02,380 --> 00:30:10,700
+التاجر اللبناني مارون النقاش 1817
+
+296
+00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:15,720
+إلى 1855 وهو 
+
+297
+00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:20,820
+الذي يراه الدارسون رائداً للمسرح العربي الحديث
+
+298
+00:30:21,470 --> 00:30:26,530
+بمسرحياته الثلاث وكذلك
+
+299
+00:30:26,530 --> 00:30:34,550
+المسرحي السوري أبو خليل القباني بمسرحياته الأربعين
+
+300
+00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:41,190
+وعروضه الأربعين وصلت إلى رقم الأربعين ولم يبق منها
+
+301
+00:30:41,190 --> 00:30:45,330
+إلا ثمانية
+
+302
+00:30:45,330 --> 00:30:58,770
+عروض وكذلك المسرحي المصري يعقوب صنوع ثم
+
+303
+00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:04,190
+سنتحدث إن شاء الله بالتفصيل عن جهود أولئك الرواد في
+
+304
+00:31:04,190 --> 00:31:11,910
+نشأة المسرح العربي بل لدي سؤال أو تعقيب أو استفسار 
+
+305
+00:31:11,910 --> 00:31:20,830
+لحد لدي سؤال هل هناك مسؤال حول المسرح العربي أرجو 
+
+306
+00:31:20,830 --> 00:31:25,050
+أن ترجعوا إلى قناة اليوتيوب على الانترنت في شبكة 
+
+307
+00:31:25,050 --> 00:31:31,160
+المعلومات اكتبوا خيال الظل اليوم الذي يُعرض بمسرح
+
+308
+00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:36,600
+العرائس يُعرض بمسرح العرائس اكتبوا خيال الظل أو
+
+309
+00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:42,000
+اكتبوا الجاراجوز وستشاهدون عيناً اللي هو عروض
+
+310
+00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:48,260
+الجاراجوز أو عروض الخيال الظل التي إلى الآن ما
+
+311
+00:31:48,260 --> 00:31:53,420
+زالت ومستمرة وما زالت معروضة في ساحتنا العربية
+
+312
+00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:56,860
+والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/9-uY1wKN6EQ_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1248 @@
+1
+00:00:20,890 --> 00:00:23,610
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:27,950
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:27,950 --> 00:00:33,830
+وبعد السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته في محاضرة
+
+4
+00:00:33,830 --> 00:00:40,390
+ماضية تحدثنا عن جنس أدبي جديد ألا وهو جنس المسرح
+
+5
+00:00:40,390 --> 00:00:48,640
+أو المسرحية وقلنا إن هذا الجنس الأدبي كادأن يخلوا
+
+6
+00:00:48,640 --> 00:00:56,380
+منه تراثنا العربي القديم وقدمنا جملة من الآراء
+
+7
+00:00:56,380 --> 00:01:02,420
+وجملة من الأسباب التي دوّنها الدارسون حول هذا
+
+8
+00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:11,540
+الأمر وناقشنا ذلك بشيء من التفصيل وشيء من الشرحيا
+
+9
+00:01:11,540 --> 00:01:17,860
+كاد يجمعوا الدارسون على أن تراثنا يخلو من فن
+
+10
+00:01:17,860 --> 00:01:24,480
+المسرح أو المسرحية لكن في ذات الوقت يجمعون على أن
+
+11
+00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:32,990
+تراثنا لا يخلو منأشكال مسرحية وهناك فرق بين المسرح
+
+12
+00:01:32,990 --> 00:01:38,110
+وبين الأشكال المسرحية المسرح لما نقول مسرح يعني
+
+13
+00:01:38,110 --> 00:01:44,370
+بعناصره الكاملة التامة أما عندما نقول أشكال مسرحية
+
+14
+00:01:45,030 --> 00:01:51,210
+فإنما نقصده يتوافر فيها عنصر أو عنصران من عناصر
+
+15
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:57,550
+المسرح العربي مثل الفرجة أو التمثيل أو المحاكاة أو
+
+16
+00:01:57,550 --> 00:02:02,190
+الحوار أو غير ذلك من أشكال أو من عناصر الفن
+
+17
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:09,530
+المسرحية من هذه الأشكال في العصر الجاهلي ما كان
+
+18
+00:02:09,530 --> 00:02:16,750
+يطلق عليه أسواق الشعركسوقي وعكاض المشهور عندما كان
+
+19
+00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:22,690
+يُنصب للنابغة الذبيانية الناقد الكبير يُنصب له
+
+20
+00:02:22,690 --> 00:02:29,010
+خيمة من أدم من جلد أحمر ويجلس بين الشعراء يحكم
+
+21
+00:02:29,010 --> 00:02:34,910
+بينهم أو يحكموا في شعرهمويشاهد الناس هذه المحاكمات
+
+22
+00:02:34,910 --> 00:02:39,650
+النقدية أو المحاكمات الأدبية الدارسون أطلقوا على
+
+23
+00:02:39,650 --> 00:02:46,030
+ذلك ما يسمى شكل من أشكال المسرح لأنه يدخل فيه أنصر
+
+24
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:51,430
+الفرجة يدخل فيه أنصر الفرجة كذلك وجدت طبقة
+
+25
+00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:57,910
+القصاصين وجدت طبقة القصاصينوطائفة من هؤلاء
+
+26
+00:02:57,910 --> 00:03:04,710
+القصاصين كانوا يعمدون إلى تمثيل أقاصيسهم وحكاياتهم
+
+27
+00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:06,770
+مثل
+
+28
+00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:13,410
+القصاص ابن المغازل الذي كان يصعد إلى جبل ويمثل
+
+29
+00:03:13,410 --> 00:03:18,370
+مواعظه أمام الناس يمثل مواعظ أمام الناس أو يمثل
+
+30
+00:03:18,370 --> 00:03:24,130
+الحاكم الظالم أو الحاكم المستبد ويمثل الرعية كنوع
+
+31
+00:03:24,130 --> 00:03:29,670
+من أنواع الوعظ للحاكم أو أنواع الوعظ للناس فهذا
+
+32
+00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:36,470
+التمثيل لمضمون الموعظةيمكن ان يطلق عليه يعني شكلا
+
+33
+00:03:36,470 --> 00:03:43,650
+من أشكال اللي هو المصرحية طبقة ذكرها الجاحد وهم
+
+34
+00:03:43,650 --> 00:03:50,570
+الحاكية أو الحكاء الحاكية نسبة إلى ماذا؟ ما
+
+35
+00:03:50,570 --> 00:03:55,430
+المقصود بالحاكية عندما يقول الجاحد الحاكية؟
+
+36
+00:03:55,430 --> 00:04:02,190
+ليس من الحكاية الحاكية أي المقلدونالحاكيه المقلدون
+
+37
+00:04:02,190 --> 00:04:08,270
+الذين يقلدون غيرهم والتمثيل تقليد التمثيل عبارة عن
+
+38
+00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:14,230
+ماذا محاكات وتقليد التمثيل محاكات وتقليد فهؤلاء
+
+39
+00:04:14,230 --> 00:04:20,420
+الحاكيه و أغلبهم كان من المواليأو الحكاؤون الذين
+
+40
+00:04:20,420 --> 00:04:27,380
+يقلدون الناس وأشهر هؤلاء الحاكي أبو دبوج الزنجي
+
+41
+00:04:27,380 --> 00:04:34,780
+وكان حمالا في سوق الكرخ ويمنطق مناطق بغداد هذا
+
+42
+00:04:34,780 --> 00:04:41,360
+الحمال أبو دبوج الزنجي كان يقلد أصوات غير العرب
+
+43
+00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:45,160
+عندما يتكلمون العربية يقلد صوت الفارسي إذا تكلم
+
+44
+00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:50,500
+العربيةالفالس يلاولكن عندما يتكلم العربية صوت
+
+45
+00:04:50,500 --> 00:04:53,560
+الرومي إذا تكلم العربية صوت الهندي إذا تكلم
+
+46
+00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:59,800
+العربية فيقلد أصواتهموكان يقلد أصحاب العاهات من
+
+47
+00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:05,000
+الناس يعني مثلا الأعمى كيف يسير الأعرج كيف يسير
+
+48
+00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:09,420
+الرجل الكبير كيف يسير يسير المريض إلى غير ذلك من
+
+49
+00:05:09,420 --> 00:05:14,740
+أصحاب العاهات ولم يقف تقليد أبو دبوج الزنجي عند
+
+50
+00:05:14,740 --> 00:05:19,680
+تقليد الإنسان بل قلد كذلك الحيوانات وأصوات
+
+51
+00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:27,420
+الحيواناتفكما يقول الجاحظ في كتابه أنه كان إذا قلد
+
+52
+00:05:27,420 --> 00:05:32,760
+نهيق الحمار أبو دبوج الزنجي جاوبته كل حمير بقداد
+
+53
+00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:40,140
+كل حمير بقداد وربما نهق حمار فلم يجاوبه أحدحمار
+
+54
+00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:44,660
+حقيقي ينهق ما يجاوب أحد لكن إذا نقل أبو دبوجي
+
+55
+00:05:44,660 --> 00:05:50,700
+الزنجي تجاوبه حمير اللي هو الكرخ أو حمير الصوم
+
+56
+00:05:50,700 --> 00:05:57,500
+وكان هذا يمثل متعة وفرجة للناس متعة وفرجة للناس
+
+57
+00:05:57,500 --> 00:06:02,800
+وهذا أقرب اليوم إلى ما يسمى بمسرح الشارع مسرح
+
+58
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,740
+الشارعفي الشارع في السوق لا يحتاج إلى خشبة مسرح
+
+59
+00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:13,180
+ولا إلى مقاعد ولا إلى ديكورات المسرح المعقدة إنما
+
+60
+00:06:13,180 --> 00:06:19,900
+في الفضاء المفتوح وفي الشارع أو في السوق أيضا وجد
+
+61
+00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:27,460
+طبقة في زمن المتوكل أطلق عليهم السماجة والمقصود
+
+62
+00:06:27,460 --> 00:06:33,910
+بالسماجة الممثلون أو المهرجونهذه الطبق طبقة
+
+63
+00:06:33,910 --> 00:06:40,430
+السماجة كانوا يرتدون أقنعة ويمثلون
+
+64
+00:06:40,430 --> 00:06:45,990
+أمام الخليفة المتوكل ليضحكوا
+
+65
+00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,690
+الخليفة وكانوا من الموالي
+
+66
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:59,300
+ودخل وزير المتوكل يوما على فراء المتوكل قد اختلط
+
+67
+00:06:59,300 --> 00:07:05,880
+بهؤلاء السماجة فقال له يا أمير المؤمنين ألا تخشى
+
+68
+00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:12,620
+من أحدهمأن يطعنك أو أن يقتلك أو أن يقتلك وهو يلبس
+
+69
+00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:17,860
+قناعا من عدوك عدو خبيث ياتي يلبس قناعا فيطعنك
+
+70
+00:07:17,860 --> 00:07:24,900
+بسكين أو يقتلك فعزلهم بعد ذلك المتوكل عنهم السماج
+
+71
+00:07:24,900 --> 00:07:29,800
+هؤلاء كانوا يختصون في البداية بالخلفاء بعد ذلك
+
+72
+00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:35,050
+أصبح فن السماج فنا شعبياإلى الآن .. إلى الآن نحن
+
+73
+00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:39,790
+نطلق على أصحاب الحركات والتمثيل نقول فلان سمج ..
+
+74
+00:07:39,790 --> 00:07:45,090
+فلان سمج .. فلان سمج جات من أين؟ من السماجة .. من
+
+75
+00:07:45,090 --> 00:07:49,910
+الممثلين المهرجين الذين يضحكون الناس بحركات ما
+
+76
+00:07:49,910 --> 00:07:55,410
+يلبسونها يعني الأقنعة على وجوههم أو يضعون الطرابيش
+
+77
+00:07:55,410 --> 00:07:58,270
+أو الطراطير على رؤوسهم
+
+78
+00:08:00,830 --> 00:08:06,910
+استمر السماجة فترة من الزمن ثم جاء بعد ذلك فن
+
+79
+00:08:06,910 --> 00:08:13,270
+الحكوات الحكوات اختصة بالسيار الشعبية اختصة
+
+80
+00:08:13,270 --> 00:08:18,310
+بالسيار الشعبية يسردها في مجمع الناس في مقاهي
+
+81
+00:08:18,310 --> 00:08:21,550
+الناس في السوق في المجمع في الدواوين والسيار
+
+82
+00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:25,610
+الشعبية كانت شعرة كانت عبارة عن شعر كانت عبارة عن
+
+83
+00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:29,670
+شعر سيلة عنطرة من شداد سيف من ذي يزن
+
+84
+00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:37,160
+أبي زيد الهلالي كانت أحيا��ا تصل إلى عشرات الألاف
+
+85
+00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:42,100
+من أبيات الشعب وتعلق
+
+86
+00:08:42,100 --> 00:08:48,460
+الناس بهذه الطبقة وبهذه السيارة الشعبية لأنها تحكي
+
+87
+00:08:48,460 --> 00:08:53,460
+صفحة مجيدة من صفحات العرب تحكي صفحة مجيدة فيها
+
+88
+00:08:53,460 --> 00:08:58,460
+شجاعة عربية مروة عربية فتوة عربية قوة عربية فعجب
+
+89
+00:08:58,460 --> 00:09:04,630
+الناس يعني بالبطل الشعبي والسيارة الشعبيةطبعا حرسة
+
+90
+00:09:04,630 --> 00:09:09,930
+الدوائين و المقاهي و مجامع الناس على أن يستأثروا
+
+91
+00:09:09,930 --> 00:09:16,850
+بهذا الحكوات لأنه يمثلوا يعني عامل جذب للناس حتى
+
+92
+00:09:16,850 --> 00:09:22,250
+يحضروا إلى هذا المكان حتى جاء بعد ذلك الوسائل
+
+93
+00:09:22,250 --> 00:09:26,630
+الحديثة مثل الراديو والتلفاز فقضى على مهنة الحكوات
+
+94
+00:09:26,630 --> 00:09:32,340
+إلى الآن يوجد في القدسمسرح اسمه مسرح الحكواتي مسرح
+
+95
+00:09:32,340 --> 00:09:37,760
+اللي هو الحكواتي من أشهر المسارح الفلسطينية
+
+96
+00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:47,620
+الحقيقة من أكمل وأقرب الأشكال
+
+97
+00:09:47,620 --> 00:09:53,900
+المسرحية إلى المسرح الحديث ما نطلق عليه خيال الظلم
+
+98
+00:09:53,900 --> 00:10:02,010
+ما نطلق عليه خيال الظلمالذى كان رائده المصري
+
+99
+00:10:02,010 --> 00:10:06,430
+العراقي محمد بن دانيال المتوفى فى القرن الثامن
+
+100
+00:10:06,430 --> 00:10:13,570
+الهجري محمد بن دانيال كان يؤلف البابا بيسميها بابا
+
+101
+00:10:13,570 --> 00:10:20,130
+يعنى المشهد ويلحنها ويمثلها ويدرب المواثلين عليها
+
+102
+00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:25,110
+فهو كان عبارة عن فرقة مسرحيةخيال الظل عند بعض
+
+103
+00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:29,930
+الدارسين هو مسرح في الشكل والمضمون مضمونه مسرح
+
+104
+00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:42,010
+وشكله مسرح لأن له نص مسرحي له ممثلون له عرض له
+
+105
+00:10:42,010 --> 00:10:50,340
+متفرجون له رسالة فيه حوار فيه صراعفي عنصر المتعة
+
+106
+00:10:50,340 --> 00:10:55,020
+والاضحاق فلذلك هو عنصر أو هو مسرح كامل للعناصر عند
+
+107
+00:10:55,020 --> 00:11:01,160
+بعض الدارسين شخصياته كانت من واقع السوق من واقع
+
+108
+00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:06,940
+السوق من واقع الناس مثل شخصية الواعظ الحاوي الساحر
+
+109
+00:11:06,940 --> 00:11:13,400
+بائع العشاب القراد القراد هو الحاوي الذي يقوم على
+
+110
+00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:18,260
+تدريب القرود على حركات معينةالقرود اللي أحيانا ذب
+
+111
+00:11:18,260 --> 00:11:24,940
+إلى بعض ال .. يعني أماكن عرض الحيوانات لإنه شاهدوا
+
+112
+00:11:24,940 --> 00:11:30,720
+قرودة تعرضوا يعني حركات مسلية هذا يسمى صاحب القرود
+
+113
+00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:36,240
+يسمى القراد الراقص العبد الأسود إلى غير ذلك لاحظوا
+
+114
+00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:42,140
+الطبقات الشخصيات أو الشخصيات تنتمي إلى طبقة العامة
+
+115
+00:11:42,140 --> 00:11:46,820
+تنتمي إلى طبقة اللوان العامةوكان عبر هذه الشخصيات
+
+116
+00:11:46,820 --> 00:11:51,480
+يتم يسمى بالنقد الاجتماعي نقد لبعض العادات وبعض
+
+117
+00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:56,720
+السلوك اللي هو المجتمع المصري المجتمع المصري هدف
+
+118
+00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:03,520
+من أهداف هذه البابات هو الإضحاك والإمتاع لماذا سمى
+
+119
+00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:09,000
+هذا الفندق بخيال الظل؟ لماذا سمى بخيال الظل؟ الان
+
+120
+00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:13,940
+هو عبارة عن ماذا؟ هو عبارة عن استارةمجلوة بالشمع
+
+121
+00:12:13,940 --> 00:12:19,740
+استارة ومعتمة مجلوة بالشمع هذه الاستارة خلفها
+
+122
+00:12:19,740 --> 00:12:28,600
+أضواء خلف الاستارة في أضواء هناك يكون ضوء كان
+
+123
+00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:34,120
+يعرض لا تورا الشخصيات تتحرك ماذا ذي كان يعرض
+
+124
+00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:39,620
+الشخصيات كان عبارة عن قطع من كرتون أو من ورق أو من
+
+125
+00:12:39,620 --> 00:12:47,210
+جلدو مم��وقة بحبال ما الذي بيحرك الحبال صاحب خيال
+
+126
+00:12:47,210 --> 00:12:52,290
+الظل أو المساعدون له يحركون اللي هو ايه؟ يحركون
+
+127
+00:12:52,290 --> 00:12:55,890
+اللي هو هذه الشخصيات من الورق المقوة او من اللي هو
+
+128
+00:12:55,890 --> 00:13:02,830
+الجل و هناك ضوء فعندما ينعكس الضوءعلى هذه القطع
+
+129
+00:13:02,830 --> 00:13:07,590
+الجلدية أو قطع الورق ينعكس ظلها أين على أين على
+
+130
+00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:10,910
+الإستارة ينعكس ظلها على الإستارة اللي يسميه خيال
+
+131
+00:13:10,910 --> 00:13:16,450
+الظل الذي ينعكس على الإستارة ما هو ظل هذه الشخصيات
+
+132
+00:13:16,450 --> 00:13:21,190
+التي هي عبارة عن ورقمقوة أو من كرتون أو من جلد
+
+133
+00:13:21,190 --> 00:13:25,750
+يعني أسوي فينعكس ظلالها وطبعا يدور حوار بين من
+
+134
+00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:29,750
+الذي يدير الحوار صاحب خيال الظل والمساعدون له ممكن
+
+135
+00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:33,670
+يكونوا اثنين ممكن يكونوا ثلاثة يقومون بيدارة اللو
+
+136
+00:13:33,670 --> 00:13:38,030
+والحوار مثلا بين الواعظ والحاويأو بين الحاوي بيع
+
+137
+00:13:38,030 --> 00:13:41,370
+الأعشاب أو بين بيع الأعشاب مثلا ولعب بالأسول وهكذا
+
+138
+00:13:41,370 --> 00:13:45,710
+يكون هناك أكثر من شخصية يدور بين الحوار وتكون حركة
+
+139
+00:13:45,710 --> 00:13:49,290
+اللي هو المثلين
+
+140
+00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:54,960
+من الورق حركتهم تظهر على اللي هو على الشاشة على
+
+141
+00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:59,820
+اللي هو قطعة اللي هو القماش المعتمة فيكون هذا الظل
+
+142
+00:13:59,820 --> 00:14:02,640
+ينعكس على قطعة اللي هو الاستارة أو قطعة اللي هو
+
+143
+00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:07,420
+القماش اللي هيسمية خيال الظل فالذي يعرض هو اللي
+
+144
+00:14:07,420 --> 00:14:11,940
+ايه هو الظل وليس اللي هو الشخصيات بنفسها يعني
+
+145
+00:14:11,940 --> 00:14:15,160
+التمثيل لم يكن عبارة عن أو الموثلون لم يكنوا عبارة
+
+146
+00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:20,510
+عن شخصيات إنسانيةلم يكونوا عبارة عن شخصيات إنسانية
+
+147
+00:14:20,510 --> 00:14:25,490
+كانوا عبارة عن ماذا يعني عبارة عن أوراق منحوطة أو
+
+148
+00:14:25,490 --> 00:14:30,230
+عبارة عن اللي هو قطع اللي هو جلدية لكن الحوار
+
+149
+00:14:30,230 --> 00:14:35,350
+الميذي كان يقوم بالحوار شخصيات إنسانية الذي يقوم
+
+150
+00:14:35,350 --> 00:14:40,370
+بالحوار شخصيات إنسانية صاحب خيال الظل أو المساعدون
+
+151
+00:14:40,370 --> 00:14:47,210
+له إذا اللحظوا أن هذا المسرح
+
+152
+00:14:48,870 --> 00:14:52,530
+فعلا تتوافر فيه الكثير من عناصر المسرح يعني فيه
+
+153
+00:14:52,530 --> 00:14:57,730
+مبثلون وان كانت شخصيات غير إنسانية فيه حوار فيه نص
+
+154
+00:14:57,730 --> 00:15:05,450
+مسرحي فيه عرض فيه فرجة يشادلونه وهذا خيال الذلكن
+
+155
+00:15:05,450 --> 00:15:11,690
+يوضع في صندوق ويوضع في عربة يدورون فيها بين
+
+156
+00:15:11,690 --> 00:15:15,750
+الحاراتيدورون فيها بين الحراك لإشاد الناس اللي هو
+
+157
+00:15:15,750 --> 00:15:21,700
+خيال الظلم وبعضهم كان يتخذ مكانا ثابتابعض أصحاب
+
+158
+00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:26,320
+عروض خيال الظل كان يتخذ مكانا ثابتا لا يتغيب
+
+159
+00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:31,880
+وبعضهم كان يدولله في الحارات حارات مصر القديمة كما
+
+160
+00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:37,880
+قلنا خيال الظل الذي كان رئيده ابن دانيال محمد ابن
+
+161
+00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:42,860
+دانيال كان يسمي العرض الواحد بابا يسميها بابا
+
+162
+00:15:43,290 --> 00:15:46,790
+يسميها بابة، لأنها تتخيل بابات إبن دليال مثل أمير
+
+163
+00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:51,590
+وصال عجيب وغريب المتيم واضّاع الغريب والبابة تقوم
+
+164
+00:15:51,590 --> 00:15:55,890
+على عرائس من الورق المقوة من الورق المقوة كما قلنا
+
+165
+00:15:55,890 --> 00:16:02,950
+لكم أو الجلب تتحرك بطريقة خاصة يوضع خلفها ليلة
+
+166
+00:16:02,950 --> 00:16:09,050
+مصباحا يعكس له ظلالها على استارة بيضاء ويدور حوار
+
+167
+00:16:09,050 --> 00:16:15,100
+ينطق بصاحب لهيعني بابا مع مساعد آخر له بحيث يتغير
+
+168
+00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:20,980
+الصوت بتغيره الشخصية لأظه أن المساعد أو صاحب خيال
+
+169
+00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:26,320
+الذل يجب أن يغير صوته يجب أن يغير صوته يمكن أن
+
+170
+00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:30,440
+يتكلم بصوت رجل بعد ذلك يتكلم بصوت إمرأة الان يتكلم
+
+171
+00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:34,380
+بصوت عبد بعد ذلك يتكلم بصوت سيد فيحتاج لإيه إلا أن
+
+172
+00:16:34,380 --> 00:16:42,640
+يغير صوته صاحب الخيال الذلوكانت مهنة رائجة في مصر
+
+173
+00:16:42,640 --> 00:16:46,260
+هذه المهنة كانت مهنة رائجة في مصر وانتشرت في مصر
+
+174
+00:16:46,260 --> 00:16:49,640
+وانتقلت إلى بلاد المغرب العربي وانتقلت إلى بلاد
+
+175
+00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:53,680
+الشام في معروف خيال الظل الشامي والمغربي وكذلك
+
+176
+00:16:53,680 --> 00:17:00,200
+خيال الظل التركي خيال الظل عندما انتقل إلى تركيا
+
+177
+00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:05,280
+تطور إلى ما يسمى بالقرقوز
+
+178
+00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:14,260
+أصله في التركية قُرّا كوز قُرّا كوز قُرّا كوز
+
+179
+00:17:14,260 --> 00:17:19,480
+معناته صاحب العيون السوداء قُرّا كوز في التركية
+
+180
+00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:27,160
+صاحب العيون السوداء هذا تطور لخيال الظلم القرقوز
+
+181
+00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:30,580
+أو كما نقول نحن بالعربي الاراجوز نقول اليوم ايه
+
+182
+00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:34,680
+الاراجوز أو اللي هو الاراجوز إلى الآن مستخدمة في
+
+183
+00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:40,310
+واقعنا الحاضرعبارة عن ماذا الاراجوز أو القرقوز
+
+184
+00:17:40,310 --> 00:17:45,910
+عبارة عن دمية يبقى الآن تطور .. انتبهوا معناه يبقى
+
+185
+00:17:45,910 --> 00:17:50,850
+الآن تطور الأمر من ورق مقوة أو جلد ليه إلى دمية
+
+186
+00:17:50,850 --> 00:17:57,850
+حيث نجد رأسه مصنوعة من خامة خفيفة وصلبة كالخشب
+
+187
+00:17:57,850 --> 00:18:03,210
+يعني ممكن تكون راسه يعني من الخشب ورسم عليها وجه
+
+188
+00:18:03,210 --> 00:18:11,080
+مرسوم عليها وجهتنتهي من أعلى بطرطور أحمر طرطور ..
+
+189
+00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:17,800
+طربوش يعني الطربوش اللي هو أحمر أما وسط الدوميا
+
+190
+00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:24,000
+الأراجوز وسطه فهو عبارة عن جلباب أحمر طويل يبقى
+
+191
+00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:28,740
+عنده طربوش و عنده جلباب أحمر طويل وجههم من ماذا؟
+
+192
+00:18:28,740 --> 00:18:37,470
+من الخشب أنتم إذا رأيتم بعض برامج الأطفالدائما مع
+
+193
+00:18:37,470 --> 00:18:42,670
+برامج الأطفال يأتون بدمية تتكلم هذه الدمية أراجوز
+
+194
+00:18:42,670 --> 00:18:46,610
+هذه الدمية عبارة عن ماذا؟ عبارة عن أراجوز لإمتاع
+
+195
+00:18:46,610 --> 00:18:53,730
+الأطفال وأضحك له الأطفال يدا قطعتان من الخشب يدا
+
+196
+00:18:53,730 --> 00:18:58,730
+اللي هو الأراجوز يتم التحكم في تحريك الدمية
+
+197
+00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:04,270
+الأراجوز عن طريق اليدبيضع اللي هو صاحب الأراجوز
+
+198
+00:19:04,270 --> 00:19:08,810
+يده في الثوب الأحمر في داخل الثوب الأحمر فيبدأ
+
+199
+00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:15,010
+يحرك اللي هو يديه ورأس اللي هو الأراجوز حيث يستطيع
+
+200
+00:19:15,010 --> 00:19:19,770
+اللاعب أن يحرك رأسه بأصبع السبابة وتختفي يد اللاعب
+
+201
+00:19:19,770 --> 00:19:26,790
+كاملة داخل جلباب الأراجوز الأحمر وهذه آلية تحريك
+
+202
+00:19:26,790 --> 00:19:33,890
+دمية الأراجوزإذن الآن ال .. الاراجوز أو الجاراجوز
+
+203
+00:19:33,890 --> 00:19:42,310
+أصبح دمية و أصبح هذه الدمية تشاهد عيانا و مباشرة
+
+204
+00:19:42,310 --> 00:19:46,450
+بدون ظلال تخيل أن الظل كان يشاهد عبر .. عبر ظلال
+
+205
+00:19:46,450 --> 00:19:51,990
+الآن أصبح الجاراجوز يشاهد مباشرة أمام الجمهور دون
+
+206
+00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:59,390
+.. دون واسطة أو دون اللي هو استارةعاد بعد ذلك إلى
+
+207
+00:19:59,390 --> 00:20:04,510
+مصر فن الجاراجوز عاد إلى مصر وانتشر بعد ذلك كذلك
+
+208
+00:20:04,510 --> 00:20:09,670
+يعني في مصر وإلى عهد قريب يعني كان موجودا هذا الفن
+
+209
+00:20:09,670 --> 00:20:13,330
+يعني في مصر وبعض الدول العربية إلى الآن حتى في
+
+210
+00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:18,060
+بلاد المغربوبلاد الشام وبلاد العراق هناك اهتمام
+
+211
+00:20:18,060 --> 00:20:23,580
+بهذه الفنون القديمة يعني يعقدون مؤتمرات و أيام
+
+212
+00:20:23,580 --> 00:20:29,540
+دراسية يتدرسون فنون خيال الظلم وفنون كذلك الاراجوز
+
+213
+00:20:29,850 --> 00:20:36,550
+حتى في فرنسا أيضا هناك اهتمام بهذا الفن العربي
+
+214
+00:20:36,550 --> 00:20:42,290
+الأصلي البعض تحدث عن أصل ونشرت هذا الفن بعضهم قال
+
+215
+00:20:42,290 --> 00:20:46,810
+أصله هندى و البعض قال أصله صينى و البعض قال أصله
+
+216
+00:20:46,810 --> 00:20:52,110
+فارسى و البعض نسبة نشرت هذا الفن إلى المحمد بن
+
+217
+00:20:52,110 --> 00:21:00,300
+دانيال الموصلي العراقيالحقيقة أن هل يمكن أن نعدّى
+
+218
+00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:10,800
+القرقز وخيال الذل مصرحا أم يجب أن يبقى القرقز
+
+219
+00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:16,140
+ويبقى خيال الذل في منطقة الأشكال المصرحية؟ هل يمكن
+
+220
+00:21:16,140 --> 00:21:22,470
+أن نعدّه؟مسرحا كاملا ولا يجب أن نبقيه في منطقة
+
+221
+00:21:22,470 --> 00:21:28,890
+الأشكال المسرحية؟ أه ما رايكونا على ضوء يعني ما
+
+222
+00:21:28,890 --> 00:21:35,910
+سمعنا من طبيعة وظيفة الأرجوز أو وظيفة الوخيال
+
+223
+00:21:35,910 --> 00:21:42,970
+أفضل؟ أيوة يا فراحة تفضلي أه ما رايك؟ القراكوز
+
+224
+00:21:42,970 --> 00:21:50,180
+التوافقيةمثل .. اه مثل .. ان في فرجة في كمان مسرح
+
+225
+00:21:50,180 --> 00:21:54,540
+صحيح هو صغير جدا و ممكن يكون ثابت او متحرك في كمان
+
+226
+00:21:54,540 --> 00:21:58,800
+ممثلين صحيح بيكون شخصية مش انسانية بس في يعني
+
+227
+00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:02,380
+انسان ..الإنسان أو المساعد هو بيحرك هذه الدمية
+
+228
+00:22:02,380 --> 00:22:07,460
+وفيه كمان متفرجون وكمان قد القراقس يوصي رسالة من
+
+229
+00:22:07,460 --> 00:22:14,220
+خلاله جميل كلام زميلتكوا فرح ما لدي إضافة .. ما
+
+230
+00:22:14,220 --> 00:22:19,760
+لدي إضافة من الطالبات على كلام زميلتكوا؟ هل هناك
+
+231
+00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:21,140
+إضافة؟ اتفضلي
+
+232
+00:22:35,380 --> 00:22:42,400
+أغلب أشكال وعناصر الحقيقة أن الكثير من الدارسين
+
+233
+00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:48,880
+عدى الأراجوز وخيالي الظل شكلا مسرحيا
+
+234
+00:22:51,730 --> 00:22:59,330
+لكن أستاذنا محمد الواثق أستاذ الأدب والنقد في
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+235
+00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:09,030
+جامعة الخرطوم يرى رأيا مخالفا لولاك الدارسين يرى
+
+236
+00:23:09,030 --> 00:23:18,690
+بأن خيال الظل هو البداية الحقيقية للمسرح العربي
+
+237
+00:23:18,690 --> 00:23:21,450
+وليس مارون النقاش
+
+238
+00:23:25,310 --> 00:23:30,450
+ويرى أن خيال الظل مصرح
+
+239
+00:23:30,450 --> 00:23:41,650
+كامل العناصر يناسب عصره و زمانه وليس
+
+240
+00:23:41,650 --> 00:23:51,050
+من الإنصاف أن ننظر إليه كأحد
+
+241
+00:23:51,050 --> 00:23:52,450
+الأشكال المصرحية
+
+242
+00:23:55,420 --> 00:24:06,360
+كالحاكية والحكوات ومواكب الخلفاء بل
+
+243
+00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:15,300
+هو مسرح كامل وكذلك الاراجوس لأنه
+
+244
+00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:26,030
+يتوافر فيه النص المسرحي يتوافر فيه الصراعيتوافر
+
+245
+00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:30,150
+فيه الحوار تتوافر
+
+246
+00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:37,290
+فيه الشخصيات يتوافر
+
+247
+00:24:37,290 --> 00:24:43,250
+فيه الممثلون يتوافر
+
+248
+00:24:43,250 --> 00:24:50,730
+فيه عنصر الفرجة عنصر الامتع إذا ماذا بقى من عصر
+
+249
+00:24:50,730 --> 00:24:56,450
+المسرح؟لم يبقى شيء .. لم يبقى شيء من عناصر المسرح
+
+250
+00:24:56,450 --> 00:25:04,510
+ومن الظلم أن نقارن ذلك المسرح في القرن الثامن
+
+251
+00:25:04,510 --> 00:25:08,670
+الهجري بالمسرح العربي الحديث أو المسرح الأوروبي
+
+252
+00:25:08,670 --> 00:25:16,810
+لأن ذلك المسرح ناسب عصره و زمانه .. ناسب عصره و
+
+253
+00:25:16,810 --> 00:25:17,230
+زمانه
+
+254
+00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:31,580
+بعض الدارسين توسعة في موضوع الأشكال المسرحية مثل
+
+255
+00:25:31,580 --> 00:25:38,360
+الدكتور الخليل الموسى أو محمد نجم أو صاحبة كتاب
+
+256
+00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:44,040
+الف عام و عام على المسرح العربي عدوا أي شكل من
+
+257
+00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,620
+أشكال الفرجة أو التمثيل يدخلوا في باب الشكل
+
+258
+00:25:47,620 --> 00:25:56,990
+المسرحيحتى عدوا السامر و لغان الشعبية و تمثيل مقتل
+
+259
+00:25:56,990 --> 00:26:02,530
+الحسين رضي الله عنه اللذي و هو تقسم طقوس الشيعة
+
+260
+00:26:02,530 --> 00:26:09,790
+عدوا ذلك أيضا من الأشكال المسرحية حتى عدوا لو موكب
+
+261
+00:26:09,790 --> 00:26:15,250
+القليف عندما يخرج لصلاة الجمعة أو في الاعياد بهذا
+
+262
+00:26:15,250 --> 00:26:23,070
+المنظر المهيبوالجليل أو خروج الحجاج حتى في الحجب
+
+263
+00:26:23,070 --> 00:26:30,450
+عدوا ذلك شكل من أشكال يعني الفرجة وبالتالي هي شكل
+
+264
+00:26:30,450 --> 00:26:40,150
+من أشكال المسرح في موروثنا العربي القديم ونحن
+
+265
+00:26:40,150 --> 00:26:46,760
+إذا درسنا مسرح مارون النقاشأو مسرح أبي خليل
+
+266
+00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:52,340
+القباني سنجد
+
+267
+00:26:52,340 --> 00:27:00,380
+أن هذين المسرحين لم يبتعد كثيرا عن مسرح خيال الظلم
+
+268
+00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:09,940
+لم يبتعد كثيرا عن مسرح خيال الظلم ولو انتبه مارون
+
+269
+00:27:09,940 --> 00:27:15,930
+النقاش إلى مسرح خيال الظلملاستطاع أن يكمل مسيرة
+
+270
+00:27:15,930 --> 00:27:33,170
+المسرح العربي بكفاءة واقتدار إذا
+
+271
+00:27:33,170 --> 00:27:41,940
+قيمة خيال الظل وقيمة فن الاراجوزأنهم أوجد جنسا
+
+272
+00:27:41,940 --> 00:27:46,600
+أدبيا جديدا لم
+
+273
+00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:55,780
+يكن معروفا في الأدب العرب القديم وهو فن العرض أو
+
+274
+00:27:55,780 --> 00:28:02,760
+فن المسرح كلمة
+
+275
+00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:11,540
+المسرح أو المسرحيةلم تكن معروفة بهذا المصطلح وبهذه
+
+276
+00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,180
+الدلالة في بدايات أو في نشأة المسرح العربي كانوا
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+277
+00:28:17,180 --> 00:28:21,380
+يطلقون على المسرحية النص المسرحي الرواية التنثيلية
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+278
+00:28:21,380 --> 00:28:28,240
+أو الرواية التشخيصية وكانوا
+
+279
+00:28:28,240 --> 00:28:34,060
+يطلقون على المسرح المرسححتى مارون نقاش في خطبته
+
+280
+00:28:34,060 --> 00:28:40,580
+كان يقول المرسح وليس المسرح أو التياترو التياترو
+
+281
+00:28:40,580 --> 00:28:46,040
+التياترو كلمة إيطالية وأسبانية تعني المسرح
+
+282
+00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:47,220
+التياترو
+
+283
+00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:56,220
+كلمة إيطالية بعضهم قال أو كلمة أسبانية تعني المسرح
+
+284
+00:28:56,220 --> 00:29:01,140
+لإن التياترو .. التياترو الإسكندرية عندما أنشه ..
