L9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt

1
00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290
Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome

2
00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610
back to our hopefully beautiful journey into

3
00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470
English literature. Today we move, finally we move

4
00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370
from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism

5
00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750
and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of

6
00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010
the most interesting, one of the most fascinating

7
00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710
literary movements in England. but also in Europe.

8
00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130
But our focus is English literature, so we're

9
00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770
going to be focusing on the romantic poets or

10
00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070
romanticism or romantic literature in England. So

11
00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170
far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many

12
00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580
ways. We've seen how, for example, that men

13
00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640
dominate poetry. Not because there's something

14
00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120
wrong with women, but because the way the society

15
00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340
was treating men and women, we have something

16
00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040
different here. We've seen how, for example, in

17
00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120
the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those

18
00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940
great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other

19
00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700
poets even like Milton, how they preferred to

20
00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600
follow a particular etiquette, a particular

21
00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140
decorum, particular rules in order to write

22
00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430
particular types of poetry? Before these people

23
00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590
were preaching what is called the Rules of

24
00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690
Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Pope

25
00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310
from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was

26
00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290
saying that poetry has to be methodized because

27
00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030
these rules were discovered from nature, and

28
00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410
that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to

29
00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510
imitate the great ancient poets in order to

30
00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450
produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was

31
00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240
writing different poetry. And we've seen how he

32
00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960
was hated. He was negatively framed in so many

33
00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020
ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were

34
00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340
really fed up with the classical or neoclassical

35
00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320
Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And

36
00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520
this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic

37
00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480
Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement

38
00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920
that started in the late 18th century, actually

39
00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730
beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we

40
00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530
said this before about the 17th, 18th century,

41
00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390
there were like so many changes taking place. In

42
00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030
the 18th century, in a way or another, it was

43
00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030
called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real

44
00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490
change, radical change. In America, we have the

45
00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990
American Revolution. In France, we have the French

46
00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870
Revolution, in addition to the Industrial

47
00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110
Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of

48
00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310
life. But England did not like to change radically

49
00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760
because After the Commonwealth and the

50
00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840
restoration, they realized that stability is the

51
00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500
best thing we could possibly have. However, some

52
00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100
people said, okay, if we can't do political and

53
00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000
social changes, real changes, at least we can do a

54
00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520
revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is

55
00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280
the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth

56
00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480
and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings,

57
00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770
go to more or less, again these dates are not

58
00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830
clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French

59
00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070
Revolution, the next day people wake up and they

60
00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030
find themselves writing different poetry. It's

61
00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630
gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So

62
00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190
after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all

63
00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210
across America and Europe, England had to do

64
00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670
something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't

65
00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990
do it in other areas. It was literature. And this

66
00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450
is how I usually focus on this, how literature

67
00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660
changes lives. how literature changes societies,

68
00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400
how literature makes us different people,

69
00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220
hopefully better people, affects us, how it

70
00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680
influences us positively. And this is true because

71
00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480
literature addresses the heart and the mind in a

72
00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480
way or another. It's similar to watching a movie.

73
00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600
Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry,

74
00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400
you feel sorry for something or you decide to

75
00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880
change something about your behavior. And this is

76
00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500
the power of literature. So don't undermine the

77
00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400
fact that It was only a revolution in literature

78
00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220
in England. So we speak about the two major

79
00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900
romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend,

80
00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440
his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and

81
00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540
critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and

82
00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120
Coleridge. Together, they published a book they

83
00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490
called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the

84
00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670
lyrical palace. And they were writing totally

85
00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630
radically different poetry from the Augustan

86
00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470
poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules.

87
00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670
The satire where poetry was basically an elite

88
00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450
subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated

89
00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150
language, and it's generally about the court life,

90
00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490
about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here,

91
00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110
everything changed. We'll talk about this in more

92
00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630
details today and in the coming classes. When they

93
00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270
published this book, many people wanted to read

94
00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900
it, and they sold out. So they had to work on

95
00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800
another edition and they added a preface. You know

96
00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060
preface? An introduction to the second edition.

