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ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ู‡ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ููŠ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
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ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ุนู† ุงู„ู€ reflexes ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ู€ reflexes
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุนูƒุณุงุช ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
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definitions of reflexes ุดูˆ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ู€ reflexesุŸ
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ูƒุชุนุฑูŠู reflexes are involuntary movements or
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actions. Some movements are spontaneously occurring
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as a part of the baby's usual activity. Others are
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responses to certain actions. Generally, reflexes
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will be integrated or suppressed by the age of
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nine to twelve months. reflexes ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุญุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุง
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ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ involuntary movements ุฃูˆ actions ุฃูˆ ุชุตุฑูุงุช
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ู…ุด ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† movement. Some movements are
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spontaneous. ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉ occurring as a
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part of the baby's usual activity. ู‡ูŠ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท
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ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ุทูู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ normal activity ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ
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ุงู„ุทูู„. Others are responses to certain actionsุŒ ูˆ
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ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนุดุงู† ูŠุชู… ู„ุงุฒู… ุจูŠุญุชุงุฌ stimulus
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ุจูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰
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ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ุฌูŠู†ุง ู„ุฃุฎู…ุต ุงู„ู‚ุฏู… ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุนู…ู„
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scratching ู„ู€ sole of the foot. ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชู†ุจูŠู‡ ุฃูˆ
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ุงุณุชุซุงุฑุฉ ู„ุฃุฎู…ุต ุงู„ู‚ุฏู… ู„ู„ุทูู„ุŒ ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ููŠู‡ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
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ุฅุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจู€ stimulus ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ
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ู…ุซูŠุฑุŒ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ุง ูˆุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุตุงุฑ
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ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูู„. Generally, reflexes will
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be integrated or suppressed by the age of 9 to 12
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months.
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ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู€ reflexes ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุชุงุณุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ
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ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุนุดุฑ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ุงุฎุชูุช ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ุงู†ุญู„ุช
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reflexes ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงุชุทูˆุฑุช. ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ reflexes ุฃูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€
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reflexes ู‚ุนุฏู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ุฎู„ุงู„
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ุฏุฑุงุณุชู†ุง ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน. ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€
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reflexes ูˆู…ุชู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุธู‡ุฑ ูˆู…ุชู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฎุชููŠุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุจุนุถ
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ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุชู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ. ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุทู„ุน ูˆ ู†ุดูˆู
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ุดูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ reflex ูŠุชู…ุŒ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู€ anatomy
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ู„ู€
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ุงู„ู€ spinal cord ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ spinal reflex. ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุทุงุน ุนุฑุถูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ spinal
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cord segment ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ spinal cord. ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุนุฑู ุฅู† ุงู„ู€
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spinal cord ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† 31 segment ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง. ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
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ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
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8 ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุนู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆ 12 ูู‚ุฑุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ุตุฏุฑูŠุฉุŒ 5 ู‚ุทุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆ 5
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sacral ูˆ 1 coccyx. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ segments ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ู†
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ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†
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ุทุจู‚ุชูŠู† ุฃุณุงุณูŠุชูŠู†. ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ุฒูŠ ุญุฑู ุงู„ู€
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H ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃู…ุงู…ู†ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฃูุชุญ ุดูˆูŠุฉ. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ
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ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู† ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุบุงู…ู‚ ุดูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ
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ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฃูุชุญ. ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง
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ุบุงู…ู‚ ุชุณู…ู‰ gray matter
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ูˆุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ white matter. gray matter
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุชุฌู…ุน ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ
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ุงู„ุญุจู„ ุงู„ุดูˆูƒูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
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ูุชุนุทูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏุงูƒู†. ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ white matter ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ axons
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ูˆุงู„ู€ axons ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ myelin sheet. ุบู„ุงู
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ู„ู„ู€ axons ูุจูŠุนุทูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูุชุญ ููŠ
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ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ gray matter. ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ anterior horn cellุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡
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anterior horn cell. ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ posterior
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horn cell. posterior horn cell. ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู€ anterior
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horn cell ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู…ุงู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฃูˆ ุนู† ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู€ motor action
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ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ motor neuron. ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ
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ุงู„ุนุตุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ู„ุญุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ู€ effector organ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุนุถู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถ ููŠ
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ุญูŠู† ุฅู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู† ุจูŠุชุตู„