+
+285
+00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:05,240
+أنشه في الحي الإيطالي في الإسكندرية مما يشير أن
+
+286
+00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:10,420
+ربما كان الكلمة يعني لها أصول يعني إيطالية أو أصول
+
+287
+00:29:10,420 --> 00:29:14,480
+أوروبية وإلى الآن بعض المصريين يطلقون على المسرح
+
+288
+00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:21,980
+التياترو إذا سمعتم بهذا اللي هو الاسمالمغاربة
+
+289
+00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:28,340
+يطلقون على المسرح الركح المقصود بالركح يعني الساحة
+
+290
+00:29:28,340 --> 00:29:34,820
+التي يمثل بها بعد
+
+291
+00:29:34,820 --> 00:29:42,140
+ذلك استقر المصطلح إلى مسرح و إلى مسرحية إلى مسرح و
+
+292
+00:29:42,140 --> 00:29:43,780
+إلى مسرحية
+
+293
+00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:57,520
+سنتحدث إن شاء الله في المرة القادمة عن ثلاثة من
+
+294
+00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:02,380
+رواد المسرح العربي عن
+
+295
+00:30:02,380 --> 00:30:10,700
+التاجر اللبناني مارون النقاش 1817
+
+296
+00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:15,720
+إلى 1855 وهو
+
+297
+00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:20,820
+الذي يراه الدارسون رائداً للمسرح العربي الحديث
+
+298
+00:30:21,470 --> 00:30:26,530
+بمسرحياته الثلاث وكذلك
+
+299
+00:30:26,530 --> 00:30:34,550
+المسرحي السوري أبو خليل القباني بمسرحيات الأربعين
+
+300
+00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:41,190
+وعروض الأربعين وصلت إلى رقم الأربعين ولم يبق منها
+
+301
+00:30:41,190 --> 00:30:45,330
+إلا ثمانية
+
+302
+00:30:45,330 --> 00:30:58,770
+عروض كذلكالمسرحي المصري يعقوب صنوع ثم
+
+303
+00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:04,190
+هتحدث ان شاء الله بالتفصيل عن جهود أولئك الرواد في
+
+304
+00:31:04,190 --> 00:31:11,910
+نشأة المسرح العام بل لدي سؤال أو تعقيب أو استفسار
+
+305
+00:31:11,910 --> 00:31:20,830
+لحد لدي سؤالهل هناك مسؤال حول المسرح العربي أرجو
+
+306
+00:31:20,830 --> 00:31:25,050
+أن ترجعوا إلى قناة اليوتيوب في الانترنت في شبكة
+
+307
+00:31:25,050 --> 00:31:31,160
+المعلومات اكتبوا خيال الظلماليوم الذي يُعرض بمسرح
+
+308
+00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:36,600
+العرائس يُعرض بمسرح العرائس اكتبوا خيال الظل أو
+
+309
+00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:42,000
+اكتبوا الجاراجوز وستشاهدون عيناً اللي هو عروض
+
+310
+00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:48,260
+الجاراجوز أو عروض الخيال الظل التي إلى الآن ما
+
+311
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+زالت مستمرة وما زالت معروضة في ساحتنا العربية
+
+312
+00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:56,860
+والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

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@@ -0,0 +1,1424 @@
+1
+00:00:21,290 --> 00:00:23,770
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:26,810
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:26,810 --> 00:00:32,230
+وأبعد نواصل ان شاء الله في قصيدة الشاعر المهجري
+
+4
+00:00:32,230 --> 00:00:38,410
+الشاعر الدرويش رشيد أيوب المحاضرة الماضية قرأنا
+
+5
+00:00:38,410 --> 00:00:43,700
+القصيدة ووقفنا على المعاني العامةوالظلال التي
+
+6
+00:00:43,700 --> 00:00:49,340
+تلقيها هذه القصيدة في نفس المتلقي اليوم نحن مع
+
+7
+00:00:49,340 --> 00:00:55,860
+قراءة لهذا النص وتحليل للأدوات الفنية التي يركب
+
+8
+00:00:55,860 --> 00:01:02,560
+عليها هذا النص لنبدأ أولا بقراءة النص اتفضلي يا
+
+9
+00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:10,280
+فلجو يا فلجو قد هيجت أشجاني ذكرتني أهلي بلبناني
+
+10
+00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:19,160
+بالله عني قل لجيراني ما زال يرعى حرمة العهد يا فلج
+
+11
+00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:26,640
+قد ذكرتني الوادي متنصفا لغديره الشادى كم قد جلست
+
+12
+00:01:26,640 --> 00:01:35,400
+بحضنه الهادي فكأنني في جنة الخلد يا فلج قد ذكرتني
+
+13
+00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:43,710
+أمى أيام تقضي الليلة في همىمشغوفة انت حارفي ضمّي
+
+14
+00:01:43,710 --> 00:01:52,210
+تحلو عليّ مخافة البرد ياتلج قد ذكرتني الموقد أيام
+
+15
+00:01:52,210 --> 00:02:00,710
+كنا حوله ننشد نعلو لديه كأنه المسجد وكأننا نستاقو
+
+16
+00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:09,190
+في الزهد ياتلج أنت بثوبك الباهرولقائه كطوية الشاعر
+
+17
+00:02:09,190 --> 00:02:16,230
+لو كنت تدري الناس يا طاهر لبعدت عنهم أيما بعدين
+
+18
+00:02:16,230 --> 00:02:23,870
+أيما أيما أيما أول ملاحظة فنية وملاحظة أسلوبية
+
+19
+00:02:23,870 --> 00:02:30,390
+ومعنوية على هذه القصيدة من عنوانها لداء جمادات
+
+20
+00:02:30,390 --> 00:02:36,790
+الشاعر هنا يلا يخاطب إنساناولا يخاطب كائنا حيا
+
+21
+00:02:36,790 --> 00:02:47,710
+إنما يخاطب جمادا يا ثلج يا ثلج ماذا نشعر في هذا
+
+22
+00:02:47,710 --> 00:02:54,850
+النداءماذا نستشف من هذا النداء عندما يخاطب الشاعر
+
+23
+00:02:54,850 --> 00:03:02,210
+الثلج يا ثلجه ولاحظ هنا اقترن حرف النداء بالمنادة
+
+24
+00:03:02,210 --> 00:03:10,550
+في القصيدة القصيدة السابقة حذف حرف النداء لكن هنا
+
+25
+00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:17,250
+اقترن النداء بالمنادة يا ثلجه اقترن النداء
+
+26
+00:03:17,250 --> 00:03:19,490
+بالمنادة يا ثلجه فضلي
+
+27
+00:03:28,260 --> 00:03:33,680
+البعد .. ماذا
+
+28
+00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:38,910
+أيضا؟غير البعد نعم هو أداة النداء أو حرف نداء يا
+
+29
+00:03:38,910 --> 00:03:43,910
+كما قال بعض العلماء البلاجة يستخدم للبعد ويستخدم
+
+30
+00:03:43,910 --> 00:03:47,030
+للقرب أيضا يعني بعض العلماء قالوا يستخدم فقط للبعد
+
+31
+00:03:47,030 --> 00:03:51,530
+وبعضهم قال يستخدم للبعد و للقرب احنا نقول يا الله
+
+32
+00:03:51,530 --> 00:03:58,610
+وهو أقرب إلينا الحب الوريد لذلك يستخدم للقريب و
+
+33
+00:03:58,610 --> 00:04:00,110
+للبعيد
+
+34
+00:04:02,290 --> 00:04:10,730
+يا .. يا .. لما نقول يا عندما الشعر يقول يا ماذا
+
+35
+00:04:10,730 --> 00:04:21,030
+يفعل تهيز الشعر تهيزه يا ثلج يا ثلج أليس فيه تفريغ
+
+36
+00:04:21,030 --> 00:04:25,690
+شحنة العاطف المكبوطة في داخل هذا الشعر المقترب
+
+37
+00:04:26,290 --> 00:04:31,410
+عندما أقول يا ثلجه فهذا النداء يفرغ هذه الشحنة من
+
+38
+00:04:31,410 --> 00:04:35,790
+خلال النداء قناة الاتصال النداء يا ثلج و يخاطب هذا
+
+39
+00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:41,450
+الثلج و عندما يخاطب هذا الثلج إنما يخاطب كل لبنان
+
+40
+00:04:41,450 --> 00:04:47,130
+و يخاطب كل أهله و يخاطب كل وطني و يخاطب أمه و كل
+
+41
+00:04:47,130 --> 00:04:52,790
+ذكرياته و أهله و يخاطب كل شيء جميل عاشه الشاعر في
+
+42
+00:04:52,790 --> 00:04:59,800
+وطنيه النازح و البعيديا ثلج ونداء الجمادات ليست
+
+43
+00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:05,980
+ظاهرة وجدت في شعر رشيد أيوب إذا فتشت الشعر المهجري
+
+44
+00:05:05,980 --> 00:05:12,180
+ستجد أن هذه الظاهرة ظاهرة متأصلة في الشعر المهجري
+
+45
+00:05:12,180 --> 00:05:17,400
+أو عند الشعراء المهجريين سواء الشمالي أو الجنوبي
+
+46
+00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:23,940
+وهذا يدل على انقطاع بين الشاعر وبين الإنسان انقطاع
+
+47
+00:05:23,940 --> 00:05:28,860
+بين الشاعر وبين محيطه الإنساني فلا يجدوا إلا
+
+48
+00:05:28,860 --> 00:05:36,160
+الجماد يخاطبه ويناديه بدلا وبديلا على الإنسان الذي
+
+49
+00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:43,730
+آيس منه واستوحش منه ولم يعد أهلا للخطابوالعرب درجت
+
+50
+00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:49,190
+على هذا الخطاب في شعرها الفرزق خاطب الذئب الفرزق
+
+51
+00:05:49,190 --> 00:05:54,670
+لم يخاطب الإنسان خاطب الذئب استأنسى بالذئب واستوحش
+
+52
+00:05:54,670 --> 00:06:01,900
+من الإنسانتعالى انعهدت لا تخونني نكن مثل من يذئب
+
+53
+00:06:01,900 --> 00:06:08,300
+يستحباني خاطبة الذئب فاستوحش من الإنسان واستأنس
+
+54
+00:06:08,300 --> 00:06:13,100
+بالذئب ومن هم الخاطبة الجبال ومنهم الخاطبة الحجارة
+
+55
+00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:17,960
+ومنهم الخاطبة الليل ومنهم الخاطبة الأطلال ومنهم
+
+56
+00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:24,860
+الخاطبة الأمواتفولذلك هذه ظاهرة شعرية يعني موجودة
+
+57
+00:06:24,860 --> 00:06:29,460
+في الشيان القديم والعرب القديم وكذلك هذه الظاهرة
+
+58
+00:06:29,460 --> 00:06:38,300
+موجودة واصلة في الشعر المهجري وكما كنا فيها انزال
+
+59
+00:06:38,300 --> 00:06:44,740
+غير العاقل منزلة العاقل انزال غير العاقل منزلة
+
+60
+00:06:44,740 --> 00:06:49,760
+اللي هو العاقليعني أطلق عليه الزمخشري استعارة
+
+61
+00:06:49,760 --> 00:06:54,640
+سماها إيه استعارة أنسنية نعم أو احنا أطلقنا عليه
+
+62
+00:06:54,640 --> 00:06:59,420
+أنسنة الطبيعة أنسنة اللي هو الطبيعة الباس الطبيعة
+
+63
+00:06:59,420 --> 00:07:05,680
+ثوب الحياة أو صفات اللي هو الكائن الإنساني لدى
+
+64
+00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:09,900
+الجامدات ظاهرة معنوية واسلوبية في شعر رشيد أيوب
+
+65
+00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:17,650
+خاصة وفي شعر الشعراء المهجريينهذه الظاهرة تنبأ عن
+
+66
+00:07:17,650 --> 00:07:21,950
+انقطاع الإنسان عن أخيه الإنسان وهذه الظاهرة موجودة
+
+67
+00:07:21,950 --> 00:07:28,630
+في الأدب العالمي المعاصر وقلنا لكم رواية الشيخوف
+
+68
+00:07:28,630 --> 00:07:36,260
+الشهيرة الوشقاء تتحدث عن ذلك الحوذيالذي لم يجد في
+
+69
+00:07:36,260 --> 00:07:41,320
+المدينة الكثيرة والواسعة والكثيرة إنسان يستمع إليه
+
+70
+00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:48,540
+لم يجد إلا حصانه الأبيض يبثه أمه ويبثه أحزانه فهي
+
+71
+00:07:48,540 --> 00:07:55,000
+ظاهرة يعني موجودة عند الإنسان المعاصر هنا يقوم
+
+72
+00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:59,640
+الثلج مقام الإنسان الأصل أن الشاعر يخاطب الإنسان
+
+73
+00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:06,380
+العاقل صاحب الأحاسيسالذي يمكن يتفاعل معه لكن إذا
+
+74
+00:08:06,380 --> 00:08:12,240
+أقفل الإنسان منافذه وأقفل السماع عنده وقنوات
+
+75
+00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:15,980
+الاتصال لم يعد هذا الإنسان يصلح للنداء لم يعد هذا
+
+76
+00:08:15,980 --> 00:08:21,240
+الإنسان يصلح للنداء لذلك يقوم الثلج يعني معادل
+
+77
+00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:26,260
+الموضوعيا يقوم مقام الإنسان في القصيدة أو في النص
+
+78
+00:08:26,260 --> 00:08:30,640
+الشعلي التكرار
+
+79
+00:08:33,150 --> 00:08:37,690
+واضح كم مرة نادى الثلج في القصيدة؟ كم مرة .. ست
+
+80
+00:08:37,690 --> 00:08:43,010
+مرات .. كم مرة نادى؟ خمس مرة .. خمس مرة إلى جانب
+
+81
+00:08:43,010 --> 00:08:46,650
+العنوان؟ إلى جانب العنوان، نعم ست مرات .. ست مرات
+
+82
+00:08:46,650 --> 00:08:50,570
+.. ست مرات نادى الـ Lutheran ولاعظه الثلج كان
+
+83
+00:08:50,570 --> 00:08:57,890
+دائما هو مفتاح المقطعات الشعري المزوجات دائما كان
+
+84
+00:08:57,890 --> 00:09:04,280
+هو المفتاح و هو الإطاروهو الذي يحرك الذكريات
+
+85
+00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:09,000
+الجميلة والرائعة هذا هو الثلج فتكرار النداء يكشف
+
+86
+00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:15,240
+العلاقة الحميمة بين الشاعر الإنسان والثلج الجامد
+
+87
+00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:22,300
+يوجد علاقة حميمة بين هذا الإنسان الشاعر وبين الثلج
+
+88
+00:09:22,300 --> 00:09:28,940
+الجامد وإلا لماذا لم يكرر النداءلما كرر النداء في
+
+89
+00:09:28,940 --> 00:09:32,580
+نوع من الاستعذاب لهذا النداء الشاعر يستعذب هذا
+
+90
+00:09:32,580 --> 00:09:37,560
+النداء لذلك هو يكرر هذا النداء مرة طوله مرة لا يمل
+
+91
+00:09:37,560 --> 00:09:42,980
+ولا يتجر من هذا التكرر وقمنا في انزال غير العاقل
+
+92
+00:09:42,980 --> 00:09:47,840
+منزلات العاقل انزال الثلج الجامد منزلات الإنسان
+
+93
+00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:53,400
+وهذا مسوّغ وموجود في القرآن الكريم وموجود كذلك في
+
+94
+00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:59,660
+شعرنا العربي القديم منهوالمحدث منه كذلك هذا الثلج
+
+95
+00:09:59,660 --> 00:10:02,680
+البارد انظروا لهذه المفارقات الجميلة والرائعة
+
+96
+00:10:02,680 --> 00:10:11,060
+الثلج البارد الذي يشع برودة أصبح يشعل في نفس
+
+97
+00:10:11,060 --> 00:10:16,980
+الشاعر الذكريات الجميلة أصبح شعلة متقدة متقدة من
+
+98
+00:10:16,980 --> 00:10:24,150
+المشاعر ومن الأحاسيس يبعثها في نفس الشاعرالثلج
+
+99
+00:10:24,150 --> 00:10:30,630
+الجامد أصبح شعلة من النار تبعث فيه نفس الشعع اللي
+
+100
+00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:34,410
+هو أجمل الذكريات و أروع الذكريات الماضية مفارقة
+
+101
+00:10:34,410 --> 00:10:39,230
+رائعة جدا ليس النار ولكن .. ولكن الثلج لاعظم كيف
+
+102
+00:10:39,230 --> 00:10:44,890
+الشعراء يعني يبعثونا في الجماد الحياة و يبعثونا في
+
+103
+00:10:44,890 --> 00:10:49,250
+الثلج الحرارة الثلج يبعث فيه الحرارة و يصبح نارا
+
+104
+00:10:49,250 --> 00:10:53,480
+مشتعلة فيها انزياحفيها نزيح و فيها مفارقة ممكن
+
+105
+00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:58,420
+نقول كذلك فيها نزيح و فيها و يوجد فيها مفارقة فيها
+
+106
+00:10:58,420 --> 00:11:06,300
+مفارقة واضحة و بيّنة جدا قوة
+
+107
+00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:10,320
+الهروب في الشعر رشيدة يوم أتحدث إن لنا الدكتور
+
+108
+00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:14,900
+حسين عباس و الدكتور محمد نجيم قالوا أكثر الشعراء
+
+109
+00:11:14,900 --> 00:11:16,780
+المهجريين إحساسا
+
+110
+00:11:18,850 --> 00:11:23,770
+بالهروب أو يتضح في شعر قوة الهروب الشاعر الرشيد
+
+111
+00:11:23,770 --> 00:11:30,590
+ايوه تعالوا لنرا يعني هذه هذا الهروب أو قوة الهروب
+
+112
+00:11:30,590 --> 00:11:37,590
+في هذه القصيدة الشاعر الآن مقتربيعيش مع إنسان غير
+
+113
+00:11:37,590 --> 00:11:43,090
+الإنسان اللي كان يعيش معه في وطنه و هذا الزمان و
+
+114
+00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:48,750
+اللحظة الحاضرة غير اللحظة الماضية فكيف هرب الشاعر
+
+115
+00:11:48,750 --> 00:11:53,490
+من قصوة المكان و قصوة الغربة كيف هرب الشاعر يا
+
+116
+00:11:53,490 --> 00:12:04,600
+تمام من قصوة الغربة كيف هرب يا تمام إلى وطنالى
+
+117
+00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:14,400
+وطنه لكن هذا هو هروب جسدي ولا هروب في الخيال ولا
+
+118
+00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:19,320
+هروب في الخيال هو هروب في الخيال ليس هروب الحقيقية
+
+119
+00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:23,440
+الشعر لا يستطيع أن يفلط من طبيعته الإنسانية فلم
+
+120
+00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:29,340
+يجد إلا الخيال أن يهرب به إلى لبنان لذلك أول بيت
+
+121
+00:12:29,340 --> 00:12:36,750
+ما هو أول بيتذكرتني أهلي بلبناني .. ذكرتني أهلي
+
+122
+00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:40,750
+بلبناني .. هو هرب من New York مدينة الحديد
+
+123
+00:12:40,750 --> 00:12:46,150
+واليسمان أو غابة الحديد واليسمانوغابت القيم
+
+124
+00:12:46,150 --> 00:12:52,070
+المادية إلى أهله بلبنان وقصوة الإنسان الإنسان
+
+125
+00:12:52,070 --> 00:12:56,130
+المادى العلاقات المادية التي سيطرت على الناس في
+
+126
+00:12:56,130 --> 00:13:01,310
+بلاد الغرب أو في المدينة أو في عالم المدينة كيف
+
+127
+00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,710
+استطاع أن يتغلب على قصوة الإنسان هرب إلى من ؟ إلى
+
+128
+00:13:05,710 --> 00:13:16,190
+حنان الأم يا ثلجهأمي أيوة أيام تقضي الليلة في همي
+
+129
+00:13:16,190 --> 00:13:21,030
+هرب من قسوة الإنسان إلى ذكريات الأم الرائعة
+
+130
+00:13:21,030 --> 00:13:26,250
+والجميلة عندما كانت تحن عليه وتضمه وعندما كانت
+
+131
+00:13:26,250 --> 00:13:31,910
+يشغف قلبها بهذا الوليد أو بهذا الطفل أو بهذا
+
+132
+00:13:31,910 --> 00:13:36,930
+الإنسان إذن الحنال الأم عادل لقسوة الإنسان كيف هرب
+
+133
+00:13:36,930 --> 00:13:41,190
+من قسوة اللحظة الحاضرة؟اللحظة الحاضرة التي شعر
+
+134
+00:13:41,190 --> 00:13:45,870
+فيها بالضيق وشعر فيها بالدجر وشعر فيها بالشقاق
+
+135
+00:13:45,870 --> 00:13:52,910
+تفضل لحظة الماضي الذكريات الماضي الرائعة والجميلة
+
+136
+00:13:52,910 --> 00:13:57,910
+والممتعة لذلك في القصيدة بتركز قد ذكرتني قد ذكرتني
+
+137
+00:13:57,910 --> 00:14:04,090
+لاحظوا قد ذكرتني قد ذكرتني كل بيت وكل مطلع يؤكد
+
+138
+00:14:04,090 --> 00:14:09,590
+على قد ذكرتني دلالة على أن الذكرياترائعة والذكريات
+
+139
+00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:14,930
+جميلة والذكريات ممتعة وليس مجرد ذكريات عبثية أو
+
+140
+00:14:14,930 --> 00:14:20,690
+سطحية لا قيمة لها في نفس الشاعر أو لا أثر لها في
+
+141
+00:14:20,690 --> 00:14:25,150
+ذاكرة الشاعر ذاكرة الشاعر مفطومة بهذه الذكريات
+
+142
+00:14:25,150 --> 00:14:31,420
+ترفضأن تغادر هذه الذكريات هي في منطقة و في مركز
+
+143
+00:14:31,420 --> 00:14:36,960
+هذه الذكريات والشاعر والعرب والإنسان أينما يذهب
+
+144
+00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:42,900
+دائما يحمله ذكرياته معه في قلبه و في جوانحه و في
+
+145
+00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:49,950
+نفسه و في عقله يستدعيها عندماتشقى به الحياة و
+
+146
+00:14:49,950 --> 00:14:54,890
+عندما تنزل به الأموم و عندما تضيق به الحياة
+
+147
+00:14:54,890 --> 00:14:59,610
+فيستدعي هذه الذكريات الجميلة حتى يستطيع أن يتماسك
+
+148
+00:14:59,610 --> 00:15:03,770
+يتماسك الإنسان و يستطيع أن يواجه قصوة اللحظة
+
+149
+00:15:03,770 --> 00:15:15,130
+الحاضرة اللغة .. لاحظوا لغة الشاعر هل
+
+150
+00:15:15,130 --> 00:15:22,700
+أقول فصيحة؟يعني .. يعني ممكن أقول .. تجاوزة ..
+
+151
+00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:26,520
+ممكن أقول عليها مسحة فصاحة، فيها فصاحة، فصيحة
+
+152
+00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:37,700
+لكنها لغة بسيطة ساذجة لغة بسيطة ساذجة تحكي سذاجة
+
+153
+00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:43,680
+العاطفة عند الشاعر رشيد أمنيات الشاعر هل هي أمنيات
+
+154
+00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:51,300
+معقدة أمنيات كبيرةامنيات بسيطة امنيات إنسانية
+
+155
+00:15:51,300 --> 00:16:00,660
+ساذجة جدا وبسيطة تتمثل في أن يعود إلى أرضه وأن
+
+156
+00:16:00,660 --> 00:16:04,300
+يعود إلى وطنه وأن يعود إلى واد الصنين وأن يعود إلى
+
+157
+00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:09,360
+أهله وإلى أمه وإلى جيرانه امنية بسيطة بسيطة جدا
+
+158
+00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:13,200
+ليس فيها تلك التعقيدات
+
+159
+00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:27,730
+النص شاع فيه الطناس الإسلامي، مفردات جاءت من
+
+160
+00:16:27,730 --> 00:16:33,870
+الثقافة الإسلامية، مع أن الشاعر مسيحي
+
+161
+00:16:35,910 --> 00:16:41,170
+لكنه لا يمنع ذلك أن الشاعر العربي المسيحي ينتمي في
+
+162
+00:16:41,170 --> 00:16:45,170
+النهاية وفي المقال إلى الثقافة العربية الإسلامية
+
+163
+00:16:45,170 --> 00:16:50,230
+فهو يعيش في وسط مجتمع مسلم وثقافته هي ثقافة
+
+164
+00:16:50,230 --> 00:16:54,020
+الحضارة الإسلاميةوالثقافة الإسلامية وحضارته
+
+165
+00:16:54,020 --> 00:16:59,820
+للحضارة العربية الإسلامية لا حضارة له غيرها لذلك
+
+166
+00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:05,500
+تشريع ج��ة الخلد هذا مصطلح غير موجود عند النصارى
+
+167
+00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:10,200
+النصارى عندهم ملكوت السماواتملكوت السماوات ما
+
+168
+00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:13,200
+عندهم جنة الخلط جنة الخلط خاص بالمصطلح أو بال ..
+
+169
+00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:17,160
+بالدين الإسلامي لأن عندهم الجنة المتعة في الجنة
+
+170
+00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:22,740
+متعة روحية ليست متعة جسدية يقولك الإنسان هناك يسكن
+
+171
+00:17:22,740 --> 00:17:26,200
+ما يسمى الملكوت ما هو الملكوت لا ندري ما هو
+
+172
+00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:30,400
+الملكوت ويعيشوا بغبطة دائمة أما المسلمون وفي ديننا
+
+173
+00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,940
+الإسلامي فعندنا لو الجنة وعندنا اللذة الحسية
+
+174
+00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:39,150
+واللذة كذلك اللي هي الروحية أو اللذة نفسيةالمسجد
+
+175
+00:17:39,150 --> 00:17:45,310
+نُسّاك .. نُسّاك مصطلح إسلام .. الزهد كذلك مصطلح
+
+176
+00:17:45,310 --> 00:17:49,570
+اللي هو يعني إسلامي فقد شاعت في القصيدة المصطلحات
+
+177
+00:17:49,570 --> 00:17:53,430
+اللي الإسلامية أو الطناس ألفاظ الدين الإسلامي
+
+178
+00:17:53,430 --> 00:17:57,350
+والثقافة الإسلامية كذلك الطناس المسيحي واضح وبيّن
+
+179
+00:17:57,350 --> 00:18:00,010
+لكن أقل .. أقل
+
+180
+00:18:05,510 --> 00:18:13,770
+يا ثلج قد ذكرتني الوادي متنصط
+
+181
+00:18:13,770 --> 00:18:23,300
+اللي قديره الشاديكم قد جلستوا بحضنه الهادي وقلنا
+
+182
+00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:28,680
+لكم الحضن الهادي والمطمئن مثل مريم عليه السلام
+
+183
+00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:34,960
+اللتي عند النصارى عندما يموت طفل فإنه يذهب إلى حضن
+
+184
+00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:40,360
+مريم عليه السلام هو يبحث عن هذا الحضن الدافع هو
+
+185
+00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:44,980
+طفل شقيه يبحث عن حضن فلا يجد إلا هذا الحضن الإلهي
+
+186
+00:18:46,030 --> 00:18:50,970
+الذي جُسد عندهم في مريم عليه السلام في ذلك هو واضح
+
+187
+00:18:50,970 --> 00:18:57,010
+أنه التناس المسيحي والثقافة المسيحية في هذا البيت
+
+188
+00:18:57,010 --> 00:19:01,990
+هل هناك أيضًا أبيات فيها ثقافة مسيحية تأملوا
+
+189
+00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:07,210
+الأبياء جيدًا هل يوجد؟ هل يوجد؟
+
+190
+00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:31,680
+الشعراء المهجوريون شعراء غير متدينين بالديانة
+
+191
+00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:35,480
+المسيحية يعني ربما ثقافتهم الإسلامية أكثر من
+
+192
+00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:40,480
+ثقافتهم المسيحية لأنهم عاشوا في الوسط و المجتمع
+
+193
+00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:45,600
+العربي و المجتمع الإسلامي فلا عجب يعنيلا عجب ان
+
+194
+00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:52,720
+يكون تجري على لسنتهم و يجري في شعرهم الألفاب و
+
+195
+00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:56,420
+الدلالات الإسلامية كمان نجد اليوم ظاهرة في شعرنا
+
+196
+00:19:56,420 --> 00:20:00,580
+المعاصر خاصة شعر التفعيلة المصطلحات المسيحية
+
+197
+00:20:00,580 --> 00:20:08,320
+الصليب و الكنيسة و الفداء و المعبدو ال .. و الخلاص
+
+198
+00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:13,160
+أحمله صليبي على ظهري إلى غير ذلك من مصطلحات يعني
+
+199
+00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:19,040
+إنجليا أو مصطلحات مسيحية أو رموز مسيحية مع أن الش
+
+200
+00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:27,100
+.. مع أن ال .. ال .. الأستاذ الكبير محمود شاكر لم
+
+201
+00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:32,310
+يحدث أو لم يرى ذلكلم يرا ذلك قال لك هذه رموز
+
+202
+00:20:32,310 --> 00:20:37,350
+مسيحية ثقافية تعبر عن عقيدة مسيحية فكيف يستخدم
+
+203
+00:20:37,350 --> 00:20:42,450
+ويوظف الشاعر رمزا هو لا يؤمن به؟كيف يوظف الشاعر
+
+204
+00:20:42,450 --> 00:20:46,050
+رمزا لا يقن بيه لكن الدكتور محمد منظور قال لا بأس
+
+205
+00:20:46,050 --> 00:20:50,370
+على الشاعر أن يستخدم رموز المسيحية لأنها أضحت و
+
+206
+00:20:50,370 --> 00:20:55,970
+باتت رموزا عالمية أو إنسانية غير مرتبطة بثقافة أو
+
+207
+00:20:55,970 --> 00:20:59,170
+بعقيدة مسيحية أنا أرى أميل إلى رأيه الأول أستاذ
+
+208
+00:20:59,170 --> 00:21:04,430
+محمود شاكر بأن هذه الرموز في النهاية تعبر عن عقيدة
+
+209
+00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:13,050
+ترتبط يعني بثقافة والأولى أنه عبر برموزهفي موروثنا
+
+210
+00:21:13,050 --> 00:21:17,350
+العربي والإسلامي أو ثقافتنا
+
+211
+00:21:17,350 --> 00:21:23,970
+الحاضر الموسيقى
+
+212
+00:21:23,970 --> 00:21:29,730
+الشعر يستخدم طريقة المزدوجات بيتين بيتين بيتين
+
+213
+00:21:29,730 --> 00:21:36,950
+بيتين مزدوجات بيتان واضح جدا اقراينا بعض اللابيات
+
+214
+00:21:39,860 --> 00:21:45,920
+يا تنجو قد ذكرتني أمي أيام تقضي الليلة في همي
+
+215
+00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:52,360
+مشغوفة تحر في ضمي تحلو علي مخاطة البني لاعظم تقفية
+
+216
+00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:58,000
+الداخلية تذكرنا بالموشحات لاعظم تقفية الداخلية
+
+217
+00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:07,060
+الميم همي وضمي أيوة ناخد كمان أيضا مزدوجة يا تنجو
+
+218
+00:22:07,060 --> 00:22:14,800
+قد ذكرتني الموقدأيام كنا حوله ننشد نعنو لديني كأنه
+
+219
+00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:19,740
+المسجد وكأننا النساق في الزهر هذه التقفية الداخلية
+
+220
+00:22:19,740 --> 00:22:26,020
+تجعل الموسيقى كأن القصيدة أقرب إلى الأنشودة منها
+
+221
+00:22:26,020 --> 00:22:30,680
+إلى النص الشعري القصيدة أقرب إلى الأنشودة منها إلى
+
+222
+00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:32,500
+النص الشعري
+
+223
+00:22:34,860 --> 00:22:38,400
+طريقة المزدوجات طريقة استخدمها الشاعر رشيد أيوب
+
+224
+00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,720
+استخدمها جمع من الشعراء الماجريين من باب التجديد
+
+225
+00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:48,280
+الموسيقي التجديد الموسيقي وحاول ان يتأثروا في ذلك
+
+226
+00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:52,500
+بالمشحات الأندلوسية ولكن محاولة على الأوزان
+
+227
+00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:57,680
+الأوزان يعني هي لم تتغير الأوزان لكن تغير في نظام
+
+228
+00:22:57,680 --> 00:23:03,590
+التقفية الداخلي وربما تكون المشحاتالاندلوسية أكبر
+
+229
+00:23:03,590 --> 00:23:08,210
+قفزة في تاريخ التطور الموسيقي أو التجديد الموسيقي
+
+230
+00:23:08,210 --> 00:23:14,150
+حتى رأى بعض .. بعضهم أن التجديد الموسيقي و القفزة
+
+231
+00:23:14,150 --> 00:23:18,410
+الموسيقية في الموشحات أكبر بكثير مما نرى اليوم في
+
+232
+00:23:18,410 --> 00:23:21,510
+شعر التفعيلة أكبر مما نرى اليوم في شعر التفعيلة،
+
+233
+00:23:21,510 --> 00:23:24,890
+اتفضلو لحظة دكتور ان الشعر يستخدم أيضا من الربعيات
+
+234
+00:23:24,890 --> 00:23:30,730
+اه هو مزدوجات .. مزدوجات يعني كل بيتين او كل ..
+
+235
+00:23:30,730 --> 00:23:34,730
+يعني تكاد تكون متناسقات مع بعض من بعض يعني الدال
+
+236
+00:23:34,730 --> 00:23:38,990
+تجمع الكل لكن فيه يوجد اللي هو تقفية الداخلية
+
+237
+00:23:38,990 --> 00:23:41,370
+تقفية .. المسمية المزدوجات ..مسمية النظام اللي هو
+
+238
+00:23:41,370 --> 00:23:46,780
+المزدوجاتنعم ال .. وكنا هذا يجعل القصيدة أقرب إلى
+
+239
+00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:51,740
+المشهودة منها اللي هو إلى القصيدة وكان خواطر يعني
+
+240
+00:23:51,740 --> 00:23:58,080
+لها اتصال مع بعضها البعض طبعا الدكتور حسين عباس
+
+241
+00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:02,960
+ودكتور الحنبلجين تعليق على ذلك تعليق على ذلكوتعليل
+
+242
+00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:15,400
+لديهم لذلك يعتقدان أن هذا مرجعه إلى شيء من دعونا
+
+243
+00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:20,200
+نقول ضعف الشعري ربما عند الشاعر أو قلة الخبرة في
+
+244
+00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:24,780
+التصميم الشعري عند الشاعر فتاتي قصيدته بهذا الشكل
+
+245
+00:24:24,780 --> 00:24:29,040
+أو بهذا النمر أقرب للانشودة منها إلى النص الشعري
+
+246
+00:24:29,040 --> 00:24:34,390
+المعقد والمتكاملالبناء الشعري عند رشيد أيوب البناء
+
+247
+00:24:34,390 --> 00:24:41,110
+سادج وسهل سهل وليس فيه ذلك التعقيد الموسيقي أو
+
+248
+00:24:41,110 --> 00:24:46,410
+التعقيد اللغوي أو التعقيد الفني قصيدة سادجة وقصيدة
+
+249
+00:24:46,410 --> 00:24:52,810
+بسيطة رسالة
+
+250
+00:24:52,810 --> 00:24:53,250
+النص
+
+251
+00:24:58,450 --> 00:25:05,510
+يترجم النص عن شاعر وعن إنسان مقترب معذّب واضح جدا
+
+252
+00:25:05,510 --> 00:25:12,890
+التعريض بالغربة والتعريض بالمكان الذي يقيم فيه
+
+253
+00:25:12,890 --> 00:25:18,010
+الشاعر عندما يعود إلى لبنان ويعود إلى أمي وأهلي
+
+254
+00:25:18,010 --> 00:25:23,430
+والوادي وذكرياتي الماضي في تعريض بالحاضر فقدت ثقة
+
+255
+00:25:23,430 --> 00:25:30,910
+في أخيه الإنسان لذلك لم يخاطبهلم يخاطب الإنسان فهو
+
+256
+00:25:30,910 --> 00:25:36,650
+يتحرق إلى وطنه و إلى أهله تحرق الشاعر إلى وطنه بعد
+
+257
+00:25:36,650 --> 00:25:41,970
+أن تورط في الغربة بعد أن تورط في الغربة و إلى كل
+
+258
+00:25:41,970 --> 00:25:47,850
+شيء جميل في مكانه الأول كل شيء جميل في أيام الصبة
+
+259
+00:25:47,850 --> 00:25:52,710
+و أيام الشباب و أيام الفتوةعندما كان يلهو ويعبث
+
+260
+00:25:52,710 --> 00:25:59,650
+ويرتع في وادي صنين وفي جبال لبنان وفي مراتع بسكنت
+
+261
+00:25:59,650 --> 00:26:08,990
+قريتها الجميلة الرائعة ويجعله من الثلج رسولا أمينا
+
+262
+00:26:08,990 --> 00:26:18,870
+وخليلا وفيا رسوليا ثلجه قد ذكرتني أهلي .. يا ثلجه
+
+263
+00:26:18,870 --> 00:26:25,970
+.. المقطوع .. المقطوع الأولى .. يا ثلجه .. أجاني
+
+264
+00:26:25,970 --> 00:26:37,350
+ذكرتني باللهعني كل جيراني فهو رسول أمين وخليل وفيه
+
+265
+00:26:37,350 --> 00:26:44,730
+فهو رسول أمين وخليل وفيه ينقل التحية لأهله وينقل
+
+266
+00:26:44,730 --> 00:26:52,010
+السلامات لجيرانه ولعل العرب في شعرهم كانوا يحملون
+
+267
+00:26:52,010 --> 00:27:01,380
+نسيم الصبح ويحملون المطر والسحابونجم سهائل يحملونه
+
+268
+00:27:01,380 --> 00:27:05,900
+السلام إلى الأهل وإلى الأوطان وإلى الأولاد وإلى
+
+269
+00:27:05,900 --> 00:27:11,500
+الأحباب وإلى الأشاق فهذه طريقة يعني
+
+270
+00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:17,200
+موجودة ومحمودة في الشعر العربي القديم وفي الشعر
+
+271
+00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:23,900
+العربي الحديث استثمرها الشاعر رشيد أيوبي وهذا
+
+272
+00:27:23,900 --> 00:27:34,390
+العناقالإنساني الذي وجد عن الشعراء المهجر جاءهم من
+
+273
+00:27:34,390 --> 00:27:40,050
+أن هؤلاء الشعراء عاشوا في بدايات حيواتهم عاشوا في
+
+274
+00:27:40,050 --> 00:27:45,410
+قرن يرفرف عليها السلام والأمن والطمأنينة والقناعة
+
+275
+00:27:45,410 --> 00:27:51,710
+والكفاية فانتقلوا وهم شباب انتقلوا إلى المدينة
+
+276
+00:27:51,710 --> 00:27:58,080
+الغربية التي تعوج بالصراع المادىلا قيمة هناك
+
+277
+00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:05,040
+للإنسان إلا من جيبه يهزلون الناس من جيوبهم لا قيمة
+
+278
+00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:08,380
+للقيام ولا للإحسان ولا للجيرة ولا للإنسانية لا قيم
+
+279
+00:28:08,380 --> 00:28:13,620
+كبيرة لهذه القيم العربية أو القيم القراوية أو
+
+280
+00:28:13,620 --> 00:28:18,740
+الريفية لذلك هؤلاء الشعراء عانوا إخفاقا إخفاقا
+
+281
+00:28:18,740 --> 00:28:27,080
+إجتماعيا وإخفاقا مادياوعانوا كذلك اخفاقا في جانب
+
+282
+00:28:27,080 --> 00:28:33,440
+المشاعر والعواطف اخفاق مادى كلهم عاشى فقيرا معوزا
+
+283
+00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:41,760
+فى الشعراء المجرد الشمالى لم يكن ذا يسر وذا بحبوحة
+
+284
+00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:48,070
+الا جبران الخليجي جبران اما باقى الشعراءكضاقت بهم
+
+285
+00:28:48,070 --> 00:28:53,250
+الأحوال المادية وعاشوا اخفاقا ماديا واخفاقا ماليا
+
+286
+00:28:53,250 --> 00:28:59,710
+نسيب عريضة أغلق صحيفته الفنون لأنه لم يجد التومير
+
+287
+00:28:59,710 --> 00:29:07,610
+المالي وكان أمنيته الوحيدة أن يطبع ديوانه أنه يرى
+
+288
+00:29:07,610 --> 00:29:14,050
+ديوانه مطبوعا أمامه فطبع ديوانه بعد موته بثلاثة
+
+289
+00:29:14,050 --> 00:29:24,490
+أيامانظروا إلى هذا النحس هذا النحس ومات أخوه أو
+
+290
+00:29:24,490 --> 00:29:30,570
+أخوه سابق سابق عريضة وهو في رعيان الشباب تزوج نصيب
+
+291
+00:29:30,570 --> 00:29:37,710
+عريضة ولم ينجبفزوجه ولم ينجب فهؤلاء الشهراء عشوا
+
+292
+00:29:37,710 --> 00:29:42,570
+إخفاق من جميع الجهات فنجد أن صور هذا الإخفاق
+
+293
+00:29:42,570 --> 00:29:48,330
+ومعاني هذا الإخفاق ظهرت في شعرهم وظهرت في لفتاتي
+
+294
+00:29:48,970 --> 00:29:55,610
+أشعارهم و في نفسي شعورهم حزنا و كآبة و سوادة و
+
+295
+00:29:55,610 --> 00:30:01,310
+ربما قرأتم أنتم قصيدة نسيب عريضة علقت عودي على
+
+296
+00:30:01,310 --> 00:30:06,890
+صفصافة الياسي و روحت في واحدة أبكي على الناس كل
+
+297
+00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:12,390
+ديوان نسيب عريضة يعني يسيلوا كآبة و يسيلوا حزنا و
+
+298
+00:30:12,390 --> 00:30:18,570
+يسيلوا مرارة أيضا سبب من الأسباب أن هؤلاء الشعراء
+
+299
+00:30:19,660 --> 00:30:26,400
+لم يدركوا سر القدر لم يدركوا سر القدر هذا التفاوت
+
+300
+00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:32,760
+بين الناس لماذا فلان غني و لماذا فلان فقير و لماذا
+
+301
+00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:37,660
+فلان حاله كذا و لماذا فلان حاله كذا كما قال
+
+302
+00:30:37,660 --> 00:30:43,320
+العلماء القدر هو سر الله في خلقه سر الله في خلقه
+
+303
+00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:50,480
+إذا جئت تفتش عن سر القدر لن تصل إلى سرهإما أن تصاب
+
+304
+00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:56,100
+بالإلحاد وإما أن تصاب بالجنون فليس أمامك إلا
+
+305
+00:30:56,100 --> 00:31:01,320
+التسليم بهذا القدر القدر لا يساوي بين الناس لأن
+
+306
+00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:06,520
+المساوى أحيانا لا تكون عدلا إنما القدر عادل ليس
+
+307
+00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:10,040
+دائما المساوى تعني العدل الله سبحانه وتعالى لم
+
+308
+00:31:10,040 --> 00:31:15,950
+يساوي بين الناس ولم يساوي بين الرجل والمرأةفضل
+
+309
+00:31:15,950 --> 00:31:19,870
+بعضهم على بعض وفضل بعض الناس على بعض وفضل بعض
+
+310
+00:31:19,870 --> 00:31:24,830
+الأمكن على بعض هذا سنة الله سبحانه وتعالى لكنه كان
+
+311
+00:31:24,830 --> 00:31:31,170
+عادلا سبحانه وتعالى وقدره كان عادلا لذلك نجد هذا
+
+312
+00:31:31,170 --> 00:31:37,010
+الشاعر أحيان يصاب بشيء من الحيرة لا يفهم لماذا هذا
+
+313
+00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:42,010
+التفاوت في حضور الناس وهذا ما أصاب نسيب عريضة كذلك
+
+314
+00:31:42,010 --> 00:31:48,770
+لذلك قصيدةلماذا عنده قصيدة اسمها لماذا اسمها لماذا
+
+315
+00:31:48,770 --> 00:31:54,310
+عنوانها لماذا يتساءل هذا الشاعر يعني لماذا يموت
+
+316
+00:31:54,310 --> 00:32:00,550
+الكبير يحيى الكبير ولماذا يموت الصغير كل القصيدة
+
+317
+00:32:00,550 --> 00:32:03,610
+تدل على الحير اللي عاش هذا الشاعر جبران خليل جبران
+
+318
+00:32:03,610 --> 00:32:09,490
+حاول أن يقضي على هذا التفاوت في حياة الناس عندما
+
+319
+00:32:09,490 --> 00:32:13,940
+ألغى أثنائيا من حياة الناسلما قال الخير في الناس
+
+320
+00:32:13,940 --> 00:32:18,820
+مصنوع إذا جبروا والشر في الناس لا يفنى وإن قبروا
+
+321
+00:32:18,820 --> 00:32:23,460
+وأكثر الناس آلات تحركها أصابع الدهر يوما ثم
+
+322
+00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:30,500
+تنكسروا عندما جاء على حياة الغاب ساوى
+
+323
+00:32:30,500 --> 00:32:35,660
+بين الكائنات في الغاب كلهاسوى بين القطيع وسوى بين
+
+324
+00:32:35,660 --> 00:32:39,420
+الراعي وسوى بين الثيران وسوى بين الأزهار وبين
+
+325
+00:32:39,420 --> 00:32:44,020
+الورود ليس في الغابات راعن لا ولا فيها القطيع
+
+326
+00:32:44,020 --> 00:32:49,010
+فالشتاء يمشي ولكن لا يجريها الربيع كل واحد حرلا
+
+327
+00:32:49,010 --> 00:32:54,010
+أحد فيهم إيه يخضع له الآخر حاول أن يخضع على هذه
+
+328
+00:32:54,010 --> 00:32:58,350
+الثنائيات من خلال ما يسمى عالم الغاب الذي تتساوى
+
+329
+00:32:58,350 --> 00:33:02,950
+فيه الأشياء وفيه وحدة مطلقة ومساواة مطلقة لكن في
+
+330
+00:33:02,950 --> 00:33:06,710
+النهاية هذه المساواة هذه الحياة المطلقة ومجرد
+
+331
+00:33:06,710 --> 00:33:13,290
+فلسفة ومجرد خيال جميل وخيال رائعوكان يمكن لهذه
+
+332
+00:33:13,290 --> 00:33:16,630
+الغابة أن تزرع في دواخلنا لا أن تكون غابة خيالية
+
+333
+00:33:16,630 --> 00:33:21,650
+غابة حقيقية في داخل كل إنسان إذا تسلح بالإيمان و
+
+334
+00:33:21,650 --> 00:33:26,310
+تسلح بالتسليم بالتسليم و تسلح بالقناعته يستطيع أن
+
+335
+00:33:26,310 --> 00:33:31,250
+ينشي غابة من التسليم وغابة من الطمأنينة في داخله
+
+336
+00:33:31,250 --> 00:33:38,440
+وليس بحاجة إلى غابة خيالية أو غابةغير موجودة إلا
+
+337
+00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:44,140
+على الورق أو في شعر الشعراء أو في خيال الشعراءفهذه
+
+338
+00:33:44,140 --> 00:33:50,040
+ايه يعني احدى او احدى منظصات الحياة عند الشعراء
+
+339
+00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:54,280
+المهجريين وهو عدم إدراكي من سر القدر ويبدو أن
+
+340
+00:33:54,280 --> 00:33:58,440
+الدين المسيحي والثقافة المسيحية لم تسعفهم يعني أن
+
+341
+00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:01,860
+يتغلبوا على هذه العقدة أو هذه الأزمة أو هذه
+
+342
+00:34:01,860 --> 00:34:05,940
+المعضلة في حياتهم ولو قرؤوا في الثقافة الإسلامية
+
+343
+00:34:05,940 --> 00:34:11,330
+لستطاعوا يعني أن يجدوا شيئايشفي صدورهم أو يشفي
+
+344
+00:34:11,330 --> 00:34:16,250
+غليلا نفسهم الثائرة والمتمردة على واقعهم وعلى
+
+345
+00:34:16,250 --> 00:34:23,730
+نصيبهم وعلى قدرهم دعونا نقرأ القصيدة ثم نستمع إذا
+
+346
+00:34:23,730 --> 00:34:29,070
+كان هناك سؤال أو إضافة اكتبوا أولا التساؤل اكتبوا
+
+347
+00:34:29,070 --> 00:34:29,850
+التساؤل
+
+348
+00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:49,800
+على ضوء قصيرة رشيد أيوب تحدثي عن الخصائص المعنوية
+
+349
+00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:59,580
+والاسلوبية لشعري الغربة والحنين للأوطان
+
+350
+00:34:59,580 --> 00:35:10,810
+في الأدب المهجرى بصورة عامة يعني بصورة عامةو دي
+
+351
+00:35:10,810 --> 00:35:14,990
+دائرة .. دائرة الحنين للأوطان و ال .. في شعر
+
+352
+00:35:14,990 --> 00:35:22,310
+الغربة جالي جدا و واضحة جدا هل من سؤال أو من تعقيب
+
+353
+00:35:22,310 --> 00:35:31,390
+أو زيادة؟ أي طالب لديه سؤال تعقيب زيادة؟
+
+354
+00:35:31,390 --> 00:35:36,970
+يتعلق بالمعنى بالدلالة يعني خصوصا يتعلق بالدلالة و
+
+355
+00:35:36,970 --> 00:35:45,840
+المعنى مضمون يعنيهل من سؤال او تعليق؟ طيب السلام
+
+356
+00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:48,640
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/AaBgkBZOFt8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1520 @@
+1
+00:00:21,140 --> 00:00:23,640
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,640 --> 00:00:28,480
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:35,880
+وبعد السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته أهلا وسهلا
+
+4
+00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:44,100
+بالجميع المحاضرة الماضية تحدثنا عن مسرح توفيق
+
+5
+00:00:44,100 --> 00:00:53,360
+الحكيموسألنا سؤالا لماذا أردنا أن ندرس مسرح توفيق
+
+6
+00:00:53,360 --> 00:01:01,280
+الحكيم وذكرنا لذلك ثلاثة أسباب السبب الأول أن
+
+7
+00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:08,700
+الحكيم هو من المسرحيين العرب القلائل الذين أدركوا
+
+8
+00:01:08,700 --> 00:01:15,520
+جوهر وحقيقة المسرح القائم على الصراع ثانيا
+
+9
+00:01:17,270 --> 00:01:26,890
+أن الحكيم يكاد يكون أكثر المسرحين العرب إنتاجا فله
+
+10
+00:01:26,890 --> 00:01:30,910
+ما يقارب من مائة عمل مسرحي
+
+11
+00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:39,250
+ثالثا تنوع المسرح عند توفيق الحكيم فقد كتب في
+
+12
+00:01:39,250 --> 00:01:45,170
+المسرح الفكاهي الكوميدي المسرح الاجتماعي السياسي
+
+13
+00:01:45,170 --> 00:01:50,970
+كان رائدا للمسرح الذهني وكان رائدا كذلك لمسرح
+
+14
+00:01:50,970 --> 00:01:57,550
+اللامعقول اليوم نحن
+
+15
+00:01:57,550 --> 00:02:02,430
+مع مسرحية من مسرحيته الذهنية
+
+16
+00:02:04,810 --> 00:02:10,030
+أو ما يسمى بمسرحية .. مسرحيات الكوميديا السوداء
+
+17
+00:02:10,030 --> 00:02:16,230
+مسرحية مصير صرصار وهل
+
+18
+00:02:16,230 --> 00:02:22,730
+صرصاره يصلح أن يكون موضوعا لنص مسرحي؟ هل يعقل أن
+
+19
+00:02:22,730 --> 00:02:30,290
+يكون الصرصار أو الصرصور موضوعا لنص مسرحي؟
+
+20
+00:02:33,260 --> 00:02:38,080
+يعقل عندما يكونوا .. رمز .. رمزا، نعم، يعقل عندما
+
+21
+00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:45,320
+يكونوا رمزا يحملوا بدلالات رمزية سياسية أو دلالات
+
+22
+00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:51,630
+اجتماعيةفلا يقصدوا يعني الصرصار للذات وإنما يقصد
+
+23
+00:02:51,630 --> 00:02:56,310
+به التمثيل لجملة من المعاني السياسية والاجتماعية
+
+24
+00:02:56,310 --> 00:03:03,650
+التي يريد أن ينقلها الكاتب إلينا عبر تراجيدية أو
+
+25
+00:03:03,650 --> 00:03:04,990
+مسات الصرصار
+
+26
+00:03:11,830 --> 00:03:17,910
+نقفوا مع زميلتكم تمام تحدثنا عن مصرحية مصير صرصار
+
+27
+00:03:17,910 --> 00:03:22,450
+ثم نعود بعد ذلك ان شاء الله إلى شيء من الدرس
+
+28
+00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:27,100
+والتحليل عن هذه المصرحيةأعوذ بالله من الشيطان
+
+29
+00:03:27,100 --> 00:03:30,540
+الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم أجدد وترحيبي بكم
+
+30
+00:03:30,540 --> 00:03:37,560
+جميعًا في هذه المحاضرة بعد تقديم الدكتور وليد عن
+
+31
+00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:43,000
+مسرحية مصير سرسار للكاتب توفيق الحكيم هذا الكاتب
+
+32
+00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:48,700
+وضع بين أيدنا هذه المسرحية التي بعض الكتاب
+
+33
+00:03:48,700 --> 00:03:53,570
+والأدباء قال بأنها من المسرح الذهنيالمسرح الذهني
+
+34
+00:03:53,570 --> 00:03:58,570
+معروف بأنه المسرحية تدور حول ذهن الشخصيات في ذهن
+
+35
+00:03:58,570 --> 00:04:03,770
+الشخصيات وبعضهم قال بأنها مسرحية تنتمي إلى المسرح
+
+36
+00:04:03,770 --> 00:04:08,850
+العبثي اللامعقول المسرح العبثي اللامعقول هو يوحي
+
+37
+00:04:08,850 --> 00:04:14,750
+بالفوضى ويوحي بالفوضى وغياب العدالة وما هو إلا
+
+38
+00:04:14,750 --> 00:04:19,370
+انعكاس لحياة البشر الفوضوية إذا تنتمي إلى المسرح
+
+39
+00:04:19,370 --> 00:04:25,760
+الذهني أو المسرح اللامعقولفي هذه المسرحية يكشف لنا
+
+40
+00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:30,940
+الكاتب توفيق الحكيم عن رسالة وفكرة التي تقوم عليها
+
+41
+00:04:30,940 --> 00:04:34,960
+أساس المسرحية الفكرة والرسالة التي أراد أن يوصلها
+
+42
+00:04:34,960 --> 00:04:39,340
+إلينا الكاتب بعد قراقتنا وتماعوننا الجاد في هذه
+
+43
+00:04:39,340 --> 00:04:46,030
+المسرحية هي أنه ق��لها في بدايةالمسرحية عندما قرأت
+
+44
+00:04:46,030 --> 00:04:50,470
+أنا المسرحية كانت مكتوبة في البداية أنه قال و لقد
+
+45
+00:04:50,470 --> 00:04:55,850
+رأيته في الواقع صرصارا يحول الخروج من حوض حمامي ما
+
+46
+00:04:55,850 --> 00:05:01,070
+أروع منظر الإصرار على كفاح لا أمل فيه لنركز جيدا و
+
+47
+00:05:01,070 --> 00:05:04,290
+لنتمعن
+
+48
+00:05:04,290 --> 00:05:09,170
+في ما قولتالاسرار على كفاح لا أمل فيه هذا هو
+
+49
+00:05:09,170 --> 00:05:14,050
+المغزى وهذا هي الرسالة الذي يريد أن يوصلها إلينا
+
+50
+00:05:14,050 --> 00:05:21,070
+سبب كتابة الكاتب لهذا العنوان مصير سرسال إلى أنه
+
+51
+00:05:21,070 --> 00:05:25,710
+الإسرار على كفاح لا أمل فيه هذا ما سيدور حول
+
+52
+00:05:25,710 --> 00:05:31,350
+المسرحية كتب الكاتب لنا المسرحية في تلاتة فصول
+
+53
+00:05:32,670 --> 00:05:42,630
+الفصل الأول كان يتحدث عن السرسار وملكة الفصل
+
+54
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:51,430
+الثاني تحدث حول كفاح سرسارة الفصل
+
+55
+00:05:51,430 --> 00:05:55,250
+الثالث وهو الأخير مصير سرسار
+
+56
+00:06:00,950 --> 00:06:07,070
+في هذه المسرحية تجري الأحداث حول هذا الشخص من هو
+
+57
+00:06:07,070 --> 00:06:12,110
+الشخص البطل في المسرحية هناك بطل البطل هو السرسار
+
+58
+00:06:12,110 --> 00:06:17,130
+الملك البطل الملك السوري الذي لم يختاره أحد ملكا
+
+59
+00:06:17,130 --> 00:06:22,910
+إلا أنهم كانوا في هذه المملكة قوم من السرسير وجيش
+
+60
+00:06:22,910 --> 00:06:28,120
+من السرسير قال لهم أريد أن نعمل تحدياهذا التحدي
+
+61
+00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:34,780
+يقوم على أن من لديه أطول شارب .. شاربين يكون هو
+
+62
+00:06:34,780 --> 00:06:40,440
+الملك نعينه الملك وزوجته الملكة لم يخوض القوم
+
+63
+00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:45,340
+والجيش هذه التجربة وقالوا لهم أنهم لم يخوضوا هذا
+
+64
+00:06:45,340 --> 00:06:54,280
+التحدي لأنهم ليسوا لديهم وقتفارغ لعقد مثل هذا
+
+65
+00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:59,180
+التحدي ويقيسه من هو الأطول شارب لعقده ملكا فكان
+
+66
+00:06:59,180 --> 00:07:04,740
+الملك الصرصار ملكا صوريا لم يعينه أحد على المملكة
+
+67
+00:07:04,740 --> 00:07:10,710
+إلا أنه عين نفسه بنفسهتركوه و ذهب كل منهم يسعى
+
+68
+00:07:10,710 --> 00:07:16,930
+لرزقه ننظر إلى الحاشية تبعت الملك، الملك حوله بقى
+
+69
+00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:23,770
+حوله أولا الشخصيات الرئيسية نذكر منها أولا الوزير
+
+70
+00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:31,250
+الوزير الذي يجب أن يتصف بالحنكة، بالنصيحة، بالحكمة
+
+71
+00:07:31,250 --> 00:07:35,870
+للملك، لكنه لم يكن كذلك إلا أنه كان فقط يدافع عن
+
+72
+00:07:35,870 --> 00:07:40,230
+الملك، بحب الملك و بدافع عنه و خلصنا، إيش كان يحكي
+
+73
+00:07:40,230 --> 00:07:46,660
+الوزير في المسرحية؟كان يقول قبلك يا مولاي كنا في
+
+74
+00:07:46,660 --> 00:07:50,340
+عصر الهمجية والبدائية كانوا في عصر الهمجية
+
+75
+00:07:50,340 --> 00:07:54,440
+والبدائية ليس عندنا ملك ولا وزير فجئت أنت ليه
+
+76
+00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:58,140
+تحتلي هذا العرش؟ ليه تحتلي العرش؟ بحسن تدبيرك
+
+77
+00:07:58,140 --> 00:08:02,120
+وسلامة تفكيرك يعني إيش؟ بتبطب على الملك وبداري عنه
+
+78
+00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:06,820
+عيوبه وبدفع عنه فقط نيجي للشخصية التانية وهي شخصية
+
+79
+00:08:06,820 --> 00:08:07,260
+العالم
+
+80
+00:08:10,220 --> 00:08:14,620
+الشخصية العالم، هذا العالم كان المعدلة الوجودية
+
+81
+00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:21,460
+لجماعة السرسير كان وجد فرصة ليستعرضاه حول الملك ما
+
+82
+00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:25,400
+عنده من معارف ما عنده من علوم ليعلن اكتشافته
+
+83
+00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:29,620
+العلمية لكثير من الأشياء وما توصل إليه من نظريات
+
+84
+00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:38,600
+وتفسير للظواهر العلمية نرى أنه شخصية أيضًا لجديرة
+
+85
+00:08:38,600 --> 00:08:49,900
+منهمنجي للشخصية التالتة وهي شخصية الكاهن ��خصية
+
+86
+00:08:49,900 --> 00:08:54,400
+الكاهن وجد فرصة ثانحة لديه ليلفت نظر السرسير إلى
+
+87
+00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:59,260
+اللجوء إلى السماء الإيمان بالآلهة يعلن للجميع
+
+88
+00:08:59,260 --> 00:09:03,600
+الإلحاد الإلحاد قد كتر في هذه المملكة بسبب لماذا
+
+89
+00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:08,320
+قال لهم بسبب التقدم العلمي والاغترار بالعقل البشري
+
+90
+00:09:09,550 --> 00:09:15,590
+ملك السرسير يدرك أمرًا، أن الأمر .. ماذا يدرك ملك
+
+91
+00:09:15,590 --> 00:09:20,490
+السرسير؟ أن مملكة السرسير هي مملكة تعيش في مجتمع
+
+92
+00:09:20,490 --> 00:09:24,730
+غير منظم، غير متعاون، لا يمكن أن يكونوا يقودوا
+
+93
+00:09:24,730 --> 00:09:29,630
+مجتمع طوابير منظمة كجماعة النمل، عندما أنت تجلسين
+
+94
+00:09:29,630 --> 00:09:34,600
+في غرفتك وتراين النمل، كيف ..يمشي في طوابير منظمة
+
+95
+00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:38,180
+أحيانا تتركينا دراستك و تلتحينا في النمل كيف يمشي
+
+96
+00:09:38,180 --> 00:09:42,220
+و كيف يلتقط غذائه و كيف يدخل جحره هكذا تلتحينا في
+
+97
+00:09:42,220 --> 00:09:46,180
+دراستك لأنه مجتمع منظم لأنه سيصير مجتمع فوضوي
+
+98
+00:09:46,180 --> 00:09:50,120
+مجتمع غير منظم فقد أدرك الملك هذه الحقيقة منذ
+
+99
+00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:54,820
+البداية و قال لهم بأن أي مشكلة لا يوجد لها حل
+
+100
+00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:01,820
+الملكة بحكمها .. بحكم أنها هي أساسا لم ي .. لم أحد
+
+101
+00:10:01,820 --> 00:10:06,200
+يعينها ملكة إلا أنها أصبحت صدفة ملكة لهذا الملك
+
+102
+00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:12,420
+وهي تصر على زوجها بأنها تريد حل مشكلة النمل، مشكلة
+
+103
+00:10:12,420 --> 00:10:17,960
+النمل نتعرف إليها، مشكلة النمل هو مجتمع كل ما يشوف
+
+104
+00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:22,970
+صرصور على الأرض وائع على دهروبياخده، بيسحبه على
+
+105
+00:10:22,970 --> 00:10:28,110
+مكانه وخلاص، انتهت حياة الصراصور، لا نجد هناك من
+
+106
+00:10:28,110 --> 00:10:32,570
+.. أحد ينقذ هذا الصراصور الذي سقط على ظهره، لا أحد
+
+107
+00:10:32,570 --> 00:10:38,630
+ينقذه من أعوانه الصراصير، انتهت حياته، طيب فجأة في
+
+108
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:45,290
+هذه هنعرف ابن الوزير اللي بيقع على ظهرهو هان هتقع
+
+109
+00:10:45,290 --> 00:10:49,590
+مشكلة، ابن الوزير الصرصور وقع على دهره، امصيبة عند
+
+110
+00:10:49,590 --> 00:10:53,530
+الوزير، ولعت الدنيا ليش؟ بدهم يعرفوا كيف ينقذوا
+
+111
+00:10:53,530 --> 00:10:58,990
+هذا ابن الوزير، الملك كالعادة مافرقت عنده، حكالهم،
+
+112
+00:10:58,990 --> 00:11:04,750
+ماعمل إشي وحلى هذه المشكلة، راح .. ان شاء الله ..