97
00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550
And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic

98
00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790
we know, where the introduction could be more

99
00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050
significant than the book itself in many ways.

100
00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550
Here the preface is so significant because William

101
00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810
Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or

102
00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410
another, they defined poetry. They gave us a

103
00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810
different definition of poetry. And they told us

104
00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410
poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about

105
00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620
this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same

106
00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260
book was republished, but there was an extra

107
00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220
preface, introduction in which they defined poetry

108
00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380
and they told the people what they were doing. The

109
00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160
tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now

110
00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740
one significant point. is the comparison between

111
00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480
the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the

112
00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360
Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the

113
00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700
Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden,

114
00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460
think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander

115
00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680
Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of

116
00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240
decorum, the subject matter that has to be a

117
00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570
particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics

118
00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810
were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age.

119
00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950
This is true. But we have to be careful, again.

120
00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770
This is true, but we need to be careful because we

121
00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370
don't want to give the impression that the

122
00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730
romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and

123
00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810
contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own

124
00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090
idea of what poetry means. So what did they

125
00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030
change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past,

126
00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450
poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak

127
00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830
about an important issue in the society using

128
00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050
important, highly sophisticated language. But now,

129
00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470
for the romantics, poetry is an expression of

130
00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370
feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of

131
00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390
the definition, the overflow of emotions, of

132
00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750
powerful emotions.

133
00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130
It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.

134
00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890
In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you

135
00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670
write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm

136
00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640
writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not

137
00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380
writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to

138
00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260
justify the means of God to man or something. I'm

139
00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460
not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is

140
00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060
methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature.

141
00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860
I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little

142
00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080
learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing

143
00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880
poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry?

144
00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280
Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and

145
00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830
revolutionary and different. So why would you

146
00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050
write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't

147
00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630
mean that they didn't care about the audience.

148
00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930
They did. But more significant than teaching and

149
00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690
delighting first is to express yourself as an

150
00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870
individual. As an individual. So what is poetry?

151
00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310
It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing

152
00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010
powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of

153
00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350
powerful emotions.

154
00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690
What is the language of poetry?

155
00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170
For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language,

156
00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150
you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished,

157
00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470
highly embellished language where you sometimes

158
00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390
usually you need to check the dictionary to see

159
00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730
what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the

160
00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030
romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common

161
00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390
Language, or the language of everyday man.

162
00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390
What does it mean everyday man? Like the language

163
00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710
we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no,

164
00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330
not slang. General, I don't even want to say

165
00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570
colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go

166
00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430
for the difficult words. One simple thing, when

167
00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070
students sometimes come to me and say, I want to

168
00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990
write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how

169
00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630
to write English poetry. I always tell them, try

170
00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440
to read something by William Blake. Try to read

171
00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640
these poems by William Wordsworth because

172
00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380
sometimes you would read the whole poem and you

173
00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920
don't even use the dictionary once because you

174
00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020
know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very

175
00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620
easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the

176
00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800
difficult expressions, for the difficult language,

177
00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920
the language that only people who go to

178
00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300
university, they understand. It's a language that

179
00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840
if you say it to anyone, They will understand.

180
00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540
We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is

181
00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880
different. The language of poetry is different.

182
00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180
The subject matter in

183
00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740
the past, remember, was about heroism, about God,

184
00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700
about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy

185
00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720
queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the

186
00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350
subject matter has always been about generally

187
00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450
courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love

188
00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610
poetry about the king and the queen and even about

189
00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990
Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly

190
00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630
issues according to the Augustan definition like

191
00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370
something of importance to the society as a whole.

192
00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320
But now for the romantics they said no. I can't

193
00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140
fix the whole society. I can't make one poem

194
00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640
change the whole society. I can't change one

195
00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560
person at a time. I can't change an individual at

196
00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000
a time. So the subject matter is also taken from

197
00:

223
00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980
For example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray.