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ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง sensory neuron. ูˆุงู„ู€ sensory neuron
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ูˆููŠู‡ุง ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช ุงู„ู€
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receptors. ุดูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ reflexุŸ ุงู„ู€
70
00:06:31,890 --> 00:06:36,790
reflex ู„ู…ุง ุจู†ูŠุฌูŠ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ reflex ุจู†ุนู…ู„ stimulus ุจู†ุนู…ู„
71
00:06:36,790 --> 00:06:42,070
scratch ุฃูˆ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ูˆุฎุฒ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุนูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ
72
00:06:42,070 --> 00:06:49,030
ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Sensory Neuron ููŠ ุงู„ู€
73
00:06:49,030 --> 00:06:52,850
Sensory Neuron. ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ Sensory
74
00:06:52,850 --> 00:06:57,510
Cell Body ุฃูˆ Dorsal Root Ganglion ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง. ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠ
75
00:06:57,510 --> 00:07:04,670
ุงู„ุงู†ุงุชูˆู…ูŠ. ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ู„ู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ
76
00:07:04,670 --> 00:07:09,330
ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ stimulus ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„
77
00:07:09,330 --> 00:07:15,350
Sensory Neuron ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Dorsal Root ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ Sensory
78
00:07:15,350 --> 00:07:22,430
Afferent ูˆุจูŠุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ู€ Posterior Horn Cell. ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€
79
00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:26,770
Posterior Horn Cell ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Anterior Horn Cell ููŠ
80
00:07:26,770 --> 00:07:32,950
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูˆุตู„ุฉ Association Neuron ุฃูˆ Interneuron
81
00:07:33,310 --> 00:07:39,390
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุตู„ุฉ ุจุชู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุชู†ูุตู„ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ
82
00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,650
ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉุŒ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠุทู„ุน ู„ู„ู€ brain ู„ู„ู€ high center
83
00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:49,250
ูˆุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ motor neuron ุฃูˆ
84
00:07:49,250 --> 00:07:54,280
ุงู„ู€ motor cells ูˆุจูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ motor neuron
85
00:07:54,280 --> 00:08:00,180
ูˆุจูŠุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ effector organ ูˆุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ูุนู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
86
00:08:00,180 --> 00:08:04,700
ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ูุฑุถู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ู€
87
00:08:04,700 --> 00:08:10,900
stimulus ูƒุงู†ุช ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ูˆุฎุฒุฉ ุฏุจูˆุณุŒ ูˆ ูˆุฎุฒุฉ ุงู„ุฏุจูˆุณ ู‡ุฐู‡
88
00:08:10,900 --> 00:08:16,720
ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ posterior horn cell ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ Posterior
89
00:08:16,720 --> 00:08:20,520
Horn Cell. ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู† ู‚ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฑุงุญ ู„ู„ู€
90
00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:24,840
Brain ู„ู„ู€ High Center ุนุดุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุดูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุŒ ูˆุฌุฒุก
91
00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:29,740
ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุฑุงุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Anterior Horn Cell ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Effector
92
00:08:29,740 --> 00:08:35,540
Organ ูˆุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุณุญุจ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ
93
00:08:35,540 --> 00:08:40,980
ุณุญุจ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุนู† ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุฎุฒุฉ ุงู„ุฏุจูˆุณ ุฃูˆ ุนู† ุงู„ุฏุจูˆุณ. ู‡ุฐู‡
94
00:08:40,980 --> 00:08:48,410
ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุงู„ู€ Reflex Arc. ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† reflex arc ู…ุด
95
00:08:48,410 --> 00:08:52,510
ุจุงู„ุชูุตูŠู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุฅู†ู‡ ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุญูƒูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ anatomy ูˆ
96
00:08:52,510 --> 00:08:57,470
ุงู„ู€ neuro anatomy. ูู‚ุท ููƒุฑุฉ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ reflex
97
00:08:57,470 --> 00:09:04,370
arc ูˆ ูƒูŠู ุจุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ู€ reflexes ูˆ ุดูˆ ุจู„ุฒู… ู„ู„ู€ reflexes
98
00:09:04,370 --> 00:09:12,220
ุนุดุงู† ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุญูุฒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ reflexes. benefits of infant
99
00:09:12,220 --> 00:09:17,480
reflexes. primitive reflexes. ุดูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ูˆุดูˆ ุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ
100
00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:22,760
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุณุชููŠุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ primitive reflexes
101
00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:28,020
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ infant reflexes
102
00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:34,260
ุฃูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€ reflexes ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุฅุญู†ุง ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง
103
00:09:34,260 --> 00:09:41,640
ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ู„ู„ุทูู„ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠู†ูˆู„ุฏ ูˆุจุนุฏ
104
00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:48,900
ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ู† ูˆู„ุงุฏุชู‡ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุชุจุนู†ุง ู‡ู„ ู‡ูˆ
105
00:09:49,610 --> 00:09:54,450
ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุญุฑูƒูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
106
00:09:54,450 --> 00:09:58,690
knowledge of normal and abnormal reflexes response
107
00:09:58,690 --> 00:10:03,130
and their effect upon motor development, which is
108
00:10:03,130 --> 00:10:07,430
needed to identify normal brain and nerve activity.
109
00:10:07,430 --> 00:10:13,790
ุฅุฐู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ reflexes ุจุชุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
110
00:10:13,790 --> 00:10:19,630
ู‚ุฏุงู…ูŠ ู‡ู„ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ brain ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
111
00:10:19,630 --> 00:10:24,690
nervous systemุŒ ูˆ ู‡ู„ ุณูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู…ู† motor
112
00:10:24,690 --> 00:10:29,230
development problems ูˆู„ุง ู„ุฃ. ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ
113
00:10:29,230 --> 00:10:35,090
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ provide a basis for evaluation in
114
00:10:35,090 --> 00:10:40,120
the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy. ุฅุฐู†
115
00:10:40,120 --> 00:10:43,800
ูƒุชูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนุงู†ูˆุง ู…ู† cerebral palsy
116
00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:48,500
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุดู„ู„ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ู…ุดุงูƒู„
117
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู† ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
118
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:58,930
cerebrum ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cerebellum. ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
119
00:10:58,930 --> 00:11:04,170
brainุŒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€
120
00:11:04,170 --> 00:11:08,890
reflexes ุจุชุญุฏุฏ ู„ูŠ ุดูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุŒ ูˆ ุจุชุณู‡ู„
121
00:11:08,890 --> 00:11:13,350
ุนู„ูŠ ูˆ ุจุชุณุงุนุฏู†ูŠ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ
122
00:11:13,350 --> 00:11:18,430
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ููŠู‡ุง ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทูู„. essential and
123
00:11:18,430 --> 00:11:22,580
normal development responses to these reflexes. It
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00:11:22,580 --> 00:11:25,800
prepares the child for progressive development
125
00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:30,560
such as rolling over, sitting,
126
00:11:30,940 --> 00:11:35,700
crawling and standing ุฅุฐู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ Reflexes ู‡ูŠ ูƒู…ุงู†
127
00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:42,220
ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
128
00:11:42,220 --> 00:11:47,480
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ูุญู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„
129
00:11:47,480 --> 00:11:52,020
activities ูˆ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู†ุดุงุทุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุชู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนุจุงุฑุฉ
130
00:11:52,020 --> 00:11:56,500
ุนู† ุฑุฏุงุช ูุนู„ ุฃูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† reflexes ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู…
131
00:11:56,500 --> 00:12:01,580
ููŠู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุตุงุฑุช ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ functional activities