+
+113
+00:11:04,750 --> 00:11:13,970
+لم يهتم لهذا الأمر وقدم تعزيته فقطماليكان ليس لديه
+
+114
+00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:19,050
+حلول لمشكلات تقع في عصره، الهذا يُعقل أن يصبح
+
+115
+00:11:19,050 --> 00:11:25,750
+ماليكان؟ قدم العزاء فقط لهذا الوزير وقال له أنه
+
+116
+00:11:25,750 --> 00:11:32,430
+إصرار على كفاح لا أمل فيهأن تنقذ ابنك من بين جماعة
+
+117
+00:11:32,430 --> 00:11:36,790
+النمل المنظمة، هذا إصرار على كيف أحنا أمل فيه، هذا
+
+118
+00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:40,950
+المبدأ يتنافع مع شخصية أن تكون عقلية منطقية لملك
+
+119
+00:11:40,950 --> 00:11:45,790
+قائد، الملكة تصير على أن تجد حالة وتقف بجانب
+
+120
+00:11:45,790 --> 00:11:50,150
+الوزيرالملك لا يصغي نفسه كثيرا بحل هذه المشكلة
+
+121
+00:11:50,150 --> 00:11:56,250
+ويقول الحل أن تجد أنت يا وزير الحل و تختار عليه
+
+122
+00:11:56,250 --> 00:12:01,270
+حلا يلقب هذه المشكلة الوزير يقترح عليهم ويقول أنه
+
+123
+00:12:01,270 --> 00:12:06,430
+سيحشدوا جيشا من عشرين أو عشرة صراصير ويهجمون على
+
+124
+00:12:06,430 --> 00:12:11,540
+جماعة النمل ويسحقونه سحقايسحقونهم سحقا بأقدامهم
+
+125
+00:12:11,540 --> 00:12:16,460
+الضخمة ويهدمون مدنهم وقراه فيرفض الملك يرفض الملك
+
+126
+00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:19,520
+الاقتراح قبل أن يناقشه وعندما تصرق الملك على ان
+
+127
+00:12:19,520 --> 00:12:24,700
+يناقش الملك الاقتراح يقول إنه من المستحيل أن نحشد
+
+128
+00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:29,260
+مجموعة من الصراصير في طابور واحد كيف سنحشد مجموعة
+
+129
+00:12:29,260 --> 00:12:32,480
+من الصراصير في طابور واحد؟ يقول له الوزير نعلمهم،
+
+130
+00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:38,340
+ندربهم، من الذي سيعلم؟ من الذي سيدرب؟الوزير ينقل
+
+131
+00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:43,840
+المشكلة وحلها إلى العالم يقول للملك أن العالم هو
+
+132
+00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:48,500
+من يستطيع حل هذه المشكلة يدور النقاش والجدال في
+
+133
+00:12:48,500 --> 00:12:52,840
+هذه المشكلة فيقول العالم أنها مشكلة سياسية حلها
+
+134
+00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:57,260
+عند الملك والوزير ليس حل لديه ولكن الوزير قلبها
+
+135
+00:12:57,260 --> 00:13:02,030
+إلى مشكلة عالمية كي يهرب من المسؤوليةلمّا كان
+
+136
+00:13:02,030 --> 00:13:05,350
+الملك يرفض المبدأ الحل و لا يؤمن بكفاح لا أمل فيه
+
+137
+00:13:05,350 --> 00:13:10,050
+نرى أنه يؤيد رأي الوزير و يقف بجانبه ضد رأي من
+
+138
+00:13:10,050 --> 00:13:14,350
+العالم و أخذ كل من الملك و الوزير في مراوغة العالم
+
+139
+00:13:14,350 --> 00:13:20,490
+و حاولا أن يقنعانه برأيهما أمام هذا التساؤل تقف
+
+140
+00:13:20,490 --> 00:13:24,710
+الملكة و تقول ألا يوجد علاج لهذا أيها العالم ينتهز
+
+141
+00:13:24,710 --> 00:13:29,050
+الفرصة من العالم ليقول ويفخر بنفسه و بعلمه ويعرض
+
+142
+00:13:29,050 --> 00:13:34,610
+على جميع قوانينهالعالم يتفلسف كثيرا في أخر
+
+143
+00:13:34,610 --> 00:13:39,230
+اكتشافاته العلمية ويشير إلى جدار حوض البانيو هذا
+
+144
+00:13:39,230 --> 00:13:43,390
+البانيو تقدسون تحته وقبل ذهبهم لمشاهدة الاكتشاف
+
+145
+00:13:43,390 --> 00:13:49,730
+يحضر الكاهن و أيضا يمر موكب النمل من أمامهم يحمل
+
+146
+00:13:49,730 --> 00:13:56,250
+ابن الوزير ولا يستطيعون إيجاد حل هذه المشكلةتقوم
+
+147
+00:13:56,250 --> 00:14:00,910
+الملكة تحاول إنقاذ ابن الوزير لكن الملك يمنعها
+
+148
+00:14:00,910 --> 00:14:04,610
+ويقول لها أنك لا تستطيعين ولا جد ومن كفاح لا أمل
+
+149
+00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:09,810
+فيهميطلب من الجميع أن يشاهدوا اكتشافه البانيو
+
+150
+00:14:09,810 --> 00:14:14,850
+الموجود ترفض الملكة ويرفض الوزير يصعد الملك ومن
+
+151
+00:14:14,850 --> 00:14:21,190
+معه العالم إلى جدار في حمام البانيو الذين يقطناني
+
+152
+00:14:21,190 --> 00:14:25,890
+في منزل الشخصان
+
+153
+00:14:25,890 --> 00:14:33,050
+عادل وساميةهذه الوسامية يكونوا يستيقظان يحضران
+
+154
+00:14:33,050 --> 00:14:38,990
+نفسهم الذهاب للعمل تحدث مشكلة بسيطة من يريد الذهاب
+
+155
+00:14:38,990 --> 00:14:43,230
+إلى الحمام أولا ليذهب للعمل مبكرا تذهب سامية إلى
+
+156
+00:14:43,230 --> 00:14:48,730
+الحمام فتريد الاستحمام للذهاب للعمل تجد سرسارة في
+
+157
+00:14:48,730 --> 00:14:54,630
+ألبانيا و تقع الكارثةهذا الفصل الثاني في الفصل
+
+158
+00:14:54,630 --> 00:14:59,610
+الثاني تقع العقدة وذروة المشكلة التي نريد الحلها
+
+159
+00:14:59,610 --> 00:15:06,050
+يسقط الصرصار في البانيو يتزحلق الصرصار يسقط في
+
+160
+00:15:06,050 --> 00:15:10,030
+البانيو يتزحلق بعد أن يسقط يحاول الصعود كل ما
+
+161
+00:15:10,030 --> 00:15:13,590
+يحاول الصعود يسقط مرة أخرى يحاول الصعود يسقط مرة
+
+162
+00:15:13,590 --> 00:15:18,990
+أخرى يجي زوج سامية عادل ويرى هذا المنظر يعجب به
+
+163
+00:15:18,990 --> 00:15:24,580
+كثيراسرسار بيحاول يطلع، يضقت، يصعد و يسقط مرة أخرى
+
+164
+00:15:24,580 --> 00:15:31,520
+كفاح لأملة فيه رجعنا لفكرة و رسالة تاني الزوج يبقى
+
+165
+00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:35,140
+.. يحضر هذا ال .. ال .. الكرتون قدامه و بيسقط
+
+166
+00:15:35,140 --> 00:15:40,560
+السرسار و بيطلع تاني فبت .. بتحس زوجته و بتشعر أنه
+
+167
+00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:46,800
+أصبح مريضا نفسياتذهب إلى دكتور الشركة وتتصل به
+
+168
+00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:50,020
+يحضر حالا وتقول له بأن زوجها أصبح مختلن عقليا
+
+169
+00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:56,380
+مريضا نفسيا يرى صرصارا ويعجب به ويصر على أن ينظر
+
+170
+00:15:56,380 --> 00:16:00,060
+إلى خاتمة ونهاية هذا الصرصار ولا يريد أن يقتله حتى
+
+171
+00:16:00,060 --> 00:16:06,160
+تمتهي نهايته بنفسهيأتي الدكتور و يقول .. و يقول
+
+172
+00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:12,160
+لها بأنه بتفق معاها أنه ماشي مريض نفسي و عادل
+
+173
+00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:16,240
+بيقنع أن هو مش مريض نفسي مجرد إعجاب بهذه القصة لكن
+
+174
+00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:20,670
+..الذروة يحكم بيها المؤلف حينما تخرج سامية من
+
+175
+00:16:20,670 --> 00:16:26,530
+الحمام حكيناها آمن السرسار بالنهاية بما كان يرفضهم
+
+176
+00:16:26,530 --> 00:16:30,750
+من قبل إذاء مشكلة النمل وتحول من شخصية عقلية
+
+177
+00:16:30,750 --> 00:16:33,550
+منطقية لاتؤمن إلا بالعلم وحده في حلم يصادفها من
+
+178
+00:16:33,550 --> 00:16:37,550
+المشكلات إلى شخصية عادية تكافح لإنقاذ نفسها
+
+179
+00:16:37,550 --> 00:16:42,530
+بالغريزة والطبيعي وهنا نجد تشابه بين شخصية الملك
+
+180
+00:16:42,530 --> 00:16:49,140
+وشخصية عادل وساميةشخصية البشرية وشخصية الملك هناك
+
+181
+00:16:49,140 --> 00:16:52,560
+تشابه بينهما في ماذا؟ في أن البشر يعتمدون على
+
+182
+00:16:52,560 --> 00:16:57,980
+غريزتهم في حلول المشاكل و كذلك الصرصار حاول أن يحل
+
+183
+00:16:57,980 --> 00:17:03,600
+مشكلته بغريزته لأجل أن يبقى على قيد الحياةيختلف
+
+184
+00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:07,920
+الزوجان و تسرق الزوجة على أن يخرج عادل من الحمام
+
+185
+00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:13,400
+لت .. لتحضر .. لتحضر أمع .. لتحضر الخادمة و تقتل
+
+186
+00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:20,900
+السرسار فمجرد أن يكون عادل و زوجته سامية و الدكتور
+
+187
+00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:26,280
+يتناقشواتدخل الخادمة إلى الحمام الخادمة مسمى بأم
+
+188
+00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:29,780
+عطية أو معطية تدخل الخادمة إلى الحمام لتجهز للسيدة
+
+189
+00:17:29,780 --> 00:17:34,600
+سامية الحمام لها فتقتل الصرصار وتنظف مجموعة النمل
+
+190
+00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,840
+ويصير عادل بأخذ الدكتور إلى الحمام ليرى هذه
+
+191
+00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:43,980
+المهزلة ويرى هذه الصرصار كيف يسقط ويصعد تاني لكنه
+
+192
+00:17:43,980 --> 00:17:49,820
+يرى أنها وقعت مشكلة بأن أم عطية قتلتالصرصار وانتهى
+
+193
+00:17:49,820 --> 00:17:54,960
+مصير الصرصار بهذا الفصل الثالث وهو حل مشكلة
+
+194
+00:17:54,960 --> 00:18:03,540
+المسرحية ووضع حل المسرحين تنتهي
+
+195
+00:18:03,540 --> 00:18:08,140
+المسرحية بقول عادل يا أم أعطيا هاتي الجردل والخرقة
+
+196
+00:18:08,140 --> 00:18:13,080
+وأزيليني عن الوجودتحليل وتعليق للمسرحية شخصيات
+
+197
+00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:18,460
+المسرحية نراها عالم حيوان متقمصة تقاليد البشر الذي
+
+198
+00:18:18,460 --> 00:18:24,500
+قلنا بأنهم يريدون أن يجدوا خلول لغريزتهم لحتى
+
+199
+00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:28,300
+يبقوا على قيد الحياة تمتزج الشخصيات الأدمية الزوج
+
+200
+00:18:28,300 --> 00:18:31,860
+والزوجة سامية وعادل بالطبيب والطبيب وامعاطية مع
+
+201
+00:18:31,860 --> 00:18:36,220
+شخصية الصرصار الملك يرجع الصرصار ليس ملكا إنما على
+
+202
+00:18:36,220 --> 00:18:41,200
+طبيعته مجرد من الرمزيةتتدثر شخصيته ومواقفه في
+
+203
+00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:45,140
+الفصل الأول، انتهت شخصية الملك السورسار. البنية
+
+204
+00:18:45,140 --> 00:18:48,080
+الغرائبية التي ركبت عليها فصول المسرحية ترجع إلى
+
+205
+00:18:48,080 --> 00:18:54,440
+تبع عهد فترات تأليف المسرحية، كتب الكاتب الفصول في
+
+206
+00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:59,450
+المسرحية كل فصل لوحدها،لهذا نجد بنية غرائبية ثم
+
+207
+00:18:59,450 --> 00:19:06,670
+جمعها في ع��م 1966 في مسرحية واحدة ربما المحتأثرا
+
+208
+00:19:06,670 --> 00:19:09,790
+عند الحاكم بالمسرح التراجيدي الإغريقي أو تأثرا
+
+209
+00:19:09,790 --> 00:19:14,730
+بالاتجاه العبثي عند كافكا في روايته المسخلا تخرج
+
+210
+00:19:14,730 --> 00:19:17,070
+مصير الصرصار عن الإتارة التي تميز به الحكيم في
+
+211
+00:19:17,070 --> 00:19:21,850
+أفضل حالاته وهي الكوميديا الإجتماعية الناقدة محملة
+
+212
+00:19:21,850 --> 00:19:26,730
+بدلالات سياسية وخيال خصب ونظرة فلسافية وجدل بارع،
+
+213
+00:19:26,730 --> 00:19:30,710
+طريف إن الحكيم اختار الصرصار بعد أن اختار مسرحية
+
+214
+00:19:30,710 --> 00:19:37,690
+له حمارا، حمار بطلا فكلهما مخلوق محتقر لدى البشر،
+
+215
+00:19:37,690 --> 00:19:45,980
+الصرصار أنت ترينه تنفري منهم،فإنه مخلوق محتقر ربما
+
+216
+00:19:45,980 --> 00:19:51,420
+أوجد له هالة بطولية في هذه المسرحية أشبه بما يكون
+
+217
+00:19:51,420 --> 00:19:54,980
+بـSisyphe الذي يدفع الصخرة إلى قمة الجبر فتهوي إلى
+
+218
+00:19:54,980 --> 00:19:59,040
+الحديد كي يعيد دفعها هكذا إلى مهلة نهاية في كفاح
+
+219
+00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:03,180
+أسطوري هو الوقف الوقت نفسه عقابه الأزلي مصير
+
+220
+00:20:03,180 --> 00:20:06,080
+السرسار تحمل عشرة ما قوية من عناصر المسرح العبثي
+
+221
+00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:10,440
+اللامعقول مقاش الزوج جاين غير الواقع المبرر حول
+
+222
+00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:15,860
+السرسار هو جدلذهني في النهاية عانى الحوار من
+
+223
+00:20:15,860 --> 00:20:21,760
+التنطيط في المسرحية وتكرار ممل في بعض المواضع أقرب
+
+224
+00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:25,780
+إلى الثرثرة اللفظية وصلة بين الفاصلين الثاني وثالث
+
+225
+00:20:25,780 --> 00:20:30,570
+والأول تكون باهتة لا صلة بينهما سوى خيط رفيعتتكلم
+
+226
+00:20:30,570 --> 00:20:35,610
+في رؤيته يصل بين فصول المسرحية وهكذا أنتهي في هذه
+
+227
+00:20:35,610 --> 00:20:40,450
+المسرحية إلى إجمال ما .. ما قرأته و متماعنته في
+
+228
+00:20:40,450 --> 00:20:46,130
+هذا الشرح الممتع لكم عزيزتي الطالبات أشكركم من كل
+
+229
+00:20:46,130 --> 00:20:51,850
+قلبي تحياتي لكم شكرا للطالبة تمام على هذه التقدم
+
+230
+00:20:51,850 --> 00:20:57,490
+رائعة وهي قرأت المسرحية بكميلها كام صفحة تمام؟
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+231
+00:20:58,870 --> 00:21:08,530
+حوالي يعني 200 صفحة المصرحية في ثلاثة فصول مصير
+
+232
+00:21:08,530 --> 00:21:16,370
+الصرصار كما ذكر توفيق الحكيم أنها لم تُكتب يعني في
+
+233
+00:21:16,370 --> 00:21:23,010
+زمن واحد لما كُتبت على مراحل كتب الفصل الأول
+
+234
+00:21:23,010 --> 00:21:31,770
+الصرصار مالكاثم كفاح سرسار ثم بعد ذلك مصير سرسار
+
+235
+00:21:31,770 --> 00:21:38,390
+ثلاثة فصول هي عبارة عن ثلاث مسرحيات ثلاثة فصول
+
+236
+00:21:38,390 --> 00:21:43,750
+عبارة عن ثلاث مسرحيات يعني كل فصل من فصول المسرحية
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+237
+00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:50,700
+يصلح أن يكون مسرحية قائمة بذاتي أو مكتملةلكن
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+238
+00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:56,980
+الحكيم جمعها في كتاب واحد على أساس أنها عمل مسرحي
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+239
+00:21:56,980 --> 00:22:03,490
+واحد والذي يجمع بين هذه الفصول الثلاثةهو توفيق
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+240
+00:22:03,490 --> 00:22:07,750
+الحكيم المؤلف توفيق الحكيم الذي كتب هذه المسرحيات
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+241
+00:22:07,750 --> 00:22:14,130
+الثلاث بعضهم بعض الدارسين وجلهم نسب هذه المسرحية
+
+242
+00:22:14,130 --> 00:22:19,070
+إلى طبقة المسرحية الذهنية قالوا هذا ينتمي للمسرح
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+243
+00:22:19,070 --> 00:22:24,690
+الذهني عند توفيق الحكيم لأن الصراع في الحقيقة يدور
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+244
+00:22:24,690 --> 00:22:29,730
+في داخل الشخصيات وليس على أرض الواقعالدكتور شكري
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+245
+00:22:29,730 --> 00:22:34,410
+عيادرا بأن هذه المسرحية تنتمي إلى مسرح لمعقولة أو
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+246
+00:22:34,410 --> 00:22:40,890
+المسرح العبثي لسيما عندما نطلع على الفصل الثالث من
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+247
+00:22:40,890 --> 00:22:48,090
+المسرحيةوهو ال��راق العبثي بين الزوجة سامية والزوجة
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+248
+00:22:48,090 --> 00:22:54,350
+عادل وبين الطبيب والصرصار كذلك في وسط هذا العراق
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+249
+00:22:54,350 --> 00:23:00,670
+وهذا الصراع فهو صراع عبثي لا يؤدي إلى شيء بل ينتهي
+
+250
+00:23:00,670 --> 00:23:02,470
+بنا إلى لا شيء
+
+251
+00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:11,000
+كما قلنا المسرحية اتكون من ثلاثة فصول جمعها في
+
+252
+00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:16,980
+كتاب واحد و أصدره في العام ست و ستين و تسعمائة و
+
+253
+00:23:16,980 --> 00:23:23,020
+الف إذا كتبت المسرحية في أوقات متباعدة وهذا سيفسر
+
+254
+00:23:23,020 --> 00:23:27,820
+لنا البنية الغرائبية التي ركبت عليها هذه المسرحية
+
+255
+00:23:27,820 --> 00:23:34,360
+و الشكل الغرائبيالموضوع المصرحية كما ذكرت زميلتكم
+
+256
+00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:40,700
+تمام تدور حول هذا الصرصار الذي نصب نفسه ملكا دون
+
+257
+00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:46,700
+أن يعصبه أحد وحتى و لو كان هذا الملك صرصارا فهو
+
+258
+00:23:46,700 --> 00:23:54,310
+يحتاج إلى حاشية يحتاج إلى وزير و يحتاج إلى كاهنو
+
+259
+00:23:54,310 --> 00:23:59,490
+يحتاج إلى عالم و يحتاج كذلك إلى ملكة تصبح زوجته
+
+260
+00:23:59,490 --> 00:24:05,490
+ملكة بالصدفة طالما أنه هو ملك كذلك زوجته تصبح ملكة
+
+261
+00:24:05,490 --> 00:24:11,190
+و ليس لأي مواهل أن تكون ملكة الملك مطلوب منه أن
+
+262
+00:24:11,190 --> 00:24:18,350
+يعالجمعدلة وجودية تتعلق بجماعة الصراصير معدلة
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+263
+00:24:18,350 --> 00:24:23,590
+وجودية وهي انقلاب الصرصوري على ظهره ومجرد انقلابي
+
+264
+00:24:23,590 --> 00:24:30,990
+تهجم جوش النمل عليه لتفترس وتفني هذا الصرصور وهذه
+
+265
+00:24:30,990 --> 00:24:35,810
+المعدلة تنذر بفناء وانقراض جماعة أو جنس اللي هو
+
+266
+00:24:35,810 --> 00:24:42,670
+الصراصير الملك لا يملك قدرة على الحلالملك لا يملك
+
+267
+00:24:42,670 --> 00:24:49,650
+قدرة على الحل لأنه غير مؤهل مسئول وحاكم غير مؤهل
+
+268
+00:24:49,650 --> 00:24:55,270
+ولا يملك رغبة في الحل كذلك ولا يملك رغبة في الحل
+
+269
+00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:03,860
+وحتى لو جاءته الحلول والاقتراحات ويحاول أن يحرفها
+
+270
+00:25:03,860 --> 00:25:10,700
+عن مصاري الصريح أو الصحيح ويدخل الحاشية في ما يسمى
+
+271
+00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:15,360
+الجدال البيزنطي أو الصفستائي يعني كلام صفستائي لا
+
+272
+00:25:15,360 --> 00:25:20,110
+علاقة له بحقيقة وطبيعة اللي هو المشكلةجماعة
+
+273
+00:25:20,110 --> 00:25:24,490
+الصراصير بتعرض صراعها الأبدي مع مملكة النمل وكيف
+
+274
+00:25:24,490 --> 00:25:29,230
+تهجم جيوشهم على أي صرصار ينقلب على ظهره ليصبح
+
+275
+00:25:29,230 --> 00:25:34,990
+فريسة سالة لمملكة النمل وهذا ينذر بانقراض جنس
+
+276
+00:25:34,990 --> 00:25:42,460
+الصرصار ماذا يفعل الملك؟لا شيء يحيط نفسه بمجموعة
+
+277
+00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:49,760
+من الشخصيات الوزير المدجل المطبل للملك الذي أصبح
+
+278
+00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:56,160
+وزيرا لهذا الملك والذي يرى بأنه لابد لكل ملك أن
+
+279
+00:25:56,160 --> 00:26:02,360
+يكون له وزير ويقول له قبلك يا مولاي كنا في عصر
+
+280
+00:26:02,360 --> 00:26:08,000
+الهمجية والبدائية أما الآن فجماعة الصراسير في عصر
+
+281
+00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:16,950
+الحضارة والتنويرواضح ال .. كم التجيل و كم التزييف
+
+282
+00:26:16,950 --> 00:26:21,810
+و النفخ في هذا الملك الصرصور فهو دائما كل ملك
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+283
+00:26:21,810 --> 00:26:28,210
+يحتاجوا إلى يعني وزير ينفخ في أنفه وينفخ في جلده
+
+284
+00:26:28,210 --> 00:26:36,140
+حتى يخرج بعد ذلك من جلده العالمالعالم الصفستائي
+
+285
+00:26:36,140 --> 00:26:41,100
+الذي انقطع عن الدين وانقطع عن العلم الحقيقي وانقطع
+
+286
+00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:47,600
+عن المجتمع وعن جماعته وكون آراءه واقتراحاته بناء
+
+287
+00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:54,740
+على فلسفة صفستائية لا أقدام لها في أرضالواقع فيعجز
+
+288
+00:26:54,740 --> 00:27:00,380
+كذلك العالم أن يقدّم حلا لهذه المعضلة الوجودية إلا
+
+289
+00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:05,420
+التنظيرات الفارغة والتنظيرات الباردة وهذا أحيانا
+
+290
+00:27:05,420 --> 00:27:09,180
+ما يقع .. ما تقع فيه الجماعة الإنسانية بدل أن تتجه
+
+291
+00:27:09,180 --> 00:27:15,100
+إلى .. إلى نقاش أصل المشكلة وحلول المشكلة تدخل في
+
+292
+00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:20,160
+التنظير حول المشكلة التنظير حول المشكلة وهذا
+
+293
+00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:27,470
+يوقعنافي إشكال جديد ويحرفه بوصلة البحث عن حل صحيح
+
+294
+00:27:27,470 --> 00:27:33,310
+وحل جدي لهذا الإشكال الاجتماعي أو الحضاري الذي تقع
+
+295
+00:27:33,310 --> 00:27:36,650
+فيه جماعة الإنسان لذلك مالك بن نبي رحمه الله
+
+296
+00:27:36,650 --> 00:27:41,990
+المفكر الجزائري يرى أن أكبر إشكال تقع فيه الأمة
+
+297
+00:27:41,990 --> 00:27:47,970
+المسلمة أنها مقصرة في إنتاج الأفكارلا أفكار لديها،
+
+298
+00:27:47,970 --> 00:27:53,950
+لا مفكرون لديها ويرى بأنها انغمست في تقديس الأشخاص
+
+299
+00:27:53,950 --> 00:27:58,070
+وتكديس الأشياء هو يقسم العالم الحضاني تلت أقسام
+
+300
+00:27:58,070 --> 00:28:03,410
+عالم الأفكار الأمة المسلمة فقيرة جدا فيه وعالم
+
+301
+00:28:03,410 --> 00:28:09,020
+الأشخاصالذي انغمست لهم في تقديس الأشخاص سواء
+
+302
+00:28:09,020 --> 00:28:13,200
+شخصيات دينية أو سياسية أو أدبية أو غير ذلك من
+
+303
+00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:18,100
+الشخصيات وعالم الأشياء الذي حدث فيه الكثير من
+
+304
+00:28:18,100 --> 00:28:23,860
+التكديس يبقى عندنا هناك فقر شديد وعندنا هنا اللي
+
+305
+00:28:23,860 --> 00:28:29,040
+هو تكدس شديد و تقديس لعالم اللي هو الأشخاص فهذا
+
+306
+00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:33,680
+العالم لا يقدم شيئا مفيدا ولا شيئا نافعا الكاهن
+
+307
+00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:40,670
+كذلكالجاهل المقاطع عن الحياة والعلم يرد كل مشكلة
+
+308
+00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:47,320
+وكل إشكال إلى الغيبيات وإلى التمرد على السماء وعدم
+
+309
+00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:53,180
+تقديم القرابين للآلهة دون أن يفسر تفسيرا علميا
+
+310
+00:28:53,180 --> 00:29:00,080
+حقيقة المشكلة ودون أن يقدم رأيا دينيا صحيحا في أي
+
+311
+00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:05,100
+إشكال اجتماعي لذلك في النهاية لن تصل هذه الزمرة
+
+312
+00:29:05,100 --> 00:29:09,480
+إلى حل بالإضافة أن هذه الزمرة الحاكمة منعزلة عن
+
+313
+00:29:09,480 --> 00:29:15,240
+جماعة الصراسيرهي ملعزلة يعني هي تعيش في عالم
+
+314
+00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:21,860
+وجماعة الصراصير تعيش في عالم آخر لا علاقة للعالمين
+
+315
+00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:28,320
+من الأول بالثاني ومن هنا يبدو الانفصام بين جماعة
+
+316
+00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:34,280
+الصراصير وبين الحكام أو الطبقة الحاكمة أو التي
+
+317
+00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:41,290
+تمثل جماعة الصراصيرالملكة كذلك لا شيء لديها إلا
+
+318
+00:29:41,290 --> 00:29:45,510
+الضغط على الملك وإلا تقريع له الملك بكلمات قاسية
+
+319
+00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:54,490
+حتى يجد حلا لهذه المعضلة الوجودية الصراع صراع
+
+320
+00:29:54,490 --> 00:29:58,770
+وجودي وهذا يدل على إدراك توفيق الحكيم لجوهر المسرح
+
+321
+00:29:58,770 --> 00:30:03,510
+حقيقة المسرح الصراع صراع عمودي قلنا ما هو طبيعة
+
+322
+00:30:03,510 --> 00:30:09,740
+الصراع في المسرحصراع ماذا؟ صراع عمودي وليس صراعا
+
+323
+00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,440
+أفقيا، ليس صراعا أفقيا، لذلك إن الصراع صراع عمودي
+
+324
+00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:20,960
+يهدد وجود مملكة أو جماعة الصراصير بالفناء
+
+325
+00:30:20,960 --> 00:30:26,050
+والانقراضكيف تعاملت طبقة المسئولين في جماعة
+
+326
+00:30:26,050 --> 00:30:30,110
+الصراصير معادل معضل الوجودية؟ كيف تعاملت؟ بلا شأن
+
+327
+00:30:30,110 --> 00:30:35,630
+باللمبلاء والتنظير والصفصطائية الفارغة فلم تقدم
+
+328
+00:30:35,630 --> 00:30:44,830
+حلا ووقع الملك نفسه في المشكلةفي يعني كما يقولون
+
+329
+00:30:44,830 --> 00:30:52,470
+في شر تنظيره و شر تقصيره فكان هو أول الضحايا و كان
+
+330
+00:30:52,470 --> 00:30:57,090
+كذلك ابن الوزير من أوائل الضحايا الذين سقطوا يعني
+
+331
+00:30:57,090 --> 00:31:04,630
+نتيجة هذا التنظير الفارغ الصراع في الأول صراع ذهني
+
+332
+00:31:04,630 --> 00:31:09,230
+انتبهوا معاه الصراع في الأول صراع ذهني يدور في ذهن
+
+333
+00:31:09,230 --> 00:31:16,550
+منفي ذهن الشخصيات شخصية الملك الوزير الكاهن العالم
+
+334
+00:31:16,550 --> 00:31:21,190
+الملكة صراع ذهن كيف نحل هذا الإشكال و هذا الموضوع
+
+335
+00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,950
+اللي وجود هنا هذا
+
+336
+00:31:25,950 --> 00:31:31,580
+الصراع في الفصل الأولالصراع في الفصل الثاني عندما
+
+337
+00:31:31,580 --> 00:31:39,500
+سقط الملك في حوض الماء أصبح صراعا وجوديا و واقعيا
+
+338
+00:31:39,500 --> 00:31:44,640
+على أرض الواقع كفاح لا أمل فيه لكنه كفاح عبثي
+
+339
+00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:49,540
+يحاول أن يتصلق جدار الحوض الماء فلا يستطيع
+
+340
+00:31:52,700 --> 00:31:58,680
+هل استطاعت الحاشية أن تقدم شيئا مفيدا ونافعا
+
+341
+00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:06,380
+للملك؟ لأ وإنما تركته لمصيره الأسود لمصيره الأسود
+
+342
+00:32:06,380 --> 00:32:15,510
+وتخلت عنه لحظة الحقيقة وترك هنا ترك الملكطنظيره
+
+343
+00:32:15,510 --> 00:32:20,450
+والعالم والعالم والكاهن ولجأ الصرصار الملك إلى
+
+344
+00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:25,590
+غريزته حتى يستطيع أن ينقذ نفسه يعني عاد إلى غريزته
+
+345
+00:32:25,590 --> 00:32:29,930
+الأولى وإلى غريزته الأساسية حتى ينقذ نفسه ولم
+
+346
+00:32:29,930 --> 00:32:36,490
+تنفحه كل هذه المهاترات وكل هذه الطنظيرات الفارغة
+
+347
+00:32:36,490 --> 00:32:39,610
+الفصل
+
+348
+00:32:39,610 --> 00:32:48,020
+الثالثيعني كان مثلا احنا نتوقع في الفصل الثالث أن
+
+349
+00:32:48,020 --> 00:32:54,220
+يكمل لنا الحكيم الحديث عن مصير الصرصار هل استطاع
+
+350
+00:32:54,220 --> 00:33:01,080
+أن ينجوه بغرزته أو بفلسفته أو بحاشيته و استطاع أن
+
+351
+00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:07,340
+يتخطى هذا الجدار الأملس لكن الحكيم يفاجئنا بأنه
+
+352
+00:33:07,340 --> 00:33:14,380
+ينتقل بنا من عالمالحيوان إلى عالم الإنسان فينفتح
+
+353
+00:33:14,380 --> 00:33:21,480
+الفصل الثالث علىزوجين على عادى الوسامية الذي يدور
+
+354
+00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:27,860
+نقاشهم بينهما على مصير وطبيعت هذا السرسار من هذا
+
+355
+00:33:27,860 --> 00:33:30,740
+.. من هو هذا السرسار اللى موجود فى ال .. ملك ..