224
00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140
Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's 

225
00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060
an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper,

226
00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130
little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does

227
00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590
this mean? When you change the language, when you 

228
00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130
break the rules of decorum, you are certainly 

229
00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590
employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken 

230
00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390
John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke

231
00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210
the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many 

232
00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450
things. But there are different issues. Those

233
00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590
people were focusing more on feelings, emotions,

234
00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990
powerful emotions, personal individual

235
00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770
experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not

236
00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030
in this particular way. And those people were

237
00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590
fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So 

238
00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330
like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more

239
00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230
important than the rule. And that's why we'll see 

240
00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570
new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short

241
00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510
lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here 

242
00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450
or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne, 

243
00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860
they would follow the rules unless the rule is 

244
00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660
hindering, is not helping the message, so they 

245
00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760
break the rule of the Koran. How did the

246
00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620
mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran?

247
00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500
That's a very interesting question. When John

248
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680
Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of

249
00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260
the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism. 

250
00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860
People were writing poetry imitating horrors of 

251
00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400
people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So

252
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300
many people criticized him. But here this came, 

253
00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800
this movement naturally came at the end of an era 

254
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800
where people in a way or another were tired of the

255
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420
same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry

256
00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740
about the same subject matters. People wanted

257
00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860
change, wanted things to be different. And now the 

258
00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740
romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people

259
00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920
were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this.

260
00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340
especially after the giants were no longer around.

261
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940
Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was 

262
00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480
dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes 

263
00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580
you're lucky to be born in a particular age.

264
00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310
Okay, so important features here. And then for the 

265
00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150
romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions,

266
00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690
the feelings. They care more about particular

267
00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170
feelings rather than the mind and the intellect 

268
00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750
and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called

269
00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130
the age of reason, where the mind is more

270
00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630
important, more significant. The heart was

271
00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610
dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is 

272
00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640
dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the 

273
00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800
power of imagination, feelings and imagination are

274
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600
above reason and intellect. They were encouraging

275
00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140
individual people to just depend, rely, express

276
00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080
themselves, their feelings, rely more on their 

277
00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150
hearts, just release and free their imaginations. 

278
00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330
In the past, you didn't have the freedom to 

279
00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210
express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if

280
00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770
you want to depend on imagination and feelings,

281
00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590
naturally, you will break the rules, because 

282
00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410
sometimes the rules would limit your imagination,

283
00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970
right? When I tell you, for example, write me a 

284
00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830
Shakespearean sonnet about a particular

285
00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450
experience, you will find yourself tied up. But

286
00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150
here, the experience, the feelings are more

287
00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450
important. So you break the rules in order to fit 

288
00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210
your feelings. And nature was the source of 

289
00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570
inspiration. Those people hated the city very 

290
00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470
much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be

291
00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110
anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They 

292
00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230
hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like

293
00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290
the city. They hated the city, but in principle,

294
00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150
Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so 

295
00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430
he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and

296
00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310
enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When

297
00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450
we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside

298
00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890
symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity, 

299
00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510
innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and 

300
00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890
Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we

301
00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810
have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of

302
00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070
people from the countryside and the villages to

303
00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510
work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if

304
00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070
I go to the city, to London, to work in the town,

305
00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530
in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I

306
00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710
will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll 

307
00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770
improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving 

308
00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940
in masses. But they ended up being slaves to

309
00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320
capitalism, to factories. And the factories were 

310
00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720
polluting everything. London was one of the most

311
00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640
polluted cities in the world. There was 

312
00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280
corruption, there was poverty, there was death, 

313
00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820
there was disease. Only very few people, the 

314
00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700
owners, the rich people were getting richer, but

315
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480
the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary

316
00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500
people would only take the bare minimum just to 

317
00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460
keep themselves alive so that they can work. And 

318
00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020
this destroyed the relationships in the society.