132
00:12:01,580 --> 00:12:07,520
ุฒูŠ ุงู„ rolling ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ู… ู„ู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆ ู„ู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุงู„
133
00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:12,540
sitting ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ุงู„ crawling ุงู„ standing ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช
134
00:12:12,540 --> 00:12:18,600
ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃุณุงุณู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ reflexes ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€
135
00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:23,540
Reflexes ููŠู‡ุง ุฎู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ู‡ุฐู‡
136
00:12:23,540 --> 00:12:29,680
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ูˆุงู„ุฒุญู ูˆุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง
137
00:12:29,680 --> 00:12:34,440
ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ gaining control over the body of
138
00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:40,240
the child ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุฌุณู…ู‡ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู†
139
00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:45,680
ููŠ ุฌู„ูˆุณ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ activities At birth
140
00:12:45,680 --> 00:12:50,180
approximately 30 primitive reflexes these
141
00:12:50,180 --> 00:12:54,580
primitive reflexes better must disappear and
142
00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:59,680
equilibrium reactions must appear ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„
143
00:12:59,680 --> 00:13:04,450
reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุนู†ุฏ
144
00:13:04,450 --> 00:13:08,910
ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† reflex ุฃูˆ reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ
145
00:13:08,910 --> 00:13:15,070
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† reflexes ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุฎุชููŠ
146
00:13:15,070 --> 00:13:23,690
ุฃูˆ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชุฎุชููŠ ุฃูˆ ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ reflexes ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชุฎุชููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
147
00:13:23,690 --> 00:13:30,390
ุงู„ reflexes ูˆ ุชุธู‡ุฑ reflexes ุฃุฎุฑู‰ infant vs lifespan
148
00:13:30,390 --> 00:13:36,150
reflex ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ infant reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ
149
00:13:36,150 --> 00:13:40,250
ุจูŠู†ูˆู„ุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุทูู„ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
150
00:13:40,250 --> 00:13:46,090
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุจูŠู†ูˆู„ุฏ ุจ reflexes ูˆ
151
00:13:46,090 --> 00:13:49,990
ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ reflexes ุจุชุฎุชููŠ ูˆ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจูŠุถู„ูˆุง
152
00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:57,720
ู…ุงุดูŠ ู…ุนุงู‡ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ infant
153
00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:04,160
reflexes ู…ุง ุจุชุทูˆู„ุด ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู† ุณู†ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุญู„ูˆู„
154
00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:08,480
ุงู„ุณู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ reflexes ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุณู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
155
00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:12,420
ุจุชุฎุชููŠ infant reflexes may not completely
156
00:14:12,420 --> 00:14:16,760
disappear ุจุนุถ ุงู„ reflexes ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุง ุชุฎุชููŠุด
157
00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:21,430
ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ may be inhabited by maturing central
158
00:14:21,430 --> 00:14:26,230
nervous system ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุชุซุจูŠุช ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„
159
00:14:26,230 --> 00:14:29,570
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ nervous system ูˆ ุงู„ central nervous
160
00:14:29,570 --> 00:14:33,930
system may be integrated into new movements ู…ู…ูƒู†
161
00:14:33,930 --> 00:14:42,580
ูŠุชู… ุชุทูˆูŠุฑู‡ุง ู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ reflexes that endure
162
00:14:42,580 --> 00:14:48,580
are called life span reflexes ุงู„ reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ
163
00:14:48,580 --> 00:14:54,960
ู‡ุชุธู„ู‡ุง ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู‡ุฐูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง life
164
00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:59,820
span reflexes ุฒูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ life span
165
00:14:59,820 --> 00:15:03,980
reflexes ุงู„ breathing reflex swallowing reflex
166
00:15:05,330 --> 00:15:12,090
ู…ู†ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ูˆู…ู†ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุจู„ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุจุนุง ูƒุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ู„
167
00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:17,330
reflexes ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุธู„ู‡ุง ู…ุงุดูŠุฉ ู…ุนุงูŠุง ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ role of
168
00:15:17,330 --> 00:15:19,850
reflexes in developing future movement
169
00:15:23,080 --> 00:15:29,280
ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ reflexes ูˆุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒูŠ
170
00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:33,840
ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠููŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ reflexes
171
00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:43,060
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ูƒุญุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุง ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ู„ุง ูˆุธูŠููŠุฉ ู„ูƒู†
172
00:15:43,060 --> 00:15:50,820
ุงู„ุทูู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ูˆ ุชุทูˆุฑู‡ ุจูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„
173
00:15:50,820 --> 00:16:00,020
reflexes ููŠ ุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุธุงุฆู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„
174
00:16:00,020 --> 00:16:06,160
ุงู„ู€ crawling reflex ุงู„ุฒุญู .. ู…ู†ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุฒุญู ุงู„ู„ูŠ
175
00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:13,180
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ infants ู‡ูŠุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
176
00:16:13,180 --> 00:16:18,060
ุจู€ Crawling Reflex ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒุจุฑ ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑ
177
00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:23,460
ูŠุฒุญู ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Crawling
178
00:16:23,460 --> 00:16:28,360
Reflex ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ Labyrinthine
179
00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:34,520
Reflex ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู€ Reflexes ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ
180
00:16:34,520 --> 00:16:39,620
ุงู„ู€ upright posture ู‡ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡
181
00:16:39,620 --> 00:16:46,860
ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุนุชุฏู„ ูˆุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุนุชุฏู„ ุงู„ upright
182
00:16:46,860 --> 00:16:54,000
posture Palmar grasp ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู†ูˆุน .. ูƒreflex ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุง
183
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:59,510
ู„ู…ุง ุจู‚ู‰ ุงุฌูŠ ุจู‚ู‰ ุงู…ุณูƒ ุงูŠุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ูˆุจุฃุนู…ู„
184
00:16:59,510 --> 00:17:04,290
scratching ู„ุฑุงุญุฉ ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุญู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
185
00:17:04,290 --> 00:17:10,830
grasping ูƒุฑุฏู‘ุฉ ูุนู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏู‡ ูŠู…ุณูƒ
186
00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:15,670
ุฃูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ grasping ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰
187
00:17:15,670 --> 00:17:20,930
ุงู„ palmar grasping reflex ุงู„ stepping reflex
188
00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:29,140
ุจูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ walking ู„ูˆ
189
00:17:29,140 --> 00:17:33,820
ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ CrawlingุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุจุฑู†ุซูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ
190
00:17:33,820 --> 00:17:37,880
ุงู„ู€ palmarุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ steppingุŒ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ
191
00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:41,780
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู‚ู„ุชู„ูƒูˆุง
192
00:17:41,780 --> 00:17:50,360
ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุทูู„ ููŠ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู€ assessment ุชุจุนุชู‡ ููŠ
193
00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:53,840
ุฃูˆู„ ุซู„ุงุซ ุดู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ stepping
194
00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:59,240
reflex ูˆ ุฃูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ุชุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„
195
00:17:59,240 --> 00:18:04,440
ุชุทูˆุฑู‡ ุญูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ walking ููŠ
196