+
+356
+00:33:30,740 --> 00:33:35,440
+ملك .. ملك الان أصبح حشرة حقيقية فى الفصل الأول
+
+357
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+والثانى كان عبارة عن رمز الان أصبح ماذا؟ أصبح حشرة
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+358
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+يعني حقيقية
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+359
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+360
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+على التخلص من الصرصار ويصار عادل التمتع بمشاهدة
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+361
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+كفاح الصرصار بدل
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+362
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+363
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+يستعينان بطرف خارجي وهو الطبيب هذا يدل على انقطاع
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+364
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+365
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+368
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+بعد ذلك يقتنع بفكرة عادل فيستغرقان
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+369
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+في مشادة كفاح الصرصار ويتجادلان في كفاح الصرصار
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+370
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+حتى تنهيأم عطية يعني مصير الصرصار لأن تملأ الحوض
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+371
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+ماءً فينتهي .. يت��تهي حياة الصرصار .. تنتهي حياة
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+372
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+الصرصار و هنا ينتهي هذا الفصل العبثي ليبدأ فصل
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+373
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+عبثي جديد و يشاهد الطبيب و يشاهد عادلكيف هجمت
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+374
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+مملكة النمل أو جماعة النمل على هذا الصرصار وكيف
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+375
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+ستقطعه إربان حتى تدخله يعني في مساكنها أو في
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+376
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+بيوتها الصغيرة ثم يتقمص عادل دور الصرصار ويطلب من
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+377
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+المعاطية أن تزيله كما أزالت هذا له الصرصارنكمل ان
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+378
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+شاء الله المرة القادمة أيضا في تحليل بعض عناصر هذه
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+379
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+المسرحية هل من سؤال؟ ما اللي لديها سؤال؟ السلام
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+380
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+عليكم ورحمة الله
+

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+1
+00:00:20,910 --> 00:00:23,390
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,390 --> 00:00:27,590
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:27,590 --> 00:00:36,030
+وبعد بداية نرحب الطالبات الكريمات في بداية العام
+
+4
+00:00:36,030 --> 00:00:41,890
+الدراسي الجديد 2015-2016 وفي بداية الفصل الدراسي
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+5
+00:00:41,890 --> 00:00:47,870
+الأول وسندرس ان شاء الله سويا نساق الأدب العربي
+
+6
+00:00:47,870 --> 00:00:53,580
+الحديث ومدارسههذا المساق عبارة عن ثلاث ساعات هو
+
+7
+00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:59,160
+لطلاب تخصص اللغة العربية للمستوى التارابع المحاضرة
+
+8
+00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:06,860
+الأولى ان شاء الله ستكون عبارة عن وصفة عامة لطبيعة
+
+9
+00:01:06,860 --> 00:01:09,720
+اللي هو المساق مفردات اللي هو المساق أهداف المساق
+
+10
+00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:14,500
+حتى نتعرف إلى الخطوط العريضة لهذا المساق ومحتويات
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+11
+00:01:14,500 --> 00:01:21,820
+اللي هو المساقواصف المصاق هذا المصاق يتناول حقبة
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+12
+00:01:21,820 --> 00:01:27,600
+تاريخية أدبية مهمة من تاريخنا الأدبي وهو تكملة
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+13
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+لسلسلة وحلقات ما درسنا من الأداب العربية بدءا من
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+14
+00:01:33,020 --> 00:01:37,920
+الأدب الجاهليثم الإسلامي والأموي ثم العباسي الأول
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+15
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+ثم الثاني ثم بعد ذلك الأدب الأندلوسي ثم المملوكي
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+16
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+والعثماني حتى نصل له إلى الأدب اللي هو العربي
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+17
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+الحديث الأدب العربي الحديث محدود المدة يعني تقريبا
+
+18
+00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:55,200
+هو يبدأ من 1850
+
+19
+00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:05,100
+الى 1948 هذه حدود الأدب العربي الإلحدي بعد ذلك
+
+20
+00:02:05,100 --> 00:02:10,620
+ندخل في حقبة جديدة قبل ذلك ممكن ندخل في حقبة جديدة
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+21
+00:02:10,620 --> 00:02:15,920
+فهذا الأدب محصور في هذه ما يقارب 100 سنة البعض
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+22
+00:02:15,920 --> 00:02:21,060
+يعتبر أنه 1870 وليس 50 على اعتبار أن البارودي أول
+
+23
+00:02:21,060 --> 00:02:28,440
+قصيدة قالها عام 1870ميلادي فمدة هذا الأدب يتراوح
+
+24
+00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:33,640
+ما يقارب من ثمانين عاما او من مئة عام هذا الأدب
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+25
+00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:38,340
+سيدرس عوامل النهضة الأدبية الحديثةكيف قامت هذه
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+26
+00:02:38,340 --> 00:02:42,140
+النهضة وما هي الأسباب والعوامل التي دفعت إلى قيام
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+27
+00:02:42,140 --> 00:02:48,660
+هذه النهضة الأدبية وسندلل على ذلك من خلال اللي هو
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+28
+00:02:48,660 --> 00:02:53,860
+النماذج الأدبية من خلال تراجم الشعراء وتراجم
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+29
+00:02:53,860 --> 00:02:59,300
+الأدباء كذلك في القلب من هذا المساق هو دراسة
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+30
+00:02:59,300 --> 00:03:05,230
+النصوص الأدبية سواء كانت شعرا ام كانتنثرا وتحليل
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+31
+00:03:05,230 --> 00:03:09,890
+هذه النصوص وتبيين القيم الجمالية والقيم الفنية في
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+32
+00:03:09,890 --> 00:03:15,410
+هذه النصوص عندنا نصوص شعرية عندنا قصة رواية مسرحية
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+33
+00:03:15,410 --> 00:03:20,870
+مقالة سيرة ذاتية وكل ذلك سيمثل مدارس الأدبية التي
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+34
+00:03:20,870 --> 00:03:25,890
+نقوم بدراستها كذلك سنقف على الخصائص المضمونية
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+35
+00:03:25,890 --> 00:03:30,230
+والاسلوبية لكل مدرسة من المدارس وكل فن من اللواء
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+36
+00:03:30,510 --> 00:03:35,390
+الفنون سنقدم قبل دراسة أي نص من النصوص ان شاء الله
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+37
+00:03:35,390 --> 00:03:41,550
+وصفا تاريخيا او ترجمة للشاعر او للأديب حتى نتعرف
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+38
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+على اجواء التي .. او الجو الذي قيل فيه النص سنقف
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+39
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+على الخصائص العامة للأدب الحديثوسنناقش ماخذ بعض
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+40
+00:03:51,970 --> 00:03:56,930
+النقاد على جملة أو ماخذ نقاد على جملة من الأدباء
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+41
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+اللي هو المحدثين الأهداف العامة للمصاق عندنا هناك
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+42
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+أهداف لهذا المصاق أول أهداف من أهداف المصاق هو
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+43
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+دراسة أحوال الشعر العربي قبل عصر النهضة لماذا
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+44
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+ندرسه قبل عصر النهضة حتى نقارنما هو ونتعرف إلى
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+45
+00:04:12,750 --> 00:04:17,510
+التطور الذي حدث على هذا الأدب بعد أن دخله في مرحلة
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+46
+00:04:17,510 --> 00:04:20,850
+عصر اللي هو النهضة ولماذا أطلقنا على هذا الشعر
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+47
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+وهذا الأدب أطلقنا على الشعر النهضة أو الأدب النهضة
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+48
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+اتنين التتبع والتعرف إلى عوامل ومظاهر تطور الأدب
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+49
+00:04:29,170 --> 00:04:35,290
+العربيالحديث فهو تطور من مرحلة إلى مرحلة وارتقى من
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+50
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+حال إلى حال نريد أن نتعرف على العوامل الرقي وعمال
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+51
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+التطور التي صاحبت هذا الأدب الحديث التعريض بروواد
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+52
+00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:48,670
+أدب النهضة متأكيد أن أدب النهضة له رواد كثير
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+53
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+سنتعرف إلى حياتهم وسندرس بعض إنتاجهمالادمى التفاعل
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+54
+00:04:54,860 --> 00:04:58,360
+مع المضامين المعنوية والرسائل الإنسانية التي
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+55
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+يحملها أدب النهضة أدب النهضة إمتاز بأنه يحمل رسائل
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+56
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+إنسانية نبيلة وطنية رسائل قومية رسائل إسلامية
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+57
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+إنسانية نريد أن نتعرف على هذه الرسائل ومدى تفاعلنا
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+58
+00:05:13,860 --> 00:05:17,960
+ومدى تمثيل هذه الرسائل إلى واقع الإنسان العربي
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+59
+00:05:17,960 --> 00:05:22,870
+وكيف خدمت المجتمع العربي والإنسانإيه العربي؟ دراسة
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+60
+00:05:22,870 --> 00:05:26,470
+السماعة الفنية ضروري جدا الأدب ليس فقط هو مضمون
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+61
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+الأدب كذلك خصائص فنية وشروط فنية و أدوات فنية نريد
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+62
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+أن نتعرف كيف يصوغ الأديب فكرته أو مشاعره؟ ماهي
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+63
+00:05:35,690 --> 00:05:39,720
+الأدوات؟أدوات التشكيل الأدبي أو الشعري التي
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+64
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+يستخدمها الشعراء والأدباء في القصة والرواية
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+65
+00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:48,540
+والمصرحية تنمية الضائق النقدية في إدراك القيام
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+66
+00:05:48,540 --> 00:05:52,940
+الفنية دراستنا لن تكون دراسة فقط تحليلية ستكون
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+67
+00:05:52,940 --> 00:05:59,760
+أيضا دراسة نقدية نتناول جملة من النصوص ونحاول أن
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+68
+00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:04,280
+نقول رأينا في هذه النصوص من الجودة من المتانة من
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+69
+00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:10,030
+الرداءةمن الصحة من الصواب مدى تمثيلها لعصر النهضة
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+70
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+قراية النصوص الأدبية قراية اللغوية سليمة لأن
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+71
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+المدخل إلى أي تحليل سليم أن نقرأ القراية سليمة لا
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+72
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+يمكن لنا أن نحلل ولا يمكن لنا أن ننقض نقضا صحيحا
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+73
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+ونضع أيدينا على معايير وعلى قيم هذه النصوص الأدبية
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+74
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+ما لم نقرأ النص قراءة صحيحة هذه القراءة الصحيحة هي
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+75
+00:06:39,910 --> 00:06:44,750
+المدخل الصحيح لتحليل النص الأدبي وتدوّق النص
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+76
+00:06:44,750 --> 00:06:49,590
+الأدبيدراسة نصوص الأدبية دراسة تحليلي جميلية لأن
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+77
+00:06:49,590 --> 00:06:54,730
+احنا في مصاق الأدب يجب أن ندرس العناصر الأدبية أو
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+78
+00:06:54,730 --> 00:07:00,390
+العناصر الفنية التي قامت عليها هذه النصوص القدرة
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+79
+00:07:00,390 --> 00:07:05,030
+على النقد نتمرس بالنقد شيئا فشيئا كيف نحل العنوان
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+80
+00:07:05,030 --> 00:07:09,130
+كيف نحل المقدمة كيف نحل المضمون ما هي أدوات
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+81
+00:07:09,130 --> 00:07:13,450
+التشكيل الشعري ما هو رأينا رأينا في هذه القصة أو
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+82
+00:07:13,450 --> 00:07:18,610
+ما رأينا في هذه العناصر��لفنية نبدأ نتمرس ونتدرب
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+83
+00:07:18,610 --> 00:07:25,010
+على تنمية الذائقة النقدية لدينامحتويات المصاق
+
+84
+00:07:25,010 --> 00:07:30,070
+الأسبوع الأول ان شاء الله سيتناول تقدمة تاريخية
+
+85
+00:07:30,070 --> 00:07:36,210
+حول الأدب العربي الحديث ومدارسه طبعا الأدب العربي
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+86
+00:07:36,210 --> 00:07:40,790
+الحديث لم يعد أو لم يكن مدرسة واحدة عند المدرسة
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+87
+00:07:40,790 --> 00:07:44,770
+المحافظة وهي أساس المدارس الأدبية لدينا مدرسة
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+88
+00:07:44,770 --> 00:07:50,190
+الديوان لدينا جماعة أبولو لدينا مدرسة المهجر
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+89
+00:07:50,860 --> 00:07:54,980
+الشمالي والجنوبي لدينا مدرسة شعر التفعيلة أو ما
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+90
+00:07:54,980 --> 00:08:01,280
+يسمى شعر الحر و لدينا كذلك مدرسة قصيدة الو أنثى
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+91
+00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:05,180
+سنتعرف على هذه المدارس و الخصائص الفنية المكونة
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+92
+00:08:05,180 --> 00:08:11,420
+لهذه المدارس سنبدأ تطبيقات نصية و تطبيقات أدبية
+
+93
+00:08:11,420 --> 00:08:16,280
+بالمدرسة المحافظة و بالشاعر و أمير الشعر أحمد شوقي
+
+94
+00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:22,370
+و قصيدته المشهورة في رثاء الخلافةالإسلامية الاسبوع
+
+95
+00:08:22,370 --> 00:08:27,350
+الثالث سندوس ان شاء الله قصيدة الشاعر السوري عمر
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+96
+00:08:27,350 --> 00:08:31,970
+أبي ريشة اللي بتحدث فيها عن مسامية قصيدة اللي هو
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+97
+00:08:31,970 --> 00:08:36,110
+النسر وهي عبارة عن حكاية وعبارة عن قصيدة درامية
+
+98
+00:08:36,110 --> 00:08:41,330
+نحلل العناصر الدرامية في هذه القصيدة جمعت أبولو
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+99
+00:08:41,330 --> 00:08:45,330
+سندوس ان شاء الله الشاعر علي محمود طه وقصيدته
+
+100
+00:08:45,330 --> 00:08:52,030
+المشهورة أخي أو فلسطين التي ذا عصيتهاوغنّاها جملة
+
+101
+00:08:52,030 --> 00:08:56,590
+من المغنين وإلى الآن ما زالت هذه القصيدة وهذه
+
+102
+00:08:56,590 --> 00:09:03,290
+الأغنية حية في قلوب العرب وفي قلوب الفلسطينيين
+
+103
+00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:08,370
+مدرسة المهجر الشمالي والجنوبي سندرس ان شاء الله
+
+104
+00:09:08,370 --> 00:09:14,860
+قصيدة رشيد أيوب يا ثلجهالسبوع السابع سنتناول
+
+105
+00:09:14,860 --> 00:09:20,060
+الفنون النثرية دراسة تاريخية نتعرف على نشاتها
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+106
+00:09:20,060 --> 00:09:26,780
+وجذورها في أدبنا العربي القديم السبوع الثامن سندوس
+
+107
+00:09:26,780 --> 00:09:31,280
+إن شاء الله نماذج من الفن القصصي ونقف عند رائد من
+
+108
+00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:38,170
+رواد القصة التصيرة وهو الأديب محمود تيموروإقصوصته
+
+109
+00:09:38,170 --> 00:09:43,710
+المشهورة «شاندويل يبحث عن عروس» سندرس رواية ليحيى
+
+110
+00:09:43,710 --> 00:09:48,610
+حق قنديل أم هاشم ونتعرف على القيم والرسالة التي
+
+111
+00:09:48,610 --> 00:09:53,190
+حملتها هذه الرواية ولماذا أصبحت هذه رواية من
+
+112
+00:09:53,190 --> 00:09:57,010
+الروايات الرائدة التي كثرت الدراسات حولها وكثر
+
+113
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:03,770
+الاهتمامبها كذلك سندرس رواية الطيب صالح عرس الذين
+
+114
+00:10:03,770 --> 00:10:08,470
+الرواي السوداني المشهور صاحب روايات مشهورة كذلك
+
+115
+00:10:08,470 --> 00:10:13,630
+سنقف عند المسرح العربي و رواد المسرح العربي و نسأل
+
+116
+00:10:13,630 --> 00:10:19,950
+سؤالا مهما لماذا غاب فن المسرحفي موروثنا الأدبي
+
+117
+00:10:19,950 --> 00:10:24,710
+إذا قلنا قصة ربما يكون جذور للقصة موجود في أدبنا
+
+118
+00:10:24,710 --> 00:10:29,490
+العربي القديم إذا قلنا رواية إذا قلنا مقالة إذا
+
+119
+00:10:29,490 --> 00:10:34,570
+قلنا مقامة خطبة رسالة كل ذلك له جذور في أدبنا
+
+120
+00:10:34,570 --> 00:10:39,710
+العربي القديم ولكن لماذا غاب المسرح عن تراثنا وعن
+
+121
+00:10:39,710 --> 00:10:45,000
+أدبنا العربي؟القديم رواد المسرح الثلاثة مارون
+
+122
+00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:51,320
+النقاش وأبو خليل القباني ويعقوب الصنوع وسندرس ان
+
+123
+00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:56,940
+شاء الله مسرحية هارون الرشيد لمارون النقاش وهي من
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+124
+00:10:56,940 --> 00:11:02,420
+المسرحيات الأول التي كتبها مارون النقاش ومثلت في
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+125
+00:11:02,420 --> 00:11:08,090
+بيرون وندرس مسرحية مصير سرسارو هو من المسرحياتما
+
+126
+00:11:08,090 --> 00:11:13,250
+تسمى الكميديا السوداء الكميديا السوداء للكاتب
+
+127
+00:11:13,250 --> 00:11:18,170
+المسرحي توفيق الحكيمأيضًا سنتعرف على السيرة
+
+128
+00:11:18,170 --> 00:11:21,610
+الذاتية سنتعرف على فن السيرة الذاتية وتعريفها
+
+129
+00:11:21,610 --> 00:11:27,890
+وشروطها ونأخذ على ذلك تطبيقًا عمليًا وهو لدينا
+
+130
+00:11:27,890 --> 00:11:33,370
+سيرتان سيرة الكاتب المصري طاه حسين والأيام
+
+131
+00:11:33,370 --> 00:11:39,490
+المشهورة وكذلك سيرة الكاتب الشعر الفلسطينية فدوة
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+132
+00:11:39,490 --> 00:11:44,960
+تقان ونقارن بين السيرتينسيرة فدوة وقان وسيرة
+
+133
+00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:50,800
+الكاتب طاه حسين فن المقالة هو أصبح فنًا يعني
+
+134
+00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:56,780
+رئيسًا وله جمهوره وله رواده في أدبين العربي الحديث
+
+135
+00:11:56,780 --> 00:12:02,580
+نتعرف على شيخ المقالين وشيخ من شيوخ الأدب العربي
+
+136
+00:12:02,580 --> 00:12:07,580
+الحديث هو الشيخ مصطفى صادق الرافعي ثم كذلك نتعرف
+
+137
+00:12:07,580 --> 00:12:13,190
+إلى مقالة من مقالات الكاتب اللبنانيJobran Khalil
+
+138
+00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:18,270
+Jobran الأسبوع الأخير سيكون لمناقش التقارير ومناقش
+
+139
+00:12:18,270 --> 00:12:22,430
+الواجبات ان شاء الله اسلوب تدريس المصاق المصاق
+
+140
+00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:29,530
+سيتناول المحاضرة وهي معلم رئيس وركن من أركان دراسة
+
+141
+00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:33,470
+هذا المصاق ثم بعد ذلك الحوار والنقاش التحضير
+
+142
+00:12:33,470 --> 00:12:40,010
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+
+143
+00:12:40,010 --> 00:12:46,070
+كتاب دراسات في أدب اللي هو النهضة هذا هو الكتاب
+
+144
+00:12:46,070 --> 00:12:52,250
+دراسات في أدب اللي هو النهضة و هناك بعض المراجع
+
+145
+00:12:52,250 --> 00:12:57,010
+المساعدة مثل كتاب الدكتور أحمد هيكل و كتاب الدكتور
+
+146
+00:12:57,010 --> 00:13:01,130
+خريل الموسى كتاب الدكتور طاهر المكي و كتاب عمر
+
+147
+00:13:01,130 --> 00:13:06,910
+الدسوقي و كتاب محمد حسين هذه كل عبارة عن مراجعيعني
+
+148
+00:13:06,910 --> 00:13:12,090
+مساعدة للمساق الساعات المكتبية سبت اتنين اربع من
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+149
+00:13:12,090 --> 00:13:16,570
+الساعة الحادي عشرة إلى الساعة الثانية عشرة ظهرا
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+150
+00:13:16,570 --> 00:13:21,750
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+
+151
+00:13:21,750 --> 00:13:25,150
+واعداد التقارير العلمية اريد ان اناب إلى شيء مهم
+
+152
+00:13:25,150 --> 00:13:32,310
+جدا الكتاب ليس هو المنهج الكتاب جزء من المنهج وليس
+
+153
+00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:38,530
+هو المنهجالدراسة الجامعية تقوم على تعدد مصادر
+
+154
+00:13:38,530 --> 00:13:43,170
+المعرفة لذلك الكتاب مصدر مصادر المعرفة المحاضرة
+
+155
+00:13:43,170 --> 00:13:46,670
+المراجع
+
+156
+00:13:46,670 --> 00:13:52,330
+الأخرى التقارير الواجبات النقاشات ما تقوم بيه من
+
+157
+00:13:52,330 --> 00:13:57,810
+أبحاث ودراساتالشبكة المعلوماتية كل ذلك يعد مصادر
+
+158
+00:13:57,810 --> 00:14:01,650
+المصادر اللي هو المعرفة لا نحصر أنفسنا في سجن اللي
+
+159
+00:14:01,650 --> 00:14:06,550
+هو الكتاب لذلك الكتاب هو جزء من المصادر وليس كل
+
+160
+00:14:06,550 --> 00:14:13,660
+المصادر التقييموهذا .. و هذا مهم كيف نقيم الطالبات
+
+161
+00:14:13,660 --> 00:14:18,180
+أو كيف نقيم الطلبة عندنا حضورة مشاركات علمية عشرون
+
+162
+00:14:18,180 --> 00:14:23,440
+درجة عندنا انتحان نصفي ثلاثون درجة و عند اختبار
+
+163
+00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:27,760
+نهاية الفصل خمسون درجة بذلك تكون الدرجة النهائية
+
+164
+00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:35,440
+هي مائة يعني درجة و لكل مجتهد نصيبهذا يعني بصورة
+
+165
+00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:44,060
+عامة يعرض يعني أو عرض سريع لوصف
+
+166
+00:14:44,060 --> 00:14:48,660
+اللي هو المساق وهو أرضية بعد ذلك لندخل في اللي هو
+
+167
+00:14:48,660 --> 00:14:52,600
+فقرات اللي هو المساق والمحاضرة القادمة سنتحدث ان
+
+168
+00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:58,260
+شاء الله في تقنية تاريخية حول تحرير المصطلح يعني
+
+169
+00:14:58,260 --> 00:15:03,370
+احنا لدينا عدة مصطلحات نسمع البعض يقولأدب عربي
+
+170
+00:15:03,370 --> 00:15:09,130
+حديث البعض يقول أدب عربي معاصر البعض يقول الأدب في
+
+171
+00:15:09,130 --> 00:15:14,210
+القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين البعض يقول أدب النهضة
+
+172
+00:15:14,210 --> 00:15:19,370
+أيه المصطلحات من هذه المصطلحات أقربإلى الدلالة
+
+173
+00:15:19,370 --> 00:15:23,730
+الفنية أو الدلالة الزمنية على هذه الحقبة الأدبية
+
+174
+00:15:23,730 --> 00:15:28,370
+هذا ما سنناقشه إن شاء الله المرة القادمة وسنتناول
+
+175
+00:15:28,370 --> 00:15:33,490
+كذلك وصفة تاريخيا للمدارس الأدبية ورواد هذه
+
+176
+00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:37,990
+المدارس والخصائص الفنية المشتركة التي اشترك فيها
+
+177
+00:15:37,990 --> 00:15:43,710
+أولئك الأدباء واشترك فيها رواد المدارس الأدبية
+
+178
+00:15:45,370 --> 00:15:50,090
+شكرا لكم والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/HVLG8ZTn1ds_raw.srt

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+1
+00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:23,300
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,300 --> 00:00:26,440
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:32,620
+وبعد السلام عليكنا ورحمة الله وبركاته نواصل بإذن
+
+4
+00:00:32,620 --> 00:00:38,140
+الله تعالى محاضراتنا في مساق الأدب العربي الحديث
+
+5
+00:00:38,140 --> 00:00:46,240
+ومدارسه وقفنا المرة القادمة عند شطر من أبيات قصيدة
+
+6
+00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:50,070
+أحمد شوقي في رسائل الخلافةفنواصل اليوم إن شاء الله
+
+7
+00:00:50,070 --> 00:00:55,350
+شرحا وتحليلا لهذه القصيدة و لهذا النصر إلى أين
+
+8
+00:00:55,350 --> 00:01:04,650
+وصلنا؟ قلنا
+
+9
+00:01:04,650 --> 00:01:08,790
+لماذا قال الشاعر فقعدنا المرة الماضية لما قلنا
+
+10
+00:01:08,790 --> 00:01:09,490
+فقعدنا
+
+11
+00:01:14,570 --> 00:01:18,430
+لتلك الجماعة بالنساء قشوية لتلك الجماعة اللي هو
+
+12
+00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:23,890
+بالنساء لاحظ الظلال الظلال البيت يعني الظلال كئيبة
+
+13
+00:01:23,890 --> 00:01:32,910
+الكأبة واضحة الظلال كئيبة وظلال سوداء وظلال حزينة
+
+14
+00:01:32,910 --> 00:01:39,590
+يالا الرجالي أيوة يالا الرجالي لحرة موقولة قُتلت
+
+15
+00:01:39,590 --> 00:01:43,810
+بغير جريرة وجناحي لاحظوا اللام الأولى
+
+16
+00:01:55,150 --> 00:02:02,410
+اللام الثانية مكسورة لحرة
+
+17
+00:02:02,410 --> 00:02:06,790
+صلح
+
+18
+00:02:06,790 --> 00:02:13,300
+ال ..ماذا يسمى البعد لا من الاستغاثة الأولى؟ ماذا
+
+19
+00:02:13,300 --> 00:02:18,140
+تسمى؟ المستغاثة بيه؟ المستغاثة بيه؟ طب والثاني؟
+
+20
+00:02:18,140 --> 00:02:26,540
+المستغاثة لهم و لا يجوز استغاثة إلا بحرف نداء ي من
+
+21
+00:02:26,540 --> 00:02:35,660
+هي الحر الموقودة؟ خلافة المسلمين طب موقودة من أين
+
+22
+00:02:35,660 --> 00:02:41,820
+جاءت لفظه موقودة؟طناسي؟ طناسي طناس قرآني طناس
+
+23
+00:02:41,820 --> 00:02:50,400
+قرآني وإذا .. وإذا الموؤودة .. سوء بأي ذنب قُتلت
+
+24
+00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:53,560
+طب
+
+25
+00:02:53,560 --> 00:03:00,240
+ماذا تشتمون مدمعنا في لفظ الموؤودة؟
+
+26
+00:03:04,980 --> 00:03:09,100
+أنا أعرف الخلافة، مريض وما أنا أقول ماذا تشتمونا،
+
+27
+00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:15,100
+يعني الأمر يحتاج إلى ماذا؟ إلى نباهة وإلى تلميح
+
+28
+00:03:15,100 --> 00:03:22,480
+وإلى بُعد نظر هل قتل بزون الدمب ولا ..؟ لأ، هذا
+
+29
+00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:27,340
+المعنى القريب هي قتلة في أوجها ذاتها، لأ إن
+
+30
+00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,340
+الخلافة لا دفنه ولا منهيب ولا ..؟ لأ، لأ
+
+31
+00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:55,800
+أن من قتلها هم أهلها، لأن من يدفن الموجودة؟ أهلها،
+
+32
+00:03:55,800 --> 00:04:04,960
+قُتلت بغير جريرة، ما هي الجريرة؟ الذنب،
+
+33
+00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:13,360
+والجناح هي الإثم، من قال أن هذه الخلافة لم تكن ذا
+
+34
+00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:18,190
+الجريرة وذا الجناح، بغير جريرة الموجودة؟لو أن هذه
+
+35
+00:04:18,190 --> 00:04:25,990
+الخلافة فسدت ووافقت على توطين اليهود أو هجارة
+
+36
+00:04:25,990 --> 00:04:30,430
+اليهود إلى الفلسطين لو وافق السلطان عبد الحميد
+
+37
+00:04:30,430 --> 00:04:37,530
+الثاني رحمه الله الذي قال ان يعمل المبدع في جسم
+
+38
+00:04:37,530 --> 00:04:43,890
+يهول عليه من أن افرط في شبرن من أرض الفلسطين
+
+39
+00:04:46,690 --> 00:04:52,030
+اليوم نحن أعطينا اليهود كل الأرض و أبقينا لنا شبرا
+
+40
+00:04:52,030 --> 00:04:57,390
+شبر .. اللي معانا شبر كما قال أحمد بطر شبراني ولا
+
+41
+00:04:57,390 --> 00:05:04,830
+تطلب أكثر شبراني ولا تطلب أكثر شبر كان يرفض خانة
+
+42
+00:05:04,830 --> 00:05:10,730
+لو أن خليفة المسلمين وافقة فبقى خليفة لو أنه خانة
+
+43
+00:05:19,210 --> 00:05:25,890
+كما قال سبحانه وتعالى ما نقموا منهم إلا أن يؤمنوا
+
+44
+00:05:25,890 --> 00:05:31,990
+بالله العزيز الحميد لماذا ينقم علينا أ��ل الشر وأهل
+
+45
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:36,490
+الجريمة وأهل الشرك وأهل الإعبجات والانحراف لأننا
+
+46
+00:05:36,490 --> 00:05:43,550
+أهل استقامة وأهل الدين وأهل قيم لو كنا مثلهمأهل
+
+47
+00:05:43,550 --> 00:05:50,410
+عوياجة وانحراف لأحبونا و تواصلوا معنا و بسطوا لنا
+
+48
+00:05:50,410 --> 00:05:56,090
+الأرض و بسطوا لنا المال لكن لماذا يكره الفاشل
+
+49
+00:05:56,090 --> 00:06:02,170
+الناجح دائما الفاشل يكره الناجح و الفاسد يكره
+
+50
+00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:08,530
+المصلح و المعوج يكره المستقيل الفاشل لا يحب
+
+51
+00:06:08,530 --> 00:06:15,510
+الناجحين و الفاسد لا يحب المصلحينوالمعوج لا يحب
+
+52
+00:06:15,510 --> 00:06:21,410
+أهل الاستقام لذلك نقم عليهم إلا يؤمنوا بالله
+
+53
+00:06:21,410 --> 00:06:29,130
+العزيز الحمد وادوا لو تدهنوا يدهنون لذلك كانت
+
+54
+00:06:29,130 --> 00:06:33,910
+جريمة تلك الحر المؤنها كانت حرة ولو أنها لم تكن
+
+55
+00:06:33,910 --> 00:06:37,570
+حرة لبقية هذه الكلافة
+
+56
+00:06:46,060 --> 00:06:57,140
+Asset ما معنى أسه .. أسه .. أسه داوة وطببة والاس
+
+57
+00:06:57,140 --> 00:07:04,240
+هو الطبيب من
+
+58
+00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:10,280
+هو أعظم طبيب؟ أعظم طمير؟
+
+59
+00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:16,730
+غير الله، احنا عارفين الله، ما غير القرآنأعظم أس و
+
+60
+00:07:16,730 --> 00:07:24,230
+أعظم طبيب يأس الجروح و يداوي الجراح الزمن و سلى
+
+61
+00:07:24,230 --> 00:07:29,090
+مصر هل سلى القلب عنها أو أس جرحاه الزمن المؤسسي
+
+62
+00:07:29,090 --> 00:07:35,810
+فأعظم طبيب من الزمن أي مشكلة ضخمة تركها للزمن
+
+63
+00:07:35,810 --> 00:07:43,700
+يستطيع الزمن يعني أن يأسه جراحهاأيوة تنتسى نعم
+
+64
+00:07:43,700 --> 00:07:51,780
+صحيح إن الذين أست جراحك حربهم عندما
+
+65
+00:07:51,780 --> 00:07:54,960
+لاحظوا المقابلة العجيبة أنه في مفارقة انتبهوا
+
+66
+00:07:54,960 --> 00:08:02,920
+للمفارقة في هذا البيت الحرب تأس الجراح والسلم
+
+67
+00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:07,920
+يقتل بغير جراح انظروا إلى المفارقة
+
+68
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:19,750
+على اليونان كانت هذه الحرب أسد جراح المسلمين وشفت
+
+69
+00:08:19,750 --> 00:08:29,790
+نفوسهم وظنوا أن الخير قادم إليهم ولكن
+
+70
+00:08:29,790 --> 00:08:35,170
+بقرار ألغاء الخلافة قرار سلمي مافي قتله فهذا
+
+71
+00:08:35,170 --> 00:08:43,250
+القرار السلمي قتلهخلافة المسلمين وقتل المسلمين
+
+72
+00:08:43,250 --> 00:08:50,990
+عندنا نوعان من القتل القتل
+
+73
+00:08:50,990 --> 00:08:56,010
+بالحديد
+
+74
+00:08:56,010 --> 00:08:59,510
+والقتل
+
+75
+00:08:59,510 --> 00:09:09,470
+بالحرية مين اختار القتل بالحديدواللي قتل بالحرير،
+
+76
+00:09:09,470 --> 00:09:16,550
+مع أن الحرير ما له، نعم، لكن هو قتله كالسم يسر فيه
+
+77
+00:09:16,550 --> 00:09:21,590
+اللي هو الجسد، فكان ما فعله كمال أتاتورك أنه قتل
+
+78
+00:09:21,590 --> 00:09:26,110
+المسلمين بماذا؟ قتلهم اللي هو يعني بالحرير،
+
+79
+00:09:26,110 --> 00:09:32,380
+بالسلم، قتلهم اللي هو بغيره جراحلكنها جراحات
+
+80
+00:09:32,380 --> 00:09:37,780
+القلوب وجراحات الأرواح وجراحات النفس، وهذه أشد
+
+81
+00:09:37,780 --> 00:09:43,840
+ألمًا وإلامًا من جراحات الأجساد، جرح الجسد ممكن أن
+
+82
+00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:51,060
+يشفى، لكن جرح القلب وجرح الروح وجرح النفس، أن له
+
+83
+00:09:51,060 --> 00:09:52,600
+أن يشفى، أن له
+
+84
+00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:16,960
+بيت الثاني أيضا هتكوا
+
+85
+00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:20,080
+بقال هتكوا خرقوا الستر
+
+86
+00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:32,200
+ولا يستخدم الـ hadko إلا في الأعراض والحرومات ال
+
+87
+00:10:32,200 --> 00:10:38,500
+hadko لا يستخدم ليه؟ في الأعراض والحرومات هو hadko
+
+88
+00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:47,640
+الستري وقالت
+
+89
+00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:49,840
+العرب هتك الله
+
+90
+00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:59,480
+هو سترة الفاجر لأن ماذا يفعل الفاجر؟ لأنه يفضح
+
+91
+00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:05,120
+يعني النا�� ويعتدي أعراض اللي هو يعني الناس هتكوا
+
+92
+00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:16,620
+بأيديهم لماذا قال بأيديهم؟ ليه قال بأيديهم؟ لأنه
+
+93
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:21,700
+بتحدث عن جماعة تاتورك أنه فعلوا ذلك عن هذه الجماعة
+
+94
+00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:28,580
+بأيديهموضعفه لما قال هتكوا كأنه صور لنا الخلافة
+
+95
+00:11:28,580 --> 00:11:34,740
+حرمة من حرمات الدين وحرمة من حرمات المسلمين
+
+96
+00:11:34,740 --> 00:11:38,020
+فاسقاطها
+
+97
+00:11:38,020 --> 00:11:46,020
+هتكوا لحرمة من حرمات المدين ملاقة، ما هي الملاقة؟
+
+98
+00:11:46,020 --> 00:11:53,220
+اللي حافو، اللي يلبس ملاقة فخرهم
+
+99
+00:11:58,580 --> 00:12:05,460
+ملاقة تفخرهم علامة
+
+100
+00:12:05,460 --> 00:12:14,860
+فخرهم ودثارة فخرهم هذه الخلافة موشية مزينة
+
+101
+00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:16,080
+مزرقشة
+
+102
+00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:24,740
+يقال ثوب موشي أو موشن كلامه صحيح أي مذركش مخطط
+
+103
+00:12:24,740 --> 00:12:32,500
+بمواهد بعطاء الفتاح سبحانه وتعالى فلذلك لما كانت
+
+104
+00:12:32,500 --> 00:12:41,120
+الخلافة كلدينا العزة والنعمة واليسار
+
+105
+00:12:49,940 --> 00:12:56,500
+على موقع ال facebook باص
+
+106
+00:12:56,500 --> 00:13:02,320
+حافلة مكتوب على خط الحافلة السلمانية السلمانية في
+
+107
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:12,880
+القدستان البصة بغداد الكويت بيروت او دمشق بيروت
+
+108
+00:13:12,880 --> 00:13:13,880
+القدس
+
+109
+00:13:17,290 --> 00:13:22,090
+ماذا؟ قط واحد، هل يدلوا على ماذا؟ على أن بلاد
+
+110
+00:13:22,090 --> 00:13:27,030
+المسلمين كانت أرضا واحدة، ليس اليوم تحولت إلى
+
+111
+00:13:27,030 --> 00:13:32,250
+كانتونات، غز كانتون وطف كانتون وصوريا كانتون ومصر
+
+112
+00:13:32,250 --> 00:13:37,730
+كانتون، فضاقت، فضاقت من الأرض، لو أن كانت الأرض
+
+113
+00:13:37,730 --> 00:13:43,840
+فسيحة بدل أن يموت شبابنافي عرض البحار لوجدوا الأرض
+
+114
+00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:48,980
+ووجدوا المال ووجدوا الثروة له أن يستثمروا وأن
+
+115
+00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:52,260
+يهيأوا وأن يتنقلوا في بلادهم بدل أن يموتوا على
+
+116
+00:13:52,260 --> 00:13:57,240
+اعتاد البحر وأن يموتوا على اعتاد له يعني أوروبا
+
+117
+00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:02,020
+ويتعرضوا إلى التنصير أو يتعرضوا إلى تغيير دينهم
+
+118
+00:14:02,020 --> 00:14:05,640
+نزوا عن الأعناق خيرة قلادة القلادة هو ما يحيطه
+
+119
+00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:06,080
+العمق
+
+120
+00:14:11,290 --> 00:14:18,950
+خير قلادة و نضوا ما معناه نضوا نزعوا يعني خلعوا
+
+121
+00:14:18,950 --> 00:14:25,890
+كما قال امر القيصد ان جيت و قد نظف لناوم ثيابها
+
+122
+00:14:25,890 --> 00:14:31,410
+لدى السطر الا لبسة المتفضلى نظف يعني ايه يعني
+
+123
+00:14:31,410 --> 00:14:35,630
+نزعتله ثيابها الا ثياب يعني الرقيقة بقيت عليها
+
+124
+00:14:43,690 --> 00:14:51,170
+خير وشاح التشح به المسلمون وهو وشاح الخلافة وشاح
+
+125
+00:14:51,170 --> 00:14:55,610
+الإسلام، في الماضي كان يسأل الوسلم فيقول أنا وسلم،
+
+126
+00:14:55,610 --> 00:14:56,390
+أنا عثماني
+
+127
+00:15:03,810 --> 00:15:08,670
+وانا كردي وانا فارس وانا كده فنظروا عن الاعطاف
+
+128
+00:15:08,670 --> 00:15:13,570
+الخيرة والشاحة وشاح الإسلام وشاح اللي هو هذا الديل
+
+129
+00:15:13,570 --> 00:15:23,670
+أيوة حسب الحسب
+
+130
+00:15:23,670 --> 00:15:29,070
+هو النسب الشريف والمقصود بيه هنا نسب الخلافة الذي
+
+131
+00:15:29,070 --> 00:15:35,070
+توارثه المسلمون كابرا عن كابر وجيلا بعد جيلواستمر
+
+132
+00:15:35,070 --> 00:15:43,430
+فيهم زملا طويلا قد طاحة طاحة يعني فانية بين عشية و
+
+133
+00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:51,230
+صباح يعني في وقت ايه في وقت قصير و علاقة و علاقة
+
+134
+00:15:51,230 --> 00:15:58,350
+مصممة أسبابها كانت أبر على إبن الأرواح نحضوا
+
+135
+00:16:07,630 --> 00:16:13,570
+والبره هو جمعه الخير العلاقة
+
+136
+00:16:13,570 --> 00:16:18,890
+هو سببه الواصله بين الناس أو بين الق��وب بيسمع
+
+137
+00:16:18,890 --> 00:16:22,790
+علاقة بقول أنا إيلي علاقة مع إنسان يعني في بينه و
+
+138
+00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:30,930
+بينه سبب السبب الواصل فصمت ما معناه فصمت؟ قُسِرت
+
+139
+00:16:34,430 --> 00:16:41,830
+والفسم كسر بغير بينونا، الفسم كسر بغير بينونا، ايه
+
+140
+00:16:41,830 --> 00:16:46,930
+يعني بغير بينونا؟ لما انسان يقول كسرت يده، يعني
+
+141
+00:16:46,930 --> 00:16:51,490
+ايده واكسورة، لكن تبقى في ايه؟ في ضاعة، يعني متصل
+
+142
+00:16:51,490 --> 00:16:56,830
+فيه، بغير ان تبين، غير ان تنفصل يعني، غير اللي هو
+
+143
+00:16:56,830 --> 00:16:57,910
+ايه؟ تنفصل
+
+144
+00:17:05,540 --> 00:17:10,780
+هذه العلاقة الخلافة فُصمة لكن لا يعني ذلك ذهاب
+
+145
+00:17:10,780 --> 00:17:14,880
+الأخوة والعلاقات بين المسلمين نهائيا بقيت فيها صلة
+
+146
+00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:21,320
+لكنها ضعيفة صلة لكنها ضعيفة لأن الخلافة سقطت عن ما
+
+147
+00:17:21,320 --> 00:17:25,380
+عاد المسلمون يعرفون بعضهم بعضا لأ هناك تعارف و
+
+148
+00:17:25,380 --> 00:17:30,940
+هناك أخوة ولكن ليس كما كانت كيان السياسة اللي كان
+
+149
+00:17:30,940 --> 00:17:34,820
+أجوع المسلمين سقطت وذاك كانت أبرض
+
+150
+00:17:39,750 --> 00:17:44,370
+وانبل العلاقات بين الأرواح وليس علاقات بين
+
+151
+00:17:44,370 --> 00:17:49,750
+الأجسام، ليس علاقات مادية، ليس حسابات مادية، جمعت
+
+152
+00:17:49,750 --> 00:17:58,990
+على البر ايوة نظمت
+
+153
+00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:17,300
+بكت جمعت على البر على الخير عندما يجتمع المسلمون
+
+154
+00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:23,820
+يجتمعون على الخير والصلاح والفلاح وهي لم تجمع فقط
+
+155
+00:18:23,820 --> 00:18:31,800
+أهل الحضرين بل جمعت كذلكجمعت الأباعد من المسلمين
+
+156
+00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:36,860
+هي تباعدت منهم الديار فهي جمعت المسلمين قريبهم
+
+157
+00:18:36,860 --> 00:18:41,320
+ومعيدهم ونظمت
+
+158
+00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:49,900
+صفوفهم في يوم الجمعة فكلهم يدعوا لخليفة واحد وكلهم
+
+159
+00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:56,480
+يعتمر بأمر خليفة واحد وكلهم
+
+160
+00:18:56,480 --> 00:18:58,000
+يسيروا في ضرب واحد
+
+161
+00:19:00,820 --> 00:19:05,180
+ولكن بعد أن سقدت الخلافة، بكت الصلاة، والمقصود هنا
+
+162
+00:19:05,180 --> 00:19:08,480
+بالصلاة، والله أعلم، هي صلاة الجمعة، هي صلاة
+
+163
+00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:13,060
+الجمعة، لأن ما عادت كلمة المسلمين واحدة، وما عادت
+
+164
+00:19:13,060 --> 00:19:17,560
+خطاب المسلمين واحدة، وما عاد دعاء المسلمين واحدة،
+
+165
+00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:21,380
+بل ايه؟ تشتت تمزقة، قريبا يمكن عندنا 51 دولة
+
+166
+00:19:21,380 --> 00:19:26,170
+تقريبا، ولا كم دولة إسلامية؟ممكن عندنا 51 ولا 52
+
+167
+00:19:26,170 --> 00:19:34,230
+دولة إسلامية و 51 خليفة و 51 جيش و 51 حكومة، لكنها
+
+168
+00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:38,830
+لا تفعل شيء أمام 4 أو 5 مليون يعني أولي، وتلك فتنة
+
+169
+00:19:38,830 --> 00:19:43,890
+عابثن، هذا عبث بالدين، و أيه عبث بالدين؟ عبث
+
+170
+00:19:43,890 --> 00:19:47,790
+بالشرع، عربيد، العربيد والعربين
+
+171
+00:19:50,610 --> 00:19:57,830
+قالت العرب، العربد هو الذكر من الأفاعي، الذكر من
+
+172
+00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:06,910
+الأفاعي، والعربد قيل هي حية حمراء خبيثة، حية حمراء
+
+173
+00:20:06,910 --> 00:20:13,910
+خبيثة، والعربد والعربد والمعربد هو الشرير كثير
+
+174
+00:20:13,910 --> 00:20:22,680
+الأذىأه كثير الألم شغير كثير الألم وقاح ما معناه
+
+175
+00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:28,520
+وقح وقاح يعني لا حياة في وجهه لا يستتل لا من دينه
+
+176
+00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:34,500
+ولا من خلقه ولا من ربه ولا من ناسه كما قال عليه
+
+177
+00:20:34,500 --> 00:20:42,060
+الصلاة والسلام إن لم تستحي فاصنع ماشيفقد نزع إيه؟
+
+178
+00:20:42,060 --> 00:20:46,620
+الحياء يعني من قلبه و من نفسه و من حياته و قال
+
+179
+00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:53,200
+عليه الصلاة والسلام الحياء خير ��له الحياء إيه؟ خير
+
+180
+00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:59,320
+كله ولا خير في رجل لا يستحي لا من الله ولا من
+
+181
+00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:06,820
+الناس أفتخذ عبلة و قال ضلالة و أتى بكفر بالقلاد
+
+182
+00:21:06,820 --> 00:21:07,680
+بواحي
+
+183
+00:21:10,620 --> 00:21:16,180
+الخزعبلة والخزعابيل هي الأباطيل أو الكلام المضحك
+
+184
+00:21:16,180 --> 00:21:20,640
+أو الكلام الفارغ هو اتحدث هنا عن ثلة من علماء
+
+185
+00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:24,300
+السلطانة دي ده كان يلتفون حول كمال أتاتورك وجماعة
+
+186
+00:21:24,300 --> 00:21:31,560
+كمال أتاتورك أفتوا له بكل .. بكل مباحة كل شي مباحة
+
+187
+00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:39,090
+وهذا عالم من علماء اللي هو المسلم وقال ضلالةأباحى
+
+188
+00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:43,050
+سقوط الخلافة الإسلامية، وهذا هو علم الضلال، وأتى
+
+189
+00:21:43,050 --> 00:21:47,630
+بكفر في البلاد بواحي، سبحان الله، رأى أحمد شوق
+
+190
+00:21:47,630 --> 00:21:53,570
+يستخدم صلاحات شرعية، والكفر البواح، كما قال
+
+191
+00:21:53,570 --> 00:21:59,070
+العلماء، هو الكفر البيّن، الظاهر، التي ظاهرت عليه
+
+192
+00:21:59,070 --> 00:22:04,470
+الأدلة، هذا هو الكفر البواح، المكشوف الواضحقال في
+
+193
+00:22:04,470 --> 00:22:08,770
+.. ورد في أخرج البخاري ومسلم عن عباد بن الصامق قال
+
+194
+00:22:08,770 --> 00:22:13,850
+دعان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فبايعنا فكان
+
+195
+00:22:13,850 --> 00:22:18,730
+فيما أخذ علينا أن بيعنا على السمع والطعام على
+
+196
+00:22:18,730 --> 00:22:24,230
+منشطنا ومكرهنا وعسرنا ويسرنا وأثرة علينا وأن لا
+
+197
+00:22:24,230 --> 00:22:31,310
+ننازل أمر أهله قال إلا أن تروا كفرا بواحد عندكم من
+
+198
+00:22:31,310 --> 00:22:40,350
+الله فيه أرهادفعدها لطاعة المخلوق في مقصية الخالق
+
+199
+00:22:40,350 --> 00:22:45,270
+وما ذكره هذا اللي هو عالم السلطان هو الكفر البواحي
+
+200
+00:22:45,270 --> 00:22:51,610
+يعني بعينيه سوفيان الثوري و هالون رشيد كان خوين
+
+201
+00:22:51,610 --> 00:22:59,530
+وكان صديقين وكان خيرين يعني خيرين من في الأرض علما
+
+202
+00:22:59,530 --> 00:23:04,590
+وزهدا ورعالما هارونا الرشيد أصبح خليفة للمسلمين
+
+203
+00:23:04,590 --> 00:23:07,810
+جاء لسوفيان الثوري وقال له يا سوفيان واليك القضاء
+
+204
+00:23:07,810 --> 00:23:13,370
+تعينني فهرب سوفيان الثوري من هارونا الرشيد وعمل
+
+205
+00:23:13,370 --> 00:23:21,890
+حارسا في بستار حتى لا يتولى القضاء اليوم علماء
+
+206
+00:23:21,890 --> 00:23:24,350
+السلطان يبيعون آخرتهم
+
+207
+00:23:28,050 --> 00:23:35,090
+ايوة نكمل ابيعات اه لا تبذلوا برد النبي اخر ابيعات
+
+208
+00:23:35,090 --> 00:23:42,250
+اه
+
+209
+00:23:42,250 --> 00:23:46,630
+برد النبي المقصود
+
+210
+00:23:46,630 --> 00:23:47,470
+بيه برد النبي
+
+211
+00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:59,780
+لأن عادة الخليفة كان إذا .. إذا نصب خليفة أن يلبس
+
+212
+00:23:59,780 --> 00:24:03,160
+برد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ويمسك عصى النبي صلى
+
+213
+00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:08,520
+الله عليه وسلم، لعاجز، من هو العاجز هذا؟ هو ال ..
+
+214
+00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:13,700
+كان أمير الحجاز، الشريف حسين، الذي كان يريد أن
+
+215
+00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:19,510
+يتولى خلافة العرب في ذلك الوقتفسمّاه أحمد شوقي
+
+216
+00:24:19,510 --> 00:24:23,650
+عاجزا وهو تعاون مع الانجليز ومعروفة في التاريخ
+
+217
+00:24:23,650 --> 00:24:27,830
+اللي هو مكمه حسين ومكمهون مقاطبات الحسين ومكمهون
+
+218
+00:24:27,830 --> 00:24:32,190
+نعم ثم بعد ذلك نفية إلى جزيرة سيشر ومات منبوظا
+
+219
+00:24:32,190 --> 00:24:38,930
+طريضا يعني هناك عزل السلاح أو عزل السلاح يعني لا
+
+220
+00:24:38,930 --> 00:24:43,270
+سلاحة معاه يدافع عنه بالراح باليد دلال على العجز
+
+221
+00:24:43,270 --> 00:24:47,550
+دلال على إيه؟ على العجز يدافع دونه بالراح يعني
+
+222
+00:24:52,790 --> 00:24:56,930
+بالأمس أوهى المسلمين جر��حة عندما اتحالف مع الإجليز
+
+223
+00:24:56,930 --> 00:25:00,650
+ضد الخلافة إيه يعني أوهى المسلمين؟ أي أفخن فيهم
+
+224
+00:25:00,650 --> 00:25:05,590
+الجراح واليوم
+
+225
+00:25:05,590 --> 00:25:10,750
+مد لهم يد الجراح يريد أن يقطع البقية الباقية من
+
+226
+00:25:10,750 --> 00:25:15,310
+جسد المسلمين أو من أوصار اللي هو المسلمين هل يجوز
+
+227
+00:25:15,310 --> 00:25:18,830
+أن أكون خليفة للمسلمين؟ لا يجوز أن أكون خليفة أخذ
+
+228
+00:25:18,830 --> 00:25:19,750
+بيد ثلاثة
+
+229
+00:25:22,630 --> 00:25:28,810
+ولا تشهدن بكل أرض داعيا يدعو إلى الكذاب أو لسجاحي
+
+230
+00:25:28,810 --> 00:25:35,270
+ولا تشهدن بكل أرض فتنة فيها يباق الدين وبيع
+
+231
+00:25:35,270 --> 00:25:42,150
+السماحي يبتع على الذهب المعزي وسيفه وهو النبوث
+
+232
+00:25:42,150 --> 00:25:46,520
+وحبها المسيحيكل هذه نبوة من أحمد شوقي، فلا
+
+233
+00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:51,480
+تسمعوننا بكل أرض إسلامية، أرض مسلمة بعد سقوط
+
+234
+00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:59,680
+الخلافة، داعيا، كاذبا، دجالا، سياسيا، يدعو للكذاب،
+
+235
+00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:04,040
+من هو الكذاب؟ مسلم، لكن اليوم الكذاب هو السياسي،
+
+236
+00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:10,960
+الدجال، لا يتورع يدعو لراجل أو لإمرأةواليوم وسائل
+
+237
+00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:15,340
+الإعلام المضللة .. وسائل الإعلام المضللة هي تقوم
+
+238
+00:26:15,340 --> 00:26:19,940
+مقام الوايه؟ مقام الذي يدعو إلى .. هم أنفسهم يعني
+
+239
+00:26:19,940 --> 00:26:25,860
+الكذاب أو سجاح ولا تشهدون بكل أرض فتنة اليوم في كل
+
+240
+00:26:25,860 --> 00:26:30,560
+أرض مسلمة يوجد فتنة في انقسام وفي حرب داخلية وفي
+
+241
+00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:36,140
+استبدال وفي نزاع وفي قصوم فيها يباعوا الدين، أرخص
+
+242
+00:26:36,140 --> 00:26:36,780
+شي هو الدين
+
+243
+00:26:40,250 --> 00:26:47,790
+سينتشر الربا والزنا والخمور والمحارب والفجور، وكل
+
+244
+00:26:47,790 --> 00:26:54,510
+شيء سيكون نفيسا إلا الدنيا سيكون أرخص المعروضات أو
+
+245
+00:26:54,510 --> 00:26:58,110
+أرخص الشياء في حياة المسلمين، وهذا هو واقع
+
+246
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:03,310
+المسلمين وكيف ستكون الفتية؟ هل الفتية تكون لله
+
+247
+00:27:03,310 --> 00:27:06,890
+ولرسوله وللمسلمين؟ ولا تكون الفتية
+
+248
+00:27:11,490 --> 00:27:17,210
+أو خوفا من مين؟ من اللي هو السلطان وحقدها الحقد
+
+249
+00:27:17,210 --> 00:27:22,650
+أحيان تشعر بعض الفتاة من الحركة أيه اللي هو نوع من
+
+250
+00:27:22,650 --> 00:27:27,510
+اللي هو الحقد الملحاح أيه يعني ملحاح؟ الشديد يعني
+
+251
+00:27:27,510 --> 00:27:33,590
+المضمر في القلب هذه النبوئات اللي اتلب بأحمد شوقي
+
+252
+00:27:34,580 --> 00:27:38,000
+قيلها تقريباً 100 سنة ما زالت إلى اليوم تتفاعل
+
+253
+00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:42,720
+يعني في أرض اللي هو الواقع نقف إلى هنا في شرح اللي
+
+254
+00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:48,100
+هو القصيدة وإن شاء الله نكمل المحاضرة القادمة في
+
+255
+00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:53,940
+تحليل أدوات التشكيل الشعري في هذا النص عند الشاعر
+
+256
+00:27:53,940 --> 00:28:00,260
+أحمد شوقي وكل عام وأنتوا بخير السلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+257
+00:28:00,260 --> 00:28:02,000
+الله وبركة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/Ib70K224sjk.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1366 @@
+1
+00:00:20,700 --> 00:00:23,200
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:26,060
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:26,060 --> 00:00:30,500
+وبعد أهلا وسهلا بالجميع بعد هذا النقاش يعني الرائع
+
+4
+00:00:30,500 --> 00:00:36,180
+والممتع الذي حرك الأذهان والعقول وأنا أعتقد أن مثل
+
+5
+00:00:36,180 --> 00:00:43,880
+هذه اللقاءات مفيدة ونافعة للطلاب الجامعيين ليس دور
+
+6
+00:00:43,880 --> 00:00:49,460
+الجامعة أن تحشوا رأس الطالب أو الطالبة بكتلة من
+
+7
+00:00:49,460 --> 00:00:54,880
+المعلومات الصامتة بل يجب أن تعلم الطالب والطالبة 
+
+8
+00:00:55,280 --> 00:01:02,340
+دروب الحق ودروب الباطل ويجب أن تزود الطلاب بخبرة
+
+9
+00:01:02,340 --> 00:01:08,200
+الحياة كيف يتعاملون مع الحياة والجامعة كذلك ثقافة
+
+10
+00:01:08,980 --> 00:01:13,400
+وانتماء وقيم انتماء للأمة انتماء لتاريخنا انتماء
+
+11
+00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:19,500
+لتراثنا أن تزود الطلاب بالبصيرة البصيرة في الدين
+
+12
+00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:25,660
+البصيرة في الحياة حتى لا يكون الطالب يعني خبا أو
+
+13
+00:01:25,660 --> 00:01:32,020
+جاهلا يسهل خداعه ويسهل التلاعب به ويكون ريشة في مهب
+
+14
+00:01:32,020 --> 00:01:37,360
+الرياح يعني هذا دور من أدوار العملية التعليمية اللي هو
+
+15
+00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:44,160
+الجامعي وحتى النصوص الأدبية التي نختارها والتي
+
+16
+00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:50,160
+ندرسها دائما أتحدث عن رسالة دائما من خلال هذه
+
+17
+00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:56,540
+النصوص الأدبية شعرية كانت أو نثرية نتحدث دائما عن
+
+18
+00:01:56,540 --> 00:02:01,620
+رسالة هذه الرسالة هي خبرة الحياة تقدم لك خبرة دروس
+
+19
+00:02:01,620 --> 00:02:08,180
+الحياة فلذلك هناك اتصال وثيق جدا بين الحياة العامة
+
+20
+00:02:08,180 --> 00:02:13,340
+وبين التعليم الجامعي كل ما كانت هذه الصلة قوية وكل
+
+21
+00:02:13,340 --> 00:02:17,460
+ما كانت متينة، كل ما كان التعليم الجامعي تعليما
+
+22
+00:02:17,460 --> 00:02:22,100
+أفضل، كل ما كان تعليما فاعلا، كل ما كان تعليما
+
+23
+00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:26,020
+مثمرا أما إذا انقطعت الصلة بين التعليم الجامعي
+
+24
+00:02:26,020 --> 00:02:31,460
+وبين الحياة، يصبح تعليما باردا، تنظيرا باردا، لا
+
+25
+00:02:31,460 --> 00:02:37,710
+فائدة منه ولا ثمرة فيه، لا يدفع شرا ولا يجلب 
+
+26
+00:02:37,710 --> 00:02:42,410
+خيرا لذلك لابد أن يكون التعليم الجامعي يوضع في
+
+27
+00:02:42,410 --> 00:02:46,570
+بوتقة الحياة أن يكون فيه الحياة وأن تكون فيه
+
+28
+00:02:46,570 --> 00:02:52,790
+الدماء وأن تكون فيه الخبرات الماضية
+
+29
+00:02:52,790 --> 00:03:01,050
+بلغنا إلى الصراع الدرامي أظن ولا شخصية الصراع
+
+30
+00:03:01,050 --> 00:03:04,530
+الدرامي نعم، تحدثنا عن فكرة المسرحية وموضوع
+
+31
+00:03:04,530 --> 00:03:12,540
+المسرحية وتحدثنا عن الملك الصرصار المدعي عندما حاط نفسه
+
+32
+00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:22,280
+بزمرة من الجهال والفاشلين على رأسهم الوزير
+
+33
+00:03:23,860 --> 00:03:28,780
+والكاهن والعالم ثم بعد ذلك الملكة التي دخلت في
+
+34
+00:03:28,780 --> 00:03:38,060
+دائرة الصراع، الصراع في المسرحية أخذ أكثر من بعد أو
+
+35
+00:03:38,060 --> 00:03:41,640
+أكثر من سُلُكَة في أكثر من خيط أو مسار
+
+36
+00:03:44,300 --> 00:03:50,360
+الصراع في المسرحية صراع وجودي صراع عمودي يتعلق
+
+37
+00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:56,800
+بحياة جماعة الصراصير يتعلق بحياة ووجود جماعة
+
+38
+00:03:56,800 --> 00:04:02,140
+الصراصير وهذه
+
+39
+00:04:02,140 --> 00:04:09,280
+المعضلة الوجودية التي طرأت على جماعة الصراصير كانت
+
+40
+00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:12,760
+تهدد هذه الجماعة بالفناء والانقراض
+
+41
+00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:21,660
+هل تعامل معها الملك الصرصار وحاشيته تعاملوا مع هذه
+
+42
+00:04:21,660 --> 00:04:26,980
+المعضلة الوجودية في مستوى التحدي أم أنهم تعاملوا
+
+43
+00:04:26,980 --> 00:04:34,150
+بالكثير من اللامبالاة والتشدق والتنظير الفارغ؟ أه
+
+44
+00:04:34,150 --> 00:04:37,290
+يا لآء، ما رأيك؟ لم يتعاملوا معها بالفناء، لم
+
+45
+00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:41,050
+يتعاملوا معها بالجدية، أيوة بكثير من اللي هو الـ ..