319
00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120
It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer 

320
00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600
a human being. You are no longer a name, a person 

321
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860
with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are 

322
00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300
part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK,

323
00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940
nature is our mother. Let's go back to our

324
00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380
innocence and purity. And this is, by the way,

325
00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260
criticized by many people. If there's a problem in 

326
00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420
your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you

327
00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080
escape? What do you do if there are a lot of 

328
00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360
problems in your society? You either face them or 

329
00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820
you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with

330
00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380
them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of 

331
00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640
them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They, 

332
00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160
that's why some people call them escapists. You 

333
00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540
know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped.

334
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260
When you escape here, it's just you don't want to

335
00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420
deal with the problems at all. 

336
00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580
So they are escapists, many of them. They just

337
00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080
want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't

338
00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630
think this is accurate because poetry itself is

339
00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470
change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you 

340
00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610
change individuals and people's ways of life and

341
00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530
thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life.

342
00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330
So the city was a source of corruption and vices 

343
00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890
and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source 

344
00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330
of innocence and inspiration. In the past,

345
00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210
remember all the texts we read before this was

346
00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690
about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to 

347
00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690
be seen because they were supposed to be

348
00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710
controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But 

349
00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950
for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth 

350
00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190
says the child is the father of man. The child is

351
00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870
the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why? 

352
00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150
Is the child the father of man in real life? In 

353
00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490
real life, no, literally. But how can, 

354
00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030
metaphorically speaking, the child be the father

355
00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690
of man? Please.

356
00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070
Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood

357
00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510
influences the way we grow up, defines us as we

358
00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170
grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what 

359
00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810
else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from 

360
00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110
the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine

361
00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170
was telling me some time ago that he only really 

362
00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150
started appreciating his parents when he had kids.

363
00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470
He then realized that because kids teach us to be 

364
00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870
selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard.

365
00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520
In many ways. So childhood was significant and a

366
00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240
source of inspiration. So this is basically the 

367
00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240
major features. We'll come to them again and 

368
00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380
again, especially when we talk about individual

369
00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640
poets. Any question before we move to William

370
00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120
Blake? 

371
00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260
Everything is new, different type of language, 

372
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600
subject matters, structures, poetic forms,

373
00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760
inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature.

374
00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380
Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is

375
00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480
William Blake. Many people describe William Blake

376
00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750
as a pre-romantic, because he was writing poetry 

377
00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710
this way before even William Wordsworth and Samuel

378
00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350
Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in

379
00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650
London and he lived in London, and this will see 

380
00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490
the difference between him and the other poets who

381
00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970
went to the countryside to live in the village, 

382
00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230
you know, among natural elements. Two things to

383
00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150
focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a

384
00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710
particular individual view of the world. And this

385
00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690
individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's 

386
00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390
no longer collective. You know the collective 

387
00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470
idea? of we must praise God, every individual is

388
00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890
free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long

389
00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630
as you're following your pure and innocent nature, 

390
00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020
your purity, your original pure status. And in his

391
00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080
poetry, we'll see, for example, how this 

392
00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280
influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities.

393
00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480
Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the 

394
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020
order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is 

395
00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100
a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature

396
00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340
contrasts the order and control of the Augustans. 

397
00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120
Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like

398
00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080
Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the 

399
00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880
neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit 

400
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720
for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of 

401
00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140
symbolism. 

402
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520
What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you

403
00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510
define it? When you use something, to refer to 

404
00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970
something else. To inspire a particular idea of

405
00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850
something else. Like how a rose inspires, 

406
00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590
symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some 

407
00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910
of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to 

408
00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690
understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his 

409
00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510
symbols are really very personal and not easy to

410
00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030
understand. It doesn't mean like we can't 

411
00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450
understand it. It means we can't agree what it

412
00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590
means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two

41

445
00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590
experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's 

446
00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590
about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols,

447
00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430
especially in his late poems, are really, again, I 

448
00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610
don't want to say complex or difficult to 

449
00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310
understand, but they don't easily reveal what they 

450
00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450
indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem 

451
00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230
and we could have ended up with 10

452
00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070
interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to? 