00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:09,860
ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ rule of the reflexes in the survival ุงู„ุขู†
197
00:18:09,860 --> 00:18:16,520
ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ reflexes ูˆ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุชู‡ุง ููŠ
198
00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:23,880
ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡
199
00:18:23,880 --> 00:18:27,700
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง life ุงุณู…ู‡ุง reflexes ูˆ protective
200
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:32,480
reflexes ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† human infant
201
00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:41,380
essentially helpless ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠู†ูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ู†
202
00:18:41,380 --> 00:18:51,630
ุนู…ุฑ ูŠูˆู… ู„ุญุฏ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุณู†ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
203
00:18:51,630 --> 00:18:57,330
ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑุจ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
204
00:18:57,330 --> 00:19:04,070
ุงู„ reflexes ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจุณุงุนุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทูู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡
205
00:19:04,070 --> 00:19:09,390
ูŠุญู…ูŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ูˆ ูŠูƒูˆู† ูˆ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง
206
00:19:09,390 --> 00:19:14,850
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง human infant reflexes ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุทูู„
207
00:19:14,850 --> 00:19:20,190
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูƒู„ูŠุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
208
00:19:20,190 --> 00:19:24,830
ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ primitive reflexes occur during gestation
209
00:19:24,830 --> 00:19:30,990
or at birth and most are repressed by six months
210
00:19:30,990 --> 00:19:35,380
of age ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ primitive reflexes ูˆ ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„
211
00:19:35,380 --> 00:19:39,960
primitive reflexes ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุฏุฃุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
212
00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:45,800
ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ู„ ูˆ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูˆุฌุฏุช ุนู†ุฏ
213
00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:50,180
ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ูˆ ุฃุบู„ุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ reflexes ุงู„ primitive
214
00:19:50,180 --> 00:19:56,740
reflexes repressed by age of six months ู‡ุชุฎุชููŠ ุนู†ุฏ
215
00:19:56,740 --> 00:20:02,690
ุนู…ุฑ ุณุช ุดู‡ูˆุฑ primitive reflexes are important for
216
00:20:02,690 --> 00:20:07,710
protection, nutrition and survival ุญู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„
217
00:20:07,710 --> 00:20:12,650
primitive reflexes ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ูˆ
218
00:20:12,650 --> 00:20:17,450
ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู„ู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ a protective
219
00:20:17,450 --> 00:20:22,210
reflex ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ู…ุง ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุญุท ุงุฏูŠู†ุง
220
00:20:22,210 --> 00:20:28,600
ู‚ุฏุงู… ุดุฎุต ุนู„ู‰ ุนูŠู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงุบู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ูˆ
221
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:33,780
ุงุบู„ุงู‚ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุบู„ุงู‚ ู‡ูˆ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ
222
00:20:33,780 --> 00:20:38,480
ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ protective reflex ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ nutrition ู„ู…ุง
223
00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:42,920
ุจู†ุฌูŠุจ ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ุน ู‡ุฐุง nutrition
224
00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:51,070
reflex ุงู„ survival reflex ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ู„ูˆ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ
225
00:20:51,070 --> 00:20:57,330
ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุกุŒ ุฅุฐู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูˆ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ
226
00:20:57,330 --> 00:21:05,650
ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุจูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ reflexes ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ุงู„
227
00:21:05,650 --> 00:21:08,730
role of reflexes in developing future movement
228
00:21:08,730 --> 00:21:15,030
ุงู„ุขู† ุดูˆ ุฏูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ reflexes ููŠ ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช
229
00:21:15,030 --> 00:21:20,900
ุงู„ูˆุธูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุตุŸ ุงู„ู€ postural
230
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:24,220
reflexes are related to the development of later
231
00:21:24,220 --> 00:21:28,780
voluntary movement ุญู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ reflexes ุฒูŠ ู…ุง
232
00:21:28,780 --> 00:21:31,680
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง primitive reflexes ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง survival
233
00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:35,820
reflexes ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู…ุงู† ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง postural
234
00:21:35,820 --> 00:21:40,040
reflexes ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ postural ุจุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„
235
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:46,410
trunk ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ reflexes ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุจุชุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆ
236
00:21:46,410 --> 00:21:50,910
ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ voluntary movement ูˆ ุชุทูˆุฑ
237
00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:57,490
ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† reflexes
238
00:21:57,490 --> 00:22:01,770
integrated modified and incorporated into more
239
00:22:01,770 --> 00:22:06,190
complex pattern to form voluntary movement ุจุนุถ ุงู„
240
00:22:06,190 --> 00:22:13,150
reflexes ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุฏู…ุฌ ุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ reflexes ุฃุฎุฑู‰
241
00:22:13,150 --> 00:22:17,170
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง modification ูŠุชุนุฏู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ูˆ
242
00:22:17,170 --> 00:22:22,370
ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฏู…ุฌ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ู…ุน
243
00:22:22,370 --> 00:22:30,410
reflex ุขุฎุฑ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุนุดุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุชุทูˆุฑ
244
00:22:30,410 --> 00:22:37,170
ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† automatic movements is
245
00:22:37,170 --> 00:22:43,190
practice for future voluntary movement ูˆู‡ุฏูŠ ุทุจุนุง
246
00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:47,830
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุจุชุทู„ุนู†ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทูู„ ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุซู„ุงุซ ุดู‡ูˆุฑ
247
00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:55,010
ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุฃูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุญู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆ
248
00:22:55,010 --> 00:23:01,030
ุฑุงู‚ุจู†ุงู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ุญู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠุญุฑูƒ ุงุฏูŠู‡ ูˆ ุจูŠุญุฑูƒ
249
00:23:01,030 --> 00:23:06,510
ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุง ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ุณู…ูˆู‡ุง automatic movement
250
00:23:06,510 --> 00:23:11,650
ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุฃูˆุชูˆู…ุงุชูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
251
00:23:11,650 --> 00:23:18,870
ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ุจุฏูŠ ุงุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู‚ูˆูŠ ุนุถู„ุงุช
252
00:23:18,870 --> 00:23:23,070
ุงู„ู€ upper ูˆ ุงู„ู€ lower limbs ุนุดุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุญุฑูƒุฉ
253
00:23:23,070 --> 00:23:29,230
ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู‡ุง
254
00:23:29,230 --> 00:23:35,410
ุตู†ุงุนุชูŠ ุฃุฎู„ูŠู‡ุง
255
00:23:35,410 --> 00:23:40,990
ุฃุญูŠูŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ูˆ ุฏู†ูŠุชูŠ ููŠู‡ุง
256
00:23:44,210 --> 00:23:47,070
ุจุนุถู‡ู… ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Reflexes ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจู€
257
00:23:47,070 --> 00:23:51,910
Future Movement Development ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุจุนุถ
258
00:23:51,910 --> 00:23:56,850
ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Reflexes ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุฃูŠ
259
00:23:56,850 --> 00:24:02,650
ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ Motor Development ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุซุจุช ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†
260
00:24:02,650 --> 00:24:09,130
ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ู‡
261
00:24:09,130 --> 00:24:13,370
ุจูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ reflexes ู„ู‡ุง ุฏูˆุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
262
00:24:13,370 --> 00:24:19,390
ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒูŠ types
263
00:24:19,390 --> 00:24:23,530
of reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ุงุญู†ุง reflexes can be
264
00:24:23,530 --> 00:24:29,400
divided as survival reflex ูˆ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ reflexes
265
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:34,600
survival reflexes aid survival by helping an
266
00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:40,760
infant deal with threats to the body ู‡ุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„
267
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:46,020
ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ูˆ ูŠุญู…ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ู†
268
00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:52,460
ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ
269
00:24:52,460 --> 00:24:56,000
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ breathing reflex ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ protective reflex
270
00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:01,500
ูˆ ุงู„ู€ survival reflex ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ eye blink reflex
271
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:05,700
ุงู„ู€ protective eye reflex ููŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ sucking reflex
272
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,760
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ swallowing reflex ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
273
00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,040
survival reflexes
274
00:25:15,710 --> 00:25:18,550
ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Primitive Reflexes ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุง ู„ู€
275
00:25:18,550 --> 00:25:26,790
Primitive Reflexes ุฃู† ุบุงู„ุจูŠุชู‡ุง ุจุชุชู… ุงุฎุชูุงุก ุนู†ุฏ ุนู…ุฑ
276
00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:37,130
9 ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู„ุญุฏ 12 ุดู‡ุฑ ุจุญุฏ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ุงุจู‚ู‰
277
00:25:37,130 --> 00:25:41,770
ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู€ Reflexes ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€
278
00:25:41,770 --> 00:25:42,410
Reflexes
279
00:25:44,790 --> 00:25:50,410
ูˆ ูƒูŠู ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„
280
00:25:50,410 --> 00:25:55,650
ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ู€ breathing reflex ุงู„ู€ breathing reflex ุฅูŠุด
281
00:25:55,650 --> 00:25:58,230
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ breathing reflex ู„ูˆ ู†ุฌูŠ ู†ุทู„ุน
282
00:25:58,230 --> 00:26:01,550
ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ repetitive inhalation and
283
00:26:01,550 --> 00:26:05,950
exhalation ุฃูˆ expiration ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูˆ ุฒููŠุฑ
284
00:26:05,950 --> 00:26:10,410
ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ duration ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐุง permanent
285
00:26:10,410 --> 00:26:16,750
reflex ุจูŠุธู„ู‡ long life ุฃูˆ lifespan reflex provide
286
00:26:16,750 --> 00:26:23,810
oxygen and expel carbon dioxide ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุดูˆูู‡
287
00:26:23,810 --> 00:26:28,790
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูˆ ุดูˆ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠ ูˆ ุดูˆ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ
288
00:26:28,790 --> 00:26:37,010
ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุนุฏู„
289
00:26:37,010 --> 00:26:44,150
ู…ุนูŠู† ู„ู€ oxygen ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ูˆ ููŠ ู…ุนุฏู„ ู„ุซุงู†ูŠ
290
00:26:44,150 --> 00:26:50,370
ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
291
00:26:50,370 --> 00:26:59,350
ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจูŠุญูุธ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุงุฎุฏ inspiration ูŠุงุฎุฏ
292
00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:06,720
ุดู‡ูŠู‚ ูˆ ู„ู…ู‘ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠุชุจุนูˆุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
293
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:12,700
ุงู„ุฒููŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
294
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:15,920
waste products ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
295
00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:23,080
ุงู„ู€ eye blink reflex closing or blinking of the eye
296
00:27:24,250 --> 00:27:29,990
ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Eye Blink Reflex ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฅู†ู‡
297
00:27:29,990 --> 00:27:36,150
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูŠู†
298
00:27:36,150 --> 00:27:41,270
protect the eye from a bright light or foreign
299
00:27:41,270 --> 00:27:47,170
object ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุจุนุง ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนูŠู†
300
00:27:47,170 --> 00:27:54,200
ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ foreign body ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุฌุฑุจุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุจู€
301
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:59,020
foreign body ุฅูŠุฏูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฌู„ู… ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฅุบู„ุงู‚
302
00:27:59,020 --> 00:28:04,900
ู„ู„ุนูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู„ูˆ ุณู„ุทุช ุถูˆุก ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ
303
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:11,340
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ blinking ุฃูˆ
304
00:28:11,340 --> 00:28:18,810
ุงู„ู€ closing ู„ู„ุนูŠู† ุจุงุจูŠู„ุงุฑูŠ reflex ูˆุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนู„ู‰
305
00:28:18,810 --> 00:28:26,850
ุงู„ุดุนุงุฑุงุช ู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุถูˆุก ูˆ ุถูˆุก ู„ุธู„ู…ุฉ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ reflex
306
00:28:26,850 --> 00:28:34,430
ุจู†ุดูˆูู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุณู„ุทุช ุถูˆุก ููŠ ุจุคุจุค
307
00:28:34,430 --> 00:28:40,350
ุงู„ุนูŠู† ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู†ู‚ุจุถ ุจุคุจุค ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง
308
00:28:40,350 --> 00:28:45,330
ุนุดุงู† ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ู„ู„ุนูŠู† ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ
309
00:28:45,330 --> 00:28:51,110
ุงู„ุธู„ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ู…ุฉ ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุคุจุค ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุชูˆุณุน ู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ
310
00:28:51,110 --> 00:28:55,410
ู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุนุดุงู† ูŠุณู…ุญ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู…ู†
311
00:28:55,410 --> 00:29:00,850
ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู…ุงู† mainly protective eye reflexes
312
00:29:00,850 --> 00:29:05,550
ุงู„ู€ routing reflex ุดูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ routing
313
00:29:05,550 --> 00:29:10,590
reflex turning the head toward the tactile touch
314
00:29:10,590 --> 00:29:17,350
or stimulus to the cheek ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุช ู„ู…ุณุช ุฎุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„
315
00:29:17,350 --> 00:29:26,780
ูˆ ุนู…ู„ุช ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุชูƒุชุงู„ ุชุชุด ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุดูˆ
316
00:29:26,780 --> 00:29:33,800
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุฏูŠุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ ุชุฌุงู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ูˆ ุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุงุฎุฏ
317
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:38,260
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ stimulation
318
00:29:38,260 --> 00:29:45,580
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุชู†ุจูŠู‡ ู„ู„ุทูู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠู‡
319
00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:51,400
ุฃูƒู„ ุฌุงูŠ ูˆ ุฎุตูˆุตุง ุจุงู„ู„ุงุญุธ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู‡ุงุช ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏู‡ุง
320
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:57,620
ุชุฑุฏุน ุงุจู†ู‡ุง ุจุณ ุจุชุนู…ู„ touch ู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฏ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฎุฏู‡
321
00:29:57,620 --> 00:30:02,580
ูุจู†ุฏูŠุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุชุฌุงู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุงุฎุฏ
322
00:30:02,580 --> 00:30:05,180
ุงู„ู…ุตุงุตุฉ ุฃูˆ ูŠุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ุฑุถุนุฉ
323
00:30:08,610 --> 00:30:13,370
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ reflex ุจูŠุธู„ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ few weeks after
324
00:30:13,370 --> 00:30:21,230
delivery ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ voluntary
325
00:30:21,230 --> 00:30:27,450
head down ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ .. ุฅู„ู‰
326
00:30:27,450 --> 00:30:34,710
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฅุฒุงุญุฉ ุฃูˆ ู„ู ุงู„ุฑุฃุณ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฅุฑุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ sucking
327
00:30:34,710 --> 00:30:41,060
reflex sucking Any object placed into the mouth
328
00:30:41,060 --> 00:30:46,960
ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠู„ุงุญุธู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู„ูˆ ุฅูŠุด ู…ุญุทูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุซู…
329
00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:53,380
ุงู„ุทูู„ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ sucking ู„ู‡ ุฃูˆ ู…ุต ู„ู‡
330
00:30:53,380 --> 00:30:59,850