+
+46
+00:04:41,050 --> 00:04:45,030
+الـ .. الـ .. ماذا كانت النتيجة؟ ماذا كانت النتيجة؟
+
+47
+00:04:45,030 --> 00:04:49,250
+هلاك السلسلة للملك، أه نعم، كانت النتيجة هلاك للملك
+
+48
+00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:54,430
+وكانت النتيجة هي مزيد من الضحايا مزيد من الخسارة في
+
+49
+00:04:54,430 --> 00:04:59,870
+جماعة اللي هو الصراصير لأنهم لم يتعاملوا مع هذا
+
+50
+00:04:59,870 --> 00:05:06,510
+الصراع الوجودي بمستوى التحدي الذي يفرضه على هذه
+
+51
+00:05:06,510 --> 00:05:13,850
+الجماعة في الصراع الأول أو في الفصل الأول الصراع
+
+52
+00:05:13,850 --> 00:05:18,280
+هو صراع ذهني، صراع ذهني يدور في أذهان شخصيات
+
+53
+00:05:18,280 --> 00:05:22,580
+المسرحية اللي هو الملك الصرصار والكاهن والعالم صراع
+
+54
+00:05:22,580 --> 00:05:31,620
+ذهني جدال الصراع في الفصل الثاني صراع وجودي وصراع
+
+55
+00:05:31,620 --> 00:05:39,260
+حقيقي نعم عندما سقط وزلجت قدماه الصرصار الملك
+
+56
+00:05:39,260 --> 00:05:44,980
+الصرصار في حوض الماء وبدأ يتصرف في وحي من غريزته
+
+57
+00:05:44,980 --> 00:05:53,600
+يحاول أن يكافح كفاحا لا أمل فيه كنا
+
+58
+00:05:53,600 --> 00:06:02,160
+نتوقع في الفصل الثالث أن يكمل الحكيم الحديث عن
+
+59
+00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:06,400
+مصير الصرصار لكنه
+
+60
+00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:11,560
+انتقل في الفصل التالي إلى عالم جديد وهو عالم
+
+61
+00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:18,160
+الإنسان عالم الإنسان في الفصل الثالث عاد الصرصار
+
+62
+00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:28,400
+حشرة عادية لم يعد محملا بأي رمز أو أي إيحاء ودخل
+
+63
+00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:34,620
+في سياق الصراع شخصيات جديدة الزوج عادل والزوجة سامية
+
+64
+00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:35,240
+ 
+65
+00:06:38,650 --> 00:06:45,830
+ودخل كذلك الطبيب والخادمة شخصيات إنسانية جديدة
+
+66
+00:06:45,830 --> 00:06:50,250
+واختفت هنا مملكة الصراصير والصراع الوجودي الذي
+
+67
+00:06:50,250 --> 00:06:57,810
+كانت مملكة الصراصير عادل وسامية أراد أن يدخل الحمام أو
+
+68
+00:06:57,810 --> 00:07:05,130
+دورة المياه فوجدت سامية الصرصار الملك في حوض الماء
+
+69
+00:07:09,550 --> 00:07:14,730
+فنادت على زوجها كي يقتل أو يتخلص من هذا الصرصار
+
+70
+00:07:14,730 --> 00:07:24,650
+زوجها عادل أعجب بمحاولات وكفاح الصرصار بدل أن
+
+71
+00:07:24,650 --> 00:07:29,650
+يبادر بقتل أو التخلص منه ماذا يفعل؟ يبدأ يراقب
+
+72
+00:07:29,650 --> 00:07:36,150
+ويشاهد حركة الصرصار وكفاح الصرصار من الذي يضيق بها
+
+73
+00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:43,400
+الأمر الزوجة؟ وبدل أن يدخل في نقاش مع بعضهما بعضا
+
+74
+00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:52,020
+تستعين الزوجة بالطبيب، تستعين الزوجة بالطبيب الطبيب
+
+75
+00:07:52,020 --> 00:07:59,880
+يدخل في نقاش وحوار مع الزوج عادل بعد ذلك يميل إلى
+
+76
+00:07:59,880 --> 00:08:10,260
+وجهة نظر الزوج عادل ويمكثان يشاهدان حركة الصرصار
+
+77
+00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:17,220
+ويبدأ هنا صراع عبثي صراع عبثي وسريالي ولا معقول
+
+78
+00:08:17,220 --> 00:08:21,540
+بين الزوجة وسامية والطبيب وأم عطية والصرصار
+
+79
+00:08:21,540 --> 00:08:28,300
+صراع عبثي لا فائدة منه ولا ثمرة فيه، لذلك شكري عياد
+
+80
+00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:32,000
+أطلق على المسرحية أنها تنتمي لمسرح اللي معقول أن
+
+81
+00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:37,540
+الصراع هنا صراع عبثي في هذا الفصل من المسرحية
+
+82
+00:08:37,540 --> 00:08:43,420
+الصراع
+
+83
+00:08:43,420 --> 00:08:48,500
+العبثي ينتمي بطريقة عبثية طريقة غير مخططة لها وغير
+
+84
+00:08:48,500 --> 00:08:55,510
+مقصودة هو حركة ال��ي هي أم عطية عندما تتخلص من هذا
+
+85
+00:08:55,510 --> 00:09:00,090
+الصرصار إذا 
+
+86
+00:09:00,090 --> 00:09:06,950
+نلاحظ أن الصراع في المسرحية أخذ أكثر من مستوى، أكثر
+
+87
+00:09:06,950 --> 00:09:14,170
+من مستوى، مستوى ذهني ووجودي وحقيقي ومستوى عبثي، مستوى
+
+88
+00:09:14,170 --> 00:09:17,830
+عبثي لذلك هي تنتمي قارئا إلى المسرح الذهني لأن
+
+89
+00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:22,840
+الصراع هو صراع عبثي ذهني وتنتمي لمسرح العبث لأن
+
+90
+00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:30,860
+الصراع فيه صراع عبثي حتى
+
+91
+00:09:30,860 --> 00:09:36,540
+المسرح العبثي وحتى المسرح السريالي وحتى مسرح
+
+92
+00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:42,440
+اللامعقول يحمل رسالته لأن
+
+93
+00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:49,140
+مسرح اللامعقول يعكس حالة الاختلال في قيم المجتمع
+
+94
+00:09:50,070 --> 00:09:53,930
+حالة اللامعقول والاختلال والعبث في المجتمع فهو
+
+95
+00:09:53,930 --> 00:09:59,670
+يحمل رسالة قاسية لهذا المجتمع ولهذه الجماعة
+
+96
+00:09:59,670 --> 00:10:04,010
+الإنسانية اختلال 
+
+97
+00:10:04,010 --> 00:10:10,550
+القيم اختلال الموازين اختلال العدالة فالمسرح
+
+98
+00:10:10,550 --> 00:10:15,570
+العبثي والمسرح اللامعقول يحمل رسالة حادة إلى
+
+99
+00:10:15,570 --> 00:10:17,650
+الإنسان وإلى المتلقي
+
+100
+00:10:23,230 --> 00:10:31,730
+نهاية البطل نهاية تراجيدية لما أطلقنا عليها نهاية
+
+101
+00:10:31,730 --> 00:10:36,850
+تراجيدية لما أطلقنا عليها نهاية تراجيدية لأنها
+
+102
+00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:45,590
+تحاكي نهاية الأبطال والنبلاء في مسرحيات الإغريق
+
+103
+00:10:45,590 --> 00:10:51,030
+التراجيدية عندما تنتهي المسرحية بموت البطل أو موت
+
+104
+00:10:51,030 --> 00:10:55,310
+النبيل أو الملك أو الأمير فنطلق عليها نهاية
+
+105
+00:10:55,310 --> 00:11:05,270
+التراجيدية وهنا الصرصار ملك الصراصير ملكا فلذلك 
+
+106
+00:11:05,270 --> 00:11:12,850
+موته وقتله على يد السيدة معاطية هذه نهاية تراجيدية
+
+107
+00:11:12,850 --> 00:11:21,020
+لهذا الملك الذي يعني كُلّف إليه أن يواجه المعضلة
+
+108
+00:11:21,020 --> 00:11:26,700
+الوجودية لجماعة الصراصير فإذا به يقع في مشكلة
+
+109
+00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:33,560
+غريزية لا يستطيع أن يخرج منها وتنتهي هذه
+
+110
+00:11:33,560 --> 00:11:38,660
+الأزمة أو هذه العقدة بانتهاء حياة هذا الملك 
+
+111
+00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:43,840
+الصرصار بعد
+
+112
+00:11:45,860 --> 00:11:53,700
+أن ينتهي أو تتخلص أم عطية من الصرصار يجد كذلك عادل
+
+113
+00:11:53,700 --> 00:11:59,920
+والطبيب متعة في مشاهدة جماعة النمل وهي تحمل هذا
+
+114
+00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:07,340
+الصرصار وتريد أن تنقله إلى مساكنها وكيف
+
+115
+00:12:07,340 --> 00:12:14,940
+ستفعل بهذا الجسد الضخم وتقطعه إربا إربا وتدخله
+
+116
+00:12:14,940 --> 00:12:22,010
+إيه؟ في مساكن النمل مشاهد
+
+117
+00:12:22,010 --> 00:12:27,360
+عبثية .. مشاهد عبثية عندما يصبح الصرصار هو محور
+
+118
+00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:32,580
+حياة الإنسان وشد الصرصار هو محور حياة الإنسان
+
+119
+00:12:32,580 --> 00:12:38,400
+وعندما يصبح الإنسان يلتحم مع هذا الصرصار ويرى أن 
+
+120
+00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:43,140
+حياته تنتهي بانتهاء يعني هذا الصرصار عندما يقول
+
+121
+00:12:43,140 --> 00:12:48,120
+عادل يدعو أم عطية لإزالته من الوجود كما أزالت
+
+122
+00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:52,800
+الصرصار البنية الغرائبية
+
+123
+00:12:56,100 --> 00:13:01,160
+ما هي مظاهر هذه البنية الغرائبية؟ ما هي مظاهر هذه
+
+124
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:05,720
+البنية الغرائبية في المسرحية؟ ما مظاهر البنية 
+
+125
+00:13:05,720 --> 00:13:10,480
+الغرائبية؟ لماذا أطلقنا على الشكل .. شكل غرائبي؟
+
+126
+00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:14,380
+تفضلي .. تبعد فترات تقليف هذه المسرحية .. هذا ممكن
+
+127
+00:13:14,380 --> 00:13:16,680
+يكون سبب .. لأ .. احنا بنقول مظاهر .. نتحدث عن
+
+128
+00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:20,960
+مظاهر وليس أسباب .. تفضلي .. تفكير عادل ممكن ..
+
+129
+00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:24,840
+أنه كيف إنسان يعني يفكر .. يعني يتأمل الصرصار بعد
+
+130
+00:13:24,840 --> 00:13:27,260
+ما يموت بعد كده .. لأ هذه في الأحداث .. أنا أتحدث
+
+131
+00:13:27,260 --> 00:13:31,460
+عن الشكل .. الخلود .. أن ده مخلفات الصرصار يتزحلق وي
+
+132
+00:13:31,460 --> 00:13:34,460
+حاول أن .. لأ هذه أحداث .. أنا أتحدث عن الشكل
+
+133
+00:13:34,460 --> 00:13:36,800
+الفني .. يتعدد أنه على الصراع .. أيوة .. ربما أن
+
+134
+00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:41,020
+الكلب من الصرصار يعني كائن له حياة ويتكلم ويتحدث
+
+135
+00:13:41,020 --> 00:13:44,980
+عن الشكل .. الشكل اللي مع الشكل .. أنا أتحدث عن
+
+136
+00:13:44,980 --> 00:13:49,260
+الشكل الغرائبي .. يتعدد أنه على الصراع .. غير ذلك
+
+137
+00:13:49,260 --> 00:13:55,960
+..ممكن يكون هذا مظهر المظهر الأول هو وجود عالمين
+
+138
+00:13:55,960 --> 00:14:01,640
+عالم الحيوان والحشرات وعالم الإنسان في عمل درامي
+
+139
+00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:05,400
+واحد وجود
+
+140
+00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:11,860
+شخصيات غير إنسانية وشخصيات إنسانية ووجود أكثر من
+
+141
+00:14:11,860 --> 00:14:17,320
+تفسير ومثولة الشخصيات مرةً صار يكون رمزًا ومرة يكون
+
+142
+00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:18,680
+حقيقة
+
+143
+00:14:26,340 --> 00:14:38,100
+تعدد أنواع الصراع: صراع ذهني، وجودي، عبثي، ما
+
+144
+00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:43,960
+الدافع الذي دفع دفع الحكيم إلى اختيار هذا الشكل 
+
+145
+00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:49,780
+الفني، ما الدافع أو ما الدوافع التي دفعت الحكيم 
+
+146
+00:14:49,780 --> 00:14:57,590
+لأن يختار هذا الشكل الفني؟ هل من دوافع؟ تفضلي يا 
+
+147
+00:14:57,590 --> 00:15:02,810
+فرحة قبل 
+
+148
+00:15:02,810 --> 00:15:05,290
+ذلك.. قبل ذلك أعود إلى ماذا؟ أول شيء اللي ذكره
+
+149
+00:15:05,290 --> 00:15:10,630
+زميلتكم: تباعد.. أيوة، تباعد.. الإنسان الأول تباعد
+
+150
+00:15:10,630 --> 00:15:18,490
+إيه؟ فترات اللي هو التأليفي، يعني لم يؤلف المسرحية في
+
+151
+00:15:18,490 --> 00:15:23,570
+وقت واحد أو متقارب، كان هناك فترات زمنية بين فصول
+
+152
+00:15:23,570 --> 00:15:30,170
+المسرحية، فاستحالت الفصول المسرحية كل فصل إلى مسرحية 
+
+153
+00:15:30,170 --> 00:15:40,150
+قائمة بذاتها، اثنان، هذا سبب الدفع الثاني، الدفع
+
+154
+00:15:40,150 --> 00:15:45,270
+الثاني، أيوة فرح، ماذا قلتي؟ عبثية التفكير الإنساني
+
+155
+00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:48,610
+وادعاء الإنسان مع الفاتوة واتصاله بعالم الغيب
+
+156
+00:15:48,610 --> 00:15:55,090
+وادعاءه.. لأ لأ لأ، ممكن تأثر بالإغريق، أيوة ممكن
+
+157
+00:15:55,090 --> 00:16:01,890
+.. ممكن أو قبل تأثر بالإغريق، رغبة الحكيم في تجديد
+
+158
+00:16:01,890 --> 00:16:06,830
+الشكل الفني للمسرحية قبل.. قبل تأثر.. تأثره، رغبة 
+
+159
+00:16:06,830 --> 00:16:14,290
+الحكيم في تجديد الشكل الفني للمسرحية، ودائمًا كان 
+
+160
+00:16:14,290 --> 00:16:20,310
+الحكيم يحرص على تجديد أدواته المسرحية، موضوعاته
+
+161
+00:16:20,310 --> 00:16:24,050
+المسرحية، والشكل المسرحي، ذلك، وكتب في الـcomedy، و
+
+162
+00:16:24,050 --> 00:16:28,010
+كتب في الاجتماعي، وكتب في الذهني، وكتب في اللامعقول
+
+163
+00:16:28,010 --> 00:16:32,230
+فكان دائمًا يحرص على أن يأتي المسرح العربي بكل جديد
+
+164
+00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:38,400
+ثلاثة، ممكن يكون ال.. كما ذكرتم، تأثره بالمسرح
+
+165
+00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:43,040
+التراجيدي الغريقي، أو تأثره باتجاه اللعبثي عند
+
+166
+00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:48,380
+الكاتب المجري Kafka في روايته ال.. المسخ، عندما
+
+167
+00:16:48,380 --> 00:16:55,280
+يتحول الإنسان إلى.. إلى مخلوق مسخ، السؤال هنا 
+
+168
+00:16:58,460 --> 00:17:02,520
+هل البنية الغرائبية التي رُكّبت عليها المسرحية
+
+169
+00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:09,880
+تحسب لتوفيق الحكيم أم تؤخذ عليه؟ تُحسب له أم
+
+170
+00:17:09,880 --> 00:17:20,640
+تؤخذ عليه؟ ولماذا البنية الغرائبية هنا؟ تفضلي 
+
+171
+00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:23,140
+يا خلود، لماذا
+
+172
+00:17:29,660 --> 00:17:39,740
+لوجود عنصر التشوير، قراي زميلتكم خلود أنه بأنه تُحسب
+
+173
+00:17:39,740 --> 00:17:44,360
+للحكيم؟ طيب، إجابة أخرى؟ أنا أعارض، لأنه ممكن يصير
+
+174
+00:17:44,360 --> 00:17:48,420
+فيه تشتت عند القارئ، أنه إيش سيحان يعني في المسرحية 
+
+175
+00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:52,340
+هذه، أدخل عالمين، كما تفضلت، أنه عالم الحيوان وعالم
+
+176
+00:17:52,340 --> 00:17:57,900
+الإنسان، كان بإمكانه أنه ينفرد بعالم واحد، بعالمنا..
+
+177
+00:17:57,900 --> 00:18:04,140
+يبقى زميلتكم دعاء تقول بأن هذا يُؤخذ على الحكيم
+
+178
+00:18:04,140 --> 00:18:11,100
+وذكرت السبب أنه يُشتت القارئ.. يُشتت القارئ، أريد
+
+179
+00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:18,420
+أن أسمع إجابات أخرى.. إجابات أخرى، تفضل يا..
+
+180
+00:18:18,420 --> 00:18:22,600
+يُؤخذ عليه لأنه.. لأنه لو يعني القارئ لاحظ من أول
+
+181
+00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:24,180
+مرة يعتبر أن القول
+
+182
+00:18:27,020 --> 00:18:31,500
+في ذاتي، وكل فصل له حكاية، وكل فصل تفصله عن.. عن
+
+183
+00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:36,120
+الفصل الآخر فترة زمنية، يعني أولًا الحياة تهمانك، و
+
+184
+00:18:36,120 --> 00:18:41,940
+الحاجة ميحاجية، لكنها لما تقدم إلينا.. تقدم وجبة 
+
+185
+00:18:41,940 --> 00:18:47,020
+واحدة، تقدم إلينا المسرحية على اعتبارها أنها وجبة
+
+186
+00:18:47,020 --> 00:18:51,100
+واحدة بس نشعر بالفعل لا.. لا تقدم إلينا بشكل
+
+187
+00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:56,790
+متقطع على أساس أنها مسلسل من حلقات، تفضل يا فارع
+
+188
+00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:59,650
+بما أن المسرح اللي عادي أو اللي معقول بيحمل أنه
+
+189
+00:18:59,650 --> 00:19:04,970
+رسالة قاسية وحدة للمجتمع، أكيد هنا تُحسب للحكيم، لأنه 
+
+190
+00:19:04,970 --> 00:19:07,970
+أراد أنه من خلال هذه الكوميديا الاجتماعية هي 
+
+191
+00:19:07,970 --> 00:19:11,450
+كوميديا شمالة، كنعقد وصل أنه رسالة كثير حاكم في 
+
+192
+00:19:11,450 --> 00:19:17,230
+المجتمع بحيث حوله أنه بيطلعنا سيئة مثلًا أو بيطلعنا
+
+193
+00:19:17,230 --> 00:19:20,770
+مبلغ لدى، يمكن نوصل رسالة بالعكس لشيء كويس، يعني أنا 
+
+194
+00:19:20,770 --> 00:19:26,560
+أتحدث عن الشكل، الشكل الفني، أو يبقى ما تُحسب له، لأنه 
+
+195
+00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:33,280
+أراد تجديد تشكل مسرح جديد هو، احنا نرجح أنها تُحسب 
+
+196
+00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:39,280
+نرجح الأحكام الأدبية، الأدبية لا يقطع فيها لا جزم
+
+197
+00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:43,960
+فيها، لا تحتمل جزم، الأحكام الأدبية لا تحتمل جزم
+
+198
+00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:50,410
+إنما تحتمل الترجيح والاحتمالية، نحن نقول نرجح أنها 
+
+199
+00:19:50,410 --> 00:19:56,430
+تُحسب، لو لماذا؟ الموضوع الذي يتناوله الحكيم موضوع 
+
+200
+00:19:56,430 --> 00:20:05,170
+غرائبي، فيحتاج إلى شكل غرائبي يناسب الموضوع، الموضوع
+
+201
+00:20:05,170 --> 00:20:09,510
+ينتمي إلى مسرح الله المعقول، فلابد كذلك أن الشكل
+
+202
+00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:14,750
+يحاكي غرائبية الموضوع، الشكل يحاكي غرائبية الموضوع
+
+203
+00:20:15,390 --> 00:20:21,350
+هذا واحد، اثنان، الرد على تشتيت القارئ، القارئ ليس 
+
+204
+00:20:21,350 --> 00:20:26,830
+معيارًا للحكم على جودة النص الأدبي، القارئ والمتلقي
+
+205
+00:20:26,830 --> 00:20:35,110
+ليس معيارًا، لماذا ليس معيارًا؟ لأنه يمكن تتعدد آراء
+
+206
+00:20:35,110 --> 00:20:41,320
+القراء، الآن أنتم لو شاهدتم مسرحية واحدة، كل طالبة
+
+207
+00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:45,420
+من الطالبات لها رؤية، ولها فكر، ولها ذهن، وتصور، و
+
+208
+00:20:45,420 --> 00:20:52,480
+حكم عن هذه المسرحية، فليس المطلوب من الأديب أو
+
+209
+00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:58,280
+المؤلف المسرحي أن ينزل إلى فهم المتلقي، بل العكس 
+
+210
+00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:03,230
+مطلوب من المتلقي أن يترقى وأن يصعد إلى فهم اللي هو
+
+211
+00:21:03,230 --> 00:21:07,090
+هذا الأديب أو هذا اللي هو المبدع، وإلا فإننا سنصل
+
+212
+00:21:07,090 --> 00:21:11,230
+إلى أدب رديء، سنصل إلى أدب رديء، مثل تعليم اللغة
+
+213
+00:21:11,230 --> 00:21:16,750
+العربية، عندما يقال بأن اللغة العربية لغة صعبة
+
+214
+00:21:16,750 --> 00:21:21,250
+التعلم أو التعليم، ماذا نفعل؟ نسهل اللغة العربية
+
+215
+00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:26,200
+فيأتي الجيل الذي بعد ذلك فيجدها صعبة، فنسهل..
+
+216
+00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,560
+فندخل عليها مزيدًا من التسهيل، ثم يأتي الجيل بعد 
+
+217
+00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:33,840
+ذلك الثالث، حتى تتلاشى اللغة العربية، ولا يكون هناك
+
+218
+00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:39,960
+قواعد ولا ضوابط للغة العربية، الحل أن نرتقي بضعفنا
+
+219
+00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:45,020
+وأن نكافح ضعفنا حتى نصل إلى مستوى قوة ورصانة
+
+220
+00:21:45,020 --> 00:21:48,740
+اللغة العربية، لا أن ننزل باللغة العربية إلى ضعف
+
+221
+00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:54,750
+الناس وضعف الطلبة، المطلوب أن لا نُنزل بالطلبة إلى
+
+222
+00:21:54,750 --> 00:21:58,270
+مستوى قوة اللغة العربية، لا أن يكون الأمر اللي هو
+
+223
+00:21:58,270 --> 00:22:03,890
+يعني العكس من التبع، منهج التسهيل والتنازل، وإلا
+
+224
+00:22:03,890 --> 00:22:10,770
+فإننا سنصل إلى التلاشي وإلى الضعف، إذا هذا يمكن أن 
+
+225
+00:22:10,770 --> 00:22:15,190
+يرد على موضوع اللي هو تشتيت القارئ، البنية الغربية
+
+226
+00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:19,930
+أيضًا فيها تجديد، يعني شكل.. شكل جديد من أشكال
+
+227
+00:22:19,930 --> 00:22:26,650
+المسرح العربي أيضًا 
+
+228
+00:22:26,650 --> 00:22:33,530
+هذا الشكل الجديد فيه استفزاز، فيه استفزاز لذهن 
+
+229
+00:22:33,530 --> 00:22:40,250
+المتلقي، وطاقات المتلقي تدفعه للسؤال والاستفسار 
+
+230
+00:22:40,250 --> 00:22:41,510
+والانتباه
+
+231
+00:22:45,340 --> 00:22:49,140
+ولاحظوا أن المسرحية في أصلها كُتبت للقراءة وليس
+
+232
+00:22:49,140 --> 00:22:54,280
+للتمثيل، كما يقول توفيق الحكيم، هذه اسمها المسرحية
+
+233
+00:22:54,280 --> 00:23:01,200
+الكتاب، ماذا يعني مسرحية الكتاب؟ للقراءة، كيف سنمثل 
+
+234
+00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,920
+الفصل الأول والثاني، هل يمكن تمثيلهم؟ لا يمكن،
+
+235
+00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:10,910
+إنما يتم ذلك من خلال القراءة، فهذه مسرحية كُتبت
+
+236
+00:23:10,910 --> 00:23:15,750
+للقراءة، كما رأى توفيق الحكيم في أخريات مسرحياته 
+
+237
+00:23:15,750 --> 00:23:20,530
+وخاصة المسرحيات الذهنية أن تكون للقراءة وليست
+
+238
+00:23:20,530 --> 00:23:26,590
+للتمثيل، لأنها أرقى من مستوى الجمهور ومستوى الناس
+
+239
+00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:31,450
+رسالة
+
+240
+00:23:31,450 --> 00:23:40,690
+المسرحية، المسرحية تحمل رسائل متعددة، من رسالة سياسية
+
+241
+00:23:40,690 --> 00:23:54,250
+إلى رسالة اجتماعية، ورسالة إنسانية، تحمل
+
+242
+00:23:54,250 --> 00:24:01,010
+مسرحية نقدًا لاذعًا لذاك الحاكم أو المسئول غير 
+
+243
+00:24:01,010 --> 00:24:05,690
+النازي الذي
+
+244
+00:24:05,690 --> 00:24:17,260
+لا دور له ولا رغبة له في التغيير، ويفشل
+
+245
+00:24:17,260 --> 00:24:24,980
+في أصغر وأبسط مهماته، ثم يحيط نفسه ببطانة من
+
+246
+00:24:24,980 --> 00:24:31,800
+الكذابين والادعياء الذين لا يجلبون منفعة ولا
+
+247
+00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:36,720
+يدفعون ضررًا لا عن المسئول ولا عن الرعية
+
+248
+00:24:41,290 --> 00:24:47,330
+أيضًا رسالة تحمل دعوة للانصراف للعمل الجاد، بعيدًا
+
+249
+00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:55,750
+عن الصفسطة، وبعيدًا عن الادعاء، لأن
+
+250
+00:24:55,750 --> 00:25:04,130
+عاقبة الادعاء، وعاقبة الصفسطة، المصير الأسود هو
+
+251
+00:25:04,130 --> 00:25:08,810
+الهلاك والفناء الذي
+
+252
+00:25:08,810 --> 00:25:16,070
+يدفع عن الشرأفرادًا ومجتمعات، هو العمل الجاد
+
+253
+00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:22,170
+والكفاح المتواصل الذي فيه أمل، الذي ��يه إيه؟ فيه 
+
+254
+00:25:22,170 --> 00:25:27,790
+أمل، أما الكفاح الذي لا عمل فيه فهو كفاح عبثي، وجهد
+
+255
+00:25:27,790 --> 00:25:33,690
+عبثي، ثارن لا قيمة له، ضياع للعمر، وضياع للحياة، وضياع
+
+256
+00:25:33,690 --> 00:25:36,790
+للزمن، وضياع واستنزاف للطاقات
+
+257
+00:25:44,750 --> 00:25:51,170
+أيضًا يحمله.. تحمل مسرحيته رسالة إنسانية، لأن 
+
+258
+00:25:51,170 --> 00:26:01,550
+يتواصل الإنسان مع أخيه الإنسان، وأن 
+
+259
+00:26:01,550 --> 00:26:07,990
+البديل عن التواصل هو الانقطاع والتباعد
+
+260
+00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:20,420
+وهذا آفته أن يفقد الإنسان مبررًا أو مسوغ وجوده في
+
+261
+00:26:20,420 --> 00:26:26,160
+الحياة، ويشعر
+
+262
+00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:31,100
+بالكثير من المهانة والاحتقار
+
+263
+00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:36,020
+ويغيب
+
+264
+00:26:36,020 --> 00:26:39,080
+في ذهنه قيمته الإنسانية
+
+265
+00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:51,040
+حيث تصبح القيمة الإنسانية قيمة مهدورة، ضعف 
+
+266
+00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:55,600
+التواصل بين عادل وسامية، كأنما يتواصلوا ويحلوا
+
+267
+00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,680
+مشاكلهم، بعيدًا عن الطبيب، بعيدًا عن السد والمعاطية،
+
+268
+00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:06,420
+لا أن يستعينوا بطرف خارجي، ربما يعقد الأزمة ويعقد
+
+269
+00:27:06,420 --> 00:27:12,020
+المشكلة، ويخلقوا إشكالًا جديدًا، على الإنسان أن يتواصل
+
+270
+00:27:12,020 --> 00:27:17,220
+مع أخيه الإنسان، ولعل مسرحية الـ Chairs  Eugene
+
+271
+00:27:17,220 --> 00:27:25,220
+Ionesco لا تتحدث عن عجوزين في قرية أو في جزيرة نائية
+
+272
+00:27:25,220 --> 00:27:34,160
+يجلسان في بيت على صفين من الكراسي متقابلين، يدور
+
+273
+00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:42,100
+بينهما حديث وحوار، لكن لا علاقة يعني لأحدهما بالآخر
+
+274
+00:27:43,050 --> 00:27:48,290
+لا علاقة لحوار الزوج بحوار الزوجة، رغم أنهما في
+
+275
+00:27:48,290 --> 00:27:55,540
+عالم متفصل، وحدهما في بيت، وأنهما عجوزان، لكنهما
+
+276
+00:27:55,540 --> 00:28:02,400
+يفقدان التواصل الإنساني بين بعضهما البعض، فعلًا مسرح
+
+277
+00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:08,500
+اللامعقول، والمسرح اللي هو اللي عبثي، كل زوج أو كل
+
+278
+00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:13,040
+إنسان، سواء الزوجة أو الزوج، يديروا حديثًا لا علاقة
+
+279
+00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:18,890
+له بمضمون الآخر، فهي دعوة الإنسانية، لن يتواصل
+
+280
+00:28:18,890 --> 00:28:25,210
+الإنسان مع أخيه إن هو الإنسان، وهذا حماية للمجتمع
+
+281
+00:28:25,210 --> 00:28:31,490
+وحماية للإنسان مسرحيات توفيق الحكيم مسرحيات كثيرة
+
+282
+00:28:31,490 --> 00:28:37,290
+كما قلنا ما يقارب من 100 عمل مسرحي كتب توفيق
+
+283
+00:28:37,290 --> 00:28:42,130
+الحكيم وكتب 
+
+284
+00:28:42,130 --> 00:28:48,620
+مسرحًا متعدد الـ Comedy الاجتماعي الكوميديا السوداء 
+
+285
+00:28:48,620 --> 00:28:56,100
+كتب
+
+286
+00:28:56,100 --> 00:29:00,940
+من مسرحياته الرائعة والجميلة مسرحية نهر الجنون
+
+287
+00:29:00,940 --> 00:29:09,240
+مسرحية نهر الجنون التي تتحدث عن الديمقراطية الزائفة
+
+288
+00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:12,920
+وعن الكثرة الزائفة وأن هذا ليس معيار الحق والحقيقة
+
+289
+00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:19,280
+والصدر عندما تصح القرية في يوم من الأيام أو المملكة
+
+290
+00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:22,360
+فيشيع
+
+291
+00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:27,500
+خبر بين أفرادها أن من لم يشرب من هذا النهر سيصاب
+
+292
+00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:34,120
+بالجنون من لم يشربوا النهر من يشرب منه يصاب بالجنون
+
+293
+00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,780
+الحقيقة أن من يشرب من هذا النهر يصاب بالجنون فتشرب
+
+294
+00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:46,640
+كل القرية إلا الملك والوزير فالآن 
+
+295
+00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:52,320
+الملك والوزير في نظر أهل القرية مجنونين
+
+296
+00:29:52,320 --> 00:30:01,400
+ملحوظة لان هم أقاموا استفتاء من العاقل
+
+297
+00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:06,340
+قالوا من العاقل نحن ولا الملك والوزير الاستفتاء
+
+298
+00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:12,360
+ماذا نتيجته هم المجانين
+
+299
+00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:16,980
+هم العقلاء و العقلاء هم المجانين هذه ثمرة من
+
+300
+00:30:16,980 --> 00:30:20,740
+الثمار اللي هي الديمقراطية تعتمد على اللي هو
+
+301
+00:30:20,740 --> 00:30:26,430
+الكثرة لكن هذا يخالف الحقيقة الواقع، إذًا أمام الملك
+
+302
+00:30:26,430 --> 00:30:34,390
+وأمام الوزير امتحان صعب هل يشرب من النهر فيصاب
+
+303
+00:30:34,390 --> 00:30:41,550
+بالجنون أم أنهم يرحلون .. يرحلون .. يرحلون عن الـ .. عن
+
+304
+00:30:41,550 --> 00:30:49,470
+القرية وعن المملكة ويفقد شيئًا من ملكهما أو شيئًا
+
+305
+00:30:49,470 --> 00:30:52,170
+من جهتهما
+
+306
+00:30:54,050 --> 00:31:01,590
+خاتمة المسرحية أن القلة العاقلة تخضع للكثرة
+
+307
+00:31:01,590 --> 00:31:06,610
+الجاهلة القلة العاقلة تخضع للكثرة المجنونة الكثرة
+
+308
+00:31:06,610 --> 00:31:16,510
+الجاهلة فيقول الملك للوزير ماذا تفيدنا عقولنا في
+
+309
+00:31:16,510 --> 00:31:23,050
+قرية تغص بالمجانيين في قريتين تغصان بالجن المجانين
+
+310
+00:31:23,050 --> 00:31:28,270
+أو عالم مليء بالجن ماذا ينفع العقل؟ لن ينفع العقل أبدًا
+
+311
+00:31:28,270 --> 00:31:35,590
+فدعنا نشرب من هذا النهر حتى نصبح عاقلين حتى نصبح
+
+312
+00:31:35,590 --> 00:31:42,470
+عاقلين فيذهب الملك والوزير يشربان من النهر وتبتهج
+
+313
+00:31:42,470 --> 00:31:48,490
+الملكة .. المملكة والملكة بهذا الحدث التاريخي و
+
+314
+00:31:48,490 --> 00:31:55,310
+تحتفل المملكة بأن الملك والوزير يعني قد عاد إليهما
+
+315
+00:31:55,310 --> 00:32:01,630
+عقلهما يعني عندما شربا من هذا النهر نقد اجتماعي
+
+316
+00:32:01,630 --> 00:32:07,550
+ونقد سياسي يعني بين جداً أو واضح جدًا في هذه 
+
+317
+00:32:07,550 --> 00:32:15,310
+المسرحية الرائعة والجميلة هل هناك من سؤال أو
+
+318
+00:32:15,310 --> 00:32:20,610
+إضافة؟ ما الذي لديها سؤال؟ أو إضافة حول عادي
+
+319
+00:32:20,610 --> 00:32:26,390
+المسرحية ما الذي لديها تفضلي علاه يعني في أحد من
+
+320
+00:32:26,390 --> 00:32:31,290
+الفترة كتب عن مسرحه اللي أنا أقوله آه كثير كثير 
+
+321
+00:32:31,290 --> 00:32:36,070
+نعم هناك الكثير من الدراسات كتبت في مسرح يعني أي
+
+322
+00:32:36,070 --> 00:32:41,190
+.. أي كتاب أي كتاب يتحدث عن نشأة المسرحية العربية
+
+323
+00:32:41,190 --> 00:32:46,530
+أو يتحدث عن مسرح توفيق الحكيم أو يتحدث عن أقسام
+
+324
+00:32:46,530 --> 00:32:51,660
+المسرح حتى العالمي .. المسرح العالمي يتطرق إلى أنه
+
+325
+00:32:51,660 --> 00:32:56,760
+مسرح يعني اللامعقول وهو مسرح وتيار أصيل في المسرح
+
+326
+00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:00,060
+العالمي مسرح اللامعقول، تيار أصيل في المسرح
+
+327
+00:33:00,060 --> 00:33:04,060
+العالمي لكن عندنا العرب، المسرح اللامعقول ما زال
+
+328
+00:33:04,060 --> 00:33:08,580
+مسرحًا تجريبيًا، ما زال إلى الآن مسرحًا تجريبيًا لم 
+
+329
+00:33:08,580 --> 00:33:15,180
+يتحول إلى تيار يعني أصيل في مسرحنا اللي هو العربي
+
+330
+00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:19,850
+الحديث أو المعاصر مع تطور للأمانة تطور المسرح
+
+331
+00:33:19,850 --> 00:33:24,710
+العربي الحديث المعاصر تطور رائعًا وجميلًا وأصبح ينافس
+
+332
+00:33:24,710 --> 00:33:29,250
+ويدارع المسرح العالمي لكن ربما طبيعة المجتمع
+
+333
+00:33:29,250 --> 00:33:33,130
+وطبيعة الثقافة وطبيعة البيئة التي نشأ فيها هذا
+
+334
+00:33:33,130 --> 00:33:40,470
+المسرح تفرض عليه نوعًا من المسرح دون نوع آخر المسرح
+
+335
+00:33:40,470 --> 00:33:44,220
+إن شاء الله لو درستم أدب قصص مسرحي هناك أنواع
+
+336
+00:33:44,220 --> 00:33:50,300
+متعددة من اللي هو المسرح .. مسرح ال pantomime و
+
+337
+00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:54,940
+مسرح اللا معقول ومسرح الشارع و المسرح الصامت و
+
+338
+00:33:54,940 --> 00:34:00,600
+المسرح ال monodrama .. آه .. مثلًا أنواع المسرح 
+
+339
+00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:07,240
+يعني أنواع كثيرة يعني إذا قدر لنا أن ندرسها ذلك
+
+340
+00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:12,540
+المساق يمكن أن نكون هناك فيه شيء من التفصيل في أقسام
+
+341
+00:34:12,540 --> 00:34:18,540
+أنواع ومستويات المساق طيب والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+342
+00:34:18,540 --> 00:34:19,520
+وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/Mj9EJwZxhyU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1972 @@
+1
+00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,410
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,410 --> 00:00:29,610
+الرحيم الحمد لله وكفه وسلام على عباده الذين اصطفوا
+
+3
+00:00:29,610 --> 00:00:35,410
+ودعوا السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته المحاضرة
+
+4
+00:00:35,410 --> 00:00:44,330
+الماضية تحدثنا عن تعريف لمادة قصصة لغة واصطلاحة
+
+5
+00:00:44,330 --> 00:00:53,950
+وقفنا عند تاريخ القصةعند العرب و في العصر .. العصر
+
+6
+00:00:53,950 --> 00:00:59,870
+الراشدي و العصر الإسلامي ثم العصور التاليةثم بعد
+
+7
+00:00:59,870 --> 00:01:04,950
+ذلك تحدثنا عن القصة الأدبية التي جاءت في كتاب
+
+8
+00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:11,010
+المخلال الجاحد وكليلة ودمنة والمقامات وطبقات
+
+9
+00:01:11,010 --> 00:01:18,650
+العلماء والأدباء والقصاصين والوعاض والإخباريين ثم
+
+10
+00:01:18,650 --> 00:01:22,950
+وصلنا إلى الحديث عن القصة في فجر النهضة الحديثة
+
+11
+00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:29,650
+وقفنا على الآراء التي تحدثتعن أول قصة فنية وأول
+
+12
+00:01:29,650 --> 00:01:35,510
+عمل قصص يمكن لنا أن نعده البداية الحقيقية للفن
+
+13
+00:01:35,510 --> 00:01:41,670
+القصص العربي وكنا أن الدارسين يرجحون أخصوصة العاكر
+
+14
+00:01:41,670 --> 00:01:47,970
+للكاتب اللبناني ميثايل نعيمة وبعضه امرأةاقصوصت في
+
+15
+00:01:47,970 --> 00:01:54,130
+القطار للكاتب المصري محمد تيمور شقيق الكاتب المصري
+
+16
+00:01:54,130 --> 00:02:02,730
+محمود تيمور قلنا الأمر والخلاف ليس مهما كثيرا هو
+
+17
+00:02:02,730 --> 00:02:08,630
+خلاف نظري لا يعنينا كثيرا لكن من باب أمانة التاريخ
+
+18
+00:02:08,630 --> 00:02:16,590
+نذكر هذا الأمر كذلك رأى جملة من الدارسينأن هذا
+
+19
+00:02:16,590 --> 00:02:23,690
+الفن الفن القصصي هو استجلاب واستيراد من الغرب أو
+
+20
+00:02:23,690 --> 00:02:30,170
+من الأدب الأوروبي وبعضهم رأى أنه تطور طبيعي وطبيعي
+
+21
+00:02:30,170 --> 00:02:36,530
+للمووث القصصي في أدب العربي القديم قلنا إن هذه
+
+22
+00:02:36,530 --> 00:02:42,200
+القضية لم تعود ذات قيمة ولم تعود ذات أهميةلسيما أن
+
+23
+00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:46,500
+الرواية العربية المعاصرة اليوم وصلت إلى مصاف
+
+24
+00:02:46,500 --> 00:02:52,580
+الروايات العالمية و أصبحت تنافس عالميا و ليس عيبا
+
+25
+00:02:52,580 --> 00:02:56,660