453
00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660
It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's 

454
00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460
very personal. He uses symbols for the first time 

455
00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600
that no one else has used them before. Two 

456
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240
examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the

457
00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380
lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In

458
00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640
Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know,

459
00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840
Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we 

460
00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850
are like, the people are like the lambs. Little 

461
00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330
lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult 

462
00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930
words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but

463
00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430
it's also for us because it addresses this state 

464
00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630
of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down?

465
00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370
Who created

466
00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760
you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of

467
00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580
the. We have never seen a repetition of the same 

468
00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260
word in the previous poetry. Because I think in, 

469
00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960
I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you

470
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560
have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the 

471
00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900
end of the line, unless you count like seven

472
00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620
lines. So you say, you can't 

473
00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560
repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines

474
00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100
and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before 

475
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360
that, it's a sign of weakness. In English,

476
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200
definitely there's something similar here. But 

477
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320
here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And

478
00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760
this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much 

479
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740
about the sophistication of the rules as long as

480
00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740
this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a

481
00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240
poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life. 

482
00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820
This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust 

483
00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030
down, who made the... Even the language, even the 

484
00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350
tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very 

485
00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570
innocent in. However, when he talks about the 

486
00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710
tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read? 

487
00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990
Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest

488
00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950
of the night. What immortal hand or eye could

489
00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630
frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone 

490
00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570
else, thank you. Hin, please.

491
00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750
Not immoral,

492
00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470
immortal.

493
00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370
Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry. 

494
00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160
Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than

495
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730
this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's

496
00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070
like saying little lamb who made thee but this is 

497
00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870
a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go 

498
00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150
on very

499
00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150
good

500
00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210
so i think it's more like this tiger look at the

501
00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630
old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the

502
00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000
forest of the night What immortal hand or eye

503
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420
could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word

504
00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940
fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn

505
00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060
it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the

506
00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820
burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration. 

507
00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090
Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the 

508
00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370
atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from

509
00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430
innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the 

510
00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570
darkness, the complexity, the experience of the 

511
00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530
tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count 

512
00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110
the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four, 

513
00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570
five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One,

514
00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430
two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One, 

515
00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550
two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting.

516
00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry. 

517
00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570
Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three.

518
00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870
Symmetry. 

519
00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560
Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a

520
00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580
schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it 

521
00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480
symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same 

522
00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860
thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A,

523
00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760
A. I think

524
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260
it's B, B. But it is imperfect. 

525
00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780
Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there 

526
00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680
is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry, 

527
00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220
in literature in general, poetry in particular,

528
00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100
the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an

529
00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880
idea where he or she creates something called 

530
00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610
tension. You know tension, something that doesn't

531
00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490
fit, something that is different, something that

532
00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950
doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules. 

533
00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510
Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why

534
00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990
did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have 

535
00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090
A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect 

536
00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370
rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the

537
00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730
poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone 

538
00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850
tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra 

539
00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060
syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here? 

540
00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720
There is always a reason.

541
00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260
Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going 

542
00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540
on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count 

543
00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880
the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely

544
00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160
can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes,

545
00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900
more. Why? The question is again, why is there an

546
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380
extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here,

547
00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580
Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's

548
00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660
not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't 

549
00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140
break the rules because he wants to break the 

550
00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160
rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to

551
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740
tell us something. What is he telling us? That's 

552
00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220
my question, in a way or another. How?

553
00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990
What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion? 

554
00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590
Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature.

555
00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290
The dark side of nature. What else? The forest.

556
00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310
The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look. 

557
00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470
When you go home today, Google image pictures of 

558
00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050
tigers. And look at them. They're really 

559
00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730
fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything 

560
00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670
is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you

561
00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750
look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It

562
00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490
creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the 

563
00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090
tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution.