ุจุดูƒู„ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠ gradually modified by experience past
331
00:30:59,850 --> 00:31:05,150
few weeks after delivery ูˆ ุจุชุชู… ุชุทูˆูŠุฑู‡ ู„ุญุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ
332
00:31:05,150 --> 00:31:08,610
ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุจูŠุนุฌุจู‡ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง
333
00:31:08,610 --> 00:31:09,370
ุจูŠุนุฌุจู‡
334
00:31:11,620 --> 00:31:16,620
ุฅุฐุง ุจูŠุนุฌุจู‡ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ sucking ู…ุง ุจูŠุนุฌุจู‡ ุจูŠุชูˆู‚ู
335
00:31:16,620 --> 00:31:23,060
ุนู†ู‡ุง ู„ูƒู† ูƒุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุฃุณุงุจูŠุน ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุจู†ุญุทู‡ ููŠ ูู…
336
00:31:23,060 --> 00:31:27,320
ุงู„ุทูู„ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ sucking allows the child to
337
00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:31,440
take in a nutrient ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ reflex ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุณู…ุญ
338
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:37,520
ู„ู„ุทูู„ ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ูˆ ุจุณุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ
339
00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:44,150
swallowing reflex ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ permanent reflex
340
00:31:44,150 --> 00:31:49,890
ู„ุฃู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ุน ุจุชุธู„ ุดุบุงู„ุฉ ู„ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ which allow
341
00:31:49,890 --> 00:31:54,470
the child to take in nutrients ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุฎุฏู‡ ุนู†
342
00:31:54,470 --> 00:31:59,630
ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ sucking ุจุฏูŠ ูŠุจู„ุนู‡ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ reflex ุนู†
343
00:31:59,630 --> 00:32:08,530
ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ swallowing reflex ุงู„ู€
344
00:32:08,530 --> 00:32:12,730
primitive reflexes are involuntary predictable
345
00:32:12,730 --> 00:32:17,350
Changes in Muscle Tone in Response to Sensory
346
00:32:17,350 --> 00:32:21,790
Input ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ Brightened Reflexes ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡
347
00:32:21,790 --> 00:32:26,110
ุตุงุฑ ุจุญุชุงุฌ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ Sensory Stimuli
348
00:32:26,110 --> 00:32:30,470
Sensory Input ู„ุงุฒู… ุฃุนู…ู„ stimulation ุนุดุงู† ููŠ
349
00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:34,410
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃุดูˆู ุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ูˆ ุดูˆ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู€
350
00:32:34,410 --> 00:32:39,990
contraction ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุฃูˆู„ reflex
351
00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:46,950
ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ููŠู‡ ุจุงุจู†ุณูƒูŠ reflex ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ุจุงุจู†ุณูƒูŠ reflex ู„ูˆ
352
00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:53,770
ุฌูŠู†ุง ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ response ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ
353
00:32:53,770 --> 00:33:00,530
ุนู†ุฏู‡ fanning ูŠูุฑุฏ ุฃุตุงุจุน ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูˆ curling of
354
00:33:00,530 --> 00:33:06,030
the toes when the bottom of the foot is struck ู„ูˆ
355
00:33:06,030 --> 00:33:14,440
ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุช ุนู…ู„ุช ุจู…ูุชุงุญ ุงุณุชู…ูŠู„ุงุด ู„ุฃุฎู…ุต ุงู„ู‚ุฏู… ู‡ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†
356
00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:22,540
ุงู„ุทูู„ ูุฑุฏ ุฃุตุงุจุน ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ูˆ ุซู†ุนู‡ู… ู„ุชุญุช ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€
357
00:33:22,540 --> 00:33:28,850
stimulus ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ุง ุฃู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ Reflex ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ ุนู†ุฏ
358
00:33:28,850 --> 00:33:34,210
8 ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุณู†ุฉ presence and later disappearance of
359
00:33:34,210 --> 00:33:38,690
this response is normal ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ Reflex ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฌุฏุง
360
00:33:38,690 --> 00:33:47,230
ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุณู†ุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูˆ ูŠุฎุชููŠ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ
361
00:33:47,230 --> 00:33:55,170
ุทุจุนุง ุงุฎุชูุงุฆู‡ ุจูŠุฌูŠ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ reflex ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ plantar
362
00:33:55,170 --> 00:33:59,650
reflex ุงู„ู€
363
00:33:59,650 --> 00:34:04,390
reflex ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆูู‡ Palmer grasping
364
00:34:04,390 --> 00:34:16,450
reflex ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุฑุงุณุจูŠู† ุฑูู„ูŠูƒุณ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ
365
00:34:16,450 --> 00:34:20,470
ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ
366
00:34:20,470 --> 00:34:28,250
ุฑุงุณุจูŠู† ุฑูู„ูŠูƒุณ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ
367
00:34:28,250 --> 00:34:34,370
ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุฑุงุณุจูŠู† ุฑูู„ูŠูƒุณ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุฑุงุณุจูŠู† ุฑูู„ูŠูƒุณ
368
00:34:34,370 --> 00:34:34,570
ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ
369
00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:34,610
ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ
370
00:34:34,610 --> 00:34:35,230
ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ
371
00:34:35,230 --> 00:34:38,300
ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฑ ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถ ููŠ ุฅูŠุฏู‡ ููŠ
372
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:43,640
ุฃุตุงุจุนู‡ ูŠุชู†ูŠ ุฃุตุงุจุนู‡ ุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู…ุณูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ object
373
00:34:43,640 --> 00:34:49,920
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ stimulation ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ reflex ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ ุนู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
374
00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:56,360
ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุน ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ูˆ ุจุชุชู… ุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ู‚ุจุถุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ุณูƒุฉ
375
00:34:56,360 --> 00:35:02,070
ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู…ู„
376
00:35:02,070 --> 00:35:07,170
scratching ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู„ุฃ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง ุฃุญุท ุงู„ุฌู„ู… ููŠ
377
00:35:07,170 --> 00:35:13,950
ุฅูŠุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุนู…ู„ grasping ู„ู‡ ูˆูŠู…ุณูƒู‡ the presence
378
00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:16,950
and later disappearance is a sign of normal
379
00:35:16,950 --> 00:35:21,630
development ุฅุฐุง ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ูˆุงุฎุชูุงุฆู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู‡ูŠ
380
00:35:21,630 --> 00:35:25,030
ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ normal development ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
381
00:35:25,030 --> 00:35:28,830
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ the Moro reflex
382
00:35:31,870 --> 00:35:36,130
ู‡ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ postural reflexes ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
383
00:35:36,130 --> 00:35:41,710
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุดูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ the Moro reflex sudden
384
00:35:41,710 --> 00:35:45,610
change in the head position will cause the child
385
00:35:45,610 --> 00:35:50,850
to throw his arms outward and arch the back and
386
00:35:50,850 --> 00:35:56,150
then bring his hands toward each other ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุช
387
00:35:56,150 --> 00:36:02,530
ุนู…ู„ุช support ู…ุณูƒุช ุงู„ุทูู„ ูˆุฌุงุนุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
388
00:36:02,530 --> 00:36:05,450
ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ุจุนุถ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
389
00:36:05,450 --> 00:36:11,550
ุจุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflexes ูˆุชุฑูƒุช ุงู„ุทูู„ ูˆุนู…ู„ุช ู„ู‡
390
00:36:11,550 --> 00:36:16,480
support ู„ู„ head ุชุจุนู‡ ูˆูุฌุฃุฉ ุฑุฎูŠุช ุงู„ support ุนู† ุงู„
391
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:22,360
head ูˆุฃู†ุง ู…ุงุณูƒ ุงู„ุทูู„ ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฅู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ูุฑุถ ุฃูŠุฏูŠู‡ his
392
00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:28,860
arms outward ูˆุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู„ู‚ุฏุงู… ุดูˆูŠุฉ ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู†
393
00:36:28,860 --> 00:36:32,440
ุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ the Moro reflex
394
00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:38,120
ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ ุนู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุน ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ู‡
395
00:36:38,120 --> 00:36:43,880
ุจุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ the startle reflex ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ ุงู„ reflex ุจุงู„
396
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:49,220
the startle reflex the presence of the reflex after four
397