+أن تتأثر القصة العربية و الرواية العربية بالرواية
+
+26
+00:02:56,660 --> 00:03:00,980
+العالمية أمر طبيعي في هذا العالم المتشابك و المتصل
+
+27
+00:03:00,980 --> 00:03:06,120
+ببعض لبعض أن يكون هناك تأثير و تأثر من الرواية
+
+28
+00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:11,700
+العربية أو من الروايةالأوروبية أو الغربية اليوم
+
+29
+00:03:11,700 --> 00:03:16,920
+نتحدث ان شاء الله عن ألوان و أنواع الفن القصصي
+
+30
+00:03:16,920 --> 00:03:25,100
+الفن القصصي مستويات القص مستويات و ألوان و أنواع
+
+31
+00:03:25,100 --> 00:03:28,360
+ليس نوعا واحدا و ليس لونا واحدا
+
+32
+00:03:37,650 --> 00:03:44,890
+أبسط أنواع المستوى القصصي ما نطلق عليه الخبروليس
+
+33
+00:03:44,890 --> 00:03:50,110
+المراد بالخبري الخبر الصحفي أو السياسي الذي
+
+34
+00:03:50,110 --> 00:03:55,430
+تتناقله وكلات الأنباء أو الإذاعات أو الفضائيات هذا
+
+35
+00:03:55,430 --> 00:04:00,570
+خبر صحفي أو إعلامي المقصود بالخبر بمدلوله الواسع
+
+36
+00:04:00,570 --> 00:04:06,650
+نوع مخصوص من القول ينقل أحداث ووقاع هذا المقصود
+
+37
+00:04:06,650 --> 00:04:13,250
+بالخبر ينقل أحداث وينقلوقائع القصة في أصلها
+
+38
+00:04:13,250 --> 00:04:18,790
+وأساسها تنقل أحداثا وتنقله وقائع لكن لا يشترط في
+
+39
+00:04:18,790 --> 00:04:26,470
+الخبر الزمنية وقلنا لكم إن الزمنية عنصر
+
+40
+00:04:26,470 --> 00:04:35,050
+أساس في اعتماد أن هذا الخبر أو أن هذا الملفوظ يطلق
+
+41
+00:04:35,050 --> 00:04:40,600
+عليه فن قصصي أو يطلق عليه أدب قصص�� الزمنيةقلنا
+
+42
+00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:45,460
+المقصود بالزمان هي تطور وصيرورة الزمان الزمان في
+
+43
+00:04:45,460 --> 00:04:51,400
+الخبر غالبا ما يكون ساكنا غالبا ما يكونوا ساكنا
+
+44
+00:04:51,400 --> 00:05:00,700
+وقلنا لو سؤلتي من قبل إحدى زميلاتك أين فلانة فقلت
+
+45
+00:05:00,700 --> 00:05:08,190
+فلانة تصلي هذا خبر هذا خبر لكن الزمان فيهمجادة مش
+
+46
+00:05:08,190 --> 00:05:13,690
+جادة لا ساكن الزمن فيه ساكن غير متحرك الزمن ليس
+
+47
+00:05:13,690 --> 00:05:17,650
+فيه صيرورة ليس فيه حركة للأمام ولا حركة للوراء
+
+48
+00:05:17,650 --> 00:05:22,110
+لذلك يغرب على خبر تجرد الزمن كذلك يتوافر في الخبر
+
+49
+00:05:22,110 --> 00:05:27,010
+عنصر أو بعض عناصر الفن القصصي يعني يمكن أن يوجد في
+
+50
+00:05:27,010 --> 00:05:34,970
+الخبر الحدث أو الشخصية أو المكان عناصرقليلا و .. و
+
+51
+00:05:34,970 --> 00:05:40,030
+مستوى هذه العناصر مستوى بسيط إشغال هذه العناصر في
+
+52
+00:05:40,030 --> 00:05:45,330
+الخبر إشغالا بسيطا ليس فيه نوع من التعقيد أو من
+
+53
+00:05:45,330 --> 00:05:54,280
+اللي هو التركيب الخبر إذا تعقد الخبروركّب و أصبح
+
+54
+00:05:54,280 --> 00:06:00,300
+فيه صيرورة زمانية ينتقل من خبر إلى قصة ينتقل الخبر
+
+55
+00:06:00,300 --> 00:06:08,430
+من خبر إلى قصة والقصة إذا تجرّد منها الزمانيةتنزل
+
+56
+00:06:08,430 --> 00:06:13,350
+إلى مستوى الخبر .. تنزل إلى مستوى الخبر و كل يوم
+
+57
+00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:17,850
+نحن نسمع أخبار .. كل يوم نسمع أخبار و تفريض هذه
+
+58
+00:06:17,850 --> 00:06:23,530
+الأخبار يعني عن حاجتنا و عن وقتنا النوع الثاني أو
+
+59
+00:06:23,530 --> 00:06:29,650
+المستوى الثاني من الفن القصصي الحكاية الحكاية
+
+60
+00:06:29,650 --> 00:06:36,640
+عبارة عن منظومة لغويةأساقوا فيها واقع من الوقائع
+
+61
+00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:41,760
+الحقيقية أو الخيالية يعني يمكن أن تكون الحكاية
+
+62
+00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:46,420
+حقيقة ويمكن أن تكون خيالة يمكن أن تكون حقيقة أو
+
+63
+00:06:46,420 --> 00:06:50,160
+خيالة لكن الغالب على الحكاية و ليس يما الحكاية
+
+64
+00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:56,070
+الشعبية عنصر الأسطورة والخرافةالتهويل والتضخيم
+
+65
+00:06:56,070 --> 00:07:00,710
+والمفاجأة عنصر الأسطورة والخرافة دون الاتزام
+
+66
+00:07:00,710 --> 00:07:05,670
+بقواعد الفن القصصي الحكاية كذلك يغلب عليها
+
+67
+00:07:05,670 --> 00:07:10,430
+الشفاوية الحكاية تنتقل في أفواه الناس وعلى أفواه
+
+68
+00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:16,530
+الناس غير مدونة ولسيمة الحكاية الشعبية غير مدونة
+
+69
+00:07:16,530 --> 00:07:20,550
+والموروث الفلسطيني يحتفظ بجملة من الحكاية
+
+70
+00:07:20,550 --> 00:07:25,390
+والحكاياتسمعناها من الأجداد والجدات والآباء
+
+71
+00:07:25,390 --> 00:07:30,750
+ويتناقلها جيل الجيل بعد الجيل مثل حكاية الشاطر حسن
+
+72
+00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:35,930
+أو الغول أو جبينة أو غيرها من الحكايات الشعبية
+
+73
+00:07:35,930 --> 00:07:41,250
+الفلسطينية والحكاية غالبا ليس لها سارد، لا يُعرف
+
+74
+00:07:41,250 --> 00:07:47,590
+لها سارد لا يُعرف من كتب أو من قال أو من نظم هذه
+
+75
+00:07:47,590 --> 00:07:48,530
+الحكاية
+
+76
+00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:55,960
+الحكاية البطل الشعبي في الحكاية هو كل شيء الحكاية
+
+77
+00:07:55,960 --> 00:08:02,460
+البطل الذي يتمتع بقدرات خارقة هو كل شيء في الحكاية
+
+78
+00:08:02,460 --> 00:08:09,480
+يعني يمكن أن يسخر الكائنات الحيوانات لتحقيق طموحي
+
+79
+00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:14,360
+وفي انها ينتصر البطل على كل المعوقات وينتصر على كل
+
+80
+00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:20,410
+الأعداء وهناك ما يسمى الحكاية الأدبيةالحكاية
+
+81
+00:08:20,410 --> 00:08:26,230
+الأدبية تكتب .. تكتب بلغة عربية فصيحة ويعرف من
+
+82
+00:08:26,230 --> 00:08:32,550
+الذي كتب هذه الحكاية ومثالها في أدبنا مثالها كتاب
+
+83
+00:08:32,550 --> 00:08:37,230
+كليه لو دمنا .. كليه لو دمنا عبارة عن حكايات أدبية
+
+84
+00:08:37,230 --> 00:08:43,070
+لأن .. لأن الشخصيات فيها شخصيات غير إنسانية طيور و
+
+85
+00:08:43,070 --> 00:08:43,750
+حيوانات
+
+86
+00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:59,040
+الاقصوصة سرد قصصي مجز يمتاز بالإيجاز مكتوب أو يكتب
+
+87
+00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:05,440
+بلغة مكثفة فيها تكثيف ليس فيها إطناب ولا تفصيل
+
+88
+00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:15,650
+تصور جانبا من حياة الشخصية جانبا واحداأو جانبا من
+
+89
+00:09:15,650 --> 00:09:20,250
+الحياة، لا تصور كل الحياة بتعقيداتها جانبا واحدا
+
+90
+00:09:20,250 --> 00:09:25,030
+من الحياة، تسلط عليه الضوء وتسلط الضوء على جانب
+
+91
+00:09:25,030 --> 00:09:30,830
+واحد من الشخصية أو حادثة، وتعتمد على التركيز
+
+92
+00:09:30,830 --> 00:09:36,070
+والتكثيف الوصفي واللغة المدى الكتاب لها، الحيز
+
+93
+00:09:36,070 --> 00:09:42,470
+الكتاب لها قال بعضهم لا تزيد عن 3000 كلمة الأخصوص
+
+94
+00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:50,330
+لا تزيد عن 3000 كلمةالمدى الزمنى لها نصف ساعة تلت
+
+95
+00:09:50,330 --> 00:09:57,290
+أربعة ساعة اربعون دقيقة لا تزيد عن هذا الوقت
+
+96
+00:09:57,290 --> 00:10:00,630
+ومثالها
+
+97
+00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:06,710
+بين أيدينا اخصوصةشندوير اخصوصة العاقل لمخى النعيمة
+
+98
+00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:12,050
+اخصوصة الصبي الاعرج لتوفيق عواد احيانا نجد بعض
+
+99
+00:10:12,050 --> 00:10:16,830
+الكتاب يكتب لنا مجموعة قصصية مجموعة قصصية عبارة عن
+
+100
+00:10:16,830 --> 00:10:23,090
+ماذا مجموعة من الاخصوصات مجموعة من الاخصوصات او
+
+101
+00:10:23,090 --> 00:10:23,930
+الاقاصيص
+
+102
+00:10:26,330 --> 00:10:30,330
+القصة القصيرة البعض يطلق على ما هو أرقى من
+
+103
+00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:35,810
+الأقصوصة القصة القصيرة القصة المتوسطة القصة
+
+104
+00:10:35,810 --> 00:10:40,170
+الطويلة احنا بقول القصة القصيرة نميزها عن الرواية
+
+105
+00:10:40,170 --> 00:10:44,760
+هي ليست قصيرة بمعنى أنها صفحة أو صفحتينقصيرة
+
+106
+00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:49,060
+بالنسبة إلى رواية يعني نسميها قصيرة بالنسبة إلى
+
+107
+00:10:49,060 --> 00:10:55,940
+الرواية بعضهم عدى القصة القصيرة اخصوصا البعض يرى
+
+108
+00:10:55,940 --> 00:10:59,960
+ان القصة القصيرة اخصوصا ولكن هناك فرق بين الاقصوصة
+
+109
+00:10:59,960 --> 00:11:05,340
+وبين القصة القصيرة القصة القصيرة تنتمي لعالم السرد
+
+110
+00:11:05,340 --> 00:11:11,880
+والروايةأكثر من انتمائها إلى عالم القصة أكثر من
+
+111
+00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:15,440
+انتمائها إلى عالم القصة والقصة القصيرة يمكن أن
+
+112
+00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:18,780
+تكون متوسطة ويمكن أن تكون طويلة يمكن أن تكون
+
+113
+00:11:18,780 --> 00:11:23,240
+متوسطة ويمكن أن تكون طويلة هي وسط بين الأخصوصة
+
+114
+00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:28,520
+والرواية تعالجه جانبًا أوسع مما تعالج الأخصوصة
+
+115
+00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:32,440
+الفرق الجوهر بين الأخصوصة والقصة ليس دائمًا في
+
+116
+00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:36,560
+المدى الكتابي والحيز الكتابيالقصصة تقوم على
+
+117
+00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:40,840
+التركيز والتكثيف القصة تقوم على الاتساع والتفصيل
+
+118
+00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:46,500
+فيها شيء من الاتساع فيها شيء من التفصيل القصصة
+
+119
+00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:52,480
+يمكن أن تدور حول حادثة أو حول شخصية واحدة لكن
+
+120
+00:11:52,480 --> 00:12:00,750
+القصة تسعى عدة أحداث وعدة شخصياتيسمح لها أن تتسع
+
+121
+00:12:00,750 --> 00:12:06,770
+لتسع عدة شخصيات و عدة أحدان غالباً الأخصوصة تركز
+
+122
+00:12:06,770 --> 00:12:14,930
+على عنصرين الشخصية والحدث لكن القصة تركز على عناصر
+
+123
+00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:19,350
+أكثر من هذين العنصرين ممكن تركز على المكان ممكن
+
+124
+00:12:19,350 --> 00:12:25,060
+تركز على الزمان على الصراع على النهايةكما قلنا
+
+125
+00:12:25,060 --> 00:12:29,980
+تسمية القصة القصيرة هي تسمية اصطلاحيا يعني لو قلنا
+
+126
+00:12:29,980 --> 00:12:35,300
+القصة المتوسطة يصح لو قلنا قصة طويلة يصح نحن نقول
+
+127
+00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:40,900
+هنا قصة قصيرة مقارنة لها very wide اليوم هناك فن
+
+128
+00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:50,670
+جديد اسمه القصة القصيرة جداأضافوا لها إيه؟ جدًا،
+
+129
+00:12:50,670 --> 00:12:55,210
+ليست قصة قصيرة، القصة القصيرة جدًا، وهناك أيضًا
+
+130
+00:12:55,210 --> 00:13:02,110
+فان جديد اسمه القصة القصيرة جدًا جدًا، أيه يعني
+
+131
+00:13:02,110 --> 00:13:08,670
+جدًا جدًا؟ القصة عبارة عن سطر واحد،
+
+132
+00:13:08,670 --> 00:13:17,060
+ليست خصوصًاقصيرة جدا جدا أقول عبارة عن سطر واحد أو
+
+133
+00:13:17,060 --> 00:13:22,260
+عبارة عن سطرين بعض الكتاب اليوم يكتب هذا النوع من
+
+134
+00:13:22,260 --> 00:13:27,560
+القصة القصيرة جدا جدا جدا أو جدا جدا يعني هذا
+
+135
+00:13:27,560 --> 00:13:30,980
+موجود اليوم فن من الفنون الجديدة في نوع من التكثيف
+
+136
+00:13:30,980 --> 00:13:35,320
+و نوع من الرسالة يحاولوا أن يوصلها من خلال اللي هو
+
+137
+00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:40,720
+هذه القصة القصيرة جدا
+
+138
+00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:53,500
+الرواية هي أرقى أنواع السرد، عالم الرواية هو
+
+139
+00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:58,460
+الرواية أرقى أنواع السرد،
+
+140
+00:13:58,460 --> 00:14:06,580
+وهي سرد نثري طويل يمتاز بالطولةيصوروا الشخصيات
+
+141
+00:14:06,580 --> 00:14:11,800
+الفردية من خلال سلسلة من الأحداث والافعال والمشاهد
+
+142
+00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:18,980
+الرواية تقوم على التعقيد ليس المميز للرواية هو
+
+143
+00:14:18,980 --> 00:14:23,520
+الامتداد الطول الطول سواء الكتابي الحيث الكتابي أو
+
+144
+00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:29,990
+الزمنيالتعقيد و .. و .. و هنا مدول التعقيد ليس
+
+145
+00:14:29,990 --> 00:14:35,430
+مدولا سلبيا التعقيد المقصود بيه مهارة الصناعة
+
+146
+00:14:35,430 --> 00:14:42,210
+المقصود هنا بالتعقيد مهارة الصناعة ان في صناعة ..
+
+147
+00:14:42,210 --> 00:14:46,070
+في مهارة في الصناعة في اتقان في الصناعة هذا هو
+
+148
+00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,370
+المقصود بالتعقيد والتركيب الشخصيات مركبة الزمن
+
+149
+00:14:50,370 --> 00:14:58,540
+مركب المكان مركب حبالالصراع مركبة ومتعددة تعدد
+
+150
+00:14:58,540 --> 00:15:04,120
+تعدد شخصيات الزمان المكان الصراع الامتداد الامتداد
+
+151
+00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:08,180
+الكتامي والامتداد الزمني يمكن تكون الرواية ألف
+
+152
+00:15:08,180 --> 00:15:13,270
+صفحةممكن تكون الرواية ألف صفحة امتداد الزمن يمكن
+
+153
+00:15:13,270 --> 00:15:15,510
+الرواية تتحدث عن مائة سنة أو مائتين سنة أو
+
+154
+00:15:15,510 --> 00:15:19,830
+ثلاثمائة سنة أو قرن، قرنين وثلاثة إذا هناك فيه
+
+155
+00:15:19,830 --> 00:15:27,170
+امتداد زماني وامتداد كتابي اللي هو الرواية لكن ليس
+
+156
+00:15:27,170 --> 00:15:32,930
+الامتداد هو المميز للرواية العقاد يميز بين الرواية
+
+157
+00:15:32,930 --> 00:15:36,210
+والقصة بما يسميه الموقف
+
+158
+00:15:39,780 --> 00:15:45,720
+يعني معالجة العناصر عناصر السرد كيف يعالج السرد
+
+159
+00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:50,500
+والقاس عناصر السرد؟ هل يعالجها بشكل بسيط؟ بشكل
+
+160
+00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:55,640
+بداي؟ بمهارة منقفضة؟ ولا يعالجها بمهارة عالية؟ إذا
+
+161
+00:15:55,640 --> 00:16:01,020
+كان هناك مهارة عالية وتوظيف اتقالات السرد هذا أدخل
+
+162
+00:16:01,020 --> 00:16:06,180
+في باب الرواية أما إذا كانت المعالجة متواضعة من
+
+163
+00:16:06,180 --> 00:16:12,550
+ناحية سرديةومن ناحية فنية تكون أقرب إلى عالم
+
+164
+00:16:12,550 --> 00:16:18,510
+الأخصوص أو عالم القصة يعني خدوا مثلا رواية
+
+165
+00:16:18,510 --> 00:16:23,090
+أو قصة اللص والكلاب لنجيب محفوظ بعضهم أطلق عليها
+
+166
+00:16:23,090 --> 00:16:31,250
+قصة رغم أنها تتكون من 200 صفحة لكنقنديل ومهاشم لا
+
+167
+00:16:31,250 --> 00:16:37,230
+تزيد عن ستين صفحة قالوا عنها رواية بجمال
+
+168
+00:16:37,230 --> 00:16:42,970
+مميز هنا التعقيد والتركيب والموقف والمعالجة وليس
+
+169
+00:16:42,970 --> 00:16:48,010
+المقصود فقط له الامتداد الزماني والامتداد الكتابي
+
+170
+00:16:48,010 --> 00:16:51,190
+أيضا
+
+171
+00:16:51,190 --> 00:16:57,490
+تشهدأرواح توظيفة عالية لتقانات السرد لم تعد اليوم
+
+172
+00:16:57,490 --> 00:17:03,190
+أرواح هينقل الأحداث تنقل الأحداث لم يعود الكاتب
+
+173
+00:17:03,190 --> 00:17:08,510
+وهو مجرد عدسة تنقل لنا ما يجري في الواقع هناك
+
+174
+00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:16,330
+توظيف ماهر لتقانات السرد تقانات اللغة شعيرية اللغة
+
+175
+00:17:16,330 --> 00:17:23,930
+شعيرية المكانتقانات الزمن الصراع النهاية الرسالة
+
+176
+00:17:23,930 --> 00:17:29,450
+التبقير مستويات التبقير كل ذلك أدخل في باب السرد
+
+177
+00:17:29,450 --> 00:17:33,650
+لذلك إذا قرأنا جبرا ورهم جبرا و لا غسّان كنفاني و
+
+178
+00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:37,550
+لا الطهر بن جلول و لا حنة بالمينة و لا وسين الأعرج
+
+179
+00:17:37,550 --> 00:17:47,480
+نلاحظ يعني توظيف عالي ومتقنلتقانات السرد وعالم
+
+180
+00:17:47,480 --> 00:17:53,160
+مليء بالجمال ومليء بالشعيرية ومليء بالتعقيدويصلح
+
+181
+00:17:53,160 --> 00:17:58,000
+للتأويل ويصلح للدراسة ويصلح للتغلغل في سراديبه
+
+182
+00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:05,700
+المضمونية وسراديبه الفنية لذلك الموقف هو الذي يحسم
+
+183
+00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:12,980
+الحد الفاصل بين القصة وبين رواية وعالم القصة وعالم
+
+184
+00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:21,630
+الروايةأتحدث الآن عن عناصر الفن القصصي مما تتكون
+
+185
+00:18:21,630 --> 00:18:30,390
+عناصر الفن القصصي أو عناصر الفن السنة تتذكرون أننا
+
+186
+00:18:30,390 --> 00:18:34,050
+عندما تحدثنا عن النصوص الشعرية وتحليل النصوص
+
+187
+00:18:34,050 --> 00:18:40,670
+الشعرية كنا نقف دائما عند رسالة النص عند رسالة
+
+188
+00:18:40,670 --> 00:18:50,260
+النص اليومالدافع الأكبر لكثير من الكتاب هو تسجيل
+
+189
+00:18:50,260 --> 00:18:57,020
+الرسالة في النص الأدبي اليوم الكتاب وأهل الفن وأهل
+
+190
+00:18:57,020 --> 00:19:02,420
+الأدب يحملون فكرا يحملون فكرا فكرا عن الحياة فكرا
+
+191
+00:19:02,420 --> 00:19:07,340
+عن الشياء لهم مواقف أصحاب مواقف لم يعودوا محايدين
+
+192
+00:19:07,340 --> 00:19:11,100
+لهم فكر ويحاولون من خلال هذا الفكر أن يغيروا
+
+193
+00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:17,990
+العالمويغيروا المجتمع تغييرا إلى الأفضل في نظرهم
+
+194
+00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:22,950
+تغييرا إلى الأفضل في نظرهم لذلك أي عمل فني و أي
+
+195
+00:19:22,950 --> 00:19:28,450
+عمل قصصي و سردي ينطوي على رسالة هذه رسالة مبثوثة
+
+196
+00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:33,990
+من خلال عناصر العمل القصصي و عناصر العمل السردي
+
+197
+00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:37,730
+وهذا ما يتعلق بما يسمى التبقير التبقير يعني وجهة
+
+198
+00:19:37,730 --> 00:19:43,910
+النظروجهة نظر الكاتب وجهة نظر الكاتب لا يعرضها
+
+199
+00:19:43,910 --> 00:19:49,750
+بطريقة فجّة ولا طريقة مباشرة إنما يعرضها من خلال
+
+200
+00:19:49,750 --> 00:19:55,290
+عمل قصصي يعني خدوا مثلا رواية تلك العتم الباهرة
+
+201
+00:19:55,290 --> 00:20:05,430
+لمن تلك العتم الباهرة؟ الكاتب المغربي الطاهر بن
+
+202
+00:20:05,430 --> 00:20:16,240
+جلونطارت ثنائية القاهر والحرية التي
+
+203
+00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:22,460
+يعيشها الإنسان العربي اتحدثت تلك العتمة البارعة
+
+204
+00:20:22,460 --> 00:20:27,840
+لمجموعة من الضباط المغاربة الذين نسب إليهم أنهم
+
+205
+00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:33,600
+يريدون قلب نظام الحكم نظام الملك الحسن فأخذوا وراء
+
+206
+00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:37,790
+الشمسما يقارب من عشرين عامة يعيشون في ظروف غير
+
+207
+00:20:37,790 --> 00:20:44,470
+إنسانية وتبقى منهم أعداد قليلة حوالي ستين شخصا أو
+
+208
+00:20:44,470 --> 00:20:49,690
+ضابطا ومنهم الضابط عزيز الذي يخرج ليروي ما حدث
+
+209
+00:20:49,690 --> 00:20:56,030
+معاه يعني في هذه المحرقة الإنسانية من يوم أن دخل
+
+210
+00:20:56,030 --> 00:21:01,170
+السجن حتى خرج من هذا السجن فيتحدث عن ثنائية القهر
+
+211
+00:21:01,170 --> 00:21:12,920
+والحريةالرسالة تصاغ في كلمات قليلة سطر أو سطر و
+
+212
+00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:20,340
+نصف أو سطرين، لا تزيد عن ذلك وتحمل
+
+213
+00:21:20,340 --> 00:21:28,400
+مؤدى العمل القصصي أو العمل السردي انظروا
+
+214
+00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:35,120
+إلى صورة يوسف و قصة يوسفكان فيها رسالة عظيمة رسالة
+
+215
+00:21:35,120 --> 00:21:42,020
+تقول إنه من يتقي ويصبر فإن الله لا يضيع عجل المحسن
+
+216
+00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:49,580
+هذه الرسالة بتحمل قصة يوسف التقوى زائد
+
+217
+00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:57,140
+الصبر مفتاح لتحقيق الأحلامالذي لديه حلم يريد أن
+
+218
+00:21:57,140 --> 00:22:06,960
+يحققه عليه بسلاحي التقوى والصبر يوسف
+
+219
+00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:12,820
+عليه السلام قال يا أبتي إني رأيت بين هذا القول
+
+220
+00:22:12,820 --> 00:22:19,500
+وقوله هذا يا أبتي هذا تأويل رؤياي أربعون عاما
+
+221
+00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:22,240
+تسلحة
+
+222
+00:22:22,890 --> 00:22:27,870
+بالتقوى في النهاية رؤيا تحققت و لا لم تتحقق انتصر
+
+223
+00:22:27,870 --> 00:22:30,890
+يوسف و لا ما انتصر يوسف عليه السلام انتصر على كيد
+
+224
+00:22:30,890 --> 00:22:35,230
+القريب و كيد البعيد و انتصر على السجن و انتصر على
+
+225
+00:22:35,230 --> 00:22:40,010
+إغراء .. إغراء الشهوة في سورة مرات العزيز و انتصر
+
+226
+00:22:40,010 --> 00:22:46,650
+على إغراء السلطة عندما أصبح ملكا و أصبح حفيظا
+
+227
+00:22:46,650 --> 00:22:54,370
+اجعلني على خزان الأرض انيحفيظ عليم حفيظ عليه عليم
+
+228
+00:22:54,370 --> 00:22:59,390
+فلم تغير السلطة ولا الشهوة ولا المحنة بقى كما هو
+
+229
+00:22:59,390 --> 00:23:03,990
+عليه السلام فالتقوى والصبر هو مفتاح لتحقير الأحلام
+
+230
+00:23:03,990 --> 00:23:11,370
+رواية رجال في الشمس الكاتب الفلسطيني رساين كنفاني
+
+231
+00:23:11,370 --> 00:23:17,370
+بتحمل رسالة وطنية أن البعد على الأرضيعني الموت
+
+232
+00:23:17,370 --> 00:23:23,750
+ويهدد بالهلاك والاختراب من الأرض يعني الحياة هؤلاء
+
+233
+00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:29,390
+القوم الثلاثة عندما ابتعدوا عن الأرضكان الابتعاد
+
+234
+00:23:29,390 --> 00:23:34,270
+كان حتفهم في الابتعاد لكن أمه سعد عندما اقتربت من
+
+235
+00:23:34,270 --> 00:23:39,390
+الأرض هي وابنائها كتبت لها الحياة وكتبت لها
+
+236
+00:23:39,390 --> 00:23:43,930
+السعادة رسالة يمكن أن تكون رسالة دينية مثل رسالة
+
+237
+00:23:43,930 --> 00:23:49,410
+قصة يوسف عليه السلام ممكن تكون رسالة وطنية ممكن
+
+238
+00:23:49,410 --> 00:23:54,570
+تكون رسالة قومية ممكن تكون رسالة اجتماعية يمكن أن
+
+239
+00:23:54,570 --> 00:24:02,710
+تكون رسالة انسانيةممكن تكون رسالة إنسانية لا نلزم
+
+240
+00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:06,270
+الكاتب برسالة معينة لا نلزم الكاتب برسالة معينة
+
+241
+00:24:06,270 --> 00:24:14,190
+لكن يستحسن أن يبتعد الكاتب عن الرسائل الهدامة التي
+
+242
+00:24:14,190 --> 00:24:22,930
+تدعو مثل الكراهية أو للعصبية أو للحزبية أو لانقسام
+
+243
+00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:29,090
+أو التشتت أو للظلمأو الاستعباد الإنسان هذه كلها
+
+244
+00:24:29,090 --> 00:24:35,930
+رسائل سامة رسائل قاتلة وهذا الأدب يسمى أدب قاتل
+
+245
+00:24:35,930 --> 00:24:41,070
+أدب سام يجب أن نبتعد عن هذا الأدب الأدب هو أدب
+
+246
+00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:46,790
+البناء وأدب التعمير تعمير الحياة وتعمير النفس أما
+
+247
+00:24:46,790 --> 00:24:52,210
+الأدب الذي يهدمفهذا ليس بأدب هذا ليس بأدب الذي
+
+248
+00:24:52,210 --> 00:24:57,070
+يهدم الحياة ويهدم الإنسان ويهدم قيم الإنسان ويزيف
+
+249
+00:24:57,070 --> 00:25:01,870
+ويزور ويدجل ويكذب هذا ليس بأدب نتحدث عن الأدب
+
+250
+00:25:01,870 --> 00:25:07,650
+البناء الذي يعمر الحياة ويعمر الإنسان ويعمر
+
+251
+00:25:07,650 --> 00:25:13,770
+المجتمع الحدث
+
+252
+00:25:13,770 --> 00:25:16,970
+القص
+
+253
+00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:22,520
+هو فعله .. فعل الحدث القص فعله الحدث القص عبارة عن
+
+254
+00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:27,840
+حدث وشخصيا القص عبارة عن حدث وعبارة عن شخصية
+
+255
+00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:31,160
+والحوادث
+
+256
+00:25:31,160 --> 00:25:41,970
+في النص السرديتمثل هيكل لهذا القصة والمضمون الهيكل
+
+257
+00:25:41,970 --> 00:25:47,410
+والمضمون والعجينة عجينة العمل القصصي أو العمل
+
+258
+00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:55,070
+السردي يجب أن يمتاز الحدث القصصي بالسببية ليس فيه
+
+259
+00:25:55,070 --> 00:26:01,920
+عنصر المفاجأة أو المباغةيعني عندما أقول مثلا أن
+
+260
+00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:06,860
+سعيدا كان فقيرا في المساء كان فقيرا لا يجوز أن
+
+261
+00:26:06,860 --> 00:26:13,140
+أقول أنه أصبح غنيا بدون أعلّل و أبين للمتلقي كيف
+
+262
+00:26:13,140 --> 00:26:18,420
+أصبح غنيا أو كيف أصبح فقيرا، لا يجوز هذا يسمى
+
+263
+00:26:18,420 --> 00:26:22,760
+استهبال واستخفال القارة والمتلقي يجب أن بني ذلك
+
+264
+00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:28,310
+على سببية المقنعةوإلا تحولت القصة أو العمل السردي
+
+265
+00:26:28,310 --> 00:26:32,150
+إلى أسطورة وخرافة اتحولت إلى أسطورة وخرافة واتحولت
+
+266
+00:26:32,150 --> 00:26:37,050
+إلى فيلم هندي لذلك لابد من السببية لابد من تعليل
+
+267
+00:26:37,050 --> 00:26:41,870
+الحدث لأننا قلنا أن رواية أو القصة عبارة عن مزيج
+
+268
+00:26:41,870 --> 00:26:46,600
+من الواقع والخيالمزيج من الواقع يستند إلى الواقع
+
+269
+00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:51,840
+ويستند إلى الخيال ليس خيال المحضن وليس واقع المحضن
+
+270
+00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:57,160
+إنما عبارة عن مزيج رائع بين الحقيقة وبين الخيال
+
+271
+00:26:57,160 --> 00:27:01,420
+كذلك التسلسل والتتابع لا يكون هناك فجوات في
+
+272
+00:27:01,420 --> 00:27:08,580
+الأحداث والتناسب بين الشخصية وبين الحدثإذا كانت
+
+273
+00:27:08,580 --> 00:27:14,280
+الشخصية شخصية مريضة، شخصية صحيحة، عليلة، ينتمي إلى
+
+274
+00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:17,720
+طبقة اجتماعية معينة، يجب أن يكون الحدث يناسب
+
+275
+00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:23,040
+الطبقة الاجتماعية التي ينتمي إليها البطل أو تنتمي
+
+276
+00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:28,080
+إليها الشخصية الشخصية
+
+277
+00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:33,280
+هي الكائن المفترض، لماذا كنا الكائن المفترض؟لما لم
+
+278
+00:27:33,280 --> 00:27:39,500
+نقول الشخصية هي الإنسان الذي يتحرك في عالم الرواية
+
+279
+00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:47,820
+أو عالم القصة لما قلنا الكائن المفترض ربما
+
+280
+00:27:47,820 --> 00:27:57,360
+تكون الشخصية حيوانا و ربما تكون جمادا أو معنا
+
+281
+00:28:01,410 --> 00:28:06,170
+أحنا قلنا لكم في شجرة البلوط كانت الشخصية هي بطاقة
+
+282
+00:28:06,170 --> 00:28:12,190
+التومين في قصة عبد الله وعزيزة
+
+283
+00:28:12,190 --> 00:28:17,210
+عزيزة من مخيم العروب امرأة لاجئة من مخيم العروب هي
+
+284
+00:28:17,210 --> 00:28:27,150
+وزوجهاتمرض و تموت فيقفنها زوجها في ما يسمى .. ما
+
+285
+00:28:27,150 --> 00:28:32,310
+نسميه بالعامية الـ Saku أو الـ Balto الأسود الذي
+
+286
+00:28:32,310 --> 00:28:37,710
+يعلق خلف الباب عندما
+
+287
+00:28:37,710 --> 00:28:43,680
+يدفن زوجتهوهو حزين عليها عندما يعود إلى البيت هذا
+
+288
+00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:50,340
+اللاجئ الفلسطيني يتذكر أن بطاقة التومين كانت في
+
+289
+00:28:50,340 --> 00:28:56,880
+داخل الجاكيت فالأن هو في صراع ينبش على زوجته
+
+290
+00:28:56,880 --> 00:29:05,810
+وينتهك حرمتهاولا يترك البطاقة التومين في مدفونة مع
+
+291
+00:29:05,810 --> 00:29:11,090
+زوجته وبالتالي ربما يتعرض إلى جوع لأنه يحتاج إلى
+
+292
+00:29:11,090 --> 00:29:16,310
+ثلاث�� أشهر حتى يستخرج بطاقة جديدة في النهاية
+
+293
+00:29:16,310 --> 00:29:23,290
+يستجيب إلى نداء الواقع ونداء المعدةفيذهب وينبش قبر
+
+294
+00:29:23,290 --> 00:29:30,170
+زوجته ويستخرج بطاقة التومين لكن يجد بطاقة التومين
+
+295
+00:29:30,170 --> 00:29:36,790
+قد تلفت دخلتها المياه وطمس الحبر ولم يعد هناك
+
+296
+00:29:36,790 --> 00:29:43,130
+تستطيع قراءة بياناتها فيخسر
+
+297
+00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:52,000
+اللاجئ الفلسطيني احترامه لقبر زوجته ويخسر كذلك
+
+298
+00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:58,220
+البطاقة وهذا يكشف معاناة الإنسان الفلسطيني الذي
+
+299
+00:29:58,220 --> 00:30:05,480
+دفعه الجوع أن يقرق حرمة الميت حتى و لو كان هذا
+
+300
+00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:12,050
+الميت أقرب الناس إليه الفلسطيني ليس وحشاوليس
+
+301
+00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:16,510
+مجرمًا، هو إنسان لكن الجوع والحاجة والعواز هو الذي
+
+302
+00:30:16,510 --> 00:30:21,310
+دفع هذا الفلسطيني لارتكاب هذا الفعل القاسي على
+
+303
+00:30:21,310 --> 00:30:25,770
+نفسه والقاسي على أوحيه هنا البطل هي بطاقة التومين
+
+304
+00:30:25,770 --> 00:30:30,490
+لا عزيزة ولا عبدالله، هي البطاقة هي البطل لاحظوا
+
+305
+00:30:30,490 --> 00:30:37,470
+هنا في تلك العتمة الباهرة الطهر بن جلون من يبدو
+
+306
+00:30:37,470 --> 00:30:46,860
+البطل في هذه الرواية؟ من يبدو البطل؟في رأيكم من
+
+307
+00:30:46,860 --> 00:30:52,220
+يبدو البطل هل
+
+308
+00:30:52,220 --> 00:30:59,540
+هناك من قرأ هذه الرواية البطل هي الذاكرة البطل هي
+
+309
+00:30:59,540 --> 00:31:08,380
+ذاكرة عزيز كان يراد للسجانين ولمستبدين أن يدمروا
+
+310
+00:31:08,380 --> 00:31:14,730
+ذاكرة عزيزويحسبون أن بتدميرهم لذاكرة عزيز يمحون
+
+311
+00:31:14,730 --> 00:31:18,390
+الجريمة من أساسه ومن التاريخ لذلك عندما خرجوا
+
+312
+00:31:18,390 --> 00:31:23,770
+أولئك السجناء قاموا بتدمير السجن وزرع برد منه نخيل
+
+313
+00:31:23,770 --> 00:31:29,710
+زرعوا النخيل وزرعوا الصنوبة حتى يمسحوا آثار
+
+314
+00:31:29,710 --> 00:31:35,230
+الجريمة دائما كان عزيزي خاطب ذاكرته أن تصمد وأن
+
+315
+00:31:35,230 --> 00:31:40,820
+تقاوم وأن تبقى على قيد الحياةلأن بعض السجناء فقد
+
+316
+00:31:40,820 --> 00:31:46,860
+ذاكرته مصيب بالجنون أو الخبل أو الهوس أو قُتل حتى
+
+317
+00:31:46,860 --> 00:31:53,300
+يمسحوا أثار الجريمة اليوم جزء من معركتنا مع عدونا
+
+318
+00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:59,360
+معركة ذاكرة ليس هذا صحيحا؟ تغيير الأسماء اليوم
+
+319
+00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:04,340
+تغيير أسماء الشوارع والمدن العربية إلى أسماء عبرية
+
+320
+00:32:04,340 --> 00:32:10,990
+ماذا يسمى هذا؟مسح للذاكرة قال والكبار يموتون وينسى
+
+321
+00:32:10,990 --> 00:32:16,350
+الصغار وينسى الصغار هذا جزء من معركة أو معركة
+
+322
+00:32:16,350 --> 00:32:21,150
+الذاكرة واليوم رسالة من رسائل الأدب الفلسطيني
+
+323
+00:32:21,150 --> 00:32:24,550
+والشعر الفلسطيني و الرواية الفلسطينية تثبيت
+
+324
+00:32:24,550 --> 00:32:29,790
+الذاكرة وإنعاش الذاكرة جزء مهم جدا وواجب وطني
+
+325
+00:32:29,790 --> 00:32:34,090
+ورسالة وطنية وإنسانيةيقوم بيه الأدب الفلسطيني
+
+326
+00:32:34,090 --> 00:32:38,630
+اليوم والودباء الفلسطينيون وهو تثبيت الذاكرة
+
+327
+00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:44,770
+ومقاومة مسح الذاكرة أو تزييف أو تزوير الذاكرة إذا
+
+328
+00:32:44,770 --> 00:32:48,310
+الشخصية يمكن أن تكون شخصية إنسانية ويمكن أن تكون
+
+329
+00:32:48,310 --> 00:32:53,830
+شخصية غير إنسانية يمكن أن تكون قيمة ويمكن أن تكون
+
+330
+00:32:53,830 --> 00:33:00,560
+جمادة الرواية التقليديةرواية تقليدية كانت الشخصية
+
+331
+00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:05,600
+كل شيء في الرواية كل شيء في الرواية لك اهتمام كبير
+
+332
+00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:10,900
+بالشخصية الرواية المعاصرة اليوم نادت بالتقليل من
+
+333
+00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:16,360
+شأن الشخصي�� أصبحت الشخصية أقل قيمة ويمكن الزمن
+
+334
+00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:23,240
+يكون أكتر قيمةالمكان أكثر قيمة الحدث أكثر قيمة
+
+335
+00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:30,080
+الصراع النهائي أقللهم الكاتب المجري Kafka كان
+
+336
+00:33:30,080 --> 00:33:36,320
+سباقا ورائدا في هذا الجانب في روايات المحاكمة حول
+
+337
+00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:44,950
+الشخصية إلى رقم إلى رقم X 5 6 عدد حوله إلى رقمما
+
+338
+00:33:44,950 --> 00:33:50,030
+دلالة أن تتحول الشخصية إلى رقم؟ ما دلالة .. ما
+
+339
+00:33:50,030 --> 00:33:59,050
+دلالة أن تتحول الشخصية إلى رقم؟ آه لماذا لا تُعطى
+
+340
+00:33:59,050 --> 00:34:03,550
+اسم سعيد وخالد ومحمد وفاطمة؟ لماذا تتحول الشخصية
+
+341
+00:34:03,550 --> 00:34:09,190
+إلى رقم؟ ما دلل ذلك في رواية المعاصرة؟ هل تحمل
+
+342
+00:34:09,190 --> 00:34:12,590
+رسالة؟ هل هذا العمل يحمل رسالة؟
+
+343
+00:34:14,720 --> 00:34:19,040
+ممكن ال .. ال .. ال .. العمل الفني بتكون من وراها
+
+344
+00:34:19,040 --> 00:34:24,780
+رسالة تهدد بالكاتب فهو يعني بتكون خوفا من الضلم أو
+
+345
+00:34:24,780 --> 00:34:30,640
+إشي لأ اتعدي قليلا تفضلي ممكن أن الشخصية مش شخص
+
+346
+00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:35,280
+واحد يعني نقدرش نحكي عن البطل هو شخص واحد لإن ممكن
+
+347
+00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:38,800
+أكتر من شخص سيصار معاه هذا الاشي لو هي تتحدث عن ..