564
00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380
or the machines, or the factories, or the city 

565
00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860
itself. The city sounds... When you look at the

566
00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860
city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city,

567
00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280
but you are in a plane and you look down, they all 

568
00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340
sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why 

569
00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820
would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if

570
00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460
you paid attention to this, the irony is the word

571
00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080
symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in 

572
00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560
Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something 

573
00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390
perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not 

574
00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870
symmetrical.

575
00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510
The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the 

576
00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990
poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it 

577
00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430
break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by 

578
00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300
the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The

579
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760
idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying 

580
00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560
that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial 

581
00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400
Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality,

582
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980
there is something missing. There is a problem

583
00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340
here. There is something lacking here. This is the

584
00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540
facade. This is just the appearance. But the 

585
00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160
essence and the reality, they are lacking. There

586
00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340
is something missing here. How does he do it? by

587
00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120
playing on the rules, playing on the number of

588
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720
syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the

589
00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500
imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our 

590
00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460
friend William Blake. We actually have this one

591
00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340
and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a

592
00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440
poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush. 

593
00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460
The inverted commas, never forget the inverted 

594
00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800
commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the

595
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560
title of the poem. It's again and it's a very 

596
00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480
short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer

597
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680
a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no 

598
00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860
longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and

599
00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920
a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read

600
00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320
here, please?

601
00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680
Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are

602
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920
many difficult words here?

603
00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600
Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red

604
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840
or pink or something like red. I think other than 

605
00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660
this, if you don't know what howling is, and 

606
00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220
listen, think of yourself as a native speaker.

607
00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340
Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know

608
00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680
what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose,

609
00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400
there's a personification here. Thou means you 

610
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340
are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The 

611
00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800
invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the 

612
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320
characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows,

613
00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120
or the rows, because here he says the sick rose,

614
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120
here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A 

615
00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460
worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And 

616
00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340
secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The 

617
00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620
invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the

618
00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040
storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah,

619
00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660
the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy, 

620
00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120
the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his

621
00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880
refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The 

622
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110
one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick 

623
00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770
human being and also the worm is personified as a 

624
00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690
woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good,

625
00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310
right? But this is not only secret, but also dark. 

626
00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750
It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night, 

627
00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590
in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly

628
00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190
trying to take advantage of the rose, making it 

629
00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390
sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life, 

630
00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090
your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it

631
00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690
about? What does the rose stand for? Can you

632
00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350
guess? Okay, could be about how life was

667
00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810
beautiful and how simple in its language. The

668
00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330
features are there. Simplicity, subject matter,

669
00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130
nature, imagination.

670
00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670
The symbolism, I don't think this is complex.

671
00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590
There are more complex than this. But yeah, there

672
00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810
is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake.

673
00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750
Individual.

674
00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110
Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take

675
00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350
this as how colonizers and imperialists, how

676
00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390
occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy

677
00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330
our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we

678
00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690
care about you. Thank you. It could be many

679
00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010
things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here,

680
00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990
can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I

681
00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190
think this is B but it's still not perfect because

682
00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130
this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye

683
00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000
secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one

684
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180
imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one,

685
00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100
because the one is the imperfect that destroys

686
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940
this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in

687
00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480
a way. If you count the, you're not required to do

688
00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160
this, but it's really cool if you start counting

689
00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960
the feet, how many feet we have, and the

690
00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760
syllables, because in my opinion, there is

691
00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480
something here. So if you say one, two, three,

692
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660
four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one,

693
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900
two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have

694
00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260
to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful

695
00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210
poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This

696
00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650
is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You

697
00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410
have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so

698
00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670
you have four feet or eight feet in a way or

699
00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450
another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel

700
00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610
Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be

701
00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430
pulling their hair. They would be acting angry

702
00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130
like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have

703
00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590
time for this poem, but we can do it next class.

704
00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830
Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if

705
00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490
you have any questions, do ask.