00:36:49,220 --> 00:36:52,260
months of age is an indication of abnormal
398
00:36:52,260 --> 00:36:58,300
development ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ุจุนุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
399
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:02,920
ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ the development ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„
400
00:37:07,180 --> 00:37:14,780
the swimming reflex an infant if immersed in water
401
00:37:14,780 --> 00:37:19,600
will display active movement of the arms and legs
402
00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:25,040
and will hold his or her breath ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุงุญู†ุง
403
00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:28,820
ุงู„ุทูู„ ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุฃูŠุงู…
404
00:37:31,020 --> 00:37:35,960
ู„ุญุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุช ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ุทูู„ ุญุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ู„ุญุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุฃุฑุจุน
405
00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:39,880
ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู„ุณุช ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ูˆุฌูŠุช ุฃู†ุง ุฑู…ูŠุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ ุบู…ุฑุชู‡ ููŠ
406
00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:47,380
ุงู„ู…ูŠู‡ ุฑุฏ ูุนู„ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฃู† ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠูƒุชู… ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆ
407
00:37:47,380 --> 00:37:54,300
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุญุฑูƒุงุช ููŠ ุฃูŠุฏูŠู‡ ูˆููŠ ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุจุงุญุฉ
408
00:37:54,300 --> 00:37:59,290
ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ the swimming reflexู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ
409
00:37:59,290 --> 00:38:03,990
ุนู†ุฏ 4 ุฅู„ู‰ 6 ุดู‡ูˆุฑ the presence and later disappearance
410
00:38:03,990 --> 00:38:08,190
is a sign of normal development ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„
411
00:38:08,190 --> 00:38:12,250
reflex ูˆุงุฎุชูุงุฆู‡ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
412
00:38:17,610 --> 00:38:21,930
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† an infant held upright with feet
413
00:38:21,930 --> 00:38:26,430
touching the surface will step as walking ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช
414
00:38:26,430 --> 00:38:33,250
ุฃู†ุง ู…ุณูƒุช ุงู„ุทูู„ ู…ู† ุชุญุช ู‚ุจุทุงุชู‡ ูˆุฎู„ุช ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ูˆู…ุดุช ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡
415
00:38:33,250 --> 00:38:38,110
ูŠุนู…ู„ stimulation ู„ู„ desk ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุตุฑูŠุฑ
416
00:38:38,110 --> 00:38:43,970
ูˆุณุจุชู‡ ูˆุนู…ู„ุช ู„ู‡ support ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช
417
00:38:43,970 --> 00:38:50,120
ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู…ุดูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ ุนู†ุฏ 8 ุฃุณุงุจูŠุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ
418
00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:56,440
ุนู†ุฏ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ู‚ุจู„ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ
419
00:38:56,440 --> 00:39:04,050
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ูˆุงุฎุชูุงุฆู‡ ุดูŠุก ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ
420
00:39:04,050 --> 00:39:07,330
ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุฑูƒุฒุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒุฉ ู…ุน ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุทูู„
421
00:39:07,330 --> 00:39:11,090
ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‚ุจู„ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ูƒุงู† ูŠุตู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ูˆูŠุนู…ู„ ุฎุทูˆุงุช
422
00:39:11,090 --> 00:39:16,250
ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ุจุทู„ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„ ู„ุฃ ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฃู†
423
00:39:16,250 --> 00:39:21,630
ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูƒู…ุงู†
424
00:39:21,630 --> 00:39:24,830
ุจู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง the primitive reflexes
425
00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:31,980
the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ postural
426
00:39:31,980 --> 00:39:37,500
reflexes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ asymmetrical
427
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:43,360
tonic neck reflex when the head of the infant is
428
00:39:43,360 --> 00:39:48,220
turned to one side, the hand at the side extends
429
00:39:48,220 --> 00:39:52,980
and the opposite leg flicks ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุทู„ุนู†ุง ููŠ
430
00:39:52,980 --> 00:40:01,240
ุงู„ุทูู„ ูˆุนู…ู„ู†ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ turning ู„ู„ head ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ one side
431
00:40:01,240 --> 00:40:09,600
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู‡ุชูุฑุฏ ููŠ
432
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:15,540
ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุฅูŠุฏู‡ ุฃูˆ ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง reflection
433
00:40:15,540 --> 00:40:22,310
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุช ุดู‡ูˆุฑ
434
00:40:22,310 --> 00:40:29,250
ูˆุจูŠุฎุชููŠ ู„ุญุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฃูˆ ุณุช ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจูŠุฎุชููŠ ูˆู…ุชู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง
435
00:40:29,250 --> 00:40:34,350
ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ูˆุงุฎุชูุงุฆู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ normal
436
00:40:34,350 --> 00:40:40,370
development ููŠ reflex ุขุฎุฑ ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ the symmetrical tonic
437
00:40:40,370 --> 00:40:46,410
neck reflex ุงู„ุทูู„ ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ prone
438
00:40:46,410 --> 00:40:54,530
position ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ ู†ุงูŠู… ุนู„ู‰ the therapist ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุญุงุทุฉ
439
00:40:54,530 --> 00:41:01,330
arms flex and legs as well as ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู† ุฅูŠุฏูŠู‡
440
00:41:01,330 --> 00:41:06,890
ูˆุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ุจูŠุชู†ูˆุง ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ a positive
441
00:41:06,890 --> 00:41:12,590
reaction normal up to four to six weeks ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ
442
00:41:12,590 --> 00:41:17,650
ุนู† the tonic labyrinthine reflex ู„ูƒู† ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู†
443
00:41:17,650 --> 00:41:22,720
the parachute reaction ุจุชุตูˆุฑ ุฃู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ
444
00:41:22,720 --> 00:41:25,120
ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุฒู„ู‡ู…
445
00:41:25,120 --> 00:41:28,760
ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทูŠู† ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุฑูˆุงุจุท ู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุงู„
446
00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:34,400
reflexes ุจุชุดุฑุญู‡ู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูุถู„ the primitive reflexes and
447
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:39,820
how they affect performance
448
00:41:39,820 --> 00:41:44,260
ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุชุทู„ุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ primitive reflexes ูˆูƒูŠู
449
00:41:44,260 --> 00:41:47,880
ุจูŠุฃุซุฑูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ performance ุชุจุน ุงู„ุดุฎุต the evidence
450
00:41:47,880 --> 00:41:52,320
suggests that when a cluster of primitive reflexes
451
00:41:52,320 --> 00:41:55,860
is still present beyond the normal age of
452
00:41:55,860 --> 00:41:59,120
inhibition they may interfere with academic
453
00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:03,480
performance and prevent a child from reaching his
454
00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:07,860
or her potential in the education ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠ ุฃู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
455
00:42:07,860 --> 00:42:09,580
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ reflexes
456
00:42:12,650 --> 00:42:15,630
ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ุŒ
457
00:42:15,630 --> 00:42:20,030
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ reflex ุงุฎุชูู‰ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุณุฉ ุทุงู„ุนุฉ
458
00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:25,950
ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ
459
00:42:25,950 --> 00:42:31,450
ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ some
460
00:42:35,030 --> 00:42:38,210
samples of reflexes are associated with specific learning
461
00:42:38,210 --> 00:42:42,950
problems ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ุง ุชุทู„ุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ asymmetrical tonic
462
00:42:42,950 --> 00:42:49,310
neck reflex ูˆูƒูŠู ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุงู„ุทูู„ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ
463
00:42:49,310 --> 00:42:55,570
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุทูู„ ุงู„ asymmetrical tonic neck reflex ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
464
00:42:55,570 --> 00:43:00,990
ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ู‘ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
465
00:43:00,990 --> 00:43:05,730
ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุฎุชูู‰ ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทูู„