+
+348
+00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:42,360
+و ما علاقة ترقيم ال .. العديد يعني ترقيم الشخصية
+
+349
+00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:43,440
+بذلك اتفضلي
+
+350
+00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:52,620
+أيوة صحيح هذا يعكس تهميش الإنسان وتحويل الإنسان
+
+351
+00:34:52,620 --> 00:34:58,880
+إلى رقم رقمنة الإنسان أصبح الإنسان في الحضارة
+
+352
+00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:05,460
+المعاصرة وحضارة الرجل الأبيض أصبح مجرد رقم ليس
+
+353
+00:35:05,460 --> 00:35:11,760
+كائنا إنسانية لو كينون إنسانية واليوم تحول الإنسان
+
+354
+00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:17,800
+إلى رقمأن تُنّى عندما تدخلنا الجامعة تحملنا أرقاما
+
+355
+00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:26,520
+جامعية أرقاما جامعية لا يمكن للطالبة أن تقوم بأي
+
+356
+00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:31,680
+عملية أكاديمية من خلال الرقم الجامعي أيضا الإنسان
+
+357
+00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:39,340
+اليوم يحمل الهوية رقم البطاقة الهوية كذلك
+
+358
+00:35:39,340 --> 00:35:43,250
+أصبح الإنسان اليوم عبارة عن رقم جوالالانسان اليوم
+
+359
+00:35:43,250 --> 00:35:47,130
+عبارة عن رقم جوالي ويعرف من خلال رقم جوالي وشارعه
+
+360
+00:35:47,130 --> 00:35:52,370
+بيحمل رقم وبيته بيحمل رقموهو رقم وطني وهذا يسمى
+
+361
+00:35:52,370 --> 00:35:56,430
+رقمة الإنسان يعني الإنسان تحول إلى كثرة من الأعداد
+
+362
+00:35:56,430 --> 00:36:01,650
+كثرة من الأقام الميتة وهذا اعتداء على إنسانية
+
+363
+00:36:01,650 --> 00:36:06,330
+الإنسان هذا اعتداء على إنسانية الإنسان رقمة
+
+364
+00:36:06,330 --> 00:36:10,530
+الإنسان .. رقمة الإنسان اعتداء على إنسانية الإنسان
+
+365
+00:36:10,530 --> 00:36:17,440
+وتهميش إنسانية الإنسان والإغال في الماديةأصبح
+
+366
+00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:21,680
+الإنسان عبارة عن مجموع الأرقام، كم يحقق ربح للدولة
+
+367
+00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:26,800
+والله عندى مليون اتنين مليون كم يأكلون كم يشربون
+
+368
+00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:31,220
+كم أصرف عليهم وانفق عليهم الأمر أصبح مجرد عملية
+
+369
+00:36:31,220 --> 00:36:35,740
+تجارية ليست رعاية إنسانية وليست مشاركة إنسانية
+
+370
+00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:42,680
+أصبح الأمر مجرد له أرقام لذلك ترقيم الشخصية يعكس
+
+371
+00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:48,480
+تهميشا للإنسان ويعكس اعتداء على خصوصيته وعلى
+
+372
+00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:52,720
+إنسانية الإنسان الله سبحانه وتعالى كرم هذا الإنسان
+
+373
+00:36:53,660 --> 00:36:58,080
+ومن تكريم الله سبحانه وتعالى لهذا الإنسان المنحه
+
+374
+00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:03,060
+الإسم، منحه إسم إذا منح�� الإسم معناه ذلك أنك إنسان
+
+375
+00:37:03,060 --> 00:37:14,860
+تحمي الإسم ولك حقوق وعليك واجبات ولك كرامة الشخصية
+
+376
+00:37:14,860 --> 00:37:18,600
+دايما نحن نصور أو يصور الكاتب ويسيرد في الشخصية
+
+377
+00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:23,710
+تلاتة جوانبالجانب الفيزيائي بيسميه الجانب
+
+378
+00:37:23,710 --> 00:37:30,190
+الفيزيائي أو المظهر العام يعني
+
+379
+00:37:30,190 --> 00:37:35,910
+لون البشرة اللباس طويل قصير مايتعلق بالمظاهر
+
+380
+00:37:35,910 --> 00:37:41,970
+الجسدية ليه شخصيا أو المظهر الاجتماعيفقير، غني،
+
+381
+00:37:41,970 --> 00:37:47,250
+متعلم من قرية، من مدينة، ماذا يعمل الجانب الثالث
+
+382
+00:37:47,250 --> 00:37:53,430
+وهو الجانب الأهم البعد الباطني أو الجانب النفسي
+
+383
+00:37:53,430 --> 00:38:00,050
+للشخصية البعد الباطني كل إنسان يستطيع أن يرسم شخص
+
+384
+00:38:00,050 --> 00:38:06,330
+الإنسان من الظاهر، من الخارج لكن من يستطيع أن
+
+385
+00:38:06,330 --> 00:38:11,470
+يتغلغل داخل الإنسان وينقل لنا الـ monologueوطيار
+
+386
+00:38:11,470 --> 00:38:17,630
+الوعي وانثيالات النفس الإنسانية هذا لا يستطيعه إلا
+
+387
+00:38:17,630 --> 00:38:22,390
+الكاتب المقتدر والكاتب المالي بجانبنا يعني بنرسم
+
+388
+00:38:22,390 --> 00:38:27,530
+أو يحرس الكاتب على رسم هذه الأبعاد الثلاثة في
+
+389
+00:38:27,530 --> 00:38:28,390
+الشخصية
+
+390
+00:38:32,030 --> 00:38:38,210
+أصلاً الرواية فن اللغوي الرواية فن اللغوي نتوسل
+
+391
+00:38:38,210 --> 00:38:43,190
+إلى كل عناصر الرواية من خلال اللغة من خلال اللغة
+
+392
+00:38:43,190 --> 00:38:49,350
+كما يقول بارت أن الرواية فن اللغوي حتى الأدب كله
+
+393
+00:38:49,350 --> 00:38:58,850
+فن لغوي عندنا في الرواية عندنا ما يسمى الوصف الوصف
+
+394
+00:38:58,850 --> 00:39:06,840
+هو الحديثأو المقطع اللغوي اللي يتحدث عن شخصية أو
+
+395
+00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:13,240
+حدث بدون استخدام ما نسميه الفعل يعني أستخدم اسما،
+
+396
+00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:23,320
+أستخدم اسما كان محمد جالسا مثلا وكان شندويل جالسا
+
+397
+00:39:24,520 --> 00:39:30,360
+هذا نطلق عليه لغة الوصف لغات الوصف لغات الوصف هنا
+
+398
+00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:36,260
+وصف لاوجد فيه حركة إذا كان اللغة إذا كانت اللغة
+
+399
+00:39:36,260 --> 00:39:43,060
+فيها فعل كان يجلس كان يعمل كان يأكل كان يشرب كان
+
+400
+00:39:43,060 --> 00:39:50,660
+يقوم كان يبكي مشى صارقام هذا نسميه لغة السرد إذا
+
+401
+00:39:50,660 --> 00:39:56,180
+كان فيه فعل نسميه لغات السرد drama في حركة و هناك
+
+402
+00:39:56,180 --> 00:40:03,640
+لغة الحوار و هناك لغات الحوار و كل تقنية من
+
+403
+00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:07,840
+التقانات سواء كانت تقنية الوصف أو السرد أو الحوار
+
+404
+00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:16,980
+لها لغة خاصة بها هناك لغة خاصة بالوصفلغة خاصة
+
+405
+00:40:16,980 --> 00:40:23,540
+بالسرد ولغة خاصة بالحوار سواء كان حوارا داخليا
+
+406
+00:40:23,540 --> 00:40:29,050
+monologue وتيار وعي أو كان حواراخارجيا مع الآخر
+
+407
+00:40:29,050 --> 00:40:34,650
+خارج شخصيا حوارا خارجيا وهذا الوعاء اللغوي هو الذي
+
+408
+00:40:34,650 --> 00:40:40,830
+يحتوي في الحقيقة كل مكونات اللي هو السرد اليوم
+
+409
+00:40:40,830 --> 00:40:45,310
+أصبحت اللغة هي أيقونة العمل السرد هناك اهتمام كبير
+
+410
+00:40:45,310 --> 00:40:51,450
+باللغة أصبح اليوم لدينا ما يسمى شعرية اللغة شعرية
+
+411
+00:40:54,570 --> 00:41:01,090
+اللغة يعني اللغة اقتربت من جمال الشعر ومن سحر
+
+412
+00:41:01,090 --> 00:41:05,650
+الشعر ومن كثافة الشعر ومن رمزية الشعر ومن عمق
+
+413
+00:41:05,650 --> 00:41:10,470
+الشعر لم تعود اللغة لغة عادية تعبر عن معاني عادية
+
+414
+00:41:10,470 --> 00:41:17,050
+أصبحت اللغة عميقة مثقلة بالجماليات ومثقلة بالحدث
+
+415
+00:41:17,050 --> 00:41:21,140
+والإيجاز والاستعارة والكنايةوالتشبيهات وا��رموز
+
+416
+00:41:21,140 --> 00:41:26,840
+والإشارات والأساطير والأحلام والرؤى لغة شعريةلغة
+
+417
+00:41:26,840 --> 00:41:30,400
+شعرية رائعة وامتازة والحقيقة من يقرأ أن أنا بقرأ
+
+418
+00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:34,800
+هذه الأيام في تلك العتمة الباهرة فعلا لغة شعرية
+
+419
+00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:39,700
+بامتياز لغة الطهر من جلون فعلا لغة موغلة في
+
+420
+00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:44,680
+الشعرية خاصة عندما يتعلق الأمر بالمونولوجي الداخلي
+
+421
+00:41:44,680 --> 00:41:49,820
+بحديث اللي هو عزيز مع نفسه أو حديث العزيز مع
+
+422
+00:41:49,820 --> 00:41:54,620
+ذاكرته السرد
+
+423
+00:41:54,620 --> 00:41:55,800
+ما هو تعريف السرد
+
+424
+00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:07,500
+السرد هو نقل الحدث إلى عالم الملفوظ الحدث الواقع
+
+425
+00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:12,820
+بننقله لعالم الملفوظ هذا يسمى سرد .. يسمى سرد يعني
+
+426
+00:42:12,820 --> 00:42:18,000
+كتابة الحدث بطريقة لغوية سردية يسمى سرد .. يسمى
+
+427
+00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:26,080
+السرد الحكاية سرد و القصة سرد و رواية سرد كل ذلك
+
+428
+00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:34,080
+يسمى سردهو قول أو خطاب صادر من السابق يستحضر عالم
+
+429
+00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:38,120
+خياليا عالم افتراضي عالم السابق في النهاية عالم
+
+430
+00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:42,880
+افتراضي وإن كان يتكء إلى شيء من الواقع لكنه في
+
+431
+00:42:42,880 --> 00:42:48,810
+النهاية عالم افتراضييستحضروا عالم خيالي مكونا من
+
+432
+00:42:48,810 --> 00:42:53,590
+أشخاص يتحركون في إطار زماني ومكاني محددين يبقى
+
+433
+00:42:53,590 --> 00:42:57,890
+لابد أحنا أو نعيش في عالم السرد وعالم السرد يجب أن
+
+434
+00:42:57,890 --> 00:43:05,870
+يتذكر دائما بأنه عالم خيالي وإن كان يتكئ إلى شيء
+
+435
+00:43:05,870 --> 00:43:11,030
+من الواقع الزمان
+
+436
+00:43:13,970 --> 00:43:23,790
+من أصعب المفردات وعصرها تعريفا الزمان ما تعريف
+
+437
+00:43:23,790 --> 00:43:28,630
+الزمان؟ في أحد ممكن يعرفلي الزمان؟ ما تعريف
+
+438
+00:43:28,630 --> 00:43:29,190
+الزمان؟
+
+439
+00:43:42,240 --> 00:43:47,880
+هل نستطيع نقبض على الزمان بيدنا؟ هل نستطيع نقبض
+
+440
+00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:51,760
+على الزمان بيدنا؟ يمتاز الزمان بالسطوة على الإنسان
+
+441
+00:43:51,760 --> 00:44:01,060
+والكائنات الزمان يمتاز بالسطوة نحن
+
+442
+00:44:01,060 --> 00:44:05,960
+نرى آثار الزمان آثار الزمان في الكائنات والإنسان
+
+443
+00:44:05,960 --> 00:44:14,870
+عندما يتجاعد وجه الإنساننشهر بأنه بدأ الزمان يفعله
+
+444
+00:44:14,870 --> 00:44:19,750
+فعله عندما يشيب شعر الإنسان بدأ زمانه يفعله فعله
+
+445
+00:44:19,750 --> 00:44:25,130
+عندما تتساقط أوراق الخريف أوراق الشجر في الخريف
+
+446
+00:44:25,130 --> 00:44:31,070
+الزمان بدأ يفعل فعله عندما تغرد الأرض في الربيع
+
+447
+00:44:31,070 --> 00:44:36,810
+أتاك الربيع يطلق يختار ضحكا نعرف بأن الزمان يفعله
+
+448
+00:44:36,810 --> 00:44:43,830
+فعلهإذا نحن نرى آثار الزمان ولا سطوط لنا على
+
+449
+00:44:43,830 --> 00:44:48,070
+الزمان ولا سيطر لنا على الزمن الإنسان يشعر بالعجز
+
+450
+00:44:48,070 --> 00:44:52,850
+الكامل أمام سطوط الزمان هل هذا الأحد يستطيع أن
+
+451
+00:44:52,850 --> 00:44:59,290
+يعود بالزمان إلى الوراء؟ألا ليت الشباب فأخبرهم
+
+452
+00:44:59,290 --> 00:45:04,230
+فعلا لا نستطيع أن نغير الماضي ولا نستطيع أن نقبض
+
+453
+00:45:04,230 --> 00:45:08,870
+على الزمان الزمان سائر بقوة بقوة الله سبحانه
+
+454
+00:45:08,870 --> 00:45:14,730
+وتعالى وقهره وتسخيره كما يقول أبو البقاء الرندي
+
+455
+00:45:15,910 --> 00:45:23,790
+صالح ابن الشريف في قصيدته المشهورة عندما عرث ممالك
+
+456
+00:45:23,790 --> 00:45:33,350
+الاندلوس الغابرة لكل شيء إذا ما تمنقصانه فلا يغره
+
+457
+00:45:33,350 --> 00:45:40,470
+لطيب العيش إنسانه تحدث عن تداول الزمان وتغير
+
+458
+00:45:40,470 --> 00:45:45,810
+الأحوال بتغير الزمان كما قال سبحانه وتعالى وتلك
+
+459
+00:45:45,810 --> 00:45:51,340
+الأيام داولها بين الناسالأمر مداولة .. الأمر
+
+460
+00:45:51,340 --> 00:45:56,700
+مداولة بين الناس الفقير لا يبقى فقيرا والغني لا
+
+461
+00:45:56,700 --> 00:46:01,500
+يبقى غنيا والعزيز لا يبقى عزيزا والذليل لا يبقى
+
+462
+00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:09,240
+ذليلا هذه هي سنة الحياة وسنة الزمان الزمان عنصر
+
+463
+00:46:09,240 --> 00:46:15,860
+مهم من عناصر السردالسرد في أحد تعريفاته هو فن
+
+464
+00:46:15,860 --> 00:46:23,040
+اللغوي زماني السرد في أحد تعريفاته فن اللغوي زماني
+
+465
+00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:26,740
+ونحن
+
+466
+00:46:26,740 --> 00:46:33,280
+قلنا أهم عنصر من عناصر السرد والقصة الزمانية حركة
+
+467
+00:46:33,280 --> 00:46:38,720
+الزمن لكن
+
+468
+00:46:38,720 --> 00:46:41,780
+الزمن السردي
+
+469
+00:46:43,240 --> 00:46:50,120
+زمن مسيطر عليه يستطيع السرد أن يسيطر عليه أشبه
+
+470
+00:46:50,120 --> 00:46:58,320
+بالعجينة الزمن السردي ليس كالزمن المطلق زمن متخيل
+
+471
+00:46:58,320 --> 00:47:04,840
+افتراضي لذلك لنا سطو عليه وسيطر عليه للقاصي والسرد
+
+472
+00:47:04,840 --> 00:47:10,440
+سيطر عليه ممكن أن يعبث به ممكن أن يقطعه أن يهشمه
+
+473
+00:47:10,440 --> 00:47:12,480
+أن يلعب به بسم لعبة الزمن
+
+474
+00:47:15,770 --> 00:47:23,250
+لكن الزمن المطلق لا سطوط للإنسان عليه في الماضي
+
+475
+00:47:23,250 --> 00:47:29,790
+كان الزمن يسير في خط مستقيم للماضي للحادة للمستقبل
+
+476
+00:47:29,790 --> 00:47:34,910
+وهذا يسمى خط الزمن التقليدي اليوم الزمن في الرواية
+
+477
+00:47:34,910 --> 00:47:41,490
+المعاصرة تعرض لتهشيم وتقطيع ممكن أن تبدأ الرواية
+
+478
+00:47:41,490 --> 00:47:48,210
+من النهايةمثل رواية عرس الزين بدأت بالنهاية الزين
+
+479
+00:47:48,210 --> 00:47:54,710
+اتزوج ابتدت الرواية هي مشكلة الرواية أن الزين ذلك
+
+480
+00:47:54,710 --> 00:47:59,550
+الشاب السوداني يبحث عن زوجة ولا فتاة من القرية
+
+481
+00:47:59,550 --> 00:48:03,630
+تقبل بالزين زوجة لها هذه هي مشكلة الرواية اشكل
+
+482
+00:48:03,630 --> 00:48:10,110
+الرواية تبدأ الرواية بالنهاية الزين اتزوج تنتشر
+
+483
+00:48:10,110 --> 00:48:15,210
+هذه العبارة على أفواهأهل القرن، انتهت الرواية وكل
+
+484
+00:48:15,210 --> 00:48:21,010
+.. وكل ما يحدث بعد ذلك استرجاع لرواية أحداث ..
+
+485
+00:48:21,010 --> 00:48:26,070
+أحداث الرواية أحياناً يمكن تبدأ رواية من الوسط
+
+486
+00:48:26,070 --> 00:48:33,930
+ويحدث ما يسمى بالاسترجاع أو ما يسمى كذلك بالاستباط
+
+487
+00:48:33,930 --> 00:48:37,810
+المرة القادمة ان شاء الله سنواصل، بقى عندنا يمكن
+
+488
+00:48:37,810 --> 00:48:44,080
+كام .. كام انصرا، المكانو .. و الصراع يعني المكان
+
+489
+00:48:44,080 --> 00:48:50,360
+و الصراع نكمل ثم المرة القادمة أرجو قراءة الأقصوصة
+
+490
+00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:58,980
+بناء على ما درسنا من عناصر حتى نطبق على ذلك تحليل
+
+491
+00:48:58,980 --> 00:49:05,600
+الأقصوصة شندويه للكاتب المصري محمود تايبون هل من
+
+492
+00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:11,140
+سؤال .. هل من سؤال .. طيب والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+493
+00:49:11,140 --> 00:49:11,940
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/NsJT-0dcPoI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+1
+00:00:20,910 --> 00:00:23,430
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:23,430 --> 00:00:26,350
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:26,350 --> 00:00:32,730
+وبعد نواصل بإذن تعالى في محاضراتنا حول الأدب 
+
+4
+00:00:32,730 --> 00:00:37,150
+العربي الحديث ومدارسه  تحدثنا في المحاضرة السابقة
+
+5
+00:00:37,900 --> 00:00:43,400
+عن عدة أمور منها تحرير المصطلح لماذا نميل إلى 
+
+6
+00:00:43,400 --> 00:00:50,820
+مصطلح أدب النهضة دون غيره من المصطلحات وخرجنا بعدة
+
+7
+00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:58,640
+نتائج وعدة استنتاجات من حديثنا حول هذه القضية ثم
+
+8
+00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:03,700
+تحدثنا عن الظروف الاجتماعية والثقافية لنشط المدرسة
+
+9
+00:01:03,700 --> 00:01:08,760
+المحافظة وتحدثنا عن رأس هذه المدرسة وهو الشاعر
+
+10
+00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:13,600
+محمود سامي البارودي وما الذي أضافه الجديد الذي 
+
+11
+00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:17,640
+أضافه هذا الشاعر لهذه المدرسة و للشعر العربي
+
+12
+00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:25,420
+واستشهدنا بقول العقاد الذي قال بأن الشاعر محمود سامي 
+
+13
+00:01:25,420 --> 00:01:31,060
+البارودي قفز ووثب بالشعر العربي الحديث بلا تدرج 
+
+14
+00:01:31,060 --> 00:01:39,320
+ولا تمهيد وقلنا هذا الشاعر وطريقته الرصينة والجميلة
+
+15
+00:01:39,320 --> 00:01:44,560
+في قول الشعر أعجب بعض شعراء الشباب فكونوا مدرسة 
+
+16
+00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:51,180
+أطلقوا عليها أو أطلق عليها المدرسة المحافظة وحاول
+
+17
+00:01:51,180 --> 00:01:56,100
+الدكتور شوقي ضيف أن يناقش هذا المصطلح لما نقول
+
+18
+00:01:56,100 --> 00:02:01,590
+مدرسة محافظة البعض أطلق عليها مدرسة كلاسيكية وبعضهم
+
+19
+00:02:01,590 --> 00:02:08,070
+قال مدرسة تقليدية وبعضهم قال .. بعض المغاربة قالوا
+
+20
+00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:15,010
+مدرسة إتباعية أي أنا أتبع القديمة والتي قبلها نريد
+
+21
+00:02:15,010 --> 00:02:20,650
+أن نُجلي ما هو دلالة المدرسة المحافظة وهل هذه سبة
+
+22
+00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:24,420
+لهذه المدرسة عندما نقول على مدرسة محافظة أم أن هذا
+
+23
+00:02:24,420 --> 00:02:31,140
+شرف ولقب يعني توجت بي هذه المدرسة تفخر بي هذه
+
+24
+00:02:31,140 --> 00:02:36,340
+المدرسة و يعبر عن حقيقة و مضمون و فنية و توجهات 
+
+25
+00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:41,800
+هذه المدرسة الأدبية التي كانت أساسا للمدارس التي
+
+26
+00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:46,780
+بعدها دعونا نقرأ ماذا يقول الدكتور شوقي ضيف عني 
+
+27
+00:02:46,780 --> 00:02:52,970
+قرآنه؟ أيوة تمام ناقش الدكتور شوقي ضيف محافظتهم 
+
+28
+00:02:52,970 --> 00:02:58,690
+وحررها من شبهة الجمهورية وادخلهم فقال ولكنهم ليسوا
+
+29
+00:02:58,690 --> 00:03:04,090
+محافظين بالمعنى السيء ليسوا محافظين بالمعنى السيء
+
+30
+00:03:04,090 --> 00:03:09,330
+كما يفهم البعض أن أصبحت كلمة محافظة في ذهن أو ذهن
+
+31
+00:03:09,330 --> 00:03:15,870
+المثقفين تنصرف للمعنى السلبي تنصرف لمعنى تقليدي إنه
+
+32
+00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:20,210
+معنى لا جديد فيه إنه عبارة عن آلة يقلد من قبله هذا
+
+33
+00:03:20,210 --> 00:03:28,710
+هو المعنى السيء أيوة يكون الشاعر نسخة مكررة مكررة
+
+34
+00:03:28,710 --> 00:03:32,950
+لمن سبقه يسمى الشاعر عبارة عن إيه؟ عبارة عن نسخة
+
+35
+00:03:32,950 --> 00:03:37,490
+مكررة لا جديدة فيها ولا إبداع فيها إنما هو التقليد 
+
+36
+00:03:37,490 --> 00:03:44,230
+وكل تقليد أو يكون طبق الأصول التي يطلع أو يكون
+
+37
+00:03:44,230 --> 00:03:48,250
+أطبق الوصول التي يطلع عليها أيدينا حفن أو تغيير ما
+
+38
+00:03:48,250 --> 00:03:52,250
+عنده إبداع ذاتي ما عنده مبادرة ذاتية ما عنده لون
+
+39
+00:03:52,250 --> 00:03:56,910
+يضيفه ما عنده جديد يضيفه إلى هذا الشعر فذلك مرتبة
+
+40
+00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:02,540
+عقيمة زهدة فيها هؤلاء الشعراء إذا .. إذن هؤلاء 
+
+41
+00:04:02,540 --> 00:04:06,600
+الشعراء كانوا حافظين بالمعنى السيء ولا هذه مرتبة
+
+42
+00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:12,240
+ومنزل عقيمة غادروها وزهدوا فيها وعلى عليها أولئك 
+
+43
+00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:17,000
+الشعراء نعم وانصرفوا بقدر ما وسعتهم جهودهم وسعوا 
+
+44
+00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:19,740
+لتكوين شخصياتهم الشعرية المستقلة آه الشعرية
+
+45
+00:04:19,740 --> 00:04:26,860
+المستقلة لم يكونوا مقلدين ولم يكونوا متابعين ولم 
+
+46
+00:04:26,860 --> 00:04:30,040
+يكونوا نسخة لمن قبلهم بل لهم شخصيتهم الشعرية 
+
+47
+00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:35,100
+المستقلة تميزهم عن غيرهم أحمد شوقي هو شخصيته وحافظ 
+
+48
+00:04:35,100 --> 00:04:39,480
+ إبراهيم هو شخصيته والبارودي وغيرهم من الشعراء غير
+
+49
+00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:44,580
+مقلدين إطلاقا وفرضوا ثقافتهم وقضايا عصرهم على 
+
+50
+00:04:44,580 --> 00:04:50,600
+شعرهم فرضوا .. فرضوا إيه؟ 
+
+51
+00:04:53,740 --> 00:04:58,300
+وقضايا عصرهم على شعرهم فرضوا ثقافات كانوا أصحاب 
+
+52
+00:04:58,300 --> 00:05:04,540
+ثقافة خاصة أصحاب رؤية ترجموا هذه الرؤية في أشعارهم
+
+53
+00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:09,880
+وقضايا عصرهم هل انعزلوا عن المجتمع؟ هل انعزلوا عن
+
+54
+00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:14,930
+الناس؟ هل عاشوا في أبراج عاجية؟ هل كانوا يدورون حول
+
+55
+00:05:14,930 --> 00:05:19,410
+أمير أو وزير أو ثري ولا عاشوا في وسط الناس ومع
+
+56
+00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,590
+الناس وترجموا آمال وآلام الناس يبقى تفاعلوا مع 
+
+57
+00:05:23,590 --> 00:05:31,190
+قضايا عصرهم لكن كيف كان هذا التفاعل؟ هل
+
+58
+00:05:31,190 --> 00:05:35,070
+قطعوا كل صلة بالقديم؟ وحاربوا القديم؟ ونبذوا
+
+59
+00:05:35,070 --> 00:05:43,050
+القديم؟ هل انغمسوا في القديم؟ بكل ما فيه؟ لا إنما 
+
+60
+00:05:43,050 --> 00:05:49,050
+أقاموا بين القديم ملازمة جيدة ملازمة ناجحة ملازمة 
+
+61
+00:05:49,050 --> 00:05:52,670
+عبقرية بين القديم والجديد بين الأسلوب العربي في
+
+62
+00:05:52,670 --> 00:05:57,710
+شكلته ورسانته وروح العصر ووجهوا الأذواق الأدبية
+
+63
+00:05:57,710 --> 00:06:04,640
+إلى الوضع الذي يمكن أن نتدرج إليه لاحظوا هذه
+
+64
+00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:09,060
+المدرسة كانت أساسا لكل المدارس التي جاءت من بعدها
+
+65
+00:06:09,060 --> 00:06:14,740
+لولا المدرسة المحافظة ما كانت الديوان لولا المدرسة
+
+66
+00:06:14,740 --> 00:06:19,460
+المحافظة ما كانت جماعة أبولو لولا المدرسة المحافظة
+
+67
+00:06:19,460 --> 00:06:23,040
+ما كانت مدرسة المهجر لولا المدرسة المحافظة ما كانت
+
+68
+00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:28,020
+مدرسة التفعيلة لذلك هذه المدرسة هي الأساس التي وهي
+
+69
+00:06:28,020 --> 00:06:31,840
+القنطرة والجسر التي عبر عليها المجددون والمحدثون 
+
+70
+00:06:31,840 --> 00:06:36,440
+بعد ذلك فلذلك هي الأساس التي وجهت الأذواق بعد ذلك
+
+71
+00:06:36,440 --> 00:06:42,300
+طيب أنا نريد أن نسأل سؤالا لماذا هذه المدرسة
+
+72
+00:06:53,830 --> 00:06:58,890
+اعتمدت على الأدب القديم يعني لماذا لم تتجه هذه
+
+73
+00:06:58,890 --> 00:07:02,690
+المدرسة من البداية إلى الأدب الإنجليزي مثل مدرسة 
+
+74
+00:07:02,690 --> 00:07:06,870
+الديوان أو الأدب الفرنسي أو الروسي؟ لماذا اتجهت
+
+75
+00:07:06,870 --> 00:07:10,970
+إلى الثقافة العربية القديمة؟ سبب ذوق عربي إسلامي
+
+76
+00:07:10,970 --> 00:07:15,390
+والقرآن الكريم مضبوط 
+
+77
+00:07:15,390 --> 00:07:24,490
+.. القرآن الكريم كان هو الرباط الروحي والدين الذي
+
+78
+00:07:24,490 --> 00:07:28,970
+يربط المسلمين ولغة القرآن الكريم هي اللغة العربية
+
+79
+00:07:28,970 --> 00:07:35,390
+وروح هذا القرآن مغروسة في تراثنا العربي القديم روح
+
+80
+00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:40,070
+هذا القرآن وتعليم الإسلام مغروسة في تراثنا العربي
+
+81
+00:07:40,070 --> 00:07:46,250
+القديم لذلك هؤلاء الشعراء كانوا مشدودين إلى التراث
+
+82
+00:07:46,250 --> 00:07:50,710
+العربي الرباط الروحي عندهم نوع من الميل الروحي طبيعي
+
+83
+00:07:50,710 --> 00:07:56,860
+جدا عندما يقول إنسان عربيًا ومسلمًا وانتمائه صافٍ
+
+84
+00:07:56,860 --> 00:08:01,780
+لعروبته وإسلامه الأمر الطبيعي أن ينجذب وأن يشد إلى
+
+85
+00:08:01,780 --> 00:08:06,330
+تراثه العربي ليس غريبًا هذا الأمر الغريب أنه ينقطع
+
+86
+00:08:06,330 --> 00:08:10,270
+عن هذا التراث ليس الغريب أن ينشد ويتواصل ويتصل
+
+87
+00:08:10,270 --> 00:08:13,690
+بهذا التراث وأن تقوم بينه الصلة الروحية والصلة 
+
+88
+00:08:13,690 --> 00:08:17,870
+الثقافية والنفسية الغريب أن ينقطع الإنسان العربي 
+
+89
+00:08:17,870 --> 00:08:23,010
+والمسلم الأصيل عنها أن ينشد إلى ذلك التراث و
+
+90
+00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:25,990
+عليه كذلك أن يقيم الصلة الروحية والنفسية بين هذا
+
+91
+00:08:25,990 --> 00:08:33,550
+اللي هو هذا التراث اثنين الانتصار .. كيف الانتصار
+
+92
+00:08:33,550 --> 00:08:37,550
+للثقافة العربية والإسلامية؟ العصر الذي عاش فيه 
+
+93
+00:08:37,550 --> 00:08:42,690
+أولئك الشعراء كان عصر التغريب وعصر الصراع بين
+
+94
+00:08:42,690 --> 00:08:48,810
+ثقافتين ثقافة .. بين ثقافة عربية إسلامية وبين
+
+95
+00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:56,140
+ثقافة أجنبية أو غربية وافدة سواء الانجليزية أو 
+
+96
+00:08:56,140 --> 00:09:01,780
+الفرنسية أو ما يسمى بالتنويريين الذين توالدوا
+
+97
+00:09:01,780 --> 00:09:06,380
+وتكاثروا بعد الاحتلال الفرنسي وكان الاحتلال 
+
+98
+00:09:06,380 --> 00:09:12,010
+الإنجليزي ليس احتلالًا عسكريًا كان احتلالًا ثقافيًا 
+
+99
+00:09:12,010 --> 00:09:17,290
+واحتلالًا فكريًا واحتلالًا علميًا وقيميًا يريد أن يغير 
+
+100
+00:09:17,290 --> 00:09:22,230
+قيم وثقافة المجتمع المصري الآن في ظل هذا الصراع
+
+101
+00:09:22,230 --> 00:09:26,530
+ماذا يجب أن يفعل أولئك الشعراء ينحازوا للثقافة
+
+102
+00:09:26,530 --> 00:09:29,170
+الإنجليزية ولا ينحازوا للثقافة العربية والإسلامية؟
+
+103
+00:09:30,410 --> 00:09:34,450
+انحازوا لثقافتهم العربية لذلك اتجهوا إلى المادة
+
+104
+00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:39,090
+الأدبية القديمة وحاولت بريطانيا من خلال علمانية 
+
+105
+00:09:39,090 --> 00:09:43,490
+التعليم وفرض اللغة الإنجليزية على التعليم وإعطاء 
+
+106
+00:09:43,490 --> 00:09:47,090
+القيمة الأولى للغة الإنجليزية كان أستاذ اللغة 
+
+107
+00:09:47,090 --> 00:09:54,630
+العربية في مصر راتبه أربع جنيهات أستاذ اللغة
+
+108
+00:09:54,630 --> 00:10:02,370
+الإنجليزية راتبه .. كم راتبه؟ ثلاثة أضعاف 12 جنيه
+
+109
+00:10:02,370 --> 00:10:08,010
+الآن لو جئنا للطلاب والطالبات والله هناك تخصص اللي
+
+110
+00:10:08,010 --> 00:10:12,310
+.. اللي بنتهم أنه بتخرج بياخد 400 دولار وتخصص
+
+111
+00:10:12,310 --> 00:10:19,370
+1200 دولار عنه سيتجه الشباب والشابات سيتجه إلى 
+
+112
+00:10:19,370 --> 00:10:25,170
+أين؟ هيقولك والله اللغة العربية لا تطعم خبزًا لا 
+
+113
+00:10:25,170 --> 00:10:28,130
+تطعم إيه؟ خبزًا يبقى هو تنفير من اللغة العربية
+
+114
+00:10:28,130 --> 00:10:32,790
+وليس تنفير تنفير ولكن بطريقة .. بطريقة خفية وكانوا
+
+115
+00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:36,890
+يختارون أستاذ اللغة العربية يجب أن يكون شيخًا كبيرًا 
+
+116
+00:10:36,890 --> 00:10:41,150
+حتى يكون مسخرة وهزأة للطلاب والطالبات أما الأستاذ
+
+117
+00:10:41,150 --> 00:10:46,030
+اللغة الإنجليزية يجب أن يكون إيه؟ أستاذًا يعني شابًا
+
+118
+00:10:46,030 --> 00:10:51,450
+أنيقًا حتى يعكس قيم اللغة الإنجليزية هذا تفكير ..
+
+119
+00:10:51,450 --> 00:10:57,640
+تفكير استشراقي وتفكير استعماري في خضم في أجواء
+
+120
+00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:03,360
+هذا الصراع بين الثقافتين كان على هؤلاء الشعراء أن 
+
+121
+00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:09,620
+يتخذوا موقفًا نبيلًا وأن يقفوا موقفًا انتصارًا لثقافة 
+
+122
+00:11:09,620 --> 00:11:15,060
+أمتهم والأمة العربية والإسلامية ثلاثة تشجيع
+
+123
+00:11:15,060 --> 00:11:21,220
+الجمهور العربي لأدبهم كان أحمد شوقي رحمه الله إذا 
+
+124
+00:11:21,220 --> 00:11:28,330
+نظم قصيدة في القاهرة غنتها الجماهير في بغداد وترنمت
+
+125
+00:11:28,330 --> 00:11:35,670
+بها الشعوب في دمشق وصفق لها الناس في القدس كانت
+
+126
+00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:42,050
+شعبيته يعني شعبية رائجة وذائعة بين الشعوب العربية 
+
+127
+00:11:42,050 --> 00:11:44,850
+لذلك لما وجدت تشجيع الجمهور وإقبال الجمهور على
+
+128
+00:11:44,850 --> 00:11:49,810
+الشعر هذا كان دافعًا لتلك المدرسة أن تتمسك بأهداف
+
+129
+00:11:49,810 --> 00:11:54,370
+المادة العربية القديمة والتراث العربي القديم
+
+130
+00:11:56,310 --> 00:12:03,750
+بعد ذلك جاءت إلينا مدرسة جديدة وهي مدرسة الديوان 
+
+131
+00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:09,590
+لماذا سميت الديوان؟ لماذا سميت مدرسة الديوان؟ نريد
+
+132
+00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:13,970
+التفاعل يا بنات مدرسة الديوان أعتقد كان في كتاب
+
+133
+00:12:13,970 --> 00:12:18,530
+حظوا فيه اللي هم العلماء الكبار أفكارهم فيه كان
+
+134
+00:12:18,530 --> 00:12:25,580
+أولئك الشعراء أو الكتاب أو الأدباء الثلاثة يريدون
+
+135
+00:12:25,580 --> 00:12:33,280
+أن يصدروا عشرة أجزاء من كتاب يسمى الديوان عشرة 
+
+136
+00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:42,560
+أجزاء يعرضون فيه لفكرهم النقدي الجديد فصدر
+
+137
+00:12:42,560 --> 00:12:52,450
+الجزء الأول ثم الجزء الثاني ثم توقفت الأجزاء 
+
+138
+00:12:52,450 --> 00:12:57,990
+وتوقّف هؤلاء كانوا ثلاثة شباب عباس محمود العقاد 
+
+139
+00:12:57,990 --> 00:13:04,790
+كاتب وشاعر وناقد إبراهيم المازني كاتب وناقد وشاعر
+
+140
+00:13:04,790 --> 00:13:11,510
+وعبدالرحمن شكري كان يُطلق عليه اللي هو الشاعر عباس 
+
+141
+00:13:11,510 --> 00:13:18,970
+محمود العقاد كان شخصية متجهمة جادة رصينة لا تعرف
+
+142
+00:13:18,970 --> 00:13:22,750
+المزح ولا تعرف اللي هو الهزل هتلاحظوا صورته كيف
+
+143
+00:13:22,750 --> 00:13:28,770
+الجدية .. اه هو .. لأ نعم وهذا طبعا هو اختيار يبدو
+
+144
+00:13:28,770 --> 00:13:33,890
+عليه الجدية والالتزام لم يتزوج طبعا هو درس للصف
+
+145
+00:13:33,890 --> 00:13:39,190
+الخامس الابتدائي وكل ثقافته حصلها بنفسه هو من وليد
+
+146
+00:13:39,190 --> 00:13:45,290
+أسوان هذا المازني المازني كان رجلا ساخرا كان يتجرع
+
+147
+00:13:45,290 --> 00:13:50,950
+مرارة الحياة بالسخرية وكان قلمه ساخن وكان صليط
+
+148
+00:13:50,950 --> 00:13:56,110
+القلم وصليط اللسان صليط القلم وصليط اللسان
+
+149
+00:13:56,110 --> 00:14:00,050
+عبدالرحمن شكري أيضا لم يتزوج وكان لكنه كان رجلا
+
+150
+00:14:00,050 --> 00:14:07,620
+وديعا لا يحسن الخصام ولا يحسن الرد على القصوم تباعا
+
+151
+00:14:07,620 --> 00:14:12,780
+مختلفة سبحان الله الطباع الطباع اللي هي مختلفة كان
+
+152
+00:14:12,780 --> 00:14:18,060
+أكبرهم سنة العقاد المازني عبدالرحمن شكري ترافق في
+
+153
+00:14:18,060 --> 00:14:21,440
+معهد المعلمين كان يدرسان اللغة الإنجليزية كان
+
+154
+00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:25,520
+يدرسان اللغة الإنجليزية ثم تعرف إلى الكاتب الكبير
+
+155
+00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:31,250
+عباس محمود العقاد الآن هذه المدرسة وولا الشباب
+
+156
+00:14:31,250 --> 00:14:38,670
+الثلاثة أرادوا أن يبرزوا وأن يكون لهم يعني منزلة
+
+157
+00:14:38,670 --> 00:14:44,130
+في الساحة الأدبية فوجدوا أن المدرسة المحافظة وخاصة
+
+158
+00:14:44,130 --> 00:14:51,540
+شوقي قد بسط جناحه على الساحة الأدبية وحجب بشمسه
+
+159
+00:14:51,540 --> 00:14:57,500
+الشهرة عن أي شاعر آخر يعني موجود شوقي إذا لا يمكن
+
+160
+00:14:57,500 --> 00:15:01,760
+أن يكون شاعر أنه يبظه فماذا فعل أولئك الأدباء 
+
+161
+00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:08,300
+الثلاثة اتجهوا بنقدهم إلى رؤوس ورموز المدرسة
+
+162
+00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:13,420
+المحافظة ما حاولوا أن ينتجوا شعرا جديدا قالك نبدأ
+
+163
+00:15:13,420 --> 00:15:19,240
+نهدم القديم والمحافظين ثم نفرض بعد ذلك اتجاهنا اللي
+
+164
+00:15:19,240 --> 00:15:26,240
+هو الجديد طبعا
+
+165
+00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:36,630
+هذه المدرسة حاولت أن تضيف يعني مصدرا ومنبعا جديدا
+
+166
+00:15:36,630 --> 00:15:40,830
+من مصادر المعرفة الشعرية فاتجهوا إلى الأدب
+
+167
+00:15:40,830 --> 00:15:45,050
+الإنجليزي وكان هناك كتاب اسمه الذخيرة الذهبية كان
+
+168
+00:15:45,050 --> 00:15:48,830
+هذا الكتاب عبارة عن ترجمة لمجموعة من نصوص الأدب
+
+169
+00:15:48,830 --> 00:15:54,950
+الإنجليزي لكيس وتشيلي وT.S. Eliot كان مجموعة فكانوا
+
+170
+00:15:54,950 --> 00:15:59,990
+يقرؤون في هذه الذهبية مع إضافة أن بعضهم كان يتكلم
+
+171
+00:15:59,990 --> 00:16:02,430
+اللغة الإنجليزية ويكتب اللغة الإنجليزية ويعلم
+
+172
+00:16:02,430 --> 00:16:06,490
+اللغة الإنجليزية فكان يستطيع أن يطلع على بعض نصوص
+
+173
+00:16:06,490 --> 00:16:11,550
+الأدب الإنجليزي لكن اهتمام أو تأثير للأدب
+
+174
+00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:16,490
+الإنجليزي في هذه المدرسة كان في جانب واحد فقط في
+
+175
+00:16:16,490 --> 00:16:24,020
+جانب واحد هو جانب المضمون جانب إيه؟ المضمون طب جانب
+
+176
+00:16:24,020 --> 00:16:30,160
+التركيب والشكل الفني فظلوا
+
+177
+00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:37,270
+على القديم أما المضمون اه تأثروا بالمضمون والغريب
+
+178
+00:16:37,270 --> 00:16:42,010
+أن هذه المدرسة تأثرت كان هناك تيارات كثيرة في ال
+
+179
+00:16:42,010 --> 00:16:46,210
+... في الأدب الأوروبي تأثروا بالاتجاه الرومانسي
+
+180
+00:16:46,210 --> 00:16:50,650
+باتجاه الرومانسي في الوقت اللي فيه الاتجاه
+
+181
+00:16:50,650 --> 00:16:57,180
+الرومانسي نفقت سوقه في أوروبا في الوقت اللي نفقت
+
+182
+00:16:57,180 --> 00:17:03,200
+سوقه وأصبح بضاعة أدبية كاسدة جاء هؤلاء الشباب
+
+183
+00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:07,400
+الثلاثة يروجون هذه البضاعة في مصر وفي العالم اللي
+
+184
+00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:10,920
+هو العربي ربما الظروف النفسية التي مر بها أولئك
+
+185
+00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:14,900
+الشعراء والأدباء جعلتهم يعني يتجهوا إلى الاتجاه
+
+186
+00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:19,360
+الرومانسي الشكوى والأنين والهرب للطبيعة وتمجيد
+
+187
+00:17:19,360 --> 00:17:22,360
+الذات وغير ذلك من الخصائص اللي هو الأدب اللي هو
+
+188
+00:17:22,720 --> 00:17:27,540
+الرومانسي أما كما يقول العقاد أن هذه المدرسة أوغلت
+
+189
+00:17:27,540 --> 00:17:31,680
+في القراءة الإنجليزية هذا جد دقيق لو أنهم أوغلوا
+
+190
+00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:36,840
+فعلا لو أنهم أوغلوا فعلا لوجدنا أثر ذلك أين في
+
+191
+00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:41,080
+شعرهم وفي إنتاجهم لكن لم يكن التأثير إلا في
+
+192
+00:17:41,080 --> 00:17:46,160
+المضمون فقط وهذا يدل على أنهم لم يوغلوا يعني في
+
+193
+00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:49,540
+الأدب اللي هو الإنجليزي وإنما هذه مبالغة من اللي
+
+194
+00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:51,040
+هو عباس العقاد
+
+195
+00:17:54,230 --> 00:17:57,150
+أين اتجه أو كيف اتجه الصراع من رأس الديوان ضد
+
+196
+00:17:57,150 --> 00:18:02,170
+المدرسة المحافظة سلك اتجاهين اتجاه الأول اتجاه
+
+197
+00:18:02,170 --> 00:18:06,220
+نقدي يبدأوا من خلال الديوان الجزء الأول والجزء
+
+198
+00:18:06,220 --> 00:18:10,740
+الثاني من خلال مقدمات دواوينهم بدأوا يتحدثوا
+
+199
+00:18:10,740 --> 00:18:14,740
+يتحدثون عن اتجاه النقد الجديد أو اتجاه الشعر
+
+200
+00:18:14,740 --> 00:18:19,540
+الجديد وبدأوا بصراحة وبحدة وبشدة ينقضون رموز
+
+201
+00:18:19,540 --> 00:18:23,080
+المدرسة المحافظة من خلال كتاب الديوان ومقدمات
+
+202
+00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:28,040
+دواوينهم محاولة الالتزام بعرائهم الجديدة هؤلاء نقاد
+
+203
+00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:33,970
+وكتاب وشعراء فكانوا إذا دعوا إلى نظرية نقدية
+
+204
+00:18:33,970 --> 00:18:38,630
+يحاولون أن يلتزموا بها أو يترجموا هذا اللي هو
+
+205
+00:18:38,630 --> 00:18:43,750
+الالتزام لذلك يعني كلهم كان له اللي هو دواوين شعر
+
+206
+00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:46,910
+أول ديوان شعري كان ضوء الفجر الشعر عبد الرحمن
+
+207
+00:18:46,910 --> 00:18:52,550
+شكري 1909 يعني في وقت مبكر في وقت مبكر المازني كان
+
+208
+00:18:52,550 --> 00:18:59,750
+1912 العقاد 1916 يعني في فترة زمنية قريبة
+
+209
+00:19:02,120 --> 00:19:09,120
+هذه المدرسة كانت كتلة واحدة وجماعة واحدة ويقاتلون
+
+210
+00:19:09,120 --> 00:19:21,900
+معا ويصالحون معا لكن حدث أن الشاعر أو الكاتب أو
+
+211
+00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:32,030
+الأديب المازني أصدر أو نظم جملة من القصائد تطلع
+
+212
+00:19:32,030 --> 00:19:37,270
+عليها عبدالرحمن شكري عبدالرحمن شكري كان أكثرهم
+
+213
+00:19:37,270 --> 00:19:42,750
+ثقافة في الثقافة العربية وفي الثقافة الأدبية
+
+214
+00:19:42,750 --> 00:19:48,690
+الحديثة أكثرهم كان اللي هو عبدالرحمن شكري فوجد أن
+
+215
+00:19:48,690 --> 00:19:57,650
+المازني قد سرق جملة من قصائد شعراء إنجليز وترجمها
+
+216
+00:19:57,650 --> 00:20:06,240
+ونسبها إلى نفسه ماذا يفعل عبدالرحمن شكري؟ هل يعلن
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+217
+00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:12,420
+ويُذيع هذا الأمر؟ أو يصمت ويبيع
+
+218
+00:20:12,420 --> 00:20:16,940
+ضميره العلمي والأدبي؟ عبدالرحمن شكري كان رجلا
+
+219
+00:20:16,940 --> 00:20:25,340
+نزيهًا فأعلن أمام الناس بأن المازني سرق هذه القصيدة
+
+220
+00:20:25,340 --> 00:20:29,800
+وهذه الأشعار من الشعراء الإنجليز واتى على ذلك
+
+221
+00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:30,820
+بالدليل
+
+222
+00:20:32,870 --> 00:20:42,070
+ما هو رد المازني المازني ماذا كان صليط ماذا القلم
+
+223
+00:20:42,070 --> 00:20:52,810
+واللسان فقامت قائمة المازني المازني قبل الخصام كان
+
+224
+00:20:52,810 --> 00:20:58,030
+يقول عن شعر عبدالرحمن شكري هذا هو الشعر ولا شعر
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+225
+00:20:58,030 --> 00:21:05,540
+سواه وهذا هو الشعر الجديد وقرض هذا الشعر في مقدمات
+
+226
+00:21:05,540 --> 00:21:09,980
+دواوينه وفي الديوان الجزء الأول لما جاء الديوان
+
+227
+00:21:09,980 --> 00:21:17,380
+الجزء الثاني كان الخلاف قد نشب بين الزميلين تحول
+
+228
+00:21:17,380 --> 00:21:26,250
+هذا الخلاف الأدبي إلى معركة قاسية من جهة واحدة من
+
+229
+00:21:26,250 --> 00:21:32,430
+المازني اتجاه عبد الرحمن شكري فاتهمه بأن شعره شعر
+
+230
+00:21:32,430 --> 00:21:39,460
+تقليدي شعر مسروق بأنه مجنون عبد الرحمن وأنه صنم
+
+231
+00:21:39,460 --> 00:21:43,360
+الألعاب كما قال عنه في الديوان الجزء الثاني وبدأ
+
+232
+00:21:43,360 --> 00:21:48,660
+يصب جام غضبه على الشعر المسكين عبد الرحمن شكري
+
+233
+00:21:48,660 --> 00:21:54,920
+وعبد الرحمن شكري يعني صامت لم يتكلم ولم يرد يحاول
+
+234
+00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:59,740
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+
+235
+00:21:59,740 --> 00:22:06,060
+المازني وتكاد يكون بهذا الخصام انفرط عقد هذه
+
+236
+00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:12,690
+المدرسة الأدبية السؤال الآن الذي أريد أن أسأله إلي
+
+237
+00:22:12,690 --> 00:22:22,050
+كونه ماذا كان موقف العقاد؟ مع من وقف العقاد؟ مع
+
+238
+00:22:22,050 --> 00:22:29,330
+المازني صليط القلم؟ ولا مع الأديب الوديع النبيل
+
+239
+00:22:29,330 --> 00:22:37,260
+عبد الرحمن شكري ما رأيكم؟ فكروا دعونا نفكر ماذا
+
+240
+00:22:37,260 --> 00:22:45,140
+كان موقف اللي هو عباس العقاد ماذا
+
+241
+00:22:45,140 --> 00:22:50,540
+كان موقف العقاد؟
+
+242
+00:22:50,540 --> 00:22:55,000
+وقف
+
+243
+00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,420
+مع المازني طيب ما أمرت وقفه مع المازني؟
+
+244
+00:23:03,360 --> 00:23:09,480
+محايدا اه حاول إنه يبرئ نفسه خلاص كان محايدا نعم
+
+245
+00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:14,680
+طب ما رأيكم إذا قلت لكم أن الجزء الثاني الذي صدر
+
+246
+00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:21,260
+بالاشتراك بين العقاد وبين المازني كان يحتوي على نقد
+
+247
+00:23:21,260 --> 00:23:29,680
+لعبد الرحمن شكري على ماذا
+
+248
+00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:35,280
+يدل هذا؟ على ماذا يدل أنه يصدر الجزء الثاني
+
+249
+00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:42,840
+بالاشتراك مع المازني تأليفًا وطبعًا وتسويقًا وفيه
+
+250
+00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:50,980
+النقد القاسي لعبد
+
+251
+00:23:50,980 --> 00:23:58,300
+الرحمن شكري على الأقل نقول بأنه كان
+
+252
+00:23:58,300 --> 00:23:58,900
+يقف
+
+253
+00:24:01,730 --> 00:24:11,510
+إلى مسافة أقرب إلى المازني نحن نأخذ على العقاد طبعًا
+
+254
+00:24:11,510 --> 00:24:16,510
+هو موقفه غير معلن هو لم يعلن هذا الموقف والتزم
+
+255
+00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:21,550
+الصمت الغريب أن العقاد في هذه المعركة حامية الوطيس
+
+256
+00:24:21,550 --> 00:24:31,190
+بين اثنين من زملائه التزم الصمت لم يتكلم لم يحاول
+
+257
+00:24:31,190 --> 00:24:37,950
+أن يصلح بينهما لم يحاول أن يرد بعض الهجوم على
+
+258
+00:24:37,950 --> 00:24:45,070
+الشاعر عبد الرحمن شكري وإن كان من خلال كتابه وما
+
+259
+00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:49,890
+أصدره نشعر بأنه يعني كان أقرب إلى موقف له المزيد
+
+260
+00:24:49,890 --> 00:24:54,810
+ما الذي منعه وما السبب الذي جعل العقاد أن يصمت
+
+261
+00:24:54,810 --> 00:25:01,490
+يزاق نقد عبدالرحمن .. نقد المازني لعبدالرحمن شكرا
+
+262
+00:25:01,490 --> 00:25:07,930
+ما السبب في رأيكم؟ ما السبب الذي جعله يعني يصمت؟
+
+263
+00:25:07,930 --> 00:25:14,110
+فكروا .. تفكير .. تفكر .. اه؟ ما بقيت مدرسة ..