466
00:43:05,730 --> 00:43:10,340
ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ children manifest in the following
467
00:43:10,340 --> 00:43:16,200
ways ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุจูŠุนุงู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุจู‚ุงุก
468
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:19,520
ุงู„ asymmetrical tonic neck reflex ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฉ
469
00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:23,100
ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ููŠ ุงู„
470
00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:29,180
handwriting ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑุด ูŠู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ุฌู„ู… ูˆูŠูƒุชุจ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุณู„ูŠู…
471
00:43:29,180 --> 00:43:34,080
written ideas not reflecting intelligence ุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช
472
00:43:34,080 --> 00:43:40,460
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠูƒุชุจู‡ุง ู…ุง ุจุชุนูƒุณุด ู…ุฏู‰ ุฐูƒุงุคู‡ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท poor hand
473
00:43:40,460 --> 00:43:47,440
and eye coordination ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
474
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:52,100
ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู‚ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุฅูŠุฏู‡ ูˆู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุนูŠู†ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡
475
00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:57,520
ุจูŠูƒุชุจ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุณุทุฑ ุฃูˆู„ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุณุทุฑ ูˆุขุฎุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ
476
00:43:57,520 --> 00:43:59,400
ู†ุฒู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ
477
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:06,260
Dislike of sport or clumsiness at ball games
478
00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:10,720
ุจูŠุญุจุด ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุจูŠุญุจ ุญุตุฉ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถุฉ Difficulty
479
00:44:10,720 --> 00:44:15,160
distinguishing left from right ุจูŠู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุฃู†
480
00:44:15,160 --> 00:44:19,940
ูŠูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ู…ู† ุฌุณู…ู‡ Losing
481
00:44:19,940 --> 00:44:24,320
their place on the page when reading ุจุชูˆู‡ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุง
482
00:44:24,320 --> 00:44:30,500
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจูŠู‚ุฑุฃ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู„ุฎุจุท ูˆูŠุถูŠุน
483
00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:37,300
ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ูุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ ูŠุชุจุน ุจุฅุตุจุนู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
484
00:44:37,300 --> 00:44:44,880
difficulty distinguishing left from right ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠ
485
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:48,880
ุฃู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุจุฏูŠ ูŠู‚ุฑุง ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุง ูŠุฃุดุฑ ุจุนูŠู†ุงู‡ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง
486
00:44:48,880 --> 00:44:52,980
ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ูŠุชุจุน ุจุนูŠู†ุงู‡ ุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุง ุฃู† ูŠุชูˆู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ
487
00:44:52,980 --> 00:44:54,160
ูƒุงู† ุจูŠู‚ุฑุฃ ููŠู‡
488
00:44:58,580 --> 00:45:03,300
if the tonic-labyrinthine reflex is persistent ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง
489
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:09,940
ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ asymmetrical tonic neck reflex ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†
490
00:45:09,940 --> 00:45:13,900
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ุดูˆ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ุŸ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ tonic
491
00:45:13,900 --> 00:45:17,810
labyrinthine reflex ุดูˆ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ุŸ a child tends to
492
00:45:17,810 --> 00:45:22,850
reverse letters or numbers ุงู„ุทูู„ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑู
493
00:45:22,850 --> 00:45:27,110
ูˆุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุจูŠูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุณุจุนู‡ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุฏู„ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
494
00:45:27,110 --> 00:45:31,350
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู† ูƒุชุจ ุณุจุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ูุชุญุฉ
495
00:45:31,350 --> 00:45:37,710
ุชุจุนู‡ุง ุฏู‡ ุชุญุช ุจูŠูƒุชุจ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ูŠูƒุชุจู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
496
00:45:37,710 --> 00:45:42,250
ุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุชุจุนู‡ุง ุจูŠูƒุชุจู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‰ skipping
497
00:45:42,250 --> 00:45:46,500
over words or skipping a line while reading ุจูุท
498
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:52,020
ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุจูุท ุฃุณุทุฑ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ููŠ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡
499
00:45:52,020 --> 00:45:55,960
orientation and spatial difficulties with a direct
500
00:45:55,960 --> 00:46:00,280
impact on his or her concept of time understanding
501
00:46:00,280 --> 00:46:04,680
and giving direction or math ability ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
502
00:46:04,680 --> 00:46:09,820
ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ
503
00:46:09,820 --> 00:46:17,140
ูˆุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชูˆู‡ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุนูŠู†ุŒ Travel sickness ุฏู‡
504
00:46:17,140 --> 00:46:22,080
ุงู„ุณูุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูุฑุŒ ุจูŠุญุจุด ุงู„ุณูุฑ
505
00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:29,230
ูˆ ุจูŠู…ุฑุถ ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูุฑ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ููŠ bus ุฃูˆ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ุงู„ู€
506
00:46:29,230 --> 00:46:32,990
symmetrical tonic neck reflex still persists ุฅุฐุง
507
00:46:32,990 --> 00:46:35,650
ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ symmetrical tonic neck reflex ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
508
00:46:35,650 --> 00:46:40,330
ู‡ู„ุงุฌู‰ ุฅู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏูŠุฌูŠ
509
00:46:40,330 --> 00:46:44,190
ูŠูƒุชุจ ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠู‡ lean down over the page ูˆุงู„ู€ writing
510
00:46:44,190 --> 00:46:50,270
ู‡ู„ุงุฌูŠู‡ ู†ุงู… ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุฏูุชุฑ ุชุจุนู‡ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉุŒ have
511
00:46:50,270 --> 00:46:54,290
difficulty copying from blackboard ู„ู…ุง ุจุฏูŠุฌูŠ ูŠู†ุณุฎ
512
00:46:54,290 --> 00:47:00,110
ุนู† ุงู„ู„ูˆุญ ุจูŠู‚ุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ
513
00:47:00,110 --> 00:47:03,790
ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ ุนู† ุงู„ู„ูˆุญ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญ ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆ ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ู‡ูˆ
514
00:47:03,790 --> 00:47:12,570
ู…ุง ู…ุด ู…ุฎู„ุต ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉุŒ ููˆุถู‰
515
00:47:12,570 --> 00:47:16,470
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ุฅุฐุง
516
00:47:16,470 --> 00:47:22,770
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุณูŠ eating or spillage ููˆุถูˆูŠ ููŠ
517
00:47:22,770 --> 00:47:28,290
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ุจุดุฑูˆุท ูƒุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ุŒ spend a long time
518
00:47:28,290 --> 00:47:32,030
doing homeworkุŒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ูˆุงุฌุจ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู‚ุนุฏ ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„
519
00:47:32,030 --> 00:47:36,390
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจูŠูƒุชุจ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจุŒ have poor
520
00:47:36,390 --> 00:47:41,850
concentration and poor attention to task ุจูŠุฑูƒุฒุด ููŠ
521
00:47:41,850 --> 00:47:47,430
ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจุงุชุŒ ุจูŠุฑูƒุฒุด ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ avoid
522
00:47:47,430 --> 00:47:52,670
sport ูˆุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ูŠุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถุฉุŒ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ูƒูˆู†
523
00:47:52,670 --> 00:47:59,070
ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุง ุงุชุจุนูˆุง
524
00:47:59,070 --> 00:48:02,670
ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ู‡ุงุฑูู‚ู‡ุง ู„ู„
525
00:48:02,670 --> 00:48:08,120
reflex ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ูƒู„ reflex ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏ ุชูˆู‚ูู†ุต
526
00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:13,120
ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฅู† ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุชุชุจุนูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„
527
00:48:13,120 --> 00:48:17,460
reflexes ุนุดุงู† ุชูู‡ู…ูˆู‡ุง ูˆุชุดูˆููˆุง ุฑุฏุงุช ุงู„ูุนู„ ุจุดูƒู„
528
00:48:17,460 --> 00:48:22,140
ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑ ูŠุญุถุฑู‡ ุฅู† ุดุงุก
529
00:48:22,140 --> 00:48:24,960
ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ู„ู„ู‚ุงุก ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ููŠู‡