+
+264
+00:25:14,110 --> 00:25:17,190
+انفرط عقدها هو المدرسة المازنية
+
+265
+00:25:21,180 --> 00:25:27,800
+اه؟ أيوة هل يقدر يكون موضوعيا؟ وهل الموضوعية أن
+
+266
+00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:34,500
+نصمت على الظلم وعلى النقد هل هذه موضوعية؟ اه؟
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+267
+00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:40,040
+خوفا من قلم المازني الصليط قلنا لكم قلم المازني
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+268
+00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:47,300
+ماله صليط مدفع مدفع مش قلم هذا مدفع بينصف وبيقصف
+
+269
+00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:54,470
+أي إنسان أمامه والعقاد كان في بداية شهرته
+
+270
+00:25:54,470 --> 00:25:59,790
+الأدبية وبداية طريقه الأدبية فإذا صلط عليه المازني
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+271
+00:25:59,790 --> 00:26:09,250
+مدفعه الرشاش وقلمه الصليط نسفه خاصة أن العقاد بدأ
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+272
+00:26:09,250 --> 00:26:15,190
+يدخل في معارك حامية الوطيس مع الرافعي مع طه حسين ومع
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+273
+00:26:15,190 --> 00:26:19,390
+جملة كذلك من النقاد والكتاب اللي هو الكبار
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+274
+00:26:19,390 --> 00:26:25,410
+فلذلك أراد على الأقل أن يحتفظ بصديقه يعني أكون
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+275
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+بجانبه أو أن يكف عنه قلم قلمًا منله الأقلام لكن في
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+276
+00:26:31,410 --> 00:26:36,090
+رأينا وفي تقييمنا أن موقف العقاد يعني رحمه الله لم
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+277
+00:26:36,090 --> 00:26:41,970
+يكن يعني موقفًا صحيحًا أو سليمًا كان عليه حقيقة يعني
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+278
+00:26:41,970 --> 00:26:48,090
+أن يكون له رأي صريح في هذه المعركة لكن بعد
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+279
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+سنوات وربما بعد موت شكري يبدأ يعتذر المازني ويعترف
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+280
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+بأنه ظلم شكري في تلك الحملة ويبدأ العقاد يتكلم 
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+281
+00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:05,430
+وينصف اللي هو عبدالرحمن شكري ويقول لو لا عبدالرحمن
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+282
+00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:11,700
+شكري ما كانت مدرستنا الديوان بعد ما مات وبعد ال ..
+
+283
+00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:17,220
+المسكين يعني ما .. أخذ يعني كما يقولوا هنا حر اللي
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+284
+00:27:17,220 --> 00:27:22,580
+هو النار نعم بدأ الآن ينصف اللي هو عبد الرحمن يعني
+
+285
+00:27:22,580 --> 00:27:28,480
+شكري خصائص
+
+286
+00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:33,620
+شعر التجديد لدى الديوان اهتمامهم بالعالم النفسي
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+287
+00:27:33,620 --> 00:27:40,640
+للشاعر اهتموا بالمشاعر النفسية والعالم الباطن نعم
+
+288
+00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:46,100
+هذا طبعا أفضل برنامج صحيح وصف الطبيعة انحازوا
+
+289
+00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:50,520
+للطبيعة وهذا تقليل للرومانسية تجنبوا شعر
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+290
+00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:55,280
+المناسبات اعتبروا أن شعر المناسبات الشاعر يكون
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+291
+00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:58,720
+فيه وظيفة وهم يريدونه شعرا على الصريقة وعلى
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+292
+00:27:58,720 --> 00:27:59,240
+الطبيعة
+
+293
+00:28:02,290 --> 00:28:08,310
+الوحدة الموضوعية مما أخذ على أحمد شوقي أنه كفى
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+294
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+قصيدته تعدد الموضوع فجالك يجب أن يكون النص أو
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+295
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+القصيدة عبارة عن إيه عبارة عن موضوع واحد لأنه إذا
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+296
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+تعدد الموضوع يدل على كذب فني مافي صدق مافي صدق
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+297
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+مشاعر ده مابدأ بالغزل ثم المدح ثم وصف المكان
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+298
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+الفلاني ثم أعود للمدح قالك هذا يدله على اللي هو
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+300
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+الوحدة الموضوعية وحدة الموضوع الوحدة العضوية اللي 
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+301
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+ترابط لبيات مع بعضها البعض أن كل بيت يكون في مكانه
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+302
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+الصحيح الغريب أن العقاد انتقد شوقي في أن بيتهم
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+303
+00:28:51,980 --> 00:28:57,200
+مفككة وغير منتظمة وممكن نضع مثلا البيت الثامن
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+304
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+بدل من الأول والعاشر بدل من العشرين ولا يتغير
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+305
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+معنى القصيدة فجاء أحد الطلاب التلاميذ واستخرج
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+306
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+مجموعة من القصائد والأشعار للعقاد وعدّ ترتيبها
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+307
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+فخرج بنتيجة بنتيجة أو بحكم ما خرج به العقاد على
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+308
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+شعر شوقي سبحان الله أنه فعلا لأن الشعر الغنائي و
+
+309
+00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,280
+العاطفي ينثالوا انثيالًا ما يكون فيه ترتيب وتصميم
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+310
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+يعني كأنك أنت بتبني بناء يعني محكم انثيال مشاعر
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+311
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+انثيال اللي هو مشاعر لذلك الوحدة .. نادب الوحدة
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+312
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+العضوية الإحساس الصادق في العمل الأدبي أن يكون فيه
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+313
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+صدق وهذا شيء رائع وجميل ما يكون تكلف ما يكون كذب
+
+314
+00:29:42,620 --> 00:29:48,570
+ما يكون تطقيم وتزييف وتزوير المشاعر ل تكون مشاعر
+
+315
+00:29:48,570 --> 00:29:53,830
+يعني حقيقية وصادقة لذلك قال عبدالرحمن شكري البيت
+
+316
+00:29:53,830 --> 00:30:00,590
+المشهور يا طائر الفردوسي إن الشعراء وشدانه يا طائر
+
+317
+00:30:00,590 --> 00:30:05,950
+الفردوسي إن الشعراء إيه وشدانه مشاعر يعني صادقة
+
+318
+00:30:05,950 --> 00:30:12,860
+وليس وصفا ل .. لأ عبدالرحمن شكري يا طائر الفردوسي
+
+319
+00:30:12,860 --> 00:30:19,000
+إن الشعراء وجدانه يعني عواطف وحاسيس صادقة الحقيقة
+
+320
+00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:25,340
+هذه المدرسة خدمت كثيرا الأدب العربي الحديث وكانت
+
+321
+00:30:25,340 --> 00:30:33,850
+مدرسة زرعت بذور التجديد وحاولت أن تسير بالأدب العربي
+
+322
+00:30:33,850 --> 00:30:39,370
+لحديث خطوات إلى الأمام ولو قدر لهذه المدرسة أن
+
+323
+00:30:39,370 --> 00:30:47,410
+تستمر في عطائها وأن تستمر في نشاطها لقدمت أكثر من
+
+324
+00:30:47,410 --> 00:30:52,850
+ذلك إلينا إن شاء الله نكمل المرة القادمة في جماعة
+
+325
+00:30:52,850 --> 00:30:57,010
+أبولو والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKwbvX-idZnsXAzsMZTojRWzu/QSZntenw-Ko.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1319 @@
+1
+00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:24,080
+أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن
+
+2
+00:00:24,080 --> 00:00:28,160
+الرحيم الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله
+
+3
+00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:32,940
+وبعد السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته أهلا وسهلا 
+
+4
+00:00:32,940 --> 00:00:42,080
+بالجميع في هذا اليوم الخريفي الشتوي الرائع استكمالا
+
+5
+00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:48,740
+لما بدأناه في المحاضرة السابقة عن الفن القصصي عند
+
+6
+00:00:48,740 --> 00:00:55,340
+الكاتب المصري محمود تيمور وقفنا عند سؤال مهم على
+
+7
+00:00:55,340 --> 00:01:04,700
+ضوء دراستنا لإقصوصة شندويل يبحثوا عن عروس على ضوء
+
+8
+00:01:04,700 --> 00:01:09,810
+هذه الدراسة هل يصح أن ننسب الريادة، ريادة القصة 
+
+9
+00:01:09,810 --> 00:01:14,950
+العربية الحديثة إلى محمود تيمور أم أن الأمر يحتاج
+
+10
+00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:21,430
+إلى مراجعة ويحتاج إلى كثير من التريث قبل أن ننطق
+
+11
+00:01:21,430 --> 00:01:27,510
+بهذه الشهادة الأدبية الخطيرة التي تحتاج إلى درس
+
+12
+00:01:27,510 --> 00:01:32,870
+عميق وإلى جملة من الدراسات الرصينة والرزينة
+
+13
+00:01:32,870 --> 00:01:39,050
+والنزيهة البعيدة عن العاطفية أو البعيدة عن التحيز
+
+14
+00:01:39,050 --> 00:01:45,590
+الإقليمي أو التحيز المحلي نقول وبالله التوفيق إن 
+
+15
+00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:53,330
+دراسة جملة... جملة من أقاصيص محمود تيمور تجعلنا 
+
+16
+00:01:53,330 --> 00:01:59,990
+نتوقف عند نسبة ريادة لمحمود تيمور لأن التكنيك
+
+17
+00:01:59,990 --> 00:02:06,500
+الروائي في أقاصيص محمود تيمور يكاد يكون تكنيكا
+
+18
+00:02:06,500 --> 00:02:12,520
+ضعيفا أو تكنيكا متواضعا التكنيك السردي
+
+19
+00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:17,980
+والتقانات والمعالجات السردية ليست بتلك المهارة
+
+20
+00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:26,040
+العالية مهارة رائد في القصة العربية الحديثة هذه
+
+21
+00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:38,440
+القصة كتبت 1969 وبدأ محمود تيمور يكتب القصة 1925
+
+22
+00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:43,340
+يعني هناك ما يقارب من أربعين سنة بين هذه القصة 
+
+23
+00:02:43,340 --> 00:02:47,400
+وبين بداية كتابة القصة عند محمود تيمور هذه القصة 
+
+24
+00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:51,810
+عشان شندويل يبحثوا عن عروس يصح أن تكون بداية لمحمود 
+
+25
+00:02:51,810 --> 00:02:56,090
+تيمور وأن تكون بداية للقصة العربية  لا أن تكون
+
+26
+00:02:56,090 --> 00:03:00,730
+نهاية لمحمود تيمور للخط المتسلسل الروائي لمحمود
+
+27
+00:03:00,730 --> 00:03:07,870
+تيمور لذلك قراءة جملة وليس فقط للقصة من أقاصيص 
+
+28
+00:03:07,870 --> 00:03:14,050
+محمود تيمور تجعله نتوقف ونتريث في نسبة الريادة 
+
+29
+00:03:14,050 --> 00:03:18,920
+إليه ربما بعض الدارسين المصريين نسبوا له الريادة
+
+30
+00:03:18,920 --> 00:03:24,180
+لأنه أكثر من كتابة القصة كان متفرغا وكتب ما يقرب 
+
+31
+00:03:24,180 --> 00:03:30,160
+من أربعين عملا أدبيا وعملا قصصيا ثانيا غابت 
+
+32
+00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:36,360
+القضية العربية والقضية الفلسطينية عن أقاصيص وعن
+
+33
+00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:40,980
+أعماله الأدبية لمحمود تيمور بدأ يكتب في 1925 لـ 1973
+
+34
+00:03:40,980 --> 00:03:48,780
+وهذه يعني فترة مشتعلة للقضية الفلسطينية وللقضية
+
+35
+00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:51,920
+العربية أين القضية الفلسطينية في أدب محمود تيمور؟
+
+36
+00:03:52,430 --> 00:03:56,770
+لماذا لم يكتب عن أربع ملايين شندويل يكتب عن شندويل
+
+37
+00:03:56,770 --> 00:04:00,890
+واحد وينسى أربع ملايين شندويل تركوا أرضهم و
+
+38
+00:04:00,890 --> 00:04:05,830
+بلادهم وشردوا عن أرضهم؟ لماذا؟ أين قضية الجزائر، 
+
+39
+00:04:05,830 --> 00:04:13,010
+قضية السودان، ليبيا، المغرب؟ لماذا غفل محمود تيمور 
+
+40
+00:04:13,010 --> 00:04:18,050
+عن القضايا القومية والقضايا الإنسانية العربية وسجن
+
+41
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:25,110
+نفسه في البيئة المحلية المصرية وهناك إشعار وهو
+
+42
+00:04:25,110 --> 00:04:30,430
+يكرر ويشعر بقضايا اجتماعية قضايا الفكر وقضايا
+
+43
+00:04:30,430 --> 00:04:37,610
+التشرد واليتم والانحراف الخلقي أصبحت مكرورة في أدب
+
+44
+00:04:37,610 --> 00:04:44,870
+محمود تيمور لا تأتي بجديد في كل مرة هذه آفة وجدت 
+
+45
+00:04:44,870 --> 00:04:48,950
+في الأدب المصري بصورة عامة أين القضية الفلسطينية 
+
+46
+00:04:48,950 --> 00:04:59,450
+عند نجيب محفوظ عند طه حسين عند العقاد شكري عند غيره
+
+47
+00:04:59,450 --> 00:05:06,450
+عند توفيق الحكيم عند غيرهم من الكتاب المصريين
+
+48
+00:05:06,450 --> 00:05:13,010
+الذين سجنوا أنفسهم وسجنوا قارئهم وسجنوا أدبهم في 
+
+49
+00:05:13,010 --> 00:05:17,810
+المحلية المصرية وكان أولى بهم أن يتجاوزوا هذه 
+
+50
+00:05:17,810 --> 00:05:23,930
+المحلية إلى العالم العربي الأرحب والأوسع وفضلا عن
+
+51
+00:05:23,930 --> 00:05:31,670
+الفضاء الإنساني الأوسع ننتقل الآن إلى الطيب صالح
+
+52
+00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:40,950
+إلى رواية جديدة وعالم جديد وإلى بلد جديد ونكهة جديدة
+
+53
+00:05:40,950 --> 00:05:49,170
+الطيب صالح في روايته ذائعة الصيت عرس الزين مع
+
+54
+00:05:49,170 --> 00:05:56,330
+زميلتكم تفضلي  كتبت في عام 1929 ميلادي 1348 هجري في 
+
+55
+00:05:56,330 --> 00:06:00,890
+إقليم مروي شمال السودان بالقرب من قرية دبة الفقراء
+
+56
+00:06:00,890 --> 00:06:05,810
+وهي إحدى القرى الركابية التي ينتسب إليها عاش الطيب 
+
+57
+00:06:05,810 --> 00:06:12,720
+صالح طفولته ومطلع حياته في... في هذا الإقليم في
+
+58
+00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:17,340
+مطلع حياته في هذا الإقليم وانتقل بعدها إلى الخرطوم
+
+59
+00:06:17,340 --> 00:06:21,260
+ليأخذ من جامعتها درجة الـ baccalaureate في العلم ثم 
+
+60
+00:06:21,260 --> 00:06:28,340
+سافر إلى إنجلترا لمواصلة دراسته ثم غير تخصصه
+
+61
+00:06:28,340 --> 00:06:33,710
+لدراسة الشؤون الدولية السياسية أما بالنسبة لحياته 
+
+62
+00:06:33,710 --> 00:06:37,490
+المهنية فقد تنقل الطيب صالح بين عدة مواقع مهنية في 
+
+63
+00:06:37,490 --> 00:06:41,470
+الشمال والجنوب والشرق والغرب وهذا أكسبه خبرة واسعة 
+
+64
+00:06:41,470 --> 00:06:45,570
+بأحوال الحياة وكذلك بأحوال العالم وأيضا أهم من ذلك 
+
+65
+00:06:45,570 --> 00:06:49,740
+أحوال أمته وقضاياها وهذا ما وظفه في ما وضعه في
+
+66
+00:06:49,740 --> 00:06:53,640
+أعماله الروائية خاصة روايته المشهورة موسم الهجرة
+
+67
+00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:57,300
+إلى الشمال كانت كتابات الطيب صالح تتطرق بصورة عامة
+
+68
+00:06:57,300 --> 00:07:01,340
+إلى السياسة وإلى كانت هناك مواضيع تتعلق بالاستعمار
+
+69
+00:07:01,340 --> 00:07:07,020
+والمجتمع العربي العلاقة بينه وبين الغرب أيضا في
+
+70
+00:07:07,020 --> 00:07:12,560
+أعقاب سكنه لسنوات طويلة في هذا في بريطانيا في
+
+71
+00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:16,800
+أعقاب سكنه في بريطانيا كانت كتاباته تتطرق إلى الـ
+
+72
+00:07:17,700 --> 00:07:21,560
+إلى الاختلافات بين الحضارتين الغربية والشرقية الطيب
+
+73
+00:07:21,560 --> 00:07:26,040
+صالح كأحد كبار الكتاب المشهورين حتى إلى يومنا هذا
+
+74
+00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:31,820
+فلا سيما بسبب قصصه القصيرة التي تقف في صف واحد مع
+
+75
+00:07:31,820 --> 00:07:34,700
+جبران خليل جبران وطه حسين ونجيب محفوظ
+
+76
+00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:49,590
+أيضا تحدثنا فيها أما بالنسبة لأدبه فقد كتب الطيب 
+
+77
+00:07:49,590 --> 00:07:53,990
+صالح العديد من الروايات ترجمت إلى أكثر من ثلاثين
+
+78
+00:07:53,990 --> 00:07:57,770
+لغة منها موسم الهجرة إلى الشمال وعرس الزين ودومة
+
+79
+00:07:57,770 --> 00:08:02,290
+ود حامد والمنسي وضـو البيت روايته موسم الهجرة إلى
+
+80
+00:08:02,290 --> 00:08:06,510
+الشمال هي من الروايات هي واحدة من أفضل مائة رواية 
+
+81
+00:08:06,510 --> 00:08:11,450
+في العالم نشرت في أول مرة في أواخر الستينيات في
+
+82
+00:08:11,450 --> 00:08:17,740
+القرن العشرين وتم تتويجه كأيقونة الأدب العربي في 
+
+83
+00:08:17,740 --> 00:08:22,880
+عام 2001 تم الاعتراف من قبل الأكاديمية العربية في 
+
+84
+00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:26,920
+دمشق بأن الطيب صالح هو صاحب الرواية الأفضل في
+
+85
+00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,760
+القرن العشرين طبعا له مجموعات قصصية أما روايته 
+
+86
+00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:34,600
+عرس الزين حولت إلى دراما في ليبيا وإلى فيلم سينمائي
+
+87
+00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:37,960
+من إخراج المخرج الكويتي خالد صديق في أواخر
+
+88
+00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:44,470
+الستينيات وفاز في مهرجان كان في مجلة الصحافة كتب
+
+89
+00:08:44,470 --> 00:08:47,850
+عمودا أسبوعيا في صحيفة لندنيه تصدر بالعربية تحت 
+
+90
+00:08:47,850 --> 00:08:52,910
+اسم المجلة الشـّوّه كانت مجلة المجلة العربية كانت 
+
+91
+00:08:52,910 --> 00:08:57,970
+تصدر في لندن كان يكتب فيها عمودا أسبوعيا أما بالنسبة
+
+92
+00:08:57,970 --> 00:09:01,750
+لروايته موسم الهجرة إلى الشمال هذه الرواية نالت
+
+93
+00:09:01,750 --> 00:09:05,630
+شهرتها من حيث كونها تناولت الصراع والصدام بين 
+
+94
+00:09:05,630 --> 00:09:10,290
+الحضارات بشكل فني راق روايته ضـو البيت تحدثت عن
+
+95
+00:09:10,290 --> 00:09:15,010
+كون الأب ضحية لأبيه وابنه ودومة ود حامد هذه تتحدث عن 
+
+96
+00:09:15,010 --> 00:09:19,510
+مشكلة الفقر وسوء التعاطي معه سواء من جانب الفقراء
+
+97
+00:09:19,510 --> 00:09:23,690
+أو من جانب المستغلين القُـطّاعين الذين لا يهمهم سواء
+
+98
+00:09:23,690 --> 00:09:29,600
+جمع المال من جهة أخرى أيضا روايات أخرى وطني السودان
+
+99
+00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:35,820
+وعرس الزين و... وماريوود والمنسي وغيرها من 
+
+100
+00:09:35,820 --> 00:09:39,780
+الروايات كانت المقدمات هذه جمعها الطيب صالح جامعة
+
+101
+00:09:39,780 --> 00:09:43,800
+فيها مقدمات لمؤلفات أدبية في كتاب واحد أما 
+
+102
+00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,580
+بالنسبة لوفاته طبعا وقت وفاته في إحدى المستشفيات
+
+103
+00:09:47,580 --> 00:09:52,250
+البريطانية بلندن في عام 2009 كانت وفاته حديثة في يوم
+
+104
+00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:57,290
+الأربعاء وتم تشييع جثمانه يوم الجمعة في عشرين
+
+105
+00:09:57,290 --> 00:10:02,190
+شباط في العام 2009 حضر وفاته ومراسم العزاء عدد من 
+
+106
+00:10:02,190 --> 00:10:07,390
+الشخصيات الكتاب البارزين وكذلك الرئيس السوداني
+
+107
+00:10:07,390 --> 00:10:12,910
+عمر البشير إذاعة التلفزيون خصصت
+
+108
+00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:15,710
+له العديد من البرامج للحديث عنه 
+
+109
+00:10:23,190 --> 00:10:31,910
+شكرا نشكر لزميلتكم هذا التقديم الرائع والتقديم 
+
+110
+00:10:31,910 --> 00:10:39,450
+الجميل هذا هو الطيب صالح رحلة الطيب صالح مع عالم
+
+111
+00:10:39,450 --> 00:10:45,750
+الرواية وعالم الشهرة وعالم التعليم والمعرفة هي 
+
+112
+00:10:45,750 --> 00:10:48,070
+حكاية كل إنسان عربي طموح
+
+113
+00:10:50,690 --> 00:10:57,810
+ولعل قصة المعرفة عندما يجب أن نتعلم يجب أن ننتقل
+
+114
+00:10:57,810 --> 00:11:03,230
+إلى الغرب إلى أوروبا هذه شكّلت عقدة عند الإنسان 
+
+115
+00:11:03,230 --> 00:11:07,910
+العربي أو عند المجتمع العربي يجب أن يرحل دائما إلى
+
+116
+00:11:07,910 --> 00:11:15,490
+الشمال إذا أراد أن يتعلم الجنوبي العربي أو الشرقي
+
+117
+00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:22,820
+يجب أن يرحل إلى الشمال فكان هناك موسم الهجرة إلى
+
+118
+00:11:22,820 --> 00:11:28,660
+الشمال الراحلون يبحثون عن المعرفة وعن العلم لكن 
+
+119
+00:11:28,660 --> 00:11:34,020
+المعرفة ولكن العلم لا يمكن أن يكون بديلا عن
+
+120
+00:11:34,020 --> 00:11:39,720
+الهوية العربية ولا يمكن أن تكون المدينة الأوروبية
+
+121
+00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:43,860
+بديلا عن القرية العربية ولا أنس القرية العربية ولا
+
+122
+00:11:43,860 --> 00:11:50,520
+سلام ولا طمأنينة القرية العربية لذلك في موسم
+
+123
+00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:58,320
+الهجرة إلى الشمال ذاك الشاب السوداني الذي تفوق في 
+
+124
+00:11:58,320 --> 00:12:03,970
+بريطانيا عاد مرة ثانية إلى السودان وتزوج بمرأة 
+
+125
+00:12:03,970 --> 00:12:09,890
+سودانية ليجد هناك الوطن ويجد هناك الاستقرار ويجد 
+
+126
+00:12:09,890 --> 00:12:17,510
+السلام والطمأنينة فالمرأة العربية وطن وهوية ومدينة
+
+127
+00:12:17,510 --> 00:12:25,330
+كذلك عرس الزين هي أحد الروايات المشهورة للطيب صالح 
+
+128
+00:12:25,330 --> 00:12:34,560
+تدور حول حدث وحادث مكرر ومألوف في المجتمع العربي
+
+129
+00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:41,720
+هو الزواج عرس يعني الزواج باللغة السودانية العرس 
+
+130
+00:12:41,720 --> 00:12:47,920
+يعني الزواج زواج الزين قمر مكرر ومألوف قضية كل
+
+131
+00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:56,660
+يوم نشاهد طقوس الزواج زفاف فرح حفلة عقد إشهار كل
+
+132
+00:12:56,660 --> 00:13:01,080
+يوم نشاهد يعني طقوسا من طقوس الزواج
+
+133
+00:13:02,610 --> 00:13:09,070
+والزين هي شخصية إنسانية قروية تنتمي إلى عالم 
+
+134
+00:13:09,070 --> 00:13:16,110
+القرية السودانية الإنسانية المليء بالخير والمليء 
+
+135
+00:13:16,110 --> 00:13:23,810
+بالقيم والمليء بالإيجابية والمليء بالمروءة الحدث
+
+136
+00:13:23,810 --> 00:13:31,980
+بسيط الموضوع بسيط وهنا تكمن عن قرية الرواية عندما 
+
+137
+00:13:31,980 --> 00:13:41,500
+يحول الحدث البسيط إلى حدث سردي مهم وشائق فيه
+
+138
+00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:47,960
+الكثير من المفاجآت السردية وفيه
+
+139
+00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:54,020
+المتعة ولذة القصة والمفاجآت والتكنيك الروائي 
+
+140
+00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:08,760
+عرس الزين كما قلنا رواية سودانية بامتياز موضوعها
+
+141
+00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:16,540
+هو القرية السودانية التي شاب سوداني يطلق عليه
+
+142
+00:14:16,540 --> 00:14:22,580
+بأنه مبروك (مبروك) كما نقول نحن بالعامية 
+
+143
+00:14:22,580 --> 00:14:28,130
+عندنا (على البركة) لا يحمل حقدا
+
+144
+00:14:28,130 --> 00:14:38,330
+ولا غلا طيبًا مسالمًا صاحب مروءة يعين الناس في
+
+145
+00:14:38,330 --> 00:14:45,530
+أفراحهم وأتراحهم صديق للجميع يحادث الرجال والنساء
+
+146
+00:14:45,530 --> 00:14:49,910
+والبنات يبحثون
+
+147
+00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:57,420
+عن زوجة هذا هو الموضوع لأنه مبروك لا شهادة معه ولا
+
+148
+00:14:57,420 --> 00:15:01,180
+مال وليس
+
+149
+00:15:01,180 --> 00:15:07,700
+ابن العمدة ولا ابن أحد من أعيان القرية لا يجد فتاة في
+
+150
+00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:13,260
+القرية تقبل الزواج منه يحب أن تكون محجوبة ويحب
+
+151
+00:15:13,260 --> 00:15:18,640
+أن تكون العمدة ويحب أن تكون فلان وفلان وكل فتاة
+
+152
+00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:27,920
+يحبها الزين تتزوج وهو بلا زوجة حتى تكون مفاجأة
+
+153
+00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:36,040
+مفاجأة أن ابنة عم الزين وهي نعمة الفتاة الجميلة
+
+154
+00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:43,900
+أجمل فتيات القرية وأكثرهن ثقافة ورصانة ورزانة و
+
+155
+00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:48,820
+رجاحة تقبل الزواج من هذا الشخص المبروك هذا الشاب 
+
+156
+00:15:48,820 --> 00:15:55,520
+المبروك فتكون هنا المفاجأة ذلك تبدأ الرواية بهذا
+
+157
+00:15:55,520 --> 00:16:05,780
+الخبر المفاجئ الزين دار يعرس يعرس منه بنت
+
+158
+00:16:05,780 --> 00:16:13,300
+عمه نعمة ويصبح ويدور هذا الخبر في أفواه وبيوت
+
+159
+00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:19,960
+ومحلات أهل القرية حتى يشغل القرية بهذا الحدث أو
+
+160
+00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:26,610
+بهذا الخبر من بائعة اللبن إلى الطريفي  نظر المدرسة
+
+161
+00:16:26,610 --> 00:16:31,130
+إلى العمدة إلى مجالس القرية إلى الكل في القرية
+
+162
+00:16:31,130 --> 00:16:37,650
+يشيع هذا الخبر خاصة أنه يتعلق بالزين يتعلق بالزين
+
+163
+00:16:37,650 --> 00:16:43,950
+وأن يتزوج الزين هي نعمة الحل هو موضوع الرواية
+
+164
+00:16:43,950 --> 00:16:47,350
+موضوع الرواية زواج الزين زواج الزين
+
+165
+00:16:49,140 --> 00:16:55,160
+لكن الرسالة التي تتضمنها الرواية رسالة أعظم وأبعد
+
+166
+00:16:55,160 --> 00:17:00,580
+بكثير من هذا الحدث الاجتماعي البسيط والمتكرر
+
+167
+00:17:00,580 --> 00:17:05,280
+الرواية
+
+168
+00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:14,620
+تكدست من الشخصيات شخصيات الرواية كثيرة كم
+
+169
+00:17:14,620 --> 00:17:21,680
+شخصيتان؟ من أحصى الشخصيات في ال .. هل أحصيتهم 
+
+170
+00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:28,420
+الشخصيات؟ سنة وعشر سنة وعشر؟ لا أكثر من أربعين
+
+171
+00:17:28,420 --> 00:17:33,260
+أو خمسة وأربعين وتحذير وتحذير ولا أنتم
+
+172
+00:17:33,260 --> 00:17:38,340
+بتحصلوا عن علم يعني هي مسابقة ولا عن علم لا أدري
+
+173
+00:17:38,340 --> 00:17:43,930
+يعني أنتم .. أنا حصلت ثمانية وثمانين آه يعني
+
+174
+00:17:43,930 --> 00:17:48,730
+أنت أقرب إلى الصواب وإلى الصحيح لكن ليس هذا الرقم
+
+175
+00:17:48,730 --> 00:17:57,770
+أنت أقرب إلى الصواب أقرب إلى الصواب أترك لكل لا
+
+176
+00:17:57,770 --> 00:18:02,170
+تحديد العدد هنقول أقرب إلى الصواب العدد ثمانية و
+
+177
+00:18:02,170 --> 00:18:09,540
+أربعين فالرواية مكدسة بالشخصيات لكن أكثر الشخصيات 
+
+178
+00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:17,860
+فعلية الـ Zain هذا الشاب السوداني ثم الحنين ذلك
+
+179
+00:18:17,860 --> 00:18:23,040
+الشخص الصوفي الذي
+
+180
+00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:29,320
+أضاف عليه الكاتب شيئًا من العجائبية والغرائبية في 
+
+181
+00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:34,480
+شخصيته كعادة الأولياء في السودان
+
+182
+00:18:38,390 --> 00:18:45,430
+الذين تحمل شخصياتهم بالكثير من الكرامات والخوارق
+
+183
+00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:48,810
+كنوع
+
+184
+00:18:48,810 --> 00:18:52,850
+من التكريم أو نوع من الخصوصية في العلاقة مع الله
+
+185
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,550
+سبحانه وتعالى
+
+186
+00:18:56,550 --> 00:19:06,230
+الذين عفوا للحنين يهدأ القرية كل ستة أشهر
+
+187
+00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:17,620
+ويكون وجوده في القرية علامة خير وبركة لأهل القرية
+
+188
+00:19:17,620 --> 00:19:20,880
+ويمثل
+
+189
+00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:27,700
+مرجعًا روحيًا واجتماعيًا لأهل القرية ويتمتع
+
+190
+00:19:27,700 --> 00:19:35,160
+بالاحترام عند الجميع .. الجميع أهل القرية يدخل
+
+191
+00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:42,040
+الصحراء بدون شراب وبدون طعام وبدون ماء يمكنه ستة
+
+192
+00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:50,020
+أشهر وقد ذكر بعض أهل القرية أنهم رأوه في مكانين
+
+193
+00:19:50,020 --> 00:19:56,620
+بعيدين في وقت واحد يعني بعضهم قال رأوه في كوستي و
+
+194
+00:19:56,620 --> 00:20:01,120
+بعضهم قال رأوه في مدني وهي هذه المدن والأماكن 
+
+195
+00:20:01,120 --> 00:20:07,570
+تبعد عن بعضها عشرات ومئات الكيلومترات هذا فيه نوع
+
+196
+00:20:07,570 --> 00:20:13,130
+من إظهار الغرائب والعجيبة وشيء من الولاية على
+
+197
+00:20:13,130 --> 00:20:18,890
+شخصية الحنين شخصية الحنين تشير إلى الموروث الصوفي
+
+198
+00:20:18,890 --> 00:20:24,580
+الشخصية السودانية والواقع السوداني هذا المكون 
+
+199
+00:20:24,580 --> 00:20:32,100
+الصوفي الذي لا يمكن لأي دارس أو مراقب أو متعامل مع
+
+200
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:36,020
+الشخصية السودانية أو الواقع السوداني أن يقفز عن
+
+201
+00:20:36,020 --> 00:20:40,900
+المكون الصوفي لا يمكن هيار
+
+202
+00:20:40,900 --> 00:20:48,720
+أساسي وأصيل الشخصية والواقع السودانية تنشأ علاقة
+
+203
+00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:59,090
+حميمة بين الزين وبين الحنين ويكون
+
+204
+00:20:59,090 --> 00:21:05,410
+الزين بمثابة المريد عند الحنين المريد المطيع
+
+205
+00:21:05,410 --> 00:21:15,610
+المفضل المقرب المحبوب لذا في يوم العرس يترك الزين
+
+206
+00:21:15,610 --> 00:21:22,190
+عرسه وفرحه ويذهب إلى قبر الشيخ الحنين يبكي على
+
+207
+00:21:22,190 --> 00:21:26,270
+قبره ويتمنى أن تكون هذه اللحظة مع الزين وهو الذي
+
+208
+00:21:26,270 --> 00:21:36,250
+تنبأ له أنه سيتزوج بأجمل فتيات القبر لكن 
+
+209
+00:21:36,250 --> 00:21:46,860
+محجوب يعيد الزين إ��ى العرس ويقول هذا يوم عرسك وعيب
+
+210
+00:21:46,860 --> 00:21:52,440
+على الرجل أن يبكي في يوم عرسه ولو كان الحنين حيًا
+
+211
+00:21:52,440 --> 00:22:02,320
+لكان سعيدًا ومبسوطًا بهذه اللحظات من الشخصيات كما 
+
+212
+00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:06,840
+قلنا نعمة ابنة
+
+213
+00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:08,960
+عم الزين أم الزين
+
+214
+00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:22,780
+تلك المرأة التي تتباهى بابنها الزين وتحاول أن تثير
+
+215
+00:22:22,780 --> 00:22:26,960
+حوله بعض
+
+216
+00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:35,240
+العجائب والكرامات وأن تجعل منه شخصية متفردة في
+
+217
+00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:41,340
+مولده وفي حياته فهي تروي بأن الزين عندما ولد ولد 
+
+218
+00:22:41,340 --> 00:22:49,610
+ضاحكًا ولم يولد باكيا كسائر أطفال القرية عادة
+
+219
+00:22:49,610 --> 00:22:55,870
+الأطفال أنهم يولدون يبكون أما الزين فقد انفجر 
+
+220
+00:22:55,870 --> 00:23:07,430
+ضاحكًا ويحرك يديه ويحرك رجليه وتروي أم الزين شيء من
+
+221
+00:23:07,430 --> 00:23:12,770
+الكرامات والبركات التعلق بالزين وكيف استطاع أن 
+
+222
+00:23:12,770 --> 00:23:17,850
+ينقذها مرة من الموت ومرة يجلب لها الخير والرزق إلى
+
+223
+00:23:17,850 --> 00:23:25,010
+غير ذلك من الكرامات التي تريد من ذلك أن تجعل من
+
+224
+00:23:25,010 --> 00:23:29,590
+الزين شخصية متفردة وشخصية متميزة
+
+225
+00:23:32,490 --> 00:23:40,170
+أيضًا شخصيات مهمة ولكنها ليست شخصية إنسانية شخصية 
+
+226
+00:23:40,170 --> 00:23:47,110
+القرية القرية السودانية أحد
+
+227
+00:23:47,110 --> 00:23:55,690
+الشخصيات الفاعلة في الرواية ولعل 
+
+228
+00:23:55,690 --> 00:24:06,310
+الكاتب الطيب صالح قد أشار في أكثر من موضع أن 
+
+229
+00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:14,870
+غايته من كتابة رواياته كانت وصف القرية السودانية 
+
+230
+00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:24,250
+والتعويض عن الحنين للقرية السودانية تعويض الحنين و
+
+231
+00:24:24,250 --> 00:24:30,790
+تعويض الحرمان الذي عاشه يعني هذا له الكاتب السوداني
+
+232
+00:24:30,790 --> 00:24:36,310
+حيث انقطع صغيرًا عن قريته السودانية لم تكتمل النشأة
+
+233
+00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:42,590
+عنده لم تكتمل عنده دورة الفرح والاستمتاع
+
+234
+00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:49,560
+بالحياة الريفية التي تقوم على قيم السلام وقيم
+
+235
+00:24:49,560 --> 00:24:55,140
+الخير وقيم القناعة والبساطة وانتقل بسرعة إلى
+
+236
+00:24:55,140 --> 00:25:03,500
+المدينة حيث الصراع والقيم المادية ثم قفز قفزة أكبر
+
+237
+00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:11,440
+إلى المدينة الأوروبية حيث الصراع المادي وحيث فقد
+
+238
+00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:18,580
+هناك قيم السلام وقيم الطمأنينة وقيم الخير التي 
+
+239
+00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:24,000
+عرفها في نشأته الأولى وفي قريته السودانية كرمان
+
+240
+00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:30,520
+كول أو في محافظة إمارة ولذلك كان الطيب صالح دائمًا
+
+241
+00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:36,500
+يحمل في داخله الحنين للقرية السودانية وليس المقصود
+
+242
+00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:42,020
+عندما نقول القرية السودانية البيئة والأشجار والمياه 
+
+243
+00:25:42,020 --> 00:25:47,500
+فقط ده المقصود بالقرية السودانية الحالة النفسية
+
+244
+00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:50,000
+والمزاج
+
+245
+00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:57,280
+والأيام الرائعة التي قضاها في كنف وفي ضل قريته
+
+246
+00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:05,800
+السودانية وريفها السوداني الطيب
+
+247
+00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:11,560
+صالح الذي 
+
+248
+00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:17,720
+أحال هذا الحدث المكرر
+
+249
+00:26:18,910 --> 00:26:25,910
+إلى موضوع سردي بامتياز وأخذنا
+
+250
+00:26:25,910 --> 00:26:34,410
+إلى عالم القرية السودانية عبر الزين وعبر زواج
+
+251
+00:26:34,410 --> 00:26:45,270
+الزين ثم تسلل بنا إلى سرادقات وإلى معالم الحياة 
+
+252
+00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:45,850
+السودانية 
+
+253
+00:26:48,780 --> 00:26:57,280
+ولذا أكثر من اللهجة المحكية أو اللهجة السودانية في
+
+254
+00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:02,900
+رواياته أو رواية عرس الزين ربما أكثر رواية أكثر فيها الطيب
+
+255
+00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:08,400
+صالح من الاستعانة والاتكاء على اللهجة العامية هي
+
+256
+00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:13,460
+رواية عرس الزين من 
+
+257
+00:27:13,460 --> 00:27:21,690
+يقرأ رواية يحتاج إلى معجم سوداني لكي يفسر له
+
+258
+00:27:21,690 --> 00:27:28,690
+الكثير من مفردات اللهجة السودانية ربما 
+
+259
+00:27:28,690 --> 00:27:33,830
+40% من المفردات هي مفردات سودانية بامتياز مفردات
+
+260
+00:27:33,830 --> 00:27:40,350
+الريف السوداني حتى الذي عاش في الخرطوم ربما يجهل
+
+261
+00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:46,240
+بعض هذه المفردات مفردات القرية أو الريف السوداني
+
+262
+00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:51,720
+وهذه يعني إحدى المؤاخذات أو إحدى الانتقادات على 
+
+263
+00:27:51,720 --> 00:28:00,000
+الطيب صالح أنه أكثر من المحكية السودانية النهاية
+
+264
+00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:08,640
+.. نهاية الرواية نهاية تقليدية مفرحة ورائعة جدًا
+
+265
+00:28:14,030 --> 00:28:19,110
+تزوج الزين وفرح الزين وفرحت القرية كلها مع الزين
+
+266
+00:28:19,110 --> 00:28:30,290
+وتوحدت كل القرية في عرس الزين والطوائف 
+
+267
+00:28:30,290 --> 00:28:34,290
+الثلاث التي وجدت في القرية السودانية بفعل غزو 
+
+268
+00:28:34,290 --> 00:28:40,770
+الثقافة والحضارة الحديثة وحاضر الماضي وحاضر الحاضر
+
+269
+00:28:40,770 --> 00:28:46,250
+وحاضر المستقبل كلها توحدت في عرس الزين وفي القرية
+
+270
+00:28:46,250 --> 00:28:53,170
+وتوحدت القرية السودانية في فرح الزين لذلك كان فرح
+
+271
+00:28:53,170 --> 00:28:58,170
+الزين مناسبة غاية في الجمال لأن تقف القرية .. أن تقف
+
+272
+00:28:58,170 --> 00:29:05,070
+القرية كلها يعني صفًا واحدًا ويدًا واحدة وأن تكون على
+
+273
+00:29:05,070 --> 00:29:11,150
+قلب رجل واحد وأن تنسى كل خلافاتها وكل اختلافاتها
+
+274
+00:29:11,150 --> 00:29:14,490
+ونتظر 
+
+275
+00:29:14,490 --> 00:29:21,350
+الحقيقة الإنسانية لهذه القرية وأن هذا الاختلاف هو
+
+276
+00:29:21,350 --> 00:29:26,360
+اختلافه الشكلي لكن في الجوهر .. الجوهر واحد جوهر 
+
+277
+00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:29,940
+الإنسان العربي واحد وجوهر القرية العربية واحد 
+
+278
+00:29:29,940 --> 00:29:33,520
+وجوهر العالم العربي واحد هذه اختلافات .. في 
+
+279
+00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:38,780
+النهاية اختلافات شكلية لذلك نجد أن المداح أو 
+
+280
+00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:46,540
+المداحين الذين كانوا ينشدون للزين بصوت رائع وجميل 
+
+281
+00:29:46,540 --> 00:29:50,160
+ماذا .. ماذا كانوا يقولون تلاحظون صفحة 114
+
+282
+00:29:54,460 --> 00:30:03,960
+بنتقرأ انطق يا لسان أيوة
+
+283
+00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:10,540
+يالا يا خلود انطق يا لسان انطق يا لسان جيب المديح
+
+284
+00:30:10,540 --> 00:30:17,520
+أقداح الزين الضريف خلى البلد أفراح الزين الضريف ما 
+
+285
+00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:22,500
+صفة الزين ضريف  لأعظم اللهجة السودانية ضريف أيضا
+
+286
+00:30:23,210 --> 00:30:28,170
+أصلًا الزول في اللغة العربية الفصيحة معناه الرجل
+
+287
+00:30:28,170 --> 00:30:34,070
+الظريف الزول في اللهجة العربية الفصيحة الرجل
+
+288
+00:30:34,070 --> 00:30:40,510
+الظريف والزولة المرأة العربية أو المرأة الظريف
+
+289
+00:30:40,510 --> 00:30:50,950
+انطق يا لسان جيب المديح أقداح أقداح الزين 
+
+290
+00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:55,560
+الظريف خلى البلد أفراح ما شاء الله يعني بركة الزين
+
+291
+00:30:55,560 --> 00:31:00,740
+و بركة الحنين هذه بركة الزين و بركة اللي هو يعني
+
+292
+00:31:00,740 --> 00:31:07,880
+الحنين التي أحالت القرية إلى ليلة يعني من الأفراح و
+
+293
+00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:14,100
+إلى عالم من اللي هو الأفراح فشكرا للزين و شكرا
+
+294
+00:31:14,100 --> 00:31:19,800
+للحنين و هي دعوة دعوة من الطيب صالح للإنسان العربي
+
+295
+00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:26,140
+اللي ملأت حياته غمًّا وكمدًا و أخبار حزينة يعني ��ن 
+
+296
+00:31:26,140 --> 00:31:32,380
+يفرح و أن يدعى الحزن وراه و أن يقبل على الفرح وعلى
+
+297
+00:31:32,380 --> 00:31:38,700
+الزواج وعلى الحب وعلى السعادة وعلى الوحدة وهذه
+
+298
+00:31:38,700 --> 00:31:47,040
+دعوة عربية ودعوة يعني إنسانية ومازلنا
+
+299
+00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:53,180
+بحاجة لهذه الدعوة في هذا اليوم أيضًا الرواية كتبت
+
+300
+00:31:53,180 --> 00:32:01,330
+1962 لكننا بعد خمسين عام ما زلنا بحاجة إلى هذه
+
+301
+00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:06,830
+الدعوة ونحن نشهد اختلاق الإنسان العربي مع أخيه 
+
+302
+00:32:06,830 --> 00:32:13,710
+العربي ونشهد احتراق البلاد العربية واحتراب هذا
+
+303
+00:32:13,710 --> 00:32:20,090
+الاحتراب العربي البغيض هذا الانقسام العربي بحاجة 
+
+304
+00:32:20,090 --> 00:32:25,350
+إلى هذه الدعوة الدعوة للمحبة للسلام للتضامن مع
+
+305
+00:32:25,350 --> 00:32:31,870
+بعضنا البعض وإلا انقلبنا إلى قاتلين أو مقتولين أما
+
+306
+00:32:31,870 --> 00:32:40,970
+أن نكون قاتلين أو أن نكون مقتولين أما بيدنا يخربون
+
+307
+00:32:40,970 --> 00:32:47,940
+بأيديهم بأيديهم أو أيدي الأمريكان و أيدي الأوروبيين
+
+308
+00:32:47,940 --> 00:32:55,780
+و أيدي الروس و غيرنا من الأمم فهذه دعوة للسلام و
+
+309
+00:32:55,780 --> 00:33:02,100
+دعوة للتضامن المرة القادمة إن شاء الله سنفصل نوقف
+
+310
+00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:06,040
+على نقاط محددة في تحليل اللي هو الرواية بعد أن
+
+311
+00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:12,320
+جئنا في فضاء رواية وفي عنوان الرواية، ففضليه يا 
+
+312
+00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:16,800
+مستر أستاذ، في الرواية اللي يتكلم عن المبروكين وعن
+
+313
+00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:19,790
+المعتقدات انتبهوا .. انتبهوا للسؤال لو سمحتوا
+
+314
+00:33:19,790 --> 00:33:22,810
+انتبهنا للسؤال وعن معتقدات القرية السودانية التي
+
+315
+00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:28,330
+تبارك يعني بعض الأشخاص ويختم يعني القصة بأن كلام
+
+316
+00:33:28,330 --> 00:33:32,310
+المضروف تحقق يعني هو كان صحيح فده يعني احنا بنعرف
+
+317
+00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:36,090
+أن القصص أو الروايات التي يرويها الكاتب تكون مبنية
+
+318
+00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:39,070
+على أفكاره يعني هاي دهو هدا يعني مصدق هذه الأشياء
+
+319
+00:33:39,070 --> 00:33:41,990
+لأ ليس بالضرورة .. ليس بالضرورة الشخصيات أن تعبر
+
+320
+00:33:41,990 --> 00:33:48,030
+عن آراء السارد الشخصيات اليوم في السرد الحديث
+
+321
+00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:53,810
+شخصيات مستقلة وكينونات إنسانية وسردية مستقلة يصنعوها
+
+322
+00:33:53,810 --> 00:33:59,320
+السارد لكنها ليست نسخة مكرورة عن السارد لا في 
+
+323
+00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:04,800
+أفكاره ولا في مواقفه يمكن تتبنى هذه الشخصيات مواقف
+
+324
+00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:09,280
+ وآراء تخالف رأي اللوّاء السارد لا إشكالية في ذلك هنا
+
+325
+00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:13,140
+في نوع من الاستقلالية في صناعة روايات لم يعد الرأي
+
+326
+00:34:13,140 --> 00:34:17,380
+السارد والكاتب والراوي هو الذي يسيطر على شخصياته
+
+327
+00:34:17,380 --> 00:34:22,100
+وصاحب الصّطوة لأ هذه الشخصيات أصبحت تمثلت الحرية أن 
+
+328
+00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:26,780
+تعبر عن رأي يخالف رأي الكاتب أو رأي اللوّاء السرد
+
+329
+00:34:26,780 --> 00:34:31,540
+وهذا من التقنيات السردية الحديثة والمعاصرة هل من سؤال
+
+330
+00:34:31,540 --> 00:34:36,380
+آخر طيب والